^B ^, ^, ^m ^fearg ^attli Carnlma ^Me QlnUege HI 3 This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: 39JL66 J» *» •39 Ji/JV 4 '4'1 MAY 3 11959 ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS OF THE UNITED STATES (HARDY CULTIVATED) BY AUSTIN CRAIG APGAR AUTHOR OF "TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES "BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES," ETC. NEW YOKK ::• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1910, by AMEEICAN BOOK COMPANY. Entereo at Stationers' Hall, London. apgar's ornamental shrubs. W. P. I '• ■ a A Of ?: ^•4 . '^^#. PREFACE This book is intended to be used by that large public who wish to know by name the attractive shrubs culti- vated in parks and private grounds, but who are actually afraid of anything called botany. This fear comes from the great number of scientific words used and the con- stantly changing names in botanic books. We cannot help using rose, spirea, hydrangea, chrysanthemum, azalea, and rhododendron, though they are scientific, because long use has rendered them familiar. It would be well for us if we could lose our fear of old, well-given names in other cases. The authority of the great Linnaeus has not in one hundred and fifty years prevailed upon us to call syringa bushes philadelphus or lilac bushes syringa, so it is fool- ish for us to try to change old names. The names by long use are the ones which w^ill endure; and if our scien- tific nomenclature is to be constantly changing, the result will be that the public will have nothing to do with any names but common ones. There was a time Avhen we said, and with some truth, that common names were only local — that there were too many of them applied to the same plant and too many different plants with the same name. Ninebark and Virginia creeper are almost uni- versally used common names ; let some of us try to find and remember the scientific names given in the different manuals printed in the twentieth century for these plants ! There ought to be a time limit after which names used should not be changed for any "rule," — names which have generally found their way into manuals and cata- logues for, say, twenty years should remain the names for 39166 4 PREFACE all time. Newly introduced plants belonging to new genera should have distinctive names for our country, but the old names used in their native country would be generally best for our use. The largest, latest, and best work on ornamental plants in America is Bailey's " Cyclopedia of Horticulture," and the names there given are in almost all cases the ones here used. Where changes occur to suit popular usage the interchangeable names will be found near each other, as this book is not alphabetic but by families ; thus, Wei- gela and Diervilla are on the same page and not in sepa- rate volumes, as in the ''Cyclopedia." To suit an almost universal demand, practically all plants have been given common names. There is an attempt in many cases to use good generic names as a part of the name. As all bushes in general cultivation outdoors for orna- ment throughout the United States are included, many conservatory plants of the North will be found because they are hardy South. The illustrations are more numerous than ever before given in a single book on shrubs. Nearly every species has some feature shown. In order to impress the pupil with what constitutes a whole leaf, one is detached on some portion of the plant in most figures. The charm of a landscape throughout the growing season lies mainl}" in the foliage ; and the contrasts plants show are mostly in the variation in the color, parts, and forms of the leaves. The flowers are evanescent, but the leaves endure. Lovers of nature should get the habit of noticing leaf differences, and this book is written in the hope that it will aid in forming this habit. Many of us are afraid of anything looking like a key. Keys in manuals have gradually been rendered more and more difficult by the introduction of a larger and larger number of scientific words applying in many cases to microscopic features ; intelligent ones among us with an PREFACE O average amount of interest will not attempt to use them. The keys here given were written for the general public and not at all for the scientist. The attempt is made to include only common English words with their ordinary application. When a feature of a plant has no English word to describe it, an illustration or a phrase shows what is meant. The beginner may, of course, use only Part III with the illustrations to help him find the name of the shrub; but it would be better to throw fear to the dogs and read intelligently Part I and thus learn what is a leaf and the great leaf differences and what is a flower and the great flower differences. Then boldly try the keys to Part II and discover how readily they can be used. By means of these keys the page is determined in Part III where the plant is figured and described. Persevere! Do not be discouraged by a failure or two. If you reach that stage when you know the leaf of a plant, all the rest will be found plain and easy. The author has received much valuable help from many sources, and his thanks are especially due to nurserymen North, South, East, and West who have furnished him witli specimens for illustration and information of great value ; without their help the book could not have been Avritten. The authorities of the Arnold Arboretum and of other botanic gardens of the country have given help freely when called upon. Trenton, New Jersey. EDITOR'S NOTE My father completed the writing of this last book of his shortly before his death. It had become familiar to me through copying his manuscript and in the trips we took together to various nurseries and forest lands to test the working power of his book. As a natural outcome of this long and close association with him, tlie editing of it has devolved upon me. He made the illustrations in pencil, almost entirely from nature, and I have since inked them in, at the request of the 23ublishers. Grateful acknowledgments are due to a number of my father's colleagues and friends for their assistance and offers of help, and particularly to Professor John W. Harshberger of the University of Pennsylvania, who has given a last critical reading to the manuscript and the proof sheets and has prepared the glossary and the index. ADA APGAR DRAYCOTT. CONTENTS Propagation of Plants . Part I. Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit Part IL Keys to the Genera Part III. Descriptions of the Shruij Glossary Index . . . . . 13 33 57 343 345 ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS PROPAGATION OF PLANTS^ At the end of each group of plants the methods of propagation are given. A few words may be necessary to expLain the terms used. The order in which the terms are placed indicates the ease and success of the different plans, the best method having precedence. Of course the best method in some localities and under certain con- ditions might not be the best for other localities under other conditions, so some allowance must be made. Seeds. — The use of seeds is generally nature's plan, but it has some disadvantages. Varieties do not come true in most cases. The seeds need to be fully mature but still fresh. Many seeds are slow to grow ; certain kinds need years to sprout. A number of flowers, double ones, for example, do not produce seeds. As a general rule, seeds should be soaked in warm water overnight before planting. The seedlings are best raised in shallow boxes or, after frosts are over in spring, in open ground. Small seeds should be covered with fine loam only to a depth but little greater than the diameter of the seed ; large seeds, to the deptli of a quarter of an inch or more. A good rule is to cover any seed to a depth of twice its diameter witli light fine earth. After covering the seeds the soil should be pressed down firmly with a board. Seedlings must not be allowed to become dry at any time. 1 Everythins: is condensed in this book to reduce it to handbook size, and the treatment of this topic is necessarily brief. The best book known to the author for an amateur is "Practical Floriculture," by Peter Hen- derson (SI. 50). 0 Library N. C. State College 10 PROPAGATION OF PLANTS Twig Cuttings. — For almost all shrubs, the ripened in- stead of the soft-growing wood should be taken, and pieces with three or four eyes, axillary buds. Imbed about two eyes, removing all the leaves from the imbedded por- tion. If the plant has large leaves, cut off also part of the exposed leaves to reduce the leaf surface so as not to exhaust the life of the rooting twig. The best season for the propagation of slips is September to Janu- ary, after the hottest season. Of course I do not here give methods used by florists by which they obtain the largest possible number of plants from the smallest amount of material. They have hothouses, cold frames, and other appliances. This method is for the amateur to obtain a few new plants. Root Cuttings. — All plants below ground are popularly called roots, though many herbs and some shrubs have rootstocks, or underground stems, that have buds or eyes which will readily produce new plants. When any por- tion below ground can be cut into pieces and planted in soil as a method of propagation, the term " root cuttings " is used. Pieces one to three inches long are taken, slightly imbedded, and allowed to grow. Suckers. — Many species naturally send up stems from below ground at some distance from the main plant, and these stems are called suckers. These, after they get a full start, can be separated and made to produce new- plants. Trees or shrubs wliich readily sucker are, as a rule, undesirable because they cannot be kept within bounds. Many plants of great beauty are discarded on account of this tendency. Layers. — Nearly all plants can be increased in number by layering. Some, by the most experienced nurserymen, can be propagated in no other way. By this plan a twig is bent down to the ground, where it is covered with soil and kept down by a weight or by sticks until it takes root. Before imbedding, a slanting cut on the upper side is made with a sharp knife, half severing the twig ; this PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 11 helps the formation of roots and also the twig's removal when rooted. For layers, young wood is taken and three or four leaves and buds are exposed beyond the imbedded portion. The best time for layering is from the middle of June to September. Divisions. — Many shrubs are increased by the division of the whole clump into two or more portions, each being set out into new ground. The best season for this pur- pose is the fall, and this is especially true of those plants having fleshy roots, as the p?eonies. Grafting and Budding. — Plants which are half hardy in any region are rendered more hardy by grafting them on roots of nearly related but hardier species. Low spreading plants are sometimes grafted on erect-growing forms at the height of five to eight feet to produce um- brella or weeping trees. The so-called Kilmarnock wil- low, the weeping mulberry, and the Catalpa Bungei are produced in this way. Peculiar sports can be propagated only by budding or grafting. Beginners should see these processes performed by an expert before undertaking them ; the processes are easy after the methods are learned. Budding takes the place of grafting with plants of more slender or less woody stems, as roses. PART I LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT CHAPTER I THE STUDY OF LEAVES What constitutes a Leaf. — In order to use this book with ease and success it will first be necessary to learn what constitutes a leaf of a plant. The reader must be able to pick off a whole leaf and nothing but a leaf from any shrub. Leaves are present on plants through the grooving season, and they are the only portions besides the stems on which they grow which are always to be found. The flowers are short-lived on all plants, and the fruits are in only compara- tively few species to be found through the year. In looking on a group of shrubs of hundreds of species, a small number, a dozen or less, will be found in bloom at any given time. The great and lasting beauty of these plants is their foliage. The differences which the species show are easily seen in the forms and the surface of the blades of the leaves. So if the reader wants to become acquainted with plants, he must recognize their leaves. We all know many things by sight which we cannot express in words ; but if we wish to use such a book as this to become acquainted with the part of nature with which it deals, we must see how the words used by the author apply to the plant parts under observation. The first and most important step in this knowledge is the ability to determine what constitutes a full leaf. The visible growing parts of bushes ar^ the stems and 13 14 LEAVES, FLOWERS; AND FRUIT IJM ^3A€„ ,^:^:^aM Pirate I THE STUDY OF LEAVES 15 the leaves Avhich are regularly arranged along them. The stems are easily seen to be jointed, and the two things which make these joints are the leaves and the buds, just above the stalk of the leaf, in their axils. These buds will sooner or later burst and form new branches or else flowers. The buds are of various sizes, but even if small they can usually be seen, though occasionally they are so hidden partially or wholly under the base of the leaf as to need the breaking off of the leaf to ex^jose them. When the leaves are very numerous, as in the spruces and other such evergreens, only a few of the buds develop so as to be seen. Now all this is merely words easily read and easily com- prehended. If the reader wishes really to make use of this book, he must take tlie twigs of many kinds of shrubs and search for leaves and buds. It will be a good plan first to take the illustrations given in this book, to see in each case what is a leaf. (3ne full leaf is drawn by the side of the twig in every figure. The bud in the axil can usually be seen before the removal of the leaf, but more clearly where the leaf is removed. The largest and most complicated leaf is shown in Fig. 336 ; and the smallest, in Fig. 36. The reader must not think it too simple a task; but it is one necessary to master. A leaf, a whole leaf, and nothing but a leaf must be known in all cases if this book is to be used. When the leaf is surely known, all tlie other steps are easy. After a close examination of the figures given and an un- derstanding of why the removed portion is a leaf, be- cause it marks the joint of a stem, one should go to the shrubbery and gather branches from a number of kinds of bushes. Be sure to cut off twigs which have grown extensively during the year. These new growths will have smoother and generally greener bark than the old growth. Having gathered a dozen or more kinds, take them to some shady place where there is a chance to have a good seat and an IG LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT Fig.G Plate II THE STUDY OF LEAVES 17 investigating companion. Two heads and two pairs of eyes are found to be much better than one for the study of nature by a beginner. Of the dozen species probably half will have buds as large and conspicuous as to be easily seen by any one, especially if it is summer time. In these cases the whole leaf is all that is attached to the stem just under or below the bud. Some of these leaves may be very small, less than an inch in length, while others may be a foot or more long. Many leaves will have but one blade or spreading green portion, wliile others may have any num- ber of blades — a score, a hundred, or possibly a thousand. Tlie leaf of the waxberry (Plate II, Fig. G) has one blade; the clover, three ; rose bushes, three, live, or seven (some species have over seven); the elder bushes (Plate III, Fig. P), seven to eleven ; some of the sumachs, over twenty-five ; and the acacia tree, several hundred (Plate IV, Fig. S). Having determined about those which have conspicuous buds in the axils of the leaves, take other twigs and, re- membering that leaves mark the joints of stems, try to break off whole leaves. In some cases the buds will show after the leaves are stripped off, because they were hidden under their bases (Plate III, Fig. R). A few may have flowers, fruit, or twigs above the leaves ; these are the developed buds which could earlier have been found in the unopened state. The final specimen or two may possi- bly show neither buds nor branches in the axils, as these develop visibly only later in the year. As was said, the growing parts of plants are the stems with their leaves. Stems are more or less continually growing at their tips ; this is especially true in shrubs. But the leaves, no matter how complicated, soon reach their full size and stop growing. The forward growing part is sure to be a plant stem, and the parts which mark it into joints, no matter how small and scale-like they ap- pear, are full leaves. In all parts of the United States apgar's shrubs — 2 18 LEAVES, FLOWERS; AND FRUIT '^-^M F.gN Plate III THE STUDY OF LEAVP:S 19 there is some tree popularly called red cedar and in all sections some cultivated plant called arborvitte. If a specimen of either of these is taken, the growing twigs will be found covered with scale-like parts and no such things as would usually be called leaves. Each of these scales, because it marks a joint, is a full leaf of the plant (Plate I, Fig. A). There is a shrub or small tree, extensively cultivated especially in the East, which has abundant small pink flowers in spring or summer. This will appear to the novice as without show of leaves, seeming to consist of hundreds of green thread-like growths. The name given to the plant is tamarix or tamarisk. If the reader can procure a piece of this plant, let him examine the fine sprays of green thread-like portions with a magnifier. Along these he will observe pointed, triangular, partially clasping parts. These, though smaller than a pinhead, are the simple leaves of this plant. They are full leaves because they are at the joints of the stem (Figs. 35-37). The three plants here given, red cedar, arborvitse, and tamarix, have the smallest leaves found on any of our trees and shrubs. Large leaves, the largest there are on any of the northern shrubs, will be found on a very beautiful thorny plant called Hercules' club (Fig. 336). These are closely crowded at the blunt ends of the stems. These leaves with their enlarged bases nearly cover the whole surface of the blunt tip. Lower down on the old stem the scars, where the leaves were in earlier years, will shoAv as broad V-shaped marks. The leaves on this plant will often be over a 3- ard long and consist of 75 to 150 blades. Arrangement of Leaves. — In this search for leaves mark- ing the joints of stems, one will have noticed that there are frequently two or more leaves at the same joint. Over half of the kinds of cultivated shrubs in the United States have only one leaf "at the joint (Plate III, Fig. M) ; a smaller number have two (Plate II, Fig. K) opposite 20 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT '"' if J '\ Fig.W Fig.X Plate IV THE STUDY OF LEAVES 21 each other; while a few have tliree or more regularly- arranged around the same joint. These illustrate the three common arrangements which leaves take — alternate (one at a joint), opposite (two at a joint), and whorled (over two at a joint). There is another apparent arrangement of leaves which will more or less bother the beginner and must be mas- tered. This is where the leaves are clustered either at the tips of the stems, as in the azaleas (Plate I, Fig. D), or in alternate bunches along the usually thorny branches, as in the barberries (Plate I, Fig. E). Besides these ar- rangements, which occur on the new growth, the old wood will have clusters of two or more leaves where the leaves Avcre in the preceding year ; of course this is the bursting and developing of the axillary buds and should produce branches of the year instead of close clusters of leaves. Usually branches do appear, but in a few species all the axillary buds start and so most of them form only short stunt^.d side shoots which appear merely like a cluster of leaves. One must not mistake these for whorls of leaves. Where leaves are whorled, they are regularly arranged around the stem at the joint, and are not a cluster either at the tip or on the side of the stem. Kinds of Leaves. — Having reached the stage where the whole leaf is readily determined, the next step is to know how to use words exactly in describing leaf differences. Most leaves or bushes consist more or less of a leaf stalk and a single blade, the spreading portion ; these are called simple leaves, and numerous examples can be found in any shrubbery. The viburnum, the mock orange, and the maple have opposite simple leaves (Plate II, Fig.K; Plate III, Fig. N; Plate IV, Fig. W ), while the rhododendrons, the smoke bush, and the silverberry have alternate simple leaves (Fig. 445 ; Plate I, Fig. F ; Plate II, Fig. I). If the leaf has more than one blade, it is called eompound. The elder, the pagoda tree, the rose, and the buckeye 22 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT have compound leaves (Plate III, Fig. P; Plate III, Fig. R). At the base of the blade of simple leaves there are in a few cases a pair of blade-like parts at tlie side of the leaf stalk, which are called stipules. Of the common shrubs tlie one showing these most conspicuously is the so-called Japan quince. Books make much of stipules, in the text, but they are so rarely seen, except in the earliest spring, that I have left them almost entirely out of con- sideration in the keys and the descriptions. All oaks are said to have stipules, but they are so short-lived that none are to be found when the leaves have fully expanded. There are two distinct plans for the arrangement of the blades on compound leaves. They are either all together at the end of the leaf stalk, as in the red clover with 8 blades, or in the horse chestnut with 7 blades, these are called ijahnately com2wiind (Plate IV, Fig. X) ; or tliey are regularly arranged along the stalk as in the elder and common sumach, these are called jnnnately comjjound (Plate III, Fig. P). The pinnately compound leaf may have an even num- ber of blades, there being no blade at the tip ; in this case it is called evenly or abruptly 2mmate (Plate IV, Fig. S). More frequently there is an odd blade at the end, and the leaves are odd pinnate (Plate III, Fig. Q). Both palmate and pinnate leaves may be the second or third time divided before the blades are reached ; in such cases they are twice (bi) or thrice (tri) palmate or pin- nate as the case may be. The mimosa (Plate IV, Fig. S) is twice or hipinnate, and the astilbe (Fig. 239) is three times or tripalmate. The honey locust is curious ; many of its leaves are once pinnate, while those on the rapidly growing twigs are bipinnate. Both the mimosa and the honey locust lack end blades and are abruptly pinnate. As far as the classification of leaves has been given, it can be summed up in the following : THE STUDY OF LEAVES 23 Summary of Kinds of Leaves. — Leaves mark the joints of steins of plants ; they may be alternate when one at a jomt, opposite when two at a joint, tvhorled when over two are arranged around the joint, and clustered when several are together at one side of the joint ; they are simple when there is but one blade to a leaf and com- pou7id when there is more than one blade. Compound leaves are divided into pinnate when the blades are attached along the stalk and palmate when they are at the end. Pinnate leaves may be odd pinnate when there is an odd blade at the end and abruptly/ pinnate when there is no end blade. Pinnate or palmate leaves may be hipinnate or hipalmate if the blades are not reached till there is a second division of the parts ; it is even possible to' have them tripinnate or tripalmate^ though such a complication is rare among shrubs. (There are two sub-shrubs often cultivated and popularly called spirea, aruncus and astilbe, which have tripalmate leaves). Margins of Blades of Leaves. — The next important dif- ference to be noted is in the edges of blades of all leaves, simple or compound, which may be studied in the four plates in this chapter and the accompanying descriptions. This difference, in such terms as will be easily compre- hended by any one, divides the blades into three classes : (1) entire^ where the edge or margin is without regular notches of any kind ; (2) notched or serrated^ where there are regular and somewhat saw-toothed notches ; and (3) lohed^ where there are a few larger indentations. A lobed blade may have its lobes entire or serrated. The more luxuriant or vigorously growing a plant is the more inclined it is to have notches or lobes along the edges of its blades ; in deciding under which class to place a plant do not too closely examine these excep- tional cases of vigor. The younger and the older grow- ing parts of mulberries illustrate these leaf differences with reference to edges of blades. 24 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT Veining of Blades of Leaves. — Another of the differ- ences in the bhides of leaves necessary to know is that of the veining (see Plates I-IV, Figs. A-X). Nearly all blades will be found to have a consj^icuous central vein called the midrib extending the length of the blade. Frequently there are two or more side Veins of almost equal strength extending from the base of the blade. If these are more conspicuous than others and extend out- ward toward the sides, the blades are said to be radiate- vei^ied ; but if they more or less follow the direction of the midrib, the blades are said to be 3-ribbed, 5-ribbed, or 7-ribbed as the case may be. A more common veining is when the only rib extending from the base is the midrib and the veins next in size extend from this in a regular manner outward from base to tip ; this gives what is called feather -veining . A peculiar variety of feather- veining is shown in birch and elm leaves, where the veins along the sides of the midrib are distinctly marked and extend nearly parallel with each other to the margin of the blade ; this is called straight-veined. Between all these ribs and veins there is, in almost all bushes, a network of fine veins which gives the name net- veined to the blades. In the United States there are many leaves so thick and fleshy that this network does not show, and the blades are well described as obscurely veined. In such plants as wheat, corn, and the palms the veining does not form a network and the leaves are said to be parallel-veined. Forms of Blades. — (See Plates I-IV, Figs. A-X, also other figures in book.) In the description of blade forms in this book only the commonest of English words are used and most readers will understand them without explanation and illustration; but for those who need a review of form words and their explanation a few para- graphs are given. Broad blades more than half as wide as long will, if widest at about the middle, be called oval ; if widest near Library N. C. State College thp: study of leaves zo the base, ovate; if widest near the tip, ohovate. If the broad base of an ovate blade is somewhat notched, the blade is cordate or heart-shaped ; if the broad tip has such a notch, it is ohcordate. Narrower bhides when widest at the middle are ellij^tic; if widest towards the base, lanceolate ; towards the ti[), ohlanceolate. Any leaves when the sides are rather straight than curved will, if wide, be termed ohlong and, if narrow, linear. There are blades so broad and rounded as to be called orbicidar^ others so acutely notched at base as to need the word arroio- shaped. Duration of Leaves. — The only difference in the duration of leaves generally considered is that some fall in the autumn while others last through the winter in a green condition ; the words in common use to describe this con- trast are deciduous and evergreen. As this is a book intended mainly for summer use when the foliage is in good condition, many will find a difficulty in determining whether the leaves drop off and leave the twigs bare in winter. In general, the thicker and smoother the leaves the more apt they are to remain green through the winter and so be evergreen. This is no absolute difference ; it is only a relative one. A mild winter Avill cause many plants to hold their leaves wliich in a severe winter they would lose. In the southern states there are many evergreen plants which in the North are deciduous. If the examination of plants should be as early as June and be carefully conducted, nearly every shrub wliich holds its leaves throusi-h the winter can be determined because the old leaves can still be found. At that time the growth of the year can easily be separated from the growth of the preceding year. The contrast in brighter color .and a smoothness to the new branches will readily indicate what is new growth. If the last year's twigs still have leaves in the regular places and not leaf-scars. 26 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT where the leaves liave fallen off, such leaves are of the earlier year ami must have remained through the winter, so the plant is an evergreen. In cases where the leaves are thick, smooth, and usually glossy, the plant may be considered an evergeen or nearly so. In the New England states very few of the shrubs are evergreen ; not more than one fifth to one tenth of the species in cultivation in any one locality are evergreen ; while in the Gulf states probably over half are so. Of course, nearly all the plants, either North or South, with minute scale-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, such as the pines, spruces, firs, arborvitas, and cedars, are evergreen; these are almost without exception trees rather than shrubs. (The bald cypress, the larches, and the tamarisks are exceptions even in this group of scale-sliaped and needle-leaved plants, as they are bare of foliage in winter.) CHAPTER IT THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT Purpose of this Book. — Most books on plants are pri- marily based on the critical microscopic examination of the floNvers and their organs. For this the student nuist first be able to find the flowers in good condition, and be able to determine all about them. He must see the bottom of the pistil (the ovary) and not only find out about its cells, the attachment of the beginning of seeds (the ovules), but must know how many of these become true seeds with a plant (embryo). Concerning this plant within the seed- coats, he must know how many leaves there are, how these leaves are wrapped, folded, or wrinkled about the seed stem, and whether there is a food supply (reserve food) for the early growth of the seedling outside of the little plant. He must also know tlie kind of fruit it forms months later and the color of this fruit when ripe. He is asked to do all this before he can be ready to open the book to use a so-called ke}^ This impossible work has been asked of beginners in botany so long that many are afraid of anything called a " botany " and of anything termed a '' key," and are pur- chasing any book which shows an easy way to know tlie wild flowers. Authors are even adding encyclopedic in- formation to their " systematic synopsis," the modern ex- pression for a key. This book is written for the use, and not for the bewilderment, of the vast majority of the public, who want some convenient way to learn the nature of tlie cultivated shrubs. After a leaf is known, but little is asked besides the color and size of the blossoms. The parts of the flowers are rarely examined, though 27 28 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT occasionally the number of petals needs to be counted. In all these cases the bright and conspicuous parts of flowers are called petals, even wliere the scientist has in the end determined that they are better called sepals or bracts. The attempt has been made to use only such words about flowers as any one, without studying botany, can properly apply. The keys are only to be used as keys, not as containing exhaustive information, giving none but the points needed to decide the name of the i)hint. They are intended to enable the student to find the names of the plants. Not because it will lead the inquirer to think that finding the name of anything is the end of study — this expresses so much of the criticism of keys — for it is but its beginning. An introduction is a necessary first ste^) to an acquaintance. Without knowing a name we cannot use books containing detailed information and, more than this, we cannot make an independent investigation. We need to call by some name anything about which we wish to make mental or written notes and it ought to be a name in general use and, if possible, one applied in books. Dr. Henry van Dyke has well expressed a universal truth about naming things, though many scientists in col- lege and university devote much time to decry and deny it. In " Little Rivers " he says : '' There is a secret pleasure in finding these delicate flowers in the rough heart of the wilderness. It is like discovering the veins of poetry in tlie character of a guide or a lumberman. And to be able to call the plants by name makes them a hundredfold more sweet and intimate. Naming things is one of the oldest and simplest of human pastimes. Children play at it with their dolls and toy animals. In fact, it was the first game ever played on earth, for the Creator who planted the garden eastward in Eden knew well what would please the childish heart of man when he brought all the new- made creatures to Adam, ' to see what he would call them.' " THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT 29 Now the purpose of this book is to enable a person to name the shrubs withouf a previous study of botany or the use of the microscope. Nothing will be required but a close examination by the unaided eye. Wherever an illus- stration will make the work easier, it will be found. Flower Organs. — A few words about the great and important flower organs. The introduction will bring to tlie mind in review what most of us have known. Flowers are for the production of fruit and seed, and the bright colors and strong odors are for the purpose of attracting the proper insects so that better seeds shall result. The bright and conspicuous parts of the flower are called petals and together the petals form the corolla. Inside these showy parts the all-important organs for seed production, stamens and pistils^ are to be found. The stamens furnish a fine dust Qpolleri) from their enlarged end (anther^ ; the presence of this can be seen in nearly all flowers which are not so double as to have lost the pollen and thus the power to form seeds. This pollen is needed on the end (stigma) of the central organ of a flower (pistil), and by its aid the seeds are formed within the bottom of the pistil (ovary). The ripened ovary is the fruit. In many flowers the petals grow more or less together. They are fully united in the common morning glory, partially so in lilac blossoms, and entirely separated in apple and cherry blossoms. Sometimes the number of petals will be required, a matter easy to determine when the parts are separated as in apple blossoms, about as easy in the lilac flowers because their edge has lobes represent- ing them, and even in the morning glory peculiar stripes mark the division of the petals. The number of stamens will occasionally be wanted, but in most flowers they are few and can readily be counted. If over twenty, they, will be called "many." In a few cases a little caution is necessary in counting, as the anther at the end of stamens is almost universally 2-lobed because 30 LP]AVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT there are two to four cells to hold the pollen ; in a lilac blossom, where there are but two' stamens, a careless glance might lead one to say there were four. The occasional growing together of stamens must be noted. A few words about the pistil and its many peculiarities. One should get the habit of seeing tlie pistil in flowers. It is the central part of the flower and has at its bottom the fruit-forming part (ovary) and at the top the stigma, where the pollen is received. Some flowers contain more than one pistil from stigma to ovary ; most have but one ovary, and Avhatever it may have of stigmas, to represent parts from which it was formed, they are all united at the bottom into one fruit-forming part. The counting of stigmas, when required, is easy. There is one very useful word which is often applied in this book and also in other manuals, — the word is sessile, and it means without any stem or stalk. Petals, anthers, stigmas, whole flowers, and even clusters of flowers may be sessile. Leaves and blades of leaves may be sessile. Ber- ries, pods, and all kinds of fruits may be sessile. Now any of these parts of a plant may have a stalk or stem and thus not be sessile. The work of invention that has been be- stowed on stalks to name each and every one differently so well illustrates how scientists in making the language of description exact have made it difficult to become the language of the people that I am tempted here to give some of these stalk names. Petiole — the stalk of a leaf. Peduncle — the stalk of a solitary flower or a cluster of flowers if attached above ground on a plant. Scape — for the same stalk if it rises out of the ground. Pedicel — the stalk of a flower in a cluster of flowers. Filament — the stalk of an anther. Stipe — the stalk of a pod, fern leaf, or mushroom. Claw — the stalk of a petal. THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT 31 In this book the word stalk is practically used through- out. Arrangement of Flowers. — Flowers are called solitary when but a single blossom is found at the tip of a branch, whether it be the tip of the plant or the tip of an axillary growth from a leaf of the plant. They are clustered if more than one is found in either position. There are a few forms of clusters so common that their names are here given. Probably the commonest form of cluster is that of a raceme; in this a number of flowers on individual short stems branch at different points along the. main stalk. If these stems all extend from the tip, an umbel is formed; if from nearly, but not quite the same place, the whole forms a rather flat cluster, and a corymb is the result. If a second division occurs before flowers are found, all of tliese forms above are said to be compound; the compound raceme is so common that panicle is the word describ- ing it. Besides these clusters of flowers, where the individual blossoms have appreciable stalks, there are two cases where the blossoms are about sessile; if the cluster is elongated, it forms a spike^ and if rounded, a head. There is a form of spike so common on shrubs and trees that a word to de- note it is important and will occasionally be found in tlie text — the word catkin. The birches, willows, oaks, hazel- nuts, etc., have catkins. These are usually slender clusters drooping from the twigs and consist of male flowers. The catkins are so ornamental in some of the willows that the name pussy willows is given to the plants. Flat-topped clusters with an older central flower on each branch are called cymes. The Fruit. — The part formed from the ovary of a flower is in general called the fruit. Fruits are divided into dry fruits and fleshy fruits. So far all is easy to any one; but the full classification of either fleshy or dry fruits, as given in the text-books of botany, is difficult; and in the most advanced books there are found many points of the 32 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT classification which even scientists cannot apply to all in- dividual cases. In this book few fruit terms are employed, and include names for all the forms found on shrubs. Nearly all the small flesh}^ fruits are here called berries. Berries ought to have more than one seed, which is usually true of them. There is a class of fleshy fruits (usually large, but some- times small) which has a single stone-covered seed, repre- sented by the peach, plum, and cherry. These have been called drupes so generally that the word will occasionally be given, though in the text it Avill often be preceded by a word which will explain it, as, a cherry-like drupe. Fruits with several to many seeds in horny-coated cavities, so well illustrated in the apple and pear, are called pomes. This word will never be found except when modified b}^ explanatory words. Other forms may occur and illustra- tive words will explain them, as, orange-like fruit, black- berry-like fruit. The fleshy fruits will generally be " berries " and " drupes " in the text. The dry fruits will be called pods^ if of one cell and several seeded; capsides or seed vessels if of more than one cell except when single-seeded and these will be seed- like (acJienes)^ nut-like {nutlets). In general, all terms outside of the common words of the English language, used in the descriptive portion of this book, will be explained or illustrated by drawings. This, therefore, is a book needing no Glossary (tliough a short one is given to help one to overcome an occasional forgetfulness). PART II KEYS TO THE GENERA DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE KEYS General Cautions. — In using any of the keys: (1) Never read any hut tJie state77ients to which you are directed hy the letter in parenthesis; (2) read all the statements fol- lowing the given letter to ivhich you are directed and choose the one ivhich seems nearest right about your specimen. General Directions. — All the keys have several starred (*) sections. These are all to be read and one chosen. At the end of this there is a letter in parenthesis and just below it a statement following tins same letter. Following or further down the page, but at the same dis- tance from the left side of the page, other statements coming after the same letter are to be found. All these need to be read. The one that best suits the plant in hand is always to be chosen and the letter in parenthesis noted. Proceed till a name, instead of a letter in paren- thesis, occurs. In this Part II there is given the name of the genus of the plant, with the page in Part III where the different species of the genus are described and illustrated. If there are several genera given, turn to all the pages noted and, by the descriptions or the figures, conclude which is the right one. In Part III the keys are to be used as in Part II, but the names there given are the full names of the plants. In the General Opening Key on page 34 the numbered keys up to and including Key 8 contain tlie great propor- tion of all slirubs. The others include all the peculiar APGAr's SHRUBS — 3 33 34 KEYS TO THE GENERA plants. It will be well to read these latter, as much time can be saved if your plant is so unusual as to belong to one of these small sections. Key 9 is most useful if your plant has all of its leaves very small. Pronunciation. — The vowel of an accented syllable if marked by a grave accent (0 ^^ long, and if marked by an acute accent ( ') is short. GENERAL OPENING KEY All the starred portions of this key should be read and the one taken whose description best suits the plant in question. The first three starred portions are intended to include all the plants, if worked with in the sum- mer. The fourth is for winter use. The fifth includes the small number of shrubs which are thorny or prickly. The sixth to the last inclusive are only for those with special arrangement of leaves. (In all the special keys there are often several sections based on different conditions of the plants.) * Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (This does not include plants with clusters of leaves on one side of the stem, but those with 2 or more leaves regularly arranged around the stem at the joints.) (A.) A. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (B.) B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed . . , Key 1. B. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges .... Key 2. B. Leaves with lobed edges ; the lobes either notched or entire Keys. A. Leaves compound, shown by their having 2 to many blades Key 4. * Leaves alternate, with one leaf at a joint of the stem. (C.) C. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (D.) D. Leaves witli entire edges, neither notched nor lobed . . . Key 5. D. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges Key 0. D. Leaves with lobed edges ; the lobes either notched or entire Key 7. C. Leaves compound, shown by their having 2 to many blades Key 8. * Leaves very small, less than an inch long. (Of course these might be found under the above *s, but it is convenient to have in a single key the few plants with very small leaves ; the blades of a compound leaf must not be considered leaves.) Key 9. KEYS TO THE GENERA 35 * Winter keys for deciduous leaved plants which show either flowers or fruit when the stems are bare of foliage, (E.) E. Plants with winter or early spring flowers Key 10. E. Plants with fall or winter fruits Key 11. * Special key for thorny and prickly plants, including cactus growths, plants which seem to have no foliage, and those with spiny-edged leaves Key 12. * Plants with a close cluster of leaves at the tips of the branches. (F.) F. Plants with evergreen leaves. (G ) G. Leaves simple, 1-bladed. Rhodod(^ndron (p. 260). Kalmia Cp. 250). Pitt6sporum (p. 68). Skimmia (p. 84). G. Leaves very compound. Nandina (p. 67). F. Plants with deciduous leaves. Azalea (p. 257). Zanthorhiza (p. 58). * Plants with alternate clusters of leaves along the stem ; without thorns (if thorny plants, see 2d* above). Plumbago (p. 268). Berberis (p. 64). * Plants with leaves only at the base and practically no bushy stem. Chimaphila and Pyrola (p. 265). KEYS TO THE GENERA Key 1. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, entire-edged and with- out lobes. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 0, p. 51.) Key based mainly on flowers. The numbers refer to the pages. * Flowers conspicuous either by size or clustering and regular, not lopsided (irregular). (A.) A. Flower clusters more or less globular, stamens so numerous and long as to hide other parts. Acflcia (p. 132). A. Flower petals united into a more or less tubular portion. (Under next A see Chionanthus.) (B.) B. Tube slender with a 4-lobed usually spreading border. (C.) C. Stamens2atmouthof tube. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 275). (Privet) Ligustrum (p. 270). Olea (p. 282). Osmanthufe (p. 282). C. Stamens 4 within the tube. Cephalanthus (p. 241). Buddleia (p. 287). C. Stamens 8 ; flowers with no outer calyx-like portion. Daphne (p. 208). B. Tube slender with 5-lobed spreading border (sometimes double). (D.) 3(3 KEYS TO THE GENERA D. Flowers waxy-white, often double ; leaves evergreen. Gardenia (p. 240). D. Flowers with a toothed crown in center ; leaves evergreen. N^riuni (p. 270). D. Flowers with a conspicuous colored calyx. Clerodendron (p. 291). B. Tube very short, flowers broadly spreading with a 5-lobed border. Viburnum (p. 219). B. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow, 4-lobed, in earliest spring. Forsythia (p. 274). B. Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dent-like pockets, in summer. Kalmia (p. 250). A. Flower petals entirely separate (in Chionanthus only apparently separate). (E.) E. Flowers 1 inch or more in size. (F.) F. Flowers yellow with many stamens. Ascyrum (p. 74). Hy- pericum (p. 77). F. Flowers purplish with many thick pieces and sweet odor. Calycanthus (p. 18G). F. Flowers bright scarlet with thick elongated calyx ; fruit large. Piinica (p. 200). F. Flowers of many colors with stalked and wrinkled petals. Lagerstrdemia (p. 200). F. Flowers white (sometimes purplish ; often with a dark center • inCistus). (G.) G. Petals 5 (rarely 4) ; stamens many ; leaves generally aromatic. (H.) H. Fruit dry pods; flowers large and rose-like. Ci'stus (p. 71). H. Fruit fleshy ; southern. Myrtus (p. 204). Eugenia (p. 20(5). Psidium (p. 200). G. Petals 4. rounded and broadly spreading. (I.) I. Flowers 1-2 inches wide, usually sweet-scented. Phila- d^lphus (p. 190). I. Flowers apparently over 2 inches wide (the true flowers are small and in the center). C6rnus (p. 214). G: Petals 4, long and slender (somewhat united at base). Chionanthus (p. 287). E. Flowers smaller. (J.) J. Petals 5; stamens many. Hypericum (p. 77). Eugenia (p. 206). J. Petals 4, yellow ; stamens many. Ascyrum (p. 74). J. Petals and stamens 4 or 5. Eu6nymus(p.91). C6rnus(p. 214). KEYS TO THE GENERA 37 * Flowers conspicuous and irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. (K.) K. Flowers more or less in pairs, never blue ; fruit berries. Lonicera (p. 230). K. Flowers large, showy, nearly white ; fruit long capsules with winged seeds. Catalpa (p. 286). Chil6psis (p. 286). K. Flowers small, blue. Teucrium (p. 294). Rosmarinus (p. 294). * Flowers inconspicuous. (L.) L. Leaves heart-shaped with about 5 basal ribs. CercidipliyHuni (p. 62). L. Leaves not distinctly heart-shaped ; fruit fleshy. (M.) M. Leaves with silvery scales. Sheph^rdia (p. 303). M. Leaves without silvery scales, evergreen. Olea (p. 282). Osmanthus (p. 282). Biixus (p. 306). Ficus (p. 308). rhoradendron (p. 306). M. Leaves without silvery scales, deciduous. Symphoricarpos (p. 228). Key 2. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple with notched but not ll-obed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based mainly on leaves. The numbers refer to the pages. * Leaves thick and plainly evergreen. (A.) A. Almost stemless plants with nodding waxlike flowers i inch broad. Chimaphila (p. 265). A. Low plants with small broadly spreading white flowers and 1-seeded berries hanging on through the year. Ardisia (p. '^8). A. Taller shrubs. (B.) B. Leaves under 8 inches long. Abulia (p. 237). Euonymus (p. 91). B. Leaves over 3 inches long ; fruit berry-like or 1-seeded cherry- drupe-like. (C.) C. Flowers small, white, fragrant with a tube and a 4-lobed spreading border, salver-shaped. Osmanthus (p. 282;. Olea (p. 282). C. Flowers small, white, united at base and broadly spreading. Viburnum (p. 219). Ardfsia (p. 268). C. Flowers small, dull purple; leaves often mottled. Aucuba (p. 218). * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.) D. Leaves rather heart-shaped and basal- or radiate-ribbed. (E.) E. Leaves slightly notched, about 5-ribbed. Cercidiphyllum (p. 62). E. Leaves distinctly notched. (F.) 38 KEYS TO THE GENERA F. Fruit dry and 2-wiiiged like all maples. Acer tat&ricum (p. 105). F. Fruit many-seeded short capsules in spreading calyx ; flowers large, white or creamy. Philad^lphus (p. 196). F. Fruit drupes with flattened stones. Viburnum (p. 219). D. Leaves more or less heart-shaped, feather-veined, not basal- ribbed. (G.) G. Leaves doubly notched and plaited ; fruit about 4 black bead- like parts in spreading calyx remaining through the winter. Rhodotypos (p. 163). G. Leaves not plaited. Hydrangea (p. 192). D. Leaves not heart-shaped at base. (H.) H. Stem somewhat 4-sided or 4-ridged, often conspicuously so. (I.) I. Flowers regular, not lopsided. (J.) J. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsythia (p. 274). J. Flowers pink to violet with a long tube and 4-lobed spread- ing border. Buddleia (p. 287). J. Flowers broadly spreading with 4 or 5 petals; fruit bright colored in fall. Eu6nymus (p. 91). I. Flowers irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. Teiicrium (p. 294). Caryopteris (p. 288). H. Stem not conspicuously ridged or winged. (K.) K. Flowers large in large snowball-like clusters. Viburnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192). K. Flowers small (sometimes large ones at border) in broad clusters. Viburnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192). K. Flowers large with 4 rounded broadly spreading petals in a large green calyx. Philad^lphus (p. 196). Rhodotypos (p. 163). K. Flowers funnel-form, large, i-2 inches long. Weigfela (p. 234). Abulia (p. 237). K. Flowers white or pink of 5 thick petals (or double). Deutzia (p. 191). K. Flowers large in large clusters, usually with colored calyx. Clerod^ndron (p. 291). K. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring ; fruit large, 1 inch long, rough, many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). K. Flowers small; berries small with 1-4 seeds. Callicarpa (p. 289). Rhamnus (p. 93). Key 3. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, with a lobed border. (For siiiiill-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based on leaves. KEYS TO THE GENERA 39 * Leaves palmately veined and lobcd. (A.) A. Leaves slightly lobed (usually with notched border). Philadd- phus (p. 190). A. Leaves decidedly 3-lobed. Viburnum (p. 210). Acer (p. 103). A. Leaves 5-11-lobed. Acer (p. 103). A. Some leaves 2- or 3-lobed, others merely notched, others with 3 blades. Forsythia (p. 274). * Leaves feather-veined and lobed. (B.) B. Leaves very large, 6 inches or more long. Hydrangea (p. 192). B. Leaves 2-6 inches long, some serrate, some 3-lobed, some 3-bladed. Forsythia (p. 274). B. Leaves under 2i inches long, some lobed, others not. Symphori- carpos (p. 228). Syrfnga (p. 275). Key 3a. Key based on flowers. * Flowers conspicuous either by clusters or by large individual flowers. (A.) A. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsythia (p. 274). A. Flowers white to light purplish with tube and 4-lobed spreading border. (Persian Lilac) Syringa p^rsica lacinikta (p. 277). A. Flowers white, small or large, or small and large in clusters, in spring. Viburnum (p. 210). A. Flowers pinkish white, large in elongated clusters, in summer. Hydrangea (p. 192). * Flowers inconspicuous either in size or by dull colors. (B.) B. Leaves decidedly and radiately lobed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). B. Leaves slightly lobed ; fruit 2-seeded berries. Symphoricarpos (p. 228). Key 3b. Key based on fruit. * Fruit fleshy, small (or absent). (A.) A. Drupes red or black with flattened stones (or without fruit, all flowers sterile). Viburnum (p. 210). A. Berries white or red with 2 seeds. Symphoricarpos (p. 228). * Fruit dry. (B.) B. Fruit 2-winged, 2-seeded. Acer (p. 103). B. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded. (Lilac) Syrfnga (p. 275). B. Fruit many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). Hydrangea (p. 192). Philad^lphus (p. 196). Key 4. Leaves opposite, compound. Key based mainly on leaves and fruit. 40 KEYS TO THE CiENERA * Leaves with 3 small glossy entire-edged blades ; twigs green, i-angled. Jasrainum (p. 273). * Leaves with 3 notched blades ; frnitdry. Eorsythia (p. 27-1). Staphy- 16a (p. 105). Acer (p. 103). * Leaves pinnate of 5-11 blades. (A.) A. Fruit inflated bladder-like ; blades regularly and finely notched. Staphyl^a (p. 105). A. Fruit, if formed, 2-winged, maple-like ; blades irregularly and coarsely notched. Acer (p. 103). A. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded ; some of the leaves simple. (Persian Lilac) Syrfnga persica lacini^ta (p. 277). A. Fruit a berry 2-seeded, blades of leaves less than an inch long, entire-edged. Jasminum (p. 273). A. Fruit a berry ; blades over an inch long, notched. Sambucus (p. 226). A. Fruit a long capsule with winged seeds ; flowers large, yellow. T^coma (p. 285). * Leaves twice-pinnate, blades much cut ; fruit a berry. Sambucus (p. 226). * Leaves palmate of 5-11 blades, blades all from one point. (B.) B, Leaves 5-7-bladed, spicy when bruised ; fruit berries. Vitex (p. 289). B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, not spicy ; fruit large capsules. ^'P^sculus (p. 102). B. Leaves 5-11-bladed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). Key 4a. Key based on flowers. * Flowers conspicuous either by clustering or by large individual flow- ers. CA.) A. Flowers yellow (B.) B. In early spring or winter before leaves expand. (C.) C. Large, 1 inch, bell-shaped, 4-lobed. Forsythia (p. 274). C. Smaller with a slender tube and 5-lobed spreading border (or double). Jasminum (p. 273). B. In late spring, of 4 unequal petals, ^^sculus (p. 102). A. Flowers white to purple or blue. (D.) D. Irregular, 2-lipped, in summer ; herbage spicy. Vftex (p. 289). D. Regular, with the corolla united more or less. (E.) E. Flowers tubular with 4-lobed spreading border. (Lilac) Syrfnga (p. 275). E. Flowers tubular with a 5-lobed spreading border (or double). Jasminum (p. 273). KEYS TO THE GENERA 41 B. Flowers short with a 5-lobed spreading border, in large clus- ters. iSambiicus (p. 220). D. Regular with corolla of 5 separate petals ; fruit bladder-like. Staphylfea (p. 105). * Flowers inconspicuous by small size or lack of color. Acer (p. 103). Key 5. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges, (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 0, p. 51). Key based on leaves. For a key based more on flowers, see the next, 5 a. * Spiny or thorny plants. (A.) A. Leaves with silvery scales on one or both sides. Elseagnus (p. 300). Hippophae (p. 303). A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.) B. Fruit 1 to few-seeded berries. Berberis-(p. 64). Lyciura (p. 284). B. Fruit 1-seeded cherry-like drupes. Bumelia (p. 2(39). B. Fruit (when found) large, orange-like in form and size ; plant milky-juiced. Madura (Toxylon) (p. 310). B. Fruit elongated pea-like pods. Acacia (p. 132). tllex (p. 113). * Plants not spiny. (C. ) C. Leaves heart-shaped. 1, fully shrubby, Cercis (p. 125). 2, herba- ceous, Polygonum (p. 209). C. Leaves narrow, one fourth as wide as long. (D.) D. Flowers over an inch long of 5 bright yellow petals. Helian- themum (p. 09). D. Flowers with a long tube and 4-lobed spreading border. Daphne (p. 298). D. Flowers small ; fruit a 1-seeded berry ; leaves silvery below. EUeagnus (p. 300). D. Flowers small, globular, 5-lobed, in June. Andr6medapolif61ia (p. 253). D. Flowers usually in globular clusters, apparently of yellow stamens only. Acticia (p. 132). D. Flowers with long red stamens, sessile in a leafy-tipped cluster. Callist^mon (p. 207). C. Leaves larger and wider, decidely aromatic or pleasantly scented. (E.) E. Leaves thick and about evergreen. P6rsea (p. 294). INIyrica (p. 311). Skfmmia (p. 84). Callist^mon (p. 207). E. Leaves thinner and deciduous. Benzoin (p. 297). Sassafras (p. 296). C- Leaves thick, evergreen or nearly so, not especially aromatic. (F. ) 42 KEYS TO THE GENERA F. Flowers large, J inch to several inches broad. (G.) G. Flowers very large with 0, 'J, or 12 fleshy petals. Magnolia (p. 58). • G. Flowers with 5 separate petals. Pittdsporum (p. 08). G. Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Kalmia (p. 256). G. Flowers bell-shaped and slightly irregular, lopsided. Rho- dodendron (p. 200). F. Flowers smaller, generally under | inch broad (in Ackcia, closely clustered so as to appear larger). (H.) H. Flowers with the petals entirely separate or so nearly so as to appear separate. (I. ) I. Petals 5, white or nearly so. Lfedum (p. 203). Symplocos (p. 273). Escallonia (p. 188). Cotoneaster (p. 170). Cley^ra (p. 81). Photmia (p. 179). I. Petals 6 ; flowers attached to the leaves. Ruscus (p. 323). •I. Petals usually 4 (sometimes 5). Pitt6sporum (p. 08). Cyrilla (p. 89). I, Petals 4 to 6, almost separate. Ilex (p. 86). Ardi'sia (p. 208). Skimmia (p. 84). H. Flowers with the corolla united into a globular bell or urn form having a 5-lobed border. (J.) J. Fruit dry 5-celled many-seeded capsules. Andr6meda (p. 249). J. Fruit red berries. Arbutus (p. 249). Arctostaphylos (p. 240). H. Flowers tubular with a 4-lobed spreading border. Daphne (p. 298). H. Flowers small in clusters, 5-parted and peculiar in form. Ceanothus (p. 97). H. Flowers hidden in a globular or urn-shaped receptacle ; juice very milky. Ficus (p. 308). C. Leaves deciduous and not especially narrow nor as above given. (K.) K. Leaves very large, 5-12 inches long, ill-scented ; fruit large, fleshy. Asimina (p. 64). K. Leaves with curved parallel side veins. C6rnus (p. 214). "Rhamnus (p. 93). K. Leaves blunt and rounded at tip. Rhus C6tinus (p. 109). Spiryea (p. 140). K. Leaves not as above. (L.) L. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). L. Flowers large, | inch or more. (M.) KEYS TO THE GENERA 43 M. 6 to 15 thick petals. Magn51ia (p. 58). M. 5 stalked petals. Exocli6rda (p. 101). Lagerstroemia (p. 209). M. Pea-shaped flowers. 1, White. Cytisus(p. 113). 2, Yellow. Genista (p. 114). M. Funnel-shaped flowers, sometimes double. Azalea (p. 257). Leucophyllum (p. 285). M. Salver-shaped flowers, long tube and 5-lobed spreading border. Plumbago (p. 268). M. Bell-shaped of 5 nearly separated petals. Styrax (p. 270). L. Flowers much smaller, i inch or less, petals united. (N.) N. Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents in corolla. Kalmia (p. 256). N. Tubular, bell- or urn-shaped or globular, with 5-lobed border. Andr6raeda (p. 249). Gayluss^ciaand Vaccinium (p. 244). N. Bell-shaped, yellow, very small, with 4-lobed border, in earliest spring. Dirca (p, 207). N. Leaves very largp, 5-12 inches long, somewhat heart- shaped. Polygonum (p. 299). L. Flowers small with separate petals. (O.) O. Flowers white or greenish in conspicuous clusters. Spiraea (p. 146). Photinia (p. 179). O. Flowers white in long slender racemes. Cyrilla (p. 89). O. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit red or black berries ripe in fall. Nemopanthus (p. 88). Rhamnus (p. 93). Key 5a. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based mainly on flowers. For a key based on leaves, see the preceding. Key 5. * Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange. (A.) A. Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped, somewhat irreg- ular, lopsided. Azalea (p. 257). A, Flowers large of 5 spreading petals open only in the sunshine. Helianthemum (p. 69). A. Flowers large, irregular, pea-shaped. Genista (p. 114). A. Thorny plants with small flowers in spring. Hippophae (p. 303). B^rberis (p. 64). Elseagnus (p. 300). A. Tough-barked plant, rarely cultivated, with very small flowers. Dirca (p. 297). A. Aromatic or spicy plants with small flowers in early spring. Sassafras (p. 296). Benzoin (p. 297). Persea (p. 294). 44 KKYS TO THE GENERA A. Evergreens with lar<2;e, 1 inch or more, yellowish flowers. Magn61ia fusc^ta (p. 61). A. Flowers apparently consisting only of long stamens in clusters. Acacia (p. 132). * Flowers red, bright pink, purplish or lilac to blue. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen (thick smooth leaves indicate evergreen char- acter). (C.) C. Flowers large, bell-shaped, somewhat irregular, in clusters in summer. Rhododendron (p. 2(50). C. Flowers large cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Kalmia (p. 250). C. Flowers small ovate or urn-shaped with 5-lobed border. An- dromeda (p. 249). Arbutus (p. 249). Vaccfnium (p. 244). C. Flowers with a tubular portion, 4-lobed spreading border and 8 included stamens. Daphne (p. 298). B. Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.) D. Spiny plants with purplish flowers. Lycium (p. 284). D. No spines. (E). E. Flowers purplish brown, 1 inch wide, in early spring ; fruit fleshy, 2-5 inches long. Asimina (p. 64). E. Flowers funnel- or bell-shaped and somewhat irregular. Azalea (p. 257). Leucophyllum (p. 285). E. Plowers pea-shaped, purplish red, in early spring. C^rcis (p. 127). E. Flowers solitary, large with 0, 9, or 12 separate thick petals. Magnolia (p. 58). E. Flowers small ovate with a 5-lobed border, in clusters. Vac- cinium (p. 244). ' 4-lobed border. Daphne (p. 298). 5-lobed broadly spreading border. Pliimb^go (p. 208). Flowers white, creamy, or pinkfsh to greenish. (F.) F. Flowers large, i-8 inches wide. (G.) G. Petals united at their bases and completely grown together. (H.) ■ H. Funnel-shaped and slightly irregular. Azklea (p. 257). H. Bell-shaped, somewhat irregular ; leaves evergreen. Rho- dod^'ndron (p. 200). H. Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Kalmia (p. 250). H. Bell-shaped, regular with 4 lobes. Stjrax (p. 270). E. Flowers with a long tube and a KEYS TO THE GENERA 45 H. Salver-shaped, long tube and a '4-lobed border. Daphne (p. 298). 5-lobed spreading border. Plumbago (p. 268). G. Petals separate. (I.) I. Flowers large with 6, 9, or 12 thick petals. Magnolia (p. 58). I. Flowers with 5 petals (or double). Exochorda. (p. 161). Spiraea (p. 146). I. Flowers irregular, pea-shaped. Cytisus (p. 113). F. Flowers small, under i inch, with the petals separate, or so nearly so as to appear separate. (J.) J. Petals definitely 4 (in Skimmia 4 or 5). Cornus (p. 214). Nemopanthus (p. 88). Skimmia (p. 84). J. Petals 5 (rarely 4-6). Ilex (p. 86). Spiraea (p. 146). Ledum (p. 263). Cotoneaster (p. 176). Polygonum (p. 299). Ceano- thus (p. 97). J. Other southern shrubs with small white or nearly white flowers. Arbutus (p. 249). Ardisia (p. 268). Cley^ra (p. 81). Pitt6- sporum (p. 68). Symplocos (p. 273). Ruscus (p. 323). F. Flowers small, under ^ inch, with plainly united petals. (K.) K. Flowers tubular, urn-shaped, or globular. (L.) L. Fruit dry many-seeded pods. Andr6meda (p. 249). L. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds. Gayluss^cia and Vaccin- ium (p. 244) . {plant spiny. Bum^lia (p. 269). no spines. Styrax (p. 270). Vaccinium (p. 244). * Flowers inconspicuous, catkin-like or very rare. (M.) M. Flowers in catkhis ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). M. Leaves oblong, evergreen ; juice milky, Ficus (p. 308). M. Leaves broad and rounded at tip ; fruit smoke-like. Ehus (p. 107). M. Fruit 3-seeded berries. Rhamnus (p. 93). M. Fruit 1-seeded drupes. Myrica (p. 311). Key 6. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based on all plant parts. Key based more particularly on flowers will be found next, Key 6a. * Spiny or thorny plants. (A.) A. Flowers with 5 separate petals, blooming in spring. Crataegus (p. 173). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). A. Flowers nodding, yellow or yellowish. Elaeagnus (p. 300). B^r- beris (p. 64). 46 % KEYS TO THE GENERA A. Flowers inconspicuous, usually greenish. l\hamnus (p. 0:]). Zfzyphus (p. 00). A. Leaves thick and about evergreen. B^rberis (p. G4). Pyracaiitha (p. 175). ilex (p. 8G). * Plants not spiny. (B.) B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base. (C.) C. Fruit cone-like and hanging on till fall or through the year. Alnus (p. 312). Betula (p. 311). C. Fruit round nuts i-^ inch, ripe in fall. Corylus (p. 313). Castknea (p. 314). Qudrcus (p. 314). C. Fruit not as above, in some cases absent. (D.) D. Flowers white of many long stamens in snowy wreath. Neviusia (p. 171). D. Flowers white, sweet-scented, with 5 petals in erect clusters in summer. Cl^thra (p. 205). B. Leaves with oblique base. (E. ) E. Straight-veined. Ulmus (p. 308). Hamam^lis (p. 202). Fothergilla (p. 203). Coryl6psis (p. 204). E. Three-ribbed from base, small, 1 inch long. Zizyphus (p. 00). B. Leaves heart-shaped at base. (F.) F. With curved parallel side ribs. Ehamnus cathartica (p. 00). F. No such parallel ribs. (G.) G. Fruit cone-like, under 1 inch long, hanging on through the year. Alnus (p. 312). G. Fruit round nuts, ripe in the fall. C6rylus (p. 313). Casta- nea (p. 314). G. Fruit dry capsule, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Coryldpsis (p. 204). Fothergilla (p. 203). B. Leaves not as above. (H.) H. Leaves deciduous and (I.) I. Very narrow linear or nearly so. Salix (p. 314). Itea (p. 201). Ehamnus (p. 93). I. Tliree- or more ribbed from base. (J. ) J. Flowers with petals more or less united at base. (K. ) K. Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped (sometimes double). Azalea (p. 257). K. Flowers bell-shaped (^-1 inch). Styrax (p. 270). Ha- l^sia (p. 272). K. Flowers tubular, globular, or urn-shaped (^ inch or less). (L.) L. Fruit a capsule. Andromeda (p. 240). L. Fruit berry-like with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vaccinium (p. 244). KEYS TO THE GENERA .• 4/ K. Flowers with tube and 4-lobed spreading border ; leaves silvery. Eheagniis (p. 300). J. Flowers with petals separate or apparently so. (M.) M. Flowers solitary, large, 2-5 inches, with five petals. Stuartia (p. 80). Gordonia (p. 80). M. Flowers clustered, white (about 1 inch), with 5 stalked petals. Exochorda (p. 161). M. Flowers small, {-^ inch, of 5 petals or double. (N.) N. Fruit fleshy. Amelanchier (p. 180). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179). N. Fruit dry. Spinea (p. 146). Cl^thra (p. 265). Es- callonia (p. 188). M. Flowers yellowy often double (1 inch). K^rria (p. 162). M. Flowers yellowish, small in hanging clusters. Ber- beris (p. 64). M. Flowers feathery, of conspicuous white stamens. Neviusia (p. 171). M. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). H. Leaves evergreen. (Thick glossy leaves indicate evergreen character.) (O.) O. Flowers large, 2-5 inches, with waxy petals. Camellia (p. 79). Gordonia (p. 80). O. Flowers small, I- inch, with 5 petals and 5 stamens. Escallonia (p. 188). Pitt6sporum (p. 68). O. Flowers small, i inch, with 5 petals and many stamens. Photinia (p. 179). • O. Flowers small, white, of 4 petals and 4 stamens, tlex (p. 86). O. Flowers tubular, orbicular or ovate, small. Andromeda (p. 249). Gaylusskcia and Vaccinium (p. 244). Arbutus (p. 219). O. Flowers small, yellowish, of 5 slightly united petals in axillary clusters. Symplocos (p. 273). O. Flowers inconspicuous ; foliage sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 311). O. Other evergreens only found outdoors South. Ardisia (p. 266). Key 6a. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based mainly on flowers. * Flowers in catkins generally in early spring (usually yellow, due to the pollen). (A.) A. Leaves sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 311). 48 KEYS TO THE GENERA A. Leaves straight-veined. Alnus (p. 312). B^tula (p. 311). Cas- tanea (p. 314). Corylus (p. 313). A. Other shrubs with catkin fli)\vers \ wood soft. S^hx (p. 314). * Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange, but not in catkins. (B.) B. Leaves straight-veined and oblique at base. tJlmus (p. 308). Coryl6psis (p. 204). Hamam^lis (p. 202). B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base, edge doubly and sharply serrate ; twigs bright green with large pith. Kerria (p. 1G2). B. Leaves clustered at ends of twigs ; flowers large, 1 inch, funnel form. Azalea (p. 257). B. Leaves with silvery scales ; plants often thorny ; fruit fleshy, 1-seeded. El?eagnus (p. 300). B. Leaves clustered along the branches ; plants usually thorny. B(irberis (p. 64). * Flowers pink to rosy or red. (C.) C. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever- green.) Ardisia (p. 2G8). Arbutus (p. 249). Camellia (p. TO). C. Leaves deciduous and plants usually thorny. Tj'rus (p. 182). CratEegus (p. 173). Primus (p. 142). C. Leaves deciduous and plants without thorns. (D.) D. Flowers large, 2-5 inches, hollyhock-like. Hibiscus (p. 81). D. Flowers much smaller of 5 separate petals (or double) . Prunus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Spiraea (p. 146). D. Flowers with parts grown together into a tubular, urn-shaped, or globular part. (E.) E. F'ruit a capsule with many seeds. Andr6meda (p. 249). E. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds. Gayluss^cia and Vaccin- ium (p. 244). * Flowers white or nearly so. (F.) F. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever- green character.) (G.) G. Thorny plants ; flowers \ inch or more in size with 5 petals. Pyracantha (p. 175). Ilex (p. 86). G. No thorns. (H.) H. Flowers large, 2-4 inches, often double in Camellia. Camellia (p. 79). Gord6nia (p. 80)*. H. Flowers small, wlieel-shaped ; fruit white or red berries. Ardfsia (p. 268). Ilex (p. 86). H. Flowers small, globular or ovate, 5-lobpd ; fruit dry. An- dromeda (p. 249). H. Other evergreens hardy only South. Photinia (p. 179). E.scallonia (p. 188). Arbutus (p. 249). KEYS TO THE CENERA 49 F. Leaves deciduous. (I.) I. Flowers large, i inch or more. (J.) J. Flowers usually over 2 inches wide of 5 petals and many sta- mens. Stuartia (p. 80). Gordonia (p. 80). J. Flowers bell-shaped, ^-1| inches. Styrax (p. 270). IIal6sia (p. 272). J. Flowers with long stamens making feathery bloom. Neviusia (p. 171). J. Flowers under 2 inches wide of 5 petals, (K.) • K. Fruit fleshy. Amelanchier (p. 180). C'rat*gus (p. 173). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). K. Fruit dry. Spirsa (p. 146). Exoch6rda (p. KJl). I, Flowers small, under ^ inch wide. (For inconspicuous flowers see next I.) (L.) L. Flowers of 4-9 petals, slightly united at base, and as many stamens; fruit berries. Ilex (p. 86). L. Flowers of 5 petals and many stamens, or double. Spirgea (p. 146). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Photi'nia (p. 179). itea (p. 201). L. Flowers open bell-shaped. Zenobia (p. 253). Fothergflla (p. 203). L. Flowers globular, tubular, or urn-shaped. (M.) M. Fruit a capsule. Andr6meda (p. 249). M. Fruit berries with 10 or more seeds. Gayluss^cia and Vaccinium (p. 244). L. Other small white flowers on deciduous shrubs. Ceanothus (p. 97). Cl^thra (p. 265). Baccharis (p. 241). I. Flowers inconspicuous by lack of size or color. tJlmus (p. 308). Rhamnus (p. 93). Zizyphus (p. 99). Key 7. Leaves alternate, simple with lobed edges. * Plants without thorns. (A.) A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 3-7 notched lobes. (B.) B. Fruit fleshy. (C.) C. Leaves very large, 5 inches or more broad. Ficus (p. 308). F&tsia (p. 212). C. Leaves smaller ; fruit a globular berry under 1 inch. Ribes (p. 201). B. Fruit dry. (D.) D. Flowers large, over 2 inches broad. Hibiscus (p. 81). D. Flowers snniU, under 1 inch. Pliysocari)Us (p. 158). A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 2-3 unnotched lobes. (E.) apgar's shrubs — 4 50 KEYS TO THE CEXERA E. Leaves with 2 equal lobes. (Found outdoors only South.) Bauhfnia (p. 128). E. Leaves irregularly 2-3-lobed (sometimes without lobes). Sas- safras (p. 290). A. Leaves feather-veined, (F.) F. Some leaves without lobes, all with tapering bases. Baccharis (p. 241). F. Leavesfern-like with many side notches, aromatic. Comptonia (p. 311). F. Leaves silver-gray, finely divided, aromatic. Santolina (p. 243). F. Leaves triangular, with 5-9 notched lobes. Stephanandra (p. 103). F. Other thornless shrubs with lobed leaves. Qu^rcus (p. 314). Primus (p. 142). Spin^a (p. 140). Betula (p. 311). * Plants with more or less thorns or prickles ; fruit fleshy berries (Ilex has spiny-edged leaves). Crataegus (p. 173). Ribes (p. 201). Rubus (p. 104) . Ilex (p. 80). Key 8. Leaves alternate, compound. * Leaves of 3 blades. (A.) A. Plants thorny or prickly. (B.) B. Fruit large, orange-like. Cftrus (p. 80). B. Fruit pea-like pods. Cytisus (p. 113). B. P'ruit blackberry-like. Rubus (p. 104). B. Fruit 2-5-seeded black rounded berry. Acanthopknax (p. 212). B. Other prickly plants with 3-bladed leaves. Rosa (p. 100). A. Plants without thorns or prickles. (C). C. Flowers pea-shaped. Laburnum (p. 110). Lesped^za (p. 124). C. Flowers not pea-shaped, small. (D.) D. Fruit dry but somewhat berry -like in appearance ; leaves aromatic. Rhus (p. 107). D. Fruit flat, wafer-like, i inch or more broad. Pt61ea (p. 84). * Leaves with an even number of blades, abruptly pinnate. (E. ) E. Flowers yellow or yellowish. Cassia (p. 128). Caragkna (p. 122). E. Flowers rosy. Ilalimod^ndron (p. 122). * Leaves of 5 or 7 blades growing from nearly the same point, pal- mately compound. (F.) F. Blades entire ; flowers yellow, in summer. Potentflla (p. 104). F. Blades somewhat notched ; plant thorny. Acanthop^nax (p. 212). F. Blades irregularly cut. Zanthorhiza (p. 58). * Leaves once odd-pinnate, blades an odd number. (G.) G. Plants thorny or prickly. (H.) KEYS TO THE CIEXERA 51 H. Flowers large, 2 inches or more, of 5 petals and many stamens (often double). Rosa (p. 100). H. Flowers smaller, white ; fruit blackberry- or raspberry-like. Rubus (p. 104). H. Flowers pea-shaped ; fruit pea-like pods. Robinia (p. 110). H. Flowers yellow in early spring. JNIahonia (p. 60). H. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit rounded, pepper-like. Zanth6xy- lum (p. 83). G. Plants without thorns or prickles. (I.) I. Blades of the leaves entire at edges. (J.) J. Fruit inflated or swollen pods 2 inches or more long. Colutea (p. 123). J. Fruit usually long pods but not inflated. Robinia (p. 119). Indigofera (p. 119). Sophora (p. 111). J. Fruit jointed pods. Coronilla (p. 125). Sophora (p. 111). J. Fruit short pods in spike-like clusters. Am6rpha (p. 117). J. Fruit seed-like in calyx. Potenti'Ua (p. 164). J. Fruit berry-like, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; flowers yellow. Jasmi- num (p. 273). J. Fruit dry and somewhat berry-like. Rhus (p. 107). I. Blades irregularly and deeply cut. (K.) K. Flowers very large, 3-8 inches. Preonia (p. 57). K. Flowers small. Zanthorhiza (p. 58). Rhus (p. 107). I. Blades regularly twice-serrate. Sorb^ria (p. 159). I. Blades regularly once-serrate. Rhus (p. 107). Tecoma (p. 285). Xanthoc^ras (p. 101). * Leaves 2-3 times pinnate. (L.) L. Leaves very large, 2-4 feet long. (M.) M. Plant usually very prickly. Ar^lia (p. 211). M. Plant without prickles. Rhus (p. 107). L. Leaves smaller, twice-abruptly-pinnate. Alblzzia (p. 131). Acacia (p. 132). Cciesalpinia (p. 129). L. Leaves odd-pinnate, finely divided, fern-like. Grevillea (p. 306). Sorbaria (p. 159). Rhus (107). * Leaves divided into threes 2 or 3 times with 9-27 blades. (N.) N. Blades notched ; plants hardly woody. Astilbe (p. 160). Arun- cus (p. 161). N. Blades entire. Woody evergreen plant of the extreme South. Nandina (p. 67). Key 9. Leaves small, geiierally | inch or less long, all leaves under an inch long (except on the last, below, which is a shrubby pine with leaves needle-shaped and sometimes over 2 inches long). 52 KEYS TO THE GENERA * Leaves alternate with entire ed.^es (sometimes very crowded but never truly opposite or whorled). (A.) A. Leaves thick and fully or nearly evergreen. (B.) B. Leaves with rolled edges. L^dum (p. 20.']). Leiophyllum (p. 2(>3). B. Leaves without rolled edges. (C.) C. Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled. Picea (p. 326). C. Leaves linear, sharp-pointed, green below. Taxus (p. 341). C. Leaves linear, blunt, with white lines below. Tsuga (p. 32(1). C. Leaves broad at base, ovate, pointed; twigs green. (South.) Ruscus (p. 323). C. Leaves very hairy ; flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents. Kalmia (p. 256). C. Other evergreens with small alternate entire-edged leaves. (D.) D. Flowers tubular with 4 spreading lobes. Daphne (p. 208). D. Flowers bell-shaped, 4-lobed in drooping clusters. Erica (p. 254). D. Flowers small, peculiar, in erect clusters. Ceanothus (p. 97). A. Leaves thinner and not evergreen. (E.) E. Flowers yellow, pea-shaped ; twigs green. Genista (p. 114). E. Flowers regular of 5 separate petals. Spirrea (p. 146). E. Flowers generally pink in very small clusters ; leaves minute, clasping the stem at base on thread-like twigs. Tamarix (p. 73). * Leaves alternate with notched edges. (F.) F. Leaves whitish or silverj^-gray, much divided into lobes ; plant aromatic. Santolina (p. 243). F. Other shrubs with notched, small leaves. Spir^a (p. 146). ilex crenata (p. 88). * Leaves opposite, thick, and evergreen (including scale-like leaves covering the stem). (G.) G. Leaves linear and sharp-pointed. Juniperus (p. 337). G. Leaves oval and about flat. Buxus (p. 306). Ceanothus (p. 07). G. Leaves oval with rolled edges. Leiophyllum (p. 263). G. Leaves very small, \ inch or less, and pressed to the stem which they practically cover. (H.) H. Flowers yellow, May-July. Huds6nia (p. 72). H. Flowers pink or white, July-September. Erica (p. 254). Cal- luna (p. 255). H. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit a cone. Thiija (p. 328). * Leaves opposite and not fully evergreen. Lonicera (p. 230). * Leaves whorled on the stem. (I.) KEYS TO THE GENERA 53 I. Leaves i inch long and sharp-pointed, evergreen. Junfperus (p. ;i37). I. Leaves much smaller. Erica (p. 254). * Leaves evergreen in clusters along the sides of the stem, needle- shaped. Pinus (p. 324), Key 10. Key to those deciduous bushes which have flowers during the fall, winter, and spring, when the stems are bare of foliage. The arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. * Flowers regular, not lopsided, on alternate leaved bushes. (A.) A. Corolla united at base. (In Daphne and Dirca this is a calyx.) (B.) B. Flower with tubular portion and a 4-lobed border. Daphne (p. 298). Dirca (p. 297). B. Flower with a 5-lobed edge. (Azalea is sometimes double.) (C.) C. Flowers small, white or pinkish, urn-shaped. Vaccinium (p. 244). C. Flowers large, 1 inch, funnel-shaped. Aztilea (p. 257). A. Corolla with separate petals. (Sometimes these pieces are in reality calyx.) (D.) D. Flowers yellow, small, in clusters, G parts. Benzoin (p. 297). Sassafras (p. 296). D. Flowers (1 inch) with 4 slender yellow petals. Hamamelis (p. 202). D. Flowers with 5 yellow petals. Coryldpsis (p. 204). D. Flowers large. 1-0 inches, with 0 or more thick petals. Mag- nolia (p. 58). D. Flowers |-1 inch with 5 white or pinkish petals (sometimes double). Prunus (p. 142). Spiraea (p. 140). D. Flowers i-li inches with 0 brownish petals. Asimina (p. 04). D. Flowers very small, i inch, pink in clusters, with 4 or 5 petals. Tamarix (p. 73). * Flowers irregular or lopsided, red or purplish, pea-shaped on alter- nate-leaved bushes. C^rcis (p. 127). * Flowers regular on opposite-leaved l)ushes. (E.) E. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped (I inch long) with 4-lobed border. Forsyth ia (p. 274). E. Flowers yellow, small in clusters with 4 separate petals. C(5rnus Mas (p. 210). E. Flowers large, 1 inch, yellow with a tubular corolla having 5-lobed border; stem green iind 4-angled. Jasminum (p. 273). E. Flowers large, 1 inch, yellowish brown, with many thick sweet- scented petals. Calycanthus (p. 186). 54 KEYS TO THE GENERA B. Flowers very large, 2-4 inches, white or pink with 4 petals, in reality bracts around a liead of small flowers. C6rnus florida (p. 214). * Flowers small, white or pinkish, somewhat irregular in pairs on opposite-leaved bushes. Lonicera (p. 230). * Flowers in slender catkins. Alnus (p. 812). S^lix (p. 314). Bdtula (p. 311). C6rylus (p. 313). Qu^rcus (p. 314). Key 11. Key to those deciduous bushes which have conspicuous fruit during the fall and more or less of the winter when bare of foliage. The arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. The num- bers refer to the pages. * Alternate-leaved bushes with fleshy, usually orange, or red berries. (A.) A. Plants without thorns or spines, ilex (p. 80). Cotoneaster (p. 174). Tyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179). A. Plants more or less thorny. B^rberis (p. 64). Lycium (p. 284). * Alternate-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (B.) B. Fruit rounded and apparently berry-like. (C.) C. Plant without spines or thorns; berries in clusters. Ehus (p. 107). C. Plant with spines or thorns ; berry -like fruit more scattered. Rosa (p. 166). B. Fruit flat or wafer-like (| inch broad). Ptfelea (p. 84). B. Fruit a capsule, more or less 5-lobed and always 5-celled. (D.) D. Fruit large, 1 inch long. Hibiscus (p. 81). D. Fruit nearly l inch long, 5-seed-ed. Exochorda (p. 161). D. Fruit smaller and many-seeded. Spinea (p. 146). I'hysocar- pus (p. 158). B. Fruit a capsule, 3-lobed and 3-celled. (E.) E. Capsule 3-seeded and splitting into 3 nutlets. Ceanothus (p. 97). E. Capsule many-seeded, 3-angled. C16thra (p. 265). B. Capsule woody, | inch long, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Hamamelis (p. 202). Corylopsis (p. 204). B. Fruits hairy clustered, much like silky white crushes. Baccharis (p. 241). * Opposite-leaved bushes with fleshy berries. (F.) F. Drupes with 1 more o*' less flattened seed. Viburnum (p. 219). C6rnus (p. 214). F. Berries 2-seeded, in close clusters along the branches. Symphori- carpos (p. 228). * Opposite-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (G.) G. Fruit large, over 1 inch long, pear-shaped with many brown seeds. Calycanthus (p. 186). KEYS TO THP] CiENER.V o5 G. Fruit long, several inches, pods with winged seeds. Catalpa (p. 28G). Chil6psis (p. 280). G. Fruit I inch long with 2 valves and few seeds. Syringa (p. 275). G. Fruit apparently 4 shining black beads in calyx. Rhodotvpos (p. 103). G. Fruit a capsule, when open in the fall, showing bright red seeds. Eu6nymus (p. 91). G. Fruit broadly 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). G. Fruit about hemispheric in shape with many seeds. Deutzia (p. 191). Philad(^lphus (p. 100). Key 12. Thorny plants. Plants with spines or thorns on their stems, or spiny-edged leaves, or plants with apparently no leaves, as the cacti. * Plants with simple leaves. (A.) A. Leaves covered with silvery scales on one or both sides. Elseag- nus (p. 300). Hippophae (p. 303). Shepherdia (p. 303). A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.) B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed. (C.) C. Leaves small, round, fleshy, later falling off. Opiintia (p. 209) . C. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Madura (p. 310). Kuscus (p. 323). Acacia (p. 132). C. Leaves in alternate clusters on the stem. B^rberis (p. 64). Lycium (p. 284). Bum^lia (p. 209). C. Leaves opposite. Rhamnus (p. 93). Osmanthus (p. 282). B. Leaves with notched, but not lobed edges. (D.) D. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Ilex (spiny edges to leaves) (p. 86). Zizyphus (p. 99). Primus (p. 142). Crat^gus (p. 173). Pyrus (p. 182). D. Leaves usually in alternate clusters. Bdrberis (p. 64). D. Leaves opposite. Clerod^ndron (p. 291). Rhamnus (p. 93). Osmanthus (p. 282). B. Leaves with lobed edges. ■ Ribes (p. 201). Crataegus (p. 173). * Plants with compound leaves. (E.) E. Leaves once-odd-pinnate. Robinia (p. 119). Zanth(5xyhim (p. 83) . Mahonia (p. 66) . (Zizyphus is only apparently pinnate. ) E. Leaves abruptly (evenly) pinnate. Ilalimod^ndron (p. 122). Carag^na (p. 122). E. Leaves of 3, 5, or 7 blades. Citrus (p. 86). Rubus (p. 164). Acanthopanax (p. 212). E. Leaves more than once-pinnate. Acacia (p. 132). Ar.Mia (p. 211). Caesalpfnia (p. 129). * Plants without leaves." Opvintia (p. 209). MamilL^ria (p. 211). Phyllocactus (p. 211). Ulex (p. 113). PART III DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Numbers in parenthesis in the keys and descriptions which follow refer to the figures. Bracketed information refers to methods of propagation. Psebnia. The Peonies form one of the most popular groups of plants. They are almost entirely large-flowered herbaceous perennials, though one species is shrubby and, therefore, to be included in our book. This is called Tree Peony Figs. (1) and (2) — Paeonia Moutan, — growing to the Fig. 1. — Tree Peony. Fig. 2. —Tree Peony. height of 3 to 8 feet with large alternate smooth pale-colored feather-divided (pinnate) leaves with irregularly cut and Jiotched blades, as shown in the illustrations. The flowers are six or more inches broad, often double and of many colors — white, pink, rose, sometimes blotched and striped. One variety of this, the Poppy Pkony — papaverkcea, — is white with a dark red center and has thin poppy-like petals. The fruit in the single 57 58 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS varieties is a cluster of large-seeded leathery hairy pods. The double f. — Hauana Shrub. 60 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS than those on most of tlie species. The petals are narrow and about 15 in number. The species of magnolias from eastern Asia generally bloom before the leaves expand in spring and have deciduous leaves. The American spe- cies bloom in the summer and are generally deciduous, though two species are evergreen. These are, Small or Swamp Magnolia (5) — Magnolia virginiana (M. glauca) — which is found wild north to Massachusetts and is hardy in sheltered positions in southern Canada though not fully ever- green in northern positions; and Evergreex Magnolia (fi) — Magnolia grandiflora — which, if protected from the north winds, can besucceSofuUy grown in southern New York. All the Magnolias form cone-like fruits, usually pink or red when ripe, from which the ripened scarlet-coated seeds hang out on slender threads. The following key will enable one to determine the species of most if not all of the forms. In the key all the species are included, though some of them are always tree-like. [Fresh seeds; layers.] KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS * Blooming before the deciduous leaves expand. (A.) A. Flowers pure white or slightly pinkish. (B.) B. Flowers bell-like in form. Chinese White Magnolia or Yulan Magnolia — Magnolia conspicua (M. Yulan). B. Flowers broadly spreading. (C). C. Petals only 0. Koms Magnolia (7) — Magnolia Kobus. C. Petals narrow, 9-18. Star Magnolia or Hall's Japan Mag- nolia (4) — Magnolia stelh\ta. A. Flowers pink to purple outside. (D.) D. Flowers larger, 6-8 inches broad. (E.) E. Hardy north to New York. Soulange's Magnolia — INIag- nolia Soulangekna. E. Hardy only south. Campbell's Magnolia — Magnolia Campbelli. D. Flowers small, 3-4 inches broad. Purple Magnolia (8) — Magnolia purpurea (M. obovata). * Blooming after the new leaves expand (some are evergreen). (F.) F. Flowers greenish; tall tree. Cucumber Tree — Magnolia acuminata. F. Flowers white with conspicuous colored mark in center. (G.) G. Petals purple-spotted at base. Great-leaved Magnolia or Large-leaved Cucumber Tree — Magnolia macrophylla. G. Stamens with scarlet filaments. (H.) KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS 61 H. Leaves clustered at ends of branches. Japanese Umhrella Magnolia — Magnolia hypoleuca. H. Leaves scattered along the branches. Watson's Magnolia — Magnolia Watsoni. F. Flowers pure white (slightly greenish in pumila). (I.) I. Flowers 1-3 inches broad. (J.) J. Shrub or tree 10 feet or more high. Small or Swamp Mag- nolia or Sweet 'Bay' (5) — Magnolia virginiana (M. glauca) . J. Shrub less than 10 feet high. Bush Magnolia — Magnolia pumila. I. Flowers 6-9 inches broad. (K.) K. Leaves evergreen. Evergreen Magnolia (G) or Bull ' Bay ' — Magnolia grandiflora. K. Leaves deciduous. (L.) L. Leaves eared at base. Ear-leaved Umbrella Tree — Magnolia Fraseri. L. Leaves tapering at base. Umbrella Tree — Magnolia tripetala. F. Flowers yellowish browni, small ; leaves evergreen. Brown- flowered Magnolia or Banana Shrub (0) — Magnolia (Mi- chelia) fuscata. Fig. 10. — C'ercidiphylliim. Fig. 11. — North Aiueiit'iiii Papaw. 