Yee rm reneatimcvy = hey omer pay oe ee —— v7 , ~ A Nt ec am Sf — ~ — - pepe een. ee te eer ae - TEE ORNITHOLOG vy LL OD fy hey FRANCIS WILLOG HBY || Middleton in the bana of Warwick ae Fellow of the Roya Society. Rint iy Thee Books. Wherein All. che BIR ‘Dp N; Ss Being reduced 1 into aMetuop Tails to their Nae es, » ate accurately defcribed. The Deferiptions illuftrated by moft Elegant Figures, only relembling the live BIR D5, Engraven in LXXVIIT Con Plates, Tranflated 1 into Enelith, and enlarged with many Additions _shroughout the whole Worx _ To which are added, Three Confiderable DI SCOURSES, I I; Of the Art of Fowr inc: Witha Defcription | . of feveral Ne ts intwo large a. Plates. IL Of the Ordering « of Ss. aed NG Brraps. UILOF FA Looe re BY. > Fellow of the Rovar Socterr. 70H ac Xe -Pfalm’ 104. 24. How aif are thy works, O Lord? la wifdoms al thou sie: then all: The Earth ws fel offs riches. — LONDON: Rsinted iby ALC. fe Jobn Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society, : at the Belli in| | : St. Pawls Church-Yard, MDCLXXVIL., - | | ae twats opt anime. Lae aa em ee GE - Se eee PR ee } oi i qj gna ent ee al eben heehee ¢ Pay ¢ | fOb pe 673 Vo 74 cr 12/78 Crepe — THE: bn: TW MY ay G ——\ meanett fortune or birth exceed him in that vertue. He defpiled no man A 2 : ~ for eee The PREFACE. for his Poverty or mean Parentage ; honoured all men, was affable to the meaneft, not preferring himfelf befor€ others, but condefcending to - them of low degree. 2. He was forefolutely fober and temperate, that neither the importunity of company or pleafure of fenfe. could ever tempthimtoexcefs. 3. Of that exemplary chaftity and purity, that his life condemns the diflolutenefs and corrupt practices of the prefent Age, and demontftrates the poffibility of reftraining and regulating thofe mo- tions and defires, which of all others are wont to be moft violent and in- ordinate. 4. So ferupuloufly juft and righteotis, that he had rather a great deal fuffer wrong than do any. 5. Sotrié to his‘word and promife, that a man might fafely venture his Eftate and Life too upon it: His word being, as an honeft mans is faid to be, as good as his Bond, ~ 6, So faithful and conftant to his Friénd in all cotditions, as well adverle as profperous, that one might be fecure of him, and confident of his help and affiftance, whatever diftrefs or calamicy might befall one: He Heyer _deferting any man only becaufe fortune frown’d upeit him, as the’ com. mon fort of Friends are wont todo. 7. He was of fo diffufe and com- prehenfive Charity, that he could heartily affeét and embrace good men _ of all perfuafions ; Good men, I fay, toexclude fuch opinions as até de- ftructive of, or inconfiftent with true goodnefs. | To thefe I might add his Patience and Submiffion to the Divine Will, which did eminently appear in the time of his ficknefs, when he pro- -feffed himfelf contented to leave the world, if it pleafed God to have it fo, though then in the height of his firength and paits, and in the hot purfuit of ufeful udies and defigns, and in {uch circumftances, as to his private affairs and concernsin the world, as rendred fome continuance of life very defirable to him, and would have tempted 4 man of ordinary vertue to exprefs fome anger and difcontent at thefentence and expectati- on of death. And laftly, his due fear and reverence of the Deity, deep fenfe of his goodnefs, and thankfulnefs for thefame, fincere Piety in all his carriage toward him, and great abhorrency of whatever tended to his difhonour. | 7 : Thus much, though lefs pertinent to the Argument of this prefent Work, Ithought fit to premife concerning his Vertues, partly to do him right by procuring him the honour due to his memory: And partly to provoke young Gentlemen of this Nation, by the propofal of fo illuftri- ous an example of their own Rank, to profecute the {tudy of ingenuous Literature, and afpire to true honour by the conftant exercife of Vertue. I proceed now to give an account of this Work, and acquaint the Rea- der with the occafion of his attempting it, and what progrels he made in it. Obferving in this bufie and inquifitive Age the Hiftory of Animals alone | to have been in a great meafure neglected by Engli/h men ( for that fince . Turner and Mouffet none that I know of hath performed any thing therein J pyorty of commendation ) he made the ftudy thereof his Province, ap- ) plying himfelf with all diligence tothe cultivating and illuftrating of ir. Weick that he might the more effectually do, he not only read what had beoa written by others, but did himfelf accurately defcribe all the Animals he could find or procure either in England or beyond the Seas, making a . Voyage into forein Countries dticlly for that purpofe, to fearch out, view and defcribe the feveral Species of Nature. Andthough he was not long er eo —? \ The PREFACE. long abroad, yet travelled he over a great. part of France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries. In all which places he was fo: inguifi- tive and {uccefsfiil, that not many forts of Animals defcribed by others efcaped his diligence. For my part Iknow no man who hath feen more Species, been more exact in noting their differences, and inventing Cha- tacteriftic Marks whereby they may be certainly diftinguifhed ; or more curious-in diflecting them, and obferving the make and conftitution of their parts as well internal as external. Howbeit I do notdeny bur fome have aa more accurate in anatomizing one or tworparticular Animals. The reafon of this his diligence was, becaufe he obferved that fome of the defcriptions of former Writets of this kind, either by reafomof their brevity, or becaufe they contained only general notes, were very: ob- {cure, and gave occafion to many errours and. miftakes, but chiefly un- neceflary multiplications of Species ; the Readers often miftaking feveral defcriptions of the fame Animal, which they meet with in divers Au- thors, by reafon of their generality and obfcurity, for fo many defcripti- - ons of feveral Animals. Now that he might clear up all thefe obfcuri- ties, and render che knowledge and diftin@ion of Species facile to all that fhould come after, he bent his endeavours mainly to find out (as I before intimated ) certain Characteriftic notes of each kind. But if in any kind no fingular mark occurred whereby it might be certainly di- ftinguifhed from all others, he did minutely and exaély defcribe all its parts, thar at leaft a Collection of many accidents, which all together could not be found in any Species elfe of the fame kind, might ferve for a - Chara¢teriftic: That the Reader fhould not by a general and ambigu- ous defcription be left in fufpenfe, or incur the danger of error. But becaufe a prolix.and operofe defcription is tedious to moft Readers, and to the unatrentive feems rather to obfcure than illuftrate the thing de. {cribed, to relieve and gratifie fuch, befides the defcription he often adds ‘ fome fhort notes, by which the Animal defcribed may be diftingnifhed from others of the famckind like to it, and wherewith itis in danger to be confounded. Now though I cannot but commend his diligence, yet I muft confefs that in defcribing the colours of each fingle: feather he fometimes feems tome to be too fcrupulous and particular, partly be- caufe Nature dothnot in all Individuals, (perhaps not in any two) ob- ferve exactly the fame fpots or ftrokes, partly becaule it is very difficule {oto word defcriptions of this fortas to render them intelligible : Yet da- red [ not to omit or alter any thing. » , But to proceed, our Author having made fo good progres in this Work, that few of our European Animals defetibed by others had efcaped his view; that he might (as far as in him lay ) perfe& the Aiiftory of Ani- mals, he defigned a Voyage into the New World, but lived not to under- take it. For abourthe beginning of Fune, in the year 1672, being feized with a Pleurifie, which terminated in that kind of Fever Phyficians call Catarrbalis within lefs than a month after he took his bed, on the third of uly inthe thirty feventh year of his Age he departed this life to the im- menfe grief of his Friends and all good men that knew him, and the great lofs of the Common-wealth in general. Viewing his Manufcripts after his Death, Ifound the feveral Animals in every kind both Birds, Beafts; Fifhes, and InleGts digefted into a | | methed *, ” The PRE FACE. | Method of his own contriving, but few of their Defcriptions and Hifte- -zies fo full and perfe& as he intended them , Which he was fo fenfible _of, that when | asked him upomthis death-bed, Whether it was his plea- 5 fure they fhould be publifhed, he anfwered, that he did not defire it, nor thought them fo confiderable as to deferve it, or fomewhat to that purpofe, for the very words Ido not well remember, though he con- feft there were in them fome new and pretty obfervations about Infeés, But, confidering thatthe publication of them might conduce fomewhat 1. To the illuftration of Gpds glory) by exciting men to take notice of, and admire his infinite power and wifdom dif laying themfelves in the Creation of fo many Species of Animals; And 2.To the affiftance and eafe of thofe who addi& themfelves to this moft pleafanc, and no lef ~ ufeful part of Philofophy ; And 2 Alfo to the honour of our Nation, in making it appear that no part of real knowledge is wholly balked and neglected by us, ( he not contradicting ) I relolved to publith them, and _ firft took in hand the Ornithology. As for the {cope and defign of this undertaking, it was neither the Au- thors, nor is it my intention to write Pandeéts of Birds, which fhould comprife whatever had been before written of them by others, whether true, falfe or dubious, that having already been abundantly performed by Ge/ner and Aldrevandus, nor tocontraét and Epitomize their large and bulky Volumes; left\we fhould tempt Students to gratifie their floth fo far as to take up with fuch Epitomes, and neglect the reading of the Au. thors themfelves at large, which would be much more fatisfactory and improving : and befides, this were but atm agere, {ich Epitomes be- ing already made by fobn/ton: But our main defign was to illuftrate the Hiftory of Birds, whichis (as we faid before of Animals in general ) in many particularsconfufed and obfcrue, by fo accurately defcribing each Reader might be {ure of our meaning, and upon compating any Bird with gur defcription not fail of difcerning whether it be thé :delcribed orno, Nor will ic bedifficule to find out any unknown Bird that fhall be offered ; For comparing it with the Tables firft, the Charaéterittic notes of the ‘venws’s from the higheft or firft downward will eafily guide him to the lowelt genus ; among the Species whereof, being not many, by comparing it alfo with the feveral defcriptions the Bird may foon be found. This then being our defign, that we might farely effect it, we did not as fome before us have done, only tran{cribe other mens de- ‘Kind, and obferving their Charaéteriftic and diftin@ive notes, that the _ {criptions, but we our felves did carefully defcribe each Bird from the view and infpection of it lying before us.. That this diligence was not fuperfluous or without effect will appearin that we have thereby cleared many difficulties, and rectified many miftakes in the Writings of Gener and Aldrovandus, If it be asked, waatcaufed thefe great Authors to mi- ftake? I anfwer, fhort and general defcriptions of Birds of the fame Species under different Titles, either {ent them by their Correfpondents in feveral parts, or found in Books. Hence their miftakes are efpeci- ally in the multiplying of Species, and making two or three forts of one. ‘This is eafie to obferve in reading of their Works. For their own | defcriptions of fuch Birds as themfelves faw, are for the moft very accurate and full, but chofe communicated by others are of a different ftamp, Se (Teer AOE. = ftamp, as being compofed by meén not well verfed in defcribing of | Animals, containing only a*few general and ambiguous_notes, fo that. one defcription.will fit divers Species, or two or three defcriptions {ute one and the fame; which muft needs occafion {uch miftakes as we men- tioned of repeating the fame Bird two or three times for different kinds, under divers Titles. -Many fuch errors occur in Aldrovand, which the Reader fhall find noted in this Work, and fome alfo in Gefner, not- withftanding his great skill and circum{pection. Yet do we not pretend to have difcovered and rectified all the miftakes and errors in thefe Au- thors: There remain yet findry. defcriptidiis of this nature, which we are doubtful of whether they be of Birds {pecifically diftinét orno: Nor do we fee any means left to refolve our felves, unlefs perchance by-trayel- ling to thofe places whence fuch defcriptions and utles were fent, where we might probably learn what Birds the Inhabitants underftand by thofe names.. | me | Having acquainted the Reader with our principal aim in this Work, which was to give certain Characteriftic notes of the feveral kinds, accurately to defcribe each Species, and to reduce all to their proper Claffes or Genera: We fhall further add, that we have wholly omitted what we find in other Authors concerning Hlomonymous and Synonymous words, or the divers names of Birds, Hieroglyphics, Emblems, Morals, Fables, Prefages, or ought elfe appertaining to Divinity, Ethics, Gram- mar, ot any ort of Humane Learning :, And prefent him only with what properly relates to their Natural Hiftory. Neither have we {craped to. gether whatever of this nature is any where extant, but have ufed choice, and inferted only fuch particulars as our felves can warrant upon our own knowledge and experience, or whereof we have aflurance by the teftimony of good Authors, or fufficient Witnefles. And, becaufe what is ftreight doth both manifeft -ic felf, and alfo difcover what is croo- ked, we contented our felves to put down only what we approve, not thinking it neceflary to {pend time in confuting the contrary error. : | Goficeraing the names of Birds we did not much trouble our felves, there having been difputing enough about them long ago, but have for the moft part followed Gefner and Aldrovandus, being unwilling to di- fturb what is fetled, or difpoflefs Names, that may for their ufe now plead prefcription. For to what purpofe is it eternally to wrangle about things; which certainly to determine is either abfolutely im- poflible, er next door toit? Efpecially feeing if by immente labour it might at laft be found out, by what Namesevery Species was known to the Ancients, the advantage that would thence accrue would: nog countervail the pains: About the Phrafe and Style we were not very folicitous, taking greater~care toxender the Senfe perfpicuous than the ‘Language ornate. But becaufe Mas Willughby (though {paring neither pains not coft) could not procure, and confequently didnot defcribe all forts of Birds ; to perfect the Work, I havé added the Defcriptions and Hiftories of thofe that were wanting, out ot Gener, Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Marggravius, Clufius, Flernandex, Bontins, Wormius, and Pifo, difpofing each kind, as near asl could, in its proper place. nf Now € The PREFACE. Now becaufe elegant and accurate Figures do much illufrate and facilitate the underftanding of Defcriptions, in order to the Engraving {uch Figures for this Work, Mr. Willughby made a Collection of as many Pictures drawn in colours by the life as he could procure. Firft, He purchafed of one Leonard Baltner, aFifherman of Strasburgh, a Volume . containing the Pictures of all the Warer-fowl frequenting the Rhene near that City, asalfo all the Fifh and Water-Infe@ts found there, drawn with great curiofity and exaétnefs by an excellent hand. The which Fowl, Fifhes, and Infects the faid Baltner had himfelf taken, defcribed, and at his own proper cofts and charges caufed to be drawn. Which curiofity is much to be admired and’ commended in a Perfon of his Condition and Education. For my part, I muft needs acknowledge that I have received much light and information from the Work of this poor man, and have been thereby inabled to clear many difficulties, and rectifiefome miftakes in Gefner. Secondlys At Nurenberg in Germany he ‘bought a large Volume of Pictures of Birds drawn incolours. Third- ly, He caufed divers Species, as well feen in England as beyond the Seas, to be drawn by good Artifts. Befides what he left, the defervedly fa- mous Sir Thomas Brown, Profeflor of Phyfick in the City of Norwich, frankly communicated the Draughts of feveral rare Birds, with fome brief notes and defcriptions of them. Out of thefe, and the Printed Figures of Aldrovandus, and Pet. Olina, an Italian Author, we culled out thofe we thought moft natural, and refembling the life, forthe Gravers to imitate, adding alfo all but one or two of Marggravius’s, and fome out of Ciufius his Exotics, Pifo his Natural Hiftory of the We/? Indies, and Bontius his of the Ea/t. = ‘The Gravers we employed, though they were very good Workmen, yet in many Sculps they have not fatisfied me. For I being at a great di- {tance from London, and all advices and dire@ions neceflarily paffing by Letter, fometimes through hafte miftook in my direétions, {ometimes through wearinefs and impatience of long Writing fent not fo clear and full inftru€tions as was requifice; and they as often neglected their inftructions, or miftook my meaning. Notwithftanding the Figures, fuch as they are,take them all together,they are the beft and trueft, that is, moft like the live Birds, of any hitherto engraven in Brafs, . It isrequifite now that we inform the Reader what compendious ways we fought to avoid unneceflary expences in graving of Figures. 1. Of the fame Species of Bird when more Figures than one occurred either in _ divers Authors, or our own Papers, or both, we cauféd only,one, which we judged to be the beft to be engraven. 2. We have for the moft part contented our {elves with the figure of one Sex only, and that the Male. 3- We have omitted all fuch dubious Icons as we knew not whether they were of true birds or not, or could not certainly determine of what Species they were. 4. Of fuch as differ only in bignefs, or if otherwife in fuch accidents as cannot be exprefled in Sculpture, we have given onl the Figure of the greater. Of this kind are the greater and lefler Curlew, the common Snipe, and Jack-Snipe, or Judcock. And yet fome Birds we have caufed to be graven twice when the firft time the Gravers mift their aim, and fhoc too wide of their mark: Such are the red-leo’d ihe . the ‘+ | The PREFACE. ~Thecommon Swallow,the Swift, the cominon Blackbird, the Honfe-Dove, t Royfton (vow, the Witwall, and the Dottrel. I might add hereto the Candda Goofe inthe feyentieth Plate, for I now perfuade my elf thatthe Bird graven in Plate 71.is the fame with it. The Sheldrake was through miftake twice figured in Plates 70. and 71. fo was the Auk or Razor-bill in Plates 64. and 65. ‘The figures of the Rock Onzel, Bittern, and Stone-Curlev firft graven, though they were paflable enough, yet having afterwards gotten very exact Figures of thofe Birds,we caufed them alfo to be Engraven. a) The whole Work we have divided into three Books. Inthe firft we treat of Birds in general, inthe fecond of Land-fowl; in the third of Water-Fowl. The fecond Book we have divided into two parts: ‘The firft whereof contains Birds of crooked Beak and Talons ; The fecond, fuch whofe Bills and Claws are more frreight. The third Book istripartite : The firft part takes in all Birds that wade in the waters, or frequent watery places, but {wim not , The fecond, fach as are of a middle nature between {wimmers and waders, or rather that partake of both kinds, fome whereof are cloven-footed, and yet fwim ; others whole-footed, but yet very long-leg’d like the waders: The third is of whole-footed, or fin-toed Birds, that /wim in the water. As for fabulous Birds, {uch asareconfefledly fo, viz, Phenixes, Griffins, _ Harpyes, Kuk, and the like, Ihave omitted them, as being no part of our fub- ject, and all that can be {aid of them having been more than once written already. _ Ihave alfo omitted fome that I only fufpected for fictitious, as the Sothian Bird,the Aquila Heteropus,8c. Yet becaufe [| would not rely too much upon my own judgment, I have put in the Appendix the defcriptions of fome of that nature out of Mernandex , which I refer to the Readers cenfure. It remains that I make a grateful mention of fuch of our learned and wor- thy Friends, ashave givenus any confiderable information or affiftance ; as well to do them right, asto acquaint the Reader whom we mean by fome names recorded in this Work. ‘Thofe were Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich be- fore remembred : Francis Feffop Elq; of Broom-hall in Sheffield Parifh Yorkshire, who fentus the Defcriptions and Cafes of many rare Birds; and difcovered and gave us notice of many Species thereabout, which we knew not before to be native of England : Sir Philip Skippon of Wrentham near Bliborough in. the o County of Suffolk, Knight, who communieated the Pi@ures of {everal Birds we wanted: And Mr. Ralph Fobnfon of Brignal near Greta Bridge in Yorkshire, a Perfon of fingular skill in Zoology, efpecially the Hi/fory of Birds, who be- {ides the Defcriptions and Pictures of divers uncommon, and fomeunde- {cribed both Land and Water-fowl, communicated to us his Method of Birds, whereby we were infome particulars inforined, in many others confirmed , his judgment concurring with ours in the divifions and Charaéteriftic notes of the Genera. | | Thus much may fuffice to have fpoken by way of Preface of the Work in general. It may now be expected that I give fome account of the Englifb Tranflati= on. But I have not much to fay concerning it ; I {hall only acquaint the Rea- _ der what I have therein amended, and what I have thereto added. | Firft, The errors and miftakes which fince this Work was publifhed I have difcovered, and in the Tranflation noted or correéted are thefe. The firft miltake is in the placing of theToucan, falfly called the Brafilian Pie, among the Birds of the Pie-kind: It properly belonging to the Woodbecker Tribe, ag | | es having The P RE PY! CE. having a like difpofition of Toes, two ftanding forward, and twobackward. and in like manner hewing aholein a Tree to build its Neft in. Thist did before fufpect, but am now aflured of by an exa@ defcription oF this Bird [ met with in Jo. Faber hisExplications of fome American Animals of Recchus. 2. In making Bellonivs hiS greater red-leg’d Partridge ot Greek Partridge to be a different kind from the common red-leg’d Partridge, which upon diligent comparing the Defcriptions and Hiftories, I find to be the fame with it, 3- In putting down the Fringilla [paria cum talcari Alaide, Pag. 188. for a diftinét Species from the precedent Bird, entitled Montifringilla ma jor, or the great Brambling. This miltake was committed by meer acci: dent, and forgetfulnefs, 4. In the conjecture that the Larws Maximus, de. {cribed pag. 261. was the Skua of Aoierus, whereas I find that our Catarrabhes defcribed pag.265. is his Skua, the defcriptions exactly agreeing. 5, In put- ting down the Bird entitled, Anas fera capite fubruffo minor for a diftina Species, whereas I am now affured by our Fowlers, that it isthe Hen Golden-eyei Ido alfo fulpectthe Anas feracapite fubruffomajor, defcribed for a diftin& kind in pag. 282.to have been no other than a Young Cock-Golden-eye, thathad not ‘moulted his Chicken-feathers. 6. In placing the Anas fera fufca or Pochard. And 7. the Havelda of Wormins among the River or Pla/h-Ducks, whereas they belong to the Sea-kind. 8. In making the Bird defcribed, pag.289.under the title of Pha/cas fortaffe Gefnero, to be a difting Species, which Ifind by. compa- ring the Birds themfelvesto be a Hlen-Wigeon. Befides thefe, I find remain. ing ftilltobe corrected, 1. Amiftake about the fituation of ‘the blind-guts in Birds: For they do not-defcend from the ftomach downwards, but afcend ftom the intefiinun rectum upwards, being asit were two branches of the inte- ftimun reétum, and {o in that refpe& differ not from the Blind-guts of Quadru- peds,asis affirmed pag.7. ‘2. Among the Birds that want the back-toe,enume- rated, pag. 3. the ‘Dottrelisomicted. 3. I am now perfuaded that’ the Stella Ayis of Aldvovandus isa difterent kind from the Buffard, and that the Bird we faw in theMarket at Modena was this Stella,for to my beft remembrance it was much lefs than a. Buftard, and therefore I revoke what was {aid in contradi- ction to Aldrovandws his affrmation,that the Bu/lard isa ftranger to Italy : But it _ isvery likely that this Stella Avis is the fame with the Anas Campeftris of Bellonius. Belides thele the Reader fhall find corrected thofe overfights and errors noted in the Magredunaqw in the Latine, and others which I cannot now call to mind. Secondly, For additionsthere are fo many throughout the whole Work that it would be too tedious to enumerate them, I {hall only mention the - three principal and moft confiderable, which might pafs for juft Tractates on thofe Subjects. 1. An Epitome of the Art of Fowling, colleéted,partly out of Olina’s Uccelle- vid, Written in Italian, but chiefly out of Gervafe Markham’s Book, entitled, lungers prevention, or the Art of Fowlmg ; fomething allo being added out of alate Englifh Book, entituled, An Epitome of the,Art of Husbandry, the Author whereot was pleafedto cortceal his name. | “5 | , 2. An Idea of Falconry, being an abridgement of the Authors long fince _Englifhed and put together by Turbervile, and of our owa lateand beft ap- proved Writer Latham, with fomething out of Aldrovandus. 3. Directions for the ordering of Singing Birds contracted, out of the forementioned Epitome of the Art of Husbandry, Olina’s Uccelleria, and Aldro. vandus. In all which Difcourfes I have corrected fome ‘miftakes se ai 7 3 : uthors a _ though feeding only upon Infeéts, are efteemed good to eat, and admitted toour Tables: ‘The moft delicate of thefe are thofe we have termed Mud. _ fuckers, that with their long Nebs thruft into the Earth fuck out of the Mud or The PREFACE. Authors, illuftrated what was obfcure, and intermingled fome oblervations of my own. Here by the by I cannor but refle&t upon the Author of a late Englifh Book, encituled, The Gentlemans Recreation. For having had occa- fion to examine and compare Books upon thefe Subjects, I find that all chat he hath confiderable concerning Fowling is taken out of the foremencioned Bookof Markham, and yet hath he notto my remembrance made any men- tion of his Author ; What he hath of Hawking is likewife an Epitome of Turberviles Collections, with fome addition out of Lathams Falconry; without acknowledgment that all was borrowed. I doubt not but [could have traced him in his other Difcourfes of Efauting and Fifhing, had I had leiftire or will to compare his Book with Turberviles, Waltons, and other Treatifes of thofe Subjects. I donotblame him for Epitomizing, but for fuppreffing his Au- thors names, and publifhing their Works as his own, infomuch that not only the Vulgar, but even Learned men have been deceived by him, fo thatthey have looked upon him as aeconfiderable Writer, of extraordinary skill in fuch Arts ahd Exercifes, and onethat had advanced and improved them. By the way therefore it may not be amifs to caution Learned men that they be not too hafty nor lavifh in their public commendations of new Books before they have taken the pains to compare them with former Treatilés on thofé Subjects, leftthey render themfelves ridiculous by publifhing thofe for ad- vancers of knowledge, who are indeed meer Plagiaries and Compilers of other mens Works, ge | I might have added a cenfure of the flefh of Birds in reference to wholfom- nefsin Diet, but that is done in the particular Species, and by many Authors in the Dietical parcof their Inftitutions of Phyfic ; only in’ general we have taken notice, 1. In Land-fowl, that the flefh of no Carnivorous Bird is good meat, neither of the Rupacious kind that touch no Vegetables, nor yet of the Crow-kind,which feed promifcuoufly upon Flefh, and Fruits, or Seeds. 2. That the flefh of fuch birds as feed only upon Infe@ts is not approved good meat, _ for example, Woodpeckers and Swallows. As for fmall Birds.of flender Bills that are reputed good, they feed as well upon Fruits and Beriies as upon In- feéts, though itmay be chiefly upon. Infeéts, but they are beft when they feed upon Fruits, asthe Beccafigo in Fig-time, 3. The Birds that feed upda Grain and Seeds only, (if any fuch) orupon Fruits, or Seeds, and-nfeG? asthe Poultry-kind, are the beft of all. 4. Of Water-fowl, fach asfeed only or chiefly upon Fifh are not good meat, Yet the Youngof fome of thele are approved asa delicacy, though I {carce think very wholfom: Suchare youn: Soland-Geefe, Puffins, Pewets, and Herons. Befides thefe, all sce ee ; Ouze a fatty juyce, by whichthey are nourifhed.. ak: Two or three Obfervations communicated by Mr. Martin Lifter of York, my honoured Friend, being through ‘forgerfulnefs omitted in their proper places inthe Book, I fhall thruft into‘this Preface. 1. ‘The Curruca or Fledg- Sparrow lays Sea-green or pale-blue Eggs, which neatly emptied and wired fame Swallow I have known by the fubtradting daily of her Eggs to have laid nineteen {ucceflively, and then to have given over. 3. The Bunting breaks not Oats, but hulls them moftdexteroully, as] obferve, having of chem by \4 , (a 2} me a ne _ Ihave feen fair Ladies wear at their Ears for Pendants. 2. One and the . : “Th PREFACE. me at this prefentin Cages. 4. The Robin-red-breaft will not touch a hairy Caterpillar, but will gladly eat any fmooth one that Ihave given him; and there isno better way {peedily to tame and make wild Birds ling than to give thema pleafing Infect or two daily. 5. Neither flender nor thick-bill’d Birds but will gladly eat Spiders, as I have experienced in fome. ~ | I have no more to add, but only te advertife the Reader, that by the breadth of a Bird we underftand the diftance between the tips of the Wings extended; by the flag-feathers, or beam-feathers, or quilfeathers, or prime fea- thers, or fails of the Wing, we mean thofe of the firft row. That when we fay from Bill to Tail, we mean from Bill-point to Tail-end: That for brevities fake, and want of Englifh wotds, Iwas in this Tranflation often forced to ufe Latine, as for the circle about the Pupil of the Eye, Iris, and in the Plural, Irides ; for the liminary ftomach defcribed page 8. Echinus, and fome others : And fo] bid him | ae | a Farewell. =o ornate ane Errata. Pp 13.line 10» for or read as, 22.61. Witwall. 38.14. Glafs. 46.50. for'the read to. 58. 6. after cal- led add by the. 64. 18.Oripelareus. 65. 4. Cloak. 66. 39. after {everal add forts. 94.56. Pauwius. 109.32. unufual. 129. 27. after head put in of. 135.26. lower.’ 137. 20.down. 143. 43. for of read to. 153. 32. wallowifh. 159.32. gate, 2c1.9.Line. 203.Birds, 233.22. dele the reft their lower. 2 52:36. after faith add being. 254.39. feven oreight. 256.17. cinereous, 257. 16. after lower add joynt, 260.17, fix or feven. 270. 11. tooth, 294.17. eight or nine. 308.8. Egos. 311.38. Aberdovey. 332.27. forfmall read broad. 337.45. for yard read foot. 369, 18, Schellent. 378. 22. Anas, 379-2. Ipecati apoa. 385. 41. for White read Yolk. . Fillup the blank page so, line 12 with thefé words, ( Tab.2. Fig.7.) That,page 46.line 45 with thefe 9. Tab.2.) Page 369. line 25. blot out thefewords, Inthe lefler rows of covert- feathers is alfo a great {pot of white. Page 374. this Figure és omit- ted. The Birds marked with an Afterifc are {uch as we our felves faw not, nor defcribed, but borrowed their de(criptions of others. But others there are befides which ought to have been marked, viz. Bontius his Indian Raven, page 126. Toucan 128, Jaguacati guacu 147. The Dodo 153. Mitu. 158. Pauxi 160, Mituporang Ibid. Jacupema 165. Jambu 167. Damafcus Partridge Ibzd. Indian Quail 171. Canne-petiere 179. Attinga guacu mucu 198. Calandra 208. Giarola 209. AlltheBirds defcribed page 210, 211. Humming birds 230. though we have often feen many forts of thefe. Wood Titmoufe 243. Aldrovands firft Yellow- hammer 269. Cariama276. Anhima Ibid. Aldrovands third afh-coloured Heron 278. Squaiotta 281. The other green-footed Water-hen 313. Another green-footed Water- hen of Bellonivs 314. Allthe Water-hens defctibed pag. 317, 318. The Penguin 322. Greate? crefted Doucker of Aldrovand 339. Water-hare or crefted Mexican Doucker Ibid. The fharp tail’d I//and-Duck of Wormiws 364. Tpeca guacu 383. | Some other Jiteral faults or omiffions, and errours in pointing there are, which becaufe they are obvious and eafie to be correCted, and cannot likely occafion any doubt or mi- {take, [have not here put down, left I fhould feem too much to diftruft either the Rea- ders judgment, or hisingenuity. For my part, I can eafily pardon fo few faultsof the Printers as Thave obferved in this Work, efpecially being printed from a Manutfcript ; as knowing by experience how difficult a thing itis for the moft quick-fighted, circum{peé and diligent Corrector that is, to efpy all the faults that the Compofitors. will commit, evenin one fheet of Paper, at once or twice reading over. THE 4 | : I FIRST BOOK ORNITHOLOGY FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Ef; Of Birds in general. Cuarp. I. Of the external parts of Birds. yen ez, do not intend to treat of all the parts of Birds, but of thofe “NCZ> only which are either proper to this kind, or if common to ; other Animals, have in Birds fomething peculiar in their fhape, ~ fize, temper, ufe, or fome other remarkable accident. 1. All Birds in general, without exeeption of any, want ‘rhe pit and Teeth, in {tead whereof they are furnifhed with a Bill of a its ules. horny fubftance. By Teeth we underftand Teeth properly fo called, 2%. fuch as are diftin& and feparable from the Mandi- bles. For in fome Birds, as for example Divers, the Bills them: felves are toothed or indented after the manner of aSaw. The Bill in Birds hathtwo principal ufes; the one as an inftrument to gather and receive their food ; the other as a weapon to fight with, either by aflaulting others, or defending and revenging themielves. ‘Thefe, I fay, are the principal ufes, befides which it ferves them alfo for other purpofes, to wit, building their Nefts, feeding their Young, preening their Feathers, and fome forclimbing, asthe Parrot and Shell-apple. 2. Inall Birds, except Nocturnal ones, the head is {imaller and bears lef{s proporti- The Head: on to the body than in Quadrupeds, that it may more readily divide the Air in flying, | and making way for the body render its paflage more eafie. 3- In Birds and Fifhes the eyes are more flat and deprefled than in Quadrupeds, The Eyes, A circle of {mall plates of bone placed. {calewife under the outward coat [ tunica Sclerodes | where the proceffus ciliares are, encompafies the pupil of each eyein Birds, to {trengthen the eyes, and defend them from injuries. Moreover moft, if not all Birds, have a Membrane for Nidtation, called in Latine Periophthalmium, where- Membrane fot withal they can at their pleafure cover their Eyes, though their eye-lids be open. Miation. This hath its rife from the greater or more obtufé corner of the Eye, and ferves to wipe, cleanfe, and perchance moiften the Swperficies of it. “This Membrane is not proper to Birds only, but common, with them to many Quadrupeds.’ * Dr. Harvey, « Of the Genes treating of the Eyes of Birds haththis obfervation: The Eyes of’ Birds (faith he ) se- rat. of Ani- ver contra themfelves to that proportion whichis between the eye aud head of aviviparous Ml BT’. Ammal. For if ia Hens or other Birds you take off the skin covering the eyes, you fhall jind that either of them will at leaf? equal the whole bulk of the brain: But in a Woodcock, and the like, cither eye is greater than all the reft of the bead, fetting alide the Bill. Ix general the orbit or cavity containing the eye inall Birds exceeds the brainit felf, as may be fen in their skull. Their eyes indeed outwardly appear but fuall, because excepting the pupils they are wholly covered with skin and feathers. Inour ob{ervation the cavity con- oe the brain 1s greater than the orbit of either eye in many, not to fay all, irds, | B 4. Al} >Re NITHOLUGHY Tori The Ear. 4. All Birds want the external ear, {tanding out from the head. For though there is afortof Owl called in Latine Noctua aurita, or the eared Owl, yet hath it not ears properly fo called, but only feathers es out on each fide the head, fomewhat re{embling Earsor Horns, afdis therefore called alfo the Horz-Owl. T fuppofe the feathers encompafling the Ear-holes in Birds fupply the defect of the exterior Ear. In moft forts the Ear-holes are open and uncovered; but in allnocturnal, and fome diurnal rapacious Birds provided with covers. The Bridle of 5, The Bridle of the mouth, or the Membrane connecting the Mandibles at each the moutly corner, either falls inward when the mouth is fhut, as in moft Birds, or outward, as in Larks. By the foftnefs, colour, and thicknefg of this part young birds may be __ diftinguifhed from old ones. | cccEpisio- 6. All Birds want the* Epigloti#s ; whence it ismanifeft, that part is not atall ne- +} 2 Theco. ceflary to the modulation or articulation of the voice; feeing many Birds can tune verofthe and modulate their voice moft melodioufly, and fome alfo {peak articulately, not- eee withftanding they want it. The cranny in the top of the+ Larynx, through which the of the Wind- Air pafles to and fro in refpiration, lies dire€tly under the fiffure or cleft of the pipe: Palate, or the hole which leads to the Nofthrils. The Neck. 7- Such Birds as have long Legs, have alfo a long Neck; for that otherwife they could not commodioufly gather up their food, eithér on Land, or in the water. But on the other fide, thofe which have long Necks have not always long Legs, asappears in Swans, Geese, and other Water-fow] ; whole Necks ferve them to reach to the bot- toms of Rivers, Lakes, and Pools of water, to fetch up thence, Snails, Whilks, Infedts, Seeds, and Herbs, while their bodies {wim on the Surface of the water. , 8. All Birds, inftead of Channel-bones [ Clavicule ] wherewith many Quadru- TheMerry- peds are furnifhed, have a bone which we in Enelifh commonly call the Merry- noe thought [ furcula. |] 4. 9g. All Birds whatfoever have Wings, or rudiments of Wings; which anfwer to The Wings, the fore-legs in Quadrupeds. Among Land-fowl the Oftrich, Caffowary, and Dodo 5 among Water-fowl the Penguiz have wingsaltogether ufelefsand unfit for flight.Thofe efpecially of the Caffowary are fo very littleand next tonone, that I cannot imagine what ufe they fhould beof to her. As for the Oftrich, her Wings extended and agi- tated affift herin running, being like Sails to a Ship. Infects indeed have Wings, and fo have Bats, but of a different kind from thofe of Birds; the former Membra- naceous, the latter Cutaneous: Only Birds have Wings made up of Feathers. All Birds toward the extremity of their Wings havea certainfinger-like Appendix, which Theexreri. Weare wont to call the Secundary or Baftard Wing: Itismade up of four or five fmall our Baflard feathers. Befides this under the wing, oron theinfide of the Wing, fome Birds,efpe- Wing. cially. Water-fowl, havearow of feathers growing, which wecall the Ivteriour ba- The intcriour lard wing 5 which inmoft Birds is white of colour. : Ballard wing" 40, All Birds are two-leg’d, which is common to them with man; who is there- The Legs and fore defined by Plato, Animal inplume bipes, a two-legg’d Animal without feathers, to Peet. diftinguith him from Birds. But this definition being rendred ridiculous by Diogenes, turning loofe a Cock with his feathers plucked off, and crying Ecce hominem Plato-: nicum, See Plato'sman: To mend the matter and fecurethe definition from cavil and derifion, they added to it MAaqevuy@., with broad wails, thinking that thereby they had perfectly excluded all Birds 5 whereas had Diogenes been well skilled in the Hi- {tory of Birds, he might have foon fitted himfelf with a Birdto pluck, that fhould have anwered their reformed definition, as well asa Cock did their original, vz. a Didap- . per or Loon,and allo a Stork, that having broad nailsas well as man.But to leave that, * Footlefs. and return tothe matter in hand; fome Swallows indeed are called * Apodesnot becaule they doaltogether want feet and legs,but becaufe they have very fhort, little, and in- firm ones. Thefe by reafon of the length of their wings and fhortnefs of their legs, if they happen to fallon theground, can hardly raife themfelves again. But that the Birds of Paradife, fo called, fhould want feet, as was not long fince generally be- lieved, not only by the Vulgar, but alfo by the greateft Naturalifts themfelves, even fuch as were moft converfant in the Héffory of Avzmals, becaufe thofe brought out of the Izdzes were wont to be mutilated and bereaved of their feet, is now fuffi- ciently convinced to be falfeby the teftimony of eye-witnefles, and by the Birds themfelves brought overintire, fo that no man in hisright witscan any longer doubt of that matter. | rf The Toes. 11. Moft Birds have four Toes in each foot, three ftanding forwards, and one backwards. Some few have only three, all ftanding forwards, for thefe ie pe ack- Birds of Pa- radife, Boor L ORNITHOLOGY. back-toe. usd are among the Birds hitherto known, 1, The Caffowary or.Emen 3 2. The Buftard; 3. The Stoné Curlew or Ocdicnemus of Bellowiuss.: 4. Uf it, bédis itin& from the precedent, the Bird called Stella by Aldrovandus;, 5. The Avus. Cant 3. What Birds want the back-toe, peftrisof Belloniws; . 6. The Sea-Pie or Hematopus of Belloxivs ; 7. The Himantos pus of Pliny; 8. The Green Plover 5.9. The Sea-Lark; called Charadrins by Aldros vandus 10. The Sanderling. And of whole-footed Fowl], 11: 'The Penguin 3 12.The Coulterneb, Pope or Mullet, 1..e. Anas Arctica Clu’ 13. The Auk, or Raxor-bill 5 14. TheGuillemot or Sea-hen 15. The Mergus of Bellonins, if it be adifférentBird from the Avk, which we doubt of; And laftly, The Greenland Dove. The Oftrich on- ly hath but two Toes: Yet Marggraviws gives three to the Brafilian Oftrich, More than four toesin each foot ( whatever the Ancients report of the Porphyrio) Nature hath beftowed on nofort of Bird, unlefs you take the Spur in the Poultry Rind for a Toe. Of thofe which have four Toes, the moft have them ftanding three forward; and one backward ; fome have two forward, and two backward, as the Cuckow, all forts of * Parrotsand Wood-peckers, &c. Some have two forward, one backward, and a fourth movable outward, fo far as to make aright Angle with the. middle Toe, as the bald Buzsard, and perchance fome other Birds of prey, and all Owls. And lattly, fome have all four ftanding forward, asthe Swft. Thofe which want the back-toe “never fit upon Trees. The middle-toe and Leg-bone in moft Birds are of equal length. In fome whole-footed Birds the inmoftToe hath an external welt or bor- der of skin all along the length of it, of a good breadth; but never the out- moft. ) | | : 12. In all Birds that have four Toes, excepting only the black Martin or Swift, the back-toe hath but one bone, the outmoft of the fore-toes two, the middlemoft three, and the inmoft four. Which order, fo conftantly obferved by Nature, hath not as yet been taken notice of by any Naturalift, that I know. © Of all the Birds (as I faid ) that we have as yet takennotice of, the Black Martiz is only to beex- cepted, whofe feet are of afingular make, and different from thofe of other Birds as {hall be fhewn inits Hiftory. The hinder-toe, in thofe Birds which haveit, is f+ tuate on the inner fide of the foot, fupplying the place and ufe of a Thumb. The Claw or'Talon of the hind-toe, at leaft inLand-fowl, isthe greateft and. {trongeft of all. Inthofe Birdsthat have but one back-toe, the outmoft of the fore-toes for fome {pace from the bottomis joyned to the middle toe, ‘thatit may not fall backward, nor fo much as run outward, [ inmoft Birds,not in all. ’] This conjunGion is éither imme- diate by cohefion, or mediate by anintervening Membrane. | 13. All Birds that we have yet feen and examined, even fuch as.want a Tail, have aRump. Upon the Rump grow two Glandules, defigned for the preparation and _ fecretion of a certain unGuous humour, and furnifhed with a hole or excretory Vef- fel. About this hole grows a tuft of fmall feathers or hairs, fomewhat like toa Pain- ters Pencil. When therefore the partsof the feathers are fhattered, ruffled, or any: way difcompofed, the Bird, turning her head backward to her rump, with her Bill catches hold of the forenamed tuft, and preffing the Glandules, forces out the oyly pap, and therewithall anointing the disjoyned. parts of the feathers, and drawing them out with her bill, recompofes and places them in dueorder, and caufesthemto {tick fafter together. But here we are to take notice, that the Glandules of the Rump are lefler in thofe Birds that want Tails, as Colywbz, and the like, than in thofé that havethem. The fituatiott of the Toes, + Parrots are rather of the third fort, that can eve one Toe either way, The bones of the Toes. The Rump and its Glan- ules. 14. ‘The Orifices of Excrements and that of the Womb have a contrary (ite in all fea Harey of Ges, thered Fowlto what they have in other Animals: For in thefe, that of the Excrements gs Pt Excr.se placed immediately under theTail, and beneath it that of the Womb < In thofe, the vent or Orifice of Excrements is {ituate lowermoft, the aperture of the Womb between that and the Rump. * Aldrovandus thinks the convenience of coition is the caufe of this pofition » grnitho. of parts: For (faith he ) in thefe Animals engendring, the Male getting upon or treading \ib.14.c.15 the Perale, the Infiruments of generation ought tobe near one another, that they may more eafily and readily couple together. Which reafon isnot to us fatisfactory, for that Quadru- peds which mingle alfo: by fupergreffion or leaping, though they have not their Genitals {o fituate, experience from thence no difficulty or inconvenience in their Coition. meh | . 7 15., It is common toall Birds to have their whole body, or at leaft the greateft part all Birds (ez: _of it, covered with feathers growing thereon. By the word body in this placefun- tered: derftand only the Trunk of the body: For in moft Birds the legs\and feet, and in fomealfo the head is uncovered. Tadd[the greateft part] for the Oftrich fake., For Loe le though ea ee ER ee nt PS TE a, EP a, Gl Si LS Z ORNITHOLOGY, Booxl. though the legsand feet (as I faid) in moft Birds, and: in fome alfo the heads are na- ked, as for example in the Turkey, the Crane, the Emen, &c. yet befides the Oftrich we know no Bird that hath any other part of its body bare of feathers. What is reported of a kind of Hens, that bear wool inftead of feathers we take to be falfe How Pema andfabulous. Now though the words Pexuaand Plima, which we may Englith Quill. ean ws and Feather, or hard and foft feather,be fometimes promifeuoufly ufed,at leaft Pexwz ‘ in good Authors containsunder it Plama, yet we in this work for greater perfpicuity diftinguifh thefe names, with our excellent Harvey, inthis manner: Penne differ from Plume iv their fhape, ufe, place, and order of growth. Chickens are firft plumigerows before pennigerous. { Herein I muft crave leave to diffent from him, unlefs he comprehends the firft Lazugo or Down upon Chickens under thename of Pluma, for I think the Quils begin to {pring as foon as the reft of the Feathers. ] For the Pennz or Quils are found only in the Wings and Rump, and {pring deeper from the lower part of the skin, or the = ares very * Periotteum, . and ferve for motion and flight 5 the Plume or feathers {pring fron the pavetling the upper part of the skin, and are found every where in the body for defence and ornament. The Down, wherewith Birds newly hatch’d arecovered, fticks, for the moft part, to the tips A the primigenial feathers. In very many Birds the middle parts of the feathers are black. : The Tailand 6. The Tailsof Birds aremade up of feathers. Moft Birds have this part, fome rice few want it, as the Doucker or Loon, and a fort of Hew. The Tail ferves them for {teering their courfe, and turning in the Air, as it werea Rudder. ‘Thisis chiefly feenin Kites, of which Pliny faiththus, This kind feems to have tanght men the Art of governing a Ship by the flexures of their Tails, Nature fhewing inthe Air what'was needful to be done in the deep. Hencethofe Birds that have buta fhort Tail and long legs, ftretch out their Legs backward in flying, to fupply the defe& of the Tail; whereas other Birds, which have long or indifferent Tailsfy moft with their Legs drawn up to theit body, fome few with them hanging down, as Water-Hens. Befides, the Tail doth not only ferve for directing and governing the flight, but likewife for fupporting and + Douckers keeping even the body. Hence the t¢ Colymb:, which have no Tails, fly very incon- orLoons. —-yemently, as it were ered inthe Air, with their heads{traight upward, and their Tail almoft perpendicularly downward. In many Birds the outmoft feathers of the Tail are whiter than the middle ones. Thetwo middle feathers are notfituate inthe fame right lines with the reft on each fide, but a little higher or more forward. The number of Tail-feathers in no fort of Bird isodd. We have notas yet obferved in the Tail of any Bird fewer than ten feathers; though Marggravivs mentions fome Bra- ‘(lian Birds that have but eight feathers intheir Tails; And it hath been told us, that ‘the Tropic-bird hath only two, but thofe very long ones. The Flag-feae 17, Thetipsof the Flag-feathers of the Wings run out intoa point on that fide the ve the fhaft in fuch asare gradually longer, which refpetts the feathers thatare longer, or that run outfurther ; fo inthe ten outmolt feathers the exterior Vanes run out into points, becaufe the exterior of thofe feathers are Jonger than the interior, or at lealt by reafonof their fituation inthe Wing complicated run out further. Inthe reftof the Flags towardsthe body, the interior Vanes run out into points, becaufe from the tenth inwards theinterior feathers run out further than the exterior, by reafon like- wife of their fite in the Wing clofed. In divers Birds the tips of the middle Flag- feathers are as it were indented, the Vane on each fide the fhaft running out equally beyond the fhaft. This happens when the feathers are of equal length, the Antece- dent being neither longer nor fhorter, nor any way more produced than the Con- fequent. The inner Vanes of the Flag-feathers of the Wings are in moft Birds broader than.the outer. | Birds mont 18. All Birds, as far as we yet know, moult all the quills and feathers of their avai. * whole bodies yearly. The bottoms of all the feathers, ( that is, the lower parts that appear not to fight ) in Birdsof all forts are of one and the fame colour, and for the moft part different from what is expofed to view. ThePeéoral | 19. The Pectoral Mutcles, and fuchas ferve to move the Wings, are of all others Mufcles. the thickeft and moft flefhy. For fince the flight of Birds is not performed without a {trong motion, and vehement agitation of the Wings, to which force is required, it was requifite the Organs defigned for that exercife fhould be the ftrongelt and moft able. On the contrary, in man the Mufcles which ferve to move the Legs are greater and ftronger than thofe which belong to the Arm: Becaufe their action, being tohold up the whole body, and transfer it from place to place, requireth great ability and _ vigour. Whence, if it be poffible for Man to fly, it is thought by them who seit curioully BooxL ORNITHOLOGY. curioufly weighed and eonfidered that matter; that he that would attempt fuch a thing with hope of fiecef, muft (0 contrive and adapt his wings, that he may make ufe of his legs and not hisarms in the managing of them. Cuae. IL Of the inward parts of Birds. He learned Dottor Wills in his Book of the Azatomy of the Brain, Chap.5. ; doth largely treat of the Brains of Birds, where he accurately defcribes their - Teguments, Parts, and Ventricles, in thefe words: ‘ The upper part of the pura mater, ‘ Skull covering the Brain being taken up, the thicker Membrane or Tegument, © called, Dura Menynx, {traitly embraces the whole bulk withih contained. In the ¢ middle of this Membrane, where the Brain is divided into two Hemifpheres, there - © isa Sivws [a hollow Cavity or Veflel ] extended long-ways3; which (no Sithe-like « procefs being there Jet down between the Hemifpheres, as in Men and Quadru- © peds) is not very deeply inferted into the Brain: In that part of this Membrane ‘ which interpofing it felf divides between the Brain and the Cerebelum, there are © formed two lateral Sizufes. ‘There is moreover in Birds the fourth Sizws, but fituate ¢ fomething more backward than in Man or Quadrupeds. Fora little below the © Conarion or Pine-like Glandule a round hollow procefs is letdown from the * Dyra * The exteri- © Mater upon the legs of the {pinal marrow [pith of the back-bone] produced, seis * whereit ts {traightway divided into two branches, of which it fendeth oneach fide or Tegument © one upwards into the Cavity fituate in the hinder part of the Brain between thé ofthe Brain. * {triate Membrane andthe Hemifphere of the Brain. | * This uppermoft Membrane, called Dura Menynx, being cut off round about, and « laid afide, the very thin Membrane immediately invefting the Brain, called Pia © Mater,comes im view : Which is not adorned with fuch a thick contexture of Vellels * as in Manand other perfec: Animals; but confifting of avery fubtil web of Fibres, © dothonly wholly inveft and clofely embrace the plain and even Surface of the Brain, © devoid of all windings or plaits[ Gyris C anfiatibws. | ‘ The Fabric of the brain in Birds, 1s unlike to that of Menand Quadrupeds: For © befides that it hath no windings [ anffacfws | or inequalities in its exterior part, © inwardly alfo the callous body, the Forzix or arched Roof,and alfo the ftriate bo- © dies, {uch as we have before defcribed; moreover, the whole frame of the Brain. is ‘ otherwifé contrived and figured. That thefethings may bethe more clearly per- . ©-ceived, take for difleGtion the Brain of a Goofe or Turkey, and having cut open the ‘ Teguments, prefling gently where the fiflure of the Brain 1s, feparate by dégrees © the one half from the other, till you come to the very bottom, in which are twa © pithy bodies, which being ftretched out tranfverfly like Nerves, connect the He- * mifpheres of the Braintogether. Both fidesof the Inter{tice are invefted witha © whitifh Membrane, marked with ftvakes as it were rays, drawn from the whole * compa{s or Circumference thereof toward the inferior Angle: Which ftrakesaré “ concentred about the imfertions of the medullary bodies. This Membrane being cut there will appear underneath it in each Hemifphere of the Brain a Cavity ex-. ‘ tending it felf over the whole {pace on that fide the Interftice, andalfo covering the * hinderRegionof theBrain, the Roof whereofis the faid Membrane. Both Cavi- * ties about the bottom open into an intermediate common paflage or channel going © out into the * zzfundibulum, and from both fides ofthat paffage are ftretched forth * The funnel. * the legs of the produced {pinal marrow [| Meduwlla oblongata | on which the He- ot holelead ¢ mifpheres of the Brain on each fide are hung by the twomedullary bodies; to wit, turaia Glan © from the main bulk of the Brainlying under the Ventricle the one half of the {pinal 44+. “ marrow proceeds, and from the ftriate Membrane covering the Ventricle the other “ half. From both thefe placed in both fides certain medullary bodies, already men- * tioned, fhooting forth tranfverfly like Nerves do connect the two Hemifpheres of ‘the Brain. Moreover, thefe two uniting and growing together on both fides, do * faften both Hemifpheres of the Brain to the legs of the {pinal pith produced, [ Me- * dulle oblongata. | | _ *So that the figure of the Brain in Birds, compared with the Brains of Men and * the more perfec Quadrupeds, feems to be as it were inverted. For asin oe : *the G 2 6 os ORACIT HO LOGY. | Boox J, ‘ thecortical part is exteriour and uppermoft, and the medullary {pread tinder its f * ©in Birdsthe lower port, confifting of a thicker and more bulky body, an(wers to, ‘or isinftead of the bark; the external and fuperiour Membrane Ses the Ven- ¢ tricle being aboveany,part the moft pith-like. Furthermore, the Ventricles inthe « Brains of Men and Quadrupeds are fituiate beneath,- near the bafe or. bottom. of the ‘ Brain; in» Birds uppermoft, and near the outfide. The reafon of this difference “feems to be, becaufe in a more: perfect’Brain, fiich as are thofe of Men and Qua- ‘ drupeds, the Animal Spirits have both their original.and exercife therein; viz. they ‘ aregenerated in the cortical part, ‘and mthe Medullary {pread copioully under the © cortical ) cireulated andwarioufly expanded for the actions of the feveral faculties, « But in the Brain of, Birds thete is:indeed {pace fufficient for the generation of Spirits, ‘ but fearce any room aflorded for their circulation. For the Brains of Birds {eem not ‘to be much employed inthe functions of Fancy or Memory. Yea, moreover it isto “be thought, that the Spirits produced in the Brainare exercifed for performing the * © animal fun¢tion chiefly inthe fpizal path produced, [ medulla oblongata ‘| for there (as # corpus calla- * We fhall fhew anon >) the Medullary fubftance, which is in ftead of the* Callous body, fum . is placed: And tothe + firiate bodies in others, an{wer the ftrzate Mexbranes in thefes mane: ‘ by which the Spirits procreated inthe Braing without any marhalling or ordering ‘there,.are forthwith carried into the prolonged pith. But becaufe the Spirits genera- ‘ted the Brain muft fomewhere depofe their ferous Excrements, therefore from ‘ the complicature of the fEriate Membranes over the hind-part of the Brain and the __ € legs of the prolonged pith, do refult Ventricles tit enough for that purpofe. How- * The vaulted ¢ beitin the brains of Birds, the * Forsix being wholly wanting, there are only the es ‘two anteriour Ventricles; within which the Plexus Choroides is fpread out 5 the * Venofe portion whereof (.as was juft now faid )-hathits rife a little lower from the ‘ fourth Si#ws, but the Arteries come from both fides the prolonged pith. _ Neither doth the Heterogeneity, or conformation different trom that in Men _ © and Quadrupeds, appear more. in the Brain of Birdsthan inthe Spival pith produced : eae ‘ for in the firft* SeGtion thereof , whence. the Optic Nerves arifé, two erfiinent pro- ' “tuberances'or bunches grow to each fide. Thefe arein proportion much greater ‘than the Orbicular Prominencies in more perfect Brains, fo that they feem to bea ‘ fecundary or fubordinate Brain : Both are of a whitifh colour, and purely Medulla- “ry, with aninternal Cavity: So that in this fort of Animals are found two Ven- “ triclesin the Brain, and as many in the prolonged pith. And whereas m thefe, asin all “ other Animals,thereisalfo a Cavity under the Cerebe/m, the Ventricles in thgwhole .* Brain differ as wellin Number as in Figure and Pofition. * The body of ¢In the middle of the * Medullary ‘Trunk, to wit, where thofe prominencies ae eerorthe “ grow to its fides, is a cranny or incifure leading to the funnel [zfundibulum into °. ~ back-bone. ~* which both Ventricles have their outlets or apertures; fo that thereis no doubt, but t Watry Ex- ¢ the ¢ Serofities there collected are that way avoided.. Moreover, itis very likely, .. creme" ¢ that thefe hollowed.and medullary prominencies in Birds do fupply the place and ule ‘of the Callows body; the Animal Spirits being in them cireulated for the exercife of | ‘ their Faculties. For the room in the Brain is but ftrait, fo that within its limits the. ‘Spirits cannot be both produced and circulated. Furthermore, whereas in Birds ‘there is more ufe of Animal Spirits for the actions of the loco-motive faculty, than ‘ thofe of the Fancy or Memory, confequently their chief place or rendezvouz, where “they both conveneand are exercifed,ought to be fituate in the prolonged pith,rather ‘than inthe Brain. . | * Artevie Ca- © The* @arotide Arteries, which bring bloud to the Brains of greater Birds, are fo a ee ‘{mall that they bear no proportion to the fame in Manand Quadrupeds, Their h Textures ‘trunks being entred, the Skull without any divarication into the Nef-/ke + plexus, Clonee, ‘after the fame manner asin other Animals, afcend by the Pituitary Glandule, and y . * proceed ftrait to the Brain, and fo diftribute certain flender twigs both to its exteri- ¥ -, 3 Our circuit, and throughits interiour receffes. . For indeed the Brains of Birds are “irrigated with a very {mall portionof bloud in refpect of other Animals; becaufeé “not much blond isrequired to the refection of the Animal Spirits, where thefancy | ‘and imagination are not muchexercifed. Dp ie ., __ * Birds ( contrary to what fomeaflert }) have both the * Mammillary proceffes, and the Pap like. " ° t Sveve-like bone: for the anteriour productions of the Brain very much extenuated {Os orb. © and involved in the harder Tegument or Membrane, [ Dura Menyux ] running for- fie . “ward almoft to the middle part of the Bill, are inferted intoa Triangular bone, “wherein isa double Sius or Cavity, divided by a thin partition { Septo. | Thefe | . | ~ ©procefies ! Boul ORNITHOLOGY. 7 © procefies of the brain being brought into the Situs or Cavities of the forefaid 2 _ * bone, end in bladders full of alimpid water, which do plainly refemble the Mam- . = ~ © millary procefes naCalf, replete with the like fair water. Morcover, {eeing that ‘from the fifth pair of Nerves 4 remarkable branch in each fide pafling through the © orbitofthe eye, enters the Cavern of the Nofthril,a branch fent forth from its trunk is © beftowed upon the very Orifice ofthe Nofthril; inthemean time both the greater © crunks being compafied about by the Cribrofe bone, meet together, and by and by « again feparating or receding from eachother, and being brought to the end of the © Bill are diftributed through the palate. Afterthis manner Birds as well as mén and © Quadrupeds are furnithed with a peculiar Organ of {melling, w/z. a double mam- ‘ millary proces, and have moreover within their Nofthrils acceflary Nerves from “the fifth pair 5 by whofe action, and the communication of their branches to other. ~ * parts, there is even in them contracted fo near an affinity between the fenfes of © {melling and tafting. The other pairs of Nerves agree moft-what with thofe of man “and Qhadrupeds., We have likewife obferved, that as to the little Brain [ Cerebel- “ Jum | andthe remaining portion of the prolonged Pith, there isno great difference “between Birds and thofe other Animals we have before confidered : Save that the © Orbicular Prominencies before the Cerebellum, and thofe other annulary ones under it; “which occur in thofe, are both wanting in Birds. Indeed, thefe latter {eem not at “all needful, and as for the former, thofe medullary hollow prominencies, which we “have {hewn to bein Birds, fiupply their rooms, and make amends for their ab- “ fence. Thus far D. Wil: All which things we have by experience found to be juft fo "ashe hath deliveted 5 though perchancethe Reader that is not well skilled in Anato- my may experiencefome difficulty in underftanding them, efpecially notebeing illuftra- ted by figures, toaflift his fancy. . The Lungs in all birds that we have diffeted, and without doubt inall others what- The Lungs. ever, {tick fo faft to the fides, ribs, and back, that they can be but very little dilated orcontratted. Moreover ( which yet faith * Dr. Harvey, I do not remember to have been * ribde oe hitherto obferved by any man) the ends of the branches of the wind-pipe are in then per- lait pile forated into the cavity of the belly, and do convey the air drawn in by breathing inte The perfords certain membranes firetched ont along the length thereof. So that zn Birds the Lungs fens tion of the rather to be a may or pafjage to refpiration, thanthe adequate organ thereof. But thofe mem- \*°8* branes ndr mentioned (at leaft with the affiftance of the Mujcles of the belly) ferve for adhe and perform the office of the Midriff. ‘This Wah of the Lungs is not obfcure or hardly difcernable, but Jo open and con{picuous, that in thofe of an Oftrich I have found many hales, that would eafily admit the tips of my fingers. InaTurkey, and even the common Dunghil-cock, axd aluoft all Birds, thrufting a Probe into the wind- -) pipe, you may find open paffages ont of the Lungs into the hollow of the belly. Air blown into their Lungs by bellows paffes forcibly into the lower belly. Now Birds have either no Midriff, or at leaft not fuch’ a mufculous ore as men and Quadrupeds; the fore- mentioned membranes, fupplying (as we faid )the defect, and performing the office of a Midriff. : | ! _ No Birdshave more ftomachis than one, unlefs you willtake the Cram fora {tomach: The Craw, which for the moj? part hangs without the trunk. of thebody, at the lower part of the neck "4" “* before the breaft, by the bove called the Merry-thought. The ufe thereof {tems to be to : moilten and{o to mollifie, macerate, and prepare the meat for the ftomach. Hezce fome Birds(faith* D. Harvey) do caft up the meat fo macerated into the mouths of their * De Generar. goung, and feed there therewith, ( after the fame manner as Quadrupeds nourifh theirs A make with milk ) as may be feen in the Pigeon-kind, a#din Rooks. Perchance allo becaufe © e theftomach,in fuch birds.as havea mufculous one, isnot of capacity enough to receive and contain fo much food as may fuffice for the ufes of the body 5 cither in Winter- nights or long fafting, which for wantof food by various accidents Birds are not rare- ly neceflitatedto undergo, the Crawis given them by nature for a Satchel wherein to {tore up plenty of food, when it is afforded, which afterwards it may little by little deliver over to the ftomach. « " : A Gizzard or ftomach furnifhed with thick and ftrong mufcles is properto Birds, The stomzc’ but not commonto all forts of them, for Rapacious and fome pifcivorous Birds have ea . a membranous one. The ufe of the Gizzard feems to be for the grinding of hard“ "~ meat, forexample, Wheat, Barley, Peafe, and other forts of Corn and Pulfe, which birds fwallow whole; and fo in granivotous birds to fupply the defect of teeth. Which that it may themote effectually perform, thefe birds do now and then =a : mall 3 Why Birds fwallow-ftones * De General, Animal. Ex- evcit " Te GOR NIT HO LO G . Boaw, {mall pebble ftones and fand or gravel, which together with their meat, they keep in their ftomachs ( no fuch thing mean time being found in their crops ) by the help whereof theforefaid Mufcles, as it. were two mill-{tones, bound faft together by their two hinges; do grind and levigate the groffer and harder meat, and fo promote the digeftion of it. That this i fo (faith *Dr. Harvey) appears in many forts of birds = in whofe Gizwards, if the fuall ftones or other hard and rough things remain long, by their coutinual attrition they become fo worn and fmooth, that they are rendred unfit for the comminution of their meat, and are therefore caft ont of the ftomach as ufelefs. Hence birds. when they chufe out ftones, they try them with their tongnes, and if they find them not 2 to be rough, theyrejedt them. So have I found in the fromach of an Oltrich, znd alfo of a Birds of prey have 4 mem- branous fto- mach. The Echinus ° of Ante-{to- mach. Cafloware Ire, Silver, and flones much worn and alioft confumed. Whereupon it is conmmonly reported and believed, that they concod Iron, and are nourified therewith. J, jou lay your ear clofe to the bodies of Falcons, Eagles, avd other Birds of prey, while their flomachs are empty you may perceive the manifest noife of the {tones thereinto {wallow- ed, ftriking one againft another. For neither do Hawks for cooling their Bodies ( a5 is the conwmon error of Falconers ) fivallom ftones, but for the comminution of their meat. Tn like manner other Birds, ( efpecially fuch ashave a flefhy ftomach or gizzard for the grind- ing of thei food ) do for the fame purpofe frrallow ftones, gravel, or Jome fuch like thing, as we faid before. . In vege teal Birds. of prey, and {ome pifcivorous fowl, becaufe they feed upon flefh, which cafily melts and diflolves in the {tomach ( being fofter than grain, and needing litde grinding ) at leaft is quickly macerated by’ its acid ferment, the {to- mach is rather membranous than mufctilous. For Birds of prey tear the fleth with their beaks, which difpofes it to concoction. Whence alfo carnivorous Quadrupeds haveferrate teeth, fortearing the flefh of their prey from the bones; neither do they chew their meat much, as do tame beatts, and other herbivorous and granivorous Animals. It fuffices them to tear it to {niall pieces, and by a chop or two of their teeth {trongly to pinch, crufh, orbruifeit. For thiskind of contufion difpofes it to cor- ruption, and perchance a more quick and {peedy one, than if it were ground {mall by a long maftication. | | in many Birds the Gullet immediately above the ftomach is dilated into acertain bag, as it were aliminary Ventricle, which they call Echinws, becaufe in fome birds it hath its nward Superficies rough with many excrefcences 3 in others it is only thick {et, or asit were granulated with very many papillary glandules, out of which a muci- laginous juice is eafily prefled : This juice being by thefe elandules excerned into the {tomach,and there mingled with the meat,ferves for a Mex{truum to macerate,diffolve, and change it into Chyle. ‘The Appeadz- ces or blind BUtS + The Colic gut. The fingle blind gue, cal- led dudéus zn- '\ teflenaliv. The Yolk how convey- ed into the puts, Moft Birds have two.blind guts or Appendices, as they call them : the Heron-kind have but one; and the Woocdpecker-kivd none. Among fuch as have two, all carnivo- ~ rous fowl, and all that we call fwall birds, have very {mall and fhort ones ; cloven- footed Water-fowl, of a mean length; whole-footed Water-fowl, long ones; and Poultry-kind, the longeft of all. ‘The Appemdices in Birds have a contrary fité tothe blind gutsin Quadrupeds. For in Quadrupeds the blind gut feems to be nothing elfe but the Colez, continued or produced fromthe fundament upward, making acute Angles with the gut called Ilewm; but in Birds the Appendices defcend from the fto- mach downwards toward, the Fundament, making acute Angles withthe gut called Recfum. What the ule of thefe Appendices or blind guts in Birds and beafts may be, I confels my felf not clearly as yet to underftand. In moft Birds we have about the middle of the guts obferved a certain {mall Appen- dix or blind gut, likea little Worm, which is nothing elfe but the remainder of that pallage by which the Yolk is conveyed into the guts of the young chicken. In fome birds this is very confpicuous, being of half an Inch, or almoft an Inches length ; In othersit is much fhorter and fmaller, and in fome again it is wholly obliterated and difappears,. The ufe of this paflage Mr. Nicolas Stevo did firlt find out, or at leaft firft publithto the world the invention of. It is true indeed it was known to usbefore we {aw his Book, [think we had the firft notice of it from Dr.Walter Needham. However the glory of the Invention is of right due to him, who firft communicated it to the world. Ariftotle, Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Dr. Harvey, and others, have obferved a great part of the Yolk to remain in the Chickens belly after exclufion, yet did they pot know that it was by this paflage as it were bya funnel conveyed into the guts, but thought thatby the mediation of capillary veins difperfed through it, it was by de- - grees. liquefied, and received immediately into the bloud. The ~ Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. 9 The outlet of the channel from the Gaul to the guts in molt Birds is a great way Thepailage diftant from the ftomach : becaufe (fay fome ) they do notmake water, and fo there 2 (Pe il is more fluid matter mingled with their Excrements. For the uleof the Gaul is partly Theufe of the to attenuate and make fluid the Excrements, partly by its acrimony to ftimulate th © _guts, and provoke Excretion. But upon this account there fhould rather be lefs need of Gaul, Birds therefore being now known to have Jarge reins, arid to avoid Urine with their harder Excrements 5 their Excrements alfo, excepting thofe of the carni- vorous kind, being not very fluid, confidering the quantity of Urine mingled with them, perchance the Gaul-channel may enter the gut at {uch diftance from the fto- mach, for no other reafon than left the Gaul fhould regurgitate into it. In very many Birds the paflage fromthe Gaul-bladder and the * Porus bilarivs do not concur in one * Te pipe common channel, but penetrate the gut feverally ata good diftance the one from the the Gal fom other. | the Liver to All Birds though they want abladder for Urine, yet have they largereins and ure- %* ters by which the Urine is carried away. Birds (faith * Dr. Harvey ) and Serpents, Bitdshave which have {pungy lungs, make but little ftore of water, becaufe they drink but little, and pak ates 2 that by lipping 5 and fome of then, as Eagles, notat all: and therefore they have no need * of the Gint- of a bladder , but their Urine diftils down into the common fewer or (vk [ Cloaca | defigz- fede cs mites ed alfo for receiving the Excrements of the belly, and being therewith mingled, both are ~~” caft out together. This Urine of Birds differs from that of other Animals : for whereas there are in ‘Orine two parts, one more ferous and liquid, the other more thick, and grofs, which Te Ee in #s called the feciment | hypottafis | and fublides or fettles to the botton, when the Urine is ~~ cool. Birds (contrary to viviparows Animals ) have the greateft quantity of this thick part, which is diftingnifbed from the other by its white or filver colour, and found not only im the common (ak ( wherezt abounds ) and daubs or finears over the exrements of the belly, but ix the whole channel of the Ureters, which may be diftangnifhed fron the coats of the Kidneys by this whitene/s. Neither is this groffer matter defcending froxt the reins to be feex in Birds alone, but aljo iz Serpents, and other oviparows Auimalss efpecially thofe whofe Egg is covered with abard fhell. They have alfo greater plenty of this than of the more serous and thinpart 5 which is of a middle confiftence between thick urine and dung; fo that palling through the Oreters itrefembles milk curdled or lightly condenfed 5 and being caft forth eafily congeales into a friable cruft. See more of this matter in Harvey, De Generat. Animal. Exercit.11. Fhe Ancients taking it for granted that Birds make no Urine, affigned thisreafonthereof, That all the fuperfluous moifture mas [pent in nourifhing the . feathers. ‘ i All Birds that have hitherto diflected havea double Pancreas, which fome call the The Pancreas. Sweet-bread, inQuadrupeds. é 7 The ftones of Cock-birds. are deeply withdrawn within the cavity of the body, be- The Teftictes; ing faftned to the back juft beneath the Liver. In the Spring time when they are full of Sperm they fwwell to twice or thrice the bignefs they are of in the Winter. In fome whole-footed broad-billed birds and Divers the Windpipe ends ina kind The vefiel of of Veflel made up of bones and intermediate membranes, being in divers birds of a tye 1a. different figure , frem whicharife the two branches going to each fide of the Lungs, byrinth. The bones give the figure and confiftency to this Veflel, as do the Rubs to the Breait, and the annulary Cartilages to the Windpipe. In fome birds this Veffel is made up wholly of bone, asin wild Ducks, without any void fpaces to be filled and clofed up with membranes. This Veffel from the windings of its internal Cavity we are wont tocall a Labyrinth. What the ufe thereof is, whether to increafe the force of the Voice, or fora receptacle tocontain Air, which may ferve them while they dive, to enable them to continue longer under water, orto perform both thefe offices, or for neither of them, we donot as yet certainly know. That it doth notferve to intend the Voice, may be gathered from that fome Birds of this Tribe that want it, have a fhrill and vehement Voice. And that it doth notconduce to diving, may be infer- red from that the Douckers ¢ Colywbi)) which of all birds dive moft, and continue longeft under water, wantit. Sincethe writing of this we have been affured by an * ingenious obferver of what wedid indeed fulpec before, but were not very confi- * Mr.Den, | dent of, 27%, That thefe Veffels are proper only to the Cocks in the broad-billed or aie ian Duck-kind 5 but in the Divers [| Mergz’] common toboth fexes, atleaft if we benot Z mijitaken in our opinion of the difference of fexinthofe Birds 3. what wetaketo differ ovly infex, differing {pecifically. | eS Cc CHAP. “yo 2=-sti“‘i«z OR NCAT HOLLOG YY. Boo F. CHaAp. III. ’ Of the Generation of Birds. though it be common'to Serpents, Fifhes, and Infe@s; yet in Birds thefigure of the Eggs, and the. brittlenefs of the Shell, and the diftin@ionof White and Yolk, and the manner of Incubation are peculiar. The Eggs of all Birds, if the - exteriour bafk be pilled offare white. 7 Hen-birds ~ It is moft probable, that Hen-birds have within them from their firft formation all the besten thqEges, they fhall afterward lay throughout their whole lifes time ; fo that when all the ges their clufter’ of Eggs is wholly {pent, they ceafe breeding, and becomeeffete : as Ay- they after- —_ gél#s Abbatius hath ob{erved of Vipers. For we our felves have found in Birds that Nardsiay- ‘breed only once, ‘or at moft but twice ina year, a lump of feed-eggs (as I may call them )enough to fervethem for many years produdtions. Seeing then it is certain tT Paft bearing that fome birds do become f effete with age, and that all of them have at all times of the year atonfiderablemafs of Eggs within their bodies, I think we do not with- | _ outreafon thence infer, that all the Eggs they fhall ever lay are connate with them. *peGmezt. T am notignorant that* Dr. Harucy doth aflert, that though a Hen hath no feed-eggs pa within her, yet after coition fhe will breed new ones. , But I thinks that Great Natu- ralift did not fufficiently confider or examine this matter, and therefore he doth only touch it obliquely, andby the by. For hetogether with Fapriczvs doth confefs that + Egg-clufters there are in the ¢ Ovari¢ of Hens, and almoft all other ovipardus Animals ah mnume- orknots of rable multitude of Eggs of divers growths from an almoft invifible quantity to the Fees confummate magnitude. Now why fhould Nature prepare fo great a {tock of Yolks (which as we {aid would fuffice for many years births ) if fhe had given to females a fachlty of generatingnew ones. Neither is it true only of Birds, but alfo of ee Eggs of : LL Birds are oviparous, thatis bring forth Eggs, and not live Young. This Se fo - all female Quadrupeds,yea,and of women themfelves,that they havein them from the beginning the Eggs or feeds of alltheconceptions, they fhall afterwards ‘bring forth through their whole lives..For thofe two bodies inFemales that are want to be called sa i Tefticles, arenothing elfe but two, * Ovaria,as will manifeftly appear to any one that *Clufters or Will but take the pains to diflect them, made up of very many Eggs of different magni- knots of Eggs. tude,all which being either brought forth, or by any meansmarred and corrupted,that female ceafesto bear,neither doth there remain to her any further hope of getieration, The parts of _ he partsof an Eggare, 1. Fhe She; which hardens in the very womb, Before anEgg. — theEgebe laid; contrary to what Ariffotle, Pliny, and Fabricius ab Aquapendente— 1-The Shell. following them, havedelivered. And thisany one may with his fingers eafily try in a Hen withegg ready to lay; orif he darenot trufk his fingers, let himbut open the e, Hens belly,and his eyes will convince him of the truth of what we fay: But if any one wants either opportunity or willto make trial, let him confult the eleventh Exercita- tion of Dr. Harveys Book of the Gezeration of Animals, and hewillthere find itclear- 2, Four Mem- ly demontlrated. “2. Four mensbranes, two. exteriour, which begirt and embrace. branes.” - « the outer White, one interiour which contains the Yolk, and a fourth. middlemott, g-A double “* which encompafles the inner. White. 3. Atwofold White, which Dr.Harvey firft ob- Wine, “ fervedin a Hens Egg, both involved in. their proper membranes, the one: thinner. “and more liquid, the other thicker and more clammy, and a little more inclining to “ whitenels 5 in flaler Eggs after fome days incubation, growing yellowifh, As'this “ fecond White covers the Yolk round, fo that exteriour i a encompaflesit, That * both thefe Whites are diftinct is even from hence manifeft: The.outward bark or “ fhell keing taken away, if you pierce both the fubjacent\membranes you fhallifee “ the exteriour liquid White forthwith flow out. Thenturning back. the faidmem- “¢ branes this way and that way into the Platter ( in which the Egeis {uppofed, to lie-) * theinteriourand.thicker White will ftill retain its place and.globofe figure, Dik. be- “ang terminated by its proper membrane, which is {0 thin, that, it.is altogether! invi- “ fible to Hay This if you cut, the fecond White wall. {traitway ran, out, and: “ diffufe it. felf this way and that way, and. lofe itsround figure, juft as any liquor “runs outof abladder containingit, whenit iscut. Then the proper membrane of - > theYolk bake the Saffron-coloured. liquor flows out, and the former globofity 4-TheYolk. “fubfides [ orAinks.] . 4. The Yolk, of which fee Dr. Harveys Book of. the Ge- ““neration of Animals, Exercit.12. §. Immo Tre € in theacute, the other in “theobtufe Angle, The greater part of them is within the Vite, yet do they ftick 2. Two Tred- dlés, “¢ faft 3 Boox I, ORNCITAOLOGY,. abe < faft to the Yolk, being hung upon its membrane. They are oblong bodies, more « concrete than the White, and alfo whiter, knotty, and not without fome bright- “ nefs, wherein they refemble Hail, whence they took their name [ Chalaze.] For “each Treddle confifts as it were of. many hail-{tones joyned together ‘by the << White. - The one of thefe is greater, and {tretched out further from the Yolk to- ‘ wardsthe obtufe end of the Egg: The other is lefs, extended from the Yolk down= “wards toward the acute part. The greaterismade up of two or three knots, as it «were hailftones, {tanding at amoderate diftance one from the other, the leffer in « order fucceeding the greater. Thefe Treddles are foufidinall the Eggs ofall birds, << as well * fubventaneous as fecund. Whence appears the common miftake of our * ind-tggi: Houfewives, who think that the Treddles eee | are the Cocks Sperm, and « that the Chicken is formed of them. [ This is amiftake not of old Women or common People only, but alfo of great Phyficians and Naturalifts,. as Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, in his book of the Forrzation of the Ege and Chicken, and ‘Joannes Faber in his excellent Expofitions of fome Pictures of Mexican Animals of Recchys. His words arethefe: Which I long ago moft diligently obferved before I heard of Aquapendentes work, to wit, that the Chicken hath its firft rife or original fron the Treddle, which the Italians call.La Galladura 3 the Germans moft ftly Den vogel,thit is, the bird, becaufe the bird is bred or formedof it. This part is {ituate between the Yolk and the White iz the likene[sof a hailftene or pretty great oblong Pearl, and is of a fubftance fomewhat different from the White, viz. more hard and tough, which therefore our €ooks and Houfewies, when they mingle Eggs with Broths, Cawdles, or any other liquid meat, | are wont. to feparate anc take carefully away,» as which with much beating can hardly be diffolved, unle{s you put Salt, or Sugar, or Vinegar to it.| “ Theufe of thefe is to The ule of the “be as it were the Poles of this * Microcofm, and the connexions of all the mem- . 00, «branes twifted and knit together, by which the liquors:are not ofily conferved each “in its place, but'do alfo retain their due pofition onetoanother. 6. A very fall 6.The cicatri- “white circle, growing orfticking to the coat of the Yolk, as it were a little fear : ‘t!4 tons ee “ which therefore Pabricivs named Cicatricula. This{peck is verylittle, {carcefobig the cicatri- “ asaLentil, refembling the pupilof a {mall bird, white, plain, and circular : and “#/« «‘( which is efpecially to be noted _) 1s inall Eggs from their firft original inthe * Vi * The clutter « tellarinm. Thisis the principal part of the whole Egg, for the fake whereof all the * ¥°" “reff are formed) and out of which the Chicken hath its firft original. Thus far Harvey. ) | The ftalkso Pees whereby they grow to the Ovarinm, are not folid after the man- The ftalk of ner of the fodtftalksof fruits, but hollow and fittulous. tw ih the Egg. Eggs, 1£ you prefs them between your hands longways, are very hardly and not without much force broken. : : Eggs violently fhaken, till the Yolk and White be mingled, the containing .mem= gpps how to branes being broken, may be fet upright upon the blunt end, which otherwife the ft on end. Yolk and Wkite remaining entire can very hardly be fo efettéd: For the Yolk be- ing fifpended between the, Treddle\ hangs quavering, adzt_by the leaft motion or inclination vibrates to and fro within’ the Egg,, and changiag the center of gravity, hindersits erection. : | Eggs being macerated in Vinegar their Shels will be diffolved, fo that they maybe Egg-thels dit thruft into a narrow-mouthed Veflel, or drawnthrough a Ring. * pe HSE a bee Whereas there is in Eggs adoubleliquor, Yolk and White, the Chicken is formed the Chicken out of, and nourifhed by the White alone, till it be grown great. The Yolk ferves is formed of for the Chickens nourifhment after it is well grown, and partly alfo after it is a . hatched. Fora good part of the Yolk remains after exclufion, being received into. _ the Chickensbelly5 and being there referved as m a ftore-houfe, is by the formerly mentioned channel, asit were by a funnel, conveyed into the guts, and ferves in- » | ftead of’ milk. For whereas viviparous Animals are furnifhed with milk, wherewith oj. yor, to nourifh their tender young, till by degrees they are accuftomed to and grow able tupplies this tobear firmer andharder meat 5 in birds, which want Paps and milk, Nature, Gods fom of milk. handmaid, hath provided and laid up inthe middle of the Egg the Yolk forthe nou- rifhment of theirnewly hatched young. Dr. Harvey confirms this in Exebcitat. 53: of his book of the Generation of Animals. The White (faith he) is rfe (pent, the Yolk comes not for food till late, and is to Chickens newly hatcht what milk gs to vivipa= vous Animals newly brought forth: that what kind of nourifiment Nature affords by the Paps inviviparows Animals, thelikein ovipareys fhe may confer by the Yolk, Whence.it comes to pafs, that all the White being confumed, the wes remains almoft entire in the Eeg, ; 2 wher a ~ ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. when theChickenis now perfect and confummate, and part of it a long time after its excly- ~ sagas even after fix weeks we have fecn fomewhat of it remaining in the belly of the Chicken, flicking to the guts. ; | | ee a f Whereas we faid the fwtws is formed of the White, by White we do net mean any triculabefore partof the Wahzte indifferently, but the purer and more lucid part, contained in the incubation. Jittle bubble or bladder, called the Cicatricula, in which the Chick is originally formed. Yea, the defervedly famous, and moft fagacious fearcher out of the fecrets pei a d¢ of Nature, * Marcellus Malpighiws, hath obferved the firft ftrokes or rude draught of : the Ezbryowin the Cicatricula, even before incubation, asthe young plant in the Seed, which is the Egg of the Plant. And-which is yet more, he hath obferved eyen in {ubventaneous Eggs fomething in the Cicatricula like to a Mola or falle Conception. Dr. Harvey feems not to be conftantip his opinion about the formation and. nutrition of the Chicken in the Egg. Forin fome places he afferts, that it is both originally formed of, and alfo nourifhed by both liquors, I mean, the Yolk and White; as for example,inthe 36. Exercitation, where he hath thefe words : Indeed from the courfe of the umbilical veins, and the diftrabution of their branches, which without doubt ferve for drawing ix nourifhment, it doth wanifeftly appear, that the conftitutive matter and non- rifhment of the Euzbryon-chicken is fupplied as well from the Yolk, a fiom the White, and that liquor called by ws the Colliquamentum fees to be made up no lef of the Yolk than the White: for fomething of both humours doth melt or diffolue imto that liquor. _More- over, the fpeckout of which dilated the Colliquamentum 7% firft made, and which ds called by us the eye of the Ege, is impreffed on, or fticks to the Tunzcle of the Yolk, Elfewhere he affirms that the Chicken is ‘firft nourifhed by the liquor of the Coliguamentum, than by that of the thinner White, afterward that of the thicker, and laft of all of the Yolk. Exercit.o1. After the tenth day the greateft part of the White as {pent upon the rea Colliquamentum, and thence upon the * foetus, to wit, the whole thin White, and the Nee” greater part of the thicker. But the Yolk, appears larger than it was at firft. Whence it is evident, that the Yolk doth not as yet ferve for nutrition, but is afterwards deputed to that office. Aud as far as I could gather from the progre{s [ dutu ] and diftribntion of the weins, the foctus frou the very beginning is nourifhed by the Colliquamentum, for thatthe ueins are at firft diffeminated in that only, then fpread into the. membrane of the thinner v White, and afterward into the thicker White and the Yolk. Meek trea AL Animals come of Eggs, as well thofe called viviparows as oviparous: For the fe- of Eggs. males of the viviparoushaveEggs withinthem, though they do not bring them forth. The fuppofed Co wit, thofe two bodies, commonly called female tefticles, are nothing elfe (as we Telticlesof {aid before) but knots or mafles of very {mall Eggs, as will manifeftly appear to ree any one that fhall difle@ them; fo that we cannot but wonder thata thing fo plain Epes. and evident fhould {0 long efcape the obfervation of the curious and inquifitive eyes of ancient and modern Anatomifts. . This difference there 1s between the Eges of ovi- parous and viviparous Animals ( underftand it of terreftrial) that thefe feem to con- fift of one liquor, vz. the White only, whereas thofe contain two or three feveral ones. Yea, if we confider the matter more exactly, we fhall I think find, that the Seeds or Eggs of viviparous Creaturesdo indeed. anfwer to the Cicatricule of Eggs, in which from the beginning the young [ fetvs ]is included. For the Yolk (as we {aid ) is given to birds inftead of milk - and the Egg of a viviparous Creature im- bibes out of the womb a liquor Analogousto the White of Eggs. For the Egg after coition being made fecund, fallsdown intothe womb, in like manner as the ripe fruit or Seed falls from the tree or herb upon the earth, and there femblably imbibes the humour, wherewith the enclofed fetws is nourifhed. Then after acertain {pace of time it faftens it felf to the womb, and after the manner of Seed fallen upon the ground, .doth as it were {trike root into it. | * sitting mon The™* Incubation of oviparows Creatures is equivalent to the ¢ geftation of viviparous, + Comore forin both the Eggs arealike kept warm,in this nwardly in the womb,in that outward- young, ly under the wings, to the time of birth or exclufion ; when the young being now incubation “grown great, and defiring the free air, breaks the involving Teguments, and comes Geftation. forth into thelight. Now anEgg isnotunfitly called an expofed womb, for that itdoth after the fame manner adminifter nourifhment tothe fwtw in’ oviparous Animals, as the womb dothin viviparous, : ' Shai aby . AS Other Creatures, fo it is not to be doubted but Birds alfo of divers kinds do anomalous” fometimes couple together, and.mingletheir Seed, from whence proceedsa third and mixtures. — {purious production, which partakes of both kinds; which yet I fuppofe doth not generate its like : For otherwife the number of Species in Birds would have beenere now Boor I, ORNITHOLOGY. ae now almoft infinitely mcreafed. So although in the Gevws of Quadrupeds a Mule be engendred by the coupling of an Afs anda Mare; yetfor a Mule to bring forth young was wont to be counteda Prodigy. This anomalous coition is exercifed between Birds like to‘one another, ‘as being of the fame Tribe, efpecially between Hawks and other Birds of preyof different Species; partly becaufe thefe Species are very like one to another, partly becaufe they are all very falacious. It is wonderful which we dayly experience in Hens, viz, that they will breed and fms" lay Begs without ever being trodden by the Cock, which Eggs though they feem to Eggs eho beevery way perfect yet are they infoecund, called by the Greeks, trhuéme, and ey ce sews, and Ceqvewa, that1s, fubventaneous or wind-eggs, or if the Hens were im- choeucar pregnated therewithby the wind. ‘Neither do Hensonly, but other Birds alo, efpe- cially fuch asarefalacious, in the Spring time when they are full of luft, if they be gently ftroked onthe back, or their Genitals handled, fometimes lay Eggs without the Cock. They are ( faith D. Harvey) fometimes fo libidinows, that if you do but licht- ly tonch their backs with your hand, they prefently lie down, and dennde the Orifice of the Womb, which if yon gently ftroke with your finger, by an incondite nmurmur, and the gefti- culation of their wings, they expres their grateful fenfe of the pleafure they take therein. Moreover, that Hen-birds will thence conceive Eggs both Ariltotle affirms, and my self _ have experiencedin aThrufh, a Blackbird, and other birds, and did a great while fince at jirft find out accidentally, and by my own lof’. “My Wife did for a long time keep ‘a “notable Parrot that had learned to {peak very prettily, wherein fhe took great de- “light. This bird was fo tame and familiar, that it went freely up and down the houfe “ whither foever it lifted 5 it would {earch out its Miftrefs when {fhe was abfent, and «when it had found her, with achearful voice it would as it were falute her, and “ fignifie its joy : When fhe called, it would anfwer her, and fly to her, and taking “hold of her Garment with its beak and feet alternately, it would climb up to the “top of her fhoulder,' and thence defcending down her arm, it would at laft fettle. “it felf upon her hand. Biddento {peak or fing, thoughit were by night, or in the “dark, it wouldobey- Many times it would {portingly and wantonly come up in- “ to her lap as fhefate, and was much pleafed tohave its head rubb‘d, and its back ““{troked; and by fhaking its wings, and its flattering note, teftified the great plea- “ fare it took in thofe careffes and touches. I interpreted all thefe thingsto proceed “ from its wonted familiarity and obfequioufnels: for by reafon of the excellency of “its {peaking and finging, [tookitto bea Cock. Foramong birds females feldom ufe 6,4 45-ds “tofing or {peak much: but we have obferved, that generally the Cocks do by the fing and not ** {weet modulation of their voice and harmonious accents endeavour to delight the Hens. “ Hens, andallure them to fubmit to their embraces. “* Not long after thefe grateful contrectations, the Parrot ( which for many years “ had lived healthfully ) fell fick, and after many convulfions at laft expired in the “Lap of its Miftrefs, m which it had fo often {ported. Cutting up its Carcafs ( that “J might fearch out the caufe of its death ) I found anEgg almoft perfec in the ““ womb, but for want of a Cock,’ corrupted, as ithappens often to {mall birds fhut up * in€ages, which want the company of the Cock. | Many birds then by how much the more falaciows they are, by {o much the more frustful be they, and do fometimes without the Male( by reafon of hizh-feeding, or [ome other caufe ) conceive Regs, but feldom without his concurrence either perfect them, or bring them forth; but do rather therenpon fall into grievows difeafes, and at laft die. — Perchance it mayfeem to fome not lefs wonderful, that by once treading of the Hens by being Cock, alltheEggs whicha Hen thall lay for a whole year after will be rendred proli- once, trodden fic. Fabricigs , asheiscited by * Dr. Harvey, faith, That it is moft true, that there a ae proceeds from the Seed of the Cock.avertne 5 which renders prolific not only all the Eggs, a year after. but alfo the womb, appears froue the ordinary practice of poor momen, who keeping a Hen i erat. without aCock, do for aday or two putit to fome of their neighbours Cocks: For from that _ little time of conpanying with the Cock: all the Eggs of that whole year fucceeding will be rendved prolific. Aud I (faith Dr. Harvey _) ( that I might defend Fabricius, and find ont fomething certain concerning ihe time and necelfity of this prolife ceition) did oncein the Spring time keep two Hens for three days (hut up frou the Cock, each of which didinthe veean tinte lay three Begs, no lefs prolific than any others: And again another Hen, which laid one Reg the tenth day after fhe was fhutup, and another the twentieth, and both fecund. So that it {cems one or two Corts may make the whole clufier of Eggs, at leaft as many as shall be laid for a whole year frnitful. What follows I tuppofe he wrote upon prefimption, and not from experience, viz. That though a Hen hath no nig . prepare s 14. GRNCEITHOLOGY, Boox I,» e Chuster of prepared im the * Vitellarium, yet being after coition made jecund, fhe will fhortly breed olks. and lay new ones, and thofe alfo fruitful. For not only thofe Eggs which are as yet Yolks and t Eek or want Whites, or whofe Smalleft feeds and rudiments are already in the + Ovarium, bit thofé clufter of Eggs alfo which are not yet begun but fhall be conceived a long time after, are by the fame virtue made fecund. The {ame fenfe he repeats in other words about the end of Exercit. 0. If from under a Hen once rendred prolific and fitting upon Eggs ( after fhe hath laid all her Eges, none remaining in the Ovarium ) you take away al! her Eggs, fhe will anew breed and lay more, and thofe alfo prolific. I{uppofe this great Naturalift was miftaken in that he affirms, that a Hen after the hath daid all her Eggs, and there be none remain- ing in the Ovarium, will breed new ones. For I donot fee how he could make an experiment hereof: Seeing that ifhe had opened a fitting Hen, and had found no Eggs within her, how could he certainly know that fhe would have bred new Ones had the lived? If he thought that all Clock-hens do lay all their Eggs, and quite em- pty the Vitellarium, before they begin to clock and betake themfelves to fitting 5 he Was therein {urely miftaken. For I fee no reafon why that fhould be true in Hens whichI have by experience found falfe in other birds ; efpecially feeing himfelf coe fefles, that there are in Hensas wellas other Birds an almoft infinite namber of Yolks in the Ovarium of diversgrowths, from an almoft invifible quantity to the confum- mate magnitude. = iy aoe a , To thefe we fhall add that obfervation of Dr. Harvey in Exercit. 59. de generat. Animals have 477#al. Nature hath for the moft part given numerous young to thole Animals numerous Which being of little {trength or courage, can hardly defend themfelves from the in- eee a juries of others, and fo compenfates the brevity of their lives with a plentiful off- . both, , {pring. Nature ( faith Pliny ) hath given this to the Bird-kind, that thofe of then fhould be moft fruitful, which are moft cowardly or fugaciows. For whereas generation in all Creatures is inftituted by Nature for perpetuities fake, it is more frequent in thole that are of fhorter life and obnoxious to external injuries, left the Species fhould fail. And therefore Birds that excel in ftrength and live by ravine, and fo enjoy a longer and more fecure life do feldom lay more thantwo Eggsat once, _ It is true indeed that Pigeons, Turtles, and Ring-dovesdo fit only upon two Eggs at once: but then they compenfate the defect of number by the frequency of laying; they breeding ten times a year. Therefore they breed much, though not many at a time. CHAP. IV. Of the Age of Birds. Birds arotlone F all fanguineousand hot Animals Birds are the longeft lived, for the proporti- ger-lived than () on of their bodies much more vivacious than Quadrupeds. Swans arefaid Denese to attain to the age even of three hundred years. We have been aflured by ; «Gott 80a friend of ours, a perfon of very good credit, that his Father kept a Goofe known to Yearsolts be fourfcore years of age, and as yet {ound and lufty, and like enough to have lived many years longer, had he notbeen forced to kill her for her mifchievoufnels, wor- A Pelican of rying and deftroying the young Geefe and Goflings. Moreover, the Pelicaz that the fame age: vag kept at Mechliz in Brabant, in the Emperour Maximilians time, was certainly believed to be fourfcore years old. What 1s reported of the age of Eagles and Ra- vens, although it exceeds all belief, yet doth it evince that thofe birds are very long- * ornithol. lived. Our people ¢ faith Albertus as he is quoted by * Aldrovandws ) have found for-2'37°" by experienice, that a Pigeon lives twenty years. And as for tame Pigeons ( faith Aldrovandus) aceriain Perfon, worthy to be believed, and not unskilful in Natural Hi- Story, related to me, that he had beentold by his Father, who mas much delighted in keep- ing and objerving Pigeows and other birds: That he had kept a Pigeon two and twenty gears, and that itbred all the while, except the laft fix months, in which leaving its Mate, it made choice of a fingle life. But to let pals great birds, even the very finalleft birdslivea great while. We our ALinnetof felves knew a Linvet kept at leaft fourteen years in aCage, which as yet fhewed no ‘4 yea fignsof decay or old age. Gefrer tells us, that a certain Kinfman of his wroteto AGoldfinch him concerning a Goldfinch to this purpofe: The Goldfinch lives above twenty years, of 23 years. For at Mentz when Iwas a child, I faw one more than twenty three years old, whofe Bill and Claws were cut every Week, that fo it might take its meat and drink, and ftand in __ its place. And thereis no doubt but birds that enjoy their liberty, living at large at the Bowl ORNITHOLOGY 45 the openair, and.ufing their natural ahd proper food, in gathering of which they alo exercife their bodies, live much longer'than thofe that areimprifoned in houtés and Cages. | ; What Pliny .obferves of Atimals, to wit, that thofe that Nvelongeft are born Hoy far it Jongelt in the womb, is to be underftood of Animals ‘of the fame kind. For if Ani- eae mals of different kinds be compared together, as for'example Birds with Beats, thofe longeit jived will fometimes be found to be moft vivacious which are born the Jeaft while in the Hea are womb. If itbe objected, that Birdsiand Beafts cannot in this refpect be compared woh, together, becaufe Birds are not atall bom in the womb. We anfwer, that incubation in Birdsis equivalent to geftattonin Quadrupeds: For in both the Eggs are cherifhed alike, in this inwardly inthe Womb, in that outwardly under the Wings, as we have formerly fhewn. - CHapv. V. OF fome Proprieties and Accidents of Birds, viz. Shape, Bignefs, Colowr, natural Inftinéts, Manners 8c. | ; HE trunk of the body is fherter, broader, and thicker in Birds than in Qua- The figure of ; drupeds: the head for the proportion of the body much lefs For whereas aoe a Birds pafs through the air, almoft after the fame matinet that Ships fwini up- onthe water, the Trunk of their body anfwers to the Hull of the Ship, their head to the Prow, ( which alfo for its fimilitudeis called in Latine Roffruw, [ the beak ] of a Ship ) their tail to the Rudder, their breaft tothe Keel, their wings to the Sails and Aa whence the Poet elegantly hathit, Remiginms alarum, [ the rowing ofthe wings. | - | ice All winged Fowl in general are lefler than Quadrupeds, that is the greateft in that Beafis in theif kind than the greatef{t in this. Whence Iefteem what is reported of the bird called ind greer Ruk, and alfo of the Cuztur to be falfe, viz. “ That its Wings fpread reach fifteen or pereAipdon “ fixteen feet; that its Billisfo hard and ftrong, that it will pierce aii Oxes Hide. [ It of the Bird “is faid to be covered with black and white feathers mixt, to have an even Comb, 6” - © orcreft like aRafor, not ferrate like a Cocks. Twoof thefe bitds ( they fay) are << able to killand eat up a Cow, neither dothey abftainfrommeén. There are but “few of them; were there many, they would deftroy all the Cattel in Per#. They “ report that there are four diftinct kinds hereof found in the Hland Marignan. De Laet. Hift. Ind. Occident. lib. 6. cap.13. and Lerivs in Hift. Brafil. | Hes Birdsof one and the fame kind kept tame,. by reafon of the diverfity of the Cli- de Birds mate or Country in which they live, the food which they ufe, and other accidents, encarta vary much.in their colours, magnitude, tafte of their flefh, and perchance alfofigure different co of their bodies. Wild fowl for the moft part are much what of thefame magiiitude, urore and conftant totheir colours. For the moft part, I fay, this holds true in wild Birds, ‘the fame. yet fome few there be of thefe that vary much in their colours, as for example, i” fe of which itis reperted there cannot be found two alike, and the'Scaup- UCR> The nails, or claws,hair,horns,andthe like({aith AriftotleSin Beafts pring out of the shin, whence it comes to pafs that they change colour together with the skin, being white, or black, or party-coloured,&c.accorsing to the colour of the skin out of which they grom. But the wzat- ter is far otherwife in Binds of all forts < for of what colour foever the feathers are, the shin underneath out of which they grow is but of one colour. Moreover, one and the fame feather is fometimes ftained with divers colours, and in a wonderful order. Dy. Harvey. Of Birds fomeare gregarious, that is, live and fly together in companies or flocks, Birds fome asfor example, Pigeons, Rooks, Stares, &c. Others in coupling and breeding time fly Boe ay g by pairs, the Male and his Female: After they have hatcht they company with their pairs, é, brood, till their young be grown up and can fhift for themfelves, and then they beat them away. | | Some Birds live a Conjugal life, one Cock and one Hen pairing together, and Birds pair _ both concurring and affifting each other in fitting and feeding their young. Of this pea ie fortare Partridges, and other Birds of the Poultry kind. Pigeons, of which the Cock takes histurn of fitting, building the neft, and feeding the young. Inthofe that pair, there are always more Males than Females bred ; but in fuch whereof one Male fuffices for many Females, more Females than Malcs. Mott jugal life. 16 — ' ORNCITHOLOGY, — Booxl. a gE Birds fleep Moft Birds while they fleep turn their head backward, and put it under their wing ; hich ther and alfo ftand upon one foot, the other being drawn up, to keep it warm, as I fup- their wing, pofe, among thefeathers, or by the heat of the body. ; | and ftanding That there arein Animals thofe they call natural inftin@s, the manner of buildin on one foor, 4 : : : i : g Natural in- their Neftsin Birds isalone fufficientto.evince. For whereas thofe of the fame Species ftinésin jn Countries moft remote and diftant from each other do make their Netts always of ita the fame materials, and conftantly obferve the {ame fhape or form of them, asifthey _ made them by the fame pattern, they muftneceflarily either learn fo to do by infti- tution, or imitation of their Parents, or elfé have the knowledge or ability fo to do by natural inftinck: but neither by inftitution, for who ever faw the old or the young teaching or learning of one another? Nor by imitation, for the young forfake the Nefts fo foon as theyare fledg’d 5 when as they are very fimple and witlefs, and neither regard nor heed almoft any thing but their food: and themfelves next Spring building _they could neither fee their Parents making their Nefts, nor any other birds of their kind, whom they might imitate. It remains therefore that they act by in- fing. a : : Admirablein- And here we canuot but admire, with Harvey, fome of thefe natural inftinds in ras ace of viz, that aloft all Hen-birds fhould with lush ae ie patience ite Ce: night and day for along time together, macerating and almoft fiarving themfelues to death: | that they fhould expofe themfelves to fitch dangers in defence of their Eggs: and if, lag _ confirained they fometimes leave thens a little while, with fuch earncfine/s haften back again Legge to thenz and coverthem? Ducks and Geefé while they are abfent or a little while diligently their Eges cover up their Begs with firaw. With what courage and magnanimity do even the molt co- and Young: wardly birds defend their Egos, which fometimes are {ubventaneous and addle, or not their own, or even artificzal ones Stupendiows in truth a the love of birds to a dull and live- lefs Ege, and which is not likely with the leat profit or plealure to recompenfe fo great pains and care. Who can but admire that paffionate affection or rather fury of 2 clocking Hex, which cannot be extinguifhed wnlels fhe be drencht in cold water 2 During this impetus of mind, fhe negleits all things, andasif fhewere in a fienzy,lets down her Wings, and briftles up ber Feathers, and walks up and down reftle[s and querulous, puts other Hens off their Nefis, fearching every where for Eggs to fit upon, neither doth fhe give over till fhe bath either found Eggs to it, or Chickens to bring up: which fhe doth with wonderful zeal and paffion, call together, cherifh, feed, and defend. What a pretty ridiculows fpeZacle is at, to fcea Hex following a baftard brood of young Ducklings ( which fhe hath hatched for her ows ) {wining in the water 2 How fhe often compaffes the place, fometimes venturing 72, not without danger, as far as fhe can wade, and calls upon them, uling all her art and wadufiry to allure thent to her. . Bs : All Birdsin coupling and breeding time are moft loquacious and canorous. Birds come Birds grow much fafter, and fooner attain their juft magnitude than Quadrupeds. eee Ae, Thofe that are fed by the old ones with meat put into their mouths, in a month or than Quadru- fix weeks{pace almott all of them, and fome in much JefS time become fit to fly, and, Peds. attain to very near the meafure of bignefs due totheir kind. All of them in fix months come to their full growth and perfection. Neither yet is this in them, as in Quadru- peds, a fign of fhort life. Birds very Many Birdsare very ingenious and docile, as may appear from that they are {0 eafi- ingenious. Ty taught to imitate mans voice, and {peak articulately-: which no Quadruped (¢ for ought Ihave heard or read ) could ever be brought to; though their Organs feem to .be much fitter for that purpofe, as being much more conformable to mans, CHAP. Book ORNITHOLOGY. ap Ciap. VI. , Containing ome ‘particulars which Mr. Willughby propounded to himfelf to enquire out, obferve, and experiment in Birds. covered as far as the nofthrils with a naked skin, which our Falconers call the Sear ¢ | 2. Whether the Parrot only moves the upper Chap ? as Aldrovandus affirms; and whether theCro/s-bill, which doth in like manner make ufe of her Bill for climbing, and fome other birds, donot fo too? 3. Whether any Birds changetheir Bills and Claws, as isreported of the Eagle 2 Anfio. What is reported of the Eagle inthis kind doubt not butitisfalfe. Neither do I think that any bird cafts its Bill by age. Wherefore that Tranflation of the fifth verfeof Pfalz 103. which in the common Exglifh metre runs thus, Like as the Eagle cafts her bill, whereby her age reneweth, ought tobe mended. For matty of the more ignorant fort have hereby been impofed upon, believing thefe to be the words or fenfe of the Scripture in this place; whereas there is no fuch thing in the Text men- tioned as the Eagles cafting her Bills the words being only thele, Thy youth shall be renewed like the Bagles. But that the hook of the Bill may, and fometimes doth, in Eagles and other birds by extreme oldage grow. fo immoderately, as to hindertheir feeding, Idenynot. For the Goldfizch, we mentioned before, is hereof a fufficient inftance. | | 4. How many Birds have an angular Appendix, as it were a Tooth, on each fide the upper Chap of their Bills, as the Keffrel, the Hobby, the Butcher-bird, &c? | 5. The Commifiure of thelegs or tines of the lower Mandible, in what birds it ts round, in what angular ? - Whether the Eyes of all Birds of the fame Species are always of the fame colour ? | Anfw. The Irides of the Eyes in young and old birds do often differ; and fome- times alfo in the Cocks and Hens. But whether inold birds of the fame Sex they dif- fer or not remains to be enquired : 1 fuppofethey do not. 7.. Whether inBirds that want the Crop,that defect be always {upplied by the large- 1. Wier Rapacious diurnal Birds only have the upper Chap of their Bills nefs of the Gullet >? Which (as we faid ) in many birds of this kind immediately above the ftomach is dilated into akind of bag or azte-ftomach. 8. Whereas the fingle blind gut, fituate about the middle of the guts, is nothing elfe but the paflage deriving the Yolk into the gutscontracted 5 it were worthy en- quiry, whether there be not fome external paffage terminated in the blind guts com- monly know and fo called,as well in Beafts as in Birds; And fecing that inmiany birds the* Appendices are very {mall, and feemto be of no ufe to the birds when grown up, let it be enquired whether they are greater in Evebryon-birds, and what ufe they may beof tothem? g. Whether the fingle blind gut forementioned be always reflected toward the tail? In what birds the ends of the * Appendices are refleGted ? in what birds the * Ap- pendices are ftriate ? Whether below the * Appendices the gut be proportionably larger than above, according to the bignefs of the * Appendices ¢ Whether of the * Appen- ae the one is ufually fhorter than the other? And if fo, whether the right or the eft } | to. Whether fome Birds have a double clufter of Eggs, as viviparous Animals have two Qvaria, ufually called and miftaken for Tefticles? or whether all have only a fingle one ? a 11. Whether Birds whenready to lay can detain their Eggs, if their nefts happen not to be ready, or be by any accident deftroyed ? Or whether they fometimes fall from them againft their wills ? ‘ | 12. Whereas fome Birds, for example Pigeoxs, lay only two Eggs ata time, whether of the one of thofeis always bred a Cock, ofthe otlier a Hen-bird > _ Anf. Wt-doth moft commonly fo fall out, yet fometimes two Males, fometimes two Females are excluded together. | é 13. To make trial whether Eggs in Englavd niay be hatched by an artificial €ate D 14. To * 7.0.The blind guts. _ ~ ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. The Baffe, 14. Toobferve what colours are moft frequent in Birds, and in what parts as for example, therumps of many birds are of the fame colour, viz. Larks, Thrufhes. Sparrows, &c. ‘ge hy ow ; 15. What Birds wag their tails oft, as Water-wagtails, Blackbirds, Morehens, Trin ge, &c. One of thetwomiddle feathers of thetail when it 18 clofed covers the other enquire whether the right or left feather lies. oftneft uppermoft, or either of them in- differently,as it happens. . 16. In what kind of Birds there are more Cocks ufually bred, as in Ruffs 3in what more Hens, as in Pouliry 2 710 | q f 17. What Birdsbuild upon the ground, as all of the Poultry kind, Lapwings, and in generalall fuch as runand feed themfelves fo foon as they are hatcht, being covered witha thick down? What build on trees and in hedges, as the greateft part of Birds > What in the water, as Morehens ? What Birds fit.always on the ground, never light- ing upon trees? What péxch upon trees? — . elke a What Birds hide themfelves or change places, whether in Wintef or in Sum- mer: . * : .. 19..What would become of Nightingales, Cuckows,&c. in Winter; and of Field- Feit: SKE. in Summer, if they were kept in Cages, and carefully tended, fed and che- rifhed: a Nt . | , 20. Howcometh it to pafs that the moft vehement cold in Winter-time, if they ate spas food enough, doth not congeal or mortifie the tender bodies of {mall I1rdse —e i ; : 21, Whether the age of Pheafants, Hawks,&e.-may be known by the or6fs bars in their tails? ~ | Ne eh | gl - 22. How many Birds have whitefeathers under their tails > How manyghave brifties under their chin, at the corners of their mouths, or about their nofthrils ? 234 What Birds, either terreftrial, or aquatic, have two crofs lines in their Wings 2: . a 24. How many Birds have the exterior vanes of their flag-feathers broader than the interiour > ; oi * —. | Cuar. VIL Of [ome reinarkable ifes, Cliffs, and Rocks about England, where Sea-fowl do yearly build and breed if great numbers. | e/g Any Water but efpecially Sea-fowl do yearly breed and bring forth young in M great companies, either in highRocks, or Defart, and lefs inhabited Ilands ® inthe Sea, or on highand fteep Cliffs by the Sea-fide. The more noted and famous places ef this kind about Exgland are, _ | I. The Bafe Mland in the great Bay called Edinburgh-Frith or Forth, not far from the fhore: which Dr. Harvey doth not lefs truly than elegantly defcribe in thefe words: There i 2 little Ifland, the Scots call it Bafle, flanding very high, environed with freep and craggy Cliffs ( one wight more truly and properly call it 2 huge Rock than.az Tjland ) wot much more than a milein compafs. Inthe months of May and June the fur- face of this Iflaud is almoft wholly covered with Nefis, Eggs, and young Bird¥; fo that for the neultitude of there one cam fearce any where freely fet ones foot: and fuch a number of Birds there 7 flying over ones head, that like Clouds they cover the Skze, and take away the fight of the Sui: making fuch.anoifeand din with their cries that people talking together _wearhand can {carce hear one another. Tf frou thence-as frorra lofty Tower, or high Pre- cipice you look down upon the Seaunderneath, you {hall fee rt every way covered with an infi- nite xumber of Birds of divers forts frimming up and down, intent upon thew prey: In like manner as Pools. of water in fome places iz the Spring time are feen, over-[pread with Frogs : or the open hills and fteep mountains are beheld at a diftance, thick- fet, and a tt werecloathed with flocks of Sheep and Goats. If yon lift to facl about the Iland, and fiom below look up the Cliffs as it were over-hanging your head, you. might fee on all the shelves and, ledges of the. Rocks and craggy Cliffs innumerable rows of birds of all forts and magni- indes, morein nnmber thanthe Stars that-appear ina clear and Moonle/s night. If you look, at then that are coming tothe. Ifland, or- flying away at a diftance, you would take then to be huge fwarms of Bees. ‘Thus far Dr. Harvey. But I fuppofe he was miftaken Sar | in Boowh ORNITHOLOG?. . “— _ inthathe writes that the Lord of the Ifland makes {me profit yearly of the reliques of the Nefts ufeful forfewel. Forthefe kinds of Birds do not make their Nefts of ftraws, fticks, or fach like combuftible matter, good for fewel; but either lay their Eggs on the naked rocks, or ipreag under them very few ftraws, bents, or fuch like inconfiderable fluff. | } The Birds that chiefly frequent this I{land that they may breed there are 1. Soland Soland Geete; Geefe, which are propet tothe Ba/e, not breeding elfewhere about Britaix, that we know of.When we were there near Mid-Azex/i,all the other Birds were departed,only the Solawd Geefe remamed upon the Ifland, their young being’ not yet fully grown and fledg’d. The«manner of getting themisby letting downa manina basket by a rope from the top of the Cliff, who gathers the young off the ledges ofthe Rocks, as they let him down or draw himup. 2. The Twréle-Dove, or Sea-Turtle, fo called here (as I fuppofe ) trom {ome fimilitudeit hath to the Turtle-dove. Itisa whole-foot- ed bird, and, I fufpect, the fame that we have deferibed under the title of the Greens land-dove. This alfa is.a bird peculiar to thisIland. 3. The Scowt, whichis either the Lomwpia, or the Alka of Hoierws > théfigh we believe that both thefe Species breed here. Thefe are found alfoin many. other places about Exgland. 4. The Scarf, which from the agreement of the name with the Dutch Scharpff; I take to be the Cor- morant. 5. he Cattimick, a fort of {mall Sea-gull, befides many other Species of ! i. Gulls. : 2. The Farx Iflands near i Villagein the Coaft of Northumberland called Bamsbergh,. famous for df: ancient Caftle built on a Rock, now almoft ruined. The Birds which chiefly frequentand build upon thefeIfands in Summer time ate 1. S.Cutberts Duck; dled by Wormivs, asl fappofe, Eider. This is never feen but in breeding time, and - as foon as her young ones are hatcht takes them to Sea, and neverogks at land till breeding time next. Itis proper to'thefe Iflands, and breeds no where elf about England, that we know of. 2. Guillemots or Sea-hens, i.e. Lomwie Hoieri. 