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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY = 36,2%0

BEQUEST OF

WILLIAM BREWSTER

ot PY, 1920. ETE

FEB 17 1920

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PVE VOBOLE

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g Vol. Il. JANUARY, 1896. No. 1. 4 ATE OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY | MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

VE Sweet Bt

Se eee

Po VOROYrw

PLM KROSS

baal cates =" >a >. *) t

PORTLAND, OREGON.

_

Exchange Column.

Our Exchange Column is free to all subscribers, All Cash offers for this column mast be paid fdr/ at) the rat¢

of % cent per word,

TO EXCHANGE.— Opals both rough and polished. Garnets and all New England Minerals, for Western minerals and ores. Robert Burnham, Dennis, Mas3

BILL — A Confederate bill to exchange for each Oregon Arrow point sent me. Geo. O. Greene Box 41. Princeton I!’

EXCHANGE,—Polished Specimens of the hindsom est fossil coral in the World, Bird’s Eye and Fish Egg Marble, also fine Calcite Geodes and massive Calcite. Will give big exchange of above tor Western Arrow Points Agates, Ores or Shells. C. E. BRIGGS. Lisbon, Iowa

FINE identified fossils of the Carboniferous age and of the Niagara group, of the Upper Silurian age to ex- change for those of other periods and localities. H. B, Derr, 6561 Michizan Avenue, Statioa O, Chicigo Il

SEVERAL-~- varieties of fossils. fossils and crinoid stems in limestone, pretty geodes, Sycamore bails., Sar- pindus berries, sweet gum burrs, rose gypsum, flower seeds, roots and shrubs and books, ‘To eachange tor Indian relics, sea curios, wash floss,silk, feathers or any thing useful, write, Cora Jewell, Shannondale, Indiana.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,-Abalone Shelis want- ed, in quantity will pay cash or give good exchange

D. M. Averill&Co. 392 Morrison St, Portland, Orezon.

J HAVE—several skins of the Beautiful Trogon from Mexico, good native skins, fur exchange. Write what you have to the Portland Bird Store xz10'%-First St. Portland, Or,

WANTED-— Eggs im sets and singles with full cata: for which I offer good exchange in fine fossils, Indian relics; minerals, books, polished agates, mounted birds, Send list and state which lists you desire exchange from. Have a good gold filled, gents, hunting case watch American style movement case warranted 20 years move- ment fo years will exchange for $ 3.00 worth of fin? sets. George W. Dixon. Watertown, S. D. ;

I WOULD — like to exchange California shells for those of Oregon — land, fresh-water and marine. fred L. Button, 959 Broadway. Oakland, Cal.

WANTED—No, 11 and 12. vo).1 Orezon Naturalist. and No’s. 2 and 5, (Austi:) Naturalist. D. M. Averill & Co

/D. Humphrey, 103 Webster Ave. Yonkers, N. Y.

EXCHANGE-—I will give 25 varieties of foreign stamps for each Arrow head sent me. Good singing canary for Indian relics. Stamp album with 300 stamps in good condition for curios, old fire arms or fossils. W.

‘ %

WANTED-—A copy of No. 1 vol. x of the Cactus a Journal, for which I will give viz: No’s. of val, I, of the Austin Naturalist. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, or No. 4 vol. 2 Am. Mag. of Nat. Science, (Sac City, Iowa,} or can give iz- » sects and shells from this locality, or will buy a copy. Philip Nell, 878 Marshall St. Philadelphia, Pa, ;

ARROW HEADS,—sinkers, small hoe, paint mortar, soapstone pottery and Gettysburg relics, will sell at fair price or exchange for Indian relics — western relics want"

ed. 1% doz, Vermont arrowheads to exchange, T, B. ng Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa, a #

WANTED — Butterflies and Mths,Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies. Prof, Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me. :

WANTED—A guitar in exchange for books, papers, and magazines on the subject of Natural History. Also, have some eggs in sets with datas and afew singles. __ 4 Write me what your terms are on the instrument and I will send my list, all letters answered. as Karshner, a Big Rapids, Mich, wh

EXCHANGE—Broken Bank Bills, Cheap Stamps

and a few fine sets, for Fossils Minerals, old Sika or “Lr fine Eggs, in sets or singles. No postals answered. - Toe a 4@3- mention this paper when wriring. Walter E. i . McLain, New Vineyard. Me. ay ae ‘ as.

EXCHANGE,.—Four varieties of. Geodes, Zinc, Blende, Wurtzile, Silicate of Zinc, Beautiful Dolomites . 1 sprinkled with Chalcopyrite Crystals, all in perfect con- esi? dition, for other Minerals. W.K. Kane, 1706 Haiaon Aint St Kansas City, Mo, ‘Se

ae

FIVE—different Numbers of Vol. II, Oregon Natural- Mm Suet ist, our choice, for 15 cts. post paid. D, M. Averill & Co, _ Bice eee AP PUNT RA ne OS SE fe ae

EXCHANGE —alcoholic specimens (with full data) hy and unclassified fossils for fully classified fossils, also : Indianand War relics or pair snow shoes Send lists and oe “ receive mine. Harry FE. Spalding, 202 South Neil street Champaign, IIL.

6

WANTED—Raine’s Bird Nesting in Northwest, Canada, will give Davie’s Nest Eggs and some - cash J. H. Brown, Iowa City, Iowa.

WE WISH TO SELL og Mrs.

MCN omPe LEG (es eneee tbe ciacisleneis <5 clc.o%'s se 1851 .80 MT eae ie daniel fers dvisid siseieiv ets 55'¢' «/s)ss 1855 .40 BBE MMII GRE es she ceciace ection o's seins 1861 25 MGOMPUDAL Bee N Gs Seas voc tcieaicleoi sles 1869 =. 40 PCM ONUT Rats crsccicis sic-s oz <itwSiaick owtecle oe phy IO 30c, Columbian, un-used........... .40 50c, Sciam alata sletos 85 1.00, ue ae py tise casters 7 00 §0r, un-watermarked** .......... 1894 .60 I OO, oF Paella se siesteic 5 2.50 5.00, ot ike iy. Seer st wOESO 3c, yellow-brown, due, un-used 08 50c, red-brown eS op 1.50 30C, a Soe eLSEGE AS Ic bright clvret, ‘* un-used .03 SCs ae «s ere a icee .08 Geran: rs ‘ ef 10

All the ahove un-used Stamps are well

centered and orginal gum. Do not ask us to

send them on approval, as we will not, but if any are not satisfactory, they may be returned.

6 Pleare mention the OREGON NATURALIST.

mei AVE RIL & CO.,

Box 253,

Poniland, . - Oregon.

Do You Want Stamps 7°..°°

Then get them where you can buy them the cheapest.

Try my anproval sheets; they are just what _ you have been looking for. The prices are right and commission the best. Stamps for the advanced collector or beginner. Address

ELLSWORTH LENTZ, Baker City, Ore.

for sale

UNITED STATES STAMPS

POS Mee At saree itn a eee uC CYA Wd Mena Wot s $1.50

TSOTME OOCS ie: 2 Werte a eh nye x iAte <a 3.50

O60) Jccichocolates:s..ui ee bie sabe Sue 2.25

1869, xroc. unused, (no gum) ................- 3.00

> TSC. ome MOE iStesOcOO) mer Fy lante : 4 50

& i goce pertect, 9.) le a: eas 3.00

““24c. reprint, unused, fine, 15-00

““ Set unused reprint, (no 3c.) 115.00

1893; x. unused’ o. g. perfect............ 5. 7.00

se S2.UNUSEd, OLses PETleCtyas. ke sae valee 4.50

1894, $2. blue unused, o. g. unwatermarked,. . 4.00

¥ $2. blue but perfectly centered,....... : 6.00 ENTIRE UNUSED U.S. ENVELOPES.

18745, 15. orange ion whitey... 1... sep 1.40

ss goGa blacktoniwhite mene ae nea ene 1.40

f goc, carmine on white,. Beet 1.80

1887, 30c. chocolate, on amker,............. 1.50

‘ Ze gs SOrMbULiseee arte ert 1,50

Sable eect tae. bee 1.50

9oc. purple on amber. sa, ssdee ee nk 4.00

iy we sdeOLly DUS eet eeer aes nr ges 4.50

SIDES Lone eile eres. av 4.50

ea i ** maniilla, 4.00

““ manilla-amber,.......... 4,00

ti Last five a bargain at (list $27.00) ........ 19.00

All envelopes are clean and entire unused. As many are large size, I advise all to be sent by registered mail.

These are XMAS, All my business is done on

Add 8c, for orders under $5.00. bargains and no mistake.

CasuH Basts. I buy and sell for Spor CasH, Parties

wishing to buy and sell, are advised to send me their want list and lists of stamps for sale. FRE SINEEL, 50 Fairmount Ave., - - NEWTON, Mass, Boston Philatelic Society No. 172.

SRRHTHR ERE Standard 0. ‘Fixctskamm, mo. St amp C N) Ro. ¢ Ricbolson Pl.,

St. Louis, Aso,

Why not give US a trial? We bave very good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50 per cent discount; which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE. STANDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every bookseller inthe U.S. & Canada sells them. Insist on getting STANDARD Packets.

ck a a a i a

Bde o Rett E RTON, Newport, ‘Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Still More Bargains.

EVERY THING MARKED DOWN.

Indian arrow heads, perfect, 8c. 4 for 25c. 6 for 35c. 65cts. per dozen. |

Indian wampum, 25c. doz. now I5c. doz. Net Sinkers, 25c. each. Pottery, large 5 to roc. small Ioc, per cor. Perfect scrapers 10c,each. 3 for 25c Perfect spearheads 15, 20, 25, 35 40, 50 & 75c Serrated and Rotary points, fine I5c, Giant liver beans, 25c now 10c, Satin-spar scarf pins,35c. now I5c. Fossil shark teeth 5 to 10c. Egyptian sacred lotus seeds 5, 3 for toc. East India soap berries 5c, 3 for 1oc. | Brown banded sea beans 5c, now 5c. Red, yellow or drab sea beans, assorred 15c doz. | Large buffalo teeth 20c, now 1oc. Hedge hog quills 3c, now Ioc, a doz. Tarpon scales 10c: now 5c, 3 for 10c. Fine lot Pentremites; heads 5 to roc, stems 10c

adoz., 6stems and 1 head foc. Alligator teeth Ic, to 50, 10 to 25c, per doz. Fac simile of $100 confederate bill, Ic. Agatized wood , fine spec, 5c.to $1. ' Petrified wood, fine spec. 5c, to $1. Receptaculites Owenti, (sunflower coral, )

this locality, rare, 5c, to 50c.

Beautiful Striped Jasper Pebbles, 2 for 5 cts. Purple Sea Urchins, 5 to 10 cts. Brown Jug Watch Charms, 2 for 5 cts, Satin Spar, 5c. to $1.00. Crystalized Cypsum, 5¢, to $5.00. Gypsum, veined, 5c. to $1.00. Full set of Fac-Simile Revolutionary Currency, toc. Crabs’ eyes, (genuine eye stones) 10c. Shell Collections, 22c. to $25.00. Sand Shark eggs, 5c. | Chinese Lottery Tickets, roc. doz. Chinese Poker Chips, roc. doz. | War Envelopes, each, 5c, Lobster Claws, Atlantic, 15 cts. Otp ALMANACS; dates from 1851 to 1856, in good state of preservation and various kinds. Price, 5 cents each 6 for 25 cents, 12 for go cents. O.p Newspapers; dates from 1851 to 1854, mostly New York Tribunes. Contain very interesting reading of 40 Price, 5 cents each; 6 for 25 cts. 12 for gocts

years ago. Eclipse Cabinet of 25 Curiosities, 25 cents. Young Idea Cabinet of 15 Varieties Rare Minerals, 25 cts. Price List SENT FREE, ee@_ Send silver, stamps, or money-order, 2a

R.E.BARTLETT, 87 State St. Rockford

Ills.

FINE MINERALS

BIRD SKINS.

One lot 40 Oregon taken skins, condition A nice lot for study; the majority suitable for mounting;

fair to first class, by Express, $4.00.

i ranging in size from Wren, to Blue Heron;

severai rarities in the lot, such as Black The buyer of this lot may rely on getting unusualliy cood value. All different.

D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

Box 253, Portland, Oregon.

Turnstone, Bohemian Waxwing etc.

DO YOU WANT RARE, CHOICE, CHEAP. Perfect in, Quality, Beauty and Color. Very fine Crystals, Brilliant colors, Wonderful Combin- ations, Hundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn you Cabinet. Very low

prices. Write tome. It will pay you.

From all over the world?

} ARTHUR FULLER, Lock Box, 63, Lawrence,

Kansas.

BLACK SAND.

This is the famous gold bearing black sand of Oregon, Upon which so many attempts are constantly being made to discover an ec- onomical method of separation. Price post- paid, 10 cts. per oz. 50cts. per lb.

D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

Box, 253, Portland, Oregon.

BUY, SELL and EXCHANGE,

STAMPS

THE UnXLD STAMP COMPANY.

H. F. BARTELS, Manager. BOX 1039.

PORTLAND, ORE:

82'Mention this Paper, when writing} to

our Advertisers.

THE OREGON

MORE SOULE THAN POETRY. Many Orders and amusing Peters my Opal ‘“‘ “Ad” still bring Some want to know if I can make an Opal Ring;

While others have for trade numerous things; Yet never sends Postage for answer to any-thing.

A. M, BROWN, 348 CLIFTON ST. PORTLAND OR.

PORTLAND - BIRD STORE.

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

PARROTS, FANCY sf SINGING BIRDS

MONGOLIAN, SILVER AND GOLDEN PHEASANTS FANCY PIGEONS, FERRETS, GOLD FISH, ETC.

BirRDS SHIPPED BY EXPRESS.

trwsencros §=PORand, Or.

The Ss himore Cactus Journal,

A monthly publication devoted to the culture of Cacti and suc- culent plants, interesting arti- cles from collectors, growers and prominent amateur culti-

vators. Subscription 50c. per

OFFICE 213 E. LOMBARD ST. year. BALTIMORE, MD.

Send for Sample Copy.

MONEY !! OLD MONEY !!!

6 Varieties of Broken Bank Bills, only .25 cts.

12 Varieties from $1. to $ Io. only...... 50 cts. These usually sell at 10 cents each, .

A dealer’s lot of 100 mixed, only......... $3.00

6 Varieties Confederate Bills,.............. 25 cts

12 Indian Arrow Heads from N.C. only, 50cts 100 Mixed Stamps cat. valve over § 1.50 for Soc. &# Your trade solicited. Address,

J. E. HANDSHAW.

Smithtown Branch

NERY

NATURALIST.

wo LER,

IN SIOUX INDIAN RELICS.

te

Native stone head war clubs, with rawhide cov- ered handle and steer tail pennant. $1.25 each.

Dentalium shell ear ornaments containing over 230 shells, with large brass rings for attach-

Ingetoxtherears: . ca" os eats kee $ 2.75 per pair Heavily beaded game bags containing over 200 square inches of beadwork.....,$ 4.25 each. Fine long tobacco bags with good red— SBeghaeee $4.00 and § 5.00 each.

pipe-stone pipe

Large bows with good sinew string, 75 cts. § 1.00 and $ 1.25 each,

Steel point arrows 3 feathered, 8 for $ 1.00 Full beaded knife scabbard, length six inches and over 50 cts. each,

Se ie i ais

Full beaded moccasins, 91% to 11% inches

long, rawhide soles.............. $ 1.25 per pair, g% to 11% inches long, rawhide soles...............

Partial beaded moccasins,

7Octs. per pair. 20 Elk teeth @ 10 cts. each,

ss All ees are for relics sent by express

prepaid,

eg on SWIGERT.

INDIAN INTERPRETER & INDIAN TRADER.

Gordon, Nebraska.

P H 070 S Classical Beauties, etc., t

price-list with specimen, 5oici, | O'S DAG E STAMPS for Collections, a with reply-card,

Price-list on de- U.S. A. Stamps.

Buy and exchange of AUG, VAN DE VELDE, AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND,

CALIFORNIA... . CURIOSITIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, Trap- door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- % ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c.

&c. Just the goods for Curio and Shell Dealers to handle.

Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

GEWe LUTE, -.-

Pasadena, California-

CLAW

A Wonderful Invention.

THE EAGLE

| e

ae

BEST TRAP { in the World ae for Catching Fish, Animals and all manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenious device. It is easy to set. suited to any bait, can be used anywhere, nothing can escape until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirrel which bites at the bait is surely caught. Perfectly safe for children ; will not rust; one bait will catch from 20 to 30 fish; will springin any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the unsafe and uncertain common /ish-hook. Highly recommended by the Tribune, World, Press, Turf, Field and Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, ‘‘ The Eagle Claw is a very ingenious article. The best device for catching fish and game we ever saw. Safe, sure, and convenient.” No. 1 is for all ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2 is for general use, both large and small fish,andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 30 cents. No. 2, by mail, 50 cents,

A. M. BROWN & CO., 348 Clifton St. PORTLAND, ORE.

THE WONDER OF THE AGE! PIANO OR ORGAN

PLAYING Learned in One Day! = eI.

: ; Tes

RASON’S INDICATOR ART.& A ehil’d’ LO years old can understand it perfectly. A wonderful invention; over 40,000 orders received from every zountry_on the globe. Miason’s Indicator Chart is cv machine which fits over the keys of a Piano or Organ, iudicating where and how the hands are to be placed, and the proper keys to strike, changing the position and arrangement to suit the different keys. ‘They are infallible in result. If you can read, you can play the Piano or Organ in one_day better than a teacher could teach you in many lessons. If you have no piano you can learn at a friend’s house and astonish all with your acquirements. The leading Musical Paper says, ‘* They should find a place in every home. ‘They are to Music what the Multiplication Table is to Arithmetic,” It gives satisfaction in every case. Teachers unhesitatingly endorse it, The price is ®1.@@ for a complete set, 5 forms.

SPECIAL OFFER. To introduce this wouderful invention at once we give free to all who buy Mason's Chart, our Rfusical Album, containing music which, bought separately, would cost $#1.'75. We send the Chart and Album by Mail, prepaid, for $1.00. This is positively,no humbug. We have thousands of testi- moniats from every country on the globe. These Charts are Gupyrighted and patented.

A. M. BROWN & CO., 348 Clifton St.,

y ™ PORTLAND, Ope

CHINE Sh .. DOMINOES

@FROM® PROVINCE OF KWANGTUNG, CHINA. Consisting of 32 Dominoes; [native wood] 4 Chinese Dice, 1 Wood Disc; both sides] 50 Chinese Cash fand 55 black

counters, all in a hinge cover tin box; 7 inches

{characters on

long; 4% inches wide and 1% inches deep.

Weight, 34 ounces. Price, postage paid, 1.25

The Dominoes alone in hinge cover tin box; weight, 20 ozs. Price, post-paid, 1.00. A descripuon of the dominoes and of the games played, can be found in the U.S. National Museum Report, 1893; pp. 491I—537. [ A paper on ‘Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes,”’ by Stewart Culin, Director of the Museum of Archzeology;.and Palaontology, University of Pennsylvania. |

D. M. AVERILL & CO., P. O. Box, 253,

PORTLAND, ORE.

Wi Bo MALE

Taxidermist and Entomologist. * CEDAR MILLS, WASHINGTON Co. Birds, Fish, Heads mounted to order.

OREGON. Reptiles, Animals and Animal Insects preserved. Scientific, Bird Skins made to order. Collections in Natural History made. Collections Sold to Schools and Colleges on

Installments, Correspondence solicited.

CHOP STICKS.

The Chinese knife and fork, made from ebony, Prices post paid, I Pair, 5cts. 5 pair, 20cts. 10 pair, 35cts.

50 pair, $1.50 D. M. AVERILL & Co,, Portland, Oregon,

F For The Oregon Subscribe ‘V\rceauict

THES GEREGON

NATURALIST.

Wor; ITI.

PoRTLAND, OREGON, JANUARY, 1896.

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF OREGON.

(Continued from Vol. II.)

ZONOTRICHIA CORONATA, Golden-crowned Sparrow. Rather common migrant of Washington County. SPIZELLA SOCIALIS ARIZON A, Western Chipping Sparrow. Common summer resident. JUNCO HYEMALIS OREGONUS. Oregon Junco. Abundant resident. MELOSPIZA FASCIATA MONTANA, Mountain Song Sparrow. Common resident of Eastern Oregon. MELOSPIZA FASCIATA GUTIATA. Rusty Song Sparrow. Common resident of Western Oregon. More common in summer than winter, DENDROICA NIGRESCENS. Black-throated Gray Warbler, Quite common summer resident of Washing- ton county.

DENDROICA TOWNSENDI, Townsend’s Warbler. Reported rare in Washington County.

DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS Hermit Warbler, Reported not uncommon summer resident of Washington County. GEOTHLYPIS MACGILLIVRAYI, Macgillivray’s Warbler. Common summer resident, GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS OCCIDENTALIS, Western Yellow-throat. Common summer resident. ICTERIA VIRENS LONGICAUDA, Long-tailed Chat. Common summer resident.

SYLVANIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA, Pileolated Warbler. Reported rather rare migrant of Washington County. ANTHUS PENSILVANICUS, American Pipit, Common winter resident. CINCLUS MEXICANUS, American Dipper, Common summer resident in mountainous localities. OROSCOPTES MONTANUS, Sage Thrasher. Common summer resident of Eastern Oregon. SALPINCILES OBSELETUS, Rock Wren, Common summer resident of Eastern Oregon. Mr. A. W. Anthony took a Washington County in May 1885.

specimen in

‘THRYOTHORUS BEWICKII SPILURUS, Vigor’s Wren, Not uncommon summer resident, a few re- main all winter.

TROGLODYIES -EDON PARKMANII, Parkman’s Wren, Very common summer resident.

‘TROGLODYTES HYEMALIS PACIFICUS, Western Winter Wren, Not uncommon resident,

CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS, Long-billed Marsh Wren, Reported a summer resident of Washington

County. Not very common.

MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI. Lincoln’s Sparrow,

PASSERELLA ILIACA UNALASCENSIS, Townsend’s Sparrow. Not uncommon in Washington County, a few being seen in spring and fall and occasion - ally in winter.

THE OREGON

PIPILO MACULATUS ARCTICUS, Arctic Towhee, Common migrant of Eastern Oregon. PIPILO MACULATUS OREGONUS. Oregon Towhee, Common resident, HABIA MELANOCEPHALA, Black-headed Grosbeak. Common summer resident,

PYPILO FUSCUS CRISSALIS, California Towhee,

PASSERINA AMCENA, Lazuli Bunting, Common summer resident, PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA, Louisiana Tanager, Quite common summer resident. PROGNE SUBIS, Puzple Martin. Summer.resident of Benton, Multnomah and Clackamas Counties. PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS. Cliff Swallow. Common summer resident, CHELIDON ERYTHROGASTER. Barn Swallow, Rare summer resident. TACHYCINETA BICOLOR, Tree Swallow. Reported abundant summer resident Washington and Multnomah Counties.

of

TACHYCINETA THALASSINA, Violet-green Swallow. Abundant summer resident. CLIVICOLA RIPARIA,

Bank Swallow.

resident of Yamhill

Common summer County. AMPELIS GARRULUS, Bohemian Waxwing. Winter resident of Eastern Oregon; rare in Western Oregon. AMPELIS CEDRORUM, Cedar Waxwing. Common summer resident,

NATURALIST.

LANIUS. BOREALIS, Northern Shrike. Noted in Linn County, by Dr. Prill. VIREO GILVUS SWAINSONI, Western Warbling Vireo, Common summer resident.

VIREO SOLITARIUS CASSINIT, Cassin’s Vireo.

Common summer resident.

VIREO HUTTONI, Hutton’s Vireo Reported from Washlngton and Yamhill

Counties. Rare.

HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA SORDIDA, ' Lutescent Warbler. Common summer resident. DENDROICA ASIIVA, Yellow Warbler. Common summer resident. DENDROICA AUDUBONI, Audubon’s Warbler. Common migrant, a few remaining to breed. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS OCCIDENTALIS, California Creeper, Reported common during winter of 1894, by Mr. G. D. Peck. SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA, Slender-billed Nuthatch, Not uncommon resident, SITTA CANADENSIS, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Found common in favorable Jocalities of Washington County. SITTA PYGMA, Pigmy Nuthatch. Noted in winter in Linn County by Dr. Prill. PARUS ATRICAPILLUS OCCIDENTALIS, Oregon Chickadee, Common resident. PARUS GAMBELI, Mountain Chickadee, Specimens have been taken in Umatilla

County, in October,

THE OREGON NATURALISL. 3

PARUS RUFESCENS. Chestnut-backed Chickadee,

Not uncommon in, winter. Quite rare in summer.

CHAMEA FASCIATA, Wren Tit. PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS, Bush Tir,

Common resident,

PSALTRIPARUS PLUMBEUS, Lead-colored Bush Tit,

Reported common resident of Benton, Clat- sup, Multnomah and Clackamas Countios, REGULUS SATRAPA OLIVACEUS,

Western Golden-crowned Kinglet,

Not uncommon winter resident. REGULUS CALENDULA,

Ruby-crowned Kinglet,

Not uncommen winter resident of Washing- ton County.

MYADESTES TOWNSENDII, Townsend’s Solitaire,

Mr. Swallow of Clatsop County took a speci. men March 16 1892.

TURDUS USTULATUS, Russet-backed Thrush, Abundant summer resident.

TURDUS AONALASCHKAE, Dwarf Hermit Thrush,

Quite rare summer resident of Washington County. MERULA MIGRATORIA PROPINQUA,

Western Robin,

Abundant resident.

HESPEROCICHLA NAVIA, Varied Thrush or Alaska Robin,

Common winter resident. Its nest and eggs

have been taken in Yamhill VUounty. Very rare occurence. SIALIA MEXICANA, Western Bluebird, Common summer resident. A few remain

during winter,

SIALIA ARCTICA.

Mountain Bluebird, Common summer resident of Eastern Oregon. Reported from Clackamas County. This completes the list of Oregon Birds fifty four It willbe the object

which embraces two hundred and species and sub-species, of the Association to add to this list other spec- ies, as evidence of their occurence in the state is produced.

ARTHUR L. POPE.

THE NORTHWESTERN ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Organized Dec. 28th, 1894.

Object— To advance the science of or- nithology in the Northwest.

Officers.

Pres. William L. Finley, 237- 4th st.

Portland, Or.

First Vice Pres. Ellis F. Hadley, Dayton,

Or.

Second Vice Pres. Guy Stryker, Milwaukie,

Or.

ec. Arthur L. Pope, McMinnville, Or. Treas. Dorsie C. Bard, Portland, Or.

Any person interested in ornithology, residing in the Northwest may become an active member.

Any person interested in ornithology may become an associate member.

The membership fee for all members shall be fifty cents; this shall cover all dues to the first of January after initiation,

The Oregon Naturalist shall be sent free to all! members

Applications for membership should be sent to the secretary.

The work of the Northwestern Ornitho- logical Association for the next few months will be the study of the family Tetraonidae, including the grouse and quail found in this locality.

4 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

All persons having any items on the Bob- White are requested to send their obser- vations to the president before Feb. 20 ‘96.

Answers to the following questions are earnestly desired from any one interested, especially those in whose locality the bird is found.

When was the Bob-white first introduced In what part of the state What other parts of the Are the birds in-

into Oregon? is it now found? coast do they inhabit? creasing in number?

The work of the association for March will be on the four species of partridge in the list of Oregon birds, viz: Mt Partridge Plumed Partridge, California Partridge, and Valley Partridge.

What evidence is there, that each of the above birds inhabit Oregon ?

What is the distinguishing feature of the Plumed and Mountain Partridge?

How far north has the Valley and Cal- ifornia Partridge been found?

Is there any record of the eggs of these two species being taken in Oregon?

Any answers to the above questions or any other items of interest should be sent to the president not later than March 2oth

The cooperation of all western ornith- ologists is earnestly desired in order to make the reportof any value in determin- ing the distribution of the above species.

Report of the President of the North- Western Ornithological Association for the Year 1896.

According to the Constitution this report is to consist of two parts - first, a report of the work accomplished during the year, — second, of the work to be accomplished the coming year.

The main work done by the association the past year is the compilation ofa list of Oregon birds, numbering 254 species and

- sub-species publication of which was be- gun in November number of our Official

Organ. The most complete list of the birds of Oregon heretofore published was a list of the birds of Washington County by A. W. Anthony published in the *‘4a%”’ for April 1886, which contained 119 species and sub-species. So the association can justly claim to have accomplished a work of considerable value and importance, al- though the list as now compiled does not contain all the species to be found in the state, probably by at least fifty species.

In addition to compiling the list of Oregon birds, the association has publish- ed articles on several Oregon birds, compil- edfrom notes sentinby the members. An article on Gambel’s Sparrow was publish- edin the May number of our Official Organ one on Rusty Song Sparrow in June num- ber, and one on Oregon Junco in July number. There were no notes sent in which would justify compiling articles on the birds which were chosen for June, July, August and September work. It is to be regretted that so few of the members sent in notes for the monthly work adopted by the association. We have enough members to make valuable and interesting articles, if only all would send in a few notes. We cannot expect to accomplish good work unless all will co-operate and each one do what he is abie.

As to work to be attended to the coming year there is any amount of it. First will be the plan of work for the year which will be adopted at this meeting. Next in importance will be the enlargement of our list of Oregon birds, Therearealarge number of species on our list of which it is not stated whether they are common or rare, resident or visitant, whether they are found in every part of the state or only in one locality. These details should be ascertained and published to make the list of the mostvalue. New species should al- so be added to the list as rapidly as possible. But this work cannot be completed in a year, or in two years. It will take a

THE OREGON

-number of years, and much diligent field work, before our list can be brought to a degree even nearing completion. Or as

is concerned. it can never be if

far as that brought to competion in the full sense o the word, but a few years of faithful work and study by members of the association will bring the list to a state of as great per- fection as is ever attained in compiling lists of birds of localities.

Another work which should receive the attention of the association is securing ‘the passage of a law favorable to orni-

thologists. The present law protects only

a part of our useful native birds, and does not make any provision for scientific collecting .

A just law takes into consideration all classes of people, and is in the interest of the whole people, not of any one class.

The sportsman is recognized and is per- mitted to kill game during a certain length of time each year. The ornithologist is not recognized, or permitted to collect specimens. Is it because the sport of the sportsman, who kills for the love of kill- ing, is more noble and worthy of bzingen™ couraged than the collecting of specimens for the purpose of studying Nature? I think not. It is because the sportsman has or- ganized and demanded recognition, and the ornithologist has not.

Would it not be worth an effort to havea law passed protecting all our useful native birds, and making provisions for scientific collecting ?

ARTHUR L. POPE.

You can be an associate member of the N. O, A. and receive its Official Organ free for only 50 cents, by application to the secretary

and complying with its by-laws,

NATURALIST. 5

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE N. O. A.

The second annual meeting of the North- western Ornithological Association was held at Portland, Oregon, Dec. 27th. 1895. The Association was called to order by Pres’t Pope at 1o a. m., The roll was then called by Sec’y Weeks, most of the members responding. Then followed re- ports of officers, which showed the Associa~ tion to be in a flourishing condition.

A plan of work for the coming year was then presented to the Association by Mr. Finley in behalf of the Council, and dis- cussed bythe members. It was adopted as presented, which may be outlined as follows. A family of birds is to be taken up for special study and divided into monthly work; taking one or more species each month until through with the family, when another family will be chosen.

Each month there will be an article pre- pared on the bird which is under special consideration, by a member who has been previously appointed by the president.

This article, together with a synopsis of articles sent in by other members on the same bird is to be published in the Official Organ.

Two amendments to the constitution were offered and discussed, and finally ad- opted. One was, in effect, to make it the duty of the secretary to ‘“‘prepare results — of investigations for publication”? instead of the president as heretofore. The other was to change Article V so that persons in- terested in ornithology not residing in the Northwest may become associate members.

The matter of dues was then discussed, and the by-laws amended so that the membership fee shall be fifty cents, which sum shall cover all dues from the time of initiation to the first of next January. The aunual dues of all members shall be fifty cents, and the official organ, the OREGON

6 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

NATURALIST, shali be sent free to all members, who are not in arrears. The meeting was then adjourned until 2 p. m.

In the afternoon session the following papers were read, each one being followed by an interesting discussion. TheSooty Grouse by Ellis F. Hadley; The Oregon Vesper Sparrow by Harvey M. Hoskins; Nesting of the Red-breasted Sapsucker by Fred H. Andrus: (the author being absent, it was read by the secretary;) and the American Bittern and Nashville Warbler by C. W. Swallow, Mr. Benj. Roop also gave an interesting talk on the globules of the blood as a means of determining the family to whicha bird belonged. He stated that the shape of the globules of the blood, of one species of bird was precisely the same shape asthose in the blood of another species of the same family ‘‘Thus’’ he said ‘* the Magpie of America was shown to be of the same family as the Bird of Paradise of New Guinea.”’

After reading of the papers, officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows.

President, William L. Finley, Portland, Or., first vice president, Ellis F. Hadley, Dayton, Or., second vice president Guy Stryker, Milwaukee, Or., secretary, Arthur L.Pope, McMinnville Or., treasurer, D. C. Bard, Portland Or., It was decided to hold the third annual meeting at Salem, Oregon.

A LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE NORTHWESTERN ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

January 1 1896. Omission of date indicates a founder. Honorary Member. A. W. Anthony, SanDiego, Cal. Active Members. Andrus, Fred H. Elkton, Oregon. Averill, A. B. Portland, ef Bohlman, H. T. Portland, ”’

1894

1894

Brazee, A. J. Portland, Or.

Bard; *DsC.- Portland);"Or: 1895 Cheney, G. B. Oregon, City, Or. —— Cauthorn, Dr. Frank. Portland, Or. 1896 Finley, Wm. L. Portland, Or. — Gibson, J. M..McMinnville Or. 1895 Haines, Robt. W. Baker, City. Or. 1894 Hadley, Ellis F Dayton, Or. — Hoskins, Harvey M. Newberg, Or. ——- Malleis, W. B. Cedar Mills, Or. — Pope, Arthur L. McMinnville, Or. —— Peck, Geo. D. Salem, Or. 1895 Pfluger, C.F. Portland: Or 1896 Stryker, S.Rey. Milwaukee, Or. — Stryker. Guy. Milwaukee, Or. — Swallow, C. W. Willsburg,Or. 1895 Washburn, Prof. F. L. Eugene, Or. 1894

Weeks, D. F. Portland, Or.

THE AMERICAN BITTERN (Botaurus Lentiginosus) and NASHVILLE WARBLER (Helminthophila Ruficapilla. )

Read at the second annual meeting of the N. O. A. at Portland, Oregon, by C. W. Swallow:

As both of these birds are more especially eastern species, my description of them may not be jugt in line with the object of this meeting, but [ hope it may be of intrest to some present.

The American Bittern is one of those birds that is known by various common names in different localities. It is called Post-driver, Stake-driver, Indian-hen, Bog-bull, Thunder- pumper, and I presume has still other names. Its range is given by Coues as the entire Tem- perate America and South to Central America. I have never seen the bird myself west of the Rockies. In the New England States it is a common summer resident. It is alow ground dweller, haunting the bogs and meadows, nest- ing in some thick tangle of bushes, weeds or grass. Its nest is little more than a rude pile of sticks and roots, making a kind of platform for its three to five grayish-brown eggs. The

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 7

bird is ungainly and awkward, with long neck and legs and short tail. It has a long, stout, pointed bill, yellow below, wlth brown ridge. They utter a gutteral ‘‘Squawk”, besides their peculiar post-driving note, In color they are a rusty brown, blotched with black and white.

with a black patch on each side of the neck

and the top of the head is brown. The _ birds are rather more than two feet in length, with expanse of wings over three feet. Oftentimes

when alighting they have a peculiar trait of re- maining rigid some time, with neck stretched out and bill pointing upward. On one occasion [ found a nest of eggs only a few feet from a nest from which I had taken eggs about two weeks before.

THE NASHVILLE WARBLER.

This is a very shy, retiring, plainly dressed bird, but, like some of the sma!l birds, has a very long scientific name. //edminthophilia is taken from the Greek /e/mznthos, meaning ‘‘a bug”, and pAz/eo, meaning ‘‘I love”, more appropriate, I think, than the specific

This is name reficapil/a, derived from two Latin

words one of which means ‘‘rufous’” and the

other ‘‘a hair”. This bird is yellowish olive- green above, with ashy neck and head; the male having a chestnut crown. The under parts are clear yellow, this being a distinguishing feature of the species, as they are the most yellow below of any of the warbleis, The wings and the‘tail are more of a rusty brown, than the back, a faint white ring around the eye. and ground builders, the single nest that I found

They are birds of rather retiring habits,

in Massachusetts being in an old Pine field The nest was by the side of a tuft of grass, partially

growing up to White Pine and Birch,

sunk in the ground, anc pretty well concealed. It was well made, of grass and rootlets, lined with finer material. It contained four eggs, of a light, grayish, slate color, quite thickly spot- ted with brown about the large end, forming something of a wreath. Not knowing the bird at the time. I went back a day or two later with my gun and secured one of the old

birds for identification.

CONTRIVANCES FOR THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS

As Darwin and many subsequent ob- servers have shown, there are manifold contrivances for the dispersal of the seeds of plants. Familiar examples of such contrivances may be seen in the hooks and viscid hairs of the involucre and seed pods of various plants (Desmodium, Madia, etc.) which thereby are attached to the hair of animals; or in the down or pappus of the dandelion or epilobium and the wings of the seed vessels of the elm and maple which materially increase the surface of the truit without to an appreciable extent the volum2 thas enabdlinz them to be watted by the wind. Many seeds however are small and round, and although it has teen shown that these too may be carried over great distances by the wind and in other ways which | shall point out later, these probably depend upon some means such as the sudden dehiscence of the seed pod. It is in this way that the seeds of that beautiful plant Impatiens or jewel weed are scattered and also those of its congener, the commonly cultivated lady’s slipper.

Seeds however, whatever their color or shape, may be carried in other ways than that for which some character has adapted them. Thus many seeds are eaten and subsequently voided. An examination of the tops of stumps in a Western Oregon clearing during the fall will result in the discovery of seeds of the flowering dog- wood (Cornus Nuttallii) divested of their covering of red pulp, lving white and bleaching in the sun. They are often associated with the excrement of birds and the writer has repeatedly observed that the blue jays and other birds feed on these seeds. Now the seeds thus found on stumps are merely those which happened to be voided in those positions. Many others doubtless find their way from the

8 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

parent tree in this way and so too with myriads of other seeds.

An examination of the mud sticking to the feet of birds will frequently discover seeds which have been thus picked up and would without doubt be deposited in more or less distant situations.

My attention was drawn some time ago to four curved lines running across a bare spot—in facta tennis court. They were readily observable because of their green appearance which was due to large num- bers of seedlings of grass and other plants growing along them. The curves were continuous and even and on closer ex- amination showed that they were wagon tracks. The tires and felloes of the wheels, while the wagon was being driven through the wet grass, had picked up numerous seeds and these. deposited in the soil of the tennis court, had germinated along the tracks.

These few examples have been given to stimulate if possible the habit of observing such facts, Those interested in birds would find many opportunities to collect data on the subject of seed dispersal.

FRANGIS E.2L LOYD,

Professor of Biology. Forest Grove, Or.

AN ,INTERESTING MEDAL

For the benefit of such readers as may be interested in numismatics, | present herewith a sketch of a medal now in my possession, which has been in possess on of members of my family for several gener- ations. The medal was cast in commem- oration of the burning at the stake of John Huss, who was burned for heresy by the Catholics in the town of Constance, in Bohemia, in 1415.

Huss was born about 1369 at Hussinecz, not far from the Burarian frontier. His

parents were without wealth or position.

His pious mother thought only of educa- ting her son. After great sacrifices and by prodigious industry the young man was graduated from the University of Prague and ordained to the ministry at the are of 30. _He was elected rector of the University at Prague and confessor to the queen.

Meeting with the writing of Wyckliffe, he was deeply stirred against the errors of his time. But he was concerned more with

the practice than with dogma. He dwelt with great force upon the claims ‘of this life, and urged more complete imitation of Christ and his apostles. Huss was a preacher of righteousness in daily life.

He dwelt upon practice and upon the conduct of life. The weight of his rebuke fell whenever he thought men ought to mend their ways. This earnestness brought him into conflict with some of the more selfish spirits of his time. He was denounced as a heretic. But from his im- passioned plea for right living he had noth- ing toretract. His position was misunder- stood or his zeal was dreaded, until at last he was summoned to the Council of Prague; unfairly tried, degraded of his priestly office and sentenced to be burned.

He was gentle and forgiviug to the last and prayed for the forgivness of his ene- mies.

The medal is of silver, and was cast in amold. The inscription is Latin, and in high relief, as are also the bush and figure on the reserve. Surrounding the bust] is the inscription, ECCLESIAM SANCTAM CATOLICAM CREDO VNAM ESSE, and separated by the bust the name IOA HVS The reverse side reads, in the inner circle: NATO 1415 IO HVS ANNO A CHRISTO, while twice divided by the figure are the words, CON-DEM NA-TVR.

The outer circle reads: CENTVM REVOLVTIS ANNIS DEO RESPVNDEDITIS

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 9

ET MIHI.

Translated, the rinsciption on the ob- verse reads: ‘‘i believe tbat there is one church, the Holy Catholic. Joa Hus.’ The outer inscription on the reverse:’ «‘One hundred years having rolled away you will answer to God and to me.” The inner inscription: ‘‘Jo Hus was condemned in the year 1415 from Christ having been born.”

The medal is in strictly fine condition, and having a blackish appearance, caused by casting. Two duplicates of it were seen by a former owner, one inthe museum at Vienna and one in Berlin.

ED. A SCHLOTH, Portland, Oregon.

AN INTERESTING RELIC,

Charies F. Cummings of Waliula owns an nteresting relic of the Lewis and Clark expe- dition of 1804-5. This expedition was sent over- land Ly President Jefferson, and its objects were explorations and the negotiation of friendly re- lations with the various Indian tribes of the great West. The exyedition carried with it present; and medals for the chiefs, and the relicnow owned by Mr, Cummings is one of these medals.

This medal is of silver. It is about three inches in diameter, and upon one side is 2 bus! portrait of President Jefferson, with this inscrip- tion surrounding it:

“‘Th. Jefferson, President of the U. S., Aa, 1801.7)

On the opposite side appear two hands clasp- ed in greeting, with a pipe and tomahawk crossed, and the phrase ‘‘Peace and friendship.”

This medal was found last summer on an island in the Columbia river, presumably an old Indian burying-ground. It is believed it was given to Chief Yellept, of the Walla Walla tribe, as an account of the presentation of such a medal to that chief is found in the journals of the expedition.

EASTERN DEPARTMENT,

CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR.

WINTER BIRD LIFE IN ;sSOUTHERN MASSACHUSETTS

¢. €. PURDUM.

Continued from page 169 Vol II.

Having discussed at some length in the last t\vo papers the habits etc, of the common and Arctic terns we will pass over the. other two varieties viz: the Roseate {(Sterna‘ dougalli) and the Least (Sterna antillarum) varieties, which resemble in most points the two previously The food supply of the terns, con- sists entirely of small fish which they take in

an interesting manner.

considered,

Flying along about ten or fifteen feet above the surface’ of the waters; when a proper opportunity affords, the bird makes a quick upward turn and describ- ing a complete “though small circle, drops straight into the water, gen erally entirely dis- appearing beneath the water, Rising with irs capture, it_starts away as if to devour it! at leisure, but be fore many seconds you will fools in vain for that unhappy fish. He has dis- appeared down that capacious throat and its well captor; has turned his eyes to the water again as if to say ‘‘Oh! There are others.” As ‘indeed there are, for suddenly as you watch him, he again drops into the water and another ‘*minnow” has joined his luckless comrade, Again and again this is kept up till one is almost,bewildered at,‘twhere he puts em.’: Digestion is very rapid and strong in these birds however and as long as the food supply Jasts, just so long will you find ‘‘Sterna” splashing here, rising there and always keeping up that incessant —chee-chein— as if their lives depended upon it.

satisfied

To make the acquaintance of our next “‘item of interest” let us take our trusty Parker, a large

1ae)

number of heavily loaded shells, decoys and lunch pail, and start about 4 o’clock a, m. for a short collecting trip. After a short pull during which despite the exercise —— and toes tingle with the cold, for the sun 1s peer up yet, although a faint reddish tinge is noticeable, where ouly a short time ago stretched the long gray herald of the approaching morn, we arrive at a jutting point where tha wind blows from ‘‘off shore” and proceed to ‘‘set” the de. coys within easy shooting distance of the pom and going ashore coaczal ourselves behind some of the large boulders on che shore. Now comes a short wait and then — whive — splash! What was that? Oh yes there he is right in a- mong the decoys; no! yes! there are two —three! No time to count any farther for your trusty old Parker has somehow gotten to your shoulder and then you press the trigger as your friend’s gun speaks close to your ear, and out there on the water, in their last struggle lie a male and female, (130) Merganser leviator (637) Red- breasted Merganser: Shelldrake; and picking them up we examine them. The first thing that strikes us is the long bill, which looks for the world as if it were supplied with a row of teeth. . Then the head with its long scraggily plumes, the short tail and relatively short wings, all make an impression at once, and togethe* with the pure whitencss of the belly and va gated breast of the male, make you involuntari- ly exclaim «A Beauty!’ These birds are much esteemed by the fisher folk for eating, and the ‘‘sea fowl stews” of Cape Cod have become alinost proverbial, certain however it 1s, that the flesh of Merganser Leviator is not to be des-

pised by a hungry — stomach. The nostrils are rather nearer the base of the bill than in most of the The head and

species hitherto mentioned. neck all around are a beautiful dark green; the back quite dark; the breast a delightful brownish red, streaked with dusky, and the whole under parts with a long pointed occipit: | crest is present in both sexes and when erected. give the bird a most ferocious appearance.

The female is much smaller than the male

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

and presents a more sombre appearence. A peculiar tendency to alight at decoys has been mentioned, This is intensified in the spring on account of the birds being anxious to form into flocks for the migration. This feeling is so strong that the birds will frequently alight to pieces of wood or ‘‘debris’’ floating upon the surface,

(To be concluded.)

POTATO BUG AND HESSIAN FLY.

Thirty-five years ago the worst enemy to the potato crop in the eastern part of the United States was a species of beetle having dark striped wing covers, elongated form, and narrow thorax, but in 1861 a far more destructive insect, class- ified long before as Doryphora decemlineata, made its first great onslaught uvon the cul- tivated potato.

The insect had previously fed mostly or en- tirely upon various species of the Solanum in- digenous to the West but it soon began its progress eastward, traveling at the rate of sixty miles a year, It would be useless to enlarge upon the destructiveness of this insect, but although its ravages and its appearance are known to every one, its metamorphoses may not be understood by all.

The eggs are deposited on the under side of the leaves in clusters of from ten to twenty five, each female laying from seven to twelve hundred eggs. From these eggs the larvae soon hatch out, and after feeding upon the plants for some eighteen or twenty days hide them selves in the earth, where they remain as pupae for ten or twelve days, then emerge as fully developed beetles, to begin again the work of destruction with all the vigor of renewed youth, and to produce fresh generations,

The head of the larva is black, there is a ring of black upon the first segment of its body and each of its sides is ornamented by two rows of black dots upona reddish brown ground,

The perfect insect is a shortened oval in shape, yellowish, or orange brown, in color, and has upon its wing covers the ten black

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

lines that give it its name, decem—/ineata, It is difficult for the casual observer to follow the career of many of our most common insects, and fully understand their habits, on account of the many changes they undergo, and this is doubly true of the Hessian fly, It is said that this insect made its first appearance in America about the time of the Revolution, and travelled westwards with the star of empire. However that may be the flies are with us, and in vast numbers. During the first warm weather in the spring,as $90. as t! e wheat has b :gun to grow the flies appear. The female alights upon the plant, and standing with her head toward the extremity of the leaf deposits her eggs in the minute depressions or furrows in the stalk, or in the shelter afforded by the sheath, where the leaf branches from the stalk, or sometimes in the creases in the blades, When the weather is favorable these eggs will sometimes hatch in four days, though the hatching is sometimes de- layed to fifteen days. The larvae, currently termed maggots, feed upon the wheat until they are fully grown, and then become pupae, in which state they look very much like flax seeds, and from this resemblence are said to be ‘tin the flax seed state”. At this stage of its de- velopement the insect is hidden in the sheathing of the leaf where it clasps the wheat stalk near its base. In due time the larva tears open its puparium, crawls upwards through the straw, which by this time is dead, and when it reaches an opening it discards its larval skin, unfolds its wings, and after ‘‘pluming” them a moment, to prepare them for use, flies away, the imago or perfect insect, The first brood of the fties issue early in the spring, the second late in the spring or summer, and if the weather continues warm until late, a third brood is sometimes hatched, ‘The injuries they have done to the wheat crop may be disceined in the fali winter by the yellow color of the leaves,

in the summer by the undeveloped head

and and and shrunken stalks.

Innumerable devices for destroying the flies or escaping from their ravages have been tried,

bnt with little or no success Late planting

It

of wheat has been recomended, on the suppo- sition that the insects’ eggs are all deposited before the 20th, of September, which is not always the case. Pasturing sheep upon the wheatfield has been tried to some advantage, the shee; , turned in late in the fall and early in the spring, cropping the plants close enough to destroy many of the eggs and larvae.

Salt sprinkled over the field, about one barrel to the acre, is said to be good, but although salt will doubtless improve the soil, enough of it to the fail to be injurious to both soil and crops. Farmers

destroy flies could not sometimes plant an early strip of wheat near their main fields to attract the flies and serve as a trap, hoping to check their increase in this way, but with no marked success, for the flies will lay their eggs in the grass and keep up the supply, no matter how many are destroyed. ANGUS GAINES.

Vincennes, Indiana.

The annual meeting of the Kent Ornithological Club was held at Grand Rapids, Michigan December 12th.

At this meeting the name was changed to Michigan Ornithological Club and the follow- ing were elected to active memberhsip: Prof, C, A. Whittemore and Hattie M. Bailey of Grand Rapids, Dr. Morris Gibbs of Kalamazoo, L. Whitney Watkins of Manchester, T. L. Hankinson of Hil'sdale and W, A. Davidson of Detroit,

The following officers were elected for 1896: President, A. B Durfee, Vice President, R. R. Newton; Secretary W. E. Mulliken; Treasurer Prof. C, A, Whittemore and Librarian Leon J. Cole.

All Michigan ornithologists should address the Secretary at 191 First Ave. Grand Rapids, Mich, for particulars.

By special arrangement with the publishers we can send the ‘‘Nidologist” and the ‘Oregon Naturalist,” both one year for $1.00 only, Address, OREGON NATURALIST, 392 Morrison Street, Portland, Oregon.

#2 THE OREGON

gS] ove al beget

What facts are you going to endeavor to establish in the interests of science this year?

We have a nice article on hand; upon ‘‘How totake notes on the migrations,” which we will print in the March issue, and which will undoubtedly be of general interest and benefit.

The Editor is pleased for recognize the receipt of several very useful and interest ing notes to his ‘‘Report on odd and peculiar nests and nesting,,’ and desires to take the opportunity of formaily thanking his friends who have thus far aided him. Anything you may have, will be equally acceptable.

If you want a definite plan of work tor the coming season; join the Ooiogists’ Association and write to President |sador S. Trostler, 4246 Farnam St., Omaha, Neb. for full particulars. Weare going to lay out a particular line of work, and hope to make our efforts appreciated. “‘In Union there is Strength.”

EVOLUIION AND DISEASE,

BY THE EASTERN EDII1OR.

(Continued from Page 170, Vol, II.) The shedding of pathological cutaneous horns and their subsequent reproduction has more than one physiological type.

birds the horned puffin ( Avadercz/a corniculata)

Among will be selected. Growing from the eyelid of this bird isa slender, pointed, black-colored horn, eighteen millimeters in length.

There was also a thin horny scale connected with the lower lid. Inthe adult horns are shed and reproduced annually.

bird these

It has also been mentioned that the corneous cap of thecavicorn ruminants is merely modi- fied portions of the integument, In the Prong- buck, (4aftilocapra americana) the hard cap

NATURALIST.

of the horn is annually shed: an observation first made in 1865, in the Zoological Gardens of London. Subsequently, doubt was thrown upon the matter, but the observations of Mr. W. A. Forbes, have definitely settled the matter. Thus we are able to furnish types among normal cutaneous horns, not only in birds, but among mammals, as parallels to the annual shedding of Pathological cutaneons horns of birds.

Not infrequently tumors are found in certain abdominal organs and in the sub-cutaneous tissues of man and other mammals, posessing skin and Hs appendages, such as hair, wvol and glands. Such tumors, contain in man, horses and oxen, hair; in pigs, bristles; in thus harmonizing with the physiological characters

sheep, wool and in birds, feathers; special to the animal in which such tumors oc- cur. Further the hair in such tumor becomes grey as age advances and may—and generaily does—fall out, leaving the tumor literally *tbald” as is the case with the hair upon the exterior of the body.

This—together with the two previous papers —paper will give the readera generai insight as to the ‘‘reason why” the supposition that what is generally regarded as abnormal (so far as many structures are concerned at least) may be truly vegarded as merely stages of gradation from a previously existing normal tendency,

endeavor to discuss severa! questions which

In the succeeding papers I shall

necessarily arise from such a hypothesis, C. C. PuRDUM.

THE PALISADES OF THE HUDSON.

Among the wonders of this Western World of ours which excite the interest and admiration of travelers from foreign countries, stands promi- nently among their foremost attractions, the Palisades of the Hudson River, one, in attempt- ing to portray its wonderful magnificence soon finds himself lost among a countless host of beautiful visions. Visions of river and cloud,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

of hill and tree and visions too, of goblin and ghost and good old days as told to us in merry legends and songs.

Washington Irving is sleeping his last long sleep, but still yet in the Highlands ’tis said, may be heard the sound of the ‘ balls” and the ‘‘pins” when thunder storms come—and

not long ago —but the dreamer must don her

science cap and leave visions and ghosts to flit -

away as do mists of the Indian summer from Palisade’s crest, when the cold frosts come. The Palisades of the Hudson as recalled by the tourist, consist of a perpendicular ledge of brown gray rock on the western banks of the Hudson River, rising to the height of from 200 ‘to 500 feet in almost an unbroken line, for a distance of something like 20 miles northwaid from New York City. but a part of what is known as the Highlands

This natural bulwark is

of the Hudson, and which in turn is but a po:- tion of a range of hills extending from Rock- land on the Hudson River, southwest through New Jersey, Pennsvlvanin anc Virginia east of the Blue Ridge, a distance of 110 miles and with an average width of 20 miles .

Geology tells us that during the third great age or period in the history or the North American Continent, known as Mesozoic, these High!ands were formed. The 10ck of which they are composed, is generally a reddish sand- stone, with occasionaily a region of shale or con- glomerate and again in two or three vicinities chiefly south of New York, are found valuable beds of bituminous coal. It might be well fora moment to cast a thought back to the first and second periods of our Continents history, in order to connect this condition of affairs in this Mesozoic Period with those which preceded after the Azoic Time, in which the rocks found were chiefly Metamorphic, (granite gneiss syen- ite,) and the life chiefiy of the vegetable king- dom and that of the lowest order, came the Paleozoic Age. This Paleozoic Period, produce- ing the animals of all the lower orders, piling up rocks of a stratified nature upon the granite foundations and storing away coal for the use of man, laid the way for what was to come —

the life of reptiles, insects and birds of the Mesozoic Time.

Of these last named branches of the animal kingdom, do we find innumerable signs in the rocks forming the Palisade Highlands, Foot- prints of various animals, the claw of the bird, the wing of the insect have been seen again and again in ths sand-stone rock.

If some time the reader should find himself in the region of Amherst, Massachusetts, and if he will make a visit to the College collection, he may see for himself thousands of these very prints and fossils, brought from different sections of the Highlands by Prof. Hitchcock, who has made this study a specialty, All this, to prove the time in the history of our continent at which these hills were formed and of which tne Hudson Palisades eonstitute the most marked feature.

It would be of interest to picture to the reader the Palisades themselves as they are seen from the river, on the New York Central Road which winds along following ciosely tbe river’s bank on the opposite side. But how shall I de- scribe their beauty to you, what language use ? For the Palisades, on a winters day when the sky is clear, and the sun well up and the river nine miles wide at one place forming a great white sheet of glistening ice, are not the Palisades of an early March day, when a thous- and desolate cakes of gray ice jostle about in a murky sea, and the clouds are low down, and the Palisade’s sides seem dreary and dead,

But when Maytime comes, the rocks put on a garb of fresh green verdure, and each open- ing tree nods laughingly down to the bright sparkling river, which glistens and flashes back its own happiness to the soft white clouds and smiling Palisades. Riding along the banks of the Hudson on a midsummer day just at the time when the sun will set, gives one perhaps the most transcendent view which can ever be seen of River and Height.

The sun is gradually sinking, a ball of crim- son light, down into some break in the mount- The sky is aglow with crimson and gold sent off from the sun; a long broad path-

ain ledge,

14

way of light, opalescent in hue, leads away and away over the expanse of the water, until it seems to unite itself to the glow of the sun in the distance. ‘Tiny white sails cross and re- cross and sail down again toward the light from the sun, while the Hills loom up, solemn and grand in deep purple shades and are crowned by gold bands from the fast sinking sun,

Once again, during the October days, the Palisades assume a yet novel aspect. Of all their glories this is the culmination, For in October, the foliage of the trees which clothe their side and crown the summit, is changed to red and gold, and the old Palisades stand gloriously forth, one glowing, gorgeous mount- ain. So, indeed, the reader will now perceive why it is that I exclaim,-‘*‘How describe the beautiful Palisades of the Hudson to you?” But a few pertinent facts must be related which wil! give a clearer Geol-gical conception of their appearance. The Palisades proper, as has been said, consist of a nearly perpendicular wall of trap rock some three or four hundred feet in height, and extending for twenty miles northward from New York City along the banks of the Hudson River. The Palisades following apparently the river’s course bend in and out, occasionaliy throwing forward a rocky promontory in the form of a single precipice overlooking the expanse of thewater. Inuther localities, may be seen breaks in the precipice, where the slopes of two adjacent _hill-sides shelter pretty farms'and sometimes eyen villages, But in general the Palisades stretch out one un- broken line of rocks in winter, and green mantled in the summer season. localities mry be seen at all seasons of the year, the rock completely bareand dark, extending in a perpendiculai plane to the river’s brink apparently. But this sight is now rare. In the wintertime when the leaves have all fallen away, leaving the precipice as a background, against which the collective tree trunks and branches stand forth with an ashen gray tint, seems the suitable time for carefully noting the structure ofthe rock mass, This 1s seen to be entirely perpendicular for heights of over a

In exceptional

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

hundred fect, and then at the base gradually stretching out to the river by a rocky incline, The perpendicular rock shows on its surfice .

immense vertical columns extending the entire height and which seem like mighty buttresses placed there by rature to ward off further des- Although I never have heard it so stated, from the appear-

truction of the great bulwark.

ance I am of the opinion that these columns are but ‘‘joints,” (to use a Geological term) as the jointed structure occurs commonly in trap rock formation.

In the summer seasons when the Palisades are again covered with verdure, signs of life and business may always be noticed, not only in the villages nestled between the mountains as mentioned before but all along the scattered roads which wind in and out, up the pre- cipitous mountain sides, only made visible to sightseers on the o»posite banks at occasional

openings among the trees, where the road appears white and ribbon like, in its distant windings. Along at the summit

of the cliffs, are palatial homes, all partly hid- den from view by the fringe like trees on the Palisade’s crest. Then again, along the further bank of the Hudson at the base of the cliffs, are cottages, farms, immense summer hotels and places of business, built close to the’ river brink.

All this land on which they stand has been made by gradual deposition, fron age to age, of loosened material brought down from the Palisade’s side and the heights above and to that is also due the verdure which so complete- ly hides the rock during the greater part of the year,

“Tn olden climes, on foreign shores,

In lands across the seas,

Where find, throughout the whole wide world,

Old rocks so grand as these.”

— Anon.

WHAT will probably be the most complete list ever published on the ‘‘Birds of Kodiak Island,” by Bretherton, with notes, will soon b e begun in the columns of this paper.

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 15

A MICHIGAN RELIC.

Some time ago I found on the shore of Bear Lake, this vicinity, a curiosity that has puzzled me considerably, It is a stone in the exact shape of the earthen vessels of the Indians, fragments of which are found in large quantities around the lake. Itis 10 inches in height 11% inches in width through the widest part, 9 inches at the neck, and weighs. about 60 pounds.

It is not quite perfect, perhapsa third of it is missing, split off in clean fractures. It seems to be a kind of limestone and in layers, thin at the bottom and gradually widening at the top. Where the piece is gone from the top it shows about an inch of the outside to be lighter than I cannot imagine what it can be, it

not a natural formation, unless

the inside. is certainly an earthen vessel had been dropped in thelake, filled with marl and hardened, It shows the action of water and also of fire. I found it at the . edge, where I supposed it had been heaved out by the action of the%frost.

I would like to correspond with collectors who could give me any information about it.

H. M. CONNELL.

Clarion, Mich.

DENDRITES. Dendritic rock is abundant. The arbores- cent, slender, spreading branches, resembling ferns upon cleavable surfaces, are better known by the amateur as ‘‘Forest Rock,” etc., and there are many vague, senseless theories .ad- The effect The idea

vanced toward solving the cause.

is apparent, but what produced it ? that the sun’s rays photograph the surrounding trees and herbage is preposterous. The finest dendrites are frequently far beneath the surface, The theory of electricity photographing sur- rounding objects on stone is less objectionable;. but noone can examine the porphyry heds, through which dendiitic ferns run in every con- ceivable direction, and believe for a moment in

I examined the outcropping of a hill of porphyry the other day and found the whole mass brittle, easily broken into small angular pieces, and full of imperfect

either of the above theories.

arborescent forms, and but few fine specimens could be obtained from the whole vast ledge. One mile from this point is an old tunnel, ab- andoned by some unfortunate prospector ‘‘rust- lin’ for a ‘‘grub stake,” hoping to ‘‘strike it rich.” Fifty feet into this drift is a ten-foot yellow porphyry vein, Here are fine and large dendrites. Upon studying the overlying for- mations the direction of seams containing the finest ‘‘fern pictures,” the coloring matter which stains the porous rock, often dark brown, one cannot but come to the conclusion that these flowering delineations have been formed by the infiltration of manganese in solution, which has entered between the seams and spread into branches resembling trees, ferns, etc. The handsome dendrites are usually in porphyry. White quartz. quartz mica, chalcedony, etc., become dendrites. The moss like forms in chalcedony are dendrites from dissemination of

iron oxide, and are called moss-agate. L. W. STILWELL, Deadwood, S. D.

The oldest bank-note probably in existence in Europe is one preserved in the Asiatic Museum, at St, Petersburg, It dates from the year 1399 B. C., and was issued by the Chinese government, It can be proved from Chinese chronicles that, as early as 2697 B. C., bank- notes were current in China under the name of ‘‘flying money.” The bank-note preserved at St. Petersburg bears the name of the imperial bank, date and number of issue, signature of a mandarin, and contains a list of the punish- ments inflicted for forgery of notes. This relic of over three thousand years old is probably written for printing from wooden tablets is said to have been introduced in China only in the year 160 A, D. — Exch.

16

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these lines, indicates that your subscription has expired. A prompt re- newal is requested.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological Association.

EDITORS, Ni 18}; AMO RIUUEF

1Oys (ES (Ey 1PUWLIO NG

PORTLAND, ORE. BALTIMORE, MD.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: One Year - Bpse = 7 To Foreign Countries - =F

50 Cents 60 Cents

ADVERTISING RATES:

SPACE IMO. 3MO. 6MO. IYR. Vp Hnchise: senea eestor: $ .25 $ .65 $1.10 1.90 TWO CN) eaitceaicceseeeces -50)) SIaL0) 1-90) 3410 WA. ENE Seenaopcbeso cost 1-725 4200 OLA) TL. LO VDAC C Waisted s ae BAO 727 OM 4 7.0N22 00 UR PAL Crees se oc eden 6.25 15.00 25.00 42.75 Entered at the Post Office at Portland,

Oregon, as second-class matter.

Articles and items of interest on different branches of Natural History solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

392 MORRISON ST,

Portland, Oregon.

January, 1896.

Mr. Angus Gaines’s admirable work for The Oregon Naturalist is suggested by the characteristic and delightful article en- titled, “My Water Snakes,’’which appears in the New Year’s double number of the Youth’s Companion. It is to be followed by others, so highly valued by The Com- panion that they have a conspicuous place jn its Announcement for 1896, of which, by the way, more than a million copies have been circulated.

fuliginosus or D. O, richardsonii ?

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

CORRESPONDENTS’ COLUMN I have a catalogue of all the books, etc. ever published by the U. S. Government. It isa finely bound book of portentious size and is of no value to me, Any one who has any use for it can have it by paying expressage.

ANGUS GAINES, Vincennes, Ind,

Can any reader of this Magazine supply a list of the Ophidians of Oregon? Such a list would probably be found good matter for the Oregon Naturalist, and certainly be highly ap- preciated by all those who are interested in the problems of distribution and local variations.

ANGUS GAINES.

GROUSE NOTES

How will it do for some of your corespon- dents to try and express in letters, some of the bird’s notes aud songs? Here is what I tried to write for the Blue Grouse at three different dictations. Hoop— hoop — oop-op — ohp — hp,

Hoop — hooh, — hooh; —hoh, — hoh,

Hoop — hoo — hoo — hop — h= hop — hup. Who can say which we have in the Wilimette LDA Three

specimens that I have examined had eighteen:

valley? Dendragapus obscurus

tail feathers, with a broad slate bar,

C. W. SWALLOW.

Queries and Replies.

[We invite contributions to this column from any subscriber who has a question to ask, or who can answer a question asked by some one else. The only condition will be: the utmost brevity consistent with clearness of statement, and that questionsare not asked that can read- ily be answered by consulting a dictionary or an encyclopedia. ]

(Query No. 13.) How long do bats live, or, what is the average life of a bat?

J. Maurice Hatch, Escondido, Cal.

ELE

ILOSb

acre

_Trying to get good Stamps.

> HE USUAL EX- perience of those

who buy packets

= * but not so with

those who get them from

ELLSWORTH LENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX BAKER CITY,

TRY ONE OF

OREGON.

THE FOLLOWING:

BOOP AUPMiiterene Stamps sade. sees sc: sete -B .45 100 ** oe C3, ene en ory AeiC eRe -20 SO aS eM: Boek PR incre aC een cee eee cate °15 30 WOES Seat die eee una care Seve ane 25 POGEMOLCTE TI SEAM PS) cicisn Hee ectaelera fa ole 5) ote. aser .Io

All sent post-paid on receipt of price.

Stamps sent on approval to those send- ing good references. Good Selection: of U. S. sent on approval to those sending a cash deposit.

Scott's 56th Catalogue 50C postpaid Address, ELLSWORTH LENTZ, LOCK BOX SIX

BAKER CITY, OREGON.

@THED

lowa® Ornithologist

AN MAGAZINE;OF ORNITHOLOGY AND OOLOGY.

“The I, O. isof much value, not only to | Iowa Naturalists, but to the entire U. S.’ F.'H. Lattin, Editor, Oologist.

“The October number of your Magazine is very beautiful and interesting.” Gameland.

‘Your Magazine is very interesting and I heartily support it. Enclosed find 4oc. for years subscription.

W. J. Parkes, Green Bay, Wis.

SUBSCRIPTION; 4octs. per year.

Sample copy 10 cents. DAVID L. SAVAGE, Epiror.

SALEM, IOWA, |

LELUSTRATED? QUARTERLY |

a |

OREGON NATUR.

Time sé Money A WHITE MAN

NETS:

would as soon try to eat soup with Initting

| Needles, yet Chinese nearly accomplish this feat with their Chop Sticks, which serve all the

purposes of knife and fork. Every Collector of

| Curios should have a pair for his Cabinet,

| They are 10% inches long; square at one end,

|for foreign or home dealers,

| tapering, round at small end; material, Chinese

Ebony. How they can be made, to sell for

the price we ask for them, viz: 5cts. per pair

| post-paid, is one of the mysteries that ought to

be solved for the benefit of bome industries.

D. M. eS IIE & CO., Portland, Ore,

Oregon Stone Relics,

Stone Hammer Heads weasel’ abel -25 to .75 70 IPERS olevt reac gedcusoure: .25 10 .50 pepe MONGATS a Jaeeaccasises cee cleves 2.00 to 5,00

Discordal<Stones. 5-4. seeee ene. oes .25 to 1.50

Shitkensh eccme mee aeee tae ek ce 25

SOME MOONS ae prysaceurceeemccriciec se -I0 to .25

Bentectrdnilisy-caacentwacoctesecc 3.00

SEUAPENS jose head ssesaeeneMesaeteceees .25 tO .75

100 th mixed lot Stone, asstd. our choice, 5.00

Copper Pendants, Memaloose, 25

} Hive. i. (Cory Beads 1 small string re-strung, .25

Tron Bracelets, Memaloose,...... 25

Rings with beads pendant,....... 1.00

One only, Pipe, petrified wood, 3.00

Filafehead®S kulllsseoo: oes seas 5.00

| One hammered Copper Finger Ring, 1.00 1—4dN.W. T. Co., Brass Token...for offers

Oregon material of any description collected We keep in stock; Elk Heads, Deer Heads, Mountain Sheep Heads, Denny Pheasants, Sooty Grouse, Oregon Ruffed Grouse, Sage Hens, Sharp-tail- ed Grouse and through our Oregon correspond- ents and collectors can generally obtain rare Birds, Skins, Skulls, Skeletons, Antlers, Oregon Fossils, Sea Moss in bulk,

Native Shells, Minerals, etc., etc. a By Express at purchasers expense. D. M. AVERIEL & €O:;; P. O. Box, 253 Portland, Ore.

Mammal

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

ARROW POINTS:

We only sell Arrow Points from two states, |

Oregon and Washington, No dealer Points from these states cheaper than we do, when quality and material is taken into con- sideration,

these Points may be formed, we will here state |

that, only a short time ago we offered $25.00 for a small Opalescent Chalcedony Point, which was refused by the lucky finder,

A small lot has been received from a remote point in Oregon, not yet reached by railroads. They are of various shapes, but a singular feature of this lot, is that every one is made of a blackish translucent Obsidian. The price on this lot is 25cts., 50cts., 75cts., and $1.00 each according to size.

SOME HOLIDAY OFFERS.

SOubroken!| Pomts ss sneacstececcacsscesecemaet $1.50 LOLs Sel germs tact a ee gfe Beards .40 KeRomntsac(analibyalalm))seeeseese-eseeseoaeee 25 Fine Points, good shape for nounting 25 Lh ersvviiet Hoss) sonnsesadndononadoqnesodoo: 50 Single Points, 5-10-15 and 25cts.

IMS THOM ogecbnseebocn ssecseyececenasnc 50 Serrated VRoimts; sncsnossscescseeesneeresaas 50 RotarysPointsy -sasctsactce soso tbace meee 50

When several are ordered at one time we will send as great a variety of shapes and material as possible.

D. M. AVERILL & CO., Portland, Oregon.

Resurrection Moss,

Selaginella lejidophylla, is a roundish ball when dry. Ina saucer of water, it soon ex- pandsinto a dense circle of dark-green. From Lower California, Can be used repeatedly. Fine large specimens post-paid, 15cts.

D. M. AVERILL & CO., Portland, Or.

That some idea of the value of |

can sell | |

SPECIAL.

HORNED OYSTER.

This beautiful Shell The lot we are

Spondylus pictorum, by mail post-paid for $1.00.

offering at this price are 34% x 4 inches and

| man | measure 16 inches around all.

| Owl Shell or Giant Limpet,.......00-.-+.. 10 Helix ‘fidelist s0s0) Ss. ee fe) Elelix fownSendianases: tess euace ene eteeeeee 05 Yellow VElelix,t: ster .sscse:eeceseaee eee 15 Black Cats Eye drilled and polished,... 05 Witte mice aig oe a a -10 Sharks’ Teeth, Hawaii, 3 for 2222. -eseee. .10 Miisbioom\C otal ye vse seccceese =e eee 05 15 named Shells, 25 examples........... 25 Anodonta Wahlmatensis,.............+ .1O Copper Beads, Memaloose, Is. ........ .10

AZURITE (Blue Copper.)

This lot, a recent consignment, contains the largest crystals we have ever handled and we: are reliably informed that they came from the finest showing in the Mine [Copper Queen] since a year ago last March,

Small specitnen about an oz.......... -05 Beautiful specimens ............ for 50c. to 1.00 Q@palized. Wood). 5 c-cn-qes- sec teee se .10 to .50 Retiitied Wood s.8.t2:s;22-necc-e cca -IO0to 1.00 Galenite(@ulbey) ies seeers- sce eee eee -10 to 1.00 Steel Gallenate nessa asccacceneeereeeee -10 to 1,00 @arybonizedMWiOodere:esce ees cceteeeaee -10 to .50 SEMI1-Opall i sseccasaceaeperce sss ueeubewee -10 to 1.00

CURIOUS CUP SPONGES.

A peculiar species of Sponge from the Gulf of Mexico. Specimens in this lot occupy 128 cubic inches, and larger, price, 50cts.

IRIDESCENT MATTE, from the smelters,

Principally Lead, carrying Silver. Specimens from 10 to 50cts., show a very fine play of colors.

&# Orders under 25cts, must be accompanied with scts. extra for postage. D. M. AVERILL & CO., Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

If you have Curios or Specimens of Natural History for sale, try the OrEGon Narura.ist, three months for a medium

to reach buyers.

WE ARE WILLING TO PAY CASH

For all old U. S. Stamps, Envelopes, Departments, Revenues, Western Franks and old collections. You will realize more cash by writing us, before disposing of your stamps.

Die eBell BTML, & UO,,

392 Morrison St.

PORTLAND OREGON.

THE AQUARIUM, An illustrated quarterly magazine, for Students and Lovers of Nature Education and Recreation, Hugo Mulertt, F. I. R. S. A. Editor, Subscription rates one year, 5octs. Singie copies, 25cts., each Sample copy free. Advertising rates on ap- plication. Address all communications to Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn, New York.

—~THE-—

MINERAL + GOLLEGTOR,

A Monthly Magazine

Sry :

Collector, Student...

...and Dealer. |

ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample copy toc. 26 JOHN ST.N. Y. City.

“MUSIC LOVERS”

Bearn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send so cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a book of Instructions, Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor.

I. M. MARSH,

Delavan, Illinois.

if

| treats, read GAMELAND,

PLEASANT FIELDS AND WOODLANDS If you are fond ot fresh air and restful, ruralre-

the gentle magazine of outdoor life. It reveals virgin woods and waters. Yearly, to anyaddress,$1 Three trial numbers, 25c. No free copies. GAME- LAND Pus. Co., 13 Astor Place, New York, N.Y.

with the Oregon Naturalist, $1.25

Send stamp for Price List. Gun Works, Pittsburgh,

DOUBLE &SINGLE

Guns of any and every description. In stock or made to order.

| Write to us stating wants and we will

quote prices. Address JAMES H. JOHNSTON, Great Western Gun Works. Pittsburgh Pa.

If you are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, a monthly magazine for only 25 cts. per year, with THE OREGON NATURALIST, 55 cts. Sample copy free. Address: R. W. FRENCH, HARTLAND, WASHINGTON. a

BOOKS FOR NATURALISTS. Send me, 50 cents for a large packet of natural- ist’s books of all kinds, including a copy of ‘‘ British Bird’s Nests & Eggs. ’’ anda copy of the ‘‘ International Naturalist’s Directory; ’’ and ‘‘ Skinning & Preserving Birds.’’. All these and many others sent carriage paid for only 30 cents. 1 willalso send a price list of British eggs, &c. Address, H.T. BOOTH, 38a Upcerne Road, CHELSEA, LONDON, S. W.

THE OREGON

CLUB RATES

We give a list of Magazines with the sub- |

scription price of each and the price which we

can furnish them with the Oregon Naturalist. |

WiTH NATURALIST

THE AQUARIUM $1.00 4 SET 25 GAMELAND, $1.00 ‘** DOr bai eras, MINERAL COLLECTOR $1.00 ‘°° Sere Sis 2ige THE NIDIOLOGIST, $1.00 ‘‘ Sere Ts Tae THe Doc FANCIER, 50cts. Seder igae UNIVERSAL EXCHANGES cts. “* SSee 7/5 0CtSs FARMERS MONTHLY, 50 cts ‘ See 5 Cs. BUSINESS JOURNAL, 50 cts, ‘ reel OS) ctst BALTIMORE CACTUS JOURNAL, 50c. 75 cts.

EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, 25cts. 55 cts THE [owA ORNITHOLOGIST gocts. 65cts. THE NuMISMATIST, $1.00 $1.25

KLICKITAT BASKETS.

Made by the Klickitat Indians,(Washington) |

None of these baskets are made now, They

are water-tight and have designs woven in the |

outside and were used for cooking ufensils’

The four that we now offer are in an unusally |

good state of preservation, One only: height; 16 in., circumference at top; 3% ft., weight: 56 oz., One only; height; 1134 in., circumference at top; 3ft., weight; 30 ounces, price $2.00 Two only: height; 71% inches, circumference at top; 214 ft. weight 14 ounces, price $1.25 ea. Buyer to pay expressage. It is not often that baskets made by the Klickitats can be had This lot is from a private collection lately

broken up. D. M. AVERILL & Co. PORTLAND, OREGON INDIAN RELICS.

Icanseil good Arrows, ; for $2.00 per 100, Many | more thing yr as cheap | A. T. DUNLA Box, 301, eta NAG;

All letters answered.

pice $3.00)

NATURALIST.

** My Ad. in your paper [ Oregon Naturalist ]

is a paying investment; five orders today from

[Dec. 10, 1895.] 16 E. €. SWIGERT,;

Indian Trader, Gordon, Nebraska,

| WHY

DON’T you send 365c. specimen of Itacolumite or Flexible Sand-stone? Its a great curiosity! No Cabinet complete with-out it. &&See Oct. No. of OREGON NATURALIST, page 139, for full description,

A FEW BARGAINS,

for finely polished

100 var. good Foreign Stamps,............ UES 1 Confederate Bill, genuine,......,........ 10 WwOldsBank Bill. Se ee a 10 i) StatesBank JBillye ye icse secctcecs soceeee eee 05 Bi Var of OlGNBIs;as.420 ceo ss sane eee SYS Ti Chineses Coins... sacse aa saeco eee .05 1 AnnamiComyssscanesesesce. Cotce ce eee .06 | 1 Elong Wong Comsres-ssesese- 2) seen eee .1o |: Ancient N. C. Indian Arrow Point,... .06 1 Piece IN; €., Indian\Potterys.-s-.---eeee .05 I Large Uz, S:,Centsr). 2. ---acce ances 06

Send 2c. for large list of Stamps, Coins War No postals answered. Winston, N.C.

and Indian Relics etc, Re DS HAY.

MEXICAN In the lot are Water Opals; clear as ice. Honey Opals, OPALS. clear but showing no fire. Milky Opals, with a beauti- ful play of delicate shades of red and green fire. Clear Red Opals, not common and very de- sirable. The prices for these stones cut and polished, all ready for setting are according to size and quality, 75c., 1.00, I.50, 2.00, 2.50 3.00, 4.00 and 5.00, A. M. BROWN, 348 Clifton St. Portland, Or.

INSECTS EMBEDDED IN AMBER.

Our supply is nearly exhausted [only 11 left] with no prospect of more, They came to us labeled via: China, ina mixed lot of Shells The price will remain 25c. each, D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

Portland, Oregon,

| from Japan. | post-paid.

|

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

BOVE VVVVSSTSVSETVENR

Hillman’s Bargain Golumn A Happy New Year to You!!

This month in addition to: my unequalled old stand-by bargains, I offer some choice things in handsome Shells and Minerals, Conch Sheils, Strombus gigas,

Bahamas, White Murex, Murex ramosus,

-10 to .25 ea,

East Coast Africa, .10-.25 Periwinkle, Fulgar carica, | North Atlantic, .05-.15 Mitre Shel., Mitre episcopalis, Straits of Mallacca, .05-.15 East India Clam, Tridacna maculata, East Indies, .25-.75 Bullmouth, Cassis rufa, East Coast of Africa, .10-.35 Turk’s Cap, Turbo sarmaticus, East Indies, .15-.35 Agates, eut and polished, Azores and Brazil, .10-5.00 Barites, very Beauail, England, '25-2.00 Calcites, ‘‘ ae -25-5.00 Chalcedony, all BERS and var, N, M. .10-2.00! © Diaspore, from Chester, Mass. .10-2.00 Iceland Spar, fine play of colors, Iceland, .10-5.00 Labradotite, very rich and showy, Labrador, . 10-5.00 |

7 arrow Heads each from a different State, a4

12 different Archeological specimens’, $1, 50 | BG enn SNOWY) SPELIS:..c.s05 7 seeks 1.50) Oo ore Minerals esnc.ce ose I. 00 | rele an fible FosSilssst2 ose hee 1.00 | 25 —.** Marine Cunosy. <x... 6s 1.50 | Pepe or pe SPECIMENS Coral... <2... 2,00 | _ A barrel of fine and showy Shells... 15.00 |

& W ANTED:—Western Indian Relics.

F. G. HILLMAN

DEALER IN Archeological and Geological Specimens, |

Minerals, Shells, Marine Curios, Old Weapons, Scientific Publications, Stamps, Coins etc. etc, | 1036 ACUSHNET AVENUE,

NEW BEDFORD, MASS. :

##@ N, B.—As a speclal induement, I {offer a|~

years subscription tothe OREGON NATURALIST, | to ALL purchasing specimens from me to the | amount of ONE DOLLAR or more at one time; | and who mezution this offer. As this offer is for a Jimited time, you should send at once. -

Coinage. tellthestory better than words. Ten Cents will bring you two -of them.

LAM CATCHING:

OPAL, trade. Many orders received from my ‘‘Ad” last month, It is in again this month With prices. ““HUNT IT UP,”

A. M. Brown, 348 Clifton St., Portland, Ore.

GORE; GON: RA; Bak,

A Fraternal Weekly. ONLY ONE DOLLAR A YEAR.

The Best Advertising Medium.

The Best Lodge—News Medium, A Real Live Weekly, Devoted to the Interests

of Secret, Benefit and Fraternal Orders, % Second St.,. Portland, Oregon. J. P. BURKHART, Editor,

PRETTY

Geodes, Minerals, Crinoid Stems, pretty Cave spec. Fossils and ae Cab. spec , for sale.

Fossils and Crinoid Stems im Lime-stone, and Petrified Moss, (Ib. piecss aud larger) for postage, if you'll return the Stamps put on the CORA JEWELL,

SHANNONDALE, INDIANA,

package.

IF YOU will send 4 cents additional, when sending 50 cents for your subscription, we will mail to your address 100 Oologist’s Data Blanks padded: size, 3 x 4% inches.

Oregon Naturalist,

THE NUMISMATIST,

The one and onLy Magazine for Collectors and Students of A sample copy will

Address, Tue NuMISMATIST, Monroe, Mich,

VOL, 11, O. N.

Only 14 copies of ay II, complete, of the OREGON NATURALIST, now remain in our hands. The price of these, are 75 cents each: post-paid. A limited number of copies of March, No. % to Dec. No, 12, of the O. N.

| {inclusive,] for sale at 5 cents each,

OREGON NATURALIST. -

ESTABLISHED : é : F . : : . DR. A. E. FOOTE Warren M. Foote, Manager,

1224-26-28 N. Forty-first St., Philadelphia, Pa, U.S. A.

MINERALS:

INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS of rarest and choicest varieties for collectors and tuseums.

SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS comprising carefully arranged and accurately labelled type specimens of all common or important species, especially adapted for educational work.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, Minerals for Laboratory, Detatchel Crystals, Microscopical Mounts.

THE LARGEST and most varied stock of Minerals in the World. Noran idle boast but an undisputed statement of fact supported by repeated comparisons.

1876

Owing to the enormous stock accumulated, our facilities for furnishing’ ,mineralog ical material of every kind and quality are unequalled. in no other establishment im the world are such a number of rare and beautiful specimens displayed for sale. Our collections for ed- ucatiohal purposes are unexcelled for practical value, attractive appvarance and low prices.

SEND for Illustrated Catalogue. The ‘‘Supplement” contains full Gescription of rare and beautiful specimens received during the past year as well as a magu.ficient photo-engraving of Quartz Crystals. FREE.

THOUSANDS of beautiful Minerals at astonisbingly low prices—§ce to 50c for Choice Cabinet Specimens.

Send us a trial order for Minerals on approval. Postage, freight or expressage to be pruid by you with privilege of returning such as are not wanted,

. He PAMPHLETS, PAPERS, PROCEED- S Cl e ntifi cc B QO QO k DINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES, JOURNALS, ETC.

An immense Stock. Catalogues published in all branches of Natural and Physical Science, such as Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, Botany, Zoology, General Science, Microscopy, Physics, Electricity, Chemistry, Ethnology, Agriculture, Education and Medicine in all its branches.

JUST PUBLISHED:—Minerals and How to Study Them.—a hook for beginners in Mineralogy. 380 pages, illustrated with 300 engravings. Published at $1.50. OUR PRICE $1.20. By E.S. Dana of Yale College, author of ‘‘Sixth edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy.” etc. etc.

OREGON FAUNA.

Specimens in the following branches for sale, (no exchanges) price-list for Stamp.

CONCHOLOGY ORNITHOLOGY MAMMALOGY LEPIDOPTERA FOSSILS AGATES

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON, Newport, (Yaquina Bay) Oregon.

“4 s

e he BAL erm sae a ee

a : nit 4 > bath

ee een an ong

¢ Vol. Ill. FEBRUARY, 1896. No. 2. ¢ TABLE

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

PORTLAND, OREGON.

Exchange Column.

Our Exchange Column is free tg all subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of 14 cent per word.

TO EXCHANGE.— Opals both rough and polished. Garnets and all New England Minerals, for Western

minerals and ores. Robert Burnham, Dennis, Mass.

BILL — A Confederate bill to exchange for each Oregon Arrow point sent me. Geo, O. Greene Box 41. Princeton II!

I HAVE—several skins of the Beautiful Trogon from Mexico, good native skins, for exchange. Write what you have to the Portland Bird Store 110%-First St. Portland, Or,

I WOULD — like to exchange California shells for those of Oregon —land, fresh-water and marine. Fred L. Button. 969 Broadway. Oakland, Cal.

ARROW HEADS,—sinkers, small hoe, paint mortar, soapstone pottery and Gettysburg relics, will sell at fair price or exchange for Indian relics — western relics want” ed, % doz: Vermont arrowheads to exchange. T. B, Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa,

WANTED-—A guitar in exchange for books, papers, and magazines on the subject of Natural History. Also have some eggs in sets with datas and a few singles.

Write me what your terms are’on the instrument and I will send my list, all letters answered. Clyde Karshner, Big Rapids, Mich.

EXCHANGE-—Broken Bank Bills, Cheap Stamps

and a few fine sets, for Fossils Minerals, old Coins, or |

No postals answered, Walter E.

fine Eggs, in sets or singles. AG mention this paper when wriring. McLain, New Vineyard. Me.

EXCHANGE.—Four varieties of Geodes, Zinc, Blende, Wurtzile, Silicate of Zinc, Keautiful Dolomites sprinkled with Chalcopyrite Crystals, all in perfect con- dition, for other Minerals. W. K. Kane, 1706 Harrison St. Kansas City, Mo.

FIVE—different Numbers of Vol. II, Oregon Natural- ist, our choice, for 15 cts. post paid. D. M. Averill & Co.

EXCHANGE —alcoholic specimens (with full data) and unclassified fossils for fully classified fossils, als> Indian and War relics or pair snow shoes Send lists and receive mine. Harry E Spalding, 202 South Neil street Champaign, Ill.

STAMPS—soo good Stamps, 125 varieties, over 30 countries, only 25 cts. 4 ounce piece of Zinc Ore, 1scts. A. P. Wylie, Prairie Center, Illinois.

I HAVE the following duplicates left over to exchange for sets, 622a%4, 591b%, 552%, 51a2-2%,"also two sing, of 64. I desire to correspond with reliable persons who intend to do, field collecting this coming season.

R. S. Daniels, Nordhcff, Ventura Co., Cal.

I PAVE four pounds‘soft Arsenical Soap that I do not need and would like to Fexchange for sets.7 R. S.

| Daniels, Nordhoff, Ventura, Co,’ Cal.

TO EXCHANGE.—Fifteen® paper covered Novels for best offer of western Arrow Points, or Indian Relics, Also geogical specimens from the famous Genesee Valley, Lake Ontario Shells. U. S. and Foreign Stamps ete., for curosities. All Letters answered. J. R. Webster, 829 Powers Blk. Rochester,"N. Y.

EXCHANGE.—Will give 337% for the “Young Oologist,’’ Vol. t and 2 Nos. 1 to 12-13 and 14. [es ~~ Frederick Hill, Lyme, Conn

TO EXCHANGE.—Fresh made Skins of Evening and Pine Grosbeaks, Greater and Mealy F Redpolls, Fishawk and many other northern birds; for other Shins. Sea-birds especially wanted. J. N. Clark, Meridian, Wis.

EXCHANGE.~ Stearns Bird Life in Labrador, for “The Oologist,”” Vols. 6 and 7 Nos. 36 to 50 and sr to’62. Frederick Hill, Lyme, Conn.

WANTED:—John Trumbull’s Satirical Poem, Mc Fingal‘and {the English translation of ‘Leben und Schicksale des Abenteurers Barin yon der {Trenck.” (erich. 1886.) Write stating*condition and lowest cash price. I could trade first class $28.00 Guntar, (not scratched or marred a particle) for above books and rst. class sets. Lloyd S. Pickell, Citizens State Bank, Wahoo, Nebraska.

WANTED to correspond with collectors who will collect eggs for me tne coming season in exchange for Natural History Specimens, such as ‘Fossils, Minerals, Shells, Indian Relics, Agates, Mounted Birds or Books, I will furnish datas. Let me know! what sets and about how many you can furnish ne. Have a number of gold-plated and gold-filled Watches to! exchange for sets. Geo. W. Dixon, Watertown, S. D.

WANTED:—The addresses of collectors who can furnish crystalized specimens and crystal groups, whole- sale. Would like correspondent Fort Wrangel, Alaska and Province of Ontario, Funda Bay district, and Yellow Stone National Park, Address, R. A Edwards,

1004 Union St., Wilmington, Deleware.

TILE OREGON

NATURALIST.

If you have Curios or Specimens of Natural History for sale, try the OREGoN NarTuratist, three months for a medium

to reach buyers.

WE ARE WILLING TO

PAY CASH

For all old U. S. Stamps, Envelopes, | Departments, Revenues, Western Franks | and old collections. You will realize more | cash by writing us, before disposing of.

y g , P Ng | Place, New York, N.Y. | with the Oregon Naturalist, $1.25

your stamps.

Oe ARTEL & CO;

392 MORRISON S?1.

PORTLAND OREGON.

THE AQUARIUM, An illustrated quarterly magazine, for Students and Lovers of Nature iducation and Recreation. Hugo Mulertt, PF. I. R. S. A. Editor, Subscription rates one year, 5octs. Single copies, 25cts , each Sample copy free. Advertising rates on ap- plication. Address all communications to

Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn, |

New York.

= Fla le

MINERAL + GOLLEGTOR, A Monthly Magazine

Sa ON El |

Mollector: Student.

wand Dealer.

ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample copy toc. 26 JOHN ST.N. Y. CITY.

MUSIE LOVERS?

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send so cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor.

I, M. MARSH, Delavan, Illinois.

PLEASANT FIELDS AND WOODLANDS

If you are fond ot fresh . air and restful, rural re- treats, read GAMELAND, the gentle magazine of outdoor life. It reveals virgin woods and waters. Yearly,to anyaddress,$1 Three trial numbers, 25c. No free copies. GaAmME- LAND Pup. Co., 13 Astor:

Send stamp G for Price List. @unWorks,Pittsburgh,Pa-

uw =) ©) z a. 3

DOUBLE

Guns of any and every description. In stock or made to order. Write to us stating wants and we will quote prices. Address JAMES H. JOHNSTON, Great Western Gun Works. Pittsburgh Pa.

If YOU are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, a monthly magazine for only 25 cts. per year, with THE OREGON NATURALIST, 55 cts. Sample copy free. Address: 1S ARs TURING ele HARTLAND, WASHINGTON.

‘Some Say They Are Unlucky.

WHAT? OPALS!! | I do not believe a word of it. And in buying OPALS, a little knowledge of what is good and really cheap will be found most desirable. ‘‘Strong men believe in cause and effect ;”—not in Juck,

Hunt up ‘‘ad” on another page with prices. &@ I guarantee Satisfaction. | A. M. BROWN, 348 Clifton St. Portland, Or.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Still More Bargains.

EVERY THING MARKED DOWN.

Indian arrow heads, perfect, 8c. 4 for 25c. 6 for 35c. 65cts. per dozen.

Indian wampum, 25c. doz. now I$c. doz. Net Sinkers. 25c. each.

Pottery, large 5 to 10c. small roc, per coz. Perfect scrapers 10c,each. 3 for 25c

Perfect spearheads 15, 20, 25, 35 40, 50 & 75c Serrated and Rotary points, fine I5c, Giant liver beans, 25c now Ioc, Satin-spar scarf pins,35c. now I5$c. Fossil shark teeth 5 to 10c. Egyptian sacred lotus seeds 5¢, 3 for roc. East India soap berries 5c, 3 for 10c. Brown banded sea beans I5c, now 5c. Red, yellow or drab sea beans, assorred 1 5c doz. Large buffalo teeth 20c, now Ioc. Hedge hog quills 3c, now Ioc, a doz. Tarpon scales 10c: now 5¢, 3 for 10c. Fine lot Pentremites; heads 5 to roc, stems 10c adoz., 6stems and 1 head Ioc. Alligator teeth Ic, to 50, Io to 25c, per doz. Fac simile of $100 confederate bill, Ic. Agatized wood , fine spec, 5c.to $I. Petrified wood, fine spec. 5c, to $1. Receptaculites Owenii, (sunflower coral, ) this locality, rare, 5c, to 5oc. Beautiful Striped Jasper Pebbles, 2 for 5 cts. Purple Sea Urchins, 5 to 10 cts. Brown Jug Watch Charms, 2 for 5 cts. Satin Spar, 5c. to $1.00. Crystalized Cypsum, 5¢, to $5.00. Gypsum, veined, 5c. to $1.00. Full set of Fac-Simile Revolutionary Currency, toc. Crabs’ eyes, (genuine eye stones) 10c. Shell Collections, 22c. to $25.00. Sand Shark eggs, sc. Chinese Lottery Tickets, roc. doz. Chinese Poker Chips, roc. doz. War Envelopes, each, 5c, Lobster Claws, Atlantic, 15 cts. Oxtp ALMANACS; dates from 1851 to 1856, in good state Price, 5 cents each

of preservation and various kinds, 6 for 25 cents, I2 for 40 cents,

OLp Newspapers; dates from 1851 to 1854, mostly New York Tribunes. Contain very interesting reading of 40 Price, 5 cents each; 6 for 25 cts. 12 for gocts

years ago.

Eclipse Cabinet of 25 Curiosities, 25 cents.

Young Idea Cabinet of 15 Varieties Rare Minerals, 25 cts, Prick List SENT FREE,

Send silver, stamps, or money-order. “2B

R-E-BARTEEST, 87 State St. Kockford

Yee

Ills.

MEXICAN In the lot are Water Opals; clear as ice. Honey Opals,

OPALS, clear but showing no fire. Milky Opals, with a beauti- ful play of delicate shades of red and green fire. Clear Red Opals, not common and very de- sirable. The prices for these stones cut and polished, all ready for setting are according to size and quality, 75c., 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50

3.00, 4.00 and 5.00,

A. M. BROWN, 348 Clifton St. Portland, Or.

DO YOU WANT |

FINE MINERALS)

From all over the world? |

RARE, CHOICE, CHEAP. Perfect in, Quality, Beauty and Color. Very fine Crystals, Brilliant colors, Wonderful Combin- ations, {Tundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn you Cabinet. Very low prices. Write to me. It will pay you, ARTHUR FULLER, Lock Box, 63, Lawrence, Kansas.

BLACK SAND.

This is the famous gold bearing black sand of Oregon, are constantly being made to discover an eco-

Upon which so many attempts nomical method of separation. Price post- paid, 10 cts. per oz. 50cts, per lb. D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

Box, 253, Portland, Oregon,

It is our purpose

in the Auction business to make it equally interesting for the buyer and seller. Have you ever tried ?

Burton’s Auction Sales.

If not, and you are interested in this line, dron mea Postal and [ will forward you cat- alogues of my sales which are held nearly every month.

Address, JUDSON N. BURTON,

MapIson, N. Y.

& Mention this Paper, when writing io our Advertisers.

THE

Time s¢ Money

: _Tryi ing to get good Stamps.

OREGON

Lost.

—

oe ee

>O< HE USUAL EX- perience of those

who buy packets

* * but not so with

%

those who them from

ELLSWORTH LENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX

get

BAKERCITY, OREGON. TRY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING: Poor NIM itkenemty stamps aieic\- cyer-ie ese vis a= Sects B .45 Too: << cs Rr Ureuryatat tof oshotct- ita kons aie chatale -20 SOM eae Mati etors cncretoss oy oye sas Sk itG *15 B30 4 < Cr iO Sion cdemopeescr tec 25 200 Foreign Senne i SM Map RIS, Sees Io

_All sent post-paid on receipt of price. Stamps sent on approval to those send- ing good references. Good Selection;-of U. S. sent on approval to those sending a cash deposit. Scott’s 56th Catalogue soc postpaid cepeee ELLSWORTH ESN: LOCK BOX SIX

BAKER CITY, OREGON.