62 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Cercidiphyllum jap6nicum. Cercidiphyllu3i (10). This is a bushy tree of great beauty aud strange arrangement of foliage but with in- ^iii Fig. 12. — Thunberg's Japanese Barberry. Fig. 1.3. — Common Barberry. conspicuous flowers and fruit. Tlie leaves are generally opposite, heart- shaped, and with about 5 basal ribs. The great peculiarity of the leaves is the fact, unique so far as I know, that every year for many years the single leaves come out just where last year's leaves were, instead of the usual branches appearing, and so the stems have along their whole extent fresh leaves till they reach the diameter of an inch or more. Height usually 20 to 30 feet, slender smooth branches with leaves 2 to 8 inches long. Perfectly hardy throughout. From Japan. [Seeds ; twig cuttings; layers.] Fig. 14. —Holly-leaved Mahonia. THE BARBERRIES 63 Fig. 15. —Japan Mahonia. Fig. 16. — .\nierican Barberry. Fig. 17— Box-leaved Barberry. Fig. 18. — Holly-leaved Barberry. 64 DESCIIIPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS Asimina. The Papaws, as the name is used in America, are shrubs or small trees with large smooth alternate entire-edged leaves, and large- seeded pulpy fruit. The large purple or whitish flowers are solitary and axillary, appearing with or before the leaves expand in spring. The flowers consist of three calyx pieces, six petals, and numerous stamens. There are two species in cultivation. One, a shrubby tree 10 to 40 feet Fig. 19. — Bearded Barberry Fig. 20. — Mahonia. high, hardy in Massachusetts, with leaves 6 to 12 inches long, and edible fruit, 2 to 6 inches long, of a brown color when ripe in October, Com- mon or North American Papaw (U) — Asimina triloba. The other is a shrub 2 to 6 feet high, hardy only South, with leaves 2 to 4 inches long and cream-colored flowers having petals 2 inches long, Fktid Shrub — Asimina grandiflora. (The Papaws of the books are milky-juiced small tropic trees of palm-like habit with variously lobed leaves, belong- ing to the passion flower family.) [Seeds ; layers ; root cuttings.] Berberis. The Barberries are popular, hardy, usually thorny shrubs, having yellow- to orange-colored flowers, and white, yellow, red to black berries with 1 to several seeds. The leaves are generally arranged in close clusters above the 1-3-pointed thorns. The barberries with compound leaves are here, as in the nurseries, called Mahoxias. The species are so numerous (over 50), with many hybrids and varieties, that the average reader will be satisfied to distinguish only the few in general cultivation. Thunberg's Japanese Barberry (12) — Berberis Thuub^rgii, — is a KF.Y TO THE BARBERRIES 65 dense spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high with small entire-edged leaves ^ to 1^ inches long and usually simple spines (occasionally 3-branched). The branches are deeply grooved. The pale yellow flowers are in small um- bel-like clusters, and the bright red fruit is nearly globular. European or Common Bar- berry (13) — Berberis vulgaris — grows from 4 to 8 feet high with erect or somewhat arching gray grooved branches. The leaves are 1 to 2 inches long with notched and somewhat spiny edges. The flowers are bright yellow in many-flowered hanging clusters. The fruit, in the dif- ferent varieties, are white, yel- low, red to dark purple berries which hang on and add beauty to the bushes all winter. There is a variety of this frequently culti- vated, with purple leaves, which hold their color through the sea- son, atropurpurea. The Holly-leaved Mahonias have holly-edged but compound evergreen leaves, erect clusters of yellow flowers, and blue to black small berries. The Mahonias are hardy north of Philadelphia only in sheltered positions. American or Holly-leaved Mahonia (14) — Mahonia (Berberis) Aquifolium — differs from Japan Mahonia (15) — Mahonia japduica — in having fewer blades but a longer stem to the compound leaf : Ameri- can blades 5 to 0 ; Japan, 9 to 13. The use of the following key will enable the reader to determine a few additional species. [Fresh seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.] Fig. 21. — Ash Mahonia. KEY TO THE BARBERRIES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES * Leaves thin, deciduous, notched, in clusters above thorns ; leaf- notches hair-tipped. (A.) A. Branches gray and grooved ; flowers yellow in elongated racemes, May and June. Many varieties of P^tropkan or Common Bar- berry (13) — Berberis vulgi\ris. A. Branches purplish and grooved ; leaves purple. Berberis vulgaris atropurpurea. apgar's shrubs — 5 66 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS A. Branches reddish brown or brown ; fruit coral-red. American Bakhkkkv (16) — Berberis canadensis. * Leaves thin, deciduous, usually without notches. B. Branches reddish brown ; flowers orange-yellow in racemes ; fruit dark blue. (C.) C. Flowers and fruit pendulous. Turkestan Barberry — Ber- beris heteropoda. C. Flowers and frui^ erect. Persian Barberry — Berberis in- tegerrima. B. Branches brown, grooved ; flowers pale yellow, nearly solitary (1-3) ; fruit bright red; leaves small (^-H inches long), spatu- late ; low dense shrub, 2-4 feet. Thunberg's Japanese Bar- berry (12) — Berberis Thunbergii. * Leaves thick, small (J-1 inch long), usually entire and about ever- green. (D.) D. Flowers solitary on long stems, orange ; fruit blackish purple. Box-leaved Barberry (17) — Berberis buxifolia. D. Flower^ (2-6) in umbels ; leaves with rolled edges, small (^-Ij inches). Small-leaved Barberry — Berberis stenophylla. * Leaves holly-like, spiny-toothed. (E. ) E. Flowers in simple racemes, orange-yellow. Holly'-leaved Bar- berry (18) — Berberis ilicifolia. E. Flowers in compound racemes. (F.) F. Leaves with many spiny teeth. Bearded Barberry (10) — Berberis aristkta. F. Leaves with few large strong spines. Jameson's Barberry — Berberis Jilmesoui. KEY TO THE BARBEEKIES WITH COMPOUND EVERGREEN^ LEAVES. — MAHONIA. * Leaves almost without stalk below the blades. (A.) A. Blades 3-7, thick, dull and whitish. Fremont's Mahonia — Mahonia Fr^raonti. A. Blades 5-17, thick, dark green, shiny, with few teeth ; height 2-3 feet. Mahonia (20) — Mahonia pinn^ta. A. Blades 9-13, large (2-5 inches long) ; height 5-10 feet. Japan Mahonia (15) — Mahonia japonica. A. Blades 5-25, smaller, rigid \vith fewer teeth ; height 4-6 feet. Nepaul Mahonia — Mahonia nepal^nsis. * Leaves decidedly stalked below the blades. (B.) B. Blades rounded or square at base. (C.) NAN DIN A 07 C. Blades 5-0, shiny dark green above with many teeth ; height 3^ feet. Holly-leaved Maiionia (14) — INIahonia A(iuif6liuin. C. Blades 11-21, with 3-5 basal ribs and few teeth ; low. Asii Mahonia (21) — Mahonia nerv6sa. C. Blades 3-7, dull, pale ; low, almost creeping, 1-2 feet high. Trailing Mahonia — Mahonia ripens (Berberis Aquifolium). B. Blades 5-9, tapering at base with many spiny teeth; low. For- tune's Mahonia. Mahonia Fortunei. Fig. 22. — Japanese Naiuliua. The tall barberries in cultiva- tion North are generally varieties of Berberis vulgaris and the names often indicate peculiarities of foli- age or fruit : atropurpurea, purple- leaved ; alba, white-fruited ; lutea, yellow-fruited ; nigra, black-fruited Fig. 23. — Wavy-leaved Pittosporum. asperma, seedless ; violkcea, violet- fruited ; dulcis, not sour ; mitis, with few thorns ; etc. The low ones are apt to be varieties of Berberis Thunbergii, which are especially valuable for the borders of walks and drives and grow well in partial shade. Nandina dom^stica. Japanese Nandina (22) is a reed-like upright shrub ((3-8 feet) with bare stems ^ inch in diameter and clusters of evergreen leaves at the top ending in a cluster of small red berries the size of peas. The compound leaves are two or three times ternate with 9 to 27 entire-edged blades. It is frequent in cultivation in southern Cali- fornia for the beautiful foliage and bright berries, but the bare stems are unsightly if exposed. Among other shrubs and somewhat in the shade it is a fine plant. With some protection hardy to Washington. The 68 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 2G. — Cape Pittosporum. flowers are insignificant; the seeds are peculiar in that they are con- cave on one side and convex on the other. [Seeds and divisions.] Pitt6sporum. The Pittospo- RL'MS are evergreen trees or shrubs of w^arm regions. The leaves are alternate but clustered in an ap- ^^«- ^T.-Karo Pittosporum. parent whorl at the ends of the branches ; the margins are in most species entire. The regular 5-parted flowers form a cluster above the whorl of HELIANTHEMUM 69 leaves in spring. The fruit is a globular woody capsule with 2 to many- seeds. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE PITTOSPORUMS * Flowers white or nearly so. (A.) A. Flowers very fragrant at night, ^ inch long ; leaves a rich deep green, lanceolate, often undulated at the margin ; seeds numerous in the ^-inch pod. Wavy-leaved Pittosporum or Mock, Orange (23) — Pittosporum undul^tum. A. Flowers slightly yellowish with narrow petals, February, March ; leaves silky- white when young; seeds 4. Madras Pittosporum — Pittosporum tetrasp^rmum. A. Flowers pure white and fragrant, i inch broad, in winter; leaves broad towards tip and blunt, dark above, pale below (sometimes variegated.) Common Pittosporum or Tobira (24) — Pittosporum Tobira. * Flowers some shade of yellow. (B.) B. Plants clothed with rusty hairs ; leaves about 3 inches long and half as wide ; flowers i inch long, yellow, February to April. Pittosporum (25) — Pittosporum revolutum. B. Plants smooth throughout. (C.) C. Small tree or large shrub with weeping twigs ; leaves 2-4 inches long with hooked point. Pittosporum phillyraeoides. C. Shrub 6 feet high ; leaves broad towards tip ; flowers clustered, greenish yellow, jasmine-scented. Cape Pittosporum (26) — Pittosporum viridiflorum. * Flowers almost black and seeds black ; used in California as wind- breaks and hedges. (D.) D. Leaves pale and glaucous below, 2-3 inches long and blunt at ' tip; a pyramidal tall shrub or tree. Karo (27) — Pittosporum crassif51ium. D. Leaves thin, dull green, 1^-2 inches long and pointed at tip ; tree-like. Tawiiiwhi — Pittosporum tenuif61ium. Helidnthemum. The Rockrose — Helianthemum Chamaecfstus — and the Frostweed (28) — Helianthemum canad^nse — are beautiful rock- work plants with usually bright yellow flowers an inch or more in diameter. Some varieties have red or copper-colored blossoms and some are double. The leaves are linear, hairy above and whitish beneath and generally alternate except at base. " The plant commonly cultivated, Helianthe- mum Chamsecistus, grows in procumbent mats less than a foot high and the 5-petaled flowers are in nodding racemes v/ith hairy stems. Tlie 70 DESCRIPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 29. — Undulate-leaved Rockrose. Fig. 28. — Frostweed. ir^^ \5i Fig. 30. — CypriLs Rockrose. Fig. 31. — Gum Clstus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS 71 fruit is a more or less 3-celled capsule with numerous seeds. These plants are sometimes called Sun ' Roses ' because the flowers open only in sun- shine and soon drop their petals. [Divisions; seeds; twig cuttings.] Cistus. These are also called Rockroses. They are aromatic shrubs having all parts covered with short or long usually glandular hairs. The Fig. 32. — Laurel-leaved Cistus. Fig. 33. — Hairy Cistus. leaves are opposite, simple, mostly evergreen and entire-edged. The flowers are large, rose-like, white to purple and usually clustered. The fruit is a dry many-seeded capsule splitting into 5 valves when ripe. These plants are fully hardy only in the Gulf states and are rarely culti- vated even there. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS * Leaves 3-ribbed. (A.) A. Compact shrub to 2 feet ; leaves narrow, rough above, hairy below ; flowers deep rose-color, nearly 2 inches wide, 3-4 in a cluster with short stalks. June to August. Undulate-leaved RocKROSE (20) — Cistus crfspus. A. Erect glutinous shrub to 6 feet ; leaves smooth above and very hairy below ; flowers white blotched with purple, nearly 3 inches 72 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS wide, 5-7 in a cluster. June. Cyimu:s Rockrose (30) — Cis- tus cypi'i^^s. A. Glutinous shrub to 4 feet; flowers with yellow center (in var, macul^tus dark crimson), 3-4 inches wide, usually solitary, June. Gum Cistus (31) — Cistus ladaniferus. A. Shrub to 6 feet; leaves 1-2^ inches long, whitish or brownish below ; flowers yellow-blotched, 2-3 inches wide, 3-8 in a cluster. June to August. The hardiest species. Laurel-lk.wed Cistis (32) — Cistus laurifolius. * Leaves feather-veined; flowers l|-2 inches wide. Shrub .3-4 feet; leaves rough above and very velvety below, 1-2 inches long ; flowers purple or red usually on long stems, 1-3 in a cluster. May, June. A variable species with many named forms. Haikv Cistus (33) — Cistus villosus. [Seeds.] Hudsbnia. The Hidsomas are hardy evergreen shrubs 1 foot high with small awl-shaped heath-like leaves. The flowers are small, yellow, Fig. 34. — Woolly Hudsoiiia. Hi Fig. 35. — German Tamarisk. abundant, blooming from May to July. These plants are so difficult to keep in health that they are seldom found in cultivation, though wild in sandy coast regions from Maine to Virginia. KKY TO TAMARIX 73 The two species are Heath-t.ike HrnsoxiA — Hudsonia ericoides, — with f^reenish leaves and the flowers on slender naked stalks, and Wooi-lv HfDsoxiA orFALSK Heather (34) — Hudsonia tomentosa, — with whitish leaves and nearly sessile flowers. [Layers ; twig cuttings.] Fig. ofj. — African Tamarisk. Fig. 37. — French Tamarisk. Tamarix. The Tamarisks are beautiful shrubs with minute scale-like leaves and clustered small usually pink flowers. They are especially fitted for seaside planting, as the salt air and wind storms do not perma- nently injure them. There are about ten species in cultivation so nearly alike in foliage that there is much confusion in the names given by the nurserymen. If the reader wishes certainly to determine the species he will need to examine the small flowers with a magnifying glass. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO TAMARIX, INCLUDmG MYRICAEIA * Stamens 10 grown together for i to i their length. Myricaria. (A.) A. Racemes of pink or whitish flowers in compound terminal clusters 4-6 inches long. German Tamarisk (85) —Tamarix (Myricaria) germanica. A. Racemes usually simple. Dahurian Tamarisk — Tamarix (My- ricaria) dahurica. . * Stamens not grown together or but slightly so at base, usually 4 or 5. (B.) 74 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS B. Petals 4 ; racemes short on the sides of last year's branches in early spring. April and May. (C.) C. Petals spreading and wilting, i^ersistent. African Tamarisk (30) — Tainarix parviflora. C. Petals erect and dropping off. Four-antiiered Tamarisk — Tamarix tetrandra. B. Petals 5. (D.) D. Leaves pubescent, bluish green ; flowers with deciduous petals nearly sessile in racemes 2-3 inches long. Pubescent-leaved Tamarisk — Tamarix hispida. D. Leaves smooth. (E.) E. Petals deciduous ; shrub or small tree with whitish or pinkish flowers, May-July (in var. I'ndica, Late-flowering Tam- arisk, Aug., Sept.). French Tamarisk (37)— Tamarix gallica. E. Petals persistent, wilting. (F.) F. Racemes about 2 inches long on old branches. Japan Tamarisk — Tamarix juniperina. F. Flowers in terminal compound clusters. (G.) G. Shrub or small tree with spreading or drooping branches. Chinese Tamarisk — Tamarix chinensis. G. Shrub 4-6 feet high with upright branches. Caspian Tamarisk — Tamarix odessana. Ascyrum. St. Andrew's Cross and St. Peter's-wort are pretty yellow-flowered, slightly shrubby, summer-flowering plants sometimes cultivated in borders. They can be known by the calyx of 4 pieces (2 large and 2 small), 4 cross-like broadly spreading petals and many stamens. The leaves are opposite with entire edges. St. Peter's- woRT (38) — Ascyrum stans — is the taller growing, 2-3 feet, with larger flowers, thicker leaves, and 3 or 4 styles. St. Andrew's Cross (39) — Ascyrum hypericoides — is more spreading with lighter colored smaller flowers and 2 styles. The fruit is a dry 1-celled many-seeded pod. [Divisions ; seeds.] Fig. 38. — St. Peter's-Wort. ASCYRUM 75 Fig. 39. — St. Andrew's Cro.ss. Fig. 40. — Hooker's Hypericum. Fig. 41. — Aaron's Beard. Fig. 4'2. — Kalm's St. John's- Wort. 76 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHKUBS Fig. 43. — Great St. John's-Wort. Fig. 44. — Bushy St. John's- Wort. Fig. 45. — Bartrani's Hypericnni. Fig. 40.- Shrubby St. John's- Wort. KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED HYL'EIUCUMS / / Hypericum. The St. Joiin's-worts are an extensive genus (200 spe- cies) of herbs, shrubs, and trees with more or less dotted, opposite, entire- edged leaves and sliow^y yellow flowers with many stamens. The 5 oblique- edged yellow petals, many stamens (frequently united into groups), and the transparent-dotted opposite leaves are the peculiarities which will ■v>r^. Fig. 47. — Creeping St. John's- Wort. Fig. 48. — Small-Leaved Hypericum. separate these plants from all others. About a dozen species are in culti- vation. Several species are evergreen in the North, and others additional to these hold their leaves through the winter South. Some are trailing plants spreading over the bare ground, others are erect shrubs 5 to 6 feet high. They flower from July to October, but most bloom in early August when but few flowers are seen in the shrubbery. [Seeds ; suckers ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED HYPEKTCUMS * Stem round ; leaves about evergreen ; pistil with 5 styles ; flowers golden yellow ; hardy south of New York. (A.) A. Flowers 2-3 inches broad, petals thick and orbicular, stamens in 5 clusters, August ; leaves sometimes 4 inches long ; slightly 78 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS shrubby, to 2| feet high. Hooker's IIyi-ekicum (40) — Hy- pericum Ilookeri^num. A. Flowers 2 inches broad, stamens with reddish anthers, July, Aug. ; branches erect with pendulous tips ; 2 feet high. Gold Flower — Hypericum Moserianum. * Stem -i-angled ; pistil with 5 styles. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen, leathery, dark above, whitish below, 2-4 inches long ; flowers 3 inches broad ; low plant 1 foot high, tufted. Aaron's Beard (41) — Hypericum calycinum. B. Leaves about linear 1-2^ inches long, bluish above ; flowers ^-1 inch broad ; shrub 2-3 feet high with contorted stems. Kalm's St. John's-wort (42) — Hypericum Kalmianum. B. Leaves 2-5 inches long, clasping ; flowers 1-2 inches wide ; plant 2-6 feet high but not shrubby even at base. Great St. John's- woRT (43) — Hypericum Ascyron. * Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 3 styles. (C.) C. Fruit berry-like, the size of peas, violet when ripe ; plant very aromatic ; leaves ovate, 4 inches long. Sweet Amber — Hyperi- cum Androscemum. C. Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule ; dense low shrub forming rounded tufts ; leaves ^-2^ inches long, bluish ; flowers 1 inch wide. Buckley's Hypericum — Hypericum Biickleyi. C. Fruit 3-celled capsules ; erect shrub 4-(3 feet high ; leaves lin- ear, crowded, 1-2 inches long; flowers | inch wide. Bushy St. Johk's-wort (44) — Hypericum densiflorum. * Stems, at least in the younger growth, 2-ridged or 2-winged; pistil with 3 styles grown more or less together. (D.) D. Fully shrubby, 3 feet high ; bark red or brown splitting off in layers ; flowers, li inches broad, showy, July-Sept. (E.) E. Leaves somewhat leathery, oblong, 1-3 inches long, whitish beneath ; flowers sessile 1-3 in cluster. Bartram's Hyperi- cum (45) — Hypericum aiireum. E. Leaves thinner, more slender, usually pointed, 1-3 inches long, dark glossy green. Shrubby St. John's-wort (46) — Hyperi- cum prolfficum. D. Shrubby only at base or herbaceous throughout; flowers small. (F.) F. Erect from a creeping base to 2 feet ; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches long ; flowers about ^ inch wide. Creeping St. John's- wort (47) — Hypericum adpr^ssum. F. Erect to 4 feet ; leaves |-1| inches long and somewhat clasping at base ; flowers under | inch wide. Small-leaved Hyperi- cum (48) — Hypericum opacum. CAMELLIA 79 Camellia. This is a genus of elegant evergreen, usually glossy-foliaged, large-flowered plants hardy only in the Gulf states, though a few specimens ^:-N I Fig. 49. — Japan Camellia. Fig. 50. — Alleghany Stuartia. are found in well-protected positions as far north as Washington. There are hundreds of named varieties, double and single, white, red, and variegated. They have peculiar waxy petals and, in the single forms, many more or less united stamens. Japan Camellia (49) — Camellia japonica — is the parent of most of the varieties. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen with notched edges. Besides these species and varieties with erect flowers cultivated entirely for ornament, the Tea Plant — Camellia th^a — with nodding flowers is cultivated for use. In this the flowers are much smaller, under 1 1 inches and single with 5 petals. It grows to the height sometimes of 80 feet and can be successfully grown in the (iulf states. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers; grafting.] Japanese Stuartia. 80 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Studrtia. This, like the CamelHas, has large flcnvers and united stamens, but the foliage is deciduous and the shrubs are hard)^ in the North. The alternate leaves are simple, feather-veined, with notched edges. The flowers are white or cream-colored with usually 5 petals. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE STUAETIAS *With purple spreading stamens and globular fruit i inch or more broad; shrub 0-12 feet high blooming in May and June. Hound- fruited Stuautia — Stuartia Malachodendron. *With wavy-edged cream-colored petals and curved white stamens having orange anthers, July and Aug. ; capsules 5-angled, ovate; 6-15 feet high. Alleghany Stuartia (50) — Stuartia pentagyna. *With concave orbicular petals, silky outside; 10-50 feet high with smooth red bark peeling off in great thin layers or flakes and acute- tipped narrow leaves 1^3 inches long. Japanese Stuartia (51) — Stuartia Pseudo-camellia. Gordbnia. The Gordoxias are nearly evergreen with large white flowers having many united stamens, like the Stuartias, but the stamens Fio. .blolly Fig. 53. — Franklinia. are in five clusters on a cup of white petals. These plants are usually trees but ai the northern border of their range (the hardiest, Gordonia HIBISCUS 81 pub^scens, can be grown in Massachusetts) reduced to shrubs and bloom- ing when small. Loblolly or Tax 'Bay' (52) — (Jordonia Lasianthus — has a pointed pod and is fully evergreen with glossy notch-edged leaves 4 to 6 inches long and pure white flowers 21 inches broad in July and August. Fkanklinia (53) — Gordoniapu- bescens — has a globular pod and deciduous leaves which turn a bril- liant scarlet before dropping in the autumn. The pure white flowers are 3 inches broad, silky outside, blooming in September and October. 'i'here is another plant, always a shrub, probably belonging to this genus, from China, Chinese Gor- DONiA (54) — Gordonia andmala. This has almost sessile creamy- white flowers 2 to 3 inches broad, in November, and nearly entire- edged dark evergreen oblanceolate leaves 3 to G inches long. [Seeds j layers ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 5i. -Chinese Gordouia. Fig. 5."). — Japanese Cleyera. Cleyera ochnacea. Japanese Cleykra (-w) is a tender shrub (0 feet high) with alternate, glossy, evergreen, entire-edged (except at tip) leaves pointed at both ends ; the flowers are fragrant, numerous, creamy-white in June ; the fruit are red berries which last all winter. Hardy in the Gulf states. There is a variety, tricolor, witli grayish blotchings and white and rose-colored edgings to the foliage ; the flower has 5 sepals, 2 bracts, and o petals; the berries are 2 to 3-celled. [Seeds.] Hibiscus. The Rose Mallows form a large group of mainly herba- ceous i»lants with large hollyhock-like flowers. The only woody species • APGAR's SHRUBS -() 82 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS in the North is the extensively cultivated summer-flowering Shruhby Ai/rHKA, usually called 'Rose of Siiakox' (5G) — Hibiscus syriacus, — with tapering-based more or less o-lobed leaves. There are scores of named varieties with single or double flowers of many colors, — white, pink, red, purple, and variegated. In southern California there is in cultivation another tall shrubby species from Australia, Gkkkx Kukrajong or Qlekxsland Sorrel Trke — Hibis- cus heterophyllus, — with abundant white flowers having a deep crimson Fig. 56. — Rose of Sharon Swamp Rose Mallow. center. These flowers are large, 3 to 4 inches long, with hairy calyx and capsule. The leaves are, as the name indicates, exceedingly variable in form : linear, lanceolate, oblong, and with a tendency to 3-lobing in the broader forms. These leaves are 5 to 6 inches long and in some varieties wdiite beneath, though usually green on both sides. Besides these two shrubby species, we include a tall swamp-growing hardy herb. Swamp Rose Mallow (57) — Hibiscus Moscheutos. It grows 3 to 7 feet high, has white or pink flowers 4 to 8 inches broad often with a crimson center, in summer. The ovoid capsule is 1 inch long and remains on the i)lant through the winter. The leaves are large, ovate, notch-edged, sometimes slightly ;5-lobed and almost velvety beneath. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] ZANTHOXYLUM S3 Fig. 58. — Northern Prickly 'Ash. Zanth6xylum. The Prickly Chinese 'Pepper.' Ashes ' or Toothache-trees, with prickly pinnate leaves and pepper-like pods, are wild and frequently culti- vated for the foliage and the small peppery fruit. The flowers are in- significant. The northern species has small clusters of flowers and fruit in the axils of the leaves, wliile the southern and the Chi- nese species have large terminal clusters. Northern Prickly 'Ash ' (58) — Zanthoxylum americcinum, — hardy North and often cultivated, has prickly leaves with 5 to 11 oi> posite nearly entire-edged sessile blades IJ to 2 inches long ; stems j. '^ also prickly. Chinese 'Pepper' (59) — Zan- thoxylum piperitum — has 11 to 13 somewhat notched blades f to 1^ inches long and is probably, hardy in the middle states. Toothache-tree (60) or South- ern Prickly ' Ash ' — Zanthoxy- FiG. 00. — Tootliache-tree. 84 DESClllPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS lum Clkva-IIe'rculis — lias 7 to 17 slightly notched nearly sessile blades U to 3 inches long, tree-like (often 30 feet high) and is hardy in the middle states. [Seeds; suckers.] Ptelea trifoliata. Shrurby Tukfoil or Hop Thee (01) is a tall orna- mental aromatic shrub with elm-like winged fruit in clusters and 3-bladed alternate leaves. The small greenish flowers bloom in May and June. The fruit socni forms and remains on the bush till winter. The leaves when held towards the light show pinhole-like transparent dots. This is probably the only species in general cultivation, though in the AVest there are several others (a late writer, Edward L. Green, would divide them into over 50), differing in color and pubescence of foliage and in size and shape of fruit. [Seeds ; layers.] Skimmia. The Skimmias are handsome evergreen shrubs with simple alternate entire-edged leaves, insignificant flowers (usually of 4 petals) and small red berries with 2 to 4 seeds lasting over the winter. The leaves Fig. 61. — Hop Tree. Fig. 62. — Japan Skimmia. are transparent-dotted, as in the Hop Tree. They are not fully hardy north of Washington. The Japan species is the taller, to 5 feet, and has brighter colored berries, while the Chinese is smaller, 2 to 4 feet, with more abundant dull red berries. Japan Skimmia ((52) — Skinnnia japonica — has the leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, more or less yellowish green on both sides, 3^ to SKIMMIA 85 5 inches long. This species is more or less dioecious and so care must be taken to have a stamen-bearing plant to fertilize the pistils. Chinese Skimmia — Skimmia Fortunei — has larger, 3i to 10 inches Fig. f)5. — American Holly. Fkj. go. — Japan Large-leaved Holly. 86 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS long, and greener leaves and more abundant flowers and fruit. In this the berries are somewliat pear-shaped and about all the bushes have both stamens and pistils. [Seeds; twig cuttings, ] Fig. G7. — Red Winterberry. Fig. G8. — Mouutaiu Holly. Fig. G9. — Dahoon. Citrus. The Citrus plants in- clude the lemons, oranges, grape fruit, limes, etc., and, with the exception of the 3-bladed thorny species. Hardy Orange (03) — Cit- rus trifoHMa — hardy north to Phil- adelphia, are found only in the extreme South. The evergreen leaves of all the species are peculiar in that the blade (generally there is but one) is joined to a usually winged stem and so must be con- sidered as compound, though with but one si)reading portion. [Seeds ; grafting of varieties, es- pecially of seedless forms.] ilex. The Holly shrubs and trees are extremely beautiful in THE HOLLIES 87 foliage and fruit. Of the two species with evergreen spiny-edged leaves, the European Holly (64) — Ilex Aquifoliuin, — has brighter red berries but does not seem to thrive in our climate ; the American Holly (65) — Ilex op^ca, — with duller Cassena Fig. 71. — Inkbeny. berries, remain is wild throughout and frequent in cultivation. The fruit on the plants through the winter and have extensive use in of both indoor Fig. 72. — Swamp Holly. Fig. 73. — Large-leaved Holly. m DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS decorations at Christmas timo. The best of the evergreens without spiny- edged leaves are those from Japan. The one with the largest and brightest leaves (6 inches long and 3 to 4 inches wide) is Japan Large-leavkd Holly (0(5) — Hex latifolia ; while the one with foliage next in size (8 to 4 inches long) is Entihe-leaved Holly — Ilex Integra. The small-leaved one (about 1 inch long) is Small-leaved Holly — Ilex cren^ta. The best of the deciduous-leaved Hollies is Red Wintekbeukv ((i7) — Ilex verticill^ta, — which grows about G feet high and has small brilliant red berries remaining on the bare bushes in close clusters through most of the winter. Mountain Holly (68) — Nemopanthus mucronata (N. fas- cicul^ris) — has bright ridged red berries on stems about an inch long ; it grows 6 to 8 feet high with ash-colored bark. All of the hollies have alternate simple leaves. [Seeds, taking 2 years.] KEY TO THE HOLLIES * Foliage evergreen. (A.) A. Leaves with spiny-edged teeth ; trees rather than shrubs. (B.) B. Flowers and fruit on axillary clusters on old growth. European Holly ((34) — Ilex Aquifolium. B. Flowers and fruit in small axillary clusters on new growth. American Holly (Go) — Ilex opaca. A. Leaves with few spines at tips and base ; shrub with short spreading branches. Chinese Holly — Ilex corn iita. A. Leaves without spiny edges, entire or slightly notched. (C.) C. Fruit red; hardy only south of Washington ; shrubs or trees to 40 feet or more. (D.) D. Leaves large, 3-7 inches long, glossy green ; fmit large in sessile clusters. Japan Large-leaved Holly- ((5G) — Ilex latifolia. D. Leaves obovate, entire-edged, 3-4 inches long; fruit large, long-stemmed. Japan Entire-leaved Holly — Ilex Integra. D. Leaves obovate, nearly entire, 2-3 inches long ; fruit small, dull red to yellow. Daiioon (GD) — Ilex Cassine. D. Leaves oval, small, |-2 inches long ; fruit on old growth globose, small. Cassena (70) or Ya upon — Ilex vomitoria. C. Fruit black, nearly solitary on new growth. (E.) E, Leaves small, crenate, smooth, ^-IJ inches long ; hardy only South. Japan Small-leaved Holly — Ilex crencita. E. Leaves larger, 1-2 inches long, notched towards tips; hardy upright shrub to 8 feet. Evergreen Winterberry. Inkuerry (71) — Ilex glabra. CYRILLA KACEMIFLOIIA 89 * Foliage deciduous ; fruit red or oraiiL;e-red on stems I incli or less long. (F) F. Leaves clustered on short side spurs ; berries I inch ; hardy shrubs or trees to 30 or 40 feet. (G.) G. Leaves w^idest beyond tlie middle, l|-3 inches long, dark above, pale beneath. Swamp Holly (72). — Ilex decidua. G. Leaves widest below the middle, 2-6 inches long, sharply ser- rate. Lahge-leaved Holly (73) — Ilex monticola. F. Leaves alternate and not in clusters ; berries but i inch or less. (H.) H. Berries about | inch, orange-red. Smooth Wintjerberry — Ilex IsevigMa. H. Berries about i inch, bright red. Red Winterberry (67) — Ilex verticillata. H. Berries about I inch, bright red. Japan Winterberry — Ilex serrata. * Foliage deciduous ; fruit ridged, red, on stems 1 inch or more long. Mountain Holly (68) — Nemopantlms mucron^ta (N. fascicu- l^ris). Cyrilla racemiflbra. Leatiierwood (74) or Black Ti-ti is a nearly 'vergreen shrub or small tree with alternate oblanceolate, entire-edged, smooth bright green leaves, hardy to New York but evergreen only South. The flowers are small, white, 5-parted, in slender ra- ,^-^- Fig. 74. — Leatherwood. Fig. 75. — Running Euonyiniis, 90 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 76. — Burning Bush. ^Mk./k Fig. 77. — Wincred Buruing Bush. Fig. 78. — Japanese Spindle Tree. Fig. 79. — Erect Strawberry Bush- EUONYMUS 91 cemes, June, July. The fruit are small, 2-celled, 2-seeded pods less tlian 1 Incli in diameter. [Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass.] Eu6nymus. The Burning Bushes or Spindi.k Tukes have flat greenish 4- or 5-petaled flowers, Fig. 80. — Warty Euonymus. Fig. 81. — European Spindle Tree. opposite leaves and generally 4-sided twigs. The bright two-colored fruit, which is very ornamental in the fall, is a good characteristic for the determination of the group by the beginner in the study of shrubs. These two colors are shown when the capsule bursts open and the bright red- or orange- coated seeds appear. Running Euonymus, (75) or Strawberry Bush — Euonymus obovktus — has a straggling growth 2 to 5 feet high, thrives well in shady places, and receives its name from the rough warty strawberry-like look to its capsules. The Ameri- can Burning Bush (76) — Euony- mus atropurpureus — has smooth deeply 3-4-1 obed red capsules and grows to the height of 6 to 25 feet. The European species differs from the American one in that the an- Fig. 82. — Broad-leaved Spiudle Tree. 92 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS thers of the flowers are not sessile and it is not so tall-growing, 3 to 15 feet. Winged BritNixo Bush (77) — Euonymus al^tus — from Japan has usually broadly ridged or winged stems. There is an evergreen spindle tree from Japan often cultivated though not fully hardy North ; of this there are a number of varieties with white- and yellow-blotched leaves. Most of the species bloom in June and all from May to July. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE BURNINCx BUSHES * Leaves evergreen, thick and glossy, 1-3 inches long. (A.) A. Erect to 10 feet. Japanese Spindle Tree (78) — Euonyinus jap6nicus. A. Trailing, procumbent or climbing. Climbing Euonymus — Euonymus radicans. * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (B.) B. Stem broadly ridged with wing-like corky growths. Winged Burning Bush (76) — Euonymus alatus. B. Stem usually somewhat 4-angled but not winged. (C.) C. Fruit rough, warty, strawberry-like. (D). D. Upright shrub to 8 feet. Erect Strawberry Bush (79) — Euonymus americ^nus. D. Procumbent to 1 foot. Running Euonymus (75) or Straw- berry Bush — Euonymus obovatus. C. Fruit more or less deeply 3-5-lobed. (E.) E. Branches densely warty; erect to G feet. Warty Euony- mus (80) — Euonymus verrucosus. E. Branches smooth. (F.) F. Flowers purplish with yellow anthers ; low shrub to 2 feet with linear leaves. Naruow-leaved Burning Bush — Euonyinus n^nus. F. Flowers yellowish with yellow anthers ; shrub to 15 feet. (G.) G. Clusters 3-7 -flowered ; capsule deeply 4-lobed. Euro- pean Spindle Tree (81) — Euonymus europieus. G. Clusters more flowered ; capsule winged, large ; leaves large, 2-4 inches long. Broad-leaved Spindle Tree (82) — Euonymus latifolius, F. Flowers puri)le with purple anthers. Burning Bush (70) or Waahoo — Euonymus atropurpureus. RHAMNUS 93 F. Flowers yellowish or whitish with purple anthers ; tall shrub or tree to 25 feet. (H.) H. Leaves large, — 3-6 inches long and l-2i inches broad. Siebold's Euonymus — Euonymus Sieboldianus. H. Leaves smaller, 2-5 inches long and under 1 inch broad. Haaiilton's Euonymus — Euonymus Hamilto- nianus. H. Leaves small, 2-1 inches long ; fruit abundant and large ; seeds white- or pinkish- and orange-coated. Bunge's Euonymus — Euonymus Bunge^nus. Rhdmnus. The Buckthorns are large shrubs or small trees some- times cultivated for hedges and border plants. The leaves are either alternate or opposite, the flowers minute but fragrant, and the berries when ripe are red or black and 1- to 4-seeded. The opposite-leaved Fig. 83. — Commou Bnckthoru. forms are thorny, while the alternate-leaved ones are not. One or two species, hardy only South," have small evergreen leaves, while most species have larger deciduous leaves. The buckthorns do best in rather moist soil. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.] 94 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 84. — Red-fruited Evergreen Fig. 85. — Black-fruited Evergreen Buckthorn. Buckthorn. Fig. 86. — Lebanon Buckthorn. Fig. 87. — Alder-leaved Buckthorn. THE BUCKTHORNS 95 A.'//1 Fig. 88. — Lauce-leaved Buckthoru. Fig. 89. — Indian 'Cherry.* Fig. IX). — Aklcr Buckthorn. Fig. 91. — Fern-leaved Buckthorn. 9G DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE BUCKTHORNS * Leaves opposite and serrate ; plants usually thorny ; fruit black, 1 inch broad. (A.) A. Leaves broad at base, sometimes heart-shaped. Common lircK- Tiioux (83) — Rhamnus cathartica. A. Leaves narrowed at base. Dahuriax Bucktiiokn — Rliauuius dahiirica. * Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds scaly ; petals 4 or more. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; shrubs or small trees to 20 feet. (C.) C. Twigs somewhat hairy ; leaves orbicular,, dentate ; fruit red. Red-fruited Evergreen Buckthorx (84) — Rhamnus crocea. C. Twigs smooth ; leaves oval ; fruit nearly black. Black- fruited Evergreen Buckthorn (85) — Rhamnus Alat^r- nus. B. Leaves thinner and deciduous with many side-veins, 10-20 pairs; fruit black. (D.) D. Twigs smooth ; leaves pale green, 2-6 inches long. Mountain Buckthorn — Rhamnus alpina. D. Twigs pubescent ; leaves brownish when mature, 3-9 inches long. Lebanon Buckthorn (8G) — Rhamnus libanotica. B. Leaves deciduous with but few side-veins, 4-9 pairs ; fruit black. (E.) E. Wide-spreading shrub to 4 feet; fruit with 3 nutlets. Alder- i.EAVED Buckthorn (87) — Rhamnus alnifolia. E. 'Jail erect shrub to 8 feet ; fruit with 2 nutlets. Lance-leaved Buckthorn (88) — Rhamnus lanceolkta. * Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds naked, not scaly ; petals 5. (F.) F. Leaves thickish, nearly evergreen, 1-7 inches long ; fruit red changing to black. (G.) G. Leaves with notched and often Avavy margins. Coffee-berry — Rhamnus Purshi^na. G. Leaves about entire. Carolina Buckthorn or Indian ' Cherry ' (89) — Rhamnus carolini^na. F. Leaves thinner and smaller, 1-3 inches long ; nutlets 2. Alder Buckthorn (90) — Rhamnus Frangula. F. Leaves linear with undulate edge ; nutlets 2. Fern-leaved Buckthorn (91) — Rhamnus Frangula aspleniifolia. CEANOTHUS 97 Fig. 92. — New Jersey Tea. Fig. 93. — Evera^reen Ceauotbus. Ceanbthus. The best example of this genus is New Jersey Tea (92) — Ceauotbus americanus, — a red-rooted shrub 1-2 feet high with alternate (opposite in some of the species of the genus) simple leaves. The small flowers in summer are crowded in a dense slender-stalked cluster. The o-lobed small capsules separate into 3 nut- lets and remain on through the winter. The peculiar flowers of the Ceanothus shown enlarged at (97) are the best test of the genus. Of the score or more American species doubtless a number of the western ones will be cultivated in the South, and one at least may endure the climate in the North. The eastern species are hardy throughout, thrive in the shade, and are well worthy of cultivation. "The California species grow best in sunny places. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] apgar's shrubs — 7 'J^ Fig. 94. — Fendler's Ceanothus. 98 DESCRIFnONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 5)5. — Spiny Ceanothus. Fig. 96. — Entire-leaved Ceanothus. Fig. 97. — Red-stemmed Ceanothus. Fig. 98. — Velvety Geauutbus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS 99 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS * Hardy species growing in shade 1-3 feet high ; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed from base ; blooming July-Sept. (A.) A. Leaves nearly an inch wide, broadest near base. New Jersey Tea (92) — Ceanothus americ^nus. A. Leaves ^ inch wide, broadest near middle. Smaller Red-root — Ceanothus ovatus. * Pacific region species, generally hardy only South and growing best in the sun. (B.) B. Leaves opposite, evergreen, widest near tip, |-1 inch long. (C.) C. Flowers white in small clusters along the branches, March to May ; tall shrub. Evergreen Ceanothus (93) — Ceanothus cune^tus. C. Flowers blue ; procumbent shrub. Spreading Ceanothus. Ceanothus prostr^tus. B. Leaves alternate, nearly evergreen, entire-edged. (D.) D. Low prostrate vspiny shrub, the only western species likely to be hardy North. Fendler's Ceanothus (94) — Ceanothus Fendleri. D. Tall, often spiny ; flowers pale blue, April-June ; leaves i-l inch long. Spiny Ceanothus (95) — Ceanothus divari- cktus. D. Tall, not spiny ; flowers blue, April-June ; leaves 1-2 inches long. Entire-leaved Ceanothus (9G) — Ceanothus inte- g^rrimus. B. Leaves alternate, notch-edged ; tall shrubs or small trees. (E.) E. Flowers white. May, June ; leaves nearly orbicular, 1-3 inches long; branches reddish. Red-stemmed Ceanothus (97) — Ceanothus sanguineus. E. Flowers white, June, July ; leaves evergreen, somewhat cor- date, hairy beneath. Velvety Ceanothus (98) — Ceanothus veliitinus. E. Flowers blue or purplish, April, May ; leaves hairy beneath. Hairy Ceanothus — Ceanothus hirsutus. E. Flowers blue or rarely white, May- July. Blue ' Myrtle ' — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. E. Flowers of many colors and under many names, the garden hybrids. Hybrid Ceanothus — Ceanothus hybridus. Zlzyphus. The Jujubes are shrubs or trees with small alternate 3 to 5-ribbed leaves, small greenish axillary flowers, drupe-like, usually edible 100 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS fruit. The plants are generally prickly. The most hardy species is not fully so north of Washington. I ^Y* Fig. 99. — Chinese Flowering Chestnut. Fig. 100. Long-racemed Horse- chestnut. Common Jujube — Zizyphus sativa — is a shrub or small tree, often prickly, growing occasionally to the height of 30 feet. The leaves are so arranged along slender green stems as to look like compound pinnate ones but the flowers and fruit in their axils prove the leaves are simple. These leaves are from 1 to 3 inches long, dark glossy -green above, whitish below, oblicjue at base and finely notched. The fruit is short-stalked, dark red to black, I to I inch long. There is a species only 3 to 4 feet high with yellow drupes. Lotos Tree — Zizyphus L5tus. This is always very prickly and probably not so hardy as the larger species. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; root cut- Smooth-fruited Buckeye, tings.] ' XANTHOCERAS 101 Xanthoclras sorbifblia. Xanthoceras (99) or Chinese or Flowering Chestnut. This is a rarely cultivated but very beautiful hardy shrub or small tree reaching the height of 15 feet, from North China. The alternate leaves are pinnate, 6 to Fig. 102. — Ash-leaved Maple. Fig. 103. — Mountain Maple. 12 inches long, of 9 to 17 serrated blades 1 to 2 inches long. The flowers are very showy in terminal and axillary racemes in May. The individual flowers are | inch broad of 5 white petals having yellow or red Fig. 104. — Striped Maple. Fig. 105. —Japan Maple. 