3.The Skout, 1.6. Alka ejufdem. 4. Counter-nebs or Coulter-nebs, hic dite, i.e. Anates Ar&ice Cluf’ 5. Scarfs, 1, €. Cormorants, or perhaps Shags. 6. Puffinets, which the name ar- gues to-be Puffizs: but thedefcription here given us of them ¢ for we faw not the’ _ bird ) agreesrather to the Bafé-Turtle. 7. Several forts Of Gulls, viz. 1. Mire-crows, all white-bodied, only having black heads, and fomewhat bigger than Pigeons; by which defcription we conclude them tobe Pewits. 2. Annets, {mall whiteGulls, ha- ving only the tips of their Wingsblack 5 and the Bill yellow, perhaps the black-footed Gull, 3. Pickmires, or Sea-Swallows. 5. Terns, th rt of Gull, havinga forked tail. 8.Sea-Piots,1. e. Sea-pices, Hematopws Belloni. 4} S eld 3. The Sea-cliffsabout Scarborough, from which were fentus, the Avates Ardice of Clufivs, called here Me. 2. The Alke of Hoierws, known here by the fame name of Auks. 3. The Lome¥é of thé fame Hoierws, named Shouts. Befides doubtlefs there breed-many Gulls amongthefefowl. | 4. A noted Ifland not far from Lancafter, called the Pile of Fondres : which great flocks of divers forts of Sea-fowl do yearly frequent, and breedthere. | 5. The Ife of Man witha little adjacent Ilet, called the Calf of Man, in which befides Mullets, Razor-bills,and Guilliiaras, Englifh Puffins build in great numbers, and’ no where elfe about Exglazd ( that I know of )butin the Sily Iflands. 6. Preftholm,a {mall uninhabited Ifland near Beaumards inthe Ile of Angleféy,belong- ing to my Lord Bulkley. OnthisIfland buildthe Azates Aréfice of Clufivs ( here called Puffins ) Razor-bills, Guilliams, Cormorants,and divers forts of Guls.* Ls 7: Bardfey Wand, fituate at theutmoft Angle or Promontory of Carzarvanfhire in ales. # Bigs tt : 8. Lundy [flandin the Severn-Sea. : g. The Cliffs by the Sea-fide near Tenby in Wales. 2 5s _, 10.Godreve, an {land oy rather a Rock, not far from St. Ives in Corwwall, where Anks and Guillims, here called Murres and Kiddaws,breed. , r1.°The Si Iflands, in the mainSea, aboutthirty miles diftant from the Landsend- in Cornwall to the Welt. Boyt | 12. CaldeyTfland nearTenby in Pembroke fhire, in one part whereofwe {aw Gulls Neftslying fo thick, that we could fcarce take a{tep without fetting our feet upon on | i ‘ e. 13. Thelfle of Erve near Guernfey: or pa | CH a Pp, 20 Land fowl. Water fowl, Hook-bill’d birds, Streighte bill’d birds, _ equal the common Thrufh or Mavis inbignels, Yet to {ome kinds of big ORNITHOLOGY. Boor I. Cua ep. VIL Of the Divifion. of Birds. Be in general may be divided into Terreftrial and Aquatic, or Land and Wa- ter-fowl. ) | , Terrefirial are fuch as feldom frequent waters, but for the moft part feek their food on dry land. | Aquatic are {uch as are much converfant in or about waters, and for the moft part {eek their food in watery places 3 of which we will treat Book Ill. ‘7 _Terreftrial Birds are either fuch as have crooked Beak and Talons, called by the Gre- cians Tap ovuggs, or fuch as have more ftreight Bills and Claws. Pn Thofe that have crooked Bills and Claws, called Tap-Lovuges, are either Rapaciows and carnivorous, fuch as we call Birds of prey, or more geetle and frugiyorous, as Parrots. ° Me ; - Rapacious and carnivorousare either Dinrzal, fuchas prey by day-light, or Notfur- zal, {uch as prey by night. aa eV Rapacious diurnal Birds are ufually divided according to their magnitude into the greater and lefer kind, | . _ Thegreater kind are either the wore generous, which have their Beaks hooked al- moft from the root, and are called Eagles, or the fuggifh and lef generous, having their Beaks ftreight for a good {pace from the root, and hooked only toward the point, ealled Vultures. The lefer kind, called in Latine Accipitres, may be again fubdivided into the more generous, which are ufually reclaimed and trained up for fowling, properly called Hawks; and the wore cowardly or lef generous, fach as are neglected by Falconers, as being of no ufe for fowling ; and therefore permitted to live at large, which may be’ ° called wild Hawks. . . | Hawks properly {0 called are divided by Falconers into long-winged and fhort- winged. Loug-winged Hawks are fuch the tipsof whofe wings when clofed reach almoft to the end of the train: Short-minged are fuch the tips of whofe wings when fhut or withdrawn fall much fhort of the end of thetrain. . Birds that have wore fireight bills and claws are either the greater or the lefer,which we call faall birds. Under the title of greater we comprehend all that do exceed or er Birds (as for example Woodpeckers ) by reafon of the agreement of the chanacteliftie notes we areforced to add one or two Birds leffer than Thrufhes. The greater are either fuuch as have large, ftrong, ftreight, and long Bills, or leffer and fhorter ones. The firkt are ei- ther fuch as feed promifcuoufly upon Flefh, Infeéts and fruit (or grain ) or at leaft Infeétsand fruit ; or fuch as feed upon Infects only. Thofe in refpect of colour may be divided into two kinds, viz. 1. The Crow-kind, whofe body is for the moft part of. one colour andblack: 2. The Pie-kind, whofebody is covered. with, party-coloured feathers. OF thefe, [ that feed only on Infects } there is but one kind, v. g. Wood- peckers. Such as havelefer and fhorter bills may be diftinguifhed: by the colour of their ficth, into fuch as have white flefh, and fach as have black flefh. Thofe thar have white fiefh ave the Poultry kind, Hens, Peacocks, Turkeys, &c. ‘Thofe that have black flefh are either the greater, that lay but two Eggs atatime, as Pigeons 5 or the defer, which lay more than two Eggs at once, as The Thrujh kind. The lefer fort of Birds with fireighter bills, fachas weutually call fall birds, may be divided according to their Bills, into fuchas have lender bills, and fuch as have thick.and fort bills. Of both a there be many fubalternate {pecies 5 of which when we come to treat of fall Birds. = - | CHAP. Boor L ORNITHOLOGY. Cuap, IX, A Catalogue of Englifh Birds, as well of fuch as abide here all. the year, and never change place, as of fuch, which at fet times come and 0, which we call Birds of paflage, RAPACTOUS DIURNAL BIRDS. He E a 6 t £, which doth not only come over hither to prey, but alfo ma- ; ny times builds and breeds with us yearly (they fay) upon the high rocks of Swowdon in Carnarvanfhire. In the year of our Lord 1668. in the Wood- lands, tear the River Derwent inthe Peak of Derbyfhire was found an Eagles Nett, made of great fticks, re{ting one end on theledgeof a Rock, the other on two Birch- trees, upon which was a layer of Rufhes, and over them a layer of Heath, and up- on the Heath Rufhes again ; upon whieh lay one young one and an addle Egg, and bythema Lamb and a Hare, and three Heath-poults. The Neft was about two yards {quare, and had nohollowinit. The young Eagle was as black as a Hobby, of the fhape of a Gofhawk, of almoft the weight of a Goo/e, rough-footed, or feathered down to the foot, having awhitering about the tail. Ifppofé this was of the fame kind with thofe kept in the Tower of Lexdox, which we have defcribed under the _ title of The Golden Eagle witha white ring about itstail. 2 . TheSea-E AG LE orOfprey, Halicétus five Offiffaga, which preys oftertupon our Rivers. There is anaery of them in Whinfield-Park Weftmerland, preferved care- fully by the Countef’ of Penbroke : but the report of their having one web'd foot is fabulous. Mr. Fobzfox. | The FaLtcon, Falco, is found to build in Scotland. We have been told that thereis an Aery of them near Holy-headin thelfle of Axglefey in Wales. The Common Buzz AR D, Buteo five Triorches. This Bird isa great deftroyer of Conies. , | The HoNE Y-BuzzaRr_D, Buteo apivorus [we vefpivorys. This is like the precedent, differsm that it hath an afh-colouredring or broad bar crofs the train and wings. The BALD BuzzaAr D, Balbufardws Anglorum, Halieetus Aldrov. This is __ by fome called the Sea-Eagle, and preys upon fifh. | ~ TheMoo r-Buz zap D, Milows HEraginofvs, Aldrov. This is known by be- ing all over of a dark fulvous or Chefnut colour,except the crown of the head, which isof a pale clay colour. . 1 ' TheKt te or Glead, Miluw. The Charatteriftic note whereof is its forked tail, wherein it differs from all other rapacious Birdsthat we have feen. TheR IN G-TAiL, Pygargus Accipiter, Subbuteo Turneri, the Male whereof is called the Hen-harrier, from preying upon Hens. He doth ¢ faith Turzer) ona fudden {trike at Birds in the fields, or Pullen in Towns, and miffing of his prey departs flily and filently, never making a fecond attempt 5 of all Birds of, prey flying neareft the ground. Gefuer fufpects this Fowl to be the Circus of the Ancients. -\ TheSp ARR oO w HAWK, Accipiter Fringillariys Recentiornm Nifws & Spar- verzm. The Male or Tarcel of this is called a Musket after the French name. This isa great deftroyer of Pigeons, too frequent with us. The H 0 BB ¥, Subbuteo Bellonii & Aldyov. This from perfecuting of Larks ( which are its chiefand particular game ) is not unfitly by Mr. Fohujox entituled Acc piter Alaudarius. x 2S | ia The Kes TREL, Stannel, or Stonegal, and infome places the Windhover, be- — caufeit doth asit were fanthe wind by the motion of its wings, hovering inthe fame place: Hence the Germans alfo callit Wannenwacher, that is,the Wind-fanner. Tinnun- culus: feuCenchris. . The greater Burt C HE R-BIR D or Mattagefé, and iti the Peak of Darbyjbire after the Geran name Wierangel, or Werangel, Lanius cinerews major. Thisour Fal- coners-fometimes reclaim, and'train up for {mall Birds. She fits upon a high bough, making an uncouth noife ; the Birds thereby allured become her prey. ~TheW co p-C #4 T, Lanins minor cinereo-ruffZ. , The lefer reddifh Bu T CHE R-BIR D,-Lanius minor rubefcers. es Bird © | | aving Wk * Ta the Chap- rer of the Rook, ORNITHOLOGY. Bool. having no particular Englifh name, that we know of, wehave impofed this upon it. Thefe Birds are called alfo in Latine Colluriones, and in:Englith by Dr. Turner. Shrikes. Itis common to all thefe Butcher-Birds to have black briftles about their bills. | i" ee so oe . i The Cu c x 0 w, Cuculas. Who becaufe he preys only upon ‘the Eggs of Birds (and is therefore purfued, not: attended, as is faid, by the Moor-titling ’) or their young ones in the Neft, hath {mall and weaker Beak and Talons, and thérefore dit appears in Winter, when fuch food is not to be had. I have known one kept with all imaginable care, but ( whether, through alteration of food, or fome other caufe) before Winter, fhe grew torpid, broke out in feabs, and died. The young one is- curioufly {petted. I have feen one in Harveft partly fpotted, partly cinereous. Mr. Fobnfon, ‘ : ms | RaPpacious NoctTuRNAL Binns. The Ho pn N-O wL, Ofws five Nona aurita, called alfo by the Latines Afio ac- cording to: Play. | | | ) The CommonW HITE Ow 1, or Barn-Owls this Mr. Fohzjox calls the Church- Owl, by whichname the Low Dutch alfo calla fort of Owl. is TheB R o wN orlv y-O w L,and fromits{chreeking noife the Sc RE Ec H- O w L. Strix Aldrov. - es The Gr E y OwL, asbig asthe former. Dr. Charleton in his Oxomafticon Zoicon attributes the Englifh name G7f/-hooter to this Bird, whichis, I fuppofe, a general name of all Ons. The FE RN OwL, or Churn-Owl, or Goat-fucker. Caprinmlews. In the moun- tainous woods in the Peak, of Derbyjhire, the Weft Riding of York-fhire, in Shropflire, and many other places, all over Exgland. THe Crow Kino. The R.A v EN, Corvus. This often deftroys young Lambs,firft picking out their eyes 5 is of very quick fent, and by fome trained upasa Hawk for fowling. | he Common or Carrion C x.0 w. This isnot much more than half fo big as the former, otherwife very like it. It feedsupon flefh and dead carcafles, in want where- of it will eat corn. . TheRoo k, Cornix frugilega. Itis diftinguifhed from the Crow, to which other- wife it is very like, by its white beak and being gregarious, befides other notes * af- terwards to be mentioned. The RoystTON Crow, Cornix cinerea frugilegaz. Common in Cambridge- fhire, about Newmarket and Royfton. Mt. Fohnfon calls it the Sea-Crow and faith it is frequentabout Stockton in the Bifhoprick of Durefm, near the mouth of the River Tees. The Jack-paw, Monedula five Lupus Aldrov. This alfo feeds promifcueufly upon flefh,corn,feeds,infetts,@c. In the {tomach of a young one taken out of the neft, befides feveral forts of infects, we found. among divers other feeds many grains of Wheat, Rye,cc. y | The CornnisH CHouGH, Coracia, calledalfo Pyrrbocorax, though Aldrovan- dus would have thefe to be diftiné Birds. It is found not only in Corzwal, but alfo all: along the Weft coaftof Wales, The Pre} Magpie, or Piannet, Pica varia {eu caudata, called alfo fimply Pica, The Jay, Pica glandaria. This Bird is very greedy of Cherries,he feeds alfo upon: Maft, astheLatine name imports. a as 3 THE WoOoODPECKER-KIND. The GREEN WoopPECKER, or Woodfpite, Picws viridis. This Bird isby, fome called a Heyhoe,, whichnameis, I fuppofe, corrupted from Hewhole, as Turner faith it was calledin Evglifh inhis time, and Mr. fobxfoxnow. By others it is called Rain-fowl, becaufe its cry when more frequent and fhrill than ordinary is thought a Prognoftic of riain. . ) The GREATER SPOTTED WooODPECKER, or Whitwall, Picws varius MASON. ~ ‘ The Boos 1. ORNITHOLOGY. ” The LESSER Spotmnen WooorcKenr, or Witwall, or Fickwall. Picas va- vivs winor. Ifappofe Witwal/isa name common to.both Species. The WRYNECK, jynx 6g Torquilla. This agrees with the Potertientioned Worl peckers inthe difpofition of the toes and fabric of its tongue; It differs from theni 1. Inhaving a flenderer and weaker bill : So that it hews not for it {elf a hole inthe folid Wood, but builds in rotten and hollow trees. 2. In see its tail not fo {tiff _ The NUTHATCH, or Nut-jobber. Picus cinerenss"She hath nota long tongue as the other, becaufe {he feeds not on Coffi as they do, but on other Infetts, and’efpeci- ally on Nut-kernels. It isa pretty fight to fee her fetcha Nut out of her hoard, place it ina chink,and then ftand overit with her head downward, ftrikeit with all her might, and breaking the fhellcatch up the Kernel. The feathers of her tail are not (tiffand poihted, becaufe her motion is rather: down than up trees : nor hath fhe two hind- ~ toes: butthe inner toe is feparated a little from the middle, and falls fomewhat actofs { asinthe Owl-kind) whereby fhe can fupport her felf-in any motion. Her voice 1s ve- ry fhrill. Mr. Fohxfox. The CREEPER, or rae Carrbia. Tt hath | ‘a’ ‘Tong fender Bill, bending like a Bow, more commodioutly to eee ifito the ehitiks of the: bark of trees. TheHo opr, or Hoapoe, Upnpa, Epops. Why ‘we fabjoyn this’ Bird to thé Wood. peckers thall be faid when we come particularly to! treat of it. This is fufficiently differenced from all other Birds by its creft all aoe the MEGS 3 it is more rare with Us. THe PouLttay Kino The House Coc K, Rooft-Cock, or ates Dunghill riwiad Hex, Gallus Gal- linaceus @ Gallina domeftica, Of thefe there are feveral i or ST eo a which we fhall enumerate afterwards. | The PEACOCK, Pavo,both the common,and the white. , - TheTur key, Gallopavo Jen Avis Numidica Meleagris.. Neither Turkeys nor Peacocks are native of England, but becaufe they are tame fowl, and eafily bear our Winters, and it isnow a long time that they have been brought over, we may very well reckon them among Ewelifh birds. The Cock of theWoobor Mountain, ‘Urnsalies feu Tetrao major. Aldrov. This isnot found in Eugland, but in Ireland therebe of them. The BLack Cock, his Hen the Grey-hezs, his Brood the Grey Game. This Bird iscalled alfo the Heath-Cock ;.and.-Grous, Tetrao » (we Orogallus minor. In great Heaths in many places of England. The RED GameE,Lagopus altera Plinii, an Attacen Aldrov. In the North of Ezg- land it 1s called, The Gor-Cock, and Moor- Cock, the Hen the More-hen, the Brood Gor- fowl. Heath-Cook igalfo.a name.‘common' to this with the precedent. Turners More- bex isthe Female of thé, precedent or Black Cock, Gor in the North of Exgland figni- fies red, fo the Gor-Cockis thered.\Cock; cc. For the underftanding and exact diltin- Gion of thee names we arebeholdénto Mr. Fobufox of Brignal in Yorkefbire. The PHEASANT, Phaffanus:..a bird well Ea sand for the beauty of its colours comparable. to the Peacock, er efiqn The Common PARTRIDGE, Peedi cinerea. We Fave been informed ‘that the Red-leg'd Partridge, Perdix ruff’ is found in the Tiles. of Ferfey and Guernfe y The QUAIL, Coturnix. | The RAIL or Daker-hex, Or iygorsetra, Alldrow. fen Ralus savrePris 7H t is very common in Ireland, but more rare Sait Us. Turner fiche he never ie nor heard of it but in Northumberland. chk Den | : (Tue: Prozow: KEN D. The Chane Wn LD > Pr GEO N; or ol Eee Sask or Culvers Columba domeftica few vulgaris. The RocKk-PIGEON, » Columba ripcol afhecolonred, with red légs,offmall fize, obferved byMr. fobufons» _ The Rinc-Dov£, or Reef i in the North Buphead Cufbat, Palumbus tor- patie The an ate ORNITHOLOGY. Boos, _ The StocK-Dove, or Wood-Pigeon, Ocnas frveVinago. The Tur TLE-DoveE, Twtur, found in the Southern part of England, Kent, Suffex, Kee | : THE THRusH KIND. The MissEL-BrRD, or Shrite, and in the North the Thrajh {imply without ad- dition, Turdys vifcivorus major. TheTHROSTLE, Mavis, or Song-Thrufh, Turdus fimpliciter didus feu vifeivorns 1409 j / wo The REDWING, Swine-pipe, or Wind-Thrufh, Turdus Iliacus, [as few Tylas. Ie fhould rather be written and pronounced, The Wane-thru/h. The FIELDFARE or Feldefare, Turdus pilaris. Thefe twolaft arebirds of paf- © fage, never build here, but come over in Winter time. The Common BLACKBIRD or Ouzel, Merula vulgaris. This word Ovzel is un- doubtedly of the fame original with the Italian Occelle, and the French Oifean, fignifying in generala Bird; however it be with us appropriated to this kind. The RinG-OuzeL, Merula torquata. | The WA TER-OuZEL, or Water-crake, Merula aquatica. _ The Star £ or Starling which faith Mr. Fohfon,] never faw eat Berries, whereas all the reft of this tribe, except perhapsthe Water-Onzel, are baccivorous.. . | SMALL BIRDS WITH SLENDER BILLS. The Common Field Vulgaris. The Wood-( , bored. The Tit- Lark. Alanda Pratorum. The Lefer crefted » CCriftata minor. This laft we have not yet feen. Mr. fobnfon found and defcribed it in the North of Exgland. ) hementl?: | The conmon honfe Swallow - (Domeftica. r % cant The Martin or Martlet Agreftis fen ruftica,Plin. Sw A - Tei The Sand-Martin or Shore-bird Hirnndo Riparia. The black Martin or Swift. Apus. The great Titnsoufe or Oxe-eye Major feu Fringillago. 4 The black-headed Ti tmoufe Alter, Gein. TITMISE,<¢ The Marfh Titmoufe Parasd Paluftris. | The blew Titnoufe or Nuz Caruleus. «The long-tail'd Titmoufe Candatus. The White, Motacilla alba. Thiscomes every feed-time; non and follows the Plowman, and is therefore by him cal- WATER WAGTAILS, led the Seed Bird. Mr.Fobufon. 31 ¢ The Common Yellow. Mot. flava. esha ut The other Yellow, Mot. flava altera. This was obferved in the North by Mr. Fohafon, and the defcription thereof communicated tous. | The NIGHTINGALE, Lufeinia feu Philomela. The REDSTART, Raticilla, Phoenicuros, TheRoBBIN-REDBREAST, or Ruddock, Rubecula five Evithacns. TheBLack CHAT, or Beccafigo, Atricapilla. TheSTONE-sMICH, or Stone-chatter, Mujcicapa tertia, Aldrov. This is ( asi fuppofe )the Rubetra of Bellonius, and the Moor-Titling of Turner. The WHIN-CHAT, Ocnanthe noftra fecunda, feu Rubicola, The COLDFINCH of the Germans: This, notwithftanding the name, is nothing akin to the Fizches. It was found in the Mountains of the Peak in Derby fhire. : _ \TheWH1TE-THROAT, Spipola prima, Aldrov. forte. | The HEDGE-SPARROW, Curruca Eliote. PETTICHAPS, Ficedula feptima, Aldrov..* : Ne ABirdliketotheStopaRroLa of Aldrov. which we once took to be the Mox- cherolle of Bellouius: We have not heard of any Exghjp name of this. . TheGoLDEN-CROWN'D WREN, Regulus criftatus. a ane e Boon I. DRICIT HOLOGY. a. ey oT He Bird: dalled: by: Aldrovand. Resulus non eviftatus. An Ali tik an Kanon: Tides, Te | We know notany Englifhname of this. It fings like a Grathopper. | ha oe Wi RE NX, Par toghodites. ‘This bird Was! ‘formerly miftaken “for the Re- gu To chietemiay be added the King-fifter, Ifpide, which 3 is of a peculiar Weep by him- felf, being’s pifcivorotis ‘Land-bird, 42 alta arhong oie aa Se Waterfowl with Bills of middle length. SMALL BIRDS WITH THPCK AND sHORT BILLs. The GROsBE AR) or Hoavofineh, Coceobbranfies' z ae is but feldom feen if Eng land, aiid! tHE only or chiefly in Winter. The! EEN-FIN C \Hcalled i in the Northern parts By England Me Green Libnet, ChhoPise The Bu L ULF INCH, Alp,or Boye. Rubicille en Pyrrbule » Fhe SHEL LAP PL E, or Crofs-bill, Loxia. This Comes over fometimes ift the Au- cumn, but feldom abides the wholeyear with us. | TheHoust-SPaRkRow, Paffir Domefticns. NJ 10 .D The CHAFFE-FINCH, Fringits, os TheBRAMBLE, or Brambling Momtiftingslln? Of this Me. Jobn on hath lately obferved two new {pecies or ‘vatieties, the oné ‘about ‘the -fizé “of the common fort, the other fomewhat bigger than e Dirk Both have Chefitut heads, and white wings. , The GOLDFINCH 5 Conduclse he babes The Common seth Vulgaris. The Gres. _R. RED-HEADED CLinnet, Linavia Rubra major. THe LES: 2X RED HEADED" Coates fe Rubra minor. ~The S¥sk EN, Spivu. ‘froe Hisaraibie , The BUNTING, Evberiza alba, Geli. (The PELE OM: -HAMMER »Emberita flava WATER FOWL ae fey ee ee AND FIRST, Choven-Foo ort, fay as live about water’, ii freqitent watery places. (“THE GREATER KEND. “p. Phe Cr aN EB} comsion in the. Fens of: pea and in Cambridee(hire; a 2. The COMMON HERO Ny or Herom-foaw, Arie cinerea major. It builds ‘eu trees,.and is a great deftroyer of fiflh. . 3. TheWHITE HERON, Ardea albad 80: 4..The BrTTouR, or Bittern, called: in’ the North of Bnilanid the- Mire-drum, whofe drumming note ¢ faith Mr: Fobajfon 1 have ityan Evening heard a mile off. Ar- dle feellaris, salts we Taurws. This, 1 fuppofe, isthe Bitd which the Vulgar call:the Night: eg and have: a dread of Tt builds upon the ground, and lays four or five THe iit ay ake AND ‘Lesser KINDs. 1. With very long Bills. 1. The CuRLEW; Arquata five Numeniu, 2. The WHIMBRELL,O FL Soe Curlew. Arquata minor. 3. TheWooDcock, Scolopax: Abird of paflage 5 ‘yet fome ftraglers abidgand breed here. 4. The Snipe, Galinago mizor. Ps The GID, or Facks be inthe North, the Judeach Galinago utinina. oo » The ORNITHOBOGY, — Booxo I, 6... FheGo.D wa Ty in the Ifle-of: Ey and, elfewhere the: Komi: a Tela Fe. doa, Gefn. Barge forte Belonizn 5) - o7~'T o.ma Nuss :\Aldrou.Lhave. not. as set nhicerd of any. Exghfb pane oF ARM . I fuppofe our Countrymen confound thee Sige cling: por ial the fame Haine for them greatlikenefs...- > 8. TheStoNnE-PLO v E Rj o: is: ae hentia rhs Bird. Ke © fiw in, nCaraneall Vt} 9. The SE A-PIE, Hematopus, Belloni. Pica marina, Gefu. , siiotel lbhim Yo al 7 mo} He Qo With yniddle-fized Bills. .. e a Sk T J 3 a , Mw sy ‘ott, Dhe Rune E,, Avis, pugnaxs - The female of this is called the . Reece. . There Birds differ wonderfully in 1 colours, fo that fcarce can there, be found. aay itwe alike. 2. The REDSHAN K, or PaolSripe, “Totanue, Get. é Calliwla Eyythrope Mss jor Been - 3. The KNoT,, thats King yan or Kuite Le Conntus ‘his bird, Gino Below, an Callidrys cinerea 2 4. The SANDERLING, or Curveibet, Arenatia Ps It is sof the bigne of the fe Tringa, and wants the back-toe. This Sit TB. calls the Sea-Dottrel, 5)’ The GREATER TRINGA.:.. « VIEMAK AGS 6. The SANDPIPER, [ringa.miuor,. ‘ybe Orie in Suffexee twas or Bears 7» TheSTINT, Alauda wnarina, about Cheffer called a Purres 8. Tothefe may be added ( though i it hath tart «8 and wades not in nvater) the KINGFISHER, Ifpida. | oe 3. With ie. Bills. ‘>a Oates 28 Tv 1. TheLAPwtNc ee infome: places the Baftard-P ies in. 1 the North, inimi- tation of its note orvoice,the Tewit. Capella five Vannellus. __ 2. TheGREEN PLOVER, Pluwialis isi called alfo Pardalus, | pecule fpot- ted almoft like a Leopard. ene A oct yee or} 3. TheGrRey PLoveER, Plavialis cinereay. wo AMM AHeWOoZda ¥ ONT 4. The STONE-CURLE Ww, Ocdicnemus, Belloni 5. The DoTTREL, Morinellys.” 6. TheSEA-LARK, Charadrius five Hiaticula. Thee throb laft named Birds do all want the back-toe. 7. The TURNSTONE, Cinclus, Turneri porte. This Bird we found on the Sea- coaft of ' \Garereall rAt.is, bigger than a Blackbird, and, lefigr than.a Plover... 1) WATER FOWL, THAT.S WIM. I. CLOVEN-FOoTED, \fome of mhich may be caledAFIN-TOE D, becanfe they have lateral appendant mernbranes oneach fie ide their tes. i L. The CRESTED DIVER, Colymbus criftatus. Ash 3 2. The ASH-COLOURED DIVER, Colymbus cinereus major. | 3. [he DiDAPPER, Dobchick, or Doncker, Colymbus minor... - 4. TheGREATEST DIVER, or Loon, Colymbusmaxinus., This Bird is whole, footed, but! for its perfec agreement with the reft of the Colymbi we have fubjoyned. it to them.? All thefe Birds are alfo called Loons and, Arsfeet, from. the fituation of their legs, juft behind. 5. Lhe Common’ WATER-HEN, or Morchen: Gallinula ale ‘This and the following Bird run-{wiftly., . 6. The WA TER-RAIL, Rallys aquaticus. . The Coot, or. Bell- Coot, Fulica. I. WHO LEE OO Raia ‘BIRDS, pod. Arlt c € I. Suede. a “have but ‘ae toes. 1. The CouLTER-NEB, Pope, Mullet, and in Abate eps the: Prin ArGi- ca ee Pr atercula quorwidam. mea =o 128 2. The Boor ORNITHOLOGY, 2. The RAZoR-BILL, Auk or Murre. Alca Hozeri. 3. The GutLxyram, or Guillemot, Sea-hen,or Kiddaw, Lomwia Hoieri. _ 4. TheSea-TuURTLE, Turtur marinus Baffanis. We fuppofe this Turtle Dove of the Bafe Iland wants the back toe, but are not thereof very confident, having never feen it. 2. Such as have four foes all meb'd together: 1. TheSoLAND-Goose, Axfer Bafanws. 2. TheCoRMORANT, Corvus aquaticus {ive Carbo. 3. The SHAG, andin the North Country the Craze, Graculus palmipes. . Thefe have all their toes web'd together for more {wift and {peedy {wimming, the -’ claw of their middle toe ferrate, for to hold fith. | 3. Such as have four toes, but the hind one feparate 3 Arid firft, 4. Such have narrow and fharp-pointed Bills. i. The great BLACK AND WHITE GuLL, Laras maxinms ex albo & nicre varie. This is almoft as big as a Goofe. {aw and defcribed it at Chefter. 2. The HERRING-GULL, or greateft afh-colowred. Gulls called corruptly, the White Gulls Larus cinereus maximus. It isas big as a Duck, with an afh-coloured back. ‘ 3. The Common SEA-MALL, \ bans cinereus minor 5 as big as a Pigeon, with an afh=coloured back. | es 4. The Grey GuLL, perchance the Cornith Wagel, Larus grifeis : called in Hol- land the Burgomafter of Groevland. | . «5. TheCoraih TAR ROCK, Larus cinerens Bellonti. It wants the back toe, inftead thereof having only a {mall protuberancy. ; 6. ThePEwit, or Black-cap, Cepphus,Turnéri & Gein. 7- TheWINTER MEw, or Coddy-Moddy, Larus fuftus five hyberuus. 8. TheSEa-SWALLow, Hirundo marina. 5 g. The Less—ER SEA-SwaLLow,Larws pifcator,Getn. & Aldrov. | to. TheScaArE-Crow, Larws niger, Gein. 2 ! ri. The BLACK CLOVEN-FooTED GULL, Larus niger fidipés iofter. 12.The BRowN TERN, LarusSterna fulca difus. Befides thefe Mr. ‘fobufoz fhew’d me another {mall bird of thisskind, which he called Larus fidipes alter? which I thentook to belong to the Water-hen-kind, but by his defcription of it fince fent me, I now rather incline to his opinion; that it isa DLa- rus, or {mall Gull. | 3 The GANNET, Catarradfes uofter, the Skua of Hoierts, A Corsi(h bird. To thefe may be added the PuF FIN, or Curviere, Puffiens Anglorum, On the Calf of Man, andthe S1LLy Ilandé. Lh ee 9. Such as have narrow, fetrate, or toothed Bills. 1. The GossANDER, or Bergander, Merganfer, Aldrov. The female of thig C miftaken for a diftin& fort ) iscalled the Daw Diver, or Sparling-fowl. | 2. The Lefer TooTH-BILL’D Diver, Mergns cinereus fufeus. sat 3. TheWHITE Nun, Albelus alter, Aldrov. The Female of this is alfo mi- {taken for a different kind, and called Mergus Glacialis, which Mr. Fohnfor Englifhes the Lough Diver. The Male and Female in this and the precedent differ fo much in colour that they have been even by the beft Naturalifts defcribed and figured for diverfe Species. Thad the Female of this latter lately {ent me from Cambridge, by the title of a Siew. I fuppofe the name is originally High Dutchs for Ifind in Baltner our common Wigeou intitled Ezz Schmey. ie 4.$UCH AS HAVE BROAD BILLs, and firft, 1. The Goot-Kind. 1. TheSwAn, Cygnus, Olor. = | E 2 % 2. The 28 “ORNITHOLOGY, Boos I. 2. TheELK, Hooper\ or Wald Swan. Cygnus ferus. 3, The TAME, Goose, Axfer. ' 4. The WiLD Goose, Axnfer ferus. - RT 5. Fhe SwANn-Goose, Axfer Guinews: notadle “for her lifted neck, girdled breaft, crefted head, and knobbed forehead. | This was brought over from abroad, bixtis now grown common enough with us; asthe Turkey and Peacockalfo were,which we recon among our Domeftics. | ' 6@The BERNACL E, or Clakis, Bernicla five BernacD\__ U7. The BRENT-GoosE, Brenta five Beruicla altera. 8. The RAT-GoosE, or Road-Goofe, Brenthys, Ariftotelis fort. | Give 2x The Duchk-kind. 1. TheSHELDRAKE, or Borough-Duck : Tadorna Belloni. It is called Sheldrake from its being,particoloured, Sheld fignifying dappled or {potted with white; and Burrow-duck from building in Coney-burrows. =” } | 2. St. CUTBERTS Duck, Axws Farvenfis, building, with us only on the Farz Ilands. I take it to be the fame with the Ezder of Worm sesh Ee 3. TheScaup-Duck, Fuligula forte Gefneris It is called Scanp-duck from its feeding upon Seaup, 2. e. broken Shelfifh: varies infinitely in colour, efpecially in head and neck, fo that among a pack of forty or fifty you fhall not find two exadly alike. Mr. ‘Fohyfoz. a A '.4. The BLAacK Duck, Avzasniger, Aldrov. Séen with Mr. Fohufor. . 5. TheScoTeER, orlefer black Diver, Anas niger minor. 6. The Tur TED Duck, Axas cirratus. Querquedula criftata five Colymbis Belloni. 7. TheGoLDEN-EYE, Clangula,Getn. This was fent us from Cambridge by the title of Shelden, Ifuppofe fo denominated from itsbeing particoloured of black and white, that 1s S4e/d,fo other pied birdsare called Sheld-fowl. 8. TheSHOVELER,Avgs Platyrrhynchos altera five clypeataGermanica,Aldroy. _ 9. The LesseER RED-HEADED Duck, Azu fera fufea fen capite ruffo minor. 10. The POCHARD, or great red-headed Duck, Penelops veterum,Aldrov. Anus fere fufca, Rothalfs, Gein. . , he: 11. The Common W1LD-Duc k,and Mallard, Bof{chas major. 12. TheSEA-PHEASANT, Anas caudqcuta. ua 13. The Common W1IGEON, or Whewer. Penelope, Aldrov. I am informed by Mr. Dent ApothecaryanCambridge, that the Males or Cocks are there called Wigeons . and the Females Whemers. ; . 14, The GADWAL1L,or Grey. Anas Platyrrhynchos roftro nigro & plano, Aldrov. 15. The Common TEAL, Querquedula. xt 16. TheSuMMER TEAL, Avas Circia, Gel. 17. The TAME Duck, Ans domeftica.. — 18. The Muscev.y Duck, Anas mofchata. 19. The HooK-BILD Duck, Anas roftro adunco. _ Among the whole-footed Water-fowl we omitted the Recurvirofira or Avofetta Ttalorum, whichin Winter-time often frequents our coafts, the Shear-water of Sir Tho- mgs Brown,and the Mergulus melanoleucosroftro acute brevi of the fame. _ Among the cloven-footed Water-fowl the Stork, whichis fometimes {Cenupon our Coafts, perhaps driven over by {torm, or other Accident. sy f " AN au 7 The Cra Rete z SSN OCIS INN eereetereceteal YR | mi xx OS ne “J FS IS SAN ee wear a KOS Ss oS XX? SS COKBLIS | oh ~S. SARK RS XXOOD > TREXRROOD —s OOOO Seneca ey eee WI I sess: ’ xO ee ee eee Sse = Pas = SS RSL 1 == oe ell ! | She Stalian Sancaatoun J ) : LE EE Ae ee = No a nr oe ar © ASSESS eT) ss == == eel apzia= oe 3 3 te 7 2 »& ee ee on cet oe \ ae PRA dete og weld te re ADDITION | Tothe First Boox of the © FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Eto ~ BEING i An Epirome of the Art of FOW LI NG; ——. Collected out of Markham, Olina, and others. Sees’ delivering the Art of Fowling, or taking of Birds, there are ae eral two methods that might be ob{erved. The firft proceeding according to the Engines and devices that are made ufe of for taking them. ie ae fecond according to the feveral forts of Birds tobe taken. : | In the firft method might be firft an enumeration made of Si} the feveral Engines and Inftruments, as Nets, Springes, and | Snares, Traps and Pit-falls, Guns and Crof{s-bows, Bird- lime, Baits, and Animals, wz. Hawks, and Dogs. Then, going particularly over each Inftrument or Engine, mightbe fhewed, 1.’ The feveral forts and fathions of each. 2. The various ways of ufing each fort. 3. What kind of birds are to be taken each way. : But I fhall chufe rather to ufe the fecond method, following therein Markhaz in _ his Treatife on this Subject, intituled Hyagers prevention, or the Art of Fowling, to whom I muft profefs my felf beholden forthe greater part of this Difcourfe, which I fhall divide into two SeGions; in the firft treating concerning the taking of Water- fowl, inthefecond concerning the taking of Lazd-fowl: To which laft [fhall annex three Chapters: The firft, concerning the making of Birdlime; The fecond, con- cerning the eleGion and training up of a Setting-Dog ; Thethird, containing an Abridgment of fome Statutes relating to the prefervation of Fowl. SECTION 1 Of the taking of Water-Fowl, Ci ARs i de: How to take Water-Fowl with Nets. §. | | How to take Cloven-footed Water-Fowl with Nets. Ake your Net of the firongeft and bed-twined Pack-thread, with large mafhes, at leaft two Inches from knot to knot : For the biggerthe mah, fo “* the birds cannot creep through, the better. The Net muft not beabove two _ fathoms deep, and fix long atthe moft: A Net of that fize being as great as a man is . . 2 well al. 8 ae ys a ORNITHOLOGY. Booxl. well able to throw over. It muft be verged with a {trong cord on each fide, and * extended {tiff upona long Pole at each end: Then having obferved the Morning and '“«Evening-feeding of the Fowl] ( which is feldom in one andthe fame place) befure to come two hours before thofe feeding times ( which are twilight in the Morning, and after Sun-fet at Night) and upon thefe haunts {fpread your Nets fmooth and flat, fta- _ king downthe two lower ends firm on the ground, {o that they may only come and o, and nomore. Theupper verge of the Net mutt {tand extended onthe long Cord, the further end whereof muft be flaked downto the earth, two or three fathoms fiom the Net, '¢ the Stake ftanding ina right line withthe lower edge of the Net ) the ' Fowler holding in his hand the other end ( which fhouldbe at leaft ten or twelve fa- thom long) at its diftance : where he fhall make fome artificial fhelter of grafs, fods, earth, or fuich like matter, where he may lie out of fight of the Fowl. Be fure © that the Net lie fo tickle, that upon the leaft twitch it will rife from the earth, and fly over. Strow over the Net fhort dead fog and other grafsto hide itas muchas may be from the view of the Fowl. It would beof advantage, clofe to your Net to {take downa live Herow, or other Fowl you {pread for, formerly taken, for a ftale, making her now and then flutter her wings. When you fee a competent number of Fow] with- in the danger of your Net, draw your Cord fuddenly aud cover them. This you may dotill the Sun be almofthalf an hour high, but no longer, for after that time no more Fowl will come to feed; and at Evening from Sun-fet till the Stars begin to appear, Thus you may take not only the greater Water-fow], but Plover and others, §. IL How to take whole-footed Water-fowl with Nets. Al Ake your Nets of the {malleft and {trongeft*Pack-thread 3 the Mathes of lefs # compaf{s than the forementioned; let them be 2 or 3 foot deep; for length according to the Rivers and Waters they are tobe pitched over, Let them be lined on both fides with falfe Nets of {trong Packthread, every Mafh being 1 + foot {quare, that as the Fow] ftriketh either through or againft them, the {maller Net may pafs through the great Mafhes, and fo entangle them. | Thefe Nets you fliall pitch for the Evening-flight of Fowl before Sun-fet, and. {take them faft down oneach fide the River, the lower fide of the Nets about halfa foot within the water, the upper fide fhoaling flantwifé againft the water, yet not touching it by a foot and half at leaft. The {trings that fupport this upper fide muft be faftned to fmall yielding fttcks prickt in the bark, which asthe Fowl {triketh may give liberty to the Net torunand entanglethem : Yet one end ever made fo faft that the Net may by no means be carried away. You may thus place divers of thefe Nets over the River about twelve {core one from another. If there beany Fens, Plafhes, or Pits at a good diftance from the River, go to them, and fhooting off a piecé twice or thrice, raife the Fowl! from thence, which will prefently pack to the River, then plant your Nets of the middle fize upon the {mall Plafhes and Pits, and the longeft of all upon the Fens: In like manner if there beany covert of Sedge, Reeds, Ruthes, @c. in the water, pitch Nets about them alfo. ' In the Morning go firft to the River about an hour or two before day, and fee what your Nets have taken, and unlade them: Then if you find there be many Fowls upon the River, fhoot off your Gun in one or two places, and that will quick- ly fend them to the Fens, Plafhes, and blank waters, whither you may repair about Sun-rifing, and fee what your Nets have taken there. Cuare ll. §. How to take Water-Fowl with limed ftrings. Fter you have found and obferved the haunts of the Fowl, provide a long line made of {mall cord, knotted here and there, and well limed over 5 and a burthen of little fticks, fharp at the nether end, and with a littlefork at theupper. If itbe forthe Evening-flight, come to the place an hour before ee | 1 Book ORACITHOWOGY if for the Mornings: at left two hours before day [cobferve the fame dies in adie ay to prick down Lime-rods, ‘)and prick them:downia ‘little flanting, {0'as.they may ‘be \ J el tradiog oe? tec on es Bn s trodist | ip a ae . biter ere! ; BH : 7 ping 2 ART C §: Ih = 1 ae si moe) v0) How to take Water-fowl with Lime-twigs. °° ah f rar | % PONT ri p] ur ; recy bide on them, thatthe Rod may not be difcerned from the Lime. .-, x» : Thenat the times before directedigo‘to the haunts: And firft in the very middle of the place pin down fora ftale a live-fowl of the fame kind youlay for, yet fo that fhe may have liberty-of-wing to flutter up and down at pléafure. Round the Stale every way, all the place-over, prick’down your ‘Lime-rods in ‘rows, at about a foot -diftance from each other; aflope, with their points bending ‘to: the wind, ‘or crofs- wife, .one to the wind, ‘and one againft it alternately, their tops being a foot from the ground or better. « This done, place a Stale: or two more ‘aloof: from the Lime- rods; and having found a fit place for your {elf to lie conceal’din 3 ‘witha {mall, long {tring faftned to each Stale, and running along the! ground to you,’ when ‘you fee’ or hear any Fow! coming, ftir the Stales, and make them flutter: and upon fight of them the Fow1 will prefently ftrikeand {woop in among them, and’fo be entangled by’ the Rods. iB JUOGE Sth del aah : a Youmuft havea well-taught Water-Spaniel to find and fetch fuch as flutter away and hidethemfelves. TEIN fray Whole-footed Water-fow] may in like’ manner be taken with rods fmeared: over with {trong Water-lime, which no moifture or froft can injure. Prick thefe Prods in the water, the limed part being above: water, [and amoneft them {take down here and there a Stale, ]] all over any Fen or wadeable River, and alfo upon the dry banks and borders’ furrounding fuch Waters, fo thick that a Fowl may not creep between them, fixing alfo aStale or twothere. © ptt. Rl UO, we You need not wait continually on your Rods3 only come firft early in the Morn- ing, fecondly at Noon, thirdly, late at Night, alway attended with your Spaniel, and take what you find: If any of your Rods be ‘mifling, employ your Spaniel for finding-out.: the Fowl that carried them away, whether fluttered ‘into ‘the River, or crept into.any holes‘of the Bank, Rufhes, Sedge, or other Covert. ” When: your {port begins to decay, 'and the Game leaves the haunt, immediately find out a new haunt that is untroubled, and do as before directed ; and after abouta months teftthe firft haunt will become as good as before. - < For Wild-goofe or Bernacle fet of your greateft Rods upon green Winter ae either Wheat or Rie, but efpecially Wheat, on which this fort of ow] feed moft earneftly. [ The browneft Rods, and neareft the colour of the earth are beft ] Set your Rods efpecially about and in the middle of the water-furrows.' Thefe are very thie Fowl, and therefore you mutt {tand at a'good diftance upon fome knob or are | | ground 3 na IFHOLOGH Boon around 5 and when by fluttering of the Fowl touch’d, and fiadden-rifing iof the reft you perceive any aretaken, make inand takethemup5.and if any half limed be: flit: _ ting away, let your Dog fetch them. * Out of the Epitof Huf- handry. _ Te will not be amifs, if when you have placed, your Rods;you: beat the Fowl off fromall other haunts, which will make them come the fooner to that where your'Rods are placed. » — . asta aru erate natty vols: * How to take Swipes: with Water-Bird-lime. Take two or three hundred Birch-twigs, and lime forty or fifty of them together very well: Then finding out the haunt of Swépes; ‘which you thall perceive by their Dung ;-andin very hard weather-where the water lies open they will lie very thick! Then obferving-the place where they moft feed, fet. two or three hundred of your twigs at a yard diftance, and floping fome one way, fome another,... Retire two o¢ three hundred paces from the place, and you fhall find, that there: thall notione Snipe inten mifs your twigs, by reafon they {pread their wings, andfetcha round ¢lofe to the ground before they alight. When you feé any taken, ftirmotat firft, for he will feed with the twigs under his wings, and as others come over the place he will bea caufe toentice them. But when youfee the coaft clear, and but few that be not taken, go and take up your Birds, and faften one or ¢wo, that the other flying over may come to the fame place. If there be any other open places there by, put them off thofe haunts. They will lie where itis open and a Spring very much; for they can feed in no hard place by reafon of their Bills. Ina Snow you thall have them extraordinary thick upon {uch a place. ng3 ubiv ei iesterk CHar, aL How to take Waterfowl with Springes and, Snares. "§ Aving found the haynts where thefe fowl do ufually feed, and noted well the H furrows and, water-tracks where they commonly {talk and paddle to. find +. 1 worms, flote-grafs, roots and other fuch like things. on:which they feed, you {hall mark where many furrows meet in one, and break out as it were in one narrow {tream or paflage, and fo defcending afterwards divide into other parts and branches, this middle part or core being the deepeft, and. as it were feeding the refts thenno- ting how every furrow breaketh and cometh: in this Center or little Pit, yow thall mark which is moft padled with the Fowl: which found out and noted; yon fhall acrofs all the other paflages makes it were a Fence of {mall fhort fticks prickt down into the ground, at half an Inch diftance, ftanding about an handful or fomewhat more above water. The Fow] ( fuch istheir nature ) will not prefsover thefe Fences, but {tray about till they find the open way, wherein they will run. up {wiftly, pad- - ling up and down for their viduals. This done, take a good {uff {tick, cut flat on one fide, and prick both ends down, intothe water or earth on one fide the track, the bow running parallel to; and not croffing the track. Then you fhall make.a bow of {mall Hazle or Willow in the fathion of a Pear, { rather narrower | the one-end run-: ning out as it were ina. foot-ftalk, longer or fhorter, greater ox fmaller; according: to the bignefs of the Fowl you fet for, This isto anfwer the bridge in a Moufe-trap, and therefore we will call ittheBridge. Thentakea good fff young Plantof Ha- zel orElm, rufhy grown, andclean without knot, and having made the bottom end fharp, at the top you fhall faftena very {trong Loop or Swickelof horfe-hair. [| This Loop is alfo to be made. greater or. leffer, of more or. fewer -horfe-hairs, according to the bignefs of the birds youfet for | tied very faft together with ftrong Pack- thread, and madefo{moothand yare that it will flip and rumat pleafire. Hard by this Loop or Swickel fhall therealfo be faftned, within an Inch and half of the end of the Plant a little broad thin Tricker, fuch as, they ufe to fet up Moufe-traps. with. Thef thingsthus prepared, take your Loop of Hazel or Withy made Pear-wife, — and lay ing it crofsthe track, hang-the bowed end of it oma little Peg or Hook driven down into theground onone fide thetrack, the other end or-ftalkof itmuft be put underneath the bout of the firlt-mentioned bowed ftick, and near the end alee ; a Boaed ORNITHOLOGY. ae {talk of it muft bea nick cutin. Then having thruft down the fharpned end of the Hazel-plant faft into the ground on the bank or fide of the track, bring the {mal- jer end with the Loopand Tricker to the Bridge: Then put one end of the Tricker under the-bout of the firft mentioned f{tick, and the other end inthe nick made in the ftalk or end of the Bridge; this will keep the Hazel-plant bent down. Thenlay _ the Loop of horfe-hair upon the Bridge fo conveniently wide, as that the Bird may tread in the middle of it upon the Bridge, which fhe {hall no fooner do, but up. will fly the end of the Hazel-plant, and thebirds foot be caught in the noofe or flipping Loop of horfe-hair. This is fomewhat difficult fo clearly to exprefs in words as that any man may readily underftand and conceive it. Markham's defcription is fo imper- tect and ob{cure, that I could make nothing of it. s | | How to catch Woodcocks in Snares. * This Bird being wont to walk ftreight forwardsin any furrowsor tracks, the Fow- lers make little pads or walks for them in the places where they haunt, of a Palm broad, ftreight and equal, and inthem fet many Snaresmade of horfe-hair fuchasare defigned Figure 2. This bird being {uffictently fimple, once got into one of thefe pads runs {treight on from end to end withoutany heed-taking,and {ois caught by the neck in fome of thefe {nares. | We in Exgland are wont to make great Glades through thick Woods, and hang Nets acrofs them: And fo the Woodcocks fhooting through thefe Glades, as their na- ture is, {trike againft the Nets, and are entangled in them. Cuar. IY. | ‘An approved way to take a Eleron ; out of the Epitome ofthe Art of Husbandry, Heron being as great a devourer of Fith as any is, I will affirm ten times as A much as the Otter, and fhall deftroy a Pond more in one Week than an O¢ter fhall do in three Months: For I have feen a Heroz that hath been fhot ata Pond to have feventeen Carps at once in his belly, which he will digeft in fix or feven hours, and to fifhing again. I have feena Carp taken out of a Herons belly nine Inches and an half long: Several Gentlemen that have kept them tame, have put fith in a Tub,and tried the Heron how many {mall Roches and Dace he would eat ina day, and they havefound him to eat above fifty a day,one day with another. One Heron that hauntsa Pond in a year fhall deftroy one thoufand {tore-carps; nay, one thou- fand five hundredinhalf'a year. Now the belt way to take this great enemy of Fith is this: Having found his haunt, get three or four {mall Roches or Daces and havin a {trong Hook witha Wire toit, draw the Wire juft withinfide the skin of the fith, beginning without fide of the Gills, and running it to the tail, and then the fith will ' lie five or fix days alive: For if the fifh be dead, the Heron will not touchhim. Let not your Hook be toorank. Then having a {trong Line madeof Silk and Wire,about two yards and half long ( if you twift not Wire with your Silk his fharp Bill will bite it in twoimmediately ) and tie a round ftone of about a pound weight to the Line, andlay three or four Hooks, and in two or three nights you fhall not fail to have himif he comes to your Ponds. Lay not your Hooks inthe deep water, where the Heroncannot wade to them; for if you do, theymay lie long enough before you fee any ee your pains. Colour your Line of a dark green, fora Heron is avery fubtle bird. > — 7 : F CHAP, ORNITHOLOGY. Boor I. Cu AP. | V.. | Of the Fowling-piece, and Stalking-horfe. of an indifferent bore [ fomewhat under Harquebufe ] for they hold the beft - charges, and carry the furtheftlevel; and fuch as have Fire-locks. The charge mutt be round hail-fhot, of bignefS according to the Game you fhoot at. . "Ta beft Fowling-pieces are the long-barrelled [of five anda half or fix foot ] And if poffible uggier the fhelter of fome hedge, bank, or tree, cc. fometimes Cif need be ) creepifig on your hands and knees. Chufeé rather to fhoot at a rank or file than.a fingle fowls and then fend your Dogfor what you have ftrucken. You muft have yourDog in {uch true obedience asnot to ftir from your heels till you bid him go. Where you haveno fhelter ufe a Stalking-horfe, which is any old Jade trained up for that purpofe 5 which being ftript naked, and having nothing but a ftring about the nether Chap, of two orthree yards long, will gently, and as you have occa- fion to urge him, walk on the banks of Brooks and Rivers, or Meadows and Moors, or up and down in the water, which way you pleafe, flodding, and cating on the grafs and weeds that grow therein; and fo hardy as not to take any affright at the report of your Piece. You fhall fhelter your felfand your Piece behind his fore- fhoulder, bending your body down low by his fide, and keeping his body ftill full between youand the Fowl. Then: having chofen your mark, take your level from before the forepart of the Horfe, {hooting as it were between the horfes neck and the water, which 1s more fafe than taking the level under the horfes belly, and much lefsto be perceived; the fhoulder of the horfé covering the body of the man, and his legs alfo the mans legs. Whiles you are ftalking you may leave your Dog with your Bags, @e. wherehe may lie clofe, and never ftir till you have fhot, and then upon the leaft call ( but not before ) come to you, and fetch forth what you have killed. ! For want of a live-horfe you may. make an artificial ftalking-horfe of Canvas, et- ther ftuft, or hollow, and ftretcht upon fplints.of wood or ftrong Wires, with his head bending down, as if he grazed, of due-fhape, ftature, and bigne(fs, painted of the colour of a horfe [ the darker the lefS apt to be difcovered.] Let it be fixt in the middle to a ftaff with a pick of Iron, to ftick it in the ground while you fhoot. — Inftead of a horfe you may make and ufe the fhape of an Oxe, Stag, or any other horned beaft, painted of the ufual colour of beafts m that Country, and having the natural horn or head. Lid N.Thefe Engines are to be employed in thofe places where the birds are ufed to fee, and be acquainted with the beafts they reprefent. : N.2. Thefe Engines are fitter: for Water than Land, the water hiding their im- perfections. | | | | When you have fo much beaten the fow] with the Stalking horfe that they begin to find your deceit, and will not fit: Then you may otherwhiles ufe your Oxe-engine, tll the Horfe be forgotten, and fo by change of your Engines make your fport laft. The fhapeof a Stag may be ufeful mn fuch places where Stags commonly feed,and are familiar‘with the Fowl) but they are fubject to quicker difcovery. Tin Some ftalk with dead Engines, as an artificial Tree, Shrub, or Bufh, or a dead Hedge. But thefe are not fo ufeful for the ftalk as the ftand: It being unnatural for dead thingsto move, and the Fowl! will not only apprehend, but efchew it. There- fore if you ufe them, you muft either not movethem atall, or fo flowly as that their motion fhall not be pérceived. ; * Asnear as cuyfee fhoot with the wind, and fideways of , or behind the Fowl]: SECTION Boor ORNITHOLOGY, xs SECTION I, Of the taking of Land-Fowl, Cuar. I. Several. ways of taking them by night.* | Driaghs Of taking Birds with the Low-belf. His is of ufe chiefly in Champain Countries, and that fromthe end of Oéfo- : ber till the end of March following. About eight of the clock atnight, the Air being mild, and the Moonnot fhining, take your Low-bell, of {uch fizeasaman may well catry it in one hand, having a deep, hollow, and fad found; and with it a Net of fmall Math, at leaft twenty yards deep, and {0 broad as to cover five or fix ordinary Lands, or more, according as you have company to carry it: and go into a Stubble-field [ a4 Wheat ftubbleis the beft. ] He that carries the Bell muft go foremoft, and tollit as he goeth along as folemnly asmay be, letting it but now and then knock on both fides. Then fhall follow the Net born up at each comer, and oneach fide. Another mutt carry a pan of livecoals, but not blazing, Atthefe, having pitcht your Nets where you think any Game is, you muft light bundles of Hay, Straw, or Stubble, or elf Links and Torches, and with noifes and poles beat up all the Birds under the Net; that they may rife, and entangle themfelves in it, and you take them at pleafure. Which done extinguifh your Lights, and proceeding to another place, do ag before. » N. The found of the Low-bel/ aftonies the Birds, and makes them lie clofe; and theblaze of light dazling their eyes affrights them, and caufes them to rifé and make to it. pe _N.2. In this paftime all muft be done with great filence, no noife being heard but the Low-bel/ only, tillthe Nets be placed, and theLights blazing, and then you may ufe your pleafure :- Which once: extinguifhed, a general filence muft be again made. | §. If. | Of taking Birds with the Trammel. He Trammel is much like the Lowbelling Net, only it may be made fomewhat longer, but notmuchbroader. This Net, when you come toa fit place, fpread on the ground, and let the hinder end thereof, being plummed with lead lie loofé on. the ground, but the foremoft end at the two corners be born up by the ftrength of men, a full yard or more from the ground,and {0 trail the Net along the ground. On each fide the Net fome muft carry great blazing Lights of fire, and by the Lights others mutt march with long Poles, to beat up the Birds as you go, andas they rife fo take them. In this fort you may go over a whole field, or any other champain ground, §. Ul. How they take Birds in Italy by wight with a Licht anda Net called Lanciotoia. His {port is moft ufed in the Champain of Rome. The Net is of the Math of anor- dinary Lark-net. It is faftned totwo green fticks of pliant wood, twice fo big as ones greateft finger, and *two or three [, Roman’ yards long. Thefe fticks * About’, mutt be faftned to the end of a {quare bafton of two yards and half long in two holes; beat a little diftant the one from the other, and coveted withthe fame Net. [ This Bafton j,, a ferves for a handle to carry and mannage the Net with, and may be as well round as : P34 * fquare, 36 _ of thenight, and efpecially keeping filence, @c, ORACITHOLOGY. Boox I. fquare, and then the whole Inftrument will fomewhat refemblea Racket, fuch as they play at Tenniswith. ] Thefe two fticks ferve to-extend the Net at top to about four yards breadth. This NettheFowler carries on his fhoulder, holding the handle of it in one hand, anda Lanthorncalled Fragauolo, with a Lamp burning init in the other; and when by the light he difcovers any Bird within his reach, he claps his Net upon it, and covers it. Befides the Lanthorn the Fowler carries a Bell either at his Girdle, or hts Knee, (like our se big atte better to fecure the birds tohimfelf This ex- ercife cannot be ufed at alltimes, but only in Autumn or Winter, not beginning before one hour of the night. Whether the weather be cloudy or clear it isall one, fo the Moon fhine not. | a The Frugeuolo isa fort of Lanthorn made of Latten €commonly, but falfly, called Tin ) all clofe but the fore-fide. Its Bafe about’a Rowan Palm and half long, and at the aperture about Palm broad,ora little more 5 likewif€‘a Palm high: The Cover ( which goes fhelving }) two Palms long ; In the mid{t thereof’ above is a handle, and within fidea thin plate of Iron three fingers diftant from the beginning of the Cover, to preferve the Tin from being burntand marred by the flame of the Lamp. Below is another empty handle to put in a ftick to hold it up on high. Within, in a Circle made on purpofein the bottom, is put anearthen Lamp with a great Week, and Oyl. With this kind of Lamp they alfo fearch bufkes, hedges,“and low trees, where they think Thrufhes and other Birds pearch, and having difcovered them, ftrike them down with an Inftrument called Rawata, made like a Racket-with a long handle, or if they be outof reach of that, fhootthem with a Crofs-bow. : | a §. IV. Of Bat-fowling. > At-fowling is a taking by night of great and fnall Birds, that reft not on the BR ground, but pearch on fhrubs, bufhes, trees, Ge, and is proper to woody and - rough Countries. Firft, one muft carry a Veffel with fire (as in Low-belling ) then others muft have Poles bound with dry Wifps of Hay, Straw, pieces of Links, pitcht Hurds, or any other combuftible matter that will make a blaze. Others muft bear long Poles with rough and bufhy tops. Whenyou are cometo the Birds haunts, kindle fome of your fires, and with-your Poles beat the bufhesand trees: Which done the Birds ( if any be ) willrife, and fly to, and play about the Lights: It being their nature not to de- — part from them, butalmoft {corchtheir Wingsin the fame, fo that they who have the bufhy Poles may at their pleafure ftrike them down and take them. Others carry with thema great Lime-bufh made of the head of a Birch or Willow Tree, and pitching it downmaketheir blazes clofe by it; and the birds will comeand light upon it, and fo be entangled. we 4 In this Sport you mutt obferve the diredtions given in Low-belling as to the choice am es. : CHap. IL | Of sala Land-fowl with Nets. tie) a ae ‘Agenerdl way of taking many forts of Laed-fowl by the Crow-net. HE Crow-netis the fame in all refpects with that deferibed Chap. I. This Net may be placed near any Barn-door where Corn is winnowed, or in a Corn- ftubble, or onthe Greenfword inthe Morning and Evening haunts of any irds where they gather Worms. Where-ever placed it muftbe carefully hid and concealed, as much asmay be, fromthe view of the Birds, as if near a Barn-door by cafting Chaffupon it, cc. Obferve alfo, firft to have fome Covert to hide your per- fon in, where you may fee, and not be feen. Secondly, not to be too hafty in ftriking, but {tay till you have a full number under the reach of your Net, and then pull free- ly and quickly. | oe 6.1 Boos L ORNITHOLOGY. §. IL Of taking Birds with Day-nets. Ps a - mZ-HE time of the Year for thefe Nets 1s fram Augu/t till November : Of the Day i a little before Sun-rife, fo as your Nets may be laid, and all your Implements in readinefs to begin’ your work by peep of Sun. The milder the Air, and the clearer and brighter the Morning, the fitter isthe feafon for this exercife. The beft place is in Champain Countries, remote from any Town, Village, or common con- courfe of people, on fhor® Barley {tubbles, {mooth green Layes, or level Meadows 5 if the place be not naturafy even and plain where you pitch SAoiNets, you muft ~ make it fo: ‘That both lyig.and falling over they may couch to © as it whe ground that the fhortelt grafs pr {tubble appearing through them, they ee creepte lie hid and unperceived by ffte Birds, and, that being covered they may! = jor flicker from underthein. | oe ie Let your Nets be made of very fine Packthread, knit fure, the Mafh nu: abovean Inch{quare. Let them be about three fathoms long, and not aboveonedeep, verged on each fide with ftrong {mall Cords, the ends extended upon two {mall Poles as long as the Netis broad, ec. im all things like the Net defcribed §.I. fave that that was to be but one fingle Net,but here you mutt have two exactly of the fame fize and fafhion, _ and placed at that diftance, that when they are drawn the fides may juft meet and touch one another. Your Nets being ftaked down with ftrong ftakes, fo that with any nimble twitch you may caft them to and fro at pleafures fome twenty or thirty paces ftom the Nets place your Giggs onthe tops of long Poles, turned into the wind, fo as they may play and makeanoife therein. Thefe Giggs are made of long Goofe- feathers thé mannerof Shuttle-cocks, and with little turnels of wood running in broad and flat Swan-quills, médé round like-a {mall hoop, and fo with longer ftrings faftned to the Pole, will with any {mall wind twirl and flicker in the Air after fuch a wanton manner that the Bieds will come in great flocks to. wonder and play about the fame. Afterthe placing of your Giggs, you fhall then place your Stale, which is a {mall {take Gf. wood to prick down faftinthe earth, having in ita Morteife hole, in which a long {lender piece of wood, of about two foot, is fo faftned that it may move up and down at*pleafure, and to this longer ftick you fhall faften a {mall Line,which running througha hole inthe ftakeaforefaid, and fo coming up to the place where you fit, you may by drawing the Line up and downto you( with your right hand ) raife and mount the longer ftick from the ground, as oftas you fhall find oc- cafion. \ : . Now to this longer {tick you fhall faften a live Lark, or Bunting, ( for you muft be fure ever to preferve fome alive for that purpofe )) or for want of fuch, any other {mall * faith Bird, which the Line making to flicker upand down by your pulling, willenticethe » Larksto play aboutit, and {woop fo near the ground, that drawing your hand, you may cover them with your Nets at pleafure: Alfo it will entice Hawks and any other Birds of prey to ftoop and {trike at the fame, fo as you may with eafé take them. . There is alfo another Stale, called the Looking-glafs ; and thisisa round ftake of wood as big asa mans Arm, and made very {harp at the nether.end, fo as you may thruft and faftenit into the earth at your pleafure. This Stake is made very hollow in the upper part, above five fingers deep atthe leaft ; into this hollownefs is placed a _ three-(quare pieceof wood, about twelve Inches long, and each {qQuare two Inches ‘broad, lying upon the top of the Stake, and going with a foot into the hollownefs, which foot muft have a great knob at the top, and another at the bottom, with a deep flendernefs between them, to which flendernefs muft bg faltned a {mall Pack- a thread, which running through a holein the fide of the Stake, muft come upto the _. feat where you fit. Now thethree-{quare piece of wood, whichies on the top of the Stake, muft be made of fuch a true poile’and evenne(S, and the foot in the Socket fo round and fmooth, that upon the leaft touch it will twirl and turn round like a Scoperil, winding the Packthread fo many -times about it, which being fud- denly drawn, and as fuddenly let go again, will keep the Engine ina perpetual round motion, likéa Childs Mill, made of a Nut, aftick, and an Apple. ‘This done, you . fhall with Glue or other {trong Cement faften upon the uppermoft {quares of the three-{quare piece about twenty {mall pieces of Looking-glafs, and paintall the Bee : woo ORNITHOLOGY, — Boorl. wood between them of a very bright red colour, which in the continual motion and turning about will give fuch a glorious refle@ion, that the wanton Birds cannot for- bear, but will play about it with admiration till they be taken. Now both thefe Stalesare to be placed in the very midft between thetwo Nets, and about two or three foot diftant one ftom another, fothat inthe falling of the Nets the Cords may by no means touch or annoy them. Neither muft they ftand one before or after another, but ina direc Line one over againft another, the glafs being kept con- tinually moving,and the Bird very oft flickering. When you have thus placed your nets, Giggs, and Stales, you fhall then go to the further end of your long drawing Lines, and Stale-lines, and having a little Haffock made of Sedge, about a foot or better high, you fhall place it withina yard or little more of theend of the fame: And then fitting down upon the Haflock lay the main drawing Line ( witha {trong button of wood made faft ie ~ 14tue > upon your thigh, and with your right hand continually draw the gtp op)...” ad with your left the Stale-line, and when you {hall perceive the Larks 2.9, aer birdstoplay near and about your Nets and Stales, fwooping near and tothe the md, youtfhall then with both hands pullthe Net over, and cover and take your prey. If the weather be good benot too hafty to pluck at a finglebird, but {tay till you fee many playing about your Nets. Behind the Seat you fitonlay your {pare Inftruments and Implements which you are to ufe about the whole Work, asSpare-ftakes, Poles, Lines, Packthread, Knit- ting-pin and Needle, your Bag with Stales, a Mallet to knock in your Stakes with, anda nimble little Hatchet tomake new Stakes with, or{fharpen them, “ There may be other devices to move the Stales, befides thefe here defcribed by “¢ Markham, but thefe being as commodious as any, I fhall forbear to trouble the < Reader with the mention of more. Thefe Nets may be made ufe of as well upon « Hills and rifing grounds as upon Plains, provided the Areaon which they lie be le- “‘veland even: near waters al{o, andin high waysand walks of Gardens,¢c. Oliva defcribesthe manner how thefe Nets are to be employed for taking of Star- lings. Having obferved (faith he ) where thofe birds haunt moft, provide your Nets fix paces long, and eight Roman Palms deep, of a {mall Math, having their drawing Line of fifteen paces, Moreover, you muft get a Cage of five Palms high, witha middle floor; in the upper Story whereof you fhall putabout onehundred live Stares, and in the lower others which are to ferve for Stales. Thofe in the upper room are to call the wild Stares ; and they muft have their meat put, all in one Veflel, and their water in one Cup, and that fo ftrait, that they can drink but one at a time; likewife the day before they are to be ufed they fhould have no meat of two hours before night, that fo being hungry, and ftriving to get to the meat and drink, they may make the greater {creaming noife and cry. The live Stales ( four innumber) muft betied by the tails, each with a {tring, and by that {tring faftned one by one toa couple of flicks joyned together acrofs between the Nets, to which crofs a Cord is faftned that reaches to the Fowler, by the plucking whereof he may at pleafure . move the Stales. Inthis manner of fowling arealfo to be ufed about twenty or twen-. ty five Jackdaws, or fuch likebirds-cafes ftuft, and fet out like live birds, and thefé placed in order between the Nets for dead-ftales, the four live-ftales being next the Fowlers Cabbin. Letthe dead ftales be placed with their heads to the wind, that it do not ruffle and difcompofe their feathers. The fame Author givesus alfo an account of the manner how they take Lapwings with the Day-nets. . . The Nets for this ufe are to be of ten paces length, of a large Mafh, having a drawing Line fifteen paces long. Betweenthe Nets are to be placed fifteen or twen- ty dead Stales, that is Lapwings dried, or the Cafes of Lapwings ftuft, and’ fet out . as if they were alive : And befidesthofe two live-ftales, which muft be ufed and fet as the Srarline-ftales, and have meat given themto eat. Obferve in like manner to fet the heads of your dead Stalesagain{tthe wind. To entice the Birds you mult coun- terfeir their note or cry by a Lapwing-call. -* . HL. . Bou ORAITHOLOGY. §. . Ill. How totake Larks with Nets, called by the Italians Pantieres Hele Netsare about four [| Roman] yardsdeep, or a little more, of the fame ne Math with the ordinary Day-nets, {trung on the upper fideon a Cord, upon which they run with a row of little Rings, whereby they may be drawn out, or run up together as one pleafes. Thefe Nets are {upported by two or three Stakes, or _ more, according to the widene(s of the place where they are fet. They are to be put ~ in.order two hours before Sun-fet, for the Evening-drivings and for the Morning- driving, before break of day ; inftubble-fields. About Musket-fhot from the Nets two men on foot holdinga rope of twenty or twenty five yards long, one at one end, the other at the other, muft begin and walk towards the Nets, drawing the Rope over the ftubble, and fo raifing the Larks that lie feattered up. and down the field: the which will not take wing, but run forward before the rope, till at laft theycome withinthe Nets, which being not{tretcht out ftreight,but eafily running up, the more they ftruggleand fly about, themorethey are entangled. .. : | ten dv alVs _ How the ltalians take fisall- Birds with a Net called Ragna. i has place for ufing. thefe Netsis a Grove, ( called from the Nets Ragyaia ) which ought to be remote from high ways, and. defended ftom the North- wind; which is very difagreeable:and diftafteful to the Birds, efpecially Thrajhes and, Beecafigos, befides the danger of the Woods being wholly or in part blafted by it. Wherefore it fhould.be fituate infome Valley, ot onthe fide of alittle Hill expofed to the South. Through it, or befide it fhould run fome River, Brook, or otherftream of water iffuing froma quick Spring, that fails’ notin Summer. If it be fo fituate as to be Scania onall fides with cultivated fields, in which grow fome fcattering Fig- trees, it willbethe better. ThisGroveis wont to be made fix, eight, ten, or twelve times fo long asit is broad, according as the place will permit: In it long-ways muft be drawn three, five, or feven walks,. as itisbroader or narrower. In cafe it hath hot a natural fence or hedge you muft make an artificial one, which mult be tall and thick to keep beafts out, andbirdsin, and even on the top. _The Grove within muft be planted with Juniper, Bays, Maftic-tree, Lime-trees, Oaks, Elms, and many other trees: but efpecially Fig-trees. At the roots of fuch trees as-caft their leaves plant Vines..| Many. other inftructions' and dire&tions he hath about the Plantation, which who fo pleafes may {ee in him. The Nets are exactly dike thofedefcribed,Section I. Chap. I. 0. 11. only the Mafh fomewhat lefs, they being for {mall birds. The two out-fide Nets or falfe Nets along their upper edge mutt have Iron or Horn-rings, and by them be put upona ftrong Cord. The middle or true Net mutt alfo be verged with aCord. Thefe Nets, one, two, ormore of them, mult be placed in the middle of the Grove, and crofling it; faftned by the top-cords to two great Poles or Pillars, made with winding fteps round to.mount up them; and on their tops having littlérundles to. draw the Linessnimbly, and {tretch out the Nets. The bottom of the Nets, or that fide next the ground muft have many {trings hanging down fromit, twovor three Palms diftant one fromanother, which are to be tied down to certain Pegs faftned in the earth. ‘The middle Net, _ which mutt be the deeper, will fall down fuffictently inalump or furl between the two fide-ones, therefore with a Cane you muft draw it gently through the Mafhes of the falfe Nets, efpecially about the middle of the Nets, making im each Mafha Kind. of" purfe or pouch, that when any Bird ftrikes againft it, it may more readi« | tun through the Mafhes of the falfe net, and fo catch the Bird as it were ina Bag. te hy et shah af hint ungaiaiq se | The time for catching iseither in the Morning early, before the Birds are gone out to feed, or at Even when they come to rooft.:: At each end of the Grove in every walk one perfon muftmarch forward toward the Net,. making a noife ashe goes with. a Cane or Saff, and throwing ftones or clods-of earth, if it be for Beccafigos : But if it be for Thryhes, at firkt he muftiwalls quietly: and leifurely, without making much “hoiles and as he comes iearer the Nets,fo make greater halt and more nojfe. Whencé A i 1E | 4.0 ORNITHOLOGY, — Booxl, it is wont to be faid: For Thrufhes a wife man, and for Beccafigos, afool or mad man. To hinder the Birds from mounting and flying away, fome are wont to turn off a Sparhawk, or: other little Hawk with Bellsat her heelsto foar aloftand hover over the Grove. Others are wont to dothe fame only with a pair of wings, and a Bell on the top of a Pole. When you fee no more birds ftirring, loofening the top-cords let downand furl up your Nets, with the birds in them 3 and either carry them home in the Net,or take them out at pleafure. §. V. Of the Sparrow-net. The form of this Net you may fee exprefled ; inwhich AFB reprefents the longer crofs-{taff, whofe direct ‘piece muft be of the bignefs of a handfom Hawks Pole; its tranfverfe piece AB like the head of an ordi- nary hay-rake, but bigger and longer: CED the fhorter crofs-ftaff, joyned to the longer at E,(0 loofely as to fall to and fro at pleafure, of fuch due height and length, that when the crofs pieces meet they may joyn even and juft. CAEB Disa Purfe- net, faftned to both -crofs-ftaves all along, and having that liberty.at top, that the crofs+{taves may falland part one from another at a pretty diftance ; its bottom being fa{tned to the longer ftaffat E. CAE, DBE are two {mall cords faftned to the two ends of the fhorter crofs-{taff, and paffing through two holes in the ends of the lon- ger crofs-{taff, tied together at E, at {uch diftance that the fhorter ftaff may fall from the longer as far as you fee meet, or the widenefs of the Net will give leave. To He Sparrow-net is made up of two crofs-{taves, a ers and two ftrings. Ot vthe knot of the two Cords muftbe made faft a fingle Cord E G, which you muft carry in your right hand,that you may at pleafure draw the crofs-ftaves clofe together, and let them open as need fhall require. This Net is tobe ufed late in the Evening, or early in the Morning, by fetting it againft the Eves of thatcht Houfes, Stacks, Hovels, Barns, Stables, Dove-coats, ec. and being fo fet knocking and thrufting thecrofs-{taves, clofe againft the fame, making fuch a noife as may inforcethe Birds to.fly out of their holes or haunts into the Net 5 and then prefently drawing the Line E G, and fo fhutting up the crofs-{taves enclofe them, and letting down your Net, open it, and take them out. The chief benefit of taking Birds in this manner is for the mewing of Hawks, or getting into luft and ftrength fick and weak Hawks: Becaufe with this Engine you may take Evening and Morning fo many birds as you pleafe, and give them warm to your Hawk, which isthe greateft nourifhment that canbe, raifing a Hawk foon, and making her mew fait. | : CHaAp. | Ill. How to take feveral forts of fmall Birds and other Land-fowl with Bird-lme. d I. Of taking fisall Birds with the Lime-bufhyand Lime-twigs. Our Lime-buth muft be a main bough of any bufhy tree, as Birch or Willow, \ or for want of them, Sallow, Poplar, or Afpen; whofe twigs are long, - -fmooth, and ftreight, without pricks, knots, or any other roughnefs or crookednef$5 having picktand trim’d it ( yet not taking away any of the little bud- knots ) lime every twig and branch from the top down within four fingers or there- about of the bottom. ‘The body ‘and main branches muft not be’touched with any Limeatall. Dabble not on your Lime toothick, nor yet let any part be left bare, or want its proportion, that ought tobe limed. Your Buth thus prepared, carry it forth into the fields where the haunts of the - fimall birds are, and place it as near as you can to any of thefe haunts, if it be a hedge Or Boor, ORNITHOLOGY. — ortreeclofe to them, @c. provided that where-ever you pitch it down, you may very near it have fome clofe Covert tolie concealed in, and there chirp like a Spar row, or call with a note like the Linnet or Bull-finch [as the Cocks ufe to do when they mifs the Hens, or the Hens the Cocks ] altering. your note according to your fancy, but continually calling in one note orother. This Artand Ability is gotten by diligent obferving the Birdsnotesabroad, and by pradtice. But if you cannot frame your mouth tothefe founds, get you a Bird-call; and having learnt how to ufe it Ar- tificially, you fhall fit in your Covert, and call the Birds to you: And when"you fee any of them light upon your Bufhlet them alone, and move not till you fee them fafe-, ly entangled, which their own skipping up and down, and ftrugling when they find themfelves fnared, will do better than any affright from you whatfoever: Neither fhall you ftir fora fingle Bird or two, but {tay tll many be entangled: For the firtt that are taken will with their {triving and fluttering in:the bufh be as good as Stales, and make a world of others repair to them, which you may then take: And this ex.. ercife you may continue from before Sun-rife till ten of of the Clock in the Fore- noon, and fromone in the Afterngon till almoft Sun-fet in the Evening. Tf you want a Call you may make ufe of a Stale; as of a Bat or two, placed next to your Lime-bufhin fuch apparent manner that no bird thereabouts but may behold them; which will no fooner be perceived, but every bird will come to gaze and won- der at them: Then ‘having no other convenient lighting place but the Lime-buth, they will flock as thick into the fame as may be, and{o you may take themat pleafure.. So the Owl mayin hke manner be employed, which by, reafon fhe is more melancholy and lefs {tiring than the Bat, and alfo of greater bulk, and-fooner perceived, is a . better Stale than the Bat. . For want of a live Ow] or Bat the skin of either ftuft, or an artificial Owl made of wood and painted may ferve the turn. _ Others take thefe fmall birds with Lime-twigsonly, by rifing early in the Morning before break of day, and going tothe haunts, and there watching when the Birds go forth to feek their food ( whichis everat the {pring of the day } and then finding that they have forfaken the hedges, they. place their Lime-twigs-all along thofe hedges, fome upright, fome flope-wife, and fomeacrofs 5 and withal' fo thick, that the Birds can come no way into the hedge, but of force they muft be entangled. This done they go into the. Corn-fields, Meadows, or Grounds adjoyning, where the Birds feed, and there beating them up and {caring them, make them retire to the hedges in great flocks, where they are prefently entangled among the Lime-twigs, and ta- ken in abundance. , But this manner. of taking is only for the Spring and Fall of the Leaf’; and only for one certain time of the day, viz. an hour before and after Surt-rife. : : ine | | . §. IE. Ai excellent way of taking fiall Birds with Birdlime out of the Epitome of Husbandry. e hive isbeft done in a Snow. When you fee the Birds flock together about your : houfe or fields 5. chufe out one hundred larze Wheat-earss cut the {traw about a foot long befides the ears; From the bottom of the Ears to the middle lime the {traw for about fix or feven Inches; let your Lime be warm, that fo it may run thin upon the ftraw, and be lefs difcernable to the Birds. Gothen to the place, and carry a little bag of Chaff and threfhed Ears, and {catter thefe fourteen or fifteen yards wide. Then take the limed Ears, and {tick them up and downin the Snow, withthe Ears leaning, or with the end touching the ground. Then retire from the place, and.drive the Birds from any other haunt, and you will fee prefently great flocks repair thither, and begin to peck the Ears of Corn, and fly away with them, which asfoon asany of them thall do, the ftraw that is limed laps under his Wing, and down he falls, not perceiving himfelf to be entangled: For I have {een many eat their ars when they have been faft limed under the Wing. Inthe field you will take moft _ Larks. For Sparrows ftick your Ears upon the houfe-tops, though you never get the Birds. Every dozen of Sparrows you take in Winter fhall fave youa quarter of Wheat before Harvett. _’ Take away all your limed Ears, and inthe Afternoon bait the place.with a bag or __ two more of Ears.and Chaff, and let them reft till Morning, that the birds may feed boldly, and not be affrighted ; then take fome freth Ears, and ftick themup as you did before. G d. HI. 41 ORNITHOLOGY, — Boow 1. §. Th How to take F ield fares with Bigdlime : out of the fate, Hen time is, that 1s about or after Michaelmas, thoot a Fieldfare or two, and V V fet them in fuch order that they may feem to fitalive onatree. Then having prepared the Lime-twigs about two or three hundred, take a Birchen, bough, and cut off adl the {mall twigs, ‘make little holes and clefts all about the bough, and there place your Lime-rods: Then fet the Fieldfare upon the top bough, making him faft, that he may feem alive.’ Let this bough be fet near where they come in a morning to feed, ( for they keep a conftant place till their food is gone ) that fo flying. near they may efpy the top-bird : which as foonasthey do, they will falt down in wholeflocks _ tohim. * ; ) ee Ke } §. “FV. | How to take Pigeons with Litse-twigs + ont of the fame: * (Eta couple of Pigeons dead or alive; if dead, yet order them foasto ftand ftiff é as if they were living and feeding. Then at Sun-fifing take your twigs, what quaritity you pelafe: Let them be very finall [ Wheat-f{traws are as good or better } and place theth on theground which the Pigeons frequent, where your two Pigeons are fet. and you fhall find you will quickly be rid of them. Two or three dozen is nothing to take ina Morning if there come good flights. : "How to take Crows, Pies, Gleads, &c.\ with Lime-twigs: ont of the fame. Que up Lime-twigs on the Carcafs of a dead Horfe newly {tript, or any other Carrion, fofoonas thefe birdshave found it. Letthem be very fmall, andnot too thick fet 5 left they perceive them, and take diftafte. i a se How to take Crows and Rooks when they pull up Corn by the roots: ont of the fame. Ake fome thick brown Paper, and divide a fheet into eight parts, and make them up like Sugar-loaves : Then lime the infide of the Paper a very little [ Let them be limed threeor four daysbefore you fet them. ] Then put fome Cornin _. them, and lay fifty or fixty of them up and downtlie ground, as muchas you canun- der fome-ejod of earth, and early in the Morning before they‘come to feed.’ Then “.. ftand ata good diftance, andyou will {ee excellent {port. For asfoon as Rook, Crow, _ or Pigeon comesto pigk out any of the Corn, it will hang upon his head, and hewill immediately fly bolt upright fo high that he fhallfeem like a {mall bird, and, when he is {pent, come tumbling down, as if he werefhot in the Air. : @. VII. - tt he o oA How to take Stares witha litwed firing = out of Olina’sUccelliera. ‘Ake a {mall {tring,of a yard-or thereabout long, bind it {ft to the Tailof a | Stare, having fifPearefully limed it all over, excepting one(Palm next the bird. Having found a flock of Starlings, come as near to them as poffible, holding your Stare by the wings as near as you can, and let her goto her fellows, which as foon as youfhew yourfelf tothem, will prefently take wing : Your tail-tied Stare endeavouring to {e- cure her felf‘of her liberty, thrufting her felf into the middle of her fellows, will en- tangle many of them, and {0 not being ableto fly, they willafford a pleafant {pectacle in tumbling down to the ground: where you muftbeready witha Bruth or Befom to {trike them down. : | | a - : “Many . Bork ORNITHOLOGY. Many other devices there are to take feveral forts of birds with Lime-rods, Oe, which I think needlefs to fet down 5 “it being pot difficult for an ingenious Fowler to invent as good or better, when he. hall have opportunity of taking thofe kinds of : Pa ‘Birds. SL Wed DAUANT eta 4 CHAP. IV. > wr" His: way isnot for taking birds to.eat, but for defiroying fie and ravenous I Fowl!) as Crows, Ravens, Kites, Buzzards, ec. 51 ote Py For the’ effeéting, wheteof,.-1. Obferve, their haunts. 2. Remember the hours or times of day* when they, are. moft fharp-fet and greedy, as-early in the Morning, fo foon as they unpearch themfelves 5, and,again at Even a little before Sun- fet, efpecially at that time of the year when they have young ones for then they will withereedinefs feize‘any bait, asfaftas you caft.itout. 3. Take a pretty quan- tity of NuxVomica, and. diffolve itin Wane Vinegar, or Wine-Lees, [ thofe of {weet Wine arethe beft.]] Thentake the garbage of any Fowl, and all-be(mear them over with:your Solution of Nuz Vomica, and. caft them forth, where fuch noifom birds: haunt: and watching the birds in a convenient place, you fhall fee that after {wal- lowinga bit or two, any fuch Fow! will prefently grow dizzy, reeling and tumbling upand down, till at laft it fall into a dead {woon. “ye " Others take pretty big gobbets, of raw lean flefh, as Beef, Mutton, gc. and ma- king therein fecret little holes, put in them fimall pieces of Nux Vomica, andclofe them up again. pietce 2% . i" You may alfoinftead of either make ufe of Carrion, and either fmear 1t with your Confection, or ftop intothe flefhy partofit {mall piecesof NuxVomica. . “ beft to let thefe baits lic loofe, and not faften them to the ground, as fome practife. oe rite | To take granivorous birds of the greater kind, as Doves, Rooks, cc. boil good ftore of Nux Vomica together with Wheat, Barley, Peafe, or any other Pulfe very well in ordinary running water, till the Grain.be ready to burft, then take it from the fire, and cover it till it be throughly cold. The Grain thus boiled and fteept featter thick where thefe Fowl frequent, andit will have the like effect upon, them, as the Garbage or Carrion had upon the carnivorous. For {mall birds boil your Nwx Vomica with fuch feeds asthey moft delight in, viz. Hemp-leed, Rape-feed, Lin-feed, and above all Muftard-feed 5 and they will be in like manner entoxicated., aes eee |: hearty Some inftead of ‘Nwx Voniica take only the Lees of Wine ( which the hares they are, the better ) and in them ,boi}amd{teep, or only fteep ( which is as availeable if continued a fufficient while ) tlfeir Grain or Seeds, and {catter them as above di- rected. re 2 ». Eee 3 Others take the juyce of Hemlock, and fteep in it their Grain or Seeds, mixing therewith a pretty {prinkling of Henbane and Poppy feeds, letting all ftand in fteep twoor three days at leaft, and then @rain it, and {cater it, @c. which will have the like effect with the NuxWomica. . ae Torecover any Fowlof thefe baits, takea little quantity of Sallet-oyl ( according to the {trength and bignefs of the Fowl ) and drop it down its throat 5 then chafe the head well with Vinegar, and the Fow! will prefently recover again,and be as healthful and able aseverit was. ae, — of taking Birds with Baits. » 44. ORNITHOLOGY. Boon I. - CHA pes a: Dalle Several ways of taking Partridges. §. 4. How to take Partridges and other Birds with a Setting-dog. fuch abfolute command, that when heis in his full cateer one hem of his Ma- fter fhall make him ftand ftill, gaze about hini, and look in his Mafters face, as it were expecting directions from him, whether to proceed, ftand {till, or retire: but the miain thing he is to be taught is, when he ‘fees andis near‘his Prey of a fudden to ftand ftill, or fall down flat on his belly, without making any noife or motion till his Mafter come to him. ¢ ong e } Fortaking Partridge with him; when you come into the fields where Partridges frequent, caft off your Dog, and let him range or hunt, taking carethat he range not too far from you, but beat his ground juftly and even, without cafting about and flying now here and now there, and skipping many places ( which the mettle of ma- ny even good dogs willmake them spttodo.) If he do fo, call him in witha hem, and threaten him with a ftern countenance 5 and when he doth well encourage him. When you fee him make a fudden ftop or ftand ftill, be fure he hath fet the Fow] ; therefore prefently make in to him,and bid him gonearer 5 if he refufes,but either lies {till or ftands fhaking of his tail, and withal now and then looks back upon you, he is near enough: Thenbegin your range or circumference about both the Dog and Par- tridge, not ceafing, but walking about with a good round pace, looking :{till before the Dogs nofe, to fee how the Covey htes, whether clofe together ina heap, or fcat- tering. Then charging the Dog to jie fill, draw forth your Net, and opening of A Setting-dog fhould be a lufty Land-Spaniel,, that will range well, and yet at | jt, take you one end of thetop-cord, and your Companion the other, and holdingit {tretcht, run withthe Net again{ft the Dog, and clapit down over the Birds, cover- ‘ing Dog and all with it: then make a noifeto {pring the Partridge,that they may rife, ind be entangled in the Net: Some ebferve to run with their Net againft the wind,to keep it fully extended. One man may make a fhift to do all; But then he muft peg down one end of his Net to the ground, and taking the other end {pread it over the Birds. The Italians ( as Oliva tells us) are wont to purge their Dog before they go a Set- ting with him: giving him a morfel made up of half an ounce of Agarick, and two drackms of Sal gemme, mingled with honey of Rofés, covered over with Butter, or {ome other unGuous matter, that he may the more readily {wallow it: And the day following a broth made of a Weathers head, boild fo, as with the flefh of it, bread, and a little Brimfton pounded, to makea fup. He bids you alfo obferve, 1. Notto hunt your Dog ( efpecially after he hath been new purged ) till the Sun hath dried up the dew; becaufe elfe he will be apt to lofe the fent, and alfo hurt hisfeet. 2. To begin to fet on your Dog under the wind, that he may take the fent the better. The Net (he faith ) ought to bea little longer than it is broad or deep; vz. between feven andeight yards over, and between eight and ninedeep. In this mennermay be taken, not only Partridges, but Pheafants, Moor-pouts and Quails. Os *E Of the haunts of Partridges, and how to find Partridges. eo i haunts wherein Partridges moft delight, and moft conftantly abide, are Corn-fields, efpecially duringthe timethe Corn is ftanding, under the Covert whereof they meet and breed. After the Corn is cut down they ftill remain in the - Stubbles, efpecially Wheat-Stubbles, both becaufe they love to feed on that grain before all others, and alfofor the heightof the Stubble, which affords them fafer co- vert. Whenthe Wheat-f{tubble is either too fcanty, or too much foyled and trodden with Menand Cattel, they leave it and go to the Barley-ftubbles, which though in- feriour in both tefpedts, yet beingfrefh, and not fo ufually trodden and beaten, ae | take _ Boox I. OR NITHOLOG aa take great delight therein. In Winter when thefe {tubbles are either plowed up, “a over-foyled with Cattel, manure, or the like,then they refort to the enclofed grounds, or upland-Meadows, and lodge in the dead grafs or fog, under hedges, among Mole- hills, and under banks, or at the roots of trees. .You may alfo find haunts of Par- tridges in {mall Coppices or Underwoods, in Bufhy Clofes,.or where there grows Broom, Brakes, Furze, or Ling, or any other Covert : Provided always, thatthere be fome Corn-fields adjoyning, elfe they will rather avoid {uch places. In Harvett- time when they can have no quiet lodging in the Corn-fields, you may find them in the day-time in the Fallows adjoyning, where they will lic lurking among the great clods and weeds 5 and only early in the Morning, and late at Evening fetch their food from the corn-{heaves next adjoyning. Now for finding them, fome will do it by the eye, like hare-finders, viz. In taking their ranges over the f{tubble fields, or other haunts, cafting their eyes on each hand, they will efpy them out'though never fo clofe couched 5 which ability partly depends upon the goodnefs of the eye,partly is acquired by practice and exercifé, by diligently obferving the true colour of the Partridge, how it differeth from the ground, and alfo the manner of their lying. Thisisthe eafier done, becaufe when you have once (as you think) apprehended them with your eye, you may walk nearer and nearer till you are abtolutely fure you feethem, provided you be ever moving, and ftand not ftill.or gaze at them ( for that they will not abide ) elfe they are foflothful and ange to take wing, that till you be ready to fet your foot upon them, they will not ftir. 3 Others find them by the haunts and places where they. laft coucht. which they know partly by their dung there left, which if new will be{oft, and the white part of it colour their fingers; and partly by their padlings or treadings, which if new will be foft and dirty, and the earth new brokenof a darker colour thanthe mould about it 5 and being very new indeed, the place where they fate will be warm, and the ground {mooth and flat with fomefmall feathers or down fcattered upon it. If you find fuch a haunt, you may beconfident the birds are not faroff. . Therefore look carefully about you, efpecially down the Lands, walking leifurely ; and ina {hort time you will efpy them : whichasfoonas you do, you fhall prefently wind off from them, and byno meanslook towards them, and fo fetch a large circumference round about them, keeping an ordinary round march, making yourcompafé lef$ and lef, till you have difcovered the whole Covey. Others find them by going early in the Morning, or at the clofe of the Even, ¢ which are called Fuking times ) into their haunts, and there liftning for the calling of the Cock-Partridge, which will be very loud and earneft, to which'after fome few calls the Hen will make anfwer5 which as {oonas they hear they liften till they meet, which they fhall very well perceive by their chattering and rejoycing one with another. Thenthey take theirrange about them, drawing nearer and nearer as before, tillthey difcover the. whole Covey.. | | But the beft, fateft, eafieft, and moft pleafant way of finding them is by the Par- tridge-call. Having learntthe true and natural notes of the Partridge, and being able to tune every notein its proper key, and knowing the duetimes and feafons for every note, fo as fitly to accommodate them, go forth either Morning or Evening to their haunts, and having conveyed your fe into fome clofe place, foas to fee and not be feen, liftena while if you can hear the Partridgecall. If you do, anfwer themagain in the fame note, and ever as they change, or double, or treble their note, fo fhall you likewife, plying ftill your Call till you find them draw near toyou. For this cal- ling is fonatural and delightful tothem that they will purfue it as far asthey can hear it. Having drawnthem within your view, caft your felf flat upon your back,and lie without moving asif you were dead,and you fhall then fee them running and pecking about you without any fear, fo as you may take:a full view of them, andif you pleafe count their number. | : §. IL How to take Partridge with Nets. pe Nets may be made in all points like the * Phefant-nets, only the Math tay fomewhat fmaller ; but they would be much better were they fomething longer and broader. Having found the Covey, draw forth your Nets, and taking Z large Ss ircums 49 % Se) See Chap. &. ° Ze ESI EOS Circumferenceabout them, walk a good round pace with a carelefs eye, rather from than toward the Partridge, till you have fitted your Nets, and'then draw in your — Circumference lefs and lefs, till you come withinthe length of your Net, where, as you walk about, (for no ftop or ftay muft be made’) prick down a ftick of about three foot long, and to it fatten one end of the Line of your Net : Then letting the Net {lip out of your hand, fpread it as you go, and fo carry itand lay it all over thé Partridges. If they lie ftragling, that one Net will not cover them, draw out ano- ther, and do in like manner andalike witha third, if needsbe. Then rufh in up- onthem, and with an affrighting voice force them to {pring up, aad prefently they will be entangled in the Nets. Bef | | % Boox L §. HL 3. How to take Partridges with Lime. | ~ Ake of the largeft and ftrongeft Wheat-ftraws, or for want thereof Rie-ftraws, - and cutting them off between knot and knot, [ the loweft joynts are the ftrongeft and beft | Lime them well over, and coming tothe Partridge-haunts, after have called a little, and find that you are anfwered, prick down your ftraws round about you in rows, as above directed for Lime-twigs, not only erofs the Land, but the Furrows alfo, taking in at leaft two or three Lands; and that not very near,but at a pretty diftance ftom you, yet fo asto difcern when any thing toucheth them. Then lie clofé, and call again, not ceafing till you have ‘drawn them towards you, whither they cannot come but they muft pafs through the limed ftraws, which they fhall no fooner touch but they will be entangled ; and by reafonthey eome flocking together like fo many Chickens, they will be fo befmear and dawb one another, thatif there be twenty, hardly one will efcape. ) This way of taking Partridge can only be ufed in Stubble-fields, and that from Au- guft to Chrifimas « If you would take them im Woods, Paftures, or Meadows with Lime, ‘you muft ufe the ordinary Lime-rods before defcribed, and prick them down, did ordér them in all points like ds is directed for your Lime-ftraws. Q. IV. | ‘How to drive Partridges and Quails, and take then in tunnelling Nets. “Irft provide you aftalking Horfe, or an Engine made like a Horfe or Oxe, fuchas_ k wehave defcribed Se#. 1. Chap.4. Then go with your Nets tothe Partridges haunts, and having fourid the Covey, pitch your Net in the fecreteft and likelieft place; foasto drivethemdownthe wind. Lay not your Net flat onthe ground, but fet it flopewife, and fo over-fhadow it with boughs, fhrubs, weeds, or fome other thing that groweth naturally on the ground it {tandeth on, that nothing may perceive it, till it be entangled. Then having covered your face with fome hood of green or dark blew (tuff, ftalk with your Horfe or Engine toward the Birds by gentle and flow fteps, and fo raiféthem, and drive them before you( for it is their nature to run be- fore'a Horfe or Beaft out of fear left it tread on them.) If they chance to runany by- way, or contrary to what you would have them, then prefently crofs them with your {talking Horfe, and they will foon recoil, and run into any track thatyou would have them, and at laft into your Net. | The Net they ufe in Jralyfor this purpofeis called Batrio or Cuculo, and made with two wings and a tunnel ftretcht with hoops, See Figure 4. Sab 2The Fowler ftalks with a Bellin his hand, which he now and then rings. __ ine - Withthe fame Net they alfo take Quails, pitching juft before the tunnel of the Net two Poles, with five Cages hanging upon each, having live Quailsinthem, which ferve tocall and entice the wild ones. Before the Nets they caft Millet or Panic feed to invite themin. The drive them forward aman walks on each fide the Net witha jingling Inftrument [ Sowagliera |] im his hand firft one, then the other founding from handto hand. The Net is to be pitcht three or four hours before day, and the Birds drivenearly inthe Morning: If the Moon fhines you may drive at any time of . the hight. CHAP, | CHAP, | VI. Several ways of taking Pheafants, as QL i With Nets. quented and free from the foot{teps and tracings of Men and Cattel : not in tall high woods of timber-trees. Having found their haunts and breeding places, you may find their Eye or brood feveral ways: as firft, bytheeye, fearching up and down the haunts, and bufhes, ec. Secondly, By coming early in the Morning, or late inthe Evening, and obferving the old Cock and Hens calling, and the young birds anfwering them, and by that found guiding your felf, till you come asnear as you can to the place where they meet, lying down there fo clofe that you may not be difcerned, and yet may exattly obferve where they lodge, and accordingly where and in what manner to pitch your Nets. Thirdly, Which is the moft fure and eafie way, by an exact and natural Pheafant- call: wherewith you muft learn to imitate all the Pheafants feveralnotes and tunes, applying each to the right time and purpofe, when and for which fhe ufesit, whether it betocluck the young ones together to brood them, to call them to meat when {he hath found it, to chide them for ftragling, to call them together to rejoyce and wan- ton about her, for all which fhe hath a feveral note. The moft convenient hours for theufe of the Call are before or about Sun-rifing, and fomewhat before Sun-fet, at which times they ftraggle abroad to feek their food, and then your note is to call them to their food, or ‘give them liberty to range. Butif you willcallthem after Sun-rife or before Sun-fet, your notes muft be to cluck them together to brood, as alfo to chide them for ftragling, and put them in fear of danger. The notes of rejoycing or playing are rather for finding the old Couples when they are feparated. x Being come to the haunts you fhall lodge your felf in the moft likely place for your purpofe, asclofe as poffible, andthen begin to call, firftin a very low note, (left the Pheafants be lodg‘d near you, and then a fudden loud note may affright them) but if nothing reply, raife your note by degrees to the higheft pitch, yet by no means over- training it, or making it fpeak untunably ; and if there bea Pheafant in the Wood within hearing of it fhe will prefently anfwer, and that in your own note and key. If this call back be but from one fingle bird, and come from far, then you thall as {e- cretly as you can creep nearer to it, ftill plying your call; and you fhall find that the Pheafant that anfwereth will alfo come nearer to you... The nearer you come, the lower obferve to make your Call fpeak, as the Pheafant her felf will do, and her in all pointsyou muft imitate as near as you can ; and in the end you will get afight of her, either on the ground, or on the boughs of fome low tree, as it were prying to find you: Then ceafing your Call a while, fpread your Net as fecretly and {peedily as may be, in the convenienteft place between you and the Pheafant, upon the loweft fhrubs and bufhes, making one end faftto the ground, and holding the other end by along Lineinyour hand, by which when any thing {traineth it you may draw the Net clofe together, or at leaf{t into a hollow compaf$.. Which done, you fhall call again 5 and then as {oon as you fhall perceive the Pheafant to come juft under your Net, you fhall rife and thew your felf, that by giving him an affright, he may offer to mount, and fo be entangled in your Net. | | If many anfwer your Call from feveral quarters of the Wood, ftir not atall, bug ply your Call, and as they come nearer to you, {predd your Netsin the moft conve- nient places round about you; and whenthey arecome under the Nets,boldly difco- ver your felf, to give theafiright, and make them mount. P's delight moft in thick, young, well-grown Coppice Wodds, unfte- §. If | Boaalll ‘ 0 R N ITH OLO GY. . a ue. ne ) OLOGY. ORNITH Boox I, ~ > Eh Of the driving of Pheafants. #T isonly Pheafant-Pouts that can be thustaken. Having found the eye of Phea- i fants by any the forementioned means, you muft then ( taking the wind with you, for they will naturally run down the wind.) In the little pads and ways, which you fee they have made, (for they will make little tracks almoft like fheeps tracks and as near as youcan to fome {pecial haunt of theirs, ( which you fhall know by the barrennefs of the ground, mutings, and loofe feathers you fhall find there’ place your Nets hollow, loofe and circular wife, their nether part being faftned' to the © ground, and upper lying hollow, loofe, and bending, fo that when any thing rafheth to it, it may fall and entangle it. Which done, you muftgo where before you found the haunt, and there with your Call, if the Eye be {cattered, call them together 5 then taking your Inftrument called a Driver, made of good ftrong white Wands or Offers, fet faft in a handle, and in two or three places bound with crofs Wands ; of the fhape of thofe Wand-dreflers ( which Cloth-workers ufe in drefling of Cloth ) therewith make a gentle noife upon the boughsand bufhes, which the Pouts hearing will prefently run on a heap together from it a little way, and then ftand ftill and liften. Givethen another rackortwo, at which they will run again as before, and thus by racking and ftriking you may drive them like fo many fheep which way you pleafe, ( crofling them, and racking as it were in their faces, if they chance to goa wrong way ) till you have brought them all into your Nets. In this driving be fure, 1. Toconceal your felf from the fight of the Pheafants , Forif they perceive you, they will inftantly {catter and run one from another, and hide themfelves in holes, and bottoms of bufhes, and not ftir from thence upon any occafion as long asany day endureth. And therefore it were not amifs to wear over your facea green hood, and a Wreath of green leaves about your head, and trim your Garments with branches and leaves of trees. 2. Totaketime and leifure, and not do any thing rafhly. For any thing done fuddenly or rafhly to thefe fearful Crea- tures breeds offence and amazement: And a fcare beingtaken, though but by one bird, their fear will not fuffer them to argue or difpute the objec, or ftay till every one have beheld the thing fuddenly affrighting them; but away they all fly at the very firft apprehenfion, in aninftant. And therefore if you findany ftaggering or dif may among them, prefently ceafe and lie ftillasthowgh you were dead, till the fear be over, andthey gaze no more about them, but gathering themfelvestogether dobe- gin to peep and cluck one to another, and rejoyce among themfelves, and then you may fall to your work again. §. I. Of taking Pheafants with the Lime-bufh, or Lime-rods, 7 Our Rods mutt be twelve, or at leaft ten Inches long, well limed down to the Y middle, and no further. Your Lime-bufh muft contain not above eight twigs at moft, being the top-branch of fome young Willow, with a handle about a fhaft- ment long, fharpned {fo as either you may flick it gently into the ground, or prickit into any fhrub or bufh, where-through the Peafants ufually trace, or on any {mall tree where they ufe to pearch, [ Place two or three of thefe bufhes there. ] Then make ufe of your Call, and-you will quickly have allthe Pheafants within hearing about you ; and it is a chance but fome of them will be toucht, and if but one be limed fhe will go near to lime all her fellows; for what by her f{trugling among{t them,and they com- ing to gaze, {ome will be fmeared by her, and fome will light on other bufhes: And if {ome one or two efcape by mounting, and get to the Pearch, and there (as isthe natural quality of them) fit prying to fee what becomesof their fellows, it is tento one but they will be taken by the Lime-bufhes placed on the Pearch. Old Pheafants when you call, oftentimes will not come on the ground, efpecially in Winter, but mount and come flying from Pearch to Pearch, till they come to that next you, cis prying and peeping to find him out that calleth, where they will probably be taken. a Bowl ORNITHOLOGY. It very requifite tokeep an exaé account of all your Lime-buthes and Rods,and when you have gathered up your Pheafants, fee what buthes or rodsyowhave mifling 5 for if youmifs but one of them, you may be affured that there are {ome limed which you have not found: Andtherefore never be without a Spaniel that will lie clofeat your foot, and that will fetch and carry, and neither break norbruife flefh nor feather, to hunt out and bring youall the birds that fhall fo lie hid. . | The Lime-rods may be placed not only upon buthes and fhrubs by Pheafants tracks, but alfo upon the ground in open places between thicks in fuch order as is directed above, neither too thick and apparent fo as to breed affright, nor fo thin astolet any efcape, leaving about the length of a Rod or lefs between Lime-rod and Lime-rod. pot 270: | The Seafon for ufing of Lime is from the beginning of November till the begin- ning of May, for during that time the twigs of trees (on which Birds pearch ) are void of leaves, and liketo Lime-twigs. The time for the ufe of Nets 1s from the be- ginning of May till the latter end of Offober : during which time the trees are covered with leaves. sf The Pheafant-net would bemade of the belt twined double Houfewives thread, died green or blue, the Mafh almoft an Inch between knot and knot: It would be in length at Jeaft three fathoms, in breadth feven foot or better, verged on each fide with a {trong {mall Cord, and as it were furfled thereon; the Net being placed not ftreight, butthickand large, that at any time when it is extended it may lie compafs- wife and hollow: Thetwo endslikewife fhould be verged with fmall Cord, yet that more for{trength than any particular ufe. Thegreat Nets ( which fomeufe ) arecum- berfom andhardly manageable, and therefore if. occafion be, it is better take and ufe acoupleof ordinary fize. Cuap.VIl. §. 1. | How to make the be/t Birdlime according. to G. Markham. Ake at Midfummer of the Bark of Holly fo much as to filla reafonable big : Veffel, and boil it in running water till the grey and white bark rife from the greens, which will take up.a whole day;orbetter, Then take it fromthe _ fire, and after the water is very well drained, feparate’from it the barks: Take all the green,and lay it‘on the ground ina clofe place,andon a moitt floor, as in fome low Vault or Cellar, and cover it allovera good thicknefs with Docks, Hemlock, Thiftles, and the like green weeds, [ or elfemakeit up ina heap with Fern $SS, that is, firft a " layer orbed of Fern, thena layer of Bark, then a layer of Fern again, and {0 onin- terchangeably ] and fo let it lie for the fpace of ten or twelve days; in which timest will rot; ‘and turn to a flimy matter : Then pound it inalarge Morter, till it come to be one uniform fubftance or pafte,, that may be wrought with the hand like dough, without difcerningany part of the Bark or other fubftance. Which done, take it out of the Morter, and carry it toa {wift running {tream, and there wath it exceedingly, not leaving any mote or filth in it, Then put it up inaclofe earthen pot, and let it {tand and purgefor divers daystogether, ( three,or fourat leaft ) not omitting to skum itas any foulnefsarifes, and when no more will rife, putit into aclean Veffel, and co- ver it clofe, and keep tefonufen, 4) ay suinict bun teociéels sda VO) Now when youhave occafion to ufeit, take thereof what quantity you fhall think fit, ‘and’ putting it into an earthen Pipkin with’a third part of Hogs greafe, or ( which isbetter.) Capons greafe, or Goofé greafe, fet it on avery gentle fire, and there letthem melt together, and ftir them continually till they be both incorporated together, and become one entire fubftance: Then take it from the fire and cool it,ftir- ring it tillit be cold, Sarre! bev ) 9-4 When it is well cooled, take your Rods, and warming them a little over the fire, wind about the tops of them fome of 'it fo prepared, then draw the Rods one from another, clofing them again, do this feveral times, continually ‘plying and working them together, till by {mearing one upon another, you have beftowed upon every Roda like quantity of Lime, keeping the full breadth of your hand at leaft free and without any Limeatall, ever andanonwarming the Rodsbeforethe fire, to make the Lime fpread on themthe better, and to make it lie fmoother and plainer,that the Fowl may not perceive it, and take affright at it. a H a As 58 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox 1. As for the liming of {traws, it muft be done when the Limeis very hot, and in fuch manner as the Rods are done, before the fire, only you mult not doa few, but a great heap together, as big as you can well gripe in your hands, for fo they are the itronger, and not foapt te brurfe or break in pieces, and therefore in this opening and working of them, you fhall not doit with a few together, but as many as you can well gripe, toffing, and turning, and working them before the fire, til] they be all befmeared equally. ; Now to preferve your Lime from freezing even in the fharpeft weather, takea quarter fomuch of the Oy! called Petroleum as you do of Capons greafe, and mixing them together well, work it upon the Rods, and it will ever keep your Lime gentle, {upple, and tough, fo that no froft,how violent foever, can hurt it. §. IL How to make Birdlime according to Olina, which was the way of the Ancients. Ake of the Berries of Miffelto, as great a quantity as you can get; the more / the better: Putthem ina moift place to putrefie or macerate, and when they are well macerated, take the {tuff and beat it foundly with a round Cudgel f Bafton ] tillit fhews clear, without any filth, for that is a fign that itis done enough. Put it up ina Pot, and keepit in a moitt plaée well covered with Parchment. - When you would make ufe of it, put it ina Pan, and to every pound of Lime add an ounce of Oy! Olive, mingling and incorporating of them well at the fire, and when you fee that they are well mixt and united, and become like an Ointment, take it fromthe fire, and put thereto half an ounce of Turpentine, and incorporate them welltogether : and fo you may employ itto take what you pleafe. It ferves alfo for the water. The fame Author mentions other forts of Birdlime brought out of Forein Countries, with which I think it needlef$ to troublethe Reader. Ina cold and frofty feafon he advifes inftead of common Oyl-to mingle and incorporate your Birdlime with Oyl of Nuts, which refifts the cold better than.common Oyl. . §. TE How to make the beft water-Birdline, out of a late Englifh Writer. Uy a pound of the ftrongeft Birdlime, and having wafhed it nine timesin clear - B Spring-water, till youfind it very pliable, and the hardnefs quite gone, beat out the waterthroughly tillyou cannot perceive a dropto appear: Then having dried it well, put it into an earthen Pot, and add thereto, 1. As much of the beft Capons greafe, without Salt, as will make it run. 2. Two fpoonfuls of {trong Vinegar. 3. A {poonful of Sallet-oy}. 4. A {mall quantity of Venice Turpentine, and boil them all gently upon a foft fire, continually {tirringit : And then take/it fromthe fire, and let: itcool; whenyou ufeit, warm it, and{o anoint your twigs or ftraws. 110M oes . Cuap. VII. Of the eleftion and trainmg up of a Setting Dog. Lthough the Water-Spaniel, Mungrel, fhallow-flew'd- Hound, ‘Tumbler, : Lur- A cher, or {mall baftard Maftiff may be brought to Set 5 yet none of theny is - comparable to the true-bred Land-Spaniel, being of a fize rather fmall than grofs, a {trong and nimble ranger, of a couragious fiery mettle, a quick fent, delight- _ ing in toil,and indefatigable, yet fearful of, and leving to his Mafter. Of what colour he be it matters not much. ar . _ Having gotten you a Whelp of fuch a Breed, begin to handle and inftruc him at four or fix months old at the furtheft. ; ite | t. Youmuft make him very loving to, and familiar with you, and fond of you, fo as to follow you up and down without taking notice of any manelf{e, by fuffering no manto féed or cherifh him but yourfelf. You muft alfo make him ftand in aw of, and fear you as well’ aslove you, and that rather by a {tern countenance and fharp words than blows. se | Th A 2. Then BooxlL ORNITHOLOGY. 2. Then you muft teach him to couch and lie down clofe to the ground, firft by laying him down onthe ground, and faying to him, Lie clofé, or the like, terrifying him with rough language when he doth any thing againft your command, and che- rifhing him, and giving him food when he doth as you bid him. And thus by con- tinual ufe and prattifing the fame thing, in a few days you fhall bring him readily and prefently to lie clofe on the ground, when ever you fhall but fay, Couch, down, lie clofe, or thelike. 3. Next you fhall teach him, being couched, tocome creeping to you withhis head and belly clofe to the ground fo far, or fo little way as you fhall think good, by fay- ing, Come nearer, or the like: Firft, till he underftand your meaning by fhewing him a piece of bread, or fome other food toentice him. Andif whenhe offers to come he either raife from the ground his fore or hinder parts, or fo much as lift up hishead, then you fhall not only with your hand thruft down his body in fuch fort as you would have him keep it, but alfo chide and rate him fo as to make him {trive to _per- form your pleafure: And if that will not quicken him fufficiently, tothe terrour of : your voice add a fharp jerk or two with a Whip-cord lafh. When he does your will either fully or in part according to his apprehenfionchearfully, then you muft be {ure to cherifh him, and to feed him: And then renew his leffon again till he be per- fe& in it. In like manner you, muft make him {top and paufe when you bid him. 4. Then you fhall teach him toleadin a ftring, and follow you at your heels with- out ftraining his Collar, which you may eafily doby practice, not {triving too rough- ly with him. ae: 5. When he is thus far taught, you may out into the field with him, and fuffer him ‘to range and hunt, yet at fuch command, that upon the firft hemor warning of your voice he {top andlook back upon you, and upon the fecond, that he forth- with either forbear to hunt further, , or elfe come in to your foot, and walk by you. If in ranging you find he opens, you thall firft chide him therefore, and if that prevail not, either bite him hard at the roots of his ears, or lafh him with a fharp Whip-cord lath, till you have made him fo ftaunch, thathe will hunt clofe and warily without once opening, either through wantonnefs, or the rifing up of any {mall birds before him. Whenyou find that he 1s come upon the haunt of any Partridge, (which you fhall know by hiseagernefs in hunting, and by a kind of whimpering and whining, as be- ing greatly defirousto open, but for fear not daring ) you fhall then warn him to take heed by faying, be wife, or the like. But if notwithftanding he either rufhinand fo {pringthem, or elfeopen or ufe any means by which the Partridge efcapeth, you fhall then correc him foundly, and caft him offagainin another place where you are fure a Covey lies, and thenas before give him warning. And if you fee that through fear he ~ ftandeth ftill and waveth his tail, looking forward asif he pointed at f{omewhat, be fure the Partridge is before him : Then make him lie clofe, and taking a large ring about him, look for the Partridge. When you have found them, if you feehehath fet them too far off, you thall make him creep on his belly nearer, elfe let him lie clofe without ftirring, and then drawing your Net take the Partridge. Encourageyour Dog by giving him the heads, necks, and pinions of the Partridge, and alfo bread or other food. But if he chance by any rudenefs or want of taking heed to {pring ~ them again, you fhall correct him as before, and lead him home in your ftring, and tie him up thatnight, giving him nothing but a bit of bread and water, and thenext day take him out, and doas before, but with fomewhat more terrour and harfhnefs, and doubtlefs the Dog willdo according to your will: Which ifhe doth, you muft by no means forget to beftow uponhim all the cherifhings of voice, hand, and foot. It is afault in a Dog to ftand upright as it were looking over the Partridge when he fets them, andtherefore you muft chide him for it, not giving over till you make hith lie clofe. Itis alfoa fault for him when you go in to the Covey, to {pring up the Partridge into your Nets, to rufh haftily after you, or {pring them before you, for which you muft correct him; and your {elf proceeding leifurely the next time, ever as you go {peak to the Dog to lie clofe. BH 4 CHAP. 51 3% | 28 H.8.C. 11. confirmed 3 & 4 Ed.6. cys 34. Ed.3.22, 37 Ed. 3,19. Il H. 9.17. ORNITHOLOGY. Boos I. Cuap, IX, An Abridgment of [ome Statutes relating to the prefervation of Fowl. at prohibited times, or by prohibited Engines, or by deftroying of their Eggs, fhould through ignorance incur the danger of the Law, I have thought fit to fubjoyn an Abridgement of fuch Statutes as relate to the prefervation of Fowl, collected and fent me by my worthy Friend Mr.Walter Afbmore. None to deftroy or take away the Eggs of any Wild Fowl on pain of one years imprifonment 5 and to forfeit for every Ege of a Crane or Buftard fo taken and de- ftroyed 20 d. Of a Bittern, Heron, or Shoveler 8 d. Ofa Mallard, Teal, or other Wild-fowl 1 d. to be divided between the King and the Profecutor. And herein Ju- flices of peace have power to hear, enquire, and determine offences of this kind, as they ufe todo in cafes of trefpafs. Yet this at not to extend to fuchas kill Crows, Choughs, Ravens, and Buzzards. a>. vend A Hawk taken up hall be delivered to the Sheriff, who after Proclamation made | infeveral Towns, ( if challenged) thall deliver her to the right Owner. And if the Hawk were taken up by a mean man, and be not challenged in four months, the She- riff to have her, fatisfying the Party for taking her: But if by a man of eftate, who may conveniently keep a Hawk, the Sheriff fhall reftore her to him again, he paying for the charge of keeping. | Ifany take away orconceal a Hawk he thall anfwer the value thereof to the Owner, and fufier two yearsimprifonment, and in cafehe be not able toanfwer the value, he fhall remain in prifon a longer time. om He that fteals and carries away a Hawk, not obferving the Ordinance of 34 Ed.3.22. fhall be deemeda Felon. None fhall take Pheafants or Partridges with Engines in anothers ground without licence, in pain of ten pound to be divided between the Owner of the ground and the Profecutor. ; None fhall take out of the Neft any Eggs of Falcon, Gofhawk, Lanner, or Swan, in pain of a year and a days imprifonment, and to incur a Fine at the Kings pleafure, to be divided between the King and the Owner of the ground where the Eggs fhall be fo taken. None hall bear any Hawk of Englifh breed called a Nyeffe, ( Gofhawk, Tarcel, Lanner, Lanneret, or Falcon ) in pain to forfeitthe fame to the King. He that brings*a Nyefle Hawk from beyond the Seas fhall have a Certificate under the Cuftomers Seal where he lands, or if outof Scotland, then under the Seal of the Lord Warden or hisLieutenant, teftifying fheis a Forein Hawk, upon the like pain of forfeiting the Hawk. | an None fhall take, kill, or fearaway any of the faid Hawks from their Coverts where they ufe to breed, inpainof ten pounds. : / Every Freeman may have Eyries of Hawks within their own Woods which be within a Foreft. me Si ge” None fhall kill or take Pheafants or Partridges by night, in pain of 20 s. a Phea- fant, and 10 s.a Partridge, or one months imprifonment, and bond with Sureties not to offend again inthe like kind. | Dire¢tions to recover the Forfeitures, vid. Statute. 