‘W.B. MALLEIS....|

Taxidermist and Entomologist. CEDAR MILLS,

WASHINGTON Co. OREGON. Birds, Fish, Reptiles, Animals and Animal Heads mounted to order. Insects preserved.

Scientific, Bird Skins made to order.

Collections in Natural History made. Collections Sol@ to Schools and Colleges on

Installment, Correspondence solicited,

Osha GON. TOR A:T: ER.

A Fraternal Weekly. ONLY ONE DOLLAR A YEAR,

The Best Advertising Medium, The Best Lodge—News Medium, A Real Live Weekly, Devoted to the Interests

of Secret, Benefit and Fraternal Orders.

162% Second St., Portland, J. P. BURKHART, Editor.

~ Oregon,

NATURALIST. would as soon try to eat soup

AWHITE MAN 2:

Needles, yet Chinese nearly accomplish this | feat with their Chop Sticks, which serve all the purposes of knife and fork. Every Collector of his Cabinet, inches long; square at one end, tapering, round at small end; material, Chinese Ebony,

Curios should have a pair for

They are 10% How they can be made, to sell for Scts. per pair post-paid, is one of the mysteries that ought to be solved for the benefit of bome industries.

the price we ask for them, viz:

D. M. AVERILL & CO., Portland, Ore. Oregon Stone Relics. Stone Hammer Heads............ -25 to .75

Geemlgestilesmplalmecenenteren acs: .25 to .50 Me VTORCATS AGS cota ntaenchecc choos 2.00 to 5,00 Diseoitdali Stones, js... s:.c0cs.6ccses .25 to 1.50 | Sirens tezis tS Sei Re i 2215 ROtOMeMl GO] Syacqsaeneeesepekecee ease OstO;.2)5 SGHAPEDS Asn toon eeuemeeeeneaeie rece .25 to .75 100 th mixed lot Stone, asstd. our choice, 5.00

| Copper Pendants, Memaloose, 25

Eigen Com beacdsimnce small string re-strung, .25 Iron Bracelets, Memaloose,...... 25 Rings with beads pendant,....... [.00 | One only, Pipe, petrified wood, 3.00 FlatsheadeSkullstse5-cssseecenes a 5.00 One hammered Copper Finger Ring, 1.00 —'¥4dN.W. T. Co., Brass Token...for offers

Oregon material of any description collected | for foreign or home dealers. We keep in stock; Elk Heads, Deer Heads, Mountain Sheep Heads, Pheasants, Sooty Grouse, Oregon Ruffed Grouse, Sage Hens, Sharp-tail- ed Grouse and through our Oregon correspond- ents and collectors can generally obtain rare Birds, Mammal Skins, Skulls, Skeletons, Antlers, Oregon Fossils, Sea Moss in bulk,

Native Shells, Minerals, etc., etc. a By Express at purchasers expense. D. M. AVERILL & CO., P. O. Box, 253 Portland, Ore.

Denny

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

FOR SALE! | FOR SAugmm

My entire private collection of

()REGON BIRDS’ EGGS

Amounting at catalogue rates to about $150.00 Nota large Collection, but a Cuo1cE one. Every set of which was collected in this State. All the choicest sets collected by my- self and my collectors during the past five years are included in this sale. Now is the time for collectors to add something

' of real scientific value to their collections.

FULL SETS) COMPLETE Dem

Price-list, fora 2 cent Stamp. No lists will be sent to those

not enclosing a 2 cent Stamp

Write quick. The spry ones will get the finest sets.

ARTHUR L. POPE, McMINNVILLE,” - OREGOM

Pie “OREGON

pa

NATURALIST.

nVioL, LTE.

PoRTLAND, OREGON, FEBRUARY, 1896.

No. 2

THE OREGON VESPER SPARROW. (POOC/TES GRAMINEUS AFFINIS.)

Read at the second annual meeting of the N. O.A, at Portland, Or., by Mr. H. M. Hoskins.

The Oregon Vesper Sparrow is quite a common summer resident in this part of the state, [ Yamhill county, ] and in a short time after its arrival in the spring, from its winter home — usually about the first of April — it may be seen in pairs in the open fields and pasture-lands, which seem to be its tavorite haunts. Itis not as musical and does not have as attractive plumage as many other birds, yet to me it is one of the most interesting of our sum- mer residents.

They begin nesting about the last of April or the first of May. From my own experience | would judge that the best time for finding fresh eggs is from the first to the 15th of May; although the breeding time varies considerably accord- ing to the season.

The nest is usually placed under a tuft of grass or a brier, in a slight hollow so that the top of the nest is flush with the ground and is almost invariably well hid- den. It is composed of rather coarse grass

and straw and lined with hair. About an average measurement, I think, is, inside: diameter, twoinches, depth, one and one half inches; outside: diameter, three and one half inches, depth, two and one half inches.

I once flushed a female Vesper Sparrow from her nest and upon examination, found what I took to be an incomplete nest — a few straws in a small depression under the side of a thick bunch of briers— and was about to leave intending to return in afew days when the nest was comple- ted, when I saw a narrow passageway leading farther into the bunch. | explored it carefully for about a foot when to my surprise | found the real nest, containing Lead- ing in the opposite direction from the nest 1 found another path similar to the first one. These two paths, as far as [| could find, were the only ones by which the bird could reach the nest.

a beautiful set of four fresh eggs.

The eggs are almost invariably four in number. The ground color “is a dull pinkish white or sometimes bluish white clouded and spotted with burnt umber of Some eggs are marked

ee

various shades.”’

very heavily while on others the markings

are barely visible. They average about

18

.80 of an inch in length by .60 in breadth. In the spring of 1894 a friend of mine, while plowing in an orchard, covered up the nest, eggs and bird of this species. It was the first furrow he had plowed and he did not turn the nest over but simply piled a lot dirt upon it. He did not notice it until he saw the old bird flutter out from among the clods. He immediately suspected what had been done, and upon removing some of the dirt, found the nest containing four eggs and an abundance of dirt. He then carefully removed the eggs and in order to get all of the dirt out took out all of the lining. Having thus rid the nest of all of the dirt, he replaced the eggs and marked the place so as not to cover it up the next round. He did not expect the bird would return, but thought he would try, as anything would do as well as to leave them covered. But the next day when he returned to his work he found the faithful old bird setting on her precious eggs as though nothing had happened. My friend told me about the circumstan- ces but did not tell me where the nest was So a few days afterwards I| started out to hunt for the nest, and it was not until I had gone over almost the entire orchard that I found the nest, which was close to the last tree in the last row. At my ap- proach the old bird slipped off of the nest and went hopping from clod to clod, peck- ing occasionally at something as if busily engaged hunting for food. This, | believe is their usual method in alluring or trying to allure the intruder from their nests. On examining the nest and its contents, | found them to be exactly as represented:

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

the nest without any Ilning and all the weeds near it covered up except a part of the bunch of briers under which it had originally been concealed. The nest was now left unprotected and in plain view. The bird didnot abandon the nest as I would have expected, and a few days afterward four little birds made their appearance and were raised in safety. Here again comes up the perplexing question, ‘*‘ Do birds have reason?” and considering this bird alone we are compelled to answer it in the At least it seemed that this bird knew that the person who cleaned out

affirmative.

her nest was a benefactor and not one of those persons sometimes styled ‘“* egg cranks. ’’ It certainly seems that this bird’s conduct could not be attributed to But | do

not. think this is a common occurence, in

either ‘‘chance”’ or ‘“‘instinct’’. I have

more than once found their nests while

tact I believe it is an exception.

plowing and rather than cover them up I would remove the nest together with a

portion of the adjoining sod, returning it to the same place when the plow had pass-

ed. tance and watch the actions of the bird.

I would then withdraw for some dis-

She would hop along and peck at worms until quite near when she would suddenly slip inside of the bunch of grass. While inside I could not see her but upon my ap- proach she would slip off, only to return After awhile she would leave it and not

when | had disappeared. however, return.

A Mallard, (possibly a hybrid) recently shot on the Columbia river, weighed 4 th and meas-

ured: 2414 inches in length, 1134 wing, 365¢ stretch of wings and 4 inches tail.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

NESTING OF THE RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

[Read at the second annual meeting of the Northwestern Ornithological Association, |

In presenting the following notes to the As- sociation it is not my intention to contradict the statements of others on this subject, but to call attention to the variation in nesting of Sphyra- picus ruber,

In ‘‘Davie’s Nests and Eggs,”’ it is stated on the authority of Captain Bendire, that the Red breasted Sapsucker breeds ‘‘ in healthy live as- pen trees” and also that the nest ‘‘is situated fron fifteen to twenty-five feet from the ground and usually excavated below the first limb of the tree.” In these particulars my observa- tions differ from those of all other reports that I have seen.

My first record of a nest of this species, is June 25th, 1892; when I saw a pair of these birds feeding their young, in a hole in a dead firtree. I did not measure the height, but es- timated it to be 60 feet. This was when on a {ishing excursion to Loon lake. The remainder of my finds were about half a mile from my present home, near Kelloggs, Or. and as all the nests were near each other it is not only possible but probable, that they were made by the same bird,

In 1893 I found another nest in a dead fir tree about fifty feet from the ground, but in 1894 the birds had come down some, nesting only twenty-two feet above the ground, in a dead fir stub about three hundred yards from the tree occupied in 1893. This nest was found June 6th and contained young.

May 27th 1895 I collected my first eggs,

The nest was in the same dead fir as the nest

iY)

found in 1894 and about three feet higher up, The hole was seven inches deep and four inches The entrance was I had to

cut away the wood with a hatchet to secure the

in diameter at the bottom,

one and one half inches in diameter,

eggs and a chip falling in, cracked one of them thus damaging the set. They were one fourth incubated; pure white when blown, with but slight variation in the ends and averaged -72 X .gO inches,

Some time after, I found the birds feeding young in the hole occupied in 1894. I cannot give the date, for I failed to make a note of it at the time. In closing I desire to state that the nests which were excavated nearest to the ground, were but a few feet from the stub in which they were situated,

FRED H, ANDRUS.

RECENT PUBLICATION,

The tenth Bulletin of ‘‘North American Fauna” published by the U.S.Department of Agriculture comes to hand this month contain- ing a revision of the Shrews of the American Genera, Blarina and Notiosorex, by C. Hart Merriam; The Long-tailed Shrews of the East- ern United States, by Gerrit S. Miller jr.; Synopsis of the American Shrews of the Genus Sorex, by C. Hart Merriam,

The first two parts of the Bulletin contain nothing relaung to Oregon Species but the third part , (Synopsis of the Ainerican Shrews of the Geuus Sorex.) contains a description of six Ore- gon species, two of which are new, They are as follows: Sorex (at phyrax) bendirii .Sorex (atophyrax)bendirii pulmert, Sorex vagrans, Sorex pacificus,; and are described, in part, as follows:

Sorex bairdi, Sorex trowbridgii, SOREX VAGRANS, Baird.

General characters,— Size, small, tail medium

about equaling body without head; third unicus-

20 THE OREGON pid smaller than the fourth. Color, — Upper parts dark brown, varying to almost russet; under parts ashy. Tail dusky above, pale be- low.

Cranial and dental characters. — Skull nor- mal, presenting no marked peculiarities and measuring about 17 mm, in greatest length by 8 mm. in greatest breadth, this being the small- est of the Northwest Shrews. Interpterygoid fossa, rather broad and short,

Measurements, — Average of 20 apecimens from Aberdeen, Wash, total length 103 mm.. tail vertebree 43 mm., hind foot 12.3 mm.

Remarks. — Sorex bairdi is the common small shrew of the Northwest coast. Speci- mens were examined from the following local- ities in Oregon, Salem, Oregon City, Sheridan, Gold Beach, Port Orford, Florence and Fort Klamath.

SOREX BAIRDII, sp nov.

General characters, — Size rather large; tail long; color dull brownish chestnut, Color, — Upper parts, dull dark chestnut brown, under parts, dull chestnut brown (similar to back but lacking the admixture of black-tipped hairs).

Tail bi-color; dark brown almost dusky above flesh color or pale buffy brownish below.

Cranial and dental characters. Skull 20 mm, in length and 9 mm, in breadth.

First and second unicuspid very large and broad differing markedly from any known species.

Measurements. — Total length 129 mm. tail vertebree 57 mm. hind foot 15.1 mm.

Geographical distribution, restricted so far as

known to the coast near Astoria,

SOREX TROWBRIDGII, Baird. General characters, — Size rather large, tail long, ears conspiuous, color dark slate or sooty plumbeus, with no brownish or chestnut, Color, — Upper parts blackish slate or sooty plumbeus. Tail sharply bicolor, blackish above whitish beneath; feet; flesh color. Measurements. — Total length, 121 mm. Tail vertebrae 57.7 mm. Hind foot 13 mm. Specimens were examined from the following

NATURALIST.

localities in Oregon, Astoria Beaverton, Ya- quina Bay, Marshfield and Siskiyou,

SOREX PACIFICUS, Baird,

General characters. — Size, largest of the long tailcd shrews of the restricted genus Sorex.

Color, unique cinnamon rufus. Ears, con— spicuous, Hind foot large. ‘Tail about equal to body without head.

Color in snmmer, pelage uniform cinnamon rufus above and below; in winter, pelage every- where darker, the upper parts darkened by dark-tipped hairs,

Measurements. — Total length 150 mm. Tail vertrebrzee 63 mm. Hind foot 17 mm.

Specimens were examined from the following localities in Oregon, Yaquina Bay, Umpqua River, Marshfield and Myrtle Point.

Merriam. General characters, — Tail, long, coloration, uniform sooty Or sooty-brown,

SOREX (ATOPHYRAX) BENDIRII, Size, large.

sometimes paler below,

Color. — Dull sooty blumbeus changing in worn pelage to sooty brown, faintly paler on under parts, Tail,dusky all round.

Measurements. — ‘Type specimen (measur- ed from alcohol in good condition ). Total length 150 mm, ‘Tail vertebrae 68 mm, Hind foot 20 mm. Of twenty-one specimnns exam- ined only one (the type specimen) was from Oregon; it having been coliected in Klamath

Basin.

SOREX (ATOPHYRAX) BENDIRII PALMERI. General characters. Similar to § bendirii, but larger, blacker, skull heavier.

Color. — Upper parts, glossy black chang-

ing gradually to sooty plumbeus on under parts.

Tail dusky all round. The black of the upper parts is less pure on the head and shoulders than the brownish subapical part of the fur. Measurements. — Total length 165 mm. Tail vertrebre 73 mm. Hind foot 20 mm. Only three specimens examined, one each from Astoria, Beaverton and Oregon City.

By JuaBe

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

SOMETHING ABOUT SAGE GROUSF.

The Sage Hen, Sage Cock or Sage Grouse, as it is variously called, is truly the largest of the family known to exist in North America and comparatively little has been written about it. Its range includes the sage-bush covered regions of nearly all of the western states. In this locality and in fact the whole of Eastern Oregon, it is an abundant and a constant resident,

Among the sportsmen of this section this grouse is considered a favorite game bird, and by many, it is esteemed as excellent food; but, in the winter months the flesh is rank and un- palatable, owing to the sage leaves on which they feed during this season, which imparts an unpleasant ftavor to it.

The food of this bird in summer is sage leaves various kinds of berries and insects, but they subsist entirely on sage leaves in the winter,

They may be found in large flocks during the winter, and until about the first of April, when they begin to pair and scatter out, build- ing their nests about the last of the month,

This is a slight depression at the foot of a sage bush, lined with feathers from the breast of the bird, and sometimes a few grass stems, The nest is placed on the hillside, Instinct teaches it to build its nest in such a position as to command a good vlew of the approach of an enemy from any direction.

While nesting. this grouse is quite fearless. It sits so close that it will allow a person to ap- proach within a few feet of it. Once while out hunting, I stepped within three feet of one be- fore it took flight.

The number of eggs deposited is seven to fourteen of a greenish-buff color, speckled with reddish-brown spots, pretty evenly distributed over the entire surface.

In shape the eggs resemble those of the do- mestic fowl, in some a little more pointed, but averaging smaller. Before me lies a typical set of twelve taken by me May tIoth, 1893, which exhibit the following measurements,

21 2.05X1.47, 2.09X147, 2.03X1I.47, 2.13X1.47 1.98X1.47, 2,08X1.48, 2,09X1.45, 2.07X1.50 2.02X147, 2,08X 1.47. 2.06X147, 2.10X1.47.

During the season of incubation the females remain solitary; the males do not assist in these duties, but flock together, and remain thus un- til fall. when they are joined again by their mates,

About the last of May or the first of June, depending somewhat on the season, the young are hatched and leave the nest at once directed by the cluck of the mother bird, something after the manner of the domestic hen.

Sometimes one may find the old bird with a brood only a few days old, and at the cry of alarm, uttered by the mother bird, it is really surprising how quickly these little fellows can hide and it is almost impossible to find them, as their color so closely resembles that of the ground and the surrounding sage-bushes,

Their growth is so rapid, that by August they are as large as quail,

September has come and now jg the time for the eager hunter, the grouse are in better con- dition for the table at this season, as they feed principally on partridge berries, which impazt to the flesh a very delicate flavor.

As winter approaches again and the ground is covered with snow, they confine themselves to the sage-bushes on whose leaves they feed The merciless storms are beating down upon them coupled

during the long dreary winter.

with the piercing cold while this brave bird is anxiously awaiting the appearance of the warm days of spring, when he comes forth in search of a change of diet. He has not been fooled; he had faith in the change of seasons. Spring has opened at Jast, and with it came che ver- dure of sweet vegetation. Now he may beseen along with his industrious mate searching for a suitable place to build their nest and rear their

young.

ROBERT, W. HAINES. Baker City, Or.

Oregon Kaolin is said to equal the best..

22

PALEOBOTANY.

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

It is only in our own times that Paleobot- any, the study of ancient plants by means of the remains and imprints found in geological formations, has risen to the rank of a science. Even now it has not entered upon the full light of day, yet it has behind it a misty dawning of centuries of duration, a twilight in which earn- est investigators have groped in a vain search after truth,

The first definite mention we have of vege- table petrifactions is in the De Mineralibus of Albertus Magnus in the thirteenth century, for strange to say the ancients, although ac- quainted with various other kinds of fossilsand devising ingenious theories to account for their origin, have left us no mention of fossil plants. Considering the vast extent of Greek and Ro- man public works and the rich beds of fossil plants now found in what were once Roman territories it seems remarkable that the atten- tion of thinking men was not earlier attracted to the remains of ancient vegetation.

Brongniart’s explanation, that coal was not mined by the Greeks and Romans and that fos- sil plants were not studied until coal mines were opened applies only to carboniferous vegetation and fails to account for their inattention to the fossil plants found in the vast Roman mines and The true explanation is to be found in the artificial civilization which leads men to

quarries,

disregard natural phenomena unti) the multi- tude of new facts compel their atten.ion,

The mention made by Albertus Magnus of petrified wood attracted no attention until Ag- ricola repeatedly discussed the subject (De Re Metallica, 1546) and lel other writers to take the matter up. Specimens were discovered at different places from time to time and described by various writers who urged fantastic theories to explain their origin and nature. Thus a new complication was added to the controversy which had been raging for centuries regarding

fossils in general.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Aristotle’s doctrine of spontaneous generation was revived and enlarged upon by some who declared that it was possible for stones to pro- duce themselves in any form, while others, like Libavius, protested that fossils came from true germs or seeds,

_A specimen was at length found in which one side was stone and the other coal and this exci- ted great curiosity and gave Matthiolus a clue from which he elaborated anew theory. Wood, he said, changed into stone, and stone into coal, stone being the second and coal the third and final step in a systematic transformation.

A few incrustations and impressions of the folia organs of plants had been discovered and described without attracting especial notice, even among those who had given their atten- tion to fossil wood, and the study of fossil plants as we understand it remained untouched until the close of the seventeenth century.

In 1699 Lhwyd published his! Lithophylacii Britannici Iehnographia in which he deserib- ed and figured with marked fidelity a consider- able number of fern leaves from the British coal measures, ‘This publication opened all depart- ments of paleontology to discussion and a pe- 1iod of research and great activity in this branch of study followed.

At that time men had not yet learned that the first steps ia a new science must be the in- vestigation of facts, and theory and speculation proceeded far more rapidly than the accumula- tion of material for study. One mystic view would be held for a time and then be replaced by an- other equally irrational and maintained by the slightest show of proof. The beliefin a creat- ive ‘‘stone spirit’’, an inherent tendency in all nature to turn to stone, vzs Zapzdifica, and fi- nally in an all pervading petrifying juice, szccus petrificus, each had its adherents, while still others looked upon fossils as meaningless freaks The belief which gained widest credence was, that of Comerarius (1712) who taught that when God created the

of nature, however

the earth he made the fossiis in its interior just as He made the plants and animals on its sur- face. Nor was the subject kept entirely out of

the demonology of the time, for there were people

THE OREGON

who chose to imagine that the devil, trying. to imitate the living creations of God had succeed- ed only in making stone images of animate ob- jects and had not the power of endowing them with life,

Early in the eighteenth century all these crude and vague speculations were swept entirely a- way by the general acceptance of a hypothesis which had been quietly advanced from time to Thus the ‘flood theory’, that is the idea that all the plants and

time far nearly two centuries.

animals now found in the earth as fossils had lived upon its surface up to the Noachian del- uge, about during that great cataclysm and had fi-

and theni had been tossed and floated

nally been covered with debris and left to be petrified by natural agencies where we now find them. A poor and fantastic theory indeed, but philosophically a great advance upon all former hypotheses, for. as Huxley says, it is easier for truth to make its way out of error than out of confusion,

Martin Luther in his commentary on the

book of Genesis suggested that abundant evi- dences of the action of the deluge might still be found, and it was this hint that had finally turn- ed speculation into the new channel. - This{theory was highly elaborated and _forti- fied by laborius arguments by Dr. John Wood- ward, a collector and student of fossils, in his great work published in London in 1695. Ac- cording to his hypothesis the earth’s crust had been broken up and dissolved at the time when ‘<all the fountains of the great deep were brok- en up’, and when the waters receded all this debris was deposited according to its specific gravity in strata containing organic remains as we now find them.

There arose soon after this another and still greater champion of the flood theory, Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, a man of rare ability, who had at his command all the learning of his time. He divided the history of the earth’s crust in- to three periods: Predi/uvian, including the minerals. supposed by him to constitute the sol- id parts of the globe; Dz/uvzan, including all fossil bearing or stratified deposits; Posd-dilu-

NATURALIST. 23

vean, including such obviously recent deposits as are left by certain streams.

His learning was great and his reasoning was so forcible that it carried conviction with it, and he left the imprint of his genius upon the thought of his time. Investigators accept- ed his views without demur, vied with each other in their eagerness to find arguments and facts to sustain the position he had taken, and the dissenting voices were few and feeble indeed.

While it cleared away one set of difficulties and gave a new basis for research it called out a new set of problems, profounder and more difficult of solution than any propounded before. Are these fossils the remains of plants of the same species as those now living on earth, and when did the vegetation thus preserved flourish ?

The most important of these were:

The manner in which these topics were dis- cussed appears inconceivable to us, but we must remember that Geology had not then become a science, and the densest ignorance preailed re- garding the earth’s crust. Science was made subordinate to an inspired cosmogony which declared that the earth was but a few thousand years old,

Scheuchzer asserted that fossils were the re- mains of ordinary plants and that their living representatives were still to be found on the sur-

face in the same locality, and in his Herba- rium diluvianum (1723) he attempted to ar- range them according to the system of Tourne- fort. belonged, to his own satisfaction, and even

He determined the genera to which they

gave the species of some of them, Papu/lus

nigra for example, (Concluded in March. )

ANGUS GAINES, Vincennes, Ind,

A STEEL Brrp’s Nest. — The ‘‘English Me- chanic” says there is reported in the Museum of Natural History a! Saleure, in Switzerland, a bird’s nest made entirely of steel clock springs, which had been thrown away by the clock- makers,

24

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these lines, indicates that your subscription has expired. A prompt re- newal is requested.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological Association.

EDITORS. A. B. AVERILL,

Dr. C. C. PURDUM,

PORTLAND, ORE. BALTIMORE, MD.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: (One Westie sis oe = E To Foreign Countries - -— -

50 Cents 60 Cents

ADVERTISING RATES:

SPACE IMO. 3MO. 6MO. I YR. VAS iKS Ngee aoncoe noc: $ .25 $ .65 $1.10 1.90 TP ANCHs se. secseeces SOM aL LOm eGo! 13.10 YY page 1.75 4.00 6.40 I1.10 US FORKS eascoccd dou BeAOW ef ONpLZ 47.01 22.00 Ko PA@etecessestcsscs 6.25 15.00 25.00 42.75 Entered at the Post Office at Portland,

Oregon, as second-class matter.

Articles and items of interest on different

branches of Natural History solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

392 MORRISON ST. Portland, Oregon.

FEBRUARY, 1896.

N. O. A.

The work of the N. O. A. for April will be the study of the Dusky Grouse (Den- dragapus obscurus ) and Sooty Grouse (D. obscurus fuliginosus.)

All members are requested to send any information they have in regard to the above species to the president not later than April 20, 1896.

We desire to discover any difference in the habits of these birds and especially to

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

find in what regions each bird is found. In order to accomplish this we must hear from the members in different parts of the state. No matter how small an ~ item you have, send it in for it may be of

some value. W.-L FINEENe

287 Fourth St. Portland, O.,

We would call attention of readers to the ‘‘ad’’ of Mr’ Ed A. Schloth in this is- sue, advertising South Sea Island Curios. We have had dealings with Mr. Schloth, and find him reliable in every respect.

THE DWARF HERMIT THRUSH.

While out collecting Jannary 18 1896, I se- cured a bird of this species. Is not this arare occurence during winter? It was alone, in a heavy fir timbered spot, taking a bath in a Mr.

I am sure of its identity, and Mr,

small pool. Pope gives it as rare in summer. Peck of this place, also identified it as the dwart hermit thrush.

J. Earl Ludwick.

Salem, Or.

Price List No. 34, 82 pages, published by The Standard Stamp Co. No.4 Nicholson Place In

two weeks another edition, revised, enlarged

St. Louis, Mo, is sent to all applicants,

and containing 96 pages, will be issued. This firm have been established in the stamp busi- ness since 1885. Their success has been so phe- nomenal that they publish and distribute ten or

twelve thousand of these Price Lists monthly.

THE MAINE SPORTSMAN says; Amos P. Ab- bot of Dexter,?[Me.] recently shot an albino partridge with feathers delicately tinted in pink,

THE OREGON

EASTERN DEPARTMENT.

CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR.

CHAT.

F. V. Coville, Botanist to United States Department of Agriculture, in his admira- ble ‘‘ Flora of the Death Valley Expedi- tion,’’ dwells upon a point incidently treat-

ed of by other authors, that apparently herbaceous plants in our ‘‘American des-

erts”’ have really underground trunks, af- ter going to great depths into the earth.

In this way plants can live through the long drought with very little moisture.

Mr. Coville also remarks upon the com- paratively smaller foliage surface of the

_plants of these regions, large leaved plants being very rare. _ Out of forty-one: speci- mens of woody plants the leaves of which were measured, only four had leaves of over the fifth of a square inch. Plants which in other parts of the world have ber-

have allied representa-

How these

ried pulpy fruits, tives here, bearing dry fruits. desert plants become co-related to the cir- cumstances is a great question. Some contend that they gradually changed thro- ugh the influence of many years of envi- ronment, while others contend, that the geological and geographical conditions, known under tne general term environ- ment, were not of gradual, but of sudden introductions, and that plants unsuited to these sudden changes would all have died before the change could have been effect- ed. The great question of the origin of this peculiar desert flora will possibly be settled when more tacts are brought to bear on the generalizations.

NATURALIST. 25

Now is the time to join the Oologists Association if you wish a definite and sys- tematic plan to work on during the coming migrations, and collecting season.

Do not forget that you, by earnest work may make a discovery of importance to SGiENGe: ses

WINTER BIRD LIFE IN SOUTHERN MASSACHUSETTS.

C. C. PURDUM.

(Continued from Page fo.)

In this article I shall only attempt to enum- erate and give a few concise notes upon the rarer species of the water birds and with it bring to a close the discussion of the ,‘ Winter water birds”, after a few papers upon ‘‘General” and “Field” ornithology, I will then return to the consideration of the ‘‘Winter land birds” and present a few papers upon them, touching espe- ially food supply, time of migration, etc.

To resume then.

(133) Anas obscura, (602) ; BLACK DUCK,

Seen often insmall numbers. Generally tray- el in pairs and frequent the large fresh-water Also found feeding over Subsist

ponds in the evening. shallow ledges, etc. along the coast. upon both animal and vegetable life. (140) Anas dlscors, (609) BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Often seen on our fresh water ponds in small numbers. One flock generally remaining for some time upon the same body of water, but not nearly as abundant as, (139) Anas carolinensis. (612) GREEN-WINGED TEAL. These birds ‘‘used to be” very abundant here but my notes fail to disclose a record of any having been observed for the past two years.

(146) Aythia americana. (618)

RED-HEAD.

A few have been taken recently but older notes show a decided diminution in number during the past ten years,

(154) Clangula hyemalis. (628) OLD SQUAW.

Always seen in winter in great numbers, some flocks containing several hundred individuals.

The male is a gaudy bird and makes a very handsome figure, with his two long tail feathers, The flight is a series of quick zigzag move- ments, making them very difficult objects to shoot. They never alight at decoys although many times they will swing in over a ‘‘string” thus affording the gunner a fine shot, In the water they are as quick as when in the air and often succeed in avoiding destruction by ‘shutting the door’ or diving at the flash.

(160) Somateria Dresseri. (627)

AMERICAN EIDER; ISLE OF SHOALS DUCKS.

Often seen in large flocks during the winter “months. One of our most brightly colored birds and the great difference in the plumage of the male and female add additional interest to the birds. They are of large size, measuring about 24.50 inches in length. Their food con- sists entirely of mollusks which they swallow, shell and all, consequently the muscular walls are of great thickness and capable of doing a large amount of work. This spring I shot one from a flock flying by the decoys and upon dis- section found a huge lump, measuring nearly two inches in diameter lodged in the intestine. Extensive adhesion had developed, but perfor- ation of the gut had not taken place; from the extensive inflammation I should judge that it soon would have resulted. The mass was com- posed entirely of partially digested mussel (My- tilus) shells and the whole mass was deeply stained with bile. Despite this huge ‘‘tumor” the bird was flying swiftly along with the rest of the flock as if nothing whatever was the matter with it.

Among the few remaining water birds which remain or are observed with us in the winter

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

are to be mentioned as usual occurences:

American Golden-eye,- (Glaucionetta clan- gula americana) has been observed in fairly abundant numbers, but not lately.

Harlequin Duck, (Histrionicus histrionicus). One shot by Mr. V. N. Edwards during the Velvet Scoter, (Oidema fus- White- winged Scoter, (Oidemia deglandi) observed in small numbers during the winter, but very

winter of ’93—4. ca) often observed but not abundant,

abundant about the first part of May when they pass along the coast in large flocks, from their The Surf Scoter, (Oidemia perspicillata) is often observed in small

feeding grounds, northward,

numbers, as is also the Ruddy Duck, (Erisma- tura rubida), A few flocks and scattered indi- viduals of the Canada Goose, (Branta canaden- sis) and large numbers of the common Brant, (Branta bernicla) and often a few Black Brant (Branta nigricans).

But, by this time the winter has been fast disappearing, and some frosty morning while the air still shows traces of the icy touch of the fingers of winter; while you are setting your de- coys to have a last morning’s sport with the spring Mergansers, suddenly with the breaking dawn overhead, you hear a hoarse ‘* Quawk ” and high up, in the dim Jight there moves laboriously along a black-crowned night heron, heralding the approach of spring which soon bring to a close the study of ‘*Winter Bird Life in Southern Massachusetts,”

THE END.

A FEW NOTES ON MIGRATION IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

Bird migration undoubtedly arises from a source of direct instinct which each individual has inherited from its predecessors. Love of the nesting ground probably constitutes part of the object in the movement, but birds as well as other forms of life have an irresistable impulse to migrate at certain seasons of the year.

When one considers the family Sy/vicolide, or warblers, of which a few species extend their

THE OREGON

flight hundreds of miles south of the equator. The natural theory suggested is the failure of the food supply or the changing conditions of the weather. Birds are not at all punctual in their arrival uutil the middle of April, as the earlier visitants are generally those that pass their The song sparrow is undoubtedly the first spring visitant

winter in the states. although it often passes its winter here in Mas- sachusetts. The following, vppear in order as the vernal tide increases, including the bluebird robin, phoebe and golden-winged woodpecker, The meadow-lark might also be placed in ‘the above list. The blackbirds passing the winter througnout the Southern States make their ap- pearance in March, the red-wing, crow, rusty, bronzed grackle and cow-bunting representing the family, The swallow tribe appears in New England by April 15th, one species, the white- bellied, often by the first of the month. The purple martin enters the United States early in February and speeding northward, arrives in Ohio by March 20th and New England by Apnl 15th The c.iff or eave swallow is a bird of wide range, extending its summer sojourn to the Artic shores and its winter rambles to South- ern Mexico. ‘The thrushes spend their winter in the tropics. The hermit arrives in New Eng- land from the swamps and everglades of the Gulf States in April; within a month he passes onward to the deep primeval forests of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, where it breeds,

The brown thrush appears by April 25th.

Of the family of warblers, the yellow-rump is umdoubtedly the first to arrive, quickly follow- ed by the pine-creeping, while the snow stiil lingers in unsheltered localities. The former winters along the Atlantic coast from Massachu- setts to the West Indies, migrating with the red-poll, Nearly all of the family sing in passing,

The Baltimore oriole and 1ose-breusted gros- beak enter the United States in March and ar- rive in New England by May roth, taking their journey northwards very leisurely,

The chimney swift arrives by the 2oth of the same month and the kingbird by the first.

C. B. HADLEy, Arlington Heights, Mass.

NATURALIST. 27

EVOLUTION AND DISEASE.

(Continued from Page 12.)

‘It is well established that the increased use of a part, tends to enlarge and to strengthen it. That disease on the other hand often leads to Structural modifications thus are indeed inherited.

The truth of the first part of this statement may be demonstrated by a simple experiment.

its diminution and enfeeblement,

Let the arm ofa healthy person, be firmly strap- ped for several consecutive days upon a splint, in a few days the muscles will be softer than usual and actual measurements will show that Allow the arm to resume its function; the lost ground will be

the limb has diminished in size.

quickly recovered.

When a young and vigorous person has the misfortune to lose a limb, the remaining arm or leg being used for all purposes, will rapidly in- crease in size and strength’ The same facts may be observed in dogs and cats who have lost a limb or a part of a limb.

A woman in the Baltimore City Hospital had her great toe amputated, three months ago, the wound having entirely healed, the second toe has enlarged and stands out from its fellows, in such a way as to resemble in size and general apperance the lost toe—indeed when the foot was exhibited to a class of students this large second toe was mistaken for the hallux. This observation is of interest, the large size of the first toe and the great development of its muscles are owing to the greater use and importance of the hallux in mammals which mantain an erect position when walking upon the ground as in man, or climbing trees as in monkeys. Hum- phreys, in reference to the large developement of this toe, says ‘‘Man literally standsin the ani- mal world on his great toe”,

The same remarks apply to the thumb in man, increased function develops its special muscles, thickens the bone and toughens the nail,

In man we may attribute the disproportion of the hallux and pollex, incomparison with the

28

neighboring digits, to inheritance through a long line of ancestors of gradual increments of size, induced by excessive use.

Such gradual enlargement of a digit and its hereditary tendency or transmission may be demonstrated in Equidee. The modern horse walks upon the greatly enlarged third digit of the hand and foot respectively, the hoof repre- senting the nail. Hidden in the tissues on each side of this functional toe we find vestiges of the second and fourth. These are familiar to vete- rinarians as the splint bones

(To be continued)

C. C. PURDUM.

A RELIC OF THE PIONEERS. Last summer a curious relic was unearthed in the central part of the city of Vincennes, Indiana. This was a Crusader’s sword, two edged, cross hilted, brass mounted and ivory handled.

low the surface in a spot which as the ‘‘oldest

It was found about 18 inches be-

inhabitant” well remembers, was once a pond. The blade was badly eaten by rust, the brass mountings were awry, and the ivory was yellow and crumbling.

This dilapidated weapon became the subject of much speculation, and newspaper corres- pondents united in declarlng that the gaps rusted in the edges of the blade were the marks of some deadly encounter.

When General George Rogers Clark was commander at Vincennes, Virginia, whose ter- ritory this whole region then was, did not give him adequate financial support, and he often spoke bitterly of his state. It is said that when Virginia presented the general witha he “T asked Virginia

sword of honor threw the weapon

away exclaiming: for 1”?

bread and she gave me a sword

Powerful imaginations have proclaimed this

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

to be that identical sword, It is possible however; that it may have a still greater an- tiquity for it is quite different from the swords usually carried by the colonists during the Revolution.

When the French pioneers descended the Wabash and founded a settlement at this place, not in 1702, as 1s absurdly stated by a ridiculous tablet in the facade of our county courthouse but over 30 years later, they built a fort near the river, just below the Pianke- shaw Miami town of Chippecoke.

After the close of the French and Indian war the great chief, Pontiac, continued hostili- ties making Vincennes the base of his opera- tions.

Vincennes, or Au Poste, as it was then called, did not come into the possession of the British until 1765, when the fort was rebuilt and christened Fort Sackville. Fort Sackville was a primitive, quadrangular affair, 40 feet back from the river bank. It was furnished with a large magazine, which was probably always empty. and afforded quarters for 1000 men who certainly never matevialized.

This fort was twice captured by General Clark, once by intrigue and once by a desper- ate game of bluff, and the British general, Hamilton, who had made it his headquarters when paying rewards for colonists’ scalps, was

taken to Virginia a prisoner,

After that the history of the fort was of a very pacific description and the ‘oldest inhabi- tant” is silent regarding its ultimate fate and the final destiny of the 6 and 10-pounders that defended it.

It was near the place where the eastern wall of the fort, an eight-foot wall of earth and a double row of 20-feet high palisades, had once stood that the relic was found,

ANGUS GAINES.

THE OREGON

SOUTH SEA ISLAND CURIOS.

There has lately been placed in my hands for sale a private collection of curios from the South Sea Islands for disposal. These articles will be found the finest ever of- fered for sale, and are the cream of a large San ‘Francisco collection recently broken up. There are also included some fine Sioux and Arctic curios. You may never have a chance again to obtain articles such as these. Order them while you can get them. Send registered: letter or postal order.

ED A. SCHLOTH,

205 1-2 Washington St., Portland, Or. PRICE Eacu. 5 Shell Crowns, used as head-dress by Samoan Women, $ 1.25 6 New Guinea Fetich Necklaces, shell, with large shell pendant, worn to pre- vent warriors from death in battle, 2.00 1 New Guinea Warrior’s Shield, wood, I ft. by 2 ft. 7 in. decorated in colors, 6.00 I Marshall Island grass mat, woven in colors, 2,00 I Piece Tapa Cloth. Fiji. 2 yds. long, made of bark of cocoanut tree, black figured, very curious, 2,00 I Caroline Island Loin Cloth, very | handsome and finely woven in colors, beautiful pattern, 2 yds. long, 3.00 I New Guinea ‘“‘lava-lava,’’ or loin dress, complete, fiber, 2.00 1 New Caledonia loin dress, made of inner bark of tree, 2.50 2 Samoan War Clubs, ironwood, 2ft. iong 5.00

NATURALIST.

PRICE Eacu. I Solomon Island Club, heavy wood, 5.00

1 New Guinea [Ironwood Club, very handsome, 6.00

tNew Guinea Witch’s Rattle, or drum snake skin head, 6.00

2 New Guinea Pipes, bamboo, figured, I and 2 ft. long, 2.00 I FijiCanoe, model, 12 in. long, wood, 2.00

1 New Guinea Lime Spoon, used by the lime eaters, 2.50 I Same, Smaller, 2,00 12 Samoan Shell Necklaces, .30 1 New Guinea Ironwood Idol, very rare 5.00 1 Australian Boomerang, heavy wood 4,00 6 pair Buffalo Horns, polished, pair, 3.50

12 Indian_ Necklaces,.,wampum and beads, with pendant, .50

12 Bead Necklaces Indian red, white and black beads, .25 % yd. Mat of Lagoon grass, Arctic, .50 I; Walrus Skull, with fine tusks, 15.00

I Sioux War Club, beaded handle,

stone head, horse-tail ornament, very fine, 3.00 I Pipe bowl, Sioux, red pipestone, 4.00 Esquimaux model of snowshoe, ice pick,

bear spear, walrus spear, from 25c to 50c

1 Alaskan wooden Idol, arms broken off .75 1 Indian Jawbone from Oregon Shell Mound, broken 50

Also 4 skins of the Trogan Resplendent a bird of very handsome plumage, from Yucatan, suitable for mounting, at $4 to $5 ea. Address, ED. A. SCHLOTH, 205% Washington St., Portland, Oregon. a2 Send Money Order or Registered Letter, Articles sent post-paid on receipt of price.

BG Gees

OREGON TAKEN, First Ciass.

I willsell, or trade for Books on Ornithology | ora Gun. All my duplicate Sets. Write for | list, with Stamp.

S) REV SPRY KER,

Milwaukee, Ore.

PRETTY

Geodes, Minerals, Crinoid Stems, pretty Cave spec. Fossils and other Cab. spec , for sale.

Fossils and Crinoid Stems in Lime-stone, and Petrified Moss, (Ib. piecss aud larger) for postage, if you'll return the Stamps put on the | package. CORA JEWELL,

SHANNONDALE, INDIANA.

THE OREGON

R U SUPERSTITIOU

ABOUT | pes S?

Every month I continue to tell you about the sore. ie A

Buy one and if it don’t suit | will take |

of my OPALS. I know they are the |

it back and refund your money.

best at the prices I offerthem. A. M. BROWN, 348 | | Clifton St., Portland, Ore.

PORTLAND - BIRD STORE. |

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

PARROTS, FANCY © sf SINGING BIRDS ,

MONGOLIAN, SILVER AND GOLDEN. PHEASANTS FANCY PIGEONS, FERRETS, GOLD FISH, ETC.

BIRDS SHIPPED BY EXPRESS.

110% FIRST ST. BET. WASHINGTON

fomeo Banland, On. The Baltimore Cactus

| |

Journal, :

A monthly publication devoted to the culture of Cacti and suc-| culent plants, interesting arti- cles from collectors, growers and prominent amateur culti-.

vators. Subscription 50c. per ee OFFICE 213 E. LOMBARD ST. year. BALTIMORE, MD.

Send for Sample Copy.

MONEY !! OLD MONEY !!!

6 Varieties of Broken Bank Bills, only .25 cts. |

12 Varieties from $1. to § Io. only...... a cts These usually sell at 10 cents each,

A dealer’s lot of 100 mixed, only......... $3.00

6 Varieties Confederate Bills,.............. 25 cts.

12 Indian Arrow Heads from N.C. only, 50 cts | 100 Mixed Stamps cat. valve over $ 1.50 for 50c. #8 Your trade solicited. Address,

JE FLA NDSELA W. Smithtown Branch N.

va

|

/ and over

|

PHOTO'S.

NATURALIST.

eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee

RUS TLE

IN SIOUX INDIAN RELICS.

Ye

Native stone head war clubs, with rawhide coy-

ered handle and steer tail pennant. $1.25 each.

Dentalium shell ear ornaments containing

over 230 shells, with large brass rings for attach-

TS LO} tHe eats: aaseee eee eeeseeies $ 2.75 per pair Heavily beaded game bags containing over 200 square inches of beadwork..... 59 4.25 each,

Fine long tobacco aS: with eee red— pipe-stone pipe Large bows with good sinew string, 75 cts. '¢ 1.00 and $ 1.25 each, Steel point arrows 3 feathered, 8 for $ 1.00 Full beaded knife scabbard, length six inches

50 cts. each,

beaded moccasins, 9% to 11% inches $ 1.25 per pair, Partial beaded moccasins, 9% to 11% inches Tawi ideysolesteesesaces-ter- 7octs. per pair.

Full long, rawhide soles

long, 20 Elk teeth @ 10 cts. each. = All Weeks are for relics sent by express

| prepaid,

Eee ~ SWIGERT.

INDIAN INTERPRETER & INDIAN TRADER.

Gordon, Nebraska.

Classical Beauties, etc., price-list with specimen, Soc, ROS ieNGis STAMPS for Collections, Price-list on de- mand with reply-card. Buy and exchange of U. S. A. Stamps. AUG. VAN DE VELDE,

AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND,

é CALIFORNIA . - CURIOSITIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, Trap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- m@ ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &e. &e. Just the goods for Curio and Shell Dealers to handle. Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

Pasadena, California.

Em MVS INE IINLISs =

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

We Sell Good Stamps:

CHEAP.

1oc, brown, 1869 used Cat. .15 3c, vermillion, 1887 ‘* ‘* 5 Bewcolumbian,, roos «oS .06 6c ce “6 sé ‘ec IO BJ 8c, 6e sé 66 6e 08 1Sc, ee ee ce ee a) 30c ce ee oe oe 60 > . 50c Lad ee of oe [.00 ; : Wewspecsdel, 1885 °° | * 15 roc oe “é 6s “é “6 10 > Ic, newspaper stamp, unused ‘* 20 2c se es ee ee 2 > =< 3c, yellow-brown due ‘‘ se -50 3c, brown, Te ie = 20 3c, interior dept. ao ce .05 6 6: oe 6s se 10 ? . Ic, War re Seams .05 2G oe oe ee ae 08 Re 6é se 4G 66 02 ’ . ~ 6c t. ee 6 ee .05 ’ WRAPPERS. 2c, verm., 1874 ent. unused ** ite) 2c, brown i884 ‘ re ae .08 yp, on Ip, carmne Barbados ent. unused, catalogued .10

yc black on white Shangtai ent.

unused, catalogued .1

HAWAII.

5

Ic, violet, TOOAmISedsy WGAi=) 9e20 2c, vermillion ‘‘ “e “< 25 5C; blue, bluish ‘* ee 6c 60 6c, green “ “< 130 18c, dull rose ‘‘ 6s “1.00 2c, brown Vi siristl ca a 66 15 12¢c, black, 06 ee 6 75 Ic, blue, 1882 6 cicom (ero) 2c, rose Ob “ce 6s 04 Sc, ultramarine** ‘ «6 08 Ioc, | black, ate “6 AG 1.00 Iscmorown,. <° “é ccubatog iaeeeemillign pitetsiy cer ie7ic 12, mauve 6 “ «128

&F All Stamps not satisfactory can be returned Orders under 50c.

and your Money refunded.

postage extra, D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

BOs Rox,

253, Por jail

| per cent discount; which kind do you want? 18 Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE.

o7G | STANDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every

03

Ore.

UNITED STATES ST AMES:

($284 7EGGRe atc. ee FEEL epee ne. See an eS

75 [et SsTewiccer tere a antics) med ok The eae 1.50 | 1866, EEICHOCOlALE ett ete nee oon ae 2.55 | 186g, roc (part gummed) ($4.00 list)......... 3.00 [RL SOQHERB GC: scm a ts cra ete a etcie aie’ c lattes aba ae 1.50 . 10 | 1869, 15c, unused, original gum.............. 4.50 os LOOT OCMEVELY SIUC) eRner ener tc eeeeeetier 3.00 : | 1869, 24c, reprint, unused, FINE............ 15.00 03 1869, 30, 1€>rint, unused, FINE ........... 22.50 ~ 1869, goc, reprint, unused, FINE............ 30.00 .04 | 1869, 2c, reprint, unused, original gum and is Sine blocksofifounsey arate 35.00 -O3 | 1870, 7c, fine grill. used.......:-...:--+0c--+ 3.00 15 | 1893, $1 Columbian, unused, original gum. 7.00 ‘ | 1893, $2 Columbian, used, fine ret eran aren een eke 4.50 a2 Executive 2c unused, original gum, very fine 8.00 Justice, 1--I2c, unused, originai gum, fine. 8.00 -75|N AVNBE Cu lIsed,. Weryietine alert oe menuiclan eras eae 8.00 08 State, Ic, 2c, 3c, 6c, 7c, unused original gum. 8.00 : | War, ‘complete, unused, original gum, set 5.00 :05 5! UNWATERMARKED U.S. Bo ; | $1.00, unused, original gum, and fine......... 2.50 .12 | 2.00, unused, original gum, (not centered). . 4.00 25 | 2.00, unused, original gum, {perfectly centered) 6.00 7 | 5.00, unused, original gum, fine............. 8.00 .IO| .08, unused, oyemal gum, (in use 4 months) .20 | .03, unused, origina! gum, due........... a0 +20 -03 .30, light shade, aeecs original gum......... 1.00 05 | .50, dark shade, used, ori inal opm yee. ee 1.00 oa | THESE LAST WILL BE YERY RARE. 3 | Please remit by Bills or Money Order, +04 WHY NOT WRITE ME? .O1 PE SMITH, .03 | 56 Fairmount Ave, - - NEWTON, MAss. Boston Philatelic Society No. 172. .06 | = = > 2 ® > & 04 | i & | ey |

ot J

Business Est. 1885. Flachskamm, ang.

TAo. 4 Ricbolson pl., St. Louis, Aso.

—— Wby not give US a trial? We bave very * good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50

os Standard ». os Stamp Co.

bookseller inthe d.$. & Canada sells them.

2a Insist on getting STANDARD Packets.

.02

| m be ba ha hey a LS 3 o4/ & & & & & a sl 2 8 .60 | Vins e 75 45 | 75

For The Oregon

Subscribe NATURALIST.

THE OREGON

CLUB RATES

We give a list of Magazines with the sub- scription price of each and the price which we can furnish them with the Oregon Naturalist.

WITH NATURALIST

THE OBSERVER. $1.00 ,, GT Sa ai S Rocky MOUNTAIN STAMP. .25 “2 C5 cts THE AQUARIUM $1.00 ” Se 9 p= GAMELAND, $1.00 ** "6 BI.25e MINERAL COLLECTOR $1.00 ‘‘ C0 IRA S. THE NIDOLOGIST, $1.00 ‘‘ Fo BT. Lise THE Doc FANCIER, 50cts. wee 175 \Clss UNIVERSAL EXCHANGES0 cts. “‘ se 75 ChSs FARMERS MONTHLY, 50 cts ‘ oe 35 '5 cise BUSINESS JOURNAL, 50 cts. ‘‘ “<5 ctse BALTIMORE CACTUSJOURNAL, 50c. 75 cts.

EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, 25cts. 55 cts THE NUMISMATIST, $1.00 $1.25

WHY

DON’T you send 35c. for finely polished specimen of Itacolumite or Flexible Sand-stone? Itsa great curiosity! No Cabinet complete with-out it. &&See Oct. No. of OREGON NATURALIST, page 139, for full description,

A FEW BARGAINS. 100 var. good Foreign Stamps,............

I Confederate Bill, genuine,................ IO 1 OldgBanks Bile eee eee keeeee: ite) 1 (StateyBanksp Biller ten nacceteeeccsteecec .05 By Vars Of OAM Ill sieascnaceste neste eee 05 1 ChinesemComaeeiyes. aces cheosces- teers .05 1 AnnamuCoinganeessecas tb aposece ieee sesmecice .06 Te LE Koy nves IG oy aves (COW. ose node cous « cncesososs .10 1 Ancient N. C. Indian Arrow Point,... .06 1 Piece N.C yuindianveottenysnescece ess 205 1 Large U. SiCent,eesnpeercsseence.c shoes .06

Send 2c. for large list of Stamps, Coins War and Indian Relics etc, No postals answered. R. D. HAY, Winston, N. C.

I Will exchange Oregon relics and curios tor material from other states. Enclose stamp for reply. P.Barton, 268 12th st. Portland, Or.

NATURALIST.

UNSOLICITED TESTIMONIAL.

Mess. D. M. AVERILL & Co. PORTLAND, OR. Dear Sirs,

This is to certify that I have been a constant advertiser in the Oregon Nat- uralist for the past year, and,I find it to be one of the best advertising mediums I have yet tried and have received many good buying,cus- this source. This testimonial is unsolicited and the publishers are at liberty

tomers from

to use my name as I feel this paper has been the main factor in building up the, lucrative business I now enjuy. ELLSWORTH LENTZ, L. Box 6, Baker City, Oregon,

GET UP fenue!

In order to place the Oregon Naturalist in the hands of as many collectors as pos- sible:for a short time only, $1.00 will be accepted for four subscriptions. provided they are all new names.

~ WANTED trotype of star-fish,

To buy a good small elec- B. J. Bretherton, Newport, Oregon,

FOR SIXTY DAYS ONLY.

25 Different West Coast Shells, named. 30 cts. 10 Oregon Arrow Points. 35 cts. to Cat’s Eye, Ceylon. 30 cts. 10 Different Oregon Eggs, named. 35 cts. 1o Minerals, named. 2ERGISs 10 Chinese Horn Nuts. LS eCtse

fies Postage paid. D. M. Averill & Co. Portland, Oregon.

much more reading

FE B RUA RY, than usual will be

given with cuts and biographies of the Interstate Phil. Association’s officers, including the P. S. of A. Trustees.” Price to non-subscribers oc, ACOPY. No free copies mailed in that month, MARC 5,000 COPIES wil be mailed

to benefit advertisers, Trans- ient ads., $1.00.an inch; 50 percent discount on 3 mo. or more. SAMPLECOPY FREE. Address:

| The Evergreen State Philatelist, Hartland, Wash

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

WOBETVABVEBVVSVSTATVAYD

° ’ e Hillman’s Bargain Golumn Here are fine desirable MINERALS from every continent on the globe ,also a fine lot of Massachusetts minerals, You wont chance to buy minerals so cheap again this year All prepaid and a years subscripsion to the Or-

egon Natura‘ist to every one ordering one dol-

lars worth or more. DoNn’r MIss THIS ! !

Acadialite, Nova Scotia......... 05 to $1.00 Aral MGKICON SK. Pa. napograyeis crouse 10 to $50.00 Agate,.... Brazil and Azores...... 05 to $5.00 Pink Thulite. .Norway, ............10 to $1.00 |

Cryolite....Greenland.............05 to $1.00 Iceland Lpar....Iceland,....... 25 to ’’5.00 | Labradorite....Labrador........ 05 to $2.00 Calcite groups.... England ........ 10 to $5.00 Magnesite...... GTECCOssos sbosnonnece 05 to$r.oo | Oolitic Sandstone, .Egypt, ......... 05 to $1.00 Crocidolite... 2.25; Griqualand...... .10 to $2.00 | Agalmatolite,......... Chinaler ys. 25 to $3.00 Graphite, ...New South Wales. ...05 to $1.00 Asphaltum...... Cribarasen tacanee: o5to .50 Obsidian. ... Lipari Islands......... 05 to $1.00 PAC UINGIL Ose 27. ae ons tesicie 8 Mass....05 to .50 PAMESILEy cs scs.0 ss cerecss rd osec 25 to $2.00 VAMMEL ses csececseaicen std Bes <a O5to .50 PBN OT Veet eeete o'cltss viskicielac' ee oY 05to .50 VIAL OATIVGR yore san vaccenie,: me o5to .50 Chalcophanitée... . New Jersey......... 05 to .50 Jeffersonite......... a les EOP LOO 1.00 PEMERISIEG. 255.05 010% Nevada tes.< seh 12,,05 10. ".550 Box Quartz...... South Dakota...... Io to $1.00

Flos Ferri [Beautiful] South Dakota 15 to $2.00

Any twenty of che above, prepaid, together with a years subscription to Oregon Naturalist, only $1.50 Order quick.

F. G. HILLMAN

DEALER IN Archzological and Geological Specimens, Minerals, Shells, Marine Curios, Old Weapons, Scientific Publications, Stamps, Coins etc. etc, 1036 ACUSHNET AVENUE,

NEW BEDFORD, MASS. |

A AAA AAaAAAAAARDD AY

heave a|

THE NUMISMATIST,

The onEand on_y Magazine for Collectors and Students of Coinage. A sample copy will tellthestory better than words. Ten Cents will bring you two of them. Address,

Tue NuMISMATIST, | Monroe, Mich. make more at-

LOOK HERE! ws rcs

to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals. | The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% | 25c. 2x3%4 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Special | price on larger specimens for Colleges and |Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect | Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and Soc. Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design.

Address, Charles E. Briggs,

Lisbon, Iowa.

You cannot

‘ATTENTION | SPORTSMEN !!

There has heen invented a new process for preserving and mounting game specimens with- out skinning. This is done by treating them with an effectual embalming compound, that

will preserve them as long as time lasts. A child can comprehend this process fully. 447 Send for circular.

BS KIRBA

HILLSDALE, MICHIGAN.

Forthe Oregon NATURALIST.

ry

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ESTABLISHED é : 1876

DR. A. E. FOOTE Warren M. Foote, Manager, 1224-26-28 N. Forty-first St., Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. A.

MINERALS:

INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS of rarest and choicest varieties for collectors and museums,

SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS comprising carefully arranged and accurately labelled type specimens of all common or important species, especially adapted for educational work.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, Minerals for Laboratory, Detatched Crystals, Microscopical Mounts.

THE LARGEST and most varied stock of Minerals in the World. Not an idle boast but an undisputed statement of fact supported by repeated comparisons.

Owing to the enormous stock accumulated, our facilities for furnishing mineralogical material of every kind and quality are unequalled. In no other establishment in the world are such a number of rare and beautiful specimens displayed for sale. Our collections for ed- ucational purposes are unexcelled for practical value, attractive appearance and low prices.

SEND for Illustrated Catalogue, The ‘‘Supplement” contains full description of rare and beautiful specimens received during the past year as well asa magnificient photo-engraving of Quartz Crystals. FREE.

THOUSANDS of beautiful Minerals at astonishingly low prices—5c to 50c for Choice Cabinet Specimens.

Send us a trial order for Minerals on approval. Postage, freight or expressage to be paid by you with privilege of returning such as are not wanted,

° oan PAMPHLETS, PAPERS, PROCEED- S Cle ntifi © B O O k DINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES, JOURNALS, ETC.

An immense stock. Catalogues published in all branches of Natural and Physical Science, such as Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, Botany, Zoology, General Science, Microscopy, Physics, Electricity, Chemistry, Ethnology, Agriculture, Education and Medicine in all its branches.

JUST PUBLISHED:—Minerals and How to Study Them.—a book for beginners in Mineralogy. 380 pages, illustrated with 300 engravings, Published at $1.50. OUR PRICE $1.20. By E.S. Dana of Yale College, author of ‘‘Sixth edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy.” etc, etc.

OREGON FAUNA.

Specimens in the following branches . for sale, (no exchanges) price-list for Stamp.

CONCHOLOGY ORNITHOLOGY MAMMALOGY LEPIDOPTERA FOSSILS AGATES

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON, Newport, (Yaquina Bay) Oregon.

og 3.8

No

MARCH, 1896 THE

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO

NATURAL SCIENCE.

PORTLAND, OREGON.

Exchange Column.

Our Exchange Column is free toall subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of 4 cent per word.

TO EXCHANGE.— Opals both rough and polished. Garnets and all New England Minerals, for Western minerals and ores. Robert Burnham, Dennis, Mass.

BILL — A Confederate bill to exchange for each Oregon Arrow point sent me.

Geo. O. Greene Box 41. Princeton Il!

I HAVE—several skins of the Beautiful Trogon from |

Mexico, good native skins, for exchange. Write what you have to the Portland Bird Store 110'%-First St. Portland, Or,

I WOULD — like to exchange California shells for those of Oregon —land, fresh-water and marine. Fred L. Button. 969 Broadway. Oakland, Cal.

ARROW HEADS,-—sinkers, small hoe, paint mortar, soapstone pottery and Gettysburg relics, will sell at fair price or exchange for Indian relics — western relics want- ed. % doz. Vermont arrowheads to exchange. T. B. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa,

TO EXCHANGE:—All kinds of Musical Instruments and Music. Write stating what you have for exchange. I. M. Marsh, Delavan, IIil.

TO EXCHANGE:—Kansas Fossils, Leaves, Verte- brze, Crinoids, Mollusks, parts of Fins, Tails and Jaws, from the great Prehistoric Sea of Western Kansas. Red Rock Salt, Indian Relics, Mound Builder Relics, Min- erals, Stamps, Coins, Eggs, etc. For Relics, Shells, Curios etc. Write, enclosing Stamp. Will answer all, courteously. F. W. Stout, Box 473. Junction City, Kan.

STAM PS—soo good Stamps, 125 varieties, over 30 |

countries, only 25 cts. 4 ounce piece of Zinc Ore, r5cts. A. P. Wylie, Prairie Center, Illinois.

WANTED:—The addresses of collectors who can furnish crystalized specimens and crystal groups, whole- sale. Would like correspondent:Fort Wrangel, Alaska and Province of Ontario, Funda Bay district, and Yellow Stone National Park, Address, R. A Edwards, 1004 Union St., Wilmington, Deleware.

SIX—different Numbers of Vol. II, Oregon Natural- ist, our choice, for 15 cts. post paid. D. M. Averill & Co.

WANTED:—Egg Calipers or Rule graded to rooths. “Davies Nests and Eggs” or any other good guide to the nesting habits of N. A. Birds, and anything else of

value to the Oologist or Ornithologist. Will give in

exchange Eggs insets and singles, 2 vol. of Youth’s |

Companion, “‘Life and her Children” by Buckley; and other Books and Pamphlets. Will also exchange singles for sets with data. All letters answered. Clyde Karsh- ner, Big Rapids, Michigan.

| TO EXCHANGE:—Volumes xi and xii of Oologist,

for any one volume of Nidologist, Mineral Collector, Numismatist, Archzologist or Gameland. Archie Crozier, 810 W. sth, St,, Wilmington Del.

TO EXCHANGE:—Smith's Diagram of ‘Parliamen- tary Rules, Concise Hints and Directions for Conduct- | ive Assemblies, Song Book, Pearly Portals, Third Annual Wanted: Eggs in Ww.

| Report Geological Survey of Texas. | sets, ‘Insect Life,’ any Nos. of Vols. 1, 2, 30r 4. S. Cruzan, Willow Springs, Mo.

NOTICE OF Exchange:—I still have few old U. S. | Cents to exchange for Chinese, Japanese and Hawaii Coins, reign of Queen Lill. prefered. - Also would like correspondence with Collectors from any place who will

Sie

| exchange specimens with me the coming season. | Wharram, Bostwick, Ohio.

OLD U. S. Cents and Half-Cents, Confederate Cur- rency, broken Bank Bills, Arrow Heads, an unfinished Banner Stone, Sinkers and Pottery for Indian Relics. T. B. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa.

WANTED to exchange Minerals, Shells, ‘*Singles,” Stamps, Atlantic Marine Curios etc., for Columbian | Stamps, Indian Relics, Books, Publications U. S. etc. Ernest S. Harrington, 426 Brook St., Providence R.I

EXCHANGE:—Gulf of Mexico Sea Shells tor flint

Arrow Points. L. E. Shirley, Massillon, Iowa,

I HAVE to exchange; fossil vertebre from Repti’es and Fishes, that inhabited the prehistoric Sea that covered west central Kansas, also Kansas birds’ Eggs. | F, W. Stout, Box, 473, Junction City, Kansas. °

TO EXCHANGE:-~ Gold, Silver, Lead Ore, Rocky | Mountain Views; fine Telegraph Instrument (sounder, key, 2 relays,) for Stamps, Shells, Opals, Coral, etc., | etc. Write at once. L. E. Barker, Prin. Schools, Palmer Lake, Colo.

RELICS:—I have Carbines, Sabres, Swords, Can- | teens, Saddle Bags, Horse Pistols, Indian Arrow Points, Chicago Worlds Fair Tickets (a variety) old Copper Cts., Watch, Violin, etc. I want Coins, Stamps, Relics, Post Marks, War-time Stamps, Envelopes, odd Fire Arm, old Brass Candlesticks etc. C. F. Alkire, Box 228, Mt. Sterling, Ohio.

Fine Skins of Boa Constrictor, Pythons. Diamond- back Rattle Snakes, King Snakes, Tree, Pine, Gopher, Milk or Coach-whip Snakes, Flint or nicely tanned, soft asa glove. Will exchange for valuable eggs, Gems, Fishing Tackle of any kind, Field Glass, good Camera 4x7 or 5x8, Knives or Ammunition, If you have any- thing to trade write and state what and prices on same. A. M. Nicholson, Box 404, Orlando, Fla.

!

COLORADO Ores and Minerals to exchange for Indian Relics, and Curios. I would like especially bows, Arrows, Knives, Pipes, etc. Joseph Henkanfer, P. ME. Pinewood, Colo.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

WANTED for cash or exchange; 100 black point Eagle tail-feathers and in any quantity, up to 200 Ibs., Indian tanned Antelope, Elk or Bu-kskin. when answering.

State price A reply for all Letters received. E. C. Swigert, Indian Trader, Gordon, Neb.

EXCHANGE—Male Deer Heads, and Horns, mounted and in the rough. for Typewriter, of standard make, Winchester or Marlin repeating Rifle, 38-55. good 12 gague, double Gun, or A x Field Glass. G, W. Harvey, Kanab, Utah.

FINE sets of Eggs and nicely tanned or Flint Skins of Snakes, Iguana Lizzards, Alligator, Wild Cat, Fox, Deer, Bear, Otter and other sorts, Goods of any kind. Write me what you have to trade, and state price onsame. A. M Nicholson, Orlando, Fla.

Grey

DO you want to exchange Naturalists Supplies for

Sets of Eggs, of 188—197—199—200—378a ? Eyes or almost anything. Write, A. M. Orlando, Florida.

I can take Nicholson,

ALL my exchange notices in the Oregon Naturalist, have paid me well. It is an excellent advertising med-

ium. Harry E. Spalding, _ Champaign, I.

I WILL give good exchange in first class Oregon Eggs, fora 12 gauge Shot Gun. S. Rey Stryker, Mil- waukee, Or.

INDIAN RELICS—I will exchange 100 poor Arrows Spears, Knives and Scrapers, for $6.00 worth of good Sets or Skins. Also have a large list of fine fossils to exchange for good Skins or Sets. Geo. W. Dixon, Watertown, S. D.

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies. Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

WANTED:—Numbers of American Magazine of Natural Science, Austin Texas, Naturalist and Oregon City, Naturalist, to complete my files’ Persons having numbers of above Magazines to exchange, will please send for list of numbers I want. Will give in exchange, Philatelic Papers, or other desirable exchange, Harry J. Wenzelberger, 2344 Bridge St.. Frankford, Philadel- phia, Pa.

FOR SALE or exchange:—A live Coyote, for terms, apply to, J. Maurice Hatch, Escondido, San Diego Co., Cal.

YOUR Exchange Column is a “beaut.”’ The ads always reach the right persons. I send you another for the March issue. EXCHANGE:—I have a few first class singles to trade for some sets with data, among which are (A. O. U.) 289—406—517—561—605— 608 610—674 and 684. Write quick if you have anything to exchange. Clyde Karshner, Box 448, Big Rapids, Mich.

for Sporting |

| Lhave-some fine sets of Nos. 188—197—199—200 and 378a, to exchange for Cutlery, Fishing Tackle, Ammu- nition, Shot Gun, Field Glass,

Camera or Musical

Instruments. Write what yon have

404, Orlando, Fla.

IF YOU eaeres jeneiene or Ege gs for hatching write enclosing Stamp to H. L. Johnson, Diamond, Cal.

and prices. Box

I WILL exchange roo Printed envelopes for best offer | in Indian Relics. Chas. C. Camp, Portage, Wis. to get Rhinehardt's Toilet

NOW (¢* NT IS YOUR CHANC Receipt Book, that tells you

how to Manufacture good selling articles at an enorm- ous Profit, 10c post-paid, (has never been sold less than $1, before). Address, A. M. Brown, 146% Sixth Street, Rooms 3 and 4, Portland, Oregon.

as much

Do you know *,77"<"

[STAMPS as you would like to know?

Then you want a copy of The Stamp Collector's Hand Book.

Prices

{ Paper 25¢. Clothand Boards 50c. &#@ONLY A FEW COPIES OF THE EDITION. C. W. KISSINGER,

1030 Penn St., Reading, Pa,

THE NUMISMATIST.

The onE and onty Magazine for Collectors and Students of Coinage. A sample copy will tellthestory better than words. 'Ten Cents will bring you two ‘of them. Address,

THe NuMISMATIST, Monroe, Mich.

“OREGON BIRD POINTS.

3cts. each 9 for 25 cts. Orders under 25 cts, require 2 cts. for postage.

D. M. AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth Street, Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATUR

HAVE YOU

SEEN

Those beautiful, instructive and |

correct photos by CHENEY.

Taken in South Dakota.

WE HAVE SECURED THE AGENCY FOR THE SALE OF THESE FAMOUS

VIEWS. TWO OR THREE HAVE BEEN |

REPRODUCED IN THE ‘‘NID.”

Many readers of the ‘‘O. N.” are famil- | iar with a few of these views, they are Of | the same degree of excellence, and by the | same artist, as the premium ‘photographs | given away ‘by the Naturalist one year ago.

This is the list of subjects.

Nest & Eggs of American Avocet.

» » 9 » Arnerican Eared Grebe.

” Western Grebe. ” Mourning Dove. ” Forster’s Tern.

” > ”

(2 views)

” Marsh Hawk. Swainson’s Hawk. Red-head Duck. Lark Bunting. Prairie Horned Lark. ” McCown’s Longspur. [2 views] ” Burrowing Owls. [2 views] ” Chestnut-collared Longspur. Nest of Long-b led Marsh Wren.

» » Brown Thrush, Parkman’s Wren. Yellow-headed Blackbird. Double nest of Yellow Warbler, Young Cowbird in Yellow Waobler’s nest

» — Bartram’s Sandpipers. Swainson’s Hawk. [wings spread. ] Burrowing Owls. [ 3views] Lapland Longspurs. Great Horned Owl. Youug Jack Rabbits, [ 4 views] Badger. [ 2 views] Young Fox. Striped Gopher. #27 The price is 15c. each or $1.2 post-paid.

Address, D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

148 Sixth St.,

”? ”

” ”

”

”

” Russet-backed Thrush .[Oregon] |

5 per dozen,

Portland, Or,

AN) CHES

Buys my latest

ONE DIM bargain. THE

| MARINE PACKAGE.

| |

Containing Cowry, Sun Ray and Scallop Shells, Red Sea Bean, Alligator Tooth and Tarpon Scale.

READ THESE NEW PRICES !!

Resurrection Moss, ‘‘turns green when put in water,” small, 5c. large, I0c. Imperfect Arrowheads, 20c. doz., 50 for 60c., | 100 for $1.00. | Indian Beads, 10c. each. Indian arrow heads, perfect, 6c. 5 for 25c.

ee tc ft 7 for 35c. 5 5cts=.pemdozens very fine, 1.20 per, doz. Indian wampum, 25c. doz. now I5c. doz. | Net Sinkers, 20c. each. Pottery, large 5 to 1.00. small Ioc, per coz. Perfect scrapers 10c,each. 3 for 25c | Perfect spearheads 15, 20, 25, 35 40, 50 & 75c Serrated and Rotary points, fine I5c. | Giant liver beans, 25c now Ioc, | Satin-spar scarf pins,35c. now I5c. Fossil shark teeth 5 to 10c, Egyptian sacred lotus seeds 2 for 5¢, 5 for foc. East India soap berries 2 for 5c, 5 for 1oc. Brown banded sea beans I5c, now 5c. Red, yellow or drab sea beans, assorred 15c doz. Large buffalo teeth 20c, now foc. Tarpon scales 10c: now 5c, 3 for 10c. | Fine lot Pentremites; heads 5 to Ioc, stems 10c | a doz., 6stems and 1 head toc. Alligator teeth Ic, to 50, 10 to 2.50, per doz. Fac simile of $100 confederate bill, Ic Agatized wood , tine spec, 5c.to $1. Petrified wood, fine spec. 5c, to $I. Receptaculites Owenii, (sunflower coral, )

this locaiity, rare, 5c, to 50c.

Beautiful Striped Jasper Pebbles, 2 for 5 cts. Purple Sea Urchins, 5 to ro cts. Brown Jug Watch Charms, 1 for 2 cts. Satin Spar, 5c. to $1.00. Crystalized Gypsum, 5c, to $5.00. Gypsum, veined, 5c. to $1.00. Full set of Fac-Simile Revolutionary Currency, loc. Crabs’ eyes, (genuine eye stones) 5c. Shell Collections, 25c. to $25.00. Sand Shark eggs, 5c. Chinese Lottery Tickets, roc. doz.

Chinese Poker Chips, roc. doz. Lobster Claws, Atlantic, 15 cts.

ft ee oe

| dition various kinds. 5c. 6 for 25 c. I2 for 40 cents. OL_p Newspapers; 1851 to 1854, 6 for 25 cts.

Eclipse Cabinet of 25 Curiosities, 25 cents.

Young Idea Cabinet of 15 Varieties Rere Minerals, 25 cts.

Price List SENT FREE. Send silver, stamps, or money-order. @a

| ReEBARTCE IS 87 State St. Rockford

We

Ills.

Op ALMANACS; dates from 1851 to 1856, in good con- ~

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Curious Mixture.

Indian Wampum, genuine, .15 doz. Dentalium Shells, .15 doz.

pair Childs Moccasins, Arizona, 35 cts. pair. Horse-tail Duster, pink, full beaded handle, Arizona, $1.50.

Leal

I Cape Flattery Horn Spoon, large, 75 cts. Grass Caps, Ceylon, $1.00 each.

I Mexican Rosary, carved, 75 cents. South Sea Necklaces, Shells and Seeds .75 ea. I Albatross Foot, skinned for purse, Horn, 50 cents,

Mounted Baboon, China, exp. extra, $25.00 Rosella Parrot, mounted, Brazil, $3.00 Green Parrot, mounted, C. A., $3.00 Model cf Catamaran, full rigged, 41 inches long made of Teak, Mahogany, Coffee wood Ebony, Ceylon, complete with paddles, out-

pearl cross pendant,

Cape

ee

rigger, sail etc., $7.00

Sioux Pipes, red pipe-stone, $2,00 Sioux Stone Hammer, rawhide handle, exp. extra, $1.50

1 Apache War Club, rawhide handle Buffalo

horn head, exp. extra, $1.50 Squaw Needle Bag, full Perce, $1.50

Musbroon Coral, 5 cents. Japanese Paper Napkins, 3octs. per 100.

covered

_

beaded, Nez

_—

Chinese Cash, 4 for 10 cts, different rulers. |

Cats Eyes, Ceylon, white, 6c., black, 5c. Chop Sticks, per pair, 5 cents.

Whale Barnacles, rocts. each,

Pink Barnacles, Panama, clusters, 25cts. Whale-bone showing fringe, Alaska, 15 cts. pair Walrus Tusks, Ivory, fine. $5.00 Ostrich Eggs reduced to $1.00

Hawaiian Shell Bracelets, 25cts, pre paid. Hawaiian, Necklets, shell, 25 cts, each. Data Blanks 31% x4% _ padded, 15cts, per 100,

Oologists Outfit, 25 cents,

Japenese Silver 5 Sen, 6c., I0 Sen, 12c., 20 Sen, 25c., 50 Sen, 55cts, 1 Yen, $1.05 a= Every thing post-paid, except where

=

noted,

postage. Address, D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

148 Sixth Street, :

Orders under 25cts, require 2cts. for

Po.tland, Oregon. |

POST MARKS,

To Collectors of Post Marks, we offer 100 | for 1Octs. 200 for 1§cts. 500 for 25cts., well mixed and post-paid, These are all from | cities and towns of the northwest. Many of |them from small out-of-the-way towns of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and California, whose mail is small, and consequently not often seen. D. M. AVERILL & CO., | 148 Sixth Street,

PORTLAND, - - - OREGON.

much more reading

PEBRUARY ten aap ail be

given with cuts and biographies of the Interstate Phil, Association’s officers, including the P. S. of A. Trustees. Price to non-subscribers 10c. ACOPY. No free copies mailed in that month,

MARCH 2200 copies will be mates

to benefit advertisers, Trans- ient ads., $1.00 an inch; 50 percent discount on 3 mo. or more. SAMPLECOPY FREE. Address: The Evergreen State Philatelist, Hartland, Wash

WHY

DON’T you send 35c. for finely polished specimen of Itacolumite or Flexible Sand-stone? Itsa great curiosity! No Cabinet complete with-out it. #&#See Oct. No. of OREGON NATURALIST, page 139, for full description.

A FEW BARGAINS.

1oo var. good Foreign Stamps,............ 15 I Confederate Bill, genuine,................ .10 Nr Qlaan mB, oeiacc ee tte: sn .I0 1 StateyBanky Billy Paviee lec. te cease .05 L2 Viet ohiOle vBilless ieee So -c ch ciate os Bhs Ty Ghineseg Colnyssscaee seance seen asteeee nee. .05 r AnnamiCoine. -so-csensceececaascstscenece .06 T, Hong Kong Comy oon asssace ase eadence Io 1 Ancient N. C. Indian Arrow Point,... .06 1 Piece N. C. Indian Pottery,............ .05 1, Wanee sims Cent, wacnsmemeeeee tev meses oc .06

Send 2c. for large list of Stamps, Coins War and Indian Relics etc. No postals answered. R. D. HAY, Winston, N.C.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

HE COULD’NT TELL ANY MORE....

..Than you can, kut he relied on my honesty in sending him an Opat, that was worth his Money. If you buy an Opal, and it don’t suit you, return it and get your Money. A. M. BROWN, 146% Sixth Street, Rooms 3 and 4, Portland, Oregon.

PORTLAND - STORE.

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

PARROTS, FANCY

BIRD

s’ SINGING BIRDS:

MONGOLIAN, SILVER AND GOLDEN PHEASANTS FANCY PIGEONS, FERRETS, GOLD FISH, ETC.

BIRDS SHIPPED BY EXPRESS.

ee F IRST ST. Poniland, Or.

The état Cactus Journal.

A monthly publication devoted to the culture of Cacti and suc- culent plants, interesting arti- cles from collectors, growers and prominent amateur culti-

vators. Subscription 50c. per OFFICE 213 E. LOMBARD ST. year, BALTIMORE, MD.

Send for Sample Copy.

“MONEY !! OLD MONEY !!!

6 Varieties of Broken Bank Bills, only .25 cts.

12 Varieties from $ 1. to $ Io. only...... 50 cts. These usually sell at 10 cents each,

A dealer’s lot of 100 mixed, only......... $3.00

6 Varieties Confederate Bills,.............. 25 cts

12 Indian Arrow Heads from N.C. only, 50cts 100 Mixed Stamps cat. valve over $ 1.50 for 50c. #2 Your trade solicited. Address,

Jie ENS EL AW

Smithtown Branch N.

es

SIOUX INDIAN RELICS:

SENT BY EXPRESS PREPAID AT FOLLOWING PRICES:—

White quartz stone head war “clubs, rawhide | covered handle, with steer tail pennants $2.2 5ea, Large war bows, with good sinew string 1.50 ea. Steel point arrows, 3 feathered, 8 for $1.00 Full beaded squaw moccasins, $1.10 per pr. as $1.25 “35s

6é

75

66 66 ee

.50,

buck’s Elks teeth, .10, .15, .20 and $1.00 each.

Full beaded knife scabbards, .75 cents each.

Long bone bead hair ornaments, .75 and $1.00 ner pair,

5)

-25, .35, .50 and

Large red pipestone pipes, .75, $1, and 1.25 ea. Long hair head dresses, fancy porcupine quill worked, .50 and .75 each.

Calf skins tanned, with hair on, $1 and 1.25 ea. Rawhide food bags, fancy painted, 50c each. lefterscs s 25c | Partial beaded moccasins 9 to 10% inches long 60c, per pr. Bargain list for 2c, stamp.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

Ee Co SWIGERE

LOCK BOX 325, Gordon, Nebraska.

Y CALIFORNIA. . CURIOSITIES.

66 ee ce

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, ‘Trap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c. &c. Just thé goods for Curio and Shell Dealers to handle. Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

G. W. TUTTLE, - - For The Oregon

Subscribe iiikaist

a7 Mention this Paper, our Advertisers.

Pasadena, California.

when writing to

><

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Vor. ITT.

NOTES ON A NEW ALKALI MINERAL.

Mr. C. H. Northup, of San Jose, [Cal. } while searching at Borax Lake, Cal- ifornia, for the new species sulphohalite, discovered small crystals of what he con- sidered to be a new form of that mineral and is described in the Mineral Collector,

as follows: Crystallization, © etc.-—The mineral crystallizes in regular octahedrons,

whose diameter rarely reach one centi- meter. They occasionally exhibit triang- ular markings and a habit ot parallel grouping in more or less regular aggre- gates. Fractured crystals show in the interior a cross of faint lines running per- pendicularly to the crystal faces. These are divided by darker planes lying parallel to cubic symmetry, and passing through the angles of the octahedron, dividing it into eight parts. The same thing is noticeable in the clearest of the complete crystals, a bundle of strie coming from the center of the crystal to the center of each face with the dividing planes clearly visible. This phenomenon is strikingly similar to that observed in cubes of boleite

(figured by Bombicci in a memoir on

PoRTLAND, OREGON, Marcu, 1896.

mimetical pyrite, Bologna, 1893.) The markingsin the present instance are prob- ably due to inclusion of organic matter, as in chiastolite.

The color varies froin dirty white, pale yellow and greenish gray to dark brown; the lighter colored crystals closely resemble senarmontite, Cleavage is imperfect. It is brittle and shows - uneven fracture. Luster, vitreous on broken surfaces, oc- casionally bright on Hardness 3.5 to 4.

crystal planes.

Chemical examination.—In powdering the mineral a fetid odor is distinctly per- ceptible. It is easily fusible before the blowpipe; in the closed tube it blackens and gives off a burnt odor with violent decrepitation and liberation of water (which subsequently proved to be me- chanically included,) finally fusing to a gray mass. Boiling water effects partial decomposition of the powdered mineral, with separation of a bulky white residue, consisting mainly of basic carbonate of magnesia. It is decomposed with efferv- escence in cold dilute hydrochloric acid, with slight residue insoluble.

A careful qualitative analysis of crystal fragments showed it to consist essentially of sodium, magnesium, -hydrochloric and

30

carbonic acids, indicating a double chloride and carbonate of sodium and magnesium. Traces of phosphoric ,acid, silica, iron, calcium and organic matter were also found. This composition isquite as re- markable as that of other species peculiar to the Borax Lake region.

The name “‘Northupite”’ is proposed for this new species, since,it,was entirely due to Mr. Northup’s indefatigable zeal in col- lecting that the mineral was brought to light. The entire find was forwarded to Dr. A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia.

PALEOBOTANY.

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

(Continued from Page 23.)

In 1706 Leibnitz called attention to the presence in Germany of what he thought to be the fossils of Indian plants, and in 1718 the celebrated Antoine de Jussieu, published a monograph upon the carboniferous flora of St. Chaumont, discussing the features wherein it differed from the indigenous flora of to-day, and resembles that of the tropies. Thenceforth the theory that fossil plants were the semains of exotic forms, was frequently advanced, and was given its final shape by Walch whv pointed out that the living floras of France, Germany and England were very dissimilar while their fossil floras were Substantially the same. This he thought could only be explained by assuming that the fossil floras were all brought from the tropics together. There were fossils, to be sure, in which he could find no resembance to living plants, but he was helped over this diffi- culty by the assumption that their congeners must stili be living in the unexplored tropics,

When it was supposed to be fully demon- strated that the fossil plants had grown in the tropics, it was assumed quite as a matter of course, that they had been transported by the flood to their final resting places.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Volkmann, in his Sz/esta subterranea, gave a new complication to the question by advanc- ing the degeneration theory. He thought that antediluvian vegetation was of a much higher order than that of to-day, that plants had been degenerating and wholesome, fruitbearing trees had been changed into thorns, thistles and other familiar pests. Ideas like these Sbecame common, and even the great Buffon believed that retrogressive atavism had [taken place in both animals and*plants.

Still another theory began finally to take shape. This was that a considerable number of species both of animal and plants had been utterly exterminated by the flood. |gjThe fossil flora was supposed to contain the forms once judigenous to Europe, but whch were de- stroyed, leaving no living representatives, In this way they also explained the presence of a fossil vegetation on desert islands destitute of living plants.

Vague theories and speculations, however, gave way before the growing mass of facts and at last it ceased to be possible to check invest- igation by an authoritative allusion to the lit- eral six days of Moses, The principles of deposition and stratigraphy were beginning to Geology was fast becoming a real science and about the close of the eight-

be understood.

eenth century the sound views of Blumenbach prevailed, and the reai dawn of Paleobotany marked the beginning of the nineteenth,

The diluvian theory, as we have seen was the prevailing one thrcughout the eighteenth century. It was thought to be the only one by which the teachings of nature could be reconciled with those of revelation, and to question, its correctness was equivalent to dis- Yet all this time

knowledge was increasing and a great store of

crediting revealed religion.

facts were accumulating which demanded a more rational explanation and forced a revolu- tion in human thought, <A great advance up- on the mysticism which preceded it, the theory had outlived its usefuluess, and had become a barrier in the way of intellectual progress when

Blumenbach overturned the tottering ruin and

THE OREGON

Opened the way “for, the “modern - science) of Paleontology.

Blumenbach confined himself chiefly to; the study of animals, but he was closely followed by Schlotheim, who began his scientific career in 1801 by publishing his ‘‘Treatise on Vege- table Impressions in the Tile Clay and Sand- stone of the Carboniferous Deposits.” (**4d- hanalung uber die Kvrauter — Abdrucke in Schiefethon und Sandstein der Steinkohlen Formation.”) This was soon followed by his ‘‘Description of Remarkable Plant Impress- ions and Petrifications of Plant, a Contribu- tion to the Flora of the Primeval World,” (Flora der Vorweit.)

These works were copiously illustrated by well drawn figures of carboniferous plants, giv- ing us the most rational and comprehensive account of fossil plants published up to that date, and constituting the first really scientific work on Paleobotany.

Schlotheim defended the expression ‘*Flora of the’ primeval{[world” (/lora der Vorwelt.) declaring his belief that fossils ‘‘were the re- mains of an earlier, so called preadamite cre- ation, the originals of which are now no longer to be found.” Almost all later German works on:Palebotany have borrowed this title and appear, as ‘* Bettrage zur Flora der Vorwelt,”’

A period of great activity in Paleobotany be- England, although slower to throw off the shackles of current

gan with the ‘century,

fallacies, began to do her share of the labor of research, and in 1804 there appeared a great work on ‘‘Organic Remains of a Former

World,” by Dr. James Parkinson. Dr. Parkinson was a very learned man, and was assisted by the distinguished botanist Dr.

James Edward Smith of the Linnaean Society. Together they studied and compared all the specimens obtainable, and their work was a compendium of the knowledge of their time, yet they were unwilling to adopt the modem modes of thought but ‘‘conjectured” that fossil plants ‘‘were all foreign, and productions of a warm climate ”’

NATURALIST. 31

The first work to bear strictly modern ap- pearance was Schlotheim’s ‘‘Petrefactenkunde”’ which appeared in 1820, By far the larger portion of this work was devoted to animal remains, but the plants mentioned were ar- ranged in families, genera and species accord- ing to the binomial system of classification of Linnaeus,

It is frequently said that in this same year Steinhauer, laid the foundation of Paleobotany in America. This is scarcely to be taken literally, for although the Rev. Henry Stein- hauer resided at that time in Bethelehem, Pa., and his paper, ‘‘On Fossil Reliquia of Un- known Vegetables in the Coal Strata” ap- peared in the ‘‘Transactions of the Am, £Phil- osophical Society,” he confined himself almost exclusively to the discussion of the fossils of the British Isles, where he appears to have spent most of his life.

The work which marked the beginning of the study of American deposits was Ebenezer Granger’s ‘‘Notice of Vegetable Impressions on the rocks connected with the coal formation of Zanesville, Ohio.” (Am, Jour. of Science, 1821.)

Corda, the eminent Bohemian Paleobotanist was sent to Texas in 1847 to collect scientific He remained there two years, but the vessel on which he was returning went down in the middle of the Atlantic and the scientist?was lost with his collections and the results of his studies.

Sir J. W. Dawson, who was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia, in 1820, has given us the larger

material.

part of the information we possess regarding the vegetable remains of Canada and the British Northwest. His very volumenous works are accurate and painstaking. Their value is uni- versally rocognized, and well deserved honors have been heaped upon him,

Heer, the Swiss Botanist and Entomologist, united with his many other scientifiic pursuits the study of the fossil fioras of many lands and wrote a work on the ‘‘Fossil Plants of the Lower Cretaceous Beds of Kansas and Ne-

braska,”’ and also figured the ‘‘Phyllites Cretacees du Nebraska,” collected by Marcou and Capellini. Sir Charles Bunbury confined his labors mainly to other lands, yet he elabor- ated the material col ected in America by Lyell and Dawson.

Leo Lesquereux, who like Agassiz and Guyot, abandoned his native Switzerland for America, has studied the Carboniferous, Cretaceous and Tertiary floras over wide areas in the United States and has probably done more than any other one man to diffuse a knowledge of the vegetation of former epochs,

Dr. John Strong Newberry, of the School of Mines, Columbia College, N. Y. began his scientific career as a member of the Ives Ex- ploring Expedition, and at once gained a repu- tation as a Paleontologist. Heis the author of many excellent works on the extinct floras of North America, several of which have been published by the U. S. Geogical Survey.

This hurried sketch is merely a brief and imperfect outline of the progress of the know- ledge of fossil plants, as it emerged from mys- ticism and rose to the great science of Paleo- botany. The writer has sought merely to show the various stages in the growth of the science, and has not tried to mention the names of all the great workers in this field, and of course has not touched upon the labors of the host of great investigators of to-day.

ANGUS GAINES.

IMPORTED AND ACCLIMATED GER- MAN SONG BIRDS IN OREGON.

By C, F. Pfluger, Sec’y of the Society of the Introduction of useful song-birds into Oregon, at Portland. :

THE CROSSBILL (Loxta Pytiopsittacus. Der Kreuzschnabe/.)

Of these song birds 20 pairs were introduced into Oregon by the Society in 1889,

This remarkable bird, whitch is about the size of a Bullfinch is about 6% inche in length, of which the tail measures 2% inches. The

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

beak is almost one inch long, blackish, very thick and bent crosswise at the point the up- per mandible bending downwards, and the lower mandible upwards, cross each other; The general hue of most males, is vermillion mixed

hence arises the name of the bird,

with brown, and varying in shade on different parts ofthe body. The neck, breast and rump, are a purer red, the wing and tail feathers dark grey, with black shafts. This -bird also like some others, appears to vary in colour accord- ing toitsage, The female is dark grey, tinged on the back with olive green; the ramp is a lighter green; the belly and vent. whitish.

This bird is a native of Geimany. It If not, seen in

summer, the traces which they leave behind

frequents fir and pine woods.

them in winter, in the fir and pine cones lying stripped of their seed beneath the trees, are unmistakeable. They sit very still, and eat nearly the whole day, and only when hopping from tree to tree do they utter a harsh call, “Gep, gep, gep!” artes of from twelve to twenty-four.

They are generally seen in They are not at all shy, nor will a flock of them disperse even if fired at,

Its food, chiefly consists of fir seeds, which it partly extracts from the scales of the cones with its bill, and partly collect from the ground, It also eats the seeds of the pine and alder.

Its time of incubation is the most remark- able of its peculiarities, for it breeds between December and April. It builds its nest in the upper branches of coniferous trees, of thin pine or fir twigs, on which is placed a thick layer of earth inoss, lined within with the finest coral moss, The female lays three to five greyish white eggs, having at the thick end a

The heating nature of their food preserves both old and young from the effects of the winter’s cold. They feed their young with food disgorged from their own crops, The Crossbill uses its bill and feet for purposes of locomotion, like the Parrot. The males often utter the ringing note like “Reitz,” or ‘‘Kreitz,” called by amateurs the Crossbill’s crow; they are very

circle of reddish brown stripes and spots.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

constant singers, and their song is not unpleas-

ant in low but very agreeable notes.

THE SINGING QUAIL (Tetras Coturnix, Die Wachtel.)

Of these birds 5 pairs were introduced by the Society in 1889, they were turned loose in the Waldo Hills in Marion County, This bird in appearance almost like the Bobwhite, is The beak is short; blackish brown in summer, grayish in

little more than 7 inches in length.

winter and resembling in form that of the Partridge; the iris is olive brown the feet a whitish flesh colour, The upper part of the body is spotted with blackish brown and rust color, witha few small white stripes; the throat blackish brown, and encircled by a double streak of chestnut brown. The lower part of the neck and breast are pale rust color, marked by indistinct longitudinal stripes; the belly dingy white; the shanks reddish grey; the wing feathers dark grey, crossed by narrow streaks of rust color. The tail is dark brown, with transverse stripes of rust color and white, and very short, The female may be distinguished by the fact that the throat is white, and the breast like that ofa Thrush, spotted with black.

This Quail which is a native of the old country, is a bird of passage; airi,ing in Ger- many in May, and departing about the end of September, It chiefly frequents the felds of grain; and especially those of autumn-sown wheat.’

The only nest formed by this Quail, is a hole scratched in the ground, and lined with a few straws or grass stalks. The female does not lay her eggs, which are 10 to 14 in number, and bluish white with large brown spots till late in the year, often not till July; the brood is hatched in three weeks, and the young birds run about with their mother before they are fledged, though this takes place before the autumn migration. The males are eXxceed- ingly ardent.

Their food consists of all kinds of, seed and grain; for example, wheat, millet, rape, hemp and poppy seeds. plants.

It feeds also on green It moults twice a year, namely in

spring and autumn.

This Quail is a clean and lively bird; and creates amusement by the singular manner in which it walks on tiptoe, with outstretched neck, and continually nodding its head. Its cry, however which is very peculiar, is its chief recommendation, In pairing time it consists of the syllables: Verra, verra! very softly ut- tered, followed by Pikvervik, pikvervik! re- peated with a loud voice, closed eyes, and a continued nodding of the head. The more a bird utters the former of these words, the less does he pronounce the latter; and a Quail which repeats Pikvervik! ten or a dozen As the call is chiefly heard in harvest time, the peasants in Germany interpret it into Bueck den Rueck! (Bend the

Back) and consider it as an exhortation to

times, is highly prized.

industry, The song of the female is merely Verra, verra! and in pairing time Peu, peu! Peupeu! when discontented or alarmed, they utter the syllables Ghillah, and when pleased, a sound like the purring of a cat.

In confinement, the male will begin to sing soon after Christmas, and continue to do so

till September,

\ A WELL-PRESERVED IDOL.

According to the Nooksack Reporter, an idol has been discovered on Dr. Thompson’s ranch, near Nooksack, in a good state of pre- servation. Theidolis carved out of lava, is 21 inches high; widest breadth across the face, 12% inches; the face and neck is 16 inches and the bust 5 inches long. The carving pre- serves true lines, and the whole figure reminds one of Phoenician handwork, as recently un- covered in portions of Central America, The bust carving, in defining the arms, makes a nearly perfect keystore of the base, with a smaller one on the breast. No hieroglyphics are visible. The block has been about seven inchesin thc thickest part, but a portion of the back has been broken off, probably struck by a plow share.—£xch,

34 THE OREGON

THE ELK’S|SENTINEE;}

HABITS OF THE WHISTLING MARMOT OF THE OLY MPIGS.

Five years ago the Olympic mountains were described as the last tract of unex- plored land within the United States, and the same statement holds good today, for, although a few parties have crossed the range from east to west, no one has yet traversed the entire distance from the Sko- komish river to Cape Flattery, and even the location of the largest peaks—Olympus and Constance—is to a great extent un- decided.

As a game region, the Olympics have gained a world-wide reputation, and a goodly numbor of dollars are annually spent by hunting parties in attempts to penetrate into the interior of the well- known Jupiterhills, where the cow elk raises her calf in security; the she bear, guards her cubs against the attacks of of the gaunt gray wolf, and the doe with fawn flees to a higher altitude for security when she hears the warning cry of that guardian of the gorge, the whistling mar- The whistling marmot is the largest of American rodents,

mot (Arctomys caligatus).

being equaled in size only by the beaver. The marmots are thick-set animals, weighing, when full grown, from forty to sixty pounds, and measuring overall trom

twenty-six to thirty inches, with a short, bushy tail of about eight inches in length. The head is broad and massive, and rests on the powerful shoulders with hardly an apology fora neck. The fore limbs are short, thick, five-toed, and armed with

NATURALIST.

strong claws for digging. Like all the other members of this family, they are provided with powerful gnawing teeth, which can bite through a shoe-lace or an alpine staff, as the case required. In color the animal is very variable, individ- uals being found that

while some are gray,

are nearly black, But the predomin- ating coloris tawny rufous, generally blotched with black The pelage is composed largely of hair, and the fur is so short and poor as to render

the hide of no commercial value.

and gray.