102 DESCRIPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS blotches at the base. The green fruit is large, 1|-2| inches long, like the Buckeye, but splitting into three parts having in each several globular dark brown seeds .] inch wide. It is well adapted to solitary planting rather than among other shrubs. [Seeds ; root cuttings. ] ^sculus. The Horse-chest- nuts and Buckeyes are niainJy ornamental trees with clusters oi large flowers and opposite decidu- ous palmately compound leaves. There are two or three species shrubby in growth and so included here. The one oftenest in cultivation as a lawn plant is the Long-ua- CEMED Horse-chestnut (100) — jEsculus parvifl5ra; it grows as a broadly spreading bush 3 to 10 feet high and has in July and August erect narrow clusters of irregular white flowers. The fruit is large, smooth, with several large chestnut- like seeds. The blades of the leaves are 5 to 7, nearly sessile and finely serrate. Fig. 106. — Siberian Maple. Fig. 107. — Field Maple. Fig. 108. — Montpelier Maple. Red or Smooth-fruited Buckeye (101) — ^Esculus P^via — is some- times a tree 20 feet tall but usually a shrub 2 to 10 feet high with purple to red flowers in large loose clusters in May or June and smooth fruit. The 5 to 7 blades of the leaf are finely serrate, short-stalked, and purplish below. i)l this species there are a number of named varieties : p^udula, ACER 103 weeping ; carnea, flesh-colored flowers ; humilis, very low shrub 2 to 4 feet high; atrosangufnea, dark red flowers; variegt'ita, blotched leaves; etc. [Seeds ; layers ; root cuttings. ] Acer. The Maples are generally among the tallest and most useful of trees but a few of them are only shrubby in growth. The opposite pal- mately lobed simple deciduous leaves are almost universal in the ^ ^^ ' „„.,, genus, but the 2-winged fruit is a Fig. 109. —Round-leaved Maple. Fig. 110. — Tartarian Maple. better test, because there are no exceptions to this characteristic. Ash- leaved MA.PLE (102) or Box ' Elder ' — Acer Negundo — has compound leaves and is generally a small tree but is sometimes shrubby with smooth dark green bark on the twigs. The shrubby maples wild in America and often cultivated are : Moun- tain Maple (103) — Acer spicc^tum — with 3-lobed coarsely serrated leaves and dense upright clusters of flowers (June) and fruit; and Striped Maple (104) — Acer pennsylvanicum — with greenish white- striped bark. The leaves of the striped maple are large, 6 to 8 inches long, with 3 finely serrated lobes. The flower-clusters are drooping, in spring. The best, most varied and beautiful of the shrubby maples are those of China and Japan. ■ [Layers ; twig cuttings ; seeds.] 104 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SHRUBBY MAPLES * Leaves compound (pinnate) of usually 3 (3-7) irre,£jularly notched blades. Ash-leaved Maple (102) or Box 'Elder' — Acer Ne- gundo. * Leaves compound (palmate) of 5-0 narrow, deeply-notched blades. Varieties of Japan Maple (105) — Acer palmktum : diss^ctum has green blades. ornMum has deep red blades, rdseo-pictum has green blades marked with white and green spots, aureum has yellow blades, sangufneum has bright red blades. * Leaves generally 3- (rarely 5-) lobed. (A.) A. Lobes acute at tip and fully notched. (B.) B. Leaves lJ-3^ inches long with long terminal lobe. Siberian Maple (106) — Acer Ginn^la. B. Leaves 2^-4^ inches long with coarsely serrated lobes. Moun- tain Maple (103) — Acer spic^tum. B. Leaves 6-8 inches long, finely serrate ; bark green with white lines; usually a tree. Striped or Goosefoot Maple (104) MoosEwooD — Acer pennsylvanicum. A. Lobes all rounded and entire or with blunt teeth ; flower-clus- ters erect. (C.) C. Leaves 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or the middle one slightly 3-lobed, dull green in some, varieties variegated with white dots or blotches, 1^-31 inches long ; fruit broadly spreading. Field Maple or English Corkbark Maple — (107) Acer campdstre. C. Leaves 3-lobed, thick and nearly evergreen, shiny above and glaucous beneath; fruit slightly spreading. Montpelier Maple (108) — Acer monspessul^num. * Leaves rounded, vine-like with 7-11 short, pointed, doubly serrated lobes. Vine Maples. (D.) D. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth. Round-leaved Maple (100) — Acer circin^tum. D. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young. Japan Vine Maple — Acer japonicum. * Leaves rounded and deeply 5-11 -lobed, the lobes pointed and doubly serrated. (E.) E. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth. Japan Maple (105) — Acer palm^tum, STAPHYLEA 105 E. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young. Parson's Japan Maple — Acer japduicum Tarsonsi. * Leaves radiate-veined bat margin without distinct lobes; usually a tree. T a u t a ii i a x Maple (110) — Acer tataricum. * Leaves feather-straight-veined ; usually a tree. IIoknijeam Maple — Acer carpinifolium. Staphylea. The Bladder Nuts are shrubs with usually 3-(3-7-) bladed compound opposite decidu- ous leaves and swollen bladder-like fruit. They have handsome light colored bright green leaves and white or greenish flowers in spring. They are good plants for the shrubbery and do best in somewhat moist rich soil and grow well in partial shade. The parts of the flowers are separate and have 6 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens. The fruit is a 2- or 3-celled inflated pod with 1 to few rather large bony seeds in each cell. [Seeds ; layers ; suckers.] Fig. 111. — American Bladder Nut. Fig. 112. — European Bladder Nut. Fig. 113. — Caucasus Bladder Nut. 106 DESCKirnONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STAPHYLEA * Leaves with 3 blades. (A.) A. All the blades short-stalked with serrate awned edges H-2^ inches long ; fruit 2-lobed and flattened, about an inch long ; small shrub to 0 feet, from Japan. Japan Bladder Nut — . Staphylea Bumalda. A. End blade long-stalked, all finely serrated ; upriglit slu-ub with stout branches 6-15 feet high ; pod li-2 inches long. American Bladder Nut (111) — Staphylea trifolia. A. Similar to the last but the blades smoother and nearly orbicular ; fruit larger, — 2-5 inches long. California Bladder Nut ^ Staphylea Bolanderi. * Leaves with 3-7 blades. (B.) B. Cluster of flowers narrow and raceme-like and pendulous ; up- right shrub sometimes tree-like, 6-15 feet high ; bladder about an inch long. European Bladder Nut (112) — Staphylea pinn^ta. B. Cluster broad, upright or somewhat nodding ; blades 3-5 ; blad- der 1-2 inches long. Caucasus Bladder Nut (113) — Staphy- lea colchica. V^'.-.— , Fig. Ill- — Staghorii Sumach. Fig. li; Mountain Sumacn. RHUS lo; Rhus. The Sumachs are a large group (100 species) of interesting plants of mainly rather small tree-like growth generally 15 feet or less »1. s^ji-* high and so may be considered as shrubs. Most species have alter- nate pinnate leaves and large clus- ters of small berry-like drupes which remain on the plants through the winter ; these are often of bright red or purple color. The flowers are small and inconspicu- ous and the sap often milky. The tallest species, Stag horn SiMACH (114) — Rhus typhina, — grows 10 to 30 feet high and has velvety-hairy stems. The crimson- hairy fruit is very conspicuous, ter- minating all stems. The leaves have 11 to 31 smooth notched Wades (in var. laciniata they are so deeply notched as to make them twice-pinnate). Three species have the stalk be- tween the blades broadly margined or winged. The one with entire Fig. llfi. <^1 •Elm-leaved Sumach. Fig. 117. — Fragruut Sumach. Fig. 118. — Poison 'Ivy. 108 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS I ( Fig. 119. — Poisou Sumach. Fig. 120. — Smooth Sumach. Fig. 121. — Cut-leaved Sumach Fig. 122. — Feru-leaved Sumach. KEY TO THE SUMACHS 109 blades is Mountain Sumach (115) —Rhus copallina ; witli finely toothed blades, Japan Sumach — Rhus semial^ta and var. Osb^ckii ; with coarsely toothed blades, European or Elm-h:aved Sumach (116) — Rhus Cori^ria. The smallest species with only 3 aromatic blades is the Fragrant Sumach (117) — Rhus canad^iusis or aromatica. Besides these with compound leaves there are two species with Fig. 123. — Smoke Bush. Fig. 124. — Evergreen Sumach. simple rounded leaves, sometimes placed in a separate genus, Cdtinus. These are called Smoke-trees because of the delicate feathery growths which form after the flowers in early summer. The above are nearly all in general cultivation and about all that can be safely cultivated, as several of the others are very poisonous to the touch to many people. Most of the sumachs have brilliant red and yellow colors in their autumn foliage. [Seeds ; suckers ; layers ; root cuttings.] KEY TO THE SUMACHS * Leaves deciduous, compound of 3 blades. (A.) A. Berries bright red ; blades crenate, sometimes lobed, aromatic. Fka<;rant Sumach. (117) — Rhus canadc^ns's (R. aromatica). ' A. Berries gray ; plant very poisonous, usually climbing by rootlets. When erect. Poison 'Oak'; when climbing. Poison ^ Ivy ' (118) — Rhus Toxicodendron. 110 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS * Leaves deciduous, composed of many (7-31) blades ("or twice-pin- nate). (B.) B. Stem of leaves winged between the blades ; fruit red. (C.) C. Blades (9-21) about entire, smooth above ; berries hairy. Mountain Sumach (115) — Rhus copallina. C. Blades (9-21) finely toothed, brown-hairy beneath. Japan Sumach — Rhus semial^ta (R. Osb^ckii). C. Blades (11-15) coarsely toothed, leaf-stem hairy. European or Elm-leaved Sumach (116) — Rhus Cori^ria. B. Stem of leaves without wings between the blades. (D.) D. Blades (7-15) without notches, smooth on both sides ; berries white ; plants very poisonous to the touch. (E.) E. Berries small, pea-like ; in moist ground. Poison Sumach (119) —Rhus V^rnix (R. venenata). E. Berries large — cherry-like ; from Asia. Lac Sumach — Rhus succed^nea. D. Blades (11-13) sharply serrate ; not poisonous ; berries red ; stem smooth. (F.) F. Blades regularly serrate ; shrub to 15 feet. Smooth Sumach (120) — Rhus glabra. F. Blades deeply and irregularly cut ; shrub to 8 feet. Cut- leaved Sumach (121) — Rhus gl^ibra lacini^ta. D. Blades hairy beneath ; berries red. (G.) G. Stem velvety -hairy ; tall, 10-30 feet. (H.) H. Blades (11-31) regularly notched. Staghorn Sumach (114) —Rhus typhina (R. hfrta). H. Blades deeply and irregularly cut. Fern-leaved Sumach (122) — Rhus typhina laciniata. G. Stem less velvety; blades 9-13; low, nearly procumbent; poisonous; fruit red; southern. Dwarf Sumach — Rhus pumila. G. Stem slightly hairy when young ; tree-like, 20-30 feet high; hardy only South ; very poisonous ; from Japan. Varnish or Lacquer Tree — Rhus vernicifera. * Leaves deciduous, simple, rounded at tip ; fruit generally abortive and plume- or smoke-like, C6tinus. (I.) I. 10-15 feet high. Smoke Bush (123) or Venice Sumach — Rhus Cotinus (Cotinus C6tinus). I. 20-40 feet high. Wild Smoke-tree or Chittam Wood — Rhus Cotinoides (Cotinus Cotinoides). * Leaves evergreen, usually simple (occasionally with 3 blades), entire- edged ; low, 2-8 feet high ; hardy only in the extreme Sov^th ; from California. (J.) SOPHORA 111 J. Small, slightly hairy leaves. Evergreen Sumach (121) — Rhus integrif51ia. J. Larger and smoother leaves. Rhus ovkta. Sophbra. The Sophoras form a rather large group of evergreen and deciduous trees, shrubs, and herbs, but few of them are in cultivation in America. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, and in the different species range in number of blades from 5 to over 50. The clustered white, pinkish, purplish, or yellow pea-like flowers are in most species less than an inch long, but in one of the evergreen species are nearly 2 inches long. The fruit Fig. 125. — Japan Pagoda Tree. Fig. 126. — Coral Bean. is a jointed pod, resembling a string of beads with a globular seed iii each joint. The evergreen species can be grown only in tlie Gulf states and southern California. The commonest species in cultivation, Japax Pagoda Tree (125) — Sophora jap6nica — is a slow-growing, generally shrubby plant with 11 to 21 oblong blades. The bark of the young twigs is green. The cream-white clustered flowers bloom in the late summer. This some- times grows to the height of 50 feet. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers]. 112 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SOPHORAS IN CULTIVATION * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in terminal compound clusters (panicles), in late summer. (A.) A. Leaves of 5-21 blades 1-2 inches long ; flowers yellowish white I inch long in loose clusters 10-15 inches long ; shrub or tree to 50 feet. Jatan Pagoda Tree (125) — Sophora japouica. A. Leaves of 11-17 blades 2-l^ inches long; flowers white, over i inch long ; pod 1-5-seeded and flattened ; tree. Flat-podded Pagoda Tree — Sophora platycarpa. * Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; flowers in early spring. (B.) B. Flowers violet in terminal racemes, very fragrant ; the 3-4 seeds bright scarlet in white hairy pods 1-7 inches long and J-J inch thick ; small tree or shrub with slender trunk and upright branches ; blades 7-13, leathery, i inoh long. Coral Bean (126) — Sophora secundiflora. B. Flowers yellow in axillai-y racemes. (C.) C. Pod 4-winged, 7 inches long ; blades of the leaves very numer- ous, nearly orbicular, i-i inch long ; racemes pendulous of 2-8 flowers 1| inches long. Pelu Tree — Sophora tetraptera. C. Pod rounded and not winged, 1-4-seeded ; blades 21-45, |-1 inch long ; flowers |-1 inch l(Mig in short racemes ; entire plant densely hairy. Lakge-fruited Sophora — Sophora macrocarpa. Fig. 127. — Furze. Fig. V2H. — Scotch Broom. CYTlftUS 113 Ulex europgeus. Furze (127) or Gorse is a leafless thorny plant (2-5 feet), with large, f inch, fragrant j'ellow pea-like flowers in the axils of the upper thorns, cultivated for the showy flowers which bloom April to June Fig. 129. — Dyer's Greenweed. Fig. 130. — Hairy Broom. and frequently again in September and October ; oblong pod | inch long. It is especially suited for seaside planting and grows best in sandy or gravelly soil. The green twigs are striped. There are other species of the genus, much less hardy, which might be cultivated South. (See key, to this and the following two genera, after Genista.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Cytisus. The Brooms are a large group (45 species) of more or less leaflets shrubs w'ith large yellow, white, or purple pea-like flowers and elongated pea-like pods. The leaves, if enlarged and complete, are 3-bladed and alternate but are often reduced to a single blade or almost absent. IMost of the species bloom in May and June. The commonest in America is Scotch Broom (128) — Cytisus scop^rius — 5 to 10 feet high with erect slender angular green branches and leaf-blades \ to J inch long. The flowers, f inch long, are usually yellow with more or less of a crimson tinge. The pods are nearly black with hairy edges, 1-2 inches long, containing several seeds and ending in a slender coiled tip. (See key after next genus.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.] apgar's sHRuns — 8 114 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 131.— Purple Cytisus. Genista. The true Genistas (flo- rists' Genistas are usually Cytisus) have pea-like yellow flowers and few alternate simple entire-edged leaves. The calyx-lobes are longer and more slender in true Genistas and the pods are shorter. While neither genus is fully hardy North, and while both contain a num- ber of species which might be worth cultivating, very few are in cultiva- tion. The only one needing description is probably Woad-waxex or Dyer's Greenweed (129) — Genista tinctdria an erect shrub to 3 feet with yellow flowers along the tips of the branches in early summer. [Seeds; layers; twig cuttings.] Fig. 132. — Florists' Genista. Fig. 133. — Narrow-bladed Cytisus. KEY TO THE BROOMS AND GORSE 115 KEY TO THE BROOMS AXD GOESE IX CULTIVA- TION, INCLUDING THOSE IN HOTHOUSES NORTH OR IN THE OPEN SOUTH * Flowers along the sides of branches not in decided clusters, either solitary or 2 or 3 in a cluster. (A.) A. Flowers yellow ; leaves deciduous. (B. ) B. Pods hairy on the margins, smooth on the sides, 1-2 inches long; branches angled; erect, 5-10 feet. Scotch Buoom (128) — Cytisus scoparius. B. Pods hairy all over, 1 inch long ; branches round ; blades of leaves hairy, i-| inch long. Hairy Broom (130) — Cytisus hirsutus. A. Flowers white ; tender North. (C.) C. Branches slender but not thread-like, grooved ; erect, to 3 feet. Portugal Broom — Cytisus albus. C. Branches thread-like and angulate — Cytisus filipes. C. Branches long, slender, pubescent, round, not angulate or grooved ; shrub to 12 feet ; leaves all 3-bla(led. Proliferous Laburnum or Tagasaste — Cytisus proliferus. A. Flowers pink to purple ; procumbent shrub frequently grafted on an erect stem to form a weeping plant ; tender North. Purple CvTisus (131) — Cytisus purpureus. * Flowers in rounded terminal heads, yellow or brownish when fad- ing, nearly 1 inch long, July, August; pod hairy, 1-1| inches long; branches round and hairy ; blades |-1 inch long ; hardy to Wash- ington. Cluster-flowered Laburnum — Cytisus capit^tus. * Flowers yellow in elongated terminal clusters. (D.) D. Leaves evergreen ; branches grooved ; hardy only South. (E.) E. Blades widening towards tip, wedge-shaped. (F.) F. Blades |-f inch long, pubescent beneath. Cytisus candicans. F. Blades \-^ inch long, scabby beneath. Cytisus mader^nsis. F. Blades i-f inch long, pubescent on both sides; flowers in one-sided clusters. (G.) G. Racemes shortened; blades usually under ^ inch long (the Genfsta of florists). Yellow or Florists' Genista (132) — Cytisus canari^nsis. G. Racemes longer, 3-5 inches long ; blades usually over 1 inch long. " A hybrid of garden origin and better than the last. Racemed Cytisus — Cytisus racemosus. E. Blades linear, ^-1 inch long with rolled edges ; to 3 feet. Nar- Row-BLADED Cytisus (133) — Cytisus linifolius. IIG DKSCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS D. Leaves deciduous, blades ^1 inch long ; branches round, pubes- cent; racemes slender, — 3-8 inches long, June, July ; hardy to middle states. Black-rooted Broom — Cytisus nigricans. D. Leaves deciduous of one lanceolate blade ; branches grooved, green; flowers small, in early summer ; plant 1-2 feet. Whin or Dyer's Greenweed (129) — Genista tinctoria. D. Leaves almost entirely absent, found only on vigorous shoots near the ground ; very spiny and rigid shrub ; flowers fragrant, I inch long; calyx 2-lobed. Furze or Gorse (127) — Ulex europSeus. Laburnum. The Golden Chains are rather trees than shrubs but in the North they are apt to grow somewhat bushy. They receive their Fig. 1^. — Scotch Laburnum Fia. 135.— Golden Chain. common name from the slender drooping clusters of large, generally yel- low, pea-like flowers in late spring. The leaves are compound of 3 oblong usually entire-edged blades. The pods (2 inches long) are hairy with one thick edge and black or brown seeds. The tallest of these plants is the Scotch Laiuirnum (134) — Laburnum alpinuni, — which grows occasionally to the height of 30 feet with late flowers (June) and brown seeds. The commonest species in cultivation is Golden Chain or Bean Tree (135)— Laburnum vulg^re, —which grows to the height occasionally of 20 AMORPHA 117 feet and lias many garden varieties. One of these varieties has yellow foliage, aiireum; another, curled foliage, bull^tum ; another, lobed Fig. 130. — Adam's Laburnum. blades, quercif61ium ; weeping, pendulum ; small narrow blades, Carli^ri ; and crowded leaves, sessilifolium. (The last-named is supposed to be a graft hybrid.) [Seeds ; layers.] KEY TO THE LABURNUMS * Flowers yellow, large (f inch long), in silky-hairy racemes 4-8 inches long; pod 2 inches long, hairy ; seeds hairy. Golden Chaix or Bean Tree (135) — Laburnum vulg;\re. * Flowers smaller in longer and more slender racemes ; pod thin with one edge winged ; seeds brown. Scotch Laburnum (134) — La- burnum alpinum. * Flowers somewhat purplish, rarely pure yellow. Adam's Laburnum (130) — Laburnum Adami. Am6rpha. The Amorpiias are handsome hardy deciduous shrubs with alternate many-bladed pinnate leaves, purple or blue (rarely white) flowers in erect terminal clusters and short (| inch or less) 1- or 2-seeded pods. There is a tall species, 5-20 feet, False or Bastard Indigo 118 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 137. — Bastard ludigo. Fig. 1.'>8. — Bastard Indigo (in fruit) Fig. 1.39. — Downy Amorpha. Fig. 140. — Chinese Indigo. ROBINIA 119 (137) (138) — Amorpha fruticosa — with 11- to 25-bladed leaves and violet- purple flowers, May to July ; and a low bush, 1-3 feet high, Lead Plant or Downy Amoki'ha (13'.>) — Amorpha caiiescens — with lo to 51 lead-colored blades, bright blue flowers (July, August) and whitish branches. A species only slightly shrubby at base, Dwarf Indigo — Amorpha herb^cea — is grayish-hairy all over with crowded leaves, growing to the height of 2 to 4 feet ; the blades are numerous, 11-37, with black glands on the under side ; it blooms in spring with white or purple flowers. Besides these three, the common ones in cultivation, there are sev- eral others which may be found in the South. They can all be recognized by the peculiar lopsided flowers of but one petal in terminal spike-like clusters, 10 exserted stamens united at base, and the short 1- to 2-seeded pods. The blades of the leaves, if held to the light, are seen to be dotted. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers; suckers.] Indig6fera. The Indigo plants are shrubs or herbs mainly cultivated for use rather than ornament but a few shrubby species are, in the South, raised for their beauty. The flowers are small, pea-shaped, in axillary racemes and the fruit are elongated pods. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 7 to 21 blades. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] KEY TO THE ORNAIVIENTAL INDIGOFERAS * Clusters of flowers longer than the leaves, rosy-red, (A.) A. Weak-growing almost climbing shrub with 13-17 sharp-pointed blades to the leaves ; slender stems red-tinged. Chinese Indigo (140) — Indigofera decora. A. Erect-growing with 17-21 broader and blunter blades to the leaves. Indigofera macrdstachys. *■ Clusters of flowers not longer than the leaves. Smooth erect shrub with 0-17 oblong to rounded blades to the leaves. Australian Indigo — Indigofera austr^lis. Robiaia. The Locusts are generally tall trees, a few species are always shrubs, and one is a busby tree. All have beautiful clustered pea-shaped flowers, odd-pinnate alternate leaves and pea-shaped pods. Bristly Locust or Rose 'Acacia' (141) — Robiniahfspida — grows 2 to 8 feet high with bristly-hairy twigs and leaves, beautiful large rose-colored flowers (May to July), and 0-to 18-bladed leaves. Clammy Locust — liobinia vis- c6sa — is a small tree, 10 to 30 feet, with sticky stems, leaf -stalks, and pods. The blades of the leaf range from 11 to 27 ; the flowers are pink or rose-colored in racemes 2 to 4 inches long of 6 to 15 flowers ; the flat 120 DESCRirTIOXS OF TIIK SHRUBS Fig. 141.— Rose 'Acacia. Fig. 142. — Western Locust. pods are 2 to 3 Inches long and 2 to 7-seeded. Western Locust (142) — ■ Robinia neo-mexic^na — is a prickly shrub 5 or 6 feet high with rose-colored flowers and twigs covered with glandular, but not gummy, hairs ; this has two stout prickles at the bases of the leaves, like the common 31110^^^:^^'^^"^^ locust. Fig. 143. — Siberian Pea Tree. Fig. 144. — Small-bladed Pea Tree. ROBINIA 121 Besides these three species, which are the common shrubby forms in cultivation, there are a number found in the South which will doubtless soon be tried and may prove desirable. The smallest of these is Robinia nana, which grows only to the height of a foot or two with almost an unbranched stem and purple flowers | inch long with white markings. [Seeds; suckers; twig cuttings.] Fig. 145. — Tall Caragana. Fig. UT. — Dwarf Caragana. Fig. 148. — Large-flowered Caragana. 122 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Caragana. The Pea Trees are generally shrubby in growth and can be most readily known by the even number of blades to the pinnate leaves, yellow flowers, and linear pods. There is but one species which is tall enough to be considered a tree. This is the Siberian Pea Tree (143) — Caragana arbor^scens, — which may grow to the height of 20 feet, but is usually bushy ; it has 8- to 12-bladed leaves, yellow flowers f inch long ( May, June) , and cylindric pods ; there is a weeping variety of this, p^ndula. Small-bladed Pea Tree (144) — Caragana microphylla — grows 4 to G feet high, has 12 to 18 veiy small blades (^\ inch) to the leaves and flat pods. The remaining species have but 4 blades to the leaves ; of these one from Siberia (6-10 feet high) has the blades so close together as to appear like a ' four-leaved clover ' ; three species have persistent spines at the tips of the 4-bladed leaves and are less than 5 feet high. [Seeds (soaked in warm water) ; root cuttings ; layers.] KEY TO THE PEA TREES * Blades 8-12, |-1 inch long ; flowers yellow, | inch long, 2 to 4 in a cluster (May, June) ; 10-20 feet high. Siberian Pea Tree (143) — Caragana arbor^scens. * Blades 12-18, ^-\ inch long ; flowers yellow, | inch long, 1 to 2 in a cluster; shrub 4-6 feet high. Small-bladed Pea Tree (144) — Caragana microphylla. * Blades 2-4. (A.) A. Blades 4, like a 4-bladed clover leaf, without spines ; 6-10 feet. Tall Caragana (145) — Caragana frut^scens. A. Leaves spiny-tipped ; shrub 1-4 feet. (B.) B. Blades in two somewhat distant pairs ; flowers reddish yellow, li inch long. Chinese Caragana (146) — Caragana Chamlagu. B. Blades together. (C.) C. Flowers golden, f inch long. Dwarf Caragana (147) — Caragana pygmpea. C. Flowers li inch long. Large-flowered Caragana (148) — Caragana grandiflora. Halimodendron arg^nteum. Salt Bush (140) is a hardy deciduous shrub 4 to 10 feet high with whitish spiny branches, rosy-purplish pea- shaped flowers and compound, usually 4-bladed leaves with stinging spines at their tips. The flowers, nearly an inch long, are in axillary clusters in May to July. The brown inflated pods 6 to 7 inches long are ripe in September. The blades of the leaves are rather narrow near the tips. [Seeds; layers; twig cuttings.] COLUTEA 123 Colutea. The Bladder Sennas are deciduous shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are pea-like, yellow to brownish red, Fig. 149. — Salt Bush. Fig. 150. — Tall Colutea. in axillary clusters June to September. The fruit is an inflated bladder- like many-seeded pod. These plants are not fully hardy north of New Jersey. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 151. — Orange Flowered Colutea. 124 DESCRirTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE CULTIVATED COLUTEAS * Flowers lemon-yellow, | inch long, 3-8 in a cluster ; shrub to 15 feet; leaves with 9-13 dull green blades ^-1 inch long. Tall Colutea (150) — Colutea arborescens. * Flowers orange to brownish, 3-0 in a cluster. (A.) A. Pod closed at tip. Orange-flowered Colutea (151) — Colutea ni^dia. A. Pod open at tip. Oriental Colutea — Colutea orient^lis, Lespedeza. The Lespedezas or Bush ' Clovers ' are mainly herba- ceous, but one species in cultivation is shrubby, and two others have a shrubby appearance as used in borders. These three species are exten- sively cultivated for their flowers and are practically hardy to Massa- Shrubby Bush ' Clover.' Fig. 153. — Siebold's Bush ' Clover. chusetts. The Lespedezas have alternate 3-bladed leaves, the end blade at some distance from the side blades. The pea-shaped flowers in these species are purple (or white) in axillary racemes. The upper parts of these plants show much smaller leaves than the lower and this gives them the peculiar bush-clover look. [Divisions.] CORONILLA 125 KEY TO THE MORE SHRUBBY LESPEDEZAS * Shrubby with slender branches, 5-10 feet ; blooming in July, with slightly hairy pods ^ inch long ; blades of leaves rounded. Siikubby BusH ' Clover ' (152) — Lespedeza bicolor. * Herbaceous with angular brown branches and flowers ^ inch long. (A.) . A. Blooming in September with rose-purple flowers ; blades of leaves elongated. Siebold's Bush ' Clover ' (153) — Lespedeza Si^boldi. A. Blooming late in September with large white flowers ; blades of leaves broader and less pointed. Japanese Bush ' Clover ' — Lespedeza jap6nica. Coronilla. The Coronillas are shrubs or herbs with odd-pinnate leaves and purple or yellow pea-shaped flowers in rounded clusters, like the clovers but larger and with fewer blossoms. Scorpion ' Senna ' (154) — Coronilla Enierus — is a dense shrub 4 to Fig. 154. — Scorpion ' Senna ■ Glaucous Scorpion ' Senna.' 6 feet high, hardy only South. Leaves deep glossy-green (evergreen South), of 5 to 7 blades broadest near their tips; flowers in clusters of about three, large, yellow tipped with red. May to June, 126 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 156. — Americau Redbud. Fig. 157. — Chinese Redbud. Fig. 158. — European Redbud. Fig, 15<». — "White-flowered Bauhinia. CERCIS 127 Glaucous Scorpion 'Senna' (155) — Coronillaglauca— isa smooth shrub 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves whitish with a bloom of 5 to 7 blunt blades ; flowers 7 to 8 in an open cluster, yel- low, fragrant in the daytime but not at night, blooming through the year in southern California. [Fresh seeds ; twig cuttings ; divi- sions. ] Fig. IGO. — Purple-flowered Bauhinia. Fig. IGl. — Green-aud-white Bauhinia. Cercis. The Redbuds or Judas Trees are beautiful flowering shrubs with large heart-shaped simple alternate leaves ; pea-shaped purple or red flowers in early spring close clustered along the old branches and flat pea-like pods 2 to 5 inches long, in summer. American Redbud (15(3) — Cer- cis canadensis — is a very ornamen- tal shrub or small tree, to 40 feet, with rosy-pink flowers h inch long and rather broad pods 2^ to 3J inches long. Chinese Redbud (157) — Cercis chinensis — has purplish flowers, longer and narrower pods, and grows, under good conditions, even taller than the above. California Redbud — Cercis- occidenti\lis — is never more than a shrub, to 15 feet, has rose-colored flowers, blunt-tipped leaves about 2 inches wide and pods only 2 to 2^ inches long. Fig. 1G2. — Red-flowered Bauhinia. 128 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS "" European Redbud (158) — Cercis Siliqudstrum — grows to the height of 40 feet and has large leaves deeply heart-shaped at base (3-5 inches wide), large purplish rose (rarely white) flowers | inch long and pods 3 to 4 inches long. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] Bauhinia. The Bauhinias or Mountain Ebony plants are tropic trees, shrubs, and vines (200 species), and can be easily recognized by the peculiar 2-lobed leaves of all the species in cultivation in this country. Between these lobes there may generally be found an awn or bristle. The flowers are very showy and of good size, ranging in color from white to purple. The fruit is a pea-like pod. (The species given do not include climbers.) All have their leaves split less than half their length. They are hardy only far south but are cultivated north in hothouses and planted out in summer. [Seeds.] KEY TO THE BAUHINIAS * Leaves 4-ribbed . (A. ) A. Shrub 5-0 feet high ; flowers pure white, 2-3 inches broad, May-Sept. White-flowehei) Bauhinia (159) — Bauhinia acuminMa. A. Shrub (5-20 feet high ; flowers of many colors and variegated, 3-5 inches broad ; pod a foot long. Pukple-flowered Bau- hinia (100) — Bauhhiia purpurea. * Leaves 5-ribbed. (B.) B. Flowers white beautifully veined with green, Feb.-May ; shrub to 12 feet. Green-and-white Bauhinia (101) — Bauhinia varieg^ta Candida. B. Flowers large (4 inches), rosy-colored distinctly veined with darker ; pod 1-2 feet long ; generally tree-like, (5-20 feet. Variegated-flowered Bauhinia — Bauhinia varieg^ta. * Leaves 7-ribbed ; petals alike, 1-lJ inches long, brick-red; pod 3-5 inches long; somewhat climbing. Red-flowered Bauhinia (162) — Bauhinia Galpini. Cdssia. The Sennas include several hundred species of herbs, shrubs, and trees with showy (mainly yellow) flowers ; stalked, usually flat, many-seeded pods. Only a few are in cultivation. The leaves are alter- nate on the stem and compound with an even number of blades. The flowers have 5 spreading nearly equal petals. The plants need a sunny position. [Divisions ; seeds. T CiESALPINiA 129 Fig. 163. — Australian Senna. Fig. 164. — Corymbed Senna. KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL SENNAS * Herbaceous but shrub-like in appearance, sometimes cultivated. Hardy. Leaves light green of 8-18 blades ; flowers in axillary clusters near the tips of branches ; pods linear, flat, curved, 3-4 inches long. Good for damp places. Wild Senna — Cassia mary- landica. * Shrubs, hardy only far South. (A.) A. 6-10 feet high ; leaves with 12-20 narrow pointed blades ; Clus- ters of narrow flowers shorter than the leaves, pods thin. Aus- tralian Senna (163) — Cassia Sophora. A. 4-10 feet high; leaves with 6 somewhat curved blunt blades. Corymbed Senna (164) — Cassia corymbosa. A. Tree-like shrub with soft gray hairs all over ; leaves with 6-8 narrow linear blades ; flowers deep yellow. Good for dry locali- ties. Artemisia-leaved Cassia — Cassia artemesioides. Caesalpinia. The Brasiletto shrubs and trees are tropic. Leaves abruptly twice-pinnate ; flowers with 5 stalked petals and 10 very long and bright colored stamens ; the fruit is a pod. Most of the species in cul- tivation in this country are hardy only in Florida and southern California. The most hardy species, Japan C.esalpinia (165) — Cajsalpinia japonica, apgar's shrubs — 9 130 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 165. — Japan Cjesalpiuia. Fig. IGO. — Gillies' Caisalpinia. — is probably hardy in southern Virginia, and one, Gillies' C^salpinia (166) — Csesalpinia Gilliesii, — is hardy in the Gulf states. [Seeds, well soaked in warm water.] Fig. 1G7. — Barbadoes Pride. ALBIZZIA 131 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF C^SALPINIA * Stamens and style red and very long, extending far beyond the petals. (A. ) A. Sepals hairy-fringed ; plant without spines or prickles. Gillies' C^SALPiNiA or La Plata Poinciana (106) — Csesalpinia Gil- liesii. A. Plant with few scattered prickles and crisped yellow petals ; evergreen. Barbadoes Pride (167) or Dwarf Poinciana — Csesalpinia pulcherrima. * Stamens not especially long or much exserted beyond the petals. (B.) B. Plant without prickles ; blades of the leaves |-1 inch long and blunt ; flowers yellow and showy. Csesalpinia pannosa. B, Plant with prickles or thorns. (C.) C. Pod smooth ; stamens red ; petals canary-yellow ; prickles re- curved. The hardiest species. Japan C^salpinia (165) — Csesalpinia japonica. C. Pod prickly with 7 black seeds ; blades of leaves 1-3 inches long ; flowers white and purple. Caesalpinia Minax. Albizzia. The Albizzias, frequently though improperly called Mimosa Trees, are tropic trees (25 species) with only one species, Mimosa Tree (168) — Albizzia julib- rfssin, — hardy enough to thrive in the middle states. This has alter- nate leaves, twice-abruptly-pinnate, with 400-1500 small blades. These blades are entire-edged and lopsided, the midrib being near the upper edge. The pinkish flowers are feathery or silky, in summer, and the flat pods are 5 or 6 inches long. This beauti- ful small tree can be grown in pro- tected places north to New York city. Its remarkable foliage makes it a very interesting plant where it can be grown. It is very late in start- ing growth in the spring, July in the middle states, and continues putting out new leaves till after severe frosts, even till most other deciduous trees and shrubs have dropped their foliage. Fig, 168. —Mimosa Tree. 132 DESCRIPTIONS OF THP] SHRUBS In the southern range of states there are a number of other species in cultivation, most of them trees. They can all be known by the numerous oblique blades on the abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. [Fresh seeds, soaked in hot water.] WMWwSM ''^'^C^^ Fig. 169. — Evergreen Albizzla. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALBIZZIA * Hardy to New York with protection ; blades of leaves 500 or more, \ inch long and oblique ; flowers in globular heads, pink. Mimosa Tree (168) — Albizzia julibrissin. * Tender species, hardy only in the Gulf states. (A.) A. Flowers yellowish in cylindric axillary spikes ; leaves evergreen ; shrub 6-15 feet high. Evergreen Albizzia (160) — Albiz- zia lophantha. A. Flowers in globular heads ; leaves deciduous. Six or eight species of tall tropic or semitropic trees. Acacia. Acacias or Wattles. There are a number of species of Acacias out of doors in the Gulf states and in northern conservatories which are well worthy of cultivation for the beauty of foliage, as well as the brightness and peculiarity of bloom. The flowers are generally in glob- ular clusters of fine feathery parts, and usually of some shade of yellow, from pale lemon to deep orange. To the eye they form in their foliage two entirely dissimilar groups ; those with simple, thickish, sessile alter- nate leaves, and those with fern-like, abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. To the casual observer it would seem that the plants should form two genera, but the seedlings, or young plants, of those which, when mature, have simple leaves, have in this early stage the fern-like foliage of the other THE ACACIAS 133 Fig. 170. — Needle-leaved Acacia. Fig. 171. — Broom Wattle. Fig. 172. — Long-leaved Acacia, Fig. 173. — ^Kaugaroo Thoru. 134 DESCRIPTIOXS OF THT-: SHRUBS group. Occasionally the growth of vigorous shoots .^.vM , . on old plants will have more or less of these com- ffllL pound leaves. *' 1df^ [Seed, as soon as ripe, is soaked in hot water 24 i^ i; ■/ hours and then sown under glass.] Fig. 174. — Small- leaved Acacia. Fig. 175. — Blunt-leaved Acacia. Fig. 170. — Meissner'.s Acacia. Fig. 177. — Shining Acacia. THE ACACIAS 135 mm Fig. 178. — Knife-leaved Acacia. Fig. 17i). — Trapezoid-leaved Acacia. Fig. 180. — Narrow-leaved Acacia. Fig. 181. — Short-bunched Acacia. 136 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 182. — Myrtle-leaved Acacia. Fig. 183. — Spat ulate-leaved Acacia. Fig. 184. — Oleander-leaved Acacia. Fig. 185. — Fragrant Acacia. THE ACACIAS 137 Fig. 186. — Weeping Myall. Fig. 187. — Whorl-leaved Acacia. Fig. 188 58. - River- GREEN Dogwood (340) — Cornus capit;\ta. * Flowers yellow in umbels surrounded at base with small bracts; berries bright scarlet. (D.) D. Leaves with fine close-pressed hairs, green both sides. The earliest yellow-flowering shrub. Cornelian ' Cherry ' (341) — Cornus Mas. D. Leaves paler beneath and with large tufts of dark brown hairs. Chinese Cornelian ' Cherry ' — Cornus oflBcin^lis. * Flowers white or greenish white in open clusters and without bracts. (E.) B. Leaves alternate, pale or whitish beneath, 3-5 inches long; branches peculiarly arranged in horizontal tiers. (F. ) KP]Y TO THE CORNELS AND DOGWOODS 217 F. Berries dark blue on red stems ; shrub to 25 feet ; flower- clusters 1-2A inches broad. Altkkxate-leaved Corxel (338) — Cornus alternifolia. F. Berries blue-black ; hardy only South, tree to 60 feet ; flower- cluster 3-4 inches broad. Japan Cornel — Cornus macro- phylla. E. Leaves opposite ; flowers in broad, umbel-like compound clusters, cymes. (G.) G. Fruit white or nearly so (bluish or greenish white in some species). (H.) H. Leaves nearly smooth beneath but whitish with straight close-pressed hairs. (I. ) I. Branches blood-red or bright yellow, in either case there are varieties with variegated foliage. (J.) J. Main stem prostrate and rooting ; shrub to 8 feet, broad, bush-like ; stone of fruit wider than high. Red-osier Dogwood (342) — Cornus stolonifera. J. Shrub to 10 feet with erect stems ; stone of the fruit longer than wide and flattened ; wKite berries ripe in July. Red-stemmed Dogwood or White-fruited Dog- wood (343) — Cornus alba. I. Branches gray ; fruit white on red stems in more elongated clusters, ripe in Aug. and remaining till Jan. Shrub 6-15 feet beautiful in bloom and fruit. Panicled Cornel (344) — Cornus candidissima (C. paniculata). H. Leaves downy-hairy below^ (K.) K. Branches dark red ; leaves narrow. Erect-growing ; ex- cellent for sandy soil, blooming nearly all summer. Bailey's Dogwood (345) — Cornus BMleyi. K. Young branches green with purple blotches ; leaves broad ; berries bluish or greenish with red stems. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogw^ood — Cornus circinata. G. Fruit blue or black. (L.) L. Fruit pale blue with globular, nearly smooth stone; leaves greenish both sides; branches reddish; shrub to 15 feet, not fully hardy North. Stiff Cornel (346) — Cornus stricta. L. Fruit light blue with oblique-ridged stone ; branches purple and usually hairy, especially when young ; shrub 3-10 feet. Silky Cornel- or Kinnikinnik (347) — Cornus Am6mum. L. Fruit black ; flowers greenish-white ; branches purple or blood-red ; shrub to 12 feet. European Cornel or Red- osiER (348) — Cornus sangumea, 218 DKSCIIIITIONS OF THE SHRUBS Aucuba jap6nica. Aucuba or Japanese 'Laurel (o40) is an evergreen shrnb, ^villl large opposite thick notched glossy and often varie- gated leaves, cultivated in the Gulf states (where it is hardy) for the folia-e and bright one-seeded berries which are red, white, or yellow m the different varieties. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, in clus- Fig. 349. — Aucuba. Fig. 351 Hobble-bush «i% Fig. 350. — Japanese Snowball. -.-^01h Fig. 352. — European Wayfaring Tree. VIBURNUM 219 ters. As the plants are dioecious, only a portion, those with pistils, bear the fruit. There are handsome variegated forms with wiiite or yel- low stripes, dots, and blotches to the leaves, arranged in many patterns and giving rise to many varietal names. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] Viburnum. The Viburnums form a large group, 80 species, of opposite simple-leaved ornamental shrubs. A number are in cultivation and several are very beautiful in foliage, flowers, and fruit. Some have Fig. 353. — Japanese Viburnum. Fig. 354. — Chinese Viburnum. bright colored drupes which remain through the winter ; they have, in most species, a decidedly flattened stone. The Snowball group are like the Hydrangeas (see p. 192) in that the blossoms have become enlarged and sterile. The Hydrangeas have white, pink, purple, or bright blue flowers ; while the Viburnums have only white or creamy flowers. The Viburnums bloom earlier, all being in bloom in May ; while the Hydran- geas do not begin to bloom before June and some species continue bloom- ing through July and August. So Viburnums are spring-blooming and Hydrangeas are summer-blooming. The small fertile flowers, if closely examined, will show plain differences. The Hydrangeas have 4 to 5 separate petals to the corolla, while the Viburnums have bell-shaped r)-iobed corollas. The Hydrangeas have 8 to 10 long stamens, the Vi- burnums 5 short ones. [Seeds ; twig cuttings, under glass. ] 220 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 355. — High-bush ' Cranberry.' Fig. 35G. — Dockinackie. 1.1 "yw Fio. 357. — Dowuy Arrowwood. Fig. 358. — Siebold's Viburnum. VIBURNUM 221 Fig. 359. — Arrowwood. Fig. 3ti0. — Soft-leaved Arrowwood. Fig. 361. — Withe-rod. Fig. 362. — Sheep-berry. '))9 DESCRirTlONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 363. — Stag-bush. Fig. 3(34. — Sandankwa's Evergreen Viburnum. Fig. 305. — Sweet-scented Evergreen Viburnum. Fig. 366. — Laurestinus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 223 Fig. 367. — Hairy Laurestiuus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBUKNUM * Snowball group, with all the flowers enlarged and sterile and thus forming no fruit. (A.) A. Leaves deciduous, smooth, feather-veined with notched edges but not lobed. (B.) B. Leaves finely notched, dark green above ; flower-clusters 7-8 inches broad. Chinese Snowball — Viburnum macroc^pha- lum sterile. B. Leaves coarsely notched and plaited ; flower-clusters 3 inches broad. Japanese Snowball (350) — Viburnum tomentosum plicatum. A. Leaves radiate-veined and broadly 3-lobed. Snowball or Guel- der ' Rose' — Viburnum Opulus sterile. * Mixed group ; some of the flowers fruit-producing but the marginal ones enlarged and sterile ; leaves deciduous. (C.) C. Leaves without lobes ; drupes red becoming darker. (D.) D. Leaves orbicular, somewhat heart-shaped, 3-8 inches broad. HoBBLK-RrSH, WiTCH HOBBLE, Or MOOSEWOOD (351) — Vi- burnum alnifolium. 224 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS D. Leaves heart-shaped, 2-4 inches long, finely serrate. 'Euro- pean Wayfarinc; Tree {'.]o2) — Viburnum Lantcina. D. Leaves not heart-shaped, decidedly notched, plaited, and ridged. Japanese Viburnum (3.j;3) — Viburnum tomenlosum. D. Leaves as in the last, but smoother above and with finer notches not plaited. Chinese Viburnum ('354) — Viburnum ma- croc6phalum. O. Leaves 3-lobed ; berries bright. red. (E.) E. ]5ranches smooth and light gray ; shrub to 12 feet and spread- ing ; drupes pendulous in large clusters, in July yellow, turning scarlet later and remaining bright till Feb. Pimbina or High Bush 'Cranberry' (355) — Viburnum Opulus ameri- canum (V. Opulus). (G.) E. Branches darker and somewhat corky ; shrub denser and more upright ; berries upright in small clusters, less showy and less persistent ; sterile flowers larger. Manchurian Cranberry- bush — Viburnum Sarg^ntii. * With only small drupe-bearing flowers ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs hardy. (F.) F. Leaves 3-lobed and coarsely notched ; small shrubs 2-6 feet. (G. ) G. Flower-clusters about 2 inches broad ; drupes nearly black, persistent. Brilliant in fall. Maple-leaved Viburnum or Dockmackie (356) — Viburnum acerifolium. G. Flower clusters smaller ; drupes light red and larger. Squash- berry or PiaiBiNA — Viburnum pauciflorum. F. Leaves not lobed. (H.) H. Leaves coarsely dentate, usually decidedly less than 25 teeth on a side. (I.) I. Leaves short-stemmed, under i inch, velvety below ; drupes almost black, late July-Dec. ; flowers very abundant in early June. Downy Arrowwood (357) — Viburnum pubescens. I. Leaf-stem over i inch long. (J.) J. Leaves thick, notched beyond the middle (entire before), somewhat plaited, 3-6 inches long ; flowers in large clusters. May, June ; fruit oblong, red changing to black, ripe in August and soon dropping. A variety, variegatum, with white-blotched leaves. Siebold's Viburnum (358) — Viburnum Si^boldi. J. Leaves thinner and smooth below. (K.) K. Flower-clusters with long stems ; drupes blue changing to black and glaucous, eaten by birds and disappearing before frost. Arrowwood (359) — Viburnum dent^- tum. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 225 K. Flower-clusters almost sessile; drupes large, bright red in nodding clusters remaining till February. One of the most showy. Wright's Viburnum — Viburnum Wrightii. J. Leaves thinner and hairy below with pubescence. (L.) L. Drupes blue but little longer than wide; leaves dark green. Soj^t-leaved Arrowwood (360) — Viburnum . ■ molle. L. Drupes dark blue, twice as long as wide and 2-grooved, i inch long ; leaves long-stemmed, 3| inches broad, bright green above. Viburnum Demetrionis. L. Drupes scarlet, small, very abundant, remaining on till April as they are not eaten by birds; clusters erect. Upright bush to 10 feet. Japan Bush ' Cranberry ' — Viburnum dilatatum. H. Leaves finely dentate (rarely entire); drupes dark blue or black when ripe. (M.) M. Flower-clusters with stems f inch or more long. (N. ) IT. Leaves 1-3 inches long, generally notched, thick and shin- ing; shrub 3-10 feet, blooming June, July, Drupes, in elongated clusters, turn yellowish, then pink, finally blue and are especially beautiful, as all three colors can be observed on the same bush at the same time. Fall color of foliage wine-red. Appalachian Tea, Wild Raisin, or WiTHE-ROD (361) — Viburnum cassinoides. N. Leaves 3-9 inches long, nearly entire ; shrub to 15 feet. Larger Withe-rod — Viburnum nudum. M. Flower-clusters practically without stems. (O.) O. Leaves slender, pointed, leaf-stalk with broad wavy margin ; ■ drupes large, sometimes 1 inch long, nodding on red stems, ripe in September ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. Sweet Vibir- NUM, Nannyberry ot Sheepberry (362) — Viburnum Len- lago. O. Leaves blunt-pointed. (P.) P. Stone of fruit oval, flat on one side; leaves 1-3 inches long; shrub or small tree. Stag-bush (303) or Black ' Haw " — Viburnum prunifolium. P. Stone nearly orbicular; tree to 20 feet. Southern Black ' Haw ' — Viburnum rufidulum. P. Stone grooved Dn one side ; shrub 2-8 feet. Small Vibur- num — Viburnum obovatum. * Leaves evergreen ; not hardy North. Often cultivated as pot plants. (Q.) apgar's shrubs — 15 226 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Q. Leaves dentate or notched towards tips. (R.) R. Flowers white, tinged with pink tube l inch long, in rounded clusters (IJ inches wide) June, July. Sandankwa's Ever- green Viburnum (364) — Viburnum Sandankwa. R. Flowers pure white, fragrant, in large elongated clusters, 4 inches, May, June. Sweet-scented Evergreen Viburnum (305) — Viburnum odoratfssimum. R. Flowers in broad clusters, 2-4 inches ; drupes bright red. Japan Evergreen Viburnum — Viburnum japonicum. Q. Leaves entire. (S.) S. Flowers white or pinkish in convex clusters (2-3 inches broad), May-August. Laurestinus (366) — Viburnum Tinus. S. Flowers pure w^hite in large clusters, 3-4 inches broad; leaves wrinkled (3-6 inches long). Hairy Laurestinus (367) — Viburnum rigidum. Common American Elder. Fig. 369. — European Black Elder. Sambucus. The Elder bushes have recently become very popular for the shrubbery. They can be known by the opposite compound (pinnate) leaves, large clusters of small white flowers, and the black or red (rarely white or green) small berries. The small flowers have broadly spreading 3- to 5-lobed corolla and 5 stamens. The berries are about \ inch broad and have 3 to 5 seeds. The stalks are remarkable for their large pith. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER 227 Fig. 370. — European Red-berried Elder. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER * Color of fruit black or nearly so. (A.) A. Height 6-12 feet; stems with large very white pith filling over half the diameter ; leaves with 5-11 usually smooth notched blades ; flowers fragrant in broad clusters, June, July; fruit ripe Aug., Sept. Common American Elder (368) — Sambucus canadensis. A. Height 12-25 feet ; with rough bark, less abundant pith and earlier bloom, May. European Black Elder (369) — Sam- bucus nigra. A. Height 6-18 feet ; with the fruit strongly whitened with bloom and not polished as in the above species. Pacific coast species. Californian Elder — Sambucus glauca. * Color of fruit red (rarely white). (B.) B. Height 5-7 feet ; flowers in elongated clusters, April and May, and berries ripe in June ; twigs round ; pith brown. Red-berried Elder — Sambucus pubens. B. Similar to the last but somewhat tallerand with the twigs often 4-angled and the leaf-stalk smoother. European Red-berried Elder (370) — Sambucus racemdsa. The black- berried Elders have many cultivated varieties of great beauty and among them are the cut-leaved forms, lacinikta (371); the golden- leaved— aiirea (372), and the variegated- leaved, varieg^ta, under both 228 DESCRIPTIONS OF THF] SHRUBS Fig. 371. — American Elder. Fig. 372. — Golden American Elder. .species. The silver-leaved, ar- g^utea, is a variety of the European and the glaucous-leaved, glaiica, of the American. It is generally easy to determine the species by the taller growth and smaller pith of the European elder. [Root cuttings ; twig cuttings. ] Symphoricdrpos. The Snowberries or Waxberries, and Coral-berries are shrubs with close-clustered fleshy 2-seeded globular white or red berries lasting on the bushes through the fall and part of the win- ter. The species are all American, all hardy, and are popular because of the abundance and brightness of the berries. The flowers are inconspicuous in size but pinkish in color, in July. The fruit soon forms and, in the cultivated species, is exceedingly abundant. The leaves are opposite, simple, short-stemmed, feather- veined with entire (sometimes lobed) edges. They Fig. 373.— Coral- berry. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS 229 grow well in any soil and, by suckering, rapidly spread and cover the ground, even in shady places. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS * Fruit white ; stamens and style short and, in the first two species, in- cluded in the bell-shaped corolla. (A.) A. Shrub 2-6 feet high with globular white abundant persistent fruit nearly i inch in size ; leaves 1-2 inches long. Snow berry or Waxberry — Symphoricarpos racemosus. A. Lower and more spreading with smaller leaves, whitened under- neath, fewer and smaller berries. Low Snowberry^ — Symphori- carpos racemosus pauciflorus. A. Stouter growing, 2-6 feet high ; the stamens long enough to appear beyond the corolla ; berries not so clear nor waxy. AVolfberry' or Western Snowberry — Symphoricarpos occidentalis. * Fruit rich dark red ; rather compact bush ; leaves nearly evergreen. Indian 'Currant' or Coral-berry (373) — Symphoricarpos orbi- culktus (S. vulgaris). Fig, 374. — Large-fruited Honeysuckle. Fig. 375. — Mountain Fly Honeysuckle. The Coral-berry has two named varieties which might be mentioned ; glomeratus with large clusters of beriies, variegatus with leaves marked with yellow and white. [Suckers ; seeds ; twig cutting;?.] 230 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Lonicera. The true Honeysuckles are of many (100) species of erect shrubs and twining vines so nearly related that all are placed in the same genus. As so many plants are popularly called honeysuckles, though belonging to different families of plants, it would be much better to call the true ones Loniceras. These last can be known by their opposite entire-edged leaves, some- what irregular tubular flowers, more or less in pairs, and berry fruit. The berries are few-seeded and of many colors, red, yellow, blue, and black, and add much to the beauty of the plants. About 20 species in cultivation are with- out climbing habits, and so are included. The following key will enable one to determine the species if both flowers and fruit are ob- FiG. 377. — Involucred Fly Honeysuckle. THE HONEYSUCKLES 231 Fig. 381. — Swamp Fly Honeysuckle. Fig. 382. — European Fly Honey- suckle. 232 DESCRIPTIONS OP^ THE SHRUBS served. Lonicera tatarica is very common and has many named varieties, as well as hybrids with other species. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 383. — Japan Honeysuckle. Fig. 384. — Tartarian Honeysuckle. KEY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS * Flowers nearly regular with a 6-lobed border, growing in pairs with the ovaries more or less united and forming a double berry. (A.) A. Plants less than 2 feet high with small leaves ^-1^ inches long and pink flowers, May-July. (B.) B. Kigid spiny shrub ; with stamens projecting from the erect rosy flowers. Large-fruited Honeysuckle (374) — Lonicera spin6sa. B. Prostrate shrub ; with stamens included ; leaves often whorled in threes. Low Honeysuckle — Lonicera rupicola. A. Plants 2 feet or more high ; with larger leaves, 1-5 inches long. (C.) C. Bloom, April and May, before the leaves expand. (D.) D. Flowers small, |-^ inch, short-stemmed, whitish ; fruit blue. Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle (375) — Lonicera cserulea. KEY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS 233 D. Flowers larger, long-stemmed, pinkish ; fruit pendulous, scarlet, in June. Early Honeysuckle — Lonicera gracilipes. D. Flowers slender-stemmed, yellowish ; fruit light red. Amer- ican Fly Honeysuckle (376) — Lonicera canadensis (L. ciliata). D. Flowers large, 1-1^ inches, white, nodding; fruit oblong, bright red. Hispid Honeysuckle — Lonicera hispida. C. Bloom, May-July, after the leaves expand ; berries black. (E.) E. Flowers gummy outside (i inch long), yellowish; berries shining, inclosed in large bracts ; leaves 2-5 inches long. Involucred Fly Honeysuckle (377) — Lonicera involu- crata. E. Flowers scarlet outside (| inch long). Ledebour's Honey-- suckle — Lonicera Ledebotiri. * Flowers 2-lipped, small, growing together at base and forming a more or less double berry, flowers white or yellowish (on L. alpigena brownish- red), small, to ^ inch. (F.) F. Leaves thick and nearly evergreen ; fruit scarlet ; bloom March- May, before the new leaves. (G.) G. Branches slender and spreading or recurving ; shrubs to 6 feet ; flowers short-stemmed and stems without bractlets, flowers sweet-scented. (H.) H. Branches with bristly hairs bent backward. Standish's Honeysuckle (378) — Lonicera Standishi. H. Branches nearly smooth and more recurving. Early Sweet Honeysuckle (379) — Lonicera fragrantissima. G. Branches stout and more erect, to 8 feet ; leaves glossy dark green above ; flowers long-stemmed and with small bracts on the stems. Alpine Honeysuckle (380) — Lonicera alpigena. F. Leaves thinner ; fruit dark red ; bloom later, May, June. Swamp Fly- Honey'suckle (381) — Lonicera oblongifolia. * Flowers with the ovaries separate and thus forming 2 berries on one stem ; shrub 5-12 feet high; bloom May, June. (I.) I. Flowers white changing to yellow when old ; branches pu- bescent. (J.) J. Flowers hairy outside. (K.) K. Leaves usually wider near tip, dull green, 1-3 inches long. European Fly Honeysuckle (382) — Lonicera Xyl6steum. K. Leaves usually wider near center or base, dark green above, grayish-hairy below (1-2 inches long). Japan Honeysuckle (383) — Lonicera M6rrowi. J. Flowers smooth outside : leaves slender, grayish-hairy below 234 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS (2-4 inches long). Maxchukian IIoxetsuckle — Lonicera Ruprecliti<\na. I. Mowers pink, red, or white and not changing to yellow when old; fruit red, yellow, or orange. (L.) L. Hairy shrub with small, |-1^ inches long, bluish or grayisli green leaves ; flowers abundant ; fruit red. Free-flowering Honeysuckle — Lonicera floribunda. L. Smooth shrub with larger, 1-2| inches long, leaves often heart-shaped at base. Very variable and common, to 10 feet. Tartarian Honeysuckle (384) — Lonicera talarica. The last four species are very common, with many hybrids, and thus intermediate forms are known. Diervllla and Weigela are genera closely related to Lonicera and are often popularly called honeysuckles. Loniceras have fleshy few-seeded berries for fruit, while Diervillas and AVeigelas have dry oblong many- seeded capsules. Diervilla and Weigela are often united under the name Diervilla, but for our purpose had better be considered as separate. The DiEKViLLAS proper have small, i-| inch long, slender-tubed, 2- lipped, yellow flowers of no great beauty and seldom found in cul- tivation. V Fia. 385. — Common Weigela. Fig. 386. — Large-flowered Weigela. The Weigelas are among our most popular flowering shrubs, with large funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corollas of many colors. The leaves are opposite, simple, feather-veined with notched edges. Besides the four or five original species from eastern Asia, of which there are many varieties, there are an almost endless number of hybrids now in cultivation. In fact, the tendency is to cultivate only these hybrid forms, as the flowerr. DIERVILLA AND WEIGELA 235 Fig. 387.— Japan Weigela. Fig. 388. — Many-flowered Weigela. show greater beauty and variety. There are forms in bloom from early May to late August. The colors of the flowers vary from pure white through the pinks, red, crimson, and purple; of pure colors as well as blotched and striped in many ways. One of the especially attractive points about the flowers is the. change that takes place in the colors of the Fig. 389. — Diervilla. 4^ y^ Fig. 3i)0. — Middendorf s Weigela- 230 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS blossoms after expanding. Some which open pure white change to pale pink and end as bright carmine. Weigela fl6rida has several forms with variegated white and yellow foliage. As with the roses and their num- berless hybrids, so here it is impossible to show, without the finest colored illustrations, the named forms in cultivation. [Twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WEIGELA * Anthers of the stamens separate, not united around the pistil. (A.) A. Flowers not definitely yellow and an inch or more long. (B.) B. Calyx united at the base and sometimes to the middle ; stigma decidedly 2-lobed. ; seeds without thin wing-like projections. Common Weigela (385) — Weigela fl6rida. B. Calyx of 5 separate linear pieces ; stigma broad and head-like ; seeds with wings. (C.) C. Shrub 5-10 feet high and nearly smooth throughout ; flowers and leaves large ; flowers not abundant. Large-flowered Weigela (380) — Weigela grandiflora. C. Shrub 4-8 feet and pubescent, lower sides of leaves espe- cially so ; flowers pubescent outside. (D.) D. Corolla abruptly narrowed below the middle ; flower- clusters short-stalked. Japan AYeigela (387) — Weigela jap6nica. D. Corolla gradually narrowed to the base ; flower-clusters about sessile ; plant more vigorous ; flowers smaller and more abundant. Many-flowered Weigela (388) Weigela floribunda. A. Flowers yellow, small, i-| inch, plainly 2-lipped, Diervilla proper. (E.) E. Leaves distinctly stalked : branchlets round. Diervilla. Bush ' Honeysuckle ' (389) — Diervilla Lonfcera (D. trifida). E. Leaves nearly sessile ; branchlets square. High-bush ' Honey- suckle ' — Diervilla sessilif61ia. * Anthers of the stamens united around the pistil; flowers broad-fun- nel-form, yellowish white spotted with orange and purple; calyx notched and irregular. Low shrub to 3 feet. Middendorf's Wei- gela (390) — Weigela Middendorfiana. On the following page are illustrations of two of the hybrid forms (391). Eva Rathke Weigela — Weigela (Diervilla) Eva Rathke — deep car- mine red, blooming late, June and July. Desboisi's Weigela — Weigela Desboisi — deep rose, blooming May. ABELIA 237 a, Eva Rathke Weigela. 6, Desboisi's Weigela. Fig. 391. — Two Hybrid Forms of Weigela. Abelia. The Abelias are tender low shrubs with small opposite notched leaves and tubular to funnel-formed 5-lobed flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, panicles. The lightly irregular flowers are espe- cially dainty and bloom for a long period ; Fig. 392. — Entire-leaved Abelia. Fig. 393. — Mexican Abelia . 238 dp:scriptions of the shrubs Fig. 394. — Yellow-throated White Fig. 395. — Hybrid Abelia. Abelia. Fig. 396. — Serrate-leaved Abelia. Fig. 397. — Yellow-throated Rosy Abelia. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABELIA 239 the fruit is a dry leatliery berry. Only one species, Ever-flower- ing Abelia — Abelia grandifldra, — can be grown as far north as New York, even if protected. It has much the appearance of a Weigela and is frequently called one. All Weigelas have 5-pointed sepals closely covering the base of the corolla. The Abelias have pe- culiarly irregular sepals, often leaf -like and spreading and vary- ing in number from 2 to 5 in the different species. The leaves are never over 2 inches long, gen- erally about an inch. Many of the Abelias are evergreen, all are fitted for outdoor cultivation in the Gulf states, and several will probably do well in protected po- sitions north to Washington. [Twig cuttings, in summer ; layers, in sprinc Fig. 398. — Chinese Abelia. KEY TO THE SPECIES OE ABELIA Leaves thick, nearly or fully evergreen. (A.) A. Sepals 5. (B.) B. B Leaves nearly entire; flowers white with a pink tinge. Entire- leaved Abelia (392) — Abelia trifiora. Leaves distinctly notched, oval ; flowers large, 2 inches, rosy-purple. Mexican Abelia (393) — Abelia floribunda. Leaves notched, ovate ; flowers over an inch long, white with a yellowish throat. Yellow-throated White Abelia (394) — Abelia spathulata. . Sepals irregularly 2, 3, 4, or 5 ; flowers abundant, white with tinge of pink, nearly an inch long, blooming continuously from June to November. The hardiest species. Hybrid Abelia (395) — Abelia grandifl5ra (A. rupdstris). . Sepals generally 2 ; leaves notched. (C.) C. Flowers pale red. Serrate-leaved Abelia (396) — Abelia serrata. 240 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS C. Flowers rosy-white with a yellow throat. Yellow-thuoated Rosy Abelia (397) — Abelia miiflora. * Leaves thinner and deciduous ; flowers white. (D.) D. Sepals 5 ; flowers small, l inch long, stamens exserted ; leaves ovate, serrate with hairs on midrib beneath, Chinese Abelia (398) —Abelia chin^nsis. D. Sepals 4 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely serrate. Two-flowered Abelia — Abelia biflora. Gardenia. The Cape 'Jasmine' and other beautiful plants are in- cluded among the Gardenias. The name jasmine or jessamine is given to many different species belonging to several different families, so, as with the name honeysuckle, it would be well to learn the proper names for each group and properly apply them and not use either 'jasmine' or ' honeysuckle ' without some modification to show the exact genus Cape ' Jasmine.' intended, (The name jessamine should be restricted to the genus Jas- minum (p. 273) and honeysuckle to Lonicera (p. 230). This application of names would stop most of the confusion. Of course Cape 'Jasmine' will always mean Gardenia.) The Gardenias have opposite simple entire evergreen leaves and sweet-scented tubular white flowers with spreading CEPIIALANTHUS 241 border (salver- or bell-shaped) of 5 or more lobes. The Gardenias proper have a 1-celled pod. They are hardy only in the South. Cape 'Jasmine' (399) — Gardenia jasminoides — has a calyx with 5 slen- der teeth and distinct ridges along the sides of the united portion. The corolla, in the usually cultivated variety, is fully double with many white waxy lobes. There are many varieties under many names, differing in the width of the leaves and the height and habit of plant growth. Hardy to the Carolinas and extensively cultivated North in conservatories. A similar plant, but with gummy buds and without ridges on the calyx, is PiKAMALi, Cambi, or Resin-plant — Gardenia lucida. [Seeds; layers; twig cuttings.] Fig. 400. — Buttonbush. Fig. 401. — Groundsel Bush. CephaUnthus occidentalis. The Buttonbush (400) is a wild American shrub (3-12 feet) growing in wet places and sometimes cultivated. It has simple entire glossy opposite or whorled leaves and small, white tubular flowers forming a globular cluster an inch or more broad, June to Sep- tember. The leaves are 3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 2^ inches wide, often in whorls of threes around the stems. The fruit is a round cluster of dry 1- to 2-seeded nutlets. ' [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Baccharis. Groundsel Bush (401) or Salt-watek Shrub — Baccharis halimifolia, — 3 to 12 feet high, is a plant with angular somewhat scurfy apgar's shrubs — IG 242 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 402: — Lavender Cotton. Fig. 403. — Black Huckleberry. Ja^^, Fig. 404. — Dwarf Huckleberry. Fig. 405. — Bug Bilberry. SANTOLINA CHAM^CYPARISSUS 243 branches, alternate simple entire to lobed leaves and persistent collection of hairy fruits resembling small white brushes, in fall and early winter. The shrub is dioecious, so not all of them have this showy appearance. This plant belongs to the daisy group of flowers, the individual blos- soms are very small and grow in heads which are popularly considered as the flowers. The part which produces the showy appearance of the groundsel bush is the pappus, so conspicuous in thistles. The stamen- bearing plant has unconspicuous yellowish flowers. It is a useful shrub, especially for coastwise cultivation, as it particularly thrives in the salt Fig. 406. — Foxberry. Fig. 407. — Evergreen Vine Blueberry air. A southern plant with willow-like deciduous leaves, WILLO^v LEAVED Groundsel Tree — Baccharis salicifolia, — may be in cultivation An evergreen species of the Pacific region is Baccharis pilularis. [Seeds ; twig cuttings under glaas.'^i Santolina Chama5cyparlssus. Lavender Cotton (402) is a halt-imrutby plant (l|-2 feet) with aromatic alternate evergreen deeply-lobed silvery gray leaves and small globular heads of yellow flowers, in summer. It is used South for the slirubbery, but North mainly for carpet-bedding, for this latter purpose slips rooted in sand are kept throu-h the winter. [Twig cuttings.] ?44 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. The IlrcKLEnEKRiEs and Butererries are wild plants rarely brought into cultivation even for fruiting purposes, and thus scarcely need a place in this book. Still there are a few species which have beautiful flowers, foliage, and fruit and belong to the very limited group which thrive in shady places. HiGH-Busn Blueberry — Vaccinium atrococcum (V. corymb5sum) — is a tall straggling shrub 4 to 12 feet with yellowish green warty branches, alternate usually entire leaves, white or pinkish tubular flowers in clusters on short leafless twigs. May, June, and abundant many-seeded blue-black berries, July, August. Deerherry or Buckberry — Vaccinium stamineum — is a spreading branched shrub 2 to 5 feet with entire-edged pale leaves and abundant green- ish white bell-shaped nodding flowers with projecting stamens, April to June. The large greenish or yellowish berries (| inch) are hardly edible. [Seeds, with difficulty j divisions.] Fig. 408. — Deerberry. Fig. 40!). — Farkleberry. KEY TO HUCKLEBEIlRtES, BLUEBERRIES, ETC. LM.-) KEY TO HUCKLEBEKRIES, BLUEBERRIES ETC. * Berries 10-seeded, Gaylussacias. (A.) A. Leaves sprinkled with waxy dots, entire, deciduous. (B ) B. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath; fruit blue, with bloom Erect (2-4 feet high). Blue Tano.e or Danglebekh; — Cxaylussacia frondosa. B. Leaves green both sides ; shrubs under .3 feet (C ) C. Bracts small, i inch, among the flowers 'and fruit- fruit sweet but seedy. Black Huckleberry (403) _ Gavlus sacia baccata (G. resin osa). C. Bracts leafy and longer than the flower-stems; fruit watery duLsf^'"^' DwARP Huckleberry (404) - Gaylussacia A. Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate with the edges somewhat rolled b«r^ '' ''-' "^"- -^—RRY- Gaylussacia * Berries many-seeded — Vacciniums. (D ) D. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, not open-bell-shaped. (E ) E. Flowers and fruit solitary or in small clusters of 2-4 (F ) F. Shrubs under 2 feet high ; leaves under 1 inch long. (G ) MoTr ''^""' ''^''''''' ^^"^"^^^- ^«^^^ «r Boo Bilberry (405) — Vaccinium uliginosum G. Leaves minutely, notched, green and shining both sides. Dwarf Bilberry _ Vaccinium cajspitosum. F. Shrubs 2-15 feet high ; leaves 1-3 inches long. (H ) H. Leaves about entire, pale beneath. Oval-leaved Bil- berry — Vaccinium ovalifolium. H. Leaves minutely notched, green both sides. Thin-leaved Bilberry -Vaccinium membran^ceum (V. myrtilloides^ E. Flowers and fruit in larger clusters (I) yrmioiaes). '■ f^eT'^Jo""^"''''' ' '' ' ''""'' "' '""^ ^' ^'^'- Tall, 3-15 J. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Southerx Bl.ck Huckleberry —Vaccinium virgatum J. Flowers at the time of leaf-expansion. High-bush or Swamp Blueberry -Vaccinium corymb6sum I. F^wers.less elongated - not over 2 times as long as wide. K. Shrubs 3-15 feet high; leaves densely hairy beneath. tJLACK High Blueberry- Vaccinium atroc6ccum (V corymbosum). . ^ ' 24G DESORIPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS K. Shrubs under 2 feet high. (L.) L. Twigs hairy; leaves entire; fruit blue, with bloom. Sour-top or Velvet-leaf Blueberry — Vaccinium canad^nse. Ii. Twigs, leaves, and fruit hairy. Hairy Huckleberry — Vaccinium hirsutum. L. Twigs warty; leaves minutely notched; berries bluish black and glaucous. Low or Early Sweet Blueberry — Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. L. Twigs smooth; leaves minutely notched; berries black without bloom. Low Black Blueberry — Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum (V. nigrum), K. Shrubs generally over 2 feet high ; twigs green and warty ; leaves pale beneath. (M.) M. Leaves thick, about entire ; berry | inch, blue with a bloom. Late Low Blueberry — Vaccinium vacillans. M. Leaves thin, sharply notched ; berry larger. Mountain Blueberry — Vaccinium corymbosum pallidum (V. pallidum) . D. Flowers open-bell-shaped. (N.) N. Flowers 4-notched ; leaves evergreen, small, under 1 inch; shrub under 1 foot ; berries dark red. Cowberry or Foxberry (406) — Vaccinium Vitis-Idsea. N. Flowers 5-notched ; leaves evergreen, I inch or less long; creeping plant, with black berries, hardy South. Evergreen Vine Blueberry (407) — Vaccinium crassif51ium. N. Flowers 6-notched ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs over 2 feet. (O.) O. Stamens much exserted ; berry green or yellow ; shrub 2-5 feet high. Deerberry or Buckberry (408) — Vaccinium stamineum. O. Similar to the last, berry larger, shining black. "A valu- able shade-enduring ornamental shrub." Southern Goose- berry — Vaccinium melanocarpum. O. Stamens included ; berry black, ripe in Oct. Shrub or tree 8-30 feet. Farkleberry or Sparkleberry (409) — Vac- cinium arboreum. Arctostaphylos. This genus contains a number of- species (30) of shrubs or small trees and includes some trailing vineg. All in cultivation here are American. (Only the trailing species are hardy North and of course are omitted.) The leaves are alternate, usually evergreen with entire margins. Flowers small, globular in terminal clusters, panicles, in spring. Fruit a red berry. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 247 Fig. 410. — Downy Arctostaphylos. Fig. 411. — Manzanita. Fig. 412. — Pale-leaved Arcto- staphylos. Fig. 413. — Bristly Arctostaphylos. 248 DESCKIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 414. — Pringle's Arcto- staphylos. Fig. 41.".. — Hicolored Arcto- stapliylos. KEY OF FORMS OF ARCTOSTAPHYLOS FROM THE PACIFIC REGION HARDY ONLY SOUTH * Leaves smooth and fruit on smooth stems. (A.) A. Flowers in umbel-like clusters ; shrub 3-10 feet. Downy Arc- TOSTAPHYLOS (410) — Arctostaphylos piingens. A. Flowers in elongated clusters ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. Man- zANiTA (411) — Arctostaphylos Manzanita. * Leaves smooth ; fruit stems glandular. (B.) B. Flowers in elongated clusters ; shrub or tree 8-25 feet. Pale- leaved Arctostaphylos (412) — Arctostaphylos glauca. B. Flowers in spreading clusters, light pink on sticky stems ; 5-15 feet. Most ornamental. Viscid Arctostaphylos — Arcto- staphylos vfscida. * Leaves more or less hairy ; twigs bristly. '(C.) C. Flowers in dense short panicles ; 2-0 feet. Hardiest species. Bristly Arctostaphylos (413) — Arctostaphylos tomentosa. C. Flowers in leafy clusters; fruit bristly. Prixgle's Arcto- staphylos (414) — Arctostaphylos Pringlei. C. Flowers in nodding dense racemes rose-colored ; fruit smooth. BicoLORED Arctostaphylos (415) — Arctostaphylos bicolor. ANDROMEDA 249 Arbutus Unedo. The Strawberry Tree (416) is a tree 15 feet with evergreen simple alternate nearly entire leaves (2-3 inches), glob- ular red berries (| inch) with many- seeds and ovate white to red flowers (about ^ inch long) in nodding clus- ters. The bloom and the fruit of the preceding year are both on the shru') through the fall and render the plant very decorative. The leaves are a lustrous smooth green. Hardy only far South. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] Andr6meda. For our purpose this old genus name is much the better one for a large number of beautiful shrubs which have clusters of small tubular urn-shaped and globular flowers form- ing small 5-valved dry capsules with many seeds. The leaves are simple, alternate with entire or notched edges. Most of them will be found in plant rub 8 to Fig. 416. — Strawberry Tree. Fig. 417. — Scurfy Andromeda. Fig. 418. — Leather Leaf. 250 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 419. — Catesby's Leucothoe. Fig. 420. — Mountain Fetter Bush. catalogues under this name. The group has been so divided by late bota- nists, based upon such microscopic characters, that the average student cannot properly separate them. (The new names are given at the end.) [Seeds, in spring ; layers ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 421. — Japan Fetter Bush. Fig. 422. — Marsh Andromeda. ANDROMEDA 251 Fig. 423. — Fetter Bush. Fig. 424. — Privet Andromeda. Fig. 423. — Beautiful Zeuobia. Fig. 426. — Swamp Leucothoe. 252 DESCIUPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS Fig, 427. — Sourwood. Fig. 428. — Stagger-bush. KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKE SHRUBS Leaves thick and evergreen (Privet Andromeda of the 2d * is nearly evergreen). (A.) A. Flowers very small, ^ inch long, globular, noddnig and clus- tered in axils of somev^^hat reduced leaves, Feb.-April. Shrub or tree with scurfy twigs, 5-25 feet tall. Scurfy Andromeda (417) — Andromeda (Xolisma) ferruglnea. A. Flowers more elongated — usually twice as long as wide. (B.) B. Flowers in one-sided racemes. (C.) C. Flower-clusters with large leaf-like bracts as long as tlie flow- ers, April-June ; leaves densely covered with small round scurfy scales. Shrub 1-4 feet high. Leather Leaf (418) — Chamsedaphne calyculata. C. Bracts, of the flower clusters, much smaller or absent, (D.) D. Leaves large, 3-6 inches, with bristly-tipped teeth ; flow- ers slender (nearly i inch long), April. 2-6 feet, hardy with protection to New York. Catesby's Leucothoe (410) — Leuc6thoe Catesbfei. D. Leaves somewhat smaller without bristly teeth ; young KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKIO SHRUBS 253 twigs hairy. 2-5 feet, hardy. Downy LicucoTHOii — Leu- cothoe axillaris. D. Leaves (1-3 inches) with small teeth and bristly edges, black-dotted beneath ; flower-clusters somewhat nodding, May. 2-6 feet. Mountain Fetter Bush (420) — Andro- meda floribiinda (Pi6ris floribunda). D. Similar to the last but the flowers are much larger and in more drooping clusters and the plant is much taller — to 30 feet. Japan Fetter Bush (421) — Pieris japdnica (P. ovalifolia) . D. Similar to the last two but with larger leaves, 3-5 inches long. Indian Fetter-bush — Pieris f ormosa. B. Flowers in pendent terminal umbels ; leaves linear, entire with rolled edges. 1-3 feet. Marsh Andromeda (422) or Wild Rosemary — Andromeda polifolia. B. Flowers in close axillary umbels ; leaves oval, entire with slightly rolled edges. Fetter Bush (423) — Lyonia ni'tida (Pieris nitida). * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (E.) E. Flowers globular or rounded-bell-shaped, only about as long as wide. (F.) F. Flowers very small, i inch, abundant in panicled terminal clusters^ May-July ; leaves firm (almost evergreen), entire, l-2i inches long. Privet Andromeda or Male Berry (424) — Lyonia ligustrina (Andromeda paniculata). F. Flowers larger, i inch, and more bell-shaped ; branching shrubs 3-7 feet : handsome plants hardy to Massachusetts if somewhat protected. (G.) G. Lower surface of leaves green ; blooming May, June. Beautiful Zenobia (425) —Andromeda (Zenobia) speciosa. G. Leaves densely glaucous. Glaucous Zenobia — Andromeda (Zenobia) pulverul^nta. E. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, about twice as long as wide. (H.) H. Flowers about i inch long in one-sided racemes, very swet t- scented, April-June. Good for shady places, though growing well in the open ; hardy. (I.) I. Shrubs to 12 feet blooming April, May. (J.) J. Racemes nuich curved ; capsule decidedly 5-lobed. Wild in dry woods ; 2-10 feet. Mountain Letcotiioi^ — Leucd- thoe recurva. J. Racemes nearly straight ; capsule not lobed. Growing in swamp ; 5-12 feet. Swamp LEucoTiioii (420) — Leuco- thoe racemosa. 254 DESCRIPTIONS OF THP] SHRUBS I. Tree to 50 feet ; blooming June, July. Flowering when small and shrub-like ; leaves sour. Soruwoon (427) or Sorrel- TRKK — ( )xyd^ndrum arboreum. H, Flowers larger, ^ inch long, in side-umbels, white or faintly pink, May-July. A beautiful shrub, 1-4 feet. Stagger-bush (428) — Lyonia mariana (I'ieris niari^na). Erica. The Heaths and Heather are all small-leaved, shrubby plants with usually small 4-lobed, bell- or urn-shaped flowers. The leaves are scale- or linear-shaped and arranged on the stems in alternate, opposite, or whorled positions. The fruit is a 4-celled capsule. But few are in culti- vation in the open in America because of our hot and dry summers. Only three have escaped and grow without cultivation. These are Euro- pean species, although those cultivated in Europe are mainly from South Africa. The African species ar.e practically unknown in America except- ing in conservatories. The smaller leaves, the 4-lobed flowers, and the 4-celled fruit ^^^ll sepa- rate the heaths from the andromedas. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] Fig. 429. — Pink Moor Heath. Fig. 4.U). — Scotch Heath, Fig. 432.— Irish Heath. Key to the heaths and heather 255 KEY TO HEATHS AND HEATHEK * Hardy heaths with the leaves whoiied» (A.) A. Spriiiu-1, looming- (March-May), flowers bell-shaped white or red. TiNK Moou Heath (429) — Erica carnea. A. Summer- and fall-blooming. (B.) B. Leaves whorled generally in 3's ; flowers about ^ inch long. Scotch Heath (430) — Erica cin^rea. B. Leaves whorled in 4's or 5's. (C.) C. Pod without hairs ; flowers white or purplish red. Cornish Heath — Erica vagans. C. Pod with long rough hairs ; branches rigid. Corsican Heath — Erica stricta. C. Pod velvety ; leaves with rolled edges ; flowers rosy. Bell Heather — Erica T^tralix. * Hardy heather with leaves opposite and covering the stem. Heather or Ling (431) — Calliina vulgaris. * Leaves alternate and white below; flowers drooping in long racemes. Needs protection North. Irish Heath (432) — Dabdecia (Menzi- esia) polifolia. Fig. 433. — Mo mi taiu 'Laurel.' Fig. 434. — Sheep ' Laurel. 256 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Kdlmia. The Kalmias or American' 'Laurels' are amonu the most beautiful shrubs in cultivation. About all are hardy throughout and should he cultivated much more generally than they are. The special peculiarities of the Kalmias are in the flowers, which are cup-shaped with ten hollows in which the anthers are held till released by the action of insects. The leaves are entire, and alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement on the stem. So many evergreen plants, of many families, both in America and lOurope are called laurels that it would be better to drop it as a name unless some distinctive modifier can >---'''^|]3i^-^/ps:\V^^ fix upon the plant intended. '-The '^^ -<^ |i^=s^~^ V flower of Kalmia is one of those proposed as a national flower emblem, especially on account of the exquisite symmetrical beauty of the single flower." Kalmia is a purely Ameri- can genus and deserves a distinctive name. The best plan would be to always call these Ameri- can plants Kalmias. They are less particular about soil and position than the hardy Rhododendron, growing well in sandy and loamy soils and especially thriving in damp shady places. Broad-leaved Kalmia, Mountain 'Laurel,' or Calico Bush (48.3) — Kalmia latifolia — is gen- erally a shrub 4 to 10 feet high, though sometimes a tree to 30 feet, with a rounded head and evergreen, alternate (or irregularly whorled), entire, glossy leaves 3-4 inches long. The flowers are white or rose-colored in large terminal clusters. May and June. The individual flowers are about f inch broad. Narrow-leaved Kalmia, Sheep 'Laurel,' Lambkill or Wkkv (434) — Kalmia angustif 61 ia— is alow shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, with usually narrow evergi-een, opposite (or whorled in threes) leaves 1 to 21 inches long. The flowers are of many shades of red to purple in lateral Fig. 435. — Pale Kalmia. 4.3(5. — Hairy Kalmia. clusters, June and July. The individual flowers are nearly \ inch broad. AZALEA 257 Pale Kalmia, Pale or Swamp 'Laurel' (435) — Kalmia glaiica or polifolia — is a small shrub 1 to 2 feet high with 2-edged stems, opposite or whorled evergreen leaves i to 2 inches long, white beneath with a bloom which can be rubbed oiif ; these leaves have rolled edges. The flowers are on slender stems, red or purplish in color, in teiTuinal clusters (umbels) in summer and range from I to | inch broad. Hairy Kalmia or ' Laurel ' (436) — Kalmia hirsuta • — is a branching shrub 1 to 2 feet high with alternate evergreen small leaves, ] to -| inch long. Both leaves and stems are covered with hairs. The flowers, i to I inch broad, are usually solitary in the axils of the leaves, rose-purple in color. Fig. 437. — White Swamp Azalea. Fig. 438. — Smooth Azalea. Deciduous-leaved Kalmia or White Wicky — Kalmia cuneata — is a low shrub with deciduous mostly alternate wedge-shaped leaves | to 2 inches long. The flowers are in small lateral clusters, white or pinkish in color, about | inch broad, in spring. The last two species are probably hardy only in the middle states and in the South and are the least ornamental of any of the Kalmias. [Seeds.] Azalea. The Azaleas are among the most interesting of flowering shrubs. In the size and abundance of bloom and in the brightness and variety of coloring there is hardly anything in the vegetable kingdom which can equal the beauty of this group of plants. Some species are apgar's shrubs — 17 258 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 431). — PiDxter Flower. Fig. 440. — Flame Azalea. Fig. 441. — Pontic Azalea. Fig. 442. — Vasey's Azalea. KEY TO THE AZALEAS 259 hardy in the extreme North, many others are hardy only in the Gulf states. Besides the regular species there are numerous hybrids interme- diate in character, and some have flowers so double in form and variegated in color as to disguise their character to the extent that they hardly seem Azaleas. Like the roses, there are so many named varieties as to defy description except in a large book devoted to them alone and fui-- nished with colored illustrations. The leaves are alternate or clustered at end of branches, entire or bristly-toothed and generally deciduous. The flowers when single are funnel-shaped, somewhat lopsided, with 5 or 10 usually long stamens. The fruit is a large 5-valved many-seeded capsule. They grow best in peaty or sandy soil in moist and somewhat shady situations. [Twig cuttings ; layers ; seeds ; grafting of named varieties on seedlings of hardy species.] KEY TO MANY OF THE AZALEAS * Leaves and flowers from different buds, flowers in terminal clustei"S, leaves deciduous. (A.) A. Corolla with a slender tube about as long as the spreading por- tion, hairy and glandular outside, stamens (5) longer than the lobes. (B.) B. Flowers white (or tinged red) blooming after the leaves expand, very fragrant. (C.) C. Flowers l|-2 inches long, very sticky or gummy outside, June, July; branchlets with stiff hairs ; shrub 4-8 feet. White Swamp Azalea (437) — Rhododendron viscosum (Azalea visc6sa) . C. Flowers 2 inches long, June, July; branchlets about smooth; shrub 8-10 feet high; style and stamens red. SiMOGth Aza- leas (438) — Rhododendron arbor^scens (Azalea arbor^s- cens). C. Flowers 2-2i inches long with yellow on the upper lobe. May, June; branchlets generally smooth; shrub 2-6 feet. Cali- fornia Azalea — Azalea occidentalis (Rhododendron oc- cidentale) . B. Flowers usually pink though sometimes nearly white, blooming early, about when the leaves expand, April, May, slightly fragrant ; shrub 3-6 feet. Pink Azalea or Pinxter Flower (430) — Rhododendron nudiflorum (Azalea nudiflora). B. Flowers yellow, orange, or flt^nie color. (D.) D. Orange to flame color, nearly 2 inches broad, without odor 2G0 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS or nearly so, May, June, stamens thickened near the middle; shrub 4-10 feet. Flame Azalea (440) — l^hodod6ndron calendulaceum (Azalea calendulacea). D. Yellow and very fragrant, 2-2^ inclies broad, May; branch- lets hairy ; shrub 2-6 feet. Rare in cultivation but hybrids have been given the name. Pontic Azalea (441) — Azalea pdntica. B. Elowers white, yellow, orange, pink, red, lilac, etc., blooming May-July. Hybrid or Ghent Azaleas — Azalea ganda- v^nsis. A. Corolla with a broader tube which is pubescent but not glandular outside, stamens (5) shorter than the spreading portion, flowers yellow, orange, or pink blooming at time of leaf expansion, April, May ; branches hairy. Shrub 3-8 feet. Chinese Aza- lea — Azalea sinensis (Rhododendron sin^nse). A. Corolla with a short tube and broadly spreading border, rose- inirple without spots, smooth outside, stamens 10, blooming before the leaves, April, May. (B.) B. Shrub 1-3 feet ; leaves glaucous beneath. Rhodora — Rhodo- dendron canad^nse (Azalea canadensis). E. Shrub 3-8 feet ; leaves j^ellowish beneath. Rhombic-leaved Azalea — Azalea rhdmbica (Rhododendron rhombfcum). A. Corolla with a short tube, broadly spreading border and upper lobes spotted. (F.) F. Stamens usually 7 (rarely 5) ; bloom before leaves ; shrub 5-15 feet. Vasey's Azalea (442) — Azalea Vaseyi (Rhododendron Vaseyi) . F. Stamens 10 ; blooming with the leaves ; shrub 2-5 feet ; branches glandular-hairy. (G.) G. Flowers purple. Azalea (Rhododendron) Albr^chtii. G. Flowers pale rose color with brownish spots. Azalea Schlip- pdnbachii. * Leaves and flowers from the same terminal bud ; leaves thick and gen- erally evergreen ; stamens 5-10. Shrub 1-8 feet. Evergre1:n Azalea — Azalea Indica (Rhododendron fndicum) — and its many named varieties and hybrids. Rhododendron. The Rhododendrons are among the most beautiful of flowering evergreens. In spring and early summer, when in bloom, the bushes, entirely covered with great heads of the large bright colored flowers and, through the year, the large thick glossy foliage render the Rhododendrons objects of great beauty. There are three or four species from which the endless hybrids have been obtained. One of these is from RHODODENDRON 261 India, Tree ' Laurel ' (443) — Rhododendron arboreum, — another from Asia Minor, Pontic Rhododendron (444) — Rhododendron p6nticum, — and two are from America, Catawba Rhododendron (445) — Rhododen- dron catawbiense — and Great 'Laurel' (446) — Rhododendron maxi- mum. The leaves are alternate, often clustered at ends of branches, usually large, thick and leathery. The flowers are large bell-shaped and somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. The stamens are usually 10 and slightly projecting from the corolhx. The fruit is a usually large capsule splitting into 5 or 10 valves and with many minute seeds. The terminal buds in winter are large and many-scaled. The plants are generally from 4 to 8 feet high, though a number of alpine and northern species reach only to the height of 1 to 3 feet, wliile some Himalayan species grow to the height of 30 to 60 feet. Fig. 443. — Tree ' Laurel. Fig. 444. — Pontic Rhododendron. A soil free from clay or lime is found best for Rhododendrons and a slightly shaded position is natural for many species. The soil should be well drained but watering is necessary in our dry summers. The Rhododendrons vie with the roses in the endless number of species and hybrids. Though there have been many attempts, no book has made practical the distinction of the varieties. A few American wild species and one from Asia are here described. Our northern wild species, Great 'Laurel' (446) — Rhododendron 2G2 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS maximum, — i;tows from 0 to 20 (occasionally 40) feet hii;h. It has pale rose to nearly white liowers an inch broad with some greenish in the throat and reddish or yellowish spots on the upper side. It blooms July and August. The Alleghanian species, Catawba Rhododendron (445) — Rhodo- dendron catawbi^nse, — grows usually from 3 to C (occasionally 20) feet high. It has lilac-purple flowers 1^ inches broad and blooms in June. The Californian Rhododkx- DRON — Rhododendron californicum — grows about 8 (rarely 20) feet high. It has pink or purple flowers with the lobes more frilled or crisped than the above. The species so far given are all rather tall and without scurfy scales on the lower sides of the leaves. A Fig. 44 small American species, Dotted- leaved Rhododendron (447) — Rhododendron punctatum, — rarely grows more than 5 feet high and has small leaves 2 to 5 inches long with glandular hairs and scales on the lower sides. The flowers are in small clusters more funnel- shaped, pale rose with greenish spots. All the above have flowers in clusters from large buds and fully ever- green leaves. There are species from eastern Asia where each flower is from a separate bud and the leaves are only half 'evergreen. They are the earliest to bloom, March to April. Prol)al)ly tlie commonest of these is Dahurian Rhododendron (448) — Rhododendron dahuri' Fig. 4AG. — Great ' T-aurel.' LEIOPHYLLUM 263 cum (R. datiricum), — with small leaves rolled at the edges and brownish beneath. [Seeds; twig cuttings; layers; grafting of varieties on seedlings of hardy species.] Ledum. The Labrador Teas are erect branching shrubs with alternate evergreen narrow entire, rolled-edged, fragrant leaves. The small white 5-petaled flowers are in ter- minal clusters, umbels, in early summer. There are two species : Narrow-leaved Lab- rador Tea (449) — LMum palustre, — with leaves less than i inch wide and 10 sta- mens to the flowers ; Broad-leaved L rador Tea (450) — Ledum groenlandicum (L. latifblium),- ^^^rl\ '^' F'°-«;-Dotted-leaved • . , , , "^' / { vfsi v) I'l Rhododendron, with leaves ^ to f nich _ wide and 5 to 10 sta- mens. The flowers of both species are from ^ to f inch wide and the 5-celIed capsules nodding, about ^ inch long, and contain many minute seeds. Neither of these plants reaches the height of over 3 feet, but the broad-leaved one is somewhat the taller. There is a taller California species. Glandu- lar Labrador Tea (451) — Ledum glandul6- sum, — but probably not in cultivation. [Seeds ; layers; 'divisions.] Fig. 448. — Dahurian Rhododendron. Leiophyllum (Ddndrium) buxifblium. Sand 'Myrtle' (452) is a hardy small, 1 to 3 feet, densely branched evergreen shrub sim- ilar to the Ledums, with small thick oval rolled- edged leaves (| inch long). The 5-petaled flowers are only about i inch Fig. 449. — Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea. 264 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS broad, white or pinkish in color, with 10 purple anthers to the stamens, April to June. The seed pod (capsule) is small, erect, 5-valved, many- seeded. To thrive it needs a sandy soil but grows well in either shade or sun. Goocl for rockeries or as a border plant. [Seeds ; layers, in autumn.] Fig. 450. — Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. Fig. 451. — Glandular Labrador Tea. fM/M Fig. 452. — Sand Myrtle. Fig. 453. — Sweet Clethra. CHIMAPHILA AND TYROLA 265 Clethra. The Clethras or Sweet Pepperbusiies are beautiful sweet- scented shrubs with white flowers in terminal slender ereCt, or slightly nodding, clusters in late summer and fall. The leaves are alternate, sharp-pointed, feather-veined and serrated. The flowers have the 5 petals slightly united at base and 10 stamens. The fruit is a 3-angled 3-valved capsule with numerous seeds, remaining on through the year. The best and most hardy species, 3 to 10 feet high. Sweet Clethha or Sweet Pepperbusii (453) — C16thra alnifolia, — has the leaves wedge- Spotted Wintergreen. Fig. 455. — Pipsissewa. shaped at base and widest beyond the middle. The next in hardiness is found wild from Virginia south. Southern Clethra or Mountain Pep- perbusii— Clethra acuminata, — a taller plant, to 15 feet, with larger leaves, 2 to 7 inches long, widest about the middle and the flowers more nodding and more hairy. Besides these two Sweet Pepperbushes there are other and more tender species found wild in the Gulf states and Mexico which might be, but probably are not yet, in cultivation. The tallest species, to 30 feet, is from eastern Asia, Philippine Clethra — Clethra can^scens; it has such compound clusters as alnifolia but is probably not hardy North. * [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers ; divisions.] Chimaphila and Pyrola. The Wintergreens and Pipsissewas are woody plants hardly tall enough to be included in a book of shrubs, but 266 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 456. — Greenish-flowered Fig. 457. — Cape Plumbago. Wintergreen. Fig. 458. — Rosy Plumbago. Fig. 459. — Red-berried Ardisia. CHIMAPHILA AND PYROLA 2G7 some have such beauty of evergreen foliage and of blossom as to induce me to mention and figure them. The one with the most beautiful foliage Fig. 4G0. — Southern Buckthorn. Fig. 461. — Oleander. is the Spotted Wintergreen (454) — Chimaphila maculata, — with notched dark green leaves mottled with white along the veins. A slightly taller plant with similar flowers but with unmottled bright green leaves is the PiPsissEWA (455) — Chima- phila umbellata. Still other winter- greens are occasionally cultivated belonging to the genus Pyrola ; they are practically stemless plants with clusters of nodding flowers on stalks 4 to 20 inches tall. All form 5-valved many-seeded pods. Two of these Pyrola wintergreens worthy of mention are Round- leaved Wintergreen — Pyrola americana — and Greenish-flow- ered Wintergreen (456) — Pyrola chlorantha. The Pyrolas and Chi- maphilas are difficult to cultivate and succeed only in shady places in peaty soil. When removing Fig. 462. — Sweet-scented Oleander. 