3 None to hawk or hunt with Spaniels in ftanding Grain in painof4os. — No perfon fhall kill or take any Pheafant, Partridge, Pigeon, Duck, Heron, Hare, or other Game, or take or deftroy the Eggs of Pheafants, Partridges, or Swans, in pain of 20 s. or imprifonment for every Fow],Hare, or Egg,and to find Suretiesin 20/. not to offend inthelikekind. ~~ - ) ek Ea es No perfon fhall keep Dog or Net to take or kill any of the Jaft mentioned Game, unlefs qualified as inthe AG, in pain of 30s. ; . No Perfon to buy or fell any Partridge or Pheafant upon pain toforfeit 2¢ », for N Ow left any one, either not legally qualified or licenfed, or by taking Fowl every Pheafant, and ro s. for every Partridge. No Perfonto betwice punithed for one offence. ' Perfonsare to be licenfed in Seffions to kill Hawks meat, and to become bound in 20 /, not to kill any of the faidGames, nor to fhoot within 600 paces of a Heron | 4 within te Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. | a within 100 paces of a Pigeon Houfe, or in a Park, Foreft, or Chafe, whereofhis Ma- {ter is not Owner or Keeper. | : Every perfon having hawked at, or deftroyed any Pheafant or Partridge between 7 J#- 1%. thefirft of Fuly and lalt of Auguft thall forfeit 40s. for every time fo Hawking, and 20 s. for every Pheafant or Partridge fo deftroyed or taken. ) This offence to be profecuted within fix months after it is committed. Lords of Mannors and their Servants may take Pheafants or Partridgesin theirown grounds or PrecinGs in the day time between Michaclzas and Chriftmas. — Every perfon of a mean condition having killed or taken any Pheafant or Partridge fhall forfeit 20 s. for each onefo killed, and fhall become bound in 20 /. not to offend fo again. a. : ‘ ye . Conftables and Headboroughs upon warrant to fearch houfes, and feize Dogs or Nets, and deftroy them at pleafure. Lords of Mannors to appoint Game-keepers, who by a Warrant from a Juftice 22% 23 car. may in the day-time take and {eize allGuns, Bows, Grey-hounds, Setting-dogs, Lur- 675 chers, or other Dogs to kill Hares or Conies, Ferrets, Trammels, Low-bells; Hays, ~ or other Nets, Hare-pipes, Snares, and other Engines for the taking and killing of Conies, Hares, Pheafants, Partridges, and other Game within the Precingts of fuch Mannor, as fhall be ufed by any Perfon prohibited by that Act to keep or ule the fame. reas | Perfons under the value of t@0 I. per annum s or for term of life, or not having Leafes for ninety nine years, or for a longer term of the value of 150 /. other than the Son and Heir apparent of.an Efquire or other perfon of higher degree, and the Owners and Keepers of Forefts, Parks, Chafes, or Warrens, are not to have or keep for themfelves or othersany Guns, Bows, Greyhounds, Setting-dogs, Lurchers, Hays, Nets, Lowbells, Hare-pipes, Snares, or other Engine. THE ere } ‘ We . eh) 1 z LAND-Fow\l are either fuch as have oA Table of Land-Fowl. Coes 5: (€The wore generows, Called EAGLE s, The Golden | Eagle, the Sea-Eagle, the black Ezgle, 8c. ah a fTheGreater,| pare I. Sect.1. Chap.3. | _and thefe¢' | either | Fhe wore cowardly and flucgifh, called Viur- i ne TURES,Part-4,Sect. 1.Chap. 4. * ‘i { | cs f Long-wing'd, whole wings DY ach almoft as far as the j Se | | reac oft as far as oe el fThe more generous, end of their Train, as the [f a. | | that _ are -~wont| Falcon, Lanuer, &c.Part 1. | ree Fee | to be reclaimed} Set. 1. Chap. 9. + | 43 re e and manned ee | ¢ | day-time | fowling, “called? Short-wing'd, whofe Wings ae? heh s- | “Hawks » whigh ‘when, clofed fall much ( | = | ourFalconersdi-| fhort of the end of their | \ _ftinguifh into Trains, as the Gofhawk and | | Sparrow-hawk, Part 1. t. Sect. 1. Chap.to. My called in Latine Ac- *. oa | | [he Lefer, | | . | SCarniworoys | | t ; cipitres, =. ~£The Greater; The common and rapaci- | The ore cowardly| Buzzard,bald Buzzard,&c. Age calles’: and fluggif—, or| Part 1.Sect.1. Chap.8. fg | BIRDSOF if elfe indole, and| PREY,and | . therefore byours f European ; BuTC HER- 7 | thefeeither | Falconers negle-i-| BIRDS» or Shrikes. } q” ced and‘permit- [S| Part 1.Seét.1.Cha.rr. | > fn ted to live atin 3 si large, . |S | Exotic; BIRDS of Pa- | _ | * els: Reap isE, Part 1. W «4 dj | | ms — & L Sett.r. Chap.12. No&urzal, that ; fly and prey? =u by night (Horned or eared, as the Eagle-Owl, Horn-Owl, &c. Part 1. Sect.2. Chap 1. * Crooked Beak and Talons which are either a Without Horns, as the brown Owl, grey Owl, &c. Part. 1. Sect. 2. Chap.2. : Frugivorous, called biel Greateft kind ; called Macc Aws, Part 1. Sett.3. Chap.2. netal name Parrots, di- )Middle-(ized and moft common; called PARROTS and ftinguifhed by their big-)_ PoPINjAYeEs, Part reSect.3.Chap.3. \ nels into the _Leaft kind; called Pan RAKEETS, Part 1. Sett.3. Chap. 4. -f Greateft kinds which by reafon of the bulk of their bodies and finalne(s of their Wings = Leaft ~ kind ( Soft-beak'd, which pave flender, {treight, and the moft pretty-long Bills; called frzall.) which kind feeds chiefly upon Infeéts, Part 2. Sect. 2. Memb. r. | Birds which Hard-beak'd, which have thick and fhort Bills, and feed moft upon Seeds. (are either *( Part 2,Se¢t.2, Memb. 2. S. | Re cannot fly at all, Exotic Birds of a fingular nature; The Offrich, the Cafowary and the lo Dodo. Part 2. Se&.1. Chips A 3 * : = | ae Wholly black; The Crow- Oly. ( Promifcuonfly upon Flefh, Da E | | ae - r Infeds,and Finite, di-,) kind,Part 2.Sett.1 eS 5 ’ Large thick ,ftrong, | nguilhable by their’ paryicolowed; The Pre- a , and long ones,g © £O,0Urmto kind, Part 2.Sect.1.Cha.2. | & | Middle-fzed3\ feeding either | Upon Fi 3 as theKINGFISHER, @c, Part 2.Sec. 1. g ie s | which may PP Chap.7. | | <3 be divided a =| Upon Infets onfy; The WooDPECKER-kind, ae < : SS Ly theirg | ee Cae ee Pare, SeceaeGnap. 5. = a into w FWhite; Thé PouLttrR y-hind¥ Part 2. Sec. t. Chap. S uch as Cada Sie op omen . ne have Rak toys shot | © Greater; the PIcEoN-kikd, Part 2. Sect. 4. | ~ | Whole fiefh isgS Chap.t5. ; ro kee cet |S Sefer; the Turusn-kind, Part 2. Set. ts Ss ts € _Chap.17, 18. L More fir et _ SECOND BOOK - SU oe oe (ose | Sen Ay . oa * "OF | a. hy! FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Eq, Of Land-Fowl, Tue Firsr Parr. Of fuch as have booked Beaks andT alons. = A] ‘ THE First SECTION. if Rapacious Dinrnal Bivds, ) ‘CuHap. I. | Of Birds of. prey in general, efpecially Diurnal ones. ¢7p,HE Charatteriftic. notes .of Rapacious Birds in general are ey. thefe: To have a great heads a fhort neck 5 hooked, firong and ZO) fharp-pointed Beak and Talons, fitted for ravine and tearing of ZAOM~ flell: Strong and brawny thighs, for ftziking down their prey : tues. 4 broad, thick, flefhy tongue, like amans twtlve feathers intheiv PERRO. trains four and twenty flag feathers [ remiges penne )] ix each wing 5{The number of thefe feathers can hardly be counted exactly, and doth:¢ I believe ) vary in thefe Birds, the greater kinds having more, the lefler fewer. |] The two Appendices or blind guts very fhort, fo that they feem to beofno ufe to them, at leaft when grown up: A membranous ftomach,oot areufculous one,or Gizzard, like gtanivorous Birds: To be very fharp-fighted, for {pying out their prey at adiftance, tobe folitary, not gregariows, by a fingular providence of nature: For fhould they, coming in flocks, joyntly fet - upon Cattel, the flacks and Herds. of theep: and beafts would: fearee be fecure from their violence and injuries. This note is not ebmmion to all Rapacious birds inge- neral,, though Ari/totle hath delivered for an univerfal obfervation, Taptertogr edtv ageraiar, 1.€. No Birds of prey. are gregarious. For Vultures, (as Bellonius hath-obfer- ved; ) fly in company fifty or fixty together: Tobe deep-feathered. “The feathers in- vefting their bodies if they be not thicker fet, are at a or longer than in other birds, fo that their bodies.feem to. be much greater thasindecd they are. This note Is common to all'Rapacious birds, but not proper tothem alone: To be long-lived, and.as is.commonly thought, more than other birds, whereof being not yet fully fa- tisfied, I will not rafhly affirm any thing, but leave the matter to be determined by experience and diligent obfervation. Bire-certain it is, (as we have before demon- {trated }) that all Birdsin general, account being had of their bignefs; aré very long- lived. Taexdure hunger € ov abide without food) a long time, which confidering their food and manner of, living is:almoftneceflary 5 feeing their prey is not always ready for them. The Females ave of gréater (ine, more beautiful andlevely for fhape and colours, ei A 56 ORNITHOLOGY. Booxll. colours, ftronger, more fierce and generous than the Males. For this caufe fome will have the Males called Turcels, that is, Thirds, becaufe they are lefler by onethird part than the Females. Thereafon of this inequality and excefsof magnitude in the Females fome do affign, becanfe it leg fon the Females 6 prey not only for themifelves, but fortheit Young, therefore itis: equifite they be more ftrong and generous. More- over (that we may note that by the by ) among the Females themfelves'the tokens of goodnefs are taken from their greatnefs; for by how mucha Hawk is bigger and more weighty, fo much better is it accounted. ' So that ( as Tardiows witnefleth ) in Syria Birds employed for Fowling are all bought by weight; and fo much the dearer by how much they weigh more. Howbeit the Affures | Gofhawks ] ( if we may be- lieve the Italian Proverb ) [ Aftore piccolo & ‘Terzuolo grande] by how much the lefs they are, by fo muchthe more are they efteemed. Here again Vultures are to be ex- cepted, of which the Males are {aid to equal or exceed the Females in bignefS, The Bafis of the Beak ws covered with a naked shin or membrane, which our Falconers call the Sear. This note is proper to Rapacious Birds that prey by day 5 forthe night-birds | have no fuch Membrane. The outmoft toe 1 connetied with the middlemoft by an inter- vening Membrane, as far as the firft joynt. This note is common to all Rapacious Diurnal Birds, but not proper tothem alone, agreeing to many other birds befides. The brea(t in moft Rapacious birds is party-coloured or (potted: In moft I fay, not in all; for, the Vultur Beticus, Milows Héruginofws, and {ome few others are to be excepted. Some others alfo of the forementioned notes are not proper and peculiar to this kind, as. for example, To have twelve feathers in the tailand to have very fhort Appendices or blind guts, which are commonalfo to the Crow-kind, and moft {mall birds. Add to thefe, that in Birds of prey the Hook of the upper chap ts produced by Age to that length fometimes, that it hinders their feeding: That the Claw of the outmoft Toe is the leaft: That the flefhof carnivorous birds doth fooner corrupt and putrefie than of any other: That the interior fides of their Claws are fharp-edged: That their Excrements are for the moft part fluid ike milk: That the interior Vanes of the prime feathers of their Wings and Tails have white or pale-coloured crofs bars,: That the colour of theback and upper partis for themoft part brown. CHAP. II. : Of the Eagle. in general. 7 He Eagle in general may bethusdefined, A divrnal Rapacious Bird of the biggelt : fort, the moft generous of all, having its Beak booked almoft from the-very root. 4. “By its bignefs it is diftinguifhed from the Hawk.,by its courage and {pirit and by. the kookednefs of its Bill from the Vulture. oe ae hy ee There are many things delivered by the Ancientsand Moderns concerning. the na- ture and conditions of the Eagle in general 5 which are partly falfe oruncertain,partly common to other Birds of prey. Of the firft fort Itake the following to be. t. That its feet are not equal; but the right bigger than the left. mh 4 2. That its feathers being mixt with the feathers of other birds, efpecially Geefe and Pigeons, do wafte and confume them: ant: nia we 3. That whereas fhe excels in quick-fightednefs,. in trying her Young whether they be genuine or {purious, fhe makes ufe of an argument taken fromthe fight. For hang- ing them up by the Claw, fhe expofes them to the Sun-beams, and thofe that fhe fees look {tedfa{tly on the Sun, fhe keepsand brings up as right-bred, and her genuine Off {pring, but fuch as turn away their eyes, as not being able to behold it, fhe cafts away as degenerous. Se 4. That the Eagle as long as fhe lives changes not her Neft or Haunt; but returns yearly to thefame. 5. Ehat after Noon the fliesabroad and preys, but all the Forenoon before dinner fhe fits idle. : 6. That fhe touchesnot Carrion or dead Carcaffes ; feeding only upon the flefh of {uch Animals as fhe kills her felf. 7. That whereas for the moft part fhe hatches two young ones, fhe brings up but one, ca{ting out the other, to eafe her {elf of the toil of nurfingand feeding it. 8. That ir i] Booxll. ORNITHOLOGY, 8. That fhe would not at all hatch her Young, did fhe not bring the Eagles ftone f. Aétites ]into her Neft,which is of wonderful vertue in promoting exclufion. g. That when the Young are fick, and cannot concoct more folid food; by reafon of the weaknefs of their ftomachs, the old ones fuck the bloud out of their prey, and feed them therewith. 10. That in extreme old age, when their Beaks by reafon of their drinefg are grown focrooked that they cannot feed, they fuftain them{elves for fome time by drinking. = | aI. That the old ones when they {ee their young fledged and ready to fly, do car- ry them up a height, and then let them go, admonithing them as it were by theirown peril to make ufe of their Wings, and by flying through the Air to fave themfélves from falling. If after they have let them gothey fall down to the ground, up they take them again, often repeating this kind of exercife.' ee, 12. That fhe hath an extraordinary care of her Talons, le{t by any means they fhould be blunted.’ Hereuponin walking fhe always draws them up, and turns them inwards, refufes to walkin {tony places, left perchance fhe fhould wear their points. And if fhe happensto fit or walk upon Rocks, fhe {preads under her feet the skinsof fuch Animalsas fhe hath kill'd, left her Talons fhould be hurt. Yea fo careful is the of them, that where ever fhe fits, unlefs fhe eyes the Sun or her prey, {heis always ldok- ing at thems fearing left they fhould grow too crooked. And if by chance they be - blunted, fhe fharpens them with her Bill, or whetsthem upon ftones, to render them fitter for preying. * | 13. That when fhe is enfeebled with oldage, fhe flies as high as ever fhe canabove the Clouds, till the dimnefs of her eye-fight be confumed by the heat of the Sun; then prefently defcending with allhertorce, while fhe is yet in the extremity ofheat, fhe drenches her {elf three times in the coldeft water fhe can find, and rifing up thence ftreightway betakes her felf to her Neft, where among her young now fit for prey- ing, fallinginto a kind of Fever, with a {weat fhe cafts her feathers; and is by them carefully nurfed up and fed,till fherecover her plumage again. 14. Whereasthe greatelt part of Birds either out-of fear or wonder, fly after the Owl, the not thinking fuch carriage to become a Kingly bird, is nothing moved with that{pectacle. | OF the latter kind are thefe. | | 1. That fhe doth fo excel in quick-fightednefs, thatfoaring fo high in the air, that fhe can very hardly be difcemed by ‘us inall thatlight, yet fhe can efpy a Hare lying underabufh, or alittle Fith {wimming in the water. Though I grant that both the Eagle and other Rapaciows birds are very fharp-fighted, yet do I not think that, their eyes Care reach objetts at {uch diftances. 2. That fhe isindocile and uncapableof Difcipline, and notto be tamed by any hu- mane endeavour : Butis onlycarried on headlong by her natural in¢lination and zmpe- tus. This is not univerfally true. Forwe have heard of Eagles that have been reclaimedand trained up for fowling. Though it be rarely done.» 3. That her breath {mells very ill, fo that by reafon of the peftiferous {tench thereof, the bodies that are blown upon by her doeafily putrefie and corrupt. 4. That the is very greedy and almoft unfatiable: and therefore if at any time fhe endures hunger, (of which fhe is moft patient ) fhe recompenfes her. long fafting by abundant eating and gorging her elf; And if her prey be fo great and copious that any thing remains when the is fatiated; fhe leaves that to the other birds, which ufeto follow her in expectation thereof. |: if 5- Ubatalmoft all Birds of prey live without ever drinking; yet is their bellyal- ways loofe, and their Excrements fluid. For the bloud of the Animals they kill affords them liquor enough for the concottion and digeftion of their meat. . 6. That itis very venereous.. For the Female being trodden thirteen timesa day, yet if the Male doth but call, runs to: him again.» Now whereas all falacious crea- tures are thought to be fhort-lived; one may juftly wonder, that the Ezgle fhould be the moft luftful, and yet withal themoft vivacious of Birds. } _ > 7. When their young onesare grown up, and come to that age and ftrength, that that they can without the help of their Parents get themfelves meat, they drivethem far away from their Nefts; nay, they will not fuffer them to abide fo much asin the fameGoummnyelint ash ii Cap bes ores) eine ane “ 8: Nature hath given the Eagle very thick, hard, and almoft folidbones, and in a All which there is but very little marrow. 57. 58 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il, All thefe things we have tranfcribed out of Aldrovaudys his Ornithology, where oc- cur mere fuch like, which are common to other Rapacious Birds. For befides its emi= nent: Magnitude we do not acknowledge any Charatteriftic note whereby Eagles may be diftinguifhed from Hawks. How theyare differenced from Vultures fhall be fhewn © when we come to treat of Vultures. | As for the names of the Eagles, it is called Grecians *Aeaos and. ’Aieros from the Verb Ajo», fignifying to rufh on or be carried forwards violently with. great force and {wiftnels, becaufe of the{wiftnels of its flight : By the Latines it is named Aquila, either 2b acumine vifws from the fharpne(s of its fight, or from the colour called [_Ag#- lys| thatis, blackith or dusky, fo denominated from water[ Agua.] , CHAP. IIL Of the feveral kinds of Eagles. . 1 *THE GOLDE N EAGLE ; CHysAETOoS Aldrovandi Ornithologia,lib.2. cap.2. Aquila fulva fen aurea. \ Ics Weight. ¥p Eing putin the balance [ tetera] we found it to weigh twelve pounds. From _ Tts Length. B point of Beak to tip of Tail it was full three feet and nineIncheslong. The Breadth, ‘length from the Bill to the Talons was four {pans and an half-~ The breadth TheBeak. fromtip to tip of the Wingsextendedeight{pans. The Beak was one Palm [, hand- breadth] and one inch long. For the hooked part alone hung down beyond the lower Chap a full Inch. The breadth of the Bill, efpecially about the middle was more than twoInches. The hooked part or point was blacker; the reft of the Bill of a horn-colour, inclining to a pale:blue, and {potted withdusky. The. widenefs of The Mouth. the Mouth gaping [ ri] wasione Palm and an Inch. The Tongue was likea The Tongue Mans, broad, round, and bluntiatthe tip, toward the root on both fides armed with two hooked, horny Appendices, tied down in the middle to the lower mandible by The Palate. athin Membrane. The Palate perforate in the middle. The lower Chap of the , Bill channelled, the édges whereof ftanding upon both fides are received in the upper. ' The Sear. ‘The Membrane which arifing. from the Forehead is extended beyond the Nofthrils, Theneck- and Jikewife the borders of the bridle or corners of the mouth are yellow. The fea- i ae thers, of the neck. are rigid and *ferrugineous. A certain thick Tunicle ftretched colour. forth from below upwards covered the eye innictation. This Membrane is called in The Eye-lids, Latine Periophthalmium. TwoEye-lids, oneabove, the other beneath, covered the Eye, although the lower alone extended upward was fufficient to. cover thewhole theEye- Eye... The region of. the Eye-btows was very eminent, like that prominent part of brows. the roofs of houfes called the Eaves; under which the Eyes lay hid, as it were funk The Eyes, in a'deep eavity..> The Eyes wete of the colout called Charopws, of a fiery {plendor, fhining forth in apale blew. The Pupil was. ofa deep black. Itis very admirable to obferve what care Nature hath-taken, and what provifion fhe hath made for the conferyation of the Eyes, than which there is no part in this Animal more excellent. For not being content with oné Tegument, as is. ufual in other Animals, fhe feeméth to have framed four feveral lids or covers for them. The Periophthalmium, or Mem- brane for Nitation, is the fame thing, and affords the fame ufe to them that the Eye- lidsdotoa man. Befides which Nature hath fuperadded two other Eye-lids, and of _ thefe the lower fo large, that they alone fuffice to cover and preferve the Eyes. The The Wings colourof the Wings and Tail is dusky, and fo much the darker by howmuchthe fea- af ei of thers arebigger. Thecolour of thereft of the {mall feathers of the whole body is a the whole dark ferrugineous or Chefnut, {prinkled with white {pots, fewer on the back, more pedy ofithe belly, the bottoms of all-being white. Six of the prime feathers on each fide Feathers, | were twenty two Inches long apiece, having very firm and hard quills, but fhorter The Legs thait thofeof Gee/e, and very good to make Writing Pens. The Legswere feathered downto the feet, of a ferrugineous colour. Hence it may evidently appear to any % ribseqp 4. tan, how much * Petrus Bellonivs is miftaken in that he weites, that Eagles are di- de Avilus. — ftinguithable from Vultures by one only fign, viz. havingtheir Legs naked or deftitute of The Feer. feathers, contrary to what we fee in Vultures. The feet were ycllowith: The back- The Talons, claw of the left foot fix Inches in circumference:s that of the right foot but 6 BooxI.L ORACITHOLOGY. 59 fo great was the difference betweenthem; which I fuppofe not to have been natural, but induced by force, forthis feemed tobemaimed. The Talon of the foremoft of the fore-toes of the left foot was five Inches in length, that of the middle three and an half, the leaft two. The Talons of the fore toesof the right foot were bigger, in proportion to the back-claw, than thofe of the left. Four Semicircular Tables co- - vered each toe near the Talons, excepting the greate{t of the fore toes, which had __ only three* annul. The reft of the feet was covered with Scales about the bignefs bua Fates of millet grains, or fomewhat lefs. gt ) If any one defires an Anatomyand defcription of the inward parts, let him confule Aldrovandus inthis place: See alfo here the arguments whereby he proves this bird by him defcribed to be the Chry/aétos of the Ancients; and the notes whereby he diftin- guifhesit from other Eagles, . I fufped this to be the fame bird with that hereafter defcribed by us under the title of Pygargus. Thechiefdifference is, that half the Tail in.that is white, whereas in this the whole is of one [ dusky ] colour. This with great fiercenefs lew upon any thing that came initsway: and would The fierce- with its Beak and Talons affault and {trike at Dogs, Cats, @c. and even man him(elf, ee aia if they did, before they were aware, approach too near the Cage in which it was fhut up. So far Aldrovandus : to;whom this Bird was {ent by the Great. Duke of Tufcany. The Golden Eagle with a white ring about its tail. + We faw three Birds of this fort in the Royal Theriotrophium near theTower of Lon- don, and afourth in St. James Park near Weftminfter. For bignefs they approached The Bignels to Turkeys. The Beak near the head was ftreight, toward the end hooked, of a horn- The Beak, colour; the Sear or skincovering the Bas of the beak of an afh-colour or blewifh white; the {pace fromthe Nolthrils to the eyes bare of feathers: The mouth very wide'when gaping: The Tail of a mean length, with a tranfverfe bar or ring of The Tail} . ] white. The upper Chap of the Beak had on each fide a {mall obtufe Angle or Tooth, as that of the Ke/frel and other Hawks. The infide of the mouth was of a flelh-co- lour. The Feathers covering the head and neck not fmooth and even, but rigid, nar- The feathers, row, and lying at a diftance one from another : The Talons blacks; the Legs fea- thered down below the knees. Our Country-men call this bird fimply and abfolutely the Eagle, without any Epithet of diftinction, as if indeed this were yer’ eFonlu', the Eagle of Eagles. I takeit to be {pecifically the fame with the precedent. §.. I. 6 vA XThe SEA-EAGLE or Osp REX 3 Haliactus feu Aqnila marina; NifusVeterui. SS Ldrovandus confefles that hinwelf ered faw this Bird: But the defctiption he The bald 4 gives of it, fentby a certain eminent Phyfician,agrees exactly to the ENGLISH Bir card ges. Cae tam } {cribed for the BALD BuzzARD. Moreover Leonard Baltner,'a Fisherman of Strasburgh, who Sea-Eagle. himfelf defcribed and caufed to be painted by thelifeall|Water-fowl that frequent the River Rhixe thereabouts, fetsforththe Buld Buzzard under the title of Fifch-Adler, z. e. the Fifh-Eagle. But feeing thatour Bald Buzzard-is.a leffer Bird than that it may merit‘the name of an Eagle, andis alfo very like to, and not much bigger than the Common Buzzard, we will treat thereof ina more commodious place, among. its fel- lows, viz. the leflerfort of wild birds of prey. And in this place for the Haliectus or Sea-Eagle we will prefent the Reader with the Offifrage of Aldrovandus, {eeing That the ofi- that for its bignef$ may juftly challenge:a placeamong Eagles and isalfoa fierce and fact pes generous Bird, preying upon Fith, and frequenting, not only Pools and Rivers, but the Sea-Eagle. alfo the Sea. - lant not ignorant that Aldrovandus will by no means admit this Bird to be the Sea-Eagle: 1.Becaufe it anfwers not to the defeription of the Sea-Eagleleftus by the Ancients, which makes it to benot much bigger than the Kite, whereas this Bird for bignefs falls not much fhort of theChryfaétositifelf. 2. Becaufe all the notes of the Offifrage agree to it, viz. A whitith afh-colour, clouded Eyes, a beard under the chin, and finally Agwiline magnitude. But yet thefe Arguments are not of fo great force with me to evince this Bird. to be the Ojjifrage, as the manner of living aloneto be the Sea-Hagle: unlefs perchance the Sea-Eagle and Offifrage be Synonymous words and names ofone and the fameBird.Neither do much matter the defcriptions et DiTi I 2 the o te, a ty aa —ORNATHOLOGY. — Boow I: exact. But whateverthe Azcients called the Sea-Eagle, certain it is that the title of Sea-Eagle may be very fitly attributed tothis Bird. For if we admit the Bald Buzzard for the Sea-Eagle, (which, to {peak the truth, agrees better to the defcriptions ofthe “ Ancients ) we take away all note of diftinétion between Eaglesand: Hawks, which (as | we faid before ) confifts only in difference of magnitude. Thedeferipti- — The Offifrage then or Sea-Eagle is thus defcribed by Aldrovandws. From the’ point on of the of the Beak to the end of thetrain or Talons, ( for the ends of both when extended | Offifrage. Its length. | Were’ coincident +) it was three feet and four Inches long: From tip, to tip of the Breadth. Wings f{tretched out nine {pans broad. It weighed eleven pound. The Bill was peak Very hooked, fo that the hooked part alone was an Inch long ; the whole two Inches broad, andan hand-breadth long 3 ofa blackifh or dusky horncolour, fomewhat ap- Tongue. proaching to a dark blue. The Tongue was very like to a mans,witha broad top, and hooked, hard, and horny Appewdices on both fides, tied down to the lower mandible by a thin Membrane, where it regardsthe chin a horny Membrane compafles the end or tip of it, The lower mandible was hollowed like a channel, [ If{uppofé he means | the fides of it ] the edges or borders of which channel enter the Palate on both fides, The Palate. and are enclofed within its edges. Inthe middle of ‘the Palate is a chink by whicha The head and pituitous humour diftils from the head. . The head and all theneck are cloathed with ee long, narrow, and rigid feathers. From the Chin hang down {mall feathers like hairs imitating a beard s whence perchance by Pliny and alfo BeMoniys it is denominated The Beard. the bearded Eagle : And I from that note chiefly fuppofe it to be called Harpe by Op- The colour of p7av, The teathers of the wholebody fingly are particoloured, and that with three ue eer colours, whitifh, duskifh, and ferrugineous. The flag-feathers of the Wings are al- The Tran, moft wholly black, fomething tending to Chefhut. The twelve feathers of the Train have little or nothing of red, but are only {potted with black and white, vz. whitith on the outfide, dusky on the inner. The two middlemoft, being befprinkled pro- mifcuoufly with white {pots, arefor the moft part dusky. The ends or tips of all are black. The feathers growing onthe rump, which immediately cover thefe, are almoft The Legs. Wholly white,{prinkled with a little black,fave that their tips are black, Their Legs are almoft wholly covered: with dusky feathers, fomewhat inclining to fulvous 5 fo that there is only two inches to the feet remaining bare. Befides the feathers the Th i CO - ; d wi 1 i we 7) > whole body underneath is covered with a white and foft down, asit were a delicate vered with ; Down, fleece, after the fame manner as theskin of a Swax. The lower part of the Legs, which as we faid for the {pace of two Inches is deftitute of feathers, and the feet are The Toes. ofadeep yellow. Thetoes extended area full fpan; the length of the middlemoft The Talon. sequal toa Palm. The Talons were very black in fo much that they fhone again 5 and fo hooked thatthey did exactly reprefent a Semicircle. They obferved this pro- _, portion one toanother; the hindmoft being the biggeft was two Inches long; the firft of the fore ones lefler than it, but bigger than the middlemoft, and the laft theJleaft of all. The fubftance of the Talons was inwardly white and bony, covered over out- wardly witha dusky bark. The legand foot wefe for the molt: part covered with ; round {cales of unequal bignefs; ‘butthe fore-part of the Leg, and upper part.of the * Golden Ea- toes had Semicircular Tables like thes* Chryfattos. \ iL Plufiustakes Cluivs fent to Aldrovandus the Picture of this Bird drawn in.colours tothe life, by thisforthe the title of the Sea-Eagle, writing thereofin thismanner, This Halzeetws, which our Sea ~~ Countrymen living in the Sea-coafteall Zee Are, that is, Sea+Eagle, was thot the laft Winter, @*c. That this Eagle feeds only on Fifh I my felf can witnels, for in the fto- mach thereof difleéted we foundnothing but Fifh, {ome remaining yet entire, fome half confumed, ee. 7 i) Thisisthe _.-Tbar'this Bird isthe fame which our Seamen and Fowlers.call the Ofprey, and. affirm Pnghi 2 tshave one flat or webbed foot to {wim withal, after the manner of a Goofé, or : other Water-fowl, the other being divided after the manner of other Birds of prey, That ithath donot at all doubt.» But what is reported concerning the feet is molt certainly falfe notone foot atid fabulous: although by fomeaffirming it with great confidence, even the belt Na- weed the turalifts have been deceived’ 5 among thereft Aldrovandus himfelf, not. daring rathly " tocontradit, Albertws Magnus Englifh men and Burgundians eye-witnelles. For (faith _ he ) the Natives of each Country are moft likely beft to know what things arepecu- liar to theirown Country either by Land orSea, Well, I my‘elf aman Exghjh man, yet have never yet met with any credible perfon who would affirm himfelf to be an Eye-witne& of this matter, although the Vulgar be. {o confidently perfuaded of it, that {carce any body doubts itstruth; What gave the firftoccafion and rife = this | ec) rror fan. OROCitionGrn ci Error was (I fuppofe) a prefumptionof the neceflity of fuch a ftructure of the feet. For whereas the Mariners and Fifhermen did {ee and obferve this Bird much to fre- _ quent the Sea and great Lakes of water, and to prey upon Fifh ; yea, fometimes to fly forth very far from Land, fo that it hath been often {een out at Sea, a hundred Leagues diftant fiom fhore, flying up and down over the water, and intent upon fifhing ; they imagined it altogether neceflary that it {hould be furnifhed with one flat foot for {wimming, and another cloven for ftriking, catching, and carrying away of Fith. It being, one would think, impoflible, that a bird fhould abide upon the Wing {o long without reft. But that even {mall birds, fhort-winged, and Iefs fit by far for flight than Eagles will venture to fly over wide Seas is evident 1m thofe we call birds of pailage. And who knows but where thofe Fowl are ufually {een, there may be fome Rocks in the Sea not far off, on whichthey may reftthemfelves. But for the fame rea- fon this conceit was firft {tarted, it was readily entertained, and without examination ‘greedily believed. | | ; Not lef fabulous is that which is reported of the oylor fat which this bird hath in The oylof her rump, and which hanging inthe air, fhe lets fall drop by drop into the water ; by “pr the force whereof the Fifhes being {tupefied, and as it were PYanet-{trucken, become deftitute ofall motion, and fo fuffer themfelves without difficulty to betaken; though fome are fo vain as to put Oyl of Ofprey into their receipts or prefcriptions for taking Fifhes, by the {mell whereof the Fifhes being allured, rather than ftupefied by its narcotic vertue, yield themfelves tobe handled and taken out of the water by fuch as have their handsanointed withit. Doubtlefs he that can get the Oy] of fuch an Ojprey as they talk of may work wonders with it. | §. TIL. Of the BLACK EAGLE, called Melanaétus, or Aquila Valeria. E {aw a Bird of this kind kept {hut up ina Cage in the * Stadt-houfe of Mid-* The Tow dleburgh in Zealand. It was double thebignefs of a Ravex, but leffer than ference the Pygarg. The Jaws and Eye-lids were bare of feathers, and fomewhat reddifh: Colour. The head, neck, and breft black. In the middle of the back between the fhoulders was a large triangular white {pot dafhed with red. Therump red. The leffer orders or rows of feathers in the Wings were of a. Buzzard colour; then followed a black {troak or bar crofs the prime feathers, after that a white one, the remaining part of the feathers to the tips being of a dark afh-colour. _. The Beak was lefsthan that of the Pygarg, black atthe end, then yellow as far as The Beak, the Sear orskin covering its Bafe, which wasred. The Eyes [-underftand the Irides] Eyes were of ahazel colour. The Legs were feathered down but a little below the knees; Legs. the naked part being red. The Talons very long. 4 | Thofe Birds which Aldrovandys hath fet forth for Melanaétti or Black Eagless al- The Black though they differ in fome marks from this here deferibed, as for example, in the Eales oft | blewifh horny colour of the Beak 5 in the dark ferrugineous colour of the crown of withours, the head and neck, and that their Legs are almoft wholly covered with feathers, icarce,an ich remaining bare, and that yellow, yet I doubt not but theyareof the | {ame fpecies; there being in the Rapacious kind a great difference for the moft part between ‘Cock and Hen in point of magnitude and colour 3 the colours alfo in the fame Sex varying very much by age and other accidents. ~ , Of the place of this Bird, its food and manner of living, building its Neft, Eges, conditions, @c. we havenothing certain, | Itis called in Greek MeAavaier@s, from its black colour. AaywgdvGs, or Leporaria, fromvkilling of Hares: And in Latine- AquilaValeria, from its {trength and valour, rj @. IV. , Of the PYGARG or whitetail'd Eagle, called Pygargus, and Albicilla; ‘err ines aa rr eis aad by fome Hinnularia. | { Shitu-Pack el Werte GW ty ple) Tis called Pygargws from the whitenefs of its rump or train, which word Gada its Name, rendred in Latine Albicilla, |: bon | “ Se | The Male ( which we defcribed ) was for bignefs not much inferiour to. a Turkey. Bignels, It weighedeight poundsand an half, [Lit is like, the Female in this, asin other Birds of weight; , 0 aN prey; 62 ORNCIT HOLOGY, Boox II, Length, prey, may be bigger and more weighty. | Its length from the tip of the Beak to the end of the train was two feet and nine Inches, to, the end of the Talons two feet and Breadth. five inches. The diftance from tip to tip ofthe Wings ftretcht out feven feet wanting The Beak, but oneinch,or two yards and eleven Inches: From the tip of the Beak to the Nofe- »thrils was near two inches, to the corners of the mouth three, to the Eyes almoft fo much. The breadth of the Beak an inch anda quarter 5 the hooked part of the The Nares. upper Mandible dver-hanging the lower three quarters of an Inch. The Nofthrils oblique and half anInch long. The fecond or middlebone of the Leg was fix inches ae of the and anhalf long, the‘third or lowermoft nomore than three and an half. The colour of the Beak was yellow, and alfo of the Sear or skin covering its Bafis as far as the ae ar Nofthrils. Inthe Palate it had a Cavity equal to the Tongue. The Tongue broad, Eyes, fiethy, black at the tip. The fides or edges of the Beak fharp. The Eyes great, withdrawn or funk qn the head, overhung and defended by Eye-brows, prominent like the Eves of a houfé: The Irides of a pale Hazel colour [ in one Bird which we TheFeet, {awof this fort they were reds manother yellow. ] The feet were yellow, in the foles were callous rough knobs, or flefhy: protuberances, as in others of this kind : Talons The Talons large, fharp, and crooked, that of the back-toe (as generally in moft” Birds ) being greateft : That of the middle toe an ineh long, the toe it felf being two Inches. } wat A? ga: Colour ofthe "The Head was pale or whitifh, the feathers being fharp-poimted, and their fhafts Sue black. The neck covered with narrow feathers; the upper partthereof fomething Rump, reds the Rump blackifh; elfe the whole body round. of a dark ferrugineous colour. Body. The number of prime feathers in each Wing was about twenty fix or twenty feven, - The prime y f hunts i wing-feathers, Whereof the third and fourth were the longeft; the fecond fhorter by half an inch The wings. than the third, and the firft by three inches and an half than thefecond. The Wings . when clofed reached not to the end of the train. Of the Pinion feathers and the reft of the flags they make Quils for Virginals, and very good Writing Pens. All the prime feathers of the Wings were black; the lefler rows of the Wing-feathers had The Train, their edges.of an afh-colour. The tail was eleven inches and an half long, made up of twelve feathers; the upper or extreme part for above half way being white, the lower black. The extreme or outmoftfeathers were fhorteft, the reft gradually longer to the middlemoft. The Entrails, It had a large Gall,long Tefticles, {mall Guts, having many revolutions, and being andGu's: “by meafure one hundred thirty two Inches, or eleven foot long, a {mall {tomach,above which the Gullet was dilated into a kind of bag, granulated on the infide with many {mall protuberancies, which I take to beglandules, and which being {queezed a little, yielded a kind of pap or flime, ferving, it is like, asa ~en{trunm to help macerate the meat in the ftomach. It hada vaft Craws {mall fhort Appendices or blind guts, oz. not more than three quarters of aninch long. “et : This Bird, fhot dead by a certain Fowler, webought Yad deferibed at Venice in the year 1664. and fromthe white ring about the tail denominated it Pygargus. Te differs from that we haveentituled the Golden Eagle with awhite ring about itstail, chiefly in the colour of the Head and Beak : Sothat I fufpect it may be the fame: as alfo with tie Golden Eagle of Aldrovandus, notwith{tanding the white colour of the train, : whieb perchance may alter with age, [ yetit differs alfo from it in other accidents, as for example, in the yellow colour of the Beak. ] If thefe three birds be not the fame, _ yet are they very-like and near of kin to one another: Perchance the only difference may bein Age or Sex. p ea "20-9 The Pygarg of The Pygargus of * Aldrovandws {eems to bé adifferent kind, which he deferibes in ae 4, thefe words, oo 4 E | Ornithol. Itisof amean magnitude asbig asa large Dunghil-Cock, The Billallover yellow, _ ws bigness’ hooked, and bending by little and little from: the very root to the utmoft tip or eak, . i : ; ; Zs ; Dare 4 3 point of the hook, fomewhat longer than in other Eagles in proportion to the big- Pupil. nefsof the Bird. The Pupil of the eye very black, the [rw yellow. The crown of the colour of" tread and all theneck of a pale Chefnut, inclining to an'Afh-colour, the tips of the Neck, feathersbeingmore black. The back and upper part of the Wings are covered with Back, _ dark ferrugineous and blackifh feathers, as alfo are the Belly and Thighs for the moft, ee eats part. The Tail from the Rump tothe end is wholly white; whence the name of Al- bicilla was not undefervedly by Gaza impofed upon it, Howbeit two of the fmaller feathers [ I{uppofe he means the two middlemoft ] which lie upon and cover the The ieee **¢ other greater and principal ones have black tips. The Legs arealmoft wholly bare of ‘ ” feathers, and both Legs and Feet intenfely yellow, both being allover covered with fquare Table-like Scales. The Talonsvery fharp. The Book IL ORAQIT HO LOGY The former Pygargus of Bellonius feems to be nothing elf but the male ofthe — Ringtail called in Englifh the Hewharrier. | ¢ a §. V. + , hes , J) * Of the Eagle called Morphnos or Clanga avd Anataria. ff hldyf Gayle a —g— Hat Bird which by Ge/ver, and ont ofhim by Aldrovandys is figured and deferi / bed under this title,being again nothing elfe but our Bald Buzzard ( as Turner himfelf acknowledges, who fent the defcription to Ge/ver underfthe title of Morph- aos) I fhall omit it here, referring it to its proper place among the wild Hawks; it being ( as Pfaid before )*of a leffer fize than'to deferve ‘to be ranked with Eagles.\' A eis "ors a in ftead of the true Morphnos, which Aldrovandus profefies lnmfelf not to know, T fhall: here give you the defcription of that Bird which he ‘calls Morphyo Con- Le2ea ; : Jt is° (faith he ) of about the height and bignefS ofa large’Dunghil-Cock From tes Bigned thetip ofthe Beak to the end of the Train three fpans and an half long. The Beak 7Raycne"™ was pretty Jong, hooked, and tending almoft direGtly downward, joyned to’ the head by a yellow Membrane [I fuppofe he means the Sear.) The coloutef almoft — colour: the whole Plumage ‘was ferrugineous, faving that at the ends of the Wings towards * the belly it was beautified with many oval fpots, {cattered up and down, and more- over, that the utmoft tips of the beam-feathers were white, as alfo the beginning of the Tail, and the extremities ofall its feathers, and thaéjlower part of the Rump, The Legs were all over feathered down ta the beginning of the toes, and befprinkled The Legs: alfo with whitifh Afh-coloured {pots. The Feet were yellow; theToes above to- Feet, ‘ward the Leg covered with Scales, toward the Talons with annulary Tables. The 1° bottoms of all the feathers white, .ThePupil ofthe Eye black, encompafled witha. cinereous circle : It would very greedily devour flaid Mice. | ~ Bal re Bellonius for the Morphuos of the Ancients gives usithe fer-falcon; whofe opinion Aldrovandus difallows. ae Was A Od Ler act is This Bird took the name Morphros from the {pots of the feathers whence alfo it The Etyme: may inLatine not unfitly be called Neva. Others will have this name to be: derived ;2 of from péepoppe, the Preterperfed Tene of yspatw,a being changed into o fhort and the letter yinterpoled, and fo to fignifie rapacious, Itis called Clazga both by the Greeks and Latinves from the found of its voice... 9 | pe ah aE i Its Food; Eo MME Seb es «oh a ae Os * The crefted Eagle. of. Braff : Urutaurana. Brafilienfinin, Marggrav. i 7 His Bird isof the bignefs ofan Eag/e: It hath a black Bill (the upper Chap Its Bill, | whereofis hooked: ) yellow near its rife orBafe: The Eyes of a lovely:'Gold- Eyes, colour,with black Pupils, which it can cover with an afh-colouted'skin [| Periophthal- minne | though it fhutinot the Eye-lids, It hathan Eagle-like head,but comprefled or The head plain above {, flat-crowned. |] inthe top whereof ithathtwo black feathers abouttwo — Creft. inches long, with two {mall ones on each fide : Thefe it can when it lifts fetup'anend, , andagain let down flat. The Wings reach but little beyond the bottom or rife of she Wings the Tail.,' It hath abroad Tail like an Eagle. ‘The Head above is.covered with dul ‘rail. ky feathers having yellowifh edges: The upper part and fides of the neck with Colour. brown ones [ rather cinereous or terreous’] like a Partridges. The whole throat _ andlower part of the neck is white, yet fothat the white is variegated atthe fides ~ _ with black feathers., The whole breaft and lower belly, the upper and lower legs down to the very feet are covered’ with white feathers, wherewith black ones are mingled fealewife... The Wings:and:Tail are of ‘a‘dusky colour, fhaded, having the utmoft borders or edges white, The feet have four Toes, yellow of colour, with dusky The Feet»: crooked, Talons, Itscry is Geb; Geb, like to that of a@hicken which hath loft its Dam, tts Voice; [| weexprefs that Voice by Yelp, yelp} If you'caft a bird to it, whether alive or deads goa, it catches jt in its‘Falons, and with its Bill handfomly plumes if and then tearing it in pieces fwallows down both flefh and bones. «I ‘kept one of thefe alive a long time in thé Fort Mauritius bythe River of St. Frances. | ee \ on Seva Its bignefs, Beak, Mouth, Eyes, Head. . The Neck bare of fea- thers. Staring hair- like feathers. The back. Coleur of the body, Tail, - Feet. Tts Jength, The Bill. The Head. The Colour. ORNITHOLOGY, ~ Boor Hl, 3 @. VII. * The Brafiliae Urubitinga of Marggrave, very like our Pygarg or White-tail'd Eagle. HisBird is like an Eagle, of the bignefs of a Goofe of fix months old. It hath ; a thick hooked black Beak; a yellowifh skin about the Nofthrils: Great fparkling. Aquiline Eyes: A great Head: Yellow Legsand Feet: Four Toes in each foot, difpofed after the ufual manner 5 crooked, long, black Talons: Large Wings: A broad Tail. It is all over covered with dusky and blackifh feathers; yet the Wings are waved with afh-colour. The Tail isnine Inches long, white for fix, the end for three Inches being black; howbeit in the very tip there is againa little white. Thisisa ftately Bird of tall ftature [ Egregia flature. | It doth in many things approach to that defiribed by ws under the title of Pygargus, fave that the upper part of the. tail- feathers in that of ours was white, the lower black, whereas in this, on the contrary the upper is black, and the lower white. Mr. Willughby mentions another variety or. diffe- rence of the Pygargus, in which the Tail-feathers from the middle downwards were white, the upper half being black, which feems to be altogether the fame with that here defcribed by Marggrave, . yee : @. Vill. * Of the Vulturine Eagle of Aldrovandus, ' called Percnopteros, Gy paétos, . and alfoOvipelargus. epancee Aldrovandus makes this Bird a fort.of Eagle, entitling it Perkyopteros E yethe confeffes it to have nothing Aquiline befide the name, being ignoble, flugsith, and deformed, and thereforedeferving to be fetbehind not only Eagles, but alfo Vultures. Wetake it tobelong to the family of Vultures, ‘as will appear from its defcription compared with the general notes of Vultures. ) SNES YN Of this fort of Birds Aldrovandus. gives us’three figures, and three defcriptions, befidesthat of Beonivs, which, whatever it be, feems tobe a Bird of another kind. The firft, was of a Valturine Eagle brought out of Spain, inthefe words : Tt was of eminent Magnitude, yea, not much lefs than the Chryfaétos, but of an unufual and ridiculous fhape; the Beak, not. as in other Eagles, bending from the root to the tip by a continual declivity, but f{treight almoft to the middle, toward the point bowed into a remarkable hook, after the fame manner as in Vultures, white toward the Head, the reft, of it being black; the lower Chap\wholly white. The mouth; within-fide | Ors riééws | of a Chefnut-colour. The Irides of the Eyes not, as in other Eagles, of a fiery colour, but whitith; the Pupil black. The whole Head whitifh, inclining to dusky [fufeum. "| Theupper partof the Neck, about half way down, almoftbald, befet with very few, and thofe {mall feathers, of a white colour. . At the end of this bald part, almoft in the middle of the Neck, grew {mall feathers like certainrough curled hairs, ‘ftanding up above the reft of the Plumage, as it were very fine flender, long briftles ; the like whereto it had inthe beginning of the back and breaft, in»places juft oppofite to one another, and alfo.on theRump below. On'the Back was as it wereia kind of hood, reaching to the middle thereof, énding in afharp peak, and refembling aTriangle. Thecolour of the whole body wasia dark Chefnut inclining to black. The Tail long; the Feet and Legs white; the Claws dusky. © |. is : nH The fecond was of one taken by Country men on the’ Alpi/b Mountains of the Town Giilia, as follows. From the:tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail it'was by meafure three {pans long. The Bill.was long, but for the moft part covered witha skin or’ membrane,fo thatabout an inch only of the'tip remained bare; the hooked end {mall and flender. The Head was bald or deftitute of feathers to the hind-part, fo that the feathers {tanding up behind the crown, tefembled a Monks hood, put back, and leaning on his neck, when he goes with his head uncovered... The colour of al- mott all the feathers of the whole body ‘was. dusky, inclining to a dark Chefout : Only interrupted by a continued, Series of whitifh feathers onthe lower part of the neck, making anacute Angle, the point running ’downthe middle of the back, which was as it were the acuminated part of the Monks hood, hanging from the fhoulders r 8 | down Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. | 65 a down the middle of the back. * Alfo another feries not unlike this of whitith fea- * Itis hard thers, terminating in an acute Angle about the middle of the back, covered all the soreness lower part of the back toward the complications of the Wings, fomewhat refembling Authors _ aClock. . The Tail was broad, and of a mean fize. The Feet dusky, and all over Meaning 13 covered with Scales. The Beak and Talons were of one and the fame dusky horn-co- The Tail, " lour. The feathers onthethighs reached not lower than the knees. It would with- Feet, out difficulty fuffer it felf to be touched or handled, whence you thay note its flug- Talons, ifhnefsand cowardifé. Being angred it cried like a Kite. The thirdis Gefwers. This Eagle ( faith Gefver ) whofe figure we here prefent you with, if it be not the Gypaétos, 2. e. TheVulturine Eagle, or Oripelargus, i. e.the Moun- tain Vulture, yet feems to bebredat leaft of one Parent of this kind. For in Beak it Its Beak. refembles a Vulture, in colour a Stork, being ignobleand fluggifh. It wasunknown ©!ours to our Fowlers, being never, that knowof, taken with us. But in the year ofour Lord, 1551. 0n Septem. 29. there falling an extraordinary Snow, a Bird of this kind, her Wings being wet and heavy, fell down into a narrow place inthe open Airad- joyning toone of ourCitizenshoufes. It did forfhape and colour wholly refemble aStork, It was Carnivorous, yet would not touch Fifhs impatient of cold : The Its Food. body intenfely hot, fo that the cold hands of them that touched it were prefently Temperature. warmed thereby. It would fit ftark ftillin the fame place for four or five hours 5 and Nature and fometimes look upon the Sun when itfhoneout. Hezs and other birds {corned, de- walities. fpifed, and neglected it as harmlefs and innoxious. I kept itat my houfe abovea month, and gaveit meat with my hand, the fmaller gobbets whereof it would {wal- low, the greater pieces it tore afunder with its Claws. Though it drank not, yet from its Beak drops of water diftilled. : Inthe Year 1664. we faw at Venice in the Palace of a certain Nobleman of the City {tanding uponthe Grand Chanuel, abird of this kind, which we thus defcribed. For bignefs it equalled or exceeded any Eagle we have feen. The Head and Neck Its bignefs, were deltitute of feathers, only covered with a whitedown. From the Bill to the Head and Eyes the skin was bare, and of a blue colour. Almoft all the feathers of the body of feathers. were of apale ferrugineous colour. Onthe lower part of the Neck below the Down ggtour _ there was as it werea kind of Collar or Ruffof long white feathers. The prime fea- thers of the Wings and Tail were black. The Bill waslarge, more like a Gus thanan Beak. Eagles, thetipof it white. The Nofthrils were covered with a black membrane: The Irides of the Eyes of a reddifh hazel colour. The Nofthrils turned diredly , downward, and from them conftantly dropped aliquid humour or water. It was pe feathered down a littlebelow the knee. The Feet were of *a Lead colour, the Claws js Feet and black, leffer, and not focrooked as an Eagles. The middle Toe much longer than Claws. the reft: The outmoft joyned to the middle by a membrane as far asthe firftjoynt, or further : The infideof the Legs white. The Craw hung down from the body before +. Cray. likeabag. It ftood almoft always with the Wings f{tretcht out like the figure of the srammet of Vultur Leporarivs of Gefuer. a? ftanding, Thefe three defcriptions I {ufpe& to be of one and the fame Bird, differing only in Ageor Sex. Forthe firftof Aldrovandws in moft notes agrees with ours; excepting the Triangular {pot inthe back, which either was notin ours, or not obferved by us, ( which yetI {carcely believe) andthat he makes no mention of any humour dropping from the nofe of his, perchance becaufe it was feen and defcribed after it was dead. Aldrovandus confefleshis fecondto bein many things not unlike to Gefzers : But that Gefners and ours are the fame Bird, that one note of the water diftilling from the Nofthrils isfufficient to evince, notwithftanding the difference of colour. I judgethe - firft of Aldrovandws and oursdefcribed at Venice, to be of the fame Sex ; likewile the fecond of Aldrovandys, and that feen and defcribed by Gefzer to be of the fame Sex, but different from that of the other two. But herein I darenot be very pofitive and confident. Eyes, nofe drop- d ° 6 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. Cuap. IY. Of VutTures in general. He Characteriftic notes of Vulinres are, 1. That for bignefs they are equal to, ~™ orexceed Eagles. 2. That their Beaks are not prefently from their firft rife “= from the Forehead crooked and bending, but after about two Inches con- tinued ftreightnefs which Gefzer faith, he himfelf hath obferved in many forts of Vultures. 3. That they have an excellent fagacity of {melling above all other Birds, fo that they can perceive the favour of dead Carcafles from far, [| many miles off they fay.] 4. The Ancients have delivered, that they are content only with dead Car- caffes, abftaining from the ravine and flaughter of living Animals. But Bellonzns, Gefer, and others of the Modernsaffirm, that they purfue live Birds, and prey up- on living Fawns, Hares, Kids, Lambs, ec. 5. That they have theneck for the moft part bare of feathers. 6. BeWoniws aflerts, that among all Rapacious and hook-bill’d birds Vultures only affemble and fly together in flocks; and that himfelf faw great flights of them, of not fewer than fifty in each, when he travelled from Cairo to Mount Sivai. Hence that obfervation of Ariftotle, Taploviqwy sdev aqsrcioy, is proved not to hold generally true in all Rapacious Birds. 7. That their Legs are feathered downto the-Feet: By which note Be/oxius thinks they are to be diftin- guifhed from other Birdsof. prey.. But neither 1s this note common to all Vulivres, Bellonius himfelf reprefenting fome with naked legs nor proper to the Vulturine kind; but alfo common to fome Eagles, as appears by their figuresanddefcriptions. 8.°That under their throats they havea fpaceof about an hand-breadth, clothed rather with hairs, liketo thofe of a Calf, than with feathers. Which note we found to betrue in the V#lture kept in the Royal Aviary in St. Famess Park London. 9. That the Craw hangs down likea bag before the ftomach or breaft,, which weobferved in the Venetian Vulture or Gypaétos, defcribed in the precedent Chapter. 10. That the Fe- male, contrary tothe manner of other Birds of prey, doth not exceed the Male in bignefs. 11, That all the infide of the Wings 1s covered with a foft fleece of Down; which is peculiar to the Vuliwre alone among Rapacious Birds. What is deli- vered of the generation of Vultures, viz.That there are no Males found among them: That the Females are impregnated by the Wind 5 that they bring not forth Eggs, but live Young, ¢c. is altogether falfe and frivolous, {carce worth the mentioning, much lefS the refuting. Among the marks hitherto reckoned up, the moft proper Chara- teriftic of a Vulture feems to me to be that of having its neck bare or deftitute of fea- thers; and only covered witha Down. Thofe two, I am fure, which alone we have hapned to fee, had not only theirnecks, but their heads alfo bare, covered only with a fhort white Down. i% CHape.V. §. 1 * Of feveralof VuL TURE s. » A. Ldrovandus out of Bellonivs and Gefver fets forth fix feveral forts of Vul- The cinereous A | | tures : 1. The cimereows or afh-coloured Vulture. ee 2. The black Vulture. Of whichhe faith, he wonders, whyBelloxius ( who boafts valine that he had fo great opportunity and facility of feeing and getting divers forts:) fhould ive no perfect defcription, neither of the one, nor the other, but only fet fortha ae : which yet doth not agree to what he writes of Vultures in general, 072. That they all have rough legs, wholly feathered down to the foot, and do by this mark, differ fiom . Eagles, it being reprefented with naked legs. The petic or 3. The Chefwut-coloured Vulture (, Beticus] which Bellonins thus defcribes : It is Phefnut co- fomewhat lefs than an Eagle, hath the feathers of its Neck, Back, Belly, and whole ture defer. body of a Chefnut-colour, wherein it differs from the black Vulture. - The greater bed, feathers of the Wings and Train are of the fame colour with thofe of the Black. Both { this and the black 7] have fhort tails mrefpect of their very long Wings. Thefe do not, as in other Rapacious Fowl, follow the nature and conttitution of the be ut BoorIL ORNITHOLOGY, — 67 es. | (NL ST eT ae ere but rather, asin Woodpeckers, are found for the moft part with their points broken and fhattered: Which is a fign they wear and break them by rubbing againft the Rocks, where they harbour and build their Nelts. The Chefnut or white Vultures are more rare to be feen thanthe black; and have this peculiar to thems that the feathers of the Crowns of their heads are very fhort if compared to Eagles: Which isthe reafon why fome have thought them bald. They have fhort legs, covered all over with feathers dvwn to the beginning of the toes. Which note 1s peculiar to them, not agreeing to any other Rapacious hook-bill’d Bird, befides the Nogurnal ones. The feathers of the Neck in thefe Batic Vultures are very narrow and long (like thofé that hang down about the necks of Danghil-Cocks and Stares ) ifcompared with the reft, which cover the back, wings, and fides, which are fmall and broad like Scales. But thofe which cover the back, ftomach, belly, and bottom of the rump in the Batic Vulture ave red, inthe black one black, but in both pretty broad. 4. The Hare-Vulture, { Leporarinm | fo called from preying upon Hares of which The Hare- Gejver writes after this manner. It hath not fo * fulvousa breaft as our Golden Vul- Yutute. ture, andis inferiour to it in magnitude. George Fabricivs, theornament of Germany, den fae fent me itsfigure, with this defcription added. The Vulture, which the Germans cal] colour. Hin Hafengjr, hath a hooked, black Bill; foul Eyes 3 a firm, great Body; btoad Wings; a long, ftreight Train ; a dark red Colour; and yellow Feet. Standing or fitting it rears upa Creft upon its head, as if it were horned, which appears not in flying. The Wings extended exceeded the meafure of a fathom [ Orgyie.] In walk- ing it {teps or paces two Palms [ hand-breadths.]. It purfues allforts of Birds; of Bealts it catches and preys upon Hares, Conies, Foxes, Pawns; it alfo lies in wait for Fifhes, It willnotbe madetame. It purfues its prey not only by fying, but al- fo by running. It flies with a great force and noife. ‘It builds in thick and defart Woods upon the higheft trees, It feeds upon the flefh and entrails of Animals, not abftaining from dead Carcaffes. It can endure hunger, or abide without meat four- teen days, although it be moft voracious. | | : | _§., The Goldex Vulture, of which Gefzer thus: Viewing the skin of the Goldew.The Golden Vulture, fent me once out of the Alpize Country of the Grifons, [Rhetia, ] the beak varus d= and legs yet {ticking to it, I thus deferibed it. This Vulture hath many things com- mon with that kind of Alpzne Eagle, (whofe figure and defcription we placed firft in the Hiftory of the Eagle) but is every way, or in all parts greater. From the Bill to the end of the Tailit was fomewhat more than four feetand anhalflong, to the end of the Clawsthree feet and nine Inches, or fomewhat lefs. The length of the upper Chap of the Bill, as far as the opening of the mouth, was almoft fevenInches. The length of the Tail was about two feet and threeinches. “All the lower part, that is to fay, the lower part of the neck, the breaft, the belly and the feet wereof a red colour, more dilute towards the tail, more intenfe towards the head. The Toes of a dusky orhorncolour. The longeft feather of the Wings was almoft a yard long: They are all blackifh or dusky, of near one and the fame colour: Yet the fmall fea- thers, that are highefttoward theridge of the wing are blacker, and fome of them marked withtran{verfe reddifh {pots crofsthe middle, others with whitifh ones about the bottom. So much theblacker are they by how much nearer to the back, where they fhine again for blacknefs. The feathers on the middle of the back are black and fhining, their fhafts inthe middle are white, efpecially of thofe which are about the middle of the back, and in half the neck; for the remaining part of the neck hath pale red [_ ruffa ex albido|| feathers. The tail feathers are of the fame colour with thofe of the wings, viz. dusky. ve 6. The white Vulinre, which he makes ‘the fame with the cinereous Vulture of saree Bellonius. . ; Pee ee 7. That Vulture which we faw inthe Royal Aviary in St. fames’s Park, did in many our fulvous things agree withthe third fort ot Chefrut[ Beticus] Vultureof Bellowins. Its back Yutuetke and wings were fulvous: Its tail fhort in refpect of the wings: The Beak black,hooked Chere attheend. Thehead and neck as far asthe breaft, and the middle part of the breatft void of feathers, covered over with a fhort, foft, thick white Down. The Eyes were fierce-looked, withSaffron-coloured, or deep-yellow Irides. In the lower part -of theneck was as it werea Ruff of thick-f{et, narrow feathers much longer than the re{t, asin the Perenopteros of Aldrovandws. | K 2 Q. Ih, - 1 St area ORNITHOLOGY. ~~ Boos I. §. OL *The Brafil Vulture called Urubu, by the Dutch Een Men{cheneter. Marggrav. | By the Mexicans Tzopilotl. F. Ximen. By Nieremberg and others Aura. T isa rapacious Bird of the bignels of a Kite according to Marggravivs’s of amid- dle-fized Eagle or Raven according to Xmmexes : Having whitith feet likea Hens, along tail, and wings longer than it. The feathers of the whole body are black, * Rav, witha little * tauny colour here and there mingled. It hatha {mall head, almoft of the thape of a Turkeys, covered with a fomewhat rugged or wrinkled skin. Inthetop of the head the skin is as it were divided long-ways, and on the left fide of the head beneath the Eye is of a Safiron colour, above the Eye of a blew, alfo in the top; elfewhere of a reddifh brown. In the right fide of the head about the Eye above and beneath it is of a Saffron colour, asalfo inthe top: Elfewhere of a delayed yel- low, or whitifh. Tt hath a pretty long Bill, hooked at the end, fharp, and covered over from the head half way with a skin from Saffron-colour tending to blue. In the — *Tfuppofe he middle of the Bill above is *one holeofthe Nofthrils,large,and fituatetranfverfly. The common hole cud of the Bill, that is bare and wantsthe skin, 1s white. It hath elegant Eyes almoft for both Of the colour of a Ruby, witha round black Pupil: The Eye-lids of a Saffron-colour. Nofhrils : ot The Tongue carinated, and indented tound with fharp teeth. Its flefh ftinks like the Billfrom Carfion. For they feed upon dead Carcafles; and in the Capitania| Chieftainfhip of fide to fide. S4rzeippo, and River of St. Francis, when any one kills a beaft, they come flying pre- fently in great numbers. It is an ill-looked bird, always lean, and never fatistied, Aimenes makes it to bea kind of Ravew, but the Sear or skin covering the Bafis of the Bill, arguesit to belong to the Rapacious kind, the bare head, and tip of the Bill on- ly hooked, determine it to the family of Vultures. It feeds ( faith Xzmenes) upon dead fiefh and mans dung. They pearch at night on Trees and Rocks, in the Morn- ing they refort to the Cities, fit viewing and watching the {treets on high places, and when they {py any filth, garbidge, or dead thing, they catch it up, anddevour it. Where they build or hatch their Young ishitherto unknown 5 although they be molt frequent in almoft every corner of New Spain. Yet Acoffa faith, that their young ones are white, and that growing up they change and come to be as black as Ravens, They fly always very high, and caft ahorrible {tink from them like Ravens. They fly conftantly in flocks, and fit upon trees, and feed joyntly in company upon dead Car- cafles without any flrife, or quarrelling, and when the reft fee any one not able to move or help her felf, they help her as muchasthey can, and bring her tothe water : For being wafhed they recover ftrength to fly. If any one purfues them they empty themfelves prefently, that they may be the more light to fly away 5 with like hafte cafting up what ever they had {wallowed. The afhes of their feathers burnt take away-hairs, fo that they come not again; which faculty is alfo attributed to the dung of Pifwires, andthe bloud of Bats. Their skin half-burnt heals wounds if it be applied, and the fleth withal eaten; which is wont alfo to help thofe that are fick of the French Pox. The heart dried in the Sun fmells like Musks The Dung dried, and taken in any convenient Vehicle to the weight of a Drachm is profitable to me- lancholy perfons. ‘The Barbarous people fay, that where they lay their Eggs, they compafstheir Nefts with certain Pebble-{tones, which promote tran{piration: But the more probable opinion is, that they exclude their Young under ground, and take ~ them out when they feed them, and again cover them in the earth. | Cuap. VI. . we Of the leffer fort of R apacious Birds that prey by day, called Hawks. day, called Hawks. Thefe we have before diftinguilhed into the wore generous, which are wont to be reclaimed and trained up for Hawking , And the more fluecifh and cowardly, which becaufe they are either indocile, or unfit for Hawking, areneglected by men. . | 7 T follows now that we treat of the lefler fort of Rapacious Birds that prey by The \ Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. | ee The former-called Hawks are wont to be divided by Falconers ihto Lone-winged and Short-winged. Thofe they call. Leng-winged whofe Wings when clofed reach al- moft to the end of the tail: Thofe they call Short-winged whofe Wings when clo- fed fall much fhort of the end of the tail; of which fort we have een two greater, viz. the Gofhawkand Sparrowhawk ; and three lefler, viz. the three forts of Butcher- birds. But becaufe that diftinGtion of Hawks into tame and wild is arbitratious and de- pends upon inftitution; but the other into Love-winged and Short-winged hath its foundation in nature, and may be accommodated to all Hams in general 5 we will prefer it before that, firft treating of the Lovg-winged Hawks. __ Hawks in refpect of their age are divided by Falconers into 1.. Nyas or Eiafe- Hawks, which being taken out of the Neft, or brought away in the Neft before they can fly, are brought upbyhand. 2. Rawage-Hawks or Branchers, which are taken when they are Hedg’d and got out of the Neft, but depart not far from it, fly- ing only from bough to bough, and following theit Dams, not being able yet to prey for themfelves : from Ramus fignifying a bough. However they be taken, after they have preyed for themfelves the firft year, while they retain their Chicken-feathers, they are called Sore-hawks, from the French word Soret, fignifying a dusky colour. The fecond year, when they have changed their feathers, they are called Extermewers, from the word wuto to change. The third year they are called White Hawks, for what reafon I know not. The fourth year, when they are come to their full growth and perfection, they are called Hawks of the firft coat; the fifth year, Hawks of the fecond coats the fixth year, Hawks of the third coat 3 and fo on as long as they live. _ Someof them, if they be well tended and favoured while they are young, will hold out twenty years. The feathers of all by age gradually grow whiter, as mens hairs grow grey, fo that by how much the olderthey are, by fo much the whiter are they. The outmoftfeather of the Wing isby our Falconers.called the Sarcel, by the number of the dents whereof they pretend to know the age of the Hawk, as by the number of crofs bars inthe tail, the age of a Pheafaant. ’ But of the manner of feeding, training up, reclaiming, and curing the difeafes of Hawks, thofethat have written of Falcozry are to be confulted. Cuap. Vil. Of Long-winged Elawks. Ong-winged Hawks may be divided into the more fluegifh and indocile, which : L we call wild Hawks, and the more generous, {uch as ufe to be ttained up for Fowling. Thofe we call wild Hawks are the Bald Buzzard, the Common Buz- zard, the Honey-Buzzard, the Ring-tail, the Kite or Glead, and the Moor-Buzzard. OF whichinorder, | CuHaApe. VIL | Of the feveral forts of wild long-winged Hawks, and firft, Q. 1. Sue. 3 f Of the Bald Buzzard. he. UO I/eres His Bird is by Aldrowandys twice put among Hagles: 1. Under thtFitle of ; Halieetws, Lib.2. Cap.3. 2. Under the title of Morphuos,in the feventh Chapter of the fame book. | me | 06 The Bird we de(cribed weighed fifty fix ounces and an half (Hf herein Mr. W2]- tts weigh: lnghby be not miftaken, 1 {eenot but this Bird might well enough pafs for an Eagle: Butl fafpect an error in the weight. } Its breadth, or thediftance between the ex- Breadth, _tremities of the wings extended was fixty Inches. The Beak from the point tothe Beak, Angles of the mouth an inch and half Jong, black, hooked, covered from the Bafe as far as the Nofthrils with a blewifh skin or Sear; bunching out between the _ — Nofthrils a 70 | ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il, Nares, Nofthrilsand the hooked part. The Nofthrils themfelves are oblong and oblique. The Angle of the lower Chap [.e.which the legs thereof make |round. The Eyes. "Tongue broad, foft, and like a mans. The Irides of the Eyes yellow; the Pupils great. It hath both an-upper and lower Eye-lid, but the lowermuch greater. - The Eyes are not fo funk in the head, or withdrawn under prominent brows, as in the Common Buzzard, but more extant. | - The Bird it felffeems to be much ftronger and more valiant than the Buzzard, with Colour of the Which it agreesin the colour of the upper part being black and ferrugineous. The upper fide, fearhers.on the crown of the head are white, whence it took the nameof Bald Buz- Lower fide, ard: Thethroat, breaftand belly white, butabovethe Crop the feathers are ferru- The Flag- gineous. The Legs are cloathed with white and foft feathers. The prime or flag- Feathers. feathers in. each Wing are about twenty eight 5 from the feventeenth they end in fharper points: The greater are the blacker. The four outmoft have the lower half of their interiour Vanes twice as broad as the upper: The interiour Vanes of all are “> variegated with white and black alternately, indented like theteeth of aSaw. “The The cover: leathers under the fhoulders are white, marked with black {pots toward the tips. The feathers. third and fourth row of thofe that cover the roots of the flag-feathers underneath are elegantly marked toward the tips with dusky {pots,having their edges ferrugineous. The leffer feathers above thefe are white, the'greater beneath them dusky or brown. The Train. The Train is made up of twelve feathersof equal length, having their borders party- coloured of white and ferrugineous, indented as in the Wings. Linas The Legs are long: The Feet thick and ftrong, ofa paleblue or Verdigreafe co- Talons, lour. The middle Toe the biggeft; the outermoft fomewhat bigger than the inner; ~ the back-toe, as in all, the leaft; all armed with great, femicircular, black, round - Talons. The feet fcaly and uneven. The foleof the foot rough, that it may more aot eafily holdits prey, when it hath oncecaught it. The Toes are fo difpofed, that the virmoft fore. OUtMoft of the fore-toes may bend or turnbackwards, as in Owls, Parrots, &c. . roc. The Liver, Heart, and Gall are large: The Spleen round, and of a black or for- The entrails’ did colour. [the Stomach and Craw opened we found many fifh-bonesand feales. " The Surface of the Echizws or ante-ftomach, wasfull of many carneous Globules, The Guts were long, {lender, or {mall, having many revolutions. Its Food, It haunts Rivers, Lakes, and great Pools of water, as alfothe Sea-fhores. At Pey- fans in_Cormmal we faw one that was fhot, having a Mu//et in its Claw: For it preys upon fifh; which feemsvery ftrange and wonderful, fith it is neither whole-footed, nor provided with long legs or neck. . Its Neft. It buildsupon the ground among Reeds,and lays three or four large whiteE ges, of a figure exactly Elliptical :lefler yet than Hens Eggs.. Onvrr = T 57 Tt caftsan ill {trong fent, andis much infefted with Lice. — It differs from the Sea-Eagle of Ariftotle, in that the neck is not thick and big, but for the bulk of the body {lender and fmall. Se What Aldrovandus hath delivered of Eagles, 27%. that the right foot is bigger than the left, doth notagree to this, for its feet are equal. Howi differs ° It is diftinguifhed from the common Buzzard. 1. By its weight and bigne(s, wherein. Bid con it exceeds that. 2. That its Wings are longer. 3. By thismoft fure mark, that the y ‘ outmoft of the fore-toes in this may be turned backward, but not in the common Buzzard. 4. By the angular procefles of the upper Chap of the Beak. 5. By the blue colour of the legs and feet. : \ be Si Of the common Buzzard or Puttock, called in Latine Buteo. isBignes, $l is about the bignefs of a Pheafant or young Pulet. Its weight was thirty two teria and | ounces. Its length from the tip of the Beak to the end of the tail twenty one Tene, inches: Itsbreadth, the Wings being ftretched out, fifty two inches.. The Head Beak, great: The Crown broad and flat : The Beak fhort, hooked, and of a dark blue. A Sear, yellow skin coversthe upper Chap from the root beyond the Nofthrils. The Bridle Nares, of the mouth, or the skin of thecorners, isalfo yellow. The Nofthrils are round, fF yetin one Bird of this kind we obférved them long and bending. | It gaped wide. Tongue; Its Tongue wasthick, flefhy, blunt, asin the reft of this kind. Being angry it opened its mouth, andheld its Tongue ftretched out as faras the end of its Bill. The roof of the mouth hathin it a hoJlow equal to the Tongue. The Angle of the lower oe is circular. Palate, - Boox I, O RN ITHOLOGY. bay ty : es 71 circular. The Eyes are great, the Irzdes, or circles encompafling the Pupil, White, Eyes, with a dafhfometimes of yellow, fometimes of red; fometimes they are of a whitith | colour without mixture of any other. The lower Eye-lid downy. The Membrane _ for Nidation blue. o The colour of all the upper part a dark fulvous approaching to black, ot a ferru- The Colour of gineous black. In fome birds of this kind we obferved many white fpots in the co- (re, "PP* vert feathers of the Wings; which in the Wings {pread made a kind of white line : The like white {pots it had in the long feathers {pringing from the fhoulders, which cover the whole back. The edges of thefe feathers were of a dirty yellow. The lower fide of the body was of a diluteyellow, or yellowith white; thebreaft {tained ae the with oblong ferrugineous {pots, not tranfverfely placed, but tending downwards, in each feather drawn according to the length of the fhaft. The Chin is of a ferrugi- neous colour, the fhafts of the feathers being black. Between the Eyes and Nofthrils grow long black briftles, Onthe middle of the back grow no feathers, but only down; for the {capular feathers cover the whole back. The flag-feathers in each Wing are about twenty four imnumber: The outmoft The Flag. _ of which 1s fhorteft, the third and fourth (counting from it) longeft. The tips of Ravers +4 the four outmoft are blacker and narrower than thofe of the reft: For the tips of the reft are white. The interiour webs of all are variegated with broad, tranfverfe, dusky, and whitifh ftrakes or bars, after the manner of thofé of a Woodpecker ox Woodcock, ‘The under-fide of the Wings, excepting the tips of all the flags, and the "third part of the five outmoft feathers, is white varied. with tranfverfe parallel lines. . The Wings clofed reach almoft to the end of the Train. The Train is nine or ten -. incheslong, made up of twelve feathers, not forked, but when {pread terminating The Tail: in acircular circumference. The utmoft tips of its feathers are of an ath-colours then follows a tranfverfe black line of an inch breadth, the remaining part being varie gated with black and cinereous tranfverfe {paces or bars, only the bottoms of the feathers white. : ‘ | : The Thighsare long, ftrong, and flehy: The Legs fhort, thick, and {trong, fea- The Legs, thered down alittle below the Knees. The Legs and Feet yellow, and covered with Fee Scales. Theoutmoft toe joyned below to the middlemoft by.amembrane for fome Toes,and ' {pace. The Talons ftrong, long, and black; that of the outnioft fore-toe the leaft,; Claws. that of the back-toe the biggeft. | _ The Liver is divided into two lobes, having a large Gall : TheSpleen of an Oval The entrails. figure. It hath but two Tefticles. The ftomach is large, not mufculous but mem- branous, that isnotflefhy, likethe Gizzard of a Hex or Turkey, &c. but skinny like thofe of beatts. } | It feeds notonly upon Mice and Moles,but alfo upon Birds: For out oftheftomach _ ts Food. . of one that we opened we took a fmall Bird entire, and out of the ftomach of ano- 3 ther evena Thrujh, It is a great deftroyer of Contes: Yet for want of better food it will feed upon Beetles, Earth-worms, and other Infeds. . . , The heads of thefe Birds arefaid to grow *cinereous with age, and the feathers of * Alh-colous their backs white. But whether it come to pafs by reafon of Sex, or Age, or other the aise. accident, certain it is they differ very much one from another in this re{pe& : For rence in co: . * whereas fome have no white feathers neither in head, back, nor wings; others have /™- very many. . | . | Buzzards Eggs are white, {tained with afew great reddifh{pots, yet fometimes all Their Eggs. over white without {pots. | That fort of Hawk (as Plizy witnefleth ) which the Romazs named Buteo was by | } the Grecians called Triorches, from the number of its ftones. Aldrovandys al faith Rea that ina Buzzard difletted he had obferved three ftones, The third ftone appeared ches, not to us, though we diligently fought it. Aldrovandys alfo himfelf {aith, that he would not very much contend with him that fhall ob{tinately deny that third glan- dulous body ( which befides the two ftones he had noted, adjoyning to them ) to be _ ~ atrue Tefticle. | | 6. OT SRIF HOLOGH Boor be ae oa wold §. IL. . | The® Honey-Buzzard. The Bignets, Or bignefsit equals or exceeds the common Buzzard, is alfo like it in figure or Weight, fhape of body, unlefs perchance it’ be fomewhat longer. It weighed thirty one Dimenfions: Ounces. The length from Bill-point to Tail-end was twenty three Inches, to the points 4 - of the Talonsnot more than nineteen, Its breadth or the diftance between the ends _TheBeak, Of the Wings fpread fifty two Inches. Its beak from the tip to the Angles of the ~ mouth was an inch and half long, black, and‘very hooked, bunching out between the nofthrils and the head: The Bafis of the upper Chap covered with a thick, rug- * . ged, black skin beyond the Nofthrils, which are not exaGly:round, but long and ‘The Mouth. Bending The mouth, when gaping, very wide and yellow., The Angle of the lower The Eyes. — Chap, ag in other Hawks, femicircular. The Irides of t sellyes of a lovely bright | yellow ¢ Saffroz colour. * | ge ae The Head. The Head is afh-coloured : The Crown flat, broad, narrow toward.the Beak. The Colo. bottoms of the Plumagein the head and back white, whith 1s worthy the noting, be- _._ caufe itis common with this to many other Hawks. The backs of a ferrugineous co- The Rémigs Jour or rather a Moufe-dun. ] The tips of the flag-fegthers, as alfo thofe of the fe- cond and third rows in the wings white. The Wings when clofed reach not to the end The Tail. - of the tail. The number of flags in each Wing twenty four. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, near a foot long, variegated with tran{verfe ebf{cure and lucid, or blackifh and whitifhf{paces, rings, or bars. The very tipsof the feathers are white, below the white is a crofs black line ; under that a broad dun or afh-coloured face or bed ( the like whereto 4lfo croffes the wings, which\differ not much from the tail in colour.) , LA The colou- As or the lower fide of the body, the feathers-under the chin and tail are white; oe lowes. the breaft and belly alfo white, {potted with black {pots, drawn downward from the head toward tlie tail. as The Feetand The Legs are feathered down fomewhat below the knee, fhort, ftrong, yellow, as rae are alfo the feet. The Talons, long, ftrong, fharp, and black. i The Guts and. The Guts fhorter than in the former : The * Appendices thick and fhort. ‘In the fto- Sor Gare, mach and guts of that-we diflected we found ahube number of green Caterpillars * Blind Guts. ‘ : of that fort called Geometre, many alfo of the common green Caterpillars and others. ‘ : “ . TheNet. Jt builds its Nett of {mall twigs, laying upon them wool, and upon the wool its Eggs. We faw ond¢hat made ufe of an oldKites Neft to breed in, and that fed its _ * Wafp-Mag- Young with the * Nymphe of Wafps: For in the Neft we found the Combs of Wafps gots or Grubs: Nefts, and in the ftomachs of the Young the limbs and fragments of Wafp-Maggots. The Young. “There were in the Nelt only two young ones, covered witha white Down, {potted with black. . Their Feet were ofa pale yellow, their Bills between the Nofthrils and thehead white. ‘Their Craws large, in which were Ligfrds, Frogs, &c. Inthe Crop of one of them we found two Lizards entire, with*their heads lymg towards the birdsmouth, as if they fought tocreep out. % ie Gat Snr ants pt ) This Bird runs very {wiftly like a Hen. The Femaleas in'the,eft of the Rapaci- ' ous kind isin all dimenfions greater thanthe Male... _ » Howit differs Tt differs from the common Buzzard, 1. Inhaving alonger tail. 2. An afh-coloured from the head. 3 The Irides of phe Eyes yellow.’ 4. Thigker and fhorter feet. 5. In the ' broad trahfverfe dun Beds or ftroaks in the wangs and. tail; which are about three ~inches broad, + p / . | ‘ eEges.of this Fowl are cinereous marked with darker {pots. : - __» It hath not as yet (that,we know of ) been deferibed by any Writer, though it be frequent enough withts., — ~ lhe . ; Food. — Q. IV. 3 Op the Ring-tail, the Male whereof is called the enharrier. Bw is Weighty | "He Female, though lean, weighed fixteen ounces. Fromthe point of the Beak Length, ' | to the end of the tail, it was by meafure twenty incheslong : From tip to tip Beak. of the wings extended wasforty fiveinches. The Bill from the_tip to the corners ‘pe | hei. the ~ Booxll, ORNITHOLOGY. 73 the Mouth an inchand half long. Above the Nofthrils and at the cornersof the Jaw erow black briftles reflected forward. From the hind partof the Head round the Ears to the China ring or wreath of A Coronet, feathers ftanding up, having their middle dusky, and their edges of a reddifh white, encompatles the head as it were a Crown. From this wreath hangs downanaked skin covering the ears. The back is of a dark ferrugineous colour, the edges of the heck cotdur of the feathers reddifh : In the crown of fhe head lefs red. The bottoms of ‘the feathersin feathers. the hind-part of the head white. Under the Eyes ist whitg {pot. The belly and breft of a dilute reddifh colour [ or white with a Tincture of red } marked with long dusky fpots, tending downward along the fliaft of the feather. The middle of the throat of a dusky or dark ferrugineous colour, the edges of the feathers being red. The Rump hath fome white feathers, matked in the middle along their fhafts with oblong ferrugineous {pots. Vie a es The number of flag-feathers in each wihg was twenty four, the exteriour webs The remiges; whereof were of the fame colour with theback, the interiour being variegated with Wrist few tranfverfe black and white {troaks alternately fituate. In the exteriour and greater dees feathers the white ftroaks,are bigger and broader; m the interiour.and lefler the black : Inthe inmoftthe whole web is dusky, the white by degrees growing, darker, and darker, till at laft it comes to be wholly brown ordusky. Thetipsof the exte- riour feathers inthe fecond roware white, of the interiour red; the reft of them be- ing of the fame colour with the back. . The Tailis ten Incheslong, made up of twelve feathers: The tips whereof are ofa tye train. reddifh afh-colour 5 to which fucceed alternately redand black bars, the black being much the broader. In thetwo middle feathers the red doth altogether difappear, the feathers being wholly black. : A yellow skin covers the upper Chap; reaching from the root of the Bill beyond The Sea-. the Nofthrils: Elfe the Bill istblack, hooked, and prominent. The lower Mandible The Beak ftreight. The Mouth wide when gaping. Inthe Palate is a Cavity equal to the Palate, Tongue. The Tongue broad, ficthy, and undivided: Both Tongue and Palate Tongue. black. The Angle of the lower Chap, as in others of this-kind, round. The bor- der of the Eye-lids round the Eyes yellow. The Feet yellow, the Talons black. The outmoft Toe for fome fpace from the The Feet, divariation is joyned to the middlemoft by an intervening membrane. The middle Toesond Toe longeft, ‘the inmoft fhorteft, but the Claw of the punt leaft. The Legs “ee longs ' =) i ey ; ie hatha great Craw: Small, round, tumid, blind Guts: A largeGorge, in that The entrails; we opened fullof feathers and bones of birds : A Gall joynedto the Liver. ItsEggs “fgos, were as it were befmeared over with red, the white here and there “appearing from underneath it. @& +S 3 Neg! ‘ie _ The Male or Tarcel of this kind differs very much ftom the defcribed, not only in The detcripti- magnitude,but alfo in colour. Itiscalled in Ezglifh the Henbarrow or Henbarrier, The ono the Tat- head, neck, and back are of an Afh-colour, like ‘that of a Rivge-dove: The long iéetharrier 5 feathers growing on the fhouldersarefomewhat dusky. The Rump not fo white as inthe Female. The Breaft white, with fome tranfverfe dusky fpots* ‘The two mid- dle feathers of the Vail cifereous, from the middle to the outmoftthe colour ismore Janguid and dilute, inclining to white 5 all but the middle ones marked with tranfverte blackifh bars. ‘The-exteriout flag-feathers of the Wings are black, ‘the tips being afh-coloured, andthe bottoms white. The outfide ofthe reftis cmereous, only their inner limbs or borders white. The covert feathers*of the upper fide of the Wing» cinereous, of thenether fide white; the fhafts of the interiour being blacks The firft row of the covert feathers of fie infide of the Wing have tran{verleedusky {pots. The Legs are long and very {lender, beyond the proportiou of other Hawks. In _ other points it agrees for the moft part with the Female. Wefuppofe thisBirdimay be the Pygargus of Belloniws. J fafpedt that Aldrovandys makes of this‘Hawk differing ~ in Age or Sextwo or three Species. The defcription of that carnivorous Bird he- calls Palumbo fimilis agrees exadtly.to this: The defcription alfo of Lanariys in the Fifg@ Book, eleventh Chapter of his Ornithology anfwers in moft ‘particulars: And a - o therefore we have takenthe figure thereof -for it, @ | | fie i A Q.V. \ 74. ORNITHOLOGY. . Boox II. 7 hn Vs The Kate or Glead : Milvus cauda forcipata. Its Weight T weighed forty fourounces. Itslength from the point of the Beak to the end of ship Sigs ce = | the Tail was twenty eight inches. The Wings extended were equal in breadth to fixty four Inches. TheBeak from the tipto the corners of the mouth was two inches long. The upper Chap hung down half an Inch. — | nae a of _ The Head and Chin are of a pale afh-colour, varied with black lines along the pa {hafts of the feathers. The Neck red, the middle part of the feathers being black. The Back dusky or brown like a Buzzards. The feathersnext the Tail ‘of the fame colour with it, having their middle parts.or fhaftsblack. The lefler rows of Wing- feathers are party-coloured of red, black and whites the middle part of each feather along the fhaft being black. The long Scapular feathers covering the Back have black lines like the flags. The feathers covering the infide of the Wing are red, with The colour of black {pots in their middles, The Plumage of the lower fide hath the edges afh-colou- fue red,then follows red, the middle part being black: Theblack part is by degreas lefs : and lefs fromthe Chin to the Tail ; fo that under the Tail only the fhafts of the fea- thers are black: The red colour is alfo more dilute toward the Tail. Thefirftrow The flag-feathers of the Wings are in number twenty four, of which the five out- thes, 84 moft- are black, the next fix are of a dark cinereouscolour 5 all the reft to the laft are again black; the laft are particoloured of red, white, and brown. All but the five or fix exteriour feathers have intheir outward webs black tranfverfe lines, the{paces between the lines being whitifh, efpecially from the fixth tothe eleventh. The fore- moft of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are black; as alfo the baftard Wing. The Wings clofed are longer than the middle feathers of the Tail fhorter than the out- moft. | The Tail, The Tail is forked, the middle feathers being eleven Inches long, the outmoft four- teen, ‘Thecolourred [ruffy.] The extreme feathers blackifh: All but the two middlemoft have black, crofs lines, the middle {paces or diftances being whitifh. The heli tipsof all are white. The Beak, The Bill is black, having {Carce any tooth-like Appewdices: The Tongue broad and Tongue. thick, as*in other carnivorous Birds. In the Palate there 1s a Cavity equal to the Sear. Tongue. The Sear or skin about the Nofthrilsisyellow. In theroofofthe mouth Eye. - isadouble cranny or hole. The Eyes are great: The Ivides of a pale, but lovely ellow. | Sa, ; The Legs and Feet yellow : The outmoft foretoe joyned to the middle one by a lons, Membrane, reaching almoft half way. The Talons black; that of the back-toe be- ing the greateft. ‘The Talonof the middletoe hath a fharp edge on the infide. The Entrailss _ It hathagreat Gall; alargeCraw. The ftreight gut below the Appendices ismuch dilated, as in other of this kind. eee Spreading its Wings it fo ballances it felf in the Air, that it can reft as it were im- ying. wa: b LS ot movable a long time in the fame place; yea, without at all, or but rarely moving its Wings, it glides through the Air from place to place 3; whence perchance it. took its Englifh name Glead. pay odt By the figure of its Tail alone it is {ufficiently diftinguithed from all other Birds of prey we have hitherto feen. Her Tail This fort of Birds (faith Pliny ) feems to have taught men the Art of fleering a Ship by KRidenc. the turning of their Tails ; Nature fhewing in the Air what was needful to be done in the direther Deep. For hence( as Aldrovandus goes on ) it is probable that men learned to ap- flight. ply aRudder; viz. When they faw the Kite, by turning her Tail fometimes this way, fometimes that way, ‘to direct or vary her courfe, and turn about her body at plea- fures they alfo attempting fomewhat like, added the Helm to the Ship, by winding and turning whereof to and fro they could direCt and impel it whither they pleafed, - which otherwife would be driven uncertainly and at random by the Winds and Tides. Kites faid to _ Kites they fay are Birds of paflage, fhifting places aoe to the feafons of the fates. of year. When was once (faith Bellonius ) onthe hore of the Enxine Sea, on Thrace- fide, about the latter end of April, on’a certain very high Hill, near to that Pillar which isat the mouth of the Bofphorms, where a Fowler had fpread Nets for eatch- ing of Sparrow-Hawks, which came flying from the right fide of the Sea; we ob- ferved Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 75 ferved Kites coming thither in flocks,and that info great numbers, that it Was a miracle to us. For being as it wereaftonifhed at the {trangenefs of the {pectacle, we could not conceive wherefucha multitude of Kites could get themfelves food. For fhould they for but fifteen days fpace fly continually that way in fuch numerous fquadrons, I dare confidently affirm, they would exceed the number of men living upon the Earth. Howbeit, with us in Evgland they arefeen all the year, neither do they fear or fly our Winters. | . Pliny writes,that Kites feed upon no other meat bat fleth : But BeJovivs affirms,That their food in Cayroa City of Egypt he hath feen them light upon Palw-trees, and eat the Dates, 24 preying. But no queftion they do fo only being compelled by hunger, and for want of their natural and familiar food. ‘They are very, noifom to tame birds, efpecially Chickens: Ducklings, and Goflings ; among which efpying one far from fhelter, or that is care- lefly {eparated a good diftance from the reft, or by any othermeans lies fit and expo- fed torapme, they fingleit out, and fly round, round for awhile, marking it; then of a fuddendart down as {wift as Lightning, and catch it up before it isaware, the Damin vain crying out, and men with hooting and {tones {caring them away. Yea, fo bold are they; that they affeét to prey in Cities and places frequented by men 3. fo that the very Gardens, and Courts, or Yards of houfes are not fecure fromtheir ra- vine. For which caufe our good Houfewives are very angry with them, ‘and ofall birds hate and curfe them moft. , The Grecians call it, Ixtiv@s, and”"Ix7@., but more commonly “Inks. vk The More-Buzzard : Milvus Eruginofiis Aldrov. an Circus BeVonii 2 |" is lefler than the Buzzard, of about the bignefs of a Crow. The Head is not {0 fs pigneg H great, nor the Crown fo flat and broad asina Buzzard. Its length fromthe point and meatured, of the Billto the end of the Tailis morethan twenty Inches. The diftance between eS the tips of the Wings fpread fifty Inches. The Beak about: an Inch and half long, geay. hooked, covered at bottom witha yellowifh green skin or Sear; elfeblack. The Nofthrils not round butlong, of the figure of a Guiny Bcaw or Kidney. The Mouth Nares. withinfide partly black, partly blewith. The Tongue broad, flefhy, {oft, asin other Pine birds of prey. The hole or cleftin the Palate wide and open. TheEyesof amean Eyes, fize, having yellow Irides [in the bird that I defcribed at Rome: But Mr.Willughby writes, that they are between an Afh and Hazel colour. ] _ The Crown of the headis ofa kind ofclay colour, [ofa pale fulvous, or between Its colour. yellow. and * ruffas | variegated with black lines, viz. the thaft of each feather being * A S.ndy black. The colour of the whole body, as well lower as upper fide is a dark ferru- "4 gineous, only at the middle joynt of both Wings there is a{pot of the fame reddith clay-colour [ ex fulvoalbicans |withthe head,-and the feathers at the root or rife of the tail arefulvous. > . | The Wings clofed reachalmoft'to the end of theTail. The number of flag-fea- The wing's thers in each Wing is twenty four. Thefe are blacker than the reft of the feathers; and their The outmoft isabovea hand-breadth fhorter than that nextto it. The covert-feathers hae“ of the underfide of the Wing are particoloured, brown and fulvous. The Tail is The train, about nine Incheslong, made up of twelve feathers of equal length when it is {pread, terminated in a circular Circumference, being particoloured of a dark and light ful- vous orbay. The legs are about an hand-breadth long, feathered down alittle be+ The Legs, low the knee, longer and flenderer for the bignefs of the bird than in others of this kind. The Legs and Feet yellow; the Talons black. The outer Toe in joyned to Toes nd the middle by anintermediate Membrane, reaching from the divarication up almoft 1!" half way. TheTalon of the middle Toe is thinned on the inner fide intoan edge. The Gall is large: The blind Guts fhort and fmall: The Stomach membranous; in The entrails; that we diffected full of the limbs of Birds and other fleth,, $8 The Bird here defcribed we fuppofe to be that called in Exglend the More-buzzard, The More- common to be feen in Heaths and Watts; fitting upon {mall trees and fhrubs: With P872ard 4 long {lender yellow Legs: The whole Body of a dark colour; the interiour Reviges , being paler or whitifh 5 and which is {aid to build inFemny places. | [take this Bird to be the fame with that BeVonins defcribes under the title of Cirews, _as will appear to any onethat fhallcompare the defcriptions; although Aldrovandus makes them to be diftinét Species, treating of them infeveral Chapters. | a L 32 This 76 — ORNITHOLOGY. Boox It. sentation ate nemo Aiea etal ee ee ee This Bird is fufficiently characterized by its uniform brown-bay or ferrugineous co- lour all the body over. i ; tty, @. VIL | * The Brafilian Kite called Caracata, and by the Portuguefe Gaviaon. Margerav. # Sparrow- Vi isa kind of * Nefws of the bignefs ofa K#e 5 hatha Tail nine Inches long. The halk, length of the Wings is fourteen Inches 5. which yet do not reach to theend of the id. Tail. ‘The colour of the whole Plumage is tawny with white and yellow fpecks. The Tail 1s particoloured of white and brown. It hatha Hawks Head, a hooked Bill ofa moderate bignefs, and black colour. It hath yellow Legs; Hawks Feet; femicircular, long, fharp, black Talons. Itis very noifom to Hens. Thad ¢ faith he ) another of the fame magnitude and colour with the precedent, fave that the breaft and belly were white. The Eyes of a gold colour, and the skin about them yellow. The Legs yellow. ! For the bignefs, colour, and preying upon Poultry, we have fubjoyned this:to the Kites notwithftanding Marggravies maketh it a kind of Nifw or Sparrowhawk, CHap. IX. Of long-winged Hawks, ufedto be reclaimed for fowling. d 1 * Of the Peregrine Falcon. our hap fince his deceafe to fee any Hawk of that kind, left the Orzithology we fet out fhould be defective and imperfect in this particular, we have bor-' rowed of Aldrovandws the defcriptions of the feveral forts of Falcons without omit- ting any.. We are not a little troubled that we cannot give any light to this * Gexys : For we vehemently fufpect, that Species arehere multiplied without neceflity. - Aldrovandws afligns the firft place to the Peregrine Falcon for its courage and gene- | ItsName, rofity, It took its name either from pafling out of one Country into another, or be- caufe itis not known where it builds, its Neft having not been any wherefound. Of this kind Belifariws makes two Species, Carcanws four, the difference being taken from the colour. A Peregrine Falcon every way compleat muft have thefe marks, Broad and thick Tts Shoulders, fhoulders; long Wings reaching to the end of the Trains the Train long, narrower | Tae? by little and little, and fharper toward the end, like a Sparrow-hawks, made up of ’ large, thick, round feathers, the tip not altogether white; the fhafts running along The Feet, | the middle of the feathers of a lovely red; the Feet of the fame colour with thofe Toes, of a Brttour, viz. of a pale green, or between a yellow and lead-colour; the Toes Talons, {lenders the Talonslarge, black, and very fharps the colour of the Feet and Beak Thighs, thefames the Thighs long, but the Legs fhort; the Beak thick; the Mouth wide; peak, the Nares large and open 5 the Eye-brows high and great ; the Eyes great, and deep Eyes, funk; the Head arched, the Crown being gently elevated and round. As foon as Head. it can fly it fhould fhew certain little briftly feathers, ftanding out asit were a beard. sa Let the Neck be long, the Breaft broad, and about the Shoulder-blades where it “=~ goyns to the Neck fomewhat round. Sitting upon the Fift it muft bend its body a Erows, _- little backward, being brisk, mordaciousand greedy. Let itsEye-browsand Cheeks ~ Eyes, be white witha little mixture or dafh of red: The Eyes black, encompafied witha | Head, Circle or Iris that is ometimes blue; the Head afh-coloured, like that of a Sacre - Back, The Back of fomewhat a livid colour, almoft like that of aGoofe; covered with round and broad feathers. The marks of the Wings agree to the fecond Peregrive Falcon of Belifarivs, which he makes to be of a Copper [ AZzeo colour. For the firft kind, which he faith is blacker, hath neither an afh-coloured Crown, nora yel- low; and hath its throat {potted with long, direét, black lines; and its Thighs marked with tranfverfe ones: Its Legs alfo are of a Saffron colour, but ‘more dilute. Aldrovaudus M: Willughby having left no defcription of a Falcon, and it having not been * Family or kin Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY. — - Aldrovandus defcribes a Bird of this kind, taken in the Mountains of the Terri- The black Pe- tory of Boxenia, inthefe words. From the top of the Head to the end of the Tail "sti Falcon it wasfeventeen Inches long. The Crown of the head flat and comprefled : The eeetainey Beak an Inchthick, of a lovely sky-colour, bending downward witha fharp hook Head, fhort, ftrong, joyned to the head witha yellow Membrane of a deep colour, which ** compafles the Nofthrils; the Eye blue, the edgesof the Eye-lidsround yellow. The Eyes Head, Neck, Back, Wings of a dark brown, almoft black, fprinkled with black Colour, {potsinalmoft every feather, the great feathers being crofied with tran{verfe ones. The Throat was of a yellowifh white, the lower part thereof being ftained with the Throat black {pots, as it were drops drawn out in length from the corners of the Mouth on * each fide a black lime was drawn downwards almoft tothe middle of the Throat or Gullet. The Breaft,Belly,and Thighs white,croffed with broad, tran{verfe,black lines, The tips of the Wings,when clofed,reached almoft tothe end of the Train. The Train Wings. lefs dusky, marked alfo with black crofs bars. The Legs and Feet yellow; the hee? 4 Thighslong, the Shanks fhort; the Toes flender, long,covered with fcalés, asarealfo Feet, ’ the Legs; the Talons black, and very fharp. | Tulons, Aldrovandws thinketh this black Peregrine Falcon not to differ at all from the black £ Ai fimply fo called, or the Faleonarivs of the Germans, but to be the very fante with it. . _ What Aldrovandys hath concerning the place, flight, conditions, manner of catch- ing this Hawk ,&c. See in his * Orithology. It flies and preys upon Geefé, Ducks, and other Water-fowl. §. I. ' * The Sacre, Falco Sacer. ' A Ldrovandys brings feveral defcriptions of the Sacre out of Albertus Magnus, Be- ay A lifariys, the Emperour Frederick ,Carcanys and Bellowiws. The Emperour Frede- eee. ricks defcription ( which to me feems better than that of Albertws ) isas follows. the Sacre. Sacres for bignefsof body approach to Fer-Falcous ; being greater than other Fal- cons, but lefler than Fer-Falcons. Theyhave a great round head: A fhorter Beak, a flenderer and longer body in proportion, longer Wings, and alfo alonger Train, a Breaft lefs fiefhy and full in refpect of their body than “fer- Falcons: Andalfo fhorter Toes. Belloniws thus briefly defcribes it. The Sacre hath fouler feathers to look upon than eee any other Bird of prey. For they are of a colourbetween red and * fuliginous, very * Seu ; like to Kates. It hath fhort Legs and blue Toes. ) > Carcanus the Vicentine gives a fuller defcription of it in thefe words. The Falcons Carcanus his called Szcresare bigger than even the larger Peregrives. ‘Their head is very grey 5 Se ote their Crown flat, and like to that ofa fork-tail’d Kite. Their Eyes black andgreat: Head, Their Beak blue ; their Nares for the moft part {mall: The figure of the body ob- ye long: Thefpots of the Breaft brown,as is alfo theback and upper fide of the Wings: Nares, The infide of the Thighs white; the Train long and varied with femicircular {pots, rane refembling the figure of Guizy Beans or Kidneys: The Wings alfo large and long. Train, The Legs and Feet are almoft wholly blue: Compared with the reftofthebody not Wings, very great. Thofe of one year commonly called Sores differ a little from thofe that yo. sec have mewed their feathers. For thefe have the {pots of their Breafts alittle blacker differ from and rounder than the Sores. “Their Feet alfo are fomewhat white, and infome {potted hore that -witha little yellow. Almoft all of them have their Backs reddifh, inclining to cine- “° ™“"“™ reous, asin Turtles. Yet in fome, as wellof the Sores as of thofe that have mewed their feathers, the Back and upper fide of the Wingsis black. : _ Which of theiedefcriptions agrees beft to the Sacre let them judge who have op- portunity of feeing this Bird, and will, and leifure to compare them with it. So great isthe ftrength, force,and courage of this Hawk, that( as Albertus reports) there isno Bird fo great which fhe doth not prefently {trike down: And not only one at atime, but as many as céme inher way. She catches alfo Fawns, Kids, @c. She is fuppofed to be called Sacre, either from her bignefs, or becaufe all other birds fear her, and fly from her. | . I. Book Il. i ORE The name, Tts Bignefs 5 Crown, Beak. Eyes, Colour of the feathers. The Wings. Colour of the Breaft The Train. Legs and Feet, . Scales. The fhape of a good Jer- falcon. Its Head, Forehead, Eyes, Nares, Beak, Neck, Body, '. Wings. Wing-fea- thers. Train fea- thers. Craw. Breaft. Legs, Feet, Talons. Its Nature aud Game. its figure, Head, — Beak, Nares, Eyes, IT HOLOGY. : §. IE. =“ * * The Jer-Falcon, whofe Male or Tarcel s called the Ferkit. T feem to take its name from the High Dutch word Gyrfale, .¢. a ravenous Faleo or Vulturine Falcon : for Gyr in High Dutch fignifies a Vulture. ; This, however Aldrovandws contradicts it, exceeds all other Falcons, even that called the Sacre in magnitude. Of that which Aldrovaudys defcribed this was the fhape: The Crown was plainand deprefled, of anafh-colour. The Beak thick. ftron fhort, blue; bowed downward with a mean-fized hook, but very fharp, ‘throng. and blewifh, ‘The Pupil of the Eyes very black, the Ir or Circle encompafling the Pupilblue. . The Back; Wings, Belly, and Train were white: But the feathers of the Back and Wings were almoft every one marked with a black{pot, imitating infome meafurethe figure of a heart, likethe Eyesin a Peacocks tail. The flag-feathers of the Wings near their tips beautified with a bigger and longer black mark, which is yet enclofed with a white margin or border. - The Wings very long, fo that they wanted but little of reaching to the end of the Tail. The Throat, Breaft, and Bel- ly purely white, without any fpotsat all, ‘The Tail not very long, yea, in refpec of its body and thofe of other Falcons rather fhort, marked with tranfverfe black bars, The Legs and. Feet of a delayed blue. The Legs thick and ftrong. The Toes long, {trong, broad-fpread, covered all over with’ a continued Series of board-like Of Gyrfalcons, according to Carcaswus, there be divers kinds, diftinguifhed by the colours of their feathers. : Frederick, the Emperour doth thus defcribe the fhape of a good fer-Falcon. The upper partof the Head muft not be raifed upward into a bunch, but every where equal: The forepart of the Head large and broad; that part alfo above the Eyes large: The Eye-brows high or {tanding out Leminentia.] The Eyes hollow: The Nofthrils great and open: The Beak thick, crooked, and hard: The Neck toward the Head {lender, toward the fhoulders thick. The Body muft grow uniformly nar- rower and fharp all along to the very Tail, obferving that form which Geometricians call Pyramidal. . It mult have Wings elevated toward the back, not hanging down but when gathered up, near the Tail fo lying one upon the other, that they interfeét one another in formof a Crofs. The beam-feathers of the Wings, as well thofethat cover, asthofe that are covered, that is, as well the upper asthe under ones muft be broad and hard. The covering feathers by how much the more they cover the others by fo much the more commendable arethey. The Tail-feathers when it doth not ff 2 are gathered up ina lump under the twouppermoft [that is, the middlemoft] which arecalledthe coverers, The Gullet [ Gula, Ifuppofe he means the Craw ] mutt be large and deep, and after much meattakenin, {well a little, and be round when full of meat: The Breaft prominent outward, flefhy, and thick. The Thighsgreat : The Legs fhort and thick : Thefoles of the Feet alfo thick and large ; the Toes long, lean, rough, {caly, and well {pread : The Talons {lender, crooked, and fharp. Itis a couragious, fierce, and very bold Bird, catching all forts of Fowl how great foever, and is terrible to other Falcoxs and Gofhawhs. It chief Game are Cranes and Herovs. ek * The Mountain Falcon: “eS ereateft part of thefe Falcons are of amean f{tature: Few found very big : Many of afmall body, and thatinfomeround, infome long. Alberts attri- butesto a Mountain Falcon almoft the fame bignefs as to a Gofhawk [ Affuri]] only makes it fhorter bodied: Gives it a round Breaft, and when it ftands onits feeta Pyramidal figure, refembling a Pyramid {omewhat comprefled on that fide the back makes, Almoftall of them have a round Head, a taper | faftgzatum |] Crown, and black, encompafled with a kind of afh-coloured Coronet : Inthe Forehead, not far from the Beak, ftand up certain very fineand flender feathers, asit were hairs, among the black or brown ones, which yet are but few, and in fome Birds noneat all. They havea thick, fhort, black Bill; narrow Nofthrils; fmall Eyes and Eye-lids. The Throat Book I. ORNCITHOLOGY © 79 Throat as far asthe breaft-bone is fomewhat whitith, befprinkled with good great ‘the Throa, fpots. The reft of the Breaft is beautified with certain marks, which are fometimes 2% ferrugineous, fometimes red, fometimes blackith, and befides thefe with other fnal- ler fpecks. In fomethe Throat and Breafk are cloathed with black feathers the in- Its Colour, fide of the Thighsblack : The Back and Loins covered for the moft part with {mall _ brown feathers: Some of whichbelow the middle of the back have certain whitith or reddith lines tending downwards. Others have their Backs purely ath-coloured, or of the colour of that fort of IWild Goofé, which ‘the Vicentines call Baletta: The Wings not longlike a Peregrizes : ‘The 'Yail alfo fhorter than theirs, and for the grea- Wings ter part variegated like that ofa Kefrel. There are fome whofe Tail islikethatofa 2" Sacre, but they are-veryrare. They haye for the moft part their Legs and Feet of a Legs, and Saffron colour 5 but fome of a {traw colours and covered with very thick-fet Scales. Fee Their Feet are lefler than the Peregrines : Their Toes great and flefhy : Their Talons . black. It is eafier to know them after they are mewed. Their Head i4 black like a ad Crows, their Nofthrils coyered with a Saffron-coloured skin ; the Eyes alfo encom- pafied with a Circle of like colour: Their Neck and Shoulders black 3 the lower part of the Back toward theRump blue. The Throatas far asthe Breaft-bone white ; but in fome it fhews an obfcure reds inothers it is blackifh, in all marked with round fpots. The Train fhort and black: The feathers invefting the Thighs brown. The Legs ftrong. It is to be obferved, that by how much the oftner they have mewed their feathers, by fo much is their Throat [ Gula] whiter, and,its {pots fmaller, and ° the feathers covering their Back and Loins of a deeper blue. | Tardivus writes, that it preys only upon great birds, neglecting the fmaller ; that ibsconditionss it is very ravenous, mordacious, and of an indocile nature. Aldrovandus defcribes and Game, _abird of this fort that was brought to him, in thefe words. It was eighteen Inches eee long: The Head great, the Crown gently towring up round; The Beak thick,fhort, its Head, black, ftrong; of an Inch thicknels, the point of the hooked part not very fharp, Beak, butit {trong 5 fo that I doubt whether any other Falco hath a ftronger, thicker, and mote f{trongly made and compaéted Beak than this. The Nares are compafled with a _ Nares, yellow membrane, The Iris of the Eye of a deep black. The edges of the Eye- ©y*- lids encircling the Eyes yellow. Thewholebody in general is of one:colour, viz. a Colour, cinereous tending to blue, lighteror darker, according tothe different expofing of the parts tothe light. The Neck, Breaft, Belly, and Back, and confequently the whole Figure of the body is very grofs, thick, round, and plump. The Breaft very round and great: Pody- The beginning of the Wings above broad, and lefsfharp than in other Falcons; their tips reaching to about the middle of their Trains, or a little further. The Train of amiddle fize, between long and fhort. Their Legs and Feet in refpect of their bo- dies not very large or thick, coyered with Saffron-coloured board-like Scales. Their Talons deep-black. ees uke * The Falcon Gentle. Hereas I find that fome doubt, whether the * Gentile Falconbe a diftin& # or rales Y WV kind from the Peregrize or no: And whereas the Emperour Frederick di- ¢#t! ftinguifhes Gentile Falcons into thofe abfolutely and fimply {0 called, and Peregrines 5 omitting that prolix defcription of a Gentile Balcon, which Aldrovandus brings out of Fredericks I thall only propound the marks whereby this is faid to differ fromthe - ercerine. ' 7 | Geutile Falcons are le{s than Peregrines, have a rounder and lefler Head ; a fhorter How the Fal. Beals 5 and Feet alfefor the proportion of the body fmaller. Befides,the colour islefs "Sc", bright, lively, and fair in thefe than in thofe. When they have mewed their firft the Peregrine, ee they become very like the Peregriges, but more {potted in their Trains and Backs. Belifariys makes the only difference between the Genisle and Peregrine Falcon to be in their manner or gefture in fying: For the frequent agitation of the- Wings in flying-thews the Hawk to be a Gentile Falcon : The, motion of the Peregrines Wings being likethat of the Oars of Gallies, Moreover, they differ from Peregrives in this, that they are not fo{wift, The defcripti- Aldrovandys thinks, that theFalcon which Cartazws calls the Dutch or Geraran Fal- oe, com ts the fame with this: The which hethusdeferibes. The Dutch Falcons are eu con, : a 80 ORNCITHOLOGY ~— Boox Il, all great-bodied. The greater part of them of an oblong figure, and fome mode- rately round: Very like to the Peregrine for Shape, Head, Beak, and Feet. The Thighs on the infide covered with white feathers. The Wings great: The Train long. Almoft all the feathers are of abrowncolour. For the greate{t part of their bodies they are like a brown Peregrine, excepting the Head and Shoulder-blades, which in the Dutch area little blacker. A white Coronet encompafles their Head near the Neck. The {pots of the breaft in moft are brown and great, in fome ferrugineous and oblong. But in fuch as are méwed, that is, have caft their firft feathers, the Head _ Neck and Shoulders are browns the Back of an Azure-colour, diftinguifhed with tran{verfe brown marks: The Throat white, {potted with great lines. The Breaft The German darker than in the Peregrive: But the Feet like that of the Peregrize. ‘The Males or ner differs Tarcels of thefe Dutch Falcons can by no means be diftinguifhed from the Males of ittle or no- "4 " 4 ; ages thirigfrom the Peregrines, they are in all thingsfo like the one to the other. Befides, theydo fo the Peregrine. refemble the Peregrives, not only in the external fhape of their bodies, but alfoin their nature and conditions; that none but avery quick-fighted, cunning, and well practifed Falconer is able to diftinguifh them. u §. VI. * The Haggard Falcons Falco gibbofis. T is fo called becanfe by reafon of the fhortnefs of the Neck, the Head {carce ap- | pears above the points of the fhoulders, or Wings witlidrawn and clapped to the fidesof the Back ; fo that it feems to havea bunchon its back. The Germans call it Ein Hagerfalck, or rather Hogerfalck, whence the Latixe name Gibbofys: For the Germans callabunch Hoger. Our Exglifh Writersof Falconry, as faras I underftand them, call the Peregrine Falcon the Haggard Falcon,ufing thofe names promifcuoully : Wherefore we fhall not enlarge further concerningthis Hawk 5 efpecially feeing what. Aldrovandys hath of it, is all taken out of Albertus Magvus; on whofe credit we do not muchrely. © | s bres | §: VIL. . * The white Falcon. Falco Albus. Cae again what Aldrovandys hath borrowed out of Albertws concerning the White Falcon : we will only tran{cribe out of him, the defcription of the Fal- ecz fent him by i a ig Griffonius, which he received from Axgelus Gal- lus of Orbin,, a Knight of Malta. Its Colour, Itswhole body was milk-white, only {potted with yellow {pots, the which them- Wings, {elves alfoappeared white, unlefSone heedfully and intently beheld it, The Wings were like thofe of other the moft beautiful Hawks, but purely white, and without Train, fpots. The Tail had twelve feathers alike white, and {potted with yellow; the fight whereof the uppermoft feather ( which was wholly white, and covered the reft, Beak, , hiding them as it were ina fheath ) took away.. The Beak alfo was rather white than Feet, blue. The Feet, after the manner of other Hawks, yellow. The Eyes yellow and ace black : And that yellow nothing deeper thanin a Hawk not yet mew’d, which we commonly calla Sore; although I cannot believe that this was a Sore. | For it might fo come to pafs, that it might retain that yellownefs from a certain temper of body peculiar tothis kind: Otherwife it would, after it was mewed, neceflarily incline to whitene(s. - It was-of a tall {tature, a great and ftately bird : It eat not but with its Eyes ufually fhut, and that with great greedinefs, It killed Pulets. Q... VIII. * The Stone-Falcon, and Tree-Falcon. Falco Lapidarius & Arborarius. F the figure.of the Stonxe-Falcon thefe few things occurin Albertus Maguus. It was of a middle quantity and ftrength between the Peregrine and Grbbofé or Haggard Falcon. 