This species of marmot isalso met with but not numerously as in the Olympics, where it dwells sometimes numbering over too individuals.

in the Cascade range, so

in large colonies,

As the weary traveler toils laboriously up the mountain trail his progress is sud- denly arrested by the sound of a long, clear whistle, floating down the canyon. The sound is so human that unless he has heard it before he instinctively fanswers it, thinking it to be the call of a comrade. The cry is repeated at short intervals, un- til the traveler approaches too near the warren, when it suddenly stops, and all is as still as the grave, and nothing is to be seen to indicate the animal’s presence except the few holes among the rocks. It is this cry that gives the animal its name, and so peculiar is the call that, and several times when making inquiries of

Indians as to whether the animal inhabited their locality the writer has had recourse

to imitating it, when the Indian would recognize the animal desired at once. These rodents choose their homes in

once heard, it is never forgotten,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

the grassy glades of the higher ranges, commonly known as elk meadows, which are located close to the line of perpetual

snow. Here they excavate deep . burrows of considerable extent, in which they live,

the entrance in some cases being con- cealed by a large boulder or other natural protection, but oftener being plain to be seen. In the selection of their food they are strictly vegetarian; their chief diet be- ing grass and stalks of alpine plants. A peculiarity of these animals is that they spend nearly eight months of each year in their underground dwellings, and a considerable part of the time is passed in hibernation. In May the young, four or six in number, are born in the burrows, and about the first of June the paren‘s appear active above ground, even if the snow has not yet gone off. At first they turn their attention to a general house- cleaning, and all the old remnants of grass and other food that has been left over from the last winter’s supply _ is thrown out of the mouth of the burrows. Then comes a short period of fun and frolic, during which time the young of the previous year choose their partners, and build, or more literaily, dig their homes, for only one family live together in a bur- row. By this time the alpine herbage on which they live is well grown, and these busy little workers commence to gather large quantities for winter use, first care- fully drying it in the sun. and then carry- ing it into their burrows. Toward the end of September the marmots hole up for the winter, which commences about that time in the high altitudes at which they dwell. The regions in which the whist-

35

lers live are too high to be of use for agricultural purposes; therefore it is safe to say that they will never be looked upon This, unfortunately, cannot be said of their next of kin, the woodchuck (Arctomys monax).

The woodchuck of of the Olympic mountains is of a dirty slate color, and about one-half the size of the whistler. de the Its diet is the same as that of the whistler,

as a .farm pest.

It inhabits the same regions, but also scends and makes its home along headwaters of the mountain streams.

but it prefers for its dwelling place a grassy meadow, where rocks are not so plentiful, and it does not live in colonies. The cry of the woodchuck resembles a weak, poor imitation of the whistler, but as the animal is shy and dodges into its hole on the approach of danger, instead of warning its comrades, as does its larger relative, it is not so often heard. The cry of the whistling marmot is a danger signal, but the woodchuck’s cry is a call to its mate, and is only heard when every- thing is still and no danger apprehended. In habits and life history the woodchuck resembles the whistler so closely as to render its needless to describe it further, except in one respect, which is the slight proclivity of the woodchuck to climb small trees. These are the only true marmots found in the Olympic range, but the next species is so nearly related to them and so far removed from any other genius as to be treated under the same head.

The mountain boomer (Aplodon rufus), also known asthe mountain beaver, is pretty evenly distributed throughout the

36 THE OREGON

mountain ranges of Oregon and Wash- ington, but its range is restricted to these two states. This wonderful little animal, whose industry surpasses that of the beaver, was first discovered by Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific in 1804, but it attracted little attention until brought more prominently to notice by Dr. C. Hart Merriam in 1885, and its ex- act distribution has yet be defined. This animal was known to the aborigines for ages back by the name of ‘‘showtl’’ or ‘‘sewellel,’’? and by them held in super- stitious regard, their belief being that by its constant excavations and incessant labor it had dug out the valleys and _ built the mountains of the universe; but com- mercial enterprise has taken the place of mytholology, and the -siwash of today recognizes but the fact that the hide of the sewellel is worth ‘‘tenas_ dollar,’’ which is willingly paid by his new found friend, John Chinaman. The mountain beaver, as it is most commonly called, is a heavy-set, sturdy little fellow of mar- mot-like appearance, measuring over all The short, powerful and five-toed, each toe The

eyes are very small and deep set, and the

about twelve inches. limbs are

being armed with a strong claw.

place where the tail ought to be is indi- cated by a tuft of extra long hairs, but the tall is conspicuous by its absence, giv- ing the animal a decidedly incomplete ap- pearance. This rodentis found in suit- able localities, from the highest altitudes Its fondness for damp or swampy ground, together with the color of the fur and

down to nearly the ocean beach.

general appearance, have given rise to its

NATURALIST.

name of mountain beaver, but it has really very slight relationship to Castor fiber. |t should be of especial interest to residents of Washington and Oregon, for it is found only in these two states, and it has no counterpart in the fauna of the world.

The sewellels live in large colonies, They are more industrious than the two species

otten covering three or four acres.

described, and in their workings show a great similarity to the gophers, not only excavating burrows in which they dwell like the marmots, but also runways under- ground, of. great extent, in which. they travel from one burrow to another.

In high altitudes the sewellels lay in a winter store of dry grass in the same manner as the marmots, but in localities where little or no snow falls they rely for food in the winter months on evergreen shrubs, roots and ferns. They remain active all winter, and do not hibernate, but reach their food by tunnels through the snow when necessary.

These animals, in spite of their clumsy appearance, are fairly active climbers, and ascend small shrubs to a height of four or five feet in order to obtain the young shoots and leaves.

Sewellels are easily caught with a naked trap set in their runway, and there- fore they disappear rapidly before the ap- proach of settlers, but were it not so they might do considerable damage to the farmers, several instances having come to the writer’s notice of their having de- stroyed fine rose trees.

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON.

in Post-Intelligencer.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

THE NORTHWESTERN ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Organized Dec. 28th, 1894, Object—to advance the science of Ornithology in the

Northwest. President; William L. Finley, 287 4th, St., Portland, Or., Secretary;

Arthur L. Pope, McMinnville, Or.,

Any person interested in Ornithology, residing in the Northwest, may become an active member.

Any person interested in Ornithology may become an associate member.

The membership fee shall be fifty cents; this shall cover all dues to the first of January, after initiation.

The OREGON NATURALIST, shall be sent free to all members.

Applications for membership should be sent to the Secretary.

The work for the N. O. A., for April will be the study of the Dusky Grouse, (Dendragapus Obscurus) and Sooty Grouse, (D. obscurus fuliginosus.) Any

items on the above species should be sent to the Pres. not later than Apr. 2oth.

The study for May will be onthe Oregon Ruffed Grouse(B. Umbellus Sabini), and Sage Grouse (C. Urophasianus). All members should send in their observations on these birds not later than May, 2oth,

The regular monthly meeting of the Portland Annex, of the Northwestern Ornithological Association, was held on Feb., 22d, to discuss the subject under consideration of the Associ- ation.

A fair number were present and a very successful meeting was held. The work for

37 last month was the ‘‘Bob-white,” in Oregon. Mr. Henry Hoskins, of Newberg, conducted the work for the month. The article, written by him was read and discussed, and proved to be interesting, and was appreci- ated by those present,

following

THE BOB-WHITE IN OREGON.

Several attempts have been made to intro- duce the Bob-white into this state, but all How- ever, at the present time there are a great many scattered throughout the Willaamette Valley.

In the spring of 1890, Isaw my first wild Bob-white, in Oregon.

have been more or less unsuccessful.

I do not remember the exact date, but I think it was sometime in May. They were in pairs, and it is quite probable that they had nests at the time, This was about six or seven miles south of Dayton, on the road to Wheatland. I saw several pair, and I supposed that they had either been introduced for some time and _ be- come quite common, or several birds had been liberated near there. They appeared to be quite tame and would let me approach within It is possible that these were some of the original birds and had _ be-

a few feet of them.

come tame during their confinement,

About the last of June, 1892, a male Bob- white, was seen and heard as he stood on top of a fence giving at intervals his clear whist- ling notes. This one seemed to be the only one in the vicinity at the time, and from what I heard from others I think it came from the south, and was slowly making its way north- ward. It remained near here for a day or two and then disappeared,

The next spring there were several seen and heard near here. common during the whole spring and summer,

Last year they were quite

and I have every reason to believe that they nested near here, but I was not so fortunate as to find one,

A little over a year ago Mr. D.. P. Thomp- son, of Portland, imported 25 birds. In

38 THE OREGON

-answer to inquiries, Mr.Thompson writes: “‘About one year ago I had twenty-five Bob- white Quails sent me from Omaha. They reached me in good condition, I kept them in a house I had on my farm, until in February, I turned them out in a small park I have cn my farm, I never saw nor heard of them afterwards. The experience of raising the ‘Bob-white,’ has been a failure in Oregon and Washington. Several attempts have been made, but the result in most cases have been similar to mine. The Bob-white, roosts near the ground, and it is believed it is the victim of minks, weasels, rats and other small de- ‘structive animals with which our Oregon and Washington woods are filled.”

Mr. Thompson’s belief that many of these birds are destroyed by small rodents is probably mot incorrect, and no doubt this is the main reason why they do not increase more rapidly. At least it does not seem that their scarcity could be attributed to the lack of the climate to meet their requirements.

I am informed that several pair were liber- ated along the Columbia river, and from there they have spread south until they have reached the suburbs of Portiand, in _ considerable numbers.

I have never heard of but one nest being found in Yamhill county, and that was de- stroyed before the set was complete. I know very little about the nesting habits of the Bob- Therefore I

cannot perhaps do better than to quote from an

white, except what I have read.

article in a recent number of the ‘‘Oologist”: “«The nest of the Quail is very easy to find, as they build on the ground. It is usually a hollow, scratched in the ground, well lined and arched over with grass; with an entrance atone side, *** Their nests with fresh eggs may be found from Aprilto July, and one of their favorite places to build, is in the ridge of an old road, where the grass has been left standing. Both birds assist in building the nest. The material of which it is composed is gathered close at hand, and I have seen the

female in the nest sezmingly ixing things to g

NATURALIST.

suit herself, while the male was on the outside carrying material within reach of his mate. When the birds are disturbed during the pro- cess of building, they will abandon the nest.”

In another place we read: ‘*The eggs vary innumbers. Ihave found a great many ness, ten eggs were the least, and twenty-seven the most, found in one nest, fifteen to are the usual number.

twenty The eggs being of such a pure white color, are very easily stained, and it is very seldom a full set can be found, without a number of stained ones.”

Again, ‘‘The young have a peculiar peep, similar to a young turkey and usually utters When dis- turbed while quite young they give several loud peeps when the old ones will fly about the iutruder and their feathers ruffled up and their wings down making a

two or three peeps in succession.

run around with crackling noise.

The flock will stay together if not disturbed during the whole winter. When roosting they sit close together in a bunch with their heads outward and when disturbed, they start from the bunch in a flutter in all directions, In spring they disband and mate,”

HERVEY M, HoskINs,

An interesting letter from Mr, W. A, Howe, of Carleton, Oregon, was then read by the President. Mr, Howe, writes that; ‘‘In 1893, Mr. Chas. E. Ladd and myself purchased six dozen Bob-whites, in Wichita, Kansas, and had them shipped by express, to my residence, at Carleton. The birds came through in peor condition, one dozen having died upon the way.

Upon arzival I placed them in a room with a very high ceiling, putting fir brush on the floor to make a covering for them and kept them there until the snow had entirely disappeared, I finally liberated 52 strong birds, some of which were liberated near Carlton, and the rest on the farm of Ladd & Howe, two miles from North Yam- hill From all appearances, these birds bred and did well during ihe first year, and are still to be found in these localities * * *

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

“‘T am inclined to believe that the numerous skunks, weasels and mink, interfere seriously with them while breeding, and in the course of time, when the vermin of this locality shall have been more subdued, our Bob-white will in- crease and flourish to a marked extent * * *

‘Some ten or twelve years ago two pair of birds were brought here as I am told, by Hon. R. P. Bird, and set free at his place near La Fayette, but never have increased to any ex- tent. Some were also liberated near Denny, Or., but they are only found in small numbers.”

Mr. Howe, has had a fine opportunity for studying the habits of this bird, consequently his letter was of great interest at the meeting.

Mr. G. D. Peck, of Salem, in a short letter says; Bob-whites are heard whistling in that vicinity every June, which he believes is a sign that they are mated. In Nov, last he saw a flock of five or six, an old bird and her young; the young, being about hal‘ grown.

A very valuable letter was then read from Mr. Ellis F. Hadley, of Dayton. He writes: “The first Bob-white Quail that were intro- duced into Yamhill county, Or., to my knowl- edge was in 1875, by Hon. A. R. Burbank, of LaFayette, who brought two pair from Whinby’s Island, Washington, which were formerly brought from Illinois, The two pair cost him eight dollars, and were kept in eonfinement a while, but escaped and what became of them is unknown.

‘I first saw a Bob-white in 1878, also in ’88 and again in ’92. Several are now seen every year. In’94a nest and 14 eggs were found near here as was the case last year.”

Mr. Rey Stryker, of Milwaukee, Or., re- members having seen a few Bob-whites near Albany, about ’82 or ’84, which were quite tame and which he evidently believed had recently been turned loose.

Other facts were given by the members present and a general discussion was indulged in, much valuable data was produced and it was generally conceded that the Bob-white Quail was slowly, but surely increasing in Oregon,

Mr. Bard, of Portland, read a short article on the Bob-white, which was _ very interesting.

D. F. W.

39

THE PIED-BILLED GREBE,

I do not know of a moreinteresting bird than our common grebe, or dab-chick and as it is common in Oregon, [ think it must breed here, In Iowa, it breeds in rather small marshes, and its nest is the most curious thing connected with its life-history. It is composed of half decayed flags and rushes in sufficient quantity to fill a half bushel basket.

The nest floats, rising and falling with the water in the marsh and only a small part shows It is neatly finished off and hollowed just enough to keep the eggs in place

above the water.

and as it is nearly ona level with the water the Grebe climbs on with out trouble. I have examined a number of these nests and they It may not be the design of the Grebe to incubate her eggs

in this way, but she could leave the nest for

were as warm as a hot-bed,

hours with out injury to her eggs.

When she hears an intruder approaching, she covers the eggs with decayed vegetation, which I think she keeps on hand for the pur- pose, and then tries to decoy the intruder away from the nest. I once surprised one of these Grebes with a young one on hez back, as Iapproached she sank, leaving the chick strug- gling in the water, being helpless it would have drowned I believe, if I had not placed it upon a nest. The young Grebes are very neat and pretty, and when two or three days old can slip under water as easy as their parents. Full sets of from five to eight eggs are found from the first to the twentieth of June. Gro. D. PECK, Salem, Ore.

Tuis winter the Western Robin has failed to make its appearance as usual. In previous years it came about Nov., Ist, with the bluebirds. I would like to know if the W. Robin is present as usual in other localities in southern California.

J. Maurice Hatcu, Escondido,

Feb., roth, S. Rey Stryker, secured a speci- men of Townsends Solitaire, male, near Mil- waukee, Or.

40

JAPANESE DAIMIO SWORDS.

Among the nations of Eastern Asia, the Japanese were known as skillful workers of iron, which their a»morers transformed into famous weapons of steel. They produced blades by which one could cut through iron, without nicking the blade in the slightest degree. Skillful sword cutlers gained for themselves high social positions, and won im- mortal glory and fame with their swords. In no country has the sword been made an object of such honor as in Japan, It was at once a divine symhol, a knightly weapon, and certifi- Previous to 1876 the wearing of swords was the custom in Japan, but that year (March, 28) the wearing of them by any individual was abolished, unless in

cate of noble birth.

court dress, a member of the military, naval force, or a police officer. LEE Roy J. TAPPAN.

To-pay, Feb., roth, I saw for the first time a live Pigmy Owl. For three years I have searched for this little Owl. fearless and I had a good opportunity to ob- serve it, for the sun was shining bright, but

It seemed to be

it was evidently on a hunt, for it dropped into a thicket in pursuit of a small mammal and [I saw it no more, Oregon.

Is it not very rare in western

GEO, D. PEcK, Sslem, Ore.

[Mr. C. W. Swallow, reports several seen Mr. W. B. Mallies, reports them in the vicinity of Cedar Mills, and one was shot near Portland, with a dead junco in its talons. Ep.]

near Oregon City, during February.

EDITOR, OREGON NATURALIST:

Dear Sir:—In the August number of the OREGON NATURALIST, 1895, Mr. H. C, Lillie, of Visalia, Cal., questions the identity of the Hummer that I observed bathing near Santa Barbara, I want to say in justice to Mr. Lillie and the readers of the ‘‘NATURALIST,” that I believe him to be right. It was many years ago that I made the observation and had carried the idea that the ‘‘Anna” and ‘*Ruby- throat were identical.

G. W. Harvey, Kanab, Utah, Feb. oth, 1896.

THE OREGON

NATURALIST.

EASTERN DEPARTMENT,

CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR,

CHAT.

Look out for the migrants.

Weare pleased to announce the addition pete e+ Drowne, whose first installment of ‘‘Spile

Mr.

Drowne is in every way capable of discuss-

to our staff of writers of Mr. Scraping,’’ appears in this number.

ing ‘‘invertebrata’’ and we can_ safely promise many interesting articles from his pen.

The writer has received notes appropri- ate to ‘‘Odd and Peculiar Nests”’ from the following gentlemen; Mr. Angus Gaines, Mr. L. B. Gilmore, Mr. J. H. Bowles and desires hereby to thank them for the interest shown. As before stated stated, this ‘‘Report’’ is made under the auspices of the Oologists Association, and will probably be out sometime in June.

The articles following Evolution and Disease viz: ‘‘Disease and its Effects,”’ ‘“‘Vestigial Structures,’’ ‘‘Dichotomy,”’ ‘*Atavism,”’ ‘‘Malformation,”’ begin in the May number.

etc. will

SPILE SCRAPING AND SOME OF THE MARINE INVERTEBRATES OBTAINED BY IT.

Spile scraping or post scraping yields to the collector of marine invertebrates a great many interesting and important forms. Those who live near the salt water, in places where there are wharves, can, with the aid of a scrape-net, become acquainted with a good many of the lower forms of animal life, which live either attached to the spiles or in the masses: of hy- droid and algae usually found on sunken posts.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The only articles required for this kind of col- lecting are a smal] boat, narrow enough to pass between the posts in the wharves, a couple of pails and a scrape-net.

Iie, Hie The scrape-net, is of a quite peculiar shape which I have tried to illustrate in Fig, 1. this drawing A represents the handle, which should be eight or nine feet long, tough wood, BBC the iron frame work of

In and of

the net, and D the net itself. The net should be of strong twine wlth meshes about a quarter of an inch in diameter. The part C or the blade is sharp and curved inward slightly so as to scrape the spiles more effect- ively.

To meet with the most success a good day should be chosen, when low tide comes at the time which is to be spent collecting and when the water is smooth.

Having provided ourselves with the neces- sary tools we will get into the boat row to the nearest wharf which we will suppose to be a good one for collecting.

I will say at this point that the collector must learn by experience where to go to ob- tain the best results, for, while one wharf may yieldan abundance of specimens another wharf, perhaps within a few hundred feet of the first, may be an exceedingly poor col- lecting ground.

Two persons make just the right number to manage the work properly, one to do the scraping, and the other to guide the

AI

boat among the spiles. Upon arrival at the should let the

down into the water as far as he can

wharf the ‘‘scraper” net

with- out letting go the handle and clasp it against the post he intends to scrape, in the manner shown by Fig, 2.

Then pressing hard on the handle so as to keep the blade against the post pull up the net scraping the side of the post as clean as possible.

Thus the animals detached from the spile fall into the net and in a good collecting ground this operation does not have to be re- peated many times before the pails begin to fill with specimens.

Although the handling of the scrape-net may seem very hard at first, after a while it will become easier although I do not think that even a skilled operator would call it easy.

Now that I have described the methods of collecting, I will note briefly some of the invertebrates which I found on the spiles at Woods Holl, Mass.

42 THE

GRANTIA SP.

This little caleareus sponge was quite com- mon. They vary from one-half to over an inch in length, and are found aftached to

the spiles by a root like base, usually in

clusters. They are of a dirty straw color. LEUCOSOLENIA SP.

ae rene cr pe

This is another sponge which is not so

Its color A fair be obtained from the

easy to obtain as the preceeding. is the same as that of Grantia. idea of how it looks can

cut. METRIDIUM MARGINATUM.

The common Sea Anemone was_ brought up in the scrape-net quite often. It was found attached to Mussel shells and more frequently to the spile itself.. None of those found were very large.

When expanded» the Metridium is beautiful but as its

when in the least disturbed, it

very it draws in tentacles must be carefully approached if one would see it in its full beauty, When the spile, if they are placed in some /reyi sea

water, they usually expand,

detached from

OREGON NATURALIST.

CRIBRELLA SANGUINOLENTA.

Once in a while one of these bright red The in preserving liquid and they become pinkish white in

starfish come up in the scrape-net.

bright red soon disappears color. They have five rays and measure three

inches or more in diameter. ARBATIA PUNCTULATA.

This urchin was very seldom met with on the spiles, though it was quite common in of the

running water on the under sides

rocks. Che color is dark, almost black, and the spines are quite long. F, P. DROWNE,

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON MIGRATIONS.

To every true student of ornithology there is nO more interesting or more pleasurable occupation than that of watching the migra- tions of his feathered friends.

To many, however, who would desire to “so about it’ in a systematic manner, the difficulty of finding an appropriate method, ; resents itself as an all but insurmountable obstacle, and with this view in mind I offer my little experience to ‘‘ye editor” and as he was gracious enough to allow it to pass his waste basket, I will proceed, First as toour stationery: First and most important, a note book. The most convenient size is an oblong book about five inches long by three inches wide, opening at the end, and held together when closed by a strong rubber band. Next a large plainly ruled invoice book, about the size of an ordinary sheet of ‘legal cap’? when it is properly folded, These are all you need as far as paper is concerned. The rest of your outfit must consist largely of enthusiasm. Now of course we’ know that we can find the birds amy where, but the best way by far is to select a certain route and go over it twice a day regularly at, say about 9:30 a.m.and 4:30 p. m. each day. Now in selecting a ‘‘vou/e’’ I have always found one

which if possible takes in a variety of topo-

THe OREGON NATURALIST. 43

For

instance, my route consists of a stroll of about

graphical features, the most lucrative.

a mile in length, first down into a valley along the south side of a hill, which slopes gradually to a marsh and is thickly covered with oaks; and here le: me say, is where I find my birds the most plentiful—from here across a_ pasture and through some isolated clumps of trees standing in it, thence across a low marshy stretch of land to the sea shore, and then for some distance along the sea shore to where the forest runs down to the shore, and then through the pine forest home.

Of course, all are not blessed with such a wide variety of ‘‘locations” as have been, des- scribed, but where it isnot, the route should be made as varied as possible. As you walk along with your eyes on the tree top, or bush top as the case ymay]j be, each species or if possible each individual (approximate) should be carefully noted in your note book?and then

when you return, be sureand note the ¢empera- ture direction and force of wind, aud condition of atmosphere, and don’t forget to put it down, Then at night after having gone over the route again, you should reduce the whole to as com- pact a form as possible, draw your own deduct- ions from your notes as to the effect of temp- ertureetc., upon the number of birds seen, and enter the whole under its proper date in your note book.

~ If this is kept up throughout the year; by glancing over your notes you will be at once able to tell the beginning, height and ending of the migration of any of the species you have observed, and many a valuable hint have I received from my notes as [ have read them over. At the end of the migration season I always make it a practice to recapitulate the seasons work and write it out in full,

Before you are fully familiar with the birds of your location, take along your gun for the purpose of identification, and if you are a col- lector, carry it with you always; you will learn why, before you have gone over the route very many times.

MERGANSER,

The above are outlines of some Indian relics I found in Champaign county not long ago, Fig, 1 is a grooved stone ax, Fig, 2 astone bead made of jet black material with bluish green lines running through it. Fig. 3 is a stone hatchet which I found when I found the ax. All three are perfect specimens and highly polished. The bead has been used considerably as can be seen from the worn end.

Harry E, SPALDING.

Champaign, II],

\

In OREGON NATURALIST for January, I advertised a catalogue of Government Publica- tions. The first order for it came by telegraph, reaching me the same day that the magazine, Other orders have been I will not advertise a book in your journal unless I have

containing the notice, coming in ever since. Hereafter a whole library to dispose of. I don’t know how many readers you may have but those whom [I hear from are widely scattered,

ANGUS GAINES.

‘Blue Jays, in several instances have been seen preying on the English Sparrow.” Cuas. C. Camp, Portage, Wis.

44

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these lines, indicates that your subscription has expired. A prompt re- newal is requested.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological Association.

EDITORS, A. B. AVERILL, PORTLAND, ORE. C. PURDUM, BALTIMORE, MD.

Die Ge

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: One Mean 4" ey elena To Foreign Countries -~— -

50 Cents - 60 Cents

ADVERTISING RATES:

SPACE IMO. 3MO. 6MO. IYR. YAP INEM: soa ceeisecenses $ .25 $ .65 $1.10 1.90 Dom chyisss. cee aaeceess 250) Isto) 7 190)") 3.10 Jha Obs cacyits asiasciee 1.75 4.00 6.40 I1.10 TOpage rte acco gsc: 3.40 7.70 12.70 22.00 It J SETS: Ganoocoosecsce 6.25 15.00 25.00 42.75

Entered at the Post Office Oregon, as second-class matter.

at Portland,

Articles and items of interest on different branches of Natural History solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST. 14614 SIXTH ST.

Portland, Oregon.

Marcu, 1896.

Now that the Oologists’ harvest has begun, young collectors should bear in mind, that aset of eggs about which there is the least question in the col- lectors mind, is worthless. If you are not sufficiently familiar with the bird to recognize it by sight, secure the parent bird, and here again mistakes are often made. Be sure you get the owner of the set, When this can not be done, let the eggs remain to fulfill their destiny.

A good field-glass will he found an useful adjunct to the Oologists’ outfit.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Fred H. Andrus, of Elkton, Or. who is working to secure our ;premium offer of Davie’s Taxidermy, writes: ‘‘I find that nearly all live collectors are already subscribers to your paper.”’

Patrons of the Dr. A. E. Foote’s establishment, during this month can secure large reductions on minerals and books, owing to removal to new quarters.

The lowa Ornithologist, was so unfor- tunate as to have its entire January issue burned, while in transit from the printers. Mr. Savage writes, that it will be reprinted at once.

Mr: C., A. Sharpe;. the. “Erie and Huron” agent, at Pt. Lambton, Ont. has perfected a system by which tele- graphy, can be learned by mail. -4,A sample lesson will be sent for stun. by addressing A. E. Pub. Co. Box 24, Roberts Landing, Mich.

The following publications have sieeet received. Sixth Annual Report Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Souis, Mo. 1895. Pp. 134, Pl. 56 plus 6.

Regular agents for the sale of Garden publications, are Dr. A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia, W. Wesley & Son, of London, and R. Friedlander & Sohn, of Berlin.

**Second Report of the State Zoologist including a synopsis of the Entom- ostraca, of Minnesota,’’ with descriptions of related species comprising all known forms from the United States, included

in the orders Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda. By C. L. Herrick and C. H. Turner. Pp.525, Pl. 81. This work

is ‘‘Zoological Series II,’’ of the, ‘‘Geo- logical and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Henry F. Nachtrieb, State

Zoologist.”’ Electric Light Bug or Belostoma. By Theodore William Schaefer, M. D.

Kansas City, Mo. Birds of Narbeth,

Pa. and vicinity, by W. E. Rotzell, M. D. Narbeth, Pa. Some Vestigial Struct: ures in Man By W. E. Rotzell, M.

D. Narbeth, Pa.

The Observer, March. The Natural- ists Chronicle, February. Vegetarian, February. The Nidologist, March. The Oologist, January. The Baltimore Cac- tus Journal, February. LeNaturaliste Canadien, January. The Dog Fancier, February. Gameland, February. The Mineral Collector, March. The Numis- matist, February. Printers’ Ink, Febru- ary The Naturalists Journal, February.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DO YOU WANT CURIOS ? THEN READ THIS:

There has been placed for sale in my hands a fine collection of curios of the sav- ages of different islands in the South Sea and Oceanica. The articles are strictly first-class, as is also everything else | present in this issue. 1 would especially call attention of lovers of the curious and artistic to the Japanese Devil Faces. They are of the highest type of Japanese art, no two being alike. The accompanying cut will give an idea of their appearance. | respectfully solicit your order.

ED A. SCHLOTH, 205 1-2. Washington St., Portland, Or.

TRICE | PricE EAcH. ) Eacu. 5 Shell Crowns, used as head-dress by Samoan | Box Chinese Bone Jackstraws................+. 35 WOME UE chats te (ease etre cog wt ailagsvalecsi si love .. $ 1 25 | Japanese Bronze Pocket Stamp Box, handsome. . 25 6 New Guinea Fetich Necklaces, with large shell Japanese Paper Knife, bronze, very fine......... 25 pendant, worn as charm to prevent death...... 200 Japanese Bowand Four Arrows............-++- 25 1 New Guinea Warrior Shield, wood, 1 ft. by 2 | ‘A@Evandsomie yapanese Vdse\.. een cee eee ec 25 tein cecorited In) colorsisso4scecs< sc eo: 5 | 1 Marshall Island Grass Mat, woven in colors.. . Uh 1 Piece Fiji ‘l'apa Cloth, figured with curious de- | Yfj sign in black; made from cocoanut-tree fiber. . . Z - 1 Caroline Island Loin Cloth, finely woven in col- | S

ors, extremely handsome, 2 yards long........ New Guinea ‘‘Lava-Lava,”’ or Loin Dress, BER COM DIELS nas Ppt R avacdare sroid cisatin ater ia, sisssvelae t New Caledonia Loin Dress, made of inner bark

ONTOS AREER SOR OCGes CCL tn ake ere terre 2 Samoan War Clubs, tronwood, 2 ft. long...... Salomon Island War Club, heavy wood........ 1 New Guinea Witch’s Rattle, or Drum, snake-

skin head, used by witch doctor, hard to get... 2 New Guinea Bamboo Pines, 1% and 2 ft. long,

figured with black design ............-2.+-005 2 New Guinea Lime Spoons, used by the lime- eaters, large and smallsize............ #2 00 to FijiCanoe Model, 1 ft. long................. 12 Samoan Shel] Necklaces........ 0.2.00 sme00 1 New Guinea Ironwood Idol, not very chaste... . 1 Australian Boomerang, heavy wood...........

MISCELLANEOUS.

12 Navajo Indian Necklaces, wampum and beads,

Wil Drab alOneimendant =<. <ytarercusccvelaleseasserore. dvaarsrovers 12 Indian Necklaces, red, white and black beads. 1 Sioux War Club, horse-tail ornament, handle

covered with beads, very handsome. .......... 1 Sioux Pipestone Pipe Bowl..... .......... : Indian Newspaper, printed in Cherokee......... '% Yard Arctic Lagoon Grass Mat.............. 1 Alaska Indian Idol, arms broken off... .......

H

cal

cl

Indian Jawbone from Oregon shell mound....... 50 | é Esquimaux Models of snowshoe, ice pick, bear |“Japanese Devil Faces, will grace a cabinet or spear, snow..staff, etc............ DAP Ane e 25tosc; mantel, something that is curious and attracts rt Walrus Skull, with fine tusks PA ny oe eae I5 00! attention; nioney refunded if not satisfactory, Buffalo Horns, polished. pair................... Busol||” \Ennee sizesmaecee RE AGB EAR Ha Aen 35c, 60c and I I5 Perfect Arrowheads ........ ngokorn idiots botanic 5 | All articles sent post paid on re- Japanese Silk Panels, embroidered in silk and ar- int OF - tistically painted, landscapes, etc., handsome. eo) || oe or price. i . ; 2 Var. Chinese Nuts.........-.. Isdesoen ceca 5! Lhave a large list of single specimens of 5 Different Chinese or Japanese Curios.......... 1°’ Stone Indian Relics, Coins, Curios, Marine Chinese Back-Scratchers, bone, very curious. .... 2 ae : aii ’ 2 4 Chinese Straw Slippers, pair ..-: 2.20.00. 00> 30 | Specimens, Chinese and Japanese Curios, Min-

Pueblo Indian Pottery Vessel, from New Mexico. 5 erals, Alaskan Curios, Etc. Write me your

Pueblo Pottery, animal shapes.................. ois ee ‘ ; ; i Navajo Clubs, rawhide, tail ornament .......... 2 00 | wants. All letter s_of nga red aa Navajo Beads, given to Indians by Spanish mis- |stamp, Everything I handle is first-class. geepanesi 20 SHES OMS lseGlee coeocc os once 25, | d

AVAJOPLAMBOUTINES 1.2 cee bose as enise nstco ene: 2 00 ; S Apache Steel-Pointed Feathered Arrows ...... . 25 Address, ED A. Sei JONNEI MeSiilyinesBagleGentsepcccen. sass Gees ce oe 5 205% Washington Street, Wloridan seam Beans: hosts eth sakes eit ae eae 5 i BR NICEMHOSSila ye sperma a Mas sate cle dasiatcte m ayeleeeivlels cere 5 Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON

Oregon Relics. |

For the next 30 days we ofler the following Typical Collection of Oregon Indian Relics. One perforated stone disk, One stone pestle. One stone hammer-head. One stone sinker. One spear head. Ten Oregon arrow points, Various beads, including copper

One stone ball,

no two alike. bead. Onecopper pendant, not large, used by Indians, presumably in some game. An assortment of the various materials used by the Indians in the manu- facture of their arrow and spear heads, and one Flat-head Indian skull. Each specimen in this lot-will be accompanied by reliable data. This will be found a good collection for educa- tional purposes, and is sold at the low price of $5.00 by express, at purchasers expense.

Address, D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

148 Sixth Street,

PORTLAND, - - - OREGON.

GET UP A CLUB.

In order to place the Oregon Naturalist in the hands of as many collectors as pos- sible, for ashort time only, $1.00 will be accepted for four subscriptions. provided

NATURALIST.

‘American Taxidermy.

A SERIES OF 160 PHOTOGRAPHS. ANIMALS, BIRDS, HEADS, ETC,

—OF GREAT INTEREST TO— SPORTSMEN-TAXIDERMISTS-NATURALISTS., —LIST NOW READY—

Ridgway’s Manual-Revised Edition.

Specials; daits'astirm—

—Hornaday’s Taxidermy.

COLLECTING TUBE— PISTOL GUN, STUFFED BIRDS FOR SCHOOL COLLECTIONS, NATURALISTS —S UPPLIES.—

FRANK BLAKE WEBSTER CO., HybeE PARK, Mass,

FOR SIXTY DAYS: ONE:

25 Different West Coast Shells, ) named. 30 cts. 10 Oregon Arrow Points. 35 cts. 10 Cat’s Eye, Ceylon. 30 cts. 10 Different Oregon Eggs, named. 35 cts. 1o Minerals, named. 25qCtSs 1o Chinese Horn Nuts. 15 cts. kes Postage paid. D. M. Averill & Co.

they are all new names. Portland, Oregon. &2 Mention this Paper, when writing to Subscribe Forthe Oregon our Advertisers. NATURALIST. OREGON FAUNA.

Specimens in the following branches for sale, (no exchanges ) price-list for

i>

BERNARD J.

BRETHERTON, Newport,

Stamp.

CONCHOLOGY ORNITHOLOGY MAMMALOGY LEPIDOPTERA FOSSILS AGATES

(Yaquina Bay) Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

MEXICAN clear as ice. Honey Opals,

OPALS. clear but showing no fire.

Milky Opals, with a beauti- ful play of delicate shades Of red and green fire.

Clear Red Opals, not common and very de- sirable. ‘The prices for these stones cut and polished, all ready for setting are according to size and quality, 75c., 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2,50 3.00, 4.00 and 5.00, A. M. BROWN, 146% 6th. St. Portland, Or.

DOYOU WANT | RARE, CHOICE, CHEAP. Perfect in,

FINE MINERALS, From all over the world? | CoiGt Mery. FAine Crystals, Brilliant colors, Wondeiful Combin- ations, Hundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn you Cabinet. Very low prices. Write tome. It will pay you. ARTHUR FULLER, Lock Box, 63, Lawrence, Kansas.

In the lot are Water Opals;

Quality, Beauty and |

Bea Bt elena

EOI EFINEMENT

AND TASTE,

Especially those with

an appreciation of the true and beautiful in Nature’s Realm, all interested in

THE Q)BSERVER,

PORTLAND, CONN. Subscription; $1.00 a Single Copy ro cents.

are

WE TEACH TELEGRAPHY BY MAIL. x Sample lesson for Stamp. A. E. Pus. Co., O. N. Box 24, Roberts Landing, Mich.

Je De MALICE IS

Taxidermist and Entomologist. CEDAR MILLS, WASHINGTON Co. OREGON. Birds, Fish, Animals, and Animal Tfeads mounted to order. Insects preserved.

Reptiles,

Scientific, Bird Skins made to order. Collections in Natural History made. Collections Sold to Schools and Colleges on Installment: .

Correspondence solicited. You cannot make more at-

LO 0 K H ER E tractive additions

to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoni and Profunda Corals.

The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x3% 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect

Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and 5oc.

Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design.

Address, Charles E. Briggs,

Lisbon, Iowa.

PATENTS,

CAVEATS, TRADE MARKS, DESIGN PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC. | CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. - JOHN A: SAUL, Atlantic Building, © Washington, D. C.

THE ALL STEEL CLIMBER.

2 year. | Won’t break, climbs any Tree, and lasts a life time.

| Price with strap $1.50, without; .80 cents. Address, } R. C. ALEXANDER,

| Plymouth, Mich.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Lost . . Times# Money

HE USUAL EX- § perience of those who buy packets ot but not so with

those who get them from

BLES W ORTEHLENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX

BAKERGId Y; OREGON. TRY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

Zoo Alle Different StamMpseeb ine neice sitereel sa 24

TOO! *- oe Sa, At eetae resteatevalay skexektalehetslers abies. 6 20

SOPs: o BS eS oe HO hId ockans nO DO obo bea 15

20) ue £3 FA Ue S 55. accra uae: .25

200 MorelgneS taps Gemt)s\- cei acete eee nae Heo

All sent post-paid on receipt of price. Stamps sent of approval to those send- ing good references. Good Selection of U. S. sent on approval to those sending a cash deposit. Scott's 56th Catalogue soc postpaid Address, ELLSWORTH LENTZ, LOCK BOX SIX BAKER CITY,

OREGON.

|

Procrastination is the Thiel Of Time.

But by waiting you will never be able to buy the ONE DOLLAR BLACK, unwater- marked, cheaper than we offer them now, $1.00 black perf.

2

3 Sides we.l centered, $1.25 | TOO uN “6 4 “* fairly well ‘‘ 1.754 T.OON cs ane penechhyaa- 2.00 | TOOT nas 4 ee ewithimearcin.s co}

In lots of 10 with one marginal stamp, 20.00

The above are all unused and o. g., if not

UNITED STATES STAMPS.

E8475, GCje orn icine wih cleveletuiers) stalel«ftleieied= ctatae eal aes $ 75 1847, 5C: (On COVER dine)» jan. cee eee See .80 TEST TC's, . Ae; spaitehd ware toe eat ee 1.50 1866; 5c-chocolatescn when «nsec cer toe cee pero 2.25 1860, OC OPE 2G ccectomioe 2 a ntecvs s ceiae eke een -60 EA6O) TSCUNUSEGS OS Oe erase eet teeters 4.50 1869, 15c SS) Spans .!-taeeie ee mete 10,00 TBGOQ5 JOC ose reres-55) v svesatssorasatetorays /albrere hers eV eeEE 3.00 1969; 2G reprints Of gu palrscee eee eee 15.00 1860, IC,!2c; (6c, Tocjreprints,,0.\g-, 2-1 ee 25.00 1860, 24¢ reprint, O12.) fine; ..)-t eeleistseieeieel 15.00 1869;. SAME Nose IM, Moers eerie 14.00 1869; 30C eprint MOM UIM, aes eis eisai 22 00 1869, goc reprint full gum, fine, ...........-.- 30.50 1893, $x Columbian, used, fine,.............- 5.00 1893, same unused, o. g. fine,.........-..---. 7.00 1893, $2 Columbian, unused, fine,............ 4.50 ALL VALUES IN STOCK. Justice, rc—12c (list $9.50) 0. g. ..-...-.-0ee- 7.50 War, complete. unused, 0. g. ......™.....-.-- 5.00

Any party having from $100 to $1rooo.co to invest, whether a Stamp Collector or not, I advise to drop ime a line, stating amount they wish to invest, and I am

sure Ican please them. I have pleased others! Why

1 ~ . not you? I gurantee from 6 to 25 per cent interest on

your money. Never lessthan 6 per cent. Why not write me? It can do you no harm to try.

Bi Ea MEE,

56 Fairmount Ave.,

NEWTON, Mass,

Boston Philatelic Society No. 172.

SHS ERRERR SR Standard . Fiacbskamm, ace. Stamp Co.

To. +4 Hicbolson Pt, St. Louis, Mo.

by not give US a trial? We bave very good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50 per cent discount: which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is SREE. STADDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every bookseller in the U.S. § Canada sells them. Insist on getting STANDARD Packets.

satisfactory when you receive them, lease re- |

turn the Stamps and get your Money back.

D. M. AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth Street,

Portland, Oregon. |

f Ten f . es eee & Bee 8 | USED POSTAGE STAMPS—SOLD. do. do. do. -PURCHASED —APPLY TO— JOSHUA C. F. BELGRAVE,

(Post Office Box 5) FONTABELLE, Clerk at

| Messrs. JAMEs A, LYNCH & Co. Barbados McGregor Street. ;

vo

THE OREGON

NATURKALISIL.

If you have Curios or Specimens of Natural History for

sale, try the OREGon NATURALI to reach buyers.

WE ARE WILLING TO PAY CASH

For all old U. S. Stamps, Envelopes, | Departments, Revenues, Western Franks | and old collections. You will realize more | cash by writing us, before disposing of | your stamps.

D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

148 SIxtTH ST. PORTLAND OREGON.

THE AQUARIUM, An illustrated quarterly magazine, for Students and Lovers of Nature Education and Recreation, Hugo Mulertt, F. I. R.S <A. Editor, Subscription rates one year, $1.00 Single copies, 25cts., each Sample copy free. Advertising rates on ap- plication. Address all communications to Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn, New York.

—THE—

MINERAL + COLLEGTOR, |

A Monthly Magazine |

—_mOR Tae

Collector, Student...

...and Dealer. ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN. EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample copy toc. | 26 JOHN ST. N.Y. CiTy.

“MUSIC LOVERS”

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send so cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor.

sT, three months for a medium

PLEASANT FIELDS AND WOODLANDS If you are fond ot fresh air and restful, rural] re- treats, read GAMELAND, the gentle magazine of outdoor life, It reveals virgin woods and waters, Yearly,to anyaddress,$1 Three trial numbers, 25c. No free copies. GAME- LAND Pus. Co., 13 Astor Place, New York, N.Y.

with the Oregon Naturalist, $1.25

DOUBLE &SINGLE

Guns of any and every description. In stock or made to order. Write to us stating wants and we will quote prices.

Address JAMES H. JOHNSTON,

| Great Western Gun Works.

Pittsburgh Pa.

If You are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, a monthly magazine for only 25 cts. per year, with THE OREGON NATURALIST, 55 cts. Sample copy free. Address: R. W. FRENCH, HARTLAND, WASHINGTON.

‘Some Say They Are Unlucky.

WHAT? OPALS!!

I do not believe a word of it, And in

buying OPALS, a little knowledge of what is

good and really cheap will be found most desirable. “Strong men believe in cause and effect;”—not in luck.

Hunt up ‘‘ad” on another page with prices, 82 I guarantee Satisfaction.

I, M. MARSH, Delavan, Illinois.

| A. M. BROWN, 146% 6th. St. Portland, Or.

ESTABLISHED : - : : : Fae DR. A. E. FOOTE Warren M. Foote, Manager, 1224-26-28 N. Forty-first St., Philadelphia, Pa. U.S. A.

MINERALS:

INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS of rarest and choicest varieties for collectors and museums.

SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS comprising carefully arranged and accurately labelled type specimens otf all common or important species, especially adapted for educational work,

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, Minerals for Laboratory, Detatched Crystals, Microscopical Mounts.

THE LARGEST and most varied stock of Minecals in the World. Not an idle boast but an undisputed statement of fact supported by repeated comparisons.

1876

Owing to the enormous stock accumulated, our facilities for furnishing mineralogica! material of every kind and quality are unequalled. In no other establishment in the world are such a number of rare and beautiful specimens displayed for sale. Our collections for ed- ucational purposes are unexcelled for practical value, attractive appearance and low prices.

SEND for Illustrated Catalogue, The ‘‘Supplement” contains full description of rare and beautiful specimens received during the past year as well as a magnificient photo-engraving of Quartz Crystals. FREE.

THOUSANDS of beautiful Minerals at astonisbingly low prices—5c to 50c for Choice Cabinet Specimens. .

Send usa trial order for Minerals on approval. Postage, freight or expressage to be paid by you with privilege of returning such as are not wanted,

° Oy (es PAMPHLETS, PAPERS, PROCEED-

S Ci l e ntitic B O O k DINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES, JOURNALS, ETC.

An immense stock. Catalogues published in all branches of Natural and Physical Science,

such as Geology, Mineralcgy, Mining, Botany, Zoology, General Science, Microscopy, Physics, Electricity, Chemistry, Ethnology, Agriculture, Education and Medicine in all its branches,

JUST PUBLISHED:—Minerals and How to Study Them.—a book for beginners in Mineralogy. 380 pages, illustrated with 300 engravings, Published at $1.50. OUR PRICE $1.20. By E.S, Dana of Yale College, author of ‘‘Sixth edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy.” etc. etc.

of beautiful varieties offered are A Few Among Thousands the following, some of which, like the Opalized Wood, and clear Halites, are almost unknown because of their newness and rarity:— NOTE:—Ten cents to one dollar, will buy choice specimens. AMERICAN.

OPALIZED Woop, _JASPERIZED Woop. QUARTZ CRYSTALS, (in a great variety of forms), DIAMONDIFEROUS METEORIC [RON, (polished). CHALCOTRICHITrE, RED WULFENITE. VANADINITE, AZURITE, MALACHITE. RUBELLITE. COLEMANITE. HANKSITE. LAWSONITE (new). HALITx (groups of cubes). HALITE (clear, modified cubo octahedr ns’. SELENITE, (large crystals and clear cleavages), Topaz. AMAZON-STONE. BLUE BARITE. BROOKITE, ICELAND SPAR, (amethystine and yellow, with Marcasite). | SPHALERITE, (ruby blende). CHALCOPYRITE, on pearl spar, GREEN SPALACrITES. TURQUOIS. YELLOW WULFENITE. GREEN UPAL, mottled with red. Moss AGATE. EMERALD. PyRriTE, dis- torted cubes. |. CHONDRODITE RIPIDOLITE. HERKIMER COUNTY QUARTZ, BROWN TOURMALINE, ZINCITE, FRANKLINITE. MAGNETITE OCrAHEDRONS (modified). NORTH CAROLINA QUARTZES. ALASKA GARNETS.

FOREIGN. ROLEITE. APATITE. HEULANDITE. REALGAR. RUTILATED QUARTZ, FLUORITE, (various colors and forms). BARIrE. CALCITE, several forms, HEMATITE. PAISBERGITE.

SULPHUR, in several forms, HAUVERITE. SELENITE, (including sulphur crystals), ARAGON- ITE. HEMATITE, PYRITE. ANGLESITE.

Ge 02130338 CG070728 ¢ Vol. Ill, APRIL, 1896. No. 4. 9 THE

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

Exchange Column.

Our Exchange Column is free toall subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word.

TO EXCHANGE.— Opals both rough and polished. Garnets and all New England Minerals, for Western

minerals and ores. Robert Burnham, Dennis, Mass.

BILL — A Confederate bill to exchange for each Oregon Arrow point sent me. Geo. O. Greene Box 41. Princeton II!

I HAVE—several skins of the Beautiful Trogon from Mexico, good native skins, for exchange. Write what you have to the Portland Bird Store r10%-First St. Portland, Or,

TO EXCHANGE:—All kinds of Musical Instruments and Music. Write stating what you have for exchange. I. M. Marsh, Delavan, Iil.

WANTED:—The addresses of collectors who can furnish crystalized specimens and crystal groups, whole- sale. Would like correspondent ort Wrangel, Alaska and Province of Ontario, Funda Bay district, and Yellow Stone National Park, Address, R. A Edwards, 1004 Union St., Wilmington, Deleware.

SIX—different Numbers of Vol. II, Oregon Natural- ist, our choice, for 15 cts. postpaid. D. M- Averill & Co.

TROGON Skin, and all kinds of South Sea Island Curios and Shells, to exchange for Live Ferrets, Fox, Squirrels, Red-birds, Mocking-birds, Rose breasted Grosbeaks, large Snakes, etc. Write what you have, to Portland Bird Store, 110% First St., Portland, Or.

Birds, Animal and Snake Skins, Eggs in sets or singles original data. Skulls of Alligator, Wild-cat, Turtles, Fox, Fish, etc., that I will exchange for Guns, Fishing tackle, Musical Instruments, Ornithological, Taxiderm- ist and other instruments. Glass Eyes, good Books on Conchology, Zoology, Oology or Taxidermy. A. M. Nicholson, Orlando, Fla.

I offer identified Land and F. W. Shells, Silurian Fossils and Indian Relics of this section, for identified Shells, Fossils, Minerals, copies of Oregon Naturalist, Books on Natural Science, etc. Send list and receive mine, Allen Jesse Reynolds, Box, 802, Connersville, Indiana.

EXCHANGE:—Fossils and a few first-class Alco- holic specimens with data, for coins. Harry E. Spald- ing. 202 So, Neil St., Champaign, Illinois.

WANTED:—No’s, 2 and sof vol. 1, Naturalist, of Austin, Texas. Six months subscription to the Oregon D. M.

Naturalist, will be given for each number, Averill & Co., 148 Sixth Si., Portland, Or.

I HAVE a few pieces of Pottery, found within one- half mile of Ft. Winnebago, that I will exchange for Arrows from other places. Chas. C. Camp, Portage,

Wis. 5

FOR EXCHANGE-—I will exchange a secret for trapping Foxes by scent, which will call them one-half mile to the trap. The scent has to be made in April, Until May rs5th I will exchange the secret for #10.co cash or $2.00

and it costs you nothing to make it.

worth of such things as I can use, in the line of Micro- scopes, Telescopes, Field-glasses, Mounted Birds, Rare Eggs, Books or U. S. Stamps. 4&=No postals answered. Walter E. McLain, New Vineyard, Maine.

I WILL exchange scientific books and magazines to the value of $20.00, for an American Typewriter in good condition. List sent on request. P. Wilbur Shoop, Box 157, Abingdon, IIl.

TO EXCHANGE-—A large list of Fossils; want fine showy Minerals, cloth bound Books and Sets, Geo. W. Dixon, Watertown, S. D.

FOR SALE—A good 22 cal. Rifle in fine condition Write for further particulars and description, inclosing stamp, for reply, Harry E. Spaulding, 202 S. Neil St. Champaign, Ill.

$3.50 cash; cost $5.50 when new.

WANTED—Correspondence with Mineral Collectors. Good Western Minerals for exchange. T. E. Fleming, Kewanee, Ill.

FOR SALE—A good collection of Stamps, Foreign

and U.S., list value about $140, about rooo Fossils from Cayugo Co., 50 dollars worth of Indian Relics, several hundred specimens of rock, many kinds from Cayuga Co. Address, J. Minchin, Fleming, Cayuga, Co,, Neu

LOT of curiosities, Printing Press, size’ of form 2%x4 inches, Coins, Bills, Albums and Stamps, War and Indian Relics to exchange for U. S. Stamps, Fencing Foils, Masks, Striking Bag and other athletic goods, List for 4c. stsmp. R. D. Hay, Winston, N.C.

THE AUK, vol. xii, 1895. For Sale, Price 1.75 post-paid. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Port- Jand, Oregon.

WILD West and Southern Museum, to exchange for good clean Dry goodsand Notions. It is a valuable coliection of stuffed Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish and Land Curios, Shells, War and Indian goods, South Sea Islands etc. Mrs. N. J. Rofinette, Democrat, Va.

IF YOU want fancy Chickens or Eggs for hatching write enclosing Stamp to H. L. Johnson, Diamond, Cal. PAN SY Medals, Confederate Money, Old

Bills, Fractional Currency, or de-

sirable Curios generally. Send most anything worth from one dime to ten, and I will give you good value in Seeds—List Free. David B. Woodbury, P. O. Box 45, Paris, Maine.

and other fine Seeds to exchange for OLD or RARE Stamps, Coins,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Way COLEEE TION OF TH108, OREGON EGGS

is going, is going, but there are a few choice, desirable and rare sets still left such as Sooty Grouse, Oregon Ruffed Grouse, Macgilliv- ray s Warblerand Varied Thrush. In the next 30 days this collection

OO tg ous Blas a Bae

notwithstanding the slaughter of prices. If you dont want to be left out of this snap, send for price- Het.<.it is wee.

ARTHUR L. POPE. MeMINNVIELE? ~~ ~ OREGON.

*

THE OREGON

PORTLAND - BIRD

STORE.

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

PARROTS, FANCY #4 SINGING BIRDS

MONGOLIAN, SILVER AND GOLDEN PHEASANTS FANCY PIGEONS, FERRETS, GOLD FISH, ETC,

BrrbDs SHIPPED BY EXPRESS.

veewsrneros §=PQMiland, On, MiOBEMALEEIS,-&:

AND STA Taxidermist and Entomologist. CEDAR MILLS, WASHINGTON Co. As I will shortly Orders will now be taken for

OREGON. make my annual col- lecting trip. Insects and Skins, to be filled in after October. All back orders now unfilled, will be filled at that date.

The Baltimore Cactus Journal.

A monthly publication devoted to the culture of Cacti and suc- culent plants, interesting arti- cles from collectors, growers and prominent amateur culti-

vators. Subscription 50c. per

OFFICE 213 E. LOMBARD ST, year. BALTIMORE, MD.

Send for Sample Copy.

rotation

OREGON BIRD POINTS. 3cts. each g for 25 cts. under 25 cts. require 2 cts. postage,

D, M. AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth Street, Portland, Oregon.

Orders for

NATURALIST.

SIOUX INDIAN RELKSS

SENT BY--EXPRESS PREPAID Aq FOLLOWING PRICES: —

White quartz stone head war clubs, rawhide covered handle, with steer tail pennants $2.25ea,

Large war bows, with good sinew string 1.50 ea. Steel point arrows, 3 feathered, 8 for $1.00 Full beaded squaw moccasins, $1.10 per pr. ss ‘© buck’s as G1 25 Seite

Elks teeth, .10, .15, .20, 359, 50s 75 and $1.00 each.

Full beaded knife scabbards, -75 cents each.

-25, -25, -35, -50 and Long bone bead hair ornaments, .75 and $1.00 per pair,

Large red pipestone pipes, .75, $1, and 1.25 ea, Long hair head dresses, fancy porcupine quill worked, .50 and .75 each.

Calf skins tanned, with hair on, $1 and 1.25 ea. Rawhide food bags, fancy painted, 50c each,

33 letter a Sf 250°

Partial beaded moccasins 9 to 10% inches long

60c, per pr. Bargain list for 2c, stamp. — SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

E. C. SWIGEiaS

LOCK BOX 325, Gordon, Nebraska.

€ CALIFORNIA. . CURIOSITIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, Trap- door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c. &c. Just the goods for Curio and Shell Dealers to handle.

Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

G. W. TUTTLE, - - Pasadena, California. For The Oregon

Subscribe iveaict

a7 Mention this Paper, when writing to

our Advertisers.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Buys my latest

ONE DIME bargain. THE)

MARINE PACKAGE. |

|

Containing Cowry, Sun Ray and Scallop

Shells, Red Sea Bean, Alligator Tooth and Tarpon Scale.

READ THESE NEW PRICES !!

Resurrection Moss, ‘‘turns green when put in water,” small, 5c. large, 10c. Imperfect Arrowheads, 20c. doz., 50 for 60c., 100 for $1.00. Indian Beads, 10c. each. Indian arrow heads, perfect, 6c. 5 for 25c. se Seen meio 35 C55 SCS) per dozens very fine, 1.20 per. doz, Indian wampum, 25c. doz. now I§c. doz. Net Sinkers, 20c. each. Pottery, large 5 to 1.00. small 10c, per doz. Perfect scrapers 10c,each. 3 for 25c Perfect spearheads 15, 20, 25, 35 40, 50 & Serrated and Rotary points, fine I5c. Giant liver beans, 25c now I0c, Satin-s) ur scarf pins,35c. now 5c. Fossil shark teeth 5 to 0c. Egyptian sacred lotus seeds 2 for 5°, 5 for toc. East India soap berries 2 for 5c, 5 for 1oc. Brown banded sea beans I 5c, now 5c. Red, yellow or drab sea beans, assorted 15¢ doz. Large buffalo teeth 20c, now Ioc. Tarpon scales 10c: now §c, 3 for roc. Fine lot Pentiem.tes; heads 5 tu 10c, stems 10c adoz., 6stems and 1 head Ioc. Alligator teeth 1c, to 50, 10 to 2.50, per doz. Fac simile of $100 confederate bill, tc. Agatized wood , fine spec, 5c.to $1. Petrified wood, fine spec. 5c, to $1. Receptaculites Owenil, (sunflower coral, ) this locaiity, rare, 5c, to 50c. Beautiful Striped Jasper Pebbles, 2 for 5 cts. Purple Sea Urchins, 5 to ro cts. Brown Jug Watch Charms, 1 for 2 cts. Satin Spar, 5c. to $1.00. Crystalized Gypsum, 5¢, to $5.00. Gypsum, veined, sc. to $1.00. Full set of Fac-Simile Revolutionary Currency, toc. Crabs’ eyes, (genuine eye stones) 5c. Shell Collections, 25c. to $25.00. Sand Shark eggs, 5c. Chinese Lottery Tickets, roc. doz. Chinese Poker Chips, roc, doz. Lobster Claws, Atlantic, 15 cts. Otp ALMaANacs; dates from 1851 to 1856, in good con- dition various kinds. 5c. 6 for 25 c. 12 for 40 cents, Otp Newspapers; 1851 to 1854, 6 for 25 cts.

Eclipse Cabinet of 25 Curiosities, 25 cents. Young Idea Cabinet of 15 Varieties Rere Minerals, 25 cts.

Price List SENT FREE, ¥ Send silver, stamps, or money-order.-@&8

R.E.BARTLETT, 87 State St. Rockford

of é ee

C 75C

Ills.

OR a short time we will offer Rinehardt’s Boek of Receipts, that tells how to manufacture good selling articles at an enormous profit.

i 3 receipt alone, is worth the price we ask for this book. It is not a large publication—but a valuable one.

Le is one tenth the price Rinehardt, sold them for. We purchased the sole agency of this work

(.10) about one year ago, and now offer you the benefit. 1o cents, post-paid.

Address, A. M. BROWN & CO., 14614 SIXTH STREET, PORTLAND, OREGON.

Revolvers,

» Bend stamp SS for Price List. GunWorks,Pittsburgh,Pa-

Guns of any and every description. In stock or made to order. Write to us stating wants and we will quote prices. Address JAMES H. JOHNSTON, Great Western Gun Works. Pittsburgh Pa.

“MUSIC LOVERS” Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacheér

Send so cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a

book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor. I, M. MARSH, Delavan, Illinois. You cannot

LOOK HERE! make more at- tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals. The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25C. 2X3%2 35C, 3X3 50C., postpaid. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and Soc. Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design.

Address, Charles E. Briggs,

Lisbon, lowa.

ga@S> Mention this paper when writing to our Advertisers.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

CRYSTALS! CRYSTALS!

The Old North State is still holding its own in the pro- duction of fine Crystals. The following are a few of the many fine things from this state:

QUARTZES, clear smoked and purple. | MICA, bright emerald-green crystals, new QUARTZES, with large water bubbles. jand rare.

QUARTZES, with inclusions of Rutile. GARNET, large crystals and fine pieces for QUARTZES, with inclusions of Mica. cutting,

QUARTZES, with inclusions of Clays, all] CYANITE, bright blue blades and crystals. handsome, | GOETHITE, splendid groups of velvet black. QUARTZES, with rare planes, found no| MAGNETITE, large octahedrons.

where else. | HIDDENITE, small crystals.

ZIRCONS, perfect tetrahedral Crystals. | TIN-ORE, black and brown crystals, AMETHYST, singleand groups, some with) RUTILE, needle crystals and large sections. Rutile. OLIGOCLASE, pearly cleavages.

BERYLS, yellow and green, CORUNDUM ecrystais, tints. TOURMALINES, black and dark-brown, ALLANITE, in matrix, etc., etc.,

MICA, brown crystals. | & Also a full line of fine Indian Relics.

The prices of any of the above are

lower than ever. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

te Send registered letter or bank draft, and please men-

tion this paper. Collection sent on approval.

Seme gled e Renal HENRY, Lincoln County — North Carolina.

THE, «JREGON

p<

Sk

NATURALIST.

Vou. ITT.

KODIAK ISLAND.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF ALASKA.

Research has shown that geographical distribution of species, is governed largely by climatic conditions, to a certain extent regardless of latitude. With this in mind, the writer will endeavor to familiarize the reader, with the climatic conditions exist- ing on Kodiak Island, before passing to the main object of this paper.

Kodiak Island, lies on the west side of what is known as the Gulf of Alaska, in Wie elt is separated from the mainland on its west coast by Shelikoff Straits, which have an average width of thirty marine miles. The total length of the island is about

Lat. 55.00, N. and Long 153.00,

seventy-five miles, and an average breadth of forty miles, but its coasts are so heavily indented with bays, that in several places the island may be crossed fromeast to west by a portage of only ten or fifteen miles. It is bare of timber, ex- cepting a small portion on the northeast- ern extremity, which, together with the adjacent islan of Afognak, is thickly

covered with spruce and small fir. The main island is entirely surrounded

PoRTLAND, OREGON, APRIL, 1896.

with small islands varying in size from the needle like structures rising abrubtly from the sea, to the larger bodiesof land such as Sitkalidak, Spruce and Whale islands.

Topographically, Kodiak is extremely rough. there being no main chain of mountains or back bone, it might appropri- ately be described as a lump of bumps rising out of the ocean; for as the highest peaks only reach an altitude of two thou- sand feet, they are hardly to be considered as mountains. The two principal settle- ments on the island, are Karluck and Kodiak, the former on the southwest corner of the island, is the center of the Salmon Cannery trade, and probably the largest plant of its kind in the world.

Kodiak, is the headquarters of the Alaska Commercial Co., and also the North American Commercial Co., the tur trade of Alaska being divided between them. It is one of the oidest settlements of Alaska, and Baranoff, the celebrated Russianruler, maintained his headquarters at Kodiak, for many years before he founded the town of Sitka.

Although Sitka and Kodiak, are in the same degree of latitude, they vary greatly in temperature, climate and fauna, in fact slight similarity exists between the two

46

places.

In climate, Kodiak is neither arctic nor temperate, but rather intermediate be- tween the two, and perhaps the best way to convey a correct impression to the reader’s mind, will be to describe, an average year, month by month.

The first of January, finds the island covered with a deep mantle of snow, furious gales sweep over hill and valley, tearing shingles off the houses, blowing down fences and occasionally driving the thermometer down to a point at which cattle freeze to death in the very settle- ments, snow falling almost continously. During February, the winds are not so boisterous, and the snow-storms are less frequent, and bright sunny days begin to break the monotony of the long dark winter; for it must be borne in mind that at this time of the year, there is but from five to seven hours of daylight, and on The ocean does not freeze, but as the tide

snowy days not half that number.

recedes, the water on the beach freezes so that the bowlders in time, accumulate coat upon coat of ice, and assume prodig- ious proportions, and great rolls of ice mark the height to which each tide has risen. In extreme winters, the small sheltered bays freeze over. March, and the first half of April, differ but little from February, excepting that the days grow longer, snow storms less frequent, so that is then practical. Towards the latter end of April, the heat of the sun begins to make an impression on the snow, so that by the

first week in May, bare spots on the

a crust forms and snow-shoe travel

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

Then comes June, with its extremely long days and

southern hillsides appear.

warm sunshine, soon driving away the re- ‘mainder of the winter’s snow, and giving of wild flowers, characteristic of this northern territory.

birth to myriads

To the traveler, these long days almost devoid of night, are really harder to get used to than the dark winter months; for it is not easy to go to bed and sleep in broad daylight, at least, not to most people. July and August, are generally warm, and would be pleasant months, were it not for the frequent heavy winds. About the middle of September, the rains commence, and last with but little inter- ruption through to the end of November. Then it begins to freeze, and continues to do so until the ground is frozen solid for a considerable depth, how deep I do not know, because 1 never could succeed in driving a pick down deeper than a couple of inches.

I wish to call the readers attention to two facts in this connection; first, that the ground freezes to considerable depth before the snow falls; second, that the fall of snow is quite heavy.

1 do so because a good deal has been written by unscrupulous persons about the ‘‘agricultural resources”? of Alaska, and particular stress has been laid on the advantages of Kodiak Island for cattle raising, allof which is pure and unadulter- ated ‘‘trash.”’

Before passing to the avi-fauna of this region, a few words relating to the mam- mals, may not be out of place. The only large terrestial mammals found on Kodiak

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 47

island, is the barren-ground bear—the American black bear, having been intro- duced during the writers residence there. Two races of foxes; the black and red, and a hybrid between the two, locally known as the cross fox, the otter, a local variety of Spermophile, or ground squirrel, the ermine-weasel, brown-rat, common house mouse, brown-bat, also, probably shrews, comprise the list as_ far as Known.

In a community whose inhabitants sub- sist almost entirely by hunting, it becomes almost impossible for any animal to exist without its presence being known; there- fore it is safe to say that the above small list contains nearly all the mammals found on the island.

Although the writer believes that the following list of birds, though small, is reasonably complete, yet, the peculiar geographical position of the island makes it almost impossible in anything short of a life’s experience. to compile a list con- taining all the migrant species that visit this island on their route to their breeding grounds farther to the north.

The birds of the island may be divided into four classes, namely: Residents; Winter Migrants; Summer Migrants and Visitors.

By residents is meant those birds which pass their entire existence on the island, Winter species which spend the winter months in the

or the waters surrounding it.

migrants, are those northern

vicinity, but breed in higher latitudes.

Summer migrants, are those which come to the island to raise their young, and

then depart.

Visitants are birds which stop on the island while on their way to, or from their breeding grounds.

In compiling the following list, I am greatly indebted to Mr. William J. Fisher, for the use of his notes, also for a description of the capture of ‘‘Fisher’s Petiteli?7

Aechmophorus occidentalis, WESTERN GREBE.

A resident living on the coast in winter, and retiring to the lakes in summer to breed.

During the stormy months of winter, from December to the following May, this Grebe is very common in all the small bays on the island; it then resorts to the lakes on the island, choosing those in the interior and most inaccessible, where they raise their young in security.

Colymbus nigricollis californicus, AMERICAN EARED GREBE.

Like A. occidentalis in habits, but does not associate with it.

Urinator pacificus, PACIFIC LOON.

A summer migrant, arriving about the iniddle of May; nests in June, and leaves about the first of September. On account of its large size, and a habit it has of fly- ing round before it finally alights, makes the arrival of this bird very noticeable.

These birds approach the island from the east, flying very high and in pairs, seeming at once to give their attention to selecting a suitable place to nest. They

fly from one lake to another, describing large circles in the air, and giving forth

48 THE OREGON their harsh cry, which gives rise to their native name of ‘‘Googara.” They were never noticed to arrive in the night, as many migrants do. Eggs of this species were obtained in June, and on the ninth of July a downy chick was taken from a nest on Lesnoy island, that had been visited four days previous, and then contained eggs. A number of the young re-

main throughout the winter, and specimens in

5

Pr

the first plumage were taken November

1891, and December gth, 1892.

46 vs [ahr x AY a ON ;

- ARSE.

SECTION OF BLUFF, SHOWING NESTING TUNNEL OF

-\ Sea entrance.

NR Ni AY

NATURALIST.

Lunda cirrhata, TUFTED PUFFIN.

A summer migrant, arriving about the first of June, and nesting on the small islands; associating with the next species, but is not nearly so numerous, being in a ratio of about one to twenty.

But four nests of this species were founds all were in crevices in the rocks, and zof in bur- rows.

About the first of September they all leave

Vay

‘i WY (i &

14

SWEAT

RN Shak

FRATERCULA CORNICULATA, B. Land entrance.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

and are seen no more until the following spring. Fratercula corniculata, HORNED PUFFIN. Summer migrant, arriving about the first of On

first arriving, these birds do a great deal of

June, and remaining until September.

flying; they gather in bands, and sit perched on the rocky face of some high bluff, and keep up a continuous whistling call, at irregular the

bluff and fly a short distance out to sea and

intervals the whole band will leave return.

The eggs of this species are laid in a tunnel, or burrow, dug in the ground by the bird, and afew handfuls of dry grass and feathers consti- tute the nest. (From my own experience, I have never known the nest of this species to be in crevices in the rocks),

The construction of the tunnelis unique; it The

nesting site, is some high rocky bluff overhang-

always has an opening at both ends,

ing the sea, and near the top where the soil lies on the rock, the bird commences its exca- vations, first constructing a sort of runway for a few feet along the face of the bluff, then go- ing directly inward, sometimes in a straight line, while others are crooked. In the same way, the length of the tunnel is very variable, and the nest may be at most any distance from two to ten feet from the face of the bluff, From the nest, the tunnel passes on inland, making a sharp upward turn to the surface of the ground, Only one egg is laid; it being of a dead white color and lusterless, having much the appearance of chalk, The surface is very rough,

Both parents assist in incubation, and the

chick is hatched about the the first part of July.

49

On the eleventh of July, 1893, a nest containing an egg was found; the possession was desperately contested by the parent bird; on investigation, the egg was found to contain a check ready to hatch, which was covered with a heavy black down,

The same burrows are used year after year, but whether by the same birds or not was not ascertained. Some burrows have by long usage become as large as rabbit holes, while newly made ones, are only just large enough to admit the birds, Both entrances are used in- discriminately by the bird, and it is surprising to see with what accuracy they can fly directly into the holes in the ground.

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON.

MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.

[The work of the N, O, A., for February. ]

The members of the Northwestern Orni- thological Association, living near Portland, held their monthly meeting Friday evening March, 2oth.

The subject under study for the past month, was the Mountain Partridge; after a well pre- pared article had been read by Mr. Rey S. Stryker, the topic was thoroughly discussed.

The principal characteristics and nesting

habits of this bird, are probably too well known, to need publication again.

Mr Stryker, records this bird as very com- mon several years ago in southern Oregon, and says that as many as twenty-five or thirty, have been caught in traps at one time. Several times he remembers of catching the the

Partridges, so that in Southern Oregon these

California Partridges, with Mountain

two birds intermingle. But contrary to the

statements of some of the works on Ornithology,

50 THE OREGON

no record can be found of the California Part- ridge inhabiting the region any where around Portland

‘Last summer, as I was going through a wooded piece of land, I suddenly ran on to an old mother quail, and when she flew, the ground seemed literally alive with young ones. I caught nine of them and by that time all the Six to fifteen eggs of a

Of six nests I

rest had escaped. cream color are usually layed. have examinea, two were beside large fir trees, and contained ten and fifteen eggs respectively, two were beside small stumps,and contained ten and fifteen eggs; one was under a cedar bush, and had six eggs, and the last was near an old house, and contained twelve eggs. Only two of these sets were fresh.’ >

Mr. Ellis F, Hadley, of Newberg, writes: “<I have several Mountain Partridges, in con- finement in an aviary, and they are as healthy and as well contented as those outside, Two pair I have had about three years, For a while, I had about a dozen of these birds, but they all escaped, and with the exception of four birds, they all went away, but these four, stayed about the yard and tried to get back in the aviary, and they were tame enough to let us catch them and put them back.

“They lay in confinement, and begin about April 25th; but I have in the past, had too many in the inclosure, and they would not in- cubate the eggs.. bands of from eight to forty in the fall, and stay in

‘Mountain Partridges, gather in

bands all winter, till about March 15th, when they begin to pair,

‘-They generally roost on the ground, but I have a few times, on a wet stormy night seen

a whole band go up in some bushy young fir

NATURALIST.

tree. ‘‘They sometimes lay their eggs in a Grouse, or Pheasant nest.” Mr, Arthur L, Pope, of McMinnville, writes: “The Mountain Partridge, begins its call

about the same time as the Sooty Grouse, the

time varying with the season.”

‘‘All the nests that have come to my notice, were found in June, and I have collected fresh As I

have not known of any eggs being found in

eggs in the latter part of that month.

any other month, I am led to believe that Their

nests do not differ materially from those of the

only one brood is raised in a season, grouse. Sometimes they are well concealed, and at other times conspicuously in plain view. A nest found last season was situated in the side of a small bank; a tree was growing on the bank, and its roots which had been washed bare by high water, were hanging down the side of the bank, and in behind these roots was the Partridge’s nest, containing fourteen fresh eggs—a queer place furnished with the finest of natures curtains, The eggs are nearly always badly stained on one side.”

Mr Hoskins states that this bird usually be - gins its call in February, but this year he heard one on January 23d. He hasa pair of these birds in confinement, and at the proper time last year they made a nest inside a small box, that was in the avairy, scratching out a small hollow in the ground and lining it with fir leaves, which was the only material they could get. They layed fourteen eggs, laying I be- The hen

set on them, and about the last of June hatched

lieve, about one every three. days. them all. Although small, they were very bright, and when any one came near the en-

closure, they would get out and hide in the

a

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

grass. The chickens took advantage of this, andit was soon discovered that they had killed the last one.

Mr, William L, Finley, records the Mount- ain Partridge, as being very common in the southwestern part of Oregon, in certain parts of Coos and Curry counties.

The nesting of this bird in that locality, seems to be the’last of June and the first of While out

on a hunting trip on August 9th, and roth,

July, and only one brood is raised,

1895,’ he saw {large ,pumbers of these birds, They were all in coveys of from ten to forty, and most of them were just about half grown, while some were just able to fly. The only old birds that were seen, were one or two with each covey.

They are not hunted much in that locality, . and are quite tame,

If one_is quiet for a few moments, after a covey has been flushed, the old bird will get on a log, or? some raised place and begin calling, and soon is answered by others of the scattered covey, and in a very short time they are all together again.

The Mountain Partridge, is the only species of the partridge that was seen in that locality.

An effort has been made to find the differ- ence between the Mountain Partridge and_ the Plumed Partridge, as they are given as_ separ- ate species, but no distinction has been reported. They are probably one and the same bird, and is merely another instance, of a species, that has been divided and sub-divided, until one cannot positively identify{a bird even if he has that

the best works on Ornithology, are

published. It is doubtful in the extreme, whether the very men? that 'did the dividing,

could tell one of the birds from the other, un-

51

less they had a large series of specimens to compare them with. Take for instance the Flicker, it has been divided from the western species, into the western and north western species, and from the works on Ornithology, one has no way of distinguishing one from the other; they inhabit the same territory; build the same nests, and lay the same eggs; all the difference claimed, is that one is a little darker than the other, and an amateur has no way of telling, when he collects a set of Flicker’s eggs in Oregon, whether he has a set of Colapates cafer, or C, He might kill each bird when he took a set of their eggs, He

might send them East for identification, but it

cater saturatior.

but even then he could not determine. is a question whether he would then know any

more about it. Wi le Fe

AN ALBINO JUNCO.

Feb 16th, 1896, an Albino Oregon Junco, was around all day with a large band of Oregon Juncos. Its’ under parts were pure white; upper parts cream colored; head and neck, which are generally black, were a very light tan; wings and tail white; all the dark on it was a very narrow ring around the base of its mandibles, which was biown, It seemed to be in full plumage and good health,

Eis F. HADLEY, Dayton, Or.

March 25th, I collected my {first set this season; 14—Western Meadow Lark, incuba- tion begun. The earliest record previous to this that I have, is April, 14th, 1895.

ELLs F, HADLEY,

Dayton, Or.

52 THE OREGON

NATURAL HISTORY IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL!

Wishing to ascertain whether or not Natural History had penetrated the public schools, I visited a primary school lately to investigate. The teacher was a lady well known as a writer of juveniles and of historical sketches, and who under the name of ‘‘A. Hoosier,’’ assisted in com- piling the Life of Linco/n, now running in McClure’s Magazine.

She informed me that no instruction in any branch of science was included in the curriculum, but that she was allowed con- siderable freedom of choice, and could impart information and direct studies in lines not directly included in the school work as she saw fit.

To my disappointment, I was not allowed to hear a recitation, but was re- quested to talk to the school.

Almost all the boys, and most of the girls, informed me that thev had been fish- ing, and they knew the names and peculiarities of many kinds of fishes, something about their food, and how little catfishes, burrowed in the mud, or hid themselves in mussel shells. They had no acquaintance however, with with the habits of nest building fishes, and did not know that certain species took care of their young. The habits of the Stickle- backs, were new to them, and when I told how [had once “‘seen a father Stickleback, whip his wife, for eating up her own babies, the children were delighted, but the teacher gravely remonstrated with me.

The children were of an enquiring turn, and I learned that they had been keeping horse hairs in bottles of water in the school room, to ascertain whether or not their teacher was right when she _ told them that horse hairs would not turn to worms or snakes.

I spoke of the rarity of Bluebirds, and declared that the severe weather of over a

NATURALIST.

year ago had almost exterminated them. At this, several hands went up in various parts of the room. One boy declared that he had seen Bluebirds lately, and gave me a description of them, which showed at once that he was a close observer, and that the bird he had seen, was not a Blue- bird, Sialia sialis, but a Bluejay, Cyano- cittacristata. Another boy who had seen Bluebirds, described the Indigo bird, Passerina cyanea, which is fairly common here, frequenting the edges of old fields, and nesting in clumps of shrubbery, or in isolated bushes, often near the ground.

All boys know that fine feathers do not make fine birds, but town boys naturally think that blue feathers do make blue birds, and | am afraid that my own explanation,that a bird may be blue without being a Bluebird, was not very luminous, and I was glad to shift the subject to birds’ nests.

| showed the school a series of Photo- °

graphs of birds nests, some taken by my- self and others by Mr. E. S. Cheney, well known to the readers of the Oregon Naturalist.

Some pictures of Grebe nests aroused their curiosity. Few of them knew the Grebe by that name, though most. of them were acquainted with our represent- ative of the Podicipidae, the ‘‘Didipper,”’ or “‘Dabchick,’’ Podilymbus podiceps.

These curious tailless birds, breed farther north, but are always common herein October and November, and the school knew much of their habits, how they refused to take flight, and could dodge stones and’ bullets by diving. Several boys confessed that they had thrown stones at them, at which their teacher was very properly horrified, though I refused to be shocked, callously regard- ing stoning ‘‘Didippers,’? as the most innocent sport imaginable.

One small boy knew the Wren, ‘‘very little fellows, who hold their tails differ-

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

ently from other birds, come about houses and build their nests in sheds and barns.”’ He described their eggs pretty accurately, and said that the family he had watched, raised their young safely and flew away.

Other children had watched various birds, and before our topics were ex- hausted the hour for dismissal came. When the pupils had departed, I had an opportunity to examine the schoolroom, and found it a very attractive place. There was a good array of maps and charts, a painted vine with green leaves and red blossoms was twined about one of the blackboards, a grooved stone celt served as a paper weight on the table, and in the window, there was a row of thrifty pot plants and a glass jar contain- ing bones immersed in some _ liquid, probably to show that an acid will make bones flexible by acting upon their carbon- ate of lime. The walls were hung with the portraits of great men, though | tailed to recognize any naturalist among them, at which I was surprised, for who could be more appropriately introduced to children as a subject of study and a model to emulate than Darwin, or Agassiz?

There was a well filled bookcase in one corner of the room, and in the only other available corner was the school‘‘museum.”’ A number of shelves had been nailed in the corner, and the collection they held had been made exclusively by the children. I think that there was not an object there, that had been bought, or that had been given by any older person. There were several boxes of stones, many of which were simply water-worn pebbles collected because they looked pretty, but there were also crinoids, crinoidal limestone, Zaphrentes, Holocystes, impressions of carboniferous plants and a fair display of fossil corals. mostly Favosites and Organ pipes.

The children had certainly gathered enough in,this line, to illustrate, many

53

valuable lessons in Biology, and to show the use of each object in studying Ge- ology.

I noticed the skulls of a cat and of a rat, also several turtle shells. Picking up one of the latter | expressed regret that so harmless an animal should have been sacrificed, but was informed that only the dry shell had been found, and that none of the boys were cruel enough to kill little animals.

All the articles in the cabinet had been used as texts for school talks, and every one contributing a specimen was expected to contribute some facts regarding it. Being asked to furnish an outline for a talk on some specimen I selected a small olive-green turtle shell, and having been informed that one of these tuttles had been kept in an aquarium in the school- room and that the school was interested in it, wrote:

“PAINTED TORTOISE. (Chrysemys marginata)

Upper shell called carapace. Lower shell called plastron. Divisions of shell called scutes.

In life, carapace was marked with a narrow red stripe along middle row of scutes, and red crescents on the outer scutes; which are called marginals. Marks now faded. Neck and legs beauti- fully marked with yellow.

Harmless. Feeds on worms and insects. Burrows in mud. Goes into water to avoid rain. Fondof basking in sunshine and of floating near surface of water with only tip of nose exposed.

Lays eggs 14x% inches in diameter.

Buries itself in mud in middle of Oc- tober, and sleeps until April.”’

The teacher informed me, that she had received no training in Natural Science, yet 1 inferred from what I saw of the school, that she possessed in a marked de- gree, a talent for interesting her pupils in the study of nature, and for prompting

54

them to investigate and find things out for themselves. |] was sure from my conversation with them that the boys and girls had done remarkably well, consider- ing their circumstances, and | appreciated the knowledge and tact that had been exercised in training them to think and observe.

Where schoolrooms are over-crowded, and teachers over-worked, it is not easy to see how any school could do much better than this one, yet I venture a few suggestions regarding ‘primary school ‘‘museums.”’

Pupils giving specimens, should mount them, or furnish little boxes to display them in, and all specimens should be labelled. This would dignify the specimen, and add to its importance.

A catalog should be kept of all speci- mens, and after each entry, any interest- ing facts should be written down by the discoverer and preserved.

Children value their rights just as ‘old folks’? do, and all gifts shouid be credited to the donor either on the label, or in the catalog.

Boys and girls often have collections of their own which they cannot give away, but which they would be glad to lend if such loans were appreciated.

Any form of collecting, or experiment- ing—which inflicts suffering or death upon any animal, should not be tolerated.

An herbarium would be a good addition to the ordinary school cabinet. Some large heavy book of no value for anything else, could be used for this purpose. Con- tributors should bring in their offerings every day pressed and dried, and the “‘Curator of the Herbarium,”’ chosen from among the pupils, could secure the speci- mens to the leaves with slips of gummed paper.

Any boy or girl could learn, with a little showing, how to make plaster casts of suitable objects for the school.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

I believe that the plan of work I have suggested would lighten the teachers’ labor, instead of adding to them.

ANGUS GAINES, Vincennes, Ind.

SCHOOL MUSEUMS.

Ten years ago the Editor of the ‘Naturalists’ Journal, speaking to a conference of ‘teachers, ventured to predict that before long Natural History would be‘brought forward in schools as a class subject, and some things then rigidly insisted upon would have to give way; bnt the conference laughed. The progress of ‘events, however has shown that he was right, and now we find learning from things, in preference to an exclusive book-learning, more and more insisted upon. The reason is not far to seek, be- cause the evidence isso plain. The study of leaf nature is in itself an education, and a natural- ist, although perhaps an unlettered man, is ‘We know naturalists who can neither read nor write (few of this sort certainly) who for exercise of mental.capacity, are far ahead of others who have had-a college education, not that we de- precate a good schooling—it is a desirable thing, and we wish it had been our lot. But what we go insist on is that the study of Nature shall have its proper place—which is no mean place—along with other subjects, The- progress during the last ten years has been very gratifying indeed.

nevertheless an edncated man.

To be_bnief: a;teacher may take his or her class to. a-public museum, give lessons there to the pupils, and mark their attendance as if they were at school. The Education Department, has issued an order. that Natural History Object Lessons are to be more frequently given, and the children en- couraged to bring objects to the school, for the purpose of elicicing information upon them; there is in consequence, a growing desire to form School Museums, In this special matter there is however, one thing more that needs to be done, and that is the appointment of In-

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

structors whose duty it shall be to go from place to place, giving instructions to teachers how these Museums must be formed, and in- specting what has been done. ‘The establish- ment of a School Museum, is by no means an expensive matter if properly carried out; it is a work which may largely be done by teachers and pupils, who in doing it receive the in- formation they seek, and the health they need, but now so often lack,

At present the matter is left, in most cases, entirely with the teacher. School authorities too seldom vote money for this object, and the teacher has to do it out of his or her own pocket. The consequence is that little or no regard is paid to what is obtained, anything is accepted and put in a cupboard (if the school happens to have one) in most cases without any plan or system, and if the objects have their names attached, that is usually all. ‘The time is probably not far distant when the Education Department will issue instructions how these School Museums-should be formed, but as they have not done so yet, it may be useful if we give our opinion.

In the first place the schoul should be pro- vided with a folding-door yglass-fronted speu- men case, the lower part having drawers, of a size proportionate to the size of the school, and aiso a number of small boxes movable lids.

with glass The next important thing is to havea plan to work to, and whenever anything is obtained to put it in its proper place, so that the Museum shows at a glance to every scholar who looks at it what the system of Nature is, In addition to this, every object should have attached to it, not only its name, but an ex- planatory note giving its life-history in brief, and its economic utility, Within easy reach of most schools there is ample material in the way of rocks, plants, insects, shells, etc., which need only to be gathered in, and this could very well be done by the class going out one half-day a-week, and surely in every school there is at least one teacher who could man- ipulate the objects, and put them up in their exhibition boxes, and it should be so arranged that he could have at any rate one day a week

55 for this work, Representative objects of de- partments not obtainable in the district would be presented by someone, or in some cases it may be necessary to purchase. The Museum Room should be so situated as to be accessible to all the school, and to other schools under the same board, and it should be open free on Saturdays to anyone. — Zhe Naturalists Journal, Huddersfield, England.

Editor Oregon Naturalist:—In Robert W. Haines,’ valuable and interesting article in February Oregon Naturalist, a point suggests itself to me, which I think would bear investi- ‘gation.

In his article, he says of the Sage Grouse: ‘*They may be found in large flocks during winter, and until about the first of Apri!, when scatter out, *** During the seasun of incubation the females

they began to pair and remain solitary; the males do not assist in these duties, but flock together, and remain thus un- _ til fall, when they are joined again by their mates,” From this it appears that the Sage Grouse remains paired only a short period in early spring, or if paired. the mates remain apart from each other. If this is true, it is a habit worthy of notice, as nearly all birds, even of the grouse family, in my experience, remain mated at least through the whole nesting season.

Now the N. O. A. work for April, is on the Dusky and Sooty Grouse, and in the early future the Sage Grouse, will be taken up, Let every person on the coast send in his notes, giving especial attention to mating habits. It does not seem probable that one species of grouse yemains paired only a short period in spring, and another the whole season, but possibly it is a fact. Ifso, we should confirm it, if mot, the facts should be made known. The young ornithologist, need not be discour- aged and think that there is no field in which he may gain faine.

Hoping that the ornithologists of the coast will take an interest in this question, I am, Yours in Ornithology,

ARTHUR LAMSON POPE,

56 PETROGLYPHS IN OREGON.

[Taken from the ‘‘Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Pages 104-106].

Many bowlders and rock escarpments at the Dalles of the Columbia river, Oregon, are covered with incised or pecked glyphs. Some of them are representations of human figures,but characters of other forms predomin- ate.

Mr, Albert S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, reports the discovery by him, in 1878, of rock etchings 4 miles from Gaston,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

est the mouth o¢ the canyon, consists of hori- zontal zigzag lines and a detached straight line, On another side of the same rock is a series of oblique parallel lines. Some of the most striking characters found upon

also horizontal.

other exposed portions of the rock appear to be human ftigures, i. e., circles to which radiating lines are attached, and bear indications of eyes and mouth, long vertical lines running downward as if to represent the body, and terminating in a furcation, as if intended for legs, toes. etc. To the right of one figure is an arm and three-fingered hand (similar to

FIG. 69,—PETROGLYPHS IN LAKE COUNTY, OREGON.

Oregon, and 2% miles from the ancient settle- ment of the Tualati (or Atfalati) Indians. These etchings are about 100 feet above the valley bottom on six rocks of soft sandstone, projecting from the grassy hillside of Patten’s valley, opposite Darling Smith’s farm, and are surrounded with timher on two sides,

This sandstone ledge extends for one-eighth of a mile horizontally along the hillside, upon the projecting portions of which the inscrip- tions are found, These rocks differ greatly in size, and slant forward so that the inscribed portions are exposed to the frequent rains of that region. The first rock, or that one near-

some of the Moki characters), bent downward from the elbow, the humerus extending at a right angle from the body. Horizontal rows of short vertical lines are placed below and be- the figures, probably numerical marks of some kind,

tween some of

Other characters occur of various forms, the most striking being an arrow pointing upward, with two horizontal lines drawn across the shaft, and with vertical lines having short oblique lines attached thereto.

Mr. Gatschet remarks that the Tualati tell a trivial sto1y to explain the origin of these pictures, the substance of which is as follows:

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The Tillamuk warriors living on the Pacific coast were often at variance with the several Kalapuya tribes. One day, passing through Patten’s valley to invade the country of the Tnalati, they inquired of a woman how far they were from their camp. ‘The weman, de- sirous not to betray her own countrymen, said they were yet at a distance of one (or two?) days’ travel, This made them reflect over the intended invasion, and holding a council, they decided to withdraw. this the inscription, with i.s numeration marks, was incised by the Tualati.

Dr. Charles Rau received from Dr. James S. Denlson, physician at the Klamath agency, Lake county,

In commemoration of

Oregon, a communication relative to the practice of painting figures on rocks in the territory of the Klamath Indians in Oregon. There are in that neighborhood many rocks bearing painted figures; but Dr. Rau’s description refers specially to a single rock, called Kta-i Tupakshi (standing rock), situated about 50 yards north of Sprague river, and 150 yards from the junction of Sprague and Williamson rivers. It is about 10 feet high; 14 feet long; and 12 or 14 feet deep. Fig. 69, drawn one-twelfth of the natural size, illustrates the characier of the paintings seen on the smooth southern surface of this rock, The most frequent designs are single oz con- centric circles, like Fig. 69, @, which consists ofa dark red circle surrouided by a white one, the center being formed by a round red_ spot. Fig. 69, 4, painted in dark red and white colors, exhibits a Mahadeo-like shape; the straight appendage of the circle is provided on each side with short projecting lines, alternately red and white, and almost producing the effect of the so-called herring- bone ornament,

Fig. 69, ¢ and d, executed in dark red, are other designs seen on the standing rock above mentioned. The colors, which, as the inform- ant thinks, are rabbed in with grease, appear quite distinct on the dark surface of the rock.

somewhat

57

A HOME-MADE PRESS.

A cheap portable botanical press can be made by any one, at small or no expense, by taking two pieces of half inch board—the sides of any sma!l box can be taken, if of suitable thickness—and sawing them any convenient size; 8x13 will be found a good size, and large enough for most specimens; then nail two cleats, three inches longer than the width of the board, across each board near the ends, allowing the ends of each cleat to project be- yond the edge of board.

SHOWING ONE SIDE QF PRESS.

Place the boards together, with the cleats on the outside, and a quantity of paper and cloth, cut the same size as boards, between them, Pressure is applied by four strong rubber bands, such as can be bought at any stationers. Slip a band over the projecting ends of opposite cleats.

58

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these lines, indicates that your subscription has expired. A prompt re- newal is requested.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological Association.

EDITORS. ACB. AVERILL,

IES GNO CH IELON RID OM

PORTLAND, ORE. BALTIMORE, MD.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: One Year - - - - - 50 Cents

To Foreign Countries - =) ea, 50° Geniis

ADVERTISING RATES:

SPACE IMO. 3MO. 6MO. IYR. Ie ACH aase ese eeteees $ .25 $ .65 $1.10. 1.90 Tan ehis saasche asec.» {5OMe LO msl OO meelO RONDE LES cee nedbnccen 0-75 4.00 6240) Tiis1O AG DAB ase cunts see BAO | 7.70! 4t2,70" 22/00 Pagpage: seccmestcetias F255 Al 5.00)8/25.00: 4227/5

Entered at the Post Office at Oregon, as second-class matter.

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Articles and items of interest on different branches of Natural History solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST. 146 %4 SIXTH ST.

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APRIL, 18096.

All mail for the Oregon Naturalist, should be addressed to 146% Sixth Street.

aa

Read special offer for new subscribers in another column.

Some of the articles to appear in May are continuation of ‘‘Contribution to the Avi-fauna of Kodiak Island,” by B. J,

Bretherton, ‘‘Imported German Song Birds in Oregon,” by C. F. Pfluger, ‘‘Mountain Ash and Rattlesnake,” by Angus Gaines, and ‘‘Some Haida Tattoo Marks.”

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The following manuscript wiil be published shortly. A Mocking Bird, Animal Parasites, Peru and Peruvians, Sea Urchins. Sketches in Alaska, pertaining to its Natnral History, and Mr. C. F. Pfluger, will contribute each month an article on the of birds in Oregon, until the list is exhausted. The regular work of the Northwestern Ornithol-

Leaf Printing,

introduced European — species

ogical Association, will rot be neglected, and a contribution may be expected each

month.

Why not become a member of the N. O. A. the dues are only 50 cents per year en- titling you to all its benefits, including the

official organ free, It is rumored an ex-

change’ department among members will soon be instituted.

°

Manuscript for ‘‘Eastern Department,”

has not been received up to time of going to press.

the Pope collection, that can be secured at a

Some very fine sets yet remain in

bargain, mostly Mr, Pope’s personal collect- ing and identification,

Frank Blake Webster’s (Txaidermists, Hyde Park, Mass.) series of photographs from work and from life, has taken ten years to make, aside from their value to the taxiderm- ist, they will grace the album of any lover of Nature.

Collectors in want of fine in groups, crystals, inclusions, rare planes, or anything in quartz from North Carolina, or crystalized zircon, mica, garnet, hiddenite, — rutile etc., would do well to correspond with Mr. E. H. Harn, of Henry, N. C. who is offering some very fine specimens in his

advertisement on another page. a

quartz,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

THE IMPORTED AND ACCLIMATED GERMAN SONG BIRDS IN OREGON.

BY C, F, PFLUGER, THE SONG THRUSH, (7urdus musicus, Throstle or marvis, die Singdrossel).

Of these lovely and useful song-birds, 35 pairs were introduced into Oregon in 1889 and 1892, and since that time they have increased remarkably well.

The song-thrush is a _ well-known bird throughout Europe, and frequents woods near streams and meadows, and is one of those birds which, whether in a state of liberty or confinement, may always be listened to by the lover of melody with gratification. It is the finest of the imported singing-birds, not only for the sweetness and the great variety of its notes, but for the long continuance of them, as it delights us with its song for two- thirds of the year.

It migrates south about the middle of Sep- the

March, when every male may be found

tember, and it returns about first of singing his spring song, perched on the same tree from which he sang the year before.

Its food consists principally of worms, with which they feed their

young, and

various flying and creeping insects, larvae and caterpillars, is very partial to snails and is also fond of berries like all other birds.

The song-thrush prefers to build its nest on small pine or fir trees, or on oaks, pear and apple trees. The nest is large and is constructed of various kinds of lichen, mixed with earth, loam or cow dung. The female lays twice a year, from three to six greenish eggs, covered with blackish brown spots. The first brood is usually fledged about the middle or end of April. On the upper part

of the body the young have a spotty appear-

59

ance, The song-thrush builds by preference near water. It is eight inches and a half in length, of which the tail measures three

The beak is nine lines the half of the lower mandible, nearest the root, The iris

one inch in height, have a pale lead color.

inches and a half, long, horn brown, except which is yellow. is nut-brown; the feet, All the upper part of the body is olive-brown; the throat whitish yellow, with a black stripe down each side; the sides of the neck and and its breast, light reddish yellow, covered with numerous dark brown heart-shaped spots. The belly is white, with dark brown oval spots, Both rows of the larger wing coverts have triangular orange spots on the tips, the the

feathers greyish brown, as are also the tail

inner coverts are light orange; pen feathers, the outermost of which are edged with white on the external plume, In_ the female several little streaks are substituted for the black lines on the throat; the breast isa pale whitish yellow, and the orange tips of the wing coverts are not so large as in the male.

The song-thrush is a great enlivener of the woods—announcing from the highest trees the arrival of spring by its varied and beautiful song, and continuing its melody throughout the summer. It is especially fond of singing Am-

its

in the morning and evening twilight. of

charming song, which, as early as February,

ateurs prize it chiefly on account

at times is heard in such sonorous and melodious strains as to delight the whole neighborhood.

The naturalists have oftentimes called at- tention to the circumstance that thrushes render great service to men by destroying vast numbers of snails and injurious insects

and thcir larvae,

60 THE OREGON

TURTLE MORTAR.

There has recently been found on the Lower Columbia River a splendid specimen of Indian work in stone. A turtle, about six inches long by four in width. The head and tail project at right angles to the shell. the position observed in life, when at rest, and upon its back is a small mortar, with a com-

The legs have

paratively deep bowl. This relic of an ancient race, is carved out of trap rock, the entire surface worked smooth and showing a decided polish in many places. The workmanship and resemblance to life is marvelous, when its supposed origin is considered. This specimen now rests in the collection of an enthusiastic Portiand collector, and is one of his most

cherished possessions.

TACOMA, WASH.,-April 6th, 1896.—The Tacoma Rifle, Rod and Gun Club, is taking a very active interest in the introduction and

preservation of new species of game birds in Washington, the following resolution complimentary of ove

At a recent meeting of the Club, of our citizens was unaminously adopted:

‘*Whereas, Frank Alling has for the past two years been importing from the Orient, many valuable species of Pheasants, Quails and other game birds, and as said birds will within a few years add greatly to the number, value and variety of the game birds of Wash- ington,

Therefore, be it resolved, that the Tacoma Rifle, Rod and Gun Club, as a mark of its ap- preciation, does hereby make and constitute said Frank Alling, an honorary member of this Club, and further pledges to him its hearty co- operation in his work,

MERIDEN S, HILL.