268 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS them from the woods, where found, care should be taken to secure a large ball of earth. [Divisions.] Plumbago. The Plumbagos are generally blue or violet-colored flowering plants hardy only South but often cultivated outdoors North in summer. The flowers have a slender tube and broadly spreading 5-lobed border, salvt-r-shaped, growing in terminal clusters. The leaves are simple, entire-edged, smooth, usually in alternate clusters along the stems. This clustering of the leaves and the slender-tubed flowers will separate Fig. 403. — Broad-leaved Storax. the Plumbagos from other shrubs. The different varieties of shrubby forms have blue, violet, rose, and white flowers blooming continuously from spring to fall in the North. All the species are more or less climbing in habit ; they show this especially in the extreme South where they are hardy. The fruit is a thin-coated one-seeded pod. The one species in most general cultivation has azure-blue flowers, except in the white variety, and blunt-tipped tapering-based leaves. Cape Plumbago (457) — Plumbago cap^nsis, — from South Africa. Another species, with red flowers, from South Asia, Rosy Plumbago (458) — Plumbago ros6a, — has larger leaves somewhat clasping at base. [Twig cuttings.] Fig. 4G4. — Japanese Storax. Ardlsia. This is a large genus of tropic trees and shrubs with thick evergreen leaves; one of these is hardy in the extreme South and another bump:lia 2(39 probably hardy farther north. They have small broadly spreading 4- to 6- parted flowers and 1-seeded berry-like drupes which remain on the plants over a year. Red-berried Ardisia (459) — Ardisia crenulata — is a neat compact shrub with peculiar wavy-margined alternate leaves and drooping clusters of very ornamental coral-red, berry-like drupes which hang on for a year or more. The small flowers are red or rose-colored. Fig. 465. — American Storax Four-winded Silver Bell. White-berried Ardisia — Ardisia japdnica — has whorled serrated leaves, white flowers on red stems, and drooping white berry-like drupes. While more hardy than the former, it is not nearly so beautiful. [Seeds.] Bumelia. The Bumelias are popularly called Buckthorns and are thorny shrubs or trees with alternate clustered entire-edged nearly or quite evergreen leaves. This genus contains no species of any great ornamental value and is rarely found in cultivation. The species most frequently met with, False Buckthorn — Bumelia lanuginosa, — has densely hairy evergreen leaves 1 to 2^ inches long. The fruit is a black berry nearly I inch long usually with one shining seed. The flowers are minute, white, clustered in the axils of the leaves in summer. This, though usually shrubby, can grow to the height of 50 feet. South krv Buckthorn (400) — Bumelia lycioides — differs in having less hairy, thinner, more 270 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS veiny, deciduous leaves. These are the only species which can be culti- vated north to Massachusetts, and even these need protection. [Seeds.] Nerium. The Oleanders have been very popular in the past as tub plants North and hardy plants in the extreme South. They are so well known that a full description is scarcely necessary. The leaves are ever- green, long, slender, entire, opposite or in whorls of 3's or 4's. The Fig. 467. — Two-winged Silver Bell. Fig. 468. — Sweet-leaf. flowers are salver-shaped, an inch or more broad and often double, bloom- ing through the whole summer. There are many colors, white, light pink, dark pink, scarlet, and buff. When grown outdoors, they reach the height of 15 feet. The difficulty in their culture is due to scale insects which prefer Oleanders to almost any other plants. The common Ole- ander (461) — Nerium Oleander — is without odor to the flowers. There is Sweet-scented Oleander (462) — Nerium od5rum, — which does not grow so tall. [Twig cuttings.] Styrax. This is a large group, 70 species, of mainly tropic trees and shrubs. A few are both hardy and beautiful enougli to be in cultiva- tion in the United States. T'here are several wild American species. The first three below are hardy, if somewhat protected, north to Massa- chusetts ; the fourth, to Philadelphia ; the last, only South, They all have alternate simple usually notched leaves, and clustered drooping some- STYRAX 271 Fig. 4G9. — Common White Jasmiue. what bell-shaped white flowers. The petals are somewhat united at base. The fruit is a one- or two-sided dry drupe I to nearly 1 inch long in the different species. All the species are loose and spreading in habit. Broad-leaved Storax (463) — Sty- rax Obassia — has broad rounded abruptly sharp-pointed leaves 6 to 10 inches long with coarse notches beyond the middle. The fragrant drooping flowers are f inch long in clusters 5 to 7 inches long, May. The pointed fruit is f inch long. Japanese Storax (464) — Styrax jap6nica — has smaller leaves, 1 to 3 inches, and the smaller flowers, | inch long, are in fewer (3- to 6-) flowered clusters, June, July. Both of these species from Japan form occa- sionally small trees gro\ving to the height of 30 feet. The other species, given below, are only shrubs usually less than 8 feet high. American Storax (465) — Styrax americana — has small, 1 to 3 inches long, slightly notched smooth leaves and often solitary flowers in the axils, April to June . The rounded fruit is only about I inch in size. Large-leaved American Storax — Styrax grandifoiia — has large leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, with the lower surface light colored and velvety with hairs, and the fragrant flowers in loose clusters 3 to 6 inches long. May; the individual flowers are fully i inch long with broadly spreading petals. California Storax — StjTax calif 6r- nica. The species so far described have their petals almost always 5 in number, but this California species has 5 to 8 nar- row petals forming blossoms f inch long, April. The leaves are usually notched has small, 1 to 2i inches long, entire- [Fresh seeds ; layers.] Fig. 470. — Royal Jasmine. in the other species, but this edged leaves. 272 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Halesia (Mohrod^ndron). Tlie Silver Bells or Snowdrop Trees are large shrubs or suiall trees with beautiful white bell-like hanging flowers with 4 lobes, in spring before the leaves are fully expanded. They grow well in the shade, but are not fully hardy north of Philadelphia except with some protection. The hardiest species is the first one given below ; there are but three species, all American. The fruit is elongated, ridged, dry, 1- to 3-seeded ; the leaves are simple, alternate, deciduous, feather-veined, notched. Fig. 471. — Sweet Yellow Jasmine. Fig. 472. — Italian Yellow Jasmine. FouR-wixGEi) Silver Bell, Snowdrop Tree, or Opossum Wood (466) — Halesia Carolina (H. tetraptera, Mohrodendron carolinum) . Fruit 4-ridged or winged (1^-2 inches long), the ridges not extending down the stalk. Flowers about an inch long. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, oval, finely notched. This is the largest, most hardy, and most tree-like species, reaching the height of 50 feet or more. Two-winged Silver Bell ^467) — Halesia dfptera. Fruit 2-winged (1^-2 inches long), the ridges or wings extending down the stalk. Flowers about an inch long. Leaves somewhat larger and more coarsely notched. A smaller and less hardy tree, seldom over 20 feet, usually a shrub. Small-flowered Silver Bell — Halesia parviflora. Always shrubby with flowers less than l inch long and 2-winged fruit like the last but only about an inch long. Meeuan's Silver Bell — Halesia Carolina Meehani — is a variety of KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JASMINUM 273 the first, above, with thicker leaves and more erect and bushy growth which seemingly does not produce good seeds and is propagated only by grafting on the same, H. Carolina. [Fresh seeds (except Meehan's).] Symplocos, Sweet-leaf. These constitute a large group, 150 species, of mainly tropic trees with alternate simple thick usually evergreen leaves ; generally white, 5-lobed flowers in clusters and berry-like black, red, or blue fruit. Only one species (possibly two) is either shrubby, hardy, or beautiful enough to need description here. Himalayan Sweet-leaf — Symplocos crataegoides, — 3 to 40 feet, has obovate leaves 1 to 2| inches long, closely notched towards the tip and compound clusters, panicles (2-5 inches long), of small white fragrant flowers, May, June. The dry drupes ripen in September and last through the fall and winter, are bright blue in color and constitute the most beau- tiful feature of the plants. An American species, Sweet-leaf, Horse Sugar (408) — Symplocos tinctoria — to 18 feet, is almost evergreen with orange-brown fruit ; the leaves are nearly entire, 4 to 6 inches long ; the flowers yellow, small, fragrant in dense clusters, April ; the fruit ripe in September. [Seeds, needing 2 years to grow; twig cuttings.] Jasminum. The true Jasmines are popular shrubs and vines of easy culture, with white or yellow sweet-scented flowers. The corolla has a long tube and a spreading 4- to 9-lobed border. The leaves are either opposite or alternate and generally compound (odd-pinnate) of 3 to 9 blades (some of the climbing species have but 1 blade, and thus apparently have simple leaves) . Most of the species need support even if not specially climbing in habit. Only the diffuse-growing and thus bushy jasmines are here given. Hardy only South, though two species, J. officinale and J. nudiflbrum, can be grown successfully north to Washington and, with protection, to Philadelphia and New York. The fruit is 2-celled, 2-seeded, 2-lobed, a twin berry. [Twig cuttings ; layers.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JASMINUM * Flowers wliite ; leaves opposite and compound. (A.) A. Leaves glossy, 5-7-bladed ; stems grooved ; flowers very fragrant in terminal clusters, in summer. This is the Jessamine or Jas- mine of the poets. Common White Jasmine or Jessamine (469) — Jasminum officinale. A Leaves glossy, 7-9-bladed with about 3 of the end blades partially grown together ; branches angular and drooping ; flowcis larger a.pgar's shrubs — 18 274 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS than the last and apt to be tinged with red outside, summer to fall. l.NDiA.v or RovAL Jasmine (470) (called by many names) — Jasminum grandifl6rum. * Flowers yellow ; leaves alternate and compound. (B.) B. Leaves glossy with 3-5 Llunt blades; branches nearly round and stiff; flowers in small terminal clusters, summer. Common Sweet Yellow Jasmine (471) — Jasminum odoratissimum. B. Leaves thick, evergreen with 3-7 acute blades (rarely 1 blade), edges more or less rolled ; flowers bright in open clusters, sum- mer and fall. Italian Yellow Jasmine (472) — Jasminum humile. * Flowers yellow ; leaves opposite, deciduous, of 3 rounded blades ; branches green, 4-angled, stiff, twiggy. Where hardy, Washing- ton and South, it blooms well through most of the winter. Naked-flowered Jasmine — Jasminum nudifl6rum. Forsythia. The Forsythias or Golden Bells are very ornamental early-flowering hardy deciduous shrubs which burst into bloom as the winter is leaving, the bright yellow ;^,^ bell- or star-shaped flowers fairly cover the naked branches before the hard frosts are over. The corolla has four long slender lobes. The tallest and most erect grow- ing species, Erect Forsythia (473) — Forsythia viridissima, — to 10 feet, has always simple, narrow, dark green leaves with sharp notches from the center to the tip and some- what 4-sided gi-een branches with the pith in plaits. The other species in common cultivation, Weeping Forsythia (474) — Forsythia sus- p^nsa, — has broader and shorter leaves which are frecjuently 3-lobed and occasionally 3-bladed, and weak almost trailing branches hollow in the center, instead of with the plaited pith of the other species. This has two well-marked varieties : the trailing variety is called Siebold's Forsythia — Forsythia Si^boldi ; the more erect and vigorous growing variety with many 3-bladed leaves is Fortune's Forsythia — Forsythia Fortuuei. The first, Forsythia Si6- boldi, is well fitted to trail over arbors or fences, as its slender branches grow 12 feet or more in length. Fig. 473. — Erect Forsythia. SYRINGA There is a hybrid of the two species with arching or erect branches, the leav^ much like F. viridfssima thougli occasionally 3-lobed or 3-bladed, the flowers like F. Fdrtunei, Hybrid Forsytiiia — Forsythia intermedia. A species from Europe with small entire-edged leaves, European For- sythia (475) — Forsythia europtea, — may be in cultivation. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] Fig. 474. — Weeping Forsythia. Fig. 475. — European Forsythia. Syringa. The Lilacs are among the most popular groups of hardy shrubs in cultivation. (It is very unfortunate that Linnaeus, the father of modern botany, did not leave the name Syringa where it belonged, with what he called Philaddlphus. He it is who gave the name Syringa to the lilacs, although long usage still makes the name cling to the white 4-petaled flowers, his Philadelphus.) The Lilacs came from Asia, and were introduced into America at about the time of its first settlement by the Whites. There are about a dozen species in cultivation with scores of named varieties, including a number of hybrids. Tlie color- word, lilac, indicates the general color of the flowers but, by cultivation, all shades and tints of lilac are found, in one direction towards red, in another towards blue, and in a third towards white. There are three species which have so nearly white flowers that they have been called privets, mainly because of this color of blossoms ; the difference between 276 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 476. — Persian Lilac. Fig. 477. — Common Lilac. Fig. 478. — Himalayan Lilac. Fig. 479. —Thick-leaved Lilac. SYRINGA 277 these two closely related groups of plants is in the fruit ; lilacs form rather large, I inch or more long, 2-valved, often flattened, few-seeded capsules, while privets form rounded 1- to 3-seeded berries. All lilacs have opposite entire-edged leaves (except the Persian, which in one vari- ety has lobed leaves) . The violet-colored lilacs in cultivation have the two stamens almost within the tube so that they show where the spreading border begins. -.^jji'c;-. -J. '"Sj; V^ Fig. 480. — Japan Tree Lilac. Fig. 481. — Rouen Lilac. The yellowish-white (privet) lilacs have longer stamens projecting beyond the tube. The violet-colored lilacs have larger flowers with comparatively longer tubes. These differences must be known, as there are white varieties of several of the other species. The smallest and narrowest leaves and the only lilac with notched leaves is found on Persian Lilac (476) — Syringa p^rsica. The one with leaves next in size, Rouen Lilac — Syringa chinensis, — belongs to a hybrid of this species and the Common Lilac (477) — Syringa vulgaris. The Rouen lilac has a number of varieties differing mainly in the color of the flowers : white flowers, alba ; pale purplish, Met^nsis ; purplish-red, Sougeana ; double flowers, duplex. Many species and varieties have the characteristic lilac leaves, with a broad, nearly square base, tapering sides, and a sharp point. The 278 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Privet Lilacs, with rather creamy flowers, have oval leaves, and in the case of the Tree Lilac they are very large — often 0 or 7 inches long. [Seeds ; suckers ; divisions ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE LILACS * True Lilacs, with the larger flowers, longer tube (much longer than the border), and short stamens hardly ijrojecting beyond the corolla. (A). A. Clusters of flowers with leaves at base ; leaves whitish beneath and acute at both ends, edge of leaves with fine hairs ; branches round. (B.) B. Stamens attached near middle of tube; clusters narrow, blooming late, June. Hungarian Lilac — Syringa Josiktea. B. Stamens attached near upper end of tube. Himalayan Lilac (478) — Syringa vill6sa. A. Clusters of flowers without leaves at base, growing from lateral buds, the terminal bud suppressed. (C.) C. End of anthers not reaching the mouth of the very slender tube ; leaves dark green above, grayish green below, 1-3 inches long. Small Tinghiang — Syringa pub^scens. C. Anthers longer, tube broader. (D.) D. Leaves green and smooth on both sides, square or cordate at base. (E.) E. Leaves almost reniform, often broader than long. Earliest Lilac to bloom, May. Thick-leaved Lilac (479) — Syringa oblata. E. Leaves ovate, very variable ; many named varieties. Common Lilac (477) — Syringa vulgaris. D. Leaves narrowed at base, l|-4 inches long. (F.) F. Leaves over half as wide as long. Rouen Lilac (481) — Syringa chin^nsis. F. Leaves less than half as wide as long. (G.) G. Flowers pale lilac. Persian Lilac (470) — Syringa p^rsica. G. Flowers white. White Persian Lilac — Syringa p^r- sica dlba. F. Leaves with notched and lobed edges ; clusters small. Fern-leaved Lilac — Syringa p^rsica laciniata. * LiGusTRiNA Lilacs, with yellowish-white flowers and stamens, extending beyond the border of the short tube, little longer than the calyx. (H.) H. Base of leaf usually narrowed, 2-4 inches long, 1-U broad; LIGUSTRUM 279 stamens about as long as the lobed border. Chinese Lilac — Syringa pekin^nsis. H. Base of leaf usually rounded. (I.) I. Stamens about twice as long as the border ; leaves 2-6 inches long, 11-2 1 broad. Shrub to 12 feet. Amur Lilac — Syringa amurdnsis. I. Stamens about as long as the border ; leaves 3-7 inches long; flowers in large clusters, often a foot long. Tree to 30 feet. Japan Tree Lilac (480) — Syringa japdnica. Ligustrum. The Privets are closely related to the lilacs but when they form seeds have them inclosed in rounded usually black berries in- stead of in dry pods. They have smooth bright opposite entire-edged leaves, 4-lobed white flowers in clusters, June to Aug. , and rounded 1- to 3- FiG. 482. — California Privet. Fig. 483. — Common Privet. seeded berries lasting through much of the winter. All the species retain their leaves well into the fall and in the South there are a number of species with evergreen leaves. The so-called California Privet (482) — Ligustrum ovalif61ium, — is now, beginning of the 20t]i century, the most popular of the hedge plants in the North. It is a handsome smooth dark green plant with somewhat stiff erect branches. 280 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Common' Privkt (48o) — liii^ustrum vulgarc — grows to about the same height, to 15 feet. This has flowers with a shorter tube and more spread- ing border. Both have varieties with variegated foliage. The Commox Privet has one variety with weeping branches, Ligustrum vulgare pendukim. Fig. 484. — Wax Privet. Fig. 485. — Thick-leaved Privet. There are a dozen or more privets in cultivation with scores of named varieties. The (^ne with the narrowest leaves, evergreen and hardy South, is Ligustrum INIassalongianum. It has warty and haiiy twigs. Others, with hair-covered twigs, are, Ib6ta, amur^nse, and nepalense. [Seeds — a year or two to grow ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE PRIVETS * Slender-flowered Privets, tube 2—3 times as long as the 4-lobed border. (A.) A. Branches hairy or velvety. (B.) B. Leaves slender and tapering at both ends, evergi-een ; to 3 feet ; hardy South ; blooming July, Aug. Ligustrum Massalongi^num. B. Leaves broader, oval to ovate, 1-2.1 inches long, deciduous. (C.) KEV TO THE I'ltlVETS 281 In™'',,'" "''* '™''-'™S '='"«*<'>•' ^-itl. the flowers practi- c^ y wthout ste,„s, June ; leaves hairy at edges. Shrub to 6 feet. BRionT-FRuiTEDPHivET-Ligustrumciliitum. C. Flowers ■„ erect 1-2^ inch long clusters with the flowers on ^'ort^'ems.June.July. AMnRFR.vET-Ligustrumamur<;nse Branches smooth; leaves half-evergreen. Cal,.ok»ia Pnn-Er (482)— Ligustrum ovalifolium D. Branches more or less hairy (E ) ^' ir^ZT 7' '-' ""^^ ^^^-^^ flower-chisters large, July, Aug. :Nepal Privet -Ligustrumnepalduse. E. Leaves half-evergreen or deciduous, (r.) A. F. July. F. Shrub to 15 feet with many named varieties. June Common Privet (483) or P«iM^Ligustrum vul^are S^irub to 8 feet with stemmed flowers in the loose 4-i;ch lon.^ clusters. Chixese PRivKx-Ligustrum sinense. "^ F. Shrub to 6 feet with about sessile flowers in small clusters ^f^^-^^«^VERixG Privet -LigustrumQuihoui. D. Branches smooth ; leaves evergreen, at least South. (G ) G. Bushy shrub to 10 feet ; bloom July, Aug. ; leaves 2-4 inches long. Japak PRiVET-Ligustrum jap6nicum. Large shrub or tree to 20 feet with spreading branches ; leaves DwarT h Tf ^r "^"^^^^ (484) -Ligustrum luc'idum Dwarf shrub to 6 feet, very leafy, leaves li-2i inches long. Thick-leaved Privet (485) - Ligustrum coriaceum. G. G. Fig. 486. — Fragrant Olive. Fig. 487. — Holly-leaved Olive. 282 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Olea. The true Olives are hardy only South, where they are cultivated for tlie usef id fruit and beautiful flowers ; but there are a number of so- called olives belonging to other families of plants, some of which are cul- tivated in all portions of the country. All true olives have opposite thick, evergreen, usually entire-edged leaves and small white 4-lobed flowers in clusters. The stamens, as in the privets and lilacs, are two in numl)er. The fruit-bearing olives are trees rather than shrubs, and are successfully grown only in southern California, etc. There are two species in culti- vation : the European, Olea europaa, and the African, Olea chrysophylla. The African can be known by the golden color to the sides of the leaves. There are several species cultivated Fig. 488. — Common Matrimony Vine. for their fragrant flowers but produce little or no fruit. These arc more prop- erly thrown into another genus, Os- manthus. The technical distinction be- tween the two genera is found in the arrangement of the four lobes of the flower. The true Oleas have the lobes just touching at their edges, like the lilacs, while the Osmanthus flowers have their lobes more or less lapping. The finest of these i^lants and the one often cultivated North in hothouses is Fua- GKANT Olive (480) — Osmanthus fragrans, — an almost continual bloomer with small deliciously scented white flowers and opposite sliari)ly toothed evergreen leaves. When planted out in the South, where it is hardy, it needs a somewhat shaded position, at least free from midday sun. There is one species, and the most hardy of all, which has spiny-toothed Fig. 489. — Chinese Matrimony Vine. OLEA 283 Fig. 490. — Leucopbyllum. Fig. 491. — Yellow 'Elder. Fig. 492. — Dwarf Catalpa. Fig. 493. — Desert ' Willow, 284 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS holly-like evergreen leaves 2 to 4 inches long, IIolly-leaved Olive (487) — Osmantlms Aquifolium, While the foliage looks like the holly, the arrangement on the stem shows at once the difference. All true hollies have alternate, this has opposite, leaves. The plant can be successfully cultivated with but little protection north to Philadelphia and has a number of varieties: some with variegated foliage, as aiireum, yellow- blotched ; arg^nteum, white-blotched. [Seeds (slow in germination) ; twig cuttings ; suckers.] Fig. 4i)4. — Friuge-tree. Fig. 495. — Chinese Fringe-tree. Lycium. The Matrimony Vines or Box Thorns are spiny plants often found in cultivation because of the beautiful red or orange berries. They are, as the name indicates, vines rather than shrubs and sometimes are useful as arbor coverings. The flowering season is a long one, May to September. The leaves are mostly small, thick, nearly evergi-een, alternately clustered on the drooping spiny branches. The many-seeded berries are red or reddish, hanging on through the fall. The European species, Common Matiumony Vine (488) — Lycium halimifolium, — is most frequent in cultivation though not so fine as the Chinese Matri- mony Vine (480) — Lycium chinense. Both of these are hardy North; the European has ornnge to yellow berries about a half inch long, while the Chinese has brighter and more distinctly red oblong berries nearly an inch long. Besides tliese two hardy species, there are a dozen or more species which may be in cultivation in the South ; and they are wild in Europe, TECOMA 285 Asia, Africa, North and South America. These species cannot be accu- rately distinguished without a close observation of the flowers w ith magni- fying glass. All the species sucker extensively and so should not be planted where they will interfere with other useful plants. The slender climbing or trail- ing branches sometimes grow to the length of 25 feet. [Twig cuttings ; suckers; layers; seeds.] Leucophyllu'm texanum. Leucophyllum (490) is a loose-growing straggling shrub (1 foot) with alternate simple small, under 1 inch, entire Fig. 496. — Japan Buddleia. Fig. 497. — Lindley's Buddleia. leaves covered below with silvery-white w^ool. It has axillary sho^^y pur- ple bell-shaped 5-lobed flowers, an inch across, with 4 included stamens, spring and summer. The fruit is a 2-celled many-seeded pod. Hardy only in the Gulf states but of great beauty and ought to be generally culti- vated as soon as the needed treatment is understood. [Seeds.] T^coma. The Trumpet Creepers are mainly climbing or t^^1ning in their habits but two species in cultivation are upright shrubs. All the Teco- mas have large trumpet-shaped flowers and the shrubby forms have these flowers yellow^ and of great beauty, but unfortunately they are hardy only 286 DESCRirTIONS OF THE SHRUBS in the extreme South. The fruit is a long capsule, 5 to 7 inches, with ^^^nged seeds. Yellow 'Eldeu' (491) — Tecoma stans — grows in Florida to the height of 20 feet or more and spreads in dense masses. The leaves are opposite, odd-pinnate with 5 to 11 lanceolate coarsely toothed blades 1^ to 4 inches long. The flowers are fragrant, 1^ inches long, and bloom from spring to September in great clusters. The capsules are 5 to 7 inches long ^\1th many winged seeds. Fig. 498. — Chinese Buddleia. Fig. 499. — Madagascar Buddleia. Soft ' Elder ' — Tecoma m611is ^— is less hardy and decidedly more hairy and the flowers are not fragrant. [Seeds.] Catalpa. The Catalpas are usually trees, but one variety is of low growth and could be used as a shrub ; it is, however, usually grafted on the stem of another species to produce a weeping or a round-headed tree. This is the extensively cultivated Chinese, Dwarf, or Rol-nd-headed Catalpa (492) — Catalpa Bungei. In reality it is a dwarf variety of our commonest American species of Indian Bean — Catalpa bignonioides. All the Catalpas have opposite (or whorled in 3's) heart-shaped leaves, large beautiful nearly white clustered flowers, and long capsules filled with winged seeds which hang on through the winter. [Seeds.] Chil6psis linearis. The so-called Desert ' Willow ' (493), from Texas, is a beautiful continuously blooming straggling shrub or small tree with BUDDLEIA 287 slender willow-like leaves and nearly white catalpa-like flowers. The capsules are about 6 inches long. The leaves are whorled in 3's, opposite and alternate on the same twigs ; near the tips where the flowers occur they are generally alternate. Hardy in the Gulf states and begins to bloom when only a few feet high, though it sometimes reaches the height of 30 feet. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 500. — Colvill'sBuddleia. Fig. 501. — Globe-tlowered Buddleia. Chionanthus. Fringe-tree or Old Man's Beard (494) — Chionan- tl^us virginica — is a handsome shrub or small tree with large opposite (occa- sionally alternate) entire-edged deciduous leaves and fringe-like drooping white flowers in May and June. The fruit is a dark blue oval drupe I inch long, ripe in the fall. There is a Chinese species with broader and less fringe-like petals to the flowers, which are not so pendent on the branches, Chinese Fringe-tree (405) — Chionanthus retusa. [Seeds (in the fall); layers ; twig cuttings (under glass).] Buddleia. The Buddleias are a group, 70 species, of beautiful shrubs (and trees, in the tropics) of rather warm climates. The leaves are opposite, simple, deciduous (or evergreen in the tropics), entire or notched. The flowers are tubular or bell-shaped with a 4-lobed border and 4 stamens included in the tube. The fruit is a 2-celled many-seeded capsule. The stems are more or less 4-sided. Only a few of the hardier 288 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS species are in cultivati(jii and but one, Japax Buddleia (496) — Buddleia jap6nica, — can Le grown in Massachusetts in sheltered places, though Lindley's Buddleia (497) — Buddleia Lindleyana, — and IIyhkid Budd- leia— Buddleia intermedia, — (killed to the ground) are apt to grow up and bloom in the middle states. Most of them bloom through the sum- mer. All are best fitted for the southern states. They should have Avell- dj-ained soil and sunny position. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUDDLEIA * Flowers in elongated terminal clusters with long slender tube and spreading border. (A.) A. Flowers violet or lilac with no orange- yellow. (B.) B. Leaves 3-G inches long and slightly notched ; flower-clusters 4-8 inches long and somewhat pendulous at the tips ; stems winged at the 4 edges. Japan Buddleia (490) — Buddleia jap6nica. B. Leaves 2-4 inches long, pale beneath, slightly notched ; clusters 3-5 inches long and erect ; stem 4-sided. Lindley's Buddleia (497) — Buddleia Lindleyana. B. Leaves 4-5 inches long, dark green above ; clusters 10-20 inches long and arching. Hybrid Buddleia— ^Buddleia intermedia. B. Leaves often whorled in 3"s ; branches distinctly 4-winged ; clusters 4-6 inches long and erect with rosy violet flowers. Buddleia intei-media insfgnis. A. Flowers violet with orange-yellow mouth in dense erect clusters 4-6 inches long. Chinese Buddleia (498) — Buddleia vari- abilis. A. Fh)wers yellow, in winter ; leaves dark above, whitish or yellojv- ish below. Hardy only in extreme South. Madagascar Budd- leia (499) — Buddleia madagascari(5nsis. * Flowers large, 1 inch wide, with a broad tube purple or crimson with white mouth. Colvill's Buddleia (500) — Buddleia Colvillei. * Flowers in globular, head-like, axillary, long-stemmed clusters, orange-yellow. Globe-flowered Buddleia (501) — Buddleia glob5sa. Cary6pteris Mastacanthus. Blue ' Spirea ' or Chinese Beardwort (502) is a beautiful, late-flowering plant, August to November, shrubby only at base. It is fully hardy South, and in the North, if cut back in the spring, it will grow vigorously and bloom in the fall. It has opposite VITEX 289 deeply-notched leaves, and axillary clusters of blue (or white) flowers in stalked clusters. The leaves are 2 to 3 inches long. The flowers have a 5-lobed oblique-edged border, and 4 protruding stamens. The fruit sepa- rates into 4 seed-like nutlets. (Called Blue ' Spirea ' by the nursery- men.) [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] Callicdrpa. The Callicarpas are opposite-leaved shrubs, with axil- lar}' clusters of small, usually blue berries, which remain on bright Fig. 502. — Blue 'Spirea. Fig, 503. — American Callicarpa. through the late fall. The simple leaves are serrated and deciduous. These interesting i^lants are hardy with a little protection. The tallest, to 6 feet, and in fruit the handsomest species, is the American Callicarpa, the so-called French Mulberry (503) (504) — Callicarpa americana. It grows wild in Virginia and south, but is not so hardy North as either of the species from Eastern Asia. Of these the taller growing, 2 to 5 feet, is Japan Callicarpa — Callicarpa jap6nica, — and the smaller. Beauty Fruit or Small Callicarpa (505) — Calli- carpa purpiu'ea. [Twig cuttings (under glass) ; layers ; seeds.] Vitex. The Chaste-trees are shrubs or small trees, with compound leaves having 5 to 7 blades all fastened to the end of the leaf-stalk apgar's shrubs — 10 290 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 504. — American Callicarpa. Fig. 505. — Small Callicarpa. (palmate). The flowers are lilac (sometimes white), in clusters at the tii^s of the branches. The individual flowers are small and lopsided, July to September. The whole plant has a spicy odor when bruised. The spe- cies most common in cultivation has nearly entire-edged blades to its Fig. 50C. — Chaste-tree. Fig. 507. — Cut-leaved Chaste-tree CLERODENDRON 291 leaves, and is hardy, with some protection, to Massachusetts, Chaste- tree (506) — Vitex Agnus-castus. Another species about as hardy, though not so beautiful in flower, has the leaf-blades deeply and irregu- larly cut, or in some cases divided, Cut-leaved Chaste-trkk (507) — Vitex incisa. There are other species of the genus, but probably these are the only ones in cultivation. [Seeds, in spring ; twig cuttings ; layers.] Fig. 508. — Japan Clerodendron. Fig. 509. — Chinese Clerodeudrou. Clerodendron. The Clerodendrons are mainly tropic plants with beautiful flowers. Some are climbing, others shrubby and erect, still others are herbaceous ; none are fully hardy North. The most hardy species in cultivation is a hairy, somewhat woody plant, 4 to 12 feet high, with mainly opposite, soft, nearly entire-edged leaves. The flowers are in large terminal clusters, with a reddish-brown calyx surrounding a white corolla, and long stamens, Japan Clerodendron (508) — Cleroden- dron trichotomum. All the Clerodendrons can be known by the 5-toothed usually inflated calyx of one color, and a broadly spreading, 5-lobed, slightly irregular corolla, often of a different color. The corolla has a slender and usually long tubular portion, with 4 very long stamens. There are many species in cultivation in Florida and California. One, Turk's Turban — Clerodendron Siphonanthus, — has very showy red 292 DP:SCRirTIONS OF THE SHRUBS drupes, which remain on the erect shrub, 2 to 0 feet high, a long time, and give the plant its value, as the white flowers are small and inconspicuous. The only shrubby species with brilliant scarlet flowers, Chinese Clero- DENDRON (509) — Clerodendron squam^tum, — grows 4 to 10 feet high and has opposite, round-lieart-shaped, long-pointed, entire-edged leaves. This is hardy in the open only in southern Florida and southern California, but is frequent in cultivation in warm greenhouses North. A more hardy species, Spiny Clerodendron (510) — Clerodendron fcetiduin, — with Fig. 510. — Spiny Clerodendron. Fig. 511. — Sweet Clerodendron. lilac-purple flowers and spiny branches, can be grown as far north as Phila- delphia, though it kills to the ground every winter. It sprouts up every summer, and is in bloom in August, The bruised leaves have a disa- greeable odor, whence the specific name. The opposite leaves are long- stalked and coarsely toothed ; the flowers form a broad cluster, 4 to 8 inches broad. Another species with ill-scented leaves, toothed, opposite, but with the tube of the corolla very much shorter than in the above (about the length of the large calyx), is Sweet Clerodendron (511) — Cleroden- dron fragrans. The fragrance is in the flowers, which are nearly white, often double and close-clustered, somewhat hydrangea-like. Hardy only in Florida and California. [Twig cuttings; seeds.] CLERODENDRON 293 Fig. 512. — Shrubby Germander. Fig. 513. — Rosemary. Fig. 514. — Swamp Bay. Fig. 515. — Alligatur ' Pear. 294 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Teucrium fruticans. The Shrubbt Germander (512) is a wide-branch- ing, shrubby plant, 2 to 3 feet high, with opposite, entire-edged, ovate leaves, and small blue lopsided flowers, forming terminal and lateral clusters. The flowers seem to have all the lobes turned down, and the 4 stamens projecting from a notch on the upper side. The fruit is like 4 seeds (nutlets) on the bottom of the 5-lobed green calyx. This is a plant recommended for dry places South. It has a long blooming season. [Seeds.] Fig. 516. — Sassafras. Fig. 517. —Caper-bush. Rosmarinus officinalis. The Rosemary (513) or Old Man is an aromatic plant, with opposite linear leaves rolled at the edges. The 2-lipped light blue flowers are in axillary clusters in early spring, the stamens are 2, projecting from the flower. It is nearly hardy North, and grows to the height of 2 to 4 feet. The fruit is a collection of nutlets in the calyx. It is recommended for hedges in the extreme South. The leaves are used for making Hungary water and the oil of rosemary. [Seeds.] Persea. The Perseas are aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate simple thick entire evergreen leaves, small regular white or greenish flowers (i-^ inch), and 1-seeded drupe-like fruit. The species in cultivation are small trees rather than shrubs, and none are fully hardy North. PERSEA 295 Fig. 518. — Spice Bush. Fig. 519. — Leatherwood. Red or Bull Bay — Persea Borbonia (P. carolinensis) — is wild from Virginia south, grows to the height of 40 feet, and has blue berries, | inch long, on red steins. Fig. 520. — Common Mezereou. Fig. 521.— Pink Garland Daphne. 296 DKSCRH'TIOXS OF THH SHIU US Swamp Bay (o14) — Tersea pubdsceiis, — wild from North Carolina south, is a small tree or shrub with the branchlets and other parts hairy, creamy white flowers (-\ inch), and dark blue drupes | inch long. Alligator 'Pear' (515) — Persea gratfssima, — of California, and Florida, has a slightly pear-shaped green fruit, several inches long, used as a salad and very palatable. A tree 20 to 30 feet high. [Layers ; twig cuttings,] Fig. 522. — White Garland Daphne. Fig. 523. — Silky Daphne. Sassafras. Sassafras (516) — Sassafras variifoliuin (S. officimile) — is an aromatic shrub or tree growing in some cases to the height of 100 feet. It has alternate simple entire to 3-lobed leaves without notches or serrations. As the plant is dioecious, only those with pistillate flowers have the blue l-seeded* fruit, ^ inch long, on red stems. The flowers bloom be- fore the leaves are expanded. The bark on young twigs is green with a purplish shade on the light side. The bark of the roots is peculiarly aromatic, and is often used in beer making. [Seeds ; suckers ; root cuttings.] Capparis. This genus of over 100 mostly tropic plants is here repre- sented by the one species fiom which the genus is named. Caper-bush (517) or Caper-tree — Capparis spin6sn, — from which capers are made DIRCA 297 by preserving the dried flcnver-buds. This spiny shrub (3 feet) is sometimes cultivated in greenhouses North. Leaves deciduous, roundish, entire. The white wavy-petaled flowers (2 inches broad) with numerous stamens are borne singly in the axils of the alternate leaves. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Benzbin. Spice Bush or Benjamin Bush (518) —Benzoin pestivale (B. Benzoin B. odorif erum) , — is a very aromatic smooth shrub, to 15 feet, Olive-like Daphne. Fig. 525. — Hybrid Daphne with alternate simple entire deciduous leaves and oblong red 1-seeded fruit a half inch long. The oval leaves are 3 to 5 inches long. The small yellow flowers expand in very early spring. This is practically the only species of the genus in cultivation, and it is not often found in*shrubberies. The bark is peculiarly spicy. [Fresh seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] Dirca paliistris. Leatherwood, Moosewood, or Wicopy (519) is a small tree-like shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, with yellowish green twigs, tough bark, and alternate.simple oval entire deciduous leaves. The fruit is an oblong red drupe ^ inch long. The flowers are small in umbel-like clusters in early spring, April. May. It is rare in cultivation, but grows wild in shady places from Canada south. [Seeds ; layers.] 