7 “A full defcription of the Tree-Falcon we have in Gefrer, which (asMr.Wilughby thinks) agrees well tothe Hobby. The Tree-Falcoz (faith he ) is a gallant and gene- rous Boor, ORNITHOLOGY. rr rousbird, not unlike toa Sparrow-Hawk, From the Bill to the end of the Tail it was four Palms, or fixteenIncheslong. TheF eet were of a pale colour, mixt as it were Its Length. of yellowifhand green. The Back black: But the tips of the feathers of the Mead ie ee | and Back ( efpecially the lower part of it ) were compafled with reddith Semicircles, The feathers of the Wings wereblacker: And the infide of the Wings [that which is toward the body ] {potted with great pale-red{pots. The Breaft varied with whitith . and brown fpots.. Certain yellowith white feathers made up {pots behind the Ears, and in the Neck. TheEyes were black; the colour of the Bill blue. The Tail-fea- Ey hperatd thers, all but the two middlemoft, marked with fpots. a Bo DS *The Tunis or Barbary. Falcon. His Bellonivs defcribes thus: This Barbary Falcon is large, approaching to the fhape and likenefs of a Lawwer. For it hath likefeathers, and not unlike Feet s but itisleffer-bodied, Befides it flies more, and keeps longer on the Wing. It hath a thick anid round Head. - It is good for Brook-hawking, and ftoutly foars on high in the Air: But forthe Field it isnot fo fit as the Lanzer. _- The Falcon which our Falconers call the Barbary is leffer than the reft of this kind, Vid. ae Peregrine, Mountain and Gentile : If thofe do {pecifically differ, which we do notthink. . : . é §. X. * The Red Faleon: T is called red, not becaufe it is all over red, but becaufe thofe {pots ( which iti the reft are white ) in this kind are redand black, but not fo difpofed as in others, neither inthe Back, nor inthe outward part of the Wing. But it doth:not appear to be red,but only when it f{tretches out its Wings: For thenthe dark red fhewsitfelfin them. Itis faid to belefier thana Pereerive Falcon. But this, and whatever elfe Aj- bertws and others have delivered concerning the red Falcon, are of that nature, that they leave us altogether uncertain, whether there be any fuch Fulcox or no, {pecifieal- ly diftiné from the reft of this kind. oe Xt | * The red Indian Falcous of Aldrovandus. He firft of thefe ( which we fuppofe to be the Female ) hath a greater head than tts Head, the latter, a broad and almoft flat Crown, without any rifing inthe hinder part of the head, asisfeeninfome. The head is» of an afh-colour tending to brown, as 1s alfo the Neck, the whole Back, and the outfideof the Wings. The Beak very gear, thick 5 next the Head both above and below all yellow 5 having a moderate afh-co- floured hook; of which colour is alfo all that fore-part which is bare, beyond the Sear or invefting Membrane. The Pupil of the Eye isiofa deep black; the Iris brown, or of a dark Chefnut-colour. Theedges of the Eye-lids round aboutyel- low. From the exteriour and lefler corner of the Eyeson both fides isdrawna long >» ftroak of the fame colour with the Breaft. ‘The wholeBreaft, andalfo the upper part Brest. _of the infide of the Wings, the Belly moreover‘and the Rump, the Hips and Thighs areallfulvous or red, of a pale Vermilion colour.» But the Chin in this red colour chi. is marked with a long cinereous {pot, produced:downwards.. The Breaft alfo be- foreis befprinkled with {mall {cattering fpecks of the famecolour. The fides, that are covered with the middle part of the Wings clofed, are tinétured with the fame dark cinereous colour. ‘TheWings are very long, their tipsreaching much further wings _than the middle of the Tail; crofling one another about the lower end of the Back. ‘The Train is long, each feather whereof is varied with alternate {paces of black Train, (which are the narrower, of a/Semicirculat figure) and of afh-colour, which are the broader. The Legs and Feet are yellow, pretty thick and ftrong: The Talons The Fer, black and very tharp. - | aii and Talons, Eyes. Me | ‘The 82 The other red Falcon de- {cribed, Its Colour. Its proper marks. Beak, Chin, Wings. Train. Feet. Irs bignefs, Head. Legs and Feet, Wings. Train. The defcri- prion of the French Lan- ner The colour of the Beak, and Feet, Breaft, Back, Wings, Train. The Male, ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. The other( which we believe to be the Male ) is lefs.by near athird part 5 for va- riety of colours almoft the fame with the former; and thofe in thefame parts, {ave that (as we hinted alfo before ) the red colour in this is deeper and more evident : Likewife the fame coloured Membrane as in the former [ Ifuppofe he means that about theEyes. ] Thofe parts alfo which in the former are coloured with a dark cinere- ous, in thisarealtogetherblack; vz. the upper fide of the Wings, the Head, Back, and Tail. Yetmay wetake notice of fome marks peculiar tothis, wherein it differs fromthe other. For the Bill inthis is wholly blue, excepting a fmaH yellow mem- brane covering the Nofthrils, having uneven borders, as it were ferrate. The Chin or beginning of the Throat in this 1s of a little paler red, fomething inclining to cine- reous, but notmarked with any {pot as inthe former. The interiour flag-feathers of the Wings are white, only crofled at due intervals with many tranfverfe brown marks: The reft of the upper fide of the Wings is of a very deep fulvous colour, like red Oker. The upper fide of the Tailis alfo adorned with a double variety of tranfverfe {pots, to wit, white and afh-coloured inclining to blue, alternately difpofed. The Feet and Legs are ofa more dilute yellow, or Wax colour. Both came out of the Eaft-Indies. | What is delivered by Albertus and others concerning the blue-footed Falcon and ba- fiard Falcon Vomit, as being only general and uncertain 5 referring the curious, and thofe that defire to know fuch things, to the Authorsthemfelves, or to Aldrovandws, for fatisfaction, We have a fort ef baftard Hawk common enough among us, called the Bocearel, and its Turcel the Beccaret. t 6° XIL The Crefted Indian Falcon. Ps by him Bird bronght out of the Ez/t-Indies we faw in the Royal Aviary in St.James Park near Weftminfter, and thus defcribéd it. For bignefs it was not much inferiour toa Gofhawk: TheHead flat, black, copped, the Creft hanging down back- ward from the hind part of the head, like a Lepwings, but forked. The Neck red. The Breaft and Belly were parti-coloured of black and white, the alternate crofs lines being very bright and fair. The Irides of the Eyes yellow. The Beak ofa ‘deep or dark blue, almoft black, efpecially towards the point 5 for the Bafe was co- vered with a yellow Membrane. The Legs feathered down to the Feet: The Feet yellow; the Talonsof a dark black. The lefler rows of Wing-feathers had whitifh edges. The Train was varied with tranfverfe {paces or beds of black and cinereous alternately. The reft of the feathers were black. §. Xi * The Lanner,whofé Tarcel is called the Lanneret. - BeLouius his defcription of it. | "He Lazer is lef than the Gentile Falcon, adorned with fair feathers, and in that refpe& more beautiful than the Sacre. The moft {ure and undoubted notes whereby one may diftinguith a Lazner from other Hawks are thefes Thatit have blue Beak, Legs, and Feet : The anteriour or Breaft-feathers parti-coloured® of black and white, the black marks [ or lines] noticrofling the feathers, but drawn long-ways down the middleof them, contrary to what they are in Falcons, The feathersof the back are not much variegated, as neither thofe of the Wings or Tail, in the upper or external part. And if perchance:there be any {pots feen in thefe, they are {mall, round, and-whitifh. But to one that fhall view the lower cr under fide of the Wings extended there will appear marks of a different figure from thofe of other Rapacious Birds: For they are round, and like little pieces of money, difperfed through the Superficies: Although, as we faid, thefeathers of the Breaft, and forepart of thebo- dy arevatied with{pots drawn downwards in length, and fituate on their edges. It hathathick and fhort Neck, andalike Bil The Male or Lawneret is of a lefler bo- dy, but almoft the {ame colour of the feathers. Both Male and Female have fhorter Legs than thereft of the Falcons. — Carcanus Boox IL. ORNITHOLOGY, 83 a Ta a aa a er en ee) Carcanws his defcription differs in fome things from this of Beloxivs, which we fhall therefore fubjoyn.. The Head of all Lawners is wholly yellow, with a flat The Hesd, Crown. The Eyesblack and great: The Nofthrils for the moft part {mall: The ae Beak fhort and thick, lefler than that of a Peregrize Falcon, and allo than that of a Nofthrils, Mountain ; of ablue colours The Breaft yellow, {potted with a fewthin-fet ferru- B¢#*. gineous fpots: The Back likea Peregrine Falcons : The ends of the Wings {potted Back,” asit were with round white Eyes. The Wings and Train long: The Legs fhort, The _ Wings, Feet much leffer than a Peregrives, and blue of colour. In thofe that are mewed the ({2°"4 whole head is tin@ured with yellow as far as the fhoulders, but inclining to red, and. The deferiptis varied with certain {lender lines. The Back is blue, crofled with black lines and Boe -fome golden: The Breaft of a deep yellow and without any {pots. But the feathers mewed: of the Thighs are varied with a few crof§ lines. The feetin thefe, which were blue, are changed into yellow. The Sores of this kind are very hardly diftinguifhed from thofe that are mewed. Rng | | It feems to becalled Lanarivs alaniando, i.e. from tearing. Itis ofagentle nature, Why called of a docile andtractable difpofition (as BeVonius writes) very fit for all forts of Itc Nacure Game, as well Waterfowl], asLand: For it catches not only Pres, Quails, Partridge, and Game, Crows, Pheasants, &c. but alfo Ducks, yea, and Cranes too, being trained up thereto by humane induftry. Allthis isto be underftood of the Freach Lanner, for the Italian _ defcribed by Carcanus sof no worth orufe. Carcanus writes, that he could never fo train them up, asto make them good for ought. The Launer abides all the year in France, being feen there as well in Winter as in Its place: Summer, contrary to the manner of othér Rapacious Birds. §. XIV. The Hobby, Subbuteo, Aldrov. He Bird we deferibed was a%Female, and weighed nine ounces. The length tts weight, from the tip of the Bill to the end-of the Tail was thirteen’Inches. The Length, breadth or diftance between the tips of ‘the Wings extended two feet’and eight Breadth; Inches. From the tip of the Beak to the Nofthrils was fomething more than half an bina Inch. The Beak like that of a Keftrel: The upper Mandible -prominent,*hooked, Beaks femicircular; the Bafe covered with a yellow. skin or Sear, the pait next the skin white; the reft of adark blue, It hath alfo atooth or Angle on each fide at the begin- ning of the hooked part, which is received\in a hollow dentor nick inthelower —_- Chap. The Tongue broad and a little cleft or divided. The Palate withinfide The Tongue: black, andhaving a Cavity imprefied to receive the Tongue. The Nofthrils round ; Notthtils, The Irides of the Eyes of a Hazelcolour: The Eye-lids yellow. AG As forthe colour ofthe Plumage; abeve each Eye pafled a line of a clay-colour, The célour of | ex.ruffo albicans. | The feathers on the top of the headehad their thafts or middle the feathers. part black, their borders of a deep Chefnut : Thofe on the middle of the Neck again wereof a clay-colour, the back and Wings of a dark brown, or cinereous black ; thofe on the Rump and the leffer Pinion. feathers being lighter, the greater Pinion feathers, and thofe on the middle of the back darker. ‘The,Chin and upper part of the Throat were white, with adath of yellow. .*To this white were drawn from * This white the head on each fide twolines; ‘one from theaperture of themouth, the other from oF We ys? 3 of the head is the hinder part or noddle. a Charatteris The lower part of the Belly was reddith, the reft of the Belly and Breaft clothed Me tere of with feathers, {potted with black inthe middle, and having their edges white. The © Thighsred, {potted with black, but the {pots lefs thanthofe on the Breaft. Thenum- the prime ber of prime feathers in each Wing twenty four, whereof the fecond the longeft: At ing-fea- The extreme or outmoft had their tips black 3 all of them their interiour webs varied “""" with tranfverfe clay-coloured {pots. The covert-feathers of the underfide of the hic were black, curioufly painted with round fpots of white diluted with red. 4 The Tail, as in all of this kind, confifted of twelve feathers, the middlemoft The Train. whereof werethe longeft, and the reft in order fhorterto the two outermoft, which were the fhorteft,. The length of the middlemoft wasabout five Inches and an half, thefe were on both fides their fhaftsof one-and the fame colour; the reft had their interiour Vanes marked with tranfverfe reddifh {pots; the utmoft tips being whitith, | ‘f M 32 The 84. | O RACIT HO LOG 0) Boom The Feet The Legs and Feet eete yellow: The middle and outmoft Toes connedted asin and Talons. others of this kind to the firft joynt : The Talonsas black as Jet. Appendices or blinds Guts fhort 5 befides which procefs, which was (we fuppofe ) the remaind 4 Up. ~% ats ; \ | ~ Its principal P oe a bird of paflage, yet breeds with usin Eglazd. Its Game is chiefly i ‘Larks, for {he catching of which Birds our Fowlers make ufe of it thus. The Spa- ‘miels range the field; to find the birds: {he Hobby they let off, and accuftom to foar aloft in the Air orgs them. ‘The Larks efpying their capital enemy, dare byno means had anothér fingle Apperdix or of the Duttys inteftinalis Shrunk The Entrails. Jt had a great Gall: The length of the kc two foot lacking an inch : The | make ufe of their Wings, but lie as clofe and flat upon the ground as they can ; and fo Daring % are eafily taken in the Nets they draw overthem. ‘This kind of {port is: called, Da- Lath. ring of Larks... » . / | aq Tocach ,, © To catchthefe Hawks, the Fowlers take a Lark, and having blinded her, and faft- Hobbies.“ “ned Lime-twigs to her Legs, lether fly where they fee the Hobby is, which ftriking at the Lark isentangled with the Lime-twigs. ~~ UP 4 Asvaccount of ‘The Bird is called in.Greek ‘Vrorésopeyyz, that is, the leffer Texopaas or Buteo 5 lie names. - Which Pliny renders in Latine, Subbuteo. It is called in Englith, Hobiy, after the > French name. | . sare # ? va | §. XV. > * ; Zi ii Keftrel, Stannel, ov Stonegall, in isine Tinnunculus or Cenchris. © Its bignefs, "ES Female is about the bignefs of a Pigeov. - That we defcribed. weighed nine ae ounces. Its length from the point of the Beak tothe end of the Train was Breadth, . fourteen inches and a:quarter : Itsbreadth, or ‘the ‘diftance between the tips of the Beak, Wings extended two foot and an half. The Beak fhort, prominent, hooked, and fharp-pointed: The Bafe of the upper Chap co¥ered with a skin or membrane; in which are the Nofthrils. The middle part of the Beak next the Searis white, the reft of adark blue: Whereit begins to bend it hath a Tooth or Angle, which is received Nolthrils. ima dent or cavity in thélower Chap. The Nofthrils round: The Tongue cleft : rt The Eye-lids yellows; the Eyes defended by prominent brows. It hatha wide mouth, Eyes. ae Mourh.- andthe Palateblue. ~ Head, The Head is great;-the Crown broad and flat, inclining to an afh-colour, and Coloir of marked with narrow black lines along the fhaft of each feather. The back, thoulders, the back." - and covert-feathers of ‘tke upper fide of the Wings ferrugineous, marked with black fpots, wz. each feather being reddith hath a black {pot toward the tip. The Rump Colour of the is cinereous, having the like tranfverfe black fpots. The lower or nether fide of the netier fides body, thatis the Breaft and Belly, was of aypaler red or ferrugineous, varied with black lines drawn downwards along the fhafts of the feathers. The Chin and lower belly without fpots. ; err . Prime Wing- Lhe flag-feathers of the Wing are innumber twenty four : ‘The exteriour of which feathers. are of a brown or dusky colour, but their interiour Vanes are\gartly of a reddifh white, indented with the brown like the teeth of a Saw. ‘The fix dr fevennextto the body are'red, having their interiour Vanes marked with, tranfverfe brown ftroaks. The inner or under fide of the Wing is white, with black {pots. | its Train, The Train made up of twelve feathers was above feven inches long. The outmoft feathers fhorteft, the reft in order gradually longer to the middlemoft. The utmoft _ tpsof-the feathers wereof a rufty white. Then fucceeds a black bar or ring of an _ inch broad ; the reft of the feather being of a rufty afh-colour,-marked with tran veate black {pots. a oF . The Legs,and. Phe lLegs and Feet are of a lovely yellow, andthe Talons Black. ee ards, _ Ithada Gall. Intheftomacn we found Beetlesand fur of Mice. ‘The length of the Gufs was twenty eight Inches. The fingle blind gut [ Appendix inteftinalis | was How the Male twice as*fong as the lower ;Appewdices ot blind Guts. The Male or Tarcel differs differs from from the Female. chiefly in being lefS, and having the head and back- of an afh- the Female. colour Fait bar St. "ee ¥ yr TheirGame, _ Keférelsave wont commonly with usin Ezgland tobe reclaimed and trained up for fowling, after the manner of other Rapaciousbirds. ‘They catch no#enly finall birds, butalfo young Partridge, . r po = ie ee * | a! + They ij y + Boox Il. | ORNITHOLOGY. | 85 They build in hollow Oaks and other trees; and. that not after the manner Of Neft and Ge- Crows, upon the boughs, but after the manner of ‘fackdaws, always in holes, as Wyr- °""™ wer faith he himfelf obferved. Ariffotle makes the Keffrel the moft fruitful or beft bréeder among Birds of prey; yet nefther doth fhe ( faith he) lay mfore Eggs than -fouratonce. Her Eggs are whitifh, all over {tained very thick with red {pots,whence Arifiotle and Pliny write, that they are red@like Vermilion: Indeed, they deferve ra- ther to be called red than white. ye ; ” va It iscalled Keyyexs from Kéyeps, fignifying Mil/et, asif one thould fay the ithe. The Natiies: bird, for the fame reafon as Gejwer thinks, that a kindof Tetter [ the Swine-pox ] pull is called Herpes miliaris, becaufe it is marked or motled with {pecks like Milet feed. 9 pe . ne L This Bird is by fome called the Wind-hover, of which name we have elfeWhere g1- ° venanaccount. °° | eT heen wet. nae ten *@. XVI. The Merliz, called in Latine Efalon. me . # Ss i aaa hath’ recorded that the Merli# is the leaft of all thofe birds our Falconets its Bigness, ufe for hawking; and truly, if we except only the Matagefe or great Butcher- bird ( which is fismetimes reclaimed for {mall birds ){@ itis. Itis not much bigger than | a Black bird. The length’ from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail in that we Length and defcribed was fourteen Inches, to the end of the Toes twelve and an half. The Breadth Beak wasblue, and had an,angular Appewdix or tooth on each fide : The Irides of the Beas Eyes of a hazel colour : The back-and upper ‘part were particoloured of a dark’blue The colour of and a ferragineous: ‘Fhe fhaftand middle i of the feathers*of.the Head and Wings the upper wereblack, theedges blue: The flag-feathets of the Wingsblack with ferrugineous Pie pi {pots. The Train five inches long, of a dark brown or blackifh, with tran{verfe The Train. “white bars : Of thefe black and white {paces were fourteen in all in the Female ; * Pale-red of in the Male or Tarcel But ten. The Breaft and Belly were of a rufty white, with anes brown fpots, not tranfverfe, but tending downwards from.the Head toward the Tail. lower fide. The Legs were long, flender, and yellow : The Talons black... Below the Head it mee had a ring of yellowifh white, @tircling the Head like a Coronet. Inthe older Birds ~~” _the back grows bluer as inother Falcons. 4g ) . | In the Males the feathers.on the Rumpnext the Tail are bluer.. By which note and Hoge Hele their bignefs Falconers difcern the Sex. For the Female in this, asin other birds of Giger fom prey, is greater than the Male, being for colour lefs red, with a certain mixture of the Female. blue. Inthe Train of the Male we defcribed were only five crofs pale-red bars (as we {aid before ) the intermediate black fpaces being broader... The Train was five Inches long,. the whole bird thirteen. * “ — The Merlin, though the leaft of Hawks, yet for {pitit and mettle (as Albertus Spe Be tinly writes) gives place te none. Tet ftrikes Partridge on the Neck, with a fatal ™“*°""™" ftroke, killing them inanin@ant. No Hawk killsher prey fo foon. They fly alfo Heath-pouts withit.. © t ? Y CHoarp. X Of fhort-winged Elawks. as | The Gofhawk, Accipiter Palumlarius. th ohio =" T is bigger than the common Bazzard:.Of a dark brown or Buzzard colour on tsbignes, the head, neck, back, and upper fide of the Wings... The whole Breaft and Bel- ly whitewith t/an{verfe black lines ftanding very thick. The Thighs ate covered ©!" over with reddith feathers, having a black'line in the middle down the fhaft. The Legsand Feet are yellows theTalons black. . The Beak blue, and the Sear of a yel- The Fees , - lowifh green. ess sit T. ‘hb we Beak. The Wings, when clofed,, fall much fhort of the end of the Train, by which note the Wings; aloneand its bignefs it isfufficiently diftinguifhed from all other Hawks. The Train is Tn ’ ah long, 86 Its Gate. Its bignefs, length, and breadth. Beak, Nareés, Tongue, Eyes, Crown, Colour of the upper fide, Underfide. The Wings, Train, Legs and Toes, Number of Eggs. Its Food. Tts Mettle. The manner of catching Sparrow- hawks near Conftantinople. ORNCIT HOLOGY,. Boox II, long, of acinereousor dun colour, with four or five crofs blackih bars, {tanding at a great diftance each from other. In each feather of the Breaft there is ablack circular line near the top, running parallel to the edges of the feather, and in fome alfo the fhaft and middle part of the feather is black. . Tt takes not only Partridge and Pheafant, butalfo greater Fowl, as Geefe and Cranes : Sometimes alfo it catches Conies. Our Englifh Authors who have written of Falcoz- ry make thisthe fame with the French Autour or Aftur, although Aldrovandus would havethe Aftwr, which he takes to be the Afferias of Ariftotle, to be a different bird, But! fuppofe the Gofhawk, was not well known to Aldrovandys. cs. Hi. The Sparrow-hawk, Accipiter Fringillarius feu Nifus Beecnuiarne T is almoft asbig as a Pigeon. Its length from Bill-point to Tail end about fourteen | inches: The diftance between the tips of the Wings extended twenty fix Inches. . Its Beak is fhort, hooked, blue, black toward the tip: The Bafis of the upper Chap covered with a yellowifh green skin, ( which they call the Sear or rather Cere from the Latine word Cera, fignifying wax, becaufe it 1s for ‘the moft part of a Wax- colour,) having anangular Appexd?x or tooth on each fide under the Nofthril. The Nofthrilsare oblong; the Palate blue; the Tongue thick,-black; and a little cleft: The Eyesof mean fize, with yellow Irides, over-hung by brows, prominent like the Eaves ofahoufe. The Crownofthe head isofadark brown: Above the Eyes, and in the hinder part of the head fometimes are white feathers. [ The bottoms of the feathers in Head or Neck are white. ] The reft of the upper fide, Back, Shoulders, Wings, Neck, are of the fame dark brown, excepting fome feathers of the Wings which are {potted with white... [In another bird the Head ard Wings were of a dark afh-colour or blue] The colour of the under fide, v7z.the Neck, Breaft, Belly, Sides, -and Wings various, of white and blackith, or ruffet: Rufflet waved lines thick-fer crofling the whole Breaftand Belly, and indeed, each fingle feather 5 the white inter- mediate {paces are broader than the ruffet lines. The feathers under the Chin and by the Legs of the lowér Mandible are white, only their middle parts about the thaft, efpecially toward the tip, brown or rufiet. i The Wings when clofed {carce reach to the middle of the Tail. The flag-feathers -are|twenty four, in whofe under fides appear, on the interiour webs of each, dark tranfverfe marks’or {pots. The Tailis almofttwo Palmslong, confifting of twelve feathers, having five or fix crofs black bars. The tips'of the feathersare white. The Thighsare {trong and flefhy, as in all birds of prey; the Legs long, flender, yellow ; the Toes alfo long; the out- moft, as inother Hawks, being joyned to the middlemoft by a Membrane below. The Talons black. It lays about five white Eggs, {potted near the blunt end with a Circle, as it were a Coronet, of bloud-red {pecks. | It feeds only upon Birds ( as our Fowlers affirm, ) never touching Beetles or other Infects. . Forits bignefs it isa very bold and couragious Bird, and is frequently trained up and made for hawking. Bellonivs acquaints us with a common and familiar way of taking this kind of Hawks about the Streight of Propontis, inthefe words. Not far diftant (faith he) from the outlet of the Ewxine Sea, at the entrance of the Streight leading to the Propontis, having climbed up avery high Hill that is there, by chance we founda Fowler on the top intent upon the catching of Sparrow-hawks. Whereas it was now patt mid-April, at which timeall forts of birds are wont to be very bufie in breeding or building their Wefis, it feemed to us wonderful {trange and unutual, to fee fucha multitude of Kztes and Hawks coming flying from the right fideof the Sea. This Fowler did with fach induftry and dexterity lay wait for them, that not fo much asoneefcaped him. He took at leafttwelve Hawks every hour. Themannerthus: He himfelf lay hid behind _ alittle bufhet, before which he had levelled a {quare plat or floor, about two paces long and broad, being two or three paces diftant from the bufhet. In the borders of this floor he’had: pitcht down[_or thruft into the ground ] fix ftakes, at due diftances, of about the thicknefs of ones thumb [ the word is Pelicis, and may poflibly fignifie an inch-thick ] of a mans height, two on each fide: On the top of each, on that fide which Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. 8 7 which refpected the floor was a nick cut in, upon which was hung a Net made of fine green thread. In the middle of the floor ftood a Stake a Cubit high, to the top of which a Cord was bound, which reached as fas asthe Fowler, who lay behind the buthet. To thisf{amelLine, lying loofe, were many little Birds faftned, which picked _ up grains of Cornon the floor. Now, when the Fowler faw a Hawk coming afar otf from the Sea-coaft, fhaking the Line, he madethefé birds to flicker up and down. Which the Sparrow-hamks (as they are notably fharp-fighted) efpying at leaft half a League off, came flying full {peed, and rufh’d upon the Nets with that force, to ftrike at the birds, that being entangled therein they weretaken. The Hawks being al- lured into the Nets, and caught by this Artifice, the Fowler thruft their whole wings up to the fhoulders into certain linnen clothes, fown up for that purpofe, which our Falconers call,mayling or truffing of Hawks. Thus mayld or truft up he left them up- on the ground, fo unable to help themfelves, that they could not ftir, nor ftruggle, much lefs difengage or deliver themfelves. No man could eafily imagine, whence fuch a multitude of Sparrow-hawks {hould come. For in two hours time that we were {pectators of that fport, we ‘aw more than thirty taken by this deceit, whence one may conjecture, that one Fowler in the {pace of one day might take more than an hundred. Thefe Hawks do not ufually {tay fo long inone place as Falcons, but aré often changing place, whence it is more difficult totake them with aNet. For they will not readily give a Fowler time to {pread a Net over them; unlefs they be de- ceived in that manner Bel/onius hath fet down. Of Butcher-Birds or Shrikes called in Latine Lanii or Colluriones: He newname of Lanivs or Butcher was by Gefzer impofed.on this bird; be- : caufe he thought it agreed to no defcription of the Ancients 5 and becaufe it is wont to prey on other Birds. Belloniws would have it to be the CoM/rio of Ariftoile. Of the European Rapacious birds it isthe leaft; having a {treight Bill,only alittle hooked at the point ; a Tail like that of a Mag-pie, vig, with the outmoft feathersfhorteft, the reft in order longer to the middlemoft ; whence the French do, not without reafon, call it theGrey Pie. Turner fufpects it to be the Tyrannus of Ari- feotle. In Englifhitis called a Shrike. , % § e I. Lhe greater Butcher-bird of Mattagefs. Lanius cinereus major. His Bird in the Notth of Ezglandis called Wierangle, a name, it feems, common The names} A to us with the Germans, who ( as Gefner witnefieth ) about Strasburgh, Franck- fort, and elfewhere call it Werkengel, or Warkangel, perchance (faith he ) as it were Wurchangel, which literally rendred fignifies a fuffocating Angel. In other parts of Germany itis called Neghen-doer, that is, Niwe-killer, [| Enneatfonos | becaufe it kills nine birds before it ceafes,or every day nine. Our Falconers callit the Mattage/s,a name borrowed from the Savoyards, which is by Aldrovandws interpreted a murthering Pie. . It is for bignefsequal to the common Black-bird, or the Soxg-Thrujh. It weighs three ts ria and ounces. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is more thaa ten inches : Its Breadth fourteen inches. Its Bill from the tip to the Angles of themouth _ Bill. is above an inch long, black, hooked at the end, and furnifhed with an Angle or Tooth on each fide, like that of the Keffrel, Sparrow-hawk, and lefler birds of this Kind. [| Aldrovandus affirmeth, that his greater Italian Lanius, whichthey common- ly call Regefiola, wants thefe angular Appendices of the Bill, wherein it differs from ours. |] The Tongue is flit or forked at the end, and rough, [ In thatdefcribed by Toague. Aldrovandus, the tip of the Tongue is multifidous or jagged, ending in many fharp Fibres, as it were hairs, which perchance (faith he) is fo framed by Nature for the ftriking of Infe&s.] In the Palate isa fiflure or clett, and about. the cleft a hollow Cavity equaltothe Tongue. The Nofthrils areround, above which grow ftiff black hairs or briftles. From the corner of the Mouth on each fide through the Eyes me the \ 88 The colour, ORNITHOLOGY, Boox ll. the hind part of the head is drawn a black ftroak. The Head, Back, and Rump are » -afh-coloured: The Chin and Belly white: The Breaft and*lower part of the Throat The flag- fea- thers of the | Wings. The Tail, The Legs and “eet Its Food. varied with dark tranfverfe lines. It hath in each Wing eighteen prime feathers; the tips of all which, excepting the four outmolt, are white : Thefecond and third have alfo their exteriour edges white. Moreover, the firft or outmoft feather begins to be white at the bottom: Inthereft in order as far as to the tenth the white part increafeth, fo that more than the lower half ofthetenth feather is white. From the tenthin the following feathers the white diminifhes again, yet inthetr interiour edges itrunsupto the top: in the laft, that is, thofe next to the body, it fails quite : Elfe both the Beam-feathers and the Gift row of covert-feathers areblack. | The Tail is made up of twelve feathers, of which the middlemoft are the longeft, by meafure four inches anda quarter 5 the reft in order fhorter to the outmoft, which are but three inches and an half. The outmoft feathers are all over white, the two middlemoft have only their tips white, the reft of the feather being black ; in the mtermediate feathers the black part gradually-diminifheth tothe outmoft: Whence ( faith Aldrovandus ) when it flies the white part of the Tail fhewslike a Crefcent. [In the greater Laniws of Aldrovandus the four middle-feathers of the Tail are wholly black, and not two only. ] | 8 4 The Legs and Feet are black : The outmoft Toe at the bottom joyned tothemid- lemoft. ) a ie, The Tefticles are round and little, That we diflected had inthe ftomach Caterpil- lars, Beetles, and Grafhoppers. Its Place. In Germany between Heidelberg and Strasburgh, about a Village called Berlenibr we killed this bird: It is alfo common elfewhere in Germany. Moreover, we are told, that it is found in the mountainous parts of the North of Exgland, as for in- _ ftance in the Peak of Derbyfhire,where, (as we faid ) it is called Wierangel. Gefzer reports, that the Lavii of Switzerlamddo for the moft part haunt and abide among thorny fhrubs, fitting upon the highelt twigs of dwarf-trees and bufhes, fetting up their tails as they fit. In them alfo they build, making their Nefts of Mofs, Wool, and certain downy herbs: But the bottoms thereof of Heath, upon which they lay withinfide the foft and tender ftalks of hay, Doges-tooth, and other like herbs. In this Neftin fummer.time are to be found. fix Young, fo unlike to the old ones, that they fcarce refemble them in one mark, their Bills, Legs, and Feet only excepted 5 yea, rather onthe contrary the bottoms of all their downy feathers, ( which are as yet nothing elfe but certain rudiments of their future Plumage ) incline fomew hat to green. | Although it doth moft commonly feed upon Infects, yet doth it often fet upon and _ kill not only finall birds, as Finches, Wrens, &c. but ( which Turzer affirms himfelf to The greateft Butcher-bird of Gefnere Its meafures, Bill, Mouth, Tongue, Briltles, Colour, have feen ) even Thrufhes themfelves: Whence it is wont by our Falconers to be re- claimed and made for to fly {mall birds, as we have before noted. | Gefver, befides this we have defcribed, fets forth another fort of great Butcher-bird, like to this, but twice as big, fo thatit is doublethe magnitude of a Black-bird. Itis of the fame nature, fhape of body, and colour, except that the Wings are red. | §. I. The lefer Butcher-Bird, calledin York:fbire, Flyjber, Lanius tertius Aldrow. ie is of the bignefs of a Lark, and hath a great head. The Cock weighed two ounces and an half: From the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail it was feven Inchesand an half long, to the end of the Claws but fix inches and anhalf: from tip totip of the Wings{pread twelve inches and anhalf broad. The Bill was an inch Jong, black, and ftrong. The tip of the upper Chap hooked ; near the hooked part furnifhed with two angular Appendices, over-hanging the lower | Chap when the mouth isfhut, it having no dents or cavities to receive thefe Appen- dices: Wherein the Bill of this bird differs from that of a Hobby or Keffrel. The Mouth within yellow: The cleft of the Palate rough. The Tongue divided into many Filaments: The Nofthrils round: About the Nofthrils and corners of the mouth grew {tiff, black hairs or briftles. The middle of the Back, and lefler rows of feathers covering the upper fide of the Wing reddith or ferrugineous [rufty] the Head and Rump cinereous, From the corners of the Mouth through the Eyes a black | {troak hd Boorll ORNITHOLOGY? ears ; ftroke is produced: beyond the Eats: ‘This black line is terminated, and diyided from the afh«colour by another whitith one, The lower’ belly is, white: The Throat. and Breaft white, dafhed with red. | | Sn There are in each Wing eighteeri beam-feathers 5 the firtt or outmoft very fhort Quils ofthe and little; the thirdlongeft of all. The Wings fhut much fhorter than the Tails: The Wing. greater Wing-feathers dusky, the exteriour Vanes of thofe next the bodybeingred,, the edges of the middlemoft white. The Tail is three inches long, compofed of Te Tal. twelve feathers, of which the outmoftarethe fhorteft, the reft on each fide in order longer to the middlemoft, which are the longeft; and almoft wholly black ; of the next to thefethe bottoms or lower parts are white, efpecially the interiour Web ; of the four next on each fide the lower half is white, as alfo the tips; of the outmoft the exteriour webs are wholly white. | TheFeetare black, or of a dark blue colour. The outmoft Toe joyned at bottom The Feet. to the middlemoft. : BE Qirke | Oa | The Tefticles white and round ;, the Gall large 5 the Gutseleven inches long 5 the The Entraits. blind Guts {hort and little : in the ftomach difle@ed we found Flies and Beetles... . . 4Food. — The Bird here defcribed had built her Neft in a Holly-bufh, of grafs,. bents, and The Neff and feathers ; in which were fix oblong, pretty great Eggs, toward the fharper,end al- “®** moft wholly white, toward the blunter encompafled with a circle of brown or dark red, as it were a Coronet. ! aby . Gy tysedy f ' ’ At Florence I defcribed.a Lenivs, which the Fowlers there called Vela, very like to this; only the bottoms or lower part of the eight outmoft beam-feathers of the Wings were white, and that fo far that {ome part of the white appeared above the covert feathers. Of which noteI wonder that neither Aldrovandws nor Mt.Willughby have made any mention in their defcriptions of this bird.: §. Il A Hen Butcher-bird like to the Second Lanius of Aldrovandus. T is fomewhat lefSthan the precedent in all dimenfions. It differs from the fecond of Aldrovandys inthat its Bill is not red but-black;, nor the feet cinereous, but like thofe of the Cock; and alfo that it wants the white {pot on the Wing. , The Headis of an afh-colour inclining to red; asin Thrufhes, The Back reddifh, varied with femi- circular black lines near the tip of each'teather. The feathers next incumbent on the Tail are long, of adeeper red, and adorned with femicircular lines. ‘The Throat _and Breaft elegantly variegated with the like black femicircles, almoft aftertheman- ° ner of theWryxeck, ‘The Belly is white. The prime feathers of the Wings dusky; ~~ but thofe next the body; and the lefler rows of covert-feathers of the Wings have red edges. The Tail black, witha tincture of red. The outmoft feathers have all — their exteriour webs white; the four next on each fide have their tips whites, the two middlemoft are of adark red. . The lower Chap of the Bill from the middleal- mott half way is white. | | | §. IV: Another fort of Butcher-Bird, perhaps the Lanius minor primus, ideo | T His had a white {pot on each fhoulder : The bottomsof the nine outmoft beam- A feathers were white: Above the Bill was a crofs black line: The Head of a palered or ruffet: The Back firft red, then afh-coloured: Under the Throat were trantverfe dusky lines, elfe the whole underfide was of a dirty white. Talfo |, 7. R.} at Florence in Italy faw and defcribed a Lavivs like to this, differing only in that the Head and Neck wereof adeeperred. Mr. Willuebby allo defcribed another killed near the River Rhewein Germany, whofe Head was of alovely red: A line or white {pace of the figure of a Parabela encompafied the Tail, the interiour {pace or Area therein contained being black. The eleven exteriour Quils were white fromthe bot- tom almoft to the middle. The Feet and Claws black. In all the birds of this kind that I have feen and defcribed the bottom of the nine outmoft beam-feathersof the Wings were white. The birds of thiskind differ very much in colour, fo that I am in fome doubt, whe- ther the above defcribed differ in Species, orin Age and Sex only. I fufpett they differ {pecifically. N The aa SCORN POL OGEA Baad The Species § The lefler Butcher-birds therefore may be divided into thofe that!have a black line St een in both cheeks pafling through the Eye, and thofe that wantit. Thofe which have this line may be fubdivided into thofe which have a white mark uponthe fhoulders and ~-thofethat have itnot. The firft fort may be called, the Lefer Bitcher-bird variegated with black, and whate femicircular lines: The fecond, The leffer red Butcher-bird : The third, the lefer afh-coloured Butcher-bird. — ~ —— Ss ia ; 3 CH iN P. XH. ride Of the Bird of Paradife, or Manucodiata, in general. A ae Birds of Paradifé want feet is not onlya popular, perfuafion, but'a thing ts not long/fince believed by leatned men and great Naturalifts, and among the reft by Aldrovandus himfelf, deceived by the birds dried or their cafes,brought over into Europe out of the Eaft Ixdies, difmembred, and bereaved of their Feet. Yea, Aldrovgndys and others do not ftick to charge ‘Autonins Pigafeta, ( who gave the firft notice of this Bird tothe Europeans) with talfhood and lying, becaufe he de- livered the contrary. This errour once admitted, the other fidions of idle brains, which feemed thence to follow, did without difficulty obtain belief; oz, that they , livedupon the cceleftial dew; that they flew perpetually without’ awry intermiffion, and took no reft but on high in the Air, their Wings: bemg {pread 5 that they were never taken alive, but only when they fell down dead upon the ground: That there isin the back of the Malea certain cavity, in which the Female, whofe belly 1s alfo hollow, laysher Eggs, and fo by the helpof both cavities they are fitgen upon and hatched. All which things are now fufficiently: refuted, and proved tobe falfe and fabulous, both by eye-witnefles, and,by the birds themfelves brought over entire. * In ee Imy felf( faith * Foannes de Laet ) have two Birds of Paradife of difterent kinds, and libs. cana have feen many others, all which had feet, and thofe truly-for the bulk of their bodies fufficiently great, and very ftrong Legs. The fame is confirmed by * Marggraviys, Clufixs in tas Exotics, Worniws in his Mufeum, page 295. and efpecially Bowtivs in the fifth Book and twelfth Chapter of his zatural and. medic: Hiftory of the Ea/t-Indies, where we haveto this purpofe 5 It#s fo far from being true that the{Myrds of Paradife are nourifred by the Air, or want Feet, that with their crooked and very ifharp Claws they catch fiall birds, as Green Linnets, Chaffinches, and the lke, and préfently tear and devour thens like other birds of prey: No lefs untrue ds it, that they are not found but only dead, whereas they fit upon trees, and are fhot with Arrows by the Larnacentes; whence alfa, W770 and £0. and fions their fwift™ reciprocal flying, they are by the Indians called Tarnacenfian Swal- Pge ee: lows. We truly, before we had read thefe things in Bontis, had fubjoyned thefe birds to the Rapaciows kind, becaufe they did feem to us in their Bill and crooked Claws very nearly torefemble them,’ and confequently in, all likelihoo&to prey upon littlebirds. Hencealfo it appears how rafhly fome have believed, that they took their * Shafisof — re{t hanging by thofe two * cirri, which run out, asit were two long ftrings, beyond feathers. the reft of the feathers, twined about the boughs of trees : For thofe Cirri are no- . thing elfe but the naked fhafts of feathers, having neither the ftructure nor ule of Mutcles. It:wereto be wifhed, that thofe who travel tothofe parts of the Ea/t Indies, “where thefe Birds are found, would diligently enquireof the Inhabitants, where and how they build: And what thofé long feathers ferve for, which {pringing in great numbers from both fides of thebreaft do both runout in length beyond the Tail, _ and alfo are fpread out far in breadth ; and efpecially what may be the ufe of thefe two long naked fhafts of feathers before mentioned, which (to fay the truth) is to _ “usas yet unknown. aa: | Let Thefemoft beautiful birds (as Aldrovandws reports ) are called by the inhabitants of the Molucc Iffands Mana that is, Gods birds, andhad in great efteem and veneration. They arecailed A of Paradife, both for the ‘excellent fhape and beau- ty of their bodies, and alfo becaufe where they are bred, whence they come, and — whither they betake themfelvesis altogether unknown, fith theyare found only dead uponthe earth, fo that the Vulgar imagine them to drop out of Heaven or Paradife. But this _— we have before out of Bontivs rectified. , ~ CH ap. ‘ Bowl. ORNITHOLOGY. 91 Cuap. XIIl. Of the feveral forts of Birds of Paradife. $a Gel. ¥ * Aldrovandus his fir? Bird of Paradife. gi = Orbignef$ and thape of body, beheld fingly, it comes near to aSwalow. The tts bignefs, FE feathers invefting it are of feveral colours, very beautiful anafovel to be- Colour, hold. The Head like that of a SwaVow, and great for the finalnels of the bo- yeag. dy ; the feathers covering its upper part from, the firft Vertebre of the Neck to the beginning of the Bill were fhort, thick, hard, ‘lofe-fet, of a bright, gliftering, yel- low colour, fhining like burnifhed Gold, orthe Sun-beams : The reft}which covered the Chin were of an admirable bluifh green, fuch as we fee inthe headsof Malards, when expofed tothe Sunfhine. The Bill was longer than that of a Stkelow: The Iss Bill, Wing-feathers for fhape like thofe of Heroxs, only flenderer atid longer, of afhining W™¢* dusky colour between black and red: which together with the Tail being {pread round reprefent the likenefs of a Wheel: Forthey are abfolutely immovable; ftick- ing in theskinlike fo many darts. Befides which there are alfo other {mall feathers, and thofe verily not afew, which {pring up juft by the originals of the greater fea- thers that make up the Wings, and cover thejower partsof them. Thefeare half red or Scarlet-coloured, half of a fhining, Saffron, or Goldcolour; and by reafon of that remarkable and fingular difparity of colours contribute much to the beauty and elegancy of this bird. All the re{t of the body was covered with * fulvous feathers ¥ of the coz inclining to red [_ ruffum, | yet fo,that {till one might obferve fome difference between ow" of geld. them. For thofe onthe Breaft and Belly, which-ftood thicker, and were likewife sep of the : broader: ( being of two or three inches. breadth) were of a fulvous or rather liver body. colour, and that very brightand refplendent#’ Thofe on the Back ftood thinner, and were fewer, gaping moreover with large divifions, after the manner. exactly of thofe growing on the backs of. Herons. [_I fuppofe he mearis thefeveral threads or filaments which‘compofe the web of thefeather ftood thinner or at greater diftances, as inthofe of a PeacocksTail.} Neither do they attain that eminent breadth, or match them in that excellent liver-colour 5 but are rather of a purple, refembling flefh or fome- oie sc “age Thofetwe filaments which {pring out of the backare in a man- ner black. ie ‘ : = a §. IL {© TAldrovandus his ficond Bird of Paradife Fis differed from the reft; efpecially in that it had in its Rumptwo very long feathers, exceeding the re{t about two palms length : The Head was-almoft colour of the white, befprinkled with yellow and golden fpots: The eyes likewife yellow, the H«4, hairs of the Eye-lids red: The Bill of amiddle cotour between yellow and green,twor pin, incheslong; the upper part alittle crooked: The Tongue red,-long, fharp, notun- yongue, like thatot Woodpeckers, very fit toftrike Infeas.. The Breaft was fomewhat red: Breaft, The Belly, Back and Wings were white : Yet were their upper fides allover, and Wings, their ends ferrugineous: The Back at firft feemed to incline'fomewhat toyellow, Back. “= but about the Rump it changed to a red or ferrugineous. In the length)of the Wings, which equalled five Palms, it exceeded the firft {pecies. The Tail feathers at their The Tail; infertion into the back were white, elfe ferrugineous, longer tliain in the firlt Species. This Bird wanted thofe two threads; which'( as {aid before ) grow out-of the backs of allthis kind. Wherefore it is to bethought that either by reafon of the length’of the journey, or continuance of time, they fellaway and were loft’; not that itistherefore tobe called a Female;as the Vulgar have been hitherto falfly perfwaded. res Is of the two forementioned long: feathers may perchance be for {wifter ight; ve, ee) Jn Clk) Clie > Fo N 2 r §.. I. +i * The preat Bird of Para- dife. * Footlefs, ORNITHOLOGY. tO * Aldrovandus his third Bird of Paradift. Boox II, His for the length of its body we thought good to call * Hippomanucodjata Asbeing from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tailand Wings twenty feven inches long, and two Palms broad when the Wings are clofed. The Bill was well hooked, efpecially the upper part; three inches long 5 the lower parta little fhorter. The whole bird was white, except the Neck and Belly, which were of a Chefnut-colour. -The upper part of the Head was ferrugineouss to which fic- ceeded a yellow, and tothe yellow agreen colour. Near the Back the feathers were very prominent, 27%. the length of two or three inches, This Bird had only’one ftring, and that rough and very flexible: Wherefore we think that the other wasby fome accident loft. | +? §. IV. * Aldrovandus his fourth or crefted Bird of Paradife. | Shee the beginning of the Billto the end of the Wings it was by meafire full eighteen inches. ‘The Bill for the {malnefs of the body was very long, black, and fomewhat hooked. Thefeathersof the Head, Neck, and Wings were black, yet at . the joyning of the Bill yellow. Itdphad a creft or cop near the Neck almoft three Inches high, rigid, of a yellow colour, and which feemed to confift rather of briftles than feathers ; And in that chiefly did it differ from the following bird. Q. V. si -* Aldrovandus his fifth or common Bird of Paradife. 6 Bs Gefner alfohath figured,. but not defctibed, only he: faith, it is very like “that which was formerly graven, and publifhed by it felf, at Nurebergh in Germany: To the Icon whereof he faith thefe words were added. The Bird of Para- dife or Indian * Apos is of the bignefs of a Sowg-Thrufh, wonderful light, and very long-winged, the feathers being rare, tender, and pervious to the light 5 having be- fides twolong,flender, black, horny feathers, if they may be called feathers and not rather briftles, for they are bare of filaments. It hathno feet ; flies perpetually, nor doth it ever reft but hanging in fome tree, by thofe long ftrings or briftles twined about abough. No Ship fails fofwiftly, nor {fo far from the Continent, which it doth not fly round about. This Cut is very like to our laft defcribed: But they differ much in the bignefs of the Billand Head. Gejzers figure fhews the Bill to be little, and the lower Chap crooked ; whereas on the contrary (asI faid ) in ours the Bill was very long, andthe upper-Chap crooked.) Befides, this hath no Creft, which is ama- nifeft aroument of diverfity. §. VI. * The King of Bards of Paradife, Marggrav. T fhews to be as big asa Pigeow, but wasindeed not greater than a Swallow.” It had-a fmall Head, little Eyes, a ftreight, indifferently thick and fharp Bill, ah Inch and’half long. The Neck wasaninchlong: The length of the Body from, the Head tothe rifeof the Tail {carce three inches and anhalf. . The Wings ‘were above feven inches long: The Tail broad, and fix inches long. It had two Legs, the lower part of each two inches long: Four Toes in the Feet, three ftanding forwards, and one backward; after the ufnal manner; themiddleForetoe was a littlelonger than thexeft: The back-toe was alfo of agood Jength 5 all armed with f{trong, crooked, Hawk- like Claws. Both Legs and. Feet are thick and {trong, made for rapine and preyitig. The Wings and Tail have broad and {trong feathers,an inchwide. The whole-back, tbe lower Belly, the Wings and Tail are of an elegant brown colour [_ Brazuz.’] Abovenext the Bill it hath feathers refembling Velvet, mingled of green att ae . ‘3 —< t _ Bbenea Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. 93 Beneath next the Bill it hath like feathers of a black colour. The Neck above ts of a yellow or gold colour 5 beneath of a green, with a gold-colour as it were fhining through it. The Breaftisof a deep brown. Under the Wings, in the fides between - the Wings and the Legs grow many feathers, a foot long more or lefs, of a curious {tructure, which run forth a great way upon the Tail : Towards their rife they are of adeep yellow or gold colour, elfe of a whitifh yellow, thadowed or dafhed with brown. Among thefe feathers are extended two as it were threads or ftrings, each more than two feet long, near their rife of a yellow or gold colour, crooked towards . their ends, andof a dark brown. Their Legs are dusky, their Talons being whiter. The Billis of a colour mixt of green and blue, yet whitifhtoward the point. @ VII. * Margeravius his other Bird of Paradife, NbignefS it exceeded a Swalow. It hath a finall Head, a little comprefied or flat I above, two thirds of an inchlong, in thicknefs or compafs two inches: very Ift- ~—_Eyes, about the bignefs of a grain of MzUet or Muftard Seed. The Bill {trong,above an inch long, {treight, ( yet upwards towards its Bafe fomewhat rifing ) fharp, of a — colour mingled of blueand green, with an oblong white {pot in the upper Chap to- ward the point : wide, open Nofthrils. The Necka little more than two thirds of an inch long, ftreight, and of equal thicknefs with the head. The body from the eid of the Neck to the beginning of the Tail was fcarce four inches long, the thick- nefs almoft three; but it was covered with many feathers, which I do not here con- fider, The length of the Wings was five inches. Above onthe head, at the rife of the Bill, it was adorned with very black, fmall, downy feathers, exa@tly refembling Velvet 5 and in like manner near the rife of the lower Bill, the black here being broader than above. In the whole throat or lower fide of the Neck, and as far as the Cheeks and alfo to the Eyes, it was covered with filken feathers, alittle harder to the touch than thofe black ones, of a moft elegant golden green, firch as is wont to befeen in the necks of Peacocks and Malards. The whole upper part of the Head as far as that filken clothing, was alfo covered with filken feathers, but hard to the touch, ofa dark yellow colour. The whole Neck encompafled with fhort feathers refembling Pluth, of a fhining yellow colour like Gold. The back was all covered with feathersof the like fhining golden yellow, to'the touch refembling hairs, lying many one upon another, which below were of a -pale brown colour. The Wing- feathers are all one longer than another. The Tail confifts of a few the like brown feathers, extended a little beyond the ends of the Wings, and is above three inches and an half long. At the very rife of the Wings, and without the Wings in each fide grow many very elegant feathers, fupported by-fmall white ones: Some of thefe are fix inches long, fome:a: foot 5 but the middlemoft and longeft are a foot and half long, and white. Allthefe feathers:are moft elegant, ofa fine, thin, rare, or fubtile texture... The numberof feathers {pringing out of both fides amounts to about fifty in.each 5:dmong. which there are‘forty, a foot and half long apiece. Clufius azd others,, who take thefé long feathers to belong. to the Wings, are miftaken 5 for they-are not ue Meise but, a Margeravius truly hath delivered, {bring out of each fide under the Wangs. . z Sta yess . Thefe two defcriptions feem to.be either of one.and the fame fort of bird, or of two very like 5 und agree in moft things with the frrft Species of Aldrovandus. . §. -VII. maris Misranilin ae wat Of Birds of Paradi(é out of Clufius. 4 See that he { Aldrovandys he means ‘] and all the reft who liave treated of this bird,agree in this, that they judge it towant feet, becaufe they had {een none but fuch as were bereaved oftheir feet. _ Hereupon they did’ not ftick to charge Antonins Pigafeta (who accompanying Magellane in the Ship Vi@oria, firft failed round the World.) with falfhood and lying, becaufé after his return from that long Voyage, giving thefirft notice of this Bird to the Europeans in the Diary of his travel, he at- tributes to it flender Legs a * Palm long, For my patt, though hitherto, Iconfefs, + an nand. I have been inthe fame erroneous Opinion with them, in thinking thefe os be breath, ootlefs ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox Il. footlefs ( contrary to the fentence and judgment of Aviftotle, who affirms that no bird wants feet }) becaufe thofe which I hapned to fee, both in my Spanifh Voyage, {topping two months at Lisbon, and alfo in the Low Countries, in the Cabinets of fundry perfons delighted in fuch exotic things, were all without feet, and exentera- ted; yetatthat time, to fay the truth, I was not at all curious in obferving, whether there were any difference between them. But the laft Voyages of the Holandersin- to India have made me without difficulty to change my opinion; it being certain that there have been fome brought over entire, and retaining ftill their legs and feet: And by thofe who faw them I underftood, that their Legs were very like thofe of a Mag- _ pe, but weaker, and not fo thick, differing alfo in colour, as not being black, but tendingto a Chefnut. NotwithftandingI had a great defire my felf to {ee them, and if T could have got but one, prefently to have taken a draught thereof, that I might expofe it to the view ef the Reader, and confirm the truth and faithfulnefs of Piga- ctu. But they having been for their rarity prefently bought up, and carried away to Francfurt on the Maiz; and one of them thence to the Emperour Rudolphys the fe- cond of that name (his Majefty being, as Ihear, greatly delighted in thefe kind of {trange forein things, and in the knowledge of all the wonders of nature ) T'was fruftrated of my hope. Butif it happensthatthere be any entire ones brought over, and that I get feafonablenotice of it, I willdo my endeavour to procure one, at leaft to borrow it, that I may fet forth its figure, to confute and extirpate the common- ly received opinion or conceit, that thefe birds want feet. Howbeit the Mariners that brought thefe Birds, thoughthey went not to thofe Iflands where the birds them- {elves breed and live, yet were informed ( asI wasaflured ) by thofe of whom they bought them, that they were all furnifhed with Feet, and did both walk and fly like other Birds: But that the Inhabitants fo foon as they take them, do exenterate them, and cut off and caft away their Legs, and then expofe them to the Sun, that they may dry the more readily, and fo dried, either keep them to fell, or faften them to their Helmets inftead of Plumes of feathers. They added moreover, that thofe bitds lived in Woods, and were wont to fly thirty or forty together in flocks, accompanied withtheir King or Captain, who always flies high above the reft; and ( which feems to be fabulous) if they be thirfty, ufe to fend out one of their company firftto the water, to maketrial of it, which if it receives no harm from drinking it, then the whole flock fly thither and drink’: But if it returns fick or indifpofed, the reft avoid that water, and fly away to feek out fome other. They further added, that the I{landers were wont to taintand infect this water, for to catch thefe Birds, after this manner: When they efpy a flock of Birds, ‘they mark diligently whither they be- take themfelves, andas foonas they {ee the bird that wasfent out, after it hath drank flown back again, they prefently caft poyfoninto that water, whichthe whole flock coming to drink of, is infected, and becomes their prey. Befides, that thefé Birds were wont fometimes to be fhot with Arrows: And if their King happens to be kil- Jed and fall down, the reft thatarein that flock fall together with him, and yield them- felves to be taken, as refufing to live after they have loft their King. | Furthermore, theymade twokinds of thofe Birds: The one of the Greater, which were more beautiful, and theother of the Lefer, which werelefs beautiful : Affirm- . ing that both kinds have their peculiar K7g, and different in colour. That the birds _of the greater kind( whofe Kéxg is of an elegant and beautiful colour ) were found only inthe Ifle Aru or Arox ( for fothat Vowel x is to be pronounced: }) But that the Klescalled Paprias, nigh to the Ifland Gilolo, did produce the birds of the ‘Jefér kind 5 and that their King was lefshand{om, covered withblack feathers, for bignefs equal to a Starling, and having fome feathers like horfe-hairs. Perchance this black Kine may be the fourth Species fet forthby Aldrovandus. Thofe that fold thefe Birds, being asked by the Mariners how they were called by the Inhabitants, anfwered Boéres, that is, Birds: For {o they called all Birds, neither didthey know how to diftinguifh them by peculiar names. Now having feena very elegant Bird of the greater fort, and bigger alfo than the te{tof this kind, in the houfé of the famous oe Paroia, Doctor of Phyfick, and primary Profeflor in the Univerfity of Leyden, 1 took care to get the figure thereof cut, that I might fet it forth, fubjoyninga fhort Hiftory, as faithfully taken as Feould; which fhould by right have taken up the firft place in the fifth Book of Exotics: But {eeing the fix firft Books are already printed off, I thought fit to infert it, with fome other things T afterward got, into-this AuGarinm. | . Q. 1X. BooedL OMMITHGLOGT. a7 * A Bird of Paradife of the greater fort, Gluf : a He bulk of the body of this bird came near for bignefs to that of a Swallow, From the top of the Head to the Rump it fcarce exceeded five inches length. The,Crown. from the Bill to. the Eyes and Neck was covered with very thick-{et; fhort, little feathers, refembling filaments or thrums of Silk; theit upper parts’ or ends being of ayellow colour, the lower, where they are inferted into the skin, du ky. The under-part of the Head, next to the lower Chap of the Bill, was very thick-fet with thrums rather than feathers, being very fhort, and like to Velvet, of a deep black, from the Eyes as faras the Throat. The Throat ‘asi low down as the. Breaft was adorned with thelike feathers or rather filken thrums, and thofe of a deep green, fo beautiful and fhining, that there. cannot more elegant ones be feenin the Neck of the wild Drakeor Mallard. The feathers:covering the Breaft were alfo ex- ceeding fine and {mall, but longer, and very foft, of a black.colour inclining to red, fo that they feemed to be nothing but ends of Silk. The Bill wasbut fmall and fiarp- pointed, ‘aninch and half long, black in the part next the Head} the top being fome- what whitifh.In the Head alfo near the Bill appeared very {mall footiteps of Eyes.The Back, Belly, and Tail-feathers were of a ferrugineous or dusky redcolour. The Tail it {elf confifted of ten pretty broad feathers, and was fix inches and an half long ; above which were two long and round feathers, fomewhat like, to Bow-ftring, or Shoo-makers threads, but ftiff, and dusky, of two feet and three or four inches Jength, proceeding from the fame original \[ or. root or ground, viz. the Rump:} With the feathers of the Tail, viz. being *joyntly inferted into the Rump. Thefe * clofe toge- were pretty thick at their rife, about their Quills or hollow part, from which. they ther were fet with frequent [ thick-ftanding ] hairy or downy thrums[ tamixa)|{uch as other feathers are compounded of; for the {pace of fourinches or a little moreon the onefide, and on the other for their third parts; Thence they grew flenderer by de- greesto their very ends; and though they were deftitute of thofehairs, yet were they rough, as if they had been cut off. The feathers in the Wings were of -various length: For fome ( to wit, the loweft which ftood very thick ) exceeded not. the length of fix inches, yea, fome were fhorterthan fo: Others were eight or nineinches long 5 otherstwelve; but the longefta footand half: There: is alfo inthem great va- riety of colours; for fome are of a {hining golden colour, fome, efpecially the nar- rower in the fides of the Wings, were of a dusky red, as it were a black fanguine, but fhining: But thofe that covered the reft were of a pale afh-colour, and their fides thinner-fet with villofe or downy threads: In fhort, they were all very beauti- ful, which if I might I would willingly have got cut and fet forth ina Table, but be- caufe they grew fothick, it could not conveniently be done without marring the fhapeof thewholeBird: . | Another of the fame kind I afterwards faw in the hands of that noble and learned Perfon Fofeph Scaliger, fomewhat leffer in bulk of body, as being but fourinches and an half long from Head to Rump, but yet the feathers of the Tail were of the fame length with thofe of that next above defcribed; yet thof round and long feathers liketo Nerves, joyntly fpringing out of the Rump, didnot exceed the length of one footand nine Inches, elfe about their Quils fet with the like hairs and downy thrums, on the one fide to the length of three inches from the Quill, on the other to almoft five 5 and thence they grew fmaller to the very ends, and were fomething rough, efpecially about theends, but not fo asthofe of the precedent. The feathers inthe Wings were likewife of a different length, as in the former: Neither was the bird very unlike to that, nor the variety of colours diverfe from it; fo thatit feemed to estes only in age. » The Bill wasan inch and half long, in part dusky, the reft being white. Z Befides I faw at his houfe another, fomewhat leffer in bulk of body, and not fo flat, having a very little Head, the Bill being of almoft equal bignefs with the pre- cedents, but narrower, and of a bluith dusky colour, having two holes for refpira- tion in the upper part next the Head, like the precedent. The Crown of the head was cloathed with very fhort feathers, or rather hairs, like thrums of filk, but not of fo elegant colour asin the precedent, but of a kind of footy yellow. Befides, the border of feathers compafling the Bill on the upper fide was not of that breadth as 20) : " > 7 rs ORNITHOLOGY, Boox'l. ~ an thofe, yet in like manner of a black colour: The Plumage alfo wherewith the Throat was covered was of a green fhining. colour as in the precedent, but not ex- ceeding the breadth of ones little finger. The Back from the Neck to the Rump was indeed clothed withthe like fine flender feathers; but of a different colour, viz. a yellowith afh-colour : But the Breaft-feathers were of like colour with thofe of the precedent: The Plumage alfo of that part next the Rump agreed with theirs, OF what colour the Tail-feathers were I cannot tell, for that it wanted aRump: For which caufe I know not whether it had or wanted thofe long, round Nerves; with which as many Birds of this fort as] have yet {een were furnifhed. The Wing-fea- thers were of different length as inthe former: Nor were they much unliketo them in colour 5 but thofe that were the longeft had their fides thinner-fet with downy fila- ments, and were of a much whiter colour than the feathers of the above deferibed, being: ai foot and half long. Now whether that colour of the feathers covering the Back differing from the;foregoing,’ makes or fignifies diverfity of Sex, as {ome think, E cannot fay ; but Fobx de Weely told me,that this was of the fecond kind, viz.of thofe that are bred in the Iflands Pape,and that {uchido indeed want thofe Nerves, but not * Ifuppofehe the Tail, and for that caufe * they cannot make the difference of Sex, as the Vulgar Nerves or na- - ‘Apcertain Citizen of Leydezhad abird altogether like to this laft of Scaliger wanting fea unafts of the Rump and Tail,-and alfo thofetwo long Nerves which note whether it did di- — flinguifh all Birds. of that:kind fromothers, was to me unknown: ( becaufe I had only obferved thefe two, that had this note, as far as I remember ; Or if I did before hap- pen.to fee the like, they flipt out of my memory, becaufe at that time I was not ‘fo dili- gent and curious in taking exaCtnoticeof the formsof thefe and the like birds ) but (as:I faid alittle before.) Fobx deWeely {atisfied me and removed all doubtasto that point. 7 | | - Further when I had proceeded thus far in treating of this Bird, the fame fobn de Weely a Citizen and Merchant of Am/flerdam, a very curteous and obliging perfon, who had fold the likeBird entire,’ with its Feet {tillremaining to it, tothe Emperour, informed me this: Fuze, Anno 1605. € for had enquired of him the Mzy foregome ) that; that Bird of Paradife was of the greater kind, which. have thofe two Nerves growing out of their Rump, and that they havea flatter body, and not fo-round as thofe thatare brought out of the Papua Ilands: That its Feet were like a Hawks or aPullets, very foul and unhandfom, clapped clofe to the body of the bird, fo that the Toes only appeared : And that he was of opinion, that all Birds of Paradife had thelikefeet ; but that the Inhabitants for their uglinefs and deformity did together with their Legs cut them off and caft them away. The famething about the end of fune he confirmed to me being prefent by word of mouth. §. X.. _* The fuppofed King of the greater Birds of Paradife. . Hat little Bird which I underftood tobe called the King of the greater fort of | Birds of Paradife, wasa very rare one. For though (as I faid before) I had often feen Birds of Paradifeboth at Lisbon and other places, and the Holland Pilots and Ship-mafters, who are now wont to fail yearly into the Bat Indies, coming back from their Voyages, doalmoft always bring home fome of thefe Birds, yet was it ne- ‘ver my hap to fee a King, till the year 1603. viz. at Amfterdam, inthe hands of a cer- tain Merchant, who was wont tobuy up fuch like exotic things among the Marineis returned home, that he might makea great profit by felling them again to others. But im the beginning of the following year Ewmanuel Swerts, avery honeft man, and Ci- tizen of the fame City, gave me noticethat he had the like: Whereupon I prevailed with him to lend me the Bird for a few days, that I might defcribe it, and getits figure cutinatable. And feeing I have mentioned ita little before, and no man hitherto (as far as I know ) hath fet forth the like, I thought my felf obliged in this place to propofe its defcription, annexing its figure. 1 This: Bird was lefs than other Birds of Paradifé, and of different feathers: For from the Head tothe Tail it {carceexceeded two inches length. Its head’ was very fmall, which together with its Bill was but an Inch and half long, of which length alfo the'Tail was. ‘ Butthe Wings were much larger than the whole body of the bird, as being four Inches andan half long, and reaching two inches beyond the end “ i a < 1s Mean . home ORMITHULUGH 97 _ Tail. The colour of the Bill was white, the uppe™parts beirig an inch long, was covered half way with elegant, fhort feathers or hairs, of a red colour, like filken thrums, as alfothe whole forepart of the head: The lower part of the Bill was like- wife an inch long, yet.a thought fhorter than the upper. The middle part of the Head about the Eyes on each fide had little black {pots imprefled. The Neck and Breaft were covered with fine {lender feathers of a deep red or fanguine colour, {6 that they ¢emed to be no more than certain filken thrums orfilaments, All the co- vert-feathers of the Back, Wings, and Tail were almoft of one and the fame colour. Each Wing confifted of thirteen prime feathers, which were on the upper fide of a dusky red, onthe underfide of adusky yellow. The Tail contained feven or eight dusky or brown feathers. The lower or under fide of the body under the Breaft was adorned with a kind of ring of the breadth almoft of ones little finger; confift- ing of black feathers as it were filkenthrums. The feathers on the Belly were white, but thofe next the Wings black 5 and of thofe there were four or five in each fide a little longer than the reft 5 vz. equalto two inches, and which ended in a broad top -of a curious fhining green, not unlike that of a Ma//ards Neck. Out of the Rump among the feathers of the Tail proceeded two {trings as it were horfe-hairs, {lender, but ftiff, feven or eight inches long, altogether black, only their ends for an inches - length were reflected round,and on one fide fet with very fine hairs or downy threads, which were on the upper fide of a deep fhining green, beautiful to behold,almoft like the feathers on a wild Drake or Malards Neck, adding a great. grace to the whole body of theBirds; butthe underfide of thefe feathers was of a dusky colour: I under- - ftood alfo that there were fome Birds, which had thofe briftly ftrings, crofling one an- other towards their ends. Cu A p. XIV. The Cuckow. Cuculus. Ur Bologuefe Fowlers ( faith Aldrovandus) do unanimoufly affirm, that there C) are found a greater and a leffer fort of Cuckows; and befides, that the greater are of two kinds, which are diftinguifhed one from the other by the only difference of colour: But that the lefler differ from the greater in nothing elfe but magnitude. We fhall give figures of both the greaters the leffer we have not yet feen. So far Aldrovandus. rss | That wich iscommon with us in Exzgland differs from the firft of Aldrovandus, in that its Bill isliker a Thrujhes or Blackbirds than a Ringdoves. « Its length from the tip Its length, of the Bill to the endof the Tail is twelveinches. The upper Chapof the Billfome- Bub — what hooked, and longer than the lower, for the moft part of a dark or blackifh co- lour ; the nether of a pale or whitifh yellow. The infide of the Mouth and the Tongue are of a deep yellow or Saffron colour: The Tongue not divided, the tipof Tongue, ithard and pellucid. The Iridesof the Eyes not yellow, asin Aldrovandus hisf{econd Eyes, fort, but of a Hazel colour: The Nofthrils round, wide, extant above the furface of Nofthrils, the Bill 5 wherein it differs from all other birds I have yet {een. The lower eye-lid is the greater; the edges of the Eye-lids yellow. , TheThroat, Breaft, and Belly are white, with tranfverfe datk lines, which are Colour of the entire and not interrupted; wherein it agrees with Aldrovandys his fecond Cuckow. *4erfide, The black lines are thicker upon the throat, and have lefs white between them. The Bethe ud feathersof the Head are of a dark brownwith white edges, [ Aldrovandws faith, of afiae, cinereoustending to a Chefnutcolour) that we defcribed had onthe Head one or two white fpots. ' The feathers on the middle of the Neck and Back, and alfo the long {capular feathers are brown witha tincture of red, having their edges whitifh. The - Rump afh-coloured. 9 ' The beam-feathers of the Wings ate nineteen in number, the greater whereof are Of the Wing- the blacker. All fromthe fecond have their exteriour Vanes {potted with red: The '#*hers. interiour Vanes of the outmoft have long, tranfverfe, white {pots ; the tips of all are white. The covert-feathers of the Wings are of the fame colour with thofe on the Back, only the outmoft darker. iy anunii-cé The Tail in that defcribed by Aldrovandws in the fecond place ( for Mr. Wilughby The Tail, ~ omitted thatin his Defeription ) was made up of ten feathers, diftinguifhed on se : O . ldes 98 The Feet, Toes, and Claws. *rs Food. ¥ts manner of breeding. What be- cotiies of the Cuckow in Winter. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox ll. fides the {haft with white marles, fomewhat refembling the figure of a heart, about an inch diftant from each other, in a decent and lovely order, pleafant to behold. But the edges of the inner fides of all but the two middlemoft, and the tops of all were adorned with white {pots. TheFeetand Clawsare yellow. It hathtwo back-toes; of which the interiour is the leaft of all the Toes, and next to that the interiour of the fore-toes, The Claws are fomething hollowed on the infide, efpecially the greateft: The two fore-toes are connetted from the divarication to the firft joynt. } Inthe ftomach diffected we found Caterpillars and other Infects. . The Hedge-Spar- row (_ Curruca | isthe Cuckows Nurfe, but not the Hedge-Sparrow only, (if Curruca be fo rightly rendred ) but alfo Rizg-Doves, Larks, Finches. I my felf with many others have feena Wagtail feeding a young Cuckow. The Cuckow her felf builds no Neft; but having found the Neft of fome little bird, the either devours or deftroys the Eggs fhethere finds, and inthe room thereof lays one of her own, and {fo forfakes it. The filly bird returning, fits on this Egg. hatchesit, and with a great deal of care and toil broods, feeds, and cherithes the young Cuckow for her own, untilit be grownup and able to fly and fhift for it felf. Which thing feems fo ftrange, monftrous, and abfurd, that for my part I cannot fufficiently wonder there fhould be fuch an example in nature; nor could I have ever been induced to believe that fuch a thing had been done by Natures inftinct, had I not with my own eyes{een it. For Nature in other things 1s wont contftantly to obferve one and the fame Law and Order agreeable to the higheft reafon and prudence: Which in this café is, that the Dams make Nefts for themfelves, if need be, fit upon their own Eggs, and bring up their Young after they . are hatcht. . What becomes of the Cuckow in the Winter-time, whether hiding her felf in hol- low Trees, or other holes and Caverns, fhe lies torpid, and atthe return of the Spring revives again; or rather at the approach of Winter, being impatient of cold, fhifts place and departs into hot Countrys, isnot asyetto me certainly known. Aldrovan- dws writes, that itis by long obfervation found, that fhe doth in the Winter enter into the hollows of trees, or the Caverns of Rocks and the earth, and there liehid all that feafon. Some (faith he) tell a {tory of a certain Country-man of Zurich in Switzerland, who having laid a Log on the fire in Winter, heard a Cuckow cry init. For being of a very tender nature,.and impatient of cold (as Aréftotle witneffeth ) no wonder, ifto avoid the Winter-cold, ithide it felf in holes, efpecially feeing at that time it moults its feathers. We alfo have heard of the like {toriesin Exgland,and have known fome who have affirmed themfelvesin the middle of Winter, in a more than ufually mild and warm feafon, to have heard the voice of the Cuckow. But feeing itis molt certain, that many forts of Birds do at certain Seafons of the year fhift places, and depart into other Countrys, as for example Quails, Woodcocks, Fieldfares, Storks, &c. Why may not Cuckows alfo dothe fame? For my partI never yet met with any credible perfon that dared affirm, that himfelf had found or feen a Cuckow in Winter-time taken out of a hollow tree, or any other lurking-place. Since the writing of this, reading Fo. Faber his Expofitions of the Pi@ures of fome Mexican Animals of Nardi Antonio Recchi, I find alleged the teftimony of a credible _ perfon and an eye-witnefs, one Theophilus Molitor, a Friend of Fabers, for this lurking of Cuckowsin hollow trees. Molitor affirmed this to have hapned at his Fathers houfe. His Grandfathers Servants having ftocked up in a certain Meadow fome old, dry, rotten Willows, and broughtthem home, and caft the heads of two of them into the Furnace to heat the Stove, heard as they were in the Stove aCuckom finging three times. Wondring at this cry of the Cuckow in the Winter-time, out they go, and drawing the heads of the Willows out of the Furnace, in the one of themthey obfer- ved fomething move; whereforetaking anAxe they opened thehole,and thrufting in their hands, firftthey pluckt out nothing but meer feathers: Afterward they got hold of a living Animal, that was the very Cuckow, and drew itout. It was indeed brisk. and lively, but wholly naked and bare of feathers, and without any Winter-provifion of food, which Cuckow the Boyskept two whole years in the Stove. , * Aldrovandus his firft fort of Cuckew. This differs in many refpetts from the precedent, as firft, in that the tranfverfe lines on the Breaft are notcontinued, butinterrupted. Secondly, In that thecovert-fea- thers of the Neck, Back, and Wings are almoft all parti-coloured of black and ferrugineous. Bool ORNITHOLOGY, fertugineous. Thirdly, The Remiges elfewhere black, inthe middle and round the’ edges white. Fourthly, The Tail variegated with three colours, black, white, and ferrugineous. The black in each feather confifts of two lines, concurring in the middle of the feather in an acute angle, and ftanding at equal diftances in a certain _ Series or order to the end of the Tail: The ferrugineous takes up the outfides of the intermediate {paces, and the white the middle. Lis. IT; Parr J. « Secr, Il. Of NCotturnal Rapacious Birds, Apacious Nocturnal Birds are of two kinds, viz. Eared or horned, and fuck as want Ears. To thefe wethall fubjoyn the Goat-/ucker, which yet we _ believe not to be Rapacious, but to have it felf fo to Owls as the Cuckow to e Hawks. / _ Of Rapacious Notturnal Birds we have in Exgland four forts befides the Goat- fucker. 1. The Horn-Owl, in Latine Otws or Afio, fo called from certain {mall-feathers {ticking out on the fides of the head, in forms of Horns or Ears. 2. The White- Owl, calledalfo the Church-Owl or Barn-Onl ; by Aldrovandus Aluco minor. 3. The Brown Owl, Screech-Owl, or Iuy-Owl 2 Strix Aldrovandi. 4. The Grey Owl: Strix cinerea. ora CHap. I,: Of Rapacious. Nocturnal Birds Horned or Eared, d. I. * The great Horn-Owl or Eagle-Ont-Bubo, . F this Bird Aldrovandws gives us three figures, and three defcriptions; which O ‘I fufpe& tobeall of one and the fame fort: The firlt is taken out of Gefirer, “ thetwo laft were compofed by himfelf, of his own obfervation. The firlt (they are Gefvers words ) was as big or bigger thana Goofe 5 had great Wings, two Feet, and three inches long, when extended in a right line from their beginning to the end of the longeft feather, from the top of the uppermoft boneof the Wing, to theloweft end was ina right lime thirteeninches. The Head both. for thapeand big- nefs was like a Cats,for which reafon the Frezch do not improperly call it Chat huant [ q. felis gemebunda.| Above each Ear ftuck out black feathers, three inches high. ° The Eyes were great: The feathers about the Rump thick and very foft, of more than a fingerslength, oran handful high, if my memory fail menot. “From the point of the Bill to the end of the Feet or of the Tail (for they were both, equally ex- tended ) it wastwofootand feven inches long... The Irides of the Eyes were of a deep fhining yellow or Safiron-colour... The Bill fhort, black, and hooked. The feathers being put afide the Ear-holes came into fight, which were great and open. On both fides by the Nofthrils grew hair-like feathers, as it were beards barbule, | The colour of the feathers all over the body was various, of whitith, black, and reddifh{pots. Thelengthof the Leg was thirteen inches : The part above the knee thick and brawny: The Claws black, hooked, and very fharp: The Foot hairy or feathered. down to the very Claws, the feathersbeing of apalered. | 2. ‘The fecond (faith Aldrovandys ) for bignefs agreed exadly with this, but dif- fered in many other particulars. For though itsFeet were indeed hairy down tothe Claws, as in that, yet fhorter and flenderer, neither fo brawny above the knees, nor fo thick and {ftrong-fhanked. The colour of the whole body was fulvous [ or of ‘a rufty afh-colour |] efpecially of the Breaft, where it was marked with blackith {pots drawn long-ways, promifcuoufly here and therein noorder. The Back and Wings areof a darker brownor ferrugineous dusky colour... But the main difference is that that of Ge/zer hath all the particular feathersof its whole body more variegated with | Oh a certain 99 * A piece of money fo cal- léd, of the bignefs of a two-pence or three-pence, ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il. certain tranfverfe narrow lines likethe feathers of fome kinds of Diicks, Partridges, and Hawks. Befides, it differs inthat the whole body, but efpecially the Back and Head are marked with certain black ftrakes, irregularly drawn,and as it were figured 3 whereas mine ( faith he) was not fo painted, butin the great feathers of the Wings and Tail diftinguifhed with broad, tranfverfe, blackifh lines or bars; which lines are fo formed, efpecially inthe Tail, that each of the broader are terminated above and below by other narrower ones, like borders or fringes, difpofed ina triple order, and at certain intervals diftant from each other, asin Hawks. This had great andve- ty aoe Talons, not black, asin that, butof a horn-colour. The Tailin both was ve- ry fhort. | Us The third was in all things like the fecond, fave that thé Legs were not hairy, and both Legs and Feet weak. | Of this kind of Ow! we faw one in France at theK ings Palace of Bois de Vincennes : And two in his Majefties Park of St. Fames near Weftmixfter. They were as big as Eagles: Their Legs and Feet hairy down to the Claws. They had three fore-toesin each foot; but the outmoft of them was fo framed that it could be turned back- ward, and made f{tand like a hind-toe. So that in that refpect there is no difference between this and other forts of Owls, but this may as well be faid to havetwo back toes asthey 3 whatever Aldrovandws hath delivered to the contrary. Their colour was much like tothat of a Bittour, the feathers being marked with long black ftroaks in the middle, the out-fides of a light bay. About thé Belly fome of the feathers were beautified with tranfverfe lines. The Yrides of the Eyes were of a reddifh yellow of flame colour, [ rather of a golden. ] . ee | That Ow! which Marggravivs defcribes under the name of Facurutu of the Brafi- lians, {eems to bealtogether thefame with this. It is ( faith he ) forbignefs equal to a Goofe: Hath a round Head like a Cat; a hooked black Bill, the upper Chap being longer : Great, rifing, round Eyes, fhining like Cryftal, compafled toward the out- fide with a Circleof yellow. The Circumference of the Eye fomething greater than a Mifuian * grofs. Near the Ear-holes it hath feathers two imehes long, which ftick up, and endina fharp point like Ears. The Tail is broad; the Wings reach not to the end of it. The Legs are feathered down to: the Feet, in which are four Toes, three ftanding forward, and one backward, andin eacha crooked black Talon,above an inch long, and very fharp. The feathers of the whole body are elegantly variega- ted with yellow, white, and black. = tes weight, length, and breadth, Its Beak, Hood of fea- thers.s, Colour of the feathers, It 1s faidto build on high and inacceflible Rocks: It preys not only on {mall birds, but alfo Coxies and Hares like the Eagle. Yea, ( faith Aldrovandws ) there is no Ant- mal gathers fo much prey by night as this Ow/, efpecially when fhe brings up her Young. For fhe not only provides fufficient for her felfand hers, but is very advan- tageous to them that find her Neft. For while fhe flies out a pourveying for more , they privily {teal away that fhe had before laid up, only leaving fo much as may fu fice for nourifhing the Young. an mers t §. I. The Horn-Owl, Otus five Afio. Cie we defcribed was a Female: It weighed ten ounces: Its length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail was fourteen Inches and an half: Its breadth, meafuring from tip to tip of the Wings extended,three foot and four inches. The Bill was black, from the pomt to the Angles of the Mouth one inch and half _ quarter : The Tongue flefhy,and alittle divided. The Irides of the Eyes of alovely yellow : The covers of theEarslarge. Fhe rmgof feathers, compafling the face like , @womans hood, confifts of a double row, the exteriour variegated with {mall white, black, and red lines; the interiour under the Eyes red; where they are contiguous both black. The forehead or ends of the two wreaths at the Bill more ‘cinereous. The feathers which coverthe lower Belly and Legs are reddifh 5 in the Throat and Breaft the middle parts of the feathers areblack, the outer parts partly white, and partly yellow: Thofe under the Wings are red. At the bottoms of the foremolt beam-feathers isa great tranfverfe black {pot : Higher inthevery bending, and under the baftard-wing a broad bed or border of black: The reft of the covert-feathers of the Wings are parti-coloured, ofa dark cinereous and yellow. ‘TheBack was sis the ame ‘Bout II. OR NITHOLOGY. Vol fame colour with the Wings; the middle of each feather being for the moft part’ black. The Horns were above an Inch long, confifting of fix feathers, the middle The Horns or parts of which were black,the exteriour edges being red,the interiour white,fprink ed:**" with dusky fpecks. | , es 7 . The Tail was made up of twelve feathers, fix inches long; the exteriour being The Tail, fhorteft, and the reft in order longer to the middlemoft, fo that when {pread it was terminated inacircular Circumferences crofled with fix or feven black bars, butnar- rower than in other birds of this kind: The intermediate {pacés above were of an 7 afh-colour, below ofayellow. ~ P he The flag-feathers of the Wings, were in each twenty four, of the fame colour The prim with thofe of the Tail, but in theoutmoft, efpecially the third, fourth, and fifth, aoa there.isa broad ftrake or bed of red toward the bottom, and in the greater feathers the black bars ate much broader than inthe lefs. The Legs and Feet are feathered down to the very Claws, which are black 5 that The Feet and - of the middle toon ‘= infide flatted into an edge. The outmott of the fore-toes may ©" be turned backwards; ® sin other Owls. : : Ithada largeGal- * ic Guts were twenty inches long, the Appendices or blind-guts the Guts, _ twoinches anc a qU2"%er, longer and more tumid than in other carnivorous birds. In the {tomach we found bones and fur of Mice. Po au About Bologva, and elfewhere in Tialy, it is frequent: Found in Exgland alfo, but The place; more rately. Francis FefopE{q; fent it to us out of Yorkshire. Bey This Bird is in_all things exa@ly like the great Eagle-Owl or Bubo, fave in bignefs ; whence alfo the French call it by the famename withthe only addition of lefs. . A/- drovandus writes, that it agrees with the Bubo in the ftructure or rather fituation of its Toes, both thefe having three fore-toes, and one back one, whereas all the reft of this kind have two fore-toes, and two hind ones: But in thofe we have obferved both greatand lels Hora-Owls [. Otis & Bubonibys | the Toes were difpofed in like manner as nother Owls. For the outmoft fore-toe may be turned to ftand backward, and {fo imitate a hind-toe, and perform the fame office. Aldrovandus deferibes two forts of Affo, ot the lefler Horn-Owl. The defcription of the former doth in moft particulars agree to the Bird we have deferibed: See and compare both defcriptions. Belonivs his Ofw is without doubt the fame with ours. Thefe do for the moft part frequent‘and abide in mountaitious places, whereas on the contrary, our Chwrch-Owl and brown Owl, &c. delight inlower and plain Coun- trys. | 0. IL * The little Horr-Owl, Scops Aldrovandi: He Bird which the Italzais, efpecially about Boxonia call Chinnino is the leatt fi _ fave one of all Rapacious Nocturnal Birds, bigger than a Thrufb, and fome- - _ what lefler than a Pigeow, fullnine inches Jong. It differsfrom the Bybo only in mag- nitude; and fomething in colour. Its Head is round like a Ball, covered with fmall foft feathers, all over of alead-colour. The Bill fhort,hooked,and black. The Ears or feathers ftanding up in fafhion of Ears, {carce appear in adead bird, but are more manifeft in aliving, and confift only of one feather apiece. The chief colour of the whole body, asfar as appears to fight, is cinereous, having here and there fomething of plumbeous mingled with it, curioufly {peckled with many white {pots, more ele- gantly than any other Nocturnal Rapacious bird. In the greater feathers of the W ings and Tail itis marked with tranfverfe white {pots : All the other feathers befides thefe tranfverfe marks are diftinguifhed long-ways with a black line running thtough their middles, It is alfo befprinkled all over witha lovely tin@ure of red, efpecially about the Neck and the beginning of the Wings. The feathers on the Belly are whiter .than elfewhere, the bottom or lower part of them,as alfo of all the reft, being black : particularly, thefe are red about the middle, elf white, ssawidered with very {mall black {pecks. The Eyeslike moft other night-birds of a fiery fhining Saffron colour : The Legs feathered, and of a teddith ath-colour : The:-Feet finall, naked, fcaly, ap- proaching to a dark lead-colour, divided into two fore, and two back-toes, armed withdusky Claws. This is common in Italy. pty : Of this fort Aldrovamdwys mentions another found in Germany, whiter, and having a longer Tail,and.longer Ears or Horns than the Italian Chinuino, in other eee like. HAP, 102 0 R NAT HOL O G X i Boox Il, The Tongue, Eyes, Ears; Circle of fea- thers abour the face. Colour of the upper fide, Underfide. The Wing- feathers. The Tail. The Feet, Toes, ard Claws, ' The Guts and Rutrails. Cuap. If _Of Notturnal Rapacions Birds without Ears or Horns. Oras 4s: The common brown or Ivy-Ovl, Strix. Aldrows He Bird we defcribed was a Cocks It was about the bignefs of a Pigeox, but rounder-bodied, and feeming bigger than it was. It weighed twelve ounces and an half. Its length from thetip of the beak to the end of the Tail was fourteen inches: Its breadth, or the diftance between the extremities of the Wings {pread, two feet.and nine inches. Re a ine The Bill from the point tothe angles of themouth was }“INch ig or more, of a horn-colour, or rathera light blue. The mouth was wider,’ Ut the 3ill fhorter than in the Barz-Owl. The Tongue not very flefhy, nor broad, a utledivided atthe tip. In the Palate was a cavity equal to the Tongue.’ It hath huge Eyes, at leaft twice fo big as thofe of the Barn or white Owl, and protuberant. It had Membranes for Nictation, drawn from above downwards, having black edges. The bordersof the Eye-lids were broader than ordinary, and their edges red. The Ear-holes were three timesas great as inthe white Ow], and covered with Valves. A circle of fea- thers encompafiesthe Eyes and Chin, hke a womans hood, as in the Barz-Owl, but not ftanding up fo high asin that. This circle or hood confilts of a double row of feathers, the exteriour more rigid, variegated with white, black, and red; the inte- riour confifting of foft feathers, of a white mingled with a flame-colour. The mid- dle part of the head without the.hood is of adark brown. The exteriour circle of the hood compafies the ears; the greateft part of the interiour feathers of it, where it pafies the ears, growsout of the covers of the Ears. The Eyes in this Bird are nearer to the Ears than in any other Animal I know. Beyond the Nofthrils and. below the Eyes grew briftly feathers havingblack fhafts. The back’ and upper fide of the body was particoloured of ferrugineous and dark brown, the black taking up the middle part of each feather, and the ferrtigineous the ont-fides. If one curioufly view and obferve each fingle feather, one fhall find them waved with tran{verfe lines, ‘cinereous and brown alternately fucceeding each other. The belly and lower fide of the body is of the fame colour with the back, but more dilute witha mixture of white. Thebottoms of all the feathers are black. In this and other Owls the fea- thers invefting the whole body ate longer or taller than in moft other birds, fo that the bird feems to be much bigger than indeed it is. The feet are covered almoftdown to the Claws with a thick dirty-white Plumage, fprifkled with {mall dark fpecks, F yather waved with dark lines |] only two or three of theannulary {calesbare. The number of flag-feathers ineach Wing was twenty four. The exteriour [_ piz- aule | websof the outmoft whereof were terminated in flender points like briftles, fe- parate from eachother, and ftanding like the teeth of a fine Comb. The Wing and Tail-feathers were marked with fix or feven crofs bars of a dirty white, tincted in fome with ferrugineous, and in fome with brown. The Wings complicated fall very much fhort of the end of the Tail. Thecovert feathers of the Wings, chiefly thofe about the middle, and thofe long ones fpringing from the fhoulders were {potted with white, efpecially their interiour Vanes. . . : © The Tail was fix inchesandan half long, made up of twelve feathers, themiddle- - moft being the longeft, thereft in order fhorter to the outmoft: All ending in fharp points, whereas in thofe of the Barn-Owl the tops were blunt. ae The foal of the foot was callous, of a horny or blackifh colour. That of the mid- dle-toe had not the inner edge ferrate, asin the white Owl. All the toes were fepa- rate to the very divarication. ‘The outmoft of the fore-toes is made to turn alfo back- ward, and fupply the room of aback-toe, as inthe reft of this kind. The Guts were thirty inches long, and had many revolutions. The blind Guts were five inches and an half long, toward their ends tumid and full of excrement: The Liver divided into two Lobes. Ithad a large Gall; great black Tefticles.. The {tomach feemed to be more flefhy than in other carnivorous birds: and aboveita eranulated Echizws orante-ftomach. Inthe ftomach we found the fur of Mice. + 4s little, and at leaft a hand-breadth fhorter than the third and fourth ; the fecond length from the Bill to end of the Tail or Feet ( for they were equally extended ) was | fourteen inches and an half: The breadth between the tips of the Wings fpread out orhood of ftiffer feathers parti-coloured of white and black, beginning from the Bill Co oe , Boox IL ORNITHOLOGY. [03 It differs remarkably from the white Owl in that the extreme feather of the Wing con res ers trom the white Owl. above an inch fhorter than the third, and the fourthand fifth the longeft of all; where- as in that the fecond and third feathers are the longeft, and the extreme or Sarcel wants not half an inch of them. Aldrovandws writes, that the Country-people about Bovoria told him, that his Strix or Screech-Owl ufed to fuck their Goats: which ours (as far as have heard ) was never complained of for doing. | §. IL The Grey Owl, Strix cinerea. Aner’ Bird of this fort we defcribed, which we found firlt at Viexwain Auftria, its weight, and afterward in Exgland alfo. It weighed eleven ounces and anhalf. ~The ioe two foot and eleven inches, The Bill was an inch and quarter Jong : The Tongue Its Bill, a little divided, not fo flethy asin Haws, In the Palate it had a broad open fiflure Ronis or cleft. The Nofthrils wereoblong. TheSearor skin covering the Bafe of the Beak in diurnal Rapacious birds, was wanting in this, asin all other Ow/s. It had huge, round Eyess the Irides being of adark Hazel colour. Both upper and lower Eye- Eyes lid terminate in a membrane having black edges. The Ear-holes were great and fur= Ears, nifhed with Valves. This Bird was for the apparent magnitude very light and full of feathers. A wreath ae bout the face, above,and reaching beyond the Ears,encompaflesthe Face and Eyes ; the ends nesting about the fac under the Chin like a womans hood. Within this greater Hood another circle of feathers of an afh-colour, confifting of thinner and fhorter hairs encompaftes the Eyes. The bo- dy is all over variegated with cinereous and brown. The fhaftsof the feathers in the middle of theback are black. The interiour, Vanes of the long fcapular feathers are white almoft to the fhafts. The lower belly iswhite. Onthe Breaft are long black {pots. ; ‘ p The firltrow of Wing-feathershad crofs bars of black and reddifh afh-colour. In The Wing: the third row of the covert-feathers of the Wings were one or two white {pots. ee _ The Tail had twelve feathers, feven inches and.a quarter long, the middlemoft fea- ‘The Tail, thers being longeft, and the reft in order to the outmoft fomewhat fhorter, The Feet were feathered almoft down to the Claws, only two or three annulary The Feet: {cales naked. The foleof the foot callous, and of a yellowift colour, as it were granulated with little knobs. The Toes, as in other Night-birds, two: ftanding for- Toes, _ ward, and twobackward. The inner fide of the Claw of the outer fore-toe is flatted Claws, into an edge. » . The length of the. Guts was twenty. two inches, of the blind Guts three and an Guts, half. The name Sir7x fome think is taken from the Verb Jtringere, becaufe it {trangles Resto of people when they are afleep. . Ovrd will haveit fo called 2 firidorg from the fereech: "™™* ing noleit makes: - memendlcnht 1 Ef illis Strigibus Gaales, fed nominis hacia Canfa, quod horvenda firidere noe folent. This is like the:precedent, and of equal bignefs, from which yet it is diftinguifhed. now ic disers by manifeft notes, and which argue a {pecifical difference. The chief of thole are: rene 1. That this isgrey, thatbrown. 2. That. this hath long {pots on the Breaft, which ] ee wants. 3. That the interiour hood in this is particoloured only of dusky and white. | | hes 4.1L “104 ORNITHOLOGY —Boox Il. §. Iii. . The common Barn-Ovl, or White-Owl, or Church-Owl: Aluco minor, Aldrev. Its bignefs He Cock ( which we defcribed >) was about the bignefs of a Pigeow ; Weighed ~ * and meafures. elevenounces andan half. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Fail was fourteeninches. The diftance between the extremities of the Wings TheBill,- —_ {pread out three foot and one inch and half. The Bill white, hooked at the end, Tongue, more than an inch and half long: The Tongue a little divided at the tip; the Nofe- Hood, thrils oblong. A circle or wreath of white, foft, downy feathers encompafled with yellow ones, beginning from the Nofthrils on each fide, paffed round the Eyes and under the Chin, fomewhat refembling a black hood, fuch as women ufeé to wear: So that the Eyes were funk inthe middle of thefe feathers, as it were in the bottom of a Pitor Valley. At the interiour angle of each Eye the lower parts of thefe feathers Ear-valve. were of a tawny colour. The Ears were covered with aValve, which arifes near the Eye, and falls backwards. The interiour circle we mentioned of white, downy feathers pafled juft over this Valve, fo that part of them grew out ofit. Colour ofthe The Breaft, Belly, and covert-feathers of the infide of the Wings were white, father. Of marked witha few quadrangular dark {pots. The Head,Neck,and Back,as far as the ‘ prime feathers of the Wings, varioufly and of all Night-birds moft elegantly colou- red. The feathers toward the tips were waved with {mall whitifh and blackith lines, refemblinga grey colour; but about the fhaft of each feather there was as it were a bed or row of black and white {pots, fituate long-ways,made up in fome of two white and two black {pots, infomeof threeof each colour, in fome of but one. Elfe the whole Plumage was of a dilute tawny or orangecolour ; which fame colour wasalfo the field or ground in the Wingsand Tail. The Wing- The mafter-feathers in each Wing were in number twenty four; whereof the feathers. greater have four tranfverfe blackith bars. [ In thefe bars in the exteriour Vane of the feather there is alfo white mingled with the black, which makes an appearance of 2’ grey {pot. ] The intermediate {paces are fulvous, and powdered with fmall black {pecks5 the tips of thefe feathers incline more to an afh-colour. The Wings when fhut up extend full as far or further than the end of the Tail. In the exteriour Vanes * Hair-like — of the firftor outmoft feather of each Wing the ends of the * Pinzule are not conti- anaes the guous one to another, but ftand at diftance, like the teeth of a fine Comb. 3, webof the. The Tailismade up of twelve feathers, of the fame colour with the Wings, ha- ae ving four tranfverfe black bars: four inches and half long. The interiour margins of the feathers both of Wings and Tail are white. The legs, feet, - The Legs arecovered with a thick Down to the Feet, but the Toes are only hairy, —andtoess = the hairs alfo thin-fet The Claw of the middle Toeis ferrate on the infide asin He- roxs, but notfo manifeflly. It hath but one Toe that ftands backward ; but the out- moft fore-toe may be turned fo as to ftand a little backward. The Guts. The Guts were eighteen inches long; the blind Guts but two. Ithad a largeGall : Its Eggs were white. | Aldrovandus his defcription-agrees exactly with ours. ) Theftrange _ TheEyeinthis Bird, and I fuppofe inall the reft of this kind, is of a ftrange and figureofthe fingular {tru@ture. That part which appears outwardly, though great, is only the a Iris. For the whole bulb or ball of the Eye when taken out fomewhat refembles a hat or Helmet, the Iris beingthe Crown, the part not appearing and extending it felf good way further, the brims. The interiour edges of the Bye-lids round about are yellow. The Eyes are altogether fixt and immovable. The Bird is defcribed by Marggraviws under the title of Taidara of Brafil; fo that it feems it is common with us to the New World. §. IV. * Aldrovandus his former Aluco. ce is bigger than the precedent, but ( faith my Author ) leffer than the Otws or Horn-Owl. This is peculiar to them all, that they cover the Eye only by drawing the upper lidover it downward. Ithath acircle, as tt were a Crown, made ( up of feathers, which encompafs the whole face, pafling above the Eyes like tall Eye- £5. - Bowl, ORNITHOLOGY. viene! Eye-brows, defcending on both ‘fides by the Temples, and:meeting under the Chin, fomewhat like a womans black hood. ‘The Eyes are great, wholly black, without any - diverfity of colour, funk, as it were, ina deep cavity, made by this circle of erected feathers. “The prone fide, wiz. the! Breaft and Belly {potted with indifferently great black fpots. The Bill white, very much hooked, asalfo the Claws. The Legsco- vered with white feathers, but the Feet only with hairs. The Back is of aLead-co- lour variegated with whitifh fpecks. The whole body covered with a deep and ’ thick-fet Plumage; which makesit appear to be of the bulk of a Capon,whereas when pluckt it is {carce fo big asa chicken. The Wingsarelarge, and reach beyond the end of the Tail. This out of Aldrovandys. | ween d. Vs | _-* Aldrovandus his grey Owl. Ulula Aldrov. 4s alfo Gefners,Ulula Gefii. ‘He Bird fignified by the name Ulla in Latine, Owl or Howlet in Englifh, Hulot / f in French, Ul or Ex! in Dutch was doubtlefs fo. denominated from the howling ’ noifethatit makes: Howl in Exglifh and Dutch fignifying the fame that Ululo or ejula in Latine. Wherefore the Bird which Aldrovaxdus exhibits under this title, fithit makes noife like a Chicken, he will not confidently aver to be the Ululz, but if it may be referred to any of the Species of Night-birds mentioned by the Ancients,he knows not whither more commodioully than to this. . From the Bill tothe end of the Tailit was eighteen incheslong. _ ‘The Head; Back, Its lengtti, Wings, and Tail were of an afh-colour, fpeckled with whitifhand black fpots. Un- ‘Sl der the Belly it was white, variegated with blackifh {pots. The Head was very Head, great, enormoufly thick, round, full of feathers: The Eyes being wholly black, and Eyes, encompafied round with white, foft feathers; within the ring or Ambit whereof at . the borders of the Eye-lids was feen as it wereared circle. In winkingthe Eyewas _ covered only with the upper Eye-lid.. The Bill was hooked and greenifh: The Bib Nofthrils greatand patent: The Wings very large, eighteen incheslong, reaching to Witgs, the very end ofthe Tail, The Legs were hairy downto the Claws, which were afh- Legs and coloured, hooked, and exceeding fharp. Ithad four Toes,twoftanding forward, and ©#™. two backward. ey Aldrovandus kept this bird three months at his houfe. This feems to be the fame with our Grey Owl before defcribed a title of Strix cinerea. | Gefer deferibes his U/ulain thefe words. It was asbig as a Hen or bigger 3 the Gefuers wlule. colour red, {prinkled with black: The Bill white, fhort, as in other Nrght-birds, hooked, fothat the upper Chap is much longer than the nether: The Eyes great, black, the Pupil being of an obfcure red. The edges of the Eye-lids wete red. Moreover, the Eyes were covered with a nictating Membrane. Between the Eyes and Back it was thick-feathered, of an afh-colour. The Neck was very agile, fo that fhe could turn her head much backward. The Legs were whitifh, {prink- led with livid {pecks, rough down totheFeet. The Toes f{tood two forward, two backward. info It hath not beenour hapas yet to feeaBird of this kind, if it be diftin& from our * Grey Owl. For that bird which by us in Ezgland is called Owl, and Howlet, and * sriix cinerea Madge-howlet isthe Aluco of Gefzer and Aldrovandus. Although Owl be with us a ge- pcorg 4 neral name attributed to all Night-birds. | tie §. VI. The little Owl. Nottua. i ew Bird we defcribed of this kind we bought in the Market at Vienna in Auftria, | where they called it Schaffilt. . It was a Cock, {carce fo big asa Blackbird. Its length from the Billto the end ofthe Its bigness _ tail was almoft {even inches : Its breadth, the Wings being extended, more than four- BAS Tiga, teen inches. The Bill was white, and like to that of other Owls. The Tonguea 26% | little divided, as inthe reft of this Tribe : The Palate below black, having a wide or Paces ’ gaping cleft, and below ita round hole: The Nofthrilsoblong: The Ears great: The nofthrits, Eyes leflerand handfomer than inother Owls. hart The Eyes, eee > 106 Hood, Colour of the upper fide. Its Tail, ORNITHOLOGY. Boox i. The wreath or circle of feathers encompafling the face, beyond the Ears lefler and lefs eafily difcernable.. The upper part of the body was of fae biOvet, ae amixtureof red, having tranfverfe whitith fpots. _ . inch alos Yo valirayils The Tail was 2 ;-incheslong, compounded of twelve feathers exaGly equal,h aving > five or fix tranfverfe white bars. Colour of the under fide. Wing-fea- thers, Legs,Feet, and Talons. Gall and Guts, Its place. Ufe. The feathers about the Ears were more variegated with black and white. The Chin and lower part of the belly white; The Breaft marked with long. dusky fpots. : ) 3 The number of beam-feathers ineach Wing was twenty four 5 their interiour webs were {potted with round white fpots. z iis ia T 4) It was feathered almoft down to the Claws, excepting two or three annulary fcales, The Feet were of a pale yellow. It had two back-toes, and as many fore- ones. Thefoalsof the Feet were yellow; the Claws black: The inner fide of the middle Claw is thinned into an edge. FA : It had a great Gall; the length of the Guts was ten Inches; of the blind Guts one inch anda quarter. — rz E41 It is found inthe Woods of Aufria, but rarely 5 refembles much Gefzers figure of Noéua, which therefore we have taken for it. - Afterwards we faw it expofed to fale at Rome. They ufeitfor catching of {mall birds: See the manner in Olina. : Aldrovandus {faith that it was told him, thatthe Germans do fometimes take in their Country a fort of little Owl, which when come to its full growth is no bigger than a Lark, which they call by a diminutivename Kentzlin : but however Aldrovandus hapned not to {ee it, the fame bird is doubtlefs alfo found in Italy; for we obferved them at Rome f{tanding on Pearches to be fold; and we can hardly believe, they brought them fo faras out of Germany. | bt ein os{t: @. VII. * Aldrovandus bis Noctua. =9- Hat which Aldrovandus hath defcribed and figured for the Noéxa is-about the ‘§ bignefs of a Dove, nine inches long, hath a great Head, flat above; large, erey Eyes. The feathers of the whole body are partly of a pale Chefnut colour, partly . diftinguifhed with white. Through the extreme parts of the Wings, efpecially the prime feathers, it hath broad tran{verfe lines or bars of a Chefnut colour. On the Belly it hath lines or fpots of the fame colour drawn longways, but inverted; the reftof the fpaceor ground (the Heralds call it the field ) being white. The Wings when withdrawn and clofed reach as far asthe end of the Tail. Fhe Legs are fea- thered and rough down to the Feet, of a colour compounded of cinereous and Chef- mut. The Toesare of adark cinereous, bareof feathers, two ftanding each way. The Claws black, fharp, and crooked. | * The Stone-Owl, another fort of NoGua, or perchance the fame with the precedent. This (faith he) which the Germans call Steivkutz, that is, Stone-Onl, is alfo about the bignefs of a Dove; hath the Legs and Toes rough, with white feathers, but the lower fides of the Toes are bare, the Claws black and hocked. The colour all over the prone or nether fide of the body wasadark brown, witha fleight mixture ofred, dapled with whitith {pots. The Head in refpect of the body very great : The Eyes large : The Bill fhort, and likean Eagles, In the dead bird the upper Chap of the Bill was red, which feemed not to be fo before, while it wasliving. Between the Eyes and the Bill grew certain ftiff, {lender feathers, like briftlesor beards. It had © more white on the Belly thantheother parts. Ifuppofe it lives and frequents chiefly in Mountainous and Rocky places, and therefore to defendthe cold hath its Feet and Toes feathered like the Lagopws and Grygallvs. For the other No@ue have not their Feet rough, neither are they of a reddifh colour. They feem to be lefs brisk and lively than our Italiaz Notfwe, and almoft blindin the daytime, _ eae fool OR MAT HOLOG® ~~ = 107 it en 2 In §. VIII. * The Brafilian NoGua called Cabure by Marggrav. 'T’s about the bignefs ofa Throftle: hatha round Head, a fhort, hooked, yellowith Bill; two Nofthrils; fair, great, round, yellow Eyes, with ablack Pupil. Un- der the Eyes, and on each fide the Bill it hath many long, dusky hairs. The Legs are fhort, wholly cloathed with feathers, yellow, asarealfo the Feet, which are cloven into four Toes, ftanding after the ufual manner, armed with femicircular, crooked, {harp Talons : The Tail broad, nigh the rife whereof the Wings end. In the Head, Back, Wings, and Tail it is of a dilute Umber colour, and variegated inthe Head and Neck with very fmall, inthe Wings with greater white {pots. The Tail is wa- ved with white.’ The Breaft and lower Belly are white, and variegated with {pots of a dilute Umber colour. It is eafily made tame. It can fo turn about its Neck, that the tip of the Beak fhall exactly point at the middle of the Back. It plays with men like an Ape, making many mowes and antic mimical faces, and {napping with its Bill. Befides, it can fet up feathers on the fides of its head, that reprefent Hornsor Ears. Itlivesupon raw flefh. CHaAp.fl. §. 1. The Fern-Owl, or Churn-Owl, or Goat-fucker, Caprimulgus. Tslength from the Bill to the end of the Tail was between ten and eleven inches: tis Lengiti, Tts Head great, but much lefler than in the Owl-kind: Its Bill in proportion to Head. its body the leaft of all birds, anda little crooked. It hatha. huge wide mouth et and fwallow. Iz palato appendices nulla, fed primum longa fiffura, fundo tenus officulo ‘ feu fepto per mediune divifo = infra eam fifiran alia latior & brevior, & ad kujus fundum linea appendicum tranfverfa. ‘Thefe words I do not well underftand, and therefore have not put them into Ezglijh. On the fides of the upper Chap of the Bill, asalfo under the Chin it had ftiff black hairs like briftles. | The under fide of the body was painted with black and pale-red lines, tranfverfe, The colour, but not continued: The hinder part of the Head of an afh-colour, the middle ofeach feather being black 5 which colours alfo reach lower down the Back. The Wings are particoloured of blackandred: The covert-feathers of the Wings The Wings, . are fome of them powdred with cinereous. The Tailnear five incheslong, made up fai) of ten feathers, the outmoft whereof are fomething fhorter thanthereft ; the middle- moft ath-coloured, with very natrow, tranfverfe, black bars; in the reft the crofs bars are broader, and the intermediate {paces of an afh-colour,powdered with black,. and a little tinctured with red. | The Legs were very fmall in proportion, feathered on the fore-fide halfway, but Legs, Feet, the feathers hung downalmoft to the Toes. The Toes were blackifh, and the Claws 474 Claws. ‘blackiand little ; the middlemoft Toe the longeft, the inner. and outer fhorter, but ‘equal toone another, and joyned to the middlemoft by a Membrane from the diva- ricationtothefirft joynt. Theinteriour edgeof the middle Claw is ferrate, as in He- rons. The back-Toe (if it may be fo called, {tanding like one of the fore-toes) 1s {carce a quarter of an inch long. | In the {tomach it had fomeSeeds and Beetles. TheEggs were long, and white, but trs food and alittle clouded and{potted withblack, Eggs. Ttisa very beautiful bird for colour, more like to a Cuckow than an Owl; and itis ‘eafily diftinguifhed from all other birds by the ftrudture of its Bill and Feet. _ Imanother bird of this kind, perchance differing only in Age orSex, the three firft or outmoft great Wing-feathers had a large white {pot in their interiour Vanes, which in the third feather reached alfo to the exteriour: The tips alfo of the two outmott feathers of the Tail were {potted with white. There was fome fhew of thefe {pots of a pale yellowith colour in the firft defcribed. | It is found in the Mountainous Woods, efpecially in many places of Exgland, as in York-fhire, Derby-fhire,Shrop-fhire, Kc. Pa @. Il. 108 * The word in Latine in AY aneits. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. §. IL * The American Goat-ficker, called bijau by the Brafilians,Noitibo by the Portugues. Marggrav. : 7 ™His is a fmall bird, of the bignefs of a Swal/om: Hatha broad flat Head : Great, lovely, black Eyes, with ablack, thining, Pupil, of an elliptical figure; Out- - wardly a circle or ring of yellowifh white compafies the Eyes. It hath a very little Bill, not exceeding the thicknefs of the tooth of a * Shrew-moufe, and not fo ~ long : yet hath it patent Nofthrils in the Bill: An exceeding wide Mouth, which _ When fhut cannot be feen; but when fhe opens her Bill, appears flit up tothe Eyes, fo that it is almoft an inch wide. It hathavery little Tongue: White Legs, and {mall for the bignefs of the body, {carce half an inch long: Four Toes in the Feet, three {tanding forward, and one backward,armed with black, crooked Claws. Along the Claw of the middle Toe of each foot on the infide it hath as it were a fin, much jagged or toothed, fo that the Claw feems feathered ina manner on the infide: But there are no -feathers on. it but a certain skinny rough matter. It hath a handfom Tail,two inches long, which it can fpread wide tothe end whereof the Wings reach. In all the lower-part of the body the feathers are,mixt white and black, asina Spar- row-Flawk: In the Head, Back, Wings, and Tail they are black, white being inter- {perfed with a grateful variety ; and fomething alfo of yellow mingled with the white: In a word, it ts black, and fpeckled here and there with white. There is alfo found another Species of this, of the fame colour and make with this, but as big as an Owl. The mouth opened will eafily admit a mans fift. §. Ul. | * Marggtavius bis Brafilian Guita querea, approaching to the Goat-fucker, or Swift. T is of the bignefs of a Lark, but becaufe it hath long Wings anda Tail much Jon- | ger, it feems greater. It hath a broad, flat, and pretty great Head 3 great black - Eyes: Afmall, triangular, comprefied Bill, the upper Chap being hooked: A wide Mouth, much wider than the Bill, and which being opened reprefents a Triangle. Ateach end of the upper Mandible on both fides,for the length ofan inch ineither, it hath about ten‘or twelve thick briftles like Swines, {tretched forth both forward and fideways. Its bodyisnot long, but almoft round. Each foot hath four Toes ftand- ing after'the ufual manner, the middle whereof is longer than the reft; and furnifhed with a Claw finely ferrate, or toothed like a Comb. All the Claws are black. — It hath long Wings, viz. half afoot: The Tail eight inches long, having in the out- fides two feathers longer than the reft. The whole Bird is of a dusky afh-colour, with dark yellow or whitith {pots intermingled after the manner of a Sparrow-Hawk, Round the Neck, behind the Head, it hath a ring of a dark goldencolour. 