At the last meeting of the Portland Annex, Mr. Rey Stryker, exhibited a Bullock’s Oriole nest, in which a Western Bluebird had become entangled and died. The Bluebird in its search for material to build its nest, had been caught around the neck by the horse-hair, in the Oriole’s nest and could not free itself,

NATURALIST,

THE NORTHWESTERN ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Organized Dec. 28th, 1894, Object—to advance the science of Ornithology in the Northwest. President; William L. Finley, 287 4th, St., Portland, Or., First vice- pres. Ellis F. Hadley, Dayton, Or. Second vice-pres.Guy Stryker, Milwaukie, Or. Sec. Arthur L. Pope, McMinnville, Or. Treas. Dorsie C. Bard,Portland,Or.

Any person interested in Ornithology, residing in the Northwest, may become an active member.

Any person interested in Ornithology may become an associate member.

The membership fee shall be fifty cents; this shall cover all dues to the first of January, after initiation.

The OREGON NATURALIST, shall be sent free to all members.

Applications for membership should. be sent to the Secretary.

CLUB RATES

We give a list of Magazines with the sub- scription price of each and the price which we can furnish them with the Oregon Naturalist.

WITH NATURALIST

THE OBSERVER. $1.00 ,, Saas Rocky MOunNTAIN STAMP. .25 Ae SICLSs THE AQUARIUM $1.00 me cS LS GAMELAND, $1.00 ‘** ‘© $1.25. MINERAL COLLECTOR $1.00 ‘* Pe Less THE NIDOLOGIST, $1.00 ‘S 6 SULTS. THE DoG FANCIER, 50cts. SE i miu tSs UNIVERSAL EXCHANGE50 cts. “f S65 S7REGES. FARMERS MONTHLY, 50 cts ‘ *¢ URIS TCESs BUSINESS JOURNAL, 50 cts. ‘‘ “65 cts. BALTIMORE CACTUS JOURNAL, 50c. 75 cts.

EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, 25cts. 55 cts THE NUMISMATIST, $1.00 $1.25

: v { j {

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DO YOU WANT CURIOS ? THEN READ THIS:

You will find something new each month —

PRICE Eacu. 5 Shell Crowns, used as head-dress by Tee a

PRICE Each. Box Chinese Bone Jackstraws........-....+++++ 35 Japanese Bronze Pocket Stamp Box, handsome. . 25 Japanese Paper Knife, bronze, very fine......... 25 Japanese Bow and Four Arrows........-...+.++ 25 A Handsome Japanese Vase ..............+.--- 25 2Vaga Chinese) Nuts 20 -sckee aisles ieiratares errors 5 5 Different Chinese or Japanese Curios.......... 10 Chinese Back-Scratchers, bone, very curious... .. 25 Chinese Straw) Slippers, pair \\..j.02e4-4..- sence Pueblo Indian Pottery Vessel, from New Mexico, 25 Pueblo Pottery, animal shapes See ae ASL Gt 35 Navajo Clubs, rawhide, tail ornament .......... 2 00 Navajo Beads, given to Indians by Spanish mis- sionaries, 200 years old, per doz............++- 25 INawajo) Dambourines: se<2 8. ecie lene eda es 2 00 Apache Steel-Pointed Feathered Arrows ...... : 25 WES. JElyine—Bagle: Gentsie ere .ceeioscisiniceies ae 5 Ploridags eat Bearise pictues be cst cia ta -oeteherre Poet 5

LU aN Xt

N

will grace a cabinet or

Japanese Devil Faces,

WISTTIER QO Oe JA COCUNARA MBO MoG Bere HEE ae Caer I 25 6 New Guinea Fetich Necklaces, with large chair

pendant, worn as charm to prevent death...... 2 00 1 New Guinea Warrior Shield, wood, I ft. by 2

ftir7/in.; decorated in'‘colors.)./..)....0.03.2.0.1 6 00 I Maishall Island Grass Mat, woven in colors... 2 00 1 Same, with 2 large boar tusks forming pendant. 2 25 1 Caroline Island Loin Cloth, finely woven in col-

ors, extremely handsome, 2 yards long........ 3 00 x New Guinea ‘‘Lava-Lava,’’ or Loin Dress,

PASC OMIPICL GN Oe ScAll celal oie tare el aie dhoye oye missainiee 2 00 1 New Caledonia Loin Dress, made of inner bark

ACT eraser iets ic ictales eS oa Wictels eagle cies owe oes 2 50 2 Samoan War Clubs, ironwood, 2 ft. long...... 5 00 1 Salomon Island War Club, heavy wood........ 5 00 1 New Guinea Witch’s Rattle, or Drum, snake-

skin head, used by witch doctor, hard to get... 6 oo 2 New Guinea Bamboo Pipes, 1% and 2 ft. long,

figured with black design ...........-...000.- 2 00 2 New Guinea Lime Spoons, used by the lime-

eaters, large and small size............ $2 oo to 2 50 1 Fiji Canoe Model, x ft. OMe erasns srogehe faeces 2 00 12 Samoan Shell Necklaces.................... 30 1 New Guinea Ironwood Idol, not very chaste.... 5 00 1 Australian Boomerang, heavy wood........... 4 00

STONE RELICS.

Mound Pottery Vessel, nearly perfect ...........- 5 00 Perforated Implement, disk-shaped, perfect...... I 50 Half-Section Perforated Hatchet ............... 50 Perforated Pendant, perfect:..........0--..555- 2 50 Grooved Hamm-e-s, perfect 06. os cea ie ea ce oe 2 50 Hammer, finer workmanship.................05 3 50 Burnt Arrowheads from sacrificial mound....... - Io Tnangular War Points ...25 | Ax, good........ 2 50 pearleads ys nok vic s\- +s o | Ax, slightly brok’n I 50 Flint Cutting Tool,small.t 25 | Cury’d Fish Spear 2 00 Arrow Truer or Smothers 50 | Broken Hammer. 50 Small Drill, perfect......2 50 | Plummet, pein 2 00 Skinners, perfect Eee tea aces I 5 Sinkers, large.. I 50

*« slightly nicked. . Large Skinners... 2 00 Pendant, chipped slightly. a Pestles....1 00: ito z 2 00 Hatchet,very small, fine. ee ae Small Mortar... . 5 00 Adze, nicked slightly. . Oregon Pipe..... 4 00 Bronze Spear Head..... "3 oo | Fine Scraper,'flint 1 50 Drill, leaf-shaped ...... 1 50| Pottery Fragm’ts. .. 15 Very Large Spearhead..3 00 | Lance Head..... 5 50

MISCELLANEOUS.

12 Navajo Indian Necklaces, wampum and beads,

muithyabalone pendant. 2.21... ons jase. denesecs ws 50 12 Indian Necklaces, red, white and black beads. 25 1 Sioux War Club, Horse: tail ornament, handle

covered with beads; very handsome. .......... 3 00 I Sioux Pipestone Pipe Howl................... 4 00 Indian Newspaper, printed in (Gherokee hess So) Alaska Bone Salmon Spear, 8 in. long........... 2 25 1 Alaska Indian Idol, arms broken off... ....... 75 Indian Jawbone from Oregon shell mound....... 50 Zuni Indian Charm Necklace, leather, Pesan ee I 75 Esquimaux Models of snowshoe, ice pick, bear

Speabs Snow staff, etease stash. ha ee 25 to 50 1 Walrus Skull, with fine CUSKS rele. tangas ee I5 00! Buffalo Horns, polished. pair................... 3 50 eneCE ATTOWHEAGS' sec so. inch oat eio. ec ae hs Japanese Silk Panels, embroidered in silk and ar

tistically painted, landscapes, etc., handsome. . 50 \

mantel, something that is curious and attracts attention; nioney refunded if not satisfactory,

35c, 6oc and I 15

BD Ay SCHLOTH, 205% Washington Street, Portland, Oregon. All articles sent post paid on re- eeipt of price. All letters of inquiry must contain stamp.

three sizes

Address,

ED A. SCHLOTH, 205 1-2 Washington St., Portiand, Or.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

PRORED UP

—THE-

MINERAL + GOLLEGTOR,

i REFINEMENT A Monthly Magazine

SND ab ta Fspecially those with

an appreciation of the

true and beautiful in

Nature’s Realm, are

all interested in

THE C)BSERVER,

PORTLAND, CONN.

$1-@0. 74

Subscription; year.

Single Copy to cents.

If YOU are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, a monthly magazine for only 25 cts. per year, with THE OREGON NATURALIST, 55 cts. Sample copy free. Address: Ro Wi FRENCH: HARTLAND, WASHINGTON.

FE B RUARY muca more reading than usual will be

given with cuts and biographies of the Interstate Phil, Association’s office:s, including the P. S. of A. Trustees. Price to non-subscribers 10c, ACOPY. No free copies mailed in that month, MA RC 5,000 COPIES wiil be mailed to benefit advertisers, Trans-

ient ads., $1.00 an Inch; 50 per cent discount on 3 mo. or more. SAMPLECOPY FREE. Address: The Evergreen State Philatelist, Hartland, Wash

|

¢.

FOR THES

Collector, Student...

and Dealer ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample copy toc. 26 JOHN ST. N. Y. CiTy.

PLEASANT FIELDS AND WOODLANDS If you are fond of fresh air and restful, rural re- treats, read GAMELAND, the gentle magazine of outdoor life. It reveals virgin woods and waters. Yearly,to any address, $1 Three trial numbers, 25c, No free copies. GaAME- LAND Pus. Co., 13 Astor Place, New York, N.Y.

| with the Oregon Naturalist, $1.25

THE AQUARIUM, An illustrated quarterly magazine, for Students and Lovers of Nature Education and Recreation. Hugo Mulertt, F. I. R.S A. Editor, | Subscription rates one year, $1.00 Single copies, 25cts., each Sample copy free. Advertising rates on ap- plication, Address all communications to Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn, New York.

THE NUMISMATIST,

The onE and onLy Magazine for Collectors and Students of Coinage. A sample copy will tellthe story better than words. Ten Cents will bring you two of them. Address,

Tue NuMISMATIST, Monroe, Mich.

\

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Procrastination Is the Thiel Of Time.

But by waiting you will never be able to buy the ONE DOLLAR BLACK, unwater- marked, cheaper than we offer them now,

$1.00 black perf. 3 sides well centered, $1.25

1.00 4 * fairly well «* 175) roo sueedeee ss opeliectliy na. 2.00 100m, << See oe a Withimarein: 3,00

In lots of 10 with one marginal stamp, 20.00 The above are all unused and o. g., if not satisfactory when you receive them, please re- turn the Stamps and get your Money back. D. M. AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth Street, - -

Portland, Oregon.

as much Do you know “7° STAMPS as you would like to know ?

Phen you want a copy of The Stamp Collector's Hand Book.

Prices

{ Paper 250. | Clothand Boards soc. &@ ONLY A FEW COPIES OF THE EDITION. C. W. KISSINGER,

1030 Penn St., - - Reading, Pa.

= Indian Baskets.

Beautitul weave; colored designs; na- tive dyes that will not run or fade. SHASTA SQUAW CAPS, $1.50

‘* SOUP BASKETS, hold water. $.1.50

** BASKETS, shallow. 75 cts. Pe deep. $2.00

ges Prices are post paid.

D. M. AVERILL & Co.

sé

PORTLAND. OREGON |

{

WE TEACH -TELEGRAPHY ‘BY MAIL. Sample lesson for Stamp. A. E. Pus. Co.,

O. N. Box 24, Roherts Landing, Mich.

PATENTS,

CAVEATS, TRADE MARKS, DESIGN PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, JOHN A. SAUL,

Atlantic Building, | Washington, D. C.

3 THE ALL STEEL CLIMBER.

Won't break, climbs any Tree, and lasts a life time. Price with strap $1.50, without; .80 cents. Address, R. C, ALEXANDER, Plymouth -Mich.

y § 4

Business Est. 1885. Flachskamm, «Nar.

Standard ». Stamp Co. °° 'st-couis, aso.

Wiby not give US a trial? We bave very good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50 per cent discount: which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE. STANDARD PACKETS are GOOD; every

= & ®

a

bookseller in the U.S. & Canada sells them.

Insist on getting STANDARD Packets. bee R EERE S

MEXICAN

OPALS clear but showing no fire. : Milky Opals, with a_beauti-

ful play of delicate shades of red and green fire.

Clear Red Opals, not common and very de- sirable. The prices for these stones cut and polished, all ready for setting are according to size and quality, 75c., 1.00, 1.50, 2,00, 2,50 3.00, 4.00 and 5.00. A. M. BROWN, 146% 6th. St. Portland, Or.

In the lot are Water Opals; clear as ice. Honey Opals,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

SPEGIAES: sat OF TRE

Good until May 20. Any-one sending the name ofa new subscriber, with the subscription price, (5octs.) may select one of the following, which will be sent free and post-paid. 100 Oologists’ Data Blanks, large. 6 Back numbers O. N. our choice, 2 Photos of Bird Life, (Cheney. ) 5 Arrow Points, Oregon. 1 Western Bird Skin. Io West Coast Shells, named. Crystalized Quartz on Chalcedony, Azurite, Crystals. 6 inch string Beads, Mem iloase. 100 Different Foreign Stamps. Shell Bracelet, Hawaii. Taylor’s, ‘‘Standard Egg Catalogue.” &@ Choice must be made and sent to the O. N. at the same time that subscription is sent. OREGON NATURALIST.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.

Fine 5x8 View Photo Outfit nearly new, cost $60.00, Harrison Portrait Lens (cabinet size) with attachment for above camera, One 5-shot ‘‘Scott” Rifle and Shot Gun combined, NEW, cost $18.00 5 War Sabres, used in Civil War; several old Pistols, Canteens, Indian Arrow Points, Scrapers, Knives etc., Coins,

and the UNIVERSAL EXCHANGE does not

A FAIR EXCHANGE ISNO ROBBERY: | Sitnitontersto meat

A 30 WORD ADVERTISEMENT (with change)

| Each issue for 12 mos. for $1, or 50 cents for one year with out advertisement. Returns more for the money That we mean just what we say, let us convince you in this way: Send 25 cents and a 30 word advertisement on trial and

invested than any similar Publication in existence.

we will send paper 3 months, and insert advertisement one issue of 5000 papers all over the country. IT WILLSTAND THETEST. ° A Sample Copy 2c. Stamp. Hun- dreds of bargains. The paper alone 3 months only foc. Mention this paper, and address, EXCHANGE PUBLISHING CO., ATHOL, MASS. WE WILL

ALL ABOUT FLORIDA! 45, Wee

THE SOUTH FLORIDA HOME, (a monthly pa- per that tells about farming and fruit growing in Florida) one year, and insert your ad- dress in our ‘‘Mailing List” which will bring you lots of papers from all over Florida, and other States, for 20cts. Mention this paper. Address, YoungG. Lee, St. Petersburg, Fla.

DO YOU WANT |

FINE MINERALS!

From all over the world?

No Free Copies.

RARE, CHOICE, CHEAP. Perfect in, Quality, Beauty and Color. Very fine Crystals, Brilliant colors, Wonderful Combin- ations, Hundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn you Cabinet. Very low prices. Write to me. It will pay you, ARTHUR FULLER, Lock Box, 63, Lawrence, Kansas.

—=— /AZURITES:

Beautiful little specimens of Azurite with large crystals, 10 cts. Lovely groups

Confederate Bills, Stamps and Curiosities, Will sell or exchange any quantity from 265cts, worth up. Will exchange for U, S. Stamps, Send 2c. stamp for list and particulars,

R. D. HAY, WINsrTon, N. C. &@ No postals answered,

WAR RELICS.

Confederate Bills, 5cts., each, to for 32cts., Indian Arrow Points, from Tennessee Mounds, perfect 12cts. damaged, 6cts. Pottery, rocts, each, Spear Points, 6octs. each. 40 varieties of Trees, nicely, labeled ready for collection, socts. Jno. F. Fortune, 215 McCowat Street, Jackson, Tenn.

25, 50and 75 cts. from the Copper Queen mine. Arizona. Post paid and carefully packed. We have them in several forms and no one sells them cheaper than we do. D. M. AVERILL & Co. 148 Sixth st. Portland, Oregon. 1s Your CHANCE tic hen iat teen

how to Manufacture good selling articles at an enorm- ous Profit. 1oc post-paid, (has never been sold less than $1, before). Address, A. M. Brown, 146% Sixth Street, Rooms 3 and 4, Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON

American Taxidermy.

A SERIES OF 160 PHOTOGRAPHS. ANIMALS, BIRDS, HEADS, ETC.

—OF GREAT INTEREST TO— SPORTSMEN-TAXIDERMISTS-NATURALISTS. | —LIST NOW READY—

Ridgway’s Manual—Revised Edition.

Specials: Davie’s Taxidermy—

—Hornaday’s Taxidermy.

COLLECTING TUBE—PISTOL GUN, | SLURP ED 4 BIRDS FOR SCHOOL COLLECTIONS, NATURALISTS —SUPPLIES.— FRANK BLAKE WEBSTER CO., HybE PARK, Mass.

I am forming a collect- SKU LLS, ion of Skulls, Human, Animal, Reptile, — etc. Can you help me? Name price. JOHN DUKE McFADEN, CARLETON, NEB.

EGG COLLECTORS ATTENTION.

May 15th, I will issue a Specimen Bargain Egg Bulletin, giving full list of sets on hand (about $500.00 worth), and prices at which they will be so'd. As I wish to close out all on hand ready for new seasuns collecting, I will sell at about 4% regular catalogue rates. All sets first class and guaranteed. List free. Send your name on a postal,

Gro. W. Dixon,

148 Sixth Street -

NATURALIST.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Pecten ventricosus, Panama, 10 cents.

A small lot of Insects in Amber, while they last; the price is only 25 cents each.

Alaska woven cedar bark floor mats, $3.00 Sard, Columbia River, 5c. to 5octs.

| Chalcedony, Oregon, 5c. to 50cts.

Quartz Crystalseon Chaicedony base,“5c. to $1 Gold in Quartz, Oregon, 25c. to $1 Petrified Wood, Oregon, 5c. to $1

| Opalized Wood, Oregon, Ioc. to $1

Silicified Wood, Oregon, 5c. to $1 Cube Galena, Oregon, Sc. to $1 Argentiferous Galena, Oregon, 5c. to $1 Opal in Matrix, Idaho, 10 cents. Semi-opal, Oregon, 5c. to 50c. Loofas, (vegetable sponge) Japan, 25 cents. WE Pay THE POSTAGE.

DM. SAVERIED 7&) COL

Portland, Oregon.

WANTED:—Numbers of Americani Magazine of Natural Science, Austin Texas, Naturalist and Oregon City, Naturalist, to complete my files’ Persons* having numbers of above Magazines to exchange, will please send for list‘of numbers I want. Will give in exchange, Philatelic Papers, or other desirable exchange. Harry J. Wenzelberger, 2344 Bridge’St.. Frankford, Philadel- phia, Pa.

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers.

; Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies.

WATERTOWN, S. D. |

Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

ALASKA MOUNTAIN SHEEP.

These specimens differ

ee

~ he

from the Ovis Montana of the Rocky Mountains, in having a nearly ‘white Pelage. [I have a_ large lot of unmounted heads, which I am_ selling at hard-times prices. _Cor- respondence solicited.

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON, Newport, (Yaquina Bay) Oregon.

ESTABLISHED : . i ' : : : : DR. A. E. FOOTE Warren M. Foote, Manager, 1224-26-28 N. Forty-first St., Philadelphia, *Pa., U.S. A.

MINERALS:

INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS of rarest and choicest varieties for collectors and museums. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS comprising carefully arranged and accurately labelled type specimens o} all common or important species, especially adapted for educational work.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, Minerals for Laboratory, Detatched Crystals, Microscopical Mounts.

THE LARGEST and most varied stock of Minerals in the World. Not an idle boast but an undisputed statement of fact supported by repeated comparisons.

1876

Owing to the enormous stock accumulated, our facilities for furnishing mineralogical material of every kind and quality are unequalled. In no other establishment in the world are such a number of rare and beautiful specimens displayed for sale. Our collections for ed- ucational purposes are unexcelled for practical value, attractive appearance and low prices.

SEND for Illustrated Catalogue, The ‘‘Supplement” contains full description of rare and beautiful specimens received during the past year as well as a magnificient photo-engraving of Quartz Crystals. FREE.

THOUSANDS of beautiful Minerals at astonisningly low prices—S5ce to 50c for Choice Cabinet Specimens.

Send usa trial order for Minerals on approval. Postage, freight or expressage to be paid by you with privilege of return ng such as are not wanted,

° ON ake PAMPHLETS, PAPERS, PROCEED- S C l Ee ntific B QO QO k DINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES, JOURNALS, ETC.

An immense stock. Catalegues published in all branches of Natural and Physical Science, such as Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, Botany, Zoology, General Science, Microscopy, Physics, Electricity, Chemistry, Ethno’ogy. Agriculture, Education and Medicine in all its branches,

JUST PUBLISHED:—Minerals and How to Study Them.—a book for beginners in Mineralogy. 380 pages, illustrated with 300 engravings, Published at $1.50. OUR PRICE $1.20. By E.S, Dana of Yale College, author of ‘‘Sixth edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy.” ete, etc.

of beautiful varieties offered are A Few Among Thousands the following, some of which, like the Opalized Wood, and clear Halites, are almost unknown because of their newness _and rarity:— NOTE:—Ten cents to one dollar, will buy choice specimens. AMERICAN.

OPALIZED Woop, JASPERIZED Woop. QUARTZ CRYSTALS, (in a great variety of forms), DIAMONDIFEROUS METEORIC [RON, (polished). CHALCOTRICHITE, RED WULFENITE. VANADINITE, AZURITE, MALACHITE. RUBELLITE. COLEMANITE. FANKSITE. LAWSONITE (new). HALITE (groups of cubes). HALITE (clear, modified cubo-octahedrons). SELENITE, (large crystals and clear cleavages), Topaz. AMAZON-STONE. BLUE BARITE. BROOKITE, ICELAND SPAR, (amethystine and yellow, with Marcasite), .SPHALERITE, (ruby blende), CHALCOPYRITE, on pearl spar. GREEN SfALACTITES, TURQUOIS. YELLOW WULFENITE. GREEN OPAL, mottled with red, Moss AGATE, EMERALD. PyRITE, dis- torted cubes. CHONDRODITE RIPIDOLITE. HERKIMER COUNTY QUARTZ, BROWN TOURMALINE. ZINCITE, FRANKLINITE. MAGNETITE OCYAHEDRONS (modified). NorvtH CAROLINA QUARTZES. ALASKA GARNETS.

FOREIGN. RoLEIrE. APATITE. HEULANDITE. REALGAR. RUTILATED QUARTZ. FLUORITE, (various colors and forms), BARITE. CALCITE, several forms, HEMATITE. PAISBERGITE.

SULPHUR, in several forms, HIAUERITE. SELENITE, (including sulphur crystals). ARAGON- ITE. HEMATITE. PYRITE. ANGLESITE,

i ll

ee en ee 2 Vol. IIL. MAY, 1896 No. 5. ¢ THE

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

ps

VE

hj

Ah LI Le I

H{)\> \ Mace

pi

PORTLAND, OREGON.

Exchange Column.

Our Exchange Column is free toall subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word.

B TO EXCHANGE.— Opals both rough and polished. Garnets and all New England Minerals, for Western

minerals and ores. Robert Burnham, Dennis, Mass.

BILL — A Confederate bill to exchange for each Oregon Arrow point sent me. Geo, O, Greene Box 41. Princeton Il’

TROGON Skin, and all kinds of South Sea Island Curios.and Shells, to exchange for Live Ferrets, Fox, Squirrels, Red-birds, Mocking-birds, Rose breasted Grosbeaks, large Snakes, etc. Write what you have, to Portland Bird Store, 110% First St., Portland, Or.

THE AUK, vol. xii, 1895. For Sale, Price 1.75 post-paid. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Port- land, Oregon.

FOR EXCHANGE-—I will exchange a secret for trapping Foxes by scent, which will call them one-haif mile to the trap. ‘Ihe scent has to be made in April, and it costs you nothing to make it. Until May 15th I will exchange the secret for $10.00 cash or $12.00 worth of such things as I can use, in the line of Micro- scopes, Telescopes, Field-glasses, Mounted Birds, Rare Eggs, Books or U. S. Stamps. “@>No postals answered. Walter E. McLain, New Vineyard, Maine.

FOR SALE—A good collection of Stamps, Foreign and U.S., list value about $140, about rooo Fossils from Cayuga Co., 50 dollars worth of Indian Relics,

several hundred specimens of rock, many kinds from | Address, J. Minchin, Fleming, Cayuga, |

Cayuga Co. Co. N.. ¥-

LOT of curiosities, Printing Press, size of form 2%x4 inches, Coins, Bills, Albums and Stamps, War and Indian Relics to exchange for U. S. Stamps, Fencing Foils, Masks, Striking Bag and other athletic goods. List for 4c. stsmp. R. D. Hay, Winston, N.C.

TO EXCHANGE.—Pretty sea shells, corals, etc; from Gulf of Mexico sent post paid; for dry goods, or any thing useful, Write for list, to Mrs A. S. Meares, John’s Pass, Fla.

FOR EXCHANGE:—bird skins and stuffed birds, for skins and eggs in sets with data, heads and horns, books on Natural History, or offers. Send your lists

and receive mine. John Clayton, Lincoln, Maine

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies. Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

and

| 6% lbs. nearly new, cost $6.00 accurate shooter,

FOR EXCHANGE:—Flobert)j Rifle, Remington action, Checkered walnut pistol grip stock, 22 caliber Will

exchange for best offer of Indian Relics. A. B. Roberts,

| Weymouth, Ohio.

THE AUK, vol., xii, 1895, in best of condition. For

best offer. G, Ford Axtell, Box 50, Howell, Mich.

EXCHANGE:—Foreign Stamps and old U. S.&Cts.,

| for Chinese Coins, also some Minerals for Indian Relics.

' Would like correspondance with | collectors} in*:Arizona,

, Papers on Ornithology, Oology, Mineral

Utah and Idaho. S. V. Wharram,"Harpersfield,® Ohio. EXCHANGE,—Collecting Guns, Watches,

Books Collecting, Minerals, Fossils, Shells, Stamps, Coins, Curiosities,

| Woods, Mosses, Relics, Natural History Specimens,

Want in exchange Opals, Agates, Minerals, Shells,

| Indian, Relics, Natural History Specimens, Books on | Mineralogy, Botany, and a copy of Chapman’s Birds of | E. N, America.

Enclose stamp for reply. G. H.

Briggs, Box 82, Livermore, Me.

TO EXCHANGE:—A fine genuine Duever Gold Filled Hunting Case Watch, stem wind and set; mace by the famous Dueber Case Co., fitted with a Ix jewel Will exchange a ladies or gents, for good sets I can use io value of $40.00. Geo. W. Dixon, Watertown, So. Dak.

Springfield movement fully warranted for 5 years,

NICE Geodes, Fossils, Curios, Minerals, Cave Specimens, Petrified Moss, a few Mounted Birds, Crinoid Stems, Fossils on Limestone etc., to exchange

| for Indian Relics, Arrow and Spear Points, Drills, etc.

Cora Jewell, Shannondale, Mont. Co., Indiana.

I WOULD like to exchange English Curios. Speci- mens, Stamps, Coins, Photographs, Newspapers, Magazines, &c., for American and other countries. Address, Elam Dicks, Pilton, near Oundle, Northampton- shire, England.

ONE DOLLAR

COLLECTION.

Ten typical Arrow Points from the Willamette river, Oregon. Showa diversity of shape and material, Very desirable for schools, s'wients orcollectors. Good value guaranteed.

Post-paid for $1.00. D. M,. AVERILL CO.,

148 Sixth Street, Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Collect Understandingly:

In order to collect: understandingly, and to prevent yourself from imposition you should read the best stamp literature. It costs a good sum to take all the leading journals, but—then only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them aL. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. You mnst need have a weekly included, to bring you the news and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fall of prices as reflected by leading auction sales. There is but one WEEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a very nominal price. We refer to : : 5 : THE WEEKLY PHILAT ELIC ERA.

It you have never seen a copy, send your address on a postal at once to

THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA,

502-506 CONGRESS ST., - PORTLAND, ME,

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.

Fine 5x8 View Photo Outfit nearly new, cost $60.00, Harrison Portrait Lens (cabinet size) with attachment for above camera, One 5-shot ‘*Scott” Rifle and Shot Gun combined, NEW, cost $18.00 5 War Sabres, used in Civil War; several old Pistols, Canteens, Indian Arrow Points, Scrapers, Knives etc., Coins, Confederate Bills, Stamps and _ Curiosities, Will sell or exchange any quantity from 25cts, worth up, Will exchange for U, S. Stamps. Send 2c. stamp for list and particulars,

R._ D. HAY, Wrnsron, N. C.

_ & No postals answered,

WAR RELICS.

Confederate Bills, scts., each, Io for 32cts., Arrow Points, from Tennessee Mounds, perfect 12cts. damaged, 6cts Pottery, rocts. each, Spear Points, 6octs. each. 4o varieties of Trees, nicely, labeled ready | for collection, socts. Street, Jackson, Tenn.

Ripans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists. R:pans Tabules cure dizziness.

Indian |

Jno. F. Fortune, 215 McCowat

A FAIR EXCHANGE HxcHance does not IS NO ROBBERY: when eaters nent

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IT WILLSTAND THE TEST.

A Sample Copy zc. Stamp. No Free Copies. Hun- dreds of bargains. The paper alone 3 months only tIoc. Mention this paper, and address,

EXCHANGE PUBLISHING CO., ATHOL, MASS, WE WILL

ALL ABOUT FLORIDA! WE, Witt

THE SOUTH FLORIDA HOME, (a monthly pa- per that tells about farming and fruit growing in Florida) one year, and insert your ad- dress in our ‘Mailing List” which will bring you lots of papers from all over Florida, and other States, for 20cts. Mention this paper. Address, YoungG. Lee, St, Petersburg, Fla.

DO YOU WANT RARE, CHOICE,

FINE MINERALS ]CH®s2. Perfect in

From all over the world? eee Wee. ae

Crystals, Brilliant colors, Wonderful Combin- ations, Hundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn you Cabinet. Very low prices. Write to me. It will pay you, ARTHUR FULLER, Lock Box, 63, Lawrence, Kansas.

Ripans Tabules cure headache. Ripans Tabules cure flatulence. Ripans Tabules cure dyspepsia. Ripans Tabules assist digestion. Ripans Tabules cure bad breath. Ripans Tabules cure biliousness. Ripans Tabules: one gives relief. Ripans Tabules cure indigestion. Ripans Tabules cure torpid liver. Ripans Tabules: gentle cathartic. Ripans Tabules cure constipation. Ripans Tabules: for sour stomach Ripans Tabules: pleasant laxative. Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles

CHANCE

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to get Rhinehardt’s Toilet Receipt Book, that tells you

hows to Manufacture good selling articles at an enorm-

ous, Profit. "toc. post-paid, (as never been sold less than $x, before), Address, A. M. Brown & Co., 146%

| Sixth Street, Rooms 3 and 4, Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON

PORTLAND - BIRD STORE.

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

PARROTS, FANCY sf SINGING BIRDS

MONGOLIAN, SILVER AND GOLDEN PHEASANTS FANCY PIGEONS, FERRETS, GOLD FISH, ETC.

BrirpDS SHIPPED BY EXPRESS.

yoxrus's’ Bontland, Or. B22 VE aes VA ACTE SBS vie

AND STARK, Taxidermist and Entomologist. CEDAR MILLS, WASHINGTON Co. OREGON, As I will shortly make my annual col-

lecting trip. Orders will now be taken for

Insects and Skins, to be filled rotation after October, All back orders now unfilled, will be filled at that date.

The Baltimore Cactus Journal,

A monthly publication devoted to the culture of Cacti and suc- culent plants, interesting arti- cles from collectors, growers

in

and prominent amateur culti-|-

vators. Subscription 50c. per

ear, OF FICE 213 E, LOMBARD ST. year, BALTIMORE, MD,

Send for Sample Copy.

FOR SALE.

Fine cabinet specimens Black Hills Tin Ore by mail post— paid for 25 cents.

JOHN CASHNER, Ex City Treasurer,

NATURALIST.

MISCELLANEOUS. Chinese Chop Sticks, per pair,............ 05 3;@hinese’ Gash, a./2.4.0cest ee ee eee 105 Sand ‘Dollar,, Paciicy «i icecncencpsceeeeenee fe) Cats Eye, drilled and polished,............ .05 Sea Horse, Mediterranean,................. 15 aibeMinerals: 5.0. seraceseasencesscecsn cee 1.00 WMlat} ead Skull sss owes ecto eee 5.00 Horse Hair Watch Guard, Mexico,...... 1.50 Rain God, Pueblo Pottery,..............+«. 1.00 Porcupine Quill, 8 in. Ceylon,............ 2h 25 West coast Shells, named,.............. -50 SOR eke re fir al heals lceraaee 2,00 Calcite Balls, Japan, weigh 25 ozs....... 1.25 Stone Pestles; (Oregon) -.c---csessseseseeene 1,00 Stone Hammer Heads, Oregon,........... 1.00

Indian flat stone, Oregon, round, ancient, one hole perforated through them, only a few, ntl soldi cyacewascasehccced ee nee eee 75 Japanese Napkins, colored borders, assorted, are much used, cheaper than laundrying, hy- gienic and economical, use once and burn, 50cts, per 100, WE Pay THE POSTAGE. D. M,. AVERILL .& €@:,

148 Sixth Street - Portland, Oregon.

A SMALL LOT FROM LAKE COUNTY. FLAKED FROM BLACK OBSIDIAN,

This cut is an average size, but there are Prices post-paid, shape and Other shapes, 15 and

many shapes. size of picture, 25cts. 20cts. each.

DMT AV ERILE CO: 148 Sixth Street - Portland, Oregon.

; For The Oregon Subscribe ‘Varvara

&@ Mention this Paper, when writing to

SPEARFISH SO. DAKOTA. | our Advertisers.

.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Buys my latest

ONE DIME

bargain. = Tue

MARINE PACKAGE. Containing Cowry, Sun Ray and Scallop Shels, Red Sea Bean, Alligator Tooth an

‘Tarpon Scale. ’ READ THESE NEW PRICES !!

Resurrection Moss, ‘‘turns green when put in | water,” small, 5c. large, 10c. Imperfect Arrowheads, 20c, doz., 50 for 60c., | 100 for $1.00, | Indian Beads, 10c. each. | Indian arrow heads, perfect, 6c. 5 for 25c. | ss et £7 for 35c% 3 5§¢ts. perdozen. | very fine, 1.20 per. doz. Indian wampum, 25c. doz. now I5c. doz. | Net Sinkers. 20c each. | Pottery, large 5 to 1.00, small 1oc, per doz. | Perfect scrapers 10c,each. 3 for 25c |

6 ce oe

Perfect spearheads 15, 20, 25, 35 40, 50 & 75c | Serrat:d and Rotary } oints, tine 15c.

Giant liver beans, 25c now 10c, Satin-spar scarf pins,35c. now I5c. Foss | shark teeth 5 to oc, Egyptian sacred lotus seeds 2 for 5c¢, 5 for foc. East India soap berries 2 for 5c, 5 for Loc. Brown banded sea beans 15c, now 5c. Red, yellow or drab sea beans, assorred 1 5c doz. Large buffalo teeth 20c, now I[oc. Terpon scales Loc: now $c, 3 for 10c. Fine lot Pentremites; heads 5 to 10c, stems 10c

adoz., 6-tems and I head roc. Auieator teeth Ic, to 50, Io to 2.50, per doz Fac simile of $100 confederate bill, tc Agatized wood , fine spec, 5c.to $1. Petrified wood, fine spec. 5c, to $1. Receptaculites Owenii, (sunflower coral, )

this locality, rare, 5c, to 50c.

Beautiful Striped Jasper Pebbles, 2 for 5 cts. Purple Sea Urchins, 5 to ro cts. Brown Jug Watch Charms, 1 for 2 cts. Satin Spar, 5c. to $1.00. Crystalized Gypsum, 5¢, to $5.00. Gypsum, veined, 5c.to $1.00. Full set of Fac-Simile Revolutionary Currency, toc. Crabs’ eyes, (genuine eye stones) 5c. Shell Collections, 25c. to $25.00. Sand Shark eggs, 5c Chinese Lottery Tickets, roc. doz. Chinese Poker Chips, roc. doz. Lobster Claws, Atlantic, 15 cts. ; O_p ALMANACS; dates from 1851 to 1856, in good con- dition various kinds. 5c. 6 for 25 c, 12 for 40 cents. OLp NEWSPAPERS; 1851 to 1854, 6 for 25 cts.

Eclipse Cabinet of 25 Curiosities, 25 cents. Young Idea Cabinet of 15 Varieties Rere Minerals, 25 cts.

Price List SENT FREE. ’ wee. Send silver, stamps, or money-order.~@a

R.E.BARTLETT,

87 State St. Rockford — Ills.

LOOK HERE!

You want to start in Business? Well we 0 l will te!l you how, and start you, if you will \ write and let us know who you are. ) ONLY costs you a STAMP enclosed with your | letter to find out our plan, and you can open an office and do a good business,

Is the time to write us about our plans, don’t delay writing, as we may

appoint another in your section.

Now:

Bias A.M BROWN & CO., 146% SIXTH STREET, - PORTLAND, ORE. my eaRG) =a ok) Send stamp ™ Os for Prise List, @anWorks, Pittsburgh, Pes

Guns of any and every description. In stock or made to order. Write to us stating wants and we will quote prices. JAMES H. JOHNSTON, Great Western Gun Works.

Address

Pittsburgh Pa.

IM (UNOS OND TIS:

Learn to play Instrument, Without a Teacher

Send 5ocents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a

any

book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor. I: M. MARSH,

Delavan, Illinois.

You cannot make more at- tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Buds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals.

~The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x34 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect

Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and Soc.

Elegant Paper Weights, $x to $3, according to size

‘and design.

Address, Charles E. Briggs,

Lisbon, Iowa.

pa Mention this paper when writing to our Advertisers.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

MY COLLECTION OF.... OREGON EGGS

IS going, is going, but there are a few choice, desirable and rare sets still left such as Sooty Grouse, Oregon Ruffed Grouse, Macgilliv- ray’s Warbler and Varied Thrush. In the next 30 days this collection

seas (Vesa Spek van tax ie eae

notwithstanding the slaughter of — prices. If you don’t want to be left out of this snap, send for price- listo tert ree:

ARTHUR-L: PORE McMINNVILLE, - OREGON.

THE OREGON

p<

NATURALIST.

Worl):

PoRTLAND, OREGON, May, 1896.

No. 5

KADIAK ISLAND

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF ALASKA. Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus. PAROQUET AUKLET.

Mr. Wm. J. Fisher informed the writer that this species is occasionally met with, but it was not the writer’s fortune to ob- tain a specimen.

*Simorhynckus cristatellus CRESTED AUKLET.

A breeding resident more numerous in winter than in summer.

These’quaint little birds are locally known as Sea Quail, their chief breeding ground lays off the south end of Kadiak Island and the writer was not able to visit them. They are very numerous all round the coast; during the winter gathering in large Like everthing else with feathers on they con-

flocks in the small sheltered bays.

stitute an item in the diet of the natives. The eyes of all specimens taken had a white V shaped iris. Simorhynchus fusillus LEAST AUKLET. Reported by Mr. Wm.‘ J. Fisher. met with by the writer.

Not

Synthliboramphue antiquus ANCIENT MURRELET.

A common but not plentiful resident shunning the neighborhood of settlements except when driven in by stress of weather.

This species undoubtedly breeds in the island but no nests were found.

Brachyramphus marmoratus. MARBLED MURRELET.

Only two specimens of this were obtained and nothing of their habits was ascertained. A few are said to breed

species

on the island. Cepphus columba PIGEON GUILLEMOT.

‘A summer migrant but numbers of the young of the year remain through the first winter. ®

These birds arrived at the island about the last week in March in bands of from ten to thirty individuals and at once resort to the localities frequented former seasons. They are by far the commonest sea bird on the island in summer; nesting in eve headland and small island along the coast and their low toned but pene- trating whistle may be heard almost in-

in

cessantly. They choose for their nesting site a

62 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

crevise in the rock which may be only just large enough to admit the bird and tn which but one pair wili lay, or an apertur2 large enough to admit the body of a man and in which several pairs will lay.

In either case no pretense of a nest is made andin a few instances the eggs were found laid on the bare gravelly beach out of the reach of the tide. Eggs are laid from the middle of May till the end of June, that is, fresh eggs may be found during set but how many eggs the bird is capable of lay- The writer has taken six eggs from the same

that period. Twoeggs form a

ing in a season is hard to tell. nest and to all appearances laid by the same bird.

The young are hatched in July and are covered with a heavy down, blazk on the dorsal and dirty white on the ventral sur- faces. By the middle of October they have all left the island except some of the young birds as stated. Two theories may be advanced to account for

before

these young birds remaining neither of which may be correct but both of which reasonable. The first and most probable is, they are hatch¥d Jate in the season and are not strong enough to fly

are

with their parents, and so are left to shift for themselves. The second is that the parents have been killed.

In the museum of the Oregon State Agricultural College may be seen a series of these birds collected by the writer illus- trating every phase from the egg to the mature bird; also one unique specimen in which every alternate feather of the entire plumage is white while the others are

slaty black. Uria lomvia arra YARRA. [PALLAS’S MURRE ] Resident. is not so abundantly plentiful on Kadiak

The great egg bird of Alaska

Island as they undoubtedly are in other localities.

The writer never found their eggs, al- though many eggs were brought by the natives and said to be Yarra, but for reasons that will be shown when treating of the Black Ovyster-catcher the writer learnt to mistrust all native ornithologists,

This bird is without doubt the most stupid that it has been my fortune to deal with Thewriter was camped on Chineak Bay with a party of natives in January when a Yarra was seen approaching the* beach swimming along lIeisurely, as I reached for my gun one of the natives touched my arm saying in Russian not to use it, at the same time picking up a rock about the size of a brick he quietly strolled down to the waters edge and that fool bird came right on to meet him until they were within a few feet of each other, then the native let flyhis rock and Mr. Yarra Afterwards several specimens were taken in this man-

literally turned up his toes.

ner by the natives many of whom are quite proficient at stone throwing. Stercorarius pomarinus. (?). POMATORHINUS JAGER.

A young and badly damaged specimen was taken in July 1893 which might be refered to this species, and in 1894 a pair of birds were seen all during the summer months and undoubtedly nested there. The writer spent several day and rowed

— a a

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

many weary miles trying to obtain a specimen for indentification or to find their nest, but in vain for the birds, wary and shy of approach, would fly from one island to another, alighting on all but showing a preference for none.

The natives know the bird by a Russian name a yard long which when translated is not edifying, they assured me'it bred on theisland which it undoubtedly does.

Rissa tridactyla pollicoris PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.

In the months of Aprii or May vast schools of small fish about two long called sand eels swarm into the bays and harborsand with them come. kitta- wakes in countlesst housands feeding on

inches

these fish and following them wherever they go, and until the ragged edge is taken off their hunger, they show no fear of man. They nest in May choosing the most inaccesible places in the face of high bluffs overhanging the sea.

Presh eggs were obtained until the end of June which may be accounted for by the fact that the natives collect the eggs for food. After the young are raised ithey all leave for the south.

Larus glaucescens. GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.

Resorts to the island to breed arriving about the same time as the Kittiwakes but remaining at least a month longer. They nest in May on the out lying islands, building their nests on the tussocks of grass and using the same material with which to construct them. Great numbers of these eggs are annually gathered by the natives for food, but the writer feels sure

63

that Senator Mitchell was misinformed when he stated in the U. S. Senate some time ago that ship loads were annually gathered on Kadiak and sold for albumen.

It takes a good many eggs to make a ship load and a good deal of packing to get them safely home.

Larus occidentalis, WESTERN GULL.

Arrival, departure and habits same as the last described species, but is not nearly so common.

Larus argentatus smithsonianus, AMERICAN HERRING GULL.

Similar to the last in habits but more abundant.

Sterna paradisaéa. ARTIC TERN.

This elegant little sea bird arrives in small bands about the middle of May. They nest in June choosing low sandy islands for the nesting site which is in marked contrast to the Gulls which always nest on the high rocky islands. They nestin colonies but the nests are not placed close together.

The nest is a poor affair placed in a tuft of grass and composed of the same material.

The eggs which resemble minature sea gulls eggs are two in number.

As far as noted the Terns do not associate with Gulls, but different species nest inthe same colonies. The natives annually destroy great numbers of the eggs of these birds.

Sterna aleutica ALEUTIAN TERN. Not so plentiful as the last species but

64 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

associating with it and of like habits. ftlydrochelidon nigra surinamensts, BLACK TERN, Reported by Mr. Wm. J. Fisher, but not met with by the writer.

Diomedea albatrus. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS

A single male bird obtained in Shelikoff

Straits October the first 1893. Phalacrocorax urt'e RED-FACED CORMORANT.

A common but not plentiful resident more numerous in the summer than winter months. The nests of this species are built on the face of a high bluff overhang- ing the sea; in most case in inaccessible places. The eggs, two in number are of a very pale blue color and a rough lusterless surface, when blown sometimes drying out white.

Merganser americanus MERGANSER,

This species arrive at the island about the same time as the Loons. They are not so plentiful as the next species but in They nest along the building the The eggs

habits are similar. banks of rivers and lakes, nests of reeds and rank grass. are laid in June and are of a cream color, ten to thirteen in number. Merganser serrator, - RED-BREASTED MERGANSER In habits resembling the last species. Lophodytes cucullatus, HOODED MERGANSER.

A few of these birds resort to the island to breed they may rightly be styled a rare bird in this locality. No nests were taken and as but two or three birds were seen

nothing was learned of their habits. Anas boschas, MALLARD,

The Mallard nests on the island but not very numerously. Their great breed- ing grounds being in the neighborhood of Illiamna Lake on the mainland further to the north. A number stop for a while on Kadiak Island during the fall migration and a noticable feature of these birds is the immense amount of fat that they carry. They are also extremely fishy in flavor.

Anas penelope. WIDGEON.,

Not at all a common bird and not known by the writer to breed on the is- land.

Anas carolinensis. GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

A few specimens of this species were obtained;—All migrants and _ nothing learned of their habits. ‘

Spatula clypeata, SHOVELLER.

Three specimens obtained during) the spring migration. Can only be considered a visitant upon the island.

Dajila acuta.

PINTAIL.

Four seen May 11, 1894. Aythya marila nearctica,

AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK. One specimen obtained March 28, and

a large flock seen May 19, 1894. Glaucionetta clangula americana, AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.

Reported by Mr. Wm. J. Fisher, but not met with by the writer.

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON,

Oe

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 65

WOOD IN WELLS. comes possible for a-clever dendrologist, or one who studies trees in the fullest

Recently, in the town of Forest Grove, sense, to determine very nearly what Or., two deep wells have been sunk. At kind of a tree produced a certain specimen a depth of 78 ft. in one of them, some of wood, and it happens that it makes no wood was struck, while in the other difference how old the wood may be so similar pieces of wood were brought up Jong as certain conditions, such as may from a depth of 138 ft. be found in any swamp or marsh, are present. In other words, wood buried in mud and water and organic matter, may be preserved indefinitely. On the other hand, wood left exposed to the air is at- tacked by all manner of living forms, which very soon change it back to the simple chemical compounds of which it was made.

If this be true, it follows here that at some time, a long while ago, the general PINE. surface of the ground was a good deal

lower at Forest Grove, than it is now,

Now a great deal of information of very and that trees were growing at that time. great interest to the geologist can be Afterprobably many many generations of gathered together by the systematic ob- these trees had passed away, some of

FIG.. I,

FIG. 2, 78 ft.

servation of the materials discovered by their remains being preserved in the way well digging and boring; and it has oc- already indicated. Afterwards some ge- cured to the writer that a little talk about ological agency has been at work, piling the wood found in these two wells at up on these tree remains, in one place 46 Forest Grove, would set some of the feet in thickness of blue clay, then some readers of the ‘‘Oregon Naturalist,’ to pebbles and sand which strongly suggest thinking about, and studying the wells glaciers, and finally a thick body of clay which may be dug in their vicinity. and soil. It has further occurred to the

Now the wood which one kind of tree writer that it would be interesting to know produces, is different from that which what kind of trees lived in that long ago, another kind of tree produces, and this butto be very correct it was not very long difference extends to the minute or micro- ago according toa geologist’s way of think- scopical structure as well as to the quality ing, and so to get some idea of what the and general appearance. Hence it be- mountains and plains were clothed with

66 THE OREGON

when, perhaps, there was no human eye to see it all. I say perhaps because if some readers eyes are sharp enough, he may find some implement of stone or some such token, buried along with the wood, in which case it would be very necessary to be sure of the depth and the kind of material it was associated with.

In order, then, to satisfy curiosity, though not idle, I hope, | took the wood and cut some very thin slices of it with a razor, and these | placed, after proper pre- paration, under a microscope and it was soon evident that the trees which produced these specimens, at least, were of the kind to which are closely related the spruce, fir, pine and their cousins. Let us see how this may be determined. If we take a piece of

RIG.) 3s e0Soitt.

pine or cedar in this same way, we shall find upon examination that many of the vessels making up the wood are marked with rows of double concentric circles. These are termed by botanists ‘bordered pits’? and are means of communication be- tween the contiguous vessels. Pits of this particular form are very characteristic of the cone-bearing trees. They are as re- presented in Fig. 1.

Now, on comparing the specimens taken from the wells with’ pine and _ cedar, it was found that these same bordered pits were present and the drawings reproduced in Figs. 2 and 3 were made by means of a camera lucida, and are magnified about 300 times.

NATURALIS?P.

So it appears that these ancient lanscapes were beautified by a clothing of evergreens!

It is hoped that some will be stimulated to make collections of the different materials found in wells and the depth at which they are found. All such facts and specimens will be of great value when the time comes for unravelling the later ge- ological history of Oregon.

FRANCIS E. LLOYD, Pacific University,

Forest Grove, Or.

SOME HAIDA TATTOO MARKS.

[Extracts from the Tenth Annual Report of -

the Bureau of Ethnology. |

‘During the summer of 1884, Dr. Hoffman, met at Port Townsend, Washington, a party of Haida Indians, from Queen Charlottes Islands, who were encamped there for a short Most of them were tattuoed after the back, fore-

time. manner of the Haidas, the breast,

MOUNTAIN GOAT,

ae

THE OREGON NATURALIST, 67

arm, and legs bearing partial or complete

designs of animate forms relating to totems or * Re

myths, In persons tattooed upon the breast or back, the part operated upon is first divided into halves by an imaginary vertical line upon the breast through the middle of the sternum and upon the back along the middle

of the vertebral column.

Such designs are

ployd in tattooing are painted upon property belonging to various persons, such .as_ boats, house-fronts, etc. In such instances colors are used that coula not be used in tattooing.” thunder bird figured, was copied from the tattooing on the left arm of a woman.

The eagle, or skamskwin the

The sculpin represents kul, a totemic animal and was copied from the

BEAR; DRAGON-FLY;

drawn double, facing outward from this im- aginary line. ‘The colors are black and red, the former consisting of finely powdered charcoal, gun- powder, or India ink, while the latter is Chinese The operation was formerly performed with sharp thorns, spines of certain fish, or spicules of bone; but recently a small bunch of needles is used. which serves the purpose to better effect. ** * ‘‘Sometimes the simple outline designs em-

vermillion,

THUNDER-BIRD; SCULPIN.

left forearm of a woman. mythic

The dragon-fly, a insect, represents mamathlona and was copied from the right arm of the same woman. Kahatta, the dog fish, copied from the back of a subject. Met, the mountain goat, copied from the leg. Hoots, the bear; flkamkostan, the frog; wasko, the wolf; the cod and the squid were all copied from various parts of the body.

**Wasco is a mythological being of the wolf species, similar to the chu-chu-hmexl of

68

the Makah Indians, an antediluvian demon Other designs were observed and copied, notably, the double

supposed to live in the mountains.”

tshimos, a mystic animal, and the thunder bird and double raven, Mr, James G, Swan made a valuable contri- published the

bution on tattoo marks, in the

Fourth Annual Report of Bureau of

Ethnology, and reproduced, much condensed in the Tenth Annual Report, as follows:,

‘¢Among all the tribes or bands belonging to the Haida family, the practice of tattooing the person in some manner is cominon; but the most marked are the Haidas proper, or those living on Queen Charlotte islands, and the Kaiganis, of Prince of Wales archipelago, Alaska.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

**T am of the opinion, judging from my own observation of over twenty years among the coast tribes, that but few females can be found among the Indians, not only on Vancouvers island, but all-along the coast to the Columbia river, and perhaps even to California, that are not marked with some device tattooed on their

hands, arms, or ankles, either docs or straight

WOLF. COD.

lines; but of all of the tribes mentioned, the

_Haidas stand preeminent for tattooing, and

seem to be excelled only by the natives of the Fiji islands or the King’s Mills group in the south seas, The tattoo marks of the Hadas are heraldic designs or the family totem, or crests of the wearers, and are similar to the carvings depicted on the pillars and monuments

around the homes of the chiefs, which casual

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

observers have thought were idols. **These designs are invariably placed on the

men between the shoulders, just below the back of the neck, on the breast, on the front part of both thighs, and on the legs below the

DOG-FISH.,

knee, On the women, they are marked on the breast, on both shoulders, on both forearms, from the elbow down over the hack of the hands to the knuckles, and on both legs below the knee to the ankle, **Almost all of the Indian

northwest coast

of the marks on their

women have tattoo

69

hands and arms, and some on the face; but as a general thing these marks are mere dots or straight lines having no particular significance. With the Haidas, however, every mark has its meaning, those on the hands and arms of the women indicate the family name, whether they beloug to the bear, beaver, wolf, or eagle totems, or any of the family of fishes. As one of them quaintly remarked to me, ‘If you were tattooed with the design of a swan, the Indians

would knuw your family name.’” .

THE IMPORTED AND ACCLIMATED GERMAN SONG BIRDS IN OREGON.

BY C. F, PFLUGER.

THE BLACK THRUSH (7zrdus merula, Alerle, die Schwarzamsel),

Of these most useful birds 35 pairs were intro- duced in 1889 and 1892 into Oregon by the society,

lt is a native bird of Europe, and is very numerous in Germany and Great Britian. It is the only species of thrush which is not mi- gratory. of the black thrush are nearly the same as those of the song

The haunts and _ habits thrush, its size being nine inches and a_ half in length, of which the tail measures four inches. The beak is one inch in length, ana bright yellow; the iris dark brown; the feet black and fourteen lines in height. The male is black all over the body; the female blackish brown, tinged on the breast withfrust-color,and on the belly with gray, and is somewhat larger than her mate. Its food is the same as that of the song-thrush, though, in winter. it is often obliged to be content with the berries of the elder and white thorn, and at the same season of the year it can frequently be seen near warm springs, in search of insects and worms. As the black-thrush is not a bird of passage, it pairs very early in the year, so that the young birds may ofter be found in the nest

as early as the end of March.

79

The nest is placed in some thick bush, often not very high from the ground, and is construct- ed of earth and moss interlaced with twigs, and lined with fine grass-stalk and hair, The fe- male lays twice or thrice a year four to six eggs, of a grayish green color, covered with light brown and liver-colored spots and stripes,

The song of the male is melodious and con- sists of deep sonorous passages, like those of a nightingale, though intermixed with others which are rather harsh. It sings from March to the end of July, especially by right, and inso loud and joyous a tone as to be audible at a considerable distance. Although black thrush sings at all times of the day. it is more

the

especially in the morning and evenings that it pours forth its delighful melodies which are as loud, rich, mellow, and much more surpassing in effect than those of any other song bird, ex- cepting the nightingale, biack-cap, song thrush and mocking-bird.

Considering the great usefulness of this bird as a destroyer of insect pests, I will illustrate by the following anecdote:

A grass plot attached to a country house was once visited by a dozen or two black thrushes for several days in succession, They ploughed it up so diligently with their bills as to make decayed. The owner of the property, unwilling to shoot the

the surface look rough and

intruders, caused the grass plot to be dug up in several places when it was found to be over- run with the larvae of chafers, The birds were left in undisturbed possession; and, although the walls were covered with ripe fruit, they left it for the grubs which they effectually destroyed, and the grass plot soon resumed its original apperance.

The term ‘‘Merle”’ is derived from the habit of this bird of flying mera, or solitary; hence, too, its generic name, mevula,

MOUNTAIN ASH AND RATTLESNAKES.

BY ANGUS GAINES.

Nearly two years ago an eastern paper of wide circulation published a letter from a Mississippi lady who complained that

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

she had been annoyed by snakes entering her greenhouse. The visits from snakes were not frequent but the knowledge that the serpents could invade her premises was a source of constant uneasiness to her and she was anxious to obtain plants ot the Mountain Ash alluded to by Oliver W. Holmes in ‘‘ElsieVenner’”’ as having a fatal influence over Rattlesnakes.

Negroes, she said,planted gourds around their cabins to keep snakes away, but the first frost killed the vines and then the snakes could enter unchecked whenever the weather permitted them to travel. Any one who could furnish genuiue Mountain Ash of the kind warranted to keep away snakes was assured that he could find a ready market for his plants.

This letter attracted a great deal of atten- tion among the readers of the journal which published it and many suggestions were offered by other correspondents re- garding the plant which was fatal to veno- mous serpents.

One writer stated that the plant which was so obnoxious to snakes was the beau- tifnl shrub,the White Ash,or White Fringe Tree, @2ionanthus virginica. which, by the way, is not on ash at all although it belongs to the same natural order. Anoth- er maintained that the plant sought was the real White Ash, Fraxinus americana, which isa magnificent tree, attaining a height of over roo feet. Still others insisted that Dr. Holmes was right and that the noxious plant was Mountain Ash, but there was still uncertainty as to what was meant by ‘“‘Mountain Ash’’.

No Ash at all, some one who knew in- formed us, but the Pyrus americana, which is commonly called by that name.

, it was said to be commonly believed in

Connecticut that this tree would drive away snakes and that Fraxinus acuminata was useful as an antidote in case of snake bites.

The most important fact brought to light by this discussion was that there was once

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

a wide spread belief that some plant exer- cised a fatal effect upon venomous serpents. That Rattlesnakes held it in such fear that when one of them was surrounded by a circle half of fire and half of the leaves of this plant the terrified serpent would dart into the flames to escape from the green leaves. Birds, it seems, possessed a knowledge of the virtue of this tree and sought safety from nest robbing snakes by building amog its branches. Birds nest- ing elsewhere so the story goes, on seeing their nests invaded by some scaly monster, have had the rare presence of mind to gather leaves of the fatal tree and drop them down upon the intruder’s head, whereupon the terrified Ophidian would straightway yield up the ghost, or would seek safety in flight.

Most narrators related this story as a curious tradition, while others seemed to accept it in perfect good faith, but unfort- unately could not agree as to the indentity of the tree possessing this’ marvellous power. Some of those who related the story with the greatest apparent sincerity insisted that the same tree would also keep away witches.

Of course Dr. Holmes had nothing to do with the origin of these singular beliefs but had simply woven into his narrative the material already at hand.

There should be no dispute about a question which can be settled positive- ly by experiment, and although | felt in- clined to question the authenticity of these stories. | knew that it might be possible for some plant to be poisonous to serpents but harmless to man so | offered to try the effects of any leaves or twigs sent me on some of my pet snakes.

Quite a number of people responded and the variety of leaves sent me was surpris- ing. Itested them allimpartially and the result of my experiments was negative.

Some of my correspondents stated that the singular tradition had been handed

71

down to them by their fathers who had said that such beliefs were prevalent in various parts of Europe, while others de- clared that it was a legend borrowed from various tribes of the North American In- dians. Probably both were right.

Taken altogether this matter was not very edifying to the student of Herpetology but it was interesting to the student of Folk Lore.

One of the stories brought to my notice during this correspondence would seem to point toa very singular combination of inaccuracies. It isthe story of a man who founda Rattlesnake in the woods and in the presence of witnesses proceed- ed to test the virtues of Mountain Ash up- onit. The reptile indulged in very threat- ening demonstrations, but when touched with the twigs of the potent tree it sub- sided, turned upon its back and lay still, apparently dead. The twigs were removed in a short time, the reptile recovered and became as pugnacious as ever, but was again subdued by the Ash twigs.

This story was told in evident sincerity and the explanation is plain to any one familiar with snakes and with the general ignorance regarding them. The common ‘‘spreading adder,’’Heterodon platyrhinus, is frequently mistaken for the Copperhead

and even for the Rattlesnake. When this snake is tormented it will make threatening demonstrations and _ will

frequently go into hysterics and turn upon its back as if dead, just as the snake in the story did. A man who mistook this serpent for the Rattler and experimented upon him with twigs, those of the Mount- ain Ash would do as well as any other, might, if his faith were sufficiently robust, prove the legend true.

It is reported from Kelso, Wash. that work- men while excavating preparatory to placing a new boiler in position ina mill, unearthed a portion of a stone image or idol,

72 THE OREGON

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these limes, indicates that your subscription has expired. A prompt re- newal is requested.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Que Nearet n= 4h : 5 To Foreign Countries - - ~ -

50 Cents 50 Cents

Entered the Post Office at Portland,

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at

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Portland, Oregon.

May, 1896.

146 4 SIXTH ST.

We hope that a number of our readers will follow out the suggestion made by Professor Lloyd in hts article on ‘‘Wood in Wells’’. All questions, we are sure, will be cheerfully answered by him.

About four pages of the work of the N, O. A., owing to its late arrival and a desire to print it entire, was unavoidably left over for next month from lack of space. The number of pages of the Oregon Naturalist will be doubled just as soon as its receipts will permit. There is not much money behind it, but it is conducted on business principles, and it is self sustaining. Although its circulation is large for a paper of this class, yet it is not sufficiently If all of its friends, who think it is worth the sub- scription price, will secure for the Naturalist, one new Subscriber; it would be enlarged at

large to warrant an increase of pages,

once, The price is cheaper than any other paper on Natural Science, and attention is called to special offer, ‘‘fur new subscribers,” in the advertising columns,

“The Stamp Collectors Hand-Book. <A lexicon of terms and hints to philatelists,” by Chas, W. Egan, and edited by Clifford W. Kissinger.

NATURALIST.

This pamphlet of 64 pages, bound in flexible cloth covers, isa veritable ‘mine of knowledge’ for the philatelist. Especially useful to the beginner, yet may be read and studied with

profit, by the more advanced collector.

Mr, H.R. Taylor, writes: ‘‘The climate and bird life of the West, are so alluring to me that I shall remove with the Nidologist, to my old stamping grounds, at Alameda, Cali- fornia, before issuing the May number,

**Taylor’s Standard American Egg Catalogue, conforming tothe Nomenclature of the New A, O.U. Check-List.” Compiled by H. R. Taylor, with the assistance of eleven Oologists. Gives valuation of nests for exchange, and a_ partial list of introduced species.

N. @. AG

In our work for the last few months we have continually been compelled to face this object- ion in the study of our birds, viz: that in all the works on Ornithology, that we have access to, and that includes all the principal ones, we are unable to positively identify the birds of some families from the sub-species of those families. We have decided that the only method we have of finally over-coming this difficulty is to bring together a series of skins of those birds, and establish for ourselves the difference between them if there is any. We have therefore determined to form a collection of skins to be the property of the N. O. A, We cannot expect to accomplish anything definitely very soon, nor maybe in quite a time to come, but if the plan is carried out there will be a time wher we can accomplish our purpose.

We dev not expect to acquire skins very fast because at present, it is merely a voluntary offering on the part of our members, and others, but it is hoped each will take an interest now and then if they come across a skin that they feel like donating to a good cause, we will be glad to receive it. Each slin ought to have the sex, where collected, by whom, and the date if possible. We have a good start, and any skin may be sent to the secretary or president, and wiil be gratefully received. The work of the N. O, A., for the next few months, will be on the Woodpeckers.

WILLIAM L. FINLEY.

| | 4 : |

THE OREGON

EASTERN.DEPARTMENT.,

CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR,

CHAT.

The editor owes his sincere apologies to the many readers of the Oregon Naturalist for the failure of the department to appear in the April issue. that attacks each and all of us unexpectedly and for which we are not responsible.

However sickness is a matter

The editor will carefully review any articles, magazines, etc. fowarded, and comments upon same may appear from time to time ia this department.

We are pleased to recognize the reception of a charming monograph ‘‘The Electric-light Bug or Belostoma” by Theodore William Schaefer, M. D. Kansas City, Mo. The mat- ter is carfully written in a scientific manner and his application of the bug to medical science, with the deductions drawn are of con-

siderable merit.

If you want a definite system of work cy want your notes incorporated in a scientific compilation, join the Oologists Association. Full particulars from President Isador S., Trostler, 4246 Farnham St. Omaha, Neb. or from the Eastern Editor.

Articles on Osteology, by ‘‘Ossa” begin next month.

Did you do your duty with your notes on the Hawks and Owls?

For a few months the Eastern Editor will be located at Woods Holl, Mass. All mail per- taining to Eastern Department, should he ad- dressed to him at that place.

SPILE SCRAPING AND SOME OF THE MARINE INVERTFBRATES OBTAINED BY IT.

(Continued from Page 42.)

NATURALIST.

oF Gs

AMAROECIUM.,

Amaroecium or ‘‘sea pork”” was very common It resembles a chunk of gelatine as much as anything I can think of. The specimens, when fresh from the water, vary very much in color, There are some colored white, others different shades of red and still others a greenish yellow. ing liquid these colors bleach out. MYTILUS EDULIs. This common mussel grows in large colonies The specimens in these colonies are generally small, Farther down are found the old mussels with their shells covered with Serpula tubes, small Metriduims, Crepidulas, and things.

at some wharves.

In presery- onthe spiles usually near the surface. various other These old and large mussels and sometimes

some of the smaller ones are inhabited by a little parasitic crab which I shall treat of later.

CREPIDULA.

Crepidulas were often found on the spiles.

74

Frequently three or four would be attached to each other. A very good idea of their appear- ance can be obtained from the cut.

SERPULA DIANTHUS,

The round crooked tubes of the Serpula were found on the old mussel shells and sometimes on the spile itself. When disturbed the worm with-draws into its tube and closes the end witha little plug called the operculum. When fully displayed the branchize are very beautiful. They are in a round cluster parted into equa| halves with about eighteen delicate filaments on each side. The colors vary remarkably but are always brilliant, The usual color is pur- plish at the base with narrow bands of light red or yellowish green, In other varieties they are all citron yellow or whitish banded with brown,

NEREIS PELAGICA.

. STD r4 : SAAS

s;

fs Pat ?

Ye:

Ot "Ts,

UP,

EEE 28hg

e <A<s

Oe :

82

SY

This worm was found in the masses of hydroid. It varied from aninch and a half to over four inches in length, It is light trown in color, I think that this was the commonest of all the worms which I met with and it was certainly the easiest to obtain.

LEPIDONOTUS SUBLEVIS,

This is another of the worms and was found in the same places and in company with Nereis pelagica. It is a smaller worm, (the largest I saw did not measure much over an inch) and is broader, The color is about the

same as that of the preceding species.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

BALANUS BALANOIDES,

The common acorn barnacle can be seen on almost any spile or rock on the sea shore. When the tide goes down their shells appear asa band of white,

LIBINIA DUBIA.

Of this crab I found only two or three speci- mens, Those were taken from a mass of hydroid and were themselves covered all over wiih hydroid or algae. I preserved no speci- men and so am not abie to furnish a drawing, but I do not think that this species can be mistaken for any other. If I remember cor- rectly it was about two inches long.

PINNOTHERES MACULATUS.

Many stouies are told about these little crabs acting as guardians of the shells which they_in- habit but science has shown that all these _taies are false and that they seek these homes merely for protection and convenience in obtaining food. They live on the nutritive matter in the currents of water caused bythe cilia on the gills and mantle of the mollusca. P. maculatus inhabits the mussel and P. ostreum

the oyster,

Several species of hydroid are found on the spiles but I am not familiar enough with them to describe them, ‘There are also other tuni- cates, several species of small shells and probaly many more species of various orders which {[ did not happen to find. And now if closing I wish tosay that although there is plenty of hard work, still there is a great deal of enjoyment to be derived from this kind of marine collecting,

F, P. DROWNE.

There are two species;

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

PRINCIPLES OF ORNITHOLOGICAL ~ CLASSIFICATION.

Cc. €. PURDUM M. D.

Every student of nature knows what a_ bird really is; knows its history, how it has gradually evolved from the lowest andcan trace its lation to mammals,

re- But to the majority of students of ornithology the question of classifi- cation presents itself more as something which has been gone over thoroughly and about which they need not bother their heads. As a matter of fact however, classification is the prime object of our study, and brings the science out of the chaos of a meaningless terminology, and places it upon the sound foundation of reality and practice. Classification strives to make an orderly disposition of facts, and to arrange them with reference to the reciprocal relation of the things it Classifi- cation presupposes that such relations do exist and that the relations are the result of certain fixed inevitable laws.

knows.

It is therefore a rationa} disposition of observed facts, and with regard to the varieties of facts, and their arrangement, we speak of ‘‘Taxonomy” (or the natural affinities defined ancl compared) and ‘‘Morphol- ogy” (or a classification based entirely upon structure or form). It would be readily seen then that a complete taxonomic classification

could only be completed by having before us

_a specimen of every kind of bird which exists

and thoroughly comparing their like points and separating their unlike points. This is obviously impossible; in fact we do mot know all the birds which now exist, and only a com- paritively few extinct birds have been discover- ed; consequently many of our links in the chain are thus quickly found to be missing and in many cases great difficulty arises in joining the others together,

The result of all this has been the rearing up of separate schemes of classification by different leaders in the Ornithological world, (each having some natural advantages) and although depending in the main upon the old

75

‘‘natnral” syst-m, still in some points, branch- ing out on different points of structure.

The reaction trom the ‘‘partial” method of classification has been complete. As if in- ternal and external parts were not reciprocal and mutually exponent of each other! Asif a natural classification should not be based upon ai/ points of structure, internal as well as ex. ternal! But the taxonomic goal is not now to find the way in which birds can be classified with the least inconvenience, but to establish their ancestry—as it were—to find and prove their Aeazgree, and this would be the only ‘‘natural classification” and becomes necessarily

a ‘morphological

for these

Every offspring tends to take

classification” reasons, on precisely the same structure as its parent and no outside influences being imparted to it continues to ‘‘breed true” forever; but counter influences are incessantly at work in conse- quence of different surrounding conditions or environment.

The plasticity of organization rendering them more or less susceptible of modification by such means, and they become unlike their ancestors in various ways. Obviously in this manner, degrees of likeness or unlikeness, denote with greater exactness the nearness or remoteness of physical kinship. Huxley has so clearly

the ‘‘Reasons why

Morphological Classification is Important” that

and completely stated

I can do no better in concluding this paper, than to quote his masterly words on the subject. In the introduction to his ‘‘Classification of Animals” page 2-3, he says.

‘“*As a matter of fact no mutual independence On the con- trary the members of the anima! kingdom from

the highest to the

of animal forms exists in nature. lowest are marvelously connected. very animal has something in common with @/ its fellows; #zzch with many of them; more with a fez’, and generally so much with some that it differs but little from them.

‘Now a morphological classification is a statement of these gradations of likeness which

are observable in animal structures, and its

76 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

objects are two-fold. In the first place it strives to throw our knowledge of the facts which underlie and are the cause of the similarities discerned, into the fewest possible general propositions, subordinated to one another, according to their greater or degree of generality; and in this way it answer-

ed the purpose of a memoria technica, without

less

which the mind would be incompetent to grasp

and retain the multifarious details of anatomi- cal science.”

“But there is a second and even more import- ant aspect of morphological classification, Every group in that classification zs sec# in virtue of certain structural characteis, which are not only common to members of the group, but distinguish it from all others; and the state- Thus, among animals with vertebrae, the MAMMALIA is definable as those having

condyles, wlth a well-ossified

ments of these constitutes the group. two occipital basi- occipital; which have each ramus of the mandible com- posed of a single piece of bone and articulated with the squamosal element of the skull; and which possess mammz and non-nucleated red corpuscles in the blood”.

“‘But this statement of the character of MAMMALIA Is something more than an arbitrary definition. It does not merely that

naturalists agree to call such and such animals

mean

mammalia; but it expresses, firstly, a generaliza. tion based upon, and constantly verified by wide experience; and secondly a belief arising out of that generalization. The generalization is, that in nature the s.ructures mentioned are found associated together; the belief is that always have been and always will be found so

In other words the definition of

they

associated. the class #zammalia is a statement of a law of correlation, or coexistence of animal struct- ures, from which the most important con-

clusions are deducible”’.

COLLECTORS DIFFICULTIES AND HOW TO AVOID THEM.

BY MERGANSER

To the old soldier in the field, to the ex-

perienced collector, this article does not apply, but to some of the more inexperienced who through lack of knowledge ‘‘how to go about it’, the following hints may be of benefit.

This paper will deal entirely with the bird collector’s troubles and should it succeed in running the gauntlet of the editor’s waste basket and shears, I will in some future papers endeavor to help some of our brother collectors in other branches, to ‘‘get at ‘em’”’in the proper manner. Now in the first place to be a good collector, is in itself a very small affair, but to be a good scientific collector, is a great deal. A collector goes out and destroys life to satisfy his longing for a lot of well made skins, to display. A scientific collector, goes out to observe the habits of the feathered denizens of the forest, and destroys a few that he may understand them more thoroughly. But I wander! ‘‘Where shall I search for birds? ” I am often asked. I invariably answer, ‘‘Every where’’,

‘When shall I search for them?

‘‘Always”’. ’ ‘‘What kinds shall I collect?”

**All kinds”,

‘Butas a matter of fact, we can not search every where; we can not search always; and we cannot collect a kinds of birds. What shall we do then? Why! Choose that locality that affords the greatest variety of topographical peculiarities, and there you will find the greatest variety of ‘‘flora” and consequently the greatest variety of birds, Here then is your field. The early spring and the autumn are the best times to collect. Of course I do not mean to collect only in those seasons, One of the greatest difficulties of the novice; is—strange as it may seem— in finding birds to collect. He may range field, valley and woodland, and when he

returns, report nothing but robins, song sparrows and bluebirds. You follow him once and you will see him go _ crashing through bushes, over rotten stumps and

scarcely waiting for a breath. No wonder he is unsuccessful. What bird would stand such a racket? Tell him to sit down for a moment and keep quiet. Mark the change; from here and there appear the birds, and in a short time you have material enough to keep you busy for a long-time, not mere- ly shooting, but with open note-book observ- ing and writing down actions, notes and habits of the little fellows and with a bag

full of birds and a book full of notes about

them, you have work enough to keep you busily employed till long after the lamps are lit that evening,

(To be continued )

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DO YOU WANT CURIOS THEN READ THIS:

You will find something new each month —

PRICE Eacu., 5 Shell Crowns, used as head-dress by Samoan _ women -.9 I 25 6 New Guinea Fetich Necklaces, with large shell pendant, worn as charm to prevent death

1 Same, with 2 large boar tusks forming pendant. 2 25 |

1 New Guinea Warrior Shield, wood, 1 ft. by 2 ftereine, decorated tm\COlOLs: ..~. ftn. ee ates I Marshall Island Grass Mat, woven in colors. . 2 x Caroline Island Loin Cloth, finely woven in col- ors, extremely handsome, 2 yards long x New Guinea ‘‘Lava-Lava,’” or Loin Dress, MBEKS COMPELS sacicier cision ainpistciy- veitistes aes ee le 2 t New Caledonia Loin Dress, made of inner bark

Di Wea ic BS opie ted p Roe ape aloe hab” Bas ean raters 2 50 2 Samoan War Clubs, 1tronwood, 2 ft. long. -h.-= ) 5.00 1 Salomon Island War Club, heavy wood........ 5 00 | 1 New Guinea Witch’s Rattle, or Drum, snake-

skin head, used by witch doctor, hard to get... 6 00 2 New Guinea Ramboo Pipes, 1% and 2 ft. long,

figu"ed with black design . 2.2... .2 2.225205. 2 00 2 New Guinea Lime Spoons, used by the lime-

eateis, large and smallsize............ $2 oo to 2 50 T HijiCanoe Model, x ft. long......5.......... 2 00 2, oamoan hell Necklaces:-..5 22 ).5i5.5..8.00. 30 1 New Guine1 Ironwood Idol, not \ very chaste.. 5 00 1 Australian Boomerang, heivv wood........... 4 00

STONE RELICS. Mound Pottery Vessel, nearly perfect ........... 5 00 Perforated imolement, disk-shaped, perfect... ... I 50 Half-Section Perforated Hatchet .............. 50 Pertorated be Gant, Peres. «a= i eile pielavateie ae 2 50 Grodved Hamurers, perfect). ..25.0.0...485% Sees 2 50 Hammer, finer workman: hip..... ...........-. 3 50 Burnt Arrowheads from s. eriaciel mound ....... Io ‘Tmnangular War Points . - AGM TOOGK 5 sa mcs 2 50 SpearHeds 3 ib. F ik “ae Ax, slightly brok’n I 50 Flint Cutting Tool,small.1 25 | Curv’d Fish Spear 2 00 Arrow Truer or Smoother3 50 | Broken Hammer. 50 Small Drill, perfect......2 50 | Plummet, perf’d.. 2 00 Skinners, perfect....... I 50] Sinkers, large.... 1 50

“« slightly nicked..... 50 Large Skinners... 2 00 Pendant, chipped slightly.50 | Pestles....1 00 to 2 00 Hatchet,very small, fine. : ae Smal! Mortar..... 5 00 Adze, nicked slightly. . Oregon Pipe..... 4 00 Bronze Spear Head..... 3 (ele) 00 | Fine Scraper, flint 1 50 Drill, leaf-shaped ...... 1 50! Pottery Fragm1’ts. 15 Very Large Spearhead..3 00 | Lance Head..... 50

(Outlines and description of any of above for stamp.)

MISCELLANEOUS. 12 Navajo Indian Necklaces, wampum and beads,

Withrabalone pendants.) 7.03.01. 02s morse eee as 50 12 Indian Necklaces, red, white and black beads. 25 1 Sioux War Club, horse-tail ornament, handle

covered with beads, very handsome. .......... 3 00 I Sioux Pipestone pe vsOMentcre aet a. serie al 4 00

10 Alaska Bone Salmon Spear, 8 in. Oe 5 abt a ieee 2 25

zt Alaska Indian Idol, arms broken off, . Indian Jawbone from Oregon sheil mound

Zuni Indian Charm Necklace, leather, fine...... I a

Esquimaux Models of snowshoe, ice pick, bear Speaks snow Staff; ete iba. yon eS ee tae coe 25 to so

Buffalo Horns, polished: patra... <2 .!5.0...02.5.. 3 50

RERECHREALLOWUEAGS te selon cite <r licies ceeds aie Japanese Silk Panels, embroidered in silk and ar- tistically painted, landscapes, etc., handsome. .

ED A. SCHLOTH, 2

scl

0% 1-2 Washington St., Portland, Or.

PRICE Eacu. Japanese Devil Faces, will grace a cabinet or mantel, something that is curious and attracts attention; money “refunded if not satisfactory, three SiZEGe, woos eee Neca cise ae 35¢, 60c and I I5 Box Chinese Bane Jac espe EWS: co a, ee es, oe A 35 | Japanese Bronze Pocket Stamp Box, handsome. . 25 | Japanese Paper Knife, bronze, very fine......... 25 Japanese Bowand Four Arrows.........,...... 25 A Handsome Japanese Vase ................... 25 ee Wag @Hinesew Nits on aeotetele1- ioe, -isistes<ters se ate 5 5 Different Chinese or Japanese Curios...-...... 10 Chinese Back-Scratchers, bone, very curious..... 25 Chinese Straw Slippers, pair ............... 30 | Chinese Sandalwood fans, carved............. 60 | 2 m Card Cases, carved........ I 00 Box of 12 Selected Japanese Curios............. I oo Benares Hammered Brass Cup, from India, na- HM LIVevensrcivin Spey... 2A) spsran te cha gern acute abe aiasnicis Se PEP | Ancient Italian Halberd Head, damascened with Hie COMM seiey CONG ILON <fsoteeeicl-)- oN tree etme ee Io 00 | Autograph Letter, Mrs. Thos. iA Hendricks .... 2 00 liMimmoth'Sea (Urchins.+.4.:....as:.s2eso6-20-- 30 | Rattlesnake Rattles....... 25 | Sea Lion Teeth.. 50 | Bur Seal Weethi. =. << LZea Wilde Catecc: 25 | Bear SPARE aes takeas tates 30 | Wolf “ bee) | Buftalo ES Peek Io] Alligator “ 5 | Shell + ragments, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, etc, 50 | French Mitraleuse Cartridge, battle of Worth, - 50 | Piece of Wood from Andersonville Stockade..... 15 Canister Shot, Getty Gots Gobedauseseacos Sone a0 50 | Syrian Dagger, with Syrian inscription.......... 2 50 ss ornamental’ ae ih a ve oie choc Acrenets 2 00 Memaloose Copper “Bracelet, Hudson Bay Co. I oo French Button, fs a: 5° : Beads, 12 different “ oe 75 * Beads, 9g different ‘* ge 50 e Copper Pendant “ % 50 * Beads, large string ‘‘ Fe 2 00 ‘5 Flathead Indian Skull.............. 4 50 | Jesuit Shell Rosary from Mexico, very old...... 3 00 ; Hand-Made Sioux kead Necklace .........-.- 50 | Beautiful Specimen Sioux Beadwork .........-- i 2 Alaska Indian Wooden Bowl, carved.........-- 2 00 Alaska Indian Skin Kyack, or Canoe, 18 in long; containing 3 figures attired in bladder dress 5 00 Alaska Votem, wood, finely carved and colored .. 6 50 Seater titolecelis @loa05 + eso coun cobs case dome 5 00 Pueblo Indian Pottery Vessel, from New Mexico. 25 Pueblo Pottery, animal shapes............:.-... 35 Navajo Clubs, rawhide, tail ornament .......-... 2 00 , Navajo Beads, given to Indians by Spanish mis- | slonaries, 200 years old, per doz.............-- 25 HeNavajoy Dam bOmrIM eS: cia a share Sree eam iedase teres ioe 2 00 | Apache Steel-Pointed Feathered Arrows ...... 5 25 (Gs Sullyine-Hagle:Centss. {2 ja. -2:onioe lemon ci iMleype EW sie sent Ao 46 Aasncqdocosensacn esas 5 tz. Money sent when articles are out of stock will be returned. Address, JD) ASIC BLOM al \ 205'4 Washington Street, Portland, Oregon,

All articles sent post paid on re- ceipt of price. F i All letters of inquiry must contain stamp.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

PEO PEs 3G

a He

® MINERAL + GOLLECTOR,

Rise eee A Monthly Magazine

—FOR THE—

AND AS Ti | ‘Collector, Student...

Especially those with |

an appreciation of the

true and beautiful in

Nature’s Realm,

all interested in

‘THE ()BSERVER,

PORTLAND, CONN Subscription; $1.00 a Single Copy to cents.

If YOU are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, per year, 55 cls. Address:

a monthly magazine for only 25 cis. with THE OREGON NATURALIST, Sample copy free.

REWER RONCHI, HARTLAND, WASHINGTON.

LARGE TIGER COWRY, With the Lord’s Prayer, beautiful

etched in told

relief, is very and ornamental;

highly polished and the work causes much

interest and admiration. Price post-paid, 75 cents.

D. M. AVERILL &CO;, 148 Sixth Street, Portland, Oregon |

are

| air and restful,

year. | THE AQUARIUM, | Education and Recreation,

| Sample copy free. | plication.

| Coinage.

~.and Dealer ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample cojy 10¢c. 26 JOHN ST. N. Y. CIty.

PLEASANT FIELDS AND WOODLANDS If you are fond o1 fresh rural re- treats, read GAMELAND, the gentle magazine of outdoor life. It reveals virgin woods and waters. Yearly, to anyaddress,$1 Three trial numbers, 2hc. No free copies. Gamr- LAND Pur. Co., 13 Astor Place, New Y ork, N.Y.

with the Oregon Naturalist, $1.25

An illustrated quarterly magazine, for Students anil Lovers of Nature Hugo Mulertt, F. I. R.S A. Editor, Subscription rates one year, $1.00 Single copies, 25cts , each Advertising rates on ap- Address all communications to Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn,

New York.

THE NUMISMATIST,

The onEand oniy Magazine

‘for. Collectors and Students of

A sample copy will tellthestory better than words. Ten Cents will bring you two of them. Address,

THe NuMIsMATIST, Monroe, Mich.

ae

— ee

THE OREGON

Special Sale of Opals and Minerals,

Willsell cheap to make room for new goods, Write for what you want, and get my prices. Iam selling Red, Yellow, White, Blue and Clear Mexican Opals, of fine grade from 5cts, to $5.00 per kt. I will send youa nice Aus- tralian or Hungarian Opal for 1octs, 25cts, 50cts, $1.00 or any price you want to pay. If the goods I send do not please your fancy re- turnthem, I have the finest stock of minerals and gems in the state, and my prices are as cheap as any other dealer, and on fine speci- mens of this locality, Iam sure I can do a little better than others, I will send sample,

specimens on approval to responsible farties. ROBERT BURNHAM,

I5 CHESTNUT STREET -

Look at These Figures

Arrow Heads, N. C. I, 2, 3 and 5cts. each. < *< perfectly transparent, 5, 10 and 20c.

Spear Heads, r5 and 2Scts. Grooved Axss, perfect, large fine finish, $1.00 $1.50 Scrapers, large, 5, 10 and 15cts. Knives, large, 5, 10 and 15cts. Hammers, perfect, large, 50cts.

‘¢ smaller, 35cts. Perforated Sinkers, I 5cts,

** stones, circular, polished, 15 and 25cts, Soapstone Mortar, whole, 22 pounds, net $2.50

PROVIDENCE, R, I.

Ten cents extra must be added for postage on Axes and Hammers, etc. etc, etc.

FINE N, C. QuARTZES A SPECIALTY.

E. HH. HARN,

HENRY, Lincoln Co., N. C.

NATURALIST.

FOR NEW SUBSCRIBERS.

We will accept collectors names as_ part payment on subscriptions. Send the names

and full addresses of ten collectors in any

branch, together with 25 cents, and _ the Oregon Naturalist, will be sent one year. The regular subscription price of the

Oregon Naturalist, is 50 cents per year, with a free exchange column, Address, OREGON NATURALIST,

146% Sixth Street, - Portland, Oregon.

Taylor's Standard American Ego Catalogue.

PRICE 20 CENTS, POSTPAID.

THE ONLY TRUE BASIN FOR THE EXCHANGE OF

NESTS AND EGGS.

(A VALUATION ON NESTS FOR THE FIRST TIME.) — COMPILED BY —

H. A. TAYLOR,

WITH THE VALUABLE ASSISTANCE OF A. M. Ingersoll, A. W. Anthony, Thomas H. Jackson, Rev. P. B. Peabody, C. Barlow, C. W. Crandall, Frederick M. Dille, Dr. A. T. Murchison, J. H. Bowues, Ora W. Knight, and other well known Oologists.

FOR SALE ONLY BY Hen PAYOR:

ALAMEDA, CALIFORNIA, oR 1g0 FirrH AvENUE, NEW YORK CITY.

TO OLD SUBSCRIBERS.

We want No’s. 2 and 5, Vol. 1, Natural- ist, of Austin, Texas, and No’s. I and 2, Vol.11 Twenty-five cents per copy will be allowed, on renewals, for any of these numbers, if in good condition.

In other words, send 25 cents and one of above numbers, and the Oregon Naturalist will be mailed to you for one year.

OREGON NATURALIST.

Oregon Naturalist,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

CHOICE U. S. STAMPS.

1847, 10G;,. black. onesie ccecesie ssarcegeececivenis $ 3.50 TBE nS CDKOW IMs aioe slags iaiaie’s elie 'slelelatehatotaiisiniettal-1- 2.10 1856, same unused o, g., fine.............--++- 3-25 1856, ro. “* hy Erie CoobbnBuclnGeuRp nec 1.00 1856, I2c. ny OM te As Sthioocodneaccos I.50 1856, 24c. ‘‘ o. g., perf. three sides,...... 4.50 | 1856, 30G., 4. On 2p LOO sr areietes bone ohe ets 5.00 I8e6;,9oc, |. 0. g., cut close ONE side,..... 12,50 1861, 5c. yellow used, fine...-.........-..--+-- 6.00 TSOr, GOS; DIS ia hee merece cnlernimtnietn ere! w= kell = 3-25 TS6x. SAME, NOCMMe EL ciel d-jspe slo speedtest cleus 2.50 | 1866, 5c. chocolateiused) fine, 05-26 sm eawe 2.00 1860; bI Sc blackvUmMUsed | Osy Sipe deaislehele ete meet 2.00 TSOS LOC] UNUSE, 10.) eo, Ieee idee) a eee 2.25 1868, 12¢, CRW Amen Ua shas) 855550 Gene ne 1868, I5c. Ons, Of CeMterse rural:

T8608, pg0c used, 200d, submis doiire Meiatdesttcttaee 3.00 1869, 6c. blue unused’ POOR,.........-.0-2005:- I.00 1869, roc. unused. o. g.. beautitul,............. 3-50 | 1869,\SAME, PATE SItMy COOH. neice delice ate ats te 2.50 T8G9;) THCY UNUSEMs Os, Fag fINGy opener saves cieie ayes 5.00 T8G0; (ZOC-mUSEC ene pcos ail ator Marie metet 31 <=. «takes 3-00 | 1869, \GOCMin| pe BOO, - ite + sete hs chars «less oh of 12.50 E860; 9-24Cc LEPIANCs \UMUSED si qesierereys clckerare'esctes ate 14.50 1870; (6c: tsech fine; GIa.ee-v Mele aot N tale itera es 3.co 1872, 24c.UnUsed, Oy (2 4. BPO steps bla ctei-is os =el- - 6.00 1872, ‘goc. unused, Ong efile wages ave <---eh-- 3.50

WHY NOT WRITE ME? thing in U. S. Stamps in stock.

I have almost every- I buy and sell.

F, E. SMITH, 56 Fairmount Ave., - --+ NEWTON, Mass. Boston Philatelic Society No, 172. Do you know *, rect about

STAMPS as you would like to know?

Then you want a copy of The Stamp. Collector's Hand

Book. Paper 25¢. Prices { Clothand Boards soc.

&27 ONLY A FEW COPIES OF THE EDITION. C. W. KISSINGER, 1030 Penn St.,_ - Reading, Pa,

HOW TO EMBALM.,

By an experienced taxidermist and _ satisfaction gauranteed. I willsend my valuable receipt for embalm- ing birds, large and small, in their natural state, and will also include my NOLG of stufting for only to cts.

P. O. Box 469,

Phillips, Wisconsin.

WE TEACH

‘TELEGRAPHY “BY MAIL. D

Sample lesson for Stamp. A. E. Pus, wv.,

| O. N. Box 24, _ Roberts Landing, Mich.

Rae se ee ee Standard . Fiacbskamm, woe. 3 Stamp Co.

To. + Ricbolson pl., St. Louis, Mo. | Why not give US a trial? We have very good Approval Sheets at 25, 333 and 50 per cent discount: which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE. STANDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every bookseller in the U.S. & Canada sells them.

Insist on getting STANDARD Packets. eb S88 See D. Mi “AVERILL wee ea

PORTLAND, OREGON.

This offer is fo. the purpose of raising money, and is good for 30 days only. $1.00 black, 1894, unused, no w’m’k = $1.50 Ic, deep claret due, 1894, unused, no w’n’k .05

2r é ee ee ce oe ee se .05 3c, 6é 6é 6s “ec used 66 sé ,10 5c, ce “ce 6é ee unused, e ee x Io 10c ee 6é 6é o6 oe ee ce 15 ‘ , . 30c ee 66 66 e 6é “sé ee 75 ’ . Jere. 6 66 “6 used, 66 ‘6 .50 5SOcye 6 6 “6 +6 cs 6 .60

All the above stamps are well centered and

perfect, If not satisfactory they may be re-

turned and receive your money back, D. M. AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth Street,

Portland, Or egon.

OREGON POINTS 3cts, each g for 25 cts. under, 25 cts, require 2 Cts, postage,

b, M. AVERILL & CO; 148 Sixth Street, 7 Portland, ~ Oregon.

Orders for

THI OREGON

A Wonderful Invention.

in the World for Catching Fish, Animals and all manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenious denice. It is easy to set, suited to any bait, can be used anywhere, nothing can escape until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirrel which bites at the bait issurely caught. Perfectly safe for children; will not rust; one bait will catch from 2O to 30 fish; will spring in any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the ursafe and uncertain common /ishk-hook. Highly recommended by the Tribune, World, Press, Turf. Field and Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, “* The Eagle Claw is a very ingenious article. The best device for catching fish and game we ever saw. Safe, sure, and convenient.” ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2is for general use, both largeand small fish.andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 3O cents. No. 2, by mail, 50 cents.

A. M. Brown & Co. 146% Sixth St. Portland, Or. AUCTION SALE!

A fine collection of Minerals, Fossils, Indian Relics, Old Weapons, Shells and Marine Curios, etc. to be sold at auction, June 15th 1896.

Catalogue sent on receipt of stamp.

Address, JOHN S. SILVIA, Acushnet, Bristol Co. Massachusetts.

0. 1 is for all

=

BERNARD J. Breruerton, Newport, (Yaquina Bay) Oregon.

THE EAGLE CLAW ¢)) sWoRTH LENTZ

NATURALIST.

LOCK BOX SIX BAKER CITY, OREGON.

TRY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

200 All Different Stamps............... $ .45 log ** . AG Tie Late. a, 20 5OMs i: agen eet at) RON 15 30 66 66 66 U. S. i 25 20g. FOreig iS tampsS,ccss+2h serseeckon. de fo)

All sent post-paid on receipt of price.

I am forming a ‘collect- ion of Skulls, Human,

SKULLS, Animal, Reptile, etc.

Can you help me? Name price. JOHN DUKE McFADEN, CARLETON, NEB.

EGG COLLECTORS ATTENTION.

May 15th, I will issue a Specimen Bargain Egg Bulletin, giving full list of sets on hand (about $500.00 worth), and prices at which they will be sold. As I wish to close out all on hand ready for new seasons collecting, I will sell at about 4 regular catalogue rates. All sets first class and guaranteed. List free. Send your name on a postal,

Gro. W. Dixon, WATERTOWN, S. D.

ALASKA MOUNTAIN SHEEP.

These specimens differ from the Ovrs Montana of the Rocky Mountains, in having a nearly white Pelage. I have a large lot of unmounted heads, which I am selling at hard-times prices. Cor- respondence solicited.

A HANDY PROSPECTOR’S FURNACE. -

BOCA SVBBVEB

HE attention of Prospectors and Miners is called to the merits of a new improved T apparatus for testing and smelting various kinds of ores and minerals, such as gold, copper, nickel, silver and lead ores, refractory and compound ores.

This Furnace is designed and constructed by and for a prospector, who requires a serviceable furnace, easily transported over a mountainous country by a pack animal; that is complete and ready, and can be set up at any dump of low grade ores, that otherwise will not pay to ship with profit and make a good day’s pay out of one to two tons of ore every day.

To judge the price ($125.00) for such an outfit—of a Cupola Smelter, knock-down bottom type, with extension when smelting ores, made of No. 10 steel plates with slag and metal spouts, rotary steel blower, countershaft with geared pulley for blast supply, by either water, steam or hand power; with three graphide crucibles, three steel ladles, six furnace steel bers and tools, only weighing complete 1285 pounds—when the prospector can determine the value of one ton of the ore in a five-hour heat by the output of the bullion,

With a httle ordinary intelligence of the average prospector, this five feet by three feet inside diameter little smelter, run on low grade ores, will not only pay for itself every week, but it will convince the skeptic beyond redemption who does not believe with us that the little smelter must come to the ore.

The fact that a great many of these cupola ‘type smelters are now being adopted throughout the Western mining districts, and all giving entire satisfaction, is sufficient recommendation for the sudden demand as an absolute ne-essity to every prospector, mine owner, millman, sampling works or mining company.

Full and complete instructions go with the outfit, which gives mode of treatment of different ores, directions as to setting up and starting sinelter, fuel fluxing material, and general smelting operation.

A small size 2x4 of }4-ton capacity per five-hour heat, costs only $65 and weighs 650 pounds, same number of tools, with blower, &c., designed for the poor prospector, who feels unable to purchase the larger smelter outfit, Refractory gold and silver ores and compound ores assayed and reported on,

For further information, address

NATIONAL ORE & REDUCTION CO.,

5726 CHELTENHAM AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MO.

—— MANUFACTURERS OF

Furnaces for Nickel, Gopper, Gold, Silver and Lead Ores.

le

bs

Vol. HI. JUNE, 1896. No. 6. ¢ J hee

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

MiB,

PORTLAND, OREGON,

THE OREGON

Exchange Column.

Our Exchange Column is free toall subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word.

BILL — A Confederate bill to exchange for each Oregon Arrow point sent me, Geo. O. Greene Box 41. Princeton Il!

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies. Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

U.S. war cets, bullets, shells, and fragments of shells from battlefields, Indian pottery hatchets, and white quaruz, arrowheads for Indian relics. All answered.

T. B. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa.

T will give two good philatelic papers for every arrow head or Confederate bill sent me. Must be in fine con- dition. T.C. Hammond, Eldora, Hardin Co., Iowa.