298 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Ddphne. The Daphnes are very interesting small shrubs with clus- tered bright colored sweet-scented small flowers, in winter and early spring. The blossoms are 4-lobed, lilac-shaped, with 8 stamens included in the tubular portion. The fruit is a leathery 1-seeded drupe. Only four or live species are hardy North but many are or conld be cultivated out- doors South. Most species have alternate simple entire-edged leaves, a few have opposite leaves. All have thick or thickish, and more than half the species evergreen, leaves. The best method for determining Daphnes from other plants with tubular 4-lobed flowers is to notice that the bright Fig. 520. — Wood Daphne. Fig. 527. — Pontic Daphne. flower part in such shrubs as the lilac, the privet, and the true olives has a green calyx at base with 2 stamens at the mouth of the corolla ; the Bouvardias have the same kind of calyx at base and 4 stamens at mouth of flow^er ; the Buddleias have a calyx at base and 4 stamens included in the tube about halfway down ; while the Daphnes have no outside part (in this case the bright part is a calyx and there is no corolla) and there are 8 small stamens in the tube. Most Daphnes grow well in either shade or sun. [Seeds — slow to germinate; layers; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE DAPHNES 299 KEY TO THE DAPHNES * Leaves deciduous ; flowers lilac to purple in axillary clusters Feb. to April, before the leaves. (A.) A. Leaves alternate, wedge-shaped ; shrubs erect, to 4 feet. (B.) B. Flowers usually 3 without stalks ; leaves green above, gray below. Common Mezereon or Daphne (520) — Daphne Mez6- reum. B. Flowers 2-4 with short stems ; leaves purple, almost evergi'een. Daphne Houtte^na. A. Leaves opposite, oblong, li-2 inches long ; flowers 3-7 in short- stalked clusters. Japanese Daphne — Daphne G^nkwa. * Leaves evergreen, alternate (2d B above might be looked for here). (C.) C. Trailing or creeping plants with many-flowered terminal clusters (April-June) and wedge-shaped leaves; flowers fragrant. (D.) D. Flowers pink ; leaves i-l inch long. Pink Garland Daphne (521) — Daphne Cneorum. D. Flowers white or creamy ; leaves 1-1| inch long. White Gar- land Daphne (522) —Daphne Blagayana. C. Erect, 1-5 feet high. (E.) E. Flowers densely hairy outside in few-flowered terminal heads. (F.) P. Flowers purple, f inch long, with bracts ; leaves 1-2 inches long. Silky Daphne (523) — Daphne sericea. F. Flowers white or nearly so, i inch long, no bracts. Olive- like Daphne (524) — Daphne oleoides. F. Flowers reddish purple, very fragrant, large. Hybrid Daphne (525) — Daphne hybrida. E. Flowers smooth outside or nearly so. (G.) G. Flowers in dense terminal clusters, white, red to purple, very fragrant. Sweet Daphne — Daphne odora. G. Flowers in 5-10-flowered axillary clusters, odorless, March- May. Wood Daphne (526) — Daphne Laur^ola. G. Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary clusters, fragrant, April- May. Pontic Daphne (527) — Daphne pontica. Daphne Mezereum, D. Cneorum, D. Blagayana are hardy to Massachu- setts, D. Laureola, D. pontica to New York, others only South. Polygonum. The Poltgonums form a large genus, 200 species, of mainly herbaceous plants, but two of them appear so like bushy shrubs they are introduced here, though they die down to the ground in winter. 300 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS The plainest peculiarity of the plants is the sheath around the stem above the attachment of the alternate simple leaf. The small 4- or 5-parted tiowers are generally in spike-like clusters. The species here given grow up from the roots each spring and show abundant nearly white small tiowers, in summer. [Seeds; divisions.] Fig. 528. — Siebold's Polygonum. Fig. 529.— Saealine. * Bushy-growing plant with graceful curving stem 3-5 feet high ; leaves large, about as wide as long, and peculiarly square at base ; white flowers abundant. Siebold's Polygonum (528) — Polygonum cuspidatum (P. Si^boldi). * Larger and more vigorous plants 8-12 feet high with larger and pro- portionally narrower leaves, sometimes a foot or more long, dis- tinctly heart-shaped at base. This plant is too luxuriant and with such a tendency to spread as to become a pest. Sacaline (529) — Polygonum sachalin^nse. Elaeagnus.^ The El?eagnus genus are shrubs or small trees with alter- nate leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery scales. These leaves are either entire- or crisped-edged. The fruit is olive-like, 1-seeded. There are many species in cultivation for the silvery foliage and the edible 1 For general key to plants with silvery scales on their leaves see p. 304. EL^AGNUS 301 Fig. 530. — Oleaster. Fig. 531. — Oleaster. fruit. The tallest growing species is the so-called Russian 'Olive' or Oleaster (530) (531) — Elseagnus angustifolia, — growing to the height of 25 feet. This is a spiny plant with light green leaves 2 to 3 inches Fig. 532. — Spiny Oleaster. Fig. 533. — Small-leaved Elseagnus. 302 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 534. — Japanese Oleaster. Fig. 535. — Japanese Goumi. long and oval silvery-scaled yellow fruit a half inch or more long. A variety still more spiny is Spiny Oleaster (532) — El?eagniis spinosa. Another similar spiny tall-growing species, to 18 feet, with broader leaves and nearly globular pink fruit Nus (533) — Elseagnus parvifolia. A brownish -twigged spreading species, to 12 feet, with deciduous leaves and red juicy late-ripening fruit is Japanese Oleaster or El/eagxus (534) — Elseagnus umbel- lata. This is frequently spiny with Fig. 5;36, — Sea Buckthorn. Fig. 537. — Buffalo Berry. SHEPHERDIA 303 the leaves crisped at edge and no brown scales beneath. A similar spread- ing shrub, to 8 feet, witli no spines but with some brown scales on tlie lower sides of the crisped leaves is Elajagnus multitlora. A still smaller shrub, to G feet, with brown branches and many bro^vn scales on the lower sides of the oval leaves is Japanese Goumi (535) — Eleeagnus 16ngipes. 'I his is common in cultivation and ripens its ornamental fruit very early, June, July. The above are all hardy North and well worthy of cultivation. There are two or more evergreen species in cultivation South ; of these the one with silvery-white twigs and no spines is Elaagnus macrophylla ; while the shrub vnth brown and usually spiny ,twigs is Ekeagnus pungens. This last is a very variable species, several named varieties having varie- gated foliage. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers; root cuttings.] Hipp6phae.i The Sea Buckthorn (536) — Hippophae rhamnoides — is an alternate leaved spiny shrub or small tree yvith foliage covered with silvery scales, like the last genus. It is cultivated mainly for the clustered bright orange-red berries the size of peas, which remain through the winter. The almost linear leaves, grayish-green above and silvery below, give variety and beauty in summer to a shrubbery. As the plant is somewhat dioecious, care must be taken to have stamen-bearing plants enough to fertilize those with pistils, so that the ornamental fruit may be formed in abundance. The small yellowish flowers are clustered in 2's and 3's in May, and the berries ripen in September. The Hippophae flower is 2-lobed or 2-parted, while those in Elfeagnus are 4-lobed. [Layers; twig cuttings ; root cuttings ; seeds.] Sheph6rdia.2 Shepherdias are silvery-scaled plants similar to the last genus, but the leaves are opposite instead of alternate on the stems. They are not nearly so frequent in cultivation. The only species fairly in the trade is the Buffalo Berry (537) — Shepherdia argentea, — a thorny shrub or tree reaching the height of 18 feet with the foliage silvery on both sides and with small (i inch) globular red or yellow fruit. Another species is a spreading twiggy shrub 3 to 7 feet high without thorns, but Mith brownish-scurfy twigs and leaves, and oval hardly edible fruit, Canadian Buffalo Berry — Shepherdia canadensis, — very rare in cultivation. These two species are deciduous. There is a small evergreen species from I'^tah, Shepherdia rotundifolia, with round-oval silvery leaves and stalked scurfy berries ripe in July. All the species are more or less dioecious, and so need staminate and pistillate forms in order to produce fruit. * [Seeds.] 1 For general key to plants with silvery scales on their leaves, see p. 304. 304 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SILVERY-SCALED SHRUBS — EL^ AG- NUS, HIPPOPHOE, AND SHEPHERDIA * Leaves alternate, deciduous ; hardy ; flowering in the spring, April- June. (A.) A. Branchlets and under sides of the leaves silvery-white without any brown or reddish scales ; shrubs or trees to 20 feet with le'aves 2-3 inches long. (B.) B. Leaves entire and not crisped at edges ; berries usually large, oval, yellow coated with silvery scales, axillary, 1-3 in a clus- ter. Often spiny (the most spiny form is Spiny Oleaster (532), var. spin6sa) : Russian 'Olive,' Garden El^agnus or Oleaster (530) (531) — Elaeagnus angustifolia. B. Leaves crisped at edges ; flowers and fruit crowded on short side shoots ; berries nearly globular, silvery when young, pink in summer when ripe (^ inch long). Small-leaved Ela:ag- Nus (533) — Elseagnus parvif61ia. A. Branchlets with reddish or bro\\Tiish scales, sometimes with some silvery scales ; leaves silvery below but frequently with brownish scales. (C.) C. Fruit decidedly juicy, some shade of red or scarlet, edible. (D.) D. Fruit nearly globular, short-stalked, erect, i inch long, ripe Sept. or Oct.; leaves crisped at edge and without brown scales beneath. Shrub to 12 feet, often spiny. Japanese Oleaster (534) — Elseagnus umbellata. D. Finiit oval, erect or nodding, ripe July or Aug. on stems about as long as the fruit, ^ inch; leaves with a few broMii scales beneath, not crisped at edges. Spreading shrub to 8 feet. El.bagnus — Ela^agnus multifl5ra. D. Fruit pendulous, oblong, | inch long on stems over an inch long, ripe June or July. Shrub to 0 feet. Japanese Goumi (535) — Elaagnus 16ngipes. ' C. Fruit rather dry, silvery white, oval, ^-^ inch long on short steins, ripe July, Aug. Erect spineless shrub to 12 feet; leaves silvery on both sides and with brownish scales beneath. El.icagnus or Silverrerry — Eheagnus arg^ntea. C. Fruit somewhat poisonous, though eaten by birds, bright orange, globular (\ inch), in clusters, found in abundance but only on a portion of the plants as the flowers are dioecious ; leaves very slender, grayish green above and silvery below. Br.^nches end- ing in sharp spines. Sea Buckthorn (530) — Hippophae rhamnoides. KEY TO THE SILVEKY-SCALED SHRUBS, ETC. 305 * Leaves alternate, evergreen ; usually flowering in the fall ; hardy only South, small shrubs to G feet. (E.) E. Branchlets silvery-white ; no spines ; leaves broad, silvery be- neath. Large-leaved Evergreen El^agnus — Elseagnus macrophylla. B. Branchlets brovm ; usually very spiny ; leaves oval, undulate, 2-4 inches long, silvery beneath with some brownish scales; fruit short-stalked, | inch long, covered with silvery and brown scales; leaves often variegated with blotches and lines of white, yellow, or pink, giving rise to several named varieties. Thorny Ever- green El.eagnus — Elseagnus pungens. * Leaves opposite, deciduous, entire, 1-2 inches long, densely silvery beneath. Hardy American plants sometimes cultivated for the sil- very foliage or edible fruit ; more or less completely dioecious. (F.) F. Without thorns ; twigs brOwn-scurfy ; leaves oval ; shrub 4-8 feet high, rarely cultivated ; fruit red or yellow, oval, ^ inch long, hardly edible. Shepherdia or Canadian Buffalo Berry — IShepherdia canadensis. F. With numerous thorns ; young twigs silvery ; leaves oblong- lanceolate ; berries globular, red or yellow (\ inch), sour, edible, ripe July, Aug. Upright tall shrub to 18 feet. Buffalo or Rabbit Berry (537) — Shepherdia argentea. * Leaves opposite, evergreen, entire, round-oval and somewhat cordate at base. Dioecious bush from Utah. Shepherdia rotundifolia. Fig. 5;}8. — Grevillea. apgar's shrubs — 20 Fig. 539. — Aiuericaii Mistletoe. 306 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Grevillea robusta. Gkkvillea (5.'>8), the so-called Silk 'Oak,' is a beautiful fern-leaved plant which in the open in the extreme South forms a tall tree. It is usually cultivated as a pot plant, and in this condition has its greatest beauty when less than 10 feet hiyh, so it is raised each year from seeds. The flowers and fruit are small and inconspicuous, and, of course, do not appear on these youni^ plants. Very ornamental as a foliage plant. [Seeds.] Phoradendron flavlscens. The American Mistletoe (5.39) grows wild as a parasitic plant on several deciduous trees, more frequently on the SoUr Gum and the Red Maple, and is gathered for Christmas decorations. It grows in large dense bunches, with opposite, entire, fleshy, yellowish-green evergreen leaves and stems, and small white globular berries. [Seeds.] Fig. 541. — Chinese Ehn. 540. — Common Boxwood. Biixus. The Boxwoods or Box Trees are extensively cultivated ever- green shrubs or small trees with small opposite entire leaves. They are dense but slow growing plants, frequently used for pruning into fantastic shapes and as borders to flower beds and paths. There are a score of named varieties differing in size of leaves and tallness of growth. The flowers and fruit are inconspicuous. The tallest growing form sometimes reaches the height of 25 feet. Tree Box or Common Boxw^ood (540) — Buxils semp^rvirens, — with square, and somewhat hairy stems and rounded leaves | to 1 ] inch long. This species has several forms with variegated foliage : arg^nteo-marginata, white-edged; aiireo-marginata, yellow-edged ; aiirea, yellow-leaved. The smallest gi'ovving form of this Chinese species is suffruticosa (nana). A less hardy species growing to the height of 0 feet with more wedge-shaped leaves is the Japan Box — Buxus japonica, — this also has several color BUXUS 307 4^U Fig. 543. — India Rubber Plant. Fui. r)44.— Variable-leaved Rubber Plant. Fig. 545. — Fiddle-leaved Rubber Plant. 308 dp:scriptioxs or the shrubs varieties. A smooth and almost prostrate .shrub with leaves J to 1 inch long is the Small-leaved Box — Buxus microphylla. 'Ihe lea^t hardy species is the Spanish Box — Buxus bale- arica, — with lighter-colored and larger leaves, 1 to 2 inches long. [Twig cuttings ; divisions ; seeds.] Ulmus. The Elms are almost entirely tall trees, tut there are two small and somewhat shrubby species from eastern Asia some- times cultivated. These are Weeping Elm — Ulmus pumila — and Chinese Elm (541) — Ulmus parvifolia. The latter has thicker leaves and the former more of a weeping habit. Tlie leaves of both are alternate, small, usually about an inch long, and some- what oblique at base and straight- veined, like other elms. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] Fig. 546. — Rusty-leaved India Rubber Plant. Ficus. This genus is a very large one, 000 species, of mainly tropic plants, many of them climbing and more or less parasitic and including the noted Banyan Tree, the India Rubber Plant, the Fig (hardy from Virginia south), and many conservatory creepers, etc. They all have abundant milky juice and all except one in cultivation in the United States have alternate simple leaves. The fig has large deeply 3- to 5- lobed rough leaves and solitary axillary pear-shaped luscious fruit. The India rubber plant has oblong smooth entire leaves with many parallel side- veins. [Layers.] KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND TKEE-LIKE FORMS OF FICUS * Cultivated for the fruit; with radiately 3-7-lobed wavy-edged leaves ; growing 15-30 feet high. Fig (542) — Ficus Carica. * Cultivated for ornament indoors in the North, hardy only in the extreme South. (Many species are omitted because of creeping or climbing habits or because, when grown outdoors, they become great trees.) (A.) KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND TREE-LIKE FIGS 309 A. Leaves alternate. (B.) B. Leaves thick and leathery, green and smooth below. (C.) C. Leaves large, oLlong, entire, Avith many side-veins. India IUbber Plant (543) — Ficus elastica. C. Leaves entire or somewhat lobed w^ith about 10 pairs of side- • veins. Yakiable-leaved Rubber Plant (544) — Ficus erecta. C. Leaves with 5-7 side-veins and usually lobed like the white oak. Oak-leaved Fio — Ficus quercifolia. C. Leaves with 5-7 side-veins, with ear-like lobes at base, a foot or more long. Fiddle-leaved Rubber Plant (545) — Ficus pandurata. B. Leaves thick and rusty below and more or less notched at tip and base. Rusty-leaved India Rubber Plant (546) — Ficus rubiginosa. B. Leaves rounded (3 inches long), thick and densely covered with woolly hairs below. Palmer's Rubber Plant — Ficus Palmeri. B. Leaves thin and membranous, light green blotched with white. Parcell's Rubber Plant — Ficus Parc^Ui. A. Leaves usually opposite, entire or somewhat toothed. Rough Rubber I'lant — Ficus hispida. Fig. 547. — Osage ' Orange.' Wax ' Myrtle.' 310 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 549. — Sweet Gale. Fig. 550, — Waxberry. Fig. 5r»l. — Sweet 'Fern. Madura. Osage ' Oraxge * (547) — Madura (Toxylon) pomf- fera — is a thorny shrub or tree with alternate entire glossy leaves having milky juice. The large orange-like fruit gives name to the plant. In the past it was extensively used for hedges ; for this it was well fitted, because of its thorns and dense growtli. The introduction of wire fences has lessened its value to the hor- ticulturist and now it is generally seen as a tree from 30 to 50 feet high. The short sharp thorns about an inch long just above the bases of the ovate entire leaves (4 inches long) together with the abundant milky juice will enable the reader to separate this from other plants. [Seeds.] BETULA 311 Myrica and Comptbnia. Wax ' Myrtle ' (548j — Myiica cerifera,— Sweet Gale (549) — Myrica Gale, — Waxberky ofBayijerry (550) — Myi-ica carolin^nsis, — and Sweet ' P'ern ' (551) — Myrica (Comptonia) asplenifolia, — are fragrant plants with alternate simple leaves, inconspic- uons flowers, and waxy or bur-like dry globular fruits. They are wild shrubs rare in cultivation. The Sweet Tern ' receives its name from the fern-like appearance ( f its leaves and is useful to cover, with its dense foliage, rocky barren and shady places. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] * Leaves narrow and notched like a fern ; fruit bur-like. Sweet ' Fern' (551) — Myrica (Comptonia) asplenifolia. * Leaves entire or with few notches ; fruit globular, waxy. (A.) A. Low shrubs always less than 10 feet high ; leaves usually blunt at tip. (B.) B. Twigs dark brown ; leaves small, 1-2| inches long. Sweet Gale (541)) — Myrica Gale. B. Twigs gray ; leaves larger, 2-4 inches long. Waxberry (550) or Bayberry — Myrica carolinensis. A. Tall shrub, sometimes a small tree to 40 feet ; leaves generally with acute tips. Wax 'Myrtle' (548) — Mjrrica cerifera. Betula. The Bircues are mainly tall hardy trees but there are several species shrubby in growth and frequent in cultivation. The birches have alternate simple straight-veined notched leaves, sometimes cut into lobes. Fig. 552. — European White Birch. Fig. 553. — Scrub Birch. 312 D?:SCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS The species seen Avith chalky bark is generally the White Biucn — Betula alba — of Europe, which grows to the height of 80 feet in its regular form. There are a score of named varieties some of which are low trees and some only shrubs, as European White Birch — Betula p^ndula (552), The four si)ecies always shrubby in growth are : Scrub or Dwarf Birch (553) — Betula glaiidulosa,— 1 to 4 feet high with rounded small leaves, \ to 1 inch long, and brown glandular warty twigs; Dwarf Birch (554) — Betula nana, — a low spreading smooth shrub rarely 4 feet high with small rounded notched leaves broader than long ; Low or Swamp Fig. 554. — Dwarf Birch. Fig. 555. — Low Birch. Birch (555) — Betula pumila, — 2 to 15 feet high with longer and less rounded leaves having dense brownish hairs below when young; and Shrubby Birch (556) — Betula humilis, — 2 to 0 feet high, with glandular twigs and crenately-serrate smooth leaves ^ to 1| inches long. . [Seeds.] Alnus. The Alders are generally shrul)by plants growing alnindantly along streams and in damp places. They have alternate simple straight- veined notched deciduous leaves and dry rounded cones which remain on the bushes throughout the year ; these cones are the best test of the alders. Most have catkin flowers opening in early spring. The species with fall catkins is usually a tree to 30 feet, Seaside Alder' (557) — Alnus marftima, — which has shining foliage and yellow catkins in August to September. CORYLUS 313 The smallest species is the Greex or Mountain Aldkr (558) — Alnus crispa (A. viridis), — which never grows to over 10 feet. It can be sui'ely known by the winged nuts or seeds, in the cones, nearly i inch wide. The other two American species are : Speckled or Hoary Alder (559) — Alnus incana, — with leaves hairy be- neath, at least on the veins j and Smooth Alder (5G0) — Alnus ni- gosa, — with leaves green and smooth on both sides. The tallest species and the only one which grows well in dry places is Black Alder (561) — Alnus glutinosa — of Europe, with gummy twigs, sometimes reaching the height of 70 feet. The figures given illus- trate the great variety of foliage in the forms of this species. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; suckers.] Fig. 556. — Shrubby Birch. C6rylus. The Hazelnuts and Filberts are shrubby plants with rounded hard-shelled nuts inclosed more or less in green leaf-like bracts. The leaves are alternate, simple, straight-veined with notched edges. The three common species can be best separated by means of the difference in the bracts which surround the nuts : in the Beaked Hazelnut (502) — Corylus rostr^ta, — 2 to 6 feet high, the bracts are not very leaf-like and project beyond the nut into a beak ; in the eastern Hazelnut (503) — Corylus americana, — 3 to 8 feet high, these bracts form a fringe-like border generally hiding the nut ; the European Filbert (564) — Cory- lus Avellana — grows much taller, to 15 feet, and never has the bracts fully hiding the nut. Of this last species, which has been culti- vated for centuries,- there are many named varieties : aurea, yellow leaves ; laciniata, deeply cut leaves ; p^ndula, weeping ; etc. The other Fig. 557. — Seaside Alder. 314 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS species of filberts are so rare in cultivation that none need be mentioned in this book except ruKi-LE-LEAVEi) FiLuiiKT — Corylus maxima purpurea, — which is cultivated for its deep purplish red leaves rather than for fruit. [Seeds ; suckers. ] Quercus. The Oaks are nearly all tall trees and the few shrubby forms are practically never cultivated and so this book of ornamental shrubs needs no place for them. The acorn fruit is distinctive and sepa- rates oaks from all other plants. Beau or Black Sckub Oak (5G5) — Quercus ilicifolia — is a spread- hvj; shrub 5 to 10 feet high with tangled branches and 3- to 7-lobed leaves, the lobes ending in bristles and the lower side covered with whitish hairs. Chinquapin Oak — Quercus prinoides — is rarely over 8 feet high with wavy-edged leaves having 4 to 8 blunt teeth on each side. [Acorns.] Castanea. This genus includes the Chestnut trees and the Chin- quapin shrubs and may be known by the alternate simple .straight- veined leaves and the large spiny- coated fruit with more or less rounded nuts. Chinquapin (566) — Castanea i^umila — is a handsome shrub or tree 6 to 50 feet high with a single (rarely 2) nut, ^ inch, in a prickly bur. The leaves are whitish-downy below. Japan Chestnut (567) — Castanea crenata — is a hardy shrub or tree to 30 feet which begins to bear chestnuts when only a few years old and but a few feet higli ; the leaves are smooth below when mature. [Seeds.] Fig. 558. — Green Alder. Salix. The "Willows form a large genus, nearly 200 species, of hardy shrubs and trees abundant in all cold countries. A number of trees are in cultivation and many of those which are only shrubby are con- sidered worthy of ornamental use. There is no genus of plants more difficult to separate into species than the willows. All are dicecious, meaning that the pollen-bearing catkins are on one plant, the seed-form- ing catkins on another, and thus many hybrids are found. THE ALDERS 315 Fig. 559. — Speckled Alder. Fig. 560. — Smooth Alder. Fig, 561. — European Black Alder. Fig. 5G2. — Beaked Hazelnut. 310 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 503. - Hazelnut In • ■' ^ k,««f>H f *nr W Fig. 5G5. — Bear Oak. Fig. 5GG. — Chiuquapiu. THE WILLOWS 317 Fig. 567. — Japan Chestnut. Fig. 568. — Dwarf Gray Willow. Fig. 569. — Rosemary Willow. Fig. 570. — Osier AVillow. 318 DESCRirXlONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 571.— Bog Willow. Fig. 572. — Hoary Willow. Fig. 573. — Prairie Willow. Fig. 574. — Broad-leaved Willow. THE WILLOWS 319 Fig. 575. — Balsam Willow. Fig. 576. — Goat Willow. Fig. 577. — Slender Willow. Fig. 578. — ShiuiDjr Willow. 320 DESCRIPTIONS O^ THE SHRUBS Fig. 581. — Heart-leaved Willow. Fig. 582. — Purple Willow. KEY TO THE COMMON SHRUBBY WILLOWS 321 They are so easily raised from slips placed in the ground that they are, in cultivation, raised only that way. So, any sport or variety found any- wliere is introduced into cultivation and perpetuated w^ithout the origin being known. The soft wood, alternate simple leaves, and flowers of both sorts, always in catkins in spring or summer, are enough to enable any one to separate willows from all other plants. KEY TO COMMON SHRUBBY WILLOWS, BASED ON LEAF PECULIARITIES * Leaves about entire-edged and more or less conspicuously whitened below. (A.) A. Leaves under i inch wide. (B.) B. Leaves under 2 inches long and almost sessile. Dwarf Gray Willow (5(38) — Salix tristis. B. Leaves 2-5 inches long. One of the willows used to graft on goat willow stock to produce an umbrella tree. Rosemary Willow (5(39) — Salix incana. B. Leaves 4-10 inches long and beautifully silvery. One of the willows used in basket work. Osier Willow (570) — Salix viminalis. A. Leaves ^-| inch wide and more or less rolled at the edges. (C.) C. Leaves rarely over 2 inches long ; twigs slender, smooth, pale brown. A low willow 1-3 feet high gi'owing in bogs. Bog Willow (571) — Salix myrtilloides. C. Leaves 2-4 inches long ; twigs and leaves, when young, densely covered with white woolly substance. Like the last, a low wil- low 2-5 feet high, in wet bogs. Sage Willow or Hoary Wil- low (572) — Salix Candida. C. Leaves 2-4 inches long, grayish and peculiarly veined. A wil- low 3-8 feet high growing in dry soil. Prairie Willow (573) — Salix hiimilis. A. Leaves |-li inches wide. Glaucous Willow — Salix discolor. (Placed here as it sometimes has entire-edged leaves, though usually with notched ones.) * Leaves notched at the edges. (D.) D. Leaves conspicuously of two colors, decidedly whitened below. (B-) E. Leaves frequently 2 inches wide, shining dark green above, glaucous below*; twigs light gray. A willow 2-0 feet high, abundant on the sands of the shores of the Great Lakes. Broad-leaved Willow (574) — Salix glaucophylla. APGAIl's SHRUBS — 21 322 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS E. Leaves 1-11 inches wide, bright but not glossy green above, white below; buds very large and nearly black ; shrub or tree to 25 feet. Glaucous Willow — Salix discolor. E. Leaves 1-1^ inches wide, smooth dark green above, whitened and very net-veined below. A willow, 4-10 feet high, of the North (Labrador, etc.). Balsam Willow (575) — Salix balsam if era. E. Leaves 1-8 inches wide, rough above, thickish and with stout stems -^--^ inch long. A plant often used as stock upon which to graft other willows to make such weeping trees as the Kil- marnock willows. Goat Willow (576) — Salix Caprea. E. Leaves less than an inch wide, dark green above and glaucous below, leaf-stems nearly ^ inch long. A slender-growing plant 5-12 feet high found in the swamps of the North and West. Slender Willow (577) — Salix petiohiris. D. Leaves, though lighter below, are green on both sides. (F.) F. J^eaves glossy green on both sides, fragrant when bruised, usually over 1 inch wide, leaf-stalk with conspicuous glands. These two are among the finest willows in cultivation and grow from 8-20 feet high. (G.) G. Catkins large and conspicuous appearing AVith the leaves. Shining Willow (578) — Salix lucida. G. Catkins rather small and appearing after many of the leaves are fully grown. Bay-leaved or Laurel-leaved Willow (579) — Salix pentandra. F. Leaves rough above, soft with hairs below, 1-3 inches wide, blunt at tip. A willow often used for stock for grafting, 12-25 feet high. Goat Willow (576) — Salix Caprea, F. Leaves smooth, silky and dark green above at least when young, |-| inch wide ; shrub or tree 6-12 feet high growing along streams. Silky Willow (580) — Salix sericea. . F. Leaves under ^ inch wide ; plants generally 5-15 feet high. (H. ) H. Leaves 2-3 inches long, about i as wide, sometimes heart- shaped at base ; stipules large and usually persistent. A very variable small willow of the watercourses, spreading at base into long flexible branches. Heart-leaved Willow (.581) — Salix cordata. H. Leaves 3-6 inches long and about i as wide, often appearing opposite . Plant spreading at base with long flexible branches, so sometimes used as a basket willow. There is a variety, pendula, with drooping branches. Purple Willow (582) — Salix purpurea. H. Leaves 2-6 inches long and very narrow, usually less than KEY TO THE DWARFS OF THE PINE FAMILY 323 ^L as wide as long, midrib yellow. A willow with slender erect branches forming broad thickets on sand bars in the streams. Sand Bar Willow — Salix longifolia (S. fluvi- atilis). [Twig cuttings.] Ruscus aculeatus. The Butcher's BuooM (583) is a peculiar evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet, with alternate sessile ovate leaves J to 1^ inches long ; these are not true leaves but flat leaf- like branches ending in sharp points and having on their lower sides the small flowers in spring and the red berries (| inch thick) later in the sea- son. It is hardy only in the extreme South. [Suckers. ] Coniferous Evergreens. The shrubby plants with narrow-linear, needle- shaped, and scale-shaped leaves are still to be described. They include Pines, Spruces, Arborvit^, Juni- pers, etc. These ornamental shrubs are included in key 9, small-leaved plants, but for convenience the following key is devoted to the Pine family alone. In this family there are no compound leaves ; each green scale or needle-shaped part is a whole leaf. Fig. 583. — Butcher's Broom. KEY TO GENERA WITH DWARF FORMS BELONG- ING TO THE PINE FAMILY * Leaves elongated four or more times as long as wide and spreading away from the twigs. (A.) A. Leaves not flattened but rather needle-like so that they can be rolled between thumb and finger. (B.) B. Leaves in clusters or bundles of 2-3-5 surrounded at base by a sheath. Pinus. B. Leaves separated from each other, spirally arranged and attached to short browTiish projections on grooved twigs. Picea. A. Leaves decidedly flat and linear in shape. (C.) C. Leaves with distinct more or less greenish stems spirally fas- 324 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS tened to the twigs, usually so twisted as to spread out flat from the twigs. (D.) D. Leaves blunt or rounded at tips and whitened below. Tsiiga. D. Leaves sharp or acute at tips and green below. Taxus. C. Leaves without stems and opposite or whorled on the twigs. (E.) E. Leaves with 1 or 2 silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit berry-like. Junfperus. E. Leaves with no silvery lines above, but sometimes be- low. (F.) F. Fruit elongated cones with lapping scales (|-1 inch long). Thiija. F. Fruit rounded cones with scales widening at ends and touching edge to edge. Chamsecyparis. * Leaves scale-like and so pressed to the twigs as to cover them. (These plants often have flat linear spreading leaves as well, especially on young growths.) (G.) G. Branchlets flattened out like a fan ; fruit a dry cone of G-12 scales. (H.) H. Cone elongated with lapping scales. Thuja. H. Cone nearly globular with the scales widening at tips and touching edge to edge; seeds 2 under the scales. Chamie- cyparis. G. Branchlets not flattened like a fan but extending irregularly in all directions. (I.) I. The linear leaves with silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit a berry bluish or brownish when ripe, often covered with a glau- cous bloom. Juniperus. I. The leaves, if elongated and spreading enough to show, will be found without silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit a globular cone with the scales ^^idening at tip and touching edge to edge, seeds many under the scales. (These trees probably have no ornamental dwarf forms, and so are omitted.) Cuprc^ssus. It is well to remind the reader here that new forms of the entire Pine family are constantly appearing, and that those mentioned below are merely suggestive of the variation of forms. Pinus. The Pines are in almost all cases tall trees ^^ith an elongated central trunk. The evergreen leaves are needle-shaped and clustered in bundles of 2 to 5 with an inclosing sheath at their base. The fruit is a woody cone with 2-winged seeds above each scale. There is one variety of the Swiss Mountain Pine — Pinus montana, — PINUS 325 MuGHO PixE (584) — Pinus mont^na Mughus, — which is always a low spreading shrub with crooked gnarled stems and branches. The rigid leaves are in twos, 1 to 3 inches long, inclosed in a much wrinkled The cones are Fig. 584. — Mugho Pine. Fig. 585. — Dwarf White Pine. ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long, nearly ter- minal to the branches. This moun- tain pine grows to the height of 2 to 5 (rarely 10) feet, but spreads so as to be broader than high. It is an ex- cellent plant for the lawn. Besides this pine with stiff leaves two together in a cluster, there are a few dwarf forms of the White Pixe -^ Pinus Strobus — with rather soft leav'cs five together in elongated sheaths. The finest of these is prob- ably Dwarf White Pine (585), var. brevifolia, also called nana. It is a dwarf cushion-shaped little bush rarely over 4 feet high but spreading out in a broad flat compiict tuft of glossy green spray. This is splendid for the lawn. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 586. — Gregory's Dwarf Spruce. 320 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Picea. The Spri-cks are in the main tall tree-like evergreens with needle-like 4-angled leaves usually ^ to 1| inches long, attached to a grooved twig on brownish projections. The readiness with which the leaves fall from the severed twigs and the roughness of the twigs, due to these projecting points, are the best distinctions for separating spruces from other cone-bearing plants. The commonest species in cultivation in this country is the Norway Spruce — Picea Abies (P. exc^lsa), — and of L'•»^ a^f*^':\^ Fig. 587. — Sargent's Weepin^ Hemlock, Fig. 588. — Hovey's Arborvitae. the many varieties sold there are several that grow more like a shrub than a tree. Among these varieties are : Gregory's Dwarf Spri-ck (58(5) — Gregoryana, — seldom more than 1 to 2 feet high with numerous small, spreading branches densely clothed with short stiff spreading leaves; Small Norway Sprlxe — pumila, — a dwarf with a more conic form and with glaucous leaves spreading in all directions from the branches; Pigmy Spruce — pygmsea, — with leaves very small, close set and sharp-pointed; and Lord Clanbrasil's Spruce — Clanbrasiliana, — a dense globose or rounded shrub seldom 5 feet high, all parts much shortened and close set. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.] Tsuga. The Hemlocks are generally trees with short, I inch, flat, blunt leaves having two silvery lines on the lower side. These leaves are so twisted on the twigs as to extend in two directions from them, giving TSUGA 327 Fig. 589. — Golden Dwarf Arborvitae. Fig. 5*J0. — Dwarf Dolabrata Arborvitae. Fig. 591. — Lawson's Cypress. Fig. 502. — Heath-leaved ArborvitR\ 328 DESCRIPTIONS OF THIO SHRUBS an arrangement that is called 2-ranked. The cones are short, under 1 inch, pendulous with smooth scales, found at the tips of the branches. Of the Common Hemlock — Tsuga canadensis, — Sakgent's Weeping Hemlock (587) — var. Sargentiana, or Sargenti pendula — rarely grows over 3 feet high and has short drooping branchlets forming a dense flat-topped mass of foliage; Dwarf Hemlock — mina — is a dwarf with spreading branches and short branchlets forming a depressed shrub under 3 feet high. There is also a variety n^na of the Japanese Hemlock, Tsuga Si^boldi. The latter can be separated from the common American one by a close exami- nation of the leaves with a lens ; the edge of the American is somewhat notched, while the Japanese is entire. [ Seeds ; twig cuttings ; grafting.] Fig. 59o. — Juniper-leaved Arborvitae. Fig. 594. — Silver Retinospora. Thuja and Chamaecyparis. The Arborvit?e group of evergreens are among the most difficult class of plants to classify. The greatest confu- sion of names both common and scientific occurs with reference to them in books and catalogues. They have two very distinct forms of leaves ; these are properly called the "juvenile" and the "adult." All of this group have opposite sessile leaves ; but the seedlings begin with linear spreading ones about a half inch long ; these are the juvenile leaves ; later these change to scale-shaped leaves, appressed to and completely covering the stems, the adult leaves. Some of the bushy forms, the only ones THUJA AND CHAM^CYPARIS 329 Fig. 595, -r Juvenile Cypress. Fig. 596. — Tom Thumb. ^1 Fig. 597. — Intermediate Cjqiress. Fig. 598. — Feathery Pea-fruited Retinospora. 330 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS we have to consider, retain the juvenile form ; others have both forms on different parts of tlie i lants ; while still others have only the scale leaves. The two genera above given can be surely separated only by an examina- tion of the cones ; and small plants rarely show these. The cones of Thuja are elongated with 8 to 12 lapping scales, and those of Chamie- cyparis are nearly globular of G to 10 scales touching edge to edge. All these cones mature in one season and are small, always less than an inch and usually ^ to | inch in diameter. When the scale leaves appear, the branches on both genera so form as to produce flat fan-like growths. Tliis plan of branching, called 2-ranked, separates the Arborvit?e from all the Junipers — Juniperus — and the true Cypresses — Cupressus. These plants will be found in books and nursery catalogues under the names of Thuja, Thuydpsis, Biota, Cuprdssus, Chamsecyparis, and Retin6spora ; but they will not all be spelled as here given. The first is often spelled Thtiia and Thuya in modern books, and the last Retinispora. KEY — BASED ON THE CONES — EOR SEPARATING THE DWARF FORMS OF THUJA AND CHAMiE- CYPARIS * Cones elongated,, with elongated lapping scales, Thuja. (A.) A. Cone scales thin, 8-10 in number ; cones J inch long and some- what pendulous. Common Arborvit.e (588) — Thuja occi- dentalis. A. Cone scales G-8, thickened, and having a horn-like process on each. Cones nearly erect, and about an inch long. Eastern or Chinese Arborvit.e (580) — Thuja orientalis. A. Cone scales 8-10, thickened and reflexed, witli 3-5 seeds under each ; cones somewhat pendulous. Dwarf Dolabrata Arbor- viT^ (590) — Thuja (Thuyopsis) dolabrata. * Cones globular, of 6-12 scales, which touch edge to edge. Chamrc- cyparis. (B.) B. Cones about I inch in diameter, of 8-10 brown scales.. Hinoki Retinospora — Chamaecyparis obttisa. B. Cones about i inch in diameter, of 10-12 brown scales. Sawara Retinospora — Chamaicyparis pisffera. B. Cones about ^ inch in diameter, of 8 reddish brown scales. Law- son's Cypress (5*.»1) — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniiina. B. Cones about J inch in diameter, of G glaucous-green or purplish scales. White Cedar — Chamaecyparis thyoides (C. spha- roidea). KEY TO DWARF THUJA AND ClIAM^fiCYrAKlS 331 KEY — BASED MAINLY OX THE LEAVES — EOR THE DWARF VARIETIES OF THUJA AND CHAM^- CYPARIS * Leaves about linear, and spreading -well from the stems. (A.) A. Leaves sharp-pointed and rather stiff, dull green above, and graj'ish below, changing to brcfwnish in winter. (B.) B. Bush globose or broadly pryamidal; leaves rather distantly arranged on slender branches. Heath-leaved ArborvityE (692) — Thuja occidentalis ericoides. B. Bush of several erect stems, and branches also erect ; leaves not so distantly arranged. Juniper-leaved Arborvit^ (593) — Thuja orientalis decussata. A. Leaves less sharp, soft rather than stiff, and with a somewhat silvery appearance ; low tree, but sometimes shrub-like, with branches much divided. Silver Retinospora (594) — Cha- msecyparis pisifera squarrosa. A. Leaves as in the last, but more spreading ; silvery only on lower side. Juvenile Cypress (595) — Chamaecyparis thyoides ericoides. * Leaves of two kinds on different branchlets, some linear and spreading, others scale-like ; branches with scale leaves flattened, fan-form. (C.; C. Low, compact, and broadly spreading, with somewhat silvery foliage. Tom Thumb (59(3) — Thuja occidentalis EUwangeriana. C. Similar to the last but of more erect growth, leaves bluish green. Intermediate Cypress (597) — Chamaecyparis thyoides (C. sphaeroidea) Andely^nsis. C. Similar (to first C), but the upper branchlets slender and spar- ingly divided. Spaeth's Arborvit^ — Thuja occidentalis Spaethii. C. Most leaves elongated and slightly spreading; conic bush with erect branchlets having a feathery appearance. Feathery Pea- fruited Retinospora (598) — Chamaecyparis pisffera plumosa. * Leaves all shortened and scale-like ; spray fan-like. There are so many varieties in cultivation under this third * that it will probably be better to give them under the names of the species, allowing for the fuller descriptions. Hatchet-leaved Arborvit^ — Thuja dolabrata — Is one of the finest of the Japanese trees, and is especially good for lawn planting in single 332 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS specimens. The common dwarf form, Dwarf Dolabrata Arborvit.k (590) — n^na — is a very liglit glossy green bush, with slender branch- lets. There is a form of this with creamy tips to the branchlets, varie- gata. Fig. 599. — Globe Arbor vitae. Fig. 600. — Little Gem Arborvitae. Common Arborvit^ — Thuja occidentalis — has the largest number of dwarf forms; most of them have fan-shaped spray, many having colored, other than green, and variegated foliage. Only a few of the 30 or more can here be mentioned. One of the smallest, Dwarf Arborvit^ — dumosa, — rarely grows over 3 feet high, and is a spreading, irregularly branching shrub, with crowded and tufted fan-shaped parts; Globe Ar- borvit^ (599) — glob5sa — is a bright green somewhat open rounded shrub with slender branches; Hovey's Arborvit^ — Hoveyi — is sim- ilar to the last but more dense and ovate in shape ; Little Gem Arbor- viT^ (600) is a spreading dark green very dwarf shrub, broader than high; Baby-yellow Arborvit^ — liitea nana — is a dwarf compact bush with golden foliage. Eastern or Chinese Arborvit^ — Thuja orientalis — also has a number of dwarf forms with light green, dark green, and colored foliage, having fan-shaped spray: Golden Dwarf Arborvit.e (601) — aurea- nana — is very dwarf and compact, with golden foliage ; Ever-golden Arborvit.