'The Legs are cinereous or dusky. The Toes connected by a little skin, not fo broad as in Ducks; for it is no water-fowl. : : This latter Bird doth more refemble a SwaMow than.asGoat-fucker : The former alfo is not unlike the Hirundo-apws or Swift. Indeed the Goat-fucker and Swift agree - in many particulars, as the {malnefs of the Bill, the widenefs of the Mouth, the fhort- nels of the Legs, and fituation of the Toes. Boox Book IL ORMITHOLOGY 8p Boox i, Parth Secr, Wh Of Frugivoraus Hook-bil'd Birds or Parrots: Ge «AP... Of Parrots in general. > it a hooked Bill, whereas it is rather a Frugivorous than a Carnivorous or. Rapacious Bird, Aldrovazdws givesthis reafon : Becaufe for the weaknefs of the Feet, defcending or climbing up boughs or grates, it could not commodioully fuftain the weight of its body, were not the Bill of that crooked femicircular figure, _ ‘that it canasit Were with a hook or grapple catch hold of whatever isnear. For the Parrot in climbing Walls or Trees firft catches hold with her Bill, as it were with a Hook, then draws up her body, then faftens her Feet ; then reaching up higher claps on her Beak again, ‘and fo puts forward her body and feet alternately. The Parrot alone with the Crocodile moves the upper Jaw, as all other Animals do the lower. The Tongue is broad, which is common to it with other Rapacious birds, of the figure of a Gowrd-feed, as Scaliger notes. Hence it is called in Greek “Avipwmyawzl@., both becaufe its Tongue refembles a mans,and alfo becaule it imi- tates humane f{peech. The Feet are of a fingular fafhion, for they have not three Toes ftanding forward and one backward, but two each way, like Woodpeckers. ‘Jo.Faber,in hisExpofitions of Nardi Antonio Recchi his Animals found. in New Spain; hath noted and obferved concerning the Toes of Parrots fomething not mentioned by any Author, vz. That when they walk, climb up, or defcend down the fides of their Cages, they ftretch two of ‘their Toes forward, and two backward; bwf when they take theirmeat, and bring it to their mouths, they make ufeof three Toes to hold it till they have eaten it up. - Yea, ( which may feem wonderful ) they do fo -dexteroufly and nimbly turn the greater bind-toe forward and backward,that on fight of it you would confefs your {elf notto know, whether it were given them by Na- ture to be ufed asa fore-toein feeding, ora back-toe in walking. Se that it feems in this refpeé they refemble Owls. It hath crooked Claws, wherewith it holdsits meat like Rapacious birds, and brings it to its mouth, after the manner of men. For taking it in its Toes it lifts it up to its mouth, not turning the foot inward, but outward, ‘ after a fafhion not only ufual and ridiculous, but one would think alfo incommodious. It doth not only firft-of all with its Bill as ix were with Teeth break or divide éntire Almonds, but rolling them up and down within the Cavity of its Bill, doth as it were ~ champand chewthem, foftning them before it {wallows them. | Parrots while they are yet wild andat liberty do eat all forts of grain and pulfe. And this is peculiarly obferved of them-above other creatures, that as Swallows fecd upon Hellebore, and — Starlings upon Hemlock, {0 do they upon the {eed of * Baftard Saffron ( which to * caicus or man 1s a purgative) hot only without receiving harm thereby, but growing fat with © it. Moreover, they eat all forts of fruits, as well fuch as are covered with a foft rind as thofe with ahard thell, v#z.Nuts, Gc. andare greatly delighted inthem. , They do not only imitate mansvoice, but in wit excell all other birds, as Aldrovan- _ dws proves by many Hiftories’ and examples. I thall not think much to fet down one very pleafant ftory, which Gejzer faith was told himbya certain friend, of a Parrot, which fell out of King Henry VIL his Palace at Weftminfter mo the Raver of Thames that runs by, and then very feafonably remembring the words it had often heard fome whether in danger or in jeft ufe, cried out amain, A Boat, a Boat, for twenty pound. A certain experienced Boatman made thither refently, took up the Bird, and reftored it to the King, to whom he knew it belonged, hoping for as great a re- ward asthe Bird had promifed. The King agreed with the Boatman that he fhiould wes the Bird being asked anew fhould fay: And the Bird anfwers, Give the Knave 4Uroat. : They are very frequent inboth Indies, as well Eaft as Weft. They breed not in cold Countries 5 for they are impatient of cold, fo that they can hardly. bear our ane | Winters, | Ti Parrot hatha great Head, a hard Beak and Skull. But why Nature gave 2 10 s—iC OR NUT HO LOGN Boos Ml. Winters, unlefs they be kept in Stoves or hot places: And whereas in their own Country, to wit, the Indies, they are much upon the Wing, with us by reafon of the inclemency and fharpnefs of the Air they grow torpid and unaétive, and lefs fit for flight. They are faid to be very long-lived. | They breed in hollow trees ( witnels Marggravivs, Lerivs, and Pifo)) where they makea round hole outwardly, and lay two or three Eggs, like to Pigeons, without any made Neft, as Margeraviws {faith : Leriws affirms, that they do build Nefts fufi- ciently firm and hard, of a round orbicular figure. Whence it is manifeft that they do not hang their Nefts upon the flender twigs of Trees, as Cadammuftus and others havedelivered. For that bird which hangs its Nefton this fafhion, called by the Bra- (tlians Guira tangeima, as Marggravius writes, is much different from the Parrot. Though you touch her Eggs yet will not the Parrot forfake them, but hatch them Pa f notwithftanding: Parrots are made of feveral colours by the *Tupuye; by pluckin them when they are young, and then {taining their skins with divers colours. Thefé the Portugues call counterfeit Parrots. Which thing if it be true ( for to me indeed it {eems not probable ) it is to no purpofe to diftinguifh Parrots’ by the diverfity of colour, fith therein they may vary infinitely. | In all Parrots that I have hitherto obferved the Nofthrils were round, fituate in the upper part of the upper Chap, clofe by the feathers, and very near one to another. Parrots in retpect of bignefs may be divided into three kinds, v7z.the greateft, mean- fzed, and leaft, The greateft are equal in bignefs to our common Raven: or (as Aldrovandys faith ) to a well-fed Capon 3 and have long Tails : In Exglifh they are called Macaos and Cocka- toons. Vhemiddle or meanfized and moft common Parrots areas big or bigger than a Pigeon, have fhort Tails, and are called in Englifh, Perrots and Poppinjayes. The leaft are of the bulk of a Blackbird or a Lark, have very long Tails, and arecalledin Englith Parakeetos. Cuap. II. Of the greate/t fort of Parrots called Maccaws and Cockatoons. §. 2% * Aldrovandus his greateft blue and yellow Maccaw. end of the Tail it was two Cubitslong. The Bill hooked, and inthat mea- *. furethat it madean exact femicircle, being outwardly conformed into the per- fect roundne(s of half a ring, a full Palm long; and where it begins as thick within half aninch, 1f you meafure both Mandibles. The upper Mandible is almoft two inches longer than the nether, which on the lower fide downward is convex and round. The whole Bill is black. The Eyes white and black. Three black lines drawn from the Bill to the beginning of the Neck, reprefenting the figure of the letter S lying, compafs.the eyes underneath. The Crown of the Head is flat, and of a green colour. The Throat adorned with a kind ofblack ring.. The Breatt, Belly, Thighs, Rump, and Tail underneath all of a Saffron colour. The Neck above, Back, Wings, and upper fide of the Tail of a very pleafant blue or azure. The Tail eighteen inches long more or lefs. The Legsvery fhort, thick, and of a dusky or dark colour, as are alfo the Feet, the Toes long, armed with great, crooked, black Talons. — body of this equals a well-fed Capons. . From the tip of the Bill to the . §. 11 é Book. ; i. ORNITHOLOGY. " Bl PilSv St ler en? ‘ee , iL 3 ofr * The other Maccaw.ar Macao, of Aldrovandus. His is nothing lefS than the foregoing; of the fame length, but feemed not to ; be fo thick-bodied. Its Bill is fhorter than the precedents, being not drawn out itodo longa hook, yet almoft three inches long 5 and as many broad, where itis joyned to the head 5'the upper Chap being white, the netber-black. The region of the Eyesandthe Temples are white. The crown of the Head more thana Palm long fi ani . The Back, beginning of the Wings, Throat, Breaft, Belly, Thighs, and ~ | he whole Tail above, are beautified with a moft lovely * Scarlet or red colour, * The. Latin as isal{o the inner fide of the flag-feathersof the Wings. The fecond row of the co- Word is Puri. did rf z : 3 sfignifying vert Wing-feathers are yellow with fcarlet edges, each adorned with a kind of eye of fom cum: a light crim- bluenear the tip. The outer furface of the flag-feathers and the Rump [I fuppofe (7 or blith he meansithe Tail ] underneath tinétured with a deep blue. The Legsare fhort, ©!" ‘the Feet divided into long Toes, armed with crooked Claws: Both of a duskith or dark afh-colour. | | | | der §. II AMaccaw defcribed at London, the fame I fuppofe with the precedent, called by : Margerav. Araracanga. ' A T London we obferved and defcribed a certain Macao, either the fame with the precedent ( I mean in kind ) or very like it. It was of the fame big- nefs, had a huge Bill, the upper Mandible being almoft wholly white, the lower black. The skin about the Eyes was bare of feathers, and rough or rugged. The whole head, Breaft, and Belly red [ like mininm 7] The Wings and Tail parti-co- loured of red, yellow, and blue. The Tail of a great length, efpecially the two middlemoft feathers, which do much exceed the reft, and are of a bluecolour. [take that which Marggravivs defcribes Book. 5. Chap.9. tobe the fame with this. Margéravins Let the Reader compare the defcriptions: His runs thus. It is bigger than our com- his 4rare- with a black Pupil. A white Membrane encompafies the Eyes, as alfo the Jaws and lower Bill: | Iftppofe hemeans, that the skin thereabouts is white and bare of fea- thers: | This under the Eyes is produced in a femilunar form: The Bill is great, hooked, white above, black underneath. Ithatha Tongue likea Parrot, and eats after the fame manner. It learns alfo to pronounce fome words. The upper Chap of the Bill is about three inches long, broad or deep. It hath black Legs and Feet like a Parrot. The whole Head, Neck, Breaft, Belly, Thighs, and Tail underneath, as alfo the beginning of the Wings above are cloathed with moft lovely and elegant red feathers : The middle part of the Wings is adorned with green, andthe lower half of them from the middle to the end with blue. The Rump or lower part of the Back, and the Tail are blue, fome brown feathers being alfo intermingled. The Tail is about ten inches long, running out much beyond the ends of the Wings. §. IV. 3 * The Macao called Ararauna by the Brafilians, Margorav. the fame with Aldrov.his fir/?. T is in fhape like the precedent, but of a different colour. Its Billblack; Eyes f grey, Pupilblack. ‘The skin about the Eyes white, variegated with black, as if It were wrought with a Needle. The Legsand Feet dusky [ fica] The forepart of the Head abovethe Bill hath a copple or tuft of green feathers, Under the lower Bill black feathers compafs the Throat. The fidesof the Neck, the whole Breaft and lower Belly are covered with yellow feathers: The hinder or extreme part of the Head, the backfide of the Neck, the whole Back and outfides of the Wings with ’ blue. The ends of the Wings have yellow feathers mingled with the blue. The Tai! contifts of long blue feathers, wherewith fome yellow ones are mingled. The inner or underfideof all the blue feathers in generalis black: Thefe feathers do alfo caft a thew of blacknefsfrom their fides. | Upon - mon Ravew : Hatha great Head, broad and flat aboves fair * grey Eyes [ *Cerfins ] “"** ORNITHOLOGN Booxl Upon comparing the defcriptions I find, that this is the very fame-bird with Aldre- vandue his firlt Macao. ) a” .2 3 blA To oss§M Wivtagse wits sit + * The former Brafilian Maracana of Marggtav: T is a Bird altogether like a Parrot ( of which alfo itis a Species ) but bigger. | All its feathers of a bluifh grey. It cries like a Parrot. ‘It loves fruit, : efpecially Murucuja. | , QiMVEt Yac® Saiuad alot Pn * The obhércNearacana of Marggrav. , ° His isalfoa fort of Arara [ he meansby this word a Maecaw, for fo it feems the i Brafilians call Maccaws } but lefler, about the bignefs of a Parrot, It is of the fhape of a Macca, [ Arara] hath fach a long Tail, a like Bill and skin about the Eyes. The Bill is black 5 the skin aboutthe Eyes white and {peckled with black feathers : The Eyes yellowifh, the Pupil black. The whole Head, Neck, and Wings are of a deep greenasin Amurucurica: The top of the Head is more dilute, and ina manner inclining to blue. The Tail confifts of feathers above green, underneath of _ a deep red, having their ends blue. The Wings likewife are read on the infide, green on the outfide, having their ends blue. At the rife of each Wing it hatha red{pot. Atthe rife of the Bill above it hath a dusky {pot. The Legs and Feet are dusky. It cries Oe, Oe, Oc. | CHAP. IIL... Of middle-fized Parrots, properly called Parrots and Poppinjayes. “Rods 2 * The white crefted Parrot of Aiuordardins, teft fort of tame Pigeon. N. B. I here meafure the length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Wings, for meafuring tothe end of the Tail it is about eighteen inches. Its Tail contrary to the manner of other Parrots, is not {tretched out di- rectly backwards in length, but eretted after the fafhion of the common Duzghill- Cock,and Hens. It hath an ath-coloured Bill, inclining to black, having wide open Nofthrils near the Head, and rifingup, with a round ridge or bunch between them. The Tongue is broad and red: The Irides of theEyes yellow, the Pupil black. The whole body cloathed with white feathers. The crown of the Head is adorned with fair feathers, a handful and half high, bending fomewhat backward, ending in{tharp points again reflected forwards, tenin number, as it were acreft. The Tail in like manner is erected on high, confifting of a great many white feathers, nine inches long, fuch as are feen inthe Tails of Dunghil-Cocks. The Legs and Feet are yellowifh: The © Claws {mall, fcarce hooked and black. [ was about thirteen inches long, asbig as an ordinary young Pullet, or the grea- §. IL The woft common green Parrot having the ridge of the Wing red. Aldrov. His is nothing lef, if not bigger, than the white crefted Parrot, almoft fifteen . i inches long, of the bulk of the greateft tame Pigion or a Pullet of the firft year.. [, With us they. are not ordinarily fo big. ] The upper Chap of the Bill is black at the point, then bluifh, the remainder being red; the lower Chap white: The Iris of the Eye of a Saffron colour, or rather red, the Pupil black: The crown of the Head yellow: All the reft of the body is green, the under fide more dilute and yellowifh; the Back and Wings darker, and the greateft and outmoft Pinion feather inclining fomewhat to blue. Only the uppermolt ridge of the Wings is red 5 , as 1 Boot. ORNITHOLOGY, its ds alfo the Tail, which is but fhort': In the lower part on each fide it is marked with along, redfpot, but above it isyellow. The Legs and Feet are afh-coloured : The Claws black, and not'much hooked. : sips | This kind is the moft commonof all with us. In thofé I defcribed at London there wx a white circle about the Eyes: and the upper Chap of the Bill had'cn each fide a tooth-like proce{s or Appendix, to which anfwered a dent or nick in the lower. Q.° Il. ® Aldrovandus his Parrot witha particoloured Bill. er Chap in the upper part was of a bluifh green, ofa yellow Oker colout in the fides; the tip crofled witha white {pot : The lower CHap of the Bill ofa lead- colour round about, and yellow inthe middle, the crown of the Head adorned with yellow or golden feathers. The reft of the body was for the moft part green, the Back darker, the Belly and Breaft lighter, with a glofs of yellow, the roots or bot- toms of the feathers being every where cinereous. The flag-feathers on their outer webs toward the belly were firlt green, then by little and little growing blue, termi- nate jn a purplifh colour, being elfewhere black. The fecotid row of Wing-feathers were wholly yellow. Thofe which grew about the middle of the Wings, at theii beginning, on the outer web, which refpects the belly, were firft green, then of a dark red, then green again, arid laftly at their tips partly of a violet colour, partly black, with fo great variety. The Tail is compofed of twelve feathers, of which four om each fide at their rife or beginning are firft green on the exteriour web,yellow on theinteriour, then of a red or Scarlet colour, thirdly green again, and laftly yel- low. The four remaining middle feathers are wholly or all over green, only at their very ends fhew fomething of yellow. The Feet are of a lead-colour, having four toes, two f{tanding forward, and two backwards, as in, Woodpeckers ; the interiour being much fhorter than the exteriour. The Claws crooked as in Rapacious birds. The Legs not above an inch long, but pretty thick. §. Iv. * The black-billed green Patvot of Aldtovandus. pe the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail it was eighteen inches lobes. The pelo Pe His is thirteen inches long, hath a great, thick Bill, like-the telt, but. wholly i black. At the beginning of the Bill, onthe Crown, and under the Throat it is of abluecolour, tendingto green. The Ir# of the Eye is of a dark Saffron, the Pupil black :. Thereft of the Head and the Breaft yellow : The Belly of a middleco- lour between yellow and green; as alfo the upper fide of the Tail. The Neck and all the Back with the Wings are of'a deep green: So that it would be almoft wholly green, but that the very extreme ridge of the Wing, where it is joyned to the body, is of a Scarlet red 3; and then follows a black feather inthe outfide or extremity of the Wings which refpeé the belly, and laftly the tips of the flag-feathers.dre red. Befides thefe alfo the lower part of the Rump is tinctured witha Scarlet red. The Feet até ‘dusky : The Talons black; and fomewhat crooked. The Tail is about a Palm long: more or lefs. = 7 §. Vv. * The whitesheaded Paes of Aldrovandus. j T is ten inches long: The Bill white, and two inches thick : That part of the Head ] next to the Billis alfo white: ‘The Pupil of the Eye black, the Iris ferrugineous. The forehead and crown of the head are white, variegated with black {pots. The hinder part of the Head; Neck, Back, Wings, and Rump above are tin@ured with 2 dark green: The Throat and uppermoft ridge of the Wings with a Vermilion red. The Breaft and Thighs again are green. The part of the Belly lying between the Thighsand the Breaft is of a dusky colour obfcurely red, or of that the Painters call Onber (terre Umbrie.| Some of the covert-feathers of the Wings, vz. the out- moft, are blue; but with fomie mixture of white. Thelower part of the belly oe the Li4 t ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. the Rump yellow... The Tail is red inthe middle the fides being variegated with red, yellow, andblue. Almoft all. the feathers have their. utmoft tips black, but elfe are green: The Legs and Feet cinereous. ‘This Bird from the great variety of its colours might well be called the; particoloured.or many-coloured [ wax/a@. | Parrot 5 it being of no lefs than {even feveral colours, of which yet the chief is green. ieee 2 : Mr. Willughby doth thus briefly defcribe either thisfame Parrot, or one very like it. ‘It is of a green colour, leffer than a Pigeon : The Irides of the Eyes of a Hazel co- lour. The Billis white: From the Bill to the middle of the crownit is alfo white, Under the Eyes andthe under Chap itis of aVermilion colour. The middle of the Breaft and Belly between the Legs is reddifh. The outer webs of the Tail-feathers to the fhaftare of a flame-colour. Towards the crown of the Head the edges of all the feathers aredark or blackifh. The outmoft flag-feathers are bluifh. Theexteriour | border of the Tail-end is bluifh, A dark {pot covers the Ears. The lower part of the Bellyisof ayellowifhgreen. =. : ps iow WE * The red and blue Parrot of Aldrovandus. Bh ys bird is nine inches long, {ufficiently corpulent. The Bill not fo great. as inthe precedent, blackifh: The Head, Neck, and Breaft are blue: The top of the crownremarkablefor a yellow f{pot. The region of the Eyes whites the Pupil black ; the Irzs dusky. The fides of the Belly under the tips of the Wings yellow: The Bel- ly green. The Thighs white, with afhadow of green. The Rump yellow. The top of the back of a pale blue. The covert feathers of the Wings’ particoloured. of green, yellow, and rofie. The end of the back or region of the loins. yellowith. shettaes and Feet are afh-coloured, the reft of the body is of a rofe-colour or bluifh. §. VII. Aldrovandus hys afb-coloured or bluifh Parrot. His according to Aldrovandyws is teninches long : Of the bignefs of a tame Pigeon, f or the common green Parrot. The Bill is black: The Nofthrils near to one another, inthe upper part of the Bill nextto the Head; which part is covered with anaked white skin [ we afterwards obferved the fame figure and fituation of the Nofthrils in all other Parrots. | The wholebody is of. anuniform colour, viz.a dark cinereous: Yet the lower part of the Back and Belly and the Rump are paler thanthe reft of the body, and almoft white. The Tail is red of a Vermilion colour, very fhort, and {carce reaching further than the ends of the Wings.’ The region of the Eyes [_fides of the head round the Eyes] is white and bare of feathers. The feathers of the Head and Neck are fhorter than the others. They fay that all of this kind are ins from Mina, an Indian City of St. Georges. We have {een many of them at ondon. §. VIL. * The red and white Parrot of Aldrovandus. Tis equal to an indifferent great Capon, feventeen inches long. The Head and | Neck thick. The whole body white, but moderately fhaded with dusky, fo thatit feems tobe afh-coloured. Its Bill is black, the hooked part being longer than in others. Thehinder part of the Back, the Rump, the wholeTail, and prime fea- thers of the Wingsare of a Scarlet colour [ Miwiaceo colore.| The Feet, as in others, blackith. In bignefs of body it givesnot place to that greateft fort which are lefs vo- cal, called Maccaws : In this only it is inferiour to them, that it hath a fhorter Tail : F - which caufe, notwith{tanding its magnitude, we have placed it in this Claffis or ran e §.IV. Boor, ORNITHOLOGY. §. IX. : * Marggravius his widdle-fized Parrots. He firft Species called AJURUCURAU is avery elegant bird. Above the Bill | on thehead ithath a tuft or cop of a lovely blue. Thethroat, fides, and up- per part of the Hedd are cloathed with feathers.of a delicate yellow: The whole body of pleafantgreen. In brief, it is elegantly variegated. The Tailis green, but when it fpreads it appears edged or fringed with black,red, andblue: The, Legs and Feet of an afh-coloour: The Bill moredusky : The Eyes black, with a golden circle about the Pupil. TheTongue of allis broad and thick. The fecond Speciesis like to the former, alittle differing in the variegation of the colours, viz. Onthe top of the Head it hath a yellow cop, wherewith white is ming- led. Above the Eyes, and under the Throat it is ofa clear or bright yellow. About the upper Bill isa Sea-green {pot. The third Species called AJuRUCURUCA hatha tuft on its Head of a colour mingled of blue and alittle black ; and in the middle of the tuft a yellow fpot. Be- low the Eyes isa yellow, and on the Throat a bluefpot. The Breaftis green, asare alfo the Wings and Back, but{omewhat deeper or darker, the ends of the Wings and the Tail again being more dilute: the tips of the Wing-feathers are yellow and red, mingled with blue. The Tail underneathis particoloured of green and yellow, above _ of a pale green. The Legs of a bluifh afh-colour. The Billabove cinereous, in the extremities black. The Clawsblack. PAR AGUA isablack Parrot of the bignefs of Ajurwcariz: The Breaft, Back, and anteriour half of the belly remarkably red: TheEyes black,encompafied with a red circle or Iris: The Bill dusky, or of a dark afh-colour. The TAR ABE of the Brafilians isa green Parrot bigger than a Paragua,with a red Head and Breaft, of which colour is alfo the beginning of the Wings. The Beak and Feet are of a dark afh-colour. AJURUCATINGA of the Braflians is a Parrot of the bignefs of a handfom Pul- let: Allgreen, with red Eyes, and the skin about the Eyes white: The Bill and Legs white. Ithath along green Tail. This iz colour and length of the tail agrees with the Parakeet, but differs frou it in bigne/s. AJURUPARA agreesinall refpetts with the precedent, only it is lefs. A@is Sane be Of the leffer fort of Parrots called Parrakects. Q. Is * The Ring:Parrakect or Pfittacus of the Ancients, Aldrov. TT wasthe firft of all the Parrots brought out of Ivdia into Europes and the only one known to the Ancients for a long time, to wit, from the time of Alexander the Great to the Age of Nero, by whofe fearchers (as Pliny wit= neffeth ) Parrots were difcovered elfewhere, viz. in Gagande an {land of Aithiopia. It is fourteen inches long 5 hatha thick Bill, all over red: A yellow Iré or circle en- compafies the Pupil of the Eye, which is; asinmoft birds, black. The head and all the body befides is green; but the neck, breaft, and whole underfide more dilute or pale: the upper fide deeper-coloured. From the lower Chap of the Bill under the Chin a black line is drawn downward as far asthe beginning of the Breaft, whichthen divides, and goes away to each fide of the neck, till it meet with that red circle or ring, which compafieth the backfide of the Neck. This ring is behind of the breadth of ones little finger, but grows narrower by degrees towards thefides. The belly is of fo fainta green, that it feems almoft to be yellow. The outmoft feathers of the Wingsnext the belly are of adark dusky green about the middle, in the upper part diftinguifhed with ared mark. The Tail, which is about two Palms long, isalfo of a yellowifh green: The Legs and Feet afh-coloured- Whence Solinws doth not Q2 rightly Lis tte ¥ Peychanice he means the point. * Flefh-co- lour, ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il, rightly affirm, that it hathno difference of colour but only the ring of red about the Neck : Nor Apuleiws, that the out-fides of the feet are red, [| extimas palmulas ru- bere | they being cinereous : Unlefs we can think they defcribed another bird_of this fort. 3 Lee y : §. IL oe A i3 * The wholly green Parrakect of Aldrovandus. y His is of equal Jength with the former, but lefstbodied; being not bigger than a T Throfileor Mavis, TheBillisred, efpecially the upper part; for the * edges | acies |] and lower part are blackith : the Pupilof the Eyes black, the Irides ofa red and Safiron colour. The reft of the body is of a pleafant grafs-green, yet the belly more pale, the mafter-feathers of the Wings of adeeper colour. The Tail narrow, ending almoft ina point, near nineinches long. The Feet and Legs of a different colour fromall other Parrots, vz. a red or* carneous.. Thisispeculiarly by a diftne name called Sciucialo in Hifpaniola an Wland of America, where it is found. The Itz- Fans for its {mall ftature and bulk call it Parochino, and the Frenchmen ( as Belonius faith ) Perroguet. | a baat, The red and yellow or pale green Parrakeet of Aldrovandus de(cribed by the Picture thereof fent with many others out of Japan to Popes I fufpect to be fictitious, at leaft in many particulars, as are doubtlefs the reft of thofe Pictures, therefore Ihave omitted it, referring the Reader, who defires further know- ledge of it, to Aldrovandus. ‘ . 3 | ; §. UL. | * The creftedred and green Parrot of Aldrovandus. He Wings, Tail, and Creft of this bird were red, the reft of the body green. - Its Creft refembled that of the crefted Parret above defcribed. It had very fair Eyes, witha black Pupil andred Iris. The Creft confifted of fix feathers, three greater, and as many lefs. | q d. IV. * Marggravius his Parrakeets, called by the Brafilians Tui. se firft Species is of thebignels of a Swallow : allover green: Having a very long long Tail, anda black hooked bill. This may be the fecond fort. The fecond Species, called TUIAPUTEJUBA, isalfo all over green; the Wings darker, the reft of the body paler, fave the belly, which is yellowifh : The Tail is very long. The Bird is of the fame bignefs with the former: Hath great, blackifh Eyes: A circleof yellow feathers about the Eyes, and above the Bill, which is black and hooked. Onthe head it hath a great {pot of orange-coloured feathers. The third, called TurTirica, is fomewhat bigger than thofe of Guiny, ofa green colour allover,which for the moft part isdeeper in the Back and Wings, paler in the other parts: TheBill crooked, ofa Carnation colour: The Eyes black, the Feet bluifh. The Tail reachesa little beyond the ends of the Wings. ; Thefe become very tame, fo that they will take meat out of ones mouth, and permit one to ftroke and hhandlethem. They learnalfo to talk like Parrots. The fourth isof the bignef$ of a Stare, of thefame colour with the fecond Species, but having a thorter Tail. | | The fifth, called JENDAY A, is of the bignefS of a Blackbird or Throjtle, hath a black Bill and Legs 5 black Eyes, with a golden Irés or circle encompafling the Pupil, outwatdly white. The Back, Wings, and Tail, as allo the lower belly are covered * Tcannot fay with green feathers, with which a Sea-colour is mingled. The * extremity of the whether he means the end,or out- fide. Wings is in amanner black. The whole Head, Neck and Breaft are of a yellow co- lour, partly deeper, and partly paler. — : el el Jo: The fixth, called Ture TE, 1s of the bignefs of a Lark : The whole body of a light green: But the beginning of the Wings of abright blue. The borders alfo of all the feathers of the Wings are blue, fothat when they are clofed, thefe borders al- together +. Book I, ORNITHOLOGY, 7 together makean appearance-of a long green -f{troke near the outlides of the Wings. In-the back alfo at the rife of ‘the Tail thereis a blue {pot. The Tail is hort : the Bill hooked, of a Carnation colour. TheLegs and Feet cinereous. The seventh, called TULP-ARA by the Tupinambi, is allo of the bignels of a Lark, © and all over ofa pale green. The Tail fhorter, fo that it ends with the Wings [ being equally extended. ’] The Billofa Carnation colour,the Legs grey ot grilled. Nearthe rife of the Bill, in the forehead it hath a Scarlet {pot of a‘femilunar figure, as it-werea Crown. [Ihe following words corrupted, I fuppofe, by the errour of the Tranferibers or Printers, not underfianding, Fhave omitted. | Theybuild in Ant-heapsleft by the Ants, which are foundin trees. 4 ab: ANACA of theBrafiians, 1s again-of the bignefs of a Lark. Its Bill dusky and hooked. ‘The feathers on the topiof the head areof a Liver-colour : ‘On the fides of the Head aboutthe Eyes of abrown. The Throat is. afh-coloured: the Neck above and the fides green. ‘The Belly hath reddith brown feathers. The back is green, and hath’a {pot Ke alight brown. ; The Tailis alfo of a dilute brown. In the beginning ofthe Wings isa crimfon fpotorborder: Thereftof the Wings green; the ends on- ly of a Sea-water colour. The Legsabove covered with green feathers, below bare, and of an afh-colour, having black Claws. In fine it is a very elegant bird. QuijuBATUI isall yellow, of the bignefs of Txiapara: witha hooked grey Bill, and black Eyes. Theend of the Wings is of adark green: The Tail long and yel- low. It eafily becomes very tame. 4 $e. The Scarlet Parakecto withgreen and black Wregs. |'T is bigger than a Blackbird : The whole body of a Scarlet colour: The covert ] feathersof the Wings green; the prime feathers black ; having their exteriour webs greenabove, and of a Crimfon colour underneath. The ridges of the Wings ~ yellow. The Tail a Palm long, confifting of twelve feathers, whofe lower halves are red, the upper being green or yellow. The Bill yellow, very much hooked, hang- ing down half aninch. The [rides of the Eyes. yellow: The skin of the fides of the Head round the Eyesis bare, and of an afh-colour.. The Legs very fhort and black. A ring of green feathers compafies thelegsabove the knees. We {aw this at London inthe fhop of a certain tradef=man, who told us that it was brought out of the _ Bafi-Indies. | ' | _ CHAP. V. * Clufius his Difcourfe and Account of Parrots. heard laugh likeaman, when he was by the by-ftanders bidden fo to do in ; the French Tongue, in thefe words: Riez, Perroquet, riex 5 that is, Langh, Parrot, laugh. Yea, which was more wonderful, it would prefently add in the French Tongue, as if it had been endued with reafon, but doubtlefs fo taught, O le grand fot, qui me fad rire 5 thatis, O great fool, who makes me laugh: And was wont to repeat thole words twice or thrice. But among others I faw one of thofé great ones mthe houfe of theilluftriousLady, Mary of Bremen, Dutchefs of Cray and Arefchot, of happy memory, before fhe went out of Hol/and, the like whereto for variety and elegancy of colours, Ido not remember to have ever feen. For though almoft all the feathers covering the body were red, yet the feathers of the Tail (which were very long ) were partly red, and partly blue; but thofe on the Back and Wings patti- _ coloured of yellow, red, and green, witha mixture alfo of blue. Its Head about _ the Eyes was white and varied with waved black lines, like the Head of the Cavida. Ido not remember the like Patrot defcribed in any Author. Moreover, this Bird was fo in love with Av#a the Dutchefles Neece, now Countefs of Meghen, and * Ba- * The Latine ronefsof Grosbeke, that where ever fhe walked about the Room it would follow her, a maou aE and if it faw any onetouch her cloaths, would ftrike at him with its Bill; fo thatit °? “* feemed to be pofieffed with a {pirit of jealoufie. That Parrot of the greater pec , 7 ; calle Tt: Noble Philip Marninius of St. Aldegond had a Parrot, whom { have oft 1198 ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox Il. called by the Braflians Arat, as Lerivs writes, mutt needs alfo be a very handfom one. — For he faith, that the prime feathers of the Wings and Tail (which are a foot and half long ) arehalf Scarlet-coloured, half of an elegant blue; the fhaft or Nerve which cuts the feather through the middle long-ways diftinguifhing thofe colours [ that is, each feather being on one fide the fhaft blue, on the other fide ted | but that the reft of the feathers of the whole body are altogether blue. He adds, that both thofe forts of greater Parrots, viz. Arat and Caxide, were in great e{teem among the Brafilians, becaufe they pluckt their feathers three or four times a year, to make Clothes, Caps,Bucklers,and Curtains : And though they are not kept tame,yet arethey wont more to frequent and abide in great trees in the middle of the Villages than in Woods. Befides, thofe two huge ones, the fame Lerivs reports, that there are found three or four forts of Parrots among the Brafiliaws.’ The firft, of thofe great and thick-bodied ones, which the Toxoupimamboutiz, a people of Brafil, call Aicurous, ha- ving its head adorned with feathers particoloured of yellow, red, and violet, the endsof the Wings of a lovely red, and the feathers of the Tail long and yellow; the reft of the body being wholly green: That this kind is feldom tranfported into forein Countries; and yet there isnone that may moreeafily and perfectly be taught to fpeak. He adds further, that a certain Brafilian woman, living in a Village two miles diftant from the Ifland, in which he with other Frenchmen dwelt, had a Parrot of this kind, which fhe made much of ; which feemed to be endued with that under- {tanding and reafon, that it could difcern and comprehend whatever fhe faid who broughtitup. For, faith he, walking forth fometimes to refrefh our felves as far as that Village, when we pafled by that womans houfe, fhe was wont to call upon us in thefe words, IVill you give me a Comb, or a Looking-glafs, and I will prefently make my Parvot fing and dance before you ? If we agreed to her requeft, as foon as fhe had pro- _ nounced fome words to the Bird, it began not only toleap upon the Perch on which it ftood, but alfo totalk and whiftle, and imitate the fhoutings and exclamations of the Brafilians, when they prepare themfelves for the battel. In brief when it came into its Dames mind to bidit fing, it fang, to bid it leap, it leapt: But if taking it ill, that fhe had not obtained what fhe asked, fhe faid to the bird Azge, that is, be ftill or filent: It{tood ftill, and held its peaces neither could we by any means provoke it to move either foot or tongue, The fecond kind is called by the Brafilians Mar- ganas, and slike thofe Parrots that are wont to be brought into Eurepe; of no great account among them, by reafon of their multitude or abundance, they being not lefs frequent there, than Pzgeons with us. The third fort of Parrots, called by them Tov#s, are not greater thana Starling, and have their whole body covered with fea- thers of a deep green: But the feathers of the Tail ( which arevery long) havea mixture of yellow. He added further, that he had obferved, that the Parrots of that Country did not build Nefts hanging down on the boughs or twigs of trees, as fome by their Topographical Tables would perfiiade uss but in the hollows of trees, of anorbicular figure, fuffictently hard and firm. Then C/ufiws tells us that he faw Parrots brought from Feruambuco of the Brafilians, not exceeding the bignefs of a Stare, covered with feathers wholly of a green colour, but all having a fhort Tail,and white Bill: and they who brought them over reported,that this kind was very noxious to fruit: That they fed them by the way with grains of Maiz,that 1s,Izdian Wheat. In the fecond Voyagethe Hol/anders made into the Eaft Indies,in Fava and certain neigh- bouring Iflands, they obferved Parrots far more elegant than thofe they were wont to bring out of Brafil,and they underftood that they were called Noyras by the Portugues that frequented fava and the Moluccas : That they were not very big-bodied,but of fo. elegant a colour, that they thought more beautiful. could not be painted by the hand of Man. For the Breaft and Belly were covered with feathers ofa florid, fhining red colour; the Back with golden-coloured Plumes; the Wings adorned with feathers particoloured of green and blue: Underneath the Wings the feathers were of a lovely fhining red. But that the price of thofe birds there was very great; fo that they were not rated at lefsthan eight or ten Germaz Dollars. Lizfcotiws writes, that the Portugues had often made trial to bring over of them to Lisbon, but could never effectit, becaufe they were too tender and delicate. But the Hol/anders with a great deal of care and induftry brought one alive as far as Azfterdam, which though it were not of thechoiceft, yet might have been fold for one hundred and feventy Florens or Gildersof that Province, that isfomewhat more than feventy Dollars, as I find re- corded in the Diary of that Voyage. That bird by the way had learned to pronounce many Holland words, which ithad heard of the Mariners, and its Mafter had made . Q Boox Il. ORNITHOLOGY. fo tame, that it would put its Bill into his Mouth and Ears without doing him any harm, and would put in order the hairs of his beard if difcompofed : And if any one elfe offered to touch him, it would prefently fnap or peck at him, as if ithad -beenfome Dog. Furthermore ( faith he ) inthe yearof Chrift 1605. Facob Platean fent me the figure ofa certain Parrot, drawn to the life in colours, the like whereto feeingI have not as yet feen, norremember to have met with any where decribed, I thought fit to fubjoyn the figure of it Printed, in this Auéarium to my Hiftory of Exotics, He wrotethat he had kept it abovetwo years, that it was of the bignefs of a Pigeow: That it hada Head almoft likea Hawks, to wit, covered with fucheo- loured feathers : Sparkling Eyes. The Neck and Breaft were befet with particolouted feathers 3 which when it was angry, or any one molefted it, by bringing any Animal near to the Cage in which it was fhut up, it would fet an end, fo that it {Cemed to bein amanner crefted. Thofe feathers were of a reddiflt colour, and in the outs ward part, [_ I fuppofe he means round the borders or edges ] of a moft elegant blue. The feathers of the Belly were almoft of like colour, yet moreover clouded with dusky. ‘Thefeathersof the Back were green, and the miafter-feathers of the Wings bluifh, The Tail was compofedof many green feathers, but not long. Icould not neglect topropofe to the Readers view a{mallfort of Parrot, brought thefe laft years from Aithiopia and the places bordering on Manicongo, by the Holland Skippers, with the figure of the Male, (but the Female is much more elegant, for there was one, brought of both Sexes.) The bulk of the body was equal in bignefs to a Chaffinch: Thatis, was twoinches and an half long from the bottom of the Neck to the Rump. - All the feathers covering the body were of a green colour 5 among which yet there appeared a manifeft difference : For thofe on the Back were deeper coloured; thofe on the Belly paler. The flag-feathers of the Wings were three inches long; and though on the upper fides on that fide the fhaft which hath the fhorter Vii, as far as they cover one another, they were tinftured with a deep greens yet on the other fide which hath longer VU, and on all the under-fide they were dusky or brown. _The feathers of the Tail were moft elegant, wellnigh two inches long,’ little lef than half aninch broad, on that part next the Rump ofa green colour mingled with yel- low, nextof an elegant red, then of a black, and laft ofall of a green. And thefé three Jaft colours were diftin& from one another; as isto be feenin the Tail-feathers of fome green Parrots, of the great kind [called Maccaws,] But thefe feathers are {carcely feen unlefs when fhe {preads her Tail, becaufe they are covered with others of thefamelength, which are wholly green. The Neck is fhort and thick: The fea- thers covering the Head very fhort and green; except thofe on the crown above the Bill, and on the whole throat, for they are of a lovely floridredcolour. I {peak of the Male, for the feathers of the Female were of a paler red, and did not take u p fo large a {pace asin the Male. TheEyes were very black, the Bill thick and {trong 5 the upper Chap hooked and fharp-pointed, as in other forts of Parrots: Its colour reddifh. The Legs thort, fcarce attaining the length of half aninch, covered with afh-coloured fcales, asthe feet of other common Parrots, and thofe divided into four Toes 5 of which two ftood forward, and were of unequal length, two backward, and they alfo unequal: The fhorter, which were the inner, having two joynts, the longer 5 which were the outer, three. The Claws were white, and of a good length. T obferved itto have a very {mall voice, and only to peep like aChicken. It d elights in company. Wheniteats, it doth not hold itsmeat inone foot, like other Parrots, but picks up its meat with its Bill by jobbing: But its meat for the molt part is Canary feed ; for L obferved it to feed more willingly upon that than any other kind of Seed. I faw fome that were fo taught that they would pick up crums of bread dipt or moift- ned with water. Its drink is water. I obferved further in this bird, that the Fe- males, when they grew old, would fcarce eat any meat, but what had been pickt up by the Male, and kept a while in his Crop, and there mollified or macerated; the which they received with their Bills, as young Pigeons are wont to be fed and nou- rifhed by the old ones. §. Vit 119 ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il. Q. VIL. oe * Bontius bis fieall Parrakeet. WT is of the bignefsof'a Lark, hath a hooked Bill, grey of colour, as is alfo the throat 5 black Eyes, encompafled with ‘a filver circle [ F- fuppofe he means the Iris.] The Tongue islike a Parrots with folid ligaments. It can fet up {pecious feathers on the crownof its Head likea Creft. Its Legs and Feet are ofan ath-colour. It hath a very long Tail, reaching about ten inches beyond the ends of the Wings. Both the Belly underneath, and alfo the Head, Neck, and Tail above are of a beautiful red colour: But the Breaft and lower feathers of the Tail are of a pale rofe-colour, which [ Tail-feathers }] end ina lovely blue, or colour mingled of white and green. The Wings are chiefly green, but interwoven with red feathers, the one half whereof is fo variegated on each fidewith yellow and rofe colour, that expofed to the Sun it re- prefents a thoufand varieties of fhining colours, and can hardly be exprefled bya Painter: _ So that this bird deferves to be highly prized by great perfons. Thefe Parrots are found chiefly in the midland Countries: They rooft and build ‘onthe higheft trees. They fly incompanies, and witha great noife, asdoth the whole tribe of Parrots. They are alfo garrulous,and learnto pronounce fome words ifthey be kept tame. oF §... VII. = * Margeravius his Brafilian Ani of kin to the Parrots. His Bird is of the bignefs of a Throftle or Muvis, wholly black, Wings, Bill, Eyes, and Feet. It hatha long, erect Tail, of fx inches length. Its Bill is high, broad, an inch long or fomething more; the lower part almoft ftreight, the up- pet high, broad, of a femilunar figure and compreffed, fo that above it is almoft edged. ‘The Legs and Feet flender. It hath four Toes, two {tanding forwards, two backwards, after the manner or Parrots. It cries with a loud voice, in one tone yity, inthe middle more elevated. They are frequent in all Woods, but not good to eat. i ie ae THE Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. THE 7 SECOND PART OF THE FIRST BOOK. Of Birds with freighter or lefs hooked Bills. THE FIRST SECTION. > _ =. os Or Greater Birds, , tS, . Cuape. I. Birds with thick, freight, and large Bills. carnivorous and rapacious, being very greedy of dead Carkafles and Car- - *rion; or uponInfedts only. The firft may be divided into fuch whofe bo- dy is for the moft part of one colour, and that black, which we call the Crow-hind : Or fach whofe body is particoloured, and who chatter much, viz, the Pie-hind. Of thofe which feed upon Infects only. there is but one family, to wit, Wood-peckers. YettheReader is totake notice, that when we affirm Woodpeckers to feed only upon Infeéts, we underftand Woodpeckers properly and ftrittly {0 called : For there are fome birds which we have referred to this Genus of Woodpeckers largely taken, which feed alfo upon fruit, as for example, the Nuthatch, Wall-creéper,&c. Hefe either feed indifferently upon Infects and Fruit, fome of them alfo are ’ . f Cin ee TT Birds of the Crow-kind. The Raven, called in Latine Corvus, in Greek Keene. y¢ He Bird we deferibed weighed two pounds and two ounces: Its length from its weighs, the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was two feet andoneinch. The lengthand % AF diftance between the extremities of the Wings extended was four feet and” halfan inch... The Billlong, thick, bare and very black: Fhe upper Chap fome- The Bill, thing hooked, butnot fo asin Hawks,the lower ftreight: The Tongue broad, cleft at the tip, rough, and black underneath. The Iris of the Eye or ring encircling the Pupil confifts as it wereof a double circle, the exteriour being of a light cinereous or afh-colour, the interiour of adark cinereous. Black hairs or briftles bending from the Head downwards cover the Nofthrils. The Plumage is black all over the body, having a blue {plendour or glofs5 which is feen efpecially in the Tail and Wings. The Belly is fomething paler, inclining to brown. On the middle of the Back grow only downy feathers: For the Back is covered with thofe long feathers that {pring from readth, Tongue, Eye. Nofthriis, : Colour of the feathers. the fhoulders, as in many other birds. ‘The number of prime feathers in each Wing The ae istwenty, of whichthe firft is fhorter than the {econd, the fecond than the third, and Wing-fea- the fhaft extends further than the Vanes, and ends ina fharp point. KR * "The ‘that than the fourth,which isthe longeft of all. Inall fom the fixth to the eighteenth quis. The Tail. The Claws , and Toes, Entrails. its Food. White Ra- vens. Ravens re- claimed for fowling. The place. Their longe- vity. Its weight, length, and breadth, Bill, Tongue, _ Eyes, Nofthrils, Colour. The Wing- feathers or Quils. Tail, Feet and Claws. Bowels and entrails, ORNATHOLOGY, Boo I, The Tailis about nine inches long, made up of twelve feathers, the exteriour be- ing gradually fomewhat fhorter than the interiour. Ss It hath large crooked Claws, efpecially thofe of the back-toes. The outmott fore- toe is joyned to the middlemoft from the divarication to the firft joynt. : The Liver is divided into two Lobes. It hath a large Gall {ticking to the Guts. The length of the Guts is forty threeinches ; of the blind-guts one inch. The Gullet below the Bill is dilated into a kind of bag, wherein. fhe brings meat to feed her Young, The ftomach withiii is wrinkled. The Rave feeds not only upon Fruitsand Infects, but alfo. upon the Carkafles ofbeafts, birds, ‘and fithes ; moreover, it fets upon, kills,and devours living birds, after the manner of Hawks. ™ We have feen one or two milk-white Raves : Aldrovaxdys mentions divers; and faith that they are often found in Eglamd: But without doubt he was miftaken or mifinformed 5 for they are feldom feen among us; infomuch that they are carti- ed up and down to be fhewnfor money. I rather think, that they are found in thofe Mountainous or Northern Countries, which ate for the greateft part of the year co- vered with {now : Where alfo many other Animals change their native colours, and become white, as Bears, Foxes, Hares,’ Blackbirds, &c. whether it proceeds from the force of the imagination heightned by the conftant intuition of Snow, or from the'cold of the Climate, occafioning-fuch a languifhing of colour; as we fCein old | Age, when the natural heat decays, the hair growsgrey, and at laft white. They fay that a Raver may be reclaimed and trained up for fowling, after the man- ner of a Hawk, | AM ds | ey Ravens are found not only in one part or Region of the World, but abound in all Countries: Do eafily bear all changes of weather, fearing neither heat nor cold, en- during well to abide and live where-ever theré is plenty of meat for theth. “And though they are faid to love folitude; yet do they very often live and build inthe . midft of the moft populous Cities, as Aldrovendus delivers, and experience con- firms. They build in high Trees,or old Towers, inthe beginning of March with us in Exgland, and fometimes:fooner.. They lay four or five, and fometimes fix Eggs eer they begin to fit. Their Eggs.are of a:pale greenifh blue, full of black {pots and lines. . . | Whatisreported by Hefiod and others ‘of the Ancients, of the long lives of Ra- veus is without doubt fabulous. . But that all Birds:in general compared with Qua- drupeds are long-lived we have already proved. by divers examples in feveral kinds : And that Ravezsare inthe number of thelongeft lived we will not deny. Oe: The common or carrion Crow, Cormx. He Cock, which we deferibed, weighed twenty two ounces [ another but a twenty. ] Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Feet waseigh- teen inches and an half, to the end of the Tail about an inchmore: Its breadthbe- tween the extremities of the Wings {pread two feet andtwo inches. The Bill {trong, thick, ftreight, from the tip to the Angles of the Mouth two inches and almoft an half long ; the lower Mandiblebeing fomewhat the fhorter : The Tongue cleft, and as it were jagged ortorn. The Eyes great, having Irides of a Hazel colour. The Nofthrils round, coveréd with black briftles reflected toward the end of the Bill. The Plumage of the whole body is black, only the ground or bottom of the fea- thers of a Lead or dark afh-colour. The beam-feathers are in number twenty in each Wing 5 whereof the firft is fhorter than the fecond, the fecond than the third, that than the fourth, whichis the longeft of all, being by meafure ten inches three quarters: The inner of thefé feathersend in fharp points. | | The Tail was feven inches and an half long, compofed of twelve feathers of equal Jength. The Legs and Feet black : The Claws black and ftrong: The outmoft fore-toeis joyned to the middle one from the bottom as far as the firft joynt. The Liver divided into two Lobes; of which the right isthe greater. It hatha large Gall, whichempties it {elf by a double channel intotheGuts. The Mufcles of the {tomach are but {mall. The Guts have many revolutions: The blind’s no more than half aninch long. Scarce any foot-{tep to be found of the* Duitus inteftinals. f channel conveying the Yolk to the Guts. ] | This BooxIL ORNITHOLOGY, | This Bird delights to feed upon Carrion, that is the Carkafies of dead Animals Its Food. when they begin to putrefie. Neither doth it feed only upon Carrion, but alfo fet upon, kill, and devour living birds, in like manner as the Rave +: Moreover, it eats Grain and all forts of Infe&ts in Exgland at leaft. For beyond Seas they fay it meddles withno kind of Grain. | _ | | This kind of Bird abounds with us in Britai, a8 Cardan and Turner truly obferve, Its place. becaule here is plenty of food forthem. They build upon high trees, and lay four or where it five Eggs at a time, like Ravens, but lefs. They are very noifom to Lambs new- ay ti yeaned if they be weak and feeble, firft picking out their eyes. They are faid to have avery fagacious fent, fo that it is difficult to fhoot them, they fmelling the Gun- powder at a great diftance. Ravens, Crows,&c. rooft ( as they fay ) upon trees with their Bills directed toward the Sun-rifing. | | That the Crow it felf ( ith Aldrovandus’) is capable of humane fpeech, and hath Crows taught been taught to pronounce feveral words, both we our felves do certainly know, and * 'Pe#* Pliny,a Witnefs beyond exception, teftifieth, writing thus: There was alfo in the City of Rome, whileft Iwas recording thefe things, a Crow belonging to a Roman Gentleman, brought out of Betica, firft admirable for its colour, which was exceeding black, then pro- nouncing many words ia connexion, and {till learning more andmore. As for its pace, it is reckoned among thofé birds which neither run, nor leap, but walk. Aldro- vandus. . The Females only fit, and that diligently, the Males in the mean time bring therh Their man food, as Ariffotle faith. In’ moft other birds which pair together, the Male and Fe- ?« of incu- male fit by turns. They do not (faith Aldrovandys ) as I bear, feed their Young til they They feed not begin to be feathered ; the fame alfo is reported of Ravens, and many other birds that their young are much onthe Wing. You will fay, wherewithal are they nourifhed in the mean ye apame time, and how do they grow? Ianfwer, with the Yolk ofthe Egg remaining in the ~ Belly after exclufion. For-we have elfewhere fhewn, that a good part of the Yolk _ 4s received into the cavity of the belly in birds newly hatched, which being -by de- grees conveyed into the Guts by a certain paflage called by us dutiws inteftinalis, ferves’ to nourifh the Young newly excluded. | | vraiE eae 123 §. TIE. Cornice frngivora few fingilega: The Rook. T weighed nirieteen ounces: Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of thé nsweight | ] Tail was twenty inches, to theend of the Claws eighteen. The breadth or di- a4 meafhres: {tance between the tips of the Wings extended thirty eight inches. It hath no Craw, but inftead thereof the Gullet below the Bill isdilated intoakind of bag, wherein it __ brings meat to feed its Young. | : ; | In the old ones of this fort the feathers about the root of the Bill as far as the Eyes The Eill. are worn off, by often thrufting the Bill into the ground, to fetch out Earth- ° worms, ee. So that the flefh thereabouts is bare, and appears ofa whitifh colour : By which note this bird may be diftinguithed from the common Crom. Howbeit the vow ir differs Bill it (Elf isnot white, as BeVonivs writes, and others believe. It differsalfo from the fomche Crom, 2. In that itisfomewhat bigger: 3. In the purple fplendour or glofs of its fea- thers: 4. In thatit is gregarious, both flying and breeding in company. ea: The number of beam-feathers in each Wing is twenty, of which the fourth is the The wing- longelt, being by meafure ten inchesand a quarter. The fhafts of the middle Wing- feathes ss feathers endinbriftles or {pines. The Tail is feven inches and an half long, made The Tail, up of twelve feathers; the exteriour whereof are a little fhorter than the middle ones. : | HAs! mn - The Bill from the tip to the Angles of the mouth is two inches and an half long. Pill The Noftrils round The’ Tongue black, horny; and clovemat the end. The hind-toe eee ee a large ftrongClaw. Theoutmoft fore-toe is joyned to the middlemoft, as in Toes. j the Crom. } It hatha largeGall; fhort blind-guts like the Crow, of abouthalf an inch. The {to- The Guts and mach is great and mufculous as in granivorous birds: TheGuts wide and varioutly a reflected. They are moft greedy of Corn, yet feed alfo upon Earth-wornis and other , _ Tnfeéts, refraining from garbage and carrion. R 2 | They 124. ORNACITHOLOGY. Boox I. Manner of They ‘build many together upon high trees about Gentlemens houfes, who are breeding: much delighted with the noife they make inbreeding time. Both Cock and Hen fit Eggs. by turns, Their Eggs are likeCroms, but lefler, {potted with greater {pots, efpeci- ag y turr 88 & Pots,’ cipe ally about the blunt end. | | | I havebeentold bya worthy Gentleman of Sujfex, who himfelf obferved it, that when Rooks build, one of the Pairalways fits by towatch the Neft, tillit be finithed, whilft the other goes about to fetch materials. Elf if both go, and leave the Neft unfinifhed, ( as fometimes they venture to do ) their fellow-Rooks ere they return again, will have rob’d and carried away to their feveral Neftsall their fticks, and whatever elfe they had got together. Hence perhaps the word Rooking with us is ufed for cheating or abufing. How to fright Thefe Birds are noifome to Corn and Grain: So that the Husbandmen are forced AREY SWAYS posits employ Children with hooting, and Crackers, and Rattlesof Metal, and finally, with throwing of {tones to fcarethem away. Such as have no Servants or Children to {pare for fucha purpofe, make ufe of other devices; either of Mills made with Sails, to be turned by the Wind, making a continual {napping as they turn, where- with they fright the birds,or of Bugbears, or (as we call them ) Scare-Crows placed up and down the fields, and drefled up ina Country habit, which the birds taking for Country men dare not come near the grounds where they ftand. | Iwas alfo told by the fore-mentioned Gentleman, that if Rooks infeft your Corn, they will be more terrified by taking.a Rook and plucking it limb from limb in their fight, and then cafting the féveral limbs about your field, than if you hang up half a dozen dead Rooks in it. §. IV. The Rayftox Crow. Cornix cinerea frugilega. Its weight i eis we defcribed weighed about twenty twoounces. Its meafures were from and mealittes. the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail twenty two inches; to the Angles of themouth two inches and an half: Between the Wings extended, three feet and three inches. IsBill, The Billlong, ftrong, fmooth, black, but having the tip whitith ; the upper Chap Noftrils, — fomewhat longer than the lower,and a littlebowed or crooked. The Nofthrils round, Tongue, covered withbriftly hairs. The Tongue broad, black, a little cloven, and rough on Eyes. the fides. The Irides of the Eyes of acinereous Hazel colour, The colour of The Head, Wings, and Throat, as far as the Breaft-bone black, with a certain us feathers. blue glofs: The Breaft, Belly, Back, and Neck cinereous or grey, the fhafts of the feathers being blackifh. The feathers on the Throat where the black and cinereous meet have their extetiour fides cinereous, and their interiour black. The Back is of fomewhat a darker afh-colour than the Belly. The quils or Tt hathin each Wing twenty mafter-feathers, of which the firft is the fhorteft, the ad elas third, fourth, and fifthequal. From the fixth the fhafts being produced above the The Tail feathers, end in fharp points. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, the exteriour whereof’ were gradually fomething fhorter than the interiour to the middlemoft, a which were feven inches and an half long. : | the Tees and The back-toe and Claw are Jarge:' The exteriour and interiour fore-toes equal, Claws. and their Clawsreach as far asthe root of the Claw of the middle Toe. The outmoft and middle Toe are joyned at the bottom asin the Crom. us Entrails, -. TheJiver is divided into two Lobes: The Stomach or Gizzard large, and in that Food; —_ we diflected was full of Wheat, Barley, andother Grain. It is infelted with Lice and Ticks. PERE at aoe , | vs eae place. In. Summer time (faith Aldrovandws) it lives in high Mountains, where it alfo builds ; Inthe Winter ( compelled asis likely by the cold) it defcends into the Plains. On the Heathsabout Newmarket, Royfion, and elfewhere in Cavebridge-fhire, it is fre- quently feen in Winter time. | LV. i} ~ Book I. @. Vv. The Fuck-daw, Monedula. T weighed nine ounces andian half; being in length fromthe tip of the Bill to the tisweighe,. end of the Tail thirteen inches and an half, in‘breadth between the tips of the poet and Wings {pread two feet four inchesandan half. TheBillis ftrong, from the point to The Bill the Angles of the mouth aninch and a quarterlong. The Nofthrils round. Little — Nofthrils, hairy feathers cover the Nofthrils, and half the Bill: The Tongue cloven; the [rides fons" of the Eyes whitifhs the Ears lange. | hey The hinder part of the Head as far as the middle of the Neck inclines to an afh- Colour of the colour, asalfo the Breaft and Belly, but lef$; elfe the whole Plumage is black witha *#**" kind of blue glofs: the fore-part of the Head is of a deeper black. | ; The number of prime feathers m each Wing is twenty : Of which the firft is fhor- Prime Wing- ter by half than the fecond, the third and fourth the longelt of all. Fiom the ele- ine" venth, the fix following have the tops of their Vanes fo running forth on each fide ~~ above their fhafts, that thefe feathers feem to be * crenate in their tops; and from the * Notched Angle of thatnotch the fhaft of the feather is continued in form of a briftle. The number of Tail-feathers is twelve, whereof the exteriour are {omewhat fhiorter. The The Tail. length of the Tail five inchesand an half. The back-toe and Claw greater than in otherbirds isufual. ‘The outmoft fore-toe The Toes and joyned tothe middlemoft at the bottom, asin the reft of this kind. BlAv It hath no Craw: Theftomach is mufculous: The length of the Guts was twenty ts Entraili,' four inches. It feeds upon Nuts, Fruits, Seeds, andInfects. The Appendices or blind Foe¢- Guts {mall, and {carce an inch long. | TheHead of this Bird, in re{pect of its body, is great 5 which argues him to be in- LE genious and crafty 5 whichis found true by experience. SAE Fackdaws ufually frequent and build in ancient Caftles, Towers, Houfes,and Stoné- where ir , walls, efpecially if they be defolate and ruinous, in great numbers. © They build alfo sl AU , 2 ; , reeds. fometimes in Trees, as we canteltifie upon our own'experience, though Aldrovandas ~ be unwilling to believe it. They lay five: or fix Eggs, lefier, paler, andhaving fewer Eggs {pots thanthofe of Crows. san | | Aldrovandys makes the Latine Graculws, which anfwers to the Greek Koacids, a Thehames, -commonor generalname, containing underit four Species, viz.the Coracias or Chough, the Lypws or Jackdaw, the Scurra or "and the Graculws palmipes or Shag. But the words KoAoios atid Graculws ave fometimes approptiated to the Fackdaty, ashe acknowledges. | | noearte : Befides the common ‘Fackdaw we have now deferibed, Aldrowandws fets forth a fi- The rine- gure of another, differing fromthis, only inthat it hath a white ring about its neck, 7%” Gefzer allowrites from the report of others, that about Zug in Switzerland there is found a Fackdaw diltinguilhed from the common by a ring of white encompafling hisneck. As forthat Species of Daw [ Graculws || mn Rhetia known by the name of Tulla, which Gefver alfo mentions, having a blue head; he giving us no other notes of it, I cannot tell what to determine concerning it. The Vulgar and ignorant Fowlers love to tell wonders, and amplifie: things, and therefore their relations are not much tobe confided in. What Gefrer delivers of his own fight of knowledge, L _ readily believeand accept for true, he being an Author of great judement, and no lefs fidelity and integrity; But what he hath from the relation of others 1 do often fufpec. Befides it is to be obferved, that fhort, rude, imperfect, and general de- {criptions, made by fuch as were not practifed and skilful in defcribing and obfer- ving the certain and charatteriftic nores of each ‘Species, have occalionéd great confufion, and niultiplication of more kinds of birds and other Creatures than Na- ture hath produced. ay | §. Vi: se : | ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il. g. VI. Lhe Cornifh Chough, Coracias feu Pyrrhocorax. Its weight ri ages Female weighed twelve ounces and an half, the Male thirteen. The length and meafures, 3 fromthe point of the Bill totheend of the Feet fixteen inches and an half, to | ee of the Tail feventeen. - The Wings {pread were thirty three inches and an half wide. He hig It islike a Jackdaw, but bigger, and almoft equalto.a Crow. It differs chiefly from jackdam. the Fackdaw inthe Bill, which is longer, red, fharp, a little bowed or crooked : The tee Tni, Upper Mandible being fomething longer thanthe lower. The Nofthrils round : The Tongue, Longue broad, thin, anda little cloven, fhorter than the Bill. ‘The fides of the ff. Palate. fures of the Palate and Windpipe and of the root of the Tongue are rough, and as The Feet. it were hairy. Feathers reflected downwards cover the Nofthrils. The Feet and pon of Legs are like thofe ofa Fackdaw, butred of colour. The Plumage of the whole body Se ° all over is black. , The prime The number of prime feathers in each Wing istwenty : Of which the firft is thor- Bs cages ter than the fecond, that than the third, the third than the fourth, which is the lon- | geft of all, being by meafure teninches andan half; The Wings complicated extend The Tail, as far asthe end of the Tail. The Tail-feathers are in number twelve, all equal, or if any difference be, the middle little the longer, asin the reft of this kind, being by meafure 5% inches. The Entrails, Ihe Liver was divided into two Lobes, of which the left wasthelefs: The Spleen long, foft,and round: The Stomach flefhy, and full of Infects. Its place, It frequentsRocks, old Caftles, and Churches by the Sea-fide,, It is found not only in Cornwal, ‘but alfo in Wales and all along the Weftern Coaft of Exgland, about the Cliffs and Rocks near the Sea. Its Voice is like that of the common fackdaw, but more hoarfe. ge Zaphseatag Aldrovandus will needs have the Pyrrhocorax tobe a different bird from the Cora- theme, cias, following therein Ariftotle. Belonins makes thefe names Syvonyma of thefame bird; we muft needs contefs, that if there be fucha bird as Aldrovandus defcribes - v.g. lefs than a Crow, equal toa ‘fackdaw having yellow Bill and Feet, itis diftin@: from our Choygh. But {amfure the Bird frequent on our Weftern Shores, and com- monly knownby the name of theCornifh Chough, is that which BeMonixs and Turner make to be the Pyrrhocorax, and hath red Legs and Feet. Wherefore I take the Co- vacias and Pyrrhocorax of Gefzer and Aldrovandwsto be one and the fame bird, not- withftanding the Bill and Legs in this are faid tobe yellow ; which perchance may be fo in the Coracias or Chough when young. | 6. VIL. Bontius bis Indian Raven. Here is a ftrange kind of Raver in the Molucea Mlands, and efpecially in Banda, H which refembles our Country Ravex in the Bill; but in the Temples is colou- * Birds of the red like thofe * Meleagrides which the Low Dutch call Kalcout(é hanen. It hath agreat Turkey kind. thick Bill, a little pointed, and made for Rapines wide Nofthrils ; great, black, ill- favoured Eyes : The Head and Neck long, decently covered or adorned with blackith feathers. Its Feet and Toes ftrong, armed with long, crooked, and very hard or folid Claws. It walks after themanner of our Ravex: But differs from it in nature and difpofition 5 in that it feeds not upon Carrion or dead Carkaffes, but chiefly upon Nutmegs, of which itis very greedy, making great deftruction of that fruit, to the no {mall detriment of theOwners. Its flefhis very delicate, and being roafted hath a plain aromatical rellifh, contracted from its food. §. VII. Book IL ORNITHOLOGY, 127 § «VEIL. ‘ _® Thehorned Indian Raven or Topau, called the Rhinocerat Bird. + covtiis: tills Cus cornutus feu Rhinoceros His horned Bird asit caftsa {trong fmell, foit hath a foul look, much exceeding ‘cis Bonti, the Ewropean Raven in bignefs. It hath athick Head and Neck, great Eyes; Aldrov. the Bill but moderate in refpect of the body: The longer and more acuminate part bending downward argues the Bill to be made and defigned for rapine : But the upper part, which is fhorter, thicker, and bending upward doth refem- ble a true Horn, both to the fightand touch: The one moity whereof, wiz. that toward the Head, is * contiguous to the Bill, fo that both together after the fame * rather con manner grow tof or rather fpring out of 7] the end’ of the Head: The other moity js tinuous: feparate from the Bill, bending the contrary way, v%. upwards, fo that * they feem * The billand © to be like the forked tail of a Fifth. It lives upon Carrion and Garbage, 2.¢. the car- hom together. kafles and Entrails of Animal. Aldrovandus deferibes the Bill thus: It is althoft twenty eight inches long, croo- ked, notafter the maniter of rapactous birds, but likea Bow. ‘All the lower part is of a pale or whitith yellow, the upper ‘part toward the Head of axed or Vermilion, elfe of the fame colour with thelower. _The upper Mandible only within is ferrate j or dented after the manner of thé* Toveaz. The horn {prings out of the forehead, * The Brafii- and grows to the upper pait of the Bill, being of a great bulk, fo that near the 7° forehead it isa Palm broad 5 not unlikethe Rézxocerots horn, but crooked at the tip : The colour both in the upper and lower patt is Vermilion, in the middle yellow. If the reft of the parts of the body are anfwerable to the Head; Iam of Cardans and Plinies opinion, that this Bird is bigger than an Eagle. Of thisfort of Bill we have feen three varieties, all which we have caufed to be en- graven and exhibitedto the Readers view. we Cx AB Il. Of the Pie-kind. 1 The Magpie or Pianet. Pica varia caudata. T weiglis eight ornine ounces. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the Claws tts weight | is twelve inches and an half, to the end of the Tailéighteen. The Bill about an m4 mealres inch and halflong, black, thick, and ftrong; the upper Chap being fomewhat i crookedand fharp-pointed 5 the Tongue cloven at the end; and blackith, liketo that Tongue, of ajay. The fides of the fiflure of the Palate rotigh with hair-like excréfceticies. The Nofthiils round, and befet with refle@ed briftly hairs. Exeepting the whitenefS — Nofthrils. of the Breaft and Wings, and the length of the Tail, this Bird is very like the Fack- tris like the daw. The Irides of the Eyes are of a pale Hazelcolour. Inthe niGating membranes Jako» is feena yellow {pot. ae _ TheHead, Neck, Throat, Back, Rump, and lower Belly are of a black colour 5 Sie as the lower part of theBack near the Rump is more diltite, and inclining to cineteous. ae? The Breaft and fides are white, as alfo the firft joynt of the Wing. “The Wingsare fmaller than the bignefs of the body would feem to require. The Tail and prime feathers of the Wings glifter with very beautiful colours (but obfcure) of green, - purple and blue mingled, only inthe éxtefiour Vanes: Thenumbetof beam feathers Phe Wing- is twenty 5 of which the outmoft is (hotter by half than the fecond; the fecond alfo sale fhorter than the third, and that than the fourth, but not by an equal defet; the fourth arid fifth are the longeft of all. The eleven foremoft about their middle part, on the infide of the fhaft are white, the white part from the extreme feather gta- dually decteafing,. till inthe tenth it be contraéted into agreat {pot only. wary The Tail is made up of twelve feathers, of which the two middlemoft are the The Tait longeft, being by meafure eight and atthalf or nine inches; the next to them above a inc ¥ 12 - = ORNOITHOLOGY., — Boox Kl. inch fhorter, and of the reftthe exteriour than the interiour in like proportion. The | greateftand longeft, that is the middle feathers of the Tail, have their bottoms green, — their middles blue, and their tops purple. | | Its Feet. TheFeet and Claws are black : The loweft bone of the outmoft fore-Toe is joyned to that of the middle. , ee ~ Entrails, The length of the Guts was twenty fourinches, of the blind Guts half aninch. It . hath a Gall-bladder, and.a long Spleen: The Stomach not very flefhy, and -having its Echinws. § : Ie varies. _ Thereafe fometimes found of this kind all over white, but rarely. In the King’s acres Aviary St. Fames's Park we faw brown or reddifh ones. Ph This Bird is eafily taught to fpeak, and that very plainly. We our felves have y may be ; Ga 2 : i é taughtto. | knownmany, which had learned to imitate mans voice, and {peak articulately with fpeak, that exactnefs, that they would pronounce whole Sentences together fo like to hu- mane Speech, that had younotfeen the Birds you would have fwornit had been man that {poke. ; ee ii} Its Neft. They build their Nefts in Trees with that Art and cunning asis admirable, fencing them round on the outfide both aboye and below with fharp thorns, leaving only one hole, ang@ithat a very narrow one, for themfelves to pafsin.and out. He that defires an exact defcription of the Neft let him pore Aldrovandus : With usin England they are {o common every where, that we thought 1t not needful to infift longer on the Its Eggs. defcribing of them. It lays five or fix, and fometimes{feven Eggs at once, feldom more; greater and. paler than Crows Eggs, and very thick {potted with black. Its Food is the fame with that of the Fackdaw. Its fets upon, kills, and devours ‘Sparrows, and other {mall birds: Yea, we have fometimes feen a Magpze ftrike at a Blackbird. §. IL The Brafiliae Pie of Aldrovandus, lib. 12. cap..19. The Toucan of Marggray. and pa ee others, The Xochitenacatl of the Mexicans, Nieremb. ; Its bignefs. TF is of amiddle fize between a Pie anda Blackierd— Thevetws teports, that the Bul; Bill is thicker and longer than alg ee whole body befides. The Bill is near two Palmsjlong, and onebroad, being Smeafured from the beginning of the lower Chap to the end of the upper. » The lower Chap where it is thickeft, vz. near the Eyes, is twice as littleas the upper, and near the end, where it is crooked, thrice. It isof avery thin fubftance like Parchment, but bony, fhining, very light, hollow, . and, inwardly capable of a great deal of Air: For which reafonI think, contrary to It wants No- the manner of other Birds, its wants Nofthrils : The Bill being fo thin that the Air es can eafily penetrate it. And if Nature had made any aperture init, it would have rendred it obnoxious to fracture. Hencealfo perchance itis, that fhe hath furnifhéd it with certain teeth, fo difpofed that the Bill cannot be fhut exadly clofe, but eafily admits the ingrefs of the Air. The Bill, I fay, is ferrate, and as it were compofed of certain little {cales,which may eafily by the fingers be plucked off, [or afunder.] The colour of the Billis yellowifh, morein the lower than the upper part [inwardly itis . of a pleafant red ] toward the end (faith Nierembergius ) of a Scarlet colour. The ItsHead. Head in proportion to the body is great and thick, ‘as is futable and requifite to fuftain a Bill of that Jength and bignefs; black 5 yet the Crown, whole Back, and Wings Eyes. fhew fomething of whitenefs. The Eyes are great, placed inthe middle of the Head : | The F upil very black,encompafled. witha whitecircle, and that again witha yellow. Colors The Neck, Back; and Wingsare black.. The Breaft fhines with a moft bright and lovely Gold or Saffron colour, witha certain rednefs near the beginning; the Belly and Thighs witha moft beautiful Vermilion. The Tail again is black, but in'the end of a notable red. | . - Itismadefotame, asto fit and hatch its Young in Houfes.. Thevetws reports, that Its food Pep- this bid feeds upon Pepper, which it moft greedily devours, gorging it felf there- ah with; fo that it voids it again crudeand unconcotteds and that the Natives make ufe This ftory efpecially of that Pepper, preferring it before that which is frefh gathered from the Faber ducre-. Plant, becaufe they perfuade themfelves thatthe {trength and heat of the Pepper is ee Sthis qualified and allayed by the Bird, fo that afterwardsit is le{smoxious. All this out of Americar» Aldrovandus. Faber fufpetts the ftory of the Pepper, becaufe his Amerzcaz friends, friends {p2*¢ whom he confulted about this Bird, made no mentionof any fuch thing. I fafpect ; | | ; that ox & teas %, hess | » that the Toes inthis Bird are difpofed after the manner of the Woodpecker’, viz. two. forwards, and two backwards. For fuch is the conformation of the Feet of the Aracariof Marggrave, abirdnear of kin, and very like to this. And Thevetus in his figure exprefles only two foretoes. | . oe ) Since the writing of this, hapning to read in Fob Faber his Expofitions of fome Pictures of New-Spaim Animals of Recchas, [found there mentioned a bird of this fort feen and deferibed by Carlo Antonio dal Poxzo at Fontain-blean in France, with its Toes fo difpofed as I imagined, viz. two forwards two backwards, as in Wood- peckers, to the genws whereof the Toucan, as Faber in this place proves, doth un- doubtedly belong. For it notonly hatha like fitwation of Toes, but alfo in like man- ner hews holesin trees to build its Ne(tin,asFrier Peter Alway/z, and other Indians and Spaniards, who had long lived in America, told Faber for a certain truth 5 and Ovje- dws, in the forty third Chapter of his Summary of the Hiftory of the Weft Indies publithed in Italian, writes 5 adding, that he thinks thereis no bird fecures her young ones better from the Moxkeys, which are very noifom to the Young of moft Birds. For when fhe perceives the approach of thofe Enemies, fhe fo fettles her felf in her Neft as to put her Billout at the hole, and gives the Mozkeys fuch a welcom there- with, that they prefently pack away, and glad they {cape fo. From this quality of boring trees this Bird is by the Spaniards called Carpintero, and by the Brafilins Taca- taca, in imitation I fuppofe of the found it makes, : | Becaufe the Bird exadtly defcribed by Dal Pozzo, feems to be fpecifically different fromthat of Aldrovandw, I fhall here add his defcription. - It was ( faith he ) alittle bigger than the common Magpie. [| Lerivs maketh it of the bignefs of a Deve; Oviedo, not bigger, or but little bigger than a Quail. | _ Its Bill, which is very broad, had its upper part [ or Chap |] whereit grew to the Head, tinctu- red with green, a line of green being alfo thence produced to the point; but its lower Chap at its fetting on to the Head abluecolour. All the reft of the Bill was of a dark red, like Serpentine wood, with many intercurrent black, {pots and lines. N.B. Its Bill was.empty and hollew, and upon that account very light [Oviedo makes itvery heavy, and toweigh more than the whole body befides, which is cer- tainly a miftake]] fo that it had little {trength in it, neither could the bifd .peck or | {trike fmartly with it. Its infide was of a Saffron-colour, but blue toward the tip. It had avery flat thin Tongue, not much unlike thofe long feathers on the Neck of a Dunghil-Cock: This it moved up and down, and ftretcht ont to the length of the Bill. It was of atrue fiefh-colour, and which you would wonder at, fringed, as it were,on each fide with very fmall filaments, which made it fhew like atrue feather, [. This Ovzedys allo confirms. | SPs Its feathers on the Neck down to the middle of the Breaft were whitifh, termi- nating in a footy colours on the Head and Back blackifh. PLound the Eyes.wasa {pace bareof feathers, but curled with hair, of a Violet-colour, as is {een alfoin Par- rots. The reftof the body was covered with feathers of a Weafel-colour [ wujteliné coloris.|, Tthad no Tail, [ having been, I fuppofe, plucked off] but one ready to come ; the beginning whereof confifted of feathers of a dark white, particoloured with black, weafel, and Vermilion colour. Italfo frequently flirted up that rudiment of a Tail, as Wrens arid Wagtails are wont to do. ae EA 3 Each foot was divided into two. Foes {tanding forward, and two backward ; above of a Violet-colour, underneath of an afh or grey: . Ps ba It often hopped and leapt up and down, andcried with a voice not unlike the chat- tering of a Magpie. i. ai ins It fed upon almoft all the fame things that Parrots do, but was moft greedy of Grapes, which being pluckt oft one by one, and tofled to it, it would moft dextrouf- ly catch in the Air before they fell to the ground.. The flefh of its whole body was of a deep Violet colour. | ; 7 eN . 7 Faber doth not undefervedly enquire how, feeing the Bill is fo light and thin, the Bird can pierce'trees with it? Which difficulty he thus fatisfies ;.that though itbe thin and light,. yet is it of a bony, fabftance, and therefore it isnot to be wondred at that, dextroufly ufed by the living Animal, it fhould therewith by many repeated firokes pierce a tree, having perchance the inftin¢t to chufe a rottenone, as we fee drops of rain wear holes in Flints, nay,the very feet of Pifmireswalking often ‘ "over them, as Plizy obferves, make impreffions on them. ~*Leriws writes, that this ae Bird is +f the colour of a Ravew except the Breaft, which is of a Saffron-co- ofhis Voyage louaSomp affed beneath with a line of Vermilion ; the skin of which part ene oi | 2% into Bra fe Le 130 | ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. off thé Indians dry, and ufe for an ornament of ther Cheeks, gluing it on with a Wax. , ‘ mia WI 3 * amevicedt- — "Thisfame Bird is defcribed by *Fohu de Lact, out of a Portuewes Author, and out pe * of thefameby * Marggrave. It is of the bignefs( faith he )of a Pie or Dove, hatha * Hiftveun Crop under the Breaft three or four inches broad, of a Saffron-colour, and com- Ween e pafied about the borders with Vermilion feathers. The Breaft is yellow, the reft of the body black. One would wonder how fo’ little a bird could carry fo great a Bill, but itis exceeding light, and very tender. a have feen in feveral Cabinets the Bill of this Bird, and our felves havealfo one of them. . j §. UL aby. The Fay. Pica glandatia. Ks weight _ yf weighed feven ounces. Its length from the point of the Bill to the end of the a ] Tail was fourteen inches; to the end of the Feet but twelve and an half: The diftance between the extremities of the Wings {pread twenty one and an half. The Puy Bill black, ftrong, from the tip to the Angles of the mouth about or near an inch and Tongue, half long: The Tongue black, thin, pellucid, and cloven at the tip: The Irides of Fuahers, the Eyes white. ‘The feathers of the Head ahd Body in this bird aretaller, flenderer, . Colour, and ftand more ftaring or erect thanordinary. Neat the lower Chap of the Bill are two black fpots, on each fide one: The Chin and lower part of the Belly whitith : Elfe the Breaft and Belly are of a colour mixt of cinereousand red. The Rumpabove is white: The Back red, with a certainmixture of blue: The feathers onthe crown of the Head variegated with black and white. ae Wing-fea- The Sails of the Wings are in number twenty : Of which the firftis fhorter by half thers. than the fecond : The fourth the longeft, being by meafure fix inches and a quarter. As for their colours, the firft or outmeft is black, the bottom or lower part being white, which is proper to it alone: The fix next-following have their exteriour Vanes of an ath-colour 3 the three next likewife, but more obfeure and‘ mingled with blue, being alfo marked toward their bottoms with tranfverfe black and white {trokes. The five fucceeding have their exteriour Vanes half white, half black, viz.the lower half white, the upper black, but fo that each extremity of the white is terminated with blue, The fixteenth in place of the’ white of the four precedent hath trant- veife blue, black, and white {pots : The feventeenth is black; having otie or two blue {pots : ‘The eighteenth is black, with fome little red: The nineteenth red, with the tip black. The underfides of all the feathers of the Wing are of a dark or dusky colour. The covert-feathers of the fifteen exteriour Sails are very beautiful, being variegated or chequered with black, white, and lovely fhining blue lines: The refto | the covert-feathersbeing black. > as . its Tail, | The Tail is fix inches and a quarter lotig, confifting of twelve feathers, wholly black, except toward their roots: Under the Rump there is fomething of blue ming- Jed with cinereous. Beet aud The Feet and Toes are of a ferrugitieous, dusky colour, ~ The middle Toeis the _ pias longeft, the outmoft isequal to thé back-toe. The lower zwternodinm of the outmoft Toe is joyned to the middlemoft. The back Clawis greateft. Eggs, - The Eggs ate cinereous, with darker {pots featce appearing. The Guts twenty oe four inches longs the blind Guts but halfaninch. It hath a Gall, anda long Spleen: Gizzard, Tht Stomach or Gizzard not very flethy, and havitie its Eehivvs : Wherein we found usFood, Acorus, &c. Yet it feeds not only on Acorizs, ( whehce it got the name of Pica glan- daria.) but alfoupon.Gherries( of which it is very greedy ) Goofe-berries, Rafps, and other fruit. é | : Flow i lifer ‘Tediffers fromthat deferibed by Aldrovandws, in'that it hath no tranfverfe {pots in rom aaron the datl, an vs i | wands Jay. ves <: er Pa ae ~ The Female differs little or nothing from the Male either inbignefs or colour, fo that itis-very difficult to know them afinder. Telearns to It learris to imitate mans voice, and fpeak articulately as wellas a fackdaw. fpeak. Boox Il. ORNITHOLOGY. | “eek ‘The Roller, Garrulus Argentoratenfis. He bird we deferibed was a Cock, and weighed fix ounces. Its length from Its weight. E the tip of the Bill to the Claws eleven inches and an half, to the end of the and miealures, Tail thirteen andan half: The breadth or diftante between the tips of the Wings {pread twenty fixinches. | ox Lh The Bill was black, fharp, fomething hooked, otherwife liketo that of a Fay, from _ Bill, the point to the Angles of the mouth 1 inches long, The Irides of the Eyes were Eye of apale hazel-colour. Near the Eyes; toward the hinder part of the Head; were Bare Wart-., two bunches, asit were Warts, void of feathers. The Tongue black as in Fays,jagged, aa aes ortorn, but not cloven: The roof of the mouth green, and having adouble cleft or Palate. ; fiffure. The bottom of the Palate is rugged or rough with little bunches. At the Bafe of the Tongue there is only a little forked excrefcency on each fide, The circumfe-; 5.5 anouethe rence of the Eyesis bare or void of feathers. . Eyes bare. - The Rump and lefler rows of covert feathers of the Wings are of a lovely blue or Its Colours. ultramarine colour (asthe Painters call it.) Thé middle of the Back between the fhoulders red : The Head of a fordid green, mingled with blue; of which. colour is alfothe Throat, with. white lines inthe middle of each feather. ‘The Breaftand Belly are of a pale blue, like thofe of a Pigeon. li vee): Fy The number of Sailsin each Wing is twenty, of which the firft, econd,- and third ee areequal, and from the tenth all the reft. Almoft all of them have their lower half” blue, and the upperblack. The foremoft areblack almoft down to the bottom, only in their exteriour Webs they -havea mixtureof blue. The covert feathers of the Wings are of a pale blue, of which colour alfo, but paler are thofe that inveft the underfide of the Wing. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, of which theten intermediate are équal, each Tail. beiing four inches three quarters long: The two extreme longer than the reft by three quarters of an inch. | The two middlemoft are of a dark afh-colour,the néxt'to them have their tips of abluifh white, which colour gradually increafes in the reft, ullin the outmoftit takes up half the feather. Below the white the interiour webs of the feathers: are black, and the exteriour blue: The tips of the outmoft feathers are black. ‘The tail-feathers and fails of the Wings where ever they are blackifh above, are blue underneath. The outmoft feather of the * Ala xotha is black, the reft blue. . 5 The Feet are fhort, and like thofe of a Dove, ofa dirty yellow colour: The Feet, Toes, middle Toe the longeft, next to that the outmoft fore-toe. The Claw of the mid- so ROlanss dle Toe in the inner fide is edged. The Claws are black 5 and the Toes divided tothe bottom. zit The Stomach within was of a Saffron colour, and therein we found a large Gra(s- Gizzard and ean The Guts thirteen inches and an half long; the blind Guts two and an Su. half. | | We found of thefe Birds not only in Germany, but alfo in the Ifles of Siezly and Its place. Malta, tobe fold inthe Markets, and in the Poulterers {hops. re There are many fingular and characteriftic marks in this bird 5 as 1. The knobs or wart-like bunches under the eyes. 2. The figure of the Tail, the outmoft feather on each fide being longer than the reft. 3. The Toes divided down to’ the bottom. 4.The Tongue having only two forked Appendices; * Baftard- Wing. * Gefners blue Crows the fame Lfufpect with the precedent. The blue Crow, whofe figure fo. Kentmannys, fent to Gefner, but the: Hiltory thereof George Fabricius out of Mifzias isa wild bird, and not eafie to be tamed; called by the Mifzians, * Eiz wild Holtzkrae, of others, Galgen-regell,, or Halck-regel. * That is, ¢ Ttis found beyond the River Elb, in the Luchovian Foreft, and in the neighbouring nae ee ‘Woods: It haunts and abides in defart and unfrequented places. Some fromthe =~ colour call it Ezz Tent (chen Pappagey, that.is, The German Parrot. It is tran{ported into Forein Countries for no other commendation but the colour. So far George Pabri- cius.. The Bill (as the Picture fhews ) is black: The Legs dusky, and for the propor: tion of the body fimall. It is here and thereall over the body, 2%. onthe Head, | $2 Wirigs; 132 Indie 0 R NATHOL OG YS Baox Mf, Wings, Tail, about the ee ‘and all the underfide of a fhining blue colour, in 0 - fome places more fincere, in fome mixt withgteen. The colour of the Back and upper fide of the Neck is dusky : The greater feathers of the Wings black. I azz verily per- fwaded, that this bird is no other than the Strasburgh Roller. cae abe, Me * The Sea-Pie. Pica Marina. Ay Ldrovandys in the twelfth Bookand fifteenth Chapter of his Orxithology doth thus A briefly defcribe this bird. The whole Bird, excepting the Head,Neck, Feet,and alfo partof the Wings, is of a greenifh colour. The Bill is ftrong,a litele longer than a Pies, very fharp. The top of the Head, and down as low as a third part of the Neck, is of a delayed Chefnut colour. The lower part of the Head to: the Tem- plesand Eyes yellow. The Eyesblack, with yellow Jrides, encompafled again with a black circle. The Feet dusky 5 the Toes long ; the Nails very crooked and black: The reft of the body green, except» the fecond row of Wing-feathers, which are of a dilute Chefnut, having their ends blue. Whether he himfelf faw this Bird, or defcribed it from a pidure, he tells us not : But in that heaffirms, that the Strasburg RoWer never lives in maritime places, and fo with- out reafon challenges the name of the Ses-pie, which the Bolognefé ( as Gefzer witnet= feth ) attribute to it, he is without doubt deceived. Sith we our felves ( as we faid before) faw at Meffivain Sicily, andin the Ifle of Malta {everal of them. Q@ Vi. * The Perfian Pie. Aldrovandus. T He bird which Aldrovandys calls by this name, and deferibes froma Picture, fent him from Venice, hath a {trong, thick, fhort, whitith Bill: Alfo white: Eyes with a black Pupil. The {econd row of Wing-feathers, the Rump, and foremoft fea- thers in the Tail are yellow. The Feet are bluifh with black tabulary fcales: The Claws {mall, but crooked and black: Elfe it is all over of a dusky colour. Befides | thefe Dr. Charleton in his Oxzomafticon Zoicon, p.68. mentions another fort of Pie, + minus fie VID. ™ The Indian Mock-birdsnot much unlike the fay, but fomewhat fmaller. We have Pitus Garrulus not asyet had the hap to fee this bird : Nor is there any thing written of it by others, that we know of, g. VIL. | Caryocatades, Geln. and Turn. T weighed five ounces three quarters. Its length from the Bill to the end of the Toes was thirteen inches and an half, to the end of the Tail the fame. The breadth between the tipsof the Wings {pread twenty two inches and an half. | The Bill from the tip to the corners ofthe mouthis almoft two inches long, black, ftrong, and like that of a Pie, fave that it isnot fharp pointed, but blunt at the end, and theupper Mandible little prominent. The Tongue is fhort, {carce reaching be- yond the Angle of the lower Mandible, cloven with a deeper incifion than in any other Bird I have obferved. - In the lower Chap from the Angle is a wrinkle exactly equal to the fiffure or cleft of the Tongue; fothat the Tongue feems never toex- tend further, the wrinkle filling up the fitfure. The bottom of the Palateand fides « of the fiffure therein are tough. The. Irides of the Eyes are ofa hazel colour: The Notthrils round, and covered with whitth, briftly, reflected feathers. The whole body, as well lower as upper fide,is of a dusky red 5 allover,except the Head,beautified with triangular white {pots in the tops of the feathers; thefe {pots on. the Breaft are greater thanelfewhere. The Head isnot fpotted at all. The upper fide of the body partakes more of red. Between the Eyes and Bill it is white. ‘The feathers under the Tail, beyond the vent are milk-white. | | . a The fails in each Wing are about twenty, of a black or dark colour, the Tail- feathers twelve, allof equal length, being by meafure four inches three quarters, ex- | cept theoutmoit on each fide, which are a little fhorter. And for their colours, the outmoft Boox II, : OR NIT HO LOGY. 133 outmoft on each fide are three quartets white, and from them the white part is ora- dually lef and lefs im the fucceeding feathers tothe middlemoft,in which it doth wholly — difappear: Thereft of the Tail-feathersis of a fhimingblack. The Feet and Claws areblack: The outmoft Toe, as inthe reft of this kind,1s joyned to the:middlemoft at the bottom. fi i | Te Ithath a Gall; its Guts were eighteen inches long: The blind Gutshalf an inch : The Tefticles fmall. It feeds on Nuts, @c. It hath a note or voice fomething like a Magpie. , | W efound this Birdinthe Mountainous part of Avffrie, near the way leading from Vienna to Venice, not far froma great Village called Schadmyen, where there is a Very fteep, difficult, and craggy afcent up the neighbouring Mountains whereupon there {tand always ready there certain Yokes of Oxen, to draw the Coaches or Waggons of fuch as travel that way up the craggy Cliffs and, Rocks, which Horfes could not at all, or with great difficulty climb and ftruggle through, drawing a Coach after them. © §. VIL * The Bohemian Chatterer. Garrulus Bohemicus, * Aldrov. eidem Ampelis. ¥ Lib, as cap 17. T isalmoft as big as. a Blackbird, but bigger than the * Hawfinch. Its length from Bill- * coccothray- point to Tail-end nine inches: Its breadth, vz. the Wings being {pread, four fies. Palms. Whence it is manifeft, that Ge/ver is miftaken, in that he writes that for fhape, and fize of body, and:colours it approaches to the common Garrulws. Its Bill is of a deep black, of the bignef$ of a Hoxfe-Sparrows. Gefners figure reprefentsit too long, and too crooked. The Nofthrils are encompafled with hairs of the fame colour, which make, asit were, a tranfverfe black {pot: In which are included 'the Eyes, that are round,and, of a moft beautiful colour, to wit, Vermilion ; refembling that of the Chalce- denian Carbuncle, commonly called the Grawate: Which perchancé gave oceafion to fome to believe that they fhinein the Night. Its Headis after a fort comprefled, be- ing by Gefzer reprefented too round 5 of a Chefnut or ferrugineous colour, adorned with a creftot tuft, bending backward, after the manner of the creffed Lark, The colour of the Creft toward the Billisa delayed Chefnut, but backward cinereous inclining to dusky, not unlike to the colour of * Umber, The Neck is fhort, black 74 Kind of inthe fore and hind part, red on the fides, near the Bill white. The Breaft is of a qu; Gabi chefaut or ferrugineous colour, but diltite and inclining to rofie. The whole Belly is wed by Pain- ath-coloured, except towards the vent, where are fome white feathers, whofe“ roots or lower parts, v.g. fromthe middle to the flefh, are black, and fofter than theit upper parts. The Back inclines to a chefaut or bay, but toward the Rump _ it is cinereous or dun. The outer feathers of the Wings «are black, the inner ¥ afh-coloured, but declining to black, The outer Wing-feathers are marked with {pots very pleafant to behold: Some of thefe feathers, vz. the firft, feven in num- ber, are white, their Appemdices being red like to Cinnabar or Vermilion. Gefner was told by acertain perfon, I know not who, but untruly, that thefe feathers were horny { Ifuppofe he meant their fhafts ] Yet are they pretty hard and folid, long, and after a fort-Cartilagineous. . Tothefe {ticceed other feathers adorned in like manner with {pots, but of apale yellow, refembling in fome meafure the figure of the Let- ter L: Which are fo difpofed, that in fome feathersappear feven, in fome fix, and in fome but five only. Again, the laftfeathers have white fpots, which by how much they are fituate nearer the outfide, by fo much do they become lefs confpicuous; fo that“of the laft feathers of all fometimes three, fometimes two, and fometimes only oneis fo {potted. The covert feathers are alfo tipt with white.. Concerning the yel- low {pots it is to be noted, thatin the Females they are white, and that over againtft them are to be found other white {pots. I have learned by infpection, that the Tail of the Cock confilts of ten feathersonly, the Tail of the Hen of twelve; which near _ their rootsare of a dark cinereous or Moufe dun, but above are black. The end of the whole Tail is yellow, but more refplendent in the Male than in the Female. Near the ventare fome other feathers of a Chefnut-colour, making as it were ano- ther Tail, butfar lefs. The colourof the Legs is dusky, inclining to blue. The fhape and bignefs of the Feet anfwer to thofe of a * Hawfinch : The colour differs, beimg 7 oceotirax ‘black in the Garrulws, flefh or rofe-coloured in the Hawfizch, It hath black and fies crooked Claws. See er 134 * xuTodig, ORNITHOLOGY, — Boox Il. Seethe defcription of the Entrails and Bowelsin Aldrovandus. This Bird is faid to be peculiar to Bohemia.It feeds upon Fruit,efpecially Grapes,of which it is very greedy, Wherefore it feems tome, not without reafon, to be called by thatname Apelis. i] ‘It is a Bird ofa very hot temperament, and exceedingly voracious: flies*in compa- nies, and is eafily tamed. What elfe Aldrovandws hath of its difpofition and man- ners, food, flight, ule, gc. Seein his Orzithology. Itis wonderful, and to mé {earce _credible, what. he faith helearned by * ocular experience, to wit; that the Tail of the Cock is made up of ten feathers, the Tail of the Hen of twelve. CuHuap. IV. Of Woodpeckers in general. creeper, the great Reed-Sparrow, and the Ox-eye creeper, there are very few notes common, vz. to climb or run up trees, fticking to their bodies or boughs; and for that purpofé to have {trong and mufculous thighs. But if we ex- exclude the forefaid Birds, and reftrain the name to Woodfpites, properly {0 called, thereare many and remarkable notes whereby they may be diftinguifhed fromall other kinds of birds: As for example, 1. Tohave a ftreight, hard, ftrong, angular, and fharp Bill, very fit and proper to pierce and bore holes in trees. 2.A Tongue of a very greatlength, round, ending ina fharp, ftiff, bony thorn, dented oneach fide, to {trike Ants, Coffz, and other Infects withal. This Tongue they can at pleafure put forth toa great length, thrufting it deep into the crannies, holes, and clefts of trees, to {tab and draw out Infects lurking there. 3. Short Legs, but very{trong. 4: Toes ftanding two forwards, and two backwards : Whichis common to thefe and Parrots. Such a difpofition of Toes ( as Aldrovaxdys rightly notes) Nature, or rather the Wifdom of the Creator, hath granted to Woodpeckers, becaufe it is very convenient for the climbing of trees. Their Toesalfo are clofe joyned together; that they may more {trongly and firmly lay hold on the tree they climb upon. 5. All of them, un- lefs perchance you except the Wryxeck, have a hard, ftift Tail, bending alfo down- wards, and its feathers ends often broken, and their fhafts almoft bare; on which they lean, and fo bear upthemfelvesin climbing. Their ‘Fail confifts of but ten fea- thers. 6. Tofeed only uponInfects. 7. To want the blind Guts, which is peculiar to this kind, agreeing to.no other bird or beaft befide, that we know. 8. To lay white Eggs. Whether all thefe marks agree to thofe American Birds which we have ranked un- der thishead we know not. We have referred them to this kind, for the like difpofiti- on of their Toes, two forward, two backward ; efpecially feeing they belong neither to Parrots nor Owls. | Albertus writesthat all Woodfpites build in the hollows of trees, which before him Pliny alfo hath recorded. They themfelves are {aid to hew out for themfelves a place to build in; making fuchan artificial hole, fo exactly round, thatthemoft skilful and ex- perienced Geometrician could not with his Compafs make a rounder. They hatch and bring up fix or fevenYoung at once. The Eggs of all kinds of them that we have hitherto feen are white. The Woodfpite is called by the Greeks Apuoxgractis, from ftri- king or piercing of trees. The Latine name Picws fome think to be derived from the French and Italian word Becco, fignifying a Billor beak of a bird. Aldrovandus thinks that it was rather deduced from the Flexmifh word Picken, fignifying to {trike or knock with the Bill. The word Pzck with us is varioufly applied, but originally {eemsto have the fame fignification as in Flemmifh, viz. either to ftrike with the Bill, or gather up with the Bill. Hencein the North of England thefe Birds are called Pickatrees, a word exatly of the famefignification with the Greek Aevdegygratins. That Woodpeckers will learn to fpeak I can hardly be perfwaded, though Aldertws Magnus and Scaliger affirm it. The Woodpecker was not only by the ancient Latines, called Pluoze avis, the Rain-~ fowl, butis fo alfo by our Country men now adays, becaufe by its voice more loud and frequent than ufual it is thought to prefage rain. % ie Woodpeckers, if under this name we comprehend the Nuthatch, the Wall- CHAP. Boor ll, ORNITHOLOGY 135 | | CHar. V. Of feveral forts of Woodpeckers. CE The greateft black Woodpecker. . “ad length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail eighteen inches and an half; in breadth between the tips of the Wings {pread twenty nine inches and an half. : Its Bill fromthe point to the Angles of the mouth was two inches and an half Jong, {trong, hard, triangular, as in the reft of this kind. Above the Nofthrils a hard wrinkle is produced beyond the middle of the Bill. That part of the Bill which is below the wrinkle is white, the reft black. The Tongue, when extended, is of a very great length. {It can fhoot it out and draw it back at pleafure, which is com- montoit with thereft of thiskind. Its Nofthrils are round, covered with reflected hairs: Its Head very great. The Jrides of the Eyés are of a pale yellow. The colour of the whole body is black, excepting the crown of the head, which downto the Nofthrilsis of a lovely red or Vermilion colour. The number of flag-feathers in each Wing isnineteen, of which the fifth and fixth arethelongeft ; theSarcel or pinion feather is vety fhort, and not greater than thofe of the {econd row. ff , | TheTail is made up of ten feathers, of which the outmoft are the fhorteft, the refton bothfides gradually longer to the two middlemoft, which are the longeft of all. All but the outmoft ( which as we faid are the leaft and fhorteft ) are {tiff fharp- pointed, bending inward, aboutfeven inches long, upon which in climbing trees they: lean and fupport their bodies. on ah The Legs on the forepart are feathered down half way, behind no longer than the knees. The Feet are of alead colour, It hathtwo back toes, as the reft of its kind: The Claws ftrong and great, except that of the lefler back-toe, which is very fmall. | | The Gall of a dark green: The Tefticles yellowifh: The Guts feventeen inches long, great and lax: The ftomach alfo lax and membranaceous,, full of Hexapods and Ants. It altogether ‘wants the Appendices or blind Guts, as the reft of this Tribe. | This Bird we found inthe Market.at Rutisbone in Germany to be fold, killed not fat TT: Cock, which we defcribed, weighed ten ounces arid an half: being iti from that City. Itis not found in Exzglznd that we know of. holga The green Woodpecker, or Woodfpzte, called alfo the Rain-fowl, Hieh-hoe,and Hew-hole. A 4 Cock weighed fix ounces three quarters. Its length from the Bill to the Toes was eleven inches, to the end of the Tail thirteen andan half. The Wings extended were equal to twenty one inches and an half. The Bill from the point to the Angles of the mouth was almoft two inches long, black, hard, {trong triangular, ending in a blunt point., A reddifh dusky circle immediately encompaties the Pupil of the Eye 5 the reft of the [rw being white. The Tongue when ftretched out is ofa very great-length, ending ina fharp, bony fubftance, rough underneath, wherewith, as witha Dart, it {trikes Infea&ts. The top of the Head is ofa Crimfon or Vermilion colour, {potted with black. The Eyes are encompafled with black, under the black on each fide is another Vermilion {pot. The Throat,Breaft and Belly are ofa pale green: The Back, Neck, and lefler rows of covert feathers of the Wings green: The Rump ofa pale yellow or Rraw-colour, as Aldrovandus rightly exprefles it. The feathers under the Tail arecroffed with tranfverfe dusky lines. ik In each Wing arenineteen prime feathers, befide the outmoft ( which is very fhort)) of adusky colour, and marked with femicircular white fpots. But more particular- ly, the outer Webs of the * interiour flags are green, the inner Webs dusky, with * Thole text femicireular white fpots ; The outer Webs of the exteriour flags dusky, and sit the bodys . / Wit ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox II. with white fpots, the inner Websof the fame colour with the precedent. The fea- thers covering the roots of the tags underneath are of a pale green, with tran{verfe dusky lines. The Tail confifts of ten feathers, {tiff, and bending inwards, which by reafon the fhaft reacheth not to the end of the Webs, feem to be forked. The two middlemoft feathers are the longeft, by meafure four mches and an half, have their tips black, elfe they are marked with crofs bars, above of a dark green, and under- neath whitifh, the three next on each fide differ not from thefe. Of the two out- moft ( which are blunter than the reft ) the greater are all over varied with tranfverfe bars of black and dark green alternately placed, the lefler or outmoft have their tops green, and bottoms black. " | The Feet and Toes are of apale green, and fometimesof a leadcolour: The Claws dusky. .TheToes placed as inthe reft of this kind, two forward, two backward. The loweft bones of the fore toes are joyned together. *) Pe bar: Ithatha large Gall, an Inch and half long - The right T efticle round, the left ob- / long, and bent almoft into a circle, which left any one {liould think accidental, I ob- {erved in three feveral birds. It hath noblind Guts,but in their ftead the ftreight Gut is dilated in that place. Its Crop was fullof Antsand AntsEggs. It feeds allio upon ‘ Caterpillars and Coffi. It fits more upon the ground than other Woodpeckers, and feeks its foodthere. * | Its Tongue is round, ending in a ftiff, fharp, bony tip, dented on both fides. This Tongue the Bird can dart out to a great length, v7z. {ome three or four inches, and draw up again, by the help of two{fmall round Cartilages, faftned into the fore- mentioned bony tip, and running along the length of the Tongue ; Thefe Cartilages from the root of the Tongue takeacireuit beyond the Ears, and being reflected back- wards to the crown of the Head, ( where they both meet again, and are kept down down by a Ligament going over them) makea large bow. Below the Ligament they run down the Sagittal Suture, and then declining a little to the right fide, pafs juft above the orbit of the right Eye, and along the right fide of the Bill into a hole excavated there, whence they have their rife ororiginal. The mufculous fpongy fiefh of the Tongue enclofes thefe Cartilages like a heath, and is fo made that it may be extended or contracted likea Worm. _ That partalfo of thefe Cartilages, reaching from the hind part of the Head to the end of the Bill, is covered with the like mufcu- — _ qlous flefh that may be contracted or extended like the Tongue, only both Cartilages are not enclofed in one mufcle, but have each its feveral diftin@ mutfculous fheath, like two {mall {trings or worms. On the ends of thefe Cartilages(for I could without much force draw them out of their focket in the Bill.) there was a white glutinous or mu- cous matter. “ On'the infide the flexure of thefe Cartilages reaching from the root of the Tongue to the top of the Head,was a broad thin mutcle, which ferved to move the Cartilages to and fro. For by contraCting it {elf it {treightens the bow of the Carti- lages ( almoft after the manner as the Tunica Uvea dilates the Pupil ) and foneceflarily forces the Cartilages forward through the Tongue, and thrufts out the Tongue: But we leave thefe thingsto be more curioufly weighed and examined by others. The tips of thefhafts of the Tail-feathers in this and other Woodpeckers feem to be broken or worn off by their refting upon them in climbing. ee aT This kind lays five or fix Eggs atonce. I have feen fix young ones together in a Net. gr Tso! * Bellonnis his Sreateft green Woodpecker. Belonius makes this Bird ( which he would have to be Ariffotles third kind of. Woodpecker) far greater thanthe common green Woodfpzte now defcribed.. He gives hima crooked Bill, contrary to the manner of the reft of this Tribe: Feet after the fafhion of others: Divers {pots in the Wings, fuch as are feen in the Wings of the reft, but different in colour. | | = ti | §. IIL. BoorI. ORNITHOLOGY. — i357, } | §. Ti. The greater [potted Woodpecker or Witwall, Picus vatius major; Mires Arift. HT is as big or bigger than a Blackbird. “The Female weighed two ouncés thtee quarters. Its length from the Bill to the Claws was eight inches, to the end of the Tail nine and’an half: the diftance between the tips of the Wings extended fix- teen inches. : . The Bill in the Cock was an inch and a quarter long, meafuring from the tip tothe corner of the flit of the mouth, {treight, black, thicker at the head, and flenderer _ by degrees, ending’ in a fharp point, being of a triangular Pyramidal figure, and channel’d witha furrow or two. The Nofthrils round and covered with black briftles. The Irides of the Eyes red. The Tongue made like that of the greén Woodpecker. . , | On the hind part of the Head is a line of Crimfon or Vermilion red, redching from white to white in each cheek 3 [ in the Cock, not in the Hen. ] Inthe Hen the Throat and Breaft were of a dirty yellowifh white: The lower Belly under the Tail of a * lovely redor Crgmfon colour. Hence the Italians call it Cul roffo, the Welfh by * Phanices anamie fignifying Fire-tail, The feathers encompafling the Bafe of the upper Chap, ek Sen and thofe about the Eyes’ and Ears are white. The Head is black, with adafhofijy. fhining green, the Back alfoblack. At the infertion of the Wings on each fide is 4 great white {pot. From/the\corners of the mouthabroad, black {troak reaches o wn to theBack : juftbelow the Head another black ftroak croffes this. The flag-feathers of the!Wing are in number twenty ( of which the firft or out- moftis the fhorteft ) black, and marked with femicitcular white fpots. The interiour covert feathers of the Wings are white, and make up part of thofe white {pots we mentioned on the fhoulders; the middlemoft are wholly black, the exteriour have | oneortwo white fpots. . The ridge or Bafe of the Wing iswhite. | ©. 4 The Tailis three inches and an halflong, made up of ten feathers; of which the two middlemoft are the longeft, being ftrong, {tiff, fharp-pointed, and bending in- wards: The fhaft, as inothers, is not produced to the utmoft tip ( perchance worri or broken off with climbing ) by reafon whereof the feathers appear forked. ‘The outmoft Tail-feather on each fideis{mall, black, and having a white fpot in the exté- riour Web. Inthe two next the lower part 1s black, andthe reft White, with two tranfverfe black {pots or ftroaks, of which the upper cuts-both Webs of the feather, the lower only theinteriour. In the third the black reacheth higher, and the white part hath only one tranfverfe black ftroak. The fourth pair are all black, having only a femicircular {pot of white toward the top, thevery tip being of a reddith white : The two middlemoft are wholly black. — Axnot. V think itis not needful fo fcrupuloufly to defcribe every particular {pot in each feather : for that nature takes a latitude, {porting her felf, as they call it, inf thefe lefler things, not obferving always the fame number, figure, and fituation of fpots. IntheBird I defcribed, the flag-feathers of the Wings were {potted on both fides the fhaft with white f{pots,;\ which when the Wing was extended {tood in rows: crofimg the feathers : The four middle, feathers of the Tail wholly black, the reft variegated with white and black tranfverfe {pots. . The feathers f{tand fo that the Tail, when fhut, f€emsa little forked. : The Feet are of a lead colour. It hath the Toes {o fituate as the others of this kind, viz. two forward, two backward : The two fore-toes likewife connected from the divarication place to the firft joynt. | Ithath a {mall Liver witha Gall annexed. The Breaft-bone is very long, produced | almoft to the vent : A {mall Gizzard or ftomach, in that we diffected full of * Coffz, ae ne In Spondyli, and Beetles. ‘The Guts lie deep withinthe body,thatthey be not hurt when face, eoleane the Bird turns her head downward, and {trikes trees with her Bill. It is common té-bling a Cater- this, withthe reft of its kind, to wantthe blind Guts. cae wok ORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. . §. IV. | The leffer fpotted Woodpecker or Hickwall, Picus varius minor. His is for fhape and colour like to the laft deftribed, but much lefs, weighing F {carce an ounce; being in length ‘from Bill to Tail not more than fix inches ; though the Wings extended were no lefs thaneleven inches broad from tip to tip. The Tail confifted of ten feathers, from the exteriour to the middlemoft gradu- ally longer each than other, the two middlemoft being the longeft. Of thefe the fourmiddlemoft are wholly black, ftrong, fharp, and bending inward, asin thereft of this kind, fo made to fuftain the body when fhe climbs trees : The three exteriour are lefs fharp, of which the outmoft and leaft hath the bottom black, and theupper part white, with two tranfverfe black {pots. In the next the black part is extended in the inner Web as far as the fecond tranfverfe black fpot; inthe outer the, white reacheth lower, yet hath it omly one tranfverfe black {pot toward the top. The third isblack, having only the tip white. | _The Throat, Breaft, and Belly are of a fordid white, above the Nofthrils it is of a dusky colour, and on the head it hath a white{pot. . The hinder part of the head is black, From theEyestothe middle of the Neck two broad lines of white feathers terminated on both fides with black are produced, concurring about the middle of the Neck [ only the feathers that cover the Ears are of the fame colour with the Breaft.] The upper part of the Back, and upper covert feathers of the Wings are black. Theprime feathers and reft of the covert feathers are elegantly {potted with whitefemicircular {pots. The middle part of the Back is white with crof lines of black. The Bill, Tongue, Jrédes, Feet and Toes like thofe of the laft defcribed, The Legsfeathered, but not down to the Toes : The Clawsblack and crooked. The fame number of prime feathers in Wings and Tail. The Stomach diffected was full of Infects, iis . 5 . ‘It wantsthe Appexdices or blind Guts, like the reft of this kind. _ The Cock differs from the Hen in that inftead of a white fpot on the head is hath oneof alovely red or Crimfon. — Aldrovandus writes, that this kind wants thofe red fpots on the Head and Rump; which is true of the Female, but not of the Male, for his Head, as we faid, is marked witha red {pot. ; | §. V. * The Brafilian parti-coloured Woodpecker, called Ipecu, Marggrave. His Bird is about the bignefs of a Dove. The length of the Neck was two “T inches, of the body four, of the Tail alfo four, of the Legs almoft an inch and half. Ithath four Toes initsFeet, two ftanding forwards, and two backwards, asin Parrots. The Head is covered with feathers of a Vermilion colour, on which alfo it hath a Creft like a Dove. The Neck underneathis black to the very Bill, as alfo above: But in both fides there is a broad white line produced toward the Back [ divifiv. |] The Wings are outwardly all over black, inwardly white: The Tail black. Inthe Belly and upper part of the Legsthe feathers are black and white. Its “Bill isftreight, fharp-pointed, an inch and halflong, wherewith it pierces the barks of trees, as the Woodpecker. VF lig } Q. VI. 7# The Wryneck: lynx five Torquilla. His Bird is of the bignefs of the common Lark, or fomewhat lefs: It weighs more thanan ounce. _ Its length fromthe tip of the Billto theend of the Tail feven inches and an half: The breadth of the Wings {pread. eleven inches. The Bill is fhort, fmaller, and lefs triangular than in the reft of this kind, of a lead-colour. The Tongue round, ending in a fharp bony thorn, which it can dart out to a great length, and withdraw again, likethe reft of thiskind. TheJrides of the Eyes of a yellow hazel colour. The Feet and Legs fhort,of a pale lead colour [ or, asI defcribed them of a flefh colour. ] | ’ ‘ t Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. Tt could rufile up the feathers of its Head, fo as to make them appear likea Creft, asdoth the fay. The Plumage is fo elegahtly’and curioufly coloured, that it is very difficult in words to defcribe it; the upper part of the body being variegated with - white, black, reddifh, dusky, and grey orafli-colour.:| Erom the crown of the Head allalong the middle of the Back runs a lift of black. The Head is cinereous, with . traniverfe white, black, and red lines: The’ Throat’ iand lower Belly yellow with tran(verfe black lines; the middle of the,Breaft is.whiter, withifewer lines. The feathers covering the bottom of the prime Wing-feathers are yellows, with tranfverfe black lines. The Rump-is more ath-coloured than the\Head, with white fpots and. tranfverfeblack lines. = © BM od}: exiod a Oloulybslenstp lon: setae The prime Wing-feathers are in numbernineteen, the ifir(t or outmoft beirig fome- thing fhorter than the fecond, black, but {potted with great. red {pots which {pots, efpecially inthe feathers next the body, are. powdered with fmall, black-{pecks., The tips of the fecond row of Wing-feathers arewhite, » ‘The Tail-feathers are ten, “not {harp-pointed, nor ftiff; nor bending inwards, asin the above deleribed Woodpeckers: 3 two inches and:an half long, of a cinereous coloui, crofled at large intervals with bars of black: To {peak exadly, the part next the crdis) bars is of a dark afh-colour, the reft of the intermediate {paces of a paler:cinereous, {prinkled,, and,as it were be- dewed with black fpecks.. is sare anit ct} start ee The Toes are fo difpofed asin the reft of this kind, two forward, two backward: ‘The outmoft Toes in each Foot are equal, and twicefo long as the inmoft. It wants the blind Guts like the reftof this kind... The length ofthe Guts was nine inches. LS | Peat hi pitics of Ragas aad It ftrangely and ridiculoufly turns its head back to itsfhoulders, whence it is by Gaza called Torquilla. It feeds upon Avts, which darting out its Tongue it ftabs through with great celerity, with the thorny point we mentioned (as Children are wout to catch Frogs with an Iron Dart, {hot out of a Bow, and drawn-back again ) and fo{wallows them, never touching them with its Bill, as.other birds are wont to do their meat: Witnefs Gefzer, who tells us, that himfelf kept one five days ina | ee and. affirms upon his own experience that it feeds upon mio -other food but MES... RW Ue - | The Hen is paler and more cinereous than the Cock. Aldrovandus oblerved a long black {pot behind the Eyes in the Cock. ae ee HE Aunot. | Vdefcribed this Bird thus. The Quils or prime: feathers in each Wing were eighteen, ofa dusky colour, marked in their exteriour Webs.with red {pots, in their interiour with pale ones: fo fituate asin the pied Woodpecker. : The Throat and upper part of the Breaft were yellow, and the Belly white, from: Bill to Tail varie- gated with thick-fet, crofs black lines. At each corner of the mouth grew white fea- thers, varied with the like tranfverfe lines. : | §. VII. i * The Brafilian Jacamaciri of Maregiave. Or the conformity of its Feet we have fubjoyned it to the Woodpeckers. It is of the bignef$ of a Lark, Ithath a ftreight, fharp-pointed, black Bill, almoft two inches long: A fhort Tongue, [ wherein it differs from Woodpeckers | blue Eyes; fhort Wings; which end'a little beneath the rife of the Tail. The Tail is almoft three inches and an half long, ftreight, compofed of feven or eight feathers. The upper Legs are feathered, the lower bare, the skin being of a colour mingled of yellow and green; of whichcolourarealfo the Feet. In each foot it hath four Toes; two {tanding forwards, and two backwards; both the inner Toes in‘each Foot, as well the fore as the back one, are but half fo long as theeuter. The Claws are black. The whole Head, upper part of the Neck, Back, Wings, and. Tail.above are of a green colour mingled with golden or igneous, fo that they fhine wonderfully. A ring of the fame colour doth alfo encompafs the Neck. Underthe Throat, on the Breaft, the lower Belly, and under the Tailitisof a dark yellow colour, like yellow War To §. Vill. ) 14.0 + Sea-green we call it. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I, §. VIEL. * The Brafilian Curucui of Marggrave. T is a very elegant and beautiful bird, almoft of the bignefs ofa Pie: Hatha fhort broadifh Bill, of a brimfton colour: A wide mouth, and, when open, ora trian- gular figure: Fair blue eyes with a golden-circle [ I {uppofe he means encompafling the Pupil] and under each Eye a {pot of white skin, like a Hen: In the Eye-lids above and beneath black, ftift hairs: The Neck not long: The Legs fhort and fea- thered almoftto the Feet, with black feathers. It hath a Tail five inches and an half long, of a good breadth. Underthe lower Bill, inthe middle, and-at both fides, is as it werea beard, made up of black briftles, yet fhining with a glofs of blue asin the Necks of MaVards. Under the Throat the feathers are only black. The whole Breaft and lower Belly are of an. excellent Vermilion colour : The whole Back and upper fide of the Tail are of a. fhining green, with a glofs of blue, and golden, or igneous colour, The end of the Tail hatha black border. Underneath the Tail it hath white feathers. elegantly ftraked with crofs black lines. —The beginning of the Wings is of that fhining green we mentioned: The middle part ishoaty, the black feathers being poudered with very little grey {fpecks, as Malards ufe to be: Thejut- moft part, that is, the longeft feathers, are of a dark dusky ‘or blackifli colour. The © Legs, asIfaid, are almoft wholly cloathed with black feathers : What is bare, toge- ther with the Feet, is of a dusky afh-colour. The Toes are fo difpofed as the Par- rots. ‘The feathersunder the Wings are grey. Q- IX. * Guira acangatara of the Brafilians, Marggrav. i ow Bird is about the bignefs of a Magpie. It hath a Bill an inch long, theup> | § per Chap whereof is a little hooked, the whole of a dark yellow: TheEyes Cryftalline, witha dusky circle: The Neck two inches long, the body three. The Tail very long, viz. eight inches, confifting of eight ftreight feathers. The upper Legs are an inch and half long, asalfothelower. The Toesin each foot four, ftanding as in Parrots, the two inward in each foot being fhorter, the two outward longer. The whole Head is cloathed with feathers, which in their middles longways near the fhaft are dusky, in'their fides yellow, as isthe Creft. The Neck and Wings ( on the other fide } have their feathers yellow inthe middle, and dusky in the fides. |The ends of the Wingsare almoft wholly dusky. The whole Belly, Back, excepting the Wings, upper Legs, and rife or bafe of the Wings tothrée inches andan half’ length, are covered with feathers of a paleyellow. ‘The.end of the Tail hath white feathers, the reft of the Tail isdusky. The lower Legs and Feetare of a* Sea-water-colour. On the Head are long feathers erected like a Creft. It makes a great cry in the Woods. | §. X. * The Braflian Axacavi of Marggrav. the other Xochitenacatl of Nieremberg. T is ofthe bignefs of a Woodpecker [1 fuppofe he means the common greenone ] | | hath a Bill fourinches long, an inch and half broad or deep, three inches and an half thick where thickeft, [I fuppofe he means fo much by meafure round ] a little bending downward like a Tarki(b Scymitar, and fharp-pointed likea Parrots 5. the upper Chap being alittle longer than the lower : Both upper and lower are forabove half way reckoning from the end, ferrateor toothed. The upper part of the Bills greater than the lower. The Bill is hollow,very light, [ lighter thana Spunge : ] The upper Chap white, diftinguifhed bya black line running along the middle or ridge from head to point, the lower Chap wholly black. The whole Billis inferted into the Head triangle-wife, and where the infertion is, compaffed about with a triangu- lar whitelne. It hath a Tongue four incheslong, very light, and plainly refembling a feather to fee to: Or elfe is feathered and black, (if the Tongue may be faid to havea feather. ) It hath a Head not very big, broad, and comprefied 5 great ey a wit i Book IL ORACITHO LOGY. 141 with a black Pupil, yellow Irides, and the * reft of the outfides of the Eyes black. * Reliquas ex- The Neck is not longer than a Parrots. ‘Thebody from the rife of the Neck to the '”"* Tail is about five incheslong. The Tail is broad like a Woodpeckers, and fix inches long, or fomewhat more. The Legsand Feet are of a dark green or black, like to thofe of Parrets, having two fore-toes, whereof the one longer than the other, and two back-toes likewifeof unequal length, The Claws crooked, and dusky or black. Thelength of the upper Legsis two inches, of the lower one and an half. The whole Head and Neck as far as the begmning of the Breaftare covered with black feathers, which wherethey endare terminated inacircle. . The Breaft, and all the lower Belly elegantly cloathed with, yellow feathers mingled with pavomine. -Crof8-the Breait from the one fide to the other isa broad line drawn, of a fanguine colour. The whole Back, Wings, Tail, and upper Legs are covered.with dark green feathers, [or black with a glofs of green ] like the colour ufual in our, Magpies... The end of the Back above the beginning of the Tail is of a fanguine colour to more than the Circumfe- rence of a Crown piece.. The Wings end. at the rife of the Tail, and within fide are of a dark afh-colour. . The Bill is black within... This Bird doth, asit. were, pro- nounce its ownname, crying with a fharp voice, butnot very fhril, Aracari. ' This Bird is very like the Toucaw or Brafilian Pie. The conformation of its Feet argues itto belong to the Woodpecker-kind.. We faw the Bill of this Bird in the Re- pofitory of the Royal Society, London, our felves alfo have one of them: It is much lefs than the Toucazs Bill, not fo comprefled fide-ways, ‘but rounder. The upper Chap wholly white, without any line of black in the top, ( wherein it differs from the Ara- carz's Bill defcribed by Marggrave ) the lower black. §. XI. * The geLow blue-footed Perfian Woodpecker of Aldrovandus. His Bird communicated to me by Tartaglinus the Venetian, ( who fhewed me . § many exotic Animals painted ) at firft fight, from the conftitution of the Bill and FeetI judged tobe of the Woodpecker-kind. In bignefsit differs little or nothing from the green Wocdfpzte 3. only it hath a thicker Head and Neck, and a longer Bill. The feathers from themiddle of the Crewn to the end of the Tail have fomething of ferrugineous: But the Bill is altogether ferrugineous. The Feet are of a pale blue. ‘The Clawsare black: The reft of the body is yellow, fave that allthe Wing-feathers ends or tips incline fomewhat to ferrugineous; and that a fpot of the fame colour en- compafles theEyes. He faid it was an exotic Bird, and bred in Perfia. Q. XID at The American Hang-neft, called by the Brafilians Guira tangeima, Marger. T is a Bird fomewhat bigger thana Lark, egual to the fpotted Woodpecker. Its body is about three mches long 5 Its Neck an inch and half : The Head is {mall, the Bill ftreight, fharp-pointed, an inch long. Its Legs and Feet are like thofe of other birds,its Tail ftreight,four inches long. The colour of its Bill is black, except the lower patt,where it is inferted, which hath fomething of dusky : The Head and Neck, as low as the beginning of the Breaft, very black. Theupperpartofthe Neckfrom = | the Head almoft to the beginning of the Back is of a*Sky-colour. Through the begin- * #2"ci ning -of the Back it hatha tranfverfe black {pot, reaching as far asthe Wings: But the ””” Wings themfelves are of a deep black, only in the middle they have a whitefpot fituate longwaysthe feathers, of aninch and half long. The Tailalfo is wholly black: The ‘teft of the body is of a Sky-colour. The Legs are bluifh: Fhe Pupil of the Eyes black,with a yellowifh white Iris. Thefe Birds build admirable Nefts of a Cylindrical figure, and hang themin great numbers on the ends of the boughs and twigs of trees. Thefe Nefts are made of the {mall Fibres of roots and twigs of trees and herbs, curi- oufly platted and interwoven. 3 | §. XII. 142 ORNITHOLOGY —Boox Il, | ) | vb §. XI : wii . dg iS ay The Brafilian Japujuba or Japa of Margerave. His is of the fame figure with the precedent, and builds after the fame manner Li inthe fame tree [ one of thefe is a Male, the other a Female] but hath fome- what afhorter Tail. The whole body is invefted with very black feathers!’ Inthe middle of each Wing it hath a yellow {pot, an inch long : In the end of the Back, and near the vent it 1s-all yellow. [I have feen alfo that were wholly black, with their’ Backs of a'fanguine colour.] The Tail below from its rife half Way is yellow, the other half being black; above it is wholly black, only it hath on both fides a feather half yellow. The Legs and’ Feet are black: The Bill of a Brimftone- colour. The Eyes of a Sapphire colour, with a black Pupil. It hath a blue Tongue cleft or ‘doubled atthe top. Near the houfe’ of the Owner of the Engine Tapucurai is planted the treeO#, m which hang miorethau four hundred Nefts of thefe Birds; of which there arethere a very greatnumber, which hatch and bring up three broods of young ina year. Each Neftis made of dry grafs and horfe-hair, or hogs briftles mingled, of a dusky colour, of the figure of a narrow Cucurbite with its Alembick, Jong, inthe whole about a foot and half, and from the bottom for one foot upwards hollow like a Purfe, the remaining or upper part of it for half a foot being folid, and hanging by its tip on the tip of alittle branch of thetree. All thefe Nefts hang down on this fafhion from the tips of the twigs of trees. _ i We have often {cen the Neft of this Bird artificially built kept among other rarities in the Cabinets of the curious. I perfuade my felf that this was the very Bird,which the Ancients underftood by the name of Picws nidum Jufpendens, z.e. the Hang-neft- Woodpecker. I am fure there is a great deal more reafon why this fhould be fo called, than the Oriolws, which Aldrovandus takes to be the Picws nidum Jufbendens. Antonius Pigafeta writes, that Parrots do on this fafhion hang their Nefts on the ex- tremities of the branches of trees’; falfly imagining that the Nefts which’he faw hanging on the twigs of treeswete Parrots Nefts: CHAP. VI. Of Woodpeckers lefs properly fo called. tant The Nuthatch or Nutjobber,Sitta feu Picus cinereus. length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was five inches three quar- ters, tothe end of the Toes fix inches. | The Bill was ftreight, triangular, black above, underneath toward the Throat white, almoft an inch long, meafuring from the tip to the Angles of the flit of the mouth. The Tongue broad, not longer than the mouth, horny at the end and jag- ged: The Nofthrils round, and covered with {mall priftles. The Head, Neck, and Back of anafh-colour: The fides under the Wings red: The Throat and Breaft ofa pale yellow [ or rather Chefnut-red. ] The lower Belly under the Tail hath fome red feathers with white tips. From the Bill throngh the Eyes tothe Neck is extended a long black ftroak: The Chin is white. ~ The number of flag-feathers is nineteen, of the which the firft is very fhort and little. Theinteriour, or thofe next the body, have their Webs cinereous 5 the ex- teriour dusky : The fhafts of all are black. The Wings underneath are marked with a double fpot, the one white at the roots of the exteriour quils, theother black and larger, beginning at the infertion of the baftatd-wing. The Tail is fhort, {carce two inches, made up of twelve feathers, all of equal length, unlefs the outmoft be fomewhat the fhorter, not fharp-pointed, nor {tiff as in Woodpeckers, but flexile and limber: The two middlemoft cinereous; the two next to them black withcinereous tips; the twofucceeding have the infide of their tips white, the [ is fomewhat lefsthan a Chaffinch. ThesCock weighed almoft an ounce. Its Book I. ORACITHOLOGY. the outfide cinereous. The outmoft have their tips of a dark ath-colour, and under that atran{verfe whitefpot, the reftof the feathers being black. The Legs are fhort 5 both Legs and Feet of adark flefh-colour. It hath but one back-toe, equal to the middle of the fdre-toes. The Claws are great, crooked, and, of a dusky colour 5 that of theback-toe the biggeft. The outmoft fore-toe the leaft : Both outmoft and inmoft joyned to the middle toe at the bottom. --Jthad a mufculous Stomach or Gizzard, in which we found BeetJes; fhort blind Guts. The length of the Guts was fix inches and an half | It buildsin theholesof trees, andif the entrance betoo big, it doth artificially ftop up part of it with clay, leaving only a {mall hole for it felf to pafs in and out by. It feeds not only upon Infecds, but allo upon Nut-kernels. Itis a pretty. {pectacle to fee her fetch a Nut out of her hoard, place it faft in a.chink, and then ftanding above it, with its head downwards, {triking it with all its force, breaks the thell, and catches up the Kernel. 143 % This bird is by Ariffotle called Siz%, who makes two kinds of it, agreater, anda __ iefler. Gaza retains the fame name, calling it in Latine, Sitta, Later Writers ftile it Picus cinerews, i.e. the a(h-coloured Woodpecker 5 becaufe like them it climbs.and runs ‘up the bodiesand boughs of trees. Itis called by fome Sacomys,and Kivaid@s,becaufe it moves and flirts up the Tail. , | eager ell * The Wall-creeper, or Spider-catcher. Picus murarius, Aldrov. 1. 12.¢.37- T is fomewhat bigger thana Hox/é-Sparrow, almoft as large asa Stare. The colour of the whole body is beft feen when the Wings are fpread. It hath a long, {len- der, black Bill. The Head, Neck, and Back cinereous : The Breaft white: The Wings partly cinereous, partly red, viz. toward the Belly: The Tail fhort: The long feathers of the Wings, the lower part of the Back, the Belly, and Legs, ( which, af- ter the manner of Woodpeckers, arefhort) black: The Yoes long, three ftanding for- ward, and one backward,though BeVoxivs attributes to it two fore-toes, and fo many back ones: Whereforeit is to be fufpected, that either he knew not the Wal-creeper, or elfe fet forth one different from ours, which I do not believe, becaufe the reft of the defcription he gives of it, agreesexaGly to our Bird. Thus far Aldrovandws ; who writes, that this Bird is frequent and obvious enough in the Territory of Bologwza 5 in flying liketo the Hoopoe, almoft always fhaking its.\Wings like that, never refting in one place. By later Writersit is called Picws murarivs, becaufe as Woodpeckers cling to trees, and hang on them, fo this fticks to all Walls, efpecially thofe of Towers, and feeks Infedsin their chinks: Whencein Winter-time it is often feenin Cities. It is a brisk and chearful bird, and hath a pleafant note. It fliesalone, and fometimes — twoincompany. It builds its Neftin the holes of trees. They fay it i found in Eng- land; but we have not as yet hadthe hap to meet with it. , §. UL The greater Reed-Sparrow, Junco Aldrov. Cinclus Turneri. He Cock, which we geicribed, was for bignefs not much inferiout toa Thrafh. The Bill was great, Tomewhat crooked 5 from the tip of the Angles of the mouth, more than an inch long. The upper Chap of a dusky colour, the lower whitifh, The Tongue cloven, and divided into many filaments. The infide of the mouth of a deep yellow or Saffron colour. The Nofthrils are round and great : The Irides of the Eyes of ared hazel colour. Not far from the Angles of the mouth in the upper Mandible grow four or five black hairs. The Throat, Belly,and Breatt are white, with a kind of yellowiflrtinfure, more yellow about the vent: The fu- pine or upper fide of the body of a dusky yellowifh colour. Above each Eye isa whitith line. “ie pepe | The number of prime feathers in each Wing is eighteen. The Plumage covering the roots of thefe feathers underneath is yellow. The Tail is three inches anda quar- terlong: I mean the middle feathers,for the extreme are but two and three quarters; They have aftrong thaft, and are ftiff like thofe of a Woodpecker. The et 144 ORNITHOLOGY, Booxll. The Legs and Feet aregreat, {trong and mufculous, which is efpecially. remarka- blein this bird. It hathbut oneback-toe,which toward the root or rife of it isbroad and torofe. The outer fore-toe is joyned to the middlemoft at the bottom. It had a yellow Gall, large Tefticles, a fhorter Breaft-bone than Woodfpites ; fhort — blind Guts: Reed-Beetles in the ftomach. wf * - It is always converfant among Reeds, and fings fweetly.. It {ticks to, and climbs up Reeds, as Woodpeckers do up trees. - The Alcedo vocals of Bellonivs {eems tocbethe fame either with this or the lefler Species 5 the defcription whereof {ee in Aldrovandus, lib.20. cap.62. | §. IV. The leffer Reed-Sparrow. An Cannevarola Aldrovaxdus ¢ An Ficedula ‘cannabina Olimae2 T is equal to, or fomewhat lefs than a Redffart. It creeps and fings among Reeds, | From the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was five inches three quarters: From tip to tip of the Wings extended eight inches. ‘The Bill, meafuring from the point to the Angles of the mouth, was three quarters of an inch long: The lower Chap almoft white, the upper blackifh, the Mouth, within yellow : The Tongue cloven, and divided into filaments, the Irédes of a hazel colour. The Back toward the Rumpis of a dark olive or dusky green, toward the Head more cinereous. The middle of the Breaft iswhite ; the Throat and lower Belly have a mixture of yellow. The fides are of a dirty, greenifh colour. | Ri The prime feathers of the Wings are innumber eighteen, of which the fecond is the longeft. They are,of a dark brown or dusky colour, as in the Redflart, and other {mall birds... The Tail is 2+ inches long, and’compofed of twelve feathers. The foles of the Feet are of agreenifh yellow. The outmoft Toe adheres to the middle- moft below, asinothers. The Bill and Feet.in this Bird are greaterthan the propor- tion of the reft of the body feems torequire. The Female differs little or nothing from the Male. . — ; Awnot. This Bird I bought in the Market at Florence, where they call it Beccafigo : which namethey give to many {mall birds that feed fat. I fuppofe it is that defcribed and figured ini Olina by the title of Beccafigo Cannabino.» My defcription.differs fome- thing from this of Mr. Wil/ughby, but not confiderably, viz. The Back was of a pale green inclining to yellow, which juft above the Tail was more yellow. The feathers: of the Wingsand Tail were of a Moufe-dun, having their edges of the fame colour with the Back. The Tail, when fpread, terminated in a circular Circumference. The Breaft, Belly, and Throat were white, dafhed with yellow. The Bill long, {treight, flat, or depreffed ; The lower Chap of a horn-colour, the upper more duf- ky, but not black: The Legs long, and of a light blue, with a little dafh of yellow. The Mouth within yellow: The folesof the feet yellow. It is common in the Low Countries among the Reeds. Another Bird of this name, but differentin kind, we fhall defcribe afterwards. §. V. ) mo The Creeper. Certhia- T isavery final] bird, fearce bigger than the copped Wren. Ithath a long, flender, fharp Bill, bending downwards like a Bow. The upper Chap of a dark colour, the nether white at the bafe, and black at the tip. The Tongue not longer than the Bill, wherein it differs from the Wood/pites, yet hard and {tiff at the point, and fharp like a Goad. The Irides of theEyes of a dark hazel colour. _ The Throat, Breaft, and Belly white: The Head, Back, and Wings inclining to a Fox-colour ; the middle parts of the feathers being whitifh. Above the Eyes oneach fideisa white {pot.. The beam-feathers of the Wings are eighteen, the firft of which is very fhort, the fourth the longeft,and by meafure two ; inches: The three outmoft are dusky, the teft have white tips, and a broad white line through their middle, fomething inclining to fulvous. The edges of thofe next the body are likewife ful- vous, and have whiteonly on the exteriour fide of their fhafts. Thecovert-feathers of the Wings are more black, the middlemoft have their middle part fulvous 5, all their tips white, The Tail confifts of ten feathers only, as in Wood pites,is very long forthe | bignefs BoorIL ORNCITHOLOGY. bignefs of the bird, viz. two inches and an half, fharp-pointed;(tifRof a dusky red,or reddifh dun colour. | sy bres! _ ©The Féet! are’of a light brown: The Legs fhort:. The Feet have long Toes, all armed with very long, fharp, white Claws, efpecially the back-toe; which hath it extraordinarily longlikea Lark, i) son . ' iI is fufficiently characterized and diftinguifhed fromall other birds by its littlenefs and bow-bill. | btieys te Aldrovandys attributes to his Certhia a fhort Tail, wherein it differs fromours.. } It runs up the bodies and boughs of trees, having its Feet and Tail, fitly difpofed and formed forfuch a purpofe. —ral ee It is frequent in England; and as Aldrovandys reports, builds mthe hollows of trees after the manner of Woodpeckers It laysa great number of Eggs, fometimes, they fay, not fewer than twenty. Pac om 7 o*% a 7 4 4 «4 5 Sha wo, | | Q. Vi. The Hoop or Hoopoe, Upupa Latinis, "Ero, Gracis. T weighs three ounces. Its length from the point of the Bill to theend of the | Tail was twelveinches and an half’: Its breadth, the Wings being ftretched out, nineteen inches. | SE * dothoete (15 9043. Its Bill is two inchesand an half long, black, fharp, and fomething bending. The Tongue fmall, as Aldrovandys rightly hath it, deep withdrawn inthe mouth, trian- gular, being broad at bottom, and {harp at: top, like a perfec equilateral triangle: The fhape of the body approacheth to that of a Plover. The Head is adorned with a moft beautiful Creft, two inches high, confifting of a double row of feathers, reaching from the Bill tothe nape ofthe Neck,all along the top of the Head: Which it - can at pleafure fet up, and let fall: It is made up of twenty. four-or twenty’ fix fea- thers, fome of which are longer thanothers; the tips of them are black 5 ‘under the black they are. white, the remaining part under the white being of a Chefnut, inclining to yellow. The Neckisof a palered: The Breaft white, variegated with black ftrokestending downward. The older birds had no black ‘{trokes in their Breafts, but onlyin their fides. The Tail is four inches and an half long: [ Aldrovan- dus {aith fix] made up of ten feathers only, black, with-a cro{s mark or bed of white of the figure of a Crefcent or Parabola, the middle being toward the Rump, the . hornstoward the ends of the feathers. The Tailis extended further than the Wings complicated. ss > al | There are in each Wing eighteen quils or mafter-feathers, of which the ten fore- moft are black, having a white crofs bar, which in the fecond, third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and feventh is more than half an inch broad. The feven following feathers have four or five white crofsbars. The limbs or borders of the laft are fomething red: The Rumpis white. The long feathers {pringing out.of the thoulders and co- ering the back are varied with whiteand black crofs lines or bars,after the {ame man- nerasthe Wings. i. The Irides of the Eyes are of ahazel colour: The lower Eye-lid bigger than the upper: Fhe Legs fhort: The outmoft toe at bottom faftned to themiddle, without any intervening membrane. The Windpipe ( as Aldrovandus defcribes it ) at the be- ginning of the divarication or divifion intotwo branches which go to the Lungs, hath two little bones outwardly. fupplying the ufe-of the * Larynx, between whiclr is {pread a very thin skin: The annulary Cartilages beyond the divaricatfon in each branch in our obfervation were only femicircular,.as in Herozs. In the Stomach diffected we found Beetles 3 whencé it is manifeft that it feeds upon Infects, but whether alfouponGrapes and other Berries, as {ome of the Ancients have delivered, we knownot. hear ¢ faith Aldrovandys ) that among other things it feeds upon Axis. It hath no blind Guts. phat 2 iyi In thenumber of Tail-feathers, want of. the blind Guts; crof§ lines of the Wings, and. partly alfo in its food it agreeth with Woodpeckers, to’ which therefore we have fubjoyned it. te byik an About Collen and eHewhere in High Germany itis very frequent, where they call it Widehuppe. It fits for the moft part on theground, fometimes on Vilows. Turner faith thatit is found no where in Britazy : Buthe is deceived; for we are’ aflured by cré- dible perfons, that it isfometimes, though more rarely, feen in Northumberland, and: Alfoin Surrey; > u , Ariftotle \ 7 © * Head of the Windpipe. 146 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ul. Ariftotle witneffeth that it makes its Neft of dung, efpecially mansdung, daubing it therewith inftead of Clay. role ; It took its name in both Languages [ Greek and Latine ] fromthe found of its voice. The moft of our Exglih Grammarians ( ( faith Turner ) call that bird Upupa; which thofe that {peak barbaroufly from the noife it makes with its Wings are wont to call Vannellus, and they in their own Language a Lapwing. This ihveterate error our Grammar Schools do ftill retain. \ ior! They fay the Hen is always greater than the Cock. ~ Cuap. VIL Of Land Birds that feed upon Fifh. oy 2 Gok | The King fiber. Ifpida an Veterum Alcyon? of the Tail exceeded feven inches. The ends of the Wings extended were ele- ven inches diftant. _ The Bill wasalmoft two inches long, thick, ftrong, ftreight, fharp-pointed, black, yet whitifh at the Angle[ of thelower Mandible. ] The upper Chap is for the moft part longer than the lower, yet in fome birds thelower is longer than the upper. The Tongue is fhort, broad, fharp-pointed, and undivided: The Mouth within of a Saffron-colour, the Nofthrilsoblong. The Chin is white with a certain mixture of red 5 the middle alfo of the Breaft or Belly is of the like colour. The lower Belly under the Tail is of a deep red, as are alfo the fides and feathers under the Wings. The Breaftis red, the outmoft borders of the feathers being of a dirty bluith green. From the Neck through the middle of the Back to the Tail it is of a moft lovely bright, but pale blue, whichby its fplendour is faid to hurt their Eyes that look long and intently upon it. If you heed this colour attentively you may obferve the blue crofied with ob{cureor dark-coloured lines. Between the Nofthrils and the Eyesis- a red fpot, and another beyond theEyes: to which fucceedsa white mark, tindured with red. Thecrownof the Headis of ablack green, with crofs blue lines. In each Wing are twenty three Quils, of which the third is the longeft; both quil-feathers, and thofe next tothem have their exteriour Webs blue, their interiour dusky. Thelefier rows of Wing-feathers, all excepting thofe. covering the bafe of the Wing, have blue tips. The long-feathers {pringing from the fhoulders, and co- vering the Back, are of abluifh green. The Tail is fhort, about an inchand an halfin length, made up of twelve feathers, of a dark blue, with fomewhat of black. The Legs and Feet are very {hort and little, black before, red behind, as are alfo the foals of the feet and theback-toes. The ftrudture of the Feet in this Bird is fingular and different from allothers, for the three lower joyntsof the outmofttoe are joyned to the middlemoft ; of the inmoft only one: This inner toe is the-lea{t, and fhorter by half than the middlemoft, the outer almoft equal to the middlemoft : The back- toe is fomewhat bigger thanthe inner foretoe. The third or loweft bone of the Leg ik weighed an ounce and a quarter : In length from the tip of the Bill to the end is greater than is ufual in other birds. The toes feem as it were joynted with many crofs lines. The bones of the Tongue are lefler and fhorter than in other birds. The Stomach is great and lax, as in carnivorous birds; in that we diflected was full of the bonesand fcales of fifhes. TheGuts are {lenderer toward the vent. Ge/- wer affirms, that the fat of this bird isred; which we found tobe true. The fame Author tellsus, thatin one Neft areoften found nine young ones: Ina Neft in a hole about half a yard deep in thebank of a River we obferved but five young ones. - Itis a Vulgar perfuafion, that this bird, being hung up on an untwilted thread by the Bill in any room, will turn its Breaft to that quarter of the Heaven whence the wind blows: They that doubt of it may try it. Dr, Charletow, in his Ozomafticon, makes mention of another Kizgfiher brought out of India, which fcarce exceeds aWrez in bignefs. We have not as yet hapned tofee this Bird, neither do weremember to have elfewhere read any thing of it. §. Ih. Bool, ORNITHOLOGY. “a §. IL The Brafilian Jaguacati guacu, Maregrav. akin to the Kingfifter. T is by the Portugues called Papa peixe, becaufe it lives upon fith, It is equal in bignefs to a Throftle or Mavis: For the figure, of its. body like to the greater +’ Woodjpite. It hatha black, ftreight, and fharp-pointed Bill, almolt three incheslong: Black Eyes, and very fhort black Legs: The upper Legs are in part bare of feathers. The Feet have four toes ( one ftanding backward ). of unequal length: For the two outerare fhort and contiguous, but the third or inner is much thefhorter, and more remote. The Clawsare black. The Tailistwo inches long, reaching further than the ends of the Wings. The fuperiour feathers of the whole body, viz. the Head, Neck, Wings, and Tail, are of arufty, but fhining, colour. About the Neck it hath aring of pure white feathers. The Throat, underfide ofthe Neck, Breaft, and Bel- ly arealfo cloathed-with white feathers. Near both the Eyes it hath alfo a {pot of white. IntheT Lome of the feathers'are {prinkled with white{pots, which yet are fearce feen, unlefs when they {pread their Wings and fly. Q. VII The Bee-cater, Merops five Apiafter. Or the thape of the body it islike the Kingfifher, for bignefs equal to a Blackbird: fF From the tip of the Bill to the’end of the Tail eleven inches and an half long 5 the Wings, being {pread, eighteen, inches broad. | nity) The Bill is great, from the'tip to the Angles, of the Mouth almoft two inches long, black, and for the proportion of the-body very, like that of a Kingfiher, {ave only that it is a little more arcuate or bending downward: The Tongue flender, deeply —_ cut in or tornat the tip » The * Irides, of the Eyes of a lovely red, and in fome of a * Circles eit. hazel colour. fare yi) nae ay, eg Ne os The Head is great and oblong. .Thecolour of the feathers at the Bafe of the upper Goat - Chapisa greenifh blue, but in the middle between the Nofthrils white. The crown ~ of the Head red, but in fome birdshaving fomething of green mixt. Fromthecor- - ners of the mouth through theEyes on each fideis extended a black ftreak 5 conti- guouswhereto under the Chin are bright, but pale yellow feathers. The Neck and Shoulders are green, with acertain mixture of red. The whole Belly and Breaft, as far as the Chin, are blue, this colour is deeper near the Chin, fainter on the Breaft and Belly. In fome the colour of the underfide inclines more to green: Perchance thefe are Cocks. | Yeks The number of beam-feathers in each Wing is about twenty one or twenty two; decreafing by degrees to the tenth. All to the twentieth have blacktips. The firft or outmoft ten beneath the black are of a bluifh green: The next nine beneath the black are of a lovely Orange colour; as are alfo the leffer rows next to them: Thofe above near the ridge of the Wingare blue. The long feathers {pringing from the thouldersare of a pale yellow. BU a Shs) tag _ The Tailisnear an hand-breadth long, made up of twelve feathers, of a blue co- Jour, the exteriour Webs having fomething of green intermixt : The underfide of the Tail wasof adun colour. . The two middle feathers run out in length beyond therelt, andendinfharp points. _ | | ae anda The Legs are very fhort, but thick for the length : Both Legs and Feet exactly like thofe of the King-fifher. _ For the fore-toes, as in that, are all joyned together to the firft joynt, as if they were but one toe, the outmoft and middle tothe fecond or ' third. The Claws areblack, the Feetand Toesof aduskyred. | _ The Liver was of a pale yellow : TheStomach rather membranous thanmutculous, in that wediflected filled with Beetles and other Infects. The. colours of the Wings varied in feveral birds, in fomé was more blue, in {ome more green, in fome more red, andin fome lefs. Srdbh bl garb |., ney teas siihiae 1m . {tis ftrange that A/drovandys fhould not take any notice of, or not mention at leaft the connexion of the Toesin thisBird. asl te. It isnot unfrequent in the Campagn of Rome: For that we faw it there to be fold in the Market more than once. It isnot found in Evgland that we know of: | u 2 Belloniws e ORNEITHOLOGY. Boox Il. Bellonius writes, that it is fo common in Candy, that it is feen every where in that Ifland. | Ariftotle tellsus, that it feeds upon Bees, whom all other Writers of the Hiftory of Animals do therein follow. But it feeds not only upon Bees, but alfo upon Cicade, Beetles, and other Infects. Yea,as BeVonius relates, wpon the Seeds of Nipplewort, Ba- flard Parfley, Turnep, &c. not abftaiting fron’ Wheat and othergrain. Fromits exact agreement in thefhape and make of its Body, Bill, and Feet withthe Kizepjher, we fufpect that itlikewife preys upon fith. | We Belowiws, in the firft Book of his Objervations, writes thus concerning the Merops. Flying in the air it catchesand preys upon Bees, as Swallows do upon fites. — It flies not fingly, but in flocks, and efpecially by the fides of thofe Mountains where the true Thyme grows. Its Voice is heard afar off, -almoft like to the whiltling of a man. Its fingular elégancy invites the Cazdy Boys to hunt for it with Crcadé, as they do alfo for thofe greater Swallows called Swefts, after this manner : bending a Pin like a hook, and tying it by the Head to the end of a thread, they thraft tt througha Cicada, (as Boys bait a hook witha fly ) holding the other end of thethread in their hand. The Cicada fo faftned flies neverthelefs in the Air, which the Merops {py- ing, flies after it withall her force, and catching it,-fwallows Pin and all, wherewith fhe is caught. ! §. IV. 4 __* The other Bee-eater of Aldrovandus. Merops alter,feu-Meropi congener Aldrov. He Germans call this Bird the Sea-Swallow; both becaufeat firlt fight it feems to refemble a Swalow, partly in the fhortnefs of its Legs, and partly in its flying, and alfo becaufe like the Swallow it catches Infects as it flies. 1 fhould rather makeit congenerous to the Bee-eater than the Swallow; becaule it differs widely from the Sea- Swallow [, fomuch as to have little common with it. . -This Bird is a little longer than the precedent, and ( as its:pidure fhews ) a little -grofier or thicker-bodied: Its Bill is black, long, fharp-pointed, and approaching fomewhat more to the figure of a Sithe than inthat.. TheHead, Neck, Breaft, and almoft the whole Belly yellow. ’Froii the bill it hath a/great black fpot, which is carried on backwards through the Eyes tothe’ beginning of the Neck. The Back is of a Chefnut colour,but mingled with greenand yellow. The Wing-feathers are painted with divers colours: For the firft [ the uppermolt Jare blue,the fecond mixt of blue and yellow, the third altogether yellow; the fourth, vz. the prime or beam-feathers black, with red tips. The upper part of the Tail is of a bright green, the lower of a very fair yellow, fo that it feems to be half green, half yellow. It hath yellow Feet and black Claws. eats Q: V. * The Brafilian Guira guainumbi of Marggrave, of kin to the Merops, T isa Bird to fee to of the bignefs of a Pigeox, becaufe it is thick and deep-fea- | thered, but the bulk of the body, the feathers pluckt off, is indeed no bigger than thatof a Thrujh, It hatha head fomewhat bigger than a Throftle; a black Bill about two inches long, the upper Chap whereof ‘isa little longer than the nether: Bothup- perand nether Chap are on both fides toothed likeaSaw. Ithath fhort Legs, not much exceeding an inch in length, for colour black: Four Toesin each Foot, one fituate backward, three forwards, as is ordinary: But the firftor inmoft foretoe is fhorter, the middlemoftlongeft, and the third again fhort, but not of equal rife with the reft: For the rife of the firft is from the middle of the foot,and alfo of the fecond 5 but the rife or beginning of the third is near the third joynt of the middlemoft: The firft hath three joynts, the fecond four, the third again three, the back-toe but two. The Claws are black, and bendmg downwards. The Tail is very long, {treight, con- fifting of a few ftreight feathers, about an inch broad, but ten inches long: Indeed only two feathers make up the end of the Tail, which for two inches have naked fhafts, and again have their ends web'd fortwo inches. The whole body is about fix inches long. The feathers very beautiful : vz. on their Head they have as it werea Mitre or Crown of Sapphire-coloured feathers, which neat the rife of the Bill a | 7 the = Box ll ORMUTHOLOGHR rp the colour of the Tvicois ftone? In the middle of this Mitre is {een a black {pot of the | bignels of aGrofs of Mixa. Beneath the Eyes ( which are yellow. with a ‘black Pu- pil )it hath alfo black feathers mingled with Sapphire-coloureds,, The Throat, and the whole Breaft and Belly ate of a dark 'yellow.|;-The upper, part of the Neck, the whole Back, Wings, and Tailare of a gveenjor grafs colour, but wherewith, a Sea- _ green is mixt, asin the Necks of Mallards and Peacocks, From the Kinees.to the Bel- ly the upper Legs are covered with greén feathers. In themiddle of the Neck un-’ derneath it bears as it were a badge of three or four’ black feathers, and aboutthem Sapphirine ones, which make a kind of {pot or mark. | , - This Bird for the like conftitution of its Feet, and fome agreement in colout, we have fubjoyned to the Merops. sense | | | deQay Who! int: The Water-Ouzsel or Water-Crake i Merula aquatica. | ¥ His Bird is well nigh as big as the common Blackbird : Weighs two ounces and T an half isin length from the tip of the Bill to the end ‘of the Tail eight inches and an half, to the end of the Claws nine: In breadth between the tips of the Wings itretcht out twelve inches and an half. i Wraith a It hatha fhorter body than the Blackbird, and a thicker Neck. _ ftsBillisftreight, fharp-pointed, flenderer than a Blackbirds, ‘meafuring fromthe point tothe Angles of the mouth about an inch long, or fomewhatlefs, black-coloured. 5. The Head and upper fide of the Neck areof adark, dusky colour, or black with an eyeiof red: All the Back, and both prime and covert-feathers of the Wings are particoloured of cinereous and black, the middle parts of the feathers being black, theedgesblue. The underfide of the Neck and forepart ofthe Breatt are milk white: The feathets contiguotis to the white are reddifh: The lower Belly towards the Tail black. The Eyelids white round about. : Seiwvial _ dt hath in each Wing eighteen. quills. The Tail is fhorter than in the reftof this kind [that is, Merwla |] {carce two imches atid an half long, compofed of twelve fea= thers of equallength. The Legs, Feet, and Clawsare black: The outmoft foretoe at bottom joyned tothe middlemoft. The Tongue is black, {lender, aind a little cloven atthetip.. Thecircles encompafiing the Pupils of the Eyes great, broad, and of a fair hazel colour. TheEyes are furnifhed with niating membranes. The Nofthrils are long. The Plumagecovering the wholebody thick-fet, asim water-birds. it frequents {tony Rivers and Water-courfes in the Mountainous parts of Wales, Northumberland, Weftmoreland, Yorkshire, &c. That! (.f.R.] deferibed was fhot befide the River Révelin near Sheffield in Yorkshire : That Mr.Willughby defcribed near Pentambathin Denbighfhire , in North-Wales. Te is common in the Alps in Switzer- land 5 where they callit Wajfer-Amzel. Pana Dac | It feeds upon fith, yet refufeth not InfeGts. Sitting on the banks of Rivers it now and then flirts upits Tail. Although it be not Web-footed, yet willit fometimes dive — or dart it felf quite under water. -Itis a {olitary Bird, companying only with its Mate in coupling and breeding time. Cuap. VII. The greateft Land-birds, of a peculiar. kind by themfelves, which. by reafon of the bulk of their bodies, and Jmalne(s of their Wings cannot fly, but only walk. @. I. The Oftrich i Seomthiotamolus on = W Hat occurs in Ancient and Modern Writers concerning this Bird feein Ge/- ner and Aldrowandus. | sath ge : _ Itisthe greateft of allbirds, except perchance the Ewe, which though it be not fo tall, yet inbulk of body 1s well nigh equal toit. Mr.Wel/ughby faith, itis either equal or bigger; but I think that, if eithér have advantage of other in ae 8 tude, 150 OR NITHOLOGH Bool tude, it is the Oftrich. When it holds up its Head it approacheth to the height of two Yards. Ply writes, that it exceeds the height of a horfeman fitting onhorfe- - back: Which is to be underftood when it {tretches its Neck forth, and reaches up- wards as high as it can, The Head is {mall, depreffed or flat-crown’d, and (as Aldrovandus truly) like a Goofes: The Bill alfo'is compreffed, and compared with the body very fmall, of a triangular figure, and horn colour, the tip being black. The skin atthe Nofthrils ends ina femicircle. The {lit of the mouth is large, reaching _ fo far that its extremes or Angles lie diredtly under the Eyes. The Eyes are great, with hazel-coloured Irides. Of all great birds this alone hath both Eye-lids [ upper and lower Jas Plizy witnefleth. Which whether it be true or not we leave to be exa- ~ mined by others that have opportunity of feeing the bird. The Headand Neck, al- moft as far as the Breaft, are bare of feathers, as are alfothe Thighs. The Head and Neck are covered with a certain Down, or thin-fet hairs inftead of feathers: The fides under the Wings, andthe Thighs are abfolutely bare. The lower part of the Neck where the feathers begin is white. The Wingsare f{mall, and altogether unufeful for flying, defigned by Nature only to affift the bird inrunning, being {pread and moved. The feathers of the Back in the Cock are cole-black,in the Hen only dusky, fo foft that they refemble a kind of Wool. The Wing-feathers are of the fame co- Jour [ with the Back] beneath, but above in their upper part purely white. The Tail is thick, bufhy, and round, not as in other Birds, to be{pread out in breadth, the'component feathers in the Cock being whitifh, m the Hen duskifh, with white tops 5. which feathers are in great requeft'for Souldiers Hats, Helmets, ec. Its Neck and Legs are very long: .It hath but two toes, wanting the back-toe and irimoft foretoe. The outer toe in that we defcribed was five inches and an half long, the other eight: ‘The length of the whole Foot from the end of the heel eleven Inches. The longer Toe was covered with twenty four great, disjoyned, annulary {cales.. This Toeis armed witha great, ftrong, black Claw 5 the other or outer Toe had no Clawin the Bird we defcribed. The Toes are connected with a thick, ftrong membrane as far as the firft joynt. ‘It fwallows Iron, Leather, Grafs, Bread, Hair, and whatever elfe you offer it,pro- mifcuoufly : Howbeit it doth not concoé Iron and other hardthings, but avoidsthem entire by fiege. That we faw at Braxels was ufually fed with bread mixt with hair. Aftica: produces this bird 5 in the Defarts whereof are fometimes feen fuch multitudes of them incompany, that to them that behold them afar off they feem to be Troops or Armies of horfemen. They are alfo foundabundantly in Arabia; and not lef plen- tifully in America, but of a different kind; as will appear by and by. : They lay very great Eggs, viz. fometimes as big as a young Childs head, and of fifteen pound weight, covered with a very hard and {tony fhell, which being buried in thé fand, are cherifhed only by.the heat of the Sun till the Young be excluded. For the Writers of Natural Hiftory do generally agree, that the old birds after they have layed and covered their Eggs in the {and forfake them, and take no more care of them. . - That Oftrich-feathers were much ufed by the Ancients for the adorning of Caps, Helmets, @e. is manifeft by the teftimony of Plizy: And that ftill they retain their efteem, being alfo ufed now adays for the fame purpofes every body knows. They were alfo formerly wont to be employed, not only in Italy, but in Exgland, for to - make Fans for Gentlewomen, tocool themfelves withal inthe Summer time. §. I. * The American Oftrich, called Nhanduguacu by the Brafilians, Margerav. cy His fort isfomewhat lefs than the Africaz : Their Legsare long, the lowerabout afoot and half, the upperafoot. They have three Toes in eachfoot, armed with thick, black, but not fharp Claws. One Toe ftanding backward, which is round and grofs; fo that they can hardly walk on a {mooth or boarded floor, but eafily flip and fall. They carry their Necks bending like a Swaz or Stork , being about two foot in length. Their Heads are like thofe of Geefe, They have fait black Eyes: A compreffed or flat Bill, not very broad, two inches and an halflong. ‘They have little Wings, unfitforflight, one of which they {pread and fet up like a fail, to affitt them in running, which they do with that fpeed and {wiftnefs, that a good Grey- hound:can hardly overtake them. Their whole body is covered with grey feathers, which Boor Il. ORNITHOLOGY 51 et which are longer and more beautiful on the Back. The body with the feathers ap- pears almoft round. They have not fucha Tail made up of crefted feathers, as is re- prefented commonly in the Pictures of Offriches ; but the feathers are {tretched forth along the Back eventothe vent. It fwallows bitsof Iron, Brafs-mony, Dice, or any the like things you offerit, but concocts them not, cafting them out again by fiege., It feeds on fruits andflefh. It is frequent in the fields of the * Capitania of Seriesppo, * Caprain- and the Capitania of Rio grande. In Fervambuco it 1s not found. Its flefh is good “P to eat. ? | §. Til. The Caffowary or Een of Aldrovandus, Clufius, Nierembergius, Bontius ad Worritis. E have feen four birds of this kind at Lowdow; three Males, and one Female: viz. one Male among his Majefties birds kept in St. Fames’s Park near Weft- minfter 5 two Males and aFemale at Mr. Maydftons, an Eaft-India Merchant in Neweate- Market, brought out of the Eaft Indies. It hatha horny Crown onthe top of the Head. TheHead and Neck are bare of feathers, only thin-fet with a hairy down. The skin is of a purplifh blue colour, excepting the lower part'of the backfide of the Neck, which is red, [ or of a Vermilion colour."] In the lower part of the Neck hand down two Wattles or Lobes of flefh as lowasthe Breaft. It hath a very wide mouth. The Bill is near four inches Jong,. of a moderate thicknefs,and ftreight. The Legs are thick, and{trong. It hath three ‘Foes in each foot, all ftanding forward, for it wants the back-toe. ‘The Claw of the outmoft Toe is much longer than the reft. Tt hath fome rudiments of Wings rather than Wings, confifting of only five naked fhafts of feathers, fomewhat like Porcupines quils, having either no Webs and fea- thery parts, or which were in the Bird we defcribed broken and worn off. It hath no Tail; a great body invefted with blackifh or dusky feathers, of a rare texture; which to one that beholds the Bird at a diftance feem rather to be hairs than feathers. {t isa gentle-natured bird, and eafily made tame. We thall give the Reader a more full and accurate defcription of all its parts out of Clufivs his Exotics. This Bird (faith he }) as it walked, holding up its head, exceeded the height of four foot by fome inches : For the Neck from the top of the Head to the beginning of the Back was almoft thirteen inches long; the body two foot over; the Thighs with the Legs. to the bending. of the Feet feventeen inches long. The length of the body it felf from the Breaft to the Rump wasalmoft three foot. , The feathers covering the whole body, with thofe on the lower partof the Neck next to the Breaft and Belly, and _the Thighs were all double, two coming out of the fame {mall {hort pipe or hofe, and lying the one upon the other; the upper being fomewhat the thicker or grofler, the nether the more fine and delicate : They are alfo of a different length, as I obferved in the cafe of the like Bird. Forthofe on the lower part of the Neck were fhorter ; thofe on the middle of the body and fides longer ( 2%. of fix or feven inches: ) But thofe onthe extreme or hind-part of the body about the Rump ( for it wanted the Tail) nine incheslong, and harder than the reft. Although they are all hard or ftiff, yet are they not broad but narrow, with thin-fet filaments oppofite one to another on each fide; of a black colour, but about the Thighs tending to cinereous, the fhaft only remaining'black, as inthereft. Thefe feathers had that formatid fituation, that to thofethat behold the Bird afar off, its skin might well be thought to be covered not withfeathers, but only with hairs, feeming liketo a Bears; and to want Wings; though indeed it had Wings, lying hid under the featherscovering the fides, furnifhed _ with * four greater feathers of a black colour, as I obferved in the cafe, though they * we ober. were fo brokenatthe tops, that I could determine nothing certainly concerning their Ved five thatts of feathers in ‘length. But their broken fhafts were pretty thick, hard and folid, and ran deep cach wing. down into the outmoft part of the Wing. The upper part of the Wing next the bo- dy had its covert feathers like thofe on the Breaft. For it is to be thought; that this kind of Wings are given to this Bird toaflift her and promote her {peed inrunning : For I believe fhe cannot fly, nor raife herfelf from the earth : [ He might have been more pofitive inthis, for it is moft certain.] The Legs in compafs exceeded five inches, and were covered with many asit were barks or broad fcales; efpecially above the bending of thefoot. It had thick, hard Feet, divided into threethick Toes, onthe upper part covered with {cales, underneath altogether callous: The middle ( which was longer than the reft ) confifted of three joynts, the interiour ofone, the er I Q 152 *T fuppofe he Tmeans from of two. The Claws of all were very great, almofttwo inches:long; thick, hard, and horny. The Head was {mall for the bignefs of the bird, and almoft bald or {mootl, ‘of a dark Purple colour, together with the upper part of the Neck, in which ap= peared thin-fet, black hairs. The Eyes a'little above the flitof the Bill, great; and - firy, almoft like to thofe of Lions, compafled with black hairs, ‘as are alfo thofe {mall, open Ear-holes which it had behind the Eyes. ‘The upper Chap of the Bill was as it were arched or bent like a Bow, a littleabove'the point perforate with two holes, ferving for Nofthrils; from the middle whereof,reaching to the top of the Head,arifes a kind of towring Diadem or Crown, of a horny fubftance, near three inches high, of a dusky yellow colour ; which, as I underftood, falls off at moulting time, and grows up again with the new feathers. The nether Chap of the Bill fiom the * flit "the corners of to the, utmoft point was five inches long. The fore-pait. of the Neck, almoft four the sy of the inches below the Bill, had as it were two membranous Wattles hanging down likea mouth. beard,.'two inches long, of ared Vermilion colour. ‘The back-part of the Neck was likewife deftitute of feathers, from the Head all along,; being alfo ofa red Ver- milion colour: The lower part was covered with fome few ‘red feathers, wherewith black ones were intermingled. witha see ca neon ef _ This Bird, although it feem to have fome marks common with the Offrich, as a {mall Head, almoft bald and that without choice it {wallows whatever you offer it; yet hath i¢ not feet divided into two Toes like them, but into three, wanting the back- toe,-after the manner of the Buffards: And therefore fo firm and ftrong, that I have feen atree of the bignefs of a mans thigh wholly crufhed, and its bark taken away (as its Mafter told me ) by the Feet and Claws ef this bird... For it wasnot wont to affault thofe with whom it fought, with its Bill, ronning forward 5 but turning it felf obliquely or fideways, to {trike backward with itsFeet.. | But although it devoured indifferently whatever, was offered, as Orances entire, and the like, yet itsordinary food was white bread, which it {wallowed divided into great: lumps or morfels.. But Iwas informed, that it was efpecially delighted with new-laid Hens Eggs, which it fwallowed whole together with the fhell. But if it. were not in perfecthealth, itavoided them again entire, and then {wallowing them anew the fecond time, it retainéd.and concocted them. Moreover they affirmed to me, that this bird was a;Cock, and that it was fometimes feen to put fortha penis from behind like a Camel. An Egg of this.bird, the greateft and faireft among many thatl faw, being meafured longways was fifteen inches in circuit, 'cro{s-ways but twelve, or a little more : So. that for its bignefs it might be imployed and ufed for a veffel, aswell. as an Offriches, which, (as Plizy teftifies) the Ancients did fometimes ufe, and our Age alfoftill doth for that purpofe. For I remember that I have more than once feen Oftriches Eggs, tipt with, and fet in Silver, made ufe of for drinking Cups. Howbeit the Shell of this Birds Egg was not very) thick nor white, like the.Shells of Oftriches Eggs, but in the outfide of a greeni{h’ ath-colour, adorned with continuous, t leaft'very thick-fet {mall protuberances of. a.deep green. Of the reft which! faw ne was almoft of the fame bignefs, form, and colour with that defcribed ; but fome were more round, others lefler; the colour alfo of fome was more dilute, and lefs elegant. - Moreover, itwas told me, that this fort of Bird is not peculiar to the Mo- lucca Mlands, but found alfo in Sumatra or Taprobane, and the neighbouring Conti- nent to thofe Iflands.. Thus far Clufivs. The Hen is much lefs than the Cock, of a dark Olive or dusky colour. J¢ feemsto be a miracle in nature (faith Aldrovandus, who borrowed his defcription out of the Journal ofa Holand Voyage ) that this bird wants a Tongue. Whatever it eats it fwal- loxs, This is not fo-very wonderful; for we know other Birds befides this which want the Tongue, as for example, The Pelican,&c. Whatever other Authors have concerning the Eweuz, as faras [have read, isalltranfcribed out of Clufivs : Excepting Dr. Harvey, who doth briefly defcribe this Bird from ocular infpe&ion; adding, that it {wallows even live coals: And I have obferved a Cut of it in the Tables of birds fet out by Vifscher, withthis Infcription, Avis ignem devorans 5 7.e. The bird that eats or devours fire. §. IV. Boox IL. | ORNITHOLOGY; Havel ysl §. IV. iy | TheDodo, cailed by Clisfins Gallus-gallixiacetis peregtiniss, by Nieremberg Cygnus cucullatus, by Boxtivs Dronte. His Exotic Bird, found by the Hoanders in the Iland called * Cyenea or Cerne * That isthe by the Portugues, Manritivs Iland by the Low Dutch, of thirty miles com- pafs, famous efpecially for black Ebony, did equal or exceed a Swaz in bignefs, but was of a far different fhape: For its Head was great, covered as it were with a certain membrane refembling a hood : Befide,its Bill was not flatand broad, but thick and longs of a yellowifh colour'next the Head, the point. being black : The upper Chap was hooked 3 in the nether hada bluifh {pot in the middle between the yellow and black part. They reported that it is covered with thin: and fhort feathers, and wants Wings, inftead whereof it hath only four or five long,’ black feathers 5 that the hinder part of the body isyery fat and flefhy, wherein for the’Tail were four or five {mall curled feathers, pelea: up together, of an afh-colour. Its Legs are thick ra- ther than long, whofe upper part, as far as the knee, is covered with black feathers the lower part, together with the Feet, of a yellowifh colour: Its Feet divided into four toes, three ( and thofe the longer ) ftanding forward, the fourth and fhorteft backward all furnifhed with black Claws. After I had compofed and writ down the Hiftory of this Bird with as much diliggnce and faithfulnefs asI could; I hapned tofee in the houfe of Peter Pawiws, primiary Profeffor of Phyfic inthe Univerfity of Leydev, a Leg thereof cut off at the knee; lately brought over out of Mauritins hisIfland. Itwasnot very long, fromthe kneeto the bending of the foot being but little niore than four inches; but of’ a greatthicknefs, fothat it was almoft four inches in compafs, and covered with thick-fet fcales, on the upper fide broader, and of a yel- lowifh colour,on the under [or backfidé ofthe Leg ]lefferanddusky. The upper fide ofthe Toes was alfocovered with broad fcales,the under fide wholly callous. The Toes _ were fhort for fo thick a Leg : Forthe length of the greateft or middlemoft Toe to the nail did not much exceed two inches, that of the other Toe next to it {carce came up to two inches : The back-toe fell fomething fhort ofan inch and half: But the Claws of all were thick, hard, black, lefs than aninch longs but thatof the back-toe longer than the reft,exceeding an inch. The Marinets in their diale& gavethis bird the name of Walghvogel,that is, anaufeous, or 'yellowith bird: Partly becaufe after long boyling its flefhbecame not tender,but continued hard,and of a difficult concoétion; excepting the Breaft and Gizzard, which they found to be ofno bad relifh;, partly becaufe they could eafily get many Turtle-Doves, which were much more delicate and pleafant to _the Palate. Wherefore i¢ was no wonder that in comparifon of thofe they defpifed this, and {aid they could well be content to be without it. Moreover they {aid, that they found certain ftonesin its Gizzard: Azd xo wonder, for all other birds as well as thefe Pasi frones, toaffift thene in grinding their meat. ‘Thus far Clufiws. J | a Turkey, from whichit partly differsin fhape, and partly agrees with them, efpecially with the African Oftriches, 1f you confider the Rump, quils, and feathers: So that fhews likea Pigmy among them, if you regard the fhorthefs ofits Legs. It hatha great, ill-favoured Head, covered with a kind of membrane refembling 4 hood : Great, black Eyes, a bending, prominent, fat Neck: An extraordinary long; ftrong, _ bluith white Bill, only the ends of each Mandible are of a different colour, that of the upper black, that of the nether yellowifh, both fharp-pointed and crooked, It gapes huge wide, as being naturally very voracious.. Its body is fat, round, co- vered with foft; grey feathers, after the manner, of an Offriches: In each fide inftead of hard Wing-feathers or quils, it is furnifhed with {mall foft-feathered Wings, of a yellowifh afh-colour 5 and behind the Rump, inftead of a Tail, is adorned with five {mall curled feathers of the fame colour. It hath yellow Legs, thick, but very fhort four Toes in each foot, folid, long, asit were {Caly, armed with ftrong, black Claws. It is a flow-paced and ftupid bird, and which eafily becomes a prey to the Fowlers. Fhe fleth, efpecially of the Breaft,' isfat, efculent,:and fo copious, that three or fout Dodos wilt fometimes fiffice to fill an hundred Seamens bellies. If they be old, or - not well boyled, they are of difficult concoction, and are falted and ftored up for provifion of vidual. There are found intheir {tomachs {tones of an afh-colour of di- vers figures and magnitudes; yet notbred there'as the common people and ne ; x ancy; ontius writes, that this Bird is for bignefs of mean fize; between an Oftrich and » in. wature ce Medic.In-: “_ die Oriental. IC fib.g. cap.t7. 154 ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il, fancy,but fwallowed by the Bird 5 as though by this mark alfo Nature would manifeft, that thefe Fowl are of the Offrich kind im that they {wallow any hard things, though they do not digeft them. Thus Bontinws. We have feen this Bird dried, or its skin {tuft m Tradefcants Cabinet. Cuap. IX. | Of the Poultry kind. Hecharatteriftic notes of the Poultry kind are: 1. To have a fhort, ftrong, and fomewhat crooked Bill, very fit to pick up grains of Corn, Pulfe, and other Seeds, on which this kind chiefly feeds: 2. A thick and flefhy body : 3. Short, hollow Wings; whence this fort of birds flies not high, and makes but fhort flights for the moft part: 4. A Stomach furnifhed with thick mufcles, whofe ufe is to grind the grainsof Corn, and other hard meat fwallowed whole, which they perform by the help of littleftones which the birdsnow and then {wallow ; and fo fupply thedefeGiof Teeth: 5. Very long blind guts; 6. White flefh, efpecially that of themufclesof the Breaft, which colour after boyling difcovers it {elf more mani- feftly. -Thisnoteis peculiar to thiskind, not agreeing toany other bird thatI know. This isa fign that their flefh is of all other moft wholfom, and affords beft nourifh- ments: So that it is not undefervedly had in higheft. efteem, and fold deareft of any other. 7. To breed many young ata time. 8. Tobuild their Nefts uponthe ground ; the reafon whereof is becaufe 9. The young ones newly hatched are not fed by their Dams with meat put intotheir mouths, but are covered with a thick Down, forfake their Nefts, and running up and downfollow the old ones, and feed themfelves, pick- ing up their meat with their Bills. ro. Becauféthey are(as we faid ) corpulent,and cannot fly long, they feek their food walking up and down upon the earth, and for that reafon have broad Toes, that they may ftand firmer.and: furer, and are for the moft part good runners. 11. The moft, if not all birds of this kind, duft themfelves. mats Poultry kind only, but not all the feveral Speezes of this kind, are armed with Spurs. ; 4 We thall diftinguifh the birds of this kind into tame and wild: the wild we fhall fubdivide into thofe that have the back-toe and thofe that want it : Thofe again that have the back toe, into granivorous and phytivorous, or by a more evident mark,fuch ashave {carlet red Eye-brows. 14 {Tame and domeftic, asthe Peacock, Turkey, Dunghil Cock, ec. a eee ° ; ( Granivorows asther healant, Birds of the Poultry kind j | Partridge, Quail,cc, are either : Have the back : : | see, Vay. : toe being 4 Phytivorows, with red Eye- | wind which c } brows, as Cock of the & either t Wood,¢e. | Want the back-toe, as the Buftard, @c, Cuarp. X. Of tame Poultry. Q. I. The Dunghill Cock, and Hen, Gallus gallinaceus & Gallina domeftica. sk Bird called by the Grecians "Anrexrpudy, and of old by a general name "Opvis, is and-hath been fo well known in all Agesand places, that it would be but loft labour to beftow many words on the deferibing of it. By its erect Tail having the component feathers fo fituateas to make an Angle or ridge 3 its flefhy, naked, ferrate Comb, and Gills or Wattles hanging down under its pe: ane aftly, Bookll, ORNITHOLOGY. laftly, by its long Spurs, it is abundantly diftinguifhed from all other birds of its kind; and eafily known at firft fight. The Dunghil Cock alone of all diurnal Birds ¢ ex- cepting the Nightingale) fings or ctows by night, vz. after Midnight two or three times at intervals before break of day. “Ihe number of quill-feathers in each Wing, computing all to the very leaft, istwenty feven. The Tail confifts of fourteen, which, as far as I know, is peculiar’ to this Species: For the reft of the Poultry kind have eighteen, or at leaft fixteen feathers apiece in their Tails. Of thefe the two middlemoft are in Cocks the longeft,and elegantly reflected or arcuate 5 Sickle feathers the Vulgar call them. © 3 ON | ine The Cock being a moft falacious bird doth fuddenly grow old,and becomes lefs fit for generation. For his fpirits being {pent,and the radical moifture,as they call 1t,confumed, by the immoderate ufe of Venery, hisbody muft neceflarily wax dry, and his heat of lutt be extinguifhed. Aldrovandws writes, that himfelf hath found by experience, that Cocks when they areabove three years old do indeed impregnate Hens, but that they become more impotent and infufficient for fuch exercifes. Hensalfo, fith they do for thegreateft part of the year daily lay Eggs, cannot long fuffice for fo many births, but for the moft part after three or four years become barren and effete. For when they have {pent allthe Seed-Eggs which from the beginning were in their bodies, they mutt needs ceafe to lay, there being no new ones generated within. How long thefe Birds would live,were they let alone, I cannot certainly determine; though Aldrov. limits their age to ten years. Forthey being kept only for profit, and within a few years ( as we faid before ) becoming unfit for generation, who 1sthere that without all hope of gain will keep them only to make experiment how long they will live? But that they are in their kind fhort-lived we may rightly infer from their - falacioufnefs and intemperate luft, which infeebles the body, waftes the {pirits, and haftens the end. | Cocks, being very couragious and high fpirited birds, that will rather die than yield, are wont by our Countrymen tobe with great care and exact diet fed and trained up forthe combat. For in Citiesand great Towns thereare frequent Cock- fightings, yet not upon fet days, but appointed by the Cock-mafters at their pleafure; or when they agree among themfelves. Yea, in many places there are Theaters built, ( Cock-pits they call them ) where fuch fhows are exhibited, to which there is com- monly a great concourfe of people. “There are matches made, and great Wagers laid, befides bettings on either fide of great fums of money, which they carry away whofe Cocks get the victory. Right and well bred,Cocks of the Game, will fooner die upon the fpot, than yield and give over the fight, or turn tail and run away. No better flefh in the world Sie my opinion ) than that of a year-old Pullet welt fed, or afat Capon; nothing inferiour to, not to fay better than that of a Pheafantor Partridge, Some thereare that think, and we alfo incline to their opinion, that the fleth of thofe Hens is moft {weet and delicate, which are fed at the Barn-door,ranning about, and exercifing themfelves in getting their food, by {craping with their feet : And that the fleth of thofeis lefs pleafant and wholfom, that are {hut up in Coops and cram'd. Some are fo curious that they think thofe limbs moft wholfom which are moft exercifed, and therefore in Wild-Fowl they prefer the Wings, in Tame the Legs. : A particular Anatomical defcription of the Cvarium, or Egg-ciufter, the womb and other parts of generation in a Hen may be feen in Aldrovandwus his Ornithology,tom. 2. p. 199, @c. but a more exact in Dr. Harvey's Exercitations De Generatione. Of the Coition of Cock and Hen, laying of Eggs, fitting, and hatching of Chickens the fame Authors may be confulted ; as alfothat great Anatomift and Naturalift Mar- cellus Malpighzus, in his little Tratate de Ovo; who of all othersdoth moft exactly de- {cribe the procefs of generation, or of the formation, and growth of the Chicken in the Egg, during the whole time of incubation, and hath allo illuftrated his defcripti- ons with Figures. Of the ufe of the fleth; Eggs, and all other parts of Pullen both in Food and Phyfic, Gefzer and Aldrovandus have writ fufficiently ; to whofe works we refer thofe who defire to know all thofe particulars. That the Loz isafraid of aCock, cannot endure the fight of him, yea, 1s terrified | by his very crowing, hath been delivered and received by Ancients and Moderns with unanimous confent and approbation, and divers reafons fought and afligned for this antipathy : When as the thingitfelf 1s by experience found to be falfe. We have beheld more than once, not without pleafure and admiration, a Capon bringing up a brood of Chickens like a Hen, ‘clocking of them, feeding of them, and X 2 brooding 155 156 ORNOITHOLOGY, Boox I, brooding them under his Wings, with as much care and tendernefs as their Dams are wont to do. And we were told, that he was\ tramed and) induced to perform this office, almoft after the fame manner that Fo. Baptiff« Porta prefcribes, lib.4. Magia Nat. cap. 26. Firlt, they make him verytame, fo as to take meat out of ones hand, then. about Evening-time pluck the feathers off his. breaft, and rub the bare skin with Nettles, and then put the Chickens to him, which prefently run under his breaft and belly, and ( it is likely }) rubbing, his breaft gently with their heads allay the ftinging and itching of the Nettles; and thisthey do for two or threenights, till he begin to love and delight in the Chickens. Perchancealfo the querulous voice of the Chickens may. be pleafant to him inmifery, and invite him'to fuccour the miferable. _A Capon once accuftomed to this fervice will not give it over, but. when one brood is grown up, youmay takethem away, and,put anotherto him of newly hatcht Chickens, and he fhall beas kind to them, and take as much care. of them as of the former, and fo others, till all being grown up or removed, he hath been for fome time idle and dif ufed the employment. Al Ste and ig oe Imight be infinite fhould I profecute at largeall that might be faid of thisbird, or write a full, exact, and particular Hiftory of it. If any Reader defires to know more of it, let him confult Aldrovandus, whofe defign was, to omit nothing in his Hiftogy which was either known to himfelf, or had been before publifhed by others. Pttbia: 7 7 | This fame Author in his Orxithology givesusmany kinds, or rather rarities, of Hens. i. A,common Hen, but whiteand copped,lb. 14. cap.2.. 2, A dwarf Hen, or fhort- leg'd Hen :;, Which variety isalfo found in England, kept by the curious, and called Grigs. 3. A Padya Cock and Hen; Which-ought rather to be calleda Pulverara Cock.and Hen ; from Pulvewara a Village fome miles diftant from Padua, where they are found. Thefe are larger and fairer Fowl than thecommon fort, elfe differ inno particular : Whence alfo if they be removed into other Gountries,they do by degrees degenerate, and in afhort time[ infome few, generations ]come to be of the fize and and fhape of the Nativesof fuch places. 4, A rough-footed Cock and Hen, 4b. 14. cap.§.. 5. A Turki(fh Cock and Hen, different from ours efpecially in the variety and beauty of their-colours, cap.6.. .6. A Perfax Cock and Hen, whofe characteriftic is the wanting of a Rump or Tail. This kind is alfo kept by fomeamong us, and cal- led Ruwkins. The firtt five varieties, in. my opinion, ‘differ not fpecifically. For thefe Birds by reafon of the difference of Climate, foil, food, and. other accidents, vary infinitely in colours, differ alfo in bignefs, and in having or wantingtufts on their heads, @c. ‘Thofe birds which he defcribes and gives figures of in the tenth and -eleventh Chapters, under.the titles of Another Indian Cock and Hen, and in the twelfth Chapter under the title of two other Iadian Hens, are the fame with the Mite and, Mituporanga of Marggravius, of which we thall give an account §. IV. The Wool-bearing Hen I take to be altogether fabulous, and its figure in Aldrov. lib, 14, cap. 14, taken out of acertain Map, fictitious. Perchance it was no other than thefrifled or Frifland Hen, which Odoricws de Foro Fulii and Sir fobx Mazdevil callthe Wool-bearing Hen. The birds which M. Paulvs Venetws makes mention of in thefe words, Iz the City Quelinfu, iz the Kingdom of Mangisare found Hens, which inftead of feathers have hairs like Cats, of ablack colour, and lay verpgood Eggs, feem to be Caffowaries. | wh it oo Befides thofe fet forth by Aldrovandys, we have often feen, and our Res alfo have now at Meddletoz another kind or variety of Hen, calledin Exglifh the Frifland Hen, not (asE-fuppofe ) becaute it was firft brought tous outof Frifland, but becaufe the feathers of the body are curled or frifled: By which Epithete I believe this Bird was at firft called, the word being afterward by the miftake of the Vulgar corrupted into Frifland,of \ike found.For knowing this tobe an outlandifh Hen,they thought it could not bemore fitly denominated than fromits Country, and. thereupon imaginedit to be called a Friflawd Hen,inftead of afrifled Hen. Nor did they want a probable argument to induce them to think it to be of a Friffand breed or original, viz.the curling ofthe feathers, which one would be apt toattribute to the horror of cold. I fuppofe thi: to be the fame bird which Aldrovandys hath put inthe Chapter of monttrous Hens, inthe laft place, whofe figure he faith was fenthim by Pompilius Tagliaferrws of Parma, withthis defcription. I world have you to underftand, that there are two things efpe- cially found in this Cock worthy. of adniration.. The firft and chief is, that the feathers of its Wings have a contrary fituation to thofe of other birds, for that fide which zn others 7s naturally undermoft or inimoft, inthis is turned ontward, fo that the whole Wing feenss to Ls ae 7nverted ¢ ee The other is, that the feathers of the Neck, are Tae towards the head likea creft or ruff, which way the whole Tail alo turns ap. A Hen cutafunder inthe middle ( in this cafethey prefer a black one ) and applied 1 The eit hottothe head, in the phrenfie, headach, cc. ufually helps, and gives eafe: They me shar fay alfo, that ufedin like manner, it heals the bitings of venomous beafts. Laid upon Carbuncles it draws out the venomi 3 nor muft we omit, that it ftanchés the bleeding of green wounds. A live Hen Fas Cock | pluckt about the Fundament, and {0 ap- plied to Peftilential fwellings called Bubones, draws out the venom: 1. The fell of az old Hen, made of a Hen cut with Calvesfeet; and Sheeps feet, or Beef, boiled fix or feven hours ina clofe veflel, to which you may add Spices, or: Cor- dial waters, isa great {trengthener and nourither. 2. Cock-Aleis made of Hensflefh, boiled till the eth falls from the bones, Bers it is beaten with the bones, and, {trained for Wine or Ale with Spices; Note. The: lef of Hens is better than that of Cocks, except Capes The flefh of a pieoalie, that hath not laid, is accounted better and lighter. : 3. Cockebroth isthus made; Tire anold.Gock till he fall with wearinel, then il ‘and pluck him, and gut him, and ftuff him with proper Phyfic, and) boil him till all the flefh falls off, then train it. This broth mollifies, and by means of the nitrous parts wherewith that decrepite Animal is endued, and which are ‘exalted by that ti- ring of him, cuts and cleanfeth, and moves the belly, the rather’ if you boil therein purging Medicines. It is famous for eafing the pains of the Colic ( boiled with pur- gers and difcutients ) good againit a pakis and Tartar of the Lungs ¢ boiled with breaft herbs. ) 4. The Brain thickens and {tops Gaia) as that of the belly ( taken in Wine, ) Women anoint therewith the gums of Children, to makethem breed teeth. ' 5: Lhe inward tunicle of the fomsach, dried in the Sun, and powdered binds and {trengthens the {tomach, {tops vomiting and fluxes, and breaksthe ftone. 6. The Stones axe {aid wonderfully to reftore ftrength after ficknefs, and to I prolificfeed,*to provokeand increafe luft ( taken ffefh ) and to cure Fevers. 7» The Gall takesoff {pots from the skin, and isgood for the Eyes. 8. The Greafe of Hen or Capon is hot, moift; and foftning, between the Cle sad Hogs greafe, and obtunds Acrimony, cures chapt Lips; pains in the Ears and puttles 1 in the Eyes. 9. The Weafand of a Cock, burt and not conttiied, given before Supper, cures pif- fing hs: bed. Solenard. {- 4. Conf. LI. te. The Dung doth all the fame that the Pigeons, but weaker : and bef dese cures the Colic and pain of the Womb. » Moreover,-it is good efpecially againft the Jaun- dife, Stone, and {uppreflion of Urine. Note. The white part of the Dung is efteemed the bef. . ) Give half a drachm Moinwa and. Evening for four or five days. Quercet, Pharmac. Reft. ¢.21. ere it dries running Herds, and other feabs( the afhes fprinkled on.) The yellow dung cures the Ulcers ‘of the Bladder,tried in frefh Butter or Oy] olive, and caft into cold water,to let the filth fettle, that the Oyl may {wim, which *is to be *The Oy thus caft into the Yard.» . impregnate, 1t. The Eggs are uted, the Shells, Membranes, Whites, Yolks: The Shells break the Stone, and cut tartareous mucilage. The membranes are diuretic, given inwardly, or outwardly applied, ( aud are laid onthe prepuce ef infants.) TheWhite cools, binds, and conelutinates. It isof frequent ufe in the rednefé ofthe Eyes, and for healing of wounds ( with bole ) and fractures, ee. Note. Hippocrates gives three or four Whites in Fevers to cool and cleanfe. _ The Yolk, is Anodyne, ripens, digefts, loofens, and is very much ufed in Clyfters. Moreover, mingled with, a little Salt it is wont to be laid on Childvens Navels (in 4 Walnut foel ) to give aftool. There is an Oy] made of it, which isof fi samuel ute in confolidating and clofing up wounds, and chaps, and the pes of tumors. x ORNITHOLOGY. — Boox ll, | §. IL. | | A Peacock, Pavo, Taas. His Bird is fo well known every where, and fo fufficiently characterized by the i length and glorious eye-like {pots of his Tail alone, that it may perchance feem fuperfluous to beftow many words ondefcribing of it. I fhall therefore only pre- fent the Reader with Aldrovandm his defcription. | Inthe Cock ( faith he ) the Head, Neck, and beginning of the Breaftare of a deep blue. The Head in proportion to the body little, and (as Albertus notes ) ina mati- ner Serpentine, adorned with two oblong white {pots, the one above the Eyes, the other, ( which is the lefler, but much the thicker ) under them, which is alfo fuc- ceeded by a black one; elfe, asI faid, blue. It hath a tuft on the top of itshead, not entire, as in fome other birds, but confifting of a kind of naked, but very tender, green ftalks or fhafts of feathers, bearing on their topsas it were Lily-flowers of the fame colour. Of which moft beautiful tuft or creft thus Pliny,Pavonis apicem crinite arbufcule conftituunt:. And indeed they feem not to be feathers,but the tender fhoots of * The flit of Plants newly put forth. The Billis whitifh and * flit wide,being a little crooked at the the mouth he means, tip,as it is in almoftall granivorous birds,and in it wide Nofthrils : The Neck long,and for the bignefs of the Fowl very flender.The Back ofa pale afh-colour,befprinkled with many tran{verfe black fpots. The Wings clofed ( for {pred I cannot fee them,who de- {cribe it painted by the life)above towards the Back are black,lower towards the Belly and withinfidered. The Tail is fo difpofed,that itis as it were divided into two. For when he fpreads it round, certain lefler. feathers making as it were an entire Tail by themfelves, and being of another, to wit, a dusky colour, do not ftand up like thofe Jong ones, but arefeen extended as in other birds: So that without doubt the longer muft needs be inferted into another mufcle, by help whereof they are fo erected and {pread. Thefe long feathers, (as BeYoniws writes) {pring out of the upper part of the Back near the vent, that is,out of the Rump: And thofe other leffer ones are made by Nature to fupport the longer. The Rump isof a deep green,which together with the Tail it ere€ts; the feathers whereof are fhort,and fo difpofed, that they doas it were imitate the {cales of an Aithiopian Dragon, and cover and take away the fight of part of the long feathers of the Tail. The longer feathers are all of a Chefnut colour, beautified with moft elegant gold lines tending upward, but ending intips of a very deep green, and thofe forked like Swallows Tails. Thecircular fpots, or (as Pliny ' calls them ) the eyes of the feathers, are particoloured of a deep green, fhining like a Chryfolite, a Gold and Sapphire colour. Forthofe Eyes confilt of four circles of different colours, the firft a golden, the fecond a chefnut, thethirda green: The fourth or middle place is taken up by a blue or Sapphire coloured {pot, almoft of the figure and bignefS of a Kidney-bean. The Hips, Legs and Feet are of an afh-colour befprinkled with black fpots, and. armed with fpurs after the manner of Dunghil- Cocks.. The Belly near the Stomach is of a bluifh green, near the vent it is black, or at leaft of a dusky colour. | : In the Peahex there is little variety of colours. The whole Wings, Back, Belly, Thighs and Legs are ofa dusky colour, inclining to cinereous. ‘The Crown of the Head and Creft are of the fame colour; yet inthe top of the Head are fome {mall {pots, as it were points of green difperfed. _Thofe white fpots we notedinthe Cock are in the Hen far greater. The circle encompafling the Pupil of the Eye in the’ Cock is yellow, in this of a lead-colour. The Chin is wholly white. The fea- thers of the Neck are waved and green 5 near the Breaft they have their extremities white. Their Food is the fame with that of the common Cock and Hen: But they do efpecially delight in Barley. Albertus faith, that Peacocks eat Serpents, whence it is no wonder that Serpents fhould be terrified with their voice. Thatthey were origi- nally exotic birds, and of oldtime brought out of Izdia into Europe is moft probable, though now adays they are every where very frequent. It is proper to this Bird only, the Turkey excepted, to erect his Tail, and {pread it round, asif itdelighted and took pride to have the gliftering Eyes thereof beheld : But that he doth it upon being commended, and that fo foon ashe calts down his Eyes and fees the deformity of his Feet, out of thame he prefently lets fall and contracts his Tail, as if he were not altogether devoid of reafon, is without doubt falfé and fabulous. _ Its Book I. OR NCITHOLOGY. 159 Its fleth is efteemed harder, colder, drier, and of more difficult concoction than that of Hens. That being boiled or roaft it will not putrefie, but keep a year or more uncorrupt, iscommonly believed, and proved by an experiment miade by St.Aneu/tine; who in his 21. Book of the City of God, Chap.2. writes thus: Who byt God the Crea- tor of all things gave to Peacocks fiefh a faculty of not putrefying: Which thing at firft hearing feeming to me incredible, it hapned that at Carthage there was fet before ws a roafted Peacock; of the brawn of whofe breaft we canfed to be kept lo much wwe thought con- venient: Whichbeing produced after Jo many days pace as any other roxfted flefh would cor- rupt in,did not at all offend our Nofe. Being laid up again,after more than tharty days it was found the fame as before,and likewife the fame after a year, fave that it was foméewhat drier, and alitile contratéed or forunk, To us it feems not fo wonderful that the fleth of a Peacock, which is of it felf fufficiently hard and folid; being réndred harder and drier by roafting fhould continue a long time uncorrupted in a hot Country, fuch as Affica is, efpecially if care be taken, that in moift and rainy weather it take no wet, but be kept always dry 5 andI doubt not but the fame would happen to Trkeys Aeth, or even to Pxlets fleth boiled or roafted, Let them abftain ( faith A/drov. ) from éating Peacocks flefh who live a fedentary or idle life, ufing no exercife : For it is more agreeable, or at leaft lefs hurtful to thofe that exercife much, [I mean the flefh of young Peacocks only, as being more tender ’] but to thofe that are liver-grown, or troubled with the Spleen, or with the Piles very noxious. But im my opinion, and to my Palate the flefh of young Peacocks is very tender, delicate, and well tafted, purely white, and defervedly had by the Romans of old in highefteeth, and price, no- thing infertour to that of Hews or Partridge. | i | Ariftotle writes,that Peacocks lay twelve Eges,but with us they feldom lay more than five of fix before they fit. . They are peftilent things in Gardens, doing a world of mifchief: They, alfo throw downthe Tiles, and pluck off the Thatch of houfts... The Peacock ( faith Aldrovan- dus )though he be a moft beautiful bird to behold, yet that pleafure of the Eyes is compenfated with niany an ungrateful {troke upon the Ears, which are often afflicted rr with the odious noife of his horrid, or, as he calls it; * hellifh cry. Whence by the * Tattareous common people in Italy it is faid to have the feathers of an Angel, but the voice of a “"* Devil, andthe gutsof a Thief. It is fatd ( and I can eafily believe it ) to produce its lifeto anhundred years. The Peacock , {faith Columella, is no lefs {alaciousthan the Dunghil-Cock, and therefore requires five Hens: Yea, if there be no other Female for him to couple withal he will run upon and tread the fitting Hen, and break her Eggs, whereof fhe being confcious, endeavours as much as fhe can to hide her Neft fromhim. Thisbird is {aid to love cleanlinefs. It fometimes varies ih colour, being found white, efpeciallyin Northern Countries. 6. TIL The Turkey. Gallopavo, five Meleagris & Numidica avié. Pe Turkey being now fo well known, and become fo common every where in K = Eurepeneeds no very minuteand operofe defcription, wherefore we hall con- tent ourfelves with thatof Peter Gyliws, {ufficiently éxa& of it felf; and made up and perfected by Aldrowandys, by the addition of whatfoever worthy the obfervation was by him omitted which runs this . ck | _ Itisastallasa Peacock, Its Neck together with itsHeéad is altovether bare of fea- thers, and only covered with a purplifh-coloured skin; fo very thick, that when it cries, or prides it felf it fo ftretches, and as it were blowsup thé skin, that before hung loofe and flaggy, thatit approaches to thé bignefsof a mans arm. The Crown of the Head is particoloured of white, blue, and purple. Ithath no Creft or Gomb | | like a Cock, but a certain red, *flefhy Appendix, arifing above thé upper Chap of * worm-like the Bill, which is fometimes extended to that length, that it not otily reaches all along C#™l* the declivity of the upper Chap, but hangs down below thetip of the Bill at leaftan inch, fo thatthe Bill is covered with it, that it caniictbe {een but fideways. This Ap- pendix when it walks or feedsit contracts to that fhortiiefs, that whereas before it hung down an inch lower than the Bill, now being fhrunk up it falls fhort of the length of the Billit felf The feathers of this bird do fomewhat réfemble a Hawks, and have their ends White. It hath very lone Legs. Its Toes and Claws have the famedi- {tinction and figtire with the Dungbil- Cook. The body of that I faw was round,. ie | taller 158 . ORNCIT HOLOGY, Boox I, tallerthan a Peacocks. Round about the Eyes it was of a florid blue and purple co- -lour.. The Eyes themfelves were indued with a very quickand fharp fight, like thofe of Hawks. The Cock whenany one came near the Hen, briftled up his feathers, and by hisfuperb gate, f{trutting up towards him, endeavoured to drivehim away. The Hen was white, and refembled a Peacock when he hath caft the feathers of his Tail, Thus far Gye: In which defcription, faith A/drovandys, are two notes of no {mall * In ourob- moment wanting: w/z. That its Legs * want Spurs, and that the Cock is differenced ren iy from the Hen, when they are come to their full growth and maturity, by a briftly fpurs,though bufh or beard before his Throat, or in the upper part of his Breaft: Add hereto, Sd ieee that the worm-like Caruncleon the Head isin the Hen very fmall. What he faith of and blunt their feathers being like Hawks, is to be underftood by reafon of their many {pots, ones, wherein the likenefs confifts. To this we may furthereadd, that the Tail of a Turkey is made up of eighteen fea- thers 5 that each Wing hath twenty eight prime feathers or quils: That the Legs have finall Spurs, or rather certain rudiments of Spurs, and thofe very con{picuous and plain to be feen, however Aldrovandys writes that they do altogether want Spurs, Their Eggs are white, but thick-fpeckled with fordid yellowith red {pots, much like to the freckles of the face of aman. This ftately Fowl at firft fight from the fhape of its body, and alfo from its condj- tions, one would take to be rather of the Hez than the Peacock kind, faith Aldro- vandus : To meitfeems to be more like the Peacock than the commonCock , in its bignefs and ftature or tallnefs, in the manner of carryingits Tail, but efpecially of {et- ting it up and {preadingit, as if both it felfadmired it, and took pride in fhewing it to others. . That thefe birds were the Meleagrides of the Ancients, as alfo their Galine Afficane & Numidice guttate, Aldrovandus takes much pains to prove. In Exglifh they are called Turkeys, becaufe they are thought to have been firft brought to us out of Turkey. Doles love hot Countries: yet they can bear cold ones well enough, after they are grown up and have been ufed tothem: But their young Chickens are very nefh and tender, and notto be reared without great care and attendance. “‘ Their flefh is very white and delicate, a difh becoming a Princes feaft, faith &¢ Aldrovandus, if it be well concocted yielding a plentiful and firm nourifhment; of “ the fame tafte and quality with that of a Peacock, and as difficult to concott, unlefs “its hardnefs be before’ by {ome means corrected. This isto be underftood of old and well grown Turkeys, for Turkey-pouts and young Turkeys are tender enough, and of eafie concoction. The antipathy this Fow! hath againfta red colour, fo as to be much moved and pro- voked atthe fightthereof, is very {trangeand admirable. §. IV. The Brafilian Mitu or Mutu of Margerave. HisBird, faith Marggrave, isof the Pheafant kind ; the Spaniards alfo( as Nie- T rembergiwstellsus ) callit aPheafant. But we, partly for its bignefs, partly for its colour, partly alfofor its gentle nature, eafily becoming tame,but chiefly for that it Habra *tftunders 7s Tail alike manner * circularly, think that it ought rather to be ranked with the Peacock fand Mere and Turkey, to which we have therefore fubjoyned it. It is bigger than the common Cock eae" or Hen. The length of its body from the Neck to the rife of the Tail is ten inches : The length of the Neck fix inches. It is allover covered with black feathers, ex- cept on the Belly and under the Tail, where it is of a brown colour, almoft like that of a Partridge. The feathers onthe Head, Neck, and Breaft are finer than the reft,and for foftne{s and beauty comparable to black Velvet. On the top of the Head it hath black feathers complicated into a very low and flat cop, which one that carelefly be- held the Bird would {carce take notice of, but whenitis angry, or on other occafions it can erect them into a confpicuouscreft. It hath a remarkable Bill, not thick, croo- ked, about an inch and half long: The lower Chap is fmall, the upper almoft four _ times bigger. The Bill 1s ofa very bright carnation colour,but toward the tip white. * Under this Its* Legs arelike a Hews, ten inches long, to wit, four from the Feet to the Knees, prenands alf and fix abovethem, wherethey are covered with black feathers. It hath alfo four che thighs. "Toes, like a Hes, which from their rife to the firft joynt are connected by an inter- | ? venient ‘ Boorll, ORNITHOLOGY. 16. venient skin, as in fome other birds, It hath a Tail a foot long, like a Turkeys, which it always moves in breadth; crying Kt Kit like them: A well-fhaped Head like a Goofes ; a Neck about fix inches long, as was before faid: Brave, great black Eyes; and behind the Ears a white naked {pot likea Hen. It is eafily made tame; it roofts willingly on high upon trees like Turkeys. Finally, it hath very good and favoury fleth. | The Pauxi of Nieremberg, the Indian Hen of Aldrovandys, lib.4. cap.12. . a variety of the Mitu. Tt was( faith Niererberg out of Fr. Hernandys) of the bignefs of a Dunghil-Cock , or fomething bigger : Itsfeathers were of a black colour, but fhining, and almoft like a Peacocks: Its Bill red, crooked, and like a Parrots, &c, What was moft remarka- ble in, and peculiar to this Bird wasa certain tumour faftened to the root of its Bill, where it was more {lender, of the fhapeof a Pear, of thehardnefsof a ftone, and of a blue colour, like thatof the {tone called Cyavews or the Turcois. . Aldrovandus defcribes his* Indian Hen, from a Pi@ure, as I fuppofe, in this wife. iat From the Bill to the end of the Tail ( which waswhite, and ftriped with black lines) 7"'* it was black, which blacknefs yet did every where inclineto blue. The vent and be- ginning of the Tail underneath were white. Its Billwas ftrong, crooked, and red. Its Legs were almoft of the fame colour, but much paler, and in their hind part in- clining toblue. The Claws were black. It carried on its forehead a great protube- tance, of the fhape of a Fig, and of abluifh colour. The Tail was long, not ered, as in our common Cocks and Hevs, butextended in length, as ina’ Pie. Thefe birds differ not from the Mtv in any thing almoft'but that protube- rance or excrefcence at the beginningof the Bill. Nrerembergivs allo makes mention of this variety in his tenth Book, Chap.75. The Pauxi, faith he, ( for fo he therecalls this Bird ) hath a great head, which in fome is plain or fmooth, in others crefted 5 in others inftead of a creft of feathers arifes a {tone or globular body ¢ a {tone they call it though it be not over-hard ) like an Egg, or bigger, of the colour of Soder. I wonder that Margeravefhould make no mention of this bunch: Surely it was want- ing inall the birds hefaw. Whether this Bird be a Species diftint fromthe Mitz, or only accidentally different, we refer to further inquifition, Q. V. The other Indian Cock of Aldrovandus,Mituporanga of Margeravins, ; Tepetototl of Nierembergius. ie Br is alfo found (faith Marggrave ) another kind of * this Bird, which the * The 2“t». __ Brafilians call Mituporanga, dittering only inthe Bill and feathers of the Head. This kind hath no long Bill, but an indifferently thick one, yet not fo * high as the teh ditep _Miiu, nor fo crooked : The tip of both Chaps is black, all thereft of the Bill covered gira the with a Saffton-coloured skin ; the like whereto ithath alfo about the Eyes. [t hath words. goodly, black Eyes. The Head and Neck covered with feathers of a deep black, like Velvet. On the top of the Head it hath curled feathers, twifted or turning up {pirally, as far as the beginning of the Neck; which it can erect in the manner of a curled or frifled creft. “All the reft of the Bird is black, wherewith is here and there mingled a glofsof green, About the vent it hath white feathers. The Legs are ci- nereous, and of the figure of the Mitu’s. The Tail black, but the extremities of its feathers white. ThisBird alfo eafily becomes very tame and familiar. | Of this Bird Niéerembergius * writes thus. The fawning and familiarity of * téht0. Dogs doth not exceed the officioufnefs of the Tepetotot! or Mountain Bird, which “?°* others call, Tecvechol?, and the Spaniards Natives of America a Preafant, whichis very tame and domeftic: It is a bird of the bignefs of a Goofe, of a black fhining co- lours yet having fome feathers whiteunderneath, about the Tail, atthe ends of the _ Wings; ath-coloured Legs and Feet ; a crooked Bill, partly cinereous, and partly yellow, and about its root as it were {welling out; a folded or curled creft; black Eyes, buta paleIris. Itis fed with Corn, made up intoa mafs or loaves, and baked, and with fuchlike meat. Its flefh is fat, and good to eat, and not unlikethat of well- _ fed Turkeys. Itisa very gentle Creature, and loving to man, and begs its food, when an hungry, by catching hold of the cloths of thofe that it lives in the houfe =“ ; P Y: nd 162 * Vib, 14. Cap. I Oc * Tabelle he calls them. * So Dr. Key called it,who fent him this defcription. + Very fleep behind,and much inclin- ing before, * Lacitie. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. — — SSS S$ And whenit hath occafion te go into any Room, if the door be fhut, it knocks at it, with its Bill. If itcan, and be permitted, it followsits,Mafter 5, and when, he comes home, receiveshim with great, expreffion of joy and clappingits, Wings. _ Aldrovandus * defcribes and {ets forth the figure.of'this, Bird under the title of Aio- ther Indian Cock, The whole-body ¢ faith he ) of this Bird was, of a.deep-black> It wanted both Spurs and Tail, as alfo the Comb : Inftead of which it had on its Head curled feathers. Its Bill was of two colours, partly yellow, to wit, toward the Head, partly. black, The upper Chap of its Bill hooked. . Where in other-Cocks the holes of the Nofthrilsare,there this Bird had:a,certain yellow protuberance, ofthe bignefs ofa Cherry. The Legs and Feet were covered with whitifh* annulary {cales, Alfo fome {mall feathers near the vent were.white, — et If thisBird be rightly defcribed by Aldrovandys, it {eems fo to differ fromthe Mi- tuporanga of Marggrave, as his Indian. Hen above defcribed. doth from the Mitu, viz. by the Cherry-like protuberance on its Bill. Moreover, it. differs alfo in that it wantsa Tail, whereas the Méiuporanga-hath a fufficient long one. But Aldrovandus {aw not the bird it felf, but only its Picture, which whether orno it. were exact, and not taken-when the bird had loft its Tail, there isfomereafonto;doubt. Q. VE TheGuiny Hen. T is for bignefs equal to a common Hex : But its Neck longer and flenderer. The i] figure of its body. almoftlike a Partridges. It is of an afh-colour, all over che- quered with whitef{pots. A black ring compaffes the Neck: The Head is reddifh. On the Crown or top of the Head grows a hard horny cap, [a horn Mr. WWilughby calls it ] of a dusky redcolour. The Cheeks beneath theEyes are blue, and bare of feathers, under which is. ared Gill. They fay, that thefe Birds are gregarious, and feed their Chickens incommon. Soar Mr.Willughby. But: becaufe this defcription is very fhort and fuceinét, ( though firficient for the knowledge of the bird) ), [hall prefent the Reader with a fulland exact one out of Gefver. The. Mauritanian Cock is. a very beautiful bird, in bignefs and fhape of body, Bill, and.Foot like.a Pheafaut. [ Thofe that wehave feen, as alfo thofe defcribed by, BeVonivs and Margrave were as big as ordinary Hens, | armed with a horny Crown, rifing up into a point, on the ° backfide* perpendicularly, onthe forefide with a gentle afcent or declivity. Nature feems to have intended to faftenand bind it down to the lower part by three as it were * Labels or {lips proceeding from its between the Eye and the Ear on both fides one; and inthe middle of the forehead one, all.of the fame colour with the Crown; {o thatit fits onthe head after the fame manner asthe Dycal Cap doth upon the head of the Duke of Venice, if that fide which now ftands foremo{t were turned back- ward. ‘This Crown below is wrinkled round about : Where it rifes upright in the top of the Neck, atthe hinder partof the head grow certain ere& hairs (not feathers ) turned the contrary way. ‘The Eyes are wholly black, as alfo the Eye-lids round, about, and the Eye-brows, excepting a {pot in the upper and hinder part of each Eye-brow. The bottom of the Head on both fides allalong istaken up by a kind of callous flefh of a fanguine colour, which that it might not hang down like Gills or Wattles, Nature hath taken care to turn backward and foldup, {o that it ends intwo acute proceffes. From this flefh arife up on both fides certain Caruncles, wherewith the Nofthrils are invefted round, and the Head in the forepatt feparated from the Bill, which is pale-coloured 5 of thefe alfo at the Bill the lower edges are lightly re- flected back under both Nofthrils. What is between the Crown and this flefh on the right and left fideis marked with a double fcaly inciftre, but behind with none. Itscolour under the Jaws or Throat is exactly purple, in the Neck a dark purple: In the 'reft of the body fuch as would arife from black and white fine powder, {prinkled or fifted thin upon a dusky colour, but not mingled therewith: In this colour are difperfed and thick-fet all over the body oval or round white {pots, above leffer, below greater, comprehended in the intervals of lines obliquely inter{ecting one another, as is {een in the natural pofition, of the feathers; inthe up- per part of the body only, not in the lower. [ I fuppofe he means, if we fhould fan- cy lines to be drawnin the manner of Network all overthe back, thefpots would ftand inthe middle of the Meifhes of that Network.] This you may find to be fo, notonly from viewing the whole body, but even fingle feathers plucked off. Forthe upper Boon, ORNITHOLOGY, “163 upper feathers, in oblique lines interfecting one another, or if you pleafe, certain circumferences, made( as I faid ) of black and white powder, and having their ex- tremities joyned together as inHoney-combs or Nets, do comprehend oval or round atk {pots indusky{paces; but fo donot the lower. * Yet both are placed ina like manner. * Or the pofi- For in fome feathers they are fo joyned together in order; that they do almoft, make Hon of both acute triangles, inothers foas to reprefent an oval figure. Of this kind there are likerule, three or four rows ineach fingle feather, fo that the lefler are contained within the greater. Inthe end of the Wings and inthe Tail the {pots ftand in equidiftant right lines, long ways.of the feather. Between the Cock and Hen you can f{carce difcern, the fimilitudeis fo great; fave that the Head of the Hen is all black. Its voice isa di- vided or interrupted whittle, not louder, nor greater than that of a Qyazl, butliker ..., . tothat of a Partridge, except that it is * higher, and not fo clear.. This defcription * Sublémiars was fent to Gefzer by our Dr. Key (Cajws.] . Marggravivs faw others brought out of Sierra I yona like to the above defcribed, whofe Neck was bound or lapped about with,as it were,a membranous cloth of a blue afh-colour. A round many-double tuft or cref{t confifting of elegant black feathers coversthe Head. The white points or {potsround the whole body are variegated as it were with a fhade. 6. vil. Macucagua of the Brafilians, a bird of the Hen-kind. Margerave. Tis of the bignef$ of our Country, Hen, or bigger ; hatha black Bill, more than an, ] inch and half long, forward alittle crooked, like a Partridges: In the middle of the Bill are two large holesfor Nofthrils. The Eyes are black; and behind them at a little diftance are the Ears, asin Hens: The body thick and great, wherewith the Wings end, forithath no Tail. The lowerLegsare bare,two inchesand an halflong. It hath in its Feet three Toes ftanding forward} thick, with fhort and blunt Claws 5 a round heellike an Offrich, anda little above that a fhort, Toe toward. the infide of the Leg, witha blunt Talon. The whole Head and ‘Neck is fpeckled witha dark yellow. and black: Under the Throat it is white. The Breaft, Belly, and Back are of a dark afh-colour.: ‘The Wings are all over of an Umber-colour waved with black, except the prime feathers, which are wholly black. The upper Legs are clo- thed with feathers of the fame colourwwith the Belly; the lower, together with the Feet, areblue: The Clawsgrey. - Itisa very flefhy bird, and hath fo much flefhas {carcetwo ordinary Hens have, and thatalfo well tafted. Under the outer skin, which is thick and fat, it hath another membrane wherewith the flefh is covered. It lives upon divers fruits that fall from wildtrees. Ifound in its {tomach wild Beans, the Seedsof Araticu,&c. Itruns upon the ground ; for its Feet are unfit to climb trees, It lays Eggs a little bigger than Hens Eggs, of a bluifh green colour. This might have been put in thenext Chapter among the wild birds. - — HoH A Pam ox Wild Birds of the Poultry-kind, and firft of all, the Granivorous. | §. 1 The Pheafart. Phafianus. | ce Bird isfuppofed to be fo called from Phafis a River in Gein Fame tcnce it was firft brought ito Barope. . Aldrovandws, notimprobably, takes this word | to berather derived fromthe Hebrew pron, of the fame found,and (as hefup- pofes ) fignification. » They differ much in weight, according as they are fatter. or leaner. One Cock we made trial in weighed fifty ounces, another but forty five 5° a Hen thirty three. Its length from the point of the Bill-to the end of the Tail was thirty fix inches, to the end. of the Claws'twenty four. The diftance between the tips of the Wings extended thirty three inches. | The Bill like to that of other gra~ nivorous birds, from thetip to the angles of the mouth an inch three quarters long, =. - ¥a in ? = f ‘ - 1 =a : ' 164. . ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I, in oldbirds whitifh.: It hath on both fidesa flefhy and tuberous membrane, by which it is above joyned to the Head, under which the Nofthrilsareasit were hid. The Irides of the Eyes are yellow. A red or Scarlet colour [according to Aldrovandys _ powdered with black {pecks ] compaffes the Eye round for a good breadth, Inthe forepart of the Head, at the Bafs of the upper Chap of the Bill, the feathers are black witha kind of purple glofs.. The Crown of the Head and upper part of the NeckaretinCured with a dark green, fhining like filk, which colour yet 1s more di- lutcon the Crown-of the Head. [ Aldrovandus writes, that the Crown commonly is of a very elegant, fhining afh-colour, at the fides and near the Bill being green, and either in Sun or fhade very changeable : Which moft beautiful colour doth alfo * All the up- take up the * whole Neckabove. Mr. Willughby makes the Crown of the Head to eae of the be of a fhining blue, with a certain mixture of red, ‘and as well the Head as the upper 1 part of the Neck to appear fometimes blue, fometimes green. | It hath moreover on both fides the Head about the Ears feathers fticking out, which Plizy calls horns, There grow alfotothe Ears in their lower angle black feathers longer than the reft. The fides of the Neck and the Throat are of athining purple colour, ‘Note, that as well the green as the purple colour inheres only. in the exteriour part or borders of the feathers, the reft, 7.e- the middleand lower part, of the feather being on the top of the Head dusky, onthe Neck black. The feathers under the Chin, and at the angles of the Mouthare black, with green edges orborders. Below the green the re{tof the Neck, the Breaft, Shoulders, middle of the Back, and fidesunder the Wingsare clothed with moft beautiful feathers, having their bot- toms black, their edges tinted with a moft beautiful colour, which, as it is diverfly objected to the light, appears either black or purple: Next tothe purple in each fea- _ ther isa crofs line or bed of a moftfplendid gold colour: Below the gold a fulvous, which reaches as low asthe black bottom we mentioned. Howbeit the gold colour is Not immediately contiguous to the fulvous,. but divided by'an intermediate narrow line of a fhining purplifh. On the underfide of the Neck. the extremities [. tops Jof the feathers are painted witha black {pot of the figure of a Parabola. The thafts of allare fulvous. The feathers themfelves about the thaft inthe lower part of theun- der fide_of the Neck are marked with an Oval white fpot in the'black bottom. we {poke of. The feathers on the fhoulders and middle of the Back are variegated with thefé colours : Firft, their edges are fulvous, next fucceeds anarrow purplith line, then a pretty broad black line running parallel to the. edges of the feathers, wherein _ 4sincluded another broad white line: This Aldrovandys calls ah Oval line. The {pace® comprehended within this line, and the-reft of the feather, tothe very bottom, aré black. Yet in the middle of the Back’ the {pace comprehended ‘is various, of dusky and black. The thafts of the feathers are fulvous or yellow. The lower feathers of the Back arealmoft wholly ferrugineous, inclining to a Fox colour, want that white {pot, ate longer than others, and end as it were in {mall filaments. Yet they: have this common with the fore-mentioned, that inthe light, about their middles they “calt forth {eemto * havean appearance of that green colour,which elfe. isnot {een in them} that : fomethew. their fhafts approach to a gold colour, and that their bottoms or lower parts areal] dusky.” “The Tail (if you meafure the middle feathers, whichare much longer than the reft ) is full twenty fix incheslong, almoft of the figure of an Organ 3 for as in that the Pipes on each fide are gradually longer and longer, or bigger and bigger, the biggelt being the middlemoft, fo is it in this Tail: Thofe two middlemoft feathers Cwhich, as we faid, are the longeft of all } have on each fide them eight, all of diffe- rent magnitude, the exteriour fhorter and leffer than the interiour in order to the out- molt. They are of an afh-colour, on the fides ferrugineous, near the fhafts adorned with black fpots, in the longeft feathers in both Webs, oppofite one to another, in the lefler in one Web only, or if there be any mark in the interiour Web it is more . ob{cure, and fcarce obfervable. The Wings clofed are nine inches long, {pread “uereis ”-€ighteen inches broad.’ The Wing-feathers that are next the body aré variegated fome miflake swith the fame coloursas'thofe onthe middle of the Back: The fubfequent are liker Pe aditig tholeotthe lower patt’of the Back Yet the ridges of the Wings refemble thofe of double of the common Partridge; whofe colour the prime feathers or quils: of the Wings do centecn almoftexaly reprefent, oi. being of a dusky alh-colour, andall-over {potted with gs whitith: fpots. ‘The Breaft- and Belly whereabout the: Gizzard lies, and that part thereof ‘which the Wings cover glifter with the fame colours wherewith the Neck is beautified, bat'moreobfcure, and the feathers here are much bigger. | Near the vent and on the Thighs icis'of a dark ferrugineous, The Legs, Feet, Toes, and Claws | are Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. - are of a horncolour; yet the Toes and Claws are darker thatithe Legs. A thick membrane, and perchance not unfit for {wimming, connects the Toes: The like ie? whereto( that! know of) is not found in any other pulveratricious bird. The Legs — arearmed with Spurs, fhorter thanin a Cock, but fharp, and of a black colour. The Hen is nothing fo beautiful asthe Cock, almoft of the colour of a Quail. It livesin the Woodss, and feedsupon Acorns, Berries, Grain, and Seeds of Planté. It frequents rather Coppice Woods, than where there are only Timber-trees, | The Books of all Writers of Animals, Ancient and Modern,celebrate the Pheufant, _ for the goodnefs of its flefh, afligning to it the firft place among birds at Table. Phyfi- cians make it the ftandard wherewith they compare, and accordingly judge of the temperament and goodnefs of other meats, faith Longolivs, as\ he is cited by Aldrov. Aldrovandus by many arguments proves, that Pheafants are better meat than Pullen; which who defires to know, may confult him tm the Thirteenth Book, and Fifth Chapter of his Orzithology: At laft he thus concludes, Pheafants therefore, as well becaufe they arerare, as'becaufe they are of a moft delicate tafte, and yield foexcel- lent a nourifhment,as we have proved, feem to be born only for great mens Tables, and have been always had in higheft efteem of all Birds. Pheafants, Partridges, Quails, and fome other Birds, are taken in greatnumbers witha Net they call commonly * Expegatorinm,by the help of a Setting-dog, trained up for this {fport, who finds out the birds, and when he fees them, either {tands ftill * Tknow no particular Ene > glifh name for of lies down on his belly, not going very near them, leaft he fhould {pring them 3 but this Nec. looking back on the Fowler his Mafter, wags his Tail, by which the Fowler knows that the Birds are near the Dog; and fo he and hisCompanion run with the Net, and cover both Birds and Dog. _ That all Birds, but particularly Pheafants, Partridge, and Quails, are far more fa- voury and delicate, when killed by a Hawk thanif they be caught in{nares, or by any other fraud, many have written, and moftthink. And indeed, there is no doubt but by this means their flefh becomes more fhort and tender: For that violent motion of thebloud occafioned by their flight, and its fervent heat confequent thereupon, macerates the flefh, and difpofes it to corruption, but that it thence becomes more favoury and delicate, all men nowW-adays are not agreed. But the old rule for- bids me to difpute about taftes. Boterws reports, that Ireland wants Pheafants and Partridges. | oan | f Gala The Brafilian Jacupema of Marearace, T is a fort of Pheafant, fomething lefs than.a PaWet. Its Head is not-great, like a ‘4 Hens, asisalfothe Bill. The Eyes are black ; the Neck about feven inches long : The length of the body from the bottom of the Neck to the rife of the Tail about nine inches: Of the Tail ( which is broad }) a whole foot. The Legs are long [ which he divides into’ upper and lower, ] the upper five inches long, the lower three, or a little more.’ In each Foot four Toes like thofe of Hens, of which the middle of the three foremoft is two inches long.. The whole bird is clothed with black feathers, with which fomething of brown is mixed. The feathers of its Head it can ere inform of a Creft, and thofe black feathers [ I fuppofe he means thofe on the Head which make the Tuft or Creft ] are encompafled with other white ones. The Throat under the Head, and foran inch and half down the Neck is bareof fea« thers, and covered witha red skin.’ The whole Neck below is variegated with white feathers difperfed among the black ones 5 as alfo all the lower Belly, and the hindmoft half of the Wings. The upper Legs and the Tailare wholly black, without the ad- mixture of any brown. The lower Legs and Feet are of an elegant red colour. They are made tames and their flefhis good. This bird took its name from its voice, forit cries, Facu, Fucn, Fach. This might as well have beenranked among the Dometic birds. | 9. TIL. N" 166 ~«~C*—“‘i«‘ ORCC OLOGY | Boox II, §. UL. The common Partridge. Perdix cinerea. r—y~He Cock weighed fourteen ounces and a quarter ; the Hen thirteen and ah half f The length [of the Cock] from the Billto the Claws was fourteen inches anda quarter, totheend of the Tail twelve and three quarters. The Bill ftom the tip to the corners of theaperture or flit of the mouth three quartersof an Inch, tothe Eyesaninch. The breadth was twenty inches. | The Bill in young Partridges is of a dusky colour, but in old ones it grows white, The Irides of the Eyes area little yellowifh., Under the Eyes are certain red ex- crefcencies. The Chin and fides of the Head are of a deep yellow or Saffron-colour, The Cock hath on his Breaft a red mark of a femicircular figure, refembling a Horfe- fhooe. The Henhath not fomuchred onher Breaft. Below the Chin, as farasthe Horfe-fhooe mark, itis of a blue cinereous, adorned with tranfverfe blacklines: Be- neath the mark the colour fades into dirty or yellowifh cinereous. © The longer fea- thers on‘the fides of the Breaft and Belly have each of them a great. tranfverfe red | {pot, their fhafts being white. The upper fide of thebody is particoloured of red, cinereous and black. : This Naturalifts calla teftaceous or potfheard colour. _ The Prime feathersin each Wing are about twenty three in number, of which the foremoft are dusky, with tranfverfe yellowifh white {pots, The longeft feather is five inches and a quarter. Theinteriourcovert-feathers of the Wings, and the long feathers {pringing from the fhoulders have their fhafts of a yellowith white. The Tail is compofed of no lefs than eighteen feathers, and is in length three _ inches and an half: The four middle feathers are of the fame colour with the reft of _ the body; the other feven on each fide of a fordid yellow, with cinereous tips. The Legsbelow the Knees are bare; they have no.footftep or appearance of any Spur. Both‘Legs and Feet are in youngones of a greenifh colour, but inold ones they grow white. The Toes are joyned together with a membrane as in Heathcocks. It hath a great Craw, a mufculous Stomach or Gizzard, and:a gall-bladder. » For the tafte and wholfomnefs of its flefh it is defervedly preferred before all other birds. It feeds upon Ants and Ants Eggs, upon the grains of Corn, and alfo upon the grecn leaves. But in Wifiter-time, when it feeds upon green Corn, its flefh is lefS com- mendable, thanin Summer and Autumn when it feeds upon the Kernelor grain. The Common Partridge isa multiparous bird, laying fixteen or eighteen Eggs ere it fits. With us in Exgland it is moftfrequent. The Italians call it Starza, as much to fay as exterwa,or outlandith ; and in fome places alfo'Perzice. Itismore rare with them. ‘ and fells dearer than the red-leg’d Partridge. : atl ay The Partridge ( underftand it of all the feveral forts) by reafon of the heavinefS of its body , and fhortnefs of its Wings, can. neither fly high, nor long continue its flight, howbeit for thofe fhort flights it makes it flies very fwift and ftrongly. In Winter-time they fly incompany : For they are of that nature, that they breed and bring up fifteen or fixteen young together, which company all Winter with the oldones. But in the Spring time, when they pair together, they fly by twoand two ; for then the old ones beat away the Young*from them. ‘This out of Beio- _ xiys : Which is true, not only of birds of this kind, butalfo of Pheafants, Heath- cocks, &ce. C : se | a: 3 Belowius faith, that the finging of Partridges is acertain fign of day approaching. We have often heard them crying and calling one another after Sun-fet. _ Partridges (faith Ariftotle}) when any one comes near their Neft, caftthemfelves — down before his feet that looks for it, running and flying asif they were lame, by that means drawing him away from their Nefts,-and enticing him to follow them; which weep soe done, themfelves fly away, and afterwards call together their Brood, which fo foon as they hear the voice of their Dams prefently run to them. if §. IV. = Boos I. ORN I --§. IV. The Brafilian Partridge called Jambu by Pifo, “\F thefé in the Woods by, the Sea-fhore are- found two kinds, greaten and leffer, ru Thefeare leffer than. our Europea, Partridge, thofe both, for figure and. bulk of body and. goodnefs of fleth are-equal and, like to otts.. The, feathers of both all, over. the. body. are of a dark, fulvous colour,, but: mingled. and {potted, with i dusky. | re : §. Ve | ‘The Damafeus Partridge.of Aldraw, ‘'N: the fliortnefs, thicknefs, and, roundnef$, and. whole fhape ofits body: it ap» _. proaches. to our Partridges, ‘Thecolour is; folike to the lefferPartridges, that at firft youcan hardly. diftinguith them : But the Feet inthis are in,amanner yellow: The Bill is al{o. longer, though elfe the Bird be much, lefs, g. VI. ch : The Red-leg’d Partridge, Perdix rafia Aldrov, called in Italy, Coturnice & Coruna, T He Cock weighed more than thirteen ounces: His length: from, the tip of the . . Bill. to. the end of the Claws, was eighteen inches: His breadth betweenthe, tips.of, the Wings, extended twenty two. The Irides of the-Eyes..were red: The, Bill almoft-aninch long, and, red: ‘Fhe Legs.and Feet alfo. red, : The Glaws:dusky 3 The Toes as faras to the firft joynt connected bya membrane intervening. It had:{mall Spurs [| others had none, perhaps thefe were young ones.'] The foles of the Feet were of a dirty yellow. Be cg" capt tat P3059 pais bowhe oy The Head, Neck, Back, and Rump were ath-coloured, as alfo the. outer part of the Thighs. The lower part of the Neck tingtured with a vinaceous colour. The. ' Cheeks. under the Eyes, and the Chin to the middle of the Throat white: Yet in the very angle of the nether Chap was a fmall black-{pou. A black border beginning from. the; Nofthrils, and produced above the Eyes encompatfies this white fpace.. Fhe Craw below the black line is cinereous: The Breaft of a dilute red, inclining to yellow. The feathers, on the fides are painted; with very beautiful colours, For the tips of fome of themare black; and next the black they have a tranfVerfe line, the fhorter and. nearer to the Head of a whitifh colour, the longer and more remote of'ayellow: Below thisa black line again. Of others the tipsare red, the colours we have men- tioned) inorder fucceeding. ‘The bottoms of allare,cinereous, ak) eg The beam-feathersin each Wingare in number twenty five, the exteriour whereof are dusky, the interiour of a dark cinereous: But yet the outer edges of the third, and fucceeding to the fifteenth, are of a white; tinctured, withred, The Tail is four inches long, the two middle feathers being cinereous, the exteriour five oneach fide having theirupper half ved, their lower cinereous. ¢ | | (ies It hatha largeCraw, a mutculous Stomach,or Gizzard, in which diffected wefound Caterpillars and Snails. The Back of the Hen: is not all out fo cinereous, but rather inclines to red, the middle partsof the feathers being black. The line running above the Eyes is fome- whatred. The Cheeks are of the fame colour with the Back : Elfe it doth not much. differ from the Cock. This kind isa f{tranger to Exgland : Howbeit they fay it ig found in the Ifles of Ferféy and Guera/éy, ‘which are fubje& to our King, It is of a more gentle nature than our common. Partridge, and. eafily made and kept tame: ~ Whereas the common Partridge can hardly be induced to putofi his wild nature, and, to go.out and return home again like tame fow]: Yet Ihave been told by perfons. of good credit, that a certain Su/fex man had by his induftry and application made a Co-: vey of Partridges {o tame, that he draye them before him upon a wager out of that Country to London, though they were.abfolutely fiee, and had their Wings grown, fo that they might if they would have made ufe of them to fly away. .! Phat thisBird feeds upon Snails Ariffotle hath delivered, and our ane con- | ie rms , 168 ORNITHOLOGY, Boor. ‘firms: Yet not on Snails only, but alfo on Caterpillars, Seeds of Wheat and other Grain. : , Partridges, to {peak of them in general, are very falacious birds, infamous for mafculine Venery, and other abominable'and unnatural conjunctions. The Ancients have left many fabulous things concerning them, viz. That the Cocks,- if they can find them, break the Eggs, left the Hens being detained by fitting upon them fhould not be ready Gr willing to yield themfelves to be trodden; for which caufée the Hens lay privately, concealing their Nefts, as much as they can, from the Cocks. That the Cocks when they wait the Hens,to wit, when they have withdrawn themfelves'to fit, do not only manifeft their petulancy and falacity, by their voices and fighting,but alfo defile one another promifcuoufly by that netarious coition, interdicted mankind by nolefsthan a capital punifhment. Which things Plizy after his manner hath wittily and elegantly comprifed in afew words. IVe[_1.