To Exchange for good stamps of any kind. 16 vols. Appletons Cyclopzedia. cloth, covers some faded, other- wise in good condition. 500 specimens minerals, rock and crystal. Corals, coins, paper money, general curi- osities, 3 sword bayonets. % gro. pocket lamp in per- fect order. Glass butter packages, Can be sealed air tight. World type writer, ink erasing pencils, paper bound novels, 3ct offical envelopes, unused, entire listed tocts. Registered letter envelopes, were in use some 20 or 25 years ago, also seals for same, 1 seed drill and garden cultivator, nearly new, Address, A. H. Spencer, East Clarendon, Vt. :

Telescope steel fishing rod, line through center of rod, no tie guides to break off. The tip and second joint

telescope in but, when not in use can be carried in hunt-_

ing coat pocket and used asa bait or fly pole. Cellu- loid wound nickel plated bntt. Will exchange for good Indian relics. William A. Hatch, South Colum- bia, N. Y.

WILL EXCHANGE:—Oregon eggs in Sets or singles, for sea moss from Southern California, not floated. D. M. Averill & Co. 148 Sixth St., Portland Oregon.'

HOW to write on iron and ‘glass indelibly. Both receipts for a fine U. S. Copper Cent or % cent or two perfect arrow heads or first class egg worth 25 ct. or over. Arthur B. Roberts, Weymouth, Ohio.

I WOULD like to exchange English Curios, Speci- mens, Stamps, Coins, Photographs, Newspapers, Magazines. &c., for American and other countries. Address, Elam Dicks, Pilton, near Oundle, Northampton- shire, England.

&#7 Mention this Paper, when writing to our Advertisers.

NATURALIST1.

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY.

50 cent Washington, Lincoln or Crawford. Price $1.00

25 cent Jefferson, Washington or Fessenden. Price 50 cts,

Io cents Washington or Meredith 25 cts. 5 cent Jefferson, Washington or Clarke, Price 25 cts.

A. P. WYLIE,

> PRAIRIE CENTER, ILLINOIS.

EXCHANGE—TI have a lot of old U. S. and foreign coins, also curios and Indian relics, that I will exchange for law books. know what books you have.

Let me All letters an- J. A. Buchanan, North Yamhill, Or,

Look at These Figures

Arrow Heads, N. C. I, 2, 3 and §cts. each, se “* perfectly transparent, 5, 10 and 20c.

Spear Heads, 15 and 2¢cts. Grooved Axes, perfect, large fine finish, $1.00 $1.50 Scrapers, large, 5, 10 and Iscts, Knives, large, 5, 10 and 15cts. Hammers, perfect, large, 50cts.

*¢ smaller, 35cts. Perforated Sinkers, I 5cts.

‘* stones, circular, polished, 15 and 2scts. Soapstone Mortar, whole, 22 pounds, net $2.50

swered,

Ten cents extra must be added for postage on Axes and Hammers, etc. etc, etc.

FINE N, C. QUARTZES A SPECIALTY.

E. H. HARN,

HENRY, Lincoln Co., N. C.

ONE DOLLAR COLLECTION,

Ten typical Arrow Points from the Willamette river, Oregon. Show a diversity of shape and material. Very desirable for schools, students or collectors. Good value guaranteed.

Post-paid for $1.00. D. M. AVERILL CO.,

148 Sixth Street, > Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

HAVE YOU SEEN

Those beautiful, instructive and correct photos by CHENEY.

Taken in South Dakota.

WE HAVE SECURED THE AGENCY FOR THE SALE OF THESE-FAMOUS VIEWS. TWO OR THREE HAVE BEEN REPRODUCED IN THE ‘‘NID.”

Many readers of the ‘‘O. N.” are famil- iar with a few of these views, they are of the same degree of excellence, and by the same artist, as the premium photographs given away by the Naturalist one year ago.

This is the list of subjects.

Nest & Eggs of American Avocet,

» "7 97” Aimerican Eared Grebe, ” Western Grebe, ” Mourning Dove, ” Forster’s Tern. ” Russet-backed Thrush ,[Oregon] ” Marsh Hawk, ” Swainson’s Hawk, Red head Duck, Lark Bunting. ” Prairie Horned Lark, McCown’s Longspur, [2 views] ’ Burrowing Owls, [2 views] Chestnut-collared Longspur, Nest of Long-billed Marsh Wren,

”» ” Brown Thrush, Parkman’s Wren, Yellow-headed Blackbird. Do’uble nest of Yellow Warhler, Young Cowbird in Yellow Warbler’s nest

” — Bartram’s Sandpipers,

Swainson’s Hawk. [wings spread.] Burrowing Owls, [ 3views] Lapland Longspurs,

Great Horned Owl,

Youug Jack Rabbits. [ 4 views]

Badger. [ 2 views]

Young Fox.

Striped Gopher.

(2 views)

29 ”

39 ”?

”

”

& The price is 15c, each or $1.25 per dozen,

post-paid, Address, D. M. AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth St., Portland, Or,

| Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble,

.You want to start in Business’ Well we will tell you how, and start you, if you will write and let us know who you are,

Do} It} Now |

Address, A, M, BROWN & CO., 146% SIXTH STREET, - PORTLAND, ORE,

ONLY costs you a STAMP enclosed with your letter to find out our plan, and you ean open an office and do a good-business,

Is the time to write us about our plans, don’t delay writing, as we may appoint another in your section,

we al 9 = oy = wi

DOUBLE

Guns of any and every description. In stock or made to order. Write to us stating wants and we will quote prices,

Address JAMES H. JOHNSTON, Great Western Gun Works, Pittsburgh Pa,

‘MUSIC LOVERS”

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send 50 cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a book of Instructions, Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor,

I, M, MARSH,

~~ ae

Delayan, Illinois, | You cannot LOOK HERE! ws's2" tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of These are the Acervularia Davidsoni and Profunda Corals, The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality, Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25¢, 2x3%2 35c, 3X3 50c., postpaid, Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums, Ail specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect | Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and §0c, Elegant Paper Weights, 81 to $3, according to size

and design,

Address, Charles E. Briggs, Lisbon, Iowa.

| = += —

8 Mention this paper when writing to our Advertisers.

: D. M. AVERILL & CO.

4th

ey a OUMMER BARGAINS,

WNEUIULVLRUUUTUTUUGUSERESTLVEEOLUU Le? SSE A TUES EAA

25 T0 60 % DISCOUNT ON

UNITED SIATES STAMES:

3C, yellow-brown, dues, 1870, unused, well centered, 10c se 6é ce ee 6é ee “é 3¢ . brown oe ee ee ee «é ’ 30¢ (73 66 66 66 be 66 9 30c, red-brown, 1889, used, ee ¥ 50C 6e 66 ac be be eé sé ’ 3G bright claret, 1891, unused, es as 30C, oe ee 66 used, 6é (79 nG, deep claret, 1894, unw’m’d, unused, ee es 2c be ee 66 66 6é 6c [a4 ’ ee 66 ee be ee ce ce 5¢ a “ec ce ee ce 6c 73 be abe 66 oe se oe “ce oe ee ’ 50C, ee 6« 66 ce used GO (73 oc, orange fe BS unused, st - ’ ’ $1.00, black, ef = = as Arey = cé cé oe ce 6

$2.00, blue, $5.00, green,

3. 0325

Plate No. 170. Per pair, 1 each II and III, well centered 15 cents.

REVENUES.

25c, bond, part perforated, 60 cents. $1.00, probate of will perforated, $1.00.

COLUMBIANS. ee dark green, unused, well centered, 30C. red-brown, ce “ “ 50c. slate-blue, ¢ ““ & $1.00 salmon, cc “6 ‘6 $2.00 brown-red 6 6 66 $3.00 yellow-green, és “ ‘ $4.00 carmine, sé “ ‘ $5.00 black, “ “ &“ Complete set, 6c “ Py,

ORDERS UNDER 50c. POSTAGE EXTRA.

D. M. Averill & Go., 148 Sixth St., Portland,

$ .20 .40

75

5 00 3.00

3-25 4.25 5-25 22.00

Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

PORTLAND - BIRD) “scares Chi y Sticks, Allsaneacseseses d ORE ee a

Pec e ere eee seaeeeee seeeeeseres

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN } Sand Dollar, Pacific, eee eeeeeeceeescsseseces -1I0 | Cats Eye, drilled and polished,............ .05 PA RROTS FAN G; Y | Sea Horse, Mediterranean,...........-cc0s. 15 y | HewWinictals.. ccf Poche scteteeteradaxcaneeuens 1,00 ip SINGING BIRDS F Head, Sicull cc... .25cqditeda-asecderse 5.00 | Horse Hair Watch Guard, Mexico,...... 1.50

MONGOLIAN, SILVER AND GOLDEN |,.. . : PHEASANTS FANCY PIGEONS, Rain Gad, Peas Pottery: Lerkle celta cisistes 1.00 FERRETS, GOLD FISH, ETC, Porcupine Quill, 8 in. Ceylon,............ 25 Brrps SHIPPED BY EXPRESS. 25 pest coast Slee poe sph ode Seen .50 BOR ena : JS oodoheconcaeee 2.00 pI SARS ESE. Pontland Or. | Calcite Balls, Japan, weigh 25 ozs....... 1.25 AND STARK, a Stone Pestles, Oregon, ...........sces00e:. 1,00 | Stone Hammer Heads, Oregon,........... 1.00

.W. B. MALLE IS Indian flat stone, Oregon, round, ancient, one gece

hole perforated through them, only a few Taxidermist and Entomologist. ,

| Pabicnte Uh 2G) (lees casadasppoood occas pdoaeconcOencee 75 CEDAR MILLs, | Japanese Napkins, colored borders, assorted, WASHINGTON Co. OREGON. are much used, cheaper than laundrying, hy-

As I will shortly make my annual col-| gienic and economical, use once and burn, lecting trip. Orders will now be taken for} socts, per 100.

Insects and Skins, to be filled in rotation WE Pay THE POSTAGE. after October, All back orders now unfilled, De Mee AVERTIOM sas €Os will be filled at that date. | 148 Sixth Street 2 Portland, Oregon.

A SMALL LOT FROM LAKE COUNTY. Indian Baskets Ay | FLAKED FROM BLACK OBSIDIAN.

Beautitul weave; colored designs; na- | tive dyes that will not run or fade.

SHASTA SQUAW CapPsS, $1.50. ‘¢ SOUP BASKETS, hold water. $.1.50 | ** BASKETS, shallow 75cts | BA ie deep. $2.co

kee Prices are post paid. |

This cut is an average size, but there are

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FOR SAI = D. M. AVERILL & CO. 148 Sixth Street - Portland Fine cabinet specimens Black.

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THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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THE OREGON

NATURALIST.

VoL. LE.

PoRTLAND, OREGON, JUNE, 1896.

No. 6

KADIAK ISLAND

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF ALASKA. (Continued trom Page 64.) Clangula hyemalis OLD SQUAW.

A rather numerous species during the winter months having not been met with during the summer, but it is more than probable that they breed on the island, which they could doin many of the un- frequented bays or inlets, many of which are never visited by travelers.

From November to the following April they were frequently met with on the open waters outside the smaller islands, gen- erally in small flocks of six to twelve individuals, but sometimes they were noted associating with Steller’s. Eider. As a general thing they were wild and did not approach so near the shore while feeding as other ducks.

These ducks are surpassed by no others as expert divers, in fact they are about the most aggravating water fowl with which the collector has to deal and to get them one must kill them sufficiently dead to guarantee their remaining dead, for, as long as they have an atom of life left they willendeavor to dive. Their food consists largely of mollusks of which the Wrinkled Purple (Purpura crispata) forms a large part, the shells being swallowed whole as

shown by many examples taken from their crops. Histrionicus histrionicus HARLEQUIN DUCK.

A bird of the surf; loving the breaking water and deserting its ocean home only to raise it’s young on some adjacent river and again return to wage endless war upon the decapods and mollusca, to check whose increase seems to be its mission in creation.

This duck is a resident on Kadiak throughout the year but to associate it with ponds and lakes as is so often done in pictures seems a misconception as the bird is as much a surf lover as any of the “Surf ducks’? and when hunted or wounded will dodge in among the rocks where it well knows no boat can follow.

In June they resort to the rivers to breed but never ascend them far and regularly fly back and forth to the ocean to feed. Their cry is a shrill whistle descending in cadence from a high to lower note, com- mencing with two long notes and running off in a long trill.

The writer has often watched the males in spring, calling, and the actions of these birds may justly be said to resemble the crowing of a rooster. In giving forth their call the head is thrown far back with the bill pointing directly upwards and widely open; then with a jerk the head is thrown foward and downward, as the cry is uttered and at the same time the wings

78 are slightly expanded and drooped. After- wards they will raise in the water and flap their wings.

These ducks do not gather in flocks of more than eight or ten and from the writer’s observation the conclusion was reached that the mated birds remain to- gether all the year. Mature birds are much shyer than the younger ones so that a large percentage of the specimens taken are in immature plumage and full plum- aged birds are not common. The method employed in hunting this duck is exten- sively used in hunting by the Alaska natives and as it may be of use to some ot the readers on some future occasion, it is given here.

When first the writer went to Kadiak he tried hunting with a boat relying on wing shooting to get his birds, but with- out much success, and seeing that the natives always got more birds he changed his plan and took to the natives’ method as follows: When a band of ducks was seen feeding, a landing was made and the beach approached from the land, the hunter being careful not to be seen. By watching the flock it would be seen that they all dived about the same tim? and the time they remained down was atout the same length each time When the Jast duck dives the hunter runs toward them dropping in the grass or behind a rock about the time he calculates the first duck should be coming up again. In this manner he can approach close to the flock that nearly always feed in the shallow water along the shore. When the last run is made, the hunter, if an old hand, stands on the edge of the water, the gun at “ready,’’ and a couple of extra shells in the hollow of his right hand, the flock all being down. The first duck that comes up gets it, and the second one gets the second barrel and in this way by sharp practice it is often possible to bag six or seven out of one flock.

_ THE OREGON, NATURALIST.

Sportsmen might call it pot hunting, but if they try it once they will find that it calls for a good deal more mental and physical exertion than sitting in a blind and luring hungry and weary migrants to their doom with alot of decoys. Any way, a collector is a pot hunter by force of circumstances and does not kill for the love of taking life but only as a means to secure specimens. Can our sportsmens friends say as much in defense of their favorite pastime?

Eniconetta stelleri. STELLER’S DUCK.

This beautiful species is a common winter visitor from November to the following April, during which time they gather in small flocks and associate with the King Eider.

Although their food is the same as that of the last species they seek it in deeper water and seldom feed near the shore. Dr. Coues states that this duck associates with the Pacific Eider and therefore the writer concludes that it does so in some localities but at Kadiak it does not, as they leave for the North about the first of April and the Pacific Eider does not arrive untill the end of the same month or the first part of May.

Somateria v-nigra PACIFIC EIDER.

A summer resident, arriving about the first of May and nesting in any suitable locality approximate to the ocean. These birds arrive on the island in pairs and at once go to nesting. The localities chosen for making the nests are so varied that it is almost impossible to describe what would be a typical location; but they — are seldom situated morethan a hundred — yards from the ocean beach and generally on low ground, as the nest is always more or less hidden. They are always placed among long grass or reeds. The nest is composed almost entirely of down plucked by the female from her own body, the

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

other, or bottom materials, are a few layers of dry grass, but many nests were found composed of nothing whatever but down. The first egg is laid about the first of June and a setcontains eight or ten greenish colored eggs that greatly resemble common tame duck eggs. The males show no interest in either nest-building or incu- bation, but it is said that they help to care for the young when hatched.

During the period of incubation when- ever the female leaves the nest to feed, she carefully pulls the down over the eggs insucha manner as to entirely cover them with a thick coating and this seems to keep them warm.

If the first nest is taken they at once make another, and it is stated that to supply the down for the second nest, the female strips it off the male. The writer’s experience, has unfortunately, done much to shake his belief in this little romance, for almost all nests found late in the season contained very little or no down; in fact a great many were nothing but forms scraped in the sandy soil.

Somateria spectabilis KING EIDER.

King Eider are tolerably common during the winter months, sometimes gathering in flocks of fifty or sixty individuals associating with Steller’s Duck and Old Squaw.

They arrive at the island in November coming from the North and leave again in the following April. The native name of this duck is *‘Skatch’’ while the Pacific Eider is known as ‘‘Pistreek’’.

Oidemia americana AMERICAN SCOTER.

Common from November until the following May: gathering in large flocks and feeding on mollusks and crustacea.

i Oidemia deglandi WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.

Habits same as last named species.

Neither of these species were szen during

79

the summer-months and they were not known to breed in the island as far as the writer could ascertain.

Branta canadensis

CANADA GOOSE.

These geese pass over the island on the way to their breeding grounds in Cook’s Inlet, about the middle of April, but seldom even stop to rest except on the south and where they are said to be numerous in the fall migration. As far as known they do not breed on the island.

Branta nigricans BLACK BRANT.

Passes about the same time as the last

species, but a few remain to breed. Ardea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON.

This is a rare bird on the island and old residents assured the writer that it was not known there, yet on August 16, 1891 the writer saw one, and on March 1, 1894 a young female was obtained. Why this bird should not breed on the island is inexplicable, for the island abounds in shallow lakes teeming with fish and on the northern end are plenty of large firs suitable for nesting. Still there can be no question but that this species occur on the island as stragglers only.

BERNARD J. BRETHERTON (To be continued. )

MORE PHEASANTS FROM JAPAN.

May 30, 1896—Frank S. Alling received three coops of golden pheasants on the Victoria. They came in care of Capt.

- John Panton, R. N. R. The birds are

pretty well used up by their long voyage. Mr. Alling will place them in his chicken hospital and after a couple of months, when they are recruited will turn them loose on Fox island. Mr. Alling reports that the pheasants he has previously placed on the island are doing well and breeding rapidly.— 7acoma Leager.

80 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

LEAF PRINTING.

The study of leaves is at once one of the most important and interesting departments of Botany, their infinite variety of color, form and venation affording an inexhaustable fund of entertainment and instruction,

The leaves must be seen and studied as they grow in bewildering multitudes and in apparent- ly endless variety and they must be gathered and compared that the order which prevails in their confusion may be traced and that the system may be found in their resemblances and differences. Itis useful to preserve the leaves themselves for reference, for comparison and as mementoes, and the skeletonizing of leaves is also an excellent practice. Still another way of studving leaves, not to take the place of the methods I have mentioned but to supplement them, is by making photographic leaf prints.

No expensive materials are necessary for no camera is required, the leaves themselves being used as negatives and the print being made directly from them upon the sensitized paper.

Instead of using the paper employed in ordinary photography it is the best to use ferro- prussiate paper and make blue prints, these being much cheaper and far easier to make, while they are quite as satisfactory as the costly gold-toned salt of silver prints.

If you wish to prepare your own paper take one ounce each of ferroprussiate of potash, and of citrate of iron that has been neutralized with ammonia, and dissolve them in one half pint of water. This will make a rather thick dye which must be kept in a stone bottle, or ifin a glass bottle must be carefully wrapped to ex- clude the light.

In the evening by a dim lamp light pour out a little of this dye in a saucer and with a feather or flat brush spread it over your paper, which should be stiff and unruled. The sensitized surface will appear of a dirty yellowish hue, giving but little promise of the rich blue which it is to assume, for the dye needs direct sunlight to make its real color appear. Put the paper away in a dark place until it is dry and

then it is ready for use.

A substitute for a printing frame may be made of any smooth board of suitable size. Place the paper, sensitized side upward, on the board, lay the leaf to be printed upon that and cover it with a piece of glass of the same size as the board Fasten the glass and board together by attaching a common clothes pin to each end and place it in the sun,

After it has been exposed to the sunlight a sufficient length of time take out the paper and wash it in an abundance of clean water, Wherever the paper has been exposed to the direct sunlight the dye will have become ‘‘fast” and the paper will remain a dark blue, while in the spot shaded by the leaf the coloring will wash off leaving the paper white, showing the white print of the leaf ona blue background,

If the exposure has been sufficiently long all the details of the leaf structure will be accurate- ly and beautifully printed in, but ifthe sun has not had time to do its work thoroughly the lighter shades of color will be entirely washed out, the venation disappear and the print show only in outline.

The thickness and opacity of leaves varies as greatly and the sunlight has so many degrees of brightness that no rule can be given as to the exact length of time necessary in exposing a print. The beginner must experiment and learn to use his own judgment. It will be found a great convenience if the board used as a printing frame is made of two pieces fastened together by a hinge so that one end may be folded back and the paper examined to ascertain how fast the printing is going on.

I have frequently prepared my own paper in the manner described but I find it much more convenient and almost as cheap to buy ferro- prussiate paper of some dealer in photographer’s supplies. The usual cost, postage included, is three cents for two dozen leaves, size 4 x 5 inches,

It has been my practice to mount prints on cheap white cards, writing the name of the order to which each specimen belongs at the top of the card and the generic and specific

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

names at the bottom, together with any memoranda deemed helpful. ANGUS GAINES,

Vincennes, Ind.

GOLD MINES TRIBUTARY TO BAKER CITY, OREGON.

A complete list of the mines tributary to Baker City, compiled by Mr. F. R.. Mellis of Baker City, gives in addition to name and owners, the district, mineralogical formation, character of output and other information, There are given 36 districts as follows:

Auburn District, formation porphyry, has ten gold mines.

Bay Horse District, formation limestone, has five silver and gold mines, gypsum and one kaolin mine.

Big Creek District, formation dolorite, has two copper and gold mines.

one coal, one

Bonanza District, formation metamorphic slate, has 16 gold mines.

Cable Cove District, formation metamorphic siate; north wall, granite; south wall, porphyry; has 47 gold mines.

Cabell District, slate, has 15 silver and gold, and three gold

formation metamorphic mines,

Camp Carson, formation slate and granite, has three gold mines.

Cow Creek District, formation porphyry, has five gold mines. a Conner Creek District, formation limestone,

has four gold mines. Cornucopia District, formation slate and

granite, has 14 gold mines.

Cracker Creek District, formation - slate, ; has 20 gold mines, : Elkhorn District, formation metamorphic

slate; north wall, granite; south wall, porphyry,

has one silver and gold, and 24 gold mines. Granite District has one silver, two silver

and gold, and 23 gold mines, -

8I

Greenhorn District, formation metamorphic slate; north wall, granite; south wall limestone has 18 silver an! gold mines,

Hannover District, formation metamorphic slate, has five gold mines.

Idol City District, has one gold mine.

Malheur District, formation porphyry and granite, has 11 gold mines,

Minersville District, hase three gold mines.

Mormon Basin, formation granite porphyry, has 17 gold mines,

North Fork District, has six gold mines.

North Powder District, formation porphyry, has five gold mines,

and

Pedro Mountain District, formation granite, has 15 gold mines.

Pocohontas District, formation porphyry and limestone, has one lime, and 21 gold’ mines.

Quartzburg District, has 18 gold mines.

Robinson District, formation purphyry and metamorphic slate, has one silver and gold, and nine gold mines.

Rock Creek District, formation metamorphic slate, has eight silver and gold, and four gold mines,

Rye Valley District, formation slate and granite, has two silver, one coal, and 17 gold mines.

Sanger District, formation slate and porphyry, has one copper, and 27 gold mines.

Sparta District, formation porphyry, has 21 gold mines.

Stice’s Gulch District, has six gold mines.

Sumpter District, has five gold mines.

Sutton Creek District, formation porphyry, has two gold mines, * and porphyry; northwall, granite; south wall, lime- stone, has nine gold mines,

Susanville District, formation slate

Timber Canyon District, formation gneiss and granite, has seven gold mines.

Virtue District; formation metamorphic slate and limestone, has 33 gold mines.

Weatherby District, formation slate, has 15 ° Making 483 mines tributary to Baker City, nearly all of which are gold.

gold mines,

82 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

NO A.

The regular monthly meeting of the Portland Annex was held on April 24, at the residence of President, W. L. Finley. Secretary, A. L. Pope reported the following members as having been admitted to the Association.

N. A. Shaw, Grand Forks, N, D.

E. B. Guthrie, Washington, Pa.

F, A. Stuhr, Portland, Or,

C, R. Bean, Salem, Or.

Communications on the Sooty Grouse, from Messrs. A. W, Anthony; C. W. Swallow; H.M. Hoskins; A. L. Pope and E. F, Hadley were read. Mr. Anthony writes,

‘The Sooty Grouse—Dendragapus obs, Juliginosus—ranges from the Southern Sierra Nevada in California to Sitka, being confined to the mountains in the southern part of its range, but extends to the coast in Oregon, where the heavy fir timber affords it shelter.

“The Dusky,—var. D. obscurus; inhabits the mountains of Northern New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and as far north as; perhaps, Southern Idaho and Montana, where it gives place to Richardson’s—var. richard- sonit which extends northward along the Rocky Mountain system into the British possessions.

‘‘The difference in plumage may be briefly given as follows: taking as a standaid the Oregon bird. The Dusky Grouse is lighter colored, the band on the end of the tail is much broader, the throat is mostly whitish, in males; blackish with a white border in the Oregon birds, males. The Richardson’s Grouse only differs from the Dusky in the tail, which lacks the terminal band of gray in Richardsons, but is very prominent in beth Dusky and Sooty,

‘fAs far as the habits of the two species; Dusky and Sooty are concerned, I see but little difference. Both are much given to ‘hoot- ing’ in the nesting season; a note that is and Washington sportsman, I have on several occasions heard the notes at all hours of the night during the spring months on the Columbia, but do not think I ever heard the Dusky ‘hoot’ at night,

familiar to every Oregon

though I have been in their haunts in the Rocky Mountains a great deal. Either species is remarkably hard to discover when they have once disappeared in the branches of a fir or spruce, and I have often spent considerable time looking for a bird that was in plain sight, within easy gunshot, a fact that was not dis- covered until the bird took wing, which by— the-way, very often occurs just as the hunters eye falls upon the object of his search. It is probable that some involuntary movement on the part of the hunter, warns the watchful bird that it is discovered.

“In Colorado I have often found flocks of Dusky Grouse, consisting of a pair of adults and brood of young, at a distance from timber; at times along the willow-lined streams, but more often in clearings where wild benies had attracted them. As a rule they stay well within the shelter of the coniferous timber. In winter they seldom descend to the ground,

a habit shared with the Sooty also, but spend the time in the tree tops often living for days,

or even weeks in a small grove of thick spruce, living on the leaves which give their flesh a rather bitter taste at this season. Their presence is usually discovered by their drop- pings on the snow under the trees and the spruce ‘needles’ which they dislodge.

‘*T was once descending from a high pass in the mountains, between the headwaters of the Rio Grande and the tributaries of the Rio San Juan, in Southwestern Colorado, I think it was July 15, I was still in the snow banks, for the timber line lay far below the sea of alpine willows that surrounded me on every side. ‘The sun had set, and I knew that I had a trip to make in the dark, for several miles perhaps, before I could fined a suitable camping spot, and that two, over a broken country and without a trail, Just before dark a female Dusky Grouse flushed at the pack horse’s feet and I found a set of nine eggs in a leaf lined nest at the base of a willow, far above timber line; hastily laying the eggs in my hat I followed on after the horses and for the next two hours

a ee

—_ . Fr"

ae

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 83

had all I could attend over fallen timber, rocks, etc. in the dark, often

At camp I

to climbing

carrying my hat in my teeth. ‘dug up’ a box and packed the eggs away, carrying them behind my saddle for ten days before I had a chance to blow them,only to find them on the point of hatching, These eggs were very similar to those of the Sooty which I have since taken in Oregon,

“‘In Oregon I have often found nests by looking along the openings in the timber along trails until I found the pites of drop- pings which indicated a setting bird, then a short search among the ferns under the shelter of logs, etc. usally revealed a nest with from five to nine eggs. One nest was found in an old hay stack, near an old unsed barn, and was exactly such as an old hen might make under similar conditions—a hole dug out of the edge of the stack. Another set was found in a field of growing grain, usually however, they select a dry sunny hillside where the trees are not too thick, and hide the nest under a bunch of ferns.”

Mr, Pope writes: ‘About the middle or latter part of March the Sooty Grouse begins to ‘hoot’. The nesting season extends from about April 20, in the valley until July in the foot- hills and mountains, The earliest date on which I have known of a full set being taken was April 18, containing five eggs. In the valley fresh eggs are rare after the first of May, The latest date on which I have known of fresh eggs being found in the valley was May 10”.

Mr. Swallow writes: ‘‘A number that I have examined only had 18 tail feathers, while they are credited with 20”.

“Mr, Hadley writes: ‘‘Theeggs are creamy buff, reddish brown. The markings are mostly at the large end, but one set of six had a wreath around the smaller end, About 24 days are required for hatching, the female doing the incubating. As soon as the young are hatched they leave the nest with the old birds. While young they live almost entirely on insects and larve. When older they are taken by the old birds to the grain fields ***

speckled with

ft

**T have known of several cases where Denny Pheasants and Sooty Grouse layed in the same nest and the grouse was the one that did the hatching, The reason they are* becoming so scarce in the valley, is undoubtedly because the umber is being cut at such a rapid rate, and they are never satisfied unless they have a grove of fir timber for their home, nor are two females satfsfied to nest near each other”.

Guy STRYKER.

NESTING OF THE RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

March 24 while working near a piece of timber I heard a tapping much like a wood- pecker’s and upon investigation, found it to be a Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). After some time I decided that it was going to nest there. I found several holes bnt only one looked like it was being prepared for nesting,

watching it for

It was about 9% feet from the ground in an old snag about 12 feet high.

April 24 thinking from their actions that the nest was about completed I climbed up to it but could not see anything because the nest was so near under the hole. The hole was about one inch by one one quarter inches and was about six inches above the nest. Around the hole was a coat of pitch, probably put there by the birds for protection.

AsI could not see the eggs I made an opening and peeped in. Four beautiful eggs ! As this seemed a small set I fastened up the opening I had made and hid behind a tree to watch the birds, What do you suppose they did? As soon.as they found that no damage was done they went to work carrying more pitch and daubing it around the entrance.

On the 27th, I returned, and finding only four eggs I took them, They were almost fresh, They looked much like the eggs of the Chickadee—ground color white, (pink- ish-white before blown) spotted uniformly with reddish-brown, On three eggs the spots are rather large; on the other they are very small,

84 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The nest was originally rather large for the size of the bird, but owing to the falling of some rotten wood, it was only about one and one half by two and one quarter inches in size,

This is my first record of the nesting of the Red-breasted Nuthatch, summer resident although I have heard of their

I believe it is a rare

nests being taken. I have sometimes seen them in large flocks in the fall and winter. They are usually in company with the Oregon Chickadee.

Hervey M. Hoskins. Newberg, Or.

“BIRDS AND PORTS.”

John Burroughs writes, in his book entitled ‘‘Birds and Poets’’. “‘Is not the bird the original type and teacher of the poet, and do we not demand of the human lark or thrush that he ‘shake out his carols’ in the same free and spontaneous ‘manner as his winged prototype ?”’

| clip from THE INTERIOR, of Chicago the following pleasant item in regard to the ornithology and the poetic possibilities of Oregon.

“Tt seems that one of the standing grievances of the poets in. regard to America, namely that it has no skylarks, isin a fair way to be remedied, Old World songsters, such larks, nightingales, finches, and

as thrushes, sky- star- lings have been domesticated in Oregon, and are nowalso to be found in the neighboring states. Oregon has long been know for its red-cheeked girls, and with the fields and woods vocal with skylarks and nightingales, we may look for the American Shelly and Keats of the future to the region whose poetic possibilities Bryant was the first to hint at in his lines about the woods

Where rolls the Oregon and _ hears no sound _ Save his own dashings,””

MERIDEN S. HILL. Tacoma, Wash., May 27th, 96.

MELANISM IN EGGS OF THE HOODED MERGANSER.

At one time the Hooded Merganser was common on the Cedar river, Iowa. In looking over my old notes I find that in 1868 [ collect- ed 40 eggs of this bird. I believe it is well known that the Wood Duck often drives the Merganser from her nest, and in one nest I found 30 eggs of Wood Duck and five eggs of Merganser. ‘The hollow in the tree in which the nest was placed, was not very large and the eggs were several layers deep,

The eggs of the Hooded Merganser are clear white, the-shell thick and hard, but the most singular set that I ever saw, were eggs of this species, The nest contained ten eggs; the first egg was perfectly black, the second a little lighter, until I think the fifth egg was nearly white. This is the only duck that I ever saw carry anything in its bill, I once saw a duck of this species fly away with a small fish,

Gro. D. PECK,

PETROGLYPHS IN PATTON VALLEY:

In a previous issue of this journal there occured a review of the work of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology * in regard to the Petroglyphs in sandstone rocks in Patton’s Valley, about two miles from the village of Gaston.

The cuts accompanying this note are from sketches of the aforesaid Petroglyphs. These are associated with numerous other “‘petroglyphs”’ of a decidedly more modern character. Even these pictures here re- produced are the object of considerable skepticism of the part of many who have seen them. However, there is some reason to think there are aboriginal in origin, and in order to invite criticism the writer has taken the liberty of submitting them for publication.

FRANCIS E. LLOYD. Forest Grove, Or. Pacific University. *«'Tenth Annual Report U. S. Bureau of

Ethnology.” ;

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 85

PETROGLYPHS IN PATTON’S VALLEY,

86

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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Address all communicatious to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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JUNE, 1896.

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N. O. A. work for July will be Lewis’ Woodpecker and Pileated Woodpecker.

Special features for July number.

‘“‘Mexican Hieroglyphs.’’ Three pages illustrating some of the pictures observed by Prof. Lloyd, when in Chihuahua, Mexico.

‘*A Birth and a Tragedy.”’ by Angus Gaines. Of the many excellent contribu- tions from the pen of Mr. Gaines, this will undoubtedly be pronounced, one of his best.

‘Birds of Kadiak Island’? begun in April, will be continued. These notes were

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

compiled during a residence of several yearsin Alaska, by Bernard J. Bretherton. A true lover and student of birds and a close and accurate observer.

Continuation of ‘‘Some North Carolina Minerals” by E..H. Harn. Each article in this series of papers will be complete in itself. The authors extensive field work together with his familiarity with the subject and the science, make these articles of especial interest to collectors of minerals.

Received—‘*‘ BASKETRY OF THE COAST AND ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC, ETC.

Exhibited April, 1896, at the Portland Library”? 31,pp. Priceizscts.. Forsale by the J. K. Gill Company, or D. M. Averill & Co, Portland, Or.

This pamphlet opens with an interesting article ‘‘Ancieat Art and Custom,” by Col. James Jackson, U. S. A. followed by several valuable contributions to the Baskeiry of the Pacific Coast and a neatly arranged list of exhibits and exhibitors.

Photographs of the Basketry lately exhiliied at the Portland Library can be had of Miss Myrick, 595 Johnson Street, Portland, Or. These pictures, five in number, one being Klickitats exclusively. are 6 x § in size.

70 cents each.

Price

ALBINO EGGS,—While plowing in a stub- ble-field, April 20, 1895, I founda western meadowlark’s nest with four eggs, two of which were perfectly white and measured 1.18 x83 and 1.15x.82 the other two were lighter than the average egg of this bird; one marked with with fine spots of purplish and reddish-brown, the other marked the same but had four blotches of reddish-brown from / to ¥ inches across; these two eggs measured 1.19 x .84 and 1.23 x .84. Incubation was com- emnced in all four eggs. Bird seen on the nest.

Ellis F. Hadley, Dayton, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

THE NORTHWESTERN ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Organized Dec. 28th, 1894, Object—To advance the science of Ornithology in the Northwest. President; William L. Finley, 287 4th, St., Portland, Or., First vice- pres. Ellis F. Hadley, Dayton, Or. Second vice-pres. Guy Stryker, Milwaukie, Or. Sec. Arthur L. Pope, McMinnville, Or. Treas. Dorsie C. Bard,Portland,Or.

Any person interested in Ornithology, residing in the Northwest, may become an active member.

Any person interested in Ornithology may become an associate member.

The membership fee shall be fifty cents; this shall cover all dues to the first of January, after initiation.

The OREGON NATURALIST, shall be sent free to all members.

Applications for membership should be sent to the Secretary.

WILLAMETTE VALLEY CHAUTAUQUA ASSOCIATION.

The Third Annual Assembly of the Willam- ette Valley Chautauqua to be held at Gladstone Park, Oregon City, July 7-17, 1896, promises to open under the most brilliant auspices, By combining with the other Coast assemblies the very best talent has been secured at reasonable figures, One thousand dollars has been ex- pended on the platform alone, guaranteeing a speaker of national celebrity each day of the session. The list includes Dr. Carlos Martyn, of Chicago; Frank Lincoln, of New York City, Rev. Anna Shaw, of Philadephia, Susan B. Anthony. Mortimer Whitehead, of New Jersey; Mrs. Marion B, Baxter, Fdwards Davis, of Oakland, Elbert R. Dille, of San Francisco; Selah Brown, of Los Angeles, Alice Hamill- Handcock, of Chicago, and Ella Higginson, the pdet, of New Whatcom, Washington. The best talent possible for each department of the

87

Chautauqua schools has been secured. The State Pioneer Association and Portland Histor- ical Society are planning for headquarters that will especially attract students of the early Oregon era with its relics and romances; the State) Horticultural Society is arranging for headquarters, with many admirable features; the State Grange will have a Grange Day, Wednesday, July 8, on which occasion the assembly will be addressed by one of their greatest speakers, Mortimer Whitehead of New Jersey, the various colleges and universities are arrang- ing for headquarters on a more elaborate scale than ever before, The State Agricultural College is arranging for a Farmers’ Institute to be held each day from 9:00 to 11:00 A. M, at their headquarters. Many other departments are under consideration and will be announced later.

April 6, ‘96, I found a nest of western meadowlark containing young three or four From this it seems that they must have commenced nesting near the first of March. I also found a nest April 12 contain- ing three eggs which began hatching the next day. These are my earliest records of the nesting of S mm. neglecta.

HERVEY M, Hoskins.

days old.

Newberg, Ore.

THE OREGON SUMMER SCHOOL will be held this summer for one month — July 21 - August 18 — on its grounds at Gearhart Park.

Teachers Review Course, Normal Course, Physical Training, Art, Elocu- tion, Vocal Music, Biology, Chemistry, Astronomy and English Literature.

Leading teachers in the state.

Tuition for session, all courses, $5.00.

For further particulars address,

C. H. Chapman, President, Eugene, Oregon.

May 17, flocks of 100 or more evening gros- beaks were observed in the city of Portland.

88 THE OREGON EASTERN DEPARTMENT.

. CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR,

CHAT.

Are you fully prepared for the collecting season? What have you taken thus far? If you have any thing out of the general ‘run of things” or have learned anything that you think wil] be of value to brother ornithologists, writethem up and send them on, Especially

notes on migrations; first records, etc

The Oologists Association wants your obser- vations this year, whether you are a member or not. Write President I. .S. Omaha, Nebraska., or the Eastern Editor, for

Trostler,

full particulars.

Watch our marine articies this summer, Some on methods, some on descriptions, habits.

etc, but ali interesting.

The editor of this department will carefully review any publication, monograph etc, mailed him for that purpose, and reviews of such may be looked for in these columns monthly.

COLLECTORS DIFFICUI-TIES AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM,

BY MERGANSER.

(Continued from Page 75.)

You will find however that simply keeping quiet will not always bring the birds about you, A very’ excellent device is to partially opened lips to the back of the wrist and simulate the act of kissing. This makes

apply the

a sound very similar to that produced hy a young bird in pain, or in the hands ofa captor, and will soon draw to you those birds which “*That is all

right for small birds,” I hear some one remark,

are within hearing distance.

‘*But how about large one ? ‘Of course I can not give directions as to how you shall shoot a

NATURALIST.

crow but will say ‘What you can’t shoot, trap.” A small steel trap placed upon the top of a post in those localities where crows or hawks are

abundant, will generally be rewarded with

good results. The smallest steel trap . which you can procure will give the best results as the heavier and more powerful ones frequently With the smaller traps,

which are strong enough for anything in the

breaks the leg bones,

owl, hawk, or crow line, this is.avoided.

Now you frequently are at a loss to know how to load your shells properly in order to do the best work. Don’t put in too many shot, It diminishes the force of discharge and thus detracts from your chances of killing, Every For the largest land bird I would never think of using

unnecessary shot is one against you.

over one and one half ounces of shot, with three drachms of powder. For warblers’ and birds to the size of a robin I use about one half an ounce of ‘‘dust’—no twelve shot—and one drachm of powder. Following this gradation, you will get a very fair load, corresponding to the specimen vou wish to take. Of course you will often be compelied to shoot smail shot at big birds, but I do not believe you will ever be compelled to shoot big shot at small birds, if you carry a proper supply of cartridges with you. I remember an instance of this kind, when I secured a most perfect specimen of Bubo virginiazus with a charge of ‘dust”, I was sauntering along with my eyes on the tree tops and listening to the angry ‘‘cawings”’ of some crows in a neighboring field, when looking up I saw at a distance a good sized specimen of Circus hudsonius flying’ low over the fields. The crows soon saw him and made an angry rush at him, driving him with- in easy gun shot of where I stood. I discharg- ed the right hand barrel—I always carry my heavy charge in the right hand. barrel—and missed him entirely, . At the moment of press-

ing the trigger | was concious of a whirr of

broad wings, and, beating the underbrush in ~

frantic efforts to disentangle himself, was a large Great Horned Owl. again,

No time to load I took a step or two nearer, bringing

eT

a ee er rl ee rh Oe eel

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

me within ten paces of him and just as he cleared himself from the bushes, discharged about a half an ounce of dust squarely at his breast. It placed him upon his back, but by no means daunted him, for ‘‘right royally’ did he defend himself with beak and talons till I was forced to end the matter with a secund charge of ‘‘dust” from a slightly greater dis- tance,

So it appears that one can scarcely be sure what he will secure or when he will meet it, and to provide for such surprises I use a fairly large charge of ‘‘eights” in the right hand barrel and a light charge of dust in the left. Of course if you are ‘‘stalking” any particular game you should load for that alone and leave any unsuspected occurrence entirely out of consideration.

Next month we will discuss some ‘‘difficul- ties” occurring after the specimen has been shot.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION.

Cc, C. PURDUM M.D,

In the last paper we considered briefly the reasons for classifying birds according to ‘‘characters,” and decided that we should not be content with the mere external examination, but that to make our system complete, we should consider also internal ‘‘characters” and varieties of structure, and indeed in entire zoological meaning and _appli- cation, is any point of structure which can be seen, described, and used, for the purpose of enabling us to distinguish one animal from another, Thus, differing conditions of sternum, palate; larynx, etc. are made use of in our efforts to group together those forms which most nearly correspond. But here great difficulty may also be experienced: for instance; a bird with a known oscine larynx, but un- known as to its feet and wings, it would he reasonable to suppose that these last when

Now a‘‘character” in ornithological ’

89

‘discovered” would correspond, or present the character, which had been observed to occur in like cases, But the first bird examined, for instance a lark, (Alaudida) might, and indeed would, show such a deduction to be clearly and completely wrong: For although the lark has an elaborate singing apparatus, and distinctly characteristic larynx, still it presents a tarsus far differently constituted than we would expect. Instances like these overthrow one of the most definite and precise axioms which we have attempted tolay down with re- gard to birds in general. But the failure not only teaches us how great is the modification of geologically recent birds from their primitive ancestry, but also gives us an insight to the various steps of such a modification and enables us toestimate with a tolerable degree of accuracy the length of time which has been required for that purpose. These failures in our attempts to make a few hard and fast rules to which we can pin our faith, are not (as has been said) a gauge of our ignorance. This would in truth be so could we have all the steps of the process before our eyes, for then we should be able to limit no groups, for all by insensible gradations would pass into one another and at last merge all but insensibly into a single or at most a few starting points or individual organized beings. It will thus be readily seen, even though the process is one which we can hardly demon- strate, by personal examination during one decade, that all of our present forms are in- separably linked, by actual lines of evolutionary processes, determined by external surrounding conditions or environment. Happily however for ourselves, (although the philosopher may deplore the implied ignorance) degrees of similaity and dissimilarity do exist, and whichif correctly fathomed and_ sensibly compiled, permit us to separate groups with ease and correctness, and to build up a classification which is alive to and states these various gradations and works them out thoroughly and completely upon the principles of Evolution,

(To be continued)

gO

SOME NORTH CAROLINA MINERALS.

In presenting these sketches, of some North Carolina minerals, necessarily crude and im- perfect, taken for the most part from notes written in the field, it is not my intention to enter into minute scientific technicalities and details as it 1s presumed that all are familiar with.them in some form or other or at least theoretically, but rather to touch on such points as quantity, quality, modifications, inode of occurrence, localities and such other matters as it 1s hoped will be of interest to the general collector,

Before proceeding I wish to disabuse the reader of two ideas that seem to have taken a firm hold on the popular fancy, viz: that every- thing found hee 1s abundant and of fine qual- ity.

There is truly an abundance of material to select from at every turn but the destructive agencies of heat, cold, sun and water, working through untold ages, slowly disintegrating all, has ruined the fine crystal as well as the shape- less granite. So truly is this the case in very many instances that a really fine specimen for cabinet or for gem purposes is the exception rather than the rule.

The list of species that are most sought after by collectors is not confined to any one locality or county but distributed over the entire state, no single locality furnishing a large proportion,

I will say further that it is not my intention to write a history of the minerals or mineral localities of North Carolina, but to speak in as plain a manner as possible of only such species as will interest the average collector and shall ob- serve no regular sequence in their order of presentation.

Thus prefaced I will take from the fact of its being the most abundant and highly devel- oped che quartz group.

QUARTZ.

The quartzes of this state have been handled in a small way by a few northern dealers for As long ago as 1868 material was collected in this section and in Burke Co,

several years.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

and offered for sale.. No mining was done and only surface rocks were collected. But the great wealth of material from a scientific and com- mercial standpoint has been known and studied but for a short time.

It may be said that the introduction to the general collector dates from about the begin- ing of the eighties. This honor I believe should belong to Mr. Stephenson of Statesville, N. C. and Mr. Hidden of N. J. Most of their material came from Alexander county, Several that altogeth- er distinct from any found ‘elsewhere in the state. All the of Hiddenite. The finest forms and those most sought after by collectors are regular crystals,

varities from county are

come from vicinity

locally known as ‘‘gun barrels” from the size of a lead pencil in thickne s up to forty or more pounds, ‘The faces on many of the larger ones are just as completely filled out, as perfect in color and finish as the smaller ones, though frequently the centers are clouded and milky.

The color of a fine specimen is dark, a deep wine-color and singularly clear.

A peculiarity, not noticed in specimens from other places and giving much interest to the student is a system of etching (lacking a_ better word) deeply cutting the angles of the prisms. Other forms noticed here are flat crystals and crystals in almost endless variety of contortion, giving the impression at a glance that they are The quartzes of this section contain a great deal of

alterations from some oblique mineral.

some kind of gas for when s.ruck a sharp blow with a hammer they break with a sharp noise like the crack of a pistol.

The topography of the county differs but little if any from the rest of the quartz sections of the state. Mostly low rolling hills growing bolder as you approach the foot-hills of the South Mountains on the west. The rocks are metamorphic, gneissoid and granitic with an abundance of the various schists, But as fine as are the quartzes of Alexander county their value has been totally eclipsed by those of the so called ‘‘Lincoln county” belt.

This section, which does not, however, lie in

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

Lincoln county alone but in- Catawba county as well, has produced some of the finest and rarest quartz on record, Its wealth in this line is little known as yet. It will be years and after the expenditure of a great deal of money, before anything like a systematic collection of these quartzes can be gathered together. day for a year could make but an_ indifferent ‘collection of them.

A collector working every

I believe that every known ‘variety of crystalized quartz will ultimately be found here. The belt*is not very. extensive,

~ only a few square miles. .

To the east the rocks change and the quartz

To the south and

west long stretches of territory intervene with

no quartz worth the name,

loses its'crystalline form.

The forms most commonly met with are the crystals, in all sizes and twisted into every conceivable shape, with cavities filied with foreign matter as clay, ochre, wad, mica, chlorite, ‘kaolin, water etc, and at the same time presenting modifications of the greatest The so-called ‘‘basal- plane” is found more plentiful here than any where else and highly developed.

_ What seems like a very complex system of

interest to the scientist.

' etching is common. in places, the causes of which seems to baffle the best judgment to account for, Dana seems to think one series at least (the

fine striz running across the prism faces) is produced by an oscillatory movement, an indecision so to speak, on the part of the matter as to whether a single or a twin crystal should be produced, - This may be true but it fails to account for many strange things seen in some crystals, The erosive power of heated mineral waters has been very active here and has had much to do in producing these odd forms.

One true ‘‘twin of opposite relation” at least was found here. Many specimens found here are very large and very beautiful. The colors are clear, smoked and purple in a profusion of tints. The great drain on the locality for the past year is diminishing the supply very _per- ceptibly. They’are dug out of old rotten veins

fect!y flat on top.

OI

with no trace of a rock wall other than a yellow earthy matier showing where the old wall has utterly changed. Very few minerals are found Always mica, _ tourmaline, rutile, crystals of magnetite and

hematite, zircon,

in association. sometimes monazite, and xenotime. One small lot of crystals had small crystals of tourmaline netted all over the surface. Specimens of this kind are rarities,

Fine specimens have been found in other counties but sparingly, Henderson, Macon, Yancey, Mitchell, Cleveland, Burke, Gaston, Polk, and Transylvania-are among them. Some few fine specimens enclosing chlorite to such an extent as to color the stone have been found in Guilford county. Tabular crystals in perfection are found in Mitchell county.

Chrysoprase of a fair quality is found near Mooresboro, in Cleveland county.

The color is blue-green and translucent. No work has been done... The mineral is found in mica schist enclosed in chalk like ,bowlders,

Clear wedge-shaped crystals enclosing silvery mica are found sparingly in places: in Cleve- land county; near Toluca. Amethyst and rutilated quartz will be treated under separate heads. Agate, opal, chalcedony, jasper, and bloodstone have been found but I cannot speak of them personally. E. H. Harn, Henry, N. €.

AN INDIAN MOUND.

On April 14, my friend Gilman Winthrop, and myself, left town for a snipe hunt, We went to a very large lake, about three miles After shooting a few snipe, we set out for this Indian Mound, of which I had oe‘ten heard, but never seen, We soon reached the place and I was surprised to see such an-immense piece of work,

from town, known as Lake. Jackson.

The mound is about sixty feet high and_per- The sides are almost per- pendicular, and to reach the top, it is necessary to use the trees growing on the sides, On the flat top grow many varieties of trees, some reaching the height of about forty feet. On the north side there is 4 thick growth of under- brush and vines, so thick that to make your

92

way through, it is necessary to crawl, On this side you get a fair view of Lake Jackson in three directions north, east andsouth. The lake curves around this mound and then spreads out into a beautiful sheet of water .

When we saw this mound it occured to us that may be a Bleck Vulture was nesting there, so when we reached the top we began to look for the most likely place for a nest,

On the north side just as we began our de- scent, a Black Vulture hopped upon a fallen China tree, and of course the natural deduction was that two eggs were somewhere near, and it was but a few seconds before we had the eggs, two in number in our possession,

It is unnecessary to speak of our delight. The eggs, partly incubated, lay on the bare ground, under a fallen China-tree, which had two large limbs projecting in different directions parallel with the ground; here the ground took a more gentle slope and was not as steep as elsewhere,

The eggs measuring 3.07 x 2.04 and 3.27 x 2.00 are in Gilman’s cabinet, and in future years will remind us of the mound with its beautiful surroundings.

In size the top of this mound would about be large enough to build an ordinary dwelling on.

R. W. WILLIAMS Jr.

Tallahassee, Fla.

HAWAIIAN STAMPS.

Honolulu, H, I. May 22—The Finance Committee, to whom was referred Joint Resolu tion No. 14, relating to. the sale of postage stamps, postal cards and envelopes, recommend- ed the following amended resolution be adopted.

“‘Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representives that on and after November 1, 1896, the sale of postage stamps, postal cards, and stamped envelopes issued previous to the present issue, shall cease at the postoffice, after which date all, if any, that may remain will be destroyed, and the President shall appoint a committee of three disinterested persons who shall serve With out pay, to act with the Mini-

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

ster of Finance and Postmaster—General, for the purpose of checking off all remaining stock on that date and see that the part of this re- solution relating to the destroying of same is strictly carried out.”

The following figures were given of stamps in the possession of the Government.

Surcharged postage stamps and envelopes on hand, Packages contain 250 sheets to a pack- age and 50 stamps to a sheet.

Thirty-eight packages 2 cent postage stamps, $9,500. Twenty-five packages 5 cent postage stamps, $ 15, 625. Seven packages Io cent postage stamps, $ 8. 750. Two thousand one hundred and thirty-five sheets 13 cent postage stamps, $12, 810. Two thousand and seventy four sheets 18 cent postage stamps, $ 18,673.20. Five hundred and five sheets 50 cent postage stamps, $12,625. Eight hundred and seventy five sheets $1 postage stamps, $ 43, 750. Twelve thousand 5 cent envelopes, $600. Ten thousand 10 cent envelopes, $ I, 050. Total, $ 123, 383. 20.

Report comes from Maine that the two species of grouse, capercailzie and black game, imported from Sweden and on March 29, 1896, set at liberty in the woods of New Sweden, Aroostook county, Maine, are alive and seemingly doing well. Four capercailzie and seven black game were liberated and they are carefully guarded that no harm befall them, for they are a pleasant reminder of the old home to the majority of the inhabitant of New Sweden.

Mr. E. C. Swigert of Gordon, Neb. writes, “‘Please make a statement in your paper that on account of business interests in Iowa requiring personal attendance, | am out of the relic business, but as soon as I return will make an announcment through this paper.”

Next month watch for ‘Habits of the Chip- ping Sparrow” by C. O, Ormsbee of Montpel- ier, Vt. whese articles on bird life are so well known to the readers of ornithological literature,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DO YOU WANT CURIOS? THEN READ THis:

You will find something new each month —

PRICE Eacu.

5 Shell Crowns, used as head-dress by Samoan WOMEN ..2 2. .crccvercerccs ceeeceeces $ 1 25

6 New Guinea Fetich Necklaces, with large shell pendant, worn as charm to prevent death...... 2 00 1 Same, with 2 large boar tusks forming pendant. 2 25

1 New Guinea Warrior Shield, wood, 1 ft. by 2 ft.'7 in., decorated in colors..:...4...0...-.-- 6 00 me Marshall Island Grass Mat, woven in colors... 2 00

z Caroline Island Loin Cloth, finely woven in col- ors, extremely handsome, 2 yards long........ 3 00

x New Guinea ‘‘Lava-Lava,’’ or Loin Dress, AEE GM LELE se ate ch hoes tonnyanmtonassiaveray-omimperous(euecsinss 2 00

1 New Caledonia Loin Dress, made of inner bark ehinr eS Ag Ae OB ON eB SP Bae aor oe te See 2 50 2 Samoan War Clubs, ironwood, 2 ft. long es 5 00 t Salomon Island War Club, heavy WOO! faces 2 5 00

1 New Guinea Witch’s Rattle, or Drum, snake- skin head, used by witch doctor, hard to get... 6 00

2 New Guinea Bamboo Pipes, 1% and 2 ft. long, figured with black design ..............2+.+-5 2 00

2 New Guinea Lime Spoons, used by the lime- eateis, large and smallsize............$2 oo to 2 50 I FijiCanoe Model, x ft. long................. 2 00 12 Samoan Shell Necklaces...............0.-0- 30 t New Guinea Ironwood Idol, not very chaste.... 5 00 1 Australian Boomerang, heavy wood........... 4 00

STONE RELICS.

Mound Pottery Vessel, nearly perfect ........... 5 00 Perforated Implement, disk-shaped, perfect...... I 50 Half-Section Perforated Hatchet .............. 50 Perforated Pendant, perfect.............--+-+.- 2 50 Grooved Hammers, perfect ..............--.-- 250 Hammer, finer workmanship..... . ..........- 3 50 Burnt Arrowheads from sacrificial mound........ Io Triangular War Points ...25 | Ax, good....,... 2 50 Spear Breads: 7%). 5 fiver: J. - 56 Ax, slightly brok’n I 50 Flint Cutting Tool,small.1 25 | Curv’d Fish Spear 2 00 Arrow Truer or Smoother3 50 | Broken Hammer. 50 Small Drill, perfect......2 50 | Plummet, perf’d.. 2 00 Skinners, perfect....... I 50| Sinkers, large.... x 50 “* slightly nicked.... 50} Large Skinners... 2 00 Pendant, chipped slightly.50 | Pestles....1 00 to 2 00 Hatchet,very small, fine.4 50 | Small Mortar..... 5 oo Adze, nicked slightly....4 00 | Oregon Pipe..... 4 00 Bronze Spear Head..... os 00 | Fine Scraper, Hint x 50 Drill, leaf-shaped ...... 1 50! Pottery Fragm’ts, 15 Very Large Spearhead..3 00 | Lance Head..... 50

(Outlines and description of any of above for stamp.)

MISCELLANEOUS.

12 Navajo Indian Necklaces, wampum and beads, With abalone Pendant...) «oie. :s/efs.2tat «cjeis9,4 082 12 Indian Necklaces, red, white and black beads. 1 Sioux War Club, horse-tail ornament, handle covered with beads, very handsome. .......... I Sioux Pipestone Pipe Bowl................--+ Indian Newspaper, printed in Cherokee......... Alaska Bone Salmon Spear, 8 in. long........... 1 Alaska Indian Idol, arms broken off... ....... Indian Jawbone from Oregon shell mound....... Zuni Indian Charm Necklace, leather, fine...... Esquimaux Models of snowshoe, ice pick, bear SHEATSUOW! StALy "EtG... c ete see ee ne os cise 25 Buffalo Horns, polished. pair..................- Pettecttamrow heads.» tad/testehl arctos ogee soe Japanese Silk Panels, embroidered in silk and ar- tistically painted, landscapes, etc., handsome. .

50

un

Japanese Devil Faces, will grace a cabinet or mantel, something that is curious and attracts attention; noney “refunded if not satisfactory, three sizes... .

Box Chinese Bone Jac kstraws.........

PricE EAacuH.

35c, 6oc and I I5

| Box Chinese Bone Jackstraws................5- 35 | Japanese Bronze Pocket Stamp Box, handsome. . 25 Japanese Paper Knife, bronze, very fine........- 25 Japanese Bow and Four Arrows.......+--.++++ . 25 | A-Hamdsome Japanese Vase ..............-5--- 25 2. Vanaebinese IN USE si ldofele bre hels ce ei Aeb wyeley tsp Ae 5 5 Different Chinese or Japanese Curios.......... 10 | Chinese Back-Scratchers, bone, very curious... .. 25 ' Chinese Straw Slippers, pair... ........--- 3 30 Chinese Sandalwood Fans, carved......--...-- 60 pi “ Card Cases, carved........ 00 | Box of 12 Selected Japanese Curios..........--- co | enares Hammered brass Cup, from India, na- |-, timBsenpraMmiuys steee Pte af hol © sealed = 25 Ancient Italian Halberd Head, damascened with gold, fine condition. ....-5- 22.08. cee net wees foro) ‘Autoeeagh letter, Mrs. Thos. A. Hendricks .... .2 00 | Mammoth Sea"Orchins 414... 2..9'3) fins Lf. - 30 Rattlesnake Rattles....... 25 | Sea Lion Teeth.. 50 Fur Seal. Veeth ....:...,...'- 25\| Wild»Cat ‘ 25 Bear COSY EA UTES .30 | Wolf Oe 10 | Buftalo eS ee to] Alligator ‘ 5 | Shell Fragments, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, etc, 50 French Mitraleuse Cartridge, battle of Worth... 50 Piece of Wood from Andersonville Stockade... .. 15 Canister Shot, Gettysburg .........-.....------ 50 Syrian Dagger, with Syrian inscription.......... 50 ORDAMIEICAN es oot -8 aye tea iaaye cc 00 Memaloose Copper Bracelet, Hudson Bay Co. fore) | French Button, pe : 50 * Beads, 12 different *‘ od 75 | §§ Beads, 9g different “ " 50 “ Copper Pendant “‘ 7 50 m Beads, large string ‘* es vac 00 = Flathead Indian Skull............-- 50 Jesuit Shell Razary from Mexico, very old...... 00 | Hand-Made Sioux kead Necklace .......-..- : 50 Beautiful Specimen Sioux Beadwork ........--- 25 | Alaska Indian Wooden Bowl, carved........--- 00 Alaska Indian Skin Kyack, or Canoe, 18 in long, | containing 3 figures attired in bladder dress. ... fore) | Alaska Totem, wood, finely carved and colored . 5 50 | Same, not so fine AAG E TS UCM) UMTS Ne B94 Fa Seed a rere) | Puéblo Indian Pottery Vessel, from New Mexico. 25 | Pueblo Pottery, animal shapes...........2-.---- 35 | Navajo Clubs, rawhide, tail ornament .........- ele) Nayajo Beads, given to Indians by Spanish mis- sionaries, 200 years old, per doz...........+--- 25 Navajo Tambourines........-2++-eeeseee seers fore) Apache Steel-Pointed Feathered Arrows .......- 25 U. S. Flying-Eagle Cents.......-----++-..000. 5 Florida Sea Beans, :-...- 22.0. - + += maleiee me ee 5 we. Money sent when articles are out of stock will be returned. Address, ED Az, /SSGULORE, 205% Washington Street, Portland, Oregon. All articles sent post paid on re-

eeipt of price.

ED A. SCHLOTH, 205 1-2 Washington St., Portiind, Or.

All letters of inquiry must contain stamp.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Collect Understandingly:

In order to collect understandingly, and to prevent yourself from imposition you should read the best stamp literature. It costs a good sum tO take all the leading journals, but—then only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them ALL. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. You mnst need have a weekly included, to bring you the news and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fall of prices as reflected by leading auction sales. There is but one WEEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a very nominal pres, We refer to : : THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA.

If you have never seen a copy, send your address on a postal at once to

THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA,

502-506 CONGRESS ST., - PORTLAND, ME,

and the UNIVERSAL EXCHANGE does not

A FAIR EXCHANGE IS NO ROBBERY: ies sia eine

A 30 WORD ADVERTISEMENT (with change) Each issue for 12 mos. for $1, or 50 cents for one year with out advertisement. Returns more for the money invested than any similar Publication in existence. That we mean just what we say, let us convince you in this way: Send 25 cents and a 30 word advertisement on trial and we will send paper 3 months, and insert advertisement one issue of 5000 papers all over the country.

ITWILLSTAND THETEST.

A Sample Copy zc. Stamp. No Free Copies, Hun- dreds of bargains. The paper alone 3 months only toc. Mention this paper, and address,

EXCHANGE PUBLISHING CO., ATHOL, MASS. WE WILL

ALL ABOUT FLORIDA! WE, Witt

THE SOUTH FLORIDA HOME, (a monthly pa- per that tells about farming and fruit growing in Florida) one year, and insert your ad- dress in our ‘‘Mailing List” which will bring you lots of papers from all over Florida, and other States, for 2octs. Mention this paper. Address, YoungG. Lee, St. Petersburg, Fla.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.

Fine 5x8 View Photo Outfit nearly new, cost $60.00, Harrison Portrait Lens (cabinet size) with attachment for above camera, One 5-shot ‘‘Scott” Rifle and Shot Gun combined, NEw, cost $18.00 5 War Sabres, used in Civil War; several old Pistols, Canteens, Indian Arrow Points, Scrapers, Knives etc., Coins, Confederate Bills, Stamps and Curiosities, Will sell or exchange any quantity from 265cts, worth up. Will exchange for U, S. Stamps. Send 2c. stamp for list and particulars.

R. D. HAY, WINsrToN, N. C. &2 No postals answered,

OREGON POINTS. 3.cts, each g for 25 cts. under 25 cts, require 2 cts, postage.

D. M, AVERILL & CO., 148 Sixth Street, Portland, Oregon.

Orders for

Ripans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists. Ripans Tabules cure dizziness.

RARE, CHOICE, CHEAP. Perfect in, Quality, Beauty and Color, Very fine Crystals, Brilliant colors, Wonderful Combin- ations. Hundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn you Cabinet. Very low prices. Write to me. It will pay you. ARTHUR FULLER, Lock Box, 63, Lawrence, Kansas.

DO YOU WANT

FINE MINERALS

From all over the world?

Ripans Tabules cure headache. Ripans Tabules cure flatulence, Ripans Tabules cure dyspepsia. Ripans Tabules assist digestion. Ripans Tabules cure bad breath. Ripans Tabules cure biliousness. Ripans Tabules: one gives relief. Ripans Tabules cure indigestion. Ripans Tabules cure torpid liver. Ripans Tabules: gentle cathartic. Ripans Tabules cure constipation. Ripans Tabules: for sour stomach Ripans Tabules: pleasant laxative. Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles V Is our CHANCE Reding aise er

how to Marufacture good selling articles at an enorm- ous Profit. toc post-paid, Naar never been sold less than $1, before). Address, A. M. Brown & Co., 146%

| Sixth Street, Rooms 3 and 4, Portland, Oregon.

eee

CHOICE U.S. STAMPS. |

GWG TEE, 12) ets ARE RARG con Shel: GHC OCe ee oar $ 3.50 BE OMBECDKOWI, ,.o1<:2'0/2\ re lai-ilsfetasieiste’ =e aics ela e)eie er 2.10 1856, same unused o. g., fine................. 3.25 1856;, rou,‘ Ono ent ceaeeevalceistetchs elstele 1.00 Resorer2Crm CEE ae fitenatd cic! alevctevegsts vik aie 1.50 | 1856, 24c. ‘* o. g., perf. three sides,...... 4.50 1856, 30c:,. ‘‘ Oa Fase OO 5 6 brass 6 sare) oie sete cee ths 5.00 | 1856, gac.. ““‘ 0. g., cut close ONE side,..... 12,50 | TOOE, 15Ga yellow used; fine........500:. 00 else Se pe 6.00 PRES Pema SLL EY Sai ek. satacerctaye aie ateisiszefoieretejeners 3-25 | MBOMMESAELCS POG LITES oii5 « arevsyei ciejclais-e, areisiece, ofavereere 2.50 | 1266,,.5c; chocolate used,-fine,. ... 2)... snccesecs 2.00 THO wise: black unused, iO: 8.5.5 6. «srretreaetoeies « 2.00 | MSGS welocs Unused Osi ges, FINE). -,6 <oefagouss mae < 2.25 | TS6Ssea2c. | tS OMB SSG Ree heer es elaeperstarr aa: 2.25 E8685 ,us0. —\** On) PaO CEDLEN.. . eutipeestveersts 2.50 | TO SOMBGOCKUSEM., SOON en. vive sive divs 5s be Gle a sferare 3.00 1869, 6c. blue unused POOR,.............0.0--- I.00 1869, roc. unused. o. g.. beautitul,............. 3.50 18695, Same; part gum, good, .... 6. docskielees cca 2.50 TBOOweMECS UUMUSEM. O: G5 TINE) « 2c ee.cecie faviesienia 5.00 POOO WESC MUSH LIME: eiccitt csv. cis csosveleiarsee erent 3.00 ESO MOC ME MOOT. ical, beens See nites Ak 12.50 TS695s 24C, FEPLINey UNUSED, «2 5: 6:510/0 v0 versie iers.oe.s 14.50 MO POMOC USER 5 TING; < s4.c 3x s%s'elsale sis Cilia acale o's rare 3.00 Mega 2d OG MUNUSE Os, 9, ITOOs. \slaidte 4 dicieviare aie’ 6.00 MO72y7 GUC. WUMNUSED, 0. ..5 AME gs... eho 99 wine aycleudls 3.50

WHY NOT WRITE ME? I have almost every- thing in U. S. Stamps in stock. 1 buy and sell. F.-E. SMITH, 56 Fairmount Ave., - - NEWTON, MAss. Boston Philatelic Society No. 172. as much

Do you know *,7°°

STAMPS as you would like to know ?

Then you want a copy of The Stamp Collector's Hand |

Book. : Paper a5E: ee { Clothand Boards 50c.

& ONLY A FEW COPIES OF THE EDITION. C. W. KISSINGER, TOsO,Eenn st... = 4) = on

Reading, Pa,

HOW TO EMBALM. By an experienced taxidermist and satisfaction gauranteed. I will send my valuable receipt for embalm- ing birds, large and small, in their natural state, and

will also include my method of stuffing for only Io cts. JNO. C. LINK, P. O. Box 469, Phillips, Wisconsin.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

WE TEACH TELEGRAPHY BY MAIL. : Sample lesson for Stamp. A. E, Pus. Co., O. N. Box 24, Roberts Landing Mich.

Ree EER GG Standard . Ftacbskamm, woe. Stamp Co.

Ro. ¢ Ricbolson pl., St. Louis, ilo,

Why not give US atrial? We bave very good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50 per cent discount: which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE. STANDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every bookseller in the U.S. & Canada sells them. Insist on getting STANDARD Packets.

8 Ss ee & &

(CANIN ROIOINIES Toh e . GURIOSITIES.

ty fe, fy & &

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, Trap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c. &c. Just the goods for Curio and shell Dealers to handle. Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List. PASADENA, CALIFORNIA.

GWU EES

PETRIFIED WOOD, fine specimen Ioc. larger, 25c. Fine pipestone Pipe, bought of the Indians around Cooperstown, N. Y. 40 years ago, $1.50. One Iowa Arrow-head, and two Confederate Bills, rather poor condition, Io cents.

Ioo varieties of Foreign Stamps..........-- ---> $ .10 tooo well mixed Te ac oprtada panied ¢ 25 Ioo varieties of rare Stamps, cat $1.50.......--. 25 ro good Stamp Papers, all different............- Io

All post-paid. F. C. HAMMOND, Ecpora, Hardin

County, Iowa.

PATENTS,

CAVEATS, TRADE MARKS, DESIGN PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, JOHN A. SAUL,

Atlantic Building, © Washington, D. C.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

OREGON FAUNAL SPECIMENS.

All specimens are prepared by the most modern methods as employed by the leading Museums, and are accompanied by full data. excepting those too large to go by Mail, or for which the price is less than five cents.

MAMMALS, SKIN, °

Eumetopias stelleri,..... $ Phoca vitulina,...........-. 20.00 Callorhinus ursinus,...... Castor fiber canadensis, 10,00 Procyon totor,..........+6. 3.00 Aplodon rufus,............ 2.75 Putorius lutreola,......... 2.50 Fiber zibethicus,........... 125 Spermophilus douglasi,.. 1.75 Scapanus townsendi,...... I,1o Sciurus douglasi,......... YA MIIIO Neurotrichus gibbsi,...... 2.00 Peromyscus robustus,.... .g0 Microtus montanus,...... 1,00 Lapus hudsonius,......... 1.00 Sorex pacificus,............ 1.00

MOUNTED, $ 150.00 35.00 50.00 20.00 10.00

5.00

5.00

4.00

4.50

2.25

3.00

3.00

1.90

2.00 |

2.10 } 2.00 |

Skeletons or Skulls of any of the above species |

prepared to order.

BIRDS.

SKIN,

Urinator pacificus,....... $ 7.00 Larus glaucescens,........ 2.50 Larus occidentalis,........ 1.75 Aythya vallisneria,....... 2.75 Oidemia fusca,...........- 2.50 Oidemia deglandi,........ 2.50 Oidemia perspicilla,...... 2.00 Anhriza virgata,.......... .65 Arenaria melanocephala —_.70 Dryobates villosus harrisii 1.00 ** pubescens gardnerii. ~—.80 Colaptes cafersaturatior, 1.00 Cyanocitta stelleri,........ -70 Melospiza fasciataguttata .25 Pipilo maculatusoregonus .30

BIRDS, MAMMALS, mounted to order.

MOUNTED.

1.50)

1.00 Water, (Amygdule) .......... 75 1.00, _ The cut and polished for charm $2.50 to 20.00

They will be sent prepaid on’ receipt of price;

MOLLUSKS.

EACH.

Par pura saxicola; :ts.cccs+-cs aeneeaee $ .02% PanpurasOnesn es esses sn see eeae <n eeeeeeees -05 Purpura crispatay.12: 2 stececcen-meseneee =o eek Olivella “biplicatay: So-Se eoeeses sense .05 Chlorostoma funebrale, ..............++. .05 Gly phisrasperatyis--. scree ccnseen ae eas .I0

ACiIgeaspersOna,».2s- se. csceee ee onaensees 02% INassatfossatiy i calcite sd eee eee .05 Mopalia lignosa,........... Bebe Sp RASaOCOS -20 Cryptochiton=Stellerit)-crascs-se-eeeree -75

Dentalium pretiosum,..........2+++++ee.. 02% Adula stylinas 2 :cssc tees entennceenene -05 | Mytilus Californianus,...........2.2.2+.. .05 Cardium: corbis 922) nesta. censeeenaeeee -10 | Saxidonus squalidus,.............sss0.20- -I0 \Pholalidea: penitajss.2-22-2 22 eneee eae fe age OA8,

| One specimen of each of the above sent pre- | paid on receipt of $1.50

FOSSILS. EACH Pees cerocensis (in matrix)............ $ 2.50 of large block,............ 5 00 Bene cotodseussececcsaecussce ase aseeee “25 €Chlorostomas, 12:2. 2. 3222.22.52 ees cee -75 Machizera, 2222.5. SRS ESS. 2 eee -50 AGATES. ROUGH. POLISHED. Clouded) .2:..5. 5a eb ees $ .10 $*~.25 Ribbony 1-22-1262 5: Sages hee .10 +25 | White-hair moss, ............... 30 -75 } Green;seal MOssies ent sessee -50 1,00 iCarmelian. <2 seco esteces sears 15 -25 Moonstone) 22 52ce" seen seas nese -15 +25

1,00

FISH and REPTILES scientifiically prepared, and artistically

LABORATORIES supplied with fresh or Alcoholic specimens for study or dissection. MARINE CURIOS at wholesale rates to the trade. LAPIDARIES supplied with Agates in the rough in any desired quantities.

Bernard J. Bretherton, Newport, Oregon.

‘Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, ‘‘ The E:

mail, 50 cents,

ER OUR Cr oN

THE EAGLE CLAW

. A Wonderful a UE S Invention.

BEST TRAP in the World : for Catching Fish, 4

Animals and all manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenious denice. It is easy to set, | suited to any bait, can be used anywhere, nothing can escape | until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirrel which bites at the bait is surely enught. Perfectly safe for children; | will not rust; one bait will catch from 20 to3O | fish; will spring in any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the ursafe and uncertain common jfish-hook. Highly recommended by the Tribune, World, Press, Turf, Field and i le Claw is a very ingenious article. fish and game we ever saw. Safe. sure, and convenient.” o. 1 is for all ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2 is for general use, both largeand small fish.andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 30 cents. No. 2, by

The best device for catchin

a. M Bown & Co.146% Sixth St. Portland, Or. FOR NEW SUBSCRIBERS.

We will accept collectors names as_ part | payment on subscriptions, Send the names and full addresses of ten collectors in any and the Oregon Naturalist, will be sent one year. price of the Oregon Naturalist, is 50 cents per year, with a free exchange column.

Address, OREGON NATURALIST,

146% Sixth Street, - Portland, Oregon.

branch, together with 25 cents,

~ The regular subscription

GREAT NOVELTY IN PIN CUSHIONS. Made from the seed stalk of the Yucca Palm or Spanish

SKULLS.

Bayonet, whose beautiful white blossoms adorn the canyons and mountain sides of Cal. 1150 Yucca Cush- ions were retailed by one hotel toits guests in less than 5 months. The outside of the stalk is hard and the inside soft, and when nicely turned on a lathe they make a most beautiful white Pincushion. Price 10 ceuts, silver, @ W. TUTTLE, Pasadena, Cal.

WANTED, TO BUY INDIAN RELICS And Indlan Baskets from any locality in Oregon, Idaho, Wasliagton, Alaska and California. :

D. M. Averill & Co PORTLAND, OREGON;

NATURALIST.

ELLSWORTH LENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX BAKER CITY, (OREGON:

TRY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

200 All Different Stamps............... $ .45 Ioo ‘S % Seine hak te aethncd oie .20 50e a pesmi fesse! Sewhwnaeae 15 3aya> “ BF ey tates tvs Sos 25 200 Foreign Stamps........ .... eae VI

All sent post-paid on receipt of price.

I am forming a collect- ion of Skulls, Human, Animal, Reptile, ete. Can you help me? Name price.

JOHN DUKE McFADEN, CARLETON, NEB.

Special Sale of Opals and Minerals, —

Willsell cheap to make room for new goods, Write for what you want, and get my prices. I am selling Red, Yellow, White, Blue and Clear Mexican Opals, of fine grade from 5cts, to $5.00 per kt. I will send youa nice Aus- tralian or Hungarian Opal for tIocts, 265cts, — 50cts, $1.00 or any price you want to pay. If the goods I send do not please your fancy re- turnthem, I have the finest stock of minerals and gems in the state, and my prices are. as cheap as any other dealer, and on fine speci- mens of this locality, Iam sure I can do a little better than others. I will send sample, specimens on approval to responsible rarties,

ROBERT BURNHAM,

15 CHESTNUT STREET - PROVIDENCE, R, I.

“Wanted:—A good camera, will give advergtising space

in the Oregon Naturalist or good exchange in Oregon material. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St. Portland, Oregon.

A HANDY PROSPECTOR’S FURNACE,

P. attention of Prospectors and Miners is called to the merits of a new improved apparatus for testing and smelting vatious kinds of ores and minerals, such as gold, copper, nickel, silver and lead ores, refractory and compound ores.

This Furnace is designed and constructed by and for a prospector, who requires a serviceable furnace, easily transported over a mountainous country by a pack animal; that ; is complete and ready, and can be set up at any dump of low grade ores, that otherwise 7 will not pay to ship with profit and make a good day’s pay out of one to two tons of . ore every day. 4

To judge the price ($125.00) for such an outfit—of a Cupola Smelter, knock-down bottom type, with extension when smelting ores, made of No. 10 ‘steel plates with slag and metal spouts, rotary steel blower, countershaft with geared pulley for blast supply, by either water, steam or hand power; with three graphide crucibles, three steel ladles, six furnace steel bars and tools, only weighing complete 1285 pounds—when the prospector can determine the value of one ton of the ore in a five-hour heat by the output of the bullion.

With a little ordinary intelligence of the average prospector, this five feet by three . feet inside diameter little smelter, run on low grade ores, will not only pay for itself every * week, but it will convince the skeptic beyond redemption who does not believe with us that the httle smelter must come to the ore.

The fact that a great many of these cupola type "smelters are now being adopted itt throughout the Western mining districts, and all giving entire satisfaction, is sufficient recommendation for the sudden demand as an _ absolute necessity to every prospector, mine owner, millman, samoling works or ‘mining company.

Full ind complete instructions go with the outfit, which gives mode of treatment of different ores, directions as to setting up and starting smelter, fuel fluxing material, and general smelting operation.

A small size 2x4 of ¥%-ton capacity per five-hour heat, costs only $65 and weighs — 650 pounds, same number of tools, with blower, &c., designed for the poor prospector, — who feels unable to purchase the tenes smelter outfit. Refractory gold and silver ores | and compound ores assayed and reported on. : .

For further information, address

NATIONAL ORE & REDUCTION CO.,

5726 CHELTENHAM AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MO. Reece

——— MANUFACTURERS OF

Furnaces for Nickel, Gopper, Gold, Silver and Lead Orgs,

JULY, 1896 Wal:

OREGON NATURALIST

IT]

$ Vol.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO

NATURAL SCIENCE.

SS wy

Vii i Dy C

UY

oy,

PORTLAND, OREGON.

THE OREGON

Exchange Column.

This Exchange Column is free to all subscribers. — All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of %4 cent per word. Each exchange notice must not exceed 30 words, ‘he right is reserved to reject any notice whea considere] to be for the best interests o

subscribers.

Wanted:—Butterdies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies.

Prof, Carl Briun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

U.S. war cents, bullets, shells, and fragments of shelis from battlefields, Indian pottery hatchets, and white quartz, arrowheads for Indian relics. All answered. T.B. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa, 05 r

I WISH good, cleancopies of the AUK for which I offer some nice sets. Write for list; also want Vol i, Oregon Naturalist and back volumes of Oologist. from i

toix. R.W. Williams Jr. Tallahassee, Fla.

FOR EXCHANGE:—Paper knives of grease, orange and manzinitagwoods, magnetic iron sand, cactus wood, manzinita wood, Chinese nuts, candy, ete. I want stamps. especially U.S., and curios, Frank W. Smith,

Box 563, Redlands, Calif.

WANTED:—X second hand microscope »in goods condition; bocks or shells, and beetles; back numbers of “The Nautilus’ and ‘The Observer.” O. B. Montgomery, Lock Box 181, Allentown, Pa.

TO EXCHANGE:—Sea shells, Starfish, etc. for Stuff- ed Birds, Animals, etc. not now in my collection. M. J. McHeffey, Birch Bay, Whatcom Co , Wash.

TO EXCHANGE a few fossils, some old patent med- icines with revenue stamps on, and a few first class alcoholic specimens, with full data, for an old Colt’s Navy pisto’, must be in fine shooting condition or other old or curious fire arms or weapons. Harry E. Spalding, 202 South Neil St., Champain, Ill.

TO EXCHANGE:—The Oologist Vols. xi and xii, neatly bound in boards and a 3 x 5 hand printing press. Best offer takes them. G. Ford Axtell, Box 50, Howell, Michigan.

WANTED: —I can use almost any desirable Oregon or Western single eggs forwhich I will give even ex- change in nice sets. Send me your full exchange list. I have many fine Sets not usually offered by collectors. Walter F. Webb, Albion, N. Y.

NATURALIST.

| FOR each 20 different U.S. Stamps I will send an arrow point, Geo. O. Greene, Box 41 Princeton, Illinois, WA N % Persons to accept, gratis, in view FED; of future orders: 25 euvelopes

with their name and address printed on, Write plainly aa enclose five postage stam s to defray, mailing, nack- inz, etc.. “Happy Hours,” South C lumpia, N, Y. 4a Mention VU, WN,

peed EXCHANGE:—Fine Maine Minerals, and Curiosi- ties. Five varieties of each sent postpaid, labeled Name and Locality and Collector, for every so cts worth of Minerals, Fossils, Shells, Indian Relics, Coins, or Curtosities, sent me. G. H. Briggs, Box 82, Livermore, Mz ine.

EXCHANGE:—Have nice sets of 725 to exchange for any of the following common sets, with data, 703;— 622-622b-612-604~593-581d—-s 40-5 11d-506-507-497-316. Write at once. Frederick Hill, Lyme, Conn EXCHANGE:—A $3.50 ‘‘Mekeels Stamp Album of World” unused, for Indian Relics, old U. S. Coins, or Curiosities. E. J. Garlock, Des Moines, Ia.

A GOLD filled, open faced, ‘lrenton movement watch, and books on travels, histsry, Indians, Archaeology, Geology, and,fiction, to exchange for good ancient and modern Indian relics, old! arms, and war relics Send list with prices, all letters answered. L. V. McWhorter,

Berlin, W .Va.

‘

Bird points, in Exchange for Fossils, Stamps, C. S. A.

| Documents and Land and F. W. shells or Coins. Ref.

Merchants Ex. Bank, Bristol, Tenn. G. W. Robinette, Flag pond, Va.

NOTICE,

I have a FEW nice specimens of Grantia sp. described last March, and while they last will send one postpaid for 15 cents. Write quick. Foes DRO WINES

20 Benefit St., Providence, R. I.

FOR SALE.

Fine cabinet specimens Black

\

Hills Tin Ore by mail post-

paid for 25 cents.

JOHN CASHNER, Ex City Treasurer, ‘ PFARFISH SO. DAKOTA.

WANTED Old Stamps, Birds Eggs, Old Coins, and ;

- ot ye

bs

ee ae

Complete set, é< & Pr 2 ORDERS UNDER 50c. POSTAGE EXTRA.

Pov AVERIEL & CO., 2 se te am : : ese Sih, oo SOMMER BARGAINS. YUHEVHLUUBAIULEATUULATHReU OECTA HCOUUAVU LH PameeTRSLIPLHEUL BPEL HHT ETT OSEELIAH PEL HT EL 25 70 60 % DISCOUNT ON BC: yellow-brown, dues, 1879, unused, well centered, $ 25 IOC, oe 66 ee oe 6é oe 66 .50 3¢, brown a yl i mM * .10 306, i gs ae i we sn 125 30c, red-brown, a 1889, used, S so aS 50C, oe ee ae oe ce “e ce 125 3C, bright claret, 1801, unused, 3 “ .10 30C, oe cs 5 used, cs 75 Gs deep claret, 1894, unw’m’d, unused, cs 2 .05 Bee ee. ve ee ee ce . ee .05 5C, ee ee ee ee oe . ee .10 10, ee oe ee ee €¢ oe a4 ates 30C, ee - ee 74 ee e. éé * aS 50¢, a : used + .60 50c, orange, es a unused, .60 $1.00, black, % tt ae 1.50 $2.00, blue, oy ‘ ia tt + 4.00 $5.00, green, ees ae 2 ee = 7.00 Plate No. 170. Per pair, 1 each II and III, well centered 15 cents. REVENUES. 25c, bond, part perforated, 60 cents. $1.00, probate of will perforated, $1.00. COLUMBIANS.

15¢. dark green, unused, well centered, $ .20 30¢. red-brown, ss My Hi .40 50c. slate-blue, rk ey ae a7 5 $1.00 salmon, eS “6 = 5 00 $2.00 brown-red aa ag ag 3.00 $3.00 yellow-green, uy ‘ 3.25 $4.00 carmine, ; ‘ - a 4.25 $5.00 black, as ee ss 5-25 22.00

D. M. Averill & Go., 148 Sixth St. Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The Indestructible “Maywood” The Most Modern, = BICYCLE. | THIS $75.00 COMe=-

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The “Maywood” is the strongest and simplest bicycle ever made. Adapted for all kinds of roads and riders. Made of material that is solid. tovgh and wiry; simple in construction, easily taken apart and put together; has few parts: is of such wiry construction that its parts will hold together eveu in an accident; no hollow tubing to crush in at every contact; a frame that cannot be broken: so simple that its adjustine parts serve as its connecting parts; a one- piece crank in place of a dozen parts: always ready to give reliable and rapid transportation.

FRAME—Improved double diamond, guaranteed for three years. Madc of %-inch cold rolled steel rods (toughest and strongest metal for its weight known); joined together with aluminum bronze fittings in such a manner that it is impossible to break or any part work loose; a marvel of novelty. simplicity and durability; the greatest combination of ingenuity in bicycle mechanism known. to build a frame without brazen joints and tubing, as you know that frames continually break and fracture at brazen joints, and tubes when they are buckled in cannot be repaired. WHtiLs—28-inch: warranted wood rims, piano wire tangent spokes and brass nipples. HUBS—Large barrel pattern. TiRES—‘Arlington’’ Hosepipe or Mor- gan & Wright Quick Repair, or some other first-class pneumatic tire. BEARINGS—Ball bearings to every part, including wheels, crank axle. steering head and pedals. CUPS AND CONES—Best quality tool steel, carefully tempered and hardened. CHAINS—Hich grade hardened centers, rear adjustment. CRANKS—Our celebrated one-piece crank, fully pro- tected by patents; no cotter pins. REACH—Shortest, 28 inches: longest. 37 inches. GEAR— 64 or 72. FRONT FORK—Indestructible; fork crown made from gun-barrel steel. HANDLE BAR—Reversible and adjustable: easily adjusted to any position desired; ram’s horn fur- nished if ordered. SADDLE—P. & F., Gilliam, or some other first-class make. ?EDALS.- Rat-trap or rubber; full ball bearing. FINISH—Enameled in black. with all bright parts nickel plated. Hach Bicycle complete with tool bag, pump, wrench and oiler. Weight, ac- cording to tires, pedals, saddles, etc.. 27 to 30 pounds.

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THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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., REFINEMENT

fe Le,

Especially those with

an appreciation of the true and_ beautiful Natures Realm, are all interested in

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in.

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THE OREGON N

Fine Cabinet Crystals

GREEN MICA CRYSTALS—These are new, | They -

rare and do not occur elsewhere. are bright green, transparent and highly polished. But one vein found so farand now 25cts. to

worked out. Cabinet groups.

$1.00. A few extra ones at $1.50 to $2.00. | GREEN MICA AND TOURMALINE, |

grouped together, price, 25 cts. to $1.25.

QUARTZ CRYSTALS—in a hundred forms, |

clear, smoked, single and in groups. Fine showy specimens 25 cts to $1.50 QUARTZCRYSTALS, with water bubbles, some large and free, active 25 cts. to $1.00. AMETHYST, single crystals high and medium tints, 25 cts to 75 cts.

and groups,

QUARTZ, with Rutile crystal included, anet-_

work of hair-like crystals filling clear quartz.

Amount limited at present, 10 to 25cts. |

QUARTZ, with included clay, very showy, 10 cts. to $1.00.

QUARTZ, showing rare planes and erosions, A chance to get something of scientific interest cheap, 25 cts. to $1.00.

real

CYANITE, broad blue blades, foliated, 10 cts. to 50 cts. ZIRCON, small and medium, perfect

crystals, 4 to 3¢ inches, 5 cts. to 10 cts, TOURMALINE, BERYL, CORUNDUM

and Rutile crystals, 10 to 25 cts. each. GCETHITE, handsome black velvety groups

and botryoidal masses 25 cts. to $1.00. You may be able to get some of these else- where, but you will hardly get them fairer or better. will be returned.

If you are not pleased your Money

E. H. HARN, HENRY, >) (uaincolni€oy)) NAG: BARGAINS. 750) Different Stamps: +) ie cfarom aeistaeetaerasicls «se te BELO Too WifferentrstaM PS oraa piece desp atneatart. cyclase eae 05

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JOHN MARTIN, - Palestine, Ore.

move!s, | |

ATURALIST.

THE OREGON SUMMER SCHOOL Will be held this summer for one month | July 21 - August 18 — on its grounds |at Gearhart Park.

Teachers Course, Physical Training, Art, Elocu- 'tion, Vocal Music, Biology, Chemistry, | Astronomy and English Literature. Leading teachers in the state.

Tuition for session, all courses, $5.00. For further particulars address, C. H. Chapman, President, Eugene, Oregon.

THE NORTHWESTERN ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Organized Dec. 28th, 1894, Object—To advance the science of Ornithology in the Northwest. President; William L. Finley, 287 4th, St., Portland, Or., First vice- pres. Ellis F. Hadley, Dayton, Or. Second vice-pres.Guy Stryker, Milwaukie, Or. Sec. Arthur L. Pope, McMinnville, Or. Treas. Dorsie C. Bard,Portland,Or.

Any person interested in Ornithology, residing in the Northwest, may become an active member.

Any person interested in Ornithology may become an associate member.

The membership fee shall be fifty cents;

January, after initiation.

The OREGON NATURALIST, shall be sent free to all members.

Applications for membership should be sent to the Secretary.

CYPRAA ARTICULA.

Locality, Panama, price =. me qstet ie atelier $ .I5

Sundry articles from China. Used by Chinese Belles. Face Powder per ‘box. < «1 casi see eee $ .to Rouge in tablet form...........+2.-++5 a ete toe .I5 China Shavings” = 25 ./sics/catevide's e)eiate sf. enn Ei wR. TO Grass Slippers. /:.7yp &./. 2 ts te wire ae eee 35 Silk Shoes). No. oe ton eke rors ie ieee 2.00 Bath Shoes. ....... 22+ + 00eeee seen eee e essen eens 50 3lass Bracelets pr. pair......... PU Ode cn °75

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this shall cover all dues to the first of ~

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ik

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Vor Tit:

PorRTLAND, OREGON, JULY,

1896.

A BIRTH AND A TRAGEDY.

The water flowed in fitful currents back and forth across the microscope | slide, flakes of dirt rose like black islands in the stream, the light reflected from the concave mirror gave the liquid an amber tinge, and the animal which rocked listlessly iu the channel seemed basking in direct sunlight.

It was one of the Foraminifera, creatures low in the scale and scarcely distinguishable from plants, but strong through numbers, found in all waters, except those of the frigid zones, and play- ing an important part in the economy of nature.

They are found in endless variety and with incredible diversity of shapes. The specimen | was watching, known as the monothalamous Lagena was shaped much like awine bottle except near the larger end there was a compressed ring dividing the animal into two unequal parts. The testaceous Foraminifera have no shells, but surround themselves with tests built up of particles of sand and similar sub- stances from the bottom where they live, taking, ona small scale, the appearance of the Caddice worm inits portable hut. Not so the Lagena, it had a‘ true shell formed of carbonate of Jime drawn by its tissues from the water, and it was mar- velous to find that so lowly an animal should have its shell marked with such an array of delicate longitudinal bars and

flutings.

As | watched the living speck of jelly in its half tranparant shell of intricate lacework its organization appeared so simple that it seemed wonderful that it could perform any of the functions of life. Yet it was doing more than that, it was providing for the continuation of its species.

The constriction near the end grew deeper and deeper until the mass divided at the compressed line and there were two animals where there had been but one, each pursuing a separate existence and capable of multiplying itself indefinitely.

As the water on the slide evaporated 1 would pour on a fresh drop and allow it to tlow down beneath the cover glass. While watching the two Foraminifera, parent and offspring, rocking in this microscopic tide a new actor appeared up- on the scene. From the outer darkness a writhing transparent arm was thrust into the lighted circle. A yellowish current seemed pouring into this, it grew larger and drew itself forward until the whole amorphous animal had flowed into sight, an Ameeba. Again a slender. portion of the body mass was advanced like an arm and again the creature flowed into the arm. Reaching forward once more it touche some obstruction, the ‘‘arm,’’ pseudopodia, was at once withdrawn, another was put outon a different side and the Amba changed its course.

It was a bundle of paradoxes. A tiny

94 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

speck of transparent jelly, without vital organs yet alive, without limbs, cilia or any organs of locomotion yet moving against the current, without nerves yet feeling its way, without mouth or stomach yet seeking food.

Changing its form every instant, now wormlike, now spherical and now, as if uncertain which way to move, putting out pseudopodia on different sides, then flow- ing out in one of those protuberences, it moved across the field.

At length in its erratic wanderings it approached the two Foraminifera and touched the smaller one. By what sense it perceived the fact | cannot tell but the Ameeba knew its food at once and assail- ed its hapless victim without delay. Casting one process around on: end of the shell and a second around the other it flowed over its prey, the edges of the ex- tended mass coalesced and the Foramini- fera was engulfed, swallowed.

Under the action of the structureless but chemically active jelly the body of the victim grew fainter and fainter in its out- lines and then disappeared entirely, absorbed by its captor. For a long time the gorged Amceba lay still, enjoying its feast, then it put forth a process, poured itself into that and gradually flowed away, leaving behind a beautifully wrought, transparent shell.

[had seen a living creature ushered into the world, enjoy its brief span of life and become the prey of a ravenous animal and now its dry bones marked the scene of the birth and the tragedy—but all this was under a powerful microscope.

ANGUS GAINES,

Vincennes, Ind.

AMETHYST.

The supply of this beautiful stone from North Carolina of quality sufficientiy deep and clear for gem purposes has been limit-

ed. I was shown some specimens recent- ly secured in Macon county that are both deep and clear but of the exact locality and the amount I can say nothing

In a line running through nearly all the eastern partof Lincoln county and the southern part of Iredell county, amethyst has been found for years. - These localities have produced specimens that are magnificent but little of any value for the lapidist. They are found tolerably abund- ant in beds in a whitish gravel all- through the region mentioned. Groups of 40 to 60 pounds are occasionally taken out of a pale purple, pink and lilac tint. These like the clear crystals found twenty miles further west contain inclusions of water and other substances adding greatly to their attractiveness.

Another locality in the same county near Henry P. O. has furnished some gems of a highly modified character in fine tints. Fine examples of the “‘scepter,’’? three-quarters to one inch over the prism and making nearly a perfect square were found here. The deposits are thought to be exhausted.

In several localities throughout this county elegant crystals have been mined containing water bubbles. The color in

nearly all was deep but not evenly dis- —

tributed. The largest about two inches across. Mitchell, Yancey, McDowell, Madison, Henderson, Alexander, Gaston and Catawba counties contain them in greater or less quantity and as work goes on some fine stones may be looked for. Some fine groups of small crystals in rosettes and radiating lumps of a clear lilac tint have lately been found in Catawba county. The locality is one mile north of Henry postoffice.

An interesting vein about two miles from the same place is on the farm of David McNeeley. The amethyst here is very deep, and clear and filled with count- less crystals of fine brown rutile and blood-red scales of hematite. It occurs

Se ee ee

‘

=. Te

THE OREGON NATURALIST, 95

here in groups adhering to slabs of smoked massive quartz, intimately associated with fine mica crystals and crystals of brilliant hematite of excellent quality.

It is a matter of regret that the crystals are all small few if any will cut gems of over two carats in size.

E. H. HARN, Henry, N. C.

SEA URCHINS

Probably there are no animals of our marine waters less understood by the general public than the common star fishes, or five fingers as some call them, and the sea urchins of our coasts. It is of the latter especially this article is written. With the exception of tiiose living on the sea coast, and those, who’ during the summer frequent the shores and are interested in natural history the public in the interior have little knowledge of them. To the loiterer along the beach it is not an unusual sight to see a number of these queer animals thrown upon the beach by the receding tidal waves. This is especially true of the common star fishes, Those studiously inclined, will take advantage of this by securing several for examinati n and study.

Scientists have placed the sea urchins in the sub-kingdom of Radiates, Star also included in this sub-kingdom and all

fishes are

whose bodies internally and externally are radiate in arrangement, that is whose parts are similiar around a vertical axis. The urchin when first found in its natural state is covered with a thick growth of spines, completely concealing the beautiful skeleton or frame work underneath, There is only one opening into this skeleton, the mouth being located in the middle underneath. The tony jaws or ‘‘Aristotle’s lantern” as it is

called is

commonly composed of five separate parts, armed at the points with sharp knife-like ap- pendages, These jaws can be brought together at

the point so that the five little knives can cut up

the food in suitable pieces for mastication.