*: — semperaur^scens — is more globose, and the yellow color ARBORVIT^ 333 lasts throughout the year ; Thread-branched Arborvit^ — filif ormis stricta — is a round-headed dwarf bush with upright slender, almost thread-like, branches ; Whipcord Weeping Arborvit^ (602) — p^ndula — is a weeping bush with tufted cord-like branchlets ; Juniper-leaved Arborvit^ — decussata — is a bright bluish green low compact rounded form, with linear spreading leaves, similar to Chamaecyparis squarrosa, very useful for window boxes. The so-called ' Japanese Retinosporas ' furnish a number of dwarf forms with fan-like spray. They belong to Hinoki Retinospora or Cy- press — Chamaecyparis obtusa — and Sawara or Pea-fruited Retino- spora — Chamaecyparis pisif era ; the latter with the smaller cones, pea- like, as is indicated by the specific name. These, as well as the Thujas, have forms with golden and silvery foliage. Both the species occasionally grow in their native country to the height of 100 feet or more. The smallest of the varieties of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pigmy Hinoki Reti- nospora (603) — pygmtea, — has almost creeping branches, rarely reach- FiG. 601. — Golden Dwarf Arborvitse. Fig. 602. — Whip-cord Weeping Arborvitae. ing a foot in height, and is very useful for rockeries; Dwarf Hinoki Retinospora — nana — is a low form with short deep green branchlets; Club Moss-leaved Hixoki Retinospora — lycopodioides — is low with spreading rigid branches having 4-sided branchlets; Fern-like Hinoki 334 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 603. — Pigmy Hinoki Retinospora. Fig. 004. — Fern-like Hiuuki Retiuospora. Fig. 605. — Sander's Retinospora. Fig. goo. — Thread-branched Pea- fruited Retinospora. RETINOSPORA '^So Retinospora (604) — filicoides — is of slow growth, wi^>^ aense, fern- like branchlets. The most peculiar of all the Hinoki Cypresses is San- der's Retinospora (605) — ericoides; it is a small dense shrub with blunt stiff spreading leaves forming four rows on the stems; in color it is the brightest bluish green of any of the coniferous plants. Chamiecyparis pisifera has but few dwarf forms with fan-shaped spray; the tendency is more apt to be toward linear spreading leaves. Thread- branched Retinospora (606)-r-filifera — has peculiar elongated thread- like growth of twigs with distant sharp-pointed leaves ; a low tree or subprostrate shrub ; of this there is a glaucous-leaved form, glaiica. Fig. 607. — Common Juniper. Fig. 608. — Curved-branched Juniper. The varieties of Pea-fruited Retinosporas with longer and more spreading leaves are among the moat popular and beautiful of the ever- greens of Japan. Feathery Pea-fruited Retinospora — Chamgecyparis pisifera plumosa — has awl-shaped spreading leaves dark green in color and is often called Green Retinospora. The colored forms of this are: Speckled Retinospora — plumosa albo-picta, — with the tips of the branchlets cream-white; Creamy Retinospora — plum6sa arg^ntea, — with the whole of the young spray cream-white, becoming green the fol- lowing season ; and Golden Retinospora — plumosa aurea, — with all the terminal shoots light golden yellow in the spring and changing to a deep green later. Besides the Feathery Retinosporas, there is a variety with linear loaves in pairs spreading squarely from the stems, of almost a silvery color, Silver Retinospora — Chamiecyparis pisifera squarrosa. 33G DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 609. — Chinese Juniper. mJii ft 1 H m m FiG. oil. — "Waukeyan Juniper. Fk;. V)\2. — Tamarisk-leaved Juniper. KEY TO THE JUNIPERS 337 This is a tree or a large shrub of irregular outline, and is in its leaf form and arrangement so like some of the Thujas as to lead to much confusion of names in nurseries. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; grafting.] Junlperus. The Junipers are trees or shrubs with evergreen sessile opposite or whorled leaves. These are either linear, flattened, sharp- pointed and spreading or small scale-like and pressed to the twigs which they cover. In these respects they are much like the genera Thuja and Chamsecyparis. The junipers have berry fruits instead of cones, but as the junipers are quite generally dioecious, therefore usually found without fruit, there must be some other method for separating them. When there are present the elongated leaves, the junipers show one or two silvery lines on the upper side. This fact will separate them also from the genus Cupressus, which may have silvery lines but always on the lower side. The junipers, when with scale leaves, never so branch as to form fan-shaped growths, as do the Thuja and the Chamsecyparis bushes, but the branching extends irregularly in all directions. KEY TO THE JUNIPERS * Plants with only the spreading, linear, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves generally arranged in 3\s around the stem, though sometimes oppo- site. (A.) A. Leaves with one silvery line on the upper, concave side ; fruit globular, i inch wide. (B.) B. Leaves broadly spreading; fruit axillary, almost sessile, dark glaucous-blue, ripening the third year, 3-seeded. Common Juniper (607) — Juniperus communis. B. Leaves only slightly spreading ; fruit oblong, terminal, 1-seeded ; not hardy North. Curved-branched Juniper (608) — Juni- perus recurva. A. Leaves with two silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit globuiar. usually 8-seeded and dark brown ; shrub to 12 feet, not hardy North and probably not cultivated South. (C.) C. Fruit nearly i inch and glaucous. Large-fruited Juniper — Juniperus macrocarpa. C. Fruit less than ^ inch, shining and but slightly glaucous. PuicivLY Juniper — Juniperus Oxyc^drus. * Phints with both the linear spreading leaves and the scale ones scattered on different parts of the bush. (D.) D. Fruit globular, shining reddish brown, .S-6-seeded; leaves mi- nutely notched at edges. Phcenician Juniper — Juniperus phoenicea. apgar's shrubs — 22 338 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fruit globular, glaucous brownish-violet with 2-3 seeds ; the scale leaves without notches and blunt at tip. Cuinese Jlniplk (009) — Juniperas chinensis. Fruit small, glaucous, brownish, 1-2-seeded on short straight stems ripening the first year ; leaves very small and sharp-pointed. ViRGiNiAX Jumper or Rei> Ceuau — Juniperus virginiana. Fruit larger, light blue, pendulous, borne on curved stems, 1-4- seeded, ripening the second year ; low spreading shrubs with strong disagreeable odor when bruised. Savin or Shrubby Red Cedar or Juniper (CIO) or Waukegan Juniper (Oil) or Tamarisk-leaved Juniper (012) — Juniperus Sabina. Of the above species, com- munis, chinc^'usis, virginiana, and Sabina have most of the dwarf varieties. AVith the fruit there w ill be but little difficulty in cor- rectly naming them, but without the fruit there will be much trouble. Sabina can be readily separated by its odor from virgin- iana, which it most resembles. Below are given most of the va- rieties that are shrubby. — Prostrate Juniper, Curved-branched Jun (()08) — Juniperus recurva — shrub or tree to 30 feet. It has dwarf varieties of which the lowest Prostrate Juniper (013) — scjuamata, — has prostrate or trail- ing branches, leaves straight and slightly spreading, of a glaucous bluish green color; Dense- BRAN<"HED JuNIPER d^IlSa liaS short crowded branchlets and curved grayish green leaves. Common Juniper (007) — Juni- perus communis — in its tree form ranges from 20 to 30 feet but is often a shrub of 4 to 5 feet; Rounded Juniper — hemi_ sph.erica — is, as its name indi- cates, a rounded shrub with many I PER - is a one. Spreading Juniper, JUNIPER 339 branches and crowded brancblets, the leaves whitish above and distinctly- ridged below ; Spreading Juniper (614) — nana — is an almost prostrate shrub with thickish inucli-divided brancblets sometimes forming circu- lar patches 10 feet in diameter, the leaves short, incurved, almost cover- ing the stems, often considered a separate species — Juniperus nana; Douglas" Golden Juniper (015) — canadensis aurea — is similar to var. nana, but more erect and the leaves longer and narrower, with tips of brancblets golden yellow; Oblong Juniper — obl6nga — is a large shrub or small tree with slender somewhat pendulous branches having longer and more spreading bright green leaves; Weeping Common Juniper — pendula — is a lower bush with still more pendulous branch- lets.. Virginian Juniper or Red Cedar — Juniperus virginiana — is the tallest of the junipers, some- times reaching the height of 100 feet, but it has a number of dwarf varieties of which Dwarf Virginian Juniper — dumosa — is about the lowest, growing into a rounded or pyramidal bush, it has many close-set ascending branches with generally linear bright green leaves ; Weeping Virginian Juniper — pendula — has weeping brancblets with many bright green scale leaves; Creeping Vir- ginian Juniper — r^ptans — is bright green with horizontally spreading branches and more erect brancblets. Savin Juniper (610) — Juniperus Sa- bina — is, like the last, one of the native American species, but instead of growing tall is always a low shrub, rarely reaching the height of 10 feet. Almost all of the dwarf forms of Juniperus virginiana are duplicated in this species. The one test that will separate them is the very strong and, to many, disagreeable odor of the Among the named varieties are : Procum- a nearly prostrate shrub with numerous erect Fig. (115. — Douglas' Golden Juniper. "^m- Fig. gig. — Golden Japan Juniper. bruised leaves of Sabina. bent Juniper — himiilis — 340 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 617. — Euglish Yew. Fig. 618. — American Yew. Fig. 619. — Goldeu Yew. Fig. 620. — Short-leaved Yew. TAXUS 341 branchlets and peculiarly bright, sharp-pointed leaves; Waukegan or Trailing Juniper (611) — J. horizontalis (J.S. prostrata ), — a procumbent, trailing or rarely ascending shrub, the long branches being much divided into short branchlets, the leaves bluish; Tamarisk-leaved Juniper (012) — tamariscifolia — has more ascending branches with many linear slightly curved dark green leaves usually in 3's ; Speckled Juniper — variegata — is a dense dwarf with the tips of the youngest growths cream-white, which gives it a specklea appearance, the leaves are mostly scale-like, Chinese Juniper — Juniperus chi- n^nsis — is usually a tree to 50 feet but is often shrub-like, among which latter Golden Chinese Juniper (009) — atirea — has the whole growth of the year a golden yellow, especially bright if growing in the sun, this changes to a green the second year ; Procum- bent Chinese Juniper — procumbens — is often procumbent with elongated branches and short branchlets, in the young gro^vths, the leaves are linear and spreading, but in the older parts scale-like. The dwarf golden ever- green — aurea — is acutely pyrami- dal, and according to the nurserymen, more erect and vigorous than the so-' called Golden Japan Juniper (616) — Juniperus japdnica (J. chin^nsis) aurea. These both retain their deep 1, 1 ^, 1 ^1 • ^ Fig. 621. — Spreading English Yew. golden color even through the winter. ^ & & [Seeds, 2-3 years to germinate ; twig cuttings under glass.] T^xus. The Yews are desirable evergreens for park and cemetei^ planting, and are of slow growth. They are densely clothed with dark green linear leaves, and the pistillate plants are especially beautiful in the fall with their scarlet berry-like fruit. (Yellow-berried Yew — Taxus bacc^ta fructu liiteo — has, as the name shows, yellow berries.) The leaves are linear and sharp-pointed, in shape and attachment much like the hemlocks, but the undersides of the leaves of the yews are a lighter though bright green, while the hemlock leaves are whitened by silvery lines. The two species in cultivation with dwarf forms are the English Yew (617) — Taxus baccata — and the American Yew or Ground Hemlock 342 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS (618) — Taxus canadensis. The latter is the more hardy, doing well even in Canada, while the former needs protection in Massachusetts. T. baccata is much the taller and tree-like, sometimes reaching the height of 60 feet, while T. canadensis is generally a prostrate shrub rarely reaching the height of 5 feet. The first is generally dioecious, while the last is rarely so, and therefore nearly all plants old enough will have berries. The leaves of T. canadensis are narrower, shorter, and of a more yellowish green, and its fruit ripens a month or two earlier than the European species. The English Yew — Taxus baccata — has many cultivated forms with variegated foliage or less erect growth, among which may be mentioned: Silvery Yew — arg^ntea, — with whitish-striped leaves; Golden Yew (619) — aurea, — with golden-yellow-edged leaves; Fisher's Yew — Eish- eri, — with some of the leaves deep yellow throughout ; Jackson's Yew — Jacksoni or pendula, — with weeping tips to the branches ; Short-leaved Yew (620) — adjjr^ssa, — with long spreading branches and short leaves 1 inch or less long; Spreading English Yew (021) — procumbens, — prostrate. Library N. C. State College GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end ; even-pinnate. Acuminate. Taper-pointed. Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right angle. Alternate. Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when arranged one after the other along the branch. Anther. The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which contains the pollen. Axil. The upper angle between the leafstalk and the twig. Axillary. Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster when in the axil of a leaf. Berry. Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several (at least more than one) readily separated seeds buried in the mass. Bipalmate. Palmately branched with the branches again palmated. Bipinnate. Twice-pinnate. Blade. The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf. Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or fruit; usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows. Capsule. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single line. Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends. Corymb. A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first. See cyme. Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth. Cym,e. A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first. Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms. Dentate. Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward. Dioecious. With stamens and pistils on different plants. Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has SBveral seeds. Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval. Emarginate. With a notched tip. Entire. With an even edge; not notched. Evergreen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) through the winter and until new ones appear. Exstipulate. Without stipules. Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sitlcs of the midrib. Filament. The stalk of a stamen ; any thread-like body. Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit. Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion. Lance-shaped. Lanceolate. Like a lance-head in shape. Legume. A pea-like pod. Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel. Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if few in number. Lobed. Having lobes along the margin. Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point. 343 344 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS Nerved. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees. Nut. A hard, unspiitting, usually oiie-seeded fruit. Nutlet. A small nut. Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end. Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more poifited end. Oblona. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat parallel. Obovale. A reversed ovate. Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet. Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node. Orbicular. Circu'pr in outUne. Oval. Broadly ellipiical. Ovary. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds. Ovules. The parts within the ovary which may form seeds. Palmate. A leaf with the veins on the leaflets all starting from the end of the petiole. Palmately veined. With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, starting from the base. Panicle. An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit. Parallel-veined. With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved. Parted. Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the base or midrib. Pedicel. The stem of each flower of a cluster. Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a cluster. Petal. A leaf of the corolla of a flower. Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf. Petiolate. Said of a leaf which has a stalk. Pinnce. The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. Pinnate leaf. A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the sides of the stem. Pistil. The central essential organ of a flower. Pod. A dry dehiscent fruit hke that of the pea. Pollen. The dust or light powdery grains contained in the anther. Polypetalous. Having a corolla of separate petals. Pome. An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells. Raceme. A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along tlie peduncle. Samara. A winged fruit; a key fruit. Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem. Serrate. Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward. Sessile. Without stem. Shrub. A bush-like plant; one branching from near the baso. Spike. An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms about sessile. Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower. Stifjma. That part of a pistil which is fitted to receive the pollen. Stipe. The stalk of a pistil. Stipules. Small blades at the base of a leafstalk. Suckers. Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant. Tree. A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the ground. Umbel. A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal length, and starting from the same point. Veinlets. The most minute framework of a leaf. Veins. The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf. Whorl. In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant. INDEX The Numbers in Parenthesis refer to the Illustrations. All Other Index Numbers refer to the Pages. Aaron's Beard (41), 78. Abelia, 237. Chinese (398), 240, Entire-leaved (392), 239. Hybrid (395), 239. Mexican (393), 239. Serrate-leaved (396), 239. Two-flowered, 240. Yellow-throated Rosy (397), 240. Yellow-throated White (394), 239. Acacia, 132. .Beautiful (193), 142. Blunt-leaved (175), 140. Drummond's (197), 142. Fern-leaved (196), 142. Fragrant (185), 141. Knife-leaved (178), 140. Long-leaved (172), 140. Meissner's (176), 140. Myrtle-leaved (182), 141. Narrow-leaved, 140. Needle-leaved (170), 140. Oleander-leaved (184), 141. Oswald's, 141. Pale-flowered (190), 141. Rose (141), 119. Scythe-leaved, 141. Shining (177), 140. Short-bunched (181), 141. Short-leaved, 141. vSilkv, 141. Small-leaved (174), 140. Spatulate-leaved (183), 141. Trapezoid-leaved (179), 140. Willow-leaved, 141. Acanthopanax, 212. Acer, 103. Achenes, 32. ^sculus, 102. Albizzia, 131. Evergreen (169), 132. Alder. 812. Black (561), 313. Dwarf (321), 203. Green (558), 313. Hoary (559), 313. Mountain (558), 3^3. Seaside (557), 312. Smooth (560), 313 Speckled (559), 313. Allspice, Carolina (287), 186, 188. Almond, 145. Japan (201). 145. Russian, 145. Alnus, 312. Alternate Leaves, 21. Althaea, Shrubby, 82. Amelanchier, 180. Amorpha, 117. Downy, 119. Andromeda, 249. Marsh (422), 253. Privet (424), 253. ■ Scurfy (417), 252. Angelica-tree, 211. Chinese, 211. Anther, 29. Appalachian Tea (361), 225. Apple, 182. Apricot, 142. Siberian, 145. Aralia, 2il. Five-bladed, 212. Formosa Rice-paper (337), 214. Japan Rice-paper, 214. Rice-paper, 212. Sessile-flowered, 212. Arborvitse, 323, 328. Baby-yellow, 332. Chinese (589). 330, 332. Common (588), 330, 332. Dwarf, 332. Dwarf Dolabrata (590), 330 332. Eastern, 330, 332. Ever-golden, 332. " Globe (599), 332. Golden Dwarf (601), 332. Hatchet-leaved, 331. Heath-leaved (592), 331. Hovey's, 332. Juniper-leaved (593), 331, 3.33. Little Gem (600), 332. Spaeth's, 331. Thread-branched. 333. Whip Cord Weeping (602), 333. 345 Arbutus, 249. Arctostaphylos, 246. Bicolored (415), 248. Bristly (413), 248. Downy (410), 248. Pale-leaved (412), 248. Pringle's (414), 248. Viscid, 248. Ardisia, 268. Red-berried. (459), 269. White-berried, 269. Aronia, 1S4, 186. Arrangement of Leaves, 19. of Flowers. 31. Arrowwood (359), 224. Downy (357), 224. Soft-leaved (360), 225. Aruncus, 154, 161. Astilbe-Hke (240), 161. Ascyrum, 74. 'Ash,' Prickly, 83. Asimina, 64. Astilbe, 154, 160. 161. Japan (239). 160. Aucuba, 218. Azalea, 21, 257. California, 259. Chinese, 260. Evergreen. 260. Flame (440), 260. Ghent, 260. Hybrid. 260. Pink (439). 259. Pontic (441), 260. Rhombic-leaved, 260. Smooth (438), 259. Vasey's (442), 260. White Swamp (437), 259. Baccharis 241. Banana Shrub (9), 61. Banyan Tree, 308. Barbadoes Pride (167), 131. Barberry, American (16"), 66. Bearded (19). 6'i. Box-leaved (17). 66. Common (13), 65. European, 65. Holly-leaved (18\ 66. Jameson's. 66. Persian, 66. 346 i\i)i:x Small-leaved. 66. Thunberg's (12), 64. Turkestan, 66. Bauhinia. 128. Green-and-white (161), 128. Purple-flowered (160). 128. Ked-flowered (162), 12S. Variegated-flowered, 1 28. White-flowered (159), 128. Bav. Bull. 295. Red. 295. Swamp (514). 296. Bavberry (550). 311. Beach Plum (199). 144. liean Tree (135), 116. 117. Beardwort, Chinese (502), 288. Beauty Fruit (505), 289. Benjamin Bush (518), 297. Benzoin, 297. Berberis, 64. Berries, 32. Betula, 31 1; Bilberry, Bog (405), 245. Dwarf, 245. Great (405), 245. Oval-leaved, 245. Thin-leaved, 245. Bipinnate Leaves, 22. Birch. 311. Dwarf (553, 554), 312. Low (555). 312. Scrub (553), 312. Shrubby (5.56), 312. Swamp (555), 312. White. 312. Blackberry, 164. Cut-leaved (248), 165, 166. Evergreen (248), 165, 166. Sand, 166. Blackcap, 166. Blackthorn (198), 144. Bladder Nut, American (111), 106. California, 106. Caucasus (113), 106. European (114), 106. Japan, 106. Bladder Senna, 123. Blueberry, Black, High, 245. Early Sweet, 246. Evergreen Vine (407), 246. High-bush, 245. Late Low, 246. Low, 245. Low Black, 246. Mountain, 246. Swamp. 245. Velvet-leaf, 246. Blue ' Myrtle,' 99. Blue Tangle, 245. Bottle-brush, 207. Lance-leaved, 208. Rigid-leaved, 20S. Showy (330). 208. Slender-leaved, 208. Box 'Elder.' 103. Box, Japan, 306. Small-leaved, 308. Spanish, 308. Box Thorn, 284. Box Tree, 306. Boxwood. 306. Common (540), 306. Bramble, 164. Brasiletto Shrub. 129, Bridal Wreath (294), 192. Broom, 113. Black-rooted, 116. Butcher's (583), 323. Hairy (130), 115. Portugal. 115. Scotch (128). 113, 115. Buckberry (408). 246. Buckeve, 21, 102. Red (101). 102. Smooth-fruited. 102. Buckthorn. 91, 214, 269. Alder-leaved (87), 96. Carolina (89). 96. Common (83), 96. Dahurian, 96. False, 269. Fern-leaved (91). 96. Lance-leaved (88), 90. Lebanon (86), 96. Mountain, 96. Red-fruited (84), 96. Sea (533), 303. 301. Southern (460), 263. Budding, 11. Buddleia, 287. Colvill's (500), 288. Globe-flowered (501), 288. Hybrid, 288. Japan (496), 288. Madagascar (499), 288. Buffalo Berry (537). 303. Canadian. 303, 305. Bull Bay, 295. Bumelia. 269. Burning Bush. 91. American (76). 91. Narrow-leaved. 92. Bush Clover (152), 124, 125. Japanese, 125. Siebold's (153), 125. Butcher's Broom (583), 323. Butneria, 186. Buttonbush (400), 241. Buxus, 306. Cactus. 209. Leaf. 211. Purple (3.35). 211. Csesalpinia, 129. Gillies' (166). 130. Japan (165). 130. 131. Calico Bush (433), 256. Callicarpa, 289. American (503, 504), 289. Japan, 289. Small (505). 289. Callistemon, 207. Calluna, 255. Calycanthus, 186. Cambi, 241. Camellia, 79. Japan (49). 79. Cape ' Jasmine ' (399), 2^0, 241. Caper-bush (577), 296. Caper Tree, 296. Capparis, 296. Capsules, 32. Caragana. 122. Chinese (146), 122. Dwarf (147), 122. Large-flowered (148), 122. Tall (145), 122. Caryopteris, 288. Cassena (70), 8S. Cassia, 128. Artemisia-leaved, 129. Catalpa. 286. Bunge's, 11. Chinese (492), 286. Dwarf (492\ 286. Round-headed, 286. • Castanea, 314. Catkin. 31. Ceanothus, 97. Entire-leaved (96). 99. Evergreen (93). 9J. Fendler's (94), 99. Hairy. 99. Hybrid. 99. Red-stemmed (97), 99. Spiny (95), 99. Spreading, 99. Velvety (98), 93. Cedar, Red. 338. Shrubby Red. 338. White, 330. Cephalanthus, 241, Cercidiphyllum (10), 62. Cercis, 127. Chamfficyparis, 324, 328. Chaste-tree (506). 289, 291. Cut-leaved (507), 291. Cherry, 142. Brush (326). 206. Cayenne. 206. Chinese Cornelian, 216. Cornelian (341), 216. European Bird (203), 145. Ground, 145. Rosebud, 145. Sand (200), 145. Chestnut, 314. Chinese Flowering (99), 101. Japan (567), 314. Chilopsis, 286. Chimaphila, 265. Chinquapin (566), 314. Chionanthus, 287, INDEX 347 Chit tarn Wood, 110. Chokeberry, 186. Black, 186. Purple, 186. Red (282), 186. Christmas Berry (278), 180. Cinquefoil, 164. Shrubby (245), 164. Cistus, 71. Gum (31), 72. Hairy (33), 72. Laurel-leaved (32), 72. Citrus, 86. Claw, 30. Clerodendron, 291. Chinese (509), 292. Japan (508), 291. Spiny (510), 292. Sweet (511), 292. Clethra, 265. Phihppine, 265. Southern, 265. Sweet (453), 265. Cleyera, 81. Japanese (55), 81. Coffee-berry, 96. Colutea, 123. Orange-flowered (151), 144. Oriental, 124. Tall (150), 124. Compound Leaves, 21. Coroptonia, 311. Coniferous Evergreens, 323. Coral Bean (126), 112. Coral-berry (373), 228, 229. Cornel, 216. Alternate-leaved (338), 217. Europf^an (348), 217. Japan. 217. Panicled (344), 217. Round-leaved, 217. Silky (347), 217. Stiff (346), 217. Cornus, 214. Coronilla, 125. Corylopsis, 204. Few-flo\Vered (322), 204. Spiked (323), 204. Corylus, 313. Corymb, 33. Cotinus, 110. Cotoneaster (274), 176, 179. • Box-leaved, 178. Chinese (273), 179. Common (271). 178, Evergreen (269), 178. Pointed-leaved, 178. Prostrate, 178. Round-leaved (270), 178. Simond's. 178. Small-leaved (268), 178. Woolly (272), 178. Cowberry (406), 246. Crab, American, 185. Crab Apple, 185. Crab Cherrv, 185. Dwarf, 186. Flowering, 186. Kaido, 185. Narrow-leaved (286), 185. Oregon, 185. Parkman's, 186. Ringo, 185. Wild, 185. 'Cranberry-bush,' Manchu- rian, 224. Cranberry, High Bush (355), 224. Japan Bush, 225. Crataegus, 173. Cucumber Tree, 60. Large-leaved, 60. Cupressus, 324. Currant, 201. Buffalo (313), 202. Fetid, 202. Golden (313), 202. Indian (373), 229. Pink-flowered, 202. Red-flowered (315), 202. Skunk, 202. Wild Black (314), 202. Cuttings, Root, 12. Twigs, 12. Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 4. Cydonia, 182. Cypress, Hinoki, 330, 333. Intermediate (597), 331. Juvenile (595), 331. Lawson's (591), 330." Sawara, 330. Cyrilla, 89. Gytisus, 113. Narrow-bladed (133), 115. Purple (131), 115. Racemed, 115. Dahoon (69), 88. Dangleberrv, 245. Daphne (520), 298, 299. Daphne, Hybrid (525), 299. Japanese, 299. Olive-like (5'^4), 29S. Pink Garland (521), 293. Pontic (527), 299. Silky (523), 299. Sweet, 299. White Garland (522), 299 Wood' (526), -99. Deciduous, 25. Deerberry (408), 246. Dendrium, 263. Desert Willow (493), 286, Deutzia, 191. LeMoine's (297), 192. Rough-leaved (295), 192. Siebold's, 189, 192. Slender (294), 192. Small-flowered, 192. Devil's Walking-stick, 211. Dewberry, 164, 166. Diervilla (389), 234, 236. DikamaH, 241. Dirca, 297. Divisions, 11. Dockmackie (356), 224. Dogwood. 214. Alternate-leaved (338), 214. Bailey's (345), 217. Evergreen (340), 216. Flowering (339), 214, 216. Japan, 215. 216. Red Osier (342), 217. Red-stemmed, 217. White-fruited (343), 217. Drupes, 32. Duration of Leaves, 25. Dyer's Greenweed (129), 114. Eglantine (251), 170. Elaeagnus, 300. Garden (530, 531), 304. Japanese (534), 302. Large-leaved P^vergreen, 305. Small-leaved (533), 302, 304. Thorny Evergreen, 305. Elder, 21, 226. American (368), 227. California, 227. European Black (369), 227. European Red-berried, (370), 227. Red-berried, 227. Soft, 286. Yellow (491), 286. EUiptic, 25. Elm, 308. Chinese (541), 308. Weeping, 30S. Entire, 23. Erica, 254. Escallonia, 188. Hairy, 190. Montevideo (291), 190. Organ Mountain (292), 190. Red (293), 190. Wand-stemmed, 190. Eugenia, 206. Euonymus. 91. Bunge's. 93. Climbing, 92. Hamilton's, 93. Running (75), 91. Siebold's, 93. Warty (80). 92. Evergreen, 25. Evergreens, Coniferous, 323. Exochorda, 161. Farkleberrv (409), 246. . Fatsia. 212. 'Fern,' Sweet, 311, 348 INDEX Fetid Shrub. 64. Fetter-bush (423), 253. Indian, 253. Japan (421), 253. Mountain (420), 253. Ficus, 30S. Fig (542), 30S. Oak-leaved, 309. Filament. 30. Fill)c'rt. 313. Kuropean (.564), 313. Purple-leaved, 314. Flower Arrangement, 31. Flowers. 27. Forsythia, 274. Erect (473). 274. European (475), 275. Fortune's, 274. Hybrid, 275. Siebold's. 274. Weeping (474), 274. Fothergilla. 203. Foxberry (406), 246. Franklinia (53), 81. Fringe-tree (494), 287. Chinese (495). 287, 288. Frostweed (28), 69. Fruit, 27, 31. Furze, 113, 116. Gardenia, 240. Gaylussacia. 244. General Key.s, 33-55. Genista, 114. Florist's. 115. _ Yellow (132), 115, Germander, Shrubby, (512), 294. Globe Flower (242), 162. Golden Bell, 274. Golden Chain, 116. Gold Flower. 7S. Gooseberry, 201. Eastern Wild (317), 202. European (316). 202. Fuchsia-flowered, 201. Garden (316), 202. Lcbb's (318). 201. Round-leaved (317), 202. Southern, 246. Gordonia, 80. Chinese (54), 81. Gorse (127), 113, 116. Gourri, Japanese (535), 303. 304. Grafting. 11. Grape fruit, 86. Greene, FJdward L., men- tioned, 84. Greenweed Dyer's (129), 116. Grevillea (538y 306 Ground Hemlock. 341. Groundsel Bush (401). 241. Groundsel Tree, Willow- leaved. 243. Grumichama (325), 2C6. Guava, 206. Brazil, 207. Guiana, 207. Lemon (328), 207. Strawberry (329), 207. Guelder 'Rose,' 223. Gum, Sour, 306. Halesia. 272. Halimodendron, 122. Hamamelis, 202. Hardback. 1.58. Hardy Orange (63), 86. Haw, 173. Black (363), 225. Long-thorned (265), 175. Parsley-leaved (263), 174. Pear, 175. Red (264). 174. Scarlet. 174. Southern Black, 225. Hawthorn (262), 173, 174. English (261), 174. Hazelnut (563), 313. Beaked (562), 313. Head, 31. Heath, 254, Cornish, 255. Corsican, 255. Irish (432), 255. Pink Moor (429), 255. Scotch (430), 255. Heather (431), 254, 255. Bell, 255, False (34), 7?. Helianthemum, 69. Hemlock, 326. Common. 328. Dwarf, 328. Ground, 341, Japanese Dwarf, 328. Sargent's W^eeping (587), 328. Hercules' Club, 19, 211. American (336), 211, Hibiscus, 81. Hills of Snow, 195. Hippophae, 303. Hobble-bush (351). 223. Holly. American (65), 87. Chinese, 88. Entire-leaved, 88. European (64). 87. Japan Large-leaved (66), 88. Large-leaved (73). 89. Mountain (68), 88. Small-leaved, 88, Swamp (72), 89, Honey Locust, 22. Honeysuckle. 2.30, 240. Alpine (.380). 2.33. American Fly (376), 233. Blue (375). 232. Bush (389), 237, p]arly. 233. Early Sweet (379). 233. European Fly (382), 233. High Bush. 237. Hispid, 233. Involucrcd Fly (377). 233. Japan (383), 233. Large-fruited (374), 232. Ledebour's, 233. Low, 232. Manchurian, 234. Mountain Fly (375), 232. Standish's (378), 233. Swamp Fly (381). 233. Tartarian (384), 234. Tree-flowering, 234. Hop Tree (61), 84. Horse Chestnut, 22, 102. Horse Sugar (468). 273. Huckleberry, Black (403), 245. Box, 245. Dwarf (404), 245. Hairy, 246. Southern Black, 245. Hudsonia. 72. Heath-Hke. 73. Woolly (34), 73. Hydrangea, 192, 219. Abundant-flowered, 195, Bretschneider's, 196. Common (299), 196. Gray (304), 196. Heart-leaved Wild (303), 196. Large-flowered (298), 195. Nepal (305), 196. Oak-leaved (301), 195, Panicled, 195. Wild (302), 195. Hypericum, 77. Bartram's (45), 78. Buckley's, 78. Hooker's (40), 78. SmaU-leaved (48), 78. Ilex, 86. Indian Bean, 286. India Rubber Plant, 308. Indigo Bastard (137, 138), 119. €hinese (140), 119. Dwarf, 119. False. 117. Indigofera, 119. Indigo Plants, 119. Inkberry (71), 88, Itea (312). 201. 'Ivy,' Poison (118), 109. Jambolan Plum, 206. Jambos (327), 206. Jasmine, 238. 273. Common White (469), 273. Indian (470). 274. Italian Yellow (472), 274. Naked-flowered, 274. Roval (470), 274. Sweet Yellow (471), 274. Jasminum, 273. Jessamine (469). 240. 273. INDEX 349 Judas Tree, 127. Jujube, 99. Common, 100. Juneberry, 180. Common Dwarf (277), 182. Northwestern (277), 182. Oblong-fruited (280), 182. • Round-leaved (279), 182. Juniper (610), 323, 337, 338. Chinese, 341. Common (607), 337, 338. Creeping Virginian, 339. Curved-branched (608), 337, 338. Dense-branched, 338. Douglas' Golden (615), 339. Dwarf Virginian, 339. Golden Chinese (609), 341. Golden Japan (616), 341. Large-fruited, 337. Oblong, 339. Phoenician, 337. Pricklv, 337. Procumbent, 339. Procumbent Chinese, 341. Prostrate (613), 338. Hounded, 338. Savin (610), 339. Speckled, 341. Spreading (614), 339. Tamarisk-leaved (612), 338, 341. Virginian, 338. Waukegan (611), 338, 341. Weeping Common, 339. Weeping Virginian, 339. Juniperus, 337. Kalmia, 256. Broad-leaved (433), 256. Deciduous-leaved, 257. Hairy (436), 257. Narrow-leaved (434), 256. Pale (435). 257. Kangaroo Thorn (173), 140. Karo (27). 69. Kerria, 162. White, 163. Keys, General, 33-55. Kilmarnock Willow, 11. Kinnikinnik (.347), 217. Kurrajoug, Green, 82. Labrador Tea. 263 Broad leaved (450). 263. Glandular (4.31), 263. Narrow -leaved (449) 263. '' Laburnum. 116. Adam's (136). 117. Cluater-flowered, 115. Proliferous, 115. Scotch (134), 116. Lacquer Tree, 110. Lagerstroemia, 209. LambkiU (434), 256. Lanceolate, 25. Laurel, American, 262. Catawba (446), 261. Cherry (204), 146. EngUsh (2J4), 146. Great (446), 261. Hairy (436), 257. Japanese (349), 218. Mountain (433), 256. Pale (435), 257. Sheep (434). 256. Swamp (435), 257. Tree (443), 261. Laurestinus (366\ 226. Hairy (367), 226. Lavender, Cotton (402), 243. Layers, 10. Lead Plant (139), 119. Leaf, What it is, 13. Leather Leaf (418), 252. Leatherwood (74), 87, 297. Leaves, Alternate, 21. Arrangement, 19. Compound, 21. Opposite, 21. Simple, 21. Study of, 13. Whorled, 21. Ledum, 263. Leiophyllum, 263. Lemon, 86. Lespedeza, 124. Leucophyllum (490), 285. Leucothoe,Catesby's(419), 252. Mountain, 253. Swamp (426), 253. Ligustrum, 279. Lilac, 275. Amur, 279. Common (477), 277, 278. Fern-leaved, 278. Himalayan (478), 278. Hungarian, 278. Japan Tree, 279. Ligustrina, 278. Persian (476), 277, 278. Privet, 277, 278. Rouen (481), 277,278. Thick-leaved (479), 278. Tree, 278. White Persian, 278. Lime, 86. Linear, 25. Ling (431), 255. Linnreus mentioned, 3. quoted, 275. Lobed. 23. Loblolly 'Bay' (52), 81. Locust. 119. Bristly (141), 119. Clammy, 119. Western (142), 120. Lonicera, 230. Lotos Tree, 100. Lycium, 284. Madura, 310. Magnolia, 58. Brown-flowered, 61. Bush, 61. Campbell's, 60. Chinese White, 60. Evergreen (6), 61. Great-leaved, 60. Hall's Japan (4), 60. Japanese Umbrella, 61. Kobus (7), 60. Purple f8), 60. Small, 60. Soulange's, 60. Star (4), 57, 60. Swamp (5), 60. Watson's, 61. Yulan, 60. Mahonia (20). 66. Ash (21), 67. Fortune's, 67. Fremont's, 66. Holly-leaved, 62, 65. Japan (15), 60. Nepaul, 66. Traihng, 67. Male Berry (424), 253. Mallow, Rose, 81. Swamp (57), 82. Malus, 182. Mamillaria, 211. Maple, 21, 103. Ash-leaved (102), 103. English Corkbark (107), 104. Field (107), 104. Goosefoot (104), 104. Hornbeam, 105. Japan (105), 104. Japan Vine, 104. Montpelier (108), 104. Mountain (103), 103. Parson's Japan, 105. ■ Red, 306. Round-leaved (109\ 104. Siberian (106), 104. Striped (104), 103. Tartarian (110), 105. Vine, 104. Margins of Leaves, 23. Matrimony Vine, Chinese (489), 284. Common (488), 284. May (261), 174. Meadow Sweet (230), 158. Plumv. 157. Medlar (284), 182, 185. Mespilus, 182. Mezereon, Common (520), 299. Michelia, 61. Midrib, 24. Mimosa, 22. Mimosa Tree (168), 131, 132. Mistletoe, American (539), 306. 350 INDEX Mock Orange (205), 21. 69. 146. 196. Mohrodendron, 272. Moosewood (104), 104, C351), 223, (519), 297. Mountain Ash, 186. Western, 186. Mountain Ebony, 128. Mulberry, French (503, 504), 289. Mulga (19n. 141. Myall, Weeping (186), 141. Myrica. 311. Myricaria, 73. Myrtle (324), 204. Blue, 99. Crape (332), 209. Sand (452), 263. Wax. 311. Myrtus, 204, Nandina, Japanese (22), 67. Nannyberry (362), 225. Nemopanthus (68), 88. Nerium. 270. Neviusia. 171. New Jersey Tea, 97, 99. Ninebark (236, 237),- 158. Eastern, 159. Nutlets, 34. Oak, 314. Bear (565), 314. Black Scrub-(565), 314, Chinquapin. 314. Poison. 109. Silk (538), 306, Obcorclate, 25. Ohlanceolate, 25, Oblong, 25. Obovate, 25. Old Man, 294. Old Man's Beard (494), 287. Olea, 282, Oleander (461). 270. Sweet-scented (462), 270. Oleaster (530, 531), 301, 301. Japanese (534), 302, 304, Spiny (532), 302, Olive, 282. African. 282. European. 282. Fragrant (4S6). 282. Holly-leaved (487), 284. Russian (530, 531), 301, 304. Opoponax (195). 142. Opossum Wood (466), 272. Opposite Ijeavcs, 21. Opuntia, 209. Orange, 86. Hardy (63) 86, Mock. 21, 67. Osage (547). 310. Orbicular, 25. Osmanthus, 282, Oval, 24. Ovary, 29, Ovate, 25. Paeonia, 57, Poeony, 57, Pagoda Tree, 21, Flat-podded, 112. Japan (125). 112, Palmate Leaves, 22, 23, Panicle. 31, Papaw, 64. Papaw, North American (11), 64. Peach, 142. ' Pear,' Alligator (515), 296. Pearl Bush (241), 161, 162. Pea Trees. 122. Siberian (143). 122. Small-biaded (144), 122 Pedicel. 30. Peduncle, 30. Pelu Tree, 112. Peony, 57. Poppy, 57. Tree (1, 2), 57. ' Pepper.' Chinese (59). 83. Pepperbush, Mountain, 265. Sweet (453), 265. Persea, 294. Petiole, 30. Philadelphus. 196. 275. Phoradendron, 306. Photinia, 179. Corvmbefl, 180. Panicled (275), 180. Smooth, 180. Phyllocactus, 211. Physocarpus. 154, 158. Picea, 323, 326. Pimbina (355), 224. Pine, 323. 324. Dwarf White (585), 325. Mugho (584), 325. Swiss Mountain, 324. White, 325. Pinnate Leaves. 22, 23. Pinus. 323. 324. Pinxter Flower (439), 259. Pipsissewa (455), 265, 267. Pistils 29. Pittosporum (25), 68, 69. Cape (26), 69. Common (24), 69. Madras, 69. Tobira, 69. Waxy-leaved (23), 69. Plum, 142. Beach (199). 144. Flowering, 145. Jambolan. 206. Purple-leaved, 145. Sand. 145. Plumbago. 268. Cape (457), 268. Rosy (458). 268. Poinciana, Dwarf (167), 131. La Plata, 131. Poison 'Ivy' (118), 109. Poison 'Oak,' 109, Pollen. 29. Polygonum. 299. Siebold's (528), 300. Pomegranate (331), 209, Dwarf, 209, Pomes, 32. Popinac (195). 142, Potentilla, 164. Shrubby, 164. Prickly 'Ash.' 83. Northern (58), 83. Southern (60), 83. Prickly Pear, Tree-like, 210. Eastern (333). 210. Western (334), 211, Prim (483), 281, Privet, 279. Amur, 281. Bright-fruited, 281, California (482), 270, 281. Chinese, 281. Common (483), 280, 281, Ibota, 281. Japan, 281. Late-flowering, 281. Nepal, 281. Thick-leaved (485), 281. W^ax (484), 281. Pronunciation. 34. Propagation of Plants, 9. Prunus, 142. Psidium, 206. Ptelea, 84. Punica. 209. Pyracantha. 175, Pyrola, 265. Pyrus, 182, Queen of Meadow, 157, 158. (2uercus, 314. Quince. 182. Chinese (283). 185. Common. 185. Dwarf Flowering (285), 185. Flowering (281), 185. Japan (281), 22, 185. Rabbit Berry (537), 305. Raceme, 31. Raisin. Wild, 225. Raspberry, 164. Hawthorn-leaved. 166. Purple-flowering (246), 165. Strawberry (247), 165. White-flowering, 166. Wild Red, 166. Redbud. American (156), 127. California. 127. Chinese (157). 127. European (158). 128, Red Cedar, 338. Red-osier, 217. Red-root, Smaller, 99, Resin-plant, 241. INDEX 351 Retinospora, Club Moss- leaved, 333. Creamy, 335. Hinoki, 333. Feathery Pea-fruited (598), 331, 335. Fern-like Hinoki (604), 334 Golden, 335. Green, 335. Hinoki; 333. Japanese, 333. Pea-fruited, 333, 335. Pigmy Hinoki (603), 333. Sander's (605), 335. Sawara, 333. Silver (594), 331, 335. Speckled, 335. Rhamnus, 93. Rhododendron, 21, 260. Californian, 262. Catawba (445), 261, 262. Dahurian (448), 262. Dotted-leaved (447), 262. Pontic (444), 261. Rhodotypos (244), 163. Rhodora, 260. Rhus, 107. Ribes, 201. Robinia, 119. Rockrose, 69. Cyprus (30), 72. Undulate-leaved (29), 71. Rosa, 166. Rose ' Apple ' (327), 206. Rose, 166. Arkansas, 170. Bridal, 165, 166. Brier, 166. Cherokee (259), 171. Dog (250), 170. Early Wild (256), 170. Glossy (253), 170. Guelder, 223. Japanese, 162. ■Japanese Rough-leaved (249), 167, 170. Macartney (258), 171. Memorial (257), 171. Pasture (254), 170. Prairie (255), 170. Prickly, 170. Swamp (252), 170. Rose Mallow, 81. 'Rose of Sharon' (56), 82. Rosemary (513), 294. Rosmarinus, 294. Rubber Plant, 308. Fiddle-leaveil (545), 309. India (543), 309. Palmer's, 309. Parcell's. 309. Rough, 309. Rusty-leaved (546\ 309. Variable-leaved (544), 309. Rubus, 164. Ruscus, 323. Sacahne (529), .300. * St. Andrew's Cross (39), 74. St. John's-wort, 77. Bushy (44), 78. Creeping (417), 78. Great (43), 78. Kalm's (42), 78. Shrubbv (46), 78. St. Peter 's-wort (38), 74. Sahx, 314. Salmon Berry, 166. Salt Bush (149), 122. Salt-water Shrub, 241. Sambucus, 226. Santolina, 243. Sassafras (516), 296. Savin, 338. Scape, 30. Scorpion 'Senna' (154), 125. SeedUngs, 9. Seeds, 9. Senna, Australian (163), 129 Corynibed (164), 129. Glaucous Scorpion (155), 127. Scorpion (154), 125. Wild, 129. Serrated, 23. Service-berry (278), 182. Shad Bush, 178, 182. Sheepberry (362), 225. Shepherdia, 303. Shrub, Ornamental Sweet, 188. Sweet-scented, 186. Thick-leaved Sweet, 188. Western Sweet, 188. Silk 'Oak' (538), 306. Silver Bell, 272. Four- winged (466), 272. Median's, 272. Small-flowered, 272. Two-winged (467), 272. Silverberry, 21, 304. Simple Leaves, 21. Skimmia, 84. Chinese, 85. Japan (62). 84. Smoke Bush (123), 21, 110. Smoke-tree, 109. Wild, 110. Snowball, 219. Chinese, 223. Japanese (350), 223. Snowberrv, 228, 229. Low, 229. Western, 229. Snowdrop Tree (466), 272. Snow Garland, 154. Hybrid (208), 154. Snow Wreath (260), 171. Sophora, 111. Large-fruited, 112. Sorbaria, 154, 159. Aitchison's, 160. Large-flowered, 160. Lindlev's, 160. Milfoil-leaved, 160. Sorbus, 186. Sorrel Tree (427), 254. Sorrel Tree, Queensland, 82. Sparkleberry (409), 246. Spice Bush (518), 297. Spike, 31. Spindle Tree, 91. Broad-leaved (82), 92. European (81), 92. Japanese (78), 92. Spiraea, 146. Spirea, Alpine (210), 154. Anthony Waterer's (225), 154. Ash-leaved, 159. Beautiful (221), 156. Billard's (232), 158. Birch-leaved (227), 157. Blue (502), 288. Blume's, 155. Broad-clustered, 156. Bremald's (224), 156. Chinese, 155. Corymbed (226). 157. Crenate (211), 155. Decumbent, 156. Dense-flowered, 157. Douglas' (233), 158. Downy-leaved (216), 155. Fontenay's, 157. Fortune's (222), 156. Fox's, 156. Germander-leaved (218), 155. Hoary-leaved, 154. Hypericum-leaved (209), 154. Intermediate (217), 155. Lance-leaved (215), 155. Long-budded (220), 156. Meadow Sweet, 157. Menzies' (231), 158. Mountain Ash (238), 160. Pink Hybrid, 156. Plum-leaved (206). 154. Round-leaved (212), 155. Three-lobed (213), 155. Thunberg's (207), 154. Van Houtte's (214), 155. Virginia, 157. Wedge-leaved (219), 156. Western Corymbed, 230, 157. White Beam-leaved (235), 158. White-flowered (223), 156. Willow-leaved, 158. Spruce, 323, 326. Gregory's Dwarf (586), 326. Lord Clanbrasil's,326. Pigmy, 326. Norway, 326. Small Norway, 326. Squash-berrv. 224. Stag-bush (363). 225. Stagger-bush (428), 254. Stalk. 31. Stamens, 29. 352 INDEX. Staphylea, 105. Steeple Bush (234), 158. Stephanandra (243). 163. Stigma, 29. Stipe, 30. Stipules, 22. Storax, American (465), 271. Broad-leaved (463), 271. California, 271. Japanese (464), 271. Large-leaved American, 271. Strawberry Bush, 91. Erect (79), 92. Strawberry Shrub, 188. Strawberry Tree (416), 249. Stfiartia, 80. Alleghany (50). 80. Japanese (51). 80. Round-fruited, 80. Styrax, 270. Suckers, 10. Sumachs, 107-111. Sun Rose, 71. Swamp Rose Mallow (57), 82. Sweet Amber, 78. Sweet 'Bay,' 61. Sweetbrier (251), 170. Sweet 'Fern' (551), 311. Sweet Gale (549), 311. Sweet-leaf (468), 273. Himalayan, 273. Symphoricarpos, 228. Symplocos, 273. Syringa, 196, 198. 275. Broad-leaved (310), 199. Falconer's (307). 198. Golden (306). 198. Gordon's (311). 199. Hairv (309), 199. Large-flowered (308), 198. Lemoine's, 198. Lewis', 199. Odorless, 199. Satsuma, 199. Small-leaved. 199. Zeyher's, 198. Tagasaste, 115. Tamarisk, African (36), 74. Caspian, 74. Chinese, 74. Dahurian, 73. Four-ant hered, 74. French (37). 74. German (35), 73. Japan, 74. Pubescent-leaved, 74. Tamarix, 73. Tan 'Bay' (52), 81. Tawhiwhi, 69. Taxus, 324, 341. Tea, Appalachian (301), 225. Tea Plant, 79. Tecoma, 285. Teucrium, 294, Thorn, 173. Cockspur. 175. Evergreen (267), 175. Fire (267). 176. Large-fruited (266), 175. One-flowered, 175, Small-fruited, 175, Washington, 174. Thuja, 324, 328. Tinghiang. Small, 278, Ti-ti, Black, 89. Tom Thumb (596), 331, Toothache-tree (60), 83. Toyon (276), 180. Trefoil, Shrubby. 84. Tripalmate Leaves, 22. Tsuga. 324. 326. Turk's Turban, 291. Twig Cuttings, 10. Ulex, 113. Ulmus, 308. Umbel, 31. Umbrella Tree, 61. Vaccinium, 244. Van Dyke, Henry, quoted, 28 Varnish Tree, 110. Veining of Leaves, 24. Viburnum, 21, 193, 219. Chinese (354), 224. Japanese (353), 224. Japan Evergreen, 226. Maple-leaved (356), 224. Sandankwa's Evergreen (364), 226. Siebold's (358), 224. Small, 225. Sweet (362), 225. Sweet-scented Ever- green (365), 226. Wright's, 225. Vitex, 289. Waahoo (76), 92. Wattle, 132. Blue-leaved. 141. Brown (171), 140. Hairy (192), 142. Waxberry, 228, 229, (550) 311. Wax 'Myrtle' (548), 311. Wayfaring Tree, European (352), 224. Weeping Myall (186), 141. Weigela, 234. Common (385), 236. Desboisi's (391). 237. EvaRathke(391), 236. Japan (387), 236, Large-flowered (386), 236. Many-flowered, 236. Middendorf's (390), 236 What is a Leaf, 13. Whorled Leaves, 21. Wicky (434), 256. White, 257. Wicopy (519), 297. Wild Raisin, 225. Willow, 314. Balsam (575). 322. Bay-leaved (579), 322, Bog (571). 321. Broad-leaved (674), 321. Desert (493), 286. Dwarf Gray (568), 321. Glaucous, 321, 322. Goat (576), 322. Heart-leaved (581), 322, Hoary (572), 3:i. Kilmarnock, 11. Laurel-leaved (579), 322. Osier (570). 321. Prairie (573). 321. Purple (582). 322. Rosemary (569), 321. Sage (5721, 321, Sand Bar, 323. Shining (578), 322. Silky (580), 322. Slender (577), 322. Virginian, 201. Wineberry, 165, 166, Winterberry, 89, Red (67), 88. Smooth, 89. Wintergreen, 265. Greenish-flowered (456), 267. Pyrola, 267. Round-leaved, 267. Spotted (454), 267. Witch Hazel (319). 202, Japan (320). 202. Witch Hobble (351). 223. Withe-rod (361), 225. Larger, 225. Woad- waxen, 114. Wolfberry, 229. Xanthoceras, 101, Yellow-root Shrub (3), 58, Yew, 341. American (618), 341. English (617), 341. Fisher's, 342. Golden, 342. Jackson's, 342. Short-leaved (620), 342. Silvery, 342. Spreading English (621), 342, Yellow-berried, 341, Zanthorhiza, 58. Zanthoxylum, 83. Zenobia, Beautiful (425), 253. Glaucous. 253. Zizyphus, 99, ^ ^^^ \ North Carolina State University Libraries S02777386 P