These five j:iws work on_ hinges

cartilaginous nature and can be

of a worked separately or in unison at the will of the owner, Prof, Wood, who is an excellent authority on natural history tells us that the skeleton or shell is composed of a large number of pieces or plates whose juncture can only be seen by examining the shell from the interior. By holding one of the cleaned shells so the light can penetrate the interior through the aperture the plates can plainly be seen.

Externally the shell presents an unbroken surface, with the exception of the protuberences where spines were located. The urchins retain their original shape during growth and as the chalky matter composing the shell is added regularly to the edges of these plates, the globular shape is not lost by the enlarging of the shell.

I have before me a specimen of Strorgylocen- trotus franciscanus from the Pacific coast, and whose beautiful symmetrical proportions are pleasing to all lovers, of Nature’s beautiful works, ‘This shell is rather warty in appearance nearly 13 inches in circumference at largest part of shell. The projections on the outer surface of the sheil show where the spines were located. On this specimen I have counted 20 rows of large projections and 35 rows of smaller ones running with Interspersed through-

from base to apex, all arranged mathematical precision. out these larger rows are many smaller ones, Between the rows of these projections thousands of small openings or pores can be noticed.

The spines are peculiar in structure and _pre- sent some interesting details. Each spine is movable at the will of its owner, and moves on a ball and socket joint, the cavity at the end of the spine, fitting exactly the round project- tion on the shell. the ball by a thin tenacious membrane which After death this membrane becomes dry and fragile and is

The spines are fastened to allows them free movement.

easily broken and the spines drop off, hence the difficulty of amateurs in keeping urchins in*

96

their natural state, that is with the spines on. This difficulty has been largely overcome: in late years by our energetic dealers and collectors, so that now they can be secured in all their beauty of natural shape and colors.

The Field Columbian Museum of Chicago have an exceptionally fine collection of the Radiate family. It may not be generally known that in some localities the sea urchins are used as an article of food, especially in the South Sea islands. In the bay of Naples where many of the finest species are found, hundreds of people can be seen diving after urchins. the natives before toey deposit their

are especially valuable to

eggs, being as highly prized as the egys of the herring

They

and some other fishes, The urchins burrow

in the sand until almost hidden only being

located by a funnel shaped depression in the

sand. This burrowing is accomplished by working the spines back and forth; being

perfectly rigid. The natives locate the urchins

hy the depressions in the sand. Urchins ore very plentiful in the waters of the Florida coral reefs; Wyville Thomson at one time securing several thousand at one dip of the seine.

The food of the urchin seems to consist of both animal and vegetable matter, as fragments of both kinds have been found in the digestive cavity. It has also been stated that fragments of shells have been found in them which would One

species commonly called the heart urchin is

prove that they devoured the mollusks,

said to live below the sand and secures its food from the animal substances that mingle with it, on examination it was found that much of its digestive organs were filled with sand, I have several specimens of fossil sea urchin, from Texas, they resemble the species commonly called sea beaver,

In the Indian ocean several species of the urchins are armed with sharp spines which injure the feet of many of the native bathers, inflicting painful wounds. It has been claimed by some writers that the sea urchins are

Without doubt there is much yet to be learned regarding

terrible foes to the smaller mollusks.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

plenty game, plenty fish and everything

the habits, and actions of these peculiar creatures.

The most prominent species on the Atlantic coast seems to be Strongylocentrotus drobach- zenszs. what a formidable name for this poor creature; is it any wonder that the common name sea urchin is more popular,

H. B. DErR. Chicago, Ill.

FLAMINGOES SEEN HERE.

THEIR APPEARANCE REVIVES AND CORROBOR-

ATES AN OLD INDIAN LEGEND.

Sunday morning as that dreamy haze known only to the waters of Puget Sound was being dissipated by the sun’s rays, a few early sight- seers from abroad, while strolling about the ocean docks were treated to a most interesting and uncommon sight, It was no less than a flight of flamingoe:, those timid and delicate birds from the bayous and morasses of the sunny climes far to the south of us,

Legends of the Siwash tell us that upon rare occasions a few birds of great beauty of plum- age and form appear here, buiid their nests, rear their young, utter their plaintive cries, and in the early fall disappear towards the south, Their story is that the birds do not come again during the life of the Indian who saw them, ° and that when they do reappearit is only for one summer. And so it has been for countless ages, and the legend tells us it will be so for all time to come. .

The description handed down from generation 1o generation tallies exactly with the flamingo, and so we must believe that those we saw are indentical with the birds of the legend, and the harbingers of good times and prosperity, for, say the Indians, the visit of this bird means_

good,” — Tacoma Leger, June 24th. 96.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

MEXICAN HIEROGLYPHS.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

MEXICAN HIEROGLYPHS.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

99

ONE ONZEN

MEXICAN HIEROGLYPHS,

MEXICAN HIEROGLY PHS.

It seems to be desirable to put on record the pictures, seen and sketched by the writer, in certain cave dwellings in Chihuahua, Mexico. The pictures were drawn in black, red, and white, on the adobe walls of the rooms in one of the largest of the cave dwellings near a mor- mon settlement. The caves occured in a conglomerate. On the floors were found corncobs of small size, fragments of

_ pottery, and in one cave was unearthed a mummy of a man in sitting posture.

It seems fair to conclude that the artist or artists, authors of the pictures here reproduced, were more or less familiar with (1) Horses, (2) Roman Catholicism, (3) Soldiery, (4) Cattle, (5) Petticoated and corseted women, (©) Burros and the packing of the same.

To a practiced eye there may be still more significance, but I dare not venture into the higher speculations of

anthropology. The drawings will speak for theinselves. FRANCIS E. LLOYD. Pacific University, Forest Grove, Or.

Mr. Guy Stryker writing from Eastern Oregon, says: It seems as if Malheur lake is the breeding place of all the water birds of Oregon; among others observed _bitterns, Killed my first

antelope yesterday, also sage cocks 1n plenty.

avocets, snowy herons, etc.

June 7 I took a set of twelve Northwestern Flicker eggs; one of them was very smal: and had no yolk.—Ray Raley, Pendleton, Or.

Joseph Mailliard, of San Geronimo, Cal., has returned from a few weeks trip in Alaska, brniging back several additions in skins and eggs to his collection; one of chem is sets of the fork-tailed petrel.

100 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

KADIAK ISLAND

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF ALASKA.

(Continued trom Page 79.)

Tringa couesi ALEUTIAN SANDPIPER

Large flocks of these birds were seen during February 1893, but were not met with during other winters They were met with on a low sand bar, after a pro- tracted storm which had thrown up millions of sand fleas, upon which they were feeding so industriously as to be easiiy approached and to which feast they return- ed several times, even after their ranks had been thinned by raking charges of fine shot.

Tringa bairdit BAIRD’S SANDPIPER.

One immature’ female — obtaiied

November 15, 1893. No others seen. Totanus melanoleucus GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.

This bird was found on the isiand from May to September and undoubtedly breeds there although no nests were found. Numerous specimens were taken, all being tound either singly or in pairs and feeding on the rocks of the ocean beach on sand fleas andsmall marine worms found in the sea weed.

Heteractitig incanus WANDERING TATTLER Common throughout the summer months and undoubtedly breeds but no

nests were fouud.

This species seemed to habitually frequent the sand or gravel beaches in preference to rocky localities, and had regular feeding grounds to which they resorted at certain stages of the tide, returning regularly each day at the same time. Their food consists largely of decapods together with small crabs,

marine worms and minute mollusks. As a general thing they were not shy and were easily approached. Numenius hudsonicus HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

Not very common but a few remain several weeks in the spring and fall but pass farther north to breed.

In the month of May they arrive going north generally in company with the Pacitic golden plover. ably a few days only, but specimens of this species may be met with throughout the month frequenting the bare spots on the uplands from which the snow has melted.

Charadrius dominicus fuluvus PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER.

Like the last this species only stops on the island a short period during migration. The earliest flock to arrive in the spring was noted April 28, but the main body did not arrive until tne tirst week in May, by which time they were present in thousands, chiefly on the hills but a few on the beaches. By the sixteenth they had all left passing to the northwest.

In the fall migration, the first flock seen was on August 28 and from then until October ro, flocks continued to arrive and depart leaving in a southeast direction. During the fall migration they do not remain so long nor gather in such numbers as in the spring, which may be accounted for by two reasons: First, in coming north they must make a longer flight to reach the island than they do in going south and consequently would rest longer; secondly, as a general thing they arrive in the spring just as the winter’s snow begins to leave and the country tothe northwest of Kadiak is still frozen up, so that they have to wait until their breeding gréunds on the mainland thaw out. 7

As far asyknown none breed on Kadiak Island.

They remain prob- ©

~_ esd

THE OREGON NATURALIST. IOl

Agialitis mongola MONGOLIAN PLOVER.

Two specimens obtained August 9, 1892. No others seen and nothing learnt of their habits.

Arenaria melanacephala BLACK TURNSTONE.

A breeding resident frequenting rocky beaches, particularly on the outlying islands. No nests were obtained but specimens were obtained all through the summer months.

Haematopus bachmani BLACK OYSTER CATCHER

Resident on the island throughout the year and undoubtedly breeds. Although the writer was very anxious to obtain an egg of this species he was unable to do so. Aneggwas brought by a native who represented it to be an egg of this bird; upon investigation it was found to be in an advanced stage of incubation and contained a well developed yow tern.

Lagopus lagopus WILLOW PTARMIGAN

The willow ptarmigan or snow grouse as they are commonly called, are found in all parts of the island, but it is in winter when they gather in large bands that they are must noticable, particularly on account of the avifauna being so limited at that season of the year.

The habits of these birds, particularly their flight reminds the writer greatly of the prairie hen; they have the same habit of all not rising in a band, but aiways there are a few stragglers that get up after the first or second volley has been fired. Inthe winter their food consists of the shoots of the willow and the new leaves of the kinnikanic, but in summer they feed largely on berries and insects, chiefly the spider. They nest in the interior of the island and the eggs are laid in May or as late as the first part of June. They lay from ten to fourteen in number.

Lagopus rupestris ROCK PTARMIGAN.

A few of these birds are found on the higher ranges of the island, but no new facts concerning them were learned.

Circus hudsonius MARSH HAWK.

A summer resident breeding in suitable places in the island and feeding on Arvuicola and Spermophile.

The nest being on the face of high bluffs are nearly always inaccessible.

Buteo swainsoni SWAINSON’S HAWK

A very common summer resident and undoubtedly breeds although no nests were found.

Archibuteo laycpus sancti-johannis

AMERiCAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK

Resident during the summer months, breeding in the interior.

Halicetus leucocephalus BALD EAGLE

There are about a dozen pairs of these birds resident on the island but they are not nearly so common as on the mainland where they are in all probability more abundant than anywhere else On _ the American Continent.

Falco peregrinus anatum DUCK HAWK.

A common resident throughout the year, nesting on high bluffs near to the ocean. Falco sparverius SPARROW HAWK.

A tolerably common summer resident Pandion haliaetus carolinensis AMERICAN OSPREY

One seen May 23, 1894.

Surnia ulula HAWK OWL.

The light phase of the hawk owl was met with throughout the year and un- doubtedly is a breeding resident though no nests were found. In summer their food consists of field mice (Arvico/a) and in

102

winter small birds and ptarmigan. This owl’s manner ot hunting is to sit on the very top of a high tree and from there swoop down upon any moving object. The writer is well aware that it has several times been stated that this owl does not kill the ptarmigan but only preys on wounded birds; yet | have actually seen one of these birds strike down a ptarmigap which to all appearances was In wood health and most assuredly was in full flight at the time, and many were met with feeding on freshly killed birds. BERNARD J. BRETHERION.

N. O. A. WORK,

Owing to the absence of most of the mem- bers, duringthe summer, the monthly meetings will be postponed during July and August.

At the regular meeting in May the following article by Ellis F. Hadley of Dayton, Or., was

read:

THE OREGON RUFFED GROUSE. The Oregon ruffed grouse also called ‘red ruffed grouse, timber pheasant, partridge and Oiegon pheasant, was one of our commonest

game birds along the streams, and in the thick timber of Western Oregon. j

It is a very fine game bird and of fine flavor; sportsman have killed so many about here, that they are becoming scarce, some say that

the Mongolian pheasants are driving them

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

away, by breaking their eggs and killing’ their young, but I have never seen anything to in- dicate this, but have found nests containing eggs of both birds, and the ruffed grouse was in possession of the nest each time,

The Oregon ruffed grouse is darker and has more of a red color, than the ruffed grouse of the East, In comparing it with the _ sooty grouse, I find, that it isa much smaller bird, bnghter in color, and is generally found nearer water, and drums instead of hoots. It also differs from the sooty grouse in that it: feeds, mostly on the ground the year round instead of going up into the big fir-trees to spend the winter months as the socty grouse does,

They are generally found on low land, a river bottom or along some smail creek, but in tmes of high water, they will go to higher ground. [have often seen them when the water is high, in some small tree or bush, when the water was several feet deep under them, and around them for halfa mile. In a boat, at such times, one can row right under the bird, or within a few feet of it. A great many ve killed along the river bottoms in this way by hunters.

About March first the males begin drum- ming. The sound is made vy the bird, while on some old log, by striking the sides of its body with rapid strokes of its wings; the nose Sejt. 4, 1895 while out hunting [ heard and saw an Oregon ruffed grouse drumming.

sounds like distant vbunder.

In the fall the young are very tame, [have often seen them on top of houses and in grape vines in the yard,

Their food consists of insects, berries, grapes, wild crab-apples, wild rose-berries and mush- rooms, I have often seen them feed on each of the above, have also killed them in ‘the winter, when their crop contained nothing but hazel catkins.

Nesting time is April, May, and June, the-

nesis are made on the ground, in a hollow made by the bird, by a bush, under a brush heap, fallen tree top or under a small pole;

——————

a ee =

See ee: hUl lL

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

have also found them in the grass in fence corners, The nest is constructed of dead leaves and grass with a few feathers of the bird. From six to thirteen eggs are laid, generally April 27, 1895 I collected a a set of ten fresh eggs, in color a creamy white, sparsely, spotted with redish-brown. They measured 1.62x1,19; 1.65x1.20; 1.63x1.18; 1.66x1.18; 1.65x1.19; 1.65x1.18; 1.68x1.21; TOOTS 198), 1.67x1.20; | and * 1:63x1.18. April 27, 1895 I collected a set of eleven eggs, incubation begun, marked like above. May 3, 1895 I collected a set of eleven eggs, incu- bation about one half, also marked like first set, June 10, 1895 I collected a set of seven fresh eggs, which were unmarked, the ground color of this set was also much lighter. Of all the sets, which I have seen, this is the only one, in which the eggs were unmarked,

The young, when only a day or two old, at the call cf danger from the mother bird, will

ten or eleven.

run and hide under the grass, leaves or any- thing they can find close at hand, 1 have when going through the woods surprised an Oregon ruffed grouse and her young, where- upon she would give the alarm, spread her tail- feathers, ruffle the feathers of her body, especially on her neck, and come at me as if to fight. If I went toward her, she would go flopping off as if a wing or leg was broken, and by this time the young are hidden and it is almost impossible to find them, During this time, the old bird will stay close by giving the alarm call every little while, and the young will keep perfectly motionless ard silent, some times for 25 or 30 minutes, they will then begin chipping, slip out from their hiding places, and hunt for their mother.

A few years ago I caught several young that were in the down, and thought, I would try to raise them, They were very gentle, when caught, and I put them with a gentle hen, in a wire netting corral, but for want of insect food, which at that time I did not know how to provide, they all died,

May 2, 1896, I collected a set of ten eggs,

incubation about one half. May 2, 1896, I

103

collected a set of six fresh eggs and four Denny pheasant’s eggs in the nest. May 6, 1896, I collected a set of six fresh eggs. May 7, 1896, [collected a set of eleven eggs incubation about one third. May 9, 1896, I collected a set of nine eggs incubation begun. All the above sets are marked like my first set in 1895.

Mr. G. D, Peck of Salem, Or, writes:

“IT can see no_ difference in habits of the ruffed grouse of the and the Oregon ruffed grouse: settled districts,

the East In sparsely they are very but when alarmed take to the They pass the night on the ground, drum at any time irom October to July, and in Iowa I have heard them drumming in mid-winter, when the winter was very mild.

tame, trees,

I never saw two grouse on one drumming log, and I do not think they mate, They protect their young much better thin the sooty grouse, but seem careless in selecting the nesting site. I have found nests in the woods in plain sight, the eggs not covered, and no grouse in sight, One nest found in Oregon in 1894, was in a dense swamp; it contained six eggs; May 11 I flushed a sooty grouse from a nest containing eight eggs of the sooty grouse and seven eggs of the ruffed grouse; it would be hard to say which had the best right to the nest, and almost in sight of this nest, on May 5, I found a nest with seven eggs of the sooty grouse and three eggs of the Denny pheasant.

The ruffed grouse is not very common in the vicinity of Salem, not as common as the sooty grouse,”

Wo. L. FINLEY.

THE IMPORTED AND ACCLIMATED GERMAN SONG BIRDS IN OREGON.

BY C. F, PFLUGER,

THE SISKIN, /ringilla spinus. (Der Zezsig.) Of these useful song-birds, 40 pairs were in- troduced into Oregon in 1889, by the Society. The siskin is found throughout Europe, and

104 - THE OREGON NATURALIST.

is very common in Germany, where he remains during the winter, It does not, however con- fine itself to one place, but flies about in search of food. This bird is 43¢ inches in length. of which the tail measures 134 inches, The beak is 4 lines in length, and contracted towards the point, which is very sharp. The tip is brown; the rest light gray, except in winter, when it becomes white. The shanks are 7 lines in height, and, with the claws, brown. The top ofthe head and throat are black; the neck, cheeks, and back, green; the’ latter speckled with black. The rump, as well as a‘stripe be- tween the eyes, the under part’ of the neck, and the breast, are greenish yellow; the belly, vent and groin, whitish yellow; the two last being covered with black spots.

The pen feathers are black, bordering with yellowish green on the outer plume, and after the fourth, have a yellow spot near the root. The lesser wing coverts are green; the larger edged with yellow, which produces stripes of the same color. The tail is forked; yellow near the root, and the rest—with the whole of the two center feathers—black.

The plumage of the female is paler; the head and back are grayer, and are spotted with black; the throat and the sides are whitish; the breast and the neck white, marked with green and black; the feet grayish brown,

The male generally loses the black of the throat in the second year; and for the most part, the older he is, the greener, yellower, and therefore handsomer, he becomes.

In summer the siskin feeds on the seeds of the fir and pine and on leaf lice, it will effectually clear every tree, vine oer shrub of

in general

this pest, not a leaf will escape its notice. In autumn, on the hop thistle and burdock; and in winter, on the alder, The siskin prefers to build its nest in forests of pine or fir, and places its nest on the highest bough of one of these trees, or sometimes on the branch of the alder. Itis fastened to the branch with spider

webs, coral moss, and threads from the cocoons

o£ various insects, and is cleverly constructed °

of these materials, woven together with small twigs, and lined with very fine roots. The female generally lays five or six eggs, of a gray- ish white, thickly spotted, especially at the large end, with purple brown. There are two

broods in a year. The males increase in beauty until their fourth moulting,

The siskin is an attractive bird, in regard hoth to its plumage and its song. It imitates the song of other birds. It sings throughout the year, except during the moulting season; and by its continual twittering, invites all bird, to sing. Its songis not unpleasant; it bears some resemblance to that of the canary, but it is less powerful—it is soft, sweet, and various.

March, September and October are’ their wandering months, and in their wanderings they make their appearance in flocks. It breeds freely with the canary, and the young bastard males will make excellent singers.

THE BULLFINCH Pyrrhula vulgaris, (Der Gimpel oder Dompfaff.):

Of these handsome song-birds, 20 pairs were introduced into Oregon by the” Society in 1889 and 1892,

This favorite bird is, like most of the family to which it belongs, ‘somewhat thick in pro- portion to its length, which is 634 inches, of which the tail 2% inches. The beak is halfan iuch long,’ black, short, and thick; the iris: is cheastnut brown; the feet weak and black; the shanks 8 lines-high. The top of the head, the circle round the beak, the chin, and upper part of the throat are a shining velvety black. The throat, back, and shoulders are a dark gray; the rump beautifully white; the breast and the upper part of the belly a beautiful crimson, which grows darker as the bird advances in age. The remaining portion of the lower part of the body is white.

The pen feathers are blackish, and darker in proportion as they are near the body; the hindmost being externally’ bordered with steel blue, and the last having the'outer plume red. The larger wing covertsare a glittering black, tipped with reddish gray; the center, an ashen

measures

et a i

—————

q

THE OREGON

gray, the lesser blackish gray edged with red, The tail is somewhat forked, shining with a black lustre.

and steel blue,

The female may be distinguished from the male, by the fact she is smaller; that the red portions of her plumage are strongly tinged with gray; that the black is brownish gray; and the feet lighter in colour.

The bullfinch is a native of the old worl¢, In Germany it is very common, and may be In winter It exceedingly affectionate bird; very averse, both

seen in pairs, in all woody districts. it migrates in search of berries, is, - an when wild and confined, to being separated from his mate, and when with her continually The bullfinch

breeds twice a year; generally concealing its

caressing and calling to her,

nest as much as possible in fir tree or hedges. The nest is badly built of twigs, and lined with moss. The female lays from 4 to 6 eggs, of pale tluish green, with a circle of violet and brown spots as the large end. The young birds are hatched in a fortnight.

It feeds on the seeds of the pine, fir, ash, It will also eat linseed, millet rape, nettle, and grass

maple, beech, and all kinds of berries.

seed, and the worms and insects contained in the buds. that the whole of the buds which the bird destroys con-

Ornithologists contend

tain grubs, which are only eaten, the vegetable envelope being rejected, and there is no doubt that the buds of the cherry and other fruit trecs which it destroys have a worm at the core, which would prevent the fulfillment of their promise to yeild fruit in due season,

The bullfinch is a very docile bird; and although the natural song of both sexes is harsh, reaembling the creaking of a door or wheel barrow, they may be trained, as in Germany, to whistle many airs and songs in a soft, pure, flute-like tone, which is highly prized by amateurs. The bird is generally capable of retaining in its memory three different tunes.

Small double terminated quartz crystals, guartzoid form, are found in Crook county, Or. Only sma!l crystals have been found, but

search'is being made for larger specimens,

NATURALIST. 105

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these lines, indicates that your subscription has expire. A prompt re-

newal is requested.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological

Association.

EDELORS. A. B. AVERILL, Ds; ©5.CsPURDUM, PROVIDENCE, R. I. ADVERTISING RATES:

PORTLAND, ORE.

SPACE IMO: 3MO. 6MO. IYR. BAUME cnsqsrccaeeay 25) ih -OSipl. TO” 90 i Thivel Seeeoseseee ese SSOue a LOw als OO) aaelO WM ZON.L ar ae cles Te75) 4-008 sOL40% Tro US WAGE Bek depeeeet 8:40) 77 OM 2.70) 22400 WIA o.oo hese zeae 6.25 15.00 2500 42.75 SUBSCRIPTION RATES: One Year . = - - - - 25 Cents To Foreign Countries - - - 35 Cents Entered at the Post Office at Portland,

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Articles and items of interest on different branches of n tual history solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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Jury, 1896.

The present being an era of publications cheap in price, beginning with this number the subscription price to the Oregon Naturalist will be only 25 cts per year.

Only 25 cents for 12 numbers of the Oregon Naturalist, this extremely low price is made that all interested may be- come subscribers. If you haveany friends interested in the natural sciences and who might become subscribers, sample copies will be sent them upon receipt of names and full address.

106 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

August number will contain ‘““A New Industry” by Angus Gaines. ‘‘Hiddenite, Emerald and Beryl”? by E. H. Harn. “Beach Collecting,” illustrated, by F. P. Drowne. ‘‘The Flour Beetle,’ illustrated, by A A. Andrews. ‘‘Mexican Hiero- glyphs,” part II, illustrated, by Prof. Lloyd. ‘Imported Song Birds in Oregon,” by C. F. Pfluger.

The Stamp Collectors Hand Book and Directory of the State of Michigan, com- piled by W. H. Kessler Jr. Detroit, Mich , has been received.

Curio Dealers should s2nd to Mr. G. W. Tuttle, Pasadena, Cal., for his Price List of California Curiosities.

Mr. Arthur L. Pope is giving large dis- counts on the remainder of his collection to close out, write him at McMinnville, Or

Mr. E. H. Harn of Henry, N. C. is offering splendid examples of green mica, crystalized, a recent find, and the price reasonable.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

MIssOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. ST. Lours,’ Mo. Pub lished by the Board of Trustees. 1896 pp. 209 pl. 66 plus 6, cloth and gold. Contents—(1) Reports for the year 1895. (2) Scientific Papers: a Juglandaceae of the United States, By William Trelease. 6 A Study of the Agaves of the United States, By A. Isabel Mulford. ec. The Ligulate Wolffias of the United States, By Charles Henry Thompson. (3) Anniversary Publications:—The Value of a Study of Botany, By Henry Wade Rogers. (4) Library Contributions: The Sturtevant Pre jinnean Library.

Missouri Botanical Garden publications can

be purchased, at approximately the cost of pub- lication, from Dr, A, E. Foote of Philadephia, the Cambridge Botanical Supply Co, of Cambridge, Mass. W. Wesley & Son, of London, R. Friedlander & Sohn, of Berlin, or Dr, William Trelease, Director of the Garden, St. Louis, Mo.

MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT STATION, Bulletins 129, Fruits at South Haven, and 130, Fruits at the Agricultural College. Bulletin 131, Potatoes, Vegetable Tests. Bulletin 132, Some Injurious Insects.

The Bulletins of the Experiment Station are sent free to farmers and __ indivieduals interested in farming, in the State, as may re- quest them. Applications should be made to the Secretary, Agricultural College, Michigan,

THE VARYING HARE OR WHITE RABBIT, By WB: abe Warren, M. D. State Ornithologist, Harris- burg, Pa.

Lepus Americaztus Virginians,

An excellent monograph on the life history, of the varying hare in Pennsylvania, two colored plates showing variations in winter and summer dress,

PENNSYLVANIA STATE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — DIVISION O# ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY, Bulletin No. 6. By B. H. Warren, M. D. State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. . May, 1896 pp. 128, ill. xi.

Chapter I treats of the methods of collecting, skinning, preserving and mounting birds as practiced in the field and laboratory.

Chapter II deals with matters of law with which collectors and hunters in Pennsylvania should be familiar.

Chapter III embraces the game and fish laws of the State.

Plates ix, — xi, made from photographs taken from specimens in the Author’s collection are exceptionally fine.

GEORGE D. PECK recommends coloring im- mediately after mounting, or before the colors have faded, the parts of birds that require it.

<a

- ' :

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

EASTERN DEPARTMENT.

CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR,

CHAT.

The Marine Biological Laboratory at Wood’s Holl opened its eleventh consecutive session on the first of the month. The large and ever increasing number of students each year is a sufficient testimonial of the merits of the school. Under the competent management of Dr. C. O. Whitman, the work progresses with the best of results, Mr. Waldron, the collector for the institution promises us a complete descrip- tion of buildings, methods of work and lectures, next month.

After this issue the office of Eastern Depart-

ment will be located in Providence, R. I.

Anything out of the usual, in regard ro nests and eggs will be thankfully received by the Oologists Association and incorporated in thes report on old and peculiar nests and nesting. Address President [. S. Trostler, Omaha, Neb , or Eastern Editor.

A Magsachusetts daily newspaper has had a lot to say about a new warbler which “one of its hustling reporters” saw in a local taxider_ mists shop. It calls the ‘‘new species” the brimstone warbler; Oh, the d———1}!

That human bodies are not to be thought of in certain places on the earth’s circumference, upon the d. tes of August 8 and 9, seem a foregone conclusion. The total eclipse of the sun, visible in the rorthern part of Norway and Finland, Nova Zembla, and the northern part of Japan and Sandwich Islands, will for the time being at least, bring the importance of the heavenly bodies forcibly before the minds of the natives, Many expeditions have started and most of them are at their several stations, to watch and make known every gradation of the phenomena,

107

HABITS OF THF CHIPPING SPARROW.

BY C. O, ORMSBEE, MONTPELIER, VT.

Vermont, in common with the other New England states, and with New York, boasts of five species of sparrow, so closely resembling one another that the practiced eye of the expert is necessary in order to distinguish them by ° their general appearance. They are the song sparrow, the tree sparrow, the field sparrow, the swamp sparrow, and the chipping sparrow, respectively. In their food habits they resem- ble one another as closely as in their external appearances. With the exception of the swamp sparrow, which prefers a marshy or swampy locality, and one that is far removed from any human habitation, they closely resemble one another in their general habits. With the ex- ception of the song sparrow, which has a music- al, and a remarkably pleasing voice, they have so (Jose a resemblance to one another in their vocalsounds, that I can seldom distinguish them by their notes,

In the location and construction of their nests, in the color and marking of their eggs, and in their general habits of nidification, they differ widely.

Perhaps the most interesting of all is the chipping sparrow, which on account of its domestic habits while nesting, has been named fringilla socialis and sp7zelia socialis, They arrive in this locality early in April and some- times as early as the middle of March, They come in flocks of about twenty and do not seem to be mated upon their arrival, They mate soon after, and then separate from the flock, which is soon dispersed; but it is not until the first of May that they begin to build. Their nests are flimsy aftairs. composed of hay, and lined with long horse-hairs, from which cir- cumstance they are often called ‘‘hair birds.” Yhe nests are always in trees, and generally in apple-trees, and from five to twenty feet from the ground, There is no attempt at conceal- ment,and often the nest is by the side of, or above

108 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

a well-traveled path, They have been known to build within an arm’s reach of ap open window. The noise of passing vehicles appears to disturb them, and they seldom, if ever, build near a public highway.

The eggs are from three to five in number. and are blue with a wide ring of minute black spots encircling an open space ac the larger end. Eighteen days are required for incuba. tion, and during this time neither bird is ever out of sight of the nest. Often the parent will allow itself to be lifted from the nest rather than leave it. I think that both assist in the incubation, but as the sexes and

birds

individuals so closely resemble each other, I cannot be positive. Both birds assist in feed- ing the young. At first worms form the chief article of diet; but later, several species of insects are added to the bill of fare. They do considerable damage by preying upon the honey-bee. About the first of September they abandon this kind of food, and subsist upon the small seeds of various kinds of weeds, Grain, they never touch at this season. In the spring when the ground is covered with snow, and they are pressed with hunger, they will pick up a few kernels of wheat, but they do not seem to relishthem, ‘They are fond of bread- crumbs, and will hop to the threshold, and often inside the door-way in search or them. Ido not know that they accompany any other birds in their migrations, In fact there is little fuundation for the statement that they do so. But they arrive about the same time as the robin, and, for a while they seem to associate intimately together. Also about the middle of September they begin to seek the society of the king-bird, and both

migrate about the middle of October.

species

They do not associate with robins or migrate with them in the fall.

A New Deer.—A new species of deer has been sent with a small collection of mammals from Ecuador to the British Museum by H, M’S. consul at Quito. It is proposed to ‘give it the name of Padua Mephistophelts.— The Naturalist’s Chronicle, Cambridge, Eng.

A MOCKINGBIRD.

ARCHIE A, BELL.

Not imitator, but original,

In all the gorgeous carvinal Of birds which come in Spring

And make the woodlands ring With songs;

Tis yours, the note that sweet prolongs. We love to hear you in the trees

Your whistle floats upon a breeze Which passing shadbush shrub of white

With all their fragrance doth unite And pleasure gives our senses all.—

It comes to us, a magic call.

The earth enjoys your happy lay, And deep in woodlands far away The other members of your throng, Unite the strain and swell it long, They each would imitate your voice. And make their hearts as ours rejoice; They each would know the magic trill And each would catch your carol shrill.

Imitators, all are we, We imitate the good we see; The artist’s brush, the poet’s pen Are guided by the lives of men Who lived and died of noble worth, Who lived while here upon the earth Their lives of truth and honesty,— Now plain their form in all we see.

‘TALLAHASSEE, FLA —[TO THE EDITOR{—In my article ‘‘An Indian Mound” in June number, the height of the mound should be, ‘about thirty feet high’ not ‘sixty feet.’ In the same number I note a record of two albino meadowlark’s eggs: Two seasons ago I had brought to me four full sets of albino eggs; they were common in this locality, bnt since that time I have not taken any.

R. W. WILLIAMS JR.

Mr. Wm. Piedrit, of Warsaw, II1l., photograph of a large white pelican,

sends lately shot on the Mississippi tiver, near Warsaw. Height; 3734

feet 9% inches.

inches; spread of wings; 8

Your subscription to the Oregon Natural- Ist is solicited; price twenty-five cents per year,

}

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Book of Secrets, that tells how to manufacture many valuable articles which are used in every |. household.

{ short time ago we advertised Rinehardt’s Receipt | A 4 |

’ know the value of these receipts as Mr.

Theo. Rinehardt, who compiled them. J Mr. Rinehardt, died a few years ago, | leaving his receipts in manuscript. We |

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( one receipt alone is worth the price that | we ask for this Kook, which is 10 cents. | < Weare now offering youthe benefit. It |

is not a large publication—but a valuable L one. Write, to-day.

Address, A. M BROWN & CO., 146% SIXTH STREET, - PORTLAND, ORE.

OPALS.

I am selling my stock of Opals and minerals |

at greatly reduced prices, to make room for new material, Australian Opals, 50cts, to $40.00 per kt. Hungarian ‘‘ Mexican cle 1IOcts. to $20.00 £* <e Amethyst, Topaz, Moonstone, B oodstone, Agate, Crocidolite, 10 cts. to $5.00. 1f you are out of work, send for my terms to

Agents,

Salary or commission. Minerals at

bed rock prices.

I will send 20 lbs, good Minerals for $1.00 | 40 different kinds if you wish, or less number |

of larger specimens.

Iam setting fine Opals in solid Gold settings and can give prices that will surprise you. Good Gold and honest work is the motto.

Write for terms and circulars. ROBERT BURNHAM,

15 Chestnut St., - Providence, R., I.

CATH ORINT ATT a: qe GURIOSITIES:

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PETRIFIED WOOD, fine specimen Ioc. larger, 25¢. | Fine pipestone Pipe, bought of the Indians around | Cooperstown, N. Y. 40 years ago, $1.50. One Iowa Arrow-head, and two Confederate Bills, rather poor condition, Io cents

| ro0 varieties of Foreign Stamps....--.-.--- ++: $ .10 | tooo well mixed “ fs Fetes e ess tenee -25 | Loo varieties of rare Stamps, Cat. S1.50....-.---- 225 | ro good Stamp Papers, all different.......--.--- Io

All post-paid. F.C. HAMMOND, Expora, Hardin | County, Iowa.

PATENTS,

|CAVEATS, TRADE MARKS, DESIGN PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. JOHN A. SAUL, Atlantic Building, © Washington, D. OF

Forthe Oregon NATURALIST.

Subscribe

THE OREGON NATURALIST,

‘--- INDIAN RELICS :-:

pA AAAALRAADA AY One full beaded! vest]. 77. .ec. ccs es ele $ 7.50 | Basketry poster (Halsey) autograph One full beaded squaw cape............ 16.40 | copies, only a limited number struck .50 One full beaded pappose cape.......... 11.50 | ‘*Basketry of the Coast and Islands I squaw buckskin dress, long, upper ofthe Pacthcjatseki M5 wees seeieen ne 50 nalietulll@ibead ede. eresce-t-ascctenecemees- 35-00 | One Ceylon straw cap........-s-----+s. 1.00 1 Mexican vaquero fringe leather coat, One leather belt. Cree beaded......... 1.25 collar and cuffs richly beaded by I squaw hood, quill work.............. 2.00 EN GIANS aoe oe easels se athoe es Saecineiels ne 25.00 OREGON ARROW POINTS. Stone head war club, rawhide covered, Ordinary, \Omefor... >a ee «Bese elt cloee 125 steer tails PEnnANbnaasc.0e cesses sees LFS aa alt, sCaGh sake aan crook ccamee ee eeeeeeeee -05 One squaw pouch, bladder, partially Good), 8% hoc, Sea cae ec eee 10 filled with colored porcupine quills... 2.00 ; Shapes suitable for mounting........... .25 One buckskin tobacco pouch, fringed oenvated).s..Yauctavsan ssa. ea seaeecee eee 50 and wheadedeteien.& eeess-ccas ete os ances Le SO isiShy points) (CumVed) cee cein)-s eee eee 25 Partially beaded moccasins.............. 125 Rotaly POMtS es chsce esas eee -50 Plain moccasins, Couer de Alene...... 1.00 Points eccentric in shape $1 to $5. Beaded knife sheaths, Sioux........ ... .50 Scarce points, on account of shape I pr. squaw beaded leggins............ 2.25 | and material’ combined. ..-....+.s0sesees 1,00 Redspipestome? PIPES. . sete cee 91 «sceeeee ele 2.00 | Oregon spear heads, $1.50 to $3.00 One Umatilla squaw cap............... 2.00 | Three Oregon knives, 1.50 to 3.00 Umatilla thandiibags-2s..05..s.etee dene. 2.50 ; 3 only copper pendants, Memaloose 25 Umpqua baskets $2.00 to $3.00. | Genuine wampum, per doz............. ws Calapooia baskets $2.00 to $3.00. Wentaliumjshelly per dozsc-e2--.esesaee 05 BEG kitabes AS Kets oest aceesessaeenanaces 3.00 | Outlines of stone mortars, pestles, hammer- GrandyRondex baskets... .1..s.<s-scr)ed-4 2.00 , heads etc., for stamp. Shasta baskets $1.00 to 3.00. . | From the constantly varying nature of our Hoopa Valley baskets $1.50 to $2.00. stock, and the difficulty of duplicating speci- Penobscot (Me.) Indian baskets 50cts. mens we do not issue any catalogue. to $1.50. Send us your list of wants in Pacific coast 1 Mogi plaques civsevs ic ccet act des. ete 1.50 | bird’s skins, eggs, minerals, shells, Indian Copper beads, Memaloose............... -I0 relics and we will quote prices and describe Hat HeaGaSkiM Ss ose ccsecece sees naceme 5.00 , specimens in detail. Cree tomahawk-pipe, (recent).......... 2.00 | & Prices are postage or expressage prepaid Cree war bonnet, (recent)............ 7.00 lin the U.S.

D. M. AVERILL & CO,

148 Sixth Street,

Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DEALERS DIRECTORY

A two or three line advertisement under this

heading, twelve insertions, ir c'uding subscription to the Oregon Naturalist, $1.00. twenty-five cents each, payable in advance.

Extra lines

Brown A. M. & Co,, Agents for Rine- hardt’s Secret Receipt Book, *‘Eagle Claw, Trap” etc., 146% Sixth St., Portland, Or.

CALIFORNIA curiosities. G. W. Pasadena, California,

Guns of every description, address, Great

Western Gun Works, Pittsburgh, Pa.

MINERALS—Robert Burnham, St., Providence, R. I.

15 Chestnut Sells choice minerals cheap.

MInERALS—E. H. Harn, Henry, N. C. Fine crystals from the ‘‘Oid North State.”

MINERALS—Arthur Fuller, Lawrence, Kansas.

PACIFIC COAST relics, bird skins, D. M. peo

shells, ele Indian eggs, and Oregon arrow points. Averill & Co,, 148 Sixth St.,

Portland,

PATENT s—John A. Saul, Atlantic ‘Bldg, Washington, D.C. does all business pertaining to the Patent Office.

POSTAGE STAMPS. ‘Try one of my 200 all different packets only 45 cts. Ellsworth Lentz, Lock Box 6, Baker City, Oregon.

PosivAGE STAMPS—Send for sheets, refer- ence required. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland Oregon,

STANDARD STAMP Co., No. 4 Nicholson Place, St. Louis, Mo Sendstampson approval.

Jorn the Northwestern Ornithologists Associ-

ation, only 50 cts a year including copy of the Official Organ.

Petrified moss fine specimens cabinet Size one spec- imen for 3 fine U. S. copper cents or % cents, prior to 1845 or 4 perfect arrow heads rst. class eggs to the value of socents. Arthur B. Roberts, Weymoth, Ohio.

Tuttle, |

Lock Box 63, |

| You cannot LOOK HERE! make more at- tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are | the Acervularia Davidsoni and Profunda Corals. The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x334 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. — Ail specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect | Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and 5oc. Elegant Paper Weights, $1.to $3, according to size | and design.

| Address, Charles E. Briggs,

Lisbon, [owa.

Collect Stamps Understandingly:

In order to collect understandingly, and

to prevent yourself from imposition you | should read the best stamp literature. It costs a good sum to take all the leading journals, but—chen only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them att. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. a weekly included, to bring you the news

You mnst need have

and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fall of prices as reflected by leading auction sales, There is but one WEEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a yee none! ipttee We refer to THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA. If you have never seen a copy, send your address on a postal at once to

Tie yWEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA,

502-506 CONGRESS ST., .- PORTLAND, ME.

Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles. Ripans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists. Ripans Tabules cure dizziness.

, For The Oregon Subscribe ‘Varcrarst

Only 25 cents for the Oregon Naturalist one year.

LAPIDARIES supplied with Agates in the rough in any desired quantities.

THE OREGON, NATURALIST. ae aR i All specimens are prepared by the most modern methods as employed by the leading ; Museums, and are accompanied by full data, They will be sent prepaid on receipt of price; excepting those too large to go by Mail, or for which the price is less than five cents. j MAMMALS, : | MOLLUSKS. ; SKIN. MOUNTED, EACH. Eumetopias stelleri,...... g $ 150.00 | Purpura SAXICO]A,...400eeeeeeseveeeeeeeenes $ .02% : Phoca vitulina, ..........-- 20.00 35.00 Purpura lima, ween slobecteeae oa tin dbo eee Ee .05 Callorhinus ursinus,...... 50.00 Purpura CYISPALA,-seeeereeeeeeeeseeree eres .10 Castor fiber canadensis, 10,00 20.00 | Olivella biplicata,.........2-seeseeeeeeree 05 Procyon totor,....sssss+. 3.00 10,00 | Chlorostoma funebrale, ..........2-.0+++ .05 Aplodon rufus, .......60++ 2.75 5.00 Glyphisi-aspetay 2... cc. seiscsiscsstish acer {10 Putorius lutreola,.......- 2.50 5.00 Acmaea PEFSOMA,..+...+++00eseereneneerers 0214 Fiber zibethicus,........... 1.25 4.00 | Nassa fossatis ......seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenes 05 Spermophilus douglasi,.. 1.75 4.50 | Mopalia lignosa,...........-.s-eeeeeeeeeeee -20 Scapanus townsendi,...... 1,10 2.25 | Cryptochiton Stelleri,........-e sees 45 Seramnsrlonelraites. ook 1.10 3.00 | Dentalium pretiosum,........+++seeeee0ee 02% Neurotrichus gibbsi,...... 2.00 3.00 Adula stylina,. 0.0.0.0... cette OF Peromyscus robustus,.... .90 1.90 Mytilus Califoxmianuss-c-4-6-5-ree se oeeeee .05 Microtus montanus,...... 1,00 2.00 | Cardium corh.s, sconndabo d2e0ancenecsce oh .10 Lapus hudsonius,......... ae 2,10 | Saxidonus squadidus,..........eseeee et .10 Sorex pacificus,.......06... 1.00 2.0G)| Vholalides), pentta, 032-0 scycpen.seteeaee .20 Skeletons or Skulls of any of the above species | One specimen of each of the above sent pre- prepared to order. | paid on receipt of $1.50 BIRDS. | FOSSIL SKIN. MOUNTED. |, EACH d Urinator pacificus $ 7.00 € 11.00 i 1 geen cerocensis (in matrix),........6:. $ 2.50 re prcccees . q . ‘ce Larus glaucescens;........ 2.50 4.00 | | large blocksts2.sem.er 5.00 ane Soe ace 3.00) elon otitis aa eo 25 Ace oallenetan on” be qs penerest Bl, schacs deka shemuaeetee eee 75 Gidesan fuisca, KE Ri hee 2.50 5.00 | PAC INST A's ateln clein'olaiie ain 'ctaiarcivieto/eistels islets 'e/etaetateteietiate -50 ; Oidemia deglandi,........ 2.50 5-00 | AGATES. Oidemia. perspicilla,...... 2.00 4.00 | ROUGH. POLISHED. Anhriza virgata,......+++. 65 1.50 fGtouded, fic csescresastae esac $ .10 $y 25° Arenaria melanocephala .70 1, Solera bahia oa eee on We (25 | Dryobates villosus harrisii_ 1.00 2.00 | White:hair moss,............... .30 75 pubescens gardnerii .80 1.25 | Green sea moss 50 1.00 . Colaptes cafersaturatior, 1.00 2-OOMigan liana PNG 5 rE | Cyanocitta stelleri,*....... -70 1.50 Maanstane RAP hig ait eee . 15 =e Melospiza fasciataguttata .25 1.00 | Water, (Amygdule) iy ae 76 1.00 Pipilo maculatus oregonus — .30 1.00 | The cut and polished for charm $2.50 to 20,00 | BIRDS, MAMMALS, FISH and REPTILES scientifiically prepared, and artistically ; mounted to order. LABORATORIES supplied with fresh or Alcoholic specimens for study or dissection. . MARINE CURIOS at wholesale rates to the trade. ;

Bernard J, Bretherton, Newport, Oregon.

" + .

a

PL te > y

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A Wonderful Invention.

BEST TRAP in the World

‘for Catching Fish, y

Animals and all manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenions denice, It is easy to set. suited to any bait, can be used anywhere, nothir g can escape until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirre] which bites at the bait is surely caught. Perfectly safe for children; will not rust; one bait will catch from 2O to30 fish; will spring in any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the ursafe and uncertain common /fish-hook. Highly recommended by the Tribune, World, Press, Turf. Field and Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, ‘‘ The Eagle Claw is a very ingenious article. The best device for catching fish and game we ever saw. Safe. sure, and convenient.” No. 1 is Sor all ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2 is for general use, both largeand small fish,andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 30 cents. No. 2, by mail, 50 cents.

A. M. brown & Co.146% Sixth St. Portland, Or.

WANTED, TO BUY . INDIAN RELICS

And Indian Baskets from any locality |

in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Alaska and California. D. M. Averill & Co PORTLAND, OREGON.

ie GREAT NOVELTY IN PIN CUSHIONS. Made from the seed stalk of the Yucca Palm or Spanish Bayonet, whose beautiful white blossoms adorn the canyons and mountain sides of Cal. 1150 Yucca Cush- ions were retailed by one hotel to its guests in less than 5 months. The outside of the stalk is hard and the inside soft, and when nicely turned on a lathe they make a most beautiful white Pincushion. Price 10 cents, silver. @ W. TUTTLE, Pasadena, Cal.

*- Indian Baskets.

Beautitul weave; colored designs; na- tive dyes that will not run or fade. SHASTA SQUAW Caps, $1.50

** SOUP BASKETS, hold water. $.1.50

** BASKETS, shallow. 75 cts.

vs a deep. $2.00

B@S~ Prices are post paid.

D. M, AVERILL & Co. PORTLAND. OREGON

THE EACLE CLAW.

ELLSWORTH LENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX | BAKER CITY, OREGON.

TRY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

| 200 All. Different Stamps............... $ .45 Too ‘‘ *s Rp RU RTE N Gr ee 20° Bonkt . Tet Glas ogee stee 15

Be oka 4 Pee 8 Roi 25

| POOMPOREISR StAMpS st hc uevgevie Gdec 10

All sent post-paid on receipt of price.

--W.B. MALLEIS....

| Taxidermist and Entomologist.

CEDAR MILLS, WASHINGTON Co. OREGON.

As I will shortly make my annual col-

lecting trip.

Orders wil! now be taken for Insects and Skins, to be filled in rotation after October, All back érders now unfilled, will be filled at that date. :

| FRAC TiONAL CURRENCY.

50 cent Washington, Lincoln or Crawford. Price $1.00 25 cent Jefferson, Washington or Fessenden, Price 50 cts, ‘Io cents Washington or Meredith 25 cts. 5 cent Jefferson, Washington or Clarke, Price 25 cts. aNd Ra NWS YLU Dp

PRAIRIE CENTER,

ILLINOIS,

“MUSIC LOVERS”

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send 50 cents cash or stamps and I will send prepaid a book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor,

I, M. MARSH, Delavan, Illinois.

——

Wanted:—A good camera, will give advertising space in the Oregon Naturalist or good exchange in Oregon D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St

material.

Portland, Oregon.

A HANDY PROSPECTOR’S FURNACE.

RVSOOVOZ0 2 VRTDAUTDVSA

HE attention of Prospectors and Miners is called to the merits of a new improved 1 apparatus for testing and smelting various kinds of ores and minerals, such as gold, copper, nickel, silver and lead ores, refractory and compound ores.

This Furnace is designed and constructed by and for a prospector, who requires a serviceable furnace, easily transported over a mountainous country by a pack animal; that is complete and ready, and can be set up at any dump of low grade ores, that otherwise © will not pay to ship with profit and make a good day’s pay out of one to two tons of ore every day.

To judge the price ($125.00) for such an outfit—of a Cupola Smelter, knock-down bottom type, with extension when smelting ores, made of No. 10 steel plates with slag and metal spouts, rotary steel blower, countersat with geared pulley for blast ‘supply, by either water, steam or hand power; maith three graphide crucibles, three steel ladles, six furnace steel bars and tools, only weighing complete 1285 pounds—when the prospector can determine the value of one ton of the ore in a five-hour heat by the output of the bullion.

With a little ordinary intelligence of the average prospector, this five feet by three feet inside diameter little smelter, run on low grade ores, will not only pay for itself every week, but it will convince the skeptic beyond redemption who does not believe with us that the little smelter must come to the ore,

The fact that a great many of these cupola type smelters are now being adopted throughout the Western mining districts, and all giving entire satisfaction, is sufficient recommendation for the sudden demand as an absolute necessity to every prospector, mine owner, millman, sampling works or mining company.

Full and complete instructions go with the outfit, which gives mode of treatment of different ores, directions as to setting up and starting smelter, fuel fluxing material, and general smelting operation.

A small size 2x4 of %-ton capacity per five-hour heat, costs only $65 and weighs 650 pounds, same number of tools, with blower, &c., designed for the poor prospector, ' who feels unable to ‘purchase the larger smelter outfit, Refractory gold and silver ores and compound ores assayed and reported on. "

For further information, address

NATIONAL ORE & REDUCTION CO.,

5726 CHELTENHAM AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MO.

——— MANUFACTURERS OF ——

Furnaces for Nickel, Gopper, Gold, Silver and Lead Ores.

a IT. AUGUST 1896, on No. 8. * THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

PORTLAND, OREGON.

Exchange Column.

THE OREGON NATURALIST—Subscription price only 25 cts per year with free exchange column. For advertising rates apply to Tne Oregon Naturalist, 146144 Sixth Street, Portland, Oregon. Entered at the post office at Portland, Oregon, as second-class matter.

TO EXCHANGE—A camera taking 20 pictures 144 inebes square for a perfect flat-head skull. A mad-stone and a telegraph instrument for other Indian relies. Enclose stamp for particu-

ee Harry A. Harman, 311 D «5S St., Danville, a. ;

I will exchange Florida curios, skins, eggs, skulls, shells and mounted specimens, for guns, fishing tackle and sporting goods. Write what na have to offer. A.M. Nicholson, Orlando, ‘a. ;

Ihave some very desirable Oregon eggs for sale in sets and singles. Write forlist. Arthur L. Pope, MeMinnvyille, Or.

WANTED—Minerals in exehange for singles. Write what you have. D. M. Averill & Co., Portland, Or. - 3

Opals and minerals in great variety for sale. Agents wanted. Address Robert Burnham, 15 Chestnut St., Providence, R. I, :

Subscriptions to the Oregon Naturalist is only 25 cents per year with free exchange column. Address Oregon Naturalist, 346144 Sixth Street, Portland, Or,

Bargains in Oregon.

Ail post paid.

Abalones (Haliotus) 344x5 . ......-. - eee, lie Maree startish eae’ eeuces eh: sah aa 10¢e Large Sea Urchin Spines, Japan.............. 10¢e - Cats eyes, drilled and polished, Ceylon...... 10¢ Obsidian, red, black orbanded. ............. 25¢ Opal WOOG Pie wis a. fete hresnae SS OO Petritied’ Woodie...) eee aeeae, set paaleweh toe 25¢ Green semi-opal, Oregon ............. 25¢ Azurites, beautiful groups of large crystals, ATi ZONA es ot deere ane Lo, 2o,amdo0e °) Minerals mamed:. : . AW elvis wie vee slot ls 50e 25 Pacifie Coast Shelis, named ..............50€

To elose out—20 diff-rent ‘‘Singles,’’ our choice, excellent value guaranteed... .50¢ BiuttalovHOrns pers pairs Gaia wee el oleic eet ine $1.00

Whale Barnicles, Alaska............. ... . de

12 different Oregon Indian Relies, with data, a regular hard times offer, satisfaction guar-

ADT PER OTM Narre iste ch 31> MMI Nereis eters ateiatete ele. ln ole $1.00 Large data blanks (Oologists) per 100..... ... 15¢ Humming Pirds Nests event k wwe Lt + 25¢e

Write us forany Oregon material or speci- mens wanted. We willcollect, under instrue- tions, in any locality on the coast, by the day, week or month. Charges moderate. Address, D. M, Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland, Or.

THE: OREGON

WOE LTT: PORTLAND, OREGON, Avcusr, T8096. No. 8

NATURALIST.

Imported and Acclimated Song Birds in Oregon.

io hia Oe Om Painiger: See’y of the Society for the in- troduetion of useful song-birds into Oregon, sat Portland.

THE STARLING Sternus vulgaris.

(Der Star.)

Of these useful birds 35 pairs were introduced into Oregon by the Society in 1889 and 1892. They were turned loose in the city of Portland near the city park, and have since increased remarkably well.

The starling inhabits all parts of the old world, and frequents woods and thickets which are at no great distance from meadows and plough- ed fields. In October it departs southwards, and does not return un- til the beginning of March. It is 8% inches in length, of which the tail measures 2% inches. The beak is one inch long, awl-shaped angu- lar, somewhat flattish and, a little blunt. It isa pale yellow tipped with brown, and in winter blackish blue. The iris is nut-brown; the feet one inch in height, and dark flesh-color. The whole body blackish, having a purple tinge half way down the back and breast, with a bright green lustre on the rest of the body, and on the wing-coverts. The pen and tail feathers are black, speckled with gray, and together with all the coverts edged with light rust color. The feathers of

is

the head and nape of the neck are tipped with reddish white; those on the back with light rust color, and on the outer part of the body with white. Hence the general appear- ance of the bird is speckled. In the female tne beak is rather black- ish brown than yellow; the light colored spots, especially on the head, neck and breast are larger, and the edges of the wing feathers broader, which give the bird a lighter and more mottled appear- ance.

The starling eats not only worms caterpillars and their larvae, snails, grasshoppers, mole-crickets, and the insects which tease the pasturing cattle, but berries, grain of all kinds, millet and hempseed. ‘The starling builds in hollow trees, under the roofs of houses and in wooden boxes and earthen vessels, which are often hung on trees or under the eaves of houses for their accommo- dation. ‘The nest is carelessly built of dry leaves, grass stalks, and feathers, and is occupied by the same pair year after year, being cleaned out when they take posses- sion. ‘The female lays twice a year from 4 to 7 greenish gray eggs. Before the first moulting the young are not so much black as a smoky fawn color, without spots; and their beak is dark brown.

110 THE OREGON

The starling, in respect of docility and sagacity, deserves to be com- pared with the dog. It is always lively, understands and obeys every gesture and motion of those that come near him, and though totter- ing about with a sober step and stupid appearance, allows nothing to escape its notice. It learns to repeat words, whistles airs, and to tmitate the voices of men and ani- mals, and the song of birds. The starling sings throughout the year, with the exception of the moulting season, and their song is peculiar and harp-like.

THw ROBIN REDBREAST, Sylvia ru- bicula. (Das Rothkehlchen.)

Of these lovely and useful song birds but 5 pairs were introduced into Oregon by the Society in 1889 and 1892. ‘There were many more of them when they first arrived, but unfortunately they died.

This handsome bird isa native of the old world, is 5 3-4 inches in ength, of which the tail measures 24% inches. The beak is 5 lines

ong, and brown except at the root of the lower mandible and in the in- side, where it is yellow.

The iris, as well as the feet, which are eleven lines high, are blackish brown. ‘The forehead, cheeks, and lower part of the body, and the wing-coverts, are dingy olive-green; the rump, sides and vent, of a lighter hue. The sides

NATURALIST.

of the breast are a beautiful pale

gray, the belly white, the pen and tail feathers dark brown edged with olive green andthe first wing coverts are tipped with a triangular vellow spot. In the female, which is somewhat smaller, the orange on the forehead is not so broad, the color of the breast is paler, and the feet are a yvellowish brown. The yellow spotson the wing coverts are also generatly wanting.

The robin redbreast feeds on insects of various kinds, leaf-lice, earth worms, larvae and all sorts of berries. It builds its nest which is made of lichens loosely put together, and lined with grass stalks, hair and feathers on the grounl, among moss, stones, roots, or vpon leaved tree stumps, in thick brush, or in currant and gooseberry bushes, in hedges and sometimes in holes under the roofs of houses.

The female lays twice a year, from 5 to 6 yellowish white eggs, spotted and striped with orange, and haying a ring of light brown at the thick end. Itis a bird of passage and goes south during the month of October, and returns about the middle of March. Occasion- ally, a number of *these birds will re- wain here throughout the winter. But when the cold grows more severe, and snow covers the ground, or frost hardens its surface, it approaches the houses, taps at the closed casement casting side- long glances in-doors, as if envious of the warm abode. It is attracted to the hab- itations of man by the shelter that it there obtains from the rigor of the weather, and in search of the insects that are collected in great numbers by

the same cause. Its song is sweet and well supported

which though loudest in spring lasts almost throughout the year, and has a solemn and melancholy effect. During spring the robin redbreast haunts the

—

THE OREGON

grove and the garden, while in summer it retreats into the woods. They are very pugnacious in their habits and will fight others of its kind with relent- less ferocity and ardor. Its call note is “Swale

Some Notes on Migration taken at Salem,

Oregon, by George D. Peck, 1896.

March 2.—Violet-green swallow first seen. On April 4, they were common.

March 22.—Rufous hummer male, first seen. On April 4th, females were observed and on the eleventh of the month a nest was found containing two eggs.

March 23.—Saw lark sparrow.

April 2.—Dwarf hermit thrush, male taken, also lutescent warbler, male.

April 4—Maryland yellowthroat, male.

April 5.—Vesper sparrow, first seen.

April 8. — Band-tailed pigeon, first seen. On this date Audubon’s warbler was observed in full plumage. This species has been common all winter and as late as May 5th was seen in thous- ands, but on May 6th only one bird was seen. No more were observed until May 15th when a smal. flock of females were seen.

April 9. Saw four hermit thrushes.

April 15. Nest of sooty grouse found containing four eggs.

April 16.—Black-throated gray war- bler male seen and on the 29th heard singing. Arkansas goldfinch first seen.

April 20.—Cassin’s vireo first seen.

April 29.—Lincoln’s sparrow, one seen. A rare sparruw here. On this day Town- send’s warbler was taken froma small flock that constantly stayed in the tops of the trees.

April 30.—Saw a small flock of Savan- nah sparrows.

May 2.—Cliff swallow and two Mac- gillivrays warbler males first seen.

NATURALIST. 111

May 7.—Saw red-bellied nuthatch ex- cavating a nest.

May 8.—Saw male vellow warbler.

May 11.—Russet-backed thrush first heard but not seen. Saw two little fly catchers. Pileolated warbler first be- come common.

May 12.—Saw two male lazuli finches in the company of a large flock of gold finches. Carolina dove first heard.

May 13.—Long-tailed chat heard and Bullock’s oriole first seen.

May 15.—Nota ruby-crowned kinglet was seen to-day ; they have been here in numbers numberless.

May 18.—Black-headed grosbeak and Parkman’s wren first seen.

Crater Lake and the Mazamas.

The Mazamas are a soviety with head- quarters at Portland, Oregon, whose purpose, similar in nature to that of the Alpine Club of England, the Appalach- ain Clnb of New Engiand. and the Sierra Club of California, is the exploration of the mountains of the Pacific Northwest and the publishing of information con- cerning them. With this object in view they are accustomed to make annual ex- peditions to points of leading interest, which are attended by large numbers of people, and which have become ceie- brated throughout the country. Thus in 1894 they assembled, nearly two hun- dred strong, on the summit of Mt. Hood; last year their rendezvous was at Mount Adams; while the present year they will during the week beginning August 16th conduct an excursion to Crater Lake, which has every prospect of being the most largely attended and the most successful of any similar event ever known upon the Pacific Coast.

In his book, ‘‘The Mountains of Ore- gon,’’ Mr. Wm. G. Steel, who assisted a party sent out by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1886, to survey and sound the lake, thus describes it:

112 THE OREGON

“It was discovered by a party of twelve prospectors on June 12,1853. * * *#* They decided to call it Mysterious, or Deep Blue Lake. It was subsequently called Lake Majesty, and by being con- stantly referred to asa crater lake, it gradually assumed that name, which is within itself so descriptive.

“From Allen Davey, Chief of the Klamath tribe, I gleaned the following in reference to the discovery of Crater Lake:

‘‘A long time ago, long before the white man appeared in this region to vex and drive the proud native out, a band of Klamaths, while out hunting. came suddenly upon the lake and were startled by its remarkable walls and awed by its majestic proportions. With spirits subdued and trembling with fear, they silently approached and gazed upon its face ; something within told them the Great Spirit dwelt there, and they dared not remain, but passed silently down the side of the mountain and camped far away. By some unaccountable in- fiuence, however, one brave was induced to return. He went up to the very brink of the precipice and started his camp fire. Here he laid down to rest; ere he slept till morn—slept till the sun

us high in air, then arose and joined

‘s tribe far down the mountain. At

ight he came again; again he slept till

torn. Each visit bore a charm that

rew him back again. Each night vund him sleeping above the rocks; ach night strange voices arose from the waters; mysterious noises filled the air. At last after a great many mouns, he climbed down to the lake and there he bathed and spent the night. Often he climbed down in like manner, and fre- quently saw wonderful animals, similar in all respects to a Klamath Indian, ex- cept that they seemed to exist entirely in the water. He suddenly became

NATURALIST.

hardier and stronger than any Indian of his tribe because of his many visits to the mysterious waters. Others then be- gan to seek its influence. Old warriors sent their sons for strength and courage to meet the conflicts awaiting them. First, they slept on the rocks above, then ventured to the water’s edge, but last of all they plunged beneath the flood and the coveted strength was theirs. On one ocgasion, the brave who first visited the lake, killed a monster, or fish, and was at once set upon by un- told numbers of excited Lloas (for such they were called,) who carried him to the top of the cliffs, cut his throat with a stone knife, then tore his body in small pieces, which were thrown down to the waters far beneath, where he was de- voured by the angry Llaos—and such shall be the fate of every Klamath brave, who from that day to this, dares to look

upon the lake. “The lake is almost egg-shaped, rang-

ing northeast by southwest and is seven miles long by six in width. The water’s surface is 6,251 feet above sea level and is completely surrounded by cliffs or walls from one thousand to over two thousand feet high, which are scantily covered with coniferous trees. To the southwest is Wizard Island, 845 feet high, circular in shape, and slightly covered with timber. In the top is a depression or crater—the Witch’s Caul- dron—one hundred feet deep and 475 in diameter. This was evidently the last smoking chimney of a once mighty vol- cano. The base of the island is covered with very heavy and hard rocks, with sharp and unworn edges, over which scarcely a score of human feet have trod. In the immediate foreground to the north lies the lake, with its twenty odd mile- of rugged cliffs standing abruptly from the water’s edge. To the left is Wizard [sland; beyond stands Llao

THE OREGON

Lake, solemn, grim and grand, over two thousand feet perpendicular; while still beyond stands Mount Thielsen, the lightning rod of the Cascades. Just to the east of the lake is Monnt Scott, partly covered with snow, while close to

the campon the east isa high clff known

as Cathedral Rock, running iar down to the right and at last disappearing below the tree tops.

“Crater Lake is but a striking me mento of a dread past. Imagine a vast mountain, six by seven miles through, at an elevation of eight thousand feet, with the top removed and the inside hollowed out, then filled with the clear- est water in the world, to within two thousand feet of the top, then place a round island in one end eight hundred and forty-five feet high, then dig a cir- cular hole tapering to the center, like a funnel, one hundred feet deep and four hundred and seventy-five feet in diame- ter, and you havea _ perfect representa- tion of Crater Lake.

“It is hard to comprehend what an immense affair itis. ‘To those living in New York Citv, I would say, Crater Lake is large enough to have Manhat- tan, Randall’s, Ward’s and Blackwell’s Islands dropped into it, side by side without touching the walls, or, Chicago or Washington City might do the same. Our own fair city of Portland with all her suburbs, from the City Park to Mount Tabor, and from Albina to Sell- wood inclusive, could find ample room on the bottom ofthe lake. On the other hand if it were possible to place the lake,

at its present elevation, above either of _ these cities, it would be over a mile up

to the surface of the water, and a mile

and three-quarters to the top of Llao

4

Rock. Of this distance, the ascent would be through water for two thous- and feet. To those Jivingin New Hamp-

_ shire, it might be said, the surface of the

NATURALIST. 118

water is twenty-three feet higher than the summit of Mount Washington.

“What an immense affair it must have been, ages upon ages ago, when, long before the hot breath of a volcano soiled its hoary, head, standing as a proud monarch, with its feet upon earth and its head in the heavens, it towered far, far above the mountain ranges, aye, looked far down upon the snowy peaks of Hood and Shasta, and snuffed the air beyond the reach of Everest. Then streams of fire began to shoot forth, great seas of lava were hurled upon the earth beneath. The elements seemed bent upon establishing hell upon earth and fixing its throne upon this great mountain. At last its foundation gave way and it sank forever from sight. Down, down, down deep into the bowels of the earth, leaving a great, black, smoking chasm, which succeeding ages filled with pure, fresh water, giving to our day and generation one of the most beautiful lakes within the vision of man.

“Tn conclusion I will sav, Crater Lake is one of the grandest points of interest on earth. Here all the ingenuity of nature seems to have been exerted to the fullest capacity, to build one grand, awe-inspiring temple, within which to live and from which to gaze upon the surrounding world and say: ‘Here would I dwell and live forever. Here would I make my home from choice; the universe is my kingdom, and this my throne.’ ”’

Eastern Department. CONDUCTBD BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR.

CHAT.

Address all mail for Eastern Depart- ment to Dr. C. C. Purdum, 274 North Main Street. Providence, Rhode Island,

114 THE OREGON

Better send you appli ation for mem- bership to the Oologist’s Association, to President Trostler at once, as the yearly reports will soon be made and you want to have a hand in their work.

An immature wood ibis was shot near Seekonk, R. I. lately. First record for Rhode Island? Bird was mounted at Critchley’s establishment in this city.

Is the hair-worm a parasite of the cricket ?—Suggested by an exchange.

Principles of Classification. C: C. PURDUM, M. D.

(Continued from page 89.)

We have said that a ‘“‘character’”’ in zoological langnage, means any point or feature which may be perceived and described, and utilized in comparing the similarities and separating the differ- ences between each animal. Thus the condition of the tarsus and larynx, as spoken of in previous papers, are ‘‘char- acters”? which can be used in describing individ»al birds, or in selecting a name for a group of birds. *

Embryolical characters are those afforded by the bird during the time it is developing in the egg, from the lowest stage of the germ to the fully developed chick. These embryological characters are of the utmost signiticance, for it has been conclusively demonstrated that the germ of the higher organisms goes through a_ series of developmental changes which, at each successive step in its development. causes it to resemble the adult state of animals lower than itself. In so many words then, the his- tory of the evolution of every individual bird, illustrates the history of the changes which birds have collectively undergone. Such stages of any embryo therefore, give us glimpses of those evo- lutionary processes which have affected the group to which it belongs. As the

NATURALIST.

germ develops, and becomes more com- plicated in structure by the formation of organs and parts, each of which are successively differentiated and special- ized, it gradually rises higher in the scale of being.

It will be obvious that every ulterior modification presupposes inclusion of all prior ones; for a white winged cross- bill, to be itself, must be a ‘‘loxian, fringilline, oscine, passerine, carinate, modern, avian vertibrate animal. The more characters, of all grades, that any bir's share in common, the more closely are they related, and conversely, obviously, the possession of more or fewer ‘‘characters’’ in com- mon, result in greater or less degrees of likeness.. To carry any scheme of classification into practical effect, naturalists haye found it necessary to invent and apply a system of grouping objects whereby the like may come to- gether and the unlike be separated. They have also deemed it expedient to give names to all these groups, of what- ever grade, such as class, order, family, genus, species, etc.; and to st mp each such group with the value of its grade, in order that it may become current among naturalists. Of course this coin- age is ‘entirely arbitrary until it be- comes sanctioned and fixed by common consent. It can not be too thoroughly understood that—natura non facit saltus—Nature makes no bounds, and although she does not skip from one group to a higher by a stride, neither does she make her way by imperceptible degrees of advancement. But howeyer arbitrary they may be, however obscure may be their bounderies, groups we must have, and groups of different grades, to express different degrees of likeness of the objects examined and so classify them. assuring the reader that no such thing

I can not be too bold in)

Le a

; ;

THF OREGON

as species, in the old sense of the word, exist in nature, any more than have genera or families an actual existence. Species are modifications. which are in- seperably linked together; and_ their nominal recognition is a pure conven- tionalism.

No infallible rule canbe laid down for determining what shall be held to be a species, what a sub-species, or what a variety. The actual classifica- tion of birds has undergone radical mod- ification of late years, though the same machinery is employed for its express- ion. This of course was to be expected asthe theory of evolution has so pro- foundly affected our principle of classi- fication; and our knowledge of the structure of birds and their chronolog- ical relations has progressed.

(The end.)

New Publication.

Micuicgan Srare AGRICULTURAI, CoL- LEGE EXPERIMENT Stration.— Bulletins 133. Tuberculosis, by E. A. A. Grange, and 134, Pasteurization of Milk, by Clinton D. Smith, June, 1896.

The Michigan Agricultural College maintains a college extension course of reading designed especially for farmers,

gardeners, fruit growers and _— stock breeders. The course is open to all in- terested. In connection the Farm

Home Reading Circle offers a course in systematic reading on subjects of prac- tical interest to every tarmer. They have already a large and rapidly increas- ing number of readers. Full informa- tion can be obtained by sending a postal card to Herbert W. Munford, B. S., Agricultural College, Mich.

In Florida the green heron does not nest in colonies as does the little blue

and snowy herons, but prefers some isolated tree, away from its kin. Some-

NATURALIST. 115

times, though, they nest on the out skirts of a little blue heron rookery, as was the case with two nests found by me this season. One contained four eggs, the other, three. The usual num- ber is three. R. W. Wi.uiaMs, JR., Tallahassee, Fla.

A %35.00 Bicyele at Last.

Ever since the introduction of the Bi- .ycle, predictions have been freely made that it was only a question of time when a high-grade wheel could be purchased at a low price consistent with the actual cost of mauufacture. Itis a well-known fact that the original manufacturers of bicycles have become enormously rich from the large profits in the business, and have been able to maintain high prices. by constant advertising. High- salaried racers paid to win on their wheels; expensive bicycle shows; sou- venirs given away, and numerous other expedients are resorted to to keep the name of the wheel before the public, all of which the user pays for, and gets no better wheel than one under a less known name could be bought for at half the price.

In another column is shown a cut and full deseription of the ‘‘Maywood’’—a first-class, high-grade wheel in every respect, at the low price of $35.00. If one will read the specifications carefully he will be readily convinced that this particular wheel has many points of superiority over any other on the mar- ket, and the manufacturers are a re- sponsible, well-known firm, and guar- antee the wheel in every particular.

Bird Day.

Oregon observes Arbor Day in an ap- propriate manner, why not a Bird Day? Circular No. 17 by Prof. T. 8. Palmer, Acting Chief of Division, recently issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture,

116 THE OREGON

Division of Biological Survey, advocates the setting apart of one day in the year to be called Bird Day and be observed as such.

The idea apparently originated with Prof. C. A. Babcock, superintendent of schools in Oil City, Pa., and is endorsed by the Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Secre- tary of Agriculture who first suggested

Arbor Day nearly twenty-five years ago. -

For the past three years the day has been successfully observed in the Oil City schools. May 29, 1896 was set apart by Prof. C. H. Morrill, Superin- tendant of Schools at Fort Madison, and observed in the schools in his iurisdic- tion, with the result that the children received both enjoyment and instruc- tion. Prof. Morris in speaking of the day, says: “It is safe to say that we shall celebrate the day next vear.”’

The matter is being agitated in Con- necticut and Nebraska. The object of the day is to diffuse knowledge concern- ing our native birds, that they may be protected and the beneficial species’ be- come better known.

Prof. Palmer, speaking of the value of the day says:

“The study of birds may be taken up in several ways and for different pur- poses; it may be made to furnish simply a course in mental training or to assist the pupil in acquiring habits of accurate observation, it may be taken up alone or combined with composition, drawing, geography, or literature. But it has also an economic side which appeals to those who demand purely practical studies in schools. Economic ornithol- ogy has been defined as the ‘study of birds from the standpoint of dollars and cents.’’ It treats of the direct relations of birds to man, showing which species are beneficial and which injurious, teaching the agriculturalist how to pro- tect his feathered friends and guard

NATURALIST.

against the attacks of his foes. a subject in which we are only just be- ginning to acquire exact knowledge, but itis none the less deserving of a place in our educational system on this account. Its practical value is recognized both by individual States and by the National Government, which appropriate consid-

erable sums of money for investigations —

of value to agriculture. Much good work has been done by some of the ex- periment stations and state boards of agriculture, particularly in Illinois, In- diana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Neb- raska and Pennsylvania. In the United States Department of Agriculture, the Division of Biological Survey (formerly the Division of Ornithology) devotes much attention to the collection of data respecting the geographic distribution, migration, and food of birds, and to the publication and diffusion of information

concerning species which are beneficial

or injorious to agriculture. Some of the

resnits of these investigations are of gen- eral interest, and could be used in courses of instruction in even the lower schools. Such tacts would thus reach a larger number of persons thanis now possible, and would be made more gen- erally available t. those interested in them ”’

Let some leading educator in Oregon

make a move in this mater and in time, a general observance in Oregon of a day for this purpose would be assured.

A collector of stone relics has

been offering inducements to break commandments. He lives on an island in the Willamette river, and is now sorrowfully trying to locate a stone idol two: feet tall, and a carved Indian, prepared for burial in a canoe, all of stone about 18 inches long. He left them out in the rain and cold until someone took pity on them and took them in.

This is

-

ianus torquatus) skins. Send in orders early. They will

be filled in rotation. Good birds in full plumage are not

plentiful during the time the law allows them to be shot. D. M. AVERILL & Co.,

148 Sixth St., Portland, Or.

yi eee

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The Indestructible ‘“Maywood” The Most Modern, _ BICYCLE. THIS $75.00 COM-

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tor less. ‘l'o quickly introduce the “Maywood” Bicycle,we + yt have decided to make a special coupon offer, givingevery + Coupon No. 2383 + reader of this paper aw chance to get a first-class wheel at the e aaoolran te lowest price ever offered. On receipt of $35.00 and coupon a fe we will ship to anyone the above Bicvele. securely crated, ee O a and guarantee safe delivery. Money refunded if not as +} ik bm represented after arrival and examination. We will ship & ie === ©. O. D. with privilege of examination. for $36.00 and coupon + + provided $5.00 is sent with order as a guarantee of good faith. oa IF SENT WITH ge A written binding warranty with each Bia Fs saat a : ORDER FOR ¢ chance of a lifetime and vou cannot afford tole e oppor- tunity pass. Address all orders to cy No. 5 ; Maywood t CASH BUYERS’ UNION, 2 Bile ee 162 West Van Buren Street, Bx 2383 CHICAGO, ILL. & bof

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BWeVeVwesesessete x Vol. Ill. SEPTEMBER, 1896 No. 9-8 $ THE

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

HP,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Exchange Column.

This Exchange Column is free toall subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word. Each exchange notice must not see 30 words. The right is reserved to reject any notice when considered to be for the best interests of subscribers.

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers, Offer Eastern Butterflies. Eggs in sets and supplies.

Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

WANTED:—Lcan use almost any desirable Oregon or Western single eggs forwhich I will give even ex- change innice sets. Send me your full exchange list. I have many fine Sets not usually offered by collectors. Walter F. Webb, Albion, N. Y.

WANTED:—A second hand microscope condition; books or shells, and beetles; back numbers of “The Nautilus’ and ‘‘Vhe Observer.” O. B. Montgomery, Lo-k Box 181, Pa.

in good

Allentown,

I WISH good, cleancopies of the AUK for which I offer some nice sets. Write for list; also want Vol I, _ Oregon Naturalist and back volumes of Oologist. from I to IX. R.W. Wiliams Jr. Tallah:ssee, Fla,

WHAT haye you to exchange fo: fie skins of Florida Diamond hack Rattlesnake skins, either tinned or flint. Box 447, Orlando, Fla,

WHAT have you to offer for two live Alligators 9 feet long. A.M. Nicholson; Orianco, Florida.

A GOLD filled, open faced, Trenton movement watch, and books on travels, history, Indians, Archaeology, Geology, and fiction, to exchange for good ancient and modern Indian relics, old arms, and war relics Send list with prices, all letters answered. L, V. McWhorter, Berlin, W .Va.

FOR each 20 different U. S,’Stamps I will send an arrow point. Geo, O. Greene, Box 41 Princeton, Illinois. W A N a E D: Persons to accept, gratis, in view

* of future orders: 25 envelopes

with their name and address printed on. Write plainiy and enclose five postage stamps to defray, mailing, pack- fing, etc. ey Hours,” South Columbia, N.Y. 4a3>Mention O, N

$2.00 Columbian Stamps, unused, ex- change for U. S. and Revenue Stamps or cash for $2.25 each. : A. LOEWIT,

218 E, 76th St., New York. |

| C. E. Briggs, Libson, Iowa.

_W. E. Sherrill, Haskell, Texas.

i ; 3 TO EXCHANGE:— Beautiful Specimens of Mexican

Wanted:—A good camera, will give advertising space in the Oregon Naturalist or good exchange in Oregon material. D..M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St. Portland, Oregon,

I have been using your exchange column for advertising duplicate specimens etc., and it has more than repaid me many timesa yearssubscription. Any collector, amateur or professional can well afford to pay 50 cts. a year for the Oregon Naturalist, a sample copy will convince him of that fact. Harry E. Spalding.

WANTED:—Resurrection Moss, will give, ‘‘Singles”” Oregon Materia’ or Advertising Space in the Oregon Naturalist. D. M. Averill & Co,, Portland, Or.

NEW cloth-bound Mekeel Album, $35 due-bill on bicycle, scientific and philatelic papers, books, and many other articles to exchange for.camiera, typewriter or any- thing Icanuse. P. P. Fodrea, Grand Island, Neb.

EXCHANGE:—Fossils for Fossils. Ihaves few per- fect specimens of unclassified fossils which I want to ex- change for clagsified ones. H.E. Spalding, 202 South Neil St., Champaign, III.

I WILL give three back no's of Gameland or 6 of the Oregon Naturalist for 25 cts worth of perfect U. S. or British Coloniai stamps catalogue over 3cts each. F. C. Hammond, Eldora, Hardin Co., Iowa.

FOR every good Oregon or Arizona Point sent me L will send in return one good U. S. Cent before 1855.

EXCHANGE:—For eggs of other localities /I have - complete sets with data of the following A. O. U, numbers: 316, 3398, 387, 420, 443, 487, 508, 5II, 552, 6II, 622a, 703 and 273; Taylor’s Catalogue as base

Onyx polished, Calcite and Quartz Geodes. Want Oregon and Arizona Arrow points. Pacific Ocean shells, ES also Foreign address of dealer in Agates and tia hapen Bs weights. C. E. Briggs, Lisbon, Iowa.

loader 20-guage, 40 inch barrels, nearly new. Cost ‘Sr for best offer of Indian Relics. A. B. Roberts, Wey- mouth, Ohio. ‘

HAVE a Mekeel’s$r.ro stamp album, and a large collection of stamps; will trace them for a first class stock - saddle. Write for particulars. Walter Blanchard, Bo 187, Boulder, Colo. Hears!

HOW to write on iron and glass be Both receip

arrow Heste or first class ay aa 25 ct. or ove: Arthur B. Roberts, Weymouth, Ohio. "by

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

| Y ey MWeAVERIEL & COs a : 2 ota Kale UNPAID LETTER STAMPS. 1894 UNWATERMARKED.

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500 ce 3 ss RMI 3 ik Sas aM Ee Ea Bal i MY 2.00 I pair, type II, and Ill, plategMorT7O.) 3 te ane<sa, ait Be ie iii I full sheet 2¢, pink, Date INO. Qiao Woes aye ig ee vere Noon Ge ko! OO) 2G, pink 1894, unused, not Witte ninar Kedar estescc se ctecn eats .05 IC, ultamarine yy . OLR) eee at See Pere Ran .05 IOC, green. 1890 NO Ee, rains « . Saeed eke LR ee 215 1 5c, dark blue, ‘‘ Sh MoS <2; - MRC sor tee re Meee enor elaee na .20 3oc, _ black, Ss See Naa wie walyn cae «= MMRBIES rs owen sacl tein Sule .40 gOc, orange, 4 Serle sitet aicn aes «ss ea a) ida ph Be Tawra he vote ae Me 1.25 Ic, 2c, 5c, and toc, columbian envelopes, unused, set 25 I set war department, complete, unused, Sade ec ddahaat tes eee A ae 5.00

To reduce our stock, we will sell cheap, too one dollar black, 1894, unused, un- watermarked, all in fine condition. No reasonable offer refused.

ORDERS UNDER 50c. POSTAGE EXTRA.

D. M. Averill & Go, 148 Sixth St., Portland, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DEALERS DIRECTORY

A two or three line advertisement under this heading, twelve insertions,including subscription to the Oregon Naturalist, $1.00. Extra lines twenty-five cents each, payable in advance.

Brown A, M. & Co., hardt’s Secret Receipt Book, *‘Eagle Claw, Trap” etc., 146% Sixth St., Portland, Or.

Agents for Rine-

CALIFORNIA curiosities. G. W. Tuttle, Pasadena, California, Guns of every description, address, Great |

Western Gun Works, Pittsburgh, Pa.

MINERALS—Robert Burnham,

, Providence, R. I. Sells choice minerals

cheap.

MINERALS—E. H, Harn, Henry, N. C. Fine crystals from the ‘*Oid North State,”

MINERALS—Arthur Fuller, Lock Box 63, Lawrence, Kansas.

PacIFIC COAST shells, minerals, Indian relics, bird skins, eggs, and Oregon arrow points. D. M, Averill & Co,, 148 Sixth St.,

Borland: Oregon.

PATENTS—John A Saul, “Atlanuc B'dg, Washington, D. C. does all business pertaining to the Patent Office.

PosTAGE STAMPS. ‘Try one of my 200 all different packets only 45 cts. Elisworth Lentz,

Lock Box 6, Baker City, Oregon.

Pos1AGE STAMPS—Send for sheets, refer- D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Portland Oregon.

ence required. Sixth St.,

STANDARD STAMP CoO., Place, St. Louis, Mo

No. 4 Nicholson Send stamps on approval.

Jorn the Northwestern Ornithologists Associ- ation, only 50 cts a year including copy of the

Official Organ.

APPROVAL SHEETS—Sixty percent discount. Send foraselection, John Martin, Oregon.

Palestine,

15 Chestnut

] You cannot LOOK HERE! make more at- tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoni and Profunda Corals. The handsomest in the world, Is found in | this locality, Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x3% 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and Soc. Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design.

Address, Charles E. Briggs, Lisbon, Iowa

Collect Stamps Understandingly:

In order to collect understandingly, and to prevent yourself from imposition you should read the best stamp literature. It costs a good sum tO take all the leading journals, but—then only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them att. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. You mnst need have a weekly included, to bring you the news and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fall of prices as reflected by leading auction sales. There is but one WEEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a very nominal “Brice: We refer to THE WEEKLY PH ILATELIC ERA,

If you have never seen a copy, send yore address on a postal at once to

THE -WEEKEY PHILATELIC ERA,

502-506 CONGRESS St., - PORTLAND, ME,

Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles Ripans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists.

Ripans ees cure dizziness. For dhe Oregon

Subscribe NATURALIST,

Only 25 cents for the Oregon Naturalist

one year.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Fine Cabinet Crystals

GREEN MICA CRYSTALS—These are new, They highly

rare and do not occur elsewhere, are bright green, transparent and polished. But one vein found so farand now worked out. Cabinet groups, 25cts. to $1.00. A few extra ones at $1.50 to $2.00. GREEN MICA AND TOURMALINE, grouped together, price, 25 cts. to $1.25. QUARTZ CRYSTALS—in a hundred forms, clear, smoked, single and in groups. Fine showy specimens 25 cts to $1.50 QUARTZCRYSTALS, with water bubbles,

some large and free, active movers, 25 cts, to $1.00. AMEVHYSI, single crystals and groups,

F high and medium tints, 25 cts to 75 cts. QUARTZ, with Rutile crystal included, a net- work of hair-like crystals filling clear quartz. Amount limited at present, 10 to 25 cts. QUARTZ, with included clay, very showy, 10 cts. to $1.00. QUARTZ, showing rare planes and_ erosions, A chance to get scientific interest cheap, 25cts. to $1.00.

CYANITE, broad blue blades, foliated, 10 cts. to 50 cts. ZIRCON, small and = medium, perfect

crystals, %{ to 3¢ inches, 5 cts. to 10cts, |

TOURMALINE, BERYL, CORUNDUM and Rutile crystals, 10 to 25 cts. each.

and botryoidal masses 25 cts, to $1.00. You may be able to get some of these else- where, but you will hardly get them fairer or better. will be returned. Eh. WARN,

If you are not pleased your Money

HENRY, (Lincoln Co.,) N. C. | BARGAINS. Tite MOR 3G) (i Lae Sa Ris SoSdiagubdbd rahe OE Soae $ .I0 RSDP OMereMb SEAMS, saps cyacian/aeres, Shiskias + deg esis e,O5

Approval Sheets 60 per cent discount.

JOHN MARTIN, - Palestine, Ore.

something of real |

‘THE WONDER OF THE AGE!

PLAYING

in One

GCE THITE, handsome black velvety groups |

KLICKITAT . . ee BASKETS.

We baskets of this scarce work, picked up there. The remnants of the tribe,

have. secured a few

here and

|who have any, are exceedingly

loath to part with therm, for heir-looms to them To intend-

tleyer are most

having descended

from their fathers.

ing buyers size, description and

prices will be sent upon appli-

‘cation to

DREN CANE RL Boe Gor

PoRTLAND, OREGON.

PIANO OR ORGAN

Learned

SENS

MASONS INDICATOR CHARTS 7 child 10 years old can understand it phere sada Ia) A wonderful invention; over 40,000 orders received from every Mason’s Indicator Chart is » machine which fits over the keys of a Piano or Organ,

2ountry on the globe.

| indicating where and how the hands are to be placed, and the

proper keys to strike, changing the position and arrangement to

| suit the different keys. They are infallible in result. If you

can read, you can play the Piano or Organ in one_dzuy better than_a teacher could teach you in many lessons. If you have no piano you can learn at a friend’s house and astonish all with your acquirements. The leading Musical Paper says, ** They should find a place in every home. They are to Music what the Multiplication Table is to Arithmetic.” It gives satisfaction in every case. Keachers unhesitatingly endorse it. The price is $41.Q@@ for a complete set, 5 forms. SPECIAL OFFER. To introduce this wouderful invention at once we give free to all who buy Mason’s Chart, our Bfusical Album, containing music which, bought separately, would cost $1.’75. - We send the Chart and Album by Mail, prepaid, for R1.00. 'This is

| positively, no humbug. We have thousands of testi-

moniats from every country on the globe. These Charts are copyri2ted and patented.

A. M. BROWN & CO., 146% Sixth St., Portland, Or.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

‘-- INDIAN RELICS :-:

mA AAAALA AAA AT

Onestullibeadedinvest stoumecenmeseest= sir $ 7.50 | Basketry poster (Halsey) autograph

One full beaded squaw cape...........- 16.40 | copies, only a limited number struck .50 One full beaded pappose cape.......... 11.50 | ‘‘Basketry of the Coast and Islands

I squaw buckskin dress, long, upper Ofthe Paerhic! sige eieaeee sd. cals etree 50 naldehulsp bea dedettasswceeesecect essence: 35.00 | One Ceylon straw Cap......s..ecseeees 1,00 1 Mexican vaquero fringe leather coat, One leather belt. Cree beaded......... 1.25 collar and cuffs richly beaded by I squaw hood, quill work.............. 2.00 MAT ENS soncadadocedescdg sscodapoScuaubdon TAZ 5.00 OREGON ARROW POINTS.

Stone head war club, rawhide covered, Ordinary 119 fortes. ethos. sceceesenees 125 Steen tail) pennants. .-cemsecseosecemenee I 7 Sak alt, seach se. hcesdeneceeetenaess once at eeeee .05 One squaw pouch, bladder, partially Good ith: same .cehe are Eat ee ee eae .10 filled with colored porcupine quills... 2.00 | Shapes suitable for mounting,.......... 625 One buckskin tobacco pouch, fringed Serrated). .ce.ccscaetuescstessenee sa tamenetes .50 andw headed) cesses. ccnceaceccsn aidteseces T.50 (Fish) points ((curved)ecccea.ce ese cemacebee ay Partially beaded moccasins.............. 1725 | RotaLys | POINte\ee.p seo ee eees shee ee eeeseeee 50 Plain moccasins, Couer de Alene...... 1.00| Points eccentric in shape $1 to $5.

Beaded knife sheaths, Sioux........ ... -50| Scarce points, on account of shape

I pr. squaw beaded leggins............ 2.25] and material combined...........cee0e0s 1,00 Red pipestone pipes......... neh cd 2.00 | Oregon spear heads, $1.50 10 $3.00

One Umatilla squaw cap............... 2.00 | Three Oregon knives, 1.50 to 3.00

Umatilla, handisbagstes.osa-rs sateee eee 2.50 | 3 only copper pendants, Memaloose 25 Umpqua baskets $2.00 to $3.00. Genuine wampum, per doz............. 15 Calapooia baskets $2.00 to $3.00, Dentalium shell, per doz..............0 as

3) Klickitat, baskets... sa saeco thers Grand Rondes baskets... 0. ceccsccesncc- Shasta baskets $1.00 to 3.00.

Hoopa Valley baskets $1.50 to $2.00. Penobscot (Me.) Indian baskets 50cts.

to $1.50.

I Mogui plaque-ce.sse.<c.eceetaneteeneas Copper beads, Mematoose............... Mlatsheadsskulisyseaec te ese recasises Cree tomahawk-pipe, (recent).......... Cree war bonnet, (recent)............

3.00 2,00

1.50 |

10 5.00 2.00 7.00

Outlines of stone mortars, pestles, hammer- heads etc., for stamp.

From the constantly varying nature of our stock, and the difficulty of duplicating speci- mens we do not issue any catalogue.

Send us your list of wants in Pacific coast bird’s skins, eggs, minerals, shells, Indian relics and we will quote prices and describe specimens in detail.

&2 Prices are postage or expressage prepaid in the U. S.

D. M. AVERILL & CO.,

148 Sixth Street,

- Portland, Oregon.

THE, OREGON

VOL. HI.

ee ee go ea ow

XK

NATURALIST.

1806. No. 9

4 ANEW INDUSTRY BY ANGUS GAINES.

In England, many people regard frogs as great delicacies and in France, they are still more highly esteemed, but in America, there Is a general prejudice against them which is being dis- pelled by very slow degrees. Restaurants and hotels did not until recently keep frogs on their bills of fare, and though they were usually retained on their order- list they were rarely called for, except by foreigners, or by young men of an ad- venturous turn who tasted them out of curiosity. Those who did taste frogs recognized them at once as most delicious tidbits, aud the despised batrachians be- gan to grow in public favor.

The frogs in their native ponds had been but little disturbed, for few people thought seriously of catching these for the market, and it was only occasionally

that boys out on some hunting and fishing trip would secure a few and offer them for sale. As soon as a steady market was found for them the price rose and the hunt for frogs became so general that their numbers diminished rapidly. As the demand continued to in- crease the supply diminished until a new industry, frog raising, arose to supply the deficiency.

Our most common frogs, such as spring-frogs, wood-frogs and crecket- frog are all too small for table use, and the bull-frog, Rana cantesbiana, is the only really esculent batrachian. Holbrook says that these frogs sometimes attain a length of twenty-one inches. Their color is an indescribable blending of green, brown and yellow which so_ perfectly matches the hues of the aquatic herbage in which they lurk that a sounding splash in the water is often the first intim- ation which the intruder has of the animal’s presence. People whose ac- quaintance with bull-frogs extends only to such chance meetings in the swamps would not think them very promising sub- jects for domestication, yet the work of raising them for the market is very simple.

Starting a frog-farm is not very. expen- sive, for the frogs do best in places where the land could not be used for any other purpose. The frog-farm best known to me is a large pond, shallow throughout,

118 - THE OREGON NATURALIST.

for the yellow pond lilies and dense rushes grow far out from the shore, with only narrow expanses of open water showing between their rank clusters. The sloping bank is covered with a thick growth of willows, with here and there a towering elm or_misshapen wateroak.

A substantial plank fence separates this miniature wilderness from the fine open pastures which surround it. There is no danger of the frogs trying to leave the pond for the surrounding country is high and dry, and bull-frogs never venture far from water. The fence was built to keep hogs, cattle and domestic ducks and geese from invading the pond.

The frogs are not by any means tane, |

yet the pond is visited so often that they have grown somewhat accustomed to the sight of men, and are not frightened as easily as wholly wild ones are. They leave the water in large numbers and perch upon the bank, or on rocks, sticks and stones, some of them basking in the sunshine, others hidden in the deepest shade. * They sit perfectiy motionless, watching the visitor with their great goggle eyes as if fascinated by the sight until some frog more timid than the rest plunges into the water. This breaks the spell and on all sides there are sudden flashes of white bellies and long mottled legs as the whole colony of frogs splashes into the pond.

In the wider openings in such a pond the water is often clear and bright, but In the narrow bays between the weeds and willows the surface is usually covered with a thick coat of conferve and duck- weed. Itis in this green scum of low vegetation that the frogs deposit their spawn, stringy masses of a_ jelly-like substance which floats upon the water. These masses are composed of innumer- able very small eggs held togetner and protected bv the slimy glue in which they are imbedded.

In the spawning season the frog raiser wades about over his pond and with a large dipper carefully skims the scattered masses of spawn from the surface of the water and places it in a bucket. The spawn thus collected is poured into hatch- ing boxes made of rough boards and anchored in some small stream which flows into or out of the pond. These boxes, which are usually about two feet square and one foot deep, are covered with nettings of tarred wire and have bottoms of the same material to admit the water freely as they float into the stream or rest on the oozy bottom. Here the frog’s eggs are kept, well protected from birds, fishes, old frogs, and any other animals that might wish to devour them.

In from seven to fifteen days, owing to the temperature, the eggs begin to hatch and the bottoms of the boxes are soon covered with little tadpales quietly bask- ing in the sun or dodging about and try- ing to hide. Itis not very expensive to feed these little fellows, for their food is microscopic, or nearly so, consisting of particles of organic matter found in the water or on the bottom The tadpoles do very well in their boxes for the first few days of their lives, but as they grow larger they need a wider range, and are liberated in a small pond that-is sur- rounded by afence, usually of fine meshed wire netting.

You would scarcely believe that there —

could be so many tadpoles in the world as are to be found in one of these little ponds. Frogs lay their eggs in such great

numbers that if they were allowed to in- ~

crease unchecked they would soon over- run the world. There is little danger, however, of their ever becoming too numer- ous, for they have an infinite number of dangers and difficulties to contend with and if tadpoles were not hatched in vast numbers none of them would reach matur- ity.

THE

The myriads of little fellows with big heads and fine, whip-like tails in one of these enclosed ponds show how they might _ increase if duly protected, but what do you think is the worst danger from which the wire netting shields them? Nothing more or less than the old frogs themselves. Bull-frogs are extremely voracious and will eat any animal that they can over- come, small fishes, crawfishes, toads, worms, insects, anvthing and everything and of course they find the young of their own species acceptable morsels.

The tadpoles grow to a large size, many of them attaining a length of four and one half inches. They usually develop into the adult form in two years, but it is said that there are many exceptional cases in which individuals live three years and even longer before undergoing their meta- morphoses. The young frogs are allowed to remain in the small enclosed ponds un- til they are thoughtto be old enough to take care of themselves, then'the fence is lowered and they are driven out to take their chances with their older relatives. In the larger pond they usually find an abundance of food and they are useful in subdueing the myriads of insects and other vermin which find a breeding place in the water, and in the rank vegetation. In spite of this abundance of natural food the owners find it advisable to feed them occasionally, scattering about consider- able quantities of waste meat ,which has been chopped fine. The frogs eat greedily and soon attain a large size.

Killing or capturing the frogs for market is not at all difficult on a well stocked farm. Sometimes they are knocked over with a long switch, sometimes shot with a spring gun, and sometimes they are caught on a hook, baited with a strip of red flannel, a bait which they are said to take readily. In some countries the whole frog is eaten, but in America, it is usual to send nothing but the hind legs to

OREGON NATURALIST.

119

market, the rest of the animal, on which there is but little good meat, being used to feed the survivors in the pond.

Sometimes however it is found best to ship the frogs alive. They are then canght in a small net on the end of a light pole, a contrivance very much like a butterfly net with a long handle. The consumer can then, without danger of loss, lay ina considerable supply of live frogs to be kept and killed as needed. They are kept in dark pits or large boxes, without food but with plenty of water. They are often kept for weeks in this way, spending their time huddled up together and indulging in low croakings, or, if the weather is cold, lying buried in the wet straw and awaiting their doom in a torpid or semi-torpid state.

Although frog raising is a comparatively new industry and but little familiar to the general public it has already risen to the dignitv of statistics, for 60, ooo Ibs of frog meat, mostly that of domesticated animals, are sold annually in New York City where the average retail price is thirty cents per pound.

In their natural state frogs are solitary animals, except in the spring when they congregate in large numbers, making night hideous with their hoarse bellowings which, it is said, have been heard over five miles. At such times the males often fight furiously and have frequently been found struggling so fiercely that they did not notice the intruder.

Atthe approach of winter they bury themselves in the mud at the bottom of their pond or stream, and there, in a torpid state, await the coming of spring.

The smaller wading birds, such as ‘“‘teetar snipes’? and sandpipers, often grow fat on the young tadpoles, and the larger wild fowls, ducks, geese and herons, feast upon the growing frogs. Fishes, too, keep both tadpoles and frogs on their bills of fare, and certain snakes subsist mainly on frogs.

120 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Frogs, however can at times get their revenge on most of these foes, for the full grown, wide mouthed batrachians will eat young birds whenever they can catch them, and one of them was seen to swallow arobin that had been shot, though the tail feathers, being too long for its stomach, protruded from its mouth. They will eat small snakes and one of them has been known to swallow a “‘grass snake’’ three feetlong. Frogs also eat fishes, but there is one foe, besides man, on whom they cannot retaliate, this is the raccoon. Raccoons often prove very destructive to frogs and on them the unfortunate am- phibians can have but little hope for revenge.

A white peiican, shot this season on the Columbia river near Umatilla, has _ been mounted and is now in the collection of a lady taxidermist of Umatilla,

Skins to be of any value should have a tag attached to them, giving sex; where collected, date of collection, who by, length, stretch of wings and wing measurements.

MEXICAN HIEROGLYPHS.

II.

The hieroglyphs reproduced in (the last issue of this journal) were found on the adobe walls of the rooms in a cave-dwelling. The cave itself is a large one. The front part of it only having been used as a dwelling, and is one of a number scattered here and there on either side of a narrow valley a few miles from the mormon settlement of Pacheco, in north-west- ern Chihuahua,

On the opposite side of the valley from this cave is one having a wide entrance and upon its rock face, in a sheltered position, may be found the nine drawings, done in white, which are here reproduced.

FRANcIs E. Lioyp, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Or.

MEXICAN HIEROGLYPHS.,

THE OREGCN NATURALIST.

MEXICAN

THE, BASKET OF THE KLICKITAT.

MRS. VELINA P, MOLSON.

The archeologist is frequently caused to halt in the reconstruction of ancient society by the ignorance of the arts of savages around him. This is especially true of an art which had its culmination in savagery or barbarism, and which began to decline at the touch of civiliz- This may be said of the Klickitat

‘These rare and beautiful baskets are

ation. baskets. made by the different tribes belonging to the Shahaptian linguistic stock, ‘fa name based on Scouler’s report to the Royal Geographical Society in 1841, and confirmed by later scientific men, Gallatin, Hale, Schoolcraft and and Latham. The derivation is Salishan, but the meaning is unknown,”

The habitat was along the waters.of the Columbia and its tributaries, from the Cascade mountains on the west to the Bitter Root range on the east, and from 46° north to 44° south, Eastern Washington and

or what is now

121 HIEROGLYPHS. Northern Idaho. The Klickitats have been styled the ‘‘Troquois of the Northwest.” They were marauders and robbers. The very word

Klickitat means ‘‘robber.”

One of their favorite haunts in time gone by was the Cascades of the Columbia, other the dalles or long nariows of the Colum- bia. trappers and voyageurs from the foundation of the Pacific Fur Company in 1811, and con- tinued to worry and harass the pioneers until they were subdued by the Yakima war of 1856.

The Klickitats are fine-looking and telligent Indians; they are tall and clean limbed, and as they followed the chase from all time and lived in a higher altitude, they were the

and an-

They were a constant menace to the

in-

superiors in every way of the miserable-looking tribes of the Willamette valley and _ coast Indians, as the latter tribes traveled about squatting in canoes, subsisting on fish, and had not the benefit of the bracing air of the plateau

* Reprinted from ‘‘Basketry of the Coast and Islands of the Pacific, etc.” This pamphlet can be had of the J. K. Gill Co., Portland, Or. Price 25 uts.

122

of the Klickitats’ country,

The Klickitats were bold and fearless riders. Their marauding journeys carried them from the present international boundary line on the north to Rogue river on the south. They were masters everywhere until they reached the Rogue river tribes, who rightfully gained their name through cunningness, or until they reached the Indians of the plains, on the east- ern watershed of the whither they went on annual expeditions to

Rocky mountains,

trade and gamble, carrying the wampum from the coast, dried salmon and other articles, to trade for dried buffalo meat and robes,

They went down to the ocean on the west, carrying the wild hemp dried and twisted into neat bundles and much sought after hy the coast Indians for fish nets, to exchange for the wampum or dentalia, a small shell collected in those days at Nootka. The wampum was the circulating medium, and Alexander Ross said in 1814 three fathoms bought ten beaver skins.

The Klickitats held the gateway between the East and West, for the river was the natural and only ‘easy route for passage from the West- em valleys to the Eastern World.

Their domain included Mount Adams on the north and Mount Hood on ‘he south of the Columbia river, but territorial bounds did not confine them, for they were everywhere robbing, horse-racing, and

trading, under

burdensome tribute many lands they did not

holding

own.

They had a complete and euphonious lan- guage of their own, as became a people who influenced the world around them, and possess- ed both statesmen and warriors whose enter- prise covered so broad a field.

Before the white man came to occupy and pervert, the Indians were numerous, They had their great annual gatherings, for exchange of products and to regulate affairs. They own- ed their special privileges, as fisheries, berry fields and camas grounds, and hunted their

own territory. All seasons had appropriate

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

duties. It was no light or brief task to gather, cure and store the fruits of the earth, the fish of the streams, or the gime of the forests foy their winter ‘1se.

Besides they had many arts and manufactures that became almost obsolete when they could purchase from the Hudson’s Bay Company cloth, manufactured goods, tools and trinkets, and pay for them by hunting animals whose fur was in demand,

When they procured arrows were soon out of date and the art of making beautiful arrow heads became a_ lost one, and finally buckets superseded baskets,

Holding the natural waterway and occupying the mountains, valleys and plains of the east- ern country, they held the key to the Columba region, the gateway between the East and West. They maintained intimate tribal relations with both sections and levied tribute on all west of the Cascades, from the waters of Puget Sound on the north to Rogue river on the south, Through all this region they rode rampant, and their lodges were full of spoils taken in their

firearms bows and

forays

South of the Columbia along the ocean shore and foot-hills, there is still a well-worn trail, that antedates history, known now and afore- time as the ‘‘Klickitat trail.” They usually journeyed south by that trail, but for peaceable reasons they traveled north by the Klamath trail, on the eastern side of the Cascades, to their home of homes, the beautiful Klickitat valley.

Basketry is an art which may be called ‘‘par

excellence” a savage art, and the several tribes

of the Shahaptian stock controlled it, for the imbricated basket of the Klickitat surpasses all other baskets in beauty of workmanship, gen- eral contour, harminous blendings of the colors, and, what is most important; utility and dur- ability.

The tool universally used in the manufacture of all baskets is a bone awl, and the woman is generally the maker.

The woman of all untutored and uncivilized

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 123

nations is a deft worker; witness the delicate drawn work of the Mexicans, the -rich’ work from the far East, the bead and basketry of the North American Indians.

To gather, prepare and manipulate the raw materia! meant time and arduous labor,

The foundation consists of the roots of young spruce and cedar trees; it is macerated and torn into threadlike shreds, and soaked for weeks and months in water to rid it of any superfluous vegetable matter and to render it strong and pliable. The ornamentation is al- most all made of Zerophyllum tenex, which is commonly called ‘‘squaw’s grass.” It grows on the east side of the Cascade mountains and can only be gathered during the late summer, when the snow has mnelted and the grass has This grass resembles the plant of garden cultivation, Yucca filamentosa,

matured,

The broad, swordlike leaves are split into the requisite width, and if they are to remain the natural color, an ivory white, they are soaked in water only; bnt if they are to be dyed they are soake | in mud and charcoal for black, for brown a dye made from the willow bark, and for yeilow a longer time in the water.

Sometimes the bast or inner bark of the cedar tree is dyed black instead of the grass; but it is not so durable owing to its short fibrous texture; or the willow bark itself is used instead of dyeing the grass brown; but the willow looks slightly shriveled, and neither presents the smooth surface as when made of squaw’s grass, although only apparent to the practiced eye,

The mode of dyeing was handed down from generation to generation.

After these preliminaries, that ran through weeks and months, the de‘t worker sexted her- self upon the grownd and began Ixr work, either by a spring or stream, by taking a smell bunch of these water-<onked spruce roots, which, when tightly compresse!, was about the size ol! a lead pencil.

She began at the bottom of a basket by a coil, tightly lashing it with a soaked thong of

‘spruce root, each time piercing’ the stitch in

the preceding row with the bone awl and thread- ing the spruce through and _ tightly drawing it into place, thereby making a locked stitch and water light, so that if it were possible to draw out the coi! the basket would stiil preserve its shape. This coiling and whipping is continued with the spruce alone until the bottom is com- pleted, for the decoration seldom if ever appears on the bottom; if it does, only in a sparsely made pattern.

When the last coil of the bottom is made, then the decoration begins, A strip of the grass is laid on and lashed in place, then turn- ed back and lashed again, each time being held in place by the ali-important spruce thong. This lapping b ck and forth gives it the name ‘‘imbricated ”

Every time a stitch is made it takes the cir- cuits of the spruce whipping to hold it in place, each time following the puncture made by the bone awl, which is exceedingly hard work. One round of a large basket or three of a small one is a hard day’s work for an experienced basket maker, ;

The different colors and shades are introduced according to the weaver’s fancy, and always forming a complete and well-designed pattern, oftentimes intricate and elaborate. When the requisite number of stitches of one color has been made, the grass is cut off and laid aside until it appears again, for the ornamentation neyer appears on the inner side, for it would be ruined by the berry juice or hidden by the con- tents.

This wearisome labor goes on round after round until the top'is reached, when some are finished smoothly and plainly, while others are given a scallop. The last rcund of all is curiously and closely interlaced, with the ends dexterously hidden and secured, well calculated to withstand rough usuage over mountains and plains, on the backs of women, on the sides of horses and in boats, loaded and unloaded, times without number and lasting a lifetime.

The labor of making a basket had many interruptions, for the basket maker gathered thefuel, gathered and prepared the food, which

-124 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

often meant excursions to the mountains or down to the rivers, She tanned and fashioned the skins into garments, besides caring for her children, for the aboriginal mother is well ‘known to be an unselfish and tender one, Some baskets are covered throughout from top to bottom with the decoration, while others have a pattern appearing only at intervals, allowing the spruce not to intentionally form the background. angular or angular, never round in the original

The figures are always tri-

shapes, as the circular figure meant civilization.

The scallops before mentioned were for utility, for if broken and worn a new edge could be made more easily than a solid edge, or when filled and covered the contents could be held in place by a lashing made from wild hemp, and passing back and forth through the scallops.

The shape is well planned: The bottom is almost always round, then it flares rapidly at first, and then very gently until the top is reach- ed, when it usually converges toward the center, for if it flared all the way in proportion to the beginning the mouth would be so large that the contents would be lost; but even the strength of these firm baskets would be sorely tested.

One is rarely seen other than round; if so, they have an oblong base and top, and a rare one has a lid, This shape was in imitation of the trunks seen on shipboard in the early part of the century, and copied by the Cowlitz and Lewis river tribes, who also belong to the parent steck, Shahaptian; but this shape was not copied by the tribes over the range.

These large round baskets were carried on women’s backs, and are today, by a broad strap passing around the forehead or across her chest, and when gathering berries they are thrown over her shoulder and into the basket; or for convenience sake a small one is secuied to her belt in front, and emptied at intervals. Her hands are thus left free fur work, for she is ambidextrous,

These baskets were also fastened on either side of a horse in pannier fashion, and the woman sought her camp or the nearest settle-

ment either mounted on the same cayuse, or riding another and driving the berry-burdened beast before her,

The Indians say that the herrivs keep sweeter in these baskets than in a metal bucket, and as they are watertight there is no loss.

The baskets are prized by the few~ makers that are left, and by their children.

And thus is ended a work of art by these rude and untutored people, scorned and de- spised, but sought for by scientists and lovers of the curious and beautiful.

SOME NORTH CAROLINA MINERALS.

HIDDENITE,

As this mineral has gained a world-wide reputation, not only among gemists as a beautiful and expensive gem stones, but among collectors as a new species. I wish to speak of it more in detail than others of equal inj, ort- ance.

From traditions of the locality where it is found it is not a very recent discovery, as it has been plowed up by the farmers for many years,

Mr. Hidden of Newark, New Jersey, can lay claim to nothing but the honor of having had it identined. Prof. Smith of Louisville, Ken- tucky, analyzed it and gave it the name it now bears.

The mineral was firs! collected and placed

on exhibition by Mr. Stephenson of Statesville, —

North Carolina, and it was there that Mr. Hidden first saw it. Neither of the above gentlemen knew what it’ was and from the color and form naturally took it to be diopside which mineral it somewhat resembles. Mr, Hidden visited the locality and through his efforts a company was formed to work it.

Considerable work was done and several thousand dollars worth of stones secured but from some cause the property became entang- led in litigation and for aught I know to the contrary still remains so to-day.

The mines, which are situated at Hiddenite in Alexander county were worked by open trenches and the finest gems are said to have

Beil

=

— one

ee en

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

been found in loose veins in the soil at depths running from the surface down to about 35 feet. The formation surrounding is metamorphic, the immediate habitat of the gem being in all prob- ability the gneissoid rocks common throughout the western part of the state.

Mineralogically this stone is a. s)odumene and only differs from the typical mineral in color which is some shade of purple.

When pure hiddenite is bright grass-green in color and when cut is indeed a splendid gem.

If rarity and beauty constitute value in a gem, this should rank with the best for it is rare in the locality where ‘ound.

It is reported from Macon county, this state and ina letter from W. M. Backburn of Pierre, South Dakota, he says a specimen was found Other properties adjoining the mines at Hiddenite have furnished good gems, notably the Lyons property and on the plantation of Mr. J. O. Lockey.

Quite a list of interesting minerals were found in association, viz: Rutile of the finest quality, tourmaline, emerald, beryl, etc.

Hiddenite is a gem of the finest rank when cut, but its ready cleavage renders it somewhat difficult to manage, It will always command fancy prices, Whether further work at the mines or even in the vicinity will reveal a larger output remains of course to be seen.

Much of the ground has been trenched to

in the glacial dmft near that place.

xenotime,

considerable depths and pretty thoroughiy pro- spected and unless it can be found deeper down one is naturally led to believe that the cream of the deposit has been ‘‘skimmed off.”

If water could be introduced as a power to lessen the exvense «f mining handsome profits could be realized, for as it is, in comparison to the yield, the labor is great; but this can be done with much difiicuity and at considerable expense.

Good specimens of hiddenite and a beryl of of good quality can occasionally be secured but the ‘‘finds” few and at long intervals, when

125

found and offered for sale it is a matter of some difficulty to get possession as the prospectors have in many cases an exaggerated idea of its value and very frequently entrust their speci mens to some disreputable dealer at a distance and realize but a fraction of that oftered by home buyers. Cases have come under my own observation where material has been sent out and a return of less than a fifth in real value, EMERALD AND BERYL.

There seems to be a considerable amount of beryl and its varieties in the state and a_ fair percentage of the product is of real gem quality.

It is found in some form or other at widely separated po.nts and in over a dozen counties. There are at least four distinct varieties found, Emerald, sea-green, golden and blue. was found at Hiddenite in

Viz: The emerald Alexander county, in magnificent specimens while operations were in progess there for hiddenitein 1884. The crystals found at that point differ from those of other localities and seem to carry their own distinct characteristics. The planes, instead of showing the usual polish are pitted and feel rough to the touch.

The crystals as a general thing are very symmetrical, are solid and of a fine blue-green color, except in the case of the larger crystals the ‘‘cores” of which are milky. The gem stuff from here is mostly from small and medium sized crystals, These like the hid- denite are from loose rotten veins in the clay. The small crystals from here are unsurpassed for color and transparency.

The mica mines of Macon, Mitchell, Yancey aud Madison counties are producing some good material of late in both emerald and aqua- marine,

The bright green variety called emerald com- mands the highest prices. But just why this is so is hard to tell, unless the popular fancy is controlled by a craze for that which is old and well established. While it commands the highest price it is certainly not the most beauti- ful. The bright, clear, golden colored crystals found sparingly in the South Mountains in Burke and McDowell counties are certainly

126 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

very handsome. Many of them show different terminations and when thus found are of con- siderable value as specimens alone.

The whole group when found in place occur in veins of feldspar, usually the variety orthoclase, They are gregarious in habit, essentially ‘‘pockety” and seems to be intimately: connect- ed with masses of a pure watery quartz, around which they cluster and sometimes penetrate, The associates are black tourmaline, much mica, (Muscovite) in masses, one or more species of garnet and large crystals of felsdpar.

These are constant but at different places other crystals are found as hiddenite, xeno- time, monazite, apatite, etc., in Alexander county, and samarskite, allanite, gummite, and minerals of the uranium group in the Mount- ain counties to the west,

If we except the work done by Mr. Hidden at Stony Point in 1883-1894 in his exploits for hiddenite no regular mining for them hag been instituted, though of late I believe the mica people of the Western counties are giving them some attention.

There are a few isolated ponts through Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston, Cleveiind, Ruther- ford, Hend=rson and some other of the border Many of these localities are of much interest as a stud from the fact of their being altogether discon- nected with the beryl belt. One locality in Lincoln county—Deadman’s—has

counties where the stone is found,

produced crystals six inches in diameter but of poor color,

Stories of wonderful crystals found in former days and of mines of fabulous wealth can be heard on every hand but the prospector that lends a willing ear generally follows the will o-the-wisp and catches the mist for his pains.

In this same old mine I was told of the finding of a beryl crystal, perfectly clear, two inches in diameter and eight inches long, by mica miners. Surely a gem of priceless value, but it was a long time ago, and they broke it and divided the pieces.

E. H. Harn, Henry, N. C.

AT VACATION’ TRIP TO” THE Wels MOUNTAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DURING THE SUMMER OF 1892.

BY J, ELWYN BATES,

Having finished my term of school at Spring- vale. Me., my daughter and self left the town for Portland on the morning train of July 7th. We then took the first train to Gorham, N. H., where we arrived at 12.30 ». M. I e1 gaged board at the Willis Cottage; and, leaving Inez there, went over to Shelburne, some four miles distant, to see the Hubbard Bros., with whom I had formed an acquaintance on a former visit to the mountains, They were much pleased to see me. and the next morning one of the brothers went with me to the top of the water-fall on Mt. Hayes, elevation of some 1500 feet above the valley and 1% miles from the Hubbard home. We followed a logging road up the mountain side.

This road was built by a min who intended

The fall was at an

to get logs from the mountain; it was built at a great cost to him and proved nesrly a dead loss, as only a few thousand logs were ever taken out by him. Iam told that he with tro or 12 men worked about six months upon the road, and that the men received little or no pay for their work,

After a tiresome climb for an hour and a half we reached the top of the fall. The stream is scarcely more than a brook at this time, but in the spring of the year, and after heavy rains, it becomes an angry mountain torrent. It is the natural outlet of a pond upon the top of the mountain, near which a_ logger’s house is located,

At the place we visited the stream, it takes a sudden and nearly perpendicular leap. for 200 or 300 feet. This fall of water is greater in perpendicular height than any other that I have yet seen in these mountains, although it is, perhaps, less beautiful at this time than Glen Ellis Falls, ewing to the smaller amount of water flowing.

| ; q .

THE OREGON

On the road near the topof the falls I dis- covered the nest of a black snow-bird (_/zenco, Ayemalis) in a hole in the muddy bank. There were four eggs, oniy slightly incubated, It was the first set of the Species I had ever taken and I was, therefore, much pleased to obtain them. Talsotook a fine specimen of the beau- tiful green tiger-beetle (Cicundella sex-guttata,)

The very beautiful geometrid moth RAumap- tera hastata, Hub. was flying abundantly; but, as I had no net with me, I took no specimens, I had hoped to obtain some minerals of interest, but in this I was disappointed. Among plants I saw some fine specimens of moose wood or striped maple (dcer Pennsylvanicum, L.) in bloom, I returned to the house feelling well pleased with the trip, and in the afternoon, went to Gorham.

Mis. Evans, the propnetor of the Willis Vottage, kindly gave us the use of her team whenever we wanted it, and we took several delightful and instructive rides about the country; in one of which we visited the ‘‘Alpine Cascades,” nea: Berlin. ‘These are well worthy of a graphic description; but, as time was limit- ed, I took no notes about them.

One day Mr. Trafton (the Methodist minister of Gorham) took us to ride with him up the Glen House road, so that we obtained a good view of the ‘‘Summit House,” on the top of Mt. Washington.

On the 12th I succeeded in making the long desired trip to the summit of this king of New England mountains. As I desired to make the ascent on foot, I left the team at the Glen House and set out at 10.30 A. M. for the summit. After passing the toll-bridge the first thing of especial interest was a marble tablet, ina large granite rock by the 1oa'side, in memory of John P. Rich, who died in Windsor, Cal., Nov. 15th 1863. He was one of the original contractors and superintendant of the finishing of the M:. Washington road. The road was completed in 1861, and opened Aug. 8th of that year.

It wasa very hot day, and I found the ascent

a very laborious task, The best of water for

NATURALIST. 127 drinking purposes may be obtained at frequent intervals by the roadside, and I was glad to test i$ virtue many times while making the trip to and from the summit.

I spent considerable time by the way in studying the scenery, the trees, the flowering and flowerless plants, the birds, animals, insects, the rocks, and the peculiar effects, of physical causes not New England. Among rocks, gneiss seemed to be most plentiful and varied in form and makeup. One variety contained imbedded specimens of of macle or chiastolite; which,

observable elsewhere in

numerous

while very beautiful in large masses, did not furnish any distinct crys:als of much interest, I obtained a few of the best, however.

White or milky quartz is nowhere abundant on this side of the mountain and I could find no crystals,

Some good specimens of amethystine and smoky quartz have been found upon _ the mountains but I failed to obtain any.

After gneiss, granite is the most abundant It was very interesting to study the general contour it thar

came in my way, as illustrating the effect of

rock, but no interesting varieties were seen,

of the mountains and the rocks upon past and present forces of nature, which have here acted upon a large scale; so that many of their effects are clearly manifest to an ordinary observer; while, to the special student, they may be studied as object lessons of great value. Many of the rocks are very much distorted, and in some instances, even folded; thus illus- trating the effect of two or more counteracting forces; as, for example, the forces of gravity and cohesion combining to resist the upward pressure of suj er-heated steam or gasses contained in internal fissures or other cavities, during the period of uplift; the force of cohesion proving stronger than the combined action of the other two. of rock material areso placed in relation to one another that the force of gravity is a force acting against the force of cohesion, thus pruducing flexure in

In some cases two masses

the material of one or both rock masses, as may " be illustrated by the following pen sketch,

128

The strike and dip of the rocks vary greatly in short distances, and I could not, in the time I had to give, determine what an average would be in either case. The disintegrating forces of water, frost, air and light, are all beautifully illustrated, Vhe rocks, especially near the summit, have the appearance of great age. I noticed much erratic material, and some large boulders more or less round- to be few

ed and worn. There seemed

accessory minerals in the rocks. Mica, tourmaline

No_ beryl

hornblende, feldspar, and were only found in small sized pieces.

was seen,

Below the half-way house the mountain ig heavily timbered, but above that point only a dwarfish growth of arborescent plants re- two die

main; which, in the next mile or

out and are replaced by a few grasses and cryptogams; the latter represented mostly by lichens found

plentifully all over the top of the mountain,

and mosses. These are andamong them are some interesting species. It is among these boreal plants and moss covered rocks that the very interesting Alpine butterfly (Chéonobas semidea) finds its only habitat in New England. The caterpillar feeds upon lichens, The butterfly flies at ordinary elevations in Labrador, and_ the colony upon Mt. Washington was probably left there in the latter part of the Glacial Period; and, after a time becoming complete- ly isolated from its kind by the recession of the ice to the northward, has gradually he- -come extinct upon other mountain summits, until, at the finds the

present time, it

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

conditions of environment suitable for con- tinued existence and increase upon this one mountain summit only. As it is a desirable species in many collections, and as collectors are beginning to make large captures of it when possible, it is an open question how long it may be found here. It is pretty certain, however, that it will become extinct on this mountain in the near future, unless protective legislation is secured in its behalf, 1 found the species well represented by individuals from the §th mile jost to the summit, and was fortunate enough to take nine specimens without a net, The coloration and habits of the butterfly might be taken as a fine illustration of protective resemblance | if it could be shown to have natural enemies that could be effected thereby, other than man. So nearly does its color harmonize with the color of the rocks and lichens upon which it alights, that it requires the sharp, eye of the trained entomologist to detect it when not in flight. The butterfly has the habit of rising suddenly from its resting place, flying a few rods more or less, and alighting quickly, much like certain moths; which, indeed, it much resembles in _ its general characteristics. This is the only species which I observed upon the upper part ofthe mountain, except a single example of Vanessa Mfilbertiz, in fine condition, about a mile below the Summit House; which I desired to capture very much, but could not

do so without a net.

(To be continued)

THE OREGON

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NATURALIST. 129

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Sometime ago Angus Gaines published in the Chicago Record, for which he is epecial correspondent, a history of the Bull-frog (Rana cantesbiana) with a de- tailed account of the manner in which this batrachian is reared for the market.

The profound ignorance of Natural History which sometimes prevails among otherwise well informed people was strikingly displayed by the manner in which this article was received by the press, various newspapers quoting it as *‘a gross fabrication” and declaring that the Bull-frog was ‘‘a purely mythical animal, having no existence except in the writer’s imagination.”

Mr. Gaines has another article on the same subject, in this issue of the Oregon Naturalist, and in spite of self sufficient critics, it is perfectly accurate in every particular.

Competent Herpetologists all indorse Mr. Gaines’ work and his statements

may be received without question.

October number among other special and attractive features will contain; ‘‘A True Story of a Scaly Playmate’? by Angus Gaines. This article is well re- commended by several teachers, who have read it in manuscript form to their schools and enthusiastically endorsed by the pupils of all ages.

130 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

EASTERN DEPARTMENT,

CONDUCTED BY THE ASSOCIATE EDITOR,

BEACH COLLECTING.

This is one of the most enjoyable, simple, and at the same time invigorating kinds of collecting that I have ever tried, and in addition to all these fine points, it furnishes an abundance of specimens as the following papers will show.

Who is there with so little appreciation for the beautiful in nature that he cannot enjoy a collecting trip on the edge of the ocean, which is, as Hornaday well puts it, ‘‘one of the jolliest picnics in the world.”

The tools required are exceedingly few and inexpensive, the only articles necessary being a pail or two, a fine meshed dipnet and in a_ few instances a-lantern, Perhaps also the collector, especially if he intend to gather shells, had better take along an old case knife and a shovel.

He must use his own judgement as to the use of each one of these implements but [ will give a few general hints. For collecting star- fish, urchins, sand fleas, and some shells no tool is required, while for shrimps, Physalia, and crabs, which are not apt to take kindly to the eager grasp of the collector’s hand (I do not mean to say that they do not usuaily take to’ his hand for some of them ‘‘/a&e” to an alarming exteut) a net is very desirable.

I will specify the cases in which I have found the lantern useful in describing the animals obtained by it. sary in unearthing some species of shells and

The shovel will be found neces-

also a few other animals which bury themselves in the sand.

There is one other requisite for this collect- ing which is perhaps the most important, name- ly, a sharp pair of eyes. In walking on the beaches it is necessary to keep a very sharp lookout for specimens in the water and often it is better to wade in the water itself.

Beach Colleeting, then, may be briefly de-

fined as follows: Walk along the beach and seize upon any animal, which you can see (and catch), as your lawful prey.

The following descriptions will be of animals which I have found to be common at Wood’s Holl, Mass., and also, for the most part, on Rhode Island shores and will include several

different orders,

CHALINA OCULATA,

This is the well known Dead-man’s finger sponge. It is found both on the beaches, cast up by the waves, and adhering to spiles and rocks and grows to the height of two feet. The color of the living animal is more or less-brown and that of the skeleton, which is easily broken when dry, a light brown sometimes almost white. Its general appearance can be to!d from

the accompanying cut.

.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

"Sof MARE RAR Na re 2h a MAG

3 WAN AAEM ARE

serceewes

poor ti et

N

v

Physalia pelagica.

PHYSALIA PELAGICA,

Although this species is so rare on the New England coast that a specimen is seldom taken I have decide d to include it in my list as it is very common at times, I believe, on the southern coasts. The most conspicuous part of this animal when seen in the water, is an air bladder six or eight inches in length with a beautifully coloured crest above, and on the under side a large number of appendages. They are sometimes driven on the New England coast by severe storms, twelve being taken one

summer at Woods Holl.

HYDRACTINIA POLYCLINA.,

There is an excellent description of Hydrac- tinia, one of the hydroids, in the ‘‘Standard

Natural History” which I will quote in part:

‘*Many of the small spira] shells found in the shallow salt-water just below the waters edge are found to be inhabited by hermit crabs, which travel about very actively by protruding their legs from the aperture of the shell. On the backs of many of these shells is what appears to the eye, a white, delicate mossy growth, covering most all of the shell, except- ing that part which drags on the bottom as the crabtravels. Underthe microscope, this mossy growth proves to be a colony of very beautiful hydroids named Hydractinia,

ASTERIAS VULGARIS,

This is a very common object on most The starfish in the water looks very much different from those specimens which are sent out by curiosity dealers and which are, for the most part, poorly prepared.

In the water they generally cling to the sides of rocks and some of the positions into which

beaches,

they can bend themselves in order to enter a small crevice are really like unto the well known feats of the contortionists.

There are many varieties of color, some of which are very beautiful. I remember one

shade of purple which was .aiways very pleasing to me.

On the under side of each ray are the ambulacral feet furnished at their ends with suckers by means of which the animal moves.

There is an old saying which applies to the starfish very well, namely, that ‘‘he does not

move very fast but he gets there just the same.” F.P, DROWNE.

(To be continued. )

THE FLOUR BEETLES.

BY A, A. ANDREWS.

two little commonly known as ‘flour weevils” viz: 7riloiium confusum and

During the past tenebrinoid beetles,

few years

®

132 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

T. ferrusineum have occasioned considerable alarm among millers, flour and feed dealers, grocers and dealers in patent foods. These two species resemble each other so closely that it is only with the aid of a magnifying glass that a difference can be detected. Their habits are also very similar, e For many years these insects have been known in Europe as enemies of meal, flour, ' grain and other stored products, and even as pestsin museums. Although they live in grain, their chief damage probably is to flour and patented articles of diet containing farinaceous matter. The eggs are deposited in the flour, and these and the young larvze being minute and pale in color are not noticed; but after the flour has been barreled or sealed up in boxes for some time, the adult beetles mike their appearance and in due coarse of time the product isruined, A part of the trouble caused to purchaser, dealer and manufacturer, is due to the fact that the insects are highly offensive, a few specimens being sufficient to impart a disagreeable odor to the infested substance, In addition to these two species of Z>rzdolium, there is another similar beetle that attacks grain, viz, the slender horned flour beetle (2chocerus maxtillosus) which will be described further on, The confused flour beetle (7 ¥zbolizm con- jnsum. Duv.) is a minute, reddish-brown beetle, elongate and depressed,

It can be separated from ferrugineum chiefly by the structure of the antenna which is gradually clavate. The head also differs somewhat.

Chittenden’s. experiments during the years 1893-94, proved that this species i exceptionally high is capable of undergoing _ its round of transformation in thirty six days, but

is) ‘an temperature,

entire

in spring and autumn weather it requires a much longer time. In well heated buildings, at this rate, there are at least four and possibly five, broods during the yea.

The injuries reported of this species, as noted down in the records of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, far outnumber those of any

other farnivorous insect. During the past year the species has been found in patented food at a local grocery, in wheat from New Mexico, in flour from Massachusetts in oatmeal, flour and meal from Indiana, and in corn, peanuts and seeds,

orris root, baking powder, rice chaff, graham

It has also been found upon snuff,

flour, red pepper, and upon dried insects.

The rust-red flour beetle (77rzdolium Jerrugineum) resembles in general appearance the preceding species, but may be distinguished by the antenna having a three jointed club The pupa also resemble strongly, those of comsusum. It has been found in cotton seed, and at the

distinct terminal

larva and

Columbian Exposition it was present in injurious numbers in most of the cereal exhibits from the tropics; also in cakes, jams, nuts, and seeds of many kinds. The species is common through- out the United States, particularly through the South. '

The slender horned flour bettle (Zchocerus maxtllosus) has habits similar to those of the preceding species, and is frequently found in the Southern States, where it lives on grain in the field as well as upon the stored product. It has also been found under the bark of trees. This species is probably a nacive of tropical America, and although not positively known to have established itself north of Southern Ohio, is gradually extending northward. Species resembles 7rzo/ium, but is of a lighter color and is somewhat smaller, measuring a trifle over an eighth of an inch in length. On the head between the eyes are two pointed tubercles, and the mandibles in the male are armed with a pair of slender, incurved horns,

A solution of gum arabic, to which has been added a very slight quantity of corrosive sub- limate, may be used for fastening small insects to mica or paper triangles,

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I am selling my stock of Opals and minerals

\ | short'time ago we advertised Rinehardt’s Receipt

We are now offering youthe benefit. It is Ae a large publication—but a valuable | Write, to-day.

at greatly reduced prices, to make room for

new material, to $40.00 per kt. |

Australian Opals. 50 cts,

Hungarian “* 50cts. to $50.00 *‘ ot Mexican MG TOWIS sito paeZOLOOw eihvaenes Amethyst, Topaz, Moonstone, Bloodstone,

Agate, Crocidolite, 10 cts. to $5.00.

if you are out of-work, send for my terms to Agents. Salary or commission, Minerals at bed rock prices.

I will send 20 lbs, good Minera's for $1.00 40 different kinds if you wish, or less number

of larger specimens.

Tam setting fine Opals in solid Gold settings, |

and can give prices that will surprise you.

Good Gold and honest work is the motto, Write for terms and circulars. ROBERT BURNHAM,

15 Chestnut St., -

va CALIFORNIA .. ... | . CURIOSITIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, 1'rap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c. &c. Just the goods for (Curio and shell Dealers to handle.

Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Trice List.

: PASADENA, CALIFORNIA.

G. W. TUPLE,

Bes” Mention this paper when writing to our Advertisers.

We

Providence, R, I. |

i

| 148 Sixth Street, - -

D. M.

Subscribe

CHOP SLICK >

The Chinese knife and fork made of

heavy

5 pair 50 pair $1.50

Chinese wood. Price, I pair 5 cents.

20 cents, 10 pair 35 cents. post-paid.

D. M. AVERILL & CO., Portland, Or.

CYPRAA ARTICULA.

| ocality, Panama price poy strc ce hteteieltaete ites $! S15 Sundry articles from China, Used by Chinese Belles. Face Powder. per’ box ii. 5'<.. Semyeiele «ce oe ye eee a Rouge in tablet form.) =e 0. «oie iaei eee .15 China’ Shavings.) 2s5.0ch daceee te niece eee .Io Grass: Slippers Geet ssi dive nrcie tel fm ety st ate tee -35 Silk'Shoes ie ties atiide oe sel Bice em te eee ee 2.00 Bath Shoess") jig bik deta leas of 4,0 hese eee +50 Glass Bracelets per. pair..... offs Ms sae 75 AVERILL & CO., PORTLAND, OREGON

i iY ey is) 5 is R g z Business Est. 1885. Flachskamm, mar.

Standard ». Ao. 4 Hicbolson pl.,

Stamp Co. st. Louis, Ao.

Wiby not give US a trial? We have very good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50 per cent discount: which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE. STANDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every bookseller inthe U.S. § Canada sells them. {idee on getting STANDARD Packets.

ty be RS 5 hey re Noy I

ce eS ey

PATENTSs

CAVEATS, TRADE MARKS, DESIGN PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. JOHN. A. SAUL,

Atlantic Building, Washington, D. C.

Cin GREAT NOVELTY IN PIN CUSHIONS. rg Made from the seed stalk of the Yucca Palm or Spanish Bayonet, whose beautiful white blossoms adorn the W canyons and mountain sides of Cal. 1150 Yucea Cush- ions were retailed by one hotel toits guests in less than 5 months. The outside of the stalk is hard and the inside soft, and when nicely turned on a lathe they make a most beautiful white Pincushion.

Price 10 cents, silver. @. W. TUTTLE, Pasadena, Cal.

Forthe Oregon NATURALIST.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

OREGON FAUNAL SPECIMENS,

All specimens are prepared by the most modern methods as employed by the leading Museums, and are accompanied by full data. They will be sent prepaid on receipt of price; excepting those too large to go by Mail, or for which the price is less than five cents.

MAMMALS, | MOLLUSKS. SKIN. | MOUNTED, | eG Gal Eumetopias stelleri,..... $ $ 150.00 Purpura saxicola,........sseeeeeeeseseesees $ .02% Phoca vitulina, ........... 20.00 35.00 Purpura lima, ed Dae amet Macaca .05 Callorhinus ursinus,...... 50.00 Purpura Crispata,....sceesseeeseeesseees .10 Castor fiber canadensis, 10,00 20.00 | Olivella layyovbieuilizise be Bee badboneigacconnbde .05 Procyon totor,.......s000+ 3.00 10.00 | Chlorostoma ALINE DEANE receesteerceesacciee .05 Aplodon rufus, ............ 2.75 5.00 | (GU WPITIS GEPTSBIE sronaecheensespccacequecned .I0 Putorius lutreola,......... 2.50 5 00 ACMAEA PETSONA,......eeeeeereereeeen scene 02% Fiber zibethicus,........... 1,2 4.00 Nassa fossata, PET ods ocnceaes shores ace 105 Spermophilus douglasi,.. 1.75 4.50 Mopahia lignosa,...... seececseceecerscecees -20 Scapanus townsendi,...... 1,10 225 Cryptochiton Stelleri,.........s6e seen es 75 Sciurus douglasi,........... 1.10 3.00 Dentalium pretiosum,........-.+eeeeeree 02% Neuwrotrichus gibbsi,...... 2.00 3.00 Adula stylina,... dae aisicenees lealadp secleistse -05 Peromyscus robustus,.... .gO 1.90 Myulus Califormianus, .....-.++eeeeeeeeees .05 Microtus montanus,...... 1,00 2.00 Cardium corhis, Sapnoondhboonoccodcce Gada. .10 Lapus hudsonius,......... 1.00 2,10 | Saxidonus squalidus,.......sssseeeeee vee 10 Sorex pacificus,............ 1.00 2.00 | Pholalidea penita,...........ssssseseeeees -20 Skeletons or Skulls of any of the above species One specimen of each of the above sent pre- prepared to order. | paid on receipt of $1.50 BIRDS. FOSSILS. EACH. gooey pg ne | Pecten cerocensis (in matrix)............ $ 2.50 Urinator pacificus,....... $ 7.00 Se ee th.c0)| Re Ae large Gidck: wean ee, 5.00 Pigais iglaticescens, -.....2. e158 Bao? | Sanilac. eee N sake ites. ceseee tute 25 Larus occidentalis, fort ie 1.75 aid Chunittona dais eleniayainc leit aieaials celeieietnoiidteloca +75 Aythya vallisneria,....... 2575 4-50 | \iaehacea yu 50 Oidemia fusca, » aga ie 2.50 5.00 ra AVA, pccececee rene seereee : Seer it rr . Oidemia deglandi,........ 2.50 5.00 AGATES, Oidemia perspicilla,...... 2.00 4.00 | ROUGH. POLISHED. Anhriza virgata,.......... 65 AGO)) Clemtted, ncacacseaeed eucte sree Senor S'S. y225 Arenaria melanocephala —_.70 BGP’) Rilolsanies coccwsten se We oucsons et .10 25 Dryobates villosus harrisii_ 1.00 2.00 | White-hair moss,...........++0 .30 75 pubescens gardnerii —.80 1.25 | Green sea MOSS,.......2.2e0006 50 1.00 Colaptes cafersaturatior, 1.00 2-09) \ Carmeilamedccssh tr scneeas vues 15 25 Cyanocitta stelleri,........ -70 1.50 | Mooustone,......00h.creeeseders .15 125 Melospiza fasciata guttata .25 1.00 | Water, (Amygdule) .......... 75 1,00 Pipilo maculatus oregonus .30 1,00 | Thecut and polished for charm $2.50 to 20,00

BIRDS, MAMMALS, FISH and REPTILES scientifically prepared, and artistically mounted to order. LABORATORIES supplied with fresh or Alcoholic specimens for study or dissection. MARINE CURIOS at wholesale rates to the trade. LAPIDARIES supplied with Agates in the rough in any desired quantities.

Bernard J. Bretherton, Newport, Oregon.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

POLISHED ° SPECIMENS ~“e~

Add greatly to the beauty and interest of a geological collect- ion, very complete plant, for saw- ing, grinding and ‘ minerals, fossils and_ shells, and should be pleased to do some work for you. We claim to do it right in every respect.

We have many showy polished specimens for sale, of Green Opal, Mexican Onyx, Solid Geodes, Fossil Coral, etc. Andsome especially interesting ones of banded sandstone ‘Faults’ and compound “Folds” of gneiss. Everything purely American, no imported stuff, as is usually sold.

Joun G. Buxton, Steam Lapidary Shop,

Milo: Centre say-4 News York:

CLUB RATES

We give a list of Magazines with the sub- scription price of each and the price which we can furnish them with the Oregon Naturalist.

WITH NATURALIST

THE OBSERVER. $1.00 ‘ eS Lat On Rocky MOUNTAIN STAMP. .25 SA OIGIS: THE AQUARIUM $1.00 ‘ IME Biel ots). GAMELAND, $1.00 ‘* wea gh Ts RiGe MINERAL COLLECTOR $1.00 ‘* ee) ool THE NIDOLOGIST, $1.00 ‘ CO) a THE Doc FANCIER, 50cts. cee O15) cts: THE MAINE SPORTSMAN, 1.00 SoMa sy esi 5)

EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, 25cts. 40 cts THE NUMISMATIST, $1.00 $1.15

We have lately put in a|

polishing |

TWENTY- FIVE CENTS

pays fora years sub-

scription to the Oregon Naturalist. This pop- ular magazine has now been made the pop- ular price. Twelve numbers a year and free exchange column ‘to subscribers. If you have any thing to seil and want to reach coi- lectors, try an AD. in ithe Oregon Naturalist.

CLYLON CATS EYE, Holes dril'ed for charm, and polished.

Black 5. ceei ee SA Oe aan cele ene aa .05 [EV Hilties 2 Soo Aas braids Nae ne nee eee oa .10 Mixed per dozen) ..2..-eosseceeesse seen eeeee 50 GOLD QUARTZ Good specimen showing free gold,......... .50 LAND SHELLS Helix: fidelis) per dozen, asauseeeneaeeeaes $1.00 Helix Townsendiani per dozen,......... .60 DP MSAVERTELE& "COs PORTLAND, - - OREGON,

A134 Xz inch specimen of Cone in Cone for each perfect Arrow Point or good old cent. E. J. Garlock,

1602 20th, St., Les Moines, la.

FOR EXCHANGE: —War Relics, Indian Relics, Geodes, Crinoid Stems, Worlds Fair Tickets, etc., for Coins, Stamp, Relics, etc. Write. C. F. Alkire, Box 288, Mt. Sterling, Ohio,

The Oregon Naturalist on trial 4 months

ifor ro cts. _

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A Wonderful Invention.

BEST TRAP in the World for Catchinz Tish, : Anim:iis and all manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenions device. It is ensy to set, suited to any bait, cain he used anywhere. nothing ean escape

until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirrel which bites |

at the bait issurely cnught. Perfectly sate for childrer ; will not rust; one bait will cateh from 2O to 30 fish; will spring in any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the unsafe and uncertain common /ish-hook High v recommended by the Tribune, World. Press, Turf, Field avd Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, ‘* The Eagle Claw is a very ingenious article. The best device for catching fish and game we ever saw. Safe, sure, and convenient.” No. 1 is for alt ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2 is for general use, both largeandsmall fish,andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 30 cents. No. 2, by mail, 50 cents.

A.M. Brown & Co.146 % Sixth St. Portland,Or.

WANTED, TO .BUY INDIAN RELICS And Indian Baskets trom any locality in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Alaska

and California.

D. M. Averill & Co. PORTLAND, OREGON.

“MUSIC LOVERS”

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send 50 cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor,

I. M. MARSH, Delavan, Illinois.

CHINA RING-NECK PHEASANTS.

Skins; male $3.00, female $2.00. Postage

extra, , ' D.M. AVERILL &CO.,

Portland, - - - Oregon, ee _ && Mention this Paper, when writing to our Advertisers. :

| | |

} each,

THE EAGLE CLAW ELLSWORTH LENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX BAER CIT y, (OREGO Ne

TRY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

200 All Different Stamps............... $ .45 Ioo ‘S or aE herp ee .20 Bet ae ‘ be cite es an BE 15 ZONE ie ot IS Seeereek 25 ZOOMEOTEISN StaMPSs<.2.-05 vi ewescsecers -10

All sent post-paid on receipt of price.

BACK NUMBERS.

The supply of back numbers of the Oregon N: taralist is nearly exhausted, The following this office. Austin Naturalist, No’s 1, 4, 6, 7, 0. Vol.I, at 5cts. Oregon Naturalist, No. 2 of Vol. I pies dO cts.) NO'S)34:-40)5." 75. S599 Ons ET &12, Vol.II at §cts, each and No. 6, Vol. II at 10 cts.

j OREGON NATURALIST.

146% Sixth St,

nu.nbers can be had at

Portland, Oregon.

Iam forming a collection SKU [LS ' of Skulls, Human, Animal, Reptile, ete. Can you Name price. JOHN DUKE McFADEN, : CARLETON, NEB,

help me?

WAMPUM.

Wampum, round, perforated, genuine, I5 cts. doz. Wampum, Dentalium, Nootka Sound, 15 cts. doz. Copper Beads, Mema- loose Island, 10 cts. each.

D. M. AVERILL & CO., PORTLAND, - - OREGON.

NOTICE.

I have a FEW nice specimens of Grantia sp, described last March, and while they last will send one postpaid for 15 cents. Write quick.

F.P. DROWNE, 20 Benefit St., Providence, R. I.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

The Indestructible “Maywood” The Most Modern, BICYCL E. THIS s75.00 Com-

Most Reliable PLETE BICYCLE

= se ME S35

AND WITH COUPON.

STRONGEST Wheel on Eartb.

OUBLE tAMOND

FRAME Guaranteed for three years.

MAYWOOD Model No.5

Feb, 24,1891 Oct.3.1895 Jan. 21. 1896 PATENTS Ake 17,1891 Jan 1.1895 Others Pending

The ‘‘Maywood” is the strongest and simplest bicycle ever made. Adapted for all kinds of roads and riders. Made of material that is solid. tovgh and wiry; simple in construction, easily taken apart and put together; has few parts: is of such wiry construction that its parts will hold together even in an accident: no hollow tubing to crush in at every contact; a frame that cannot be brokeh: so simple that its adjusting parts serve ax its connecting parts: a one- piece crank in place of a dozen parts: always ready to give reliable anu rapid transportation.

FRAME—Improved double diamond. guarantecd tor three years.. Madc of %-inch cold rolled steel rods (toughest and strougest metal for its weight known); joined together with aluminum bronze fittings in such a manner that it is impossible to break or any part work loose; a marvel of novelty. simplicity and durability; the greatest combination ot ingenuity in bicycle mechanism known. to build.a frame without brazev joints and tubing, as you know that frames contiuually break and fracture at brazen joints, aid tubes when they are buckled in cannot be repaired. WILtsisiLs—2s-inch: warranted wood rims. piano wire tangent spokes and brass nipples. HU!@S—Large barrel pattern... TIRES—‘Arlington’’ Hosepipe or: Mor- gan & Wright Quick Repair. or some other first-class pneumatic tire. BEARINGS—Rall bearings to every part, including wheels. crank axle. steering head and pedals. CUPS A vi) — CONES—Best quality tool stee!, carefully tempered and hardened. (lUAINS - Illich grade hardened centers. rear adjustment. CRANIKS—Our celebrated one-piece crank. fully pro- tected by patents; no cotter pins. REACH—Shortest. 2s inches: longest. 37 inches. GEAR— 64 0r 72. FRONT FORK—Indestructible: fork crown made from gun-barrel steel. HANDLE [Ahn—Reversible and adjustable: easily adjusted to any position desired; ram’s horn fur- nished if ordered. SADDiLE—P, & F., Gilliam. or some other first-class make. YEDALS— Kat-trap or rubber: full ball bearing. FINISH—Enameled in black. with all brieht parts nickel plated. iach Bicycle complete with tool bag. pump. wrench and oiler. Weight. ac- cording to tires, pedals. saddles, etc.. 27 to’3 pounds.

#tO is our Specii!l Whotesale Price. Never before sold fob oboobe Ls afoafe fe she afecge ede ode Seah ofe ;

forless. To quickly introduce the ‘‘Muywooa’ Bicycle. we ye : Y ; have decided to make a special coupon offer. givingevery ¢ Coupon No. 2383 + — reader of thia pa>:rachunce to get a first-class wheel at the } Ao Bok fe lowest price ever offered. On receipt of $35.00 and coupon Ca apis : =: we will ship to anyone the above Bicvele. securely crated. a ge und guarantee sate delivery. Money retunded if not as } . ee represented after arrival and examination. We will ship C =e eee ©. 0. D, with privilege of examination. for $36.00 and coupon > . & provided $5.00 is sent with order as a guarantee of good faith, } 1F SENT WITH & A written binding warranty with e ch Bieyele. poe isa : ORDER FOR fe chance of a lifetime and von -i110c afford to let the oppor- Co tunity pass. Address all orders 10 % Nose Maywood By ee CASH BUYERS’ UNION, 2 tBleycle ae 162 West Van Buren Street. Bx 2382 CHICAGO. ILL Revbecdnebocfoeloedordecfeelechoebeefontenfuete Paty

Bese ss 20288 4 mol IE OCTOBER, 1896. No.10o. ¢ é THE |

OREGON NATURALIST.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NATURAL SCIENCE.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Exchange Column.

This Exchange Column is free to all subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word. Each exchanye notice must not exceed 30 words. The right is reserved to reject any notice when considered to be for the best interests of subscribers.

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies.

Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

NEW cloth-bound Mekeel Album, $35 due-bill on bicycle, scientific and philatelic papers, books, and many other articles to exchange for camera, typewriter or any-

thing Icanuse. P. P. Fodrea, Grand Island, Neb.

WANTED Marine Shells in exchange for Bird skins also want to buy of collectors any or the Murex family. B. J. Bretherton, Newport, Oregon.

WANT good Oreszon Arrowheads; have 37 fine single Indiana bird’s ezgs in cise. Some scarce Confederate documents, wat relics, fine centinedes and Tarantula in alcohol, all to exchange for fine perfect Oregon points.

C. E. Tribbett, Thorntown, I[ndian..

Albite, Amblygonite, Clay Stones, 1 endrite, Felspar, Graphite, Lepidolite, Mica, Quirtz and Tourmaline, to exchange for fine Natural Hisiory Specimens. G. .H, Brigg, Livermore, Me. )

WILL give so foreign stamps for every stamp paper

sent me. W. Leissring 935 gth. St., Milwaukee, Wis.

TWO philatelic papers or Ioo diflerent foreign stamps

for a perfect arrow point; 200 different foreign for a per-

fect spear head. German silver coin, over 800 years old, for perfect grooved ax. Will exchange good foreign for U. S. or Confederate, or pay cash for latter, Address, Dr. W. O. Emery, Crawfordsviile, Ind.

WANTED:—Resurrection Moss, will give ‘‘Singles” Oregon Material or Advertising Space in the Oregon Naturalist. D. M. Averill & Co,, Portland, Or,

FOR EXCHANGE:—War Relics, Indian Han Geodes, Crinoid Stems, Worlds Fair Tickets, etc., for Coins, Stamp, Relics, etc. Write. C. F. Alkire, Box 288, Mt. Sterling, Ohio,

WANTED:—At sets of 4 eggs or over of Sharp- shinned Hawk. Wiil give good exchange or cash if reasonable. Send full, complete description of set. Other Raptores wanted. D. A. Cohen, Alameda, Cal.

WANTED;—Good sets of eggs in large or small quantities and good Standard cloth bound books. Offer large lists of Minerals, Fossils, Indian Relics, Bird skis, sets, Mounted Birds, polished agates and gem stores. Send list of what you. can trade. Geo. W. Dixon, Watertown, South Dakota.

i Co.,

WILL EXCHANGE:—A 32 caliber rifle sueh as is used by the ‘‘Boys Brigade’’ for sets. Good as new, been used but litt’e. R.S. Daniels, Norchoff, Ventura GovsCal:

TO EXCHANGE for desirable sets, back numbers of the following magazines and papers. Rural Californ- ian, Popular Science Monthly, Science and Education, Modern Language Notes, Science, Andover Review, Education, Missionary Review, Nation. Century Magazine and Review of Reviews. Also a few Cali- fornia curiosities. R. S. Daniels, Nordhoff, Ventura

Cal.

TO EXCHANGE:—A fine lot of Sea Shell, War Relics, Confederate Newspapers and books also old newspaper, Want South Sea Island Curios, Indian Relics, Eggs in sets and offers. Send exchanze list to John B. Cone, Box 194, Hartford, Conn.

FOR EXCHANGE:—Ca'careous tufa, petrified moss, crinoid stems and fossils on limestone for the post- age. Above and many specimeans to exchange for Indian relics. Co-a Jewell, Shannoidale, Indiana.

COPIES of Lattin’s ‘:Oologist,’” 2 Roman Coins, Missouri Defense Notes, Indian Arrow Heads, Pipe Stems, Large Bead, Sinkers and Scrapers for Indian Relics. Gettysburg Relics for sale. T. B. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa. * F

2

A fine line of Joplin, Missouri Calcites, Dolomites with Chalcopyrite Crystals, and other minerals, to exchange with advanced collectors from other localities. W.G. Kane, 1706 Harrison St., Kansas City, Mo.

TO EXCHANGE:—A large number of Sea and Fresh Water Shells for Co.nmon Eggs in sets. Will give $1.00 worth of Shells for every set of Eggs sent me listed at Is cents. W. E. ‘Tyler, Box 3. Lyme, Conn,

CH EAP:—Some desirable sets of ezgs yet remain un-_ sold in the Pope collection. Lists will be sent to any one applyi ing to D. M. Averill & Co., Portland, Org.

TO EXCHANE:— parte press, self inker, cost des P Watch, Coins, Stamp Albums, Bils, Archery Ourfit, New Kombi Camera. Send 2 cts, for exchange list. 1 want U.S, Stamps and fine Photo. Lens or Kodak. AR D. Hay, Winston, } N.C. x

TO EXCHANGE:—Natural Hea and Stamp rag papers, Coins, Stamps, Minerals, Shells, Curios,- Eggs, ae Insects, Relics and Tobacco Tags for Coins, Minerals, — Shells, Curios, Ezgs and Relics fron other localities. R, L. Wheeler, 43 Varney St., Lowell, Mass.

$2 00 Columbian Stamps, unused, change for U. S. and ROG Stages or cash for $2.25 each. A. LOEWIT, 218 E. 76th St.,

ee

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

PEOPLE QF _.. REFINEMENT

AND TASTE,

Especially those with an appreciation of the true and beautiful in Nature’s Realm, all interested in

THE ()BSERVER,

PORTLAND, CONN. Subscription; $1.00 a

are

year. Single Copy to cents.

If YOU are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, a monthly magazine for only 25 cts. per year, with THE OREGON NATURALIST, 40 cts. Sample copy free. Address: R. W. FRENCH,

HARTLAND, WASHINGTON,

Ripans Tabules cure headache. Ripans Tabules cure flatulence, Ripans Tabules cure dyspepsia. Ripans Tabules assist digestion. Ripans Tabules cure bad breath. Ripans Tabules cure biliousness. Ripans Tabules: one gives relief. Ripans Tabules cure indigestion. Ripans Tabules cure torpid liver. Ripans Tabules: gentle cathartic. Ripans Tabules cure constipation, Ripans Tabules: for sour stomach Ripans Tabules: pleasant laxative,

—THE—

MINERAL + COLLECTOR, A Monthly Magazine

——FOR THE—

Collector, Student...

measly ealenr: ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample copy 10c. 26 JOHN ST. N. Y. CITY.

THE AQUARIUM, An illustrated quarterly magazine, for Students and Lovers of Nature Education and Recreation, Hugo Mulertt, F. I. R. S. A. Editor, Subscription rates one year, $1.00 Single copies, 25cts., each Sample copy free. Advertising rates on ap- plication. Address all communications to Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn, New York.

THE NUMISMATIST.

The onEand onty Magazine for Collectors and Students of Coinage. A sample copy will tellthe story. better than words. Ten Cents will bring you two of them. Address,

Tue NuMISMATIST, Monroe, Mich.

SEND FORA FREE SAMPLE COPY OF

~GAMELAND, ~

the monthly echo from the woods, the waters, the mountains and the fields, It is practical and authentic. Yearly subscription, to any address, ONE DOLLAR. Three trial numbers, twenty-five cents. GAMELAND PUBLISHING COMPANY, 277 BROADWAY, - - NEW YORK,N.Y. With Oregon Naturalist, $1.15 per year.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DEALERS DIRECTORY

A two or three line advertisement under this heading, twelve insertions, including subscription to the Oregon Naturalist, $1.00. Extra twenty-five cents each, payable in advance.

lines

APPROVAL SHEETS—Sixty percent discount. Send foraselection, John Martin, Palestine,

Oregon.

Brown A, M. & Co., hardt’s Secret Receipt Book, “‘Eagle Claw, Trap” etc., 14514 Sixth St., Portland, Or.

Agents for Rine-

CALIFORNIA curiosities. G. W. Tuttle,

Pasadena, California,

of stone of all kinds.

INDIAN RELICS:

Low

for cash, Send stamp for description. C, E.

Tribbett, Vhorntown, Indiana.

MINERALS—Robert Burnham, St., Providence, R. I. cheap.

15 Chestnut Sells choice minerals

MINERALS—E. H. Hain, Henry, N. C. Fine crystals from the ‘*Oid North State.”

MINERALS—Geo. L. English & Co., 64 E. 12th. St., New York. Best and most varied stock in United States.

PACIFIC COAST shells, minerals, Indian relics, bird skins, and Oregon arrow jounts. D. M, Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St.,

Poitland, Oregon.

PATENTS—John A. Saul, Atlantic Bldg, Washington, ID. C, does all business pertaining to the Patent Office.

PostAGE STAMPS—Send for sheets, refer- ence required. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland Oregon.

STANDARD STAMP Co., No. 4 Nicholson

Place, St. Louis, Mo Send stamps on approval.

Join the Northwestern Ornithologists Asso: 1- ation, only 50 cts a year including copy of the Official Organ.

100K HERE! You cannot make more at- tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals. The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x3% 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and §oc.

Address, Charles E. Briggs Lisbon, Iowa.

Collect Stamps Understandingly:

In order to collect understandingly, and to prevent yourself from imposition you should read the best stamp «literature. It costs a good sum tO take all the leading journals, but—then only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them att. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. You mnst need have a weekly included, to bring you the news and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fall of prices as reflected by leading-auction sales. There is but one WEEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a very nominal Boe: We refer to : THE WEEKLY PHILAT ELIC ERA. If you have never seen a copy, send yup address on a postal at once to

THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA,

502-506 CONGRESS Sr., - PORTLAND, ME. Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles. i

R_ pans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea.

Ripans Tabules: at druggists.

os pans tabules cure dizziness. For The Br on

Subscribe NATURALIST.

Only 25 cents for the Oregon Naturalist

one year.

Cree =

TEE, OREGON

NATURALIST.

V0 LT.

PORTLAND, OREGON, OCTOBER, 1896. No. 10

TED, A SCALY PLAYMATE.

ANGUS GAINES.

VINCENNES, INDIANA.

Ted was asnake, one of those short, thick, sharp nosed fellows which boys usually call ‘“‘spreading adders,” or ‘‘hog nosed snakes.’’ Itwas in the early spring that I found him basking in the sun on a pile of crisp brown leaves in the open woods.

His dingy hue matched the color of the last year’s leaves so closely that I did not notice him until Ihad almost stepped upon him, and then a sharp hiss brought him to my notice. There were so many good hiding places near at hand that | did not dare to wait to see what he would do lest he should escape, so | snatched him up and put him, writhing, squirming and trying to bite, into a paper bag, where he soon quieted down and became motionless and sullen. ;

He certainly appeared strong enough to tear the bag open and escape at once, but snakes, whatever their power for com- pressing and crushing may be, have but little power for outward pressure. | have sometimes caught snakes large enough to offer considerable resistance but which could not escape from a light paper bag.

A sharp rustle in the bottom of the bag told me that my captive had changed from sullen submission to active resistance.

There was a sudden tearing of paper and I had to grab quickly to keep the snake from escaping through a hole in the bag. This was something new and unexpected, but then ‘‘spreading adders’? have sharp snouts for burrowing and can dig out where no common round or flat nosed snake could escape. Finding greater precautions necessary I shut him up in my basket and carried him home _ without further trouble.

Securing a large, light barrel I covered its bottom with loose, dry sand and turn- ed my snake loose init. Filling a large cigar box with crumpled paper | fastened down the lid, cut holes in the sides and put it down in- the barrel to serve as a bedroom and hiding place for my pet. Although snakes of this kind are usually found in high and dry places I knew that he would need water to drink and to bathe in, sol looked around for a suitable vessel for him. Finding an old paint bucket | sawed it in two and the lower half of it made a very nice little tub.

A snake cannot climb up a_ smooth vertical surface, and so to escape from a barrel must be longer than the barrel is high. My new serpent was not this long and the barrel needed no cover to hold him in. Indeed he made little effort to ascend the side of the barrel, but merely searched around the bottom, rooting furtively in the sand, and finally crawled into his box and hid.

Next morning | found Ted, for that was

134

what I named him, crawling around, in- specting his new premises. When he saw me he displayed all the characteristics which have given his race the popular names of ‘‘spreading adders,”’ or “‘blowing snakes.’’ Drawing in his breath with an audible wheeze he flattened out his head and neck until they were wider than three of my fingers and then raising his head four or five inches from the ground he uttered a sharp threatening hiss. Draw- ing himself up in a close coil, a snake’s favorite posture for defense, he raised his head still higher, hissing furiously and writhing about in such a_ threatening manner that he really looked like the terrible East Indian cobras which | had seen in pictures, and it was easy for me to understand why so many people believe that ‘‘spreading adders’ are posionous. It was wonderful how large the little snake could make himself appear by drawing in his breath, but then a snake’s one useful lung extends nearly the whole length of his body and is merely a simple sack capable of great distension.

Finding that I was not scared away by his display of mock valor Ted abandoned his agressive tactics, dropped upon the ground and tried to crawl away. Picking him up I held him awhile in my hand, writhing and struggling a littie but making no attempt to bite. His terrible threats had been nothing but threats, for he was perfectly harmless.

When | put him down he crawled into his box at once and did not come out again until that afternoon. As long as | kept Ted he always greeted me with the same demonstrations of hostility though he soon learned to submit to being handled and when once quieted would lie peacefully curled up in my hand or coiled around my wrist until | would grow tired of him and put him down.

Ted was not nocturnal in his habits and never ventured out of his box at night but

THE OREGON NATURALIST. |

he was a very early riszr and every morn- ing as soon as I would get up I would find him burrowing in the sand at the bottom of the barrel and turning up the earth in a way that reminded me of-the rooting of a little pig. He enjoyed a bath and when he became tired rooting he would crawl into his little tub and come out all dripping with water. Creeping around on the ground again the fine dry sand would stick to his wet scales and cover him so thickly that you could scarcely tell which was head and which was tail. Then he would crawl back into his tub and wash the sand off only to get as sandy as ever as soon as he came out of his bath. He would re- peat this performance so often that his little tub would soon be filled with sand. When he tired of this amusement he would stretch himself out in the sun to dry. When thoroughly dried he would twitch his skin all over and the loose sand would all shake off leaving him perfectly clean. He would then go into his box and remain there through the middle ot the day to come out again and hunt or play late in the afternoon. Contrary to what most people believe about snakes he did not enjoy the full glare of the mid-day sun but sought a shade during the heat of the day.

I tried in vain to find some account of the food of the ‘“‘spreading adder” and had to experiment with Ted to find out what he would eat. I thought from his rooting in the sand that he might be hunting for earthworms, so I offered him earthworms, grubs and cutworms. and all the insects that I could capture, but it was no use, he never paid the slightest. attention to any of them.

1 then put three small cricket frogs in his barrel, expecting him to make a hearty meal off of them, but for some unknown reason they did not suit his taste and he never offered to touch them. I do not know whether the frogs ate any of the worms or insects or not, but after they

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

had been in the barrel for three weeks | began to fear that they were starving, and concluding that they had been punished long enough for nothing, I turned them out. At the same time | put three nearly grown toads into the barrel. Ted did not offer to touch any of them while I was watching him, but the moment that I turned away | heard a pitiful squeak, the snake had caught a toad.

The poor toad made no resistance what- ever but still you might suppose that he would be a rather difficult object to swallow for he was bigger round than his captor and snakes have no teeth suitable for cutting up their food.

Having to swallow his food whole the snakehas a peculiarly constructed mouth. The upper jaws are not firmly jointed to the lower but are united by highly elastic ligaments so that they may be stretched far apart and allow the reptile to swallow objects larger around than himself. In like manner each side of the jaw is loosely joined to the other so that the snake can open one side of his mouth and keep the other shut.

As Ted swallowed his toad I saw a fine _ example of the snake’s mouth at work. Holding his victim firmly with one side of his mouth he would open the other side, push the raised side of his upper jaw forward a little, catch a fresh hold, then he could raise the other side of his upper jaw, advance it and catch a fresh hold in the same way. As the toad was being drawn into his mouth the snake’s head was stretched so completely out of shape that you could scarcely have told what the creature was, but as soon as the great lump disappeared down his throat his head reassumed its natural shape.

Ted had eaten nothing for over three weeks and even this very hearty meal was notenough to satisfy him, and incred- ible as it may seem, he caught and ate the other two toads the same dav. | had read

135

of snakes eating until they would burst, but still | was astonished at this wonder- ful voracity. There may be some excuse for Ted’s gluttony, for eating was not an every day affair with him and he did not touch food again for ten days.

Of course my young friends were eager to see the curious snake. When they saw his threatening actions they always asked, ‘Is he venomous?’ ‘‘Will he bite?”? and when I answered ‘‘no’’ to both questions they said that he must be a “‘great bluffer.”’

‘‘How can he flatten himself out so, and how can he travel about so fast without legs?’’ were questions put to me by almost all my young visitors. A snake, I would explain, has a great many pairs of ribs. I never counted the ribs of but one snake and it had one hundred and seventy five pairs. The ribs of a snake are not fastened together, or to the backbone, firmly and immovably as yours and mine are, but are secured by joints almost like our shoulder joints, so that the snake, having no breast bone, can spread out his ribs and flatten himself. When he travels he moves them back and forth, using them very much as the centipede uses his many legs, except that the snake’s ribs, being beneath the skin, are not provided with feet. There are no scales on the under side of his body but he has a large number of horny plates reaching from one side to tothe other. The back edges of the plates are loose and sharp and as the serpent’s skin is worked back and forth they catch on the rough places on the surface over which he is travelling and help him along. Many snakes can ascend trees, these plates catching on every little projection of the bark.

One evening I put Ted in my pocket and took him to town to show him to a merchant. When I took him from my pocket and put him down on the glass top of a large show case in the store he squirmed and twisted but could not crawl

136 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

about for there were no rough places on the glass for his plates to catch upon

Ted usually took his mea:s avout ten days apart but on one occasion he went an unusually long time without eating and then went entirely blind, his eyes turning to a blueish white. Atter remain- ing in this condition for about a week his eyes began to grow clear again and in three more days he began to shed his out- er skin. His blindness had been caused by the secretion of the material that was to form a new covering for his eyes, for snakes cast off the outer coat from over the eyes with the rest of the skin.

The first time he moulted he had con- siderable trouble in getting rid of his old cuticle, for it came off a little at a time and it was two days before he succeeded in discarding the last of it. About two months afterward he moulted again and and with much less labor for that time his skin came off all in one piece, loosening first at the lips and turning backward until it was dragged off inside out like a stocking. While removing his old coat Ted frequently crawled back and forth through his little tub, and when his hard work was over he curled up in the water with nothing but his nose above the surface.

In every snake’s mouth there is a little opening just beneath the snout which is never closed. Through this opening the reptile thrusts out his long forked tongue to feel of everything that comes within his reach, tor with the snake the tongue is the organ of touch. With Ted this little open- ing served another purpose for he did not drink, as snakes in books do, by lapping up the water with his tongue, but would put his mouth down. to the water and with his lips closed would drink through that small aperture, puffing out and draw- ingin his cheeks as he sucked up the water.

] think that | could have kept Ted very well through the winter by putting his barrel down in the cellar, or by piling straw around it, but I did not care to do so, for | do not believe that it is right to keep any wild animal in captivity all its life; so when summer was over | liberated him in ample time for him to find suitable winter quarters before cold weather set in.

The boys often ask me if Ted will re- member me and come back in the spring, and I always feel obliged to say that he will not. Snakes are capable of doing many remarkable things, but still they are of very low intelligence and probably cannot distinguish one person from another. | may meet with Ted again some day, butif | do he most certainly will not recognize or remember me.

Ted’s scientific name was Heterodon platyrhinus, and he belonged to one of the most curious of all the genera of snakes. One of the most remarkable traits of this species of snakes is their extreme liability to go into hysterics, or to have the lockjaw, when they are tormented. When a spreading adder is ill treated he will make terrible demonstrations of rage and then

will actually go into a fit, turning over on |

his back and lying motionless for an hour ormore Many people imagine that when the snake is in this condition it is deliber- ately pretending to be dead, simulating death to escape further molestation. | never saw Ted take fits of this kind for I always took care not to hurt him in any way.

There is a common belief regarding snakes which is so utterly silly that I would not think it worth mentioning if I had not been asked about it so often. The snake is thought to have marvellous power of ‘‘charming” its prey, of fascinating men and other animals by simply looking at them. Many people also believe that there are men who have

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THE OREGON

the power of controlling snakes in the same way. These stories are the veriest nonsense. The snake’s sight is poor and its eyes are dull, but as they are not covered by any movable lids, but are always open, they have a strange, un- canny look to people who know nothing about serpents. So far from ‘“‘snake charmers’’ fascinating snakes and holding them under a spell the snakes cannot tell their keeper from any body else.

A VACATION TRIP TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DURING THF SUMMER OF 1892.

BY J. ELWYN BATES.

(Concluded from Page 128.)

I afterwards another

this

s2w example the Glen

mountain.

of House

rare butterfly, at of

These two examples are

near the the only

the base living representatives of the species that I have yet seen. Among other butterflies, I obtained a few examples of Argynnis montinus on the lower part of the mountain, one fine pair tm copulo,

At the summit I saw several species of dragon flies (Veuroptera) and house flies (Musca domestica), also two potato beetles (Doryphora decem-lineata), A red squirrel was also seen upon a rock near the Summit House. upper The mercury reached 60° Fahrenheit for a short time that day, whichis about the highest record dur ng the season. to be seen in several valleys, where the sunlight had little access,

No hirds were seen or heard on the half of the mountain

Snow

was

Very little can be seen from the summit this afternoon as it is very hazy; still, the

NATURALIST. 137

part of the mountains that remain in view present a wonderful picture to the eye. It is like nothing else that Ihave ever seen, and must he viewed by each one for himself, order to be appreciated.

in An irregular series of moun.ain summits is to be seen on every Side, until lost to view by distance or haze Here and there a cloud may so blend with the mountain as to appear inseparable or a silvery band of light may appear in the dis- tance, which serves to define the location of some body of water. Thus are some of the solid and substantial realities of the lower world, here transformed into poetical imagery or phantom and transient forms. I went to the top of the observation tower. the highest point on Mt. Washington, but the view was scarcely improved.

The train came up from the south side at 6.30P.M. well laden with people. I judged that about fifty people took supper at the Summit House that night. One lady inform- ed me that she had been there two months.

I left the Glen House at 10.30 A. M.; reached tne Half-Way House at 12.45 P. M.; rested here fifteen minutes; reached the 5-mile

post at 2 P. M.; the 6-mile post at 2.40 P, M.; the 7—mile post at 3.20 Pp. M.; and the Summit at 4.00 P. M.

The prices for board are; for lodging, $1.00. For supper, lodging, and_ breakfast, Per day, 500. I am told that the rent the Summit House is $10,000 per year,

Glen Ellis Falls, located about three miles the Glen House, are more beautiful thin any other falls I have seen in the

4.00, of

from

mountains, The water falls about fifty feet perpendicular, and the rocky gorge, whether viewed from the top or bottom, is one of peculiar interest and beauty. A series of long wooden steps enables the visitor to reach the bottom of the gorge without danger. Trout fishing, so generally enjoyed by most be a profitable

business to those who are initiated fully into

persons where there are any trout to

caught at all, here becomes

its secrets,

138

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological

Association.

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SUBSCRIPTION RATES:

EDITOR.

Onepvear. - - 25 Cents

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Articles and items of interest on different

branches of natural history solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

14634 SIXTH ST. Portland, Oregon.

OcTOBER, 1896.

The Oregon Naturalist has been sold to John Martin of Palestine, Or., to whom all matter pertaining to the paper should be sent. Mr. Martin will complete all advertising contracts and fulfill all obligations of the paper. It is his in- tention to conduct the paper on the same lines as in the past, and it is hoped the same liberal support and patronage will be given the Oregon Naturalist under the new management.

September 7th the Smithsonian Institu- tion celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation. Tablets were erected in honor of its founder, James Smithson, and the regents ordered the issuance of a com- _ memorative work to contain the achieve- ments and history of this great institution.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

On May 26, S. V. Wharram of Harp- ersfield, Ohio, found a nest of the Phoebe bird containing nine fresh eggs. Female flushed from the nest.

Mr. E. H. Harn, having just returned from a long and laborious tour of the Western counties of North Carolina, writes thathis trip was eminentiy success- fulin securing some very fine quartzs and other minerals peculiar to the section visit- ed.

The next issue of the Oregon Naturalist will contain as a continuation of ‘‘Some North Carolina Minerals,’’ ‘‘Rutilated

‘Quartz and Zircon’”’ by Mr. Harn.

The first number of the Osprey, a monthly magazine devoted exclusively to ornithology, published at Galesburg, III. and edited by Walter A. Johnson and Dr. A. C. Murchison, is out. It bears the stamp of good work throughout. Ornithologists should not wait to see if it is to be a success, but make it a success from the start by sending in their sub- scriptions. A California Department, edited by Donald A. Cohen, assures Western collectors that their wants will not be neglected.

A collector of curios named James Hart- ley, who for many years robbed Indian graves on this coast, has met retribution presumably at the hands of the Indians. He had beeen missing for some time. September 3, his body was found by a timber cruiser on a small island in Dead- man’s lake near Mt. St. Helens. The body was found in an old canoe, the feet and hands bound with hazel withes, and fastened to the bow and stern of a canoe with a stake driven through it, just below the breast bone, showing that he had been put to death by torture such as was in- flicted upon white men in the early history

of this country.

oo.

THE OREGON NATURALIST, 139

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE NORTHWESTERN ORN11ilOLO- GISTS ASSOCIATION.

The study of ornithology being a foremost science of the day, calculated to cultivate the better qualities of man and to strengthen the powers of systematic investigation and close observation, the undersigned agree to form an asssociation, and for its government do hereby adopt the following constitution.

ARTICLE I—NAME.

This organization shall be known and de- signated as the Northwestern Ornithological Association.

ARTICLE II—OBJECTs.

The object of this association shall be, by the active co operation of its members, to advance the science of ornithology in all its forms, to disseminate ornithological knowledge in the Northwest, to awaken an interest in ornithology in both old and young, and to impart mutual benefit to its members.

ARTICLE I[[I—MEMBERsS.

Sec. 1. Members shall be of three classes; Honorary, Active, and Associate.

Sec. 2. Honorary members shall be elected for their eminence in ornithology.

Sec. 3. Any person, interested in ornithol- ogy residing in the Northwest, may become an active member. Active members only, shall have the power to vote,

Sec. 4. Any person, interested in ornithol- ogy, may become an associate member,

‘ARTICLE IV—OFFICERS.

The officers of this association shall be a presilent, first-vice president, second vice president, secretary, and treasurer. A com- mittee consisting of the president as chairman, the first vice-president, and second vice-pres- ident shall be called the council.

ARTICLE V—DUTIES of OFFICERS.

Sec. I. President, It shall be theduty of the president (1) to preside at all meetings of the assuciation; (2) to appoint all committees; (3) to have general management of the asscciation

and direct all investigations; (4) to report to the association at the end of his term of office of the work accomplished during the year, and work to be attended to the following year, (5) and to perform any other duties that may be required of him by this constitution.

Sec. 2, First Vice-President. It shall be the duty of the first vice-president (1) to pre- side at meetings in case of the president’s absence; (2) to become president in case of a vacancy in that office; (3) and to perform any other duties that may be required of him by this constitution.

Sec. 3. Second Vice-President. It shall be the duty of the second vice-president (1) to become president in case of a vacancy in the office of both president and first vice-president, (2) and perform any other duties that may be required of him by this constitution.

Sec. 4. Secretary. It shall be the duty of the secretary (1) to keep a record of all meet- ings of the association and of its members and officers, and make reports of the same in the official organ; (2) to notify persons of their election to membership, and members of their election to office; (3) to prepare the results of investigations for publication in the official organ; (4) to collect all fees and dues, receipt- ing for same; (5) to purchase, with consent of the council, such sunplies as are needed by the association, and turn over all money not so used to the treasurer, and keep a correct ac- count of all money received and expended; (6) to report to the association at the end of his term of office(7)and to perform any other duties that may be required of him by this constitution,

Sec. 5. Treasurer. It shall be the duty of the treasurer (1) to hold in trust all money received by him from the secretary, receipting for same; (2) to pay out money only by a written order signed by at least two members of the council; (3) to report to the association at the end of his term of office; (4) and to perform any other duties that may be required of him by this constitution,

Sec. 6. The Council. The members of the

140 THE OREGON

council (1) shall vote upon the names of all candidates for membership and the chairman shall notify the secretary of all persons elected to membership; (2) to present a plan of work to the association at the annual meeting, said plan of work being subject to the approval of the association; (3) and to draw orders on the treasurer, to meet expenses of the association not otherwise provided for, ARTICLE VI—ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Sec. 7. The election of officers shall be held annually at the annual meeting.

Sec. 2. The officers of this association shall be elected by a majority vote of the active members voting, and shall be chosen from among the active members.

; ARTICLE VII—OFFICIAL ORGAN.

Sec: hs

shall be the magazine know as the Oregon

The official organ of this association

Naturalist. SeCu 2. proceedings of this association. ARTICLE VILI—MEETINGs. An annual meeting of this association shall

It shall contain all reports and

be held at a convenient time and place, during the month of December of each year; place of said meeting to be decided by the members, at the preceeding annual meeting, and time to be designated by the president.

ARTICLE IX—EXPULSIONS.

Any member who shall be detected in any fraudulent acts whatsoever, shall, upon con- viction thereof be expelled by a two thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting,

ARTICLE X—-AMENDMENTS.

All proposed amendments to this constitution shall be presented at the regular annual meet- ing and may be adopted by a two thirds vote of all active members present.

BY-LAWS,

Sec. 1. Each active member shall be re- quired to send to the secretary, or to such per- son as the president may direct, any notes he may have upon the family of birds which is under special consideration

Sec. 2. Associate members are expected to furnish notes on the family of birds which is

NATURALIST.

under special consideration whenever they are able to do so,

Sec. 3. Applications for membership shall be sent to the secretary, who shall forward the same to the council.

Sec. 4. The president shall have the power to appoint an editor, to assist the secretary, who shall have charge of the space assigned to the Official Organ,

Sec. 5. The membership fee of all members shall be fifty cents; this shall cover all dues to the first of January after initiation.

Sec. 6. The annual dues of ail members shall be fifty cents, payable January first of each year.

Sec. 7. The Oregon Naturalist shall be sent free to all members, who are not in arrears.

Seeno. of this association shall be kept by the secre-

The constitution and by-laws of

tary. Each member shall be entitled to copies free of charge. Sec. 9. Ail papers presented at the annual

meeting shall become the property of the

association, and shall be filed with the secretary. Sec. 10. The by laws may be amended

under the same conditions as the constitution.

Kansas City, Mo., Aug., 30, 1896.

[To ‘*The Oregon Naturalist. ”] During this summer I have been studying fire-fly, Sam pyrts Works on entomology give but a very meager

the common noctiluca. account of the anatomy of its light-bearing organs and give also a paucity of information of the nature of the light produced by them. I have studied its organs of light with the aid of the microscope and the peculiar light with the spectroscope. Iam working on a spectroscopic chart of the light of the fire-fly.

The study of light is engaging the attention of physicists all over the world. I believe that the study of the light of the fire-fly is just as important as that of the electric light and may be a link to tts solution, for the drift of thought is in the direction of producing light without

heat, Dr. THEODORE W. SCHAEFER.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

short time ago we advertised Rinehardt’s Receipt Book of Secrets, that tells how to manufacture

A | many valuable articles which are used in every | household. ( know the value of these receipts as Mr. FE Theo. Rinehardt, who compiled them. W j Mr. Rinehardt, died a few years ago, \ leaving his receipts in manuscript. We | purchased them, and have had them \ put up in little pamphlet form. { one receipt alone is worth the price that | we ask for this Book, which is 10 cents. YET 4 Weare now offering youthe benefit. It [ is not a large publication—but a valuable one. Write, to-day.

Address, A. M. BROWN & CO., 146% SIXTH STREET, - PORTLAND, ORE. Pervleadiel Se

We all have them, ‘more’s the pity,” but some worth hav- ing, are those strange “faults” of naturein sandstone, of many colored layers transposed, that we have for sale.

Wealso have Mexican Onyx, Green Opal, Solid Quartz, Chalcedony Geodes, and many other things too numerous to mention, polished. If you watch our notices each month, we will try and tell youa little of what we are up to in our

STEAM ~—_ LaPIDARY SHop. Where we make a specialty of cutting and polish-

ing tourist and cabinet work, and solicit scme of you.

Joun G. Buxton, Milo Center, - New York.

CABIFORNITAD = ': 7. CURIOSITIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, Trap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- P ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c. &c. Just the goods for Curio and shell Dealers to handle.

Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

PASADENA, CALIFORNIA.

G. W: TUTTLE, -

SPECIMEN DEPARTMENTS.

INDTICWIGUEE I Cree seasctemeccecscersccesis $ -50 ae Grae satoeiessusavecslsnenenne ses -50 ESxecutineny § 1C).:88asbeack deus Sioseeseeen 1.00 “6 PAehipecoths den coon scactescees 1,25 Interior, RC ocsenceie csertoseeene enc cres 215 ss BCieocvdes drawecisedececvecsees pals Justice, JW Gonatredcoadgnocngacteconccde 50 ‘4 DOmeescpecctassenciicerccceshtes -50 Navy, HC aciZonscoonncocacn Je sdbagbe. -40 ue AP sodesonccesededanagaL ea30806 .50

a 7/(Gaontacoccanesecos sna nebogncad 3.00 PO; PGhoacemsccrasseseserc senses 25 fs PAC eI QCNGED OIA SCOOCHO0C 25 State, EG dec cab acues wdsdiavesietestac .50 ss BE veers jest ane sc ewanineccraene 1.50 ss [Gocneneneeeaiecsssesnincewacte 1.50

A TEASHIEY fel Choe seeks hos see -20 fs PAC 588 O COLO OO IDOE SEIN NSCEN .15

Seas 7 Secnadiosbaasocanoaen cleeecse 1.50 War, UC. crates c cras sielses come eee .Io y BG aesnesaserisacedesesns cect cele 15 ‘s Gra ctean dataset ceenieccecrteee 1.25 These stamps are becoming very rare. Send

want list in all U. S. Stamps. F. E, SMITH, 56 Fairmount Ave., - - NEWTON, MASs.

OPALS.

I am selling my stock of Opals and minerals at greatly reduced prices, to make room for new material,

Australian Opals, socts, to $40.00 per kt. Hungarian ‘‘ 5octs. to $50.00 ‘* <5 Mexican e 1octs. to $20.00 {* ¢5

Amethyst, Topaz, Moonstone, Bloodstone, Agate, Crocidolite, 10 cts. to $5.00.

If you are out of work, send for my terms to Agents. Salary or commission. bed rock prices.

I will send 20 lbs, good Minerals for $1.00 40 different kinds if you wish, or less number of larger specimens.

Iam setting fine Opals in solid Gold settings and can give prices that will surprise you. Good Gold and honest work is the motto,

Write for terms and circulars, ROBERT BURNHAM, 15 Chestnut St., - Providence, R. I.

Minerals at

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Fine Cabinet Crystals

GREEN MICA CRYSTALS—These are new,

rare and do not occur elsewhere, They are bright green, transparent and highly

polished. But one vein found so farand now worked out. 25cts. to $1.00. A few extra ones at $1.50 to $2.00. GREEN MICA’ AND TOURMALINE, grouped together, price, 25 cts. to $1.25. QUARTZ CRYSTALS—in a hundred forms, smoked, single and in groups.

Cabinet groups,

clear,

Fine showy specimens 25 cts to $1.50 OQUARTACRYS TALS; bubbles, ,and free,

with water

some large active 25 cts. to $1.00,

AMETHYST,

high and medium tints,

single ‘crystals 25 cts to 75 cls, QUARTZ, with Rutile crystal “included,

work of hair-like crystals filling clear quartz.

and grours, a net- Amount limited at present, 10 to 25 cts,

QUARTZ, IO cts. to $1.00.

with included clay, very showy,

QUARTZ, showing rare planes and erosions,

A chance to get something of real scientific interest cheap, 25 cts. to $1.00, | CYANITE, broad blue blades, foliated, 10 cts. to 50 cts. ZIRCON, small and medium, _ perfect

crystils, 4 to 3¢ inches, 5 cts. to 10 cts, TOURMALINE, BERYL, CORUNDUM

and Rutile crystals, 10 to 25 cts. each. GCETHITE, handsome black velvety groups

and botryoidal masses 25 cts. to $1.00. You may be able to get some of these else- where, but you will hardly get them fairer or better. If you are not j leased your Money will be returned.

lM eleyig WIRING

PEN YY, (eincolniCo.)) SiNeiG: BARGAINS. TSO) Difterentistanap Sass auth ee ie es $ 10

THo {iterent Stam PS ejecta sip r aeeneree erees fe $ .05 Approval Sheets 60 per cent discount.

JOHN MARTIN, - Palestine, Ore.

movers,

NEW IMPROVED INHALER. jemi) O69 Od

MADE FROM HRD RUBBER. CURES CATARRH, COLD IN THE BEAD, HEADACHE, NEURALGIA, SORE THROAT, H4Y FEVER, ASTHMA, BRONCHITIS, "AND IRRITATION OF THE AIR. PASSAGE,

Ts also of Great "Value in Croup and Inflammation of the Larvnx. THEINHALERIS PUT UP IN A KOX WITH A BOTTLE OF CATARRH CURE. Every box containsa guarantee to cure Catarrh or money refundedto purchaser, Price$! 00 AGENTS WANTED, BLANCHARD MFG., CO. CINCINNATI, QO.

j AN

STAMP COLLECTORS A FINE ASSORTMENT OF CENTRAL AND SO. AMERICAN STAMPS WILL BESENT ONAPPROVALTO LIBERAL RESPONSIBLE APPLICANTS DISCOUNTS AGS- SEND GOOD REFERENCES

WAUKESHA STAMP CoO.,

BOX 251, WAUKESHA, WIS. BRE RSERE ER SG

Business Est. 1885, Flachskamm, spor.

Standard ». fo. 4 Ricbolson Pl.,

| Stamp Co.” 'st. Louis, £0.

| by not give US a trial? We bave very good Approval Sheets at 25, 334 and 50 per cent discount: which kind do you want? Our new illustr. 80 pp. Price List is FREE. STADDARD PACKETS are GOOD: every bookseller inthe U.S. & Canada sells them. Insist on getting STANDARD Packets.

g e 8.8.8 8 Bs

PATENTS,

CAVEATS, TRADE MARKS, DESIGN PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. JOHN’ A. SAUL,

Atlantic ee Washington, D. C.

iS

a GREAT NOVELTY IN PIN CUSHIONS. HN # Made from the seed stalk of the Yucca Palm or Spanish Bayonet, whose beautiful white blossoms adorn the Nat Ycanyons and mountain sides of Cal. 1150 Yucca: Cush- ions were retailed by one hotel toits guests.in less than 5 months. The outside of the stalk is hard and the inside soft, and when nicely turned on a lathe they make a most beautiful white Pincushion. Price 10 cents, silver. G@. W. TUTTLE, Pasadena, Cal.

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For the Oregon NATURALIST.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

THE EAGLE CLAW

A Wonderful Invention.

BEST TRAP in the World

for Catching Fish, Animals and all manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenions device. It is easy to set, suited to any bait, can be used anywhere, nothing can escape until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirrel which bites at the bait issurely caught. Perfectly sate for children; will not rust; one bait will cateh from 20 to 30 fish; will spring in any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the unsafe and uncertain common jfish-hook. Highly recommended by the Tribune, World. Press, ‘Turf, Field and Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, ‘* The Eagle Claw is a very ingenious article. The best device for catching fish and game we ever saw. Safe, sure, and convenient.” No. 1 is for all

ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2 is for general use, bothlargeand small fish,andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 30 cents. No. 2, by mail, 50 cents.

‘A. M. Brown & Co. 146% Sixth St. Portland, Or.

WAMPUM. Wampum, round,

perforated, 15 cts. doz.

genuine, Wampum, Dentalium, Nootka

Sound, 15 cts. doz. Copper Beads, Mema- loose Island, Io cts. each.

D. M. AVERILL & CO, PORTLAND, * - - OREGON.

,

“MUSIC LOVERS”

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher Send socents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered,’ with no other help only this Instructor.

é I, M. MARSH, Delavan, Illinois.

CHINA RING-NECK PHEASANTS. Skins; male $3.co, female $2.00. Postage extra. -D. M. AVERILL &CO.,

Portland, - : :

Oregon.

&@ Mention this Paper, when writing to our Advertisers.

250 PAGE CATALOGUE ...

Send 25 cents (Silver) and get a 250 page Catalogue, which is the finest and largest ever issued on the acific Coast.

ELLSWORTH LENTZ

LOCK BOX SIX

IBAKER CITY, OREGON.

TO: THE COLLECTOR OR OF COINs,:

A rare offer for cash about 600 Coins, 500 copper and roo silver and nickel coins (no duplicates) including nearly all coin issueing countries, nicely arranged in sets the result of 15 years collecting (condition), good, fine, too vncrculated. A few fair also a few poor. Will sell the entire lot ata price that will surprise you. Write for further particulars to WILLIAM CUDNEY,

DEALERS

Ont., Can.

Galt, P. O., To all sending references for FREE: my neat Approval Sheets of Foreign Stamps @ 50% off will receive several specimees of some VERY OLD West Indian shells. Have been gathered nearly two centuries, GUARANTEED,. Free to intending purchasers. Send to H. B. VEsEy, Norfolk, Va.

52 York Place,

Agents to handle Opals.

WANTED:

Write for particulars, A. M. Brown & Co., 146% Sixth St., Portland, Oregon,

SEND STAMP for a neat Catalogue of Electric Motors, Storage Batteries, Minature Lamps, Electric Scarf Pin Outfits, Electric Books, and_ supplies, L. S. Marsu, Howell, Michigan.

SKULLS.

help me?

to

lam forming a collection of Skulls, Human, Animal, Reptile, etc. Can you Name price, JOHN DUKE McFADEN, CARLETON, NEB,

WANTED | Indian. . a Baskets and — Indian Relies”

of every description. If you have any for sale, — write to te

D. M. AVERILL & CO., _ — 148 Sixth St., Portland, Or. :

NOVEMBER, 18096.

THE OREGON

Now Ek:

Vol. IIL.

*' PALESTINE, OREGON. 1896. —

THE OREGON

Exchange Column.

This Exchange Colunfm is free to all subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word. Each exchange notice must not exceed 30 words. he right is reserved to reject any notice when considered to be for the best interests of subscribers.

Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies.

Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

WANTED Marine Shelis in exchange for Bird skins also want to buy of collectors any or the Murex family. B. J. Bretherton, Newport, Oregon.

WANT good Oregon Arrowheads; have 37 fine single Indiana bird’s egzs in case. Some scarce Confederate documents, war relics, fine centipedes and ‘Varantula in alcohol, all to exchange for fine perfect Oregon points.

C. E. Tribbett,

Albite, Arnblyoonttes lay Sronest Dendrite, fens Graphite, Lepidolite, Mica, Quartz and ‘Vourmaline, to Gi Ae

‘Thorntown, Indiana.

exchange for fine Natural History Specimens. Brigg, Livermore, Me.

WILL give so foreign stamps for every stamp paper W. Leissring 935 gth. St., Miwa thee, Wis,

sent me.

TWO philatelic papers or Ioo difecent Rca ee for a perfect arrow point; 200 different foreign for a_per-

fect spear head. German silver coin, over 800 year; old, for perfect grooved ax. U, S. or Confederate, or pay cash for latter,

Dr. W. O. Emery, Crawfordsviile, Ind.

Will exchange good foreign for Address,

FOR EXCHANGE: —War Relics, Indian Relics, Geodes, Crinoid Stems, Worlds Fair ‘Tickets, eic., for Coins, Stamp, Relics, etc. Write. 288, Mt. Sterling; Ohio.

FOR EXCHANGE:—Calcareous

moss, crinoid stemS and fossils on limestone for the post-

tufa, petrified

age. Above and many specimeans to exchange for

Indian relics. “Cora Jewell, Shannondale, Indiana.

!

COPIES of Lattin’s “Oologist,” 2 Roman Coins, Missouri Defense Notes, Indian Arrow Heads, Pipe Stems, Large Bead, SinRers and Scrapers ior Indian Relics, Gettysburg Relics for sale. T. B. Stewait,

Lock Haven, Pa.

A fine line of Joplin, Missouri Calcites, Dolomites with Chalcopyrite Crystals, and other -minerals, to exchange with advanced collectors from other localities. W. G. Kane, 1706 Harrison St., Kansas City, Mo.

“512, 513, 702, 707, 712, and Wrens.

| perfect arrow point or good old cent,

C. ¥. Alkire, Box |

| Columbia or Victor bicycle or compound Microscone,

NATURALIST.

I HAVE a small, but valuable collection of rocks, from Brazil, Canada, S. Islands and U. S., that I wil exchange for bird eggs in sets or Indian Relics. C. E. Leonard, Cor. W. 22% St., Austin, Texas.

so VAR. of fine U, S. and foriegn stamps for every large Washington cent piece, 2 cent piece or any 3 pence sent me, I will give 2 packages for every silver half dime. Burns J. Cherry, Santa Rosa, Calif.

WANTED:—A 22 cal. rim fire or a 32 central fre, single shotrifle. Condition of rifle not an item, Can offer Invertebrates and Coleoptera. F. P. Drowne, 20

| Benefit St., Providence, R. I. ( ~

PETRIFIED MOSS:—A fine specimen, cabin :t size, for 3 good U. S. copper cents or % cents prior to 1845, or 3 fine arrowheads, Arthur B, Rober‘s, Weymouth,

Ohio.

WANTED:—Old U. S. stamps. Will exchinge Invertebrates, nicely preserved, and Coleoptera in papers for same stamps must be clein and in gool F. P. Drowne, 20 Benefit St.,” Providence

condition.

R. 1,

WANTED;—Skins of A. O. U, Nos., 295, 405, 443, 445, 446, 453, 463,1465, 469, 4774, 479, 484, 505, 5tta, Cach or exchange.

Enclose stamp. W. E Snyder, Beaver Dam, Wis.

WANTED;—A copy of Coue’s Key in good condition, Will give good exchange in Invertebrates and

Coleoptra. F. P. Drowne, 20 Benefit St., Providence, Roky A 134 x 2 inch Specimen of Cone in Cone, for each

E. J. Garlock» 1602 20 St., Des Moines, Ia.

A SET of Fookbinders tools and Machinery for a new ‘

Green Opal unpolished, ‘‘Cone in Cone,” Fossils, Mexican Onyx unvolished, for showy Petrified Wood. Labridorite, Agates, or any material that is showy — polished. John G, Buxton, Milo Cente, N. Y ;

FOR EXCHANGE:—First class singles for good ’ common sets with data, 13, 125, 202, 273 two ezgs} 310, “t 420, 428, 452, two eggs; 461, 493, 507, two eggs; 511.

540, 546, tWO eggs; 549. 563, 5752, three exes; 597, 598, 612, 617, 516, 619, 624, 683, six eggs; 703 thrze ez3s; 70", two eggs; 751, four eggs; 755, 761. The above singles re all first class. Joe H. Armfield,'7358 South Ashe § yee Greensboro, Nec -

FOR EXCHANGE:—Haye many marine epee

PE “4

TO EXCHANGE:—Natural History, and Stamp | prates, and coleopteratto"exchange for same, Lirc skins : papers, Coins, Stamps, Minerals, Shells, Curios, Eggs, | or recent publications on invertebrates and the lower ie Insects, Relics and Yobacco Tags for Coins, Miner, ral Back numbers of Natural History papers — ¥ Shells, Curios, Eggs and Relics from other localities, . P. Drowre, Zo Penefit St., Providence, R- R. L. Wheeler, 43 Varney St., Lowell, Mass.

vertebr: eee wanted. a's

eyo

; 4 :

’ $ lines in height.

the eyes, with reddish white.

()REGON

as tl i

PALESTINE, OREGON, NovEMBER,, 1896.

THE IMPORTED AND ACCLIMATED GERMAN SONG BIRDS IN OREGON.

By C. F. Pfluger, Sec’y of the Society of the Introduction of song-birds into Oregon, at Portland.

THE GRAY LINNET (4ringilla cannabina, Der Haen/jling),

Of these beautiful song-birds 35 pairs were introduced by the Society into Oregon in 1889 and 1892.

The Linnet is a well-known bird all over Europe. During the summer it frequents woods, groves, etc., and in autumn _ betakes itselfto the open fields. It is a migratory bird, passing in winter from one place to another in search of food. In March, by which time it has usually paired, it may be noticed in its usual haunts. It is more than 5 inches in length, of which the tail measures 21 inches. The beak is 6 lines long, dirty blue in summer, and in winter whitish gray, tippcd with brown. The iris is dark brown; the feet are black, and The plumage of the male Linnet varies exceedingly at different ages and seasons of the year, and has produced great confusion in works on ornithology.

A male of 3 years old answer in spring to the following description: The forehead is biood-red; the rest of the head reddish ashen gray, spotted on the poll with black, and on the cheeks, the sides of the neck, and round The feathers of the upper part of the back are rusty brown, bordered with a lighter shade of the same color; the lower part is mottled with gray and white;

the upper tail coverts are black, edged with reddish white, sparingly spotted with ‘reddish gray.

are blood red, edged with reddish white; the

The feathers on the sides of the breast

side of the belly light rust color; the rest of the lower part of the body :eddish white. The first row of coverts are black edged with red- dish white; the rest are rusty brown, with margin of a lighter hue. The pen feathers are black, tipped with dirty white, the first row being edged with white almost up to the points.

The white margin of the narrow plume forms a stripe parallel with the pen feathers, The tail is forked and black, the four external feathers having on each a deep margin of white, which in the two center feathers is narrower, and tinged with red. After the moulting, the red on the forehead disappears.

autumnal

Males of one year have no red feathers on the head,

The female, which is somewhat smaller than the male, is without the reddish tints, and the other plumage, though the same as the male, is paler,

The Linnet feeds on all kinds of seeds, which it shells and softens in its crop, before digesting them. It is especially fond of rape, cabbage, hemp, poppy and linseed. It breeds twice a year, the female laying each time five to six bluish white eggs, thickly marked with flesh colored and ‘reddish brown specks and stripes. The nest, which is most frequently found in pine and fir trees, or in thick bushes and hedges, is well built of fine roots, grass stalks, and moss, lined with wool and hair. The old birds feed their young from the crops,

142

The song of the Linnet is loud and flute-like, and exceedingly agreeable. It consists of several connected passages, and is esteemed in proportion to the frequency with which certain clear, sonorous notes, called the Linnet’s crow, recur, It sings throughout the year, with the exception of the moulting season.

The hybrid between the Linnet and Canary is wellknown. It is hardly to be distinguished from the Grey Canary, and has not only a very excellent voice, but is quick in learning to whistle.

The Linnet gives place to few birds in point ofsong. His toneis mellow, and his notes sprightly, artfully varying into the plaintive strain, and returning again to the sprightly, with the greatest address and most masterly execution.

It is probable that the term Linnet is de- rived from the fondness of this bird for the seeds of the flax plant. Except during the breeding season these birds are usually seen in flocks, feeding generally upon smal! seeds, particularly those of the cruciform p'ants, with other seeds of the flax, and thistle.

THE GREEN LINNET OR GREENFINCH (Fringilla chloris, Der Gruenling.)

Of these song birds, 15 pairs were introduced by the Society into Oregon in 1889 and 1892.

The Green Linnet is to be found all over the continent of Europe. In Germany it is one of the commonest birds.

summer in the thickets, gardens, and wherever

It may be observed in

there are willow trees; but in winter, migrates in large flocks, and does not return until March.

This bird, which is somewhat longer than the Chaffinch, is 6 inches in length, of which the tail measures 24% inches. The beak is 5 lines long, flesh-colored, darker above than below, and light brown in winter. The iris is dark brown; the feet flesh-colored, tinged with blue, and 8 lines high. The general color is yellowish green; on the under part of the body a lighter green, which is lightest at the rump and belly, and on the latter tinged with white. The quill feathers are blackish, bordered with

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

yellow; the few outside tail feathers - yellow from the middle to the root, -but else-where black with a white border.

The female is smaller, and easily distinguish- ed from the male, by having the upper part of the body of a browner green, and the lower part more ashen gray than yellowish green. There are some yellow spots on the breast and and the belly, and the under tail coverts are rather white than yellow.. It feeds’ on all kinds of seeds; hemp and rape seed, linseed, Juniper berries, spurge laurel berries, turnip, thistle and lettuce seeds. . It is especially fond of the seeds of the milk thistle, it feeds also on Insects.

The Green Linnet or Greenfinch general'y attaches its nest toa thick branch of a tree, though it is sometimes found ina thick hedge. It is well built of wool, coral-moss, etc., and lined with fine root-fibres and hair,

The female lays twice a year four or five eggs, pointed at the ends, and silvery grey, At first the young are greenish grey, although the male

spotted with violet or brown.

may from the first be distinguished by a somewhat yellow tinge.

Although their song has no great recom- mendation, it is not unpleasant, so that some person even prefer it to tbe grey Linnet’s, Their call while on the wing is Yek, yek! and when perched, Schoving,

They sing throughout the year.

The young are mostly fed on green caterpil- lars and small infects, of which the species destroy immense numbers at this period, it is in this respect partly of insectivorous habits,

SEA OTTER HUNTERS:

SITKA INDIANS ON A TRIP TO PUGET SOUND,

“Fred,” “Jackson,” **Lizzie,” ‘*Kadashan,” Robert Irmschee and W, S. Hammond are a party of Sitka Indians in Seattle to see the sights and incidently to see what they can do towards disposing of this year’s catch of furs

and skins, says the Seattle Times, € party

SS ce

oe

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

arrived on the steamship Alki, and will return north on the same boat. All are Sitka Indians and live on Baranoff island, and every one of them is a hunter save Lizzie—the crack men of their tribe. says, to see what Seattle can afford in the way Here-

tofore buyers of furs and skins have always

They came down, as Ifammond of a permanent market for their skins.

gone to Alaska every year and bought up the skins and furs from the Indians, and have always had to pay stiff prices. The Indian is always looking out for the very best bargain he can make, and that is why tie Alaska hunting This trait

never was more neatly demonstate«| than when

party is in Seattle, of the Indian a Times reporter engaged them in conversation upon the manner and style of hunting sea otter, After ing to relate in part, in very fair English, how

black bear and marten. proceed- it was all done, one of the spokesmen prompt- ly demanded $2 before proceeding any further,

When told that Seattle reporters seldom

possessed so much money, they were not one bit appeased, and got up and strode away, refusing further details.

The party have three otter skins, a number of black bear skins and marten skins, The Indians frequently get as much as $500 for a sea otterin Alaska, and they expect to get better figures. Black bear frequently bring $50 apiece in Alaska, and as high as $9 is paid for marten, The hunters expected to do better by bringing their skins and furs here, and say that, if such proves the case, they will bring all their catches here next year.

Fred, who is a smal! man, with keen, black eyes, is said to be the best hunter in Alaska, and apparently felt very proud of the dis- tinction. Hehas a record of fiye sea otter killed last year, for which he received $1500. These were killed during a three days’ hunt.

This year sea oiter were very scarce, and the hunters say that next year and the year following no otter will be taken, and they will be given a chance to mulliply, This year, with 100 canoes out, but 15 sea otter were

The chase after the sea otter is along Alaska, in the vicinty of Latuya

taken, the coast

143

bay, which is under the frowning brow of Mount Fairweather, The Indians say it is a very dangerous coast for canoemen, and _ this year they had three of their canoes thrown up- on the beach by the tremendous surf and broken to pieces. Nearly every year several o* the hunters lose their lives by being upset oif shore during the storms, or are thrown up- on the rocks along the coast,

Last year, while Fred was out at the time he made his banner killing, his uncle’s canoe was The use a small shotgun in killing the sea otter.

upset and his friend drowned, hunters The animals are most often seen well ont from land, and when one is sighted, every hunter is immediately upon his feet in the bow of his canoe, and the next time the otter sticks his head above water ascore of guns throw their leaden pellets in his direction. The sea otter is very wary, and is perhaps the most difficult White men

never attempt its capture in Alaskan waters.

of ail fur-bearing animals to kill.

The Indians hunt the black bear back in the interior from Latuya bay, near the base of the mountains and in the gorges, They use trained Alaska dogs, usually four or six in a party. The hunters provide themselves with

rifles, but say they could not succeed in

capturing many without their dogs. They also use bear traps such as are to be bought in the hardware stores, in capturing them, and a long time ago they say they used to make a trap themselves which was not dissimilar from the deadfall of the backwoodsman., A _ big log,

heavily weighted on one end and elevated and

held up on triggers at the other, constituted

the trap proper. To get the bear to place himself in position to be struck down by the log, a fence of logs was constructed about the trap and bait, so placed that, when the bear attempted to pull it away, he sprung the trap. Marten are hunted and caught along the coast of Alaska from Sitka westward, and for . some distance back in the interior, The Sitka Indians do not go much farther west than Latuya bay, but do a great deal of hunting about the southern end of Baranoff island,

144

SOME NORTH CAROLINA MINERALS. (Continued from Page 126. ) RUTILATED QUARTZ,

If you will imagine a perfectly limpid piece of ice with fine hairlike, blood red strands of silk running through it in all directions you will get a very fair idea of this mineral in its finest state. There are several kinds that depend for greater excellence altogether on individual taste.

The main difference is in the quality of the rutile penetrating and degree of limpidity of the quartz, Besides the stones with a net work of red rutile there are others containing a rutile dark steel-gray to nearly black, and again it may be golden yellow or silvery, still holding its power of throwing tints of reflected light. In one kind the quartz is very slightly wine tinted and when filled with the red rutile the whole specimen receives a decidedly red cast, evenly distributed and is much strengthened by cutting. Crystals are occasionally found thus penetrated but when fine in form and quality are indeed ‘‘cabinet rarities”,

The most unique of these I have yet seen is a medium sized single crystal of regular shape in which the rutile starts from a nucleus near the base of the prisms and radiates in a fan-like arrangement through all the upper part of the crystal. The crystal is very valuable. The mineral generally occurs massive in boulders from a few ounces up to as many pounds, scattered over the surface of the ground,

No regular deposit has yet been found. The finest quality yet found was formerly met with in some quantity a few miles from Casar P. O. in Cleveland county. Near Henry in Lincoln

county the silvery amd dark threaded kinas—

are sometimes found in crystals. At this point some of the crystals of quartz are shot through and through with a square hole showing where the rutile has rotted away.

A good quality was formerly found at Stony Point in Alexander county. Itis rare at all the localities,

There is still another variety to be mentioned, This is an amethyst penetrated by rutile. <A

few pounds of this was found in Lincoln county

THE OREGON NATURALIST.:-

last year. Though it was very fine few if any of the crystals would cut gems of more than two carats,

The crystals were all small, grouped, plant- ed on slabs of dark-quartz and coated just under the surface with bright red scales of hematite. This seems to be a true vein accompanied with mica and _ brilliant perfect crystals of hematite. It is yet sparingly found aud may be expected at this point and under favorable circumstances at any time in the future, The pit is situated about two miles west of Henry P. O. in Lincoln county.

ZIRCON.

If one per cent of the zircon that could be mined in North Carolina were of gem quality the world could be abundantly supplied, but few if any stones sufficiently clear for the pur- pose have yet been noticed in the state. In the gold bearing gravels of the gold belt—Mech- linburg, Rowan, Cabanus, McDowell and other counties, zircon is very plenty. Though finely

crystallized and colored in subdued tints of pink, yellow blue, clear and etc. They are

small, toosmall for gems, not larger than a good sized grain of wheat.

Cleveland county a few of this kind were found tha,

In the monazite washings in might be cut into small gems but during oper- The largest deposit of zircon in the state, possibly in the world lies along the Green river in Hen- derson county. In the hill bordering on the river and in the neighborhood of the Saluda

auons very little attention was paid them.

Mountains they are found quite abundantly in And associated with several magnesian minerals. The crystals seldom vary from the type but interesting twin forms are sometimes found.

a decomposed magnesian formation,

They are-regular tetrahedrons without modi- fications, in size from a mustard grain up to one inch alony the longest axis.

The color is a light snuff to nearly white.

This deposit was worked for commerical purposes some years ago for a German company and several tons taken out, but nothing has been done there in recent years.

a

£

_

ly

: THE OREGON NATURALIST. 145

Another deposit, much less in extent but of TO THE MEMBERS OBMEHEDN: OF A:

far more interest mineralogically cccurs in Iredell county, not, far from Statesville.

These crystals are much larger and are a light brown or chestnut color. But the inter- est lies in the form alone as none that I have seen are clear in any degree.

They are very interesting crystalographically. Both pyramids are perfect and regular but the prisms instead of presenting the usual number of planes show double the number. Crystals of 1% inches across the base are foun’ here. This form occurs nowhere else in the state to my knowledge.

In both the latter deposits groups containing as many as 25 crystals have been found. The crystals from the Iredell county locality com- mand fancy prices, but the others are cheap and of much interest to the beginner,

E. H. Harn,

Henry, N. C.

A COIN OLD AND RARE.

Lynn Sterns, of Baker City, has in his possession a rare curiosity in the shape of an old gold coin. It is a $5 piece of native gold. On one side in a circle are the words: ‘‘Oregon Exchange Company;” on the face, **130 G—s5 D;” on the reverse side, in circle, fheilettersaek. “Mj Ty CARS IWI9R.ECaHS;3” below the letters a cut of a beaver and the

letters, ‘‘T. O.,” with date ‘'1849.”

A HUGE PELICAN.

James Osborn yesterday brought to this city an American white pelican, measuring exactly eight feet from tip to tip, which he killed on Monday afternoon on Geo. B. Sturgill’s farm on Lower Powder. It is the first bird of this species that has been seen in this section, when it was brought to the ground bya single No. 6 shot which winged the infrequent visitor. — The Morning Democrat, Sept. 23, Baker City, Oregon.

Owing to the fact that the majority of our members have been absent from home for various reasons during the summer months, it was thought best to discontinue our local meetings until the vacation season was over. But now, after our release we must continue our work with renewed energy. Now is the time to embody the results of our summer observations in systematically arranged notes and papers, to be presented in person or by mail at our monthly meetings.

This plan is expedient for as soon as we can demonstrate to the ornithological world that we are a wide awake, hard-working associa- tlon of students of bird life, instead of mere mercenary egg collectors, then can we _ be assured of due recognition from the older and We are not as obscure and _ insignificant as we some- We are being hopefully watched

more scientific societies of the East,

times feel. by many of our chief ornithologists who are waiting to see of what stuff we are made, An extensive, untrodden field is open to us: Let us do what we can to explore it.

At our next two monthly: meetings the following birds will be taken up.

Saturday, Oct. 24th.,

Western Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus). Vigors’ Wren (Thryothorus bewickil spilurus), | Parkmann’s Wren (Troglodytes. 2don parkmannii),

Saturday,. Nov. 21st,

Lewis’ Woodpecker, Melanerpes torquatus).

Redshafted Flicker (Colaptes cafe1). Northwest-

ern Flicker (Colaptes cafer saturatior) All notes for the October meeting should be sent in before October 20th.

Hoping to see you personally on the evening of October 24th at my residence in Portland, Or., or, if not sooner, at our annual meeting in Salem.

Wo. L. FINLEY.

146 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

ASPECIMEN EXPEDITION.

About the 2oth of June 1892, in company with a younger brother, I left the city of down the We loaded our tent, bedding, fishing-tackle, provisions,

Petersburg Ill., and started

Sangamon River on a relic hunt.

guns, etc., into our boat and pushed off. The day was quite warm and we aliowed the boat to float along with the current. We stopped occasionally at the sand bars and dug in the sand for turtle’s eggs, and succeeded in finding Most of

them were round as marbles but some were

about one hundred and seventy-five.

quite elongated,

At night we landed and camped at the foot ofa bluff famous for its so-called petrifying spring. A spring gushes from the bank near the top, and flowing, deposits a covering of lime uver the moss and rushes.

The next morning after gathering a few specimens from the spring, we packed up and Some noon we arrived at the place where we intend-

continued our journey. time before ed to camp and as we expected to stay several days we set about arranging the place for comfort.

Amore beautiful camping place would have been hard to find. Situated at the foot of a huge bluff, on a grassy plateau, with the river in front and not a house or cornfield in sight to remind one of civilization, it was indeed a spot that a lover of nature could enjoy. Near by in a deep and shady valley a spring gushes out and flows down to the river. We dug a little reservoir just below and stored our meat, butter, and milk where they kept perfectly fresh and cool.

After supper we baited our fish lines and slept soundly till morning, We were up before dawn and rejoiced greatly over several fine fish, which we found on our lines, These we clean- ed and cooked for breakfast and it makes one’s mouth water now to think how good they tasted.

After breakfast, armed with pick and spade, we went to the mounds on the hill above. There are a number of mounds in this neighbor-

hood, all of which have been partially explored. Right on the highest point of the bluff, where the band slopes abruptly off to the river, 100 Part of the mound has caved off and the contents lie scattered along the bank. We hunted over the bank and o)tained many pieces of pottery many of them being curiously figured. We afterwards dug through the mound and found

feet below, isa large shell mound.

that-it extended down about four feet and was composed of shells, bones, fragments of pottery andashes. In the bottom we found fragments of clay bricks bearing the marks of human hands. It is evidently the old kitchen or cooking place of the Indians. In the mound we found five or six flint arrow points and We found

also the lower canine tooth of a bear with two

many long, sharp scales of flint.

holes drilled, in the side, down to the nerve cavity, so that it might be strung on a string, a horn knife handle and another peice of polished bone with a hole in it, many fragments of deer horns, beavers skuils, turtle shell, etc.

Neither the shelis or the bones had the appearance of great age although we know that the last of the Indians left this part of the country eighty years ago and no Indians have lived at the spot within the memory of the oldest inhabitant.

Some years ago I secured a fine stone pipe from this place and a copper chisel.

The next day I visited a number of farm houses in the neighborhood and collected three stone axes and about forty arrow points, digging or wandering about as we felt inclined. There was a steep clay bink near in which hundreds of sand martins had built their nests. We did not fail to gather a number of ‘‘sets” for exchange, At last we packed up and floated down the river to a point where we could ship

We spent about ten days,

our boat home by rail,

We returned home thinking that those who never camped out did not know what enjoy- ment was,

E. H. HAMILTON,

q oh ,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

GEYSERS IN THE YELLOWSTONE PARK DECLINING IN STRENGTH.

That the geysers of the Yellowstone Park are losing in activity is vouched for by W, W. Wylie, who has spent more years in the Nation- Mr. Wylie, in **As compared with 16 years ago, I should say there is not

al Park than any other man. a dispatch from Helena, says:

more than one-half the activity in the upper basin. I believe that there will be few, if any, " geysers in 50 years from now.”

The Yellowstone Park geysers are the great- est, In number and activity, in the world, those of Iceland and New Zealand being insignificant larger The Yellowstone Geysers have been scientifically observed since about 1870,

The geyser of Iceland and New Zealand have been observed for the last 100 years, and

in comparison with the ones.

itis known that in that time they have declined in power and activity.

PROFESSOR WINCHELL’S PASTE.

At the request of a subscriber we give receipt for above, asfollows: Take 2 ounces of clear gum arabic, 1% ounces of fine starch and % ounce of white sugar. Pulverize the gum arabic, and dissolve it in as much water as the laundress would use for the quantity indicated, Dissolve the startch and sugar in the gum solution, Then cook the mixture in a water bath until clear. The cement should be as thick as tar. This cement will stick to glazed surfaces and is good to repair broken rocks, minerals, or fossils.

WHITE CROWS.

Mr, F. A. Stuhr the bird man of Portland, Or., has four live crows, taken from a nest in Lane county, Or. Three of them are almost entirely white, only showing slight black coloration on the primaries and at the base of the bill. Iris, brown. white.

Feet and legs nearly

147

AN ALBINO FROG.

Mr. Hugo Mulertt, the editor of THE AQUARIUM of Brooklyn, N. Y., writes, under September 29, 1896, as follows:

“Yesterday a young student of the Packer Institute of this city told us of a curiously colored frog which she had caught a day or two before near her country home at Orient, Long Island, When the specimen was brought to us afterwards for identification, we recognized it at once as an albino leopard frog (Rana halecina).

The upper side of the body of the common leopard frog is green or brown in color, in both cases, with a brilliant bronze lustre; the two folds along its back are bronze colored, standing well out from their darker bases upon its back are dark, round spots arranged in two lines, while the upper parts of the hind legs are ornamented with dark bars.

The specimen in question is a fully develop- ed male, about three years old. The color of all parts of its body, seen from above, is a brilliant cream; while the underside of the specimen is pure white; along its back and on the hind legs the markings, characteristic to the species, appear indistinctly also in cream color, just a trifle deeper in shade; they can be made out by close inspection. The eyes are of a beautiful deep pink. Owing to the absence of dark colois in the skin, the animal has a very delicate appearance; it looks as if it was carved of ivory.

We have seen albino deer, fox, squirrels, ferrets, cats, raven, eel, and yearsago had an albino catfish (species Amiurus marmoratus) in our coliection, not to mention the more frequent albino rabbits, rats, and mice, but for nearly half a century during which we collect- ed and handled large numbers of every known species of batrachians, we have never before seen an albino frog, nor have we read or heard that any one else ever has noticed such a freak in frogdom, It may, therefore be safely said that this albino frog is the first one on record.

The specimen is now in one of the smaller aquariums of the Institute, where it is admired by the students at their leisure moments,

148 THE OREGON

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

A cross opposite these lines, indicates that your subscription has expired. A» prompt re-

newal is requested.

Official Organ North-Western Ornithological

Association.

JOHN MARTIN, - EDITOR.

ADVERTISING RATES:

SPACE IMO. 3MO. 6MO. TYR. SZ AMCN Sol oct cect sae +25, © 205 pl-1O. 28-0 Medi CMe oct eceerices £50) sv heO™ TOU 310 TARAS CW ata ote ctecieros 1775 24100 (6-40. 01,10 Hpsg DENS Apenise Sa ciOsers BeAO) 7-70 12. 70)22400 if) ORR hesdsosceanBnbd 6.25 15.00 25.00 42.75

Sums over One Dollar should be sent by Money Order on Portiand, Oregon.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES:

One Year - - - - - 25 Cents

To Foreign Countries - - - 35 Cents

Articles and items of interest on diferent

branches of natural history solicited from all.

Address all communications to THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Palestine, Oregon.

NOVEMBER, 1896.

With this issue we undertake the publication of the OREGON NATURALIST, We hope we shall succeed in our endeavors to maintain the excellent standard attained by publishers, We will publish — instructive articles and live notes each month, in short, make it one of the leading papers devoted to Natural Science.

the former

NATURALIST.

All advertisements and exchanges should reach this office by the 15th to insure insertion in the current number.

A. B. Averill of Portland has one of the ‘*Northwest Tokens” in copper. ‘These tokens were used by the Astor Company, in its trade On one side is the word *‘Token”’ over a bust facing to the right; under bust, date, ‘£1820,”

relations with Indians.

Reverse, **Nortir-

west Company’’ over cut of a beaver.

Near Stockton, Cal. finds haye lately’ been made oi several L shaped obsidian knives, (?) Considerable shell wampum _ of various sizes one kind appearing to be sawed sections of some round tooth,

serrated.

The knives are small, the largest not more than four inches long.

INTERESTING DISCOVERIES BY PENN- SYLVANNIA MOUND EXCAVATORS.

Great interest is manifested over the dis- covery of implements in a mound at McKee rocks, which is being excavated for scientific purposes.

The work is being done under the direction of Thomas Harper, of Pittsburgh, who believes that the specimens found here are not less than 1000 years old, and proves that they were made by the most ancient people that inhabit ed this country. The list includes a bone implement which Mr, Harper believes was a flaker, the pieces of which are separated in five or six parts. Bone needles or awls also were found, and Mr. Harper says they can be partially restored,

A Tomahawk, which Mr. Harper regards as being not less than 1000 years old, was found. The same kind of weapons are also found on the British isles. It is made of gneiss. He considers this an extraordinary discovery. The specimens will be placed in the Carnegie museum,

ee ae ee

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

TWENTY-

eee CENTS:

pays for a years sub-

scription to the Oregon Naturalist. ular magazine has now been made the pop- ular price.

free exchange column to subscribers. If you have any thing to sell and want to reach col- lectors, try an AD.

the Oregon Naturalist.

BUCKEYE INDIAN RELICS.

Ohio Artowheads, imperfect, 3 cents each. C- s perfect, 5 cents each’ aie ee large perfect, Io cents each. ‘© Spearhead, perfect, 25 cents each, °s Indian Pottery, small, 5 cents each. bt oe large, 10 cents each. , ee ce

very large, 15 cents, ea. Send silver, and 2 cents extra on orders less than 25 cents.

S. E. MILLER,

Box 251, Oak Hull, Ohio.

CURIOS. C: ctus Weod, well cleaned and finished, very pretty, one foot in length 15 cents, postpaid zo cents. Chinese Horn Nuts. very curious shape, per 3, 5 cents; per 7 Io cents, Paper Knives of manzinita or orange wood, very handsome, 45 cents. Other curios cheap. FRANK W. SMITH,

Box 563, Redland, -

Twelve}

| can furnish them with the Oregon Naturalist.

numbers a year and

BACK NUMBERS.

The supply of back numbers of the Oregon

aturalist is nearly exhausted. The following

| numberss. scant) bes had’ st — his, ecittee: Austin Naturalist, No’s 1, 6, 7, of Vol.I jat 5 cts. each. Oregon Naturalist, Vol SiGNois eee bids 47585 2, af OLS DT

| THE NUMISMATIST,

| &12, Vol.II at 5cts. each and No. 6, Vol. II

This pop-|

at 10 cts.

CLUB RATES

We give a list of Magazines with the sub- scription price of each and the price which we

. WITH NATURALIST THE OBSERVER. $1.00 ‘S ce DITO: Rocky MOUNTAIN STAMP. .25 <7 A0icls: THE AQUARIUM $1.00 ‘*° Tee TEOSs GAMELAND, $1.00 |“ ae 15 Gs MINERAL COLLECTOR $1.00 ‘ Cre aCe Ie THE NIDOLOGIST, $1.00 “ ee TT O THE DoG FANCIER, 50cts. TomOISTCtS: THE MAINE SPORTSMAN, 1.00 snd 05

EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, 25cts. 40 cts $1.00 $1.15

TOMBE | COLLBCTOR OR OF COINS.

A rare offer for cash about 600 Coins, 500 copper and 100 silver and nickel coins (no duplicates) including nearly all coin issueing countries, nicely arranged in sets the result of 15 years collecting (condition), good, fine, too uncirculated. A few fair also a few poor. Will sell the entire lot at a price that will surprise you. Write for further particulars to

WILLIAM CUDNEY,

DEALERS

Ont., Can.

Galt, - To all sending references for DEF: my neat Approval Sheets of Foreign Stamps @ 50% off will receive several specimees of some VERY OLD West Indian shells. Have been gathered nearly two centuries, GUARANTEED. Free to intending purchasers. Send to H. B: VESEY, 52 York Place, - - Norfolk, Va.

The Oregon Naturalist on trial 4 months

California, | for ro cts.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Eu DEPARTMENTS.

DOR maeateiad eee meee ee ee 50

ee ee LO Nss etapa saa awalsoxerisiaees 1.00 OC DEN dat snout aise A dee enacauee 1215 Interior, On RNR ocr: Bae e be ac USS OOO 15 uf ZG Anin MMe a tlsledamgias cee 5e sii Justice, MG Sag eeystece ai efor eects te oie 50 ES 2 Gee eee eet eatese cease ae .50 Navy, Tc ee vecteseeeeaeeeeose nants we's 40 oe 2 Condes ae meececitaee satelite eels .50

ne Gi Cilectea nate n Saaremaa netiialnacictalt 3.00 1p (O)- EC AR God SoObe Cees Ua eOG UE 25 pe PXCR Soe bind sad tpOdaC ACA BOC GAAC “25 State, Tene ceeiseterec coerce eaaes -50 ef PAS scoddaaboseeopocd) seEaoccoted -50 . 7 Cea nck ctapestccasecseete sls 1.50 Dreastinysee, Gs. Sere bate. Losey econ .20 bd PAC go Raa RNC DOCO ALC Scope HCA mies

ag J Girwisielepaiciels sele/a(esie ue) (e/elin/9's10 . 1.50 War, 1 CH Se RSE eet pea .10 ne ZO aa ddun eaereae Meme CEel ie Sits ae PGi on ncncabetion ati eeecacinse ss 1.25

These stamps are becoming very rare. Send want list in all U. S. Stamps. 1 eee are) 8 G0 i I

56 Fairmount Ave., - - NEWTON, Mass

OPALS.

I am selling my stock of Opals and minerals at greatly reduced prices,

to make room for new material,

Australian Opals, 5octs. ee

to $40.00 per kt. SOictss ston G5O;00 mm nt mee Mexican Oy LOS LOM mZOsOO Mi. sheer

Amethyst, Topaz, Moonstone, Bioodstone, Agate, Crocidolite, 10 cts. to $5.00.

If you are out of work, send for my terms to Agents. Salary or commission. bed rock prices.

I will send 20 lbs, good Minerals for $1.00 40 different kinds if you wish, or less number of larger specimens.

Iam setting fine Opals in solid Gold settings and can give prices that will surprise you. Good Gold and honest work is the motto.

Write for terms and circulars. ROBERT BURNHAM, 15 Chestnut St., -

Hungarian

Minerals at

Providence, R, |

Book of Secrets, that tells how to manufacture } many valuable articles which are used in every

A f short time ago we advertised Rinehardt’s Receipt ( household.

>|

i one receipt alone 1s worth the price that we ask for this Book, which is 10 cents. Weare now offering youthe benefit. It

{ know the value of these receipts as Mr. [ree Rinehardt, who compiled them, Mr. Rinehardt, died a few years ago, | FEW: ease his receipts in manuscript. We | | purchased them, and have had them (. put up in little pamphlet form. YET! is nota oe publication—but a valuable one. Write, to-day. Mae A. Re BROWN & CO., SIXTH STREET, - PORTLAND, ORE. LANDSCAPE MARBLE. | Wehave some of this showy and odd material, polished and can cut it in size and shape

to your liking, and are selling it cheap.

146%

Our stock of Moss Agates, Petrified Wood, Solid Geodes, and Stalagmites is -|varied. We have also a quan- tity of “Cone in Cone’? We make a specialty of cutting and polishing material for private collections and museums, and think we can do better work in this line, than is usually done, as our plant was especially de- signed for this line of work.

Joun G. Buxton, Steam Lapidary Establishment, Milo Center, - New York,

f CALIF ORNIAS a ¢ dung . CURIOSITIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, Trap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- S8e jons. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c. &c. Just the goods for Curio and shell Dealers to handle.

Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

PASADENA, CALIFORNIA.

NGS Wide Wie

“_ j

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

mee [it OF ... IXNEFINEMENT fas LADLE, F specially those with an appreciation of the

true and beautiful in

Nature's’ Realm, . are

all interested an

THE OBSERVER,

PORTLAND, CONN.

Subscription; $1.0 a, year.

Single Copy 10 cats.

+ et

If you are INTERESTED in STAMPS why not subscribe for the EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, a monthly magazine for only 25 cts. per year, with THE OREGON NATURALIST, 40 cts. Sample copy free. Address: Re We ERENCH; HARTLAND, WASHINGTON.

Ripans Tabules cure headache. Ripans Tabules cure fiatulence, Ripans Tabules cure dyspepsia. Ripans Tabules assist digestion. Ripans Tabules cure bad breath. Ripans Tabules cure biliousness. Ripans Tabules: one gives relief. Ripans Tabules cure indigestion. Ripans Tabules cure torpid liver. Ripans Tabules: gentle cathartic. Ripans Tabules cure constipation. Ripans Tabules: for sour stomach. Ripans Tabules: pleasant laxative.

—THE-

MINERAL + COLLEGTOR, A Monthly Magazine

OR ne

Collesnor: Student. -. ee uave| Dealer.

ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, EDITOR.

PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. Sample copy 1oc. 26 JOHN ST.N. Y. CITY.

| THE AQUARIUM, An illustrated quarterly

| magazine, for Students and Lovers of Nature | Education and Recreation. Hugo Mulertt, | F. I. R.S A. Editor, Subscription rates

| one year, $1.00 Single copies, 25cts., each

| Sample copy free. Advertising rates on ap- | plication. Address all communications to Hugo Mulertt, 173 Nostrand Ave. Brooklyn, | New York.

THE NUMISMATIST,

The onEand onLy Magazine for Collectors and Students of Coinage. A sample copy will tellthestory better than words. 'Ten Cents will bring you two of them. Address,

Tue NuMISMATIST, Monroe, Mich.

SEND FORA FREE SAMPLE COPY OF

« GAMELAND, *

the monthly echo from the woods, the waters, the mountains and the fields. It is practical and authentic. Yearly subscription, to any address, ONE DOLLAR. Threc _ trial numbers, twenty-five cents. GAMELAND PUBLISHING COMPANY, 277 BROADWAY, - - NEW YORK,N.Y. With Oregon Naturalist, $1.15 per year.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DEALERS DIRECTORY

| .- . . : = _ | to your Cabinet than polished specimens of A two or three line advertisement under this |

heading, twelve insertions, including subscription to the Oregon Naturalist, $1.00. twenty-five cents each, payable in advance.

Extra lines

APPROVAL SHEETS—Sixty percent discount. Sendforaselection, John Martin, Palestine,

Oregon.

Brown A, M. & Co., Rine- hardt’s Secret Receipt Book, *‘Eagle Claw,

Trap” etc., 14614 Sixth St., Portland, Or.

Agents for

LOOK HERE! You cannot make more at-

i pga a tractive additions Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. hese are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals. The handsomest in the world. Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x3% 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and

guaranteed first class in every respect

Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and 50c.

Address, Charles E. Briggs,

Lisbon, Iowa.

CALIFORNIA curiosities. G; W. Pasadena, Gailonmias

Tuttle,

INDIAN RELICS: aby stone A all kinds,

Low for cash, Send stamp for description,

Tribbett, Thorntown, Indiana.

MINERALS—Robert Burnham, 15 St., Providence, R. I. cheap.

MINERALS—E. H, Ham, Henry, Ni °C. Fine crystals from the ‘‘Oid North State.”

MINERALS—Geo, L.

Chestnut Sells choice

CBs

minerals |

English & Co., 64 |

E. I2th. St., New York. Best and most | varied stock in United States.

PACIFIC COAST shells, minerals, Indian relics, bird skins, and Oregon arrow points. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St.,

igs gin ee

PATENTS—John A. Saul, Atlantic Bldg,

Washington, D. C. does all business pertaining | |

to the Patent Office.

POSTAGE STAMPS—Send for sheets, refer ence required. D, M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland Oregon.

STANDARD STAMP Co., Place, St. Louis, Mo

No. 4 Nicholson Send stamps on approval.

Jorn the Northwestern Ornithologists Associ-

ation, only 50 cts a year including copy of the Official Organ.

(

Collect Stamps Understandingly:

In order to collect ‘understandingly, and to prevent yourself from impositi®m you should read the best stamp literature. It costs a good sum tO take all the leading journals, but—then only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them att. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. You mnst need have a weekly included, to bring you the news and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fll of prices as reflected by leading auction sales. There is but one WKEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a very nominal price. We refer to bail : : F : THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA.

If you hive never seen a copy, send shi address on a postal at once to

| THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA,

02-506 CONGRESS Sr., - PORTLAND, ME, 7

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Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists. Ripans UNE a cure dizziness.

Subscribe Reese

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For The Oregon

s THE OREGCN NATURALIST.

THE EAGLE CLAW

& « A Wonderful ais AQ siInvention.

BEST TRAP in the World — for Catching Fish, Animals and ail manner of Game.

A wonderful and most ingenions device. It is easy to set. suited to any bait, cau be used anywhere, nothing can escape until released. Every fish, muskrat, or squirrel which bites at the bait issurely enught. Perfectly sate for children; will not rust; one bait will catch from 20 to 36 fish; will springin any position; in short, isa grand triumph over the ursafe and uncertain common jish-hook. Highly recommended by the Tribune, World, Press, Turf. Field and Farm. The Ohio Farmer says, “‘ The Eagle Claw is a very ingenious article. The best device for catching fish and gaine we ever saw. Safe, sure, and convenient.” No. 1 is for ail ordinary fishing, the ladies’ favorite. No. 2 is for general use, both Jargeand small fish.andgame. We have sold thousands, and they have all given splendid satisfaction.

Price, No. 1, by mail, 3O cents. No. 2, by mail, 50 cents,

A. M. Brown & Co. 146% Sixth St. Portland, Or.

' |

“MUSIC LOVERS”

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher

|

Send so cents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a

book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor.

I, M. MARSH, |

Delavan, Illinois.

SEND STAMP for a neat Catalogue of Electric Motors, Storage Batteries, Minature Lamps, Electric Scarf Pin Outfits, Electric Books, and supplies, to L. S, Marsu, Howell, - - - - - - - +» Michigan,

Tam forming a collection SKU LLS a of Skulls, Human, Animal, Reptile, etc. Can you help me? Name price. \ JOHN DUKE McFADEN, CARLETON, NEB,

&# Mention this Paper, when writing to| our Advertisers. |

250 PAGE CATALOGUE...

Send 25 cents (Silver) and get a 250 page Catalogue, which is the finest and largest ever issued on the acifici Coast.

: ELRewW ORTH LEN EZ

LOCK BOX SIX BDAC LEY; -OREGON,

1‘ Agents. Write for : particulars.

A. M. Brown & Co., 146% Sixth St., Portland, Oregon,

THE WONDER OF THE AGE! PIANO OR ORGAN

PLAYING

Learned 6 in One Fresegeee Day! :

RASON’S INDICATO CHART.& A chill 10 years old can understand it pertectly. A wonderful invention; over 40,000 orders received from every 2ountry on the globe. . Mason’s Indicator Chart is 2 machine which fits over the keys of a Piano or Organ, indicating where and how the hands are to be placed, und the proper keys to strike, changing the position and arrangement to suit the different keys. ‘They are infallible in result. If you can read, you can play the Piano or Organ in one _ day better than a teacher could teach you in many lessons. If you have no piano you can learn at a friend's house and astonish all with your acquirements. The leading Musical Paper says, ** They should find a place in every home. They are to Music what the Multiplication Table is to Arithmetic.” It gives satisfaction in every case. Teachers unhesitatingly endorse it. The price is $1.Q@@ for a complete set, 5 forms.

SPECIAL OFFER. To introduce this wouderful invention at once we give free to all who buy Mason’s Chart, our Musical Album, containing music which, bought separately, would cost #®1.%5. We send the Chart and Album by Mail, prepaid, for $1.00. "This is positively;no humbug. We have thousands of testi- monials from every country on the globe. These Charts are copyrighted and patented. +

A. M. Brown & Co., 145% Sixth Street, PORTLAND, OREGON

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Fine Cabinet Crystals

GREEN MICA CRYSTALS—These are new, rare and do not occur elsewhere. They highly

are bright green, transparent and polished. But one vein found so far and now workedout. Cabinet groups, 25cts. to $1.00. A few extra ones at $1.50 to $2.00.

GREEN MICA AND TOURMALINE, grouped together, price, 25 cts. to $1.25.

QUARTZ CRYSTALS—in a hundred forms, clear, smoked, single and in groups.

Fine showy specimens 25 cts to $1.50 y S|

QUARTZ CRYSTALS, with water bubbles, some large ani free, active movers, 25 cts, to $1.00.

AMETHYSI, single crystals and groups,

high and medium tints, 25 cts ‘0 75 cts. QUARTZ, with Rutile crys‘al included, anet- work of hair-like crystals filling clear quartz. Amount limited at present, 10 to 25 cts. QUARTZ, IO cts. to $1.00. QUARYTZ, showing rare planes and erosions, |

with included clay, very showy,

something of real |

to $1.00,

A chance to get

scientific interest cheap, 25 cts.

CYANITE, broad blue ~ blades, foliated, 10.cts. to 50 cts.

ZIRCON, small and medium, perfect crystals, 4% to 3¢ inches, 5 cts. to 10 cts,

TOURMALINE, BERYL. CORUNDUM

and Rutile crystals, 10 to 25 cts each, GCETHITE, handsome black velvety groups

and botryoidal masses 25 cts, to $1.00. You may be able to get some of these else- where, but you will hardly get them fairer or better. Ifyou are not pleased your Money will be returned.

Ey EL Er Ag NG

HENRY, (Lincoln Co.,) N. €. BARGAINS.

280. Different Stamps. «se obese aves ste emai ols, Be

Too DIierent StEAMIpSer- daca nam fee beer Be. 3 .05

Approval Sheets 60 per cent Ciscount.

Stamp Co.

JOHN MARTIN, s Palestine, Ore.

NEW IMPROVED INHALER. a cae Ua

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Forthe Oregon NATURALIST

DECEMBER, 1896.

THE OREGON

Vol. Il.

= _sNATURALIST.

No.

be2e

PALESTINE,. OREGON. 1896.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Exchange Column.

This Exchange Column is free to all subscribers. All Cash offers for this column must be paid for at the rate of % cent per word. Each exchange notice must not exceed 30 words. The right is reserved to reject any notice when considered to be for the best interests of subscribers,

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Wanted:—Butterflies and Moths, Cocoons’ and Chrysalides from Oregon and California in large numbers. Offer Eastern Butterflies, Eggs in sets and supplies. Prof. Carl Braun, Naturalist, Bangor, Me.

WANT good Oregon Arrowheads; have 37 fine single Indiana bird’s eggs in case. Some scarce Confederate documents, war relics, fine centipedes and Tarantula in alcohol, all to exchange for fine perfect Oregon points. C. E. Tribbett, Thorntown, Indiana.

TWO philatelic papers Or Ioo different foreign stamps for a perfect arrow point; 200 different foreign for a_per- fect spear head. German silver coin, over 800 years old, Will exchange good foreign for Address,

for perfect grooved ax. U, S. or Confederate, or pay cash for latter, Dr. W. O. Emery, Crawfordsville, Ind.

FOR EXCHANGE:—War Relics, Indian Relics, Geodes, Crinoid Stems, Worlds Fair Tickets. etc., for Coins, Stamp, Relics, etc. Write. C. F. Alkire, Box 288, Mt. Sterling, Ohio.

FOR EXCHANGE:—Calcareous tufa, petrified moss, crinoid stems and fossils on limestone for the post- Above and many specimens to exchange for Cora Jewell, Shannondale, Indiana.

age. Indian relics.

EXCHANGE:—Western Singles for Lodestone. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland, Oregon.

TO EXCHANGE;—I have the following mounted birds and specimens to exchange for cggs in sets of all

kinds viz: Barred Owl, Great Horned Owl, Evening Grosbeak, Western Meadowlark, Pair Violet Green Swallows, Pair Bairds Sandpipers, Blue Jay, Tree

Sparrow, Tern, Red-tailed Hawk, Sparrow Hawk, Gadwall and Pintail Drakes, Shoveller, California Shrike, Pigeon Hawk, Wood Duck, Short eared Owl, Black Squirrel and a pair of fine Mountain Lions, Also Books, Indian Relics, Fossils, and find Gem Stones to exchange for sets both commonand rare,’wanted. Geo: W. Dixon, Watertown, South Dakota.

TOEXCHANGE for Sets and Singles the Crow Black Bird, and their food. F.E, L. Beal. \ Food of Woodpeckers, F. E. L. Beal. The Cowbirds, Cihurles Bendire. The Common Crow of the U. S., Walter B. Barrows, and fine Sets and Singles. Send lists and receive mine. All letters and cards answered. W. J- Wirt, Naturalist, Box 23, Oak Orchard, Orleans Cox N. ¥.

TO EXCHNGE:—Vive Camera not used one month, in perfect condition, Wanted pistol, snakes (alive) and Natural History books. R. G, Paine, 1416 R. I. Ave., N. W. Washington, D, C

50 VAR. of fine U. S. and foreign stamps for every large Washington cent piece, 2 cent piece or any 3 pence sent me. Iwill give 2 packages for every silver half dime. Burns J. Cherry, Santa Rosa, Calif,

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I WANT Vol. 1, No. 6, of American Magazine of Natural Science, also Vol. 1, Nos. 6 and 8 of Nidologist. If you have these to spare write me. W. E. Snyder, Beaver Dam, Wis,

SNAKES! Have you got any you want to get rid - of? If so address the undersigned. I want large ones, but small ones will do, Good exchange. R. G, Paine, 1416 R. I. Ave., N. W. Washington, D, C.

18 EGGS of 408 in sets, 593 n-3, 560 n-3 and 316 1-2, all first class with data, tor one single each of 337 and 339, Or common sets worth 75 ceats. W. E. Snyder, Beaver Dam, Wis.

WANTED COLLECTION of stamps must be moovnted in good album, also 22 cal, repeating rifle or 16 gauge shot gun, Can oifer good exchange, give de- scription. W. B. Purdy, Box 178, Mi’an, Michigan, Se

EXCHANGE:—A collection of U. S. Postage and Revenue Stamps, mounted ma U.S, Album, Em- braces an upwards-of £00 different varities, Want a good Kodak or offers. G. Tood Axtell, 45 Foost Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan. :

FOR E {<CHANGE:—Fine Orezon Arrow’ Points for fine Minerals. E. A, Austin, Sellwood, Oregon.

HAVE YOU a copy of Binney’s *‘Land Shells of the United States” to dispose of? If so write, WwW. EB. Snyder, Beaver Dam, Wis.

TO EXCHANGE:—I have Post Marks for #Curtos, any kind, also a few old U. S. Cents. Some fine, some good, I will exchange for Indian Relics or Chinese or Mexican Coins. Will also send small shells from Lake Erie to any one sending stamp and address, S. V. Wharram, Harpersfield, Ohio,

Skins of Fox Squirrel, Flying Squirrel, T'amais striatus, Brown Rat, Spermohilus 13-lineatus, A, O, U., 735, 230, 507,728, 585, 534, 536, to exchange for others . W. E. Snyder, Beaver Dam, Wis. 5

A fine line of Joplin, Missouri Calcites, Dolomites with Chalcopyrite Crystals, and other minerals, to exchange with advanced collectors from other localities. W. G. Kane, 1706 Harrison St., Kansas Vity, Mo.

TO EXCHANGE:—Indian Arrows, Relics, Speci- mens, Petrified Wood, and Moss, Crinoid Stems, Fossils Postage Stamp, Etc., for Old Newspapers, Confederate Money, War Rellcs, Curios, etc, Send list of what you

can trade. William A. Hatch, South Columbia, N. Yess

NATURALIST.

VoL. III. Patesrine, Orecon, Decemper, 1896.

SOME SLIPPERY ACQUAINT- ANCES.

BY ANGUS GAINES.

You all have seen lizards, those bright and active little animals that come out of their hiding places under loose stones, or old boards, and bask in the sun or catch flies until they see you and then dart away as quick as a flash, but how many of you have ever seen a salamander?

In.size and shape the salamander is very much like a lizard, but it is entirely differ- ent in its ways. Lizards lay their eggs in dry dirt and the little ones, when they are hatched, have the same shape as their parents, although they are of a different color, but the mother salamander, after living on land nearly the whole year, goes down to the pond or river and lays her eggs in the water. When the eggs hatch you would scarcely believe that the mother would know her own children, for they are not the least bit like her. In fact they are not salamanders at all, but tadpoles, having no legs to walk with and no lungs to breathe the air, but instead of these they have gills for use under water and good tail fins for swimming.

The salamander tadpoles are not alone for there are other tadpoles there, some of which are to become frogs while others are to develop into toads. A jolly good time they have together, coming out into

No. 12

the shallow places to get the warm sun- shine, darting back into the deep dark holes to hide from some passing enemy, playing and chasing each other through the sparkling waves, or hunting through the slimy mud in search of food.

Itseems.a pity but this kind of life cannot endure forever and a wonderful change gradually comes over the tadpole. His body grows longer, his gills disappear and he acquires a habit of coming to the surface of the water every now and then after air. Atlength the time comes for him to undergo his last change and he comes out of the water, his skin splits open, he crawls out of it and is no longer a tadpole but a land animal with lungs for breathing air and four legs for walking. Four legs? Yes but they are very short and weak ones and his poor little toes are so thin and soft that you can almost see through them. With such feeble limbs he is, of course a very poor traveller and could never run away from his enemies, as the lizard does, so he crawls under some loose stone or fallen log and lies hid,—lies hid almost all the rest of his life.

You might suppose that salamanders would have a dull and miserable time, yet itis quite probable that, although they prefer dark wet places to dry sunshiny ones, they enjoy life quite as much as other animals do.

They are not very industrious even

150 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

when hunting food, but lie still in their hiding places, half buried in the damp ground, and content themselves with such grubs, earthworms or insects as are oblig- ing enough to come up to be eaten.

They do not change their shapes any more, but they do shed their skins now and then and get new coats. It is said that they swallow their cast off skins though I have never seen them do this.

There are many different kinds of salamanders. Some kinds are of a dull blue black color, others are a beautiful red or yellow with bright black spots, stripes or bars. Still another kind has clear white bars across his black back and is called the marbled salamander, wiile another kind is called the tiger salamand- er on account of the yellow stripes down its sides.

Some of them are soft weak and _ help- less looking and make no attempt to es- cape when found, but although all of them are sluggish in their dispositions there are a few that can move quite rapidly when scared, travelling with a gait that is a strong aud wonderful combination - of squirming, running and leaping. You can never understand this singular way of travelling until you fini an active salamander and watch him run. You must be careful, however, not to play with the little fellows too much for they are very soft and easily hurt.

Salamanders are found so often in damp old cellars, in dark caves and other gloomy places where superstitious people might imagine ghosts would stay that the ignorant imagine that there is some- thing ghostly and supernatural about them. Many years ago people actually believed that salamanders could live in the fire. Foolish as this appears to us it was really believed until a philosopher wiser than the rest put one in the fire to try it. This was a cruel experiment, for of course the poor little animal was burned up at

once, butit settled forever the story of salamanders living in fire.

There are still people who believe that these harmless little animals are poisonous and who kill them whenever they can find them, but this is the result of the grossest ignorance. The salamander will not try to bite and could not hurt you if it did. No one who understands how curious, beautiful and innocent they are could ever harm one of them.

Salamanders do not make satisfactory pets, yet Ihave kept a good many of them to study their habits. I once shut up some marbled salamanders in a pen on _ the ground, with old chunks of wood for them to hideunder. They never showed any sign of becoming tame but would lie hid all the time and refused to eat when I was watching them and at last they burrowed out and escaped.

Another that I tried to keep was brown, dotted over with white spots, and was one of the kind called scaly or four toed salamander. Oneday when it was crawl- ing about over a piece of bark, the bark tipped up and the salamander fell oa his back. Instead of turning over again the little animal lay perfectly still as if dead, until | touched him and then he was all rightagain. This, I found, was his usual way of meeting trouble, simply lying still. His limbs appeared to | be* very teeble, and yet he climbed up the side of a glass jar in an effort to escape and was reward- ed for his labor by being set at liberty in a safe place.

One day when I was handling a slimy salamander it wrapped its tail around one of my fingers and held on for awhile head downwards. | afterwards saw it repeat this trick frequently, hanging by its tail from the stem of some plant.

Salamanders bury themselves in the ground and sleep through the winter with- out food.

ee

THE OREGON NATURALIST. 1a

NOTES ON WINTER BIRDS OF YAM- HULL: €O., OREGON,

The following notes are not compiled from the observations of many years, and are not intended as a list of the winter lirds of this county, as they are more or less incomplete in general and especially so regarding ducks and other water birds, great numbers of which congregate on our lakes and sloughs, and hawks and owls, numerous species of which abound here which the writer has been unable to identify, Butit is hoped, however, that these notes, incomplete as they are, will give the Eastern bird lover, who is snowed under three months of the year, an idea of what the Oregon ornithologist enjoys during the winter

months. BRANTA CANADENSIS, Canada Goose. A common winter resident, wanders about

in flocks from place to place during the day, sometimes alighting on a wheat field until scared up by a hunter. As night approaches they alight on a wheat field or body of water, and at this time many are shot. As they fly low when about to alight, the hunters conceal themselves behind fences or trees until a flock is over them, when they fire into them. It is said that when a flock is feeding, a man can drivea horse ahead of him and get neariy among them before they suspect danger, but I have not had the opportunity to verify this statement. A few years ago geese did con- siderable damage to winter wheat, being such a nuisance in Southern Oregon that farmers stretched twine over their fields to keep the geese off, but we are not troubled now as the pvt-hunter has been so successful in thinning them out.

BRANTA CANADENIS HUTCHINSI. Hutchin’s Goose. The remarks on above species wil refer equally as well to this species. It is sometimes called California Goose.

GALLINAGO DELICATA. Wilson’s Snipe. Jack Snipe, rare. Occasionally seen in com-

panies of seven or eight in wet boggy localities.

AEGRALITIS VOCIFERA. Kulldeer. Rather rare, ‘ometimes heard after nightfall flying over in early winter,

OREORTYX © pictus, Mountain Partridge. Not uncommon,

DENDRAGAPUS Sooty Grouse. hidden in tops of fir trees.

BONASA UMBELLUS SABINT.

ed Grouse.

OBSCURUS FULIGINOSUS.

Seldom seen, as they remain

Oregon Ruff- Not uncommon but keeps out of sight most of the time. ZENAIDURA MACROURA. Mourning Dove, Generaliy considered only a summer resident,

but last winter several birds of this species

were seen.

ACGIPITER VELOX, Shar,-shinned Hawk. Rare.

FALCO SPARVERIUS. Ame ican Sparrow

Hawk. It is a very common sight to see this pretty little falcon perched on a fence post at the side of road, or hovering in the air a few moments, pounce down upon a mouse,

BUBO VIRGINIANUS SATURATUS. Dusky

Horned Owl, Rather uncommon in the valley, but common in the mountains.

CERYLE ALCYON. Belted Common along our creeks. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS HARRISITI. Woodpecker. Common. COLAPTES CAFER SATURATIOR. ern Flicker. OCTOCORIS ALPESTRIS STRIGOSA. Horned Lark. highways, sitting on the fence posts favoring

Kingfisher. Harris’s

Northwest- Abundant. Streaked Always abundant along the passersby with their peculiar jerky song, They are some-times called ‘*Polly-wash-dishes.’?

CORVUS AMERICANUS HESPERI. California Crow. Abundant, frequently holding meet- ings which I call caucuses, because when a_ lot of crows get together and talk all at once it reminds me of a lot of politicians.

CYANOCITTA STELLERI. Steller’s Jay. Common.

APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA. California Jay.

152 THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Not uncommon, AGELAIUS TRICOLOR. A few have been seen in Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, STURELLA MAGNA NEGLECTA. Western Meadow Lark. They furnish us with superior songs nearly every day in the winter, a rain storm seemingly making

Tricolored Blackbird.

company with

Exceedingly abundant.

no difference in this respect. They have two songs, a bold rollicking one which has often seen described, and a low song which much resembles the song of Age/aius. The latter song is not often heard.

SCOLECOPHALUS CYANOCEPHALUS. Brewer’s Blackbird, Cummon. A flock stayed with me severa! weeks last winter while I was plow- ing and with the help of robins and other birds took care of a large number of angle worms which were plowed up.

SPINUS TRISTIS. Goldfinch. Occasionally seen in flocks about our orchar ds.

ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELI. Gambel’s Sparrow. For the most part this species winters farther south, but one was seen here February 4th 1895.

JUNCO HYEMALIS OREGONUS, Oregon Junco One of our most abundant birds, alway in flocks

American

They seem to enjoy snow better than sunshine

MELOSPIZA FASCIATA GUTTATA. Rusty Song Sparrow. The majority winter farther south, but a few remain with us to enliven our dreary, rainy winter days with their cheerful appearance and soul-stirring song. There were a pair staying about our premises last winter and desiring a specimen, I took one of them. Fora time the lonely mate was about daily giving me concerts, even when snowing heavily, seemly to chide me with his beautiful But in a short time a new mate appeared and now these two are constantly about, as happy as can be,

PIPILO MACULATES OREGONUS. Oregon Towhee. Asis the case with above species, the Oregon Towhee is not as common in the winter as in the summer, but yet it is a common bird, twitching about the bushes uttering his

song for depriviug him of his companion.

note of inquiry, ‘‘why”?

ANTHUS PENSILVANICUS, American Pipit Flocks of twenty to thirty are not uncommon.

THRYOTHOROUS — BEWICKII SPILURUS. Vigor’s Wren. Not uncommon. Always in pairs.

ANOTHURA TROGLODYTES PACIFICUS, West- ern Winter Wren. Common about brushy localities, frequently entertaining you with their very pleasing song which is as smal: as the bir d itself.

PARUS Oregon Chicadee. cheerful at all times but at his best during a

ATRICAPILLUS Common,

OCCIDENTALIS, A hardy feliow,

snow storm. PARUS RUFESCFNS. Rare. in flocks in company with /, atricapillus

Sometimes seen

occidentalts,

PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS. Bush-tit. Not uncommon in flocks.

REGULUS SATRAPA OLIVACEUS. Western

Rare. Sometimes

seen in flocks, generally in company with 7.

Golden-crowned Kinglet.

minimus, REGULUS CALENDULA. Ruby crowned: Kinglet. The only bird I ever saw of this

species was on January 26th 1895. While cut- ting wood, a strange olive-colored bird alight- ed on a branch a few feet from me, but was gone again like a flash; that moment was long enough, however, to make known the little stranger, for the stripe of ruby on its crown unmistakably pronounced its identify.

MERULA MIGRATORIA PROPINQUA. West- ern Robin. Abundant. One hasbeen around here nearly every day which has about half the wings white. The first song of the season of this species was heard on February 26th.

HESPEROCICHLA NAEVIA. Varied Thrush. Often called Alaska Robin. I have found this bird rather rare in this county, seeing but a few during the winter and these being shy and staying for the most part in the thick fir

timber, During January and February of 1894, however, they were exceedingly abund- ant, so much so their appearance was noted by the causaul observer and heralded by the press

THE OREGON

as a ‘‘new bird to Oregon.”

SIALIA MEXICANA. Western — Bluebird. Appears in January and becomes common by February.

PHASIANUS TORQUATUS. ant.

Mongolian Pheas- Variously called Denny, Chinese, China, and Ring Pheasant. Fifteen years ago this bird was unknown in Oregon, but from three hens and fifteen cocks turned loose in 1880, and twenty eight more turned loose in 1881, they have increased at sucha rapid rate that to-.lay they are an abundant bird throughout the Willamette valley. They are our most common game bird during the winter, ARTHUR LAMSON POPE,

THE IMPORTED AND ACCLIMATED GERMAN SONG BIRDS IN OREGON,

By C. F. Pfluger, Sec’y of the Society of the Introduction of song-birds into Oregon, Portland.

THE GOLDFINCH OR THISTLEFINCH. (Fringilla carduelis, Der Stiglitz.)

Of these handsome birds 40 pairs were in- uoduced into Oregon by the Society in 1889 and 1892, They have become very plentiful throughout the State, and can be seen quite often on the east side of the city.

The Goldfinch is a native of the old world, and attractve from the beauty of ‘its plumage and song, is 534 inches in length, of which the tail measures 2inches The beak is 5 lines in length very sharp, and slightly bent at the point, and compressed at the sides,

at

In color it is whitish, with a tinge of brown at the tips. The feet are brown, slender, and 6 lines in height. The front of the head is bright scarlet, and a broad stripe of the same color encircles the root of the beak. The poll of the head is black, and asimilar stripe passes over the back of the head down each side of the neck, Be- hind this stripe is a white spot on both sides, and the cheeks and upper part of the neck are also white. The back and nape.of the neck are a beautiful brown; the rump whitish,

NATURALIST. 153 with a tinge of brown; and the larger feathers black. The sides of the breast and groin are light brown; the middle of the breast, the belly, and the vent, are whitish, tinged with brown. The thighs are grayish, the pen feathers velvety black, with inold birds, and are sometimes wanting in the

first two feathers, The middle pen feathers are edged on the

outer pluine—for about an inch—with bright yellow; which, in conjunction with the yellow tips of the hindmost large coverts, produces a most beautiful bright spot on the wings. The outer coverts are black, the tail is slightly fork- ed, and black; the two, or, sometimes the three

tips, which becomes smaller

first pen feathers, having a white spot on the middle of the inner plume, and the rest being tipped with white. Occasionally, also, the third feather is quite black at the sides.

The female is somewhat smaller, and almost alike in plumage with that of the male,

The Goldfinch throughout summer frequents gardens, groves, and such mountainous districts as are not altogether uncultivated, orare planted It is not a bird of pass- age, but in autumn collects in flights of at

with coniferous trees.

most from 15 to 20, and makes excursions in search of thistle-down; forsaking districts where the snow is thick upon the ground, for others where the weather is more genial.

The food of the Goldfinch consists of various species of small seed; for example, plantain, chiccory, burdock, lettuce, cabbage, rape, canary, and thistle seeds.

The Goldfinch prefers to build its nest, which with that of the Chaffinch is among the most of It is semispherical, and composed of moss, lichens, and fine root fibers, finely woven together, and lined with wool, hairand thistle-down.

The female lays once a year 5 to 6 pale-green eggs, spotted with light red, and often sur- rounded at the thick end with a circle of small Flackish stripes. The young, which before the first moulting are grey on the head, and are fed from the crop. The males may at a very early poriod be distinguished by a narrow

remarkable for the strength and beauty its structure, in apple and pear trees.

154

The Goldfinch continually in

white ring round the beak. isa lively handsome bird, motion, and uttering its pleasant and sonorous song at all periods of the year, except when moulting, It consists, besides several intricate and twittering notes, of certain tones, which resemble jhose of a harp. Of all the sweet songsters that delight the ear with their music, and the eye with their lively motions, graceful and delicately blended tints, there is none more universally admired than this beautiful finch, termed Carduelis, or Thistle Finch, on account of its fondness for

forms,

the downy seeds ot a class of plants, which

would be much more troublsome to the agriculturist, were it not for the assistance rendered by this goldfinch How curiously they hang on the prickly stems and leaves of the thistles—with what adroitness do they thrust their bills into the heart of the

involucres—and how little do they regard any

bright-winged

one as they ply their pleasant pursuit, un.

conscious of danger, and piping their mellow cal)-notes. THE CHAFFINCH. (fringilla — coelebs,

Der Buchfink.)

Of these lovely song- birds 40 pairs were introduced by the Society into Oregon in 1889-

The Chaffinch is found all over Europe, and is exceeding common in Germany. It is a true bird of passage, although some birds may occasionally winter here, Their time of de- parture lasts from the beginning of October till the middle of November, and they return throughout March. It is wellknown that the Chaffinch, on account of its beautiful and extraordinary song, is the favorite of many

persons. It is 6% inches in length of which the tail measures 234 inches, The beak,

which is conical, as is the case with all birds of this genus (Avingil/z), is white in winter, but at the time of pairing, when the bird begins to sing, it becomes dark blue, and remains so till the moulting season. The iris is chestnut brown, the feet are 9 lines high, and blackish brown. The claws are very sharp. The forehead is black, the top of the head and nape of the neck, grayish blue, and

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

in older birds dark blue with a very few feathers standing up like a crest. The upper part of the back is chestnut brown, tinged with olive green; the lower part of the back, and the rump, are greenish. The cheeks, throat, breast, and belly, are a reddish chestnut brown, tinged with white towards the vent. The shanks are gray, the pen feathers bordered on the outer plume with green, on the inner with white, and white also at the root. The small- er coverts are white; the larger black, tipped with white, from which arise two white stripes across the upper part of the wing. The tail feathers are black, the two in center being with ashen gray, and the two on the outside having each a large wedge-shaped white spot. All have a hardly perceptible border of green.

The female, which is easily distinguished from the male, is smaller; on the head, neck, and upper part of the back, greyish Grown; on the lower part, dirty white; on the breast red- dish grey. The beak is greyish brown in summer, and in winter whitish grey. The food of the Chaffinch consists of seeds, grain and all kinds of insects.

The Chaffinch’s nest, which is built upon the branch of a tree, is constructed with great ingenuity, Its upper part is formed like a compressed sphere, as round as if it had been turned, and fastened to the bough by cobwebs It is composed of moss and small with feathers,

and hair, twigs, lined on the inside thistle-down, and hair, and covered outwardly

with the lichens of the trees on which it stands.

The reason of this last mentioned precaution is probably to elude hostile observations, at all events, it is very difficult to distinguish the Chaffinch’s nest from the trunk of the twee to

which it is attached, The female hatches two broods every year, laying each time four to five light bluish grey eggs, covered with copper- colored spots and stripes.

The first brood, as indeed is the case with all birds which breed twice a year, consists almost exclusively of males; the second as exclusively of females.

The chief attractive qualities of the Chaffinch

is undoubtedly its fine song. It has besides,

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

however, different cries by means of which it expresses its desires and wants, The cry of of affection, which also seems to announce a a change o* weather, is ‘Treef, treef;’ the call which it utters while op its migration is a repeated ‘Yak, yak;’ and the vail ‘Fink, fink,’ from which it derives its name, is heard so frequently as to warrant the conjecture thit it is involuntary. Its clear, penv-trating song, however, is still more remarkable than these notes, and is distinguished from that of all other birds, by its near approach to articulate speech. This is expressed in German by the word ‘Schlag.’

Each bird possesses one, two, three, or even four different songs, each of waich is divided into several parts, and occupies perha;s ten utterance. The

which the various songs of the Chaffinch

seconds in the names known, are generally derived from the syllable of the sentence which these birds supposed to utter

Vhe maie Chaffinch is ove of the most hand- some of our common smail birds, and in his general deportment is as lively as he is hand- some, and as his giy appearance and song frequently, noticed as early as February, points him out as one of the first birds, to afford an indication of returning spring, he is for these various reasons a general favorite among the lovers of birds,

MOTHERLY DEVOTION.

On April 19th., 1890, when passing through a heavy woods near my home I noticed a _ hole in a decayed stub where a large limb had been broken from an oak tree, and thinking it might be the nesting site of some species of wood- pecker I rapped on the tree with a_ stick where-upon a Flying Squirrel (Sctusropterus volans), emerged from the opening and made a flying leap to an adjacent tree. Thinking that she might be tresp.ssing on the rights of others I broke open the snag and noticing nothing but a little wad ef rab)it’s fur was about to leave the spot when I though I would like to

155

see her ‘‘fly” again, so throwing a stick up in the tree in which she was, [ had the pleasure of witnessing the interesting sight. Strange, I thought that when frightened from the tree she should return to the stub. I again started her from the stub and she went to the same tree as when first routed. I again threw a stick in the tree when she for the second time returned to thestub. Surely I thought there must be something there to attract her. I stood still a do. Presently she entered the bunch of fur, and four young, their eyes not vet opened, fell to the

ground.

moment Or So to see what she would next

These I took in my hand and_ they soon began to utter a little squeak, which I interpreted as their call for ‘‘mamma,” and apparently my interpretation was correct, for the mother soon emerged from the nest and began answering her babies calls. Slowly she descended the tree, in the meanwhile keeping with

wondered what she would do next and was not

up the conversation her children. I

long in finding out. Fearlessly she ascended my leg, went out on my outstretched arm to Here she hesitated a moment or two as if considering

my hand wherein her young lay.

where to take the little ones and was not long in making a decision. Blinking her pretty eyes as if a brilliant thought had entered her busy mind she tenderly took one of the young in her mouth as does our familiar friend, pussy descended to the ground and scampered away about sixty feet to the foot ofan old oak and She soon

returned to the opening of the new retreat and

disappeared into a hole at its base,

receiving an answer to her call secured baby No. 2 in the same manner as No. 1. This she continued until the last one was placed in the new home. After leaving the last one she once more appeared at the door way, uttered her call,.and receiving no response, seemed to say ‘‘Thank you sir,” and went in to care for her family. Such fearlessness I have never seen exhibited before or since by a creature that apparently shuns man,

(From my Note Book.)

WILL EDWIN SNYDER.

Beaver Dam, Wisconsin.

156

EASTERN DEPARTMENT.

CONDUCTED BY DR, C. C,. PURDUM.

Begin to classify, overhaul and record your collections of the past six months, and after they are safely stored away in your cabinet, write up what you have been doing and let us know about them.

An event which has long been anticipated by the children took place in the editors house- hold last week. The family cat is now proudly strutting about with the lofty mieu of a mother of five kittens and all the more proudly because one of the kittens has no paws upon its forward jegs. Children delighted! Cat mistyfied! Kitten with the air of ‘‘a sacrifice to science’ pursues the even tenor of its way which consists of remaining upon the cotton at the bottom of its box and disposing of large quantities of milk

and cream.

BEACH COLLECTING.

(Continued from Page 131.

ARBATIA PUNCTULATA, Occasionally this species is met with on the rocks, and in some places where the tide

1”, from the

rushes through a shallow ‘‘canai”, sea, into a salt water lake or marsh, if there are any rocks in this canal they are liable to have Arbatias on their under sides.

STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROBACHIENSIS.

As one might infer from the name, this urchin is larger than the preceding. I have never found this species but mention it because on the coasts farther north if is common, Its color is green.

And now we come to the molluscs which I have never studied to any extent and, with the

exception of a few common forms, never collected. Beach collecting, however, affords fine

opportunities to the conchologist provided he can ‘‘get on” to the localities where shells

abound. I will note a few of the most

common shore molluscs.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

PECTEN IRRADIANS.

The common scallop which is very much in demand as an article of food and highly prized by epicures. The quickness with which these animals can push through the water by rapidly opening and shutting the two valves of their shellsis remarkable, It was found in muddy marshes where ‘‘eel grass” was plentiful.

MODIOLA PLICATULA.

This mollusk was locally common. They inhabit marshes, especially those in which the water is slightly blackish, and live in the mud

buried to the depth of one or two inches.

MACTRA SOLIDISSIMA.

Often when walking along the shores with bare feet I have found this mollusk by _ tread- ing on it, This, by the way, is a plan, commonly adopted, to obtain these animals, They are valued asa food product and make the famous ‘‘quahoy chowder” for which Rhode Island is famous.

MYA ARENARIA,

Probably the clam is the most important food mollusk in America. At any rate zm- mense quantities are devoured eich summer at the various shore resorts, each of which caters to from two to ten thousand people daily, and and the gathering of this supply gives employ- ment to a large number of men,

TEREDO NAVALIS.

Some of the old water soaked timber which floats in from mid ocear is filled with the tubes of this destructive creature.

It is difficult to procure perfect specimens as their tubes run through the wood in every direction and somehow the wood seems never to split in the way you wish it.

There are but few worms which I think can really be placed under the head of Beach Collecting. The collecting of marine worms differs entirely from real beach collecting although many species are found in the mud and sand near the shore. Perhaps at some future date I may give some idea of this,

another kind of Marine Collecting.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

SERPULA DIANTHUS,

This worm I mentioned at some length in one of my former papers and will not describe it again here. Its crooked tubes were often found, on the beaches, twisted around stones.

PODARKE OBSURA,

A small worm which was taken among the ‘eel grass” with dipnet. They are very dark in color,

LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS.

This is the ‘interesting animal which has caused so much discussion in the scientific world,

Vhe question is whether the ‘‘horseshoe eral,” as L. polyphemus is commonly called, is a crustacean or arachnidan, and able

arguments have been offered on both sides.

many

I believe that there are still doubts as to its position in the scale of invertbrates though hy naturalists It 1s

most

placed the

among crustaceans.

It receives its common name of ‘‘horse foot” or ‘thorse shoe crab” from the resemblance of the outline of the ce»halothorax to the foot of a horse

It has a wide range extending from Maine to Florida.

The ‘‘king crab,” another of its common names, is common on sandy and muddy shores as many batners, who have stepped on the tip of the long ‘‘tail” could testify. It burrows just beneath the surface and the sharp point of the caudal spine can make a good sized hole in the naked foot of any person who may be so unfortunate as to come in contact with it,

The many small aniinals and worms living in the mud form the main part of its food, L. polyphemus posesses great vitality not only in the adult form but also the eggs which are laid in the sand and, being uncovered twice each day by the tide, lay exposed to the action of the elements.

My father remembers the time when the large one were gathered, at spawning season, in great numbers as food for hogs, who were very fond of them, and certainly at this season they possess a fair amount of eatable matter,

F. P. DRowne.

157

NOTES FROM THE JUNCTION OF THE WILLAMETTE AND COLUMBIA RIVERS.

The advance guard of the Western Golden- crowned Kinglets was first observed on the morning of September 23rd. They had likely crossed the Columbia from Washington the preceeding night,—that is, if the statement of some writers that Kinglets migrate by night is reliable.

To me it seems wonderful that such a small piece of vitality can successfully brave the long mile of water which separates the Oregon and Washington shores. Especially so, when we consider that usually this little insect hunter never flies more than one or two hundred yards when getting his breakfast—which occupation, by the wav, lasts all day so that in reality Regulus eats but one meal.

As far as my observations extend they confine themselves generally to the fir trees, scrutinizing every nook and cranny of the bark and needles, in search, no doubt, of some rare entomological specimen, performing the while acrobatic feats worthy of any tit-mouse, spite the fact that our scientists say that Regulus must not be placed with the Parid.

Some birds are not early risers, but no such false accusation can be brought against our little Satrapa. Almost before the winter night has finished gathering up the folds of her cold -starry-decked garments, the ‘‘Tsee, tsee, tsee’’ of a Kinglet may be heard announc- ing to his fellows and the world in general that breakfast is ready and that he is partaking thereof.

already

DFCRB:

Quartz inclosing rutile is found among the washed pebbles and agates at Yaquina bay, Oregon. Some of it showing the rutile in very handsome hair like form.

A number of quail and ring-neck pheasants have been turned loose on the John Day river on Canyon creek in Grant county, Or, These birds are protected by law east of the Cascade mountains.

158

WOOD STAINS FOR TAXIDER- MISTS.

There are times when the taxidermist would like to imitate some of the more expensive woods. The receipts here given, with a littie experience will be found to work well. Parts are by weight. After staining, polish and finish as in natural woods. ‘

CALIFORNIA RED WOOD.

Tincture of alkanet root.

BLACK OR EBONY.

Brush with a solution extract of logwood (1 to 20), then apply a solution of bichromate of potassium (1 to 50), Thoroughly dry with- out heat, oil and polish.

DARK OAK. Parts. Gasseli brown 22cee. sae cessat se «ction 10 Pearlash ies. c2isteesmaccbiee niasee acetone I Wa teri. cweceace euecbitees Seles cnt slo 125 Boil together and stain LIGHT OAK. Parts. Gumi Catechitiss. os verssesle sensi 300 Wrateridsiiccsas lusshid naecen selnwess 200

Boil together, strain hot, and add to it a solution of 25 parts of bichromate of potassium in 100 parts of water,

MAHOGANY. Parts Al Kemet oats thw sssdisestians sonueee 25 OES vise etal aser pesto ove aeiieneniaess -50 Dragon's Wbloods. soiiece% a. ars- he 50 AMlcohole.s-escepaxiee teats soumcetuees 650

Digest for a week and filter, Mordant the wood with nitric acid, and

apply the stain from one to three times,

according to the shade required. Oil and polish. WALNUT. Parts Permanganate of potassium....... if) Wiaterncttcesca-nsan- sesteecseepe acts 300 Dissolve.

Brush quickly over the wood from one to eight times without waiting to let it dry; after

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

5 to Io minutes the wood is washed with cold water, oiled and polished.

ROSE WOOD. Parts Tincture of Alkanet..............- 700 Anialiny binersee ieee eadeeseeeees 3 SATIN WOOD. Parts Bustic extrachcssc.-cs-seeecce cee 300 Weatert deci stecacapesssesceeereor 700

Dissolve, strain and add a solution of Io parts of pearlash in 35 parts of water.

A WHITE CHIPMUNK

Mr. W. B. Malleis of Cedar Mills, Or., has Washington

a white chipmunk, caught in county, ina woodpile. The prevailing color of the specimen is pure white. The scalp, stripe above, and below the eye are a creamy white, quite distitict.

the bands on the back can be seen faintly, in

On close examination

color a creamy white, slightly,darker;than the body. of the same shade as the scalp.

The tailis comparatively quite dark, and The eyes are rown,

White gophers, squirrels of several species, mink, deer, crows and blackbirds have been taken in Oregon, but we believe this to be the first record for a white chipmunk.

Recently the Berlin arrested the antiquary Kyrieleis and his wife, charged with having falsified Luther

autographs at prices running from 50 to 200

police

sold numerous

marks, These counterfeits were remarkably well executed. The couple, whose arrest had been prepared for months, were taken while on the point of departing for Frankfort from a third-rate hotel, where they had been lodging under an assumed name. The autographs are found inancient Bibles and books of a religious character of the time of Luther, which the counterfeiters pretend, have been collected by

the ancestors of the man Kyrieleis.

THE OREGON

RARE POINTS.

Noting in last month’s Naturalist a short article chronicling a find near Stockton, Cal., of ib: (queried), I send herewith outlines of two such

several shaped obsidian **knives” which lately came into my possession, and which I prize very highly.

The largest is of clear, grayish flint, having an opalized appearance and is 2 inches across the lower barbs, Its shape is well represented by the letter V inverted (A). One of the barbs extends slightly below the other and

measure I in, x 1 in. respectively.

ACTUAL SIZE.

The other specimen is exceedingly small

measuring only slightly over 14 an inch across the barbs, They were found near Sellwood, Oregon, on the bank of the Willamette river. I do not class them as knives, as the foregoing part of this article would indicate, but as a rare shape of spear and arrow points, I have never seen any but these two, and write this

for the benefit of your readers interested in archeology. Ep A. SCHLOTH. Portland, Oregon,

NATURALIST. 159

NOTES.

Last week the university of Washington received from Alaska a fine specimen of jade, dark green in color, and showing signs of having been used by man first as a sort of quarry from which he slowly and laboriously Later one end was ground down to an edge to permit the stone to be used as Along the sides of the stone are deeply cut grooves, at

cut stone knives and spear points,

an ax, the bottom of which are shattered edges, show- ing where a knife or spear point had been cut out, It is said that natives cut these. grooves The wood holds the

particles of sand and grinds away the jade,

with a stick and sand.

though the latter is one of the toughest stones the east side of Kotzebue sound, rorth of Behring

known, This specimen was found on strait, in Northern Alaska, at about 66 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, It was, presented to the university hy the Artic Trading Com- pany, of wnich C, L. Webb, of Seattle, is president, and Miner W, Bruce, of Alaskan fame, is a prominent member, — Oregozian.

A string of elk teeth containing over 100 were sent to D. M. Averill, the past week. These teeth had been saved for a long period by an Indian of the Grande Ronde, It appears that it is only a question of a short period of time

when the elk will be extinct.

A Mr. Reeves, who has been placer mining on the Chetco river, cleaned up nearly three ounces iridium; said to be pure and not in combination with platinum or rhodium,

Eugene, reports two, and Salem, two snowy

owls

Query Column.

Is Chlorate of Potash, a good remedy for cankered mouth, which is so prevalent among serpentsp—R. C. Paine, 1416 R. I. Ave., N. W. Washington, D. C.

160

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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Entered at the Post Office at Palestine, Oregon, as second class matter.

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Several hundred subscriptions expire with this number. If your subscription expires, renew at once or the paper will be discontinued.

The following item going the rounds of the press, if true suggests the idea that Europeans have not wholly emerged trom barbarism. “‘In one consignment recent- ly a feather dealer in London received 6,000 birds of paradise, 360,000 birds of various kinds from the East Indies, and 400,000 humming birds. In three months another dealer imported 356,398 birds from the East Indies.”’

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Up to the time of going to press eight snowy owls have been offered for sale in Portland. For three days a severe rain storm prevailed, followed by snow, hail and sleet; unusual for Western Oregon at this time ofthe year. The owls came with the snow and vary much in plumage. One specimen was_ nearly white, with only a few spots and bands of brown.

Oregon has a game law that savors too strongly of class legislation. It appears to have been drawn for the sole benefit of sportsmen only, and as changes are even now talked of for the more exclusive benefit of the city sportsman, the N. O. A. should take a hand in the matter, that a clause may be inserted permitting the collecting of spe2cimans for scientific purposes.

That unmitigated nuisance the English sparrow is rapidly increasing in Portland.

It is desirable to ascertain if possible to what extent the imported song birds have adapted themselves to their new surround- ings; while it is known that some of them are doing well and increasing in numbers, notably the skylark and starling, very little information can be obtained regard- the others. Mr. Rey Stryker reports the mocking bird as having nested near Milwaukee. Observations on these birds should be kept for future reference.

In November a female sooty albatross was brought to the establishment of D. M. Averill & Co., to be mounted. It measured 31 in. in length; 85 in. stretch of wings and was captured on the ship Brynhilda, when two days sail from the mouth of the Columbia river.

November 17 a pair, male and female,

of snowy owls were shot near Astoria and sentto D. M. Averill & Co., to be mount-

ed.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

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THE OREGON NATURALIST.

Fine Cabinet Crystals

GREEN MICA CRYSTALS—These are new, rare and do not occur elsewhere, They are bright green, transparent and highly polished. But one vein found so farand now

Cabinet groups, 25cts. to

worked out. $1.00. A few extra ones at $1.50 to $2.00, GREEN MICA AND TOURMALINE, grouped together, price, 25 cts. to $1.25. QUARTZ CRYSTALS—in a hundred forms, clear, smoked, single and in groups. Fine showy specimens 25 cts to $1.50 QUARTZ CRYSTALS, with water bubbles,

some large and free, active movers, 25 cts. to $1.00. AMETHYST, single crystals and grours,

high and medium tints, 25 cts to 75 cts. QUARTZ, with Rutile crystal included, anet- work of hair-like crystals filling clear quartz. Amount limited at present, 10 to 25cts, QUARTZ, with included clay, very showy, 10 cts. to $1.00. QUARTZ, showing rare planes and erosions, get something of scientific interest cheap, 25 cts. to $1.00.

A chance to real

CYANITE, broad blue blades, foliated, Io cts. to 50 cts.

ZIRCON, small and = medium, perfect crystals, 4 to 34 inches, 5 cts. to rocts,

TOURMALINE, BERYL, CORUNDUM

and Rutile crystals, 10 to 25 cts. each. GCETHITE, handsome black velvety groups and botryoidal masses 25 cts. to $1.00. You may be able to get some of these else- where, but you will hardly get them fairer or better. If you are not pleased your Money will be returned. E. H. HARN, HENRY, (Lincoln Co,,) N.C.

% GREAT NOVELTY IN PIN CUSHIONS. } Made from the seed stalk of the Yucca Palm or Spanish Bayonet, whose beautiful white blossoms adorn the canyons and mountain sides of Cal. 1150 Yucca Cush- ions were retailed by one hotel toits guests in less than 5 months. The outside of the stalk is hard and the inside soft, and when nicely turned on a lathe they make a most beautiful white Pincushion.

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NATURALIST-

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LO. THE NCOLEECLOR, JOR DEALERS é ae J

OF COINS. Agents. Salary or commission. Minerals at

A rare offer for cash about 600 Coins, 500 bed rock prices. copper and roo silver and nickel coins (no J will send 20 lbs, good Minerals for $1.00 duplicates) including nearly all coin issueing countries, nicely arranged in sets the result of 15 years collecting (cond tion), good, fine, too uncirculated. A few fair also a few poor.! Iam setting fine Opals in solid Gold settings Will sell the entire lot at a price that will and can give prices that will surprise you. surprise you. Write for further particulars to WILLIAM CUDNEY,

40 different kinds if you wish, or less number of larger specimens.

Good Gold and honest work is the motto,

Galt, P. O., : Ont., Can. Write for terms and circulars. —————E———— ee | ROBERT BURNHAM, = , To all sending references for | £5) Chesbue St, - Providence, R. I. ir p my neat Approval Sheets of |

Foreign Stamps @ 50% off | specimens of Hot Springs, will receive several specimees of some VERY | Arkansas Crystals. Groups

oLpD West Indian shells. Have been gathered | 10 to 50 cts. Crystals nearly two centuries, GUARANTEED. Free to Single and double terminated 10 to 25 cts. intending purchasers. Send to Joplin cubes of lead Io te 50 cts.

H. B. VESEY , Dod. TODD; 52 York Place, ; é Norfolk, Va, , 1217 Cherry St., - Kansas City, Mo,

waaay

___Tribbett.

neo in Dey Peas

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

DEALERS DIRECTORY

A two or three line advertisement under this heading, twelve insertions, including subscription to the Oregon Naturalist, $1.00. Extra lines twenty-five cents each, payable in advance.

Brown A. M. & Co., hardt’s Secret Receipt Book, ibrap? ete;, 14634 Sixth St,

Agents for Rine- “Eagle Claw, Portland, Or.

CALIFORNIA curiosities. G, W. Pasadena, California,

Tuttle,

Low

Om los

INDIAN RELIcs: of stone of all kinds, Send stamp for description, -Thorntown. Indiana.

for cash,

eee VAs

wane)

pe ae a 74 AF, 1 = Pp Finest ts

Voe. tf

arrow

relics, bird skins, and Oregon points. D. M, Averill &Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland, Oregon.

PATENTS—John A. Saul, Atlantic Bldg, Washington, D.C. does all business pertaining to the Patent Office.

ca TE neh ke

Pos1AGE,STAMPS—Send for sheets, refer- ence required. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portiand Oregon.

STANDARD STAMP Co., No. 4 Nicholson Place, St. Louis, Mo Send stampson approval.

eee em ON eM

STEAM LAPIDARY ESTABLISHMENT, Miner- als polished and for sale at reasonable prices. J. G. Buxton, Milo Centre, N. Y.

pru a ee rN

| You cannot LOOK HER eg make more at- tractive additions to your Cabinet than polished specimens of | Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals. The handsomest in the world. Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x3% 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Elegant Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design, Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect . Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and 5oc.

Address, Charles E. Briggs, Lasoo Iowa.

Collect Stamps ndingly:

* understandingly, and from imposition you ctamp literature. It take all the leading mwnly the ADVANCED col-

For the ordinary, erican collector one or

‘e, providing they are You mnst need have

o bring you the news

‘ed on the ins and outs :rise and fall of prices

ig auctionsales. There

, firmly established and

.< interest of the collector,

~—-wnicn1s published at a EY nominal bree:

We refer to

THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA, If you have never seen a copy, send sony

address on a postal at once to

THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA, 502-506 CONGRESS ST., - PORTLAND, ME.

Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles. Ripans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists. ae la Tabules cure dizziness.

Subscribe NATURALICE

Only 25 cents for the Oregon Naturalist | one year.

THE OREGON NATURALIST.

“MUSIC ONES 250 PAGE

Learn to play any Instrument, Without a Teacher | | | |

Send socents cash or stampsand I will send prepaid a CATA LO G ) E

book of Instructions. Any Instrument mastered, with no other help only this Instructor.

I, M. MARSH, Send 25 cents (Silver) and Delavan, Ilimois. get a 250 page Catalogue, which is the finest and SEND STAMP for a neat Catalogue of largest ever issued on the Electric Motors, Storage Batteries, Minature Pacific Coast. Lamps, Electric Scarf Pin Outfits, Electric Books, and supplies, to L. S. Marsn, ELLSWORKEH LENTZ Howell, - - - - ey = ie Michigan, | LOCK BOX SIX

CLUB RATES Po. CITY, "OREGOR

We give a list of Magazines with the sub- Agents, Write for scription price of each and the price which we ee EC E P rown O.. can furnish them with the Oregon Naturalist. TABI/e Cope > WITH NATURALIS~

THE OBSERVER. $1.00 Oe Cae Rocky MounrTAIN STAMP. .25 ‘i THE AQUARIUM $1.00 ‘* Bis GAMELAND, OO iis or MINERAL COLLECTOR $1.00 ‘‘ a THE NIDOLOGIST, $1.00 ‘ ue THE Doc FANCIER, 50cts. sf THE MAINE SPORTSMAN, I.00 bb EVERGREEN STATE PHILATELIST, 2§cts. THE NUMISMATIST, $1.00

TO THE COLLECTOR OR DEAL

OF COINS. og eg A rare offer for cash about 600 Coins, 500 oppress

copper and roo silver an nickel coins (no I will send 20 lbs. good Minerals for $1.00

duplicates) including nearly all coin issueing

countries, nicely arranged in sets the result of ;

15 years collecting (cond:tion), good, fine, too of larger specimens.

uncirculated. A few fair also a few poor.| Iam setting fine Opals in solid Gold settings

Will sell the entire lot at a price that will and can give prices that will surprise you.

surprise you. Write for further particulars to

WILLIAM CUDNEY,

40 different kinds if you wish, or less number

Good Gold and honest work 1s the motto,

Galt, P. O., ¢ Ont., Can. Write for terms and circulars. ——eEeEeEeEEEeEeEeEeammEaEeEeEeEeE—E——eeeeeee ROBERT BURNHAM, .- A To all sending references for | | 15 Chestnut St., - Providence, R. I, re my neat Approval hae fad ile os

Foreign Stamps @ 50% off, specimens of Hot Springs, will receive several specimees of ae VERY | Arkansas Crystals. Groups OLD West Indian shells. Have been gathered | 10 to §0 cts. Crystals

nearly two centuries, GUARANTEED. Free to single and double terminated 10 to 2§ cts.

intending purchasers. Send to Joplin cubes of lead 10 to 50 cts, H. B. VESEY S _ DAM. rODD, 52 York Place, y Norfolk, Va, , 1217 Cherry St., - Kansas City, Mo,

~—Psee 5 >

q

THE OREGON

DEALERS DIRECTORY

A two or three line advertisement under this heading, twelve insertions, including subscription to the Oregon Naturalist, $1.00. Extra lines twenty-five cents each, payable in advance.

Brown A. M. & Co., Agents for Rine- hardt’s Secret Receipt Book, *‘Eagle Claw, Trap” etc., 146% Sixth St., Po rtland, Or.

CALIFORNIA curiosities. G, W. Pasadena, California,

Tuttle,

INDIAN RELIcs;: of stone of all kinds. Low for cash, Send stamp for description. C. E. Tribbett, Thorntown, Indiana.

Join the NorthwesternsOrnithologists Associ-

ation, only 50 cts a year including copy of the Official Organ.

MINERALS—Robert Burnham, 15 Chestnut St., Providence, R. I. cheap.

Sells choice minerals

MINERALS—E. H. Harn, Henry, N. C. Fine crystals from the ‘‘Oid North State.”

MINERALS—Geo. L. English & Co., 64 E. 12th, St., New York. Best and most varied stock in United States.

PACIFIC COAST shells, relics, bird skins, and Oregon arrow points. D. M, Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portland, Oregon.

minerals, Indian

PATENTS—John A. Saul, Atlantic Bldg, Washington, D.'C, does all business pertaining to the Patent Office.

PosTAGE,STAMPS—Send for sheets, refer- ence required. D. M. Averill & Co., 148 Sixth St., Portiand Oregon.

STANDARD STAMP Co., No. 4 Nicholson Place, St. Louis, Mo Send stamps on approval.

STEAM LAPIDARY ESTABLISHMENT, Miner- als polished and for sale at reasonable prices. J. G. Buxton, Milo Centre, N. Y.

NATURALIST.

| You cannot _ make more at-

tractive additions | to your Cabinet than polished specimens of | Birds Eye and Fish Egg Marble. These are the Acervularia Davidsoniand Profunda Corals.

The handsomest in the world, Is found in this locality. Specimens, polished face, 2x2% 25c. 2x3'4 35c, 3x3 50c., postpaid. Elegant |Paper Weights, $1 to $3, according to size and design. Special price on larger specimens for Colleges and Museums. All specimens highly polished and guaranteed first class in every respect

Also fine specimens Calcite 10-25 and Soc.

Address, Charles E. Briggs, Lisbon, Iowa.

Collect Stamps Understandingly:

In order to collect understandingly, and to prevent yourself from imposition you should read the best stamp literature. It costs a good sum tO take all the leading journals, but—then only the ADVANCED col- lector, needs them att. For the ordinary, plain, every-day American collector one or two papers will suffice, providing they are selected judiciously. You mnst need have a weekly included, to bring you the news and to keep you posted on the ins and outs of the trade, and the rise and fall of prices as reflected by leading auction sales. There is but one WEEKLY, firmly established and ever alert to the interest of the collector, which is published at a xery nominal ‘price We refer to THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA.

If you have never seen a copy, send sone address on a postal at once to

THE WEEKLY PHILATELIC ERA,

502-506 CONGRESS ST., - PORTLAND, ME,

Ripans Tabules cure liver troubles. Ripans Tabules.

Ripans Tabules cure nausea. Ripans Tabules: at druggists. Ripans Tabules cure dizziness.

Subscribe \riatst.

Only 25 cents for the Oregon Naturalist | one year.

THE OREGON

SPECIMEN DEPART ae i

Agriculture Ic, 75¢, 2c, .50 Complete set Agriculture, Ly fore) Executive Ic, 1.00;0072C, D255 Complete set Executive, 10.00 Interior, Ic, or 2c, each .50 Justice Ic, S5O my aes 1.00 Complete set Justice 50.00 Navy Ic, uSONscg2G; 1.00 Navy 7c, 5.00 Complete set Navy, - 25.00 Post Office Ic, or 2c, each .50 State Ic, BOC e2C: 1.50 State 7c, 3.00 Complete set State, (1-90c.) 25.00 Treasury Ic, 0: 2c, each .50 Treasury 7c, 3.00 1861 Set complete (specimen) o. g. 10.00

60,00

Newspaper complete, I have just returned from Europe where I have been buying U. S. Stamps for my winter trade. I havea fine stock of adhesives and revenues and solicit your patronage, F. E, SMITH, 56 Fairmount Ave., - NEWTON, Mass.

OREGON CHRISTMAS OFFERS.

Whale Barnacless...5..620)....ccekine each.) 5:cts. Rattle Snake Rattles..... ......... en aT ESE GeAmrowel GUNES. Ueteceles cnet asia = for,’ - 25 cts. Yaquina Agates, polished,......... each 25 cts. SancdiMollarwicsvebccetessevesanesems each ‘5 cts. Seas WinchinysShell. ere ieee asesubais each 10cts. MEMALOOSE RELICS.

2 Abalone Pendants..............+0. each 25 cts, BNROTME CAS. cena taacs ne sesite associ each 25 cts, Copper Beads........:eseecereeeeeees "s 5 cts. Shell) Warm pumps. seen maceeeseaetes doz 15 cts. Shell (Dentalium)............sceeces phe PS Ue) or Copper Pendants:....-.-.....-,00.-0 each 15 cts. Elk Teeth, perforated,..... ........ Oa hy Aero ti H. B. T. Co., Beads, Asstd....... doz 10 cts, Mire} Gravee pes waccuers ee ore sere $ 1,50

Prices are, postage paid by us. ° D. M. AVERILL & CO., |

148 Sixth St., - Portland, Oregon,

short time ago we advertised Rinehardt’s Receipt ( household.

{ know the value of these receipts as Mr. FEW. ie Rinehardt, who compiled them. eae ased them, and have had them

\ put up in little pamphlet form. { one receipt alone 1s worth the price that YET? J we ask for this Book, which is 10 cents.

one, Write, to-day. eae A. M. BROWN & CO., 146% SIXTH STREET, - PORTLAND, ORE. in your collection that would be much more interesting and beautiful, if polished. etc., which will be polished in best shape, at reasonable prices. We have quantities of showy _ Joun G. Buxton,

Steam Lapidary Establishment, Milo Center, - New York,

NATURALIST.

Book of Secrets, that tells how to manufacture Mr. Rinehardt, died a few years ago, We are now offering you the benefit. It

“SHINE: We can prove this to you by polished material for sale. Let

@ CALIFORNIA .

A J many valuable articles which are used in every

eres Be receipts in manuscrivt. We

is not a large publication—but a valuable

There are many specimens

your sending us some agates, us know what you want.

_ CURIOS’ TIES.

Mounted Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Scorpions, ‘Trap-door Spiders, 5 specimen collect- ions. Yucca Pin Cushions, &c, &c. Just the goods for Curio and shell Dealers to handle.

Best work and lowest prices. Send for Wholesale Illustrated Price List.

G, W. TUTTLE,

Cents, Half-cents and Colonial Colonial Coins at 40% discount, Fractional Cur- rency of all varities 5, Io, 25, 50 cents;

First or Second issues, good $1.50, new $2. A. P. WYLIE, - Prairie Center, Il.

- PASADENA, CALIFORNIA.

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