€, femine | quidem G maritos {nos fallunt, quoniam intemperantia libidinis frangunt earum ova, ue incubando detineantur. Tune inter fe dimicant mares defiderio feminarum. Vidtum aiunt venerem pati. That they make two Nefts, wherein they ‘lay their Eggs, half in one, and half in the other’ in one wheréofthe'f'emale fits, and in the other the Male: and. that both do hatch and bring up their part of Young. ‘That the Hens without being ever trodden by the Cocks, if they do only ftand oppofite to them, and the wind blow from thence ‘upon them, will conceive Eggs, and thofe prolific: Of which thing fome Modern Writers have indifcreetly indeavoured:to give an account, before they had any affu- rance of the truth of the matter of fact.. That the Hens are fo intemperately luft- ful, that-contrary to the manner‘of ‘other birds, they cannot abftain from the ufe of Venery fo much as while they are fitting : Which particularsalfo Plizy briefly and in- genioully thus words :' Neque in uo aninzali par opus libidinis. Si contra mares fteterint fenine, aura ab-his flantepregnantes fiunt. Hiantes a. exerta lingua per id tempws aftu- ant, concipinntque fupervolantiune afflatu, fepe voce tamtum andita mafculi: Adeoque vin- cit libido etiana fetns chavitaten, ut illa furtim & in occulto incubans, chm fenfit feemi- nanraucupis accedentem ad marem, recanat, revocttque, &»ultro fe prabeat libidin?, That the Cock being overcome infight- dares’ never fo much as come in fight of his Miftris or Mate. That the Partridge when her own Eggs are broken, or any ways marred, orloft, {teals another Partridges Eggs, fits wpon them, hatches them, broods and brings upthe Young, which yet wey they are a little grown, hearing their Dams voice, [ that is, the voice of that Partridge that laid the.Eggs, ] do by inftinét pre- fently know it, and leaving their Fofter Mothers, betake themfelves to their own Dams.. That fheoften turns her upon her back, and {o,lying with her belly upward, covers her felf with clods and {traws, and by that means deceives and efcapes the Fowlers. But it is not worth the while to infift' long upon rehearfing or refuting thefe particulars. Thefe Birds ( faith Aldrowandys ) in the Feafts and Entertainments of Princes hold the principal place, without which fuch Feafts are efteemed ignoble, vulgar, and of no account. Indeed, the Frewchmen do fo highly value, and are fo fond of Par- iridge, that if they be wanting they utterly fleight and defpife the beft {pread Tables, and mott plentiful and delicate Treatments 5 as if there could be no Feaft. without ' this difh. As the fleth of Partridge ( faith Beloniws ) is very delicate and grateful to -the Palate, fo in like manner is it greatly commended, for that it nourifhesmuch, is eafily digefted, and breedsgood bloudinthe body. The flefh of the greater kind is more folid and hard, ( though hard only comparatively ) of the lefier more tender, and confequently yields a finer, more diffipable and {pirituous nourifhment, is alfo of eafier concoction, but yet is not fo white as that of the greater. Palate-men, and fuch as have skill ineating, do chiefly commend the Partridges Wing, preferring it much before the Leg, as indeed it is much better. Hence that Ezglifh Proverbial Rhythm: If the Partridge had the Wooedcocks thigh, “Twould be the beft birdthat ere did fly. He that defires yet further information concerning the quality and temperament of Partridges fleth, let him confult Aldrovand. ORNITHOLOGY, — 169 Boox II. | Q. VIL. Bellonius his Greck, Partridge, or great red Partridge, the fame with the precedent. T He great Partridge which the Greciazs, following the Italians, commonly call f= Coturzo, feemsto us to be different from the Partridges both of France and * Gothland = For it istwice as big as our Country Partridge, hath red Bill and Legs, * Gothia: is {potted on the Breaft and fides in like manner as ours, of the bignefs of a * hand=* or indiffe: fom Hen. This kind of Partridge is fo frequent in the Rocks of Colme, the Cyclades tent, meani« Iflands, and the Sea-coaft of Cazdy, that there is not fuch plenty of any other bird, hg Their cry is ‘different from that of our Partridge, being great and fonorous, efpeci- ally in breeding and coupling time, when they exprefs and often repeat the found of this word [| Cacabis |] whence it fhould feem that the Latizes were taught by the Greeks to exprefs:the note of a Partridge by the word Cacabare. We allo borrowed the nameCacabis, whereby we in fome places call a Partridge from their voice or cry. They follow oneanother on the Rocks. Of this kind, inmy judgment, Aritotle isto be underftood when he faith, Jf Hezs couple with Partridges they generate a different kind, ‘They build inan open place without covéror fhelter in May-time, among cer= tainherbs, what time they come down from the Rocks, feeking convenient placesto build and bring up theirYoung. They lay their Eggs upon the ground, under fome great {tone, fometimes eighteen, fometimes fixteen, more or lefs, like Hens Eggs, but lefs, white, and {peckled thick with{mall red {pots, very good to eatas Hens Eggs, but their Yolks congeal not... After they have hatcht their Young, they lead them _ outinto the Champain or open fields to’ feek their food. Wherefore we think this kind of Partridge to be altogether different from ours: for in fome places of Italy both kinds are found, and called by diversnames, viz. This by the name of Coturzo theother by the name of Perdice or Permice. Thus far Beloniws. + Aldrovandws thinks that this bird differs from the greater red Partridge or Cotur- wice of the Italiazs only inbigne(fs :.and truly I amnow wholly come over to. his opi- nion; fith BeWonivs himfelf makes them allone. What Partridges BeZouwinus means by ‘the Partridges of Gothia I know not. : = §. VIEL | The Quail, Coturnix. T isthe leaft bird in thiskind ; of a flatter or broader body, and not fo narrow or comprefled fideways asthe Lanzd-Rail or Daker-Hen. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is feven inches and an half: Its breadth between the ex- tremities of the Wings {pread fourteen inches. | Its Bill from thetip to the corners of the mouth halfan inch long: its figure more depreffed and plain than in the reft of this kind: The lower Chap black; the upper * of a pale dusky. The Irides of the Eyes are of a hazel colour: The Eyes havea nictating membrane. re . The Breaft and Belly are of a dirty paleyellow: The Throat hath a little mixture of red[_ ruff] Under the lower Chap of the Billis a long and broad {troke of black tending downward. Above the Eyes, and along the middle of the Head are whitifh lines. The headisblack, only the edges of the feathers reddifh or cinereous.. The middle part of each covert-feather of the Back and lower part of the Neck ismarked witha yellowifh white ftroke, the reft of the feather being particoloured of black and reddjfh afh-colour, Under the Wingsis a bed of white terminated on each fide with a border of red mingled with black. The beam or quill-feathers of the Wings are dusky, croffed with pale red lines : Ths leffer rows of hard feathers in the Wings are almoft wholly of one and the fame reddifh colour. The Tail is fhort, not‘above an inch and half long, confifting of twelve feathers, of a blackifh colourinterrupted with pale-red tranfverfe lines. The Feet are pale-coloured, covered with a skin divided rather into fcales than entire rings ; The foals of theFeet yellow. ‘The outer Toes, as far as the firlt joynt, _ areconnected with the middlemoft by an intervening membrane. sO It hatha Gall-bladder.. TheCock had great: Telticles for the bignefs of its body, whence we may infer that it is a falacious bird. It hath'a mufculous Shen . : Sizzard 5 Ri did ORNITHOLOGY. Boox If Gizzard 3 and juft-above the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into the bag, which we call the Ante-ftomach, the interior Syperficies whereof is granulated with papillary Glandules. | aS ) . For catching of Quails they ufe this Arts The Fowler betimes.in the Morning ha- ving {pread his Net hides himfelf under it among the Corn: then calls with his Quail- pipe, - The Cock Quail, thinking it to be the note of the Hen that he hears, comes in a ttice with all {peed to the place whence the noifé comes. ‘When the Bird is got un- der the Net, up rifesthe Fowler and fhews himfelf to him, he prefently attempting to fly away, isentangled in the Net'and taken. © | Bae | te “The Quail is abird no lefs falacious than the Partridge, infamous alfo for obfcene and unnatural luft. The Cocks are of high fpirit and courages and’ therefore:by {ome are wont tobe trained up and prepared for the combate, after the manner of Cocks: And Alkan. tells us, that of old timeat Athens Quail-fightings were wont to be exhibited as fhews 5 and fo grateful and:delightful they were to the: people, that there was as great flocking tothem as toa fpectacle of Gladiators. In fome' Cities of Italy, efpecially Naples, they do alfo now adays keep fighting Quails, as Aldrovandws reports. The manner how they induce and provoke them to fight feem him. Quails arebirds o paflage : for being impatient of cold, when Winter comes they depart out of ‘Nofthern and cold Countries into hotter and more Southerly; flying even over Seas } Which one would admire, confidering the weight of their bodies and fhortnefs of theit Wings. When'wefailed fiom Rhodes to Alexandria of Egypt ¢ faith Bellonins many Quails flying from the North toward the South weretaken in our Ship, whence Tam verily perfwaded that they fhift.places: For formerly alfo when] failed out of the Ifle of Zant to Morea or Negropont, in the Spring time I hadobferved Quails flying the coritrary way from Sovth to North;that they might abide thereall Summer: At which time alfo'thére were a great many taken in our Ship. | Among the Ancient Greeks and Latines Quails were condemned and banifhed Ta- bles as an unwholfom difh; for being reported to feed upon Hellebore, and to be ob- noxious to the falling ficknefs, they were thought to produce the like difeafe imthofe that eat their flefh’s But undefervédly, for-now adays'they are eaten) without any dangef, and efteemed a choice? difh: And being fomewhat tare with us in Exeland are fold very dear: Indeed their flefh both for delicacy of tafte, and wholfomnefs of nourifhment is nothing inferiour to that of Partridge or Pheafant. Poulterers, and fuch as feed them in Coops do not permit them a high place to be in, becaufe leaping up they hurt their heads againft thetop: nay, though their Coops be fo low that they can hardly ftand upright inthem, yet by ftriking their heads againft the top, they will rub off allthe feathers; as we have obferved. | The Rail or Daker-hen, Ortygometra Aldrov. lib.13. cap.33. Crex Ariftotelis. He weight of that we defcribed was five inches and an half: Its length from the pointof the Bill to the end of the Claws was. fifteen inches, to the end of the Tail eleven and an half; its breadth between the extreams of the Wings ftretch’d out nineteen inches: Its Bill r+ meh long, meafuring from the point to the end of the flit. The body of this bird is narrow or comprefled eh like to that of Water-hens,'. The lower partof the Breaft and the Belly are white; the Chin alf iswhite, elfe the Throat is of a more fordid or dirtycolour, On the Headare two broad black lines: Alfo a'white line from the fhouldersas in the Morehen. The middle parts of the covert feathers of the Back are black, the outfides of a reddifh afi-eolour. The Thighs are'variegated with tranfverfe white lines. In each Wing are twenty three quil-feathers. The lefler rows of Wing-feathers both above and below ate of a deep yellow, as alfo the borders of the prime feathers. \ The Tail 1s al- moft two inches long, made up of twelve feathers. ‘The Bill is like’ the Water-hens, the upper Mandiblebeing whitith, the nether dusky. The Legsbareabovethe Knees: the Feet whitith. Inthe Stomach diffected we found Snails. Ttis called Ralws or Grallys perchance from itsftalking [_ 4 gradu grallatorio | or per- chance from Royale, becaufe itis a Royal or Princely difh. % Aldrovandus dcfcribes his Rail thus, Its Bill is lefs than a Water-fowls, but much bigser than a Qugilss Its Tail alfois very little, and next to none: Its Legs and Feet in proportion to itsbody long, of aimiddle colour between Saffron and green. ae Ws . colour Book, ORNITHOLOGY. colour of almoft the whole Head, the Neck, Back, and alfo the greater part of the Wings refpecting the Back of a * teftaceous colour, in brief very like to that of a * We figni- Hen-Quail, wherefore it is by the Italians rightly called the King of Quails [ Ire delle Qualie | which is as much. to fay asa great Quail. The Wings where they are, contiguous to the Belly are red. The fore-part of the Neck and the beginning of the Breaft are wholly teftaceous: The Belly and Hips like the Gofhamks [ Accipitris fiel- lari. } The Female is all over of a paler colour. 1% Belloniws defcribes this Bird by the title of the other Rai! that livesin Broom fields. [ Ortygometre alterius in geniftis degentis. | | : It isfaid to be the Quails Leader or Guide when they go from one plice to ano- ‘ther. In the whole thape of its body it refembles the Water-fowl, efpecially the Morehen. Its Legs are long, its Body {lender, its Belly white, its Tail fhort, its Bill pretty longs all which are marks of Water-fowl - Wherefore, in my judgment, it more properly belongs to that Tribe, and ought thither to be referred. . This, if Imuch miftakenot, isthe Bird which. Dr. Turver takes'to be the Crex of Ariftotle, There is( faith he) a certain Bird in Exgland. with long Legs; élfe like’ to a Quail, favethat it is bigger, which among Cornand Flax: in the Spring and. bégin- ning of the Summer hath no other cry than Crex, Crex3 but this it often. iterates: Which I think tobe the Crex of Ariftotle: The Englifh call it a Daker-hen, the Ger- mans Ein Schryck, Inever {aw or heard it any where in Exgland {ave in. Northnmber- Jand. But{eeing (as Gefrer rightly } it is manifeft by the teftimony of the moft-anci- ent Writer Herodotws, that the Crex is as big as the black Ibs; the Englifh Daker-hez cannot be theCrex. Although this Birdbe more rare in Exgland, yet is it foundevery where in Ireland in great plenty. ; . 7 FS. XS: The Indian Quail of Bontitis. i ana Bird feeds by Coveys, like Partridges, in the Woods of Java, although it be alfo made and kept tame, and its female, accompanied with her Brood, walks upand downthe Yards of houfes like the common Hen; the Cocks alfo are no lefs ftout, and given to fighting among them{elves till they kill one another, than the _ Dunghil-Cocks. In the colour of their feathers they very nearly refemble the true Quail: But their Bill isa little longer : They alfo make fuch an interrupted noife or ery by intervals as Quails are wont todo; but of a far different found from that of Quails, more like to that horrid drumming noife which Bittours make among Reeds infenny places, which in Low Dutch we call Pittoor. ‘The longer thefe Birds con- tinue or draw out that cry, the more generous are they thought tobe. They are of focold a nature, that when fhut upin Cages or Coops, if you do not expofe them to the Sun-beams, and ftrow Sand underthem, they prefently languith; and runa hazard of dying: And therefore by night after Sunfet, they {hrink up on a heap, asthe Cuc- kow doth with us in hollow trees in Winter-time, and in thetrunks of trees cover themfelves with their feathers. But when theSun rifes they prefently fing, and that found is heard many paces off, that you would wonder fo little a bird ( for they do not exceed a common Pigeow or Turtle in bignefS) fhould have fo deep and loud a ery. Ihave fometimeskept of them in Cages; which would. give me notice of the approach of Morning or break of day, if I had any ferious bufinefs to do. For if any bufinefs be to be done, it is moft conimodioufly difpatcht either in the Morning or Evening. For theday time, while the Sumroafts all things with his fcorching heat, is unfit for aGtion, and very unhealthful to ftir much in. a 7 2 CHAP. —_ Boox 1 - 73 o ORNITHOLO GY. Cuar. XI. | ; ‘ | Wild Birds of the Poultry-kind that feed on Leaves and Berries, &c. having Scarlet Eye-brows: | §. 1. The Cock of the Mountain or Wood, rake five Tetrao major, Aldrov. called by the Germans Orhun, by the Venetians Gallo di montagna. the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail was thirty two inches long: The _ Hen but twenty fix. The ends of the Wings extended were in the Cock forty fix inches diftant, in the Henno more than forty one. Ithad fuch a Billas the reft of this kind, an inch and half long, meafuring from the tip tothe angles of the mouth 5 1ts fides fharp and ftrong. Its Tongue istharp, and not cloven. Inthe Palate’ is a Cavity imprefled equal tothe Tongue. The Irides of the Eyes are of ahazelcolour. Above the Eyes is anaked skin of a fcarlet colour, in the place and) of the figure of the Eyebrows, as in the reft of this kind. The Legs on the forepart are feathered down tothe foot, or rife of the Toes, but bare behind. The Toes are joyned together bya membrane as far as the firft joynt, then ony have on each fide a border of skin all along, ftanding out a littleway, and errate. The Breaft 1s of a pale red, withtranfverfe black, lines, the tips of the feathers be- ing whitifh. The bottom of the Throat is of a deeper red: The Belly cinereous. The upper fide of the body is particoloured of black, red, and cinereous, the tips of the feathers being powdered with fpecks, excepting in the Head, where the black colour hatha purple glofs if beheld in fome pofitions. The Chinin the Cock is black, inthe Hen red. The Tail is of a deeper’ red than the other feathers, and crofled with black barss the tips of the feathers being white. The Tail of the Cock is black, the tips of the feathers being white, and their borders as it were powdered with red- difh ath-coloured fpecks. The middle feathers efpecially, and thofe next to themare marked with white {pots. ‘The feathers covering the bottom of the Tail have white tips, elfe are variegated with alternate black and reddifh afh-coloured tran{verte lines. After the fame manner the whole Back is alfo painted with black and white crofs lines, but finer, and flenderer. The feathersunder the Tailare black, but their tipsand ex- teriour edges white. The Head [ inthe Hen] is of the fame colour with the back. The tips of the Breaft-feathers are black. Each Wing hath twenty fix quill-feathers, the greater whereof are of a more dusky anddark colour: The reft have'their exteriour Vanes variegated with red and black. The tips of all befide the tenoutmoft are white. The longer feathers {pring- ing from the fhoulders are adorned with angularbeds of black, wherewith a little red is mingled below. Theleffer rows of hard feathers of the Wings are variegated with dusky,red and white,their tips being white. In the Cock the fhoulders and leffer rows of hard feathers above are variegated with red and black lines, underneath are white, except thofé under the firlt zzternodium, which are black. The longer feathers under — the fhoulders are white, which when the Wings are clofed make a large white fpot. The Wings under the fecond ivternodinm are black, with tranfverfe lines of white. Inthe Cock the Neck is of a fhining blue. The Thighs,Sides,Neck,Rump, and Belly are inlike manner variegated with white and black lines. The Head isblacker: About the ventitis of an afh-colour. | It hath very long blind Guts, ftraked with fix white lines: The Stomach mufcu- Jous, asin the reft of this kind, full of little tones. The Craw was ftuft with the Leaves, Tops, and Buds of the Fir-tree. The skin of the ftomach fticking to the mutfcles is foft and hairy like Velvet. - | But forthe knowledge of this Bird, and diftinguifhing it from all others, there is noneed of fo prolix and particular a defcription of colours, which vary much by age, and perchance alfo place, and other accidents, when as the bignefs alone is {ufficient for “that purpofe. | ; | oe bignefsand figure it comes near toa Turkey. The Cock we meafured from This Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. This Bird is found on high Mountains beyond Seas, and as we are told in Ireland, - (where they callit, Cock of the Wood) but no where in England. At Venice and Paduawe law many tobe fold in the Poulterers Shops,brought thither from the neigh- bouring Alps. kU / I ate che Grygallus major of Gefner and Aldrovazdus ( who alfo calls it the Tetrax of Nemefianws) tobe the Female of this Bird. Forthe Females in this kind of Birds in variety and beauty of colours excel the Males. Whereas Gefzer taking it for granted, that the Females do in no kind of creature excell the Males in variety of co- lours, being deceived by this prefumptton,took and defcribed for different Species the different Sexes in both thefe kinds, viz. the Cock of the Mountain, and the black games: And fo of two Species made fours to wit, 1. Orogallus major. 2. Grygallus major. 3. Orogallus minor. 4. Grygallus. minor. The fecond and fourth being the Females of the firftand third. Moreover, being himfelf miftaken,he thought Turzer to be fo : Who makes the Male Morehen, that is the lefler Tetrao, or lefler Urogallus of Gefner, tobe black 5 the Female all varioullyfpotted, fothat if it were not bigger and redder than a Partridge,it could hardly be diftinguifhed from it. Aldrovandys follows Gefier, making theGrygallus major of Gefuer (that is,the Female ofthe Urogallys major) the Te- trax of Nemefianws 5 without caufe reprehending Lovgolivs, who indeed was of the {ame opinion ; whereas hehimfelf erroncoufly makes the Male and Female of the Cock of the Mountain [ Orogal/ys major] diverfe or diftin& kinds,So then the cafe ftands thus: | Cock of the Mountainthe Male 1. The greater Urogallus, Gefn.Aldrev. ™ 2 Cock of the Mountain the Female-——2. The greater Grygallws, Eorund. Black game or Grous the Male—-— -3. The lefler Urogallys, Eorund. ri 2 Black game the Female —__—-———4, The lefler Grygallus, Eorund. _ The flefh of this bird is of a delicate tafte and wholfom nourifhment, fo that be- ing fo {lately a bird, and withalforare, itfeemsto be born only for Princes and great mens Tables, §.. IL. The Heathcock or Black game or Grok called by Turner the Morehen. Tetrao, feu Urogallus minor. ie es Cock weighed forty eight ounces: wasin length fiom the point of the Bill . & _totheend of the Tail twenty three inches, [ The Hen was but nineteen inches _ long, |] tsbreadth thirty four inches [ the Hens thirty one. ] The Cock is all over black, but the edges of the feathers, efpecially in the Neck and Back, do thine witha kind of blue glofs. » His Legs are grey. The Female is of the colour almoft of a Woodcock or Partridge, red with black tranfverfe lines. The Breaft and Belly are hoary, The Wings underneath and the long feathers are white, asintheCock, ‘The middle of theBackis of adeeperred. The Rump and edges of the feathers onthe Throat are hoary. The feathers under the Tail white. __Ineach Wing are about twenty fix beam-feathers: In the Cock the bottom of the fifth of thefe is white, of the eighth and fucceeding to the twenty fixth the whole lower half. Of the eleventh and following feathers to the two and twentieth the tips are alfo white. Thelong feathers under the fhoulders are purely white. Inthe Henthe ten outmoft feathers are dusky, the reft of the fame colour with the body, faving their tips, which are whitith. ‘The bottoms of all but the firft fix are white. Moreover, thofe great quil-feathers, which, as we faid, are dusky, have fomething of white in theouterborders. The Wings underneath, and thofe longer feathers in both Sexes are white, which when the Wings are clofed appear outwardly on the Back inthe form of a white fpot. | Tail confifts of fixteen feathers, and is in the Cock near {even inches long 5 [ Underftand this of the exteriour feathers, for the interiour do not exceed four inches. ] Inthe Cock the three exteriour feathers on each fide are longer than the reft, and ftand bending outward, the fourth on each fide fhorter, and lets reflected. Inthe Female the outmott feathers are indeed longer than the reft, but not reflected. ue Tail is of the fame colour with the body, only the tips of the feathers of a hoary waite. c ; The 173 17h * Underftand it of the bird we defcribed. { ' ORNITHOLOGY, Boor ll, The Billis black and crooked 5 the upper Chap fomewhat prominent and gibbous. Under the Tongue isa kind of glandulous fubftance: Inthe Palate a Cavity imprefled equal to the Tongue. The Tongue is undivided, foft, and fomewhat rough. The Eyebrows bareandred. The Ears great both in Male and Female. The Legs rough with feathers growing on their fore-part:\ The Toes naked, and connected by a membrane as far as the firft joynt. On each fide the Toes are the like borders of skin asin the precedent Fowl, f{tanding out fromtheToe, and pectinated. The Claw of the middle Toe is on the infide thinned into an edge. It hathno fpurs. Its Guts are * fifty one inches long: Itsblind Guts ( which is ftrange }) twenty four, {triate with fix lines. The Craw large. They feed upon the tops of Heath, Acorns, ¢c. The Poutsdo a long time accompany their. Dams even’ after they be come to their full growth, as do young Partridges. They are infefted with Lice and Ticks. . | | This kind is frequent in the fides of high Mountains ; fometimes it defcends into the plains, not rarely occurring in the lower Heath-grounds. The Male: differs {o {trangely from the Female, that to one unacquainted with them they might well feem tobe of differentkinds; yea, to Ge/ver himfelf they feemed fo, as wefhewed in the foregoing Chapter. | 148-90 This isTurzers Morehex, which he thinks to be fo named fromthe colour of the Cock, which 1s black, asin Moors, though he is miftaken in that he writes, that it hath on its Head a red flefhy Creft, and about the Cheeks two. as it were red flefhy Lobes, or Gills, for it hath no other red flefh about the Head but the Eye-brows, which all the reft of this Gexws have. See Aldrovand. lib. 14. cap.15. Gefrer calls it Gallus Scoticus Sylveftris, that is, The wild Scotch Cock. I f{ufpedt alfo that the Gallus Paluftris Scotieus of the fame Gefzer isno other than this Bird. The Hiftories of thefe Birds you havein Aldrovands Ornithology, lib.14.cap.1 5,16. ! "§:.. Til; * The Attagen of Aldrovandus, calledby the Italians Francolino. N bignefs and the whole habit and fafhion ofits body it approaches to f Pheafant.t ] hath a fhort, black Bill, crooked at the end. The colour 1s various almoft the -wholebody over. The Head efpecially hath a very beautiful afped, a yellowifh Creft variegated with black and white. fpots, beng erected in the middle of its Crown. ThePupil of the Eyes isblack, the Iris yellow. It hath Eye-brows, like the Heathcock, of naked {carlet-coloured skin. Under the Bill and in the beginning ofthe Throat hangs down as it were a beard of very fine feathers. _ Its Neck 1s of the longeft, and in comparifon with the bulk and make of its body flender, of an ath- colour, bef{prinkled with black and white {potss which inthis refpeCt differ, that here the white, in the Head the black are the deeper. The {pots of the Breaft ate of the fame colour, wherewith are other ferrugineous ones mingled. The Belly, Tail, Hips, » and Legs [ which are covered with feathers] are of a lead colour, and alfo befprinkled with black fpots. The fore-toes of the Feet are long, the back-toe fhort, all armed with crooked Claws. | . They are by the Italians called Francolini as it were Franci, that 1s, Free Fowl, — becaufe the common people are forbidden to take them, and Princes grant them free- dom of living. . . Olina defcribes this Francolino a little otherwife. In the figure (faith he) and proportion of its body it refembles a common Partridge, but in bignefs fomething exceeds it, The Breaft and allithe Belly are fpotted with black and white. Theends of theWingsand Tail are black. The Head, Neck, and Rump are fulvous, inclining to red,with a little and black intermixed. But neither his figure reprefents, nor defcription mentions any Creft. The Legs alfo in Oliwa’s figure are naked. This Bird is either the fame with our other Lagopws, called the Red-game, or very like it 5 butdiffers fromit, in that it hath a Creft upon its Head. But the Attagex of Bellonius (asmay be feenby its PiGure ) is deftitute of a Creft, | Indeed Ifhould think it to be the fame, did not the place forbid it. For our red Game lives uponthe tops of the higheft Mountains in Northern Countries, whereas the Attagen of Aldro- vaudus isfound plentifully in the Mountains of Sicily, which is a very hot Country. Yet I make noqueftion, but the Bird, which Be/onivs and Sealiger undewttand by this *name, that lives in the Pyrenean Mountains, and the Mountains of Auvergne, Aa | | whic - \ Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. 175 which, Belloniws faith, comes not down.into,’ plain,Countries , 1s the very fame with our Red Game: And perchance alfo the. Attagen of Aldrovandws is no other, fith Francolinwsis,a name common to both Aldrewandys and BeUonivs his Bird: And .Al- drovandwys writes, that his Aftagen isa Mountain Bird.., ‘Neither is it a fufficient argu- ment to prove the contrary, that Sicily whereit 1s found'is a hot Country : for Mount FEtxa in Sicily isfocold, thatthe top of it forthe greateft part of the year is covered withSnow. Iam fure when we went up it inthe year 1664, in the beginning of Fane the Snow was-‘not melted. Butif the Legs thereof be bares ( for Aldrevandus doth not affirm it in hisdefcription, though his figure reprefents them bare ) andthe Head al- ways.crefted,: ixcannot be our Red Gawze, 29Mmes Ki id Bans yu 5 The fiefh,of this. Bird is;moft excellent, of eafie,digeftion, andj yielding plentiful and,very good nourifhment:. And therefore amongthe Ancients was preferred before all_other, and placed in the higheft degree lof dignity...) F. ibs UMousigiiic | ‘The Hazel-hen, Gallina corylorum, Attagen, Gefixn, rt) Laster band vik Gait 7 ithe ; 1? Ate li jx Styl > cebtid-y J al hs? He Bird we defcribed wasa Cock, * weighed but a'pound, being from Billypoint * This Bird to Tail end fifteenincheslong 5 andtwenty two broad. § PAGE rated, forte _ Bhe Bill,.as in Hens, isblackith, from the tip to the angles of the flit of the mouth was. bigger almoft.an:inch long: Theupper Chap a’ little prominentand crooked... Inthe Palate me er isa Cavity equal to the Tongue. Abovethe Eyesandked red skin takes up ithe place equal toa of Eye-brows,\as in the Heatheock,,. and others of thiskind. The Eye-brows ofthe handfom Pal- “why “ayy let; and would Female are not fored, butpaler. The Legs before are feathered half way down, -be- ag have shind bare as high:as the knees.: The fotd-toes are joyned together by a membranefrom weighed the divarication, to the firftjoynt: Andi have befides fiuch like ferrate borders,or welts, ™° {tanding out on'each fide, as were obferved in the precedent Birds... The infide of the Claw of the middle Toe.is thinned: into jan edge. ie iid, @iyilt The whole Belly is white. The Breaft white, {potted with black {pots in the middle of, the feathers > The feveral feathers having fome.on¢ {pot, {ome two or three crof lines; The lower part ofthe Throat red, but theChin of adeep black, encompafied with a white line. The Hen wants this black {pot under the Chin,’ From. the Eyes tothe hind-part of the Head .a white Liné is produced. The Head is.of a reddifh ath-colour : The Back and Rump are yet more cinereous, of a colour like that of a Partridge. | Lhe lower part ‘of the Throat or Gullet is variegated with tranfverfe blackilines,’ . The fidesunderthe Wings are red or fulvous, the tips of the feathers being white. The long feathers{pringing from thefhoulders, that.cover the Back,are all white. 9:5 +» p eae ri 4 iy _._. The Wings are concave asin Partridges and the reft of the Poultry kind: The beam-feathers: in each, Wing are twenty four in number, the foremoft or outmott whereof on the outfide the fhaft were parti-coloured of dusky and white, on the in- fidedusky; |The greater rows of covert Wing-feathers were variegated with red, white; andihlack\ 2°) heahii ocoiike - | -» Lhe Tail. was made up of fixteen feathersall equal, of about-five inches long, The feven exteriourloneach fide had their tips of a ditty white; next the white a bar or bed of black an inch broad:;:the reft of the feather tothe very bottom particolou- red of black and white. The two middlemoft of the Tail are of the fame colour withthe body, having crofs bars of white powdered with dusky {pecks.. The tips ig long feathers under the Tail afe’ white, the middle part black, the lower red. | The Stomach is mufculous:;The Guts thirty fix inches Jong : The blind Guts fifteen, whichin this Bird alfo are ftriate. The fleth boiled or roaft, asin the reft of this kind, \ is white, very tender alfo andidelicate. 1. /. \ . Moftigarned men ( faith Aldrovandys"). are of opinion, that this is the Bird which \\by the | Ancient Greeks and I atines was called Attagens from whom yet he diflents. is wont (faith Georg. Agricolaas he is quoted by Aldrovandds ) to live in thick and {hady woods. |. The fameallo writes thatiris found plentifully in the Mountainous Woodsaboutthe foot of the Alps, efpecially where hazéls and briers abound. We faw them im the Market at Nurenberg:to be fold : Whence we gather that they are found in the great Woods:néar that City, though they be not mountainous :, What they live chiefly upom we.cannot certainly fay, butwevestly believe that their food fs | | the . Was exente- 176 * Lagopus fignifies a Hares foot, ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox II, the fame with the other Birds of this kind, viz. Bil-berries, Crow-bervies, Black-ber- ries,8¢c. and in the Winter-time the tops of Heath, Fir, and otherever-green fhrubs: But whether they do eat the Catkins of Hazel (as Albertys affirms, ‘and from whence they feem to take their name’) we know not. \ 8 CY; | The white Game, erroneoufly called the white Partridge, Lagopus avis Aldron BS figure and bignefs it comes near to.a tame Pigeon, {ave that it is fomething _ bigger 5 weighs fourteen ounces : From thetip of the Billto the end of the Tail or Feet ( for they are equally extended °) 1s about fixteen inches long; between’ the extremities of the Wings {pread twenty four inches broad. The Bill fhort, black, | likea Hens, but lefs: The upper Chap longer and more prominent. The Nofthrils are covered with feathers, {pringing out of askin on the lower fidethe holes. Above the Eyes, in the place of the Eyebrows isa naked skin of a {carlet colour, and of the figure of a Crefcent. | , In the Cock-birdsa black line drawn from the upper Chap of the Bill reaches fur- ° ther than the Eyes towards the Ears 5 which in the Hens is wanting: All the reftof the body, excepting the Tail, is as white as Snow. Each Wing hath twenty four prime feathers, of which the firft or outmoftis fhor- ter than the fecond; ‘the fecond than the third. The fhafts of the fix outmoftare black, The Tail is more thana Palm long, compounded of fixteen feathers, the two middle- molt whereof are white ; the outmoft on each fide without the fhaft alfo white, all the reft black. [ ThofethatI ( , R.) defcribed in Rhetia had the two middle fea- thers of their Tails only white, all the reft black.] The feathers next the Tail, in- cumbent onit, are of equal length with the Tail it felf; fo that they do wholly co- ver iti The Legs, Feet, and Toes, to the very Claws, are covered with foft fea- thers, thick-fet, like Hares feet, whence it took the * name..-The Claws are ver long, not unlike the nails of fome Quadrupeds, as for example Hares 5 of a dark hora or lead colour. Its back+toe or heel is {mall} but 1ts Claw great and crooked, The fore-toes are joyned together by an intervening membrane, as in the other fowl of thiskind. The Claw of the middle Toe is {omething hollow all along the middle, the edges of this furrow or channel being fharp. Under the Toes grow long hairs very thick. | The Craw is great, and in that we diffected full of the tops and leaves of Fir,Heath, Bill-berry,&c. The Stomach or Gizzard mufculous: The Guts forty inches long: Theblind Gutslong, great, and ftriate. Inthe Alps of Rhetia, andin other high Mountains, which are fora great part of the year covered with Snow, it is frequently found. Wherefore Nature, or the Wifdom of the Creator, hath fenced its Feet againft the fharpnefs of the cold with a thick covering of feathers and down. : ne it Thefe Birds, for the excellency of their fiefh, are commonly called White Par- tridges, and thought to be foby the Vulgar; whereas indeed the Partridge and La- gopws are far different Birds. Yet the Savayards, and other Alpime people, who’are notignorant of their difference, call them fo ftill; at firft perchance by miftake from their agreenjent in figure and magnitude they began to be fo called, and now they continue the old name. x“ — g. VE * The other or particolowred Lagopus of Gefuer, Teas js another fort of Lagopws found on the Mountains of Switzerlazd. The — Bird we defcribed of this kind wasa Male. Its Belly white, its Wings alfo milk white : Yeton the hinder part were fome feathers partly dusky, partly {potted. The Head, Neck, and Back particoloured, with dusky and {potted feathers. The Neck underneath had a great deal of white, and but a little black; above was co- vered partly with pied, partly with white feathers. Above each Eye was a femicir- cular skin of a red colour. Its Bill was very fhort, and black, the upper Chap whereof was crooked, and received [ withinits edges ]thenether, which was chan- nelled. . The Tail was five iriches long, confiftingof twelve black feathers, and “i “he . white Boo IL ORNITHOLOGY. ey white ones inthe middle, and three or four particoloured ones, The Legs andF eet, down to the very Claws, were covered with white feathers growing very thick and clofe together, fo that nothing at all appeared bare but the black Claws. Only the foal of the Foot and inrier part of the Toes were without feathers : ‘Yet might the Toes be wholly covered with the hair-like feathers meeting underneath... It was as big a8 a Pigeon, or fomething bigger: The length of the whole about five Palms; I fappofe this Bird is called in Italzax about Trent Otorno 5 about the Lake called by the Ancients Verbanus, now Maggiore, [or the greater, ] Colmefire: Our Eountry- men [ the Swituers’] Steiv-hux (or Stone-hen;] as fome do alfo the precedent. Others for diftinction fake add the bignefs. Dguefs this fecond kind to be a little the bigger. As for the former kind I doubt not but it is the firft Lagopws of Pliny, white, @c. But thisfecond, although perchance it,may be doubted, whether it be the fecond Lagopus of Pliny, which, as he writes, differs from Quails only in bignef, yet ought by all means to be referred to the fame Gewws with the firft. Thus far Ge/- wer. Lamof opinionthat this Bird is not only generically, but even {pecifically, the {ame with the former or firft Lagepus of Pliny > For,except ome marksand {pots on the upper fide of the body, it agrees perfectly therewith: But thofe are not fufficient to infer a difference of kind: Seeing that the firft Species alfois {aid to change colour inSummer, and become dusky : Yea, thofe which afcend not up the Mountains are reported riot to be white, nonot in Winter. But dare not pronounce any thing rafh- ly ; referring thematter to the determination oth learned and curious, that live im thofe Countries, or have opportunity of travelling and{ojourning there. §. Vii. “The Red Game, called in fome places the Gercock and More-cock ,Lagopus altera Plinit. YT isnear half as big again as a* Partridge, for the figure of its body not unlike s. “Y Somewhat{ yea, confiderably |] bigger than the Lagopws : Its Feet and Claws ex- actly like his. ~ItsBill is fhort and blackifh: Its Nofthrils elegantly covered with fea- thers, asinthe Lagopws. But efpecially remarkable are the fcarlet-coloured naked skins above each Eye, of the figure of a Crefcent, in place of Eye-brows, which in the Cock are much broader, and have in their upper Circumference a border of loofe flefh fnipt, asit were a fringe or Creft. Inthe Cock the Plumage about the bafis of the Bill ispowdered with white {pecks; and at the balis of the lower Chap, on each fideis a pretty great white fpot; but not fo.in the Female. Moreover, the Male differsfromthe Female, in that it is much redder than fhe: So thatin the Throat and upper part of the Breaftit hath no mixture at all of any othercolour. All the upper fide of the Body, Head, Neck, Back, and. covert-feathers ofthe Wings are partico- loured of red and black, each fingle feather being painted with red and black tran verfe wayed lines. Howbeit in the @ock the red exceeds the black ; yet hath he in the middle of the Back and on the Shoulders great black fpots, which the Female hath not. . | iy In each Wing are twenty four quil-feathers, ‘all dusky, except the exteriour edges of thofe next the body, which arered...The outmoft feather of the Wing is fhorter than the fecond, the third the longeft of all. ‘The interiour baftard Wing is: made up of white feathers. The feathers alfo‘on the under fide of the Wings next to the flags are white. The Breaft and Belly are almoft of the fame colour withthe Back in both Sexes: Yet in the middle of the Breaft and Belly are forte pretty great white {fpots. The Legs and Feet are clothed with a long thick Plumage or Down to the utmoft ends of the Toes. The Tail is more than a handful long, not forked, confifting of fixteen feathers, all black except the two middlemoft, which are vari- ed withred. The flefhis very tender, efpecially in the younger ones, not fo white asaHens. he" | It is frequent in the high Mountains of Derby/tire, Yorkshire, Weftmorland, and’ \ Wales. It lays five, fix, feven,’ or eight Eggs, feldom more, one inch three quarters \ long,-fharper at one end, all f{peckled with dark red {pecks or points, only towards \the tharper end are one ortwo beds void of {pots. .. The younger are infefted with lly-worms, which fonietimes asthey fly hang down a foot length from behind. We . is Fowl to be the Lagopws altera of Pliny, \ib.zo0,cap.48. Ttdelightsto abide in the higheft tops of the higheft Mountains, and with usnever comes down into the Plains, yea, feldom into the fides of the Mountains. mie Aa 13 178 . ORACITHOLOGY. ~ Book II. This is the Bird which Be/oniws call the Attagen, as we faid before in the Chapter of the Attagen of Aldrovandw, and takes that Bird which the Saveyards call, the white Partridge, and Pliny,Lagopws,to bea variety of this 5 for it is all over white, and hath the Legs covered with feathers ( though finer ) like the Attagen: The Italians alfo call both kinds Fraxcolino. And indeed the colour and bignefs excepted, the Red Game differs little from the Lagopws. The figure of the Bill and whole body is the fame.in both: ‘The Feet alike feathered tothe very Claws: So thatMr. Willughby alfo, together with Beonzws, did fometimes {ufpe& that they differed rather acciden- tally than fpecifically. But to me {0 great difference of colour and bignefs do necefla- rily infer a diverfity of kind. The flefh of thefe, and the reft of this Tribe, doth {uddenly corrupt, and therefore the Fowlers,fo foon as ever they take them,prefent- ly exenterate them, and {tuff the Cavity of theBelly with green Ling. §. VIL * Bellonius his Damafcus Partridge, which Aldrovand fuppofes to be the ether Lagopus of Pliny. T Here are (faith he ) no wild Birds at Damafcws more notable than the Partridges of thatCountry. They arelefs thanthe red or afh-coloured. Inthe colour of the Back and Neck they refemble a Woodcock, : But their Wings are of a different colour. For where they are joyned to the body they are covered with white, dusky, and fulvous feathers: Ten of the prime feathers are cinereous. The inner fide of the Wings and the Belly are white. Jt hatha collar-like mark on its Breaft, 4 pel Ring Jikethe* Merula torquata, confifting of red, fulvous, and yellow colours: Elfe in the es colour of the lower part of the Head and/Neck, in«the Bill and Eyes itis like a Par- iridge, and hathafhort Tail. Wehad ranked it with the Water Rail, or Woodcock or Plover, but that its Legs were feathered, like the Scveyard white Partridges ( which isthe Lagopws ) orarough-footed Doves. This, if rightly defcribed, isa kind of La- gopwsor HeathCock, whichwe have not yetfeens and. the leaft of that kind that we have yetfeen or heard of. | DH A Hs omit, OS Birds of the Poultry-kind that want the back-toe. ohh The Buftard, Otis feu Tarda avis. T is for bignefsnothing inferiour to a Turkey. Its length meafuring from the be- | ginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail was fixty inches. Its breadth, or di- + {tance between the tips of the Wings {preadtwo yards and an half. Its Bill like a Hens, the upper Chap being fomething crooked. ‘The Head and Neck are afh-co- loured; the Belly white: The Back variegated with red and black tranfverfe lines. {t'wantsthe back-toe, whichis efpecially remarkable: For by this note alone and its bignefs, it isfufficiently diftinguifhed from all other Birds of this kind, It feeds up- on Corn, Seeds of Herbs, Colewort, Dandelion leaves, @¢. In the Stomach of one difleéted we founda great quantity of Hemlook Seed, with three or four grains of Bar- ley,’and that in Harveft time. On New-market and Royftou Heaths in Cambridgefhire and Suffolk, and elfewherein Watts and Plaing they are found with us. They are of flow flight, and when they are lighted can hardly raife themfelves from ‘the earth, by reafon of the bulk and weight of their bodies, from whence without doubt they got the Latine name Tardz. They are called by the Scots Guftar- de, .as'Hettor Boethivs witnefleth in thefe words: Iz March, @ Province of Scotland, are Birds bred, called inthe Vulgar Dialeé Gultardes, the colour of whofe feathers and their flefhis not unlike the Partridges, but the bulk of their body exceeds the Swans. _ Some fay,one may catch them with ones hands before they-can compote themfelves - to fly; but thisisa miftake, for though (aswe faid before) it be long ere they can raife themfelves from the earth, yet are they very timorous and circumfpect, and “ard | wi Boull ORNITHOLOGH 17 will not fuffer a man to come within'a Furlong of them, before they take Wing and fly away. Yet our Fowlers report that they may be rundown with,,Grey- hounds. Ttaly (faith Aldrovandus ) hath none of thefe Birds, unlefs. they be brought over accidentally by the force of tempeftuous winds. But we when we travelled in Italy did feein the Market at Modenaa Baftard to be fold, whence we fufpect that there are of theminthat Country. ©... Though fome difcommend their flefh, yet with us it is efteemed both delicate and wholefome. Hence, but chiefly for its rarity, the Buftard fells very dear, ferving only to furnifh Princes and great mens Tables at Feafts and public entertainments. §. Th The French Canne-petiere, Anas campeltris or Tetrax of Bellowins: He Field- Duck {eems to us to bé a Bird peculiar to France, where there is not 4 ~ Country man but knows it,/at leaft by name.:. It is fo called, not bécatifé it is a Water-bird, but becaufe it fits on the ground like the Water-Duck. But it hath no fimilitude or agreement with Water-fowl, beinga Land-bird.: It is of the bignefs of a Pheafant ; the Head, {faving the bignefs, refembling a Quails, the Billa Pullets. Ie is more known by its name, than by its fhape: For we have a Country-Proverb againtt fufpicious perfons, wherein we fay, that they play the Laxd Duck.’ Tt istaken - in Plainsand open fields, as they take Partridges, in{nares,’ with Netsand 4 la forme, and alfo with Hawks. But itis verycrafty in defending and: fhifting for it felf: flying ? near the ground, and that* with great force and fwiftnefs, for two hundred or three * Impetu- hundred paces, and when it alights or falls on the ground running fo {wiftly, that {carce any mancanovertakeit. It hath only three Toes in each foot, likethe Buftard or Plover. The roots of all the feathers are red, and'as it were of a fanguine colour, fo joyned tothe skinas in the Buflard, whence alfo we take itto be a kind of Buffard : For both, but efpecially this, is white under the Belly : But the ‘Back is variegated with three or four colours, to ‘wit, a yellow tending to red, with fomewhat of cine- reous and red intermixed. Four Wing-feathersinthe upper part have black tips. Un- der the Bill, down as far as the Breaft, it is white. A white Collar near the Crop compafles the Breaft, as in the Szvoy'Merale, or Water-Onzels, [ But this Collar ap- pearsnot in BeHovius his figure. ] The colour of the Head and upper part of the Neck is the fame with that of the Back and Wings. The Bill is black, lefs than in the lonic Atiagen. The Legs incline to cinereous. He that defires an exact defcri- ption of this Bird; let him imagine a @wail of the bignels of a Pheafant, but very much {potteds for juft fuch is'this Fze/d- Duck, All the interiour parts it hath com: mon with other granivorous birds. It is reckoned among delicate! Birds, and efteemed as good meat asa Pheafant.. It feeds :indifferently upon all forts of Grain, as alfo upon Avts, Beetles, and Flies, and likewife upon the leaves of green corn. And although the colour of the Neck and Head be not always the fattie, ( and herein confilts the difference between the Male and the Female ) yet the Back and. Wings never change colour. ‘This Bird feems. not to have been mentioned by the Ancients. . Cuap. . XIV. Of Doves or Pigeons in general. He Marks common to all forts of Pigeons, whereby they may be diftinguifhed from all other kinds of Birds, are not very many, 77%. a peculiar figure of Th body, refembling that of aCuckows fhort Legs 5 long Wings; {wift flight; a mournful voice 5 to lay only two Eggs at one fitting, but to breed often ina year. Aldrovandus faith, itis proper to all Pigeons to wink with both Eye-lids. They do not all agree in the figure of the Bill: For fome have flender and indifferently long Bills, othersthick and fhort ones. The Feetof all, at leat fo many as we have yet feen, arered or fanguine. Inthe Pigeow-kind the Male and Female divide between them the labour ofincubation, fitting by turns. The Male alfo affifts the Female in - Aa2 feeding i180 = wm J ORNATHOLOGY, Boox I. feedingatid rearing'the Young, And for ah internal note, it iscommon to them to haveno'Gall-bladddrt 29 (oq: yo0s seh; tegst @iolwe T We tT cage yl 7 nip ig GU APN fo castuiieae J 4 pee L Mes é - - cil ibem Of the feveral kindsnof Pigeons. Mea F * thsi 4 ‘fous §u Ly ANT re cad 13J The comuon wild Dove or Pigeon. Columba vulgaris. Female, which we defctibed 5: weighed thirteen ounces; Was in length from A Bill to Tail thirteen inches ; in breadth twenty fix. ! '. dts Bill was flender, fharp-pointed, and indifferently long, like to that ofa Lapwing or Plover, above the Nofthrils foft, and white by the afperfion of.a-kind of furfuraceous fubftance, elfe| dusky, The Tongue, neither hard; nor-cloven, but fharp and foft. The rides of the Eyesof a yellowifh red. The Legs on the forepart feathered almoft to the Toes: The Feet and Toes red; the Talons black.. ad The Head was of apale blue; the Neck as it was diverfly objeGed tothe light did exhibite to the Beholder various and fhining colours... The Crop was reddifh,the reft of the Breaftand Belly afh-coloured,.. The Back beneath, a little above the Rump, was white, ( which is:anote common. to moft wild Pigeous ) about the fhoulders ci- nereous, elfe black, yet with fomemixture of cinereous. (tat The number of prime feathers in each Wing was about twenty three or twenty four. Of thefethe outmoft were dusky, of the teft as much as was expofed to fight black, what was covered with the incumbent feathers cinereous. The covert-fea- thers of the ten firk Remiges were of a datk cinereous: Of the reft of the covert- feathers ( almoft to the body ) the tips and interiour Webs, as far as the fhafts were cinereous, the exteriour black. ‘The covert-feathers of the underfide of the Wings purely. white. 7 ts nb erodd tr ” _ The Tailismade up of twelve feathers, four inches and an half long, the middle being fomewhat longer. than the extremies, | ‘The tips of all were black: Thetwo outmoft, below the black on the ‘outfide the fhaft were white; all the reft wholly cinereous,the lower part being thedarker. . The feathers incumbent on the Tail were cinereous. ’ ; It had a great Craw, full of Growil feed. \ The blind Guts were very fhort, fcarce exceeding a quarter of an inch. It hath (as we faid'of Pigeons in general ) no Gall- bladder,and lays but.two Eggs at a time. | ox: This kind varies mumch in colour:; there are found of them ordinarily milk-white. _Aldrovandus defcribes and figures many forts \ of tame Pigeons, which he thus diftinguithes : ess Di j 039 ] : nf ie The greater called Tronff, and in Englifh Rusts, whofe defcription and figure you have, t. 2. Naked W462. (¢ OF our Country, The lefler or moft common, #.2. pag.463. which have their The greater, ¢.2. pag.466 Feet either Crefted, ¢.2.pag.469. ‘Tame or Rough Theleer houe Smooth-crownd, #.2. pag.467- Doves 2 rFrifled Pigeons, #.2. pag. 470. , ei | Lee Hooded, with acne | their Feet Bare, of which there Cyprus Pigeons f are feveral kinds fet | tt | forth, p47 254735474 Outlandith, to 4. {Smooth-crowned, called Indian Pige- wit, ¢ ONS, #.2.p4ag.477> be Me Candy Pigeons,having in the Bill,above where itis joyn- 4 ed to the Head.a white Tubercle or Wattle,p.478. | Perfiaw or Turkey Pigeons of a dark colour, p.48i. «Warro’s Stone or Rock Pigeon. Under Boon I, ORNITHOLOGY. oe” -. Under the title of Domettic, whicht have Englithed tame or houfe Doves, hecom- prehendsithe common, wild Pigeox kept in Dove-cotes,which is\of.a middle nature be- tweentameandwild::) 9. nT <4 [inti fob vit ent 4 §. Il. | 5h, | | an’ sy | Divers forts of tante Pigeons. ean: ‘ “3 9719 it | LIARGOy rO 21 a) a ; I. He greater tame Pigeon, called. in Italian; Kranfo. & es in Evglifh; a Rurs, oat | (Runt;\a name {asi fuppofe)) corrupted:from the ftalian,Trexfo: Though — to fay the truth, what.this [tela word Troxfo fignifies, and confequently why this kind.of Pigeon is fo called, Tamaltogether ignotant.. Some call themColumbe Ruf fice, Ruffia=Pigeons, whether becaufe they are-brought to us out.of Ruffia, or from {ome agreement of thenames Ruxt and Ruffia, 1 know not. Thefe feem to be the Campania Pigeons of Pliny. They vary much in colour, as moft other Domeftic Birds: Wherefore it isto. no putpofe. to defcribethem by their colours. In refpect of magnitude they are divided into the biggeft-and the Jlefér kind. The greater aremore fluggith bitds, and of flower flight ; the fame perchance with thofe Ge/zer faith he obferved at Venice, which were almoftasbigas Hews: _ The leffer are better breeders, more nimble, and of {wifter flight. Perchancethefe may be the fame with thofe, which * Aldrovandyws tells us are called by his Country men Colambe fotto banche, * ornithol. — thatis, Pigeons under Forms or Benches, from their place 5 of various colours, and %* P48 36° bigger than the common wild Pzgeons inhabiting Dove-cotes. } 2. Croppers, focalled becaufe they can, and ulually do, by attra@ing the Air, blow up their Crops'to that ftrange bignefs that they,exceed the bulk of the whole body befide.. A certain® Holander informed Aldrovandws, that thefe Kroppers Duve, as * petes, ialfo they call them, are twice as big as the common Domeltic Pigeons, which as they fly, fgnifes any and while they make that murmuring noife, {well their throats to a great bignefs, and jy”? the bigger, the better ‘and. more gencrous they are efteemed.. Thofe that I fawat Mir. Copes, a Citizen of Lozdon, living in Fewin Street, feemed to me nothing bigger, but rather lefs than Ruvis,’ and {omewhat more flender and long-bodied. Thefe dif fer no lefs one from another in colour than the precedent. 3. Broad-tail'd Shakers, called Shakers: becaufe they do almoft conftantly fhake or wag their Heads and'Necks up and down: Broad-tail'd, fromthe great number of feathers they have in their Tails; they fay, not fewer than twenty fix. When they walk upand down they do for the moft part hold their Tails erect like a Hex or Tur- key-Cock. ‘Thefe alfo vary much in colour. 4. Narrow-tail’d Shakers, Thefe agree with the precedent in fhaking, but differ in the narrowne(s of their Tails, as the name imports, They are faid alfo to vary in colour. This'kind we have not asyet feen, nor have we moreto fay of it. , 5. Carriers. Thefe are of equal bignefs with common Pigeons, or fomewhat lefs; of a dark blue or blackifhcolour. They are eafily diftinguifhed from all others, 2.By their colour. 2. In that their Eyes are compafled about with a broad circle of naked, tuberous, white, furfuraceous skin. 3. Thatthe upper Chap of the Bill is covered above half way from the Head with a double cruft of the like naked fungous skin. The Bill is not fhort, but of a moderate length. "They make ufe of thefe birds to convey Letters to and fro, chiefly in the Turki/h Empire. Perchance thefe may be the Perfian and Turkifh Pigeons of Aldrovand, ajl over of a dusky or dark brown co- lour, excepting the Eyes which are fcarlet, the Feet which are of apalered, and the Bill, which (as he faith ) is yellow ; wherein they differ from ours, whofe Bills are black. Thenature of thefe birdsis fuch, that though carried far away they willre- turn {peedily thither, where either themfelves were: bred or brought up, or where they had hatcht and brought up Young. Of thiskind we faw in the Kings Aviary in St. Fames's Park, and at. Mr.Copes, an Embroiderer in Fewiz Street, Loxdox. More- - over, weread that the Ancients fometimes made ufe of Pigeons in fending Letters, as forexample, Hirtivs and Bruivs in the Siege of Modena, Hirtiws {ending a Dove to Brutus, and Brutws back again to Hirtiws, having, by meat laid in fome high places, in- ftructed thefe Pigeons, before fhut up in a dark place; and kept very hungry, to fly from one to another. | ley | 6. Facobines, called by the Low Dutch,Cappers, becaufe in the hinder part of the Head or Nape of the Neck certain feathers reflected upward encompafs the Head be- hind, almoft after-the fafhion of a Monks Hood, when he puts it back to a A é | Head. * Exolculentur. zZ.e,kifs them, The life of Pigeons. ORNITHOLOGY, Booxll. Head: Thefe are called Cyprus Pigeons by’ Aldrovand, and there are of them rough- footed. Aldrovandws hath fet forth three or four either Species or accidental varieties of this kind. Their Bill 1s fhort: The Irides of their Eyes ofa Pearl-colour, andthe Head ( as Mr. Cope told us )in all white. | 7. Turbits, of the meaning and original of which name I muft confefs my felf to be ignorant. They havea very fhort thick Bill like a Bulfinch : The crownof their Head is flat and deprefled: The feathers onthe Breaft reflected both ways. They are about the bignefs of the Facobines, or alittle bigger. 1 take thefeto bethe Candy or Indian Doves of Aldrovand, ‘tom.2. pac. 477.478. the Low Dutch Cortheke, = 80: Barbary-Pigeons, perchance the’ Candy-Dove of Aldrevand. The Bill is like that of the precedent. A broad circle of naked; tuberous, white fleth compafies the Eyes, asin the Carriers. The: Irides of the Eyesare white. My worthy Friend Mr. Philip Skippor, m a Letter tome ‘concerning tame Pigeons, writes, that the Eyes of this kind are red.. Perchancethe colour may vary in feveral birds. a1 9. Switers. I take thefe to be:thofe, which the fore-mentioned Hollander told Aldrovandys, that his Country-men called Draiers. Thefe do not only fhake their Wings as they fly: But alfo flying round about in a ring, efpecially over their: Fe- males, clap them fo ftrongly, that they make a greater found than two Battledores or other boards {truck one againft another.. Whence it comes to pafs that their quil- feathers are almoft always broken and fhattered ; and fometimes fo bad, that they cannot fly. Our Country-men diftinguith between Tumblers and Switers. + te. Tumblers, thefe are {mall, and of divers colours. They have {trange motions, turning themfelves backward over their Heads, and fhew like footbals in the Air, t1.. Helmets. In thefe the Head, Tail, and quil-feathers of the Wings are always of one colour, fometimes white, fometimes black, red, yellow, or blue; the reft of the body of another, different from that, whatever it be. Thefe are alfo called Helue by the Low Dutch, as Aldrovandus writes from the relation of the fore-menti- oned Dutchman. ; . 12. Light-horfemen. This is a baftard kind, of one Parent a Croppe, the other a Carrier, and fo they partake of both, as appears by the Wattles of their Bill, and their {wollenthroats. They arethe beft breeders of all, and will not lightly forfake any houfe to which they have been accuftomed. | 13. Baftard-bills..’ Which name why it is. impofed upon themI know not; unlefs perchance becaufe their Bills are neither long nor fhort, fo that it isnot certain to what Species they ought to be referred. They are bigger than Barbaries, havea fhort Bill and red Eyes 5 but are notall of the fame colour. 14. Turavers, having a tuft hanging down backward from their Head, parted likea horfes Main. ; 15. Finikins, like the precedent, but lefs. | 16. Mawmets, called (as I take it ) from Mahomet 5 perchance becaufebrought out of Turkey, notable for their great black Eyes, elfe liketo the Barbaries. 17. Spots, becaufe they have each intheir forehead, above their Bill a {pot :. Their Tail is of the {ame colour with the {pot, the reft of the body being white. The Younger Pigeons never tread the Females, but they “bill them firft, and that as often as they treadthem. The elder Doves bill only the firft time, the fecond they couple without billing. Aldrov. Oruithol. tovi.2.pag.363. | The Sex, efpecially of the tame Pigeons, is eafily known by their note or murmur, which in the Hens is very {mall, in the Males much deeper. Aviftotle, and out of him Pliny and Athezews write that it is proper or peculiar to Pigeons not to hold up their headsas they drink, like other birds, but to drink like Kine or Horfes by fucking without intermiffion. | Albertus {ets the twenticth year for the term of a Pigeons life. As for tame Pigeons ( faith Aldrovandws) a certain man of good credit toldme, that he had heard from his Father, who was much delighted in Pigeons, and other Birds, that he had kepta P;- geon two and twenty years, and. that all that time it conftantly bred, excepting the Ja{t fix months, which time, having left its Mate, it had chofena fingle life. Arz(fotle affigns forty years to the life of a Pigeon. Aldrov. Ornithol. ton.2. pag.370. \ Pigeons are far harder to concoct than Chickens, and yielda melancholy juyce. | They fay that the eating of Doves fleth is of force againft the Plague 5 infomuch that _ they who make it their conftant or ordinary food are {eldom feized by Peftilential * Or have weak Eyes. difeafes. Otherscommend it againft the Palfie and trembling: Others write, that itis of great ufe and advantage to them that are *‘dim-fighted. The flefh of young Pigeons | Boor I, ORX iTHOL OGY. a r ; 4s Pigeons is reftorative, and ufeful to recruit the ftrength of fuch asare getting up, or newly recovered from fome great ficknefs : Tous it feems tobe moft fayoury, and if we may ftand tothe verdi& of our Palate, comparable to the moft efteemed. Alive Pigeon cut afunder along the back-bone, and clapt hot upon the Head, mi- tigates fierce humours and difcufics melancholy fadnefs. Hence it is a molt proper medicine in the phrenfie, headach, melancholy, and gout, Schroed. Some add alfo in the Apoplexy. Our Phyficians ufeto apply Pigeons thus diflected to the foals of the Feet, in acute difeafes, in any great defect of {pirits or decay of ftrength, to fupport and refrefh the patient, that he may beable to grapple with, and matter the difeafe. For the vital fpirits of the Pigeon {till remaining in the hot flefh and bloud, do through the pores of the skin infinuate themfelves into the bloud of the fick perfon now dif-fpirited and ready to ftagnate, and induing it with new life and vigour, en- able it to perform its folemn and neceflary circuits. The hot blond dropt into the Eyes allays pain, and cures blear eyes, and difcufleth fuffufions and bloud-fhot, and cures green wounds. It properly {tops bloud that flows from the membranes of the brain; and mitigates the pains of the gout. Note 1. The bloud of the Cock-Pigeon is beft, aud that taken frou under the right Wing, ( becaufe it is of a hotter wature. ) « | ~ Note 2. The bloudyjuyce frowethe feathers of the Wings may be ufed for the other bloud, ancl it is beft frou the young Pigeon. The coat of the fromach dried and powdered is good again{t Dyfenteries. . 7 The Dungis very hot fromthe nitrous faculty ( wherewith it is indued ) and there- fore burns, difcufies, and makes the skin red by attra¢ting the bloud. ier Hence it 1s of common ufe in Cataplafms and Plafters that rubifie. Beaten, and fifted, and laid on with Water-crefs Seeds, it is good againft old difeafes: Such as are the Gout, Megrim, * Turn-fick, old Headach, and pains in the Sides, Colics, * Or dizzi- Apoplexies, Lethargy, cc. It difcufleth Strumacs, and other Tumours (laid on with *% Vetisn Barley-flour and Vinegar >) and cures the falling of the hair ( anointed ) and Colic (i Chyfters ) and difcuffeth defluxions on the knees ( applied with falt and oyl.) _ Inwardly,it breaks the Stone, and expels Urine. Give from a feruple to two {cru- ples. Schrod. out ot Galen and Ferneliws. Doves dung (as Crefcentienfis faith } is beft of all others for Plants and Seeds, - and may be fcattered when any thing is fown together with the Seed, or at any time afterwards: One Basket-ful thereof is worth a Cart-load of Sheeps dung. Out Country-men alfo are wont to fow Doves dung together with their grain. , §. TL. * A wild Pigeon of Si. Thomas his Ifland, Margegrav. T is of the bignefs and figure of our Country Pigeon, but its upper Bill hooked, ] the foremoft half being of a blue colour mixt witha little white and yellow; the hindmoft of afanguine. The Eyes are black, withacircle of blue. The wholebo- dy is covered with green feathers likea Parrot. The prime feathers of the Wingsare duskifh, as is alfo theend of the Tail. Under the vent it hath yellow feathers. , The Legs and Feet are of an elegant Saffron-colour, but the Claws dusky: §. IV. A Turtle-dove, Turtur: He Male, which we defevibed from Bill-point- to Tail-end was twelve inches , long: from tipto tip of the Wings extended twenty one broad: Its Bill flen- der, ftom the tip to the angles of the mouth almoft an inch long, of a dusky blue co- lour without, and red within : Its Tongue {mall and not divided: The Irides of its Eyes betweenred and yellow. A circle of naked red flefh encompafleth the Eyes as in many others of this kind. _ . ah ea | . ‘ _Its Feet were red 5 its Clawsblack its Toes divided to'the very bottom. Theinner fide of the middle Claw thinned into an edge. » ItsHead and the middle of its Back were blue of cinereous, of the colour of a common Pigeox. . The Shoulders and the Rump were of afordid red: The Breatt, and Belly white: The Throat tinétured witha lovely vinaceous colour. Each fide oe ere the 184. ORNCITHOLOGY, BooxIl, » 7 the Neck was adorned with a {pot of beautiful feathers, of ablack colour,with white tips. The exteriour quil-feathers of the Wings were dusky, the middle cinereous ; the interiour had theiredgesred.. The fecond row of Wing-feathers was afh-colou- red, theleffer rows black. The Tail was compofed of twelve feathers; of which the outmoft had both their tips and exteriour Webs white. In the fucceeding' the white part by degrees grew lefs and lefs, fo that the middlemoft had no white at all. The length of the Tail was four inches and an half. Its Tefticles were great, an inch long: Its Guts by meafure twenty fix inches : Its blind Guts very fhort. Its Crop great, in which we found Hemp-feed : Its Stomach or Gizzard flefhy. Above the {tomach the Gullet is dilated into a kind of bag, fet with papillary Glandules. ~ . §. V. re Tike Indian Turtle of Aldrov. lib. 15. cap.9. He Hen, excepting the Feet, which are red, and the Bill, which is black, asin ; the Cock, is all over white. But the Cock hath his Head, Neck, Breaft, Wings as far as the quill-feathers, and Back down to the Rump reddith, but of a much fainter colour thanth our common Turtle, and‘not at all potted. _Itsbignefsis almoft the fame, its note the fame: Its Billalfo like, but black. In its Eye isa moft manifeft difference : For-in this the Iris is of a moft lovely fhining Saffron, or rather {carlet colour, which in the common Turtle is only yellow. {_ Inthat we defcribed, the Irides of the Eyes were between red and yellow. ] | : The ring alfo is of a different colour; for in the Izdian Turtles it is flender, and black, and compafies the Neck round, whereas in the common ones it is more thanan inch broad, patti-coloured, and compaffes not the Neck. The longer feathers of the Wings, the Rump, and whole Tail are of a dusky colour, having: their thafts black, | and edges white. The Belly, efpecially near the vent, is yellow. The Feet red, * Ifuppofe he adorned with whitifh* tables. The Clawsare dusky, inclining to yellow. They feed recede upon Millet. ‘Thus far Aldrovandys, Of this fort of Bird we have {een’many kept by ding the {cales the curious in Aviaries and Cages. pee | | @ VI. * The Indian Turile or Conan of Nieremberg, the Picuipinima of Marggrave : Our leaft Barbados Turile. T isa little bigger than a Lark, Nierewberg faith, than a Sparrow; hath a {mall ] dusky [ black | Bul, like a Pigeons 5 black Eyes,with a golden Circle. The whole Head, the upper part of the Neck, theSides, Back, and Wings are covered with dark afh-coloured, or black and blue feathers, having black, femilunar borders. But the long feathers of its Wings, which are feen as it flies, are of ared colour, and black on one'fide, and in their tips. The Tail is of a good length, confifting of dusky afh- coloured feathers, yet fome of them are black, and have their exteriour half white. The feathers of the Belly are white, having cha ge black, of the figure of'a Crefcent. The Legs and Feet like thofe of other Doves, but whitifh. Thefe Pi- geons are good meat, and grow very fat. Nzeremberg adds, that the Head is little, the Bill little and black, the Neck fhort, the Legs red [ wherein it differs from Marg- graves bird, |] the Claws dusky and little. The Mexicans gave it its name from the colour of its Wings, and the noife it makes in flying; the Spaiards ( who call it a Turtle) from itsmurmuring voice, and the tafte and quality of its flefh, although it be much lefs than our common Tyrtle. - It cries bu, hu, affords good nourifhment, though fomewhat hard of concoion.:: It is found in Mountainous places, and alfo near fowns. It is native of the Country of Mexico, and very common’there. They fay, that it will curea womanof jealoufie, if you give it her boil’d to eat, fo that fhe knows not what fhe eats. There is alfo another fort of this Bird, every way likeit, ‘fave only that the body is fulvous and black, and the Head afh-coloured: Whence -fome call it T/apalcocotlz. oe ay “s ‘This Bird is either the fame with,or very like to our Jeaft Barbados Turtle,whichis of the bignefs of a Lark, being exactly equal to the figure we give of it, taken from the live bird. awl ivy §. VI. * - — =: ad a ¥ —— oo i £ Boox I. OR N IT HOLO GY. enn 185 | g. VIL. The Ring-Dove, Palumbus torquatus. “#9 Hat we defcribed weighed twenty ounces and anhalf. Its length from the tip of | the Bill to the ender the Tail was eighteen inches: Itsbreadth thirty. Its Bill yellowish, covered for fome {pace from the Head with a red or purplith skin, wherein are the Nofthrils. Above the Nofthrils is as 1t were a white Dandroof. The Tongue is fharp-pointed, not cloven, but channel’. The circle about the Pupil of theEye of a pale yellow. 3 The Feet were bare, of ared colour, as in other Pigeoxs. The outmoft Toebya © membrane joyned to the middlemoft as far as the firft joynt.. The Legs feathered al- moft down tothe foot. et ‘ The upper part of the Neck is adorned with afemicircular line of white, which they calla ring, and from whencethe Bird took its name [ Rizg-Dove.'] Both above and beneath this ring the Neck, as it is varioully objected to the light, appears of va- riouscolours. The HeadandBack are of adark afh-colour.. The lower part of the Neck, and upper part of the Breftare purplith, or red, with a certain mixtur@of-ci~. nereous.. The Belly of a light afh-colour, inclining to white. In the Cock: thefe co- lours aré deeper thanin the Hen. ° . | The quill-feathers in each Wing about twenty four, of which the fecond is the longeft: The tem foremoft or outmoft were black : The fecond, and fucceeding as far as the feventh, ‘had their utmoft edges white: Thereft of the hard feathers were of a dusky afh-colour. Atthebottom orrifeof the baftard Wing a white fpot tending downwards covered the ninth,tenth,eleventh,and twelfth quill-feathers. The Tail was feven incheslong, and made up of twelve feathers, the top or end, for two inches and an half, being black, the remaming part cinereous. The Liver was divided into two Lobes: It had no Gall-bladder, but a large Gall- channel to convey the Gall into the Guts. Thefe Birds in Winter-time’ company together, and fly in flocks: They build in trees, making their Nefts of a few flicks and {traws. . They feed upon Acorns, and alfo upon Corn,and Ivy and Holly berries. | | §. VIE The Stock- Dove or Wood-Pigeon, Oenas, five Vinago. 5 is as big or bigger than acomnion Pigeox. The Cock weighed fourteen ounces and an half, was from Bill to"Tail fourteen inches long, and between the tips of the Wings extended twenty fix broad.’ The colour and fhape of the body almoft the fame with that of acommon Pigeow: The Bill alfo like, and of equal length, of a pale red colour. The Nofthrils were great and prominent. The top of the Head eifiereous. The Neck covered with changeable feathers, which as they are varioully objected to thelight, appear of a purple or fhining green; no Silk likethem. The fore-part of the Breaft, the Shoulders and Wings are dafhed with a purplifh or red- wine colour, whenceit took thename [ Oevas. | The Wings, Shoulders, and middle of the Back are ofa dark afh-colour, the reft of the Back to the Tail of a paler. All the quil-feathers ( except the four or five outmoft, which are all over black, with their edges white ) have their lower part cinereous, and their upper black. The Tail is five inches long, madeup of twelve feathers,having their lower partscinereous, their upper for one third of their length black. - The nether fide of the body, ex- cepting the upper part of the Breaft, is all cinereous. The Wings clofed reach not to the end of the Tail. In both Wings are two black {pots, the one upon two or three quil-feathers next the body, the other upon two or three of the covert feathers incumbent upon thote quils: Both {pots are on the outfide the fhafts, and not far from the tips of the feathers. The twooutmolt feathers of the Tail havethe lower half of . their exteriour Vanes white. . The Feet are red, the Claws black: the Legs feathered down a little below the Knees. The blind Guts very fhort. It had ho Gall-bladder that we could finds a _ large Craw, full of Gromil feeds, Gc. Ithad amufculous Stomach, long Telticles 5 and a long Breaft-bone. . Bb §. 1X ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il, 1. § ate | * The Rock-Pigeon: His ( as Mr. Fobufor decribed it to us) hatha {mall body, afh-coloured,and red Legs. But thefe two laft notes are common to moft Pigeoxs. Perchance this may be the Columba Saxatilis of Aldrovand, called by the Bologuefe, Saffarolo. It is ( faith he }) bigger than the Stone-Pigeons of Varro, of a livid colour, having a red Bill, and is altogether wild. It is fometimestaken in the Territory of Bologya. 5 §. X. * The Dove called Livia by Gefner. T is infhape very like a Hoxfe-Dove, but a little lefs, having red Feet, a whitifh i] Bill, with fomething of Purple about the Nofthrils. The feathers invefting the body areall over cinercous: But theextreme feathers of the Tail are black, the mid- dle have fomething of red. The Neck above, and on the fides is covered with fea- thers partly purple, partly green, as they are diverfly expofed tothe light, fhining with this or that colour. The lower part of the Neck isof a colour compounded of cinereous and purple. The four longer feathers of the Wings are black, with fomewhat of red ; the leaft Wing-feathers are cinereous 5 the middle partly cinereous, partly black [in their ends] the laft of them towards the Back are reddith. The | length of this Bird from the Bill tothe end of the Tail was almoft fourteen inches. _ It differs from the Rivg-Dove in that it is much Jefs, and hath no white {pots about the Neck and in the Wings like that. This Bird, if it be different fromthe next above defcribed is to us unknown, as alfo to Aldrovandus, who borrows the figure and defcription of it of Gefuer. Cuar. XVI. Of Thrufbes in general. common to allare, A mean bignefs between Pigeons and Larks: A Bill of a moderate length and thicknefé, a little bending downwards: The Mouth yellow within-fide ; a long Tail: Promifcuous feeding upon Berries and Infecs. Mott of the Birds of this fort are canorous, and may be taught to. imitate mans voice, orfpeak: articulately. uit: i. This Gewus comprehends under it three Species, 1. Thrujhes ftrictly and properly fo called, having an afh-coloured Back, and a fpotted Breaft. 2.. Blackbirds, fo called from their colour... 3. Starlizgs, whofe characterifticis a broader and flatter or more | depreffed bill than that.of Thrujhes or Blackbirds, * The Thoth Ehat Latize Proverb, * Turdus malum {ibs ipfe cacat, fpoken of thofe who are the ve BS own caufe of their own deftruction, took its original from that ancient conceit, that the mifchief. *" parafitical Plant, called Mijelto, of the Berries whereof in old time Birdlime was wont to be made, {prang from the Seed voided by the Thrujh.. Miffelto ( faith Pliny) fow it howyou will, fprings not unlefs caft forth in the Excrements.of Birds, efpecially the Ring-Dove, aad Thruth. Such its nature, that unle{s ripened in the belly of Birdsit will not grow. But that Mifeltocomes not at all of {eed may be proved by many ar- guments, of which the principal is, that fometimes it grows on upright boughs, and onthe underfide or that refpeécting the earth. . He that defires further information * Tom, 2p.g8g. Concerning this matter may confult * Aldrovandus and Scaliger. ! ; Thereare four kinds of Thrafhes common and well known in. England: Two abide all the year, and build withus, viz. 1. The Mifel-bird or Shrite. 2. The Mavis ot Song-Thrufh Two are Birds of paflage, coming in the Autumn, continuing here all Winter, and going away nextSpring, never breeding with us, to wit, 1. The Fel- defare: 2, The Redwing. . Of Blackbirds or Ouzels England breeds and feeds three kinds, r. The common Blackbird; 2. The Ring-Ouzels 3. The Water-Onzel 3 ef ; whic Urs this title we comprehend alfo Blackbirds and Starlings. The marks BookIL ORNITHOLOGY: which we treat in another place, among the Pifcivorous Land-birds. The Rock- Onzel of Darby/hire is, if 1 miftake not, the Female of the Ring-Ouzel, although it hath not the leaft fhadow or appearance of aring. We know but one fort of Stare; . The Stone-Ouzel or greater Redftart,as al{o the Solitary Sparrow, and Witwal, which we have feen beyond Seas, are {trangers and unknown to England. To this Tribe we have {ubjoyned fome exotic Birds out of Maergeravivs, for their agreement in bignefs or colour, ec. Cuar. XVII Thrufhes properly fo called, having a [potted Breaft. Gs al The Maffel-bird or Shrite 5 rhe vilcivorus major. ° | His Bird is the biggeft of this kind, weighing four ounces and an ne Its : length from the tip of the Bill totheend of the Tail waseleven inches. Its breadth eighteen. , Its Bill is ftreight, like a Blackbirds, or for the bignefs, a littlefhorter : The upper Chap dusky, fomewhat longer than the lower: The Tongue hard, channel'd and flit at thé tip, horny, and pellucid: The infide of the Mouth is yellow : The Nofthrils great, almoft of an Oval figure: The Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured. The Legs and Feet yellowifh ; the Claws black. The outer fore-toe fticks to the middlemoft as faras the firftjoynt, no membrane intervening. The Heads ofa dusky cinereous, or lead-colour, the middle part of each feather being blacker... The Back, Tail, and Rump have fome mixture of yellow. In Summer it changes colour, and becomes more cinereous. [ The colour of the Head, Back, Wings, and Tail, ina word of — the whole upper fide feemed to meto approach to that of Spawifh Olives pickled while yetimmature, {uch as are ufually brought over tous. | Theunderfide of the body from the Bill to the Tail is fpeckled with pretty great blackifh {pots. The upper part of the Breaft, the Sides, and feathers under the Tail are yellow, the middle of the Belly white. | The number of quill-feathers in each Wing is eighteen, whereof the fecond, being the longeft, isby meafure fiveinches. The tips ofthe feathers next incumbent on the quills are white. The Tail is four inches and an half long, and made up of twelve equal feathers. . It hath no Craw : The Gizzard is not very thick or flefhy ; therein we found Mag- gots, Caterpillars, @c. though the Bird waskilled in January. The Guts were great, but fhort: The blind Guts very little andfhort. It had a pale-coloured Liver, and a Gall bladder. | | Sitting wpon thegops of high trees, as Oaks, Elms, cc. inthe Spring time it fings rarely well, It abides the year round with us in Eygland, and breeds here. Itisa eee Bird, accompanying and flying only with itsMate. It is the worft meat of all its kind. | | In Winter fime it feeds much upon Hol/y-berries. And ( which is {trange )the birds of thiskind are obferved each to take poffeflion of histree, and to be always near it, and notto permit other birds to feed on it, but to beat and drive them away : Which quality of theirs is the occafion that they are eafily taken. A late Englith Writer faith, that this bird makes as large a Neft as a Fay, and lays as big anEgg: Buildscommonly with rotten twigs the outfide of his Neft, the infide - with dead Grafs, Hay, or Mof, that he pulls’ from trees. It feldom lays above five Eggs, but four moft commonly, breeds but twicea year, and hath three young ones, never above four, that I could finds She feeds all her young ones-with Mi/elto ber- ries, ‘and nothing elfe asI could perceive, having diligently watched them for two orthree hourstogether. This can hardly beliewe, for that the old ones feed upon other berries paces eters For Convulfions or the Falling ficknefs,kill thisbird,dry him to a powder; takethe quantity of a penny weight every morning in fix {poonfuls of black Cherry water, or the diftilled water of Mz/elro-berries. The reafon of this conceit is, becaufe this bird feeds upon Mifelto, which isan approved remedy for the a A Bb 2 Epilepfie. §. II. 188 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. | §. IL math The Mavis, Throftle, or Soug-thrufh. Turdus fimpliciter dicus {eu vifcivorus minor, Tis called vifcivorous, not becaufeits feeds upon Miffelio-berries, but becaufe itis [ like the Miffel-bird. It is leffer than the F. zeldfare, {carce bigger than the Red- wing, of three ounces weight ; from the point of the Bill to theend of the Tail or the Feet, ( for all isone } nine incheslong. The Bill isan inch long, of a dusky colour. The Tongue, viewing it attentively, appears tobe a little doven: The Mouth within- fideis yellow: The [rides of the Eyeshazel-coloured. In the colour and fpots of the Breaft and Belly it agrees with the Miffel-bird: For the fpotsare dusky ; theBreaft yellowifh 5 the Belly white. The upper furface of the body isall over dusky, with a mixture of yellow in the Wings. [ I fhould rather callthis an Olive-colour, from its likenefs to that of unripe pickled Olizes, fuchas are brought over to usout of Spaiz. ] »: ThisBird for its outward {hape and colour is fo like the Redwing that they are hard to be diftinguifhed: Only this hath more and greater {pots on the Breaft and Belly. Aldrovandws tells us, that it is proper to this kind to befpotted about the Eyes. The lefler feathers, covering the Wings underneath, are of a yellowifh red colour : The lower covert-feathers have yellow tips. The quill-feathers in each Wing are in num- ber eighteen. The Tail is three inches and an half long, and made up of twelve feathers. . . : The Legs and Feet are of a lightbrown or dusky: The foals of the Feet yellow 5 The exteriour toe grows to the middle one as far as the firft joynt. It hatha Gall- bladder 5 theStomach or Gizzard not fo thick and flefhy as in other birds of this Tribe. Its feeding is rather upon Infects than berries: It eats alfo fhell-fnails, which are by moft Naturalifts reckoned among Infects. The Sex cannot be known by the colour. Itabidesallthe year, and breeds with usin Exgland. It builds its Neft out- wardly of earth, mofs, and {traws, and within dawbs it with clay, laying itsEggs and. Young upon the bare clay it lays at one fitting five or fix Eggs of a bluith green co- lour, {peckled witha few {mall black {pots, thin-fet. In the Spring time it fits upon trees and fings moft fweetly. Itis a {olitary bird4ike the Shrite. Butit buildsrather in hedges than high trees. Moreover, itis a filly bird, and eafily taken. iN For the delicate tafte of its flefh it is by all highly and defervedly commended. If we ftand to Martialsjudgment, the Thrujh is the beft meat of all birds: Inter aves Turdws, quid me jucice veruma eft, Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus. This (faith a late Englith Writer )isa rare Song-bird, as well for the great variety of his notes, as hislong continuance in fong [ at Jeaft nine months in the year. ] They breed commonly thrice a year, in April, May, and fume, but the firft birds prove ufu- ally the beft. “They may be taken in the Neft at fourteen days old or fooner, mutt be kept warm and neat,not fuffering them to fit upon their dung if it happen to fall into the Neft. Whenthey are young you mutt feed them withraw meat, and fome bread mixt and chopt together, with {ome bruifed Hemp, wet their bread and mix it with their meat. When they are well feathered, put them ina large Cage, with twoor three Perches init, and dry Mofs at the bottom; and by degrees you may give them no flefh at all, but only bread and hemp-feed. Give them freth water twice a Week, to bathe themfelves,otherwife they will not thrive. Ifhe be not clean kept he is fubjec& tothe Cramp, like other finging birds. 3 §. Il. The Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris. T weighs well nigh four ounces. _ Its length from the point of the Bill to the end & of the Fail, or utmoft Claws ( for they are equally extended ) 1s ten inches and an half: Jes breadth, the Wings being f{pread, feventeen. The Bill is an inch long, like a Blackbirds, yellow fave the tip, which is black: The Bills of the Hens or young birds are darker and lefs yellow, as in Blackbirds; the Tongue is a sony, channe Bor ll. OMNITHOLOGH channel’'d in the middle. The edges of the Eye-lids being yellow make a yel- low circle round the Eye. The Nofthrils are great. In the lower part of ‘the nictating membrane is a black fpot. The Ears are large : The Feet black, but the Claws more: The outer Toe is joyned immediately to the middle one as far as the firft joynt. . <- _ Itfeems to befomewhat bigger than a Blackbird, and the fecond in bigne& of this kind, or next to the Miffel-bird. ) The Head, Neck, and Rump are afh-coloured, [ m fome of a deep blue. ] The crown of the Head {prinkled with black {pots [ which yetin fome birds are wanting.] The Back, Shoulders, and covert feathers of the Wings are of a dark red or Chef- nut-colours the middle parts of the feathers being black. The Throat and upper ‘part of the Breaft are yellow, {potted with black, the black {pots taking up the mid- dle parts of the feathers. The bottom of the. Breaft and Belly are white, and lefs {potted. The covert-feathers of the fides under the ends of the Wings are white : Thence a red or yellow line feparates the white fromthe black. On each Cheek it hath a black {troak reaching from the Bill tothe Eyes. «It hath alfo on both fides, at the bottom of the Neck, juft by the fetting on of the Wings, a black fpot. The number of quil-feathers, as in the reft, is eighteen, the outmoft of which are black, with white edges; the inner have fomething of red, The covert-feathers of the in- fide of the Wings are white. The Tail is four inches and an half long, compofed of twelve feathers, of a dark blue orblackifh colour : Only the tips of the outmoft fea- thers are white, and the edges of the middlemoft afh-coloured. The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and furnifhed” with its Gall-bladder: The Mutcles of the Gizzard are not very thick. I found no footltep of the paflage for conveying the Gall into the Guts. Thefe Birds fly in flocks together with Stares and Redwings.. They fhift places ac- cording tothe feafonsof the year... About the beginning of Autumn come over in- credible flights of them into Ezeland, which {tay withusall Winter,and in the Spring fly all back again, not one bird remaining ; infomuch that ¢ as far as ever I could hear) there was never feen young Fieldfare or Redwing, or fo muchas a Nett of thofe birds with us in Exgland. Whither they betake themfelves, or where they breed is not to us perfectly known: It is by fome reported, that they ‘breed in Bohemia; others tell us with muchconfidence, in Sweden. They have ahoarfe chattering note, not much unlike a Magpie; by reafon the fides of the fiffure in the Palate are rough; as we conjecture. é i This kind of Thrufh ( {faith Gefzer ) loves to feed upon Berries of all forts, efpeci- ally thofe of Juniper. With us in Exgland they are very greedy of Holly-berries. This bird 1s accounted very good meat, and preferred far before the Mifel-bird. In open weather they feed upon Worms, and other Infects, lying much upon Meadows and Pafture-grounds. Q. IV. The Redwing, Swinepipe, or Wind-thrufh, Turdus Iiacus five Wasaut Tylas. y Uisrather lefs than the Mavis ; not exceeding two ourtces and an half in weight. | Its length from Bill-point to Tail-end is eight inches and an half: Its Bill an inch: long; the upper Mandible dusky,the lower partly dusky, partly yellow. Its Tongue hard and rough, the tip being divided into many Filaments. The Mouth withinfide is yellow: The Irides of theEyes of adark hazet colour. The Legs and Feet pale: The outer Toe joyned to the middle below, as inthe reft of thiskind. | The upper fide of the body is of the fame colour with that of the Mavis: The Breaflnot{o much fpotted. Thecovert-feathersof the underfide of the Wings, and of the fides of the body under the Wings, which in the Mzv#' are yellow, im this _kind are of ared Orange-colour, by which mark it is chiefly diftinguifhed from it. The belly is white, asi the Fieldfare: The Throat and Breft yellowith, {potted with dusky {pots, which take up the middle parts of the feathers. ‘The fides of the Breaft and Belly are in like manner fpotted. The fpots are lefi, but thicker {et than in the Mavis. Above the Eyes 1s along {pot or line of a clay ‘colour, reaching from the Eyes to the hinder part of the Head. . | | The numberof quill-feathers in edch Wing, as iii the reft of thiskind, and almofE . all fmall birds, is eighteen : Thefe are more red or chefinit-coloured thanthe reft es 7 the 189 . ORNITHOLOGY, Boox ll, the feathers: They differ alfo in divers birds; for in fome-the edges of the outmioft feathers are white, which are not{o in others. The tips of the two inmoft quill-fea- thers,as alfo of the fecond row of feathers, beginning from the tenth, are white, The Tailis three inches and an half long, confifting of twelve feathers. ' The Gizzard like thofe of the precedent : The blind Guts in like manner very fhort. We found inthis fome remainder of the channel conveying the Yolk into the Guts. The Liveris large for the bulk of the body, and hath its Gall-bladder appendant. In the Stomach diflected we found divers forts of Infects, Snails, ec. It comes tous from beyond Seas, as the Fieldfare, with which it flies in company, obferving the fame times of coming and returning. Whither it goes, and’ where it breeds is not to uscertainly known: Perchance inthe Mountainous parts of Bohewia or Hungaria, as Gefuer faith he had heard. Its flefh by reafon of its bitternefs is lefs efteemed. Dr. Charleton thinks they are called in Exglifh, Wind-Thrufhes, becaufe about the beginuing of Winter, when {trong Winds blow, ‘by which perchance they are affi- {ted in their paflage, they come flying over to us ftom beyond Seas. Irather think, we borrowed that name from the Germans, who call this bird Wyntroftel, that is, Vineyard Thrufhes, becaufe, as Beloviws reports, they feed upon Grapes, and are very noifom to the Vineyards: So that they are by miftake called Wind-Thrujkes, their true _name being Wine-Thrufhes. d. V. * The Brafilian Tamatia of Margerave. His Bird is of the bignefs of a Lark or {mall Woodpecker, all {potted like a Thro- 8 fileor Mavis : On the Belly it hath white feathers, with dusky fpots. It is yellow under the Throat, asalfoabout the Neck.. Itehath a long, red Bill, a little: dusky above, the upper Chap fomewhat longer thanthenether. Abovethe Nofthrils . {tand up certain flender feathers like hairs or briftles. It hath four Toes in each foot, and:crooked Claws. Its Head is bigger than the proportion of the body requires, as alfo itsBill. Not knowing better whither to refer this bird, for itsagreement with Threfhes in bignefsand colour, I have placed it here. Cuar. XVIII. Birds of the Thrufh-kind, that are black of colour. @ I. The common Blackbird, Merula vulgaris. T is little, or nothing lefs than a Fieldfare ; of four ounces weight; nine inches 1 andan halflong from the tip of the Bill to the Claws, to the end of the Tail ten and an half, andthe Cock eleven. ; The Bill is aninch long,inthe Cock of a deep yellow 5 inthe Henthe tip and upper partisblack. The Mouth in both Sexesis yellow within. The Bill inyoung Cock- birds is black, and turns not perfectly yellow till they be neara year old. The cir- cumference of the Eye-lids is alfo yellow. The Cock, after he hath mewed his chicken feathers, becomes cole-black 3 the Hen and young Cock-birds are rather brown, or of a dark ruffet than black: Their Breafts have fomething of reddifh, and their Bellies of afh-colour. TheCocks while young cannot be diftinguifhed from the Hens by their colour. ., .. Thenumber of quill-feathers in each Wing is eighteen, of which the fourthis the longeft. The Tail is four inches and an half long, made up of twelve feathers of equal length fave the two outmoft, which are {omewhpt fhorter than the reft. The Feet are black : The outmoft fore-toe and the back-toe are equal: And th outmoft Toe joyned to the middlemoft at bottom, as inthe reft of this kind. The Liver is divided into two Lobes,and hath its Gall-bladder’annexed. The Giz- zard not very flefhy nor thick,as inthe reft. It feeds promifcuoufly upon Berries and Infects. Tcould not find any remainder of the Yolk-channel in the Guts. : , The = a ey a Boos I, ORNITHOLOGY. The Cocks in this kind are very canorous, whiftling and finging very pleafantly all the Spring and Summer-time, only their noteistoo loud and fhrill near hand. The Hen lays four or five Eggs, feldom more at once, of a bluifh green colour, full of dusky {pots and lines. | | pun, Onthe Alps, the Appennine, and other high Mountains are fometime found birds of this kind allover white. We ourfelves {aw onein a Poulterers Shop at Rome parti- coloured of blackand white. But this we look upon as accidental: Either the cold- nefs of the Region, or the conftant intuition of Snow effecting this alteration of co- lour,asin Crows, Ravens, &c. So that wedo not think a white Blackb7rd ( pardon the feeming contradiction i adjecfo ) to differ {pecifically froma black one. The Blackbird builds her Neft very artificially withoutfide of Mofs, flender twigs, bents, and fibresof roots, cemented and joyned together with Clay inftead of Glue, dawbing it alfo allover withinfide with Clay : Yet doth fhe not lay her Eggs upon the bare Clay, like the Mavys, but lines it with a covering of {mall {traws, bents; “hair, or other foft matter, upon which the lays her Eggs, both that they might be more fecure, and in lefs danger of breaking, and alfo that her Young might lie fofter and warmer. The Blackbird loves to wath it felf, and prune its feathers with its Bill. Ie fliesalfo fingly for the moft part: Whence it took the name Merula in Latine, being (as Fe- _ ftws and Varro tellus ) fo called becaufe it flies and feeds Mera, that is, folitary or fingly. | The fieth of Blackbirdsis accounted good meat, yea, fome prefer it before that of the Thrafb. But Palate-men, and {uch as are reels difcerning of taftes, are of ano- ther opinion. §. UL. The folitary Sparrow. Meee with aFemaleof thiskind at Florence in Italy, 1 thus defcribed it. tia | of the bignefs of a Blackbird, and for fhape of body very like it, nor much different in colour. , : ey The Head and Neck were thicker than to anfwer the proportion of the body. The top of the Head was of a dark afh-colour. The Back was of a deep blue, ie moit black, only the extreme edges of the feathers were whitifh. The Shoulders andcovert-feathers of the Wings were of the fame colour. Each Wing had eighteen quill-feathers, befides a little fhort one outmoft, all dusky, but {ome had white tips. The fecond row of Wing-feathers had alfo white tips. The Tail was about four inches long, and compofed of twelve black fedthers. The underfide ofthe Body Breaft, Belly, and Thighs, was all variegated with black, cinereous, and whitifh tran{verfe waved lines, fo thatin colour it refembled a Cuchow. Under the Throat, and in the upper part of the Breaft no afh-colour appeared, and the white lines had fomething of redmingled with them. The Bill was ftreight, blackith, rather longer thana Thrujhes Bill, asalfo alittle thicker and ftronger. The Legs fhort and black ; The Feetand Claws black. The Legs, Feet, ahd Claws.in thisfort feemed tome lef- fer than in thereft of the Thrufh-kind. ‘The Mouth within was yellow, the ftomach filled with Grapes. The Cocks are much more beautiful, all over of a fhining blue; or bluifh purple colour, as Aldrovandus witnefleth, and aswealfoiobferved in a Cock we faw at Rome, whofe Back efpecially was of a moft lovely gliftering dark purple colour. _ Itis wont to fit alone on the tops of ancient Edifices and Roofs of Churches, fing- ing moft fweetly, efpecially.in the Morning, whence it took itsname, being fuppofed to be the bird fpoken of, Pfalz 162.7. It builds alfo in the like places, for which Oliva is my Author. For the excellency of its finging it is highly prized in Italy, fpecially, at Gexua and Milaz. Tt hath a whiftling note likea Pipe, and may eafily be taught to'lmitate mans Voice. 9. Tif. 192 % Oraithol. hn6.c. 8, * Cap.de Ca- rilede ORNITHOLOGY Booxil. | §. il. * The Blue-bird of Bellonius, Pafleri folitario congener, + Aldrov. Here is alfo ¢ faith Gefver ) another bird akin to the folitary Sparrow, of the [ Blackbird kind, frequenting rocky places, whence by the Grecians it is called Petrocoffypkus, (that is,the Rock-Ouzel or Blackbird] by our Country-men Steimpotele. efteemed in like manner for its finging. I! another place he thus difcourfes concern. ing thefame bird: This ( vz. which * BeZoniws, whofe words he had cited, calls Merula torquata, 7. e.Ring-Ouzel ) feemsto be the very fame with that bird of which Raphael Seilleriws of Augsburg lately wrote to mein thefe words. The bird which fromits blue colour the Germans call Blanvogel is of the bignefs of a Stare, hath his Breaft, Loins, and Neckof a lovely blue, yet darker than the Kizefifher. The Back and Wings arefomewhat black, yet f{hewing fomething of blue. The Bill is aninch and half long, under the Nofthrils dusky, the upper Chap being hooked, and co- vering the nether, for the moft part. The.Feet are divided, as in other birds. It lives in the higheft parts of the Alps, neither is it contented to abide in the tops of the Mountains, but chufes the moft rocky and craggy places, and {ich as are covered with Snow, neither do we know certainly that it is found in any other place than the Mountains about the River Athefis, efpecially near the City of Infpruck, For this caufe it ishad in great account even by the Inhabitants themfelves of thofe places, and isfedwith fach meat as men ufually eat, and fuch as is ufually given to Blackbirds and Thrufies defigned for fowling. It fpeaks with an articulate voice very pleafant and various 3 and is it felf fo docile, and obferves things fo diligently, that it will expres moft things by fome articulate found. Being awakened at Midnight, and called up- on by aby-ftander, asif it were bidden, it will fing witha clear andloud note. Like other birds, it aims at mens Eyes, becaufe feeing in them, as in aLooking-glafs, its ownimage, it isaffected witha defireof its like, and thinks to joyn it felf in compa- ny withit. Beforethe Autumn, at what time other birds fit, and are bufie in bring- ing up their Young, together with its colour it changeth alfo its voice. Its colour about the beginning of Winter of blue becomes black, which about the beginning of next Spring itchanges again into itsownnaturalblue. Being fully fledg’d, and once got out of the Neft, anda little accuftomed to flying, 1t cannot any more (asall the Fowlers affirm ) by any allurement or deceit be enticedand taken, fo naturally crafty ‘itis. It makes its Neftindeep holes in very high and unacceflible folitudes, having * Lib. v.Obferv. fap, U1. | found a fecure place, to which it may fafely commit it felf andits Young. And by its cunning dothnot only remove it from the acecfs of men by placing it on the highelt ridges of the Mountains, but alfo hideit in deep Caverns fromthe Chaw-o7s, and other wild beafts, and thereit feeds three or four Young with worms, till it brings them out of the Neft, and turns them loofe to fhift for themfelves. Now the Fowlers having either by chance, or by lyingin wait, found out the place, taking with thema long, round, {mooth ftilt or flake, made of a fingular piece of wood, hard to be found ( fuch asthe climbersof Rocks and: huntérs of Chamois are wont to make ufé of to affift them in getting up the crags and cliffs of Rocks ) mount up there where you would not think it poffible for them to find room to fet one foot. And toomit no- nothing, they wrap their heads with cloth, covering their faces fo far that they may fee fide-ways, to avoid dizzinefs; and this they do partly to fence them againft the old birds, partly, and chiefly ( this being the true caufe of their fo doing ) to hin- der their profpect any ways but juft forward, to fee where they are to pitch their {take, or clap on their hands. So at length, not without extreme toil and danger, they arrive at the Neft, which with that long pole or ftake I mentioned they draw up out of the deep hole where it was placed, and. carry away with them, cherifhing, and bringing the Young up at their own houfes: And afterwards either fell them dear, or prefent themto Gentlemenand great perfons of their knowledge. Thus far Seilerius. 1 fafpect that this very bird, which Gefwer calls Blanvogel, is the {fame which about Chur in the Grifons Country and elfewhere is called Sverotele, or near akin to it. ie * Bellowius, who thinks this bird to be the €yazws or ( as Gaza tranflates it the Carulews of Ariftotle, writes thereof in this manner. That bird which Ariftotle calls Cyanws, Pliny, Caruleus, becaufe it haunts among the Rocks of the highMoun- tains, and 1s like a Blackbird, is now by the Grecians commonly called Petrocoffypho, that a 4 Boox IL, ORNITHOLOGY, 192 pe eR, <5, ee a Le | as a etenacatitien,* thatis, the Rock-Ovzel. It islefler than a Blackbird, and blueiall over, kept in Cages, and highly efteemed for its finging. Its voice is the fame with the Blackbirds! It hath no French name,becaufe it is not found in Fraxce,nor yet in Italy, unlefs brought thither in Cages. Jt is fometimes taken out of the Neft to. be taught fo {peak arti- -culately, *In another place, where he alfo treats profefledly of this bird, adding a * Lib.6. de ‘figure of it; although ( faith he’) wecall the bird by Ariftotle entitled Cyanus, by 4%!:*%.76 Gazarendred Carulews, In French Merle blew, yet we donot this as if it were known to France; but becaufe of the Countrimen of Epidaurws, who ule divers Idioms; fome who fpeak Italian callit,* Merlo biavo, others who {peak Greek, Petrocoffypho, * rhe bint others who {peak Dalmatic callit fimply, Merle. Kept ina Cage it fings more {weets 9#¢- ly even than a Blackbird. For which reafon the Countrimen of [dyricum, who live ~ among the Rocks, take them out of the Nefts, and carry them to the Cities to fel], It is not found in France, unlefs brought in from abroad. It builds in the tops of Mountains, as we obferved in Candy, Citharea, Corcyra, Zacynthws, and Exbea, now commonly called Negroponte. Ariftotle alfo in the fore-quoted place making mention of it, faith it was commonly feen among the Rocks inSeyros. Ariftotle com- pofing his Hiftory of Animalsat Athens, fent abroad men through divers Countries to {earch out all kinds of living Creatures: In Scyros the Mountains are cragged, with many Rocks. Butto make a brief, compendious defcription of this bird, weneed but imagine a {mall Blackbird of a blue colour 5 for juft fuch a one is this bird. It is full of tongue, and feldom defcends into the plainCountry. It breeds for the moft part five Young, and never more. It affords as good and better nourifhment than a Blackbird, flies fwifter, and ufes the fame food. All this out of BeYonius; whom Aldrovandys pronounces miftaken, in that he thought this bird to be the Cyanws of Ariftotle. Himfelf, with Ge/zer, deeming the Cyazus of Ariftotle to be of the Wood- pecker kind: Which how he proves fee in this place. | Turner conjectures the Cerulews of Ariftotle to bethat bird whichis called in Exegli/h; aClot-bird, a Swatch, an Arling, a Stonecheck,and in High Dutch, Ein Brechvogel. This he faith in Ezgland breeds in Coney-burrows, and under ftones, and appears not in Winter. The Evxglifh names and place of building argue Turzer to have meant the Soe Ocuzanthe or White-tail., which is.a far different bird from the Ceruleys of CLOTHS. ; : , For my part, to{peak freely what Ithink, I judge the Blawvogel of Gefzer to bethe very fame bird with the folstary Sparrows; but the Cerulews of Belonius to bea bird | prcitically different, and which I have not yet feenalive, though Ihave often {een its picture. Sac Nt §.. IV. The Indian Mockbird, Cxruleus Indicus. W* faw this Bird dried in Tradefcants Cabinet: It is of the bignefs of a com- mon Lark; hath a ftreight fharp Bill, a long Tail: And is all over of a blue colour. Upon fecond thoughts, however Trede/cant might put the Epithete of Indi anuponthis bird, I judge it to be no other than the Gerulews or Blue Onzel of Belloniws, de{cribed in the precedent Article. §. Vv. * Aldovandus his Brafilian Merula, Book 16. Chap. 16. OS al figures this bird among the Merule, induced only by this reafon, that thofe who bring it out of Brafilinto Europe call it,the Brafilian Blackbird. Where- fore feeing he {peaks nothing concerning the nature of the Bird, and it is alike un- known to me, I alfo adjoyn it to the Merwlz, although in the fhortnefs, or rather crookedne(s, of its Bill it differs much from them: ‘Fhofe ( faith Beonixs) who trade in Countries newly difcovered, bring back thence fuch ftrange rarittes as they think will fell dear with us here : But becaufe they cannot bring the birds themfelves alive in Cages, therefore they flay off the skins of firch as aremore beautiful than the reft, asthisis, and bringing them over make a great gain of the fale of them 5 efpeci- ally of this which they call, the Brafilian Blackbird 3 though. in bignefs it differs - from a Blackbird. The colour of the whole body, except the Tail and Wings,which Ce are 194 of its Bill. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. are black; is{o deep [ perchance by the word. itensé he may mean bright ] a red, that it exceeds all other rednefles. The Tail is long 5 the Feet and Legs black; The Bill fhort, asin a Sparrow. ‘The feathers are red to the very bottom, —That which Aldrovandws defcribes;. perchance from a picture, was in fome things different from Bellonius his bird. For, faithhe, the Wings are not all over black, but all the upper feathers by the fhoulders of a deep red. Next to them are fome black ones, then red ones again; the fub{equent, vz. all the great feathers, being black, asis alfothe Tail. The Billalfo is not fofhort as in Sparrows, yet thick, and remarkably crooked, without of a dusky colour, within yellow, as I conje@ure fromthe colour of the” corners of the mouth[riéf#s.] Moreover,the Feet are not black,but ofan afh-colour, only alittle dusky, being great forthe proportion of the Legs : The Claws hort, but crooked, of the fame colour. | We have feen in Tradefcants Cabinet a red Indian bird dried, of the bignefs almoft of a Mavis, havinga long Tail, which perchanceis the fame with the bird in this Ar- ticle defcribed. : ; y. VI * The Rofé or Carnation-coloured Ouxel of Aldrov. lib.16,cap.15. His bird our Fowlers call, the Sea-Starling. It is feen fometimes in our fields, and is much among dung-heaps. To me it feems rather to be a kind of Ouzel [ Merwla | than Starling. For a Starling is {potted, which this isnot. It is fomewhat lefs than a Blackbird, hath its Back, Breaft, and Wings above of a Rofe or Carnati- on colour, its Head tufted, its Wings and Tail black, the prime feathers being near a Chefnut colour: The Bill next the Head black, elfe of a flefh colour : The Feet of a deep yellow or Saffron-colour. » The Cock in this kind is of a morelively and lovely colour. The head of the Hen is in colour like to the Cocks, but the Neck, Wings, and Tail notfo black as his. ‘They become very fat, and areaccounted good meat. | We havenot as yet feen this bird, neither do we remember to have elfewhere read or heard any thing of it. yi v i §. VII. nM ap iS iti ; \ The red-breafted Indian Blackbird, perchance the Jacapu of Margerave. ‘ " 7 E faw the Cafe of this bird in Tradefcants Cabinet. It was of the bignefs and fhape of a Blackbird, as far asI could judge by thedried skin. ‘Thecolour of the whole upper fide wasblack ; only the edges of the feathers about the Rump were afh-coloured. The Breaft was of a {carlet colour: The Bill like a Blackbirds > The Tail alfo long,and likea Blackbirds. woe.) iw j - take this to be the fame bird, which Marggrave defcribes under the title of Facapu of the Brafilians, though he attributéte it only the bignefs of a Lark, It hath ( faith he ) a long Tail, fhorter Wings, fhort and black Legs, with fharp Claws on the four toes: A Billa little crooked and black, half aninchlong. The whole body is cove- red with fhining black featherss, yet underthe Throat {pots of a Vermilion colour are mingled with the black. This bird differs. from ours in its {malnefs, and the fhortnefs seer Vil. The Ring-Ouzel, Merula torquata. uJ WT is like, and equalto, or fomewhat bigger than the common Blackbird : From Bill ] to Tail eleven inches long, to the end of the Feet ten anda quarter; the Wings extended were by meafure feventeen inches. The Bill more than an inch long, of a dark dusky orblackifh colour. The'mouth yellow withinfide: The Tongue rough. The Irides of the Eyes areof a dark hazel colour: The Legsand Feet dusky. The. outer Toeis joyned to the middle as far as tothe firft joynt. The colour of the up- per fideof the bodyisadark brown, or rufiet, inclining to black. The feathers co- vering the Breaft and Belly are marked with along whitifh {pot down me thaft, | | aving ORNITHOLOGY. having alfo white edges. The Ring or Collar is below the Throat, juft above the Breaft, of a white colour, an inch broad, of the form of a Crefcent, the horns end- ing at the fidesof the Neck. a : el Dale Ithath eighteen quil-feathers in each Wing ; twelve in the Tail, the outmoft being a little fhorter than the reft 5 four inches long. ~ ‘The exteriour feathers of the Tailare blacker than the middlemoft. The {mall feathers under the Wings whitith.. [ In a bird that I defcribed at Rome the edges of the prime feathers of the Wings, as alfo of the covert-feathers of the Head and Wings were cinereous. The ring alfo was not white, but afh-coloured. I ftppofe ‘this was either a young~bird, or a _ Hen. “Ss . It ibe a large Gall,and a rotind Spleen:In the Stomach we found Infects,and Berries like to Currans. Thefe Birds are common in the Alps in Rhetia and Switzerland : They are alfo found in the mountainous parts of Derbyshire, Torkshiré; and ellewhere inthe North of England. ; ’ : They fay that the Female of this kind hath no ring: Whence I perfwade my felf that the bird which I fometimes defcribed for the Meruzla Saxatilis or Mowtana, that is, the Rock-Ouzel of Gefner, p.584. wasno other than a Hew Ring-Ounzel. « It neatly refembles the common Blackbird in bignel3, figure, and colour 3 yet is iri {ome things manifeftly different 5 oi. it isa thought bigger, hath a longer body, and not fo darka colour. Itslength from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail wasten imches and an half, tothe end of the Claws nine and an half: Its breadth one footand five inches: Its weight three ounces and two drachms. The top of the Head, the Shoulders, Back, Wings, and Tail} inaword, the whole upper fide was of a dark brown dr dusky colour,» The RN ee ineach Wing eighteeti. The Tail was four inches and an halflong, ft forked, black, made up of twelve fea- thers. The underfide, viz. the Breaft, Belly, Sides, Thighs, and under-coverts of the Wings, particoloured of brown and ‘white, or rather cinereouss the middle part of each feather being brown, and the borders round about cinereous. | Its Bill is every way like the common Blackbirds, excepting the colour which. in this isof a dark brown, or blackifh. The infide of the mouth, as in that, yellow. ‘The Legs are of a moderatelength, and dusky colour, as alfo the Feet and Claws. The Guts indifferent latge, but not very long, and confequently not having many revolutions: The blind Guts fmall, white, ahd very fhort, as in the reft of this kind. The Stomach or Gizzard was of amoderate bignefs, filled partly with Infects, ‘partly withthe purple juyce of Bill-berries, which had allo tin¢tured all the excrements of the Guts. PAY > . Itis ufually converfant about the Rocks and fteep Cliffs of high mountains. This we deferibed was thot by Fr. Fefop Efq; on a Cliff or Scar, called Rive-edge, where they dig Mill-ftones, not far from/a Village called Hathers-edge in the Mountains of the Peck. of Derbyhire, where the Inhabitants call it Rock-Ouxel. §. 1% The Rock Ouzel, or Mountain Ouxel of Gefver, salle in High Ditéh, Befg- Amzel, Merula Saxatilis feu Montana. j Boox I ry T differs from the Rive-Ouzel, 1. Inthatit wantsa Ring. 4. Ia that the Throat i a *red, with black {pots, the Belly iscinereous, with black fpots. 3. That the ex- | Rifai treme edges of the great Wing-feathers are whitifh, and the leffer rows have fome- dred rate times white {pots in their middle about their fhafts. _ But thefe differences are not to me fo confiderable, as to induce me to believe that this bird is a Speczes different from the Riwg-Ouzel 5 at leaft ifit be true, that the Hen in that kind wantsa ring, and differs other ways incolour from the Cock, as we havebeen informed. Yet will we not be very confident or pofitive, but refer it to further inquiry and obfervation. Saas ‘To thefe may be added Aldrovandys his 1: *MERULA BICOLOR, defcribed “pues lib. 16. cap. 12. varied withtwo colours efpecially; v7z. dusky or blackifh, and reddifh ¥ yellow. 2. } MERULZ CONGENER, Aldrov. lib. 16. cap. 13. having a’ red line US ae near theBill. 3. *MERUL# CONGENER ALIA, in Chap.14. of the fame Book, * Another __., like to the afh-coloured Butcher-bird. Which, becaufe we have not feen, nor read of peor Oe te elfewhere, we omit : Whofoever pleafes may look out their figures and deferiptions ‘ ie hb in the places cited. The fecond of thefe Aldrovandys {aw only painted,neither did he fee the firft alive. | L.@ 3 Ce 2 CHAP. * This we makethe cha- racteriftic note of this kind. HOLOGY. Boox Il. ORMIT | Oh pi. OSX P00 goles wy Of the Starling, and Birds akin to it. bon lis seat A Stare or Starling, Sturnus. Claws it was nine inches long, to Tail end eight and three quarters, Its breadth was fixteen inches. Itisof the bignefs and fhape of a common Black- bird. Its Bill from the tip to the angles of the mouth an inch and a quarter long, in the Cock of a pale yellow, inthe Hen dusky, broader and more deprefiled than in Thru(hes or Blackbirds, by which* mark efpecially it differs from them. The upper Mandible is equal to thenether : The Tongueis hard, horny, andcloven: The Iri- des of theEyes of a hazelcolour, whiter on theupper part. It hath the nictating membrane, which I believe few birds want. The Legsand Feet are yellowith, [ ra- ther ofa flefhcolour: 7] The Clawsblackifh. The outerand inner fore-toe are equal to each others and the outer joyned to the middle toe as far as the firft articulation. The Legs feathered down to the Knees. ) The tipsof the feathers on the Neck and Back are yellow: The feathers under the Tail cinereous, elfe they are black all the body over, with a certain blue or purple glofs, varying as it is varioufly expofed tothe light. Inthe Henthetips of the fea- thers on the Breaft and Belly, to the very Throat, are white. Inthe Cock the Back participates moreof purple, the Rump of green; only thelower Belly is more {potted. | All the quil-feathers are dusky ; but the edges of the third, and fubfequent to the tenth, and from the fifteenth again to the laft aremore dark. The covert-feathers — of the Wings glifter, and the tips of the leffer coverts are yellow, The feathers co- vering the underfide of the Wings are dusky, having pale-yellow edges. The Tail is three inches long, made up of twelve dusky feathers with pale yellow edges: It lays four or five Eggs lightly tin@ured with a greenifh blue. ~The blind Guts as in the reft of this kind are very fhort and fmall, nearer to the Fundament thanin others. The mufcle of the Gizzard not very thick : The Guts thirteen inches long. It feeds upon Beetles, Worms, and other Infe@s. It hath a Gall-bladder. _ Stares are gregarious birds, living, and flying together in great flocks. They coms pany alfo with Redwings and Fieldfares; yet do they not fly away with them, but abide with usallSummer, breeding inthe holes of Towers, Houfes, Trees,¢*c. This kind fometimes varies incolour.. For we have feen in Wales two white Star- "Ts Cock weighed three ounces and an half, the Hen three. From Bill to _ Tings ; one witha black Head, and all the reft of the body white at Aberdaren, a little Village in Carvarvanflire. Stares are not eaten in Evgland by reafon of the bitternefs of their flefh : The Italzazs, and other Outlandith peoplearenot fo fqueamifh, but they can away with them, and make a difh of them for all that. It is a notable bird at imitating mans voice, and {peaking articulately. bait §. IL * Boutius his Indian Stare. T refembles our Country Stare, in the Sea-green and dark blue feathers, {potted with cinereous {pots ; but ithatha yellow Creft.on the Neck, and its Head is fet - with black foft feathers, that feeling of it you would think you touched Velvet. It imitates mansvoice much more accurately than a Parrot, fo that oftentimes it is trou- ~~ blefome with its pratling. §. Ul. Boon I. ORNITHOLOGY. @ UL The greater Redftart of Olina, cabled by Aldrovand, * Merula; Saxatilis, at Florence, the The t Tordo Marino, at Vienna, Stein-Reitling. PT is equal in bignefs, and like in fhape toaStarling. Its length from the tip of the | Bill tothe Claws nine inches and an half. The. meafure of the Wings extended fourteen. The Bill is morethan an inch long, broad and flat, as in Stares, not round, and rifing up ina ridge, as in Blackbirds, black of colour: The upper Chap longer; _ fharp-pointed, andfomewhat crooked. . The mouth within, yellow. The Tongue alittle cleft attheend. The Legs and Feet of a lead colours the Claws black; the foal of the foot yellow. The outer Toe grows oris faftned immediately to the mid- dle one as farasthe firftjoynt; the inner toe is a little fhorter thanthe outer. The Chin underneath is whitifh: The tips of the feathers onthe Breaft cinereous. Be- neath the Breaft isa tranfverfe black line; below which the Plumage is of a red or deep Orange-tawney colour. The Head and Back brown, the tips of the feathers being cinereous. ‘Thequil-feathers of the Wings of a black brown, with reddith tips. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers,of a réd tawney or Orange colour, whence ittook the name of the greater Redffart. The leffer feathers under the Wings are of the like colour. E er i J Its Stomach was flefhy, and ftuffed with the {tones of certain berries, we knew not what. . Its Guts were cleven inches long. It imitates mans voice, learning to {peak -articulately, like the Stare. wliGl _ The Hens are paler-coloured 5 above being of a Moufe-dun, fpotted with white {pots; underneath rather hoary. Thofe parts whichin the Males are fulvous, in the Females are of a pale yellow. ; ; Lighting upon threeor four of thefe birds ‘at \Florexce, comparing them together, IL 9. R. ] defcribed them as exactly as could in thefe words. , It is equal inbignefs, and like in fhape to a Throfile. Its colour is various; on the top of the Head and Neck mingled of a dirty white or afh-colour and brown, fothat it appears grey or hoary. Viewingieach fingle feather, the bottom or lower part is blue 5 the middle part about the fhaft black, which black line near the tip of the fea- ther iscroffed by another, which together reprefent the figure of theletter Tin each feather. The very tips of all are white. The colour that fills up the anglesof ‘the T-like mark is dusky. Thefe colours m the Neck, Shoulders, upper part of the Back, and covert-feathers of the Wings are more bright and con{picuous. The fea- thers on the middle of the Back inthe Cock-birds are marked about their middles _ with a largewhite fpot, above which is a crofs line of blue, then one of black, and laftly, their tips are red. The bottom of the Back about the Rump is more cine- reous or blue. The feathers incumbent on the Tail are red, with white tips. -The great feathers of the Wings have their tips and exteriour edges white, elfe they are black : The greater covert-feathers are alfo of the fame colour; The feathers co- vering theunderfide of the Wings are of a pale red or yellow colour. : The Tail is fhort, fearce exceeding three inches, made up of twelve feathers of equal length, allred or fulvous, excepting the two middle, that are dusky, which yet in fome birds are alfo above half red. Itis here to be obferved, that all the Tail-feathers have them outer edges toward the top, of the fame colour with the middle feathers. vowtt 3) The nether fide of the body, wiz. the Throat, Breaft, Belly, Thighs, are parti- coloured of white orgrey, black and yellow. [ Infome Cock-birds the whole Belly was of a fulvous colour, fpeckled with many white {pots, and a few black onés. ] The Throat and upper part of the Breaft are darker than the Belly, for that the fore- mentioned colours are there more mingled and confounded, whereas in the belly they are more diftind, and make greater fpots. If you heed each feather, you fhall find the bottom to be blue, in the middle a yellow fpot, encompafled with a black line; and the top white. ‘The Wings are long, reaching almoft to the end of the Tail. The defeription of the Bill and Legs we have already givenin Mr. Wilughby’s words, and havenothing further to add concerning them. . | . | _ _ Itisfaid to abideand build in mountainous places: _ It 1s kept in Cages for its fing- ing. Ifufpectthat Beonius his folitary Sparrow is the fame with this bird, though the -defcription anfwersnot exactly in all things. §.1V +2.e. The Sea-Thrufhis ie | II. 198 ORNITHOLOGY, * The Brafilian Pitanga guacu, called by the Portugnefe, Bemtere, Margery. . N bignefs it 1s equal to a Stare 5 hath a thick, broad, Pyramidal Bill, a little more ¥ Exterits than’an inch long, * outwardly fharp: A broad, comprefled Head: A thort tio Neck, which fitting it contraéts or draws up: A body near two inches and an half notwellun- long: The Legs and Feet dusky : Four Toes difpofedintheufual manner. The Head, serfland what upper fide of the Neck, the whole Back, Wings, and Tail of a dark brown or black, means by mingled with a little green. The under fide of the Neck, the Breaft, and lower thefe words. Belly have yellow feathers. But above,by the Head tt hath a Crown [ like that ofa Monk] of a whitecolour. It hatha loud fhrill cry. Some of thefe birds have on the top of their Heads a yellow {pot, and fome haveit partly ofa clay colour; elfein. all things like: This kind is called by the Brafiléans, Cuirirz. * Cuarp. XX. | Aringa guacu mucu of Margerave. length, abody threeinches long : The Bill alittle hooked, of acolour mingled of greenand yellow, fanguine Eyes, witha black Pupil. The Legs are afh-co- loured, of a moderate length, above [the Knees fuppofe he means] covered with feathers: In thé Feet four Toes difpofed after the ufual manner : an exceeding long Tail, viz. of about nine inches, confifting of about’ ten feathers ; of which fome of | the lower are fhorter than the upper. The whole Head, Neck, Back, Wings, and *Of theco- ‘Tail have brown or.* fuligineous feathers, whichinthe Tail are darker-coloured than four of Soot. thereft.. The end of each feather of the Tail, for about half 4n inch, is white, and between the white and red [ part] fhaded withblack. The Throat, Breaft, lower Belly, and Thighs are covered with afh-coloured feathers. On the Head it hath long feathers, which it can fet up liketwohorns. It is a bird remarkable for the length of its Tail. Forits agreement in bigneds, its Bill,and fome other accidents, we have fub- joyned it to the Thrufh-kind. [: isabout the bignefS of a Throftle : Hath a great Head, a Neck of amoderate ‘ Cuarv. XXI. The Witwall, as it is by fome caed, Galbula feu Picus nidum fufpendens, Aldrev. Oriolus Alberti , Chloreus Ariftotelis, & Ifterus Plinii, in Aldrovandus his judgment. T ‘His bird from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail was by meafure ten inches long : Equal in magnitude to, or fomewhat bigger thana Thrujh : _.Its Bill more thanan inch long, red, like a Thrufhes, but bigger, and longer : Its Tongue cloven and rough: The Irzdes of its Eyes red: Its Legs, Feet, and Toes of aLead-colour. The hind-Toenearthe rife of 1t was broad and callous. The ou- ter Toe joyned to the middle, asin the reft of thiskind, up to the firft joynt. The quil-feathers of the Wings were black: But the tips of the fifth, fixth, and feventh, alfo of the tenth, and four fubfequent white, and the utmoft edges of the third and fourth. The foremoft feathers of the fecond row were almoft half way of a pale yellow: Elfe the upper furface of the whole Wing black. The twelve feathers of the Tail were of equal length, viz. about three inches and anhalf: The two middlemoft black, the reft had their upper halfs yellow, their lower black. All the body befide was of a bright yellow, very beautiful to be- hold: So that for the luftre and elegancy of its colours it {earce gives place toany of the American birds. Between the Eyes and Nofthrils on each fide it hada black fpot. Dp Vy In haca il ORNITHOLOGY. In the Female the colours are not fo fair and lively, the yellow being mingled with black and brown, the Breaft fhaded with dusky lines: The lefler rows of Wing-fea- thers, and the two middle feathers of the Tail green. The young onesalfo are greener; aid have their Breafts {potted. i . | The Guts are fixteen inches long, great and lax: the blind Guts very fmall and fhort: The Tefticlesround. Inthe Belly we found Caterpillars. We fhot thisbird near Frankefordin Germany. Afterwards we faw many of them at Naples in the Poulterers Shops: Whence we guefs that they are frequent in.the neighbouring Country. The ftru@ture of the Neft, and how artificially it hangs it, feein Aldrovand. The Low Dutch cal\ this bird by a very fit name, Gowtmerle, that is, the golden Ouzel : For it agrees with Thrafhes or Blackbirds, in the fhape of the Bill and the whole body ; in the bignefs, alfo food, and manner ofliving. It is called Galbula or Galgulus, from its yellow colour. ‘ _ Itisa bird of paflage. Gefwer writes, that it comes into his Country for the moft part in May, but fometimes alfo in April: After whofe coming they have certain hope that there will be no more frofts. Whence it appears, that it delights in hot placesand{eafons. It feeds wonderfully fat, hath very delicate flefh,and yields whol- {om nourifhment; and no wonder, fith it is akin tothe Thrujhes, and ufes the fame food, vz. Infects and Berries. ‘Cuar. XXII on * Matuitui of Marggravius. Tail two inches and anhalflong. It hath aftreight, ftrong Bill, the upper Chap whereof is a little prominent, the point inclining downwards, of a Vermilion colour. The whole Head, upper fide of the Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail are brown, {potted with a pale yellow, partly fpeckled like a Sparrow-Hawk, Under the Throat it hath yellow feathers. The Breaft and Belly are white, {peckled with brown. The Legs of a dark afh-colour. Cuap. XXIII. * Guirapunga of Margrave. He cry of this Bird may be heard a great way off. It is bigger than the Mi/l- bird, almoft equal toa Pigeou : Hath a Bill an inch long, and pretty broad, * _ * fharp-pointed 5 the upper part a little prominent abov¢ the lower,and bend- ing downward, black, having wide or open Nofthrils. Its Mouth is large, the flit reaching as far as the Eyes; fo that the aperture of the Mouth with the Bill formsa triangle. It hatha fhort Tongue; Eyesbetween black and blue, ‘Under the Throat, ( whichis broad ) and in the lower part of the Neck it hath many black flefhy Wat- tlesan inch long, hanging down before, of the figure of the point of aSpear. The Head is covered with dark brown feathers: The whole Neck, Breaft, Belly, Back, - and Thighs with afh-coloured, wherewith (efpecially in the Back ) are fome black onesmixed, and toward the Tail alfo green ones. It hath a Tail three incheslong, confifting of afh-coloured and black feathers mingled with alittle green. The Wings ( which end not far below the rife of the Tail ) are firft black, then brown, fome dark green feathers being intermingled. The lower Legs are black,and above aninch 199 l is of the bignefs of a Stare: Hatha fhort Neck, a ftrong Breaft, fhott Legs, a + Anterius ache tui. long. It hath four Toes in each foot like other birds, withblack Claws. The Breaft | isas it were divided intotwo, having a valley or furrow all along the middle. The Windpipeis large, whence alfoit hath aloud and ftrong cry. _ Ithath a double note, which it ufeth promifcuoufly ; one like that of a Hammer {triking a Wedge in the Woods, (cick, cocks) The other, as if one fhould ftrike a crackt Bell, { Kaur, kur, kur, &c. | Ie cries only in the middle of Summer, in December and the beginning of Faxuary for five or fix Weeks, in other Months it is not heard, whence by the Portugues itis called Ave de verano. “Fre € 200 + By heel is meant the claw of the back-toe. ORNITHOLOGY, Boox IL. The Hen Guirapunga is of the bignefs and figure of our Throftle, and alike flefhy : Hath a broad Head ; a Bill alfo broad, and not very long: A wide mouth whenit ' gapes: A black Bill; Pretty great Eyes: A Tailfome threeinches long, or fomething more ; neither do the Wings reach to the end thereof. The whole bird is clothed with blackifh feathers, with which fome brown and pale green ones are mingled ; yet the colour in the Back is browner, in the Throat, Brea{t, and Belly a more delayed green, and mingled like that of a Throftle, It isa fat and well-flefhed bird. The Legs and Feet are black, in other particulars not different fromthe common rule. Boox I. Parti, Secr, Il, Of {mall Birds, Of fall Birds in general. part Infectivorous; and fuch as have fhort and thick Bills, which are for the mott part Phytivorous, living upon the fruits and feeds of Plants. The firft “. kind are commonly called foft-beak'd, the fecond hard-beak’d birds, Of both kinds there are many fubalternate Species, viz. of flender-bill’d, Larks whofe characteriftic notes area very long * heel; earthy coloured feathers, mounting up inthe air, and fingingas they fly ; Swallows, whofe marks area fhort Bill, a wide Mouth, Jong Wings, a forked Tail, fhort and {mall Legs and Feet; fwift, and almoft continual flight: The Hedge-Sparrow, Redftart, Robin-red-breaft, and many others, which we divide intotwo Clafes or ranks: The firft is of fuch whofe Tailis only of one colour 5 the fecond of thofe whofe Tails are particoloured; either all the feathers, or the outmoft on each fide being in part white. | OF thick-bill'd Birds the kinds are, the Sparrow, whofe marks are an earthy or te- {taceous colour, a Billa little crooked, feeding upon Corn, the Hamfinch, the Green- finch, the Shel-apple or Sheld-dapple, the Linnet, the Chaff-finch, the Gold-fizch, the Siskiz, &c. whofe characteriftics we will give when we come to treat of them. S: Birds in general may be divided into flender-bill’d, which are for the moft An Addition concerning finging birds in general. A Merica (as Marggraviws obferves)) breeds more fair-coloured birds, but fewer. A finging birds than Eurcpe. fi As we have diftinguifhed {mall birds in general into foft and hard beak’d, fo may 7 we alfo diftinguifh finging birds. The foft-beak'd are, The Mavys or Song-Thrufh 5 the Blackbird 5 thefolitary Sparrow, which isa ftranger to England; the Nightingale, efteemed the Prince of all finging birds, of the rearing and ordering of which we fhall treat at large when we come tohis Hiftory ; the Ske-Lark; the Wood-Lark ; the Tit-Lark; the Robin-red-breaft ; the Wrens the Black-cap; the Beccafigo; the Red- flart 5 and the Hedge-Sparrom. The hard-beak’d are, The Canary birds the Linnet 5 the Chaffinch 5 the Goldfinch ; the Greenfizch; the Bulfinch 5 the Brambling sthe Hortulane ; the Siskin; the Citril,the Hirngril 3 the YeVow-hammner. In all finging birds in general obferve to keep them very neat and cleanly 3 and therefore often to fhift the ftraw, mofs, gravel, or whatever elfe you put in the bot- toms of their Cages; and to give them frefh water, and meat often; for nothing offends them more than the {tench of their own dung, or putrid meat and water. Be- fides, if their Cages be foul, they will be apt to clog their Feet with their dung,which often rots off their toes, at leaft caufes the Cramp, Gout, and other infirmities. Al- drovandus adviles to put in their Cages a piece of Pumice ftone, or old rubbifh, to cleanfe and whet their Bills upon, which otherwife will be apt to grow blunt. . All Birds (faith he }) are wont to {wallow fomething out of the earth to cleanfe their bodies; I rather think they ufe only to fwallow fome grit or gravel, to affitt them in grinding their meat in their Gizzards; and therefore it is needful to put fine gravel in their Cages. In Boor. ORNITHOLOGY. In therearing of young ones from the Neft obferve, 1. To feed them often, but togive them but little at a time, as the old ones do, for fear of over-charging their {tomachs, and caufing them to caft up their meat. 2. After they begin to feed themfelves, give not over feeding them prefently, left they negle& and ftarve them: felves. Hard-heak'd birds are to be fed with feeds, and of all feeds Aldrovandus commends Canary- feed, asthe moft favoury, pleafant, and wholfom of all other, which makes them fing with greater alacrity, and alfo live long: For want of which you may ( faith he ) give them Millet, Panic, Spelt, Off-corn-wheat, Hemp-feed, and Lime- feed; he might have added Rape-feed, Cole-feed, and many others. Soft-beak'd birds are to be fed with heart of Veal or Weather, Worms, Flies, and fuch'kind of Infeéts, asalfo that fort of pafte the receipt whereof we fhall give you inthe Hiftory of the Nightingale. In preparing their meat have a care to free it from all skin, fat, and Sinews, or ftrings, which will be aptto ftick intheir Throats, or twine about their Tongues,and caufe themto falloff their meat, cc. Aldrovands method to make birds fing in Autumn ov Winter. “A. Bout the beginning of May purge them with Beet, firft mingling the juyce of it A with their water 5 then giving them no water atall, but only hanging up Beet- leavesin their Cages, putting in alfoa handful ofearth and rubbifh. Then by degrees accuftom them to darknefsforten days, putting them {till in places darker and darker, and at laftina room perfectly dark, that hath not the leaft chink to let in light. Du- ring all the time of their imprifonment in this dungeon, no body muft come in there but their Keeper, and he with a Candle once in three days to give frefh water and meat, and tocleanfe their Cages: [ It would be convenient to have two Cages, and change them every twentieth day."] Every fourth day give them a Beet-leaf, and every tenth day juyce of Beet, elfe they will incur the danger of growing blind. In thismanner they mutt be kept till about the tenth of Avguff, and then new. purged, after the manner we before prefcribed; and then by degrees again accuftomed to the light, but by no means expofed to the Sun-beams for fear of blinding them. © This doing you fhall be Mafter of your purpofe. | Difeafes incident to finging birds, and their remedies. 1. PD Lindzefs,which if radicated and confirmed isincurable ; taken at firft, when their Eyes beginto water, may be remedied by giving them Sugar diflolved in the juyceof Beet every other day for four days, and putting into their Cages 4 twig of Figtree to rub their Eyes again{t; which by the inftinct of nature they will uleto do. | 2. The Falling ficknefs, which Aldrovandal{o accounts an incurable difeafe. If they efcape the firft fit he advifes prefently to cut their Claws to the quick, and fprinkle them with Wine, and to’keep them from the heat of the Sunall Summer. 3. Frattures of the bones of their Legs or Wings: In which he advifes by no means to fplinter or bind up the part; but only to take away the Perches out of theit Cages, and to fet their meat and water inthe bottom of their Cages 5 and keep them where no company comes to {care them. 4. Swellings and inflammationsor impoftumes. 5. An Hydropical diftemper. 6. The Gout, known by roughnefs and {wellings in their Legs and Feet, efpecially their Knees. | _ 7. The Phthific or fubtile difeafe, in which their breaft veins are diftended, but - the fiefh fallen away, and their Bellies {welled as though they had the Dropfie. In all ee Lae aes Aldrovand advifes {till to purge with Beet, as was before pre- Aeribed. | 8. Aphthe, or {mall Ulcersin theirmouths, forthe cure of which diflolve Pumpion feeds in water, and give it them for their drink for three or four days, and when you perceive them to mend, give them fine LoafSugar in like manner diffolved in water. | real} 4 - 9. The Pip, which may be known by the hardnefs of the end of their Tongue: Small birds ( faith a Jate Englith Writer) that feed upon Seeds are very feldom fubject ai 2 ; . Dd . to 202 * Brimftone. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I, to this difeafe; but moft commonly Throftles, Blackbirds, and Stares, which feed up- on foft meat. Ihavealfo known Nightixgales to be troubled. with it, that have been fed too much with Eggs hard-boyled, Fortheremedy of this ( for the bird will ne- ver eat his meat kindly, nor fing withany ftomach fo long as he hath it ) take the bird in your hand, and having opened his Bill, with a Needle take that hardnefsoff from the top of his Tongue, and the fides of his Bill alfo 5 and give himvas in the precedent difeafe. | 10. Thedifeafe of the Rump,’ known by the birds growing melancholy, and ab- ftaining from finging. .The beft remedy whereof isto cut off that {harp part thar lies upon the top of the Rump, and give him fome cleanfing thing in his meat, and refrefhing thing in his water. | i 11, The flux of the Bey or Scouring. For remedy whereof pluck off the Tail- feathers, and the feathers about the Vent, and anoint the place with Oy] or Capons greafe, and if they be hard-beak’d birds, inftead of Hemp-feed, or Rape-feed, give them Pumpion feeds [ or red Beet {eeds |] for two or three days; if foft-beak’d, give them nothing but the yolks of hard-boyl'd Eggs. 12. Moulting or cafting their feathers is a kind of difeafe common to all birds. At that time they all gfow.melancholy,and ceafe tofing, and forfake their meat, and fome of them will bevery fick. For help of this Aldrovand advifes to fprinkle them twice or thrice a Week with Wine not too ftrong, then fetting them in the Sun till they be dry, and after putting fome greens about their Cage. To preferve birds of all kinds in health, A/drovand faith, it would be ufefill to purge them once a month with Pumpion feeds decorticated, Lettuce, Succory, Beet, Pim- pernel, or Mercury, which laft herb'is proper to.the Lizzet. Such birds as are ufed to duft themfelves, it would without doubt be convenient to put fand or duft in their Cages; for this basking themfelves in the duft rids them of Lice and Vermine: pera fuch as are ufed to wafh themfelves ought to have water fet them for that purpofe. | It would alfo be of advantage, indeed it were neceflary, to put a little fine gravel in their Cages, thatithey may pick up and {wallow fome grit or {mall ftones,. to help them in grinding their meat in their ftomachs, as wild birds are ufed to do, in whofe Gizzards you will never fail to find {mall {tones-and grit. Olina advifes in tumours or impoftumeson the head, ( which are moft incident to birds of a hot complexion ) to cauterize the place affeGted with a hot Iron, and then anoint it with black Sope diflolved, or Oyl and hotafhes. Some ufe to purge the birds, before they burnthem, withjuyce of Beet. , For the Aphibe he prefcribes lightly to touch the Palate with a feather dipt in ho- ney of Rofes, which hath been fharpned witha little Oyl of * Sulphur. For the Afthwa, or fhortnefs of breath, he advifes to drop two or three drops of Oxymelinto their throats with a feather 5 mingling thereof alfo with their water for two or three days, or diflolve white Sugar-candy in their water.. Hoarfenefs and lof§ of voice he faith is remedied by giving them for their drink a decodion of Jujubes, dried Figs, and pounded, boil’d incommon water, and that for two days, and the next two or three days juyce of Beet: And if it be in Summer time fetting them all night inthe open air, fo asthe dew may not fall upon them. | For a {couring he commends water in which Iron is quencht, or a light decottion of Services, or Cornelian Cherries; © } | For coftivenefs he advifes to put a feather anointed with oylinto the Fundament once or twice a day fortwo days, givingthem alfo the fame days juyce of Beet. - -Forthe Gout : Wafhingthe Legs andFeet twice a day for four or five days witha decoétion of the root of white Hellebore in common water, as hot as the Bird can endure it ; and for want thereof bathing it with Brandy Wine, or Aqua Vit. To ftirupand quicken birds to fing, give them fomewhat that they are moft greedy of, and moft delighted in, or fomething that is heating. Some ufe to give them Lin- feed mingled with Pine-kernels pounded ; putting in their drinking Cup two or three Chivesof Saffron, encompaffing their Cages with fome pleafing verdure, as of _- Birds fed with Pafte are wont to have their drinking Cup fet without their Cages 5 Seed-birds within. Keep their Cages neat, andin the bottom put im Winter-time hay or ftraw broken, in Summer-time fand. So far Oliva. I fuppofe it would be conve- nientto give them a little gravel in their Cages all times of the year for the reafon be- foreintimated. "- .- a HE Book, ORNITHOLOGY. 20; Tae First Member on Su BSECTION, Of {mall Birds with flender Birds. F thefe there are many forts. All befides Swallows may conveniently enough ‘@) be divided into fuch as have the feathers of their Tails all of one colour, and fuch as havea particoloured Tail. Wewill firft treat of Larks and Swallows by themfelves, then we will reduce the reft to the now mentioned heads. C Hap. I. Or Larks. ; d 1. Of Larks in general. Lark, called by the Grecians Kopidia@. from the word Képus, fignifying a Hel- A met, by the Latines alfo Caffita and Galerita, from Caffis, and Galea, or Gale- | rws of like fignification ( which names do yet properly agree to the crefted _ Lark ) is diftinguifhed from other forts of Birds, 1. By its long Heel or Claw of the back-toe; which is the charatteriftic mark of this bird: 2. By the teftaceous or earthy colour of its feathers : Which note isnot common to all the Birds we compre- hend under this title, nor proper to this kind, fith it agrees to Sparrows, and other Birds: 3. Byits finging as it fliesmounting upin theair. We have in England ob- ferved four forts of Larks: 1.'The moft common one: 2. The Wood-Lark: 3. The leffer crefted Lark: 4. The Tit-Lark. | §. IL. The contmon Skie-Lark, Alauda vulgaris. T isnot much bigger than. a Hoxfe-Sparrow, yet longer bodied ; of an ounce and half weight: from the tip of the Bill to the Claws or Tail-end, (for they are equally extended ) fix inches and a quarter. The ends of the great feathers in the Wings ftretched out were ten inchesand a quarter diftant. The Bill, meafuring from the tip to theanglesof the Mouth, was three quarters of aninch long: The upper Mandible black or horn-coloured, the lower commonly whitifh, The Tongue broad, cloven, hard: The Nofthrilsround. It fometimes ruffles up the feathers of its head, almoft in fafhion ofa Creft. A cinereous Ring or Crown compafles the hind part of the Head from Eye to Eye, but more fordid, and lefs confpicuous than in the Wood-Lark, The Headisof ateftaceous or reddith afh-colour, the middle parts of the feathers being black. The Back is of the {ame colour with the Head: The Chin whitifh: The Throat yellow, with brown {pots : The fides of a reddifh yellow. Each Wing hatheighteen quil-feathers. Of thefe all betwixt the fixth and feventeenth have blunt, indented, white tips. The edgesof the four or fiveoutmoft are white, ofthofe next the bedy cinereous, of thereft reddish. The Tail is three inches long, confifting of twelve feathers, of which the outmoft on each fide hath bothits upper half, and alfo the exteriour Vane of the lower white: The next to this hath only its outer Web white, the inner being black: Thethree ~ following on each fide are black. The two middlemoft are fharp-pointed 5 of ASRS that lies undermoft when the Tail is fhut hath afh-coloured edges: That which covers it lying uppermoft, towards the tip is cimereous, toward the bottom blackifh. The'Feet and Legs are dusky : The'Claws black, with white tips. The Outer toe grows to the middle below asin other {mall birds. The Liver is divided to two Lobes, the left much lefs thanthe right, that there may be room for the Gizzard, which in this bird isflefhy, and great for the bignefs of thebird. The flefhis very {weet and delicate. In mild Winters it feeds ssiinur ee . Dd 2 ats 204 — ~ = ORMATHOLOGY, Boox. UI; fat: And there are then taken an innumerable number with us in England for the furnifhing and adorning of our Tables, as Polydore Virgil truly writes. It builds upon theground, and laysifour or five Egps ationce; A late Writer faith threeor four, and that to hisknowledgehenever found fiveinall hislife. n | This Bird builds( faithOZza ) in'plain, openiground, under {ome clod of Earth; others {ay inCorn, or thick high grafs in Meadows: And though in Winter we fee great flocks of them, yet we find the feweft of their Nefts-of any. birds. that are fo plentiful. He makes his Neft of dried herbs and ftrings, and. breeds thrice a:year, in May, July, and Auguft, rearing his young very fuddenly.;. So.that if you have a Neft, you mufttake them as{oon as they are {poon-feathered, on ele you run the zi{co of lofing them, for they will get them gone of a fudden. This bird breeds much later than the Wood-Lark,, by almoft twomonths, for fhe feldory hath young ones-before the middle of May. car e . ‘- Young Neftlings may be brought-up almoft with any meat, but if you give them fheeps Heart and Egg chopt together, till they are about three wecks old, it willnot— be amifs: And when they come:to: eat'alone, givé them. Oatmeal, Hemp-feed and bread, mixed together with a little Egg. Oliva faith, to fave charges, you may feed them with Wheat, Oats, and Millet. Thefe birds that are fo young may be brought uptoany thing, one bird learning another birds Song. You muft always obferve to eive them fand at the bottom of the Cage, and let them havea new Turfevery week placed ina difh of water in their.Cage, ( which muft be as large as two of the Wood- Larks Cage. ) They need-have no Peanchesin their Cages. ed oak The Cock may be known. fromthe Hen; according to Oliza, by haying his heel fo long that it reaches beyond his knee ;.and having two black {pots on hisNeck, one on each fide, fomewhat in fathion of.a Ring or Collar 3, his, breaft. darker, and more {peckled: with black, and a grofler body. My Englifh Author faith, that thofe you intend tokeep for finging were beft.be taken in Odeber or November, and then they will fing a little after Chrifieas 5,,and advifes to chufe, the {treighteft,, largeft, and loftieft bird, and he that hath moft white in his, Tail, for thefe (faith he ) are the ufu- al marks fora Cock, | If you find;him very wild and buckith, tie his Wings for two or three weeks, till he is become both acquainted and tame alfo, and. then when you perceive him pretty orderly, untie his Wings, {till letting him hang in the fame place he did. You mutt feed this old bird with Hemp-feed, Bread, and a few white Oats; for hetakes great delight to husk the Oats : ‘And when he begins to fing, once in a week you may give him a hard Egg, ‘or fhred hinwalittle boyled Mutton, or Veal, or Sheeps heart. You mutt obferve in this bird, as in all others, that you give it no falt ~ meat, nor bread that is any thing fale. . rg. dl ic a The Woodlark called at Rome, Beeeouiailan . He Cock we made trial in weighed an ounce and.a quarter: Its length from Bill to Tail was fix inches and, anhalf: The diftance between the ends of the Wings fpread twelve inches and an half. We jo 4 hey It is lefler than the common Lark, and-{horter bodied. Its Bill, as in theyreft of ‘this kind, ftreight, flender, tharp-pointed, above half an inchlong,. fomewhat flat, of a dusky colour: Its Tongue broad, cloven: The Irides of ats Eyes hazel-coloured: fits Nofthrils round. Its Feet ofa pale yellow, inclining to flefh colour: Its Claws dusky ; that of the back-toe longeft.. The outmoft fore-toe {ticks to the middle be+ low near the divarication. | i hybet 3 1 The Breaft and Belly are‘ofa pale whitih yellowsthe Throat deeper coloured; both _ {potted with black in the middle parts of. thefeathers. The Head and Back are par- ticoloured of black andreddith yellow, the middle of each feather being {potted with black. The Neck isafh-coloured.. A white Jine encompafieth the Head from EyetoEye likea Crown, or Wreath: . The Rump is of a yellowifh red or tawny. Each Wing hatheighteen prime, feathers 5 the outmoft being much fhorter than the reft... The next five are half an inch longer than the reft, having their points fharp, and their outer edges white : The reft have blunt points, indented as it were in the middle, having yellow edges. The feathers ofthe baftard wing are dusky with clay-coloured tips, and at its root is a whitefpot. The fmall feathers on the ridge of the Wing are'afh-coloured. The Tail was two inches long, confifting of the athe , | number Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. number of feathers, #z. twelve, not forked; yet the middle feathers were fome- thing {horter than thereft, and ended in fharp points, being between green and a fordid red or fulvous colour. The four next on each fide had blunt points, were whitith attips, the outmoft molt, the reft in order lefs, elfe blackith. It hath no Craw: In the Stomach we found Beetles, Caterpillars, Gromil-feed,@c. The ftomach was provided with {trong and thick mufcles. The blind Guts in this kind, as in all other {mall birds, that we have obferved, are very fhort: The Gut be- low thefe appendants is larger. | Thefe birds fy many together incompany, finging as they fly with a note not much unlike a Blackbirds. . _ It is diftinguvhed from the common Lark, by the following marks efpecially : 1. Whiltling like a Blackbird. 2, A Circle of white feathers encompafling the Head from Eye to Eye like a-Crown or Wreath, 3. The firft or outmott feather of the Wing being much fhower than the fecond, whereas'im the common Lark it is near equal. 4, The oUWMoft feathersof the Tail having white tips. 5. That it fits upon trees. 6. Itislefier than thecommon Lark, but hath afhorter, andthicker, or roun- ‘der body for its:bignefs. Bor Aldrovandws makes no mention of this bird that I know lof. Ola figures and de- foribes it in his OcceVeria under the title of Tottovilla. : +, The Woodlark is comparable to the Nightingale for finging, and by fome preferred before it. He will alfo emulate the Nyghtiegale, and hath great variety of notes. Itis a very tender bird, and yet breeds the fooneft of anyin Exgland. My Author faith, that he hath had a Neft of young birds ready tofly by the fixteenth of March - That it builds moft commonly in lays, where the grafs hath been pretty rank, and is grown ruflet, under fome large Turf; to fhelter its Neft fom the wind and weather. He could never bring up a neft of young ones, becaufe they: ¢ither had the cramp, or fell into a feouring in lef$ than.a weeks time after he had: taken them’: Nor could he ever hear of any who had kept them fo longas till they fung. So that they are never bred fromthe Nef. I The Seafons of taking Wi oodlarks, and which beft to keep. There are three feafonsof taking Woodlarks ; 1. The firtt is in June, fuly, and Avgufi., when the Branchers are taken, having not yet moulted. Thefe birds fing prefently, but contioue their finging but little, for they foon falla moulting, They are com-. monly very familiar birds as being taken young. fiik ee: 2, Thenext feafon for taking them is inthe latter end.of September, which my Au- thor calls the general flight-time, when they rovefrom one Country to another. .. By _ this time they have all moulted their feathers, and youcan hardly diftinguifh a young bird from an'old. The birds taken at this {eafon are brave, ftrong, and fprightful § and prove well at Spring if they be well kept all Winter; otherwile they will be lon- ie FR ba ; They ufually begin not to fing till afterSpring, andcontinue Cul July. 9 yy, iad i ; _ 3. The third feafon is from the beginning of Faruary to thelatter end of February, when they are paired, and have parted with their la{t years Brood. Thefe fing with- m three or four days, ora week at furtheft, (if they be well conditioned birds ) and will foon become tame. For your fearful, wild, buckith birds feldom prove good: For upon every turn they ‘bolt againft the fides of the Cage, and bruife themfelves, 205 and fo are apt to leave off finging. Thereforeif you havea bird that isa good bird and wild, have aNet knit/ French Meath, and put itin the infide of the Cage, fowing it clofe to the fides and ftrait, ‘that when he bolts.or flirts hemay take no harm, Birds taken at thisfeafon for the molt part prove the beft, they being in full {tomach, and finging ina very thort time after, and being alfo more perfect in their {ong than thofe taken at otherfeafons... lik | | | eqs order a Woodlark. when taken. - . call . . eu “lpy Bc ) li E : Jn the firlt place you mult haveia.Cage with two'pans ; one for mixtmeat, and another for Oatmeal-and;whole Hemp-feed. . Firft, bor anEgg hard: Then take the . crum of ahalf-peny whiterloaf, and as-much Hemp-feed as the bread : Chop your Ege very {mall, and crumble your bread and it together: Then bruife your Hemp- feed very {mall with a rolling pin, or pound it inaMortar, mingle all together and : ye give 206 . ' ba - 7 = ae SA bal ‘ ~ > yp) J = ? . ORNITHOLOGY Booxll. give it him. ‘2. Youmutt put red gravel fifted fine at the bottom of his Cages for he delights to bask himfelf in the fand, which if he doth not pretty often he proves loufie, and then feldom comesto any thing: If you leave gravel-ftones in the fand, he will be apt to break his feathers in basking him. Shift this fand twice a week, - otherwife he will be fubjec to clog his feet with his dung. 3. Be fure that his meat be not too ftale, for he will never thrive upon it when dry or mouldy. 4) Have a great care to fhift his water oft [ thrice a week atleaft ] for it ftinks fooner than any birds water; becaufe throwing about his meat fome falls into it, which caufes it im- mediately to ftink. 5. Line your Pearch in the Cage with fome green bays, orelfe make a Pearch ofa Mat; whichI have found them very much to delight in. Note 1. If your bird be very wild when he is taken, keep him three or four days from company, till he begins toeat his meat. Strew fomeof the Hemp-feed and Oat- meal upon thefand, andfome of his mixt meatalfo, becaufe fometimes they find not the Pan till they be almoft famifhed. ig : Note 2. Ifhe be very poor, at the beginning of the Spring give him every two or three days a turf of three-leaved grafs, and boil hima fheeps heart, and mince it finall, and mingleit with his meat, and it will caufe him to thrive exceedingly. Note 3. If you would have your bird fing very lavifh, feed him all the time of his fong with {ome fheeps heart mixt with his Egg and bread andHemp-feed; and put in his water two or three flices of Liquorice, and a little white Sugar-candy, with two or three blades of Saffron, do. fo oncea week,and it will caufe himto be Jong winded. ' How to know aCock froma Hen. The fureft way to know Cock from a Henis, 1.The largenefs and length of his call. 2. Thetall walking of the bird about the Cage. 3. AtEvenings the doubling of his note, which wecall Cudling, asif he were going to rooft: But if you hear him fing {trong you cannotbe deceived, for Hen-birds will fing but little. The ufe of this is chiefly to know thofe birds that are taken at flight-time ; becaufe thofe taken at other feafons fing foon after they are taken, or not at all. The Woodlarks Difeafes, and their Cures. Their difeafes are, 1. The Cramp, caufed by dung clogging and numbing their Feet, if their gravel be not often fhifted’ or by hanging them out abroad in the rain, fo wetting the {and they fitupon. This is helpt by lining their Pearch, that they may delight to fit upon it, and giving them frefh fand, anointing them as the Nightin- ale. a 2. Giddinefs in the Head occafioned by feeding upon much Hemp-feed, is helped by giving them fome Gentles or Maggots, or elfe Hog-lice, or Ants and their Eggs : ‘And putting three or four flices of Liquorice in their water. 3+ Loufinefs and Scurf: Cured by fmoaking his feathers with Tobacco, and gi- ving him frefh Gravel, and fetting him in the Sun : For if he hath ftrength to bask in the fand he will immediately rid himfelf of the Vermine. Q. IV. The Tit-Lark,, Alauda pratorum, Aldrov. T feemed to us les by half than the common Lark , weighing fearce an ounce; ha- ving a long body, and afmall head: A flender fharp Bill of half an inch long, the upper Mandible black, more flat and deprefled toward the Head: The tip of the Tongue is jagged, the Circle about the Pupil hazel-coloured. The colour on the top of the Head, Shoulders, and middle of the Back various,-of a yellowith green and black ; the middle parts of the feathers being black, the outfides or edges of a yellowithgreen. The lower part of the Back or Rump is only green without any mixture of black. The upper fide is of the fore-mentioned various colour, the fin- gle colours being lefs confpicuous by reafon of a {mall mixture of cinereous. As for the underfide of the body,the Breaft and fides under the Wings were of a fordid yel- lowifh white, {potted with black, the lower belly and Throat underthe Chin white, without any black fpots. The — —— 7 . & q a : i i 7% : -* : Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. 204 The quil-feathers of the Wings were dusky, their exteriour edges being of 4 yellowifh green. The middle feathersof the firft row of coverts have their tips and exteriour edges white; andthe middlemoft of the f{econd row theirs {till of a lighter white. The reft of the covert-feathers, of the Wings, are almoft of the fame colour with thefcapular feathers. Ifuppofe itis peculiar to this kind to have the four firft quill-feathers equal, Torn a vial (euvy The Tailismade up of twelve feathers, the two outmoft of which on each fide, are particoloured of white and brown: In the outmoft feather about the one half, _ and that the uppermoft, is-white, the white dividing the feather obliquely. Of the next feather the tip only is white: Thereftof the feathers are of a dark brown, ha- ving their exteriour edgesof a yellowifhgreen. Of the two middlemoft the edges round about.are of thefame yellowifh green, not fo even and trim as thofe of the other feathers, but as it were jagged or fringed. The’Eail, when folded up, is alittle forked, nearthree incheslong. |... | The Feet are yellow : The Claw:of the. -back-tde, ‘as in the reft of this kind very _ longanddusky. TheGizzard not fomufculousas:in other Larks, wherein we found - Beetles and InfeGs liketo meal-worms, . » The blind Guts are fomething longer than in the common Lark, It hathalf{o a Gall-bladder. | Preallh: This bird fits alfo upon trees. In general it is lefs than the common Lark, greener, and not,{o finely coloured: In length fromthe point ofthe Bill to the end of the Claws or Tail ¢ for they are equally extended) fix inches: In breadth between the tips of the Wings fpread out ten and.a quarter. i | ; Mr, Fefop falpeds that thereis yet another different fort of thisbird, which may be called the lefer field-Lark which ist. A little bigger thanthat here defcribed 5 2.Lef$ The ieffer_ green;..3,Having paler Feet; And 4, much fhérter’Spurs.. ficld- Lars The Tislarks NeitLoncefaw in a Hurze-bufh not far- from the ground: It was buile suewatclly of Mofs, inwardly of {traw, with a littlehorfe-hair.. She lays five or fix $ | SBS os caves | . | _ Inthis kind the Cock is all over:more yellow than the Hen, but efpecially under the Throat, on the Breaft,' Legs, and foals of the Feet. Hi _ “ The Tilak ( faitha late Englifh Writer:) fings moft like the Canary bird of any “bird whatfoever; whisking, curring, and chewing: But his Song is fhort, and hath -“ no variety in it: He comes with the Nightizgale about the beginning of April, and “t goesabout the beginning of Septezaber. The Young areto be fed, when firfttaken, “ afterthe fame manner as the Nrghtingale: The oldione ¢ if taken )inlike manner to “be at firftcram’d: When he will feed himfelf give him Woodlarks meat, or almott _“ any other. Beforehis going away he is aptto grow fat like the Nightingale, but will “ eat though never fo fat. He isa hardy bird, and long-lived, if preferved with care, “ not fubje& to colds or cramps. i" § Se : V. F + «The Tstlark, that fings like‘a Grafhopper, Locuftella, D.Fobnfor. T is leffer than the Regulws non criftatus, hatha pretty long, ftreight Bill, yet ha- ving a little declivity above, the upper Chap black, the nether ofa horn colour. The upper fide of the body is of a dusky yellow, befprinkled with blackith {pots 5 the underfide of a * paleyellow. TheTail is of the longeft, of a brown or dusky % o» yeltowitii colour, when {pread ending, in a circular circumference. On the lower) Belly, the white,orwhite Thighs, and under the Tail it hath’ brown {pots tending downwards. It hath long, seller wp flender dusky-coloured Legs, crooked Claws, and avery longSpur orheel. It feeds | upon flies: It hath a note likea Grafhopper, but louder and thriller. Whenit fingsit commonly fitsupon a bufh, with its mouth open, and ftreight up, and its Wings dif evel'd, . §. vi. 208 a! ORNEITHOLOGY, ~— Boox Il, @. VI. The Calandra, which perchance is no other than the Bunting. His bird Oliva defcribesin this manner. Itisa kind of Lark fomething bigger than the common, otherwife for fhape of body not much unlike it: In refpet of bignefs comparable toa‘Thrajb. Itshead is greater than a Thrujhes 5 its Bill fhorter and thicker: Its Feet as in other Larks. The colour of its under or fore part is a light cinereous, with certainblack {pots on the Breaft, after the manner of a Thru/). *A certain Of its upper or hind-part, viz. the Back, Wings, and Tail, ¢c. like that of * Uybey. Finer ricer About two inches below the Bill a circle of black feathers encompaffes the Neck, in aduskyco- fafhion of 4 Collar or Necklace. 8 This bird feems to be the fame with our Busting hereafter ‘to be defcribed. The figure of the Bill in Ofza’s Cut doth not agree to the Bumting, indeed anfwers not.to his own defcription 5 it being drawn as {lender and long as a Thrufbes, whereas he de- {cribes it thicker and fhorter. BeWoniws his defcription of the Calandra agrees well enough to the Buzting 5 although he alfo defcribesthe Bunting elfewhere, underthe title of Cexchramus.. Howbeit, that we may leave the Reader to the liberty of his judgment concerning thefe matters, we fhall fubjoyn Beonzws his defcription of Ca- _ landra, Calandra (faith he) isa fort of Lark; which who fo defires to know, let him fancy a crefted Lark approaching to the bignefs of a Starling. Wherefore he that fhall callita great Lark,may wellfeemnot unfitly to denominateit. For both its voice, thoughhigher, is altogether like the voice of a Lark, and alfo the colour of its feathers the fame, its Head the fame, its Wings the fame, its Tail the fame, and likewife its conditions the fame : Its Legs,Feet,and Toes altogether alike, and in thefe the Spur or back-claw long, as in Larks. The Neck flender where it is joyned to the Head, as we obferved alfo inthe Peacock, and which is likewife common to Qusils. But becaufe it differs not from a common Lark fave in bignets, andthe ecrefted Lark, as we faid, is bigger than the common, and hatha tuft on his Head, which’ both the common Lark and the Calandra want 3, Ican eafily allow this fort of bird to be called a Lark, and tobecomprehended under the Gexws of Larks, The Calandra exceeds the reft of this kind in bignefs, and therefore {tandsin need of a thicker Bill, that it might break the harder fortsof grains upon whichit feeds, thoughthofe that are kept | al up in Cages are wont to be fed with Oats and crums of white bread. Thus far Belloniws. | Q. VIL. Lhe crefted Lark, called by the Germans, Kommanick, Jeex and defcribed at Vienna in ' Auftria. Alauda criftata, Galerita. T is bigger than the common Lark, hath a greater and longer Bill, almoft an inch ] long, meafuring from the point to the corner of the mouth: The upper Chap dusky, the lower whitifh. The Tongue is broad, fomewhat cloven ; the Irides of the Eyes of acinereoushazel colour. The Creft upon the crown of the Head con- fifts of {even or eight feathers [ I counted ten or twelve. ] Thefe feathers are fituate * Acrofs the * tranf{verfly, and may be erected or lowred, {pread or contracted at pleafure, like the heat Tail. Thefe feathers are blacker than the reft, and almoft half an inch long, The Back is more cinereous, and lefs {potted than in thecommon Lark: The Rump almoft wholly deftitute of {pots. : The prime feathers of the Wings arein number eighteen, befides the outmoft very fhort and {mall one. The outer Vane of, the firft Pinion feather is of a dirty white, inclining to red or yellow: The reft are not fo black.asin the common Lark ,and have fome mixture of'a pale red, evenintheir lower part. The Breaft and Belly are white, with a dafh of yellow : The Throat fpotted, as inthe common Lark: The Tail is2 % inches long, compofed of twelve feathers; the two outmoft whereof on each fide have their exteriour borders white, witha dath of red, being elfe black 5 the third and fourthare wholly black 5 the fifth and fixth of the fame colour with the body. The Gall from green inclines to a dark blue. [I fuppofe this is accidental, and that the colour of the Gall varies in divers birds. ] The blind Guts are very fhort. This BooxIL ORNITHOLOGY. 109 This differs from the common Lark, 1. In bignefs: 2. Inthe Creft: 3. Inthe co- lour of the Back; which islefs potted, and not{o beautiful: 4. Inthe meafure of the Tail, which in this Bird isfhorter: 5. In that it foars not fo much inthe air, and when jt mounts up ftaysnot folong there: 6. That it flies not in flocks, as they do. | Laft~ ly, (as Aldrovandws obferves ) it is frequently feen about the banks of Lakes and Rivers. , i Diofcorides prefcribes this bird to be eaten roafted, Galen in fome places of his worksroafted, mfomeplacesboiled, toaflwage Colic pains. Marcellys Virgilivs pre- fers the powder of it, putinan earthen pot, and dried or burntin an Oven, takenin waterto the quantity of two or three fpoontuls, before all other medicines for the Colic. noe . . §. VIII. The lefer crefted Lark, —w His ( as * Aldvouandus defcribes it )is like the greater erefted Larks, but much * 15.12. lefs, and hath a confiderable long tuft on its Head for the fmalnefs of itsbo- “?'* dy: Red Feet. The colour of its whole body feems to incline more to brown thanthat of the greater kind. I have obferved them running in flocks abroad in the fields. : | This Bird Mr. Fohufow of Brigual hath obferved inthe Northof Exgland. §. IX. The Giarola of * Aldrovandus, having a long heel. hase 14p.29. T was of the bignefs of a Lark, Its length from the tip of its Billto the points of ee ] its Claws was two Palms: Its Bill brittle, red, withinfide and about the corners of the Mouth yellow: It gapes wide. The colour of its Crown, Neck, Back, and Wingsis various 5 fo that therein it exactly refembles a Quail, and is alfo very like to a Weodcock, For all the feathers are of a dusky Chefnut-colour, only their edges are encompafled with amore dilute or whitifh, or moderately reddifh colour. ‘The ' bottom of the Head, or beginning of the Neck is encircled with a border of whitifh feathers, as it were a Wreath or Crown. The Tongue is cloven, the Belly white, the roots of thefeathers cinereous. The Tail fo fhort that {carce any thing of it ap- pears, yet is it forked and particoloured ; forthe laft or outmoft feather on each fide is all over white, the laft fave one partly white, partly chefnut. The whole Tail is fcarcean inch long, and narrow, being made up of very narrow feathers. Its Legs and Feet are fufficiently large, and of a flefh colour or reddifh white. In the Feet this is worthy the obfervation, that the back-toe is very long, and hath a Claw of equal length, fo that both together make up aninch. This Claw is not, as in other birds for the moft part, crooked from its rife, but firft {treight fora good way, and toward the tip moderately hooked. The Claws alfo are whitith. Ge Oy Lhe Bird called Spipoletta at Florence, Tordino at Venice: Perchance the * Stopparola, * Tom.2.?.732- or + Grifola, or Spipola fecunda of Aldrovand. + Pd.738,73%0 T is Jefs thana Lark, about the bignefs of a Beccafigo: From Bill point to Tail end 7 ; inches long: Between the tips of the Wings extended eleven three quar- ters broad. Its Billis final, flender, about+half an inch long, ftreight, fharp, and cole-black : Its Spur or back-claw very long, like a Larks. Its colour on the topof the Head, Neck, Shoulders, and Back cinereous, with a dafhof green. [| Mr.Willughby makes the Back to be of an obfcure or dusky yellow; the Head more cinereous.] The Breaft and Belly are white : The Throat {potted. The Belly. of the Hen-birdis yellowith. [The Throat, Breaft, and Belly in fome are: white, in others ofa lovely yellow : But inall generally the Breaft is darker than the Throat or Belly, and fpotted.] . It hath in each Wing eighteen prime feathers, (1 found notin this kind that {mall, fhort, outmoft feather, which we have obferved ini the Wings of many {mall birds,) of a dark or dusky colour ; excepting the outer } did moft firmly ftick in their memories, and which they had well conned andthought upon. The other was a Hiftory or Prediction of the War of the Empe- Tour againit the Proteftants, which was then imminent. For as it were prefaging or prophecying they feemed to chant forth the whole bufinef as it afterwards fell out. . They did alfo with that ftory mingle what had been done before againft the Duke of Brunfwick, But I fuppofe thofe Birds had all from the fecret conferences of fome Noblemen and Captains; which as being ina public Inn, might frequently have been had in thatplace where the Birds were kept. | Thefe things (as I faid ) they did in the night, efpecially after twelve of the clock, when there was adeep filence, repeat. But in the day-time for the moft part they were filent, and feemed to donothing but meditate upon, and revolve with themfelves what the Guelts conferred together about either at Fable, or elfe as they walked. Iverily had never believed our Pliny | ne writing 4 WL 2 ‘ ORNITHOLOGH Booxil, writing fo many wonderful things concerning thele little Creatures, had I not my felf feen withmy Eyes, and heard them with my ears uttering fuch things as I have re- lated. Neither yet can I of a fudden write all, or call to remembrance every ‘parti- cwlar that I have heard. md 3 sVilIb WML LY | The Nightingale is very impatient of cold, and therefore ih |Winter-time either hides it {elf in fome lurking place, or flies away into hot Countries. Ireland (as Bo- terys relates ) is altogether deftitute of Nightingales; which whether it be true or not I cannot tell. In the South part of Ezgland in Summer timethey are very frequent, but in the North morerare. Some build uponthe ground at hedg-bottoms, others in thick green bufhesand fhrubs. They lay four or five Eggs. : _Itiscalled in Italian, Roffignuolo, from its red or fulvous colour ; or ( as. Aldrovan- dws rather thinks }) from the diminutive Latime word, Lufciniola. es In Italy among thofe little birds, which srowing fat in the Autumn are fold: in- difcriminately for Beccafico’s, the Nightingale is one. ft breeds in the Spring-time about the month of May, building its Neft of the leaves of trees, {traws and mols. It feldom fingsnear its Neft for fear of difcovering it,but for the moft part about a {tones caft diftant. | ; | It is proper to this Bird at his firft coming (faith Oliza)) to occupy or feize upon one place as its Freehold, into which it will not admit any other Nightingale but its Mate. It haunts for the moft part in cool or fhady places, where are little Rivulets of wa- ter, fuch as are Quick-fet hedges, {mall groves, and bufhes, where are no very high trees, for it delights inno high trees except the Oak: | _ Additions to the Hiftory of the Nightingale out of Olina, and others... | Ooo: The choice of the Neftlings, and how to take dnd order them for finging. Mi« choice of fuch to bring up for finging as are bred eailieft in the Springs becanfe, 1. They prove the beft fingers, as having more time to con and praGife their notes before Winter. 2. They are eafieft rear’d, and be- come {trong toendure the cold, having mued their feathers before Autumn, whereas the fecond brood, muing them later, are fubje& to. be over-run with Vermine, and often furprized and killed by the cold, while they are bare of feathers. 3. Suchcon- fequently prove more healthful and long-lived. | The young Nightingales (faith Ofza) mult be taken when they are well feathered ; [ faith a late Englifh Author, when they are indifferently well feathered, not too little, nor too much: If too much, they will be fullen; and if too little, if you keep them not very warm, they will die withcold, and then alfo they will be much longer in bringing up; ] and together with the Neft put in the bottom ofa little basket made of {traw, covering the Neft fo that they cannot get out, not tangle or double-their Legs; keeping them at firft ina quiet place where few people refort, feeding them eight or ten times a day with heart of a Veal or Weather raw, well cleanfed and freed from skin, films, finews, and fat, cut into fmall pieces of the bignef$ ofa writing Pen. {Our Englith Author mingles a like quantity of white bread, foaked in water, and a lutle fqueezed, with the fiefh, chopping both {mall as if it were for minc’d meat, | giving to each bird upon a {ticks end two or three {mall pieces [ of the quanti- ty of agrey Peafe Jatatime. Make them drink two or three times a day, by put- ting to them a little Cotton- wool dipt in water, on the end of a ftick : Keeping them i this manner covered, till they begin to find their feet, and leap out of the Neft : Then put them ina Cage with frefh ftraw, fine mofs or hay at the bottom, [ lining the Pearches with green bays, for they are very fubject to the cramp at the firlt ] feeding and ordering them as before, tillyou fee they begin to feed themfelves, which you {hall perceive by obferving them pick the meat fromthe ftick ; then take of the heart fome pieces of the bignefs of a nut,and faften themto the Cage fides. Whenthey are come to.feed themfelves, give them four or five timesa day agobbet ortwo. Let them have acup of water very clean and bright, changing the water in Summer-time twice aday, doing the fame by the flefh, that it grow. not fower nor ftink. When they are RNITHOLOGY. Boox Ii. 223 are fully gtown, put into little boxes with ftorie bottoms, on one fide of the Cage crums of Pafte, fuch as we fhall anon defcribe, and on the other fide Sheeps heart, fuch as was before metitioned. When they begiz to moult (faith our Englifh Author) gzve them half aie Egg hard boiled,and the other half fheeps heart,with a little Sufiton mixt in the water, for you mujt not make it too fizff, nor too limber. Give them no Dack-eggs': For I had fic Nightingales killed one night with a Duck-egg. | ) Raat hs Among thefe Neftlings the Cock may be kriown from the Hen by this token : How toknow After he hath eaten he will get upthe Perch, and begin to tune or record to himfelf, fre Cocks which you fhall petceive by the motion of his Throat, wheréas the Hen at firft re- pens, cords little, or not at all. Moreover, the Cock is wont to ftand fometimes for a good {pace upon ofe foot; otherwhiles to leap or run furioufly to and fro in the Cage, and to draw out his warbling Notes with along continuance. Some are of opinion that thefe Nefflizgs fing not comparably to the wild Nightingales, becaufe they warit the teaching of their Dams. Wherefore to make them prove good, it is _ convenient to place them hear one that hath the right wild note. But experience confutes this obfervation, thefe proving as well as thofe: Nature without any other _ teacher inftruting them to utter the notes proper to their own kind. Herein I muft crave leave to diffent fiom Olina, for Authors generally agree, and expericnce confirms it, that old Nightingales do teach their Young their Airs and that of all birds Nightingales emulate one another, and other birds, yea, and men too, in finging noft. | . For finding the Neft where the Cock fings, and if fo be he fings longin a place, How to find then the Hen fits not faroff; but if he hath young ones he will now and then bemif- the Neft fing, and thenthe Hen when you come near her Neft will fweetand cur: And if you have féarchéd long and cannot find it, {tick a meal-worm or twoupon a thorn, and obferve which way the Cock cartiesthem, and ftand ftill, or lie down, and you will hear the Young when the old one feeds them, (for they make a great noife for fo {malla bitd: ) When you have found the Neft if they be not fledg’d enough, touch them not, for if you do they will never tarry in the Neft. 7. | Thefe Neftlings fing for the moft part in the Autumn, and fometimesin the Win- if they be kept in a warm Chamber, or in a place where the air is temperate. ini. | §. HL. ’ How to take Branchers, and old Nightingales, and to order them when taken. Wn you have found the birds haunts, they may be taken by a Trap-cage, of Net-trap; defcribed in Oliva, and in the forementioned Englifh Author 5 baited with ameal-worm, or other worms or Maggots... So foon as you have taken the Nightingale, tie thetipsof his wings with fome brownthread, not {training it too hard, that he may not have ftreneth to beat himfelf againft the top and wires of the Cage, for by thisorder he will grow tame fooner, and be more apt to eat "his meat. You fhall fhut him up in a Cage covered above half with green Bays, or brown paper, [ Olina faith, covered with paper, and for awhile without Perches ] or elfeturn the Cage from the light in fome private place, that at firft he be not difturbed, to make him wilder than he would be. * Feed him five or fix times at the leaft every day with » pings taken fheeps heart and Egg fhred {mall and fine, mingling amongft the fame fome red Ants, in 4pril mutt and three or four red Earth-worms, And becaufgno Nightingale will at firft eat any bef4 Keven fheeps heart or Pafte, or hard Ege, but live meat, as Worms, Ants, Caterpillars, or a day foe then Flies; therefore taking him out in your hand, you muft open his Bill with a ftick [sy ire aprer made thinatone end, and holding it open, give him a gobbet about the bignefs of Pea agrey peafe: Then when he hath fwallowed that, open his Bill and give him ano- food than in ther, till he hath had four or five fuch bits: Then fet him fome meat mingled with rhe ee a {tore of Ants, that when he goes to pick up the Ants he may eat fome of the fheeps heart and Eggs withit. At the firft you may fhred three or four meal-worms in his -theat, the better to enticehim, that {ohe may therewith eat fome of the fheeps heart by little and little; atlaft when you perceive him to eat, give him the lefs Ants in his meat, and at laft nothing but fheeps heart and Eggs. | Oliva makes no mention of forcing meatidown histhroat, but only laying it by him im the Cage, and advifesto tie or faften fome pieces of heart toMaggots and Caterpillars,to mure the bird to eat fiefh. ] Our Author allo, if the bird befullen, advifes to get fome Gentles or Maggots, _ and take your pafte and roll itwp ‘m preces like to little worms about half an inch i | ! | and \ TS ee ee REO Mi ge: Sg. ee ie ~~ = abiesG- eo co) an } ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox II, and put among{t them fome Ants, and put your Maggots at the bottom of your pan, then put your pafte rolled like worms upon the Maggots, and they ftirring at the bor. tom will make the pafte move asif it were alive ; which will caufe the ightingaleto eat it more readily 5 and when he hath tafted the meat made of fheeps heart, and pafte two or three times, hethen is not apt to forfake it. But whereas he faith,that Nightin- ales feeding only uponlive meat do not know that any thing is for food but what ftirs, 2 is furely theretn miftaken, for (as Olina obferves) they feed upon Figs, and Some forts of berries, when wild, as well as upon Infedks. Such birds as you take in April our Author advifes when you go a ‘taking to carry a bottom bag with you, and fome meat ina Gally-pot to feed them abroad, for if they be over-fafted they feldom live, they re- quiring to be fed every hour: Alfo to put orcut their feathers from their vent, other- wife they will be fubje& to clog and bake up their vent, which is fudden death. Birds, that are long a feeding, and make no curring or {weeting for eight or ten days, feldom prove good; but on thecontrary, they give great hopes of proving well when they take their meat kindly, and are familiar, and not buckifh, and fing quickly, and learn to eat of themfelves without much trouble. This is a fure token of their pro- ving excellent birds: For I have had fome birds feed in twelve hours after taking of them, and fing in two or three days, and thofe never proved bad. When you thall find that the Nightingale eats well by himfelf, and fings often without feeming to" be difturbed at every little noife, you fhall by little and little put back the green Bays or Paper wherewith the Cage was covered, putting fome Greens in the opened part. Howtodifern — Now to know the Cocks from the Hens among the wild ones, Olina gives us thele Ree marks of the Cock, That it hath a bigger Eye, and rounder and greater ‘Head, a lon- "ger Bill, thicker Legs, a longer Tail, and of fomething a brighter red. Our Englifh _ Author will not allow thefe for fufficient notes of diftinction; and yet afterward he - dare not deny but all taken together may be fufficient. He'adds, that Nightingales taken in Auguft are moft certainly to be difcerned by the finging: Andas for thofethat are taken in April, your knowledge, faith he, refteth in thefe obfervations : Firft, when you think you have taken the bird you heard fing, call again, and if the Gock anfwers and fings again, then you have taken the Hen, and not the Cock; but if you find the Cock not to fing, then be affured you havetaken him. Alfo you may know him by the lower parts of the Sex, which the Cock puts forth, but the Hen doth not. If you take a bird about the middle of May, or beginning of Fue, the Breaft of the Hen willbe bare with fitting,and all full of fcurf, whereas the Cocks Breaft is all well- feathered, without any barenefs or feurf. | This Author faith, that he hath often proved, that old Nightingales are far per- fecter, and far excellenter in their fongs than any Neftling or Brancher whatfoever, and will come to fing aslavifh andjas often, and with care and a little trouble will know you, and beas familiar alfo. : Branchers ( faith Oliva ) arebetterthan Neftlings, and will come to beas familiar, and very often fing all Winter. { Underftand it in Italy where their Wintersare fhort and mild. ] Q. Il. WhagCages are beft for Nightingales. y_ (He moft convenient Cages for Nightingales arethofe which have the Wires only Bu afore, and all the other parts made up, and the top lined with Bays, [ the fidesalfo againft Winter ] partly for warmth, the Nightingale being a very tender bird, and partly alfo becaufe being buckifh he is apt to mount upand ftrike his head again{t the top-wires or wood, and endanger the dafhing out hisbrains. §. IV. How tomake a Paftcto feed Nightingales, being alfo good for the Wren, Robin-red-breaft, Woodlark, Skie-lark, Throftle, and other birds. G tos: of the flower of Chiches [ or horfe-beans] finely fifted two or three pounds, according to the number of birds you keep : Of fweet Almonds | blanch'd and beaten fine half a pound, of frefh Butter [ without any falt in it ] four ounces,three or four Yolksof Eggs boiled hard and pounded. Put thefe ingredients in ——— Book, ORNITHOLOGY. in a Pan of the fafhion of that they make Confects in. Set the Pah on a Ties over a fire of Charcoal, taking care that it be not {moaked, and ftirring it con: {tantly with a wooden ftick or Spathwle, that it burn not to the bottom till it be fufficiently boiled. Then take a pound of Honey, and three ounces of Butter, and melt it in any little Veflel, fill {cumming of it; and when it is well melted and boiled, let your affiftant, with a Ladle having a hole or two in the bottom, take i¢ up, and pourit upon the Pafte, gently moving his Ladle up and down, you inthe mean while continuing to ftir your Pafte till it be well incorporated and grained. This Pafteferves for the Summer : Forthe Winter, take a pretty quantity of Saffron and mingle withthe Pafte, for it is hot and opening, and will maintain the bird more chearful-and lively. Then take it from the fire, and pafs it through a Sieve or Co- lander with round holes of the bignefs of an ordinary Tare. That which will not pafs through of it felf force through with your hand. Then fpread it upon a Table; covered. with:a white clean cloth, todry; and when itis fufficiently dry,put it up in a Pot. If it be toodry, you may moiftenand mollifieit with alittle honey. This Pafte will laft three or four, and fometimes fix months, and fervesfor all forts of {mall foft- beaked birds. pe Many other forts of Pafte may be made like this of lefs charge ; asinftead of AL monds to ufe Walnuts, ec. Thele Paftes are beft kept in earthen Veflels of white ware, covered clofe with Parchment, and fet ina place rather moilt than dry. ye F = The Nightingales difeafes, and their cires: Irft, note that the principal thing which catifes moft difeafes, not only in Nightin- _ gales, but in other birds kept for finging, is want of keeping them clean and neat, whereby they clog theirfeet, which caufes the Claws of feveral to rot off, and breeds the Cramp and Gout in others, and makes them never thrive, nor delight in themfelves. No birds can be kept too clean and neat. Therefore be fure to let them have twice a week gravel at the bottom of the Cage,and let it be very dty when you put it in, for then it will not be fubjeé to clog. vr. } The Nightingale in Autumn is apt to grow extraordinary fat and foggy ; [ Ihave had feveral when fat to be three weeks and not eat one bit of meat] to remedy which during that time give him two or three timesin a week worms taken out of a Pigeon- houfe, twoor three at atime, or two or three field-Spiders a day, which will purge and cleanfe.them extraordinarily. Upon the falling of his fat he muft be kept warm, and have fome Saffron-given him in his meator water. Toraife them when they dre very lean and poor, give them new figs chopt {mall among their meat, continuing no longer than till they have recovered their flefh. Nightingales that have been kept two or three yearsin a Cage are very fubjec to the Gout : Which when you fhall perceive, take them out of their Cage, and anoimt their feet with frefh Butter or Capons greafe : Do fo three of four days together and it is a certain cure for them. Another thing that Nightingales are fubject to, is breakings out about their Eyes and Neb 5 for whichlikewife ufe your frefh Butter or Capons greate. There alfo hapneth unto the Nightingale a ftraitnefs or ftrangling of the breatt 4 which comes very often for want of care in making of their meat, by mincing fat therewith 5 and you may perceive it by the beating painnot aforeaccuftomed that he abideth in this place,and alfo by his often gaping: Other whiles this difeafehapneth by reafon of {ome finew or thread of thefheeps heart (for want of well fhredding ) hang- ing in histhroat, or clafpitig abouthis Tongue, which caufeth him to forfake his meat, and grow very poor in a fhort time, efpeciallyif it be inthe Spring time, or when he isin fong. « When you fhall perceive it by his gaping, éc. take him gently out of his Cage, and open his bill with a quillor pin, and unloofen any ftring or piece of flefh that may hang abouthis tongue or throat: After you have taken it away,give him fome white Sugar-candy in his water, or elfe diffolve it, and moiften his meat; which is a prefent remedy to any thing that is amifs.. . } ff they grow melancholy, put into their water fome white Sugar-candy 3 and if that will not do, about fix or eight Chives of Saffron, continuing withal to give them the Pafte and fheeps heart fhred very fine,and alfo'three or four meal-worms a day,and afew Ants and Ants Eggs: Alfo boila new-laid Egg, and chop it fmall, and ftrew it among the Ants and their Eggs. Gg | | §. VI. | pr “4 “6 ~S~Ss«ORNCITHOLOGY. Boor il. @ VI. How to provoke a Nightingale to fing. “O make Nightingales fing more than ordinarily, or at fuch times as they are not wont, give them in Winter-time Pafte of Pine kernels pounded, and in their drinking-cupa chive or two of Saffron: For thofe two things by heating them, render themchearful and brisk, without inducing any noxious alteration, and fo excite them to fing. ‘That fympathy alfo which this bird hath with Mufic both vocal and inftru- mental is of exceeding force to thispurpofe. And therefore if in the Chamber where fhe iskept there be a confort of fweet founds or voices, fhe is marveloufly pro- voked to fing. Many {tories wehave of Néghtizgales emulating and ftriving to out- vie oneanother, and other birds, yea, and men too in finging: Nay, that fometimesa bird will {train her note {0 to exceed that of her Antagonift, that fhe will fall down dead upon the {pot with contending and over-{training her felf Oliva hath the receit of an odoriferous unguent to ftir up a Nightingale to fing. . Take of Civet not fophifticate twenty grains, Benjamin and Storax calamite, of each three grains, mingle thefe together in a Mortar in the form of a foft ointment; Then diligently obferve the bufh and particular branch, on which the Nightingale is ~ wont to fit and fing, and there making asit were alittle fhelf of the leavesand boughs, lay thereon fome meal-worms, and anoint the branch next to your fhelf with this Un- guent. The Nightzzgale when hereturns from feeding, will prefently fly up to his bough, and finding there the meal-worms will falla eating of them, and fenting the odour of’ the Ointment will begin to fing, and being as it were intoxicated with the perfume, will not give over, nor ftir from the place though you take the boughs from about him. . For as the Nightingale exceeds all other birds in finging, fo doth he alfo inthe exquifitenefs of his fent: Wherefore alfo when wild he doth moft willingly haunt where {weet herbs grow: And is particularly delighted in Musk, fo thata grain or two of true Musk put in Cotton,and that in a {mall Reed ferving for him to pearch on in his Cage, will provoke him to fing. Cuar. X. Lhe Black-cap: Atricapilla feu Ficedula, Aldrov. called by the Greeks, Suxarls & Merayxopvg@s, by the Italians, Capo Negro. His is a very {mall bird, not weighing, above half'an ounce: Its length from ° : the tip of the Bill to theend of the Tail is fixinches 5 its breadth between the ends of the Wings ftretcht out nine. The top of the Head is black, whence it took its name : The Neck cinereous 5 the whole back of a dark green. The quill-feathers in each Wing eighteen in number, of a dusky colour, fave that their edges area little green. The Tail hath twelve feathers, twoinches and an half Jong, and almoft equal, fharp-pointed, of a dusky colour, witha little tincture of green. Thenether part of the Neck, the Throat, and upper part of the Breaftare of a pale afh-colour: The lower Belly white, tinctured with yellow. The Bill ftreight, flen- _ der, black, longer, andJefler than in the Tztmice - —The Tongue cloven and rough : The Feet of alead colour, the Claws black. The outmoft Toe below is faftned to the middlemoft. The head of the Female is of a brown or chefnut colour rather than black. This bird is frequent in Italy, it is alfo found in Exglazd, but more rarely, Tvrzer in vain contradicting. | Gefuer faith, that the firft Summer the head of thefe birds is red, and afterward grows black, and that in the Cocks only, for in the Hens it continues always red. The Ancients report, that the Black-caps [_ Atricapile] in the beginning of Autumn are changedinto Picedule, or Beccafigos by the mutation of their voice and colours from whom, till I be aflured by experience, I muft crave leave to diflent. * The BookI, ORNITHOLOGY, 234 4 | * The fourth Beccafigo of Al Meta | The Beccaficodefcribed by Aldrovand in the fourth and fifth place in his Chapter of Ficedulemay perchance differ {pecifically from our Black-cap. On the upper fide; Head, Back, Wings, and Tailitisofa brown colour, inclining toa chefnut. . The Fe- male on the nether fide isall whites the Male from white declines to cinereous. The quil-feathers of the Wings in the Male are black, with fome white onesintermixt : In the Female they incline to a chefnut colour, as doth alfo the Tail, which in the Cock -isblack. Contrariwife, the Feet in the Cock inclineto a chefnut colour, in the Hen are black. / | , | Beceafigo’s abound in Candy, as Bellowiws witnefles, and alfo in the IMland of Cyprus, where they are falted up in great numbers, and tranfported into other Countries. With us in Exgland they are called by a general name, Cyprus-birds, and are in no lefs efteem with our Merchants for the delicacy of their tafte, than they were of old with the Italians: And that defervedly, ( faith Aldrovandys } for feeding upon two of the choiceft fruits, vz. Figsand Grapes, they mult needs become a more wholfom food than otherbirds, yieldinga better nourifhment, and of more eafie concoction, Bec- cafigo's are accounted beft and moft in feafon in the Autumn, as being then fatteft by reafon of the plenty of meat that feafon affords them. ‘At which ‘time they are highly prized and coveted by the Italians even now adays. “C'nap. XI. | The golden-crown’d Wren: Regulus ctiftatus, Aldrov. lib. 17. cap. 1. The | Trochilus of Pliny and * Ariftotle, who alfo calls it Mpéo€us and Banrss,* H Ree Others call it by a diminutive word Bagdion®s. In Tafcany it is called Fior ~ _ Rancio, that'is, the Marigold Flower, fromthe colour of its Creft. His is the leaft of all birds found with usin Exgland, weighing not more than : one fingledrachm. Its length fromthetip of the Bill to the end of the Claws is four inches and an half, -to the end of the Tail four and a quarter. The breadth of the Wings extended fix and three quarters. The top of the Head is adorned with amoft beautiful bright fpot, ( which they call a creft ) of a deep Saffron or pale Scarlet colour: Hence it got thofe ambitious titles of “ Regalwsand Ijrannys, * Little King This Creft or Crown Cif you pleafe fo to call it ) it can when it lifts, by corrugating 24 Tyran its forehead, and drawing the fides of the {pot together, wholly conceal and render invifible. It is of an oblong figure, and extended directly through the middle of the . Head from the Billtowardsthe Neck. ‘The edges of it on both fides are yellow 3 the whole is environed with a black line. The fides of the Neck are of a lovely fhining yellowifh green colour. The Eyes are encompafied with white. The Neck and all the Back froma dark green incline to yellow. The Breaft is of a fordid white. [ Inthe bird that I 7. R. defcribed the Breaft and Belly were dafhed witha faint green. ] The Wings were concave, not much unlike to a Chaffinches Wings. The quil-fea- - thers of the Wings, asin almoft all {mall birds, wereeighteen, all of a dusky colour, only their exteriour edges yellowifh, and their interiour whitifh. The tips alfo of the three next to the body were white. But what was molt efpecially notable inthe Wings of this bird was, that the middle quill-feathers, or indeed all excluding the five outmoft, and the three inmoft, had their exteriour Webs, as far as they appear abovethe covert feathers, toa confiderable breadth black, fo that when the Wings are fhat they make ablack fpot of a good bignefs about the middle of each Wing. The outmoift quil-feather wasvery fhort and little. The covert-feathers of the firlt row have white tips, all together making a white line acrofs the Wing. Above alfo to- wards the ridge of the Wing isa white {pot. | The-Tailis made up of twelve fharp-pointed feathers, an inchand half long, not forcipate, of a dusky colour, only the exteriour borders of the feathers are of a yel- -lowith green. | > ) The Bill is flender, ftreight, black, halfaninchlong. The feet yellowith, andthe - Claws of a notmuch different colour. The Tongue long, fharp, andcloven. The Irides of the Eyes of a hazel colour. BO Gg 2 i, The 228 The greater not crefted Regulus. * Aviumlib.7. Cap.6. ee eee ORNITHOLOGY. Boor Il, The ftomach {mall, mufculous, and full of Infects; whence it is manifeft Cas Ari- frotle rightly faith } that it isa vermivorousbitd. The Female, as in moft other birds, hath not fo fair colours. , | - We faw of thefe birds firlt to be fold in the Market at Nurenberg > Afterwatds our worthy Friend Mr. Fr. Fefop of Broomball in Sheffield Parith, whom we have occafion often to mention in this Work, fent us of them, which he had found and caught in the Mountainous Woods about Highloe, near Hatherfedge in the Peak of Derby fhire. The fame alfo found them here in Middleton Park in Warwickshire, where he {hor them and brought them tous. They abide and haunt for the moft part on the tops of trees, e{pecially Oaks. What 1s {poken of theantipathy and feud between this bird and the Eagle we look upon as anOld Wives Fable. Aldrovandws writes, that fhe lays fix or feven Eggs to- gether before fhe fits, not bigger than Peafe. = Cuap. XI. A little yellowifh Bird without name,called by Aldrovandus Regulus non criftatus, perchance the Afilus of Bellonius, or the Luteola of Turner. being in length from thetip of the Billto the end of the Tail, or, which is all one, the end of the Claws fiveinches, inbreadth between the extremities of the Wings extended feven. : All its upper fide, fave the Wings and Tail, is of a dusky or cinereous colour, tin- tured with green. TheRump is greener than the reft of the Back. A yellowith line is produced from the Nofthrils above the Eyes almoftto the hinder’ part of the Head. a His is equal to, or fomewhat bigger than the crefted Wren, weighs two drachms, -Thenether fide, v#g. the Throat, Breaft, and Belly is white with a dafhof green, and fometimes yellow. The Wing and Tail-feathers ate dusky, having their outer edges green. ‘The feathers under the baftard-wing, and the covertsof the underfide of the Wings, from green decline to a lovely yellow. EachWing hath eighteen prime fea- thers, the outmoftof which isvery {hort and fmall. The Tail is two inches long, not forked, made up of twelve fharp-pointed feathers. Its Bill isflender, ftreight, fharp, half an inch long, the upper Mandible being dusky on the outfide; but the anglesof the Mouth are yellowifh: The mouth with- in yellow. The Nofthrils are large: The Legs and Feet {mall, of adusky Amber co- lour. The outmoft fore-toe at bottom grows to the middle one. Its Gizzard is fmall. Itfingslikea Grajhopper, and dothmuch frequent Willow-ttees. It is much inmotion, continually creeping up and downtreesand fhrubs, and fings with a que- rulous note. It builds its Neft of mofs, and {traws, and afew feathers and hairs with- in. It lays five Eggs all over befprinkled with red {pecks. The birds of this kind vaty in colour, fome being of a paler,fome ofa deeper green or yellow : infome the Belly 1s white, without any tincture of green. Mr. Fefop fetus a bird in all points exactly like that here defcribed, and whofe note alfo refembled the noife of aGrafhopper, but twice as big. Now that the Readermay judge whether the Aflws of Belloniys be the fame with this bird, as we {uppofe, we willtubjoyn BeYoniws his defcription thereof. The Afilws, * faith he, isof all birds the leaft,except the Regulus and Tyrannus (that is, according to him, the common Wren, andthe crefted Wren ) at leaf{t there is none lefsthanit. [tis almoftalwaysfinging. It would be liketo the crefted Wren, were not the creft on its Head yellow. And yet itis yellow in the folds of its Wings, and in their extremities, as alfo upon the Back, and about the Tail. The Legs, Feet, Claws, and Bill are black 3 but both the extremities of the Bill have fomething of yellow. Itislong, weak, and fit to catch Infects, upon which it fteds, refufing grain, and lives in the fhady places of Woods. Ariffotle mentions a little bird by the name of Oisp@.,Gaza renders it Afllws, thought to be fo called becaufe it is not much bigger than the Infect Oeftrus. CHAP. Boor I. ORNITHOLOGY. 1a .Cuar. XIIl.. The Wren, Pafler troglodites of Aldrovand, by Turner and Bellonius called fal fly ~ ‘Regulus. ee - WT weighs three drachms, being extended from the pointof the Bill to the end of ] the Tail fourinches and an half: The Wings ftretcht out equal to fix inches and anhalf. The Head, Neck, and Back areofa dark {padiceous colour, efpecial- ly the Rump and Tail. TheBack, Wings, and Tail are varied with crofs black lines. The Throat isof a pale yellow, the middle of the Breaft whiter : Below it hath black tranfverfe lines, as have alfo the fides. The lower Belly is of aidusky red. The tips of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are tharked with three or four {mall white fpots. The tips of the covert-feathers of the Tail are alike fpotted. The number of quil- feathers in each Wingis eighteen. The Tail, which for the moft part it holds ere¢t, is ‘made up of twelve feathers. . ; ‘The Bill is halfan inch long, flender, yellowifh beneath, dusky above: the Mouth withinfide yellow : The Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured. The outer Toes are faft- ned to the middle one as far as the firft joynt. It creeps about hedges and holes, whence it is not undefervedly called Troglodites. It makes but fhort flights, and if it be driven from the hedges, may eafily be tired and run down. | It builds its Neft fometimes by the Walls of houfes, in the back-fides of Stables, ot other Out-houfes covered with ftraw, but more commonly in Woods and Hedges, without, of Mofs, within, of haits and feathers. ‘This Neft is of the figure of an Egg, ereé upon one end, and hath inthe middle of the fide a door or aperture, by whichit goesin and out. Being kept tame ir fings very fweetly, and witha higher and louder voice than one would think for its ftrength and bignefss atid that efpeci- ally inthe Month of May, for then it builds and breeds, It lays nine or ten,and fome- times more Egesata fitting. , A late Englifh Writer tellsus, that he hath had eighteen Eggsout of one Neft, and fixteen young ones out of another. It is {trange to admiration that fo {mall a bodied bird fhould cover fo great a number of Eggs, and more ftrange, that it fhould feed fuch acompany of young, and not mifs one bird, and that im the dark alfo. They breed twiceayear, about the latter end of April, and beginning of Fume, or middle ofit. The Young are tobe fed and rear‘d like the young Nightingales, giving them often, ‘and but one ot two morfelsat atime. Give them once in two or three days a Spider or two. | 3 It perfeGtly cures the Stone of the Kidneys or Bladder ( as Aetiws writes) being falted and eatentaw; or being burnt in a pot clofe-covered, and the alhes of one whole bird taken at once, either by it felf, or witha little * Phyo and Peppers or *A kind of laftly, being roafted whole, only the feathers pluckt off and caft away. wa All the Modern Writers of thé Hiftory of birds before Gefrer take this bird to be the Regulds of the Ancients. ; GHAP. + ‘That is, born again, _ * The word IS Stipitz, which alfo ORNITHOLOGY, Boor, Cuar.. XIV. The Humming Bird, Guainumbi of Marggrave, and Fobnfton in his Natural Hijftory of Birds: Guaiminibique of Fo. de Laet in his Defeription of the Weft Indies, Book 15. Chap.7. Gonambuch, or Gouambuch of Levins in the eleventh Chapter of his American Fiftory, and of Thevet in his 48. Chapter of the fingularities of Antartic France; “Tomineio of Fofephus a Cofta in Book 4. Chap. 37. of his Natural and Moral Hijftory of the Weft Indies, fo called perchance becaufe it # fo light, that it weighs only one Spanifh Tomino, that ws, twelve grams. Ourifhia, ( that w, a Sun-beam ) or Tomincio of Clufius in Book 5. of hi Exotics, Chap. 7. Paffer Mofquitus of Oviedo in bis Summary, Chap. 48. Hoitzitzil of Fr. Hernandez in Book 9. Chap.11. Rerum medicarum Nove Hifpania. Gomare in Fliftoria de Mexicane urbis expugnatione, Vicicilin. comprehends under it many Species, or differences of which in general thefe things are delivered by thofe who have written of it. | 1. That it moves the Wings with that fwiftnefs,as not to be difcerned by the Eye,fo that it feems rather to want Wings 5 and that as it fliesit makesa humming noifelike a Hornet or Bee 3 infomuch that one who fhould fee it flying by, would take it rather tobe a Hornet thana Bee: Hence it took its namein Englifh of humming bird. Te will alfo fo poife it felf by the help of its Wings for a long {pace of time, as if it refted and ftirred not, and fo, being onthe Wing, fuck the flowers with its Bill, for it lights not upon them. But when it moves from one place to another, itis carried with that ve- fe like a bullet through the air, that very oft it cannot be feen or difcerned as it iesalong. Ds That it is fed and nourifhed with honey, dew, and the juice. of flowers, which it fucks out of them with its Bill, or ratherits very long Tongue, provided and fitted by nature for that ufe; fo that, being taken alive, they cannot be kept for want of food, but die ina fhorttime. ae 3. That it lies torpid or fleepsin Winter [ hanging by the feet on a bough in fome open place, according to Franc. Lopez : The Bill being faftned to the trunks of Pines or other trees, according to Hermandes and Recchws"| and in the Spring revives or awakens, whence alfo thefe birds are called * Revatz by the Inhabitants of the Caribbee Iflands, wiz. folong, fay they, it continues alive, as the honey-bearing flowers en- dure, and when they wither and failit becomes torpid, and continues without fenfe or motion for full fix months {pace, until new flowers come... Neither ( faith Her- nandez )is this an idletale, or fuch a thing whereof one may well doubt: For this bird hath been more than once kept in a Chamber faftned to the *{toek of a tree, and eRe kind of bird, whofe Synonyma we have given, isthe leaft of all birds. It / ‘ - when it had hung as it were dead for fix months, at what time Nature had appointed, may fignifie a it revived, and being let go flew away into the neighbouring fields, Believe it who fiake, or any truncheon of wood. will, I amnot wont rafhly or haftily to give credit to fuch relations: Though I know it is taken generally for an undoubted truth, and I find our Mr. Fofeline in his New Exglands rarities toreport it for fuch. And trulyif it livesonly upon what it fucks out of flowers,in the Northern parts of Awerica,when flowers fail,it muft either lie torpid, or fly into the hotter Countries. But inthe more Southern parts of America (as in Bra- (2) Marggraviws writes, that thefe birds are found all the year long in the Woodsin great numbers. er 4. Of the feathers of thefe and other birds of beautiful colours the Indians make the likenefles ( for Pictures we mutt not call them) of Saints, and other things fo dextroufly, and artificially, and to the life that one would think they were drawn with a Pencil in colours, of which we have feen many in the Cabinets of the /zr- tuoft. As ; 5. Although almoft all the Spaniards who have written of the Weft India matters, have made mention of this bird, yet ( whichis {trange ) do they take nonotice at all of its finging : Only Leriws and Thevetws, both Frezchmex, do attribute to it fo high and {weet a note, that it gives not place to.our Nightzngale, which no man, who fhould — oe Boos I. ORNITHOLOGY. fhould not hear and fee it, could eafily be perfwaded, could poffibly proceed trom fo {mall a body. Marggravivs affirms, that they do not fing, but cry, Serep, /crep, fcrep, with one tone, and that almoft continually, like Sparrows, Marggravius defcribes nine forts of this birdin the fifth Book of his Natural Hiftory of Brajil, Chap.4. | 1. The length of the whole body of this? kind from the beginning of the Head ( where the Bilis inferted }) tothe rife of the Tail istwoinches, TheHead, toge- ther with the feathers, is of the bignefs of a mean-fized {weet Cherry: The Neck is three quarters of aninch long 5 the body aninch and aquarter. The body, toge- ther with the feathers, is {carce equal in bignefstoa SpazifhOlive. It hath aflender, and very fharp, round, even, ftreight Bill, yet toward the end a little inclining downward, an inch and half long. The colour, of this Bil is black, excepting the lower Chap toward the rife, where it is reddifh. It hath a double or cloven Tongue, very {mall or flender, like a fine filken thread, white, long, 1o that it cant thruft it forth far beyond the Bill: Small black Eyes 5 very {mall and fhort Legs and Feet, of a black colour: Four Toes in each foot, three {landing forward, and one backward, armed with long femilunar, very fharp, black Claws. It hath a ftreight Tail, aninch long, confifting for the moft part of four feathers. The Wings, which are of two inches length, reach almoft to the end of the Tail, Nature hath fhewna fingular Art in the compofureof the Wing-feathers. From the rife of the Wings for about three quarters of an inch there isa double row of feathers one longer than the other, and the feathersare put one upon another, as it were fhort wings upon long ones. Then after thefe feathers. come the Wing-feathers ( which are about ten ) the fubfequent interiour being ftill longer than the precedent exteriour, fo that the in- moft, determining the end of the Wing, is the longeft ofall. Thefe Wings being fpread it can fly along time, and reft inthe fame place, as it were hanging in theair. Asit flies it makes anoife like a Bruchys,or more truly, likea linnen Spinning-wheel, Hur, hur, bur. The feathers of the Wings {pread appear very thin and tranfparent. The colour of the feathers of the whole Head, .the upper fide of the Neck, the fides, the whole Back, and the beginning of the Wings is wonderfully refplendent, fo that it cannot be well reprefented by any Painter, for with a green, fuch as is feen in the Necks of Peacocks and Mallards, a. golden, flame-colour, and yellow are ftrangely mixt, fo that being expofed to the Sun-beams it fhines admirably. Inthe Throat, the lower fide of the Neck, the breaft, and all the lower Belly, and the upper Legs are white feathers, wherewith underneath the Neck are feathers of an excellent colour, difperfedly intermixt. - In the Belly beneath the white feathers lie black ones. ,The beginning of the Wings was, asIfaid, of an admirable rare colour, all the reft of the Wing brown, and of a fhining fpadiceous. . The Tail confifts of feathers of a blue colour, like polifhed Steel. They make their Nefts in the boughs of trees, of the — bignefs of a Holland Schilling. They lay very white Eggs, two forthe moft part, of an oval figure, not bigger than a Peafe. 2. The fecord fort is more beautiful than the firft, of the fame bignefs and. figure. Yet is its Bill fhorter,, vz, 2 of an inch long, of the fame colour, and figure with that of the former. The Tongue is the fame, as alfo the Eyes, Legs, Feet, and figure of the Wings and Tail. The colour of the feathersin the Head, upper fide ofthe Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail like to that of the former: But in the Throat or underfide of the Neck, the whole Breaft, and lower Belly, to the very end of) the body of {0 ele- gant and fhining a green, with a golden colour, enterchangeably mixt, that they gli- {ter wonderfully." Near the Vent is a {pot of agood bignef3, in refpect of the bulk of the bird, confifting of pure white feathers. 3. Thethird is lefler thanall the reft. From the beginning of the Head, or infer- tion of the Bill to the rife of the Tailtwo inches and anhalf long: The Neck is almoft one inch long: The Head not great: The Body an inch and half long... The Billa little more than an inch long, black, round, fharp, and almoft {treight. The Legs and Feet like thofe of the reft. The feathers alfo of the Body and Wings are alike difpofed, but,differently coloured,, . It hath a Tail.longer than any of the reft, fome- what more than three inches, confi{ting of feathers, of which that which is nearer to its rife is fhorter, the fecond always Jonger: The Tail allo is forked, and the bird flying {preads it into two large horns, {othatthetipsof the horns are.an inch and half diftant one from the other. , The whole Head. andsNeck of this bird is of a thining filken black colour, inclining to, or interchanging with blue, as inthe Necks of Mal- lards. $Thewhole Back and Breaft are green, fhining enterchangeably with Belden an 232 ORNCITHOLOGY Book Il, and Sea-green, asin the fecond kind 5 and near the ventis alfo the like {pot of white feathers. The Wings are of a liver-colour. The Tail is ofablackith blue, fhining like polifhed Steel bluéd.over. ; 4. The fourth is a little leffer than the third. The fhape of the body and difpo- fition of the feathers the fame, but it isof another colour, and differs alfo in the Bill and colour of the Legs. The Billisan inch and half long, bowed downward like a Pelonian Sword, round, every where of equal thicknefs, and fharp-pointed. The upper part thereof isblack, the undef-yellow, excepting thetip, which is alfo black, The top of the Head, the upper fide of the Neck, as alfo the Wings, are of like co- Jour with thofe of the firft kind. The Throat, the lower fide of the Neck, the whole Breaft, and lower Belly, from white incline to a red colour... It hath a Tail an inch long, ending with the Wings, confifting of feathers which from black incline to green, having whitetips: The Toes fo difpofed asthe other Species, yet not black, ‘but white or yellowith, with like femilunar, fharp, and black Claws. * The French word fignifies a dead leaf. 5. The fifth is in bignefs equal to the third kind 5 having a black Bill, a little more than an inch long, and a little bending downward, black Eyes, asalfo Legs and Feet. The Throat, lower fide of the Neck; and all the Belly are covered with black Vel- vet feathers, having as it were a glofs of fhining blue... Near the Vent is a {pot of white feathers. But the black endsof the feathers on the fides of the Neck, Breaft, and Belly fhine wonderfully with a rare mixture of Sea-water colour, golden and green. All the upper fide-of, the Head and Neck, and the whole Back areadorned with feathers mixt with golden, fire-colour, and green, as is alfo the beginning of the Wings. Thereftof the Wings is of aniron or dusky colour. The Tail isa little more than aninch long, confifting of feathers of an elegant brown, with a glofs of blue. About the edges thefe feathers are of the colour of polifhed Steel blued. 6. The fixth is in bignefs equal to the ifs hath a Bill of an inch long, a little bending, white underneath, black above. ©The whole Head,Neck, Baek, and Belly, and the beginning of the Wingsare'covered with feathers. of an excellent {hining co- Jour,confifting asit were of a mixtureof mnch gold,half fi re-colour,and a little green: In brief, fhining like the Sun. Inthe Belly area few whitefeathers mixt. The Legs are black: The Wings blackifh: The Tail almoft an inch and half long, handfom and broad, confifting of {ome feathers of the fame rare colour with the reft of the body, fomeof a mixt colour of green and golden, and white about the edges, fome half white, half green, fhining with golden, that is, on one fide the fhaft white, on the other green. eines 7. The feventh is a little lefs than the fifth and fixth kind; hath a Bill not altoge- ther an inch long, being of an afh-colour all over the body; almoft like a Sparrow, which here and there fhineth rarely witha mixture of red like a Rubine. 8. The eighth is the moft elegant of all, hath a {treight, black Bill halfan inch long 5 along; double [ or cloven ] Tongue. » Its bignefs and fhape agrees with that of the fecond kind. The whole Head above and upper part of the Neck fhine with an ad- mirable Rubine-colour, as if a Rubine were illuftrated by the Sun-beams: But the Throat and under-fide of the Neck.do refemble pure, polifhed, Huxgariax gold,fhone upon by the Sun-beams: So that it isimpoffible in words perfectly to fet forth the likenefs of thefe colours, much Jefs fora Painter toreprefent orimitatethem. The be- ginning of the Back is covered with a Velvet black, the reft with dusky feathers, with which is mixt fomething of a dark green? The whole lower Belly is invefted with feathers of the fame colour withtheback, the Wings with a dusky, as in other kinds. Near the Vent it hath a white fpot.. The Legs are {lender and black: The Tail little more than an inchlong, confifting of feathers of a * fewiMemort colour, which at the ends are dusky about the edges. The Tail isbroad, which it fpreads very wide in flying. The Wings end with the Tail. : 9. The zinth is for figure and bignefs like the firft. Its Bill is black above, and red underneath. Its whole body fhines with that bright green colour mixt with golden, that the Belly of the fecond fortis of. ‘The Wingsare dusky: The Tail an inch long, pretty broad, confifting of feathers of the colour of polifhed blue fteel. This Bird is by the Brafilians called by many other names befides Guatnumli, as Aratica, and Avratarataguacu, as Marggrave tells us, and Guaracyaba, thatis, A Sun- beam, and Guaracigaba, that is, the hait ofthe Sun, accordingto de Laet. It iscom- mon inalmoft all the hotter Counttiesof America. +It is reported ( faith Nverember- gius ) that the powder of this Bird, taken inwardly, cures the Falling ficknefs. What f find in Marggravivs concerning the Tail of the firlt Spectes, o7z. thaz it out o BookIL ORNITHOLOGY. 433, of four feathers, I vehemently fufpe& to bea miftake either of the Printer, or of the Authors forinthe Tail of one that I examined I found the ufual number of twelve feathers. | —_ e Slerider-billed Birds, whofe ‘Tails particoloured, & i caus oL The F ‘allow-Smich,in Suflex the Wheat-ear, becaufe the tinge of Wheat-harvef? they wax very fat 5 called bythe Italians, Culo Bianco, and by us alfo in fome places, White-tail, fron the colour of its Rump. Oenanthe five Vitiflora of Aldrovandus, © vo a a N bignefsit exceeds the Hon{e-Sparrow. The.colour of its Head and Back is cine- ] reous, with a certain mixture of red, like to that which is feen in the Back of the * Hamfinch. [, The Back of a Female Bird which I defcribed at Florence was cine- reous, with a certain mixture of green and red..| The Rump in moft is white, whence alfo it took its name; in fomeitis of the fame colour withthe Back, or more * Coscorbrax red. The whole Belly is white, lightly dafhed with red. The Breaft and Throat Be have a deeper tin@ure of red. The Belly inthe Cocks isfometimes yellowifh. Above the Eyes is a white line continued to the hinder part of the Head... Below theEyesa black ftroak is extended from the corners of the mouthto the ears. [, I found not this black linein the Females. ] Yo ae "rat Boththe quil-feathers and covert-feathers of the Wings are all black befides the fringes or extreme edges, which are white, tinctured with afordid red. The Tailis two inchesand a quarter long, made up of twelve feathers, of which the two mid- dlemoft have their upper-half white, the ref{t their lower, the other half being black. Moreover, the tips and edges of them all are white. [Inthe Hen the whitetakesup but a quarter of the feathers. ] | 4 The Bill is lender, ftreight, black, more than half an inch long: The mouthis | black within, the Tongue black and cloven: Theaperture of the Mouth great: The Trédes of the Eyes hazel-coloured. The back-toe is armed with a great Claw. The Stomach is not very mufculous; out of which diffeted we took Beetles, and other Infeéts. It breeds in forfaken Coney-burroughs. . ; 7 The Suffex Shepherds, to catch thefe Birds, ufe this Art. They dig long turves of earth, and lay them acrofs the holes whereout they were digged, and about the mid- dle of them hang fares made of horfe-hair. The Birds, being naturally very timo- rous, if a Hawk-happento appear, or but a cloud pafs over and intercept the Sun- beams, haftily run to hide themfelves in the holes. under the Turves,and fo are caught by the Neck in the fnares. Fate t | Upon the Downs of Suffex, which area ridge of Mountains running all along by the Sea-coaft for thirty or forty miles in length, they are taken yearly ingreatnumbers, in Harvet-time, orthe beginning of Autunm, where for their fatnefsand delicate relifh they are highly prized. | Aldrovandys hath another Oezanthe, which is a little lefs than the former, but yet bigger than a Sparrow, on the Head,Neck, Back, and leffer Wing-feathers ofa reddifh yellow, deeper on the Back, lighter onthe Breaft, having black Eyes, behind which Theother is alfo a long black {pot, of a femilunar figure: A long, flender, black Bulls black EE Wing-feathers, whofe ends areyellow, asarealfothofe of the Tail-feathers. ' There is alfo a Birdcalled Strapazino by our Fowlers (faith Aldrovand ) in the Bo- noniaz Territory, whofe Rump underneath, and almoft the whole Tail are likewife white: The Head and Back of a rufty yellow ; The Wing-feathers half black and half The Strapaxé- yellow 3 the Bill indifferentlong, of adusky colour. . The Throat, Breaft, and Belly ” Of Aare pert, lightly dafhed with yellow. The Tail toward the Rump is yellow; elle ACK. ; fih g, Il, 234. The Anthyus or Florus of Arift Aldtov. ORNAITHOLOGH. Boos I. ae Guiza Peete x9 2 HOR el boy ic The Whin-chat, under which alfo we treat of the Anthus or Florus of Aldrovand. TN bigneds it fcarce exceeds a Wagtail. The upper fide of the body, vz. The Back, Head, and covert-feathers of the Wings are Of a pale fex/e-mort colour, varie- gated with black {pots, placed in rows. If you heed each fingle feather, the middle part of it about the fhaft is black, the fides of a fevi¥e-mort, or dusky yellow. The Belly is white, witha tinéture of red. ‘The fides and upper part of the Breaft from red incline to yellow. The Breaft in fome is variegated with black fpots. Fromthe Nofthrils above the Eyes to the hinder part of the Head is drawn a pale whitifh line: Under the Bill alfo on each fide is a white line. ' The intermediate {pace between thefelinesin fomebirdsis black. [In one Bird of this kind I obferved a white fpot behind each Eye.’] The quil-feathers of the Wings are brown, with yellowith edges [_ or of a few7e-mort colour.’] From the ninth thetips of the eight following are white, Thecovert-feathers next above the quils are black, with red edges. In which two white {pots do mark or charatterize each Wing, one under the baftard Wing, the other at the firft joynt, by which note this Bird may be eafily diftinguifhed from all others of its kind. ‘The middle quil-feathers towards the bottom arewhite. The Tail is two inches and an half Jong, confilting of twelve feathers, of all which, ex- cepting the two middlemoft, the lower half is white, the upper black, the utmoft edges being red. Thetwo middlemoftin fome birds are wholly black, in all for the greater parts having red or fenzl/e-mort edges. They all endin harp points. The feathers next to thé incumbent on the Tail both above and beneath, reach further than its middle, fothatthey wholly hide its white part. “ Its Billis flender, ftreight, fhort, black, mot only without, but alfo within: The Jrides of the Eyes hazel-coloured. "The Legs flender: The Feet, Toes, and Claws black : The lower joynt of the outmoft Toe fticks faft to that of the middleone. In the Female thofe white {pots of the Wing {carce appear, and the whole body is of aduller colour. It frequents banks and ditches, feeding upon Beetles, and other Infec&s. Nature fometimes {ports her {elf inthe colours of this Bird: Forin fome birdsithe two middle feathers of the Tail are wholly black excepting the edges, which are red- difh ; in others their bottoms are white, xc. | | It differs from the following bird chiefly by thefe notes, 1. That the uppet fide of the body is more beautifully coloured, the feathers having their middle parts about the fhaftblack, and their bordersred. 2. That in each Wing they have two white {pots. 3. That the lower part of their Tails is white. 4, That the feathers imme- diately incumbent on the Tail both above and beneath run out asfar,and furtherthan the middle of the tail, fo that they wholly hide the white part thereof. 5. In the white lines reaching from the Bill tothe back of the Head. 7 hi The Bird which Aldrovand faith is called commonly Spipola, which perchance may bethe Avthws or Florus of Ariftotle, isnear of kinto, if not the fame with this. | Itis ofnear the fame bignefs : Lives about Rivers and Fens, ef{pecially in moift meadows 5 and if it be driven away by Horfes feeding there, it flies away with a certain chat- tering, wherein it feems after a fafhion to imitate the neighing of ahorfe. . Whether it bedim-fighted or nol know not, but I hear thatat flies with difficulty. As for its colour,that ts rather tobe called beautiful thanotherwife; on the upper fide through- out the Neck, Back, and Wingsbeing of a dusky red, and varied with femilunar pots. The Head above 4s of the fame colour, but hath not thofe fpots.. The prime-fea- thers of the Wings, and thofe that cover them are black, having their-fides-and \tips yellowifh.. The Billis fit to catch Infedts, being neither flender, nor'thick, ofa white colourtinGuxed with yellow. The nether fidefromthe Bill to the Tail is of the fame colour, but variegated with {pots, fomelong, fome round, and: fome ‘ofianather fi- gure. ItsFeetareblack. This differs from our Whin-chat in the colour of its Bill, andin the place where it lives; fith our Chat abides efpecially in‘heaths, and among Furze-bufhes, fase ' % §. Ill. Bowl ORNITHOLOGY, 353— er re a a A po eGle Ih TheStone-[mich, or Stone-chatter, or Moor-titling. Oenanthus noftra tertia: Mutcicapa tertia, Aldrov. The Rubetra of Belonius as we judge, which Gefner makes the fame with his Todtenvogel, or blugenftecherlin. T isof the bignefs of a Lianet, or thereabouts: Of half an ounce weight : From ] Bill-point to Tail-end fiveincheslong. Its Bill is {lender, ftreight, black as well within as without. The upper Chap a thought longer than the nether; and a little crooked: The Tongue cloven : the Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured: The Legs, Feet, and Claws black; the outer Toe grows to the middle one below, as in other {mall birds. The Head is great, in the Cock almoft wholly black,as is alfo the Throat underthe Bill: Inthe Henit is particoloured of black anda dirty red. The upper part of the Neck isblack; on each fideit is marked with a white f{pot, fo that the bird feems to have aringof white about its Neck. The middle of the Back is black, on- ly the outmoft edges of the feathers fulvous. Above the Rump isa white {pot. ‘The Breatt isfulvous, or of a yellowifh red colour: The Belly white, with a dath of red. [ In the Female the feathers of the Head, Neck, and Back from red inclining to green, having their middle parts black; the Rump is red ; the Chin of a pale afh- colour. It hath a whitifh {pot on each fide the Neck: The Breaft isof a deeper, but the belly of likecolour withthe Cocks. ] } _ The prime feathers of the Wings are all dusky, excepting the two next to the body, which have a white fpot at bottom.» The edges of all arered. All the covert fea- thers of the Wings have alfo red edges. The Wings in both Sexes are adorned with a white fpot in the feathersnext the Back. The Tail is near two inches long,and con- fifts of twelve feathers, not forked, and black. . [ The ttp and exteriour Web of the outmott feather on each fide are white. | Lee we. 3 | Tt hath aGall-bladder; aStomach not very flefliy, im which diffected we found Beetles, and other Infects; fhort, round, tumid blind Guts. | That which I [ 7. R-] deferibed at Florence differed fomewhat in colours, and other accidents; thus: It was of thebignefs of a lefler Titwonfe : Its Body fhort and round : Its Head, for the proportion of its body, gteat. The top of the Head, the Neck, and Back particoloured of blackand.a dirty red, the middle part of each fea- _ ther being black, and the edges red. "The quil-feathers are eighteen, all dusky, their exteriour edges being of a fexil/e-mort colour. Of the feathers of the fecond row _ thofefive on the middle joynt-are “black, with fexi/e-mort edges, the reft are of the fame colour with the quil-feathers." The lefler rows are of like colour with the forefaid five middlefeathers, The Tail-feathers are all black, only their edges are paler. The Cock isblack about both Eyes, and under the Throat, the tips of the feathers being white. The Breaft-and parts under the Wings in both Sexes are ful- vous ot red 3 the middle of thé Belly being whiter. The feathers of this bird are fof, and ftand ruffling out, as in‘a ‘fay. Imall other points it agrees with the above defcribed, fo that I doubt not but it is the fame. | The third and fourth Mafcicape of Aldrovand differ not, I think, from this, nor from one another otherwife than in colour. ) It is found for the moft part in Heaths, and is very querulous. §. IV. * The Brafilian Guiraru Nheengeta of Marggrave, which may be called, = aa The American Chat. Tisas big, ora little bigger than. a Water-Blackbird, or Crakes hatha ftreight, com- | prefled, black Bill, more than! half'an inch long : Sapphire-coloured Eyes, with ablack Pupil. The *upper Legsare\covered with afh-coloured feathers: The lower * others calt with a black skin, asare alfothe Feet, which have four Toes ftanding after the ufual ae sie manner, with fharp, black Claws. The whole Head, Neck, Breaft, and lower Belly?” are cloathed with white feathers approaching to a dilute grey 5 but the Back with cinereous. From theBill on eachfide through the Eyestothe end of the fides of the Head is along black fpot extended. The Wings are black, but nat of a deep ata 1 see See he 236 . The Feced ula tertia of Al- drovand. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. The Tail hath very black feathers, which yet have White tips 3 and above alfo are covered with whiteones. This for itsbignefs ought rather to have been referred’ to the Thrujh-kind. ( §.. We A Bird called Coldfinch bythe Germans. “hae Bird was fhot by Mr. Fefop in the Mountains of the Peak in Derby/hire, and fentusby him. Its Belly is white 5 its Breaft’ of a dusky yellow: The Head and. Back of a dusky orgreenifh afh-colour: The covert-feathers of the Tail black, The quil-feathersof the Wings likewife black ; but from the fifth they are all white toward the bottoms, whence arifes a whitefpot or ftroak crofs the Wing, from a nar- row beginning widening by degrees, fo that in the laft feathers it takes up all the ex- teriour Vanes ; but where it is broader, it is gradually tinétured with yellow. The fecond row of Wing-feathers isblack, with whitifh tips: The edges of the reft of the coverts are green. The Tail is two inchesanda quarter long. Its outmoft feathers have their exteriour Webs almoft wholly white; inthe next to them the white part is narrower: All the reftare black, but the middlemoft deeper. Its Bill is black, compreffed, and almoft triangular. The Tongue clovenand rough: | The Irides of the Eyes of a hazel-colour. The Feet black; The outmoft Toe _ joyned to the middlemoft, as in other fmall birds. The Tefticles {mall and round. In the Stomach we found Infecs. This excellent perfon fent usalfo out of the Peskof Derbyfhire the third Beecafigo of Aldrovand, which I fuppofe differs only in age or Sex fromthe precedent.. The Throat, Breaft, and Belly are much whiter than in that. All the exteriour Webs of | the outmoft feathers of the Tail are white, ofthofe next to them the lower half. This hath a great white {pot in each Wing, altogether like the precedent: Abovethe Bill alfo it hath a white fpot : The Back elfe is colecblack. Inits fafhion, bignefs, Bill, and Tail it agrees with the Coldfizch: \ Se Styl j r| y j . 3 ae Car. “XVE | | The White-throat. An, Spipola prima Aldroy ? TT He body of this Bird feems to be fomething Jonger than that of the Beccafigo | before defcribed; but of almoft the fame magnitude. From the tip of the - Billto the endof theTail, or of the Feet, (for they are equally extended ) it hath fixinches anda quarter of length ; Betweenthe extreme points of the Wings {pread eight and an half of breadth... Thempper Bill is black, thelower white. The Tongue flit with a deep incifion.. The Mouth within yellow: The Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured. . The Feet are of a dusky yellow or Amber-colour: The back- toe great ; the exteriour foretoes equal, and le{s than inother {mall birds, joyned at bottomto the middlemoft, the intertour by an intervening membrane, which we have not obferved in other Birdsof thiskind. The upper furface of the body from red inclinesto anafh-colour. The Head more cinereous: The Chin white,the reft ofthe Throat white, witha tincture of red. TheBreaft alfo and lower Belly are fomething red. [ Inthe Hen the Breaft is white, without any mixture of red, | The outmoft edge of the firft or outmoft quil-feather is white: The exteriour | edges of thofe next the body are red.’ The extreme feathers of the Tail on each fide have all their exteriour Webs, andhalf their interiour white: Ofthe next to thefe _ the tips only are white. All the reft are black,only the extreme borders or edges,e{pe- cially of the two middlemoft, incline to cinereous. nite It frequents Gardens, and feeds upon Beetles, Flies, and other Infe@s: Creeping and hopping up and down in bufhes; like the Hedg-Sparrow... It builds alfo in buthes not far fromthe ground... The outer part of the Neftis made of the tender ftalks of ~ herbs and dry ftraws the middlemoft of fine bents and foft grafs5\the inner, on fpecks." whichthe Eggsilie, of horfe-hair, or other Jong hair. ‘It laysjabout five Eggs, ob- long, of a‘dusky colour, mingled, of white and green, befpsinkled over wath black This - ? :3 Book Il. ORNITHOLOGY, — 237 _ ThisBird isvery like the Ficedula above defcribed, yet, differs, in fome particulars, efpecially that the outmoft feathers of the Tail inthis are white 5 whereas in that the ‘Tail is all of one colour. t it “pt Among the doubtful birds of this kind, at leaft to us not fufficiently known, we reckon, 1. The fwall Nightingale, Lufciniola or Rouffette of Bellonjus, which you may find in Aldrovand, tont.2. pag. 767. perchance the {ame with the Grarola of Al- drovand, having a red Bill, and the colour of the body like a Quail. 2. Ocwanthe congener, Aldrov. tom. 2. p.764. 3- The other Spipola of Aldrovand. tou.2. p. 734. . the defeription whereof we have already fet down, * p.153. which perchance may oe La- be the fame with our Spipoletta, or with our Whin-chat, p. 168. . 4. Spipola tertia or tine Edition: Boarina of Aldrovand, p.732. which we have already entred the defcription of, p.153. 5: The Stoparolaof Aldrovand, p.732, which you may find alloin pag. 153. of this work. 6. Boarinaof Aldrovand, p.733. whole defcription we havefubjoyned to the Ficedula, p..158. 7. Grifola, which we have annexed to our Spipoletta, pag. 153. 8. Anthos or Florws, which we have remembred in our Chapter of Oenanthe, ag. 169. } | d “Thele, and fome other birds, comprehended by Aldrovandus in three Chapters, viz.twenty fixth,twenty feventh,and twenty eighth of the feventeenth Book,under the titles of Spipole, Stoparole, and Mufeicape, {eem to us reducible to three or four Species, viz. to the White-throat, or Moucherolle or Paffer rubi, (for Belloniws his Mou- cherol/e is perchance another fort of ‘bitd ) and the Beecafigo or Black-cap. CrHarp. XVIL The Water-Wagtail; Motacilla, in Greek Seams § 1 The white Wagtail : Motacilla alba. His Bird is every where fo well known, that it may feem enough to name it; : - notneeding any defcription. It weighsfix drachms, being inlength fromthe -point of the Bill to the end of the Tail feven inches three quarters; in breadth between the extremities of the Wings ftretcht out eleven. The Bul is flen- der, not an inch long, fharp-pointed, and black. The Tongue cloven, and. asit were torn: The Mouth within black :.The Irzdes of the Eyes hazel-coloured: The Feet, Toes, and Claws long, and of a dark blackifh colour. The back-claw very long, asin Larks. The outer Toe at its rife {ticks faft to the middle one.. White feathers encompa{s the upper Chap of the Bill, then the Eyes, being produced on both fides almoftto the Wings. The Crown of the Head, upper and lower fide of the Neck, as far as the Breaft, and the Back are black : The Breaft and Belly white. The middle of the Back from black inclines to cinereous: The Rump is black. [ In another Bird, below the Throat I obferved a femicircular black {pot like a Crefcent, the horns being produced .almoft as far as the Jaws..'] . The Wings {pread are, of a fe- micircular figure; the quil-feathers in each eighteen in number, of which the three outmoftend in tharp pomts: The tips of the middle ones are blunt and indented the inmoft are adorned with white lines. The covert feathers of. the firft row are black, having their tips and edges white: Thofe of the fecond row have only white tips. Its Tailis very long,ofabout three inches and an half, which it almoft continually wags up and down, whence alfoit took itsname.. The Tail hathtwelve feathers, of which the two middlemoft are longer than the reft, and fharp-poited 5 the others all of equal length :, The outmoft are almoft wholly white, the reft black. The co- lour of the Plumage in this kind in féveral birds varies not a little, being in {ome more cinereous, in fome blacker.. The Liveris of a pale colour. The It is. much converfant about the brinks of Rivers, and Pools, and other watry places, where it catches Flies, and water Infeéts: Moreover it follows the Plough, te gather upthe Worms; which together with the earth, it turnsap; As I find in Aldro- vandws, and-our Husbandmen have told me of their-own obfervation; who therefore callitthe Seed-bird, as Mr. Fohufowmformed mes: sh. ¢ ss) + Aa Inthe Northern part of England it appears not én ithe Winter, and isalfo then more rare 238 * Inthe Chapter of the Cuckow. + Cinereous, Z.2. Afh-co- foured. ORNITHOLOGY. Boor ll, rare in the Southern: Either becaufe it 1s impatient of cold, or for want of meat ; Flies, andother winged Infects, on which it chiefly feeds, bemg not to be found in Winter-time. In theGizzard of one diflected we found Infects like to Meal-worms. Gefzer writes, that the Fowlers in his Country have obferved the Cuckow-chickex hatch’d and brought up by this bird : The fame,Albertws, and our experience alfo con- firms, as we have* elfewhere fhewn. . One or two ounces of the powder of this Bird put in a Pot clofe-ftopt and bak’d in an Oven together with the feathers, taken in Saxifrage water, or {trong White- wine is faid to be good againft the Stone, efpecially that of the Kidneys. But Alex- ander Benedidiws thinks, that the modern Phyficians, who commend this Medicine through miftake, mean the Wrex whenthey name the Wagtail: Asif the Wagtail were of noforce in breaking the Stone. Gefzer (towhom alfo we readily affent ) thinks that it matters not much what bird be burnt, -fith the vertue of the afhes of almoft all birds feem to be the fame. Yet({aithhe) if there beany difference, I would prefer thofeforts of birds which feed upon Infetts, as Flies, Ants, and the like.» §. IL The yellow Water-Wagtail : Motacilla flava. N bignefs-and fhape of body it agrees with the white. It weighs five drachms ; if from the tip of the Billto the end of the Tail being almoft {even inches long ; to the-end of the Claws fix. The under part of the Body is yellow, the Breaft being darker than the reft. Theupper partis of a dark green, the middle of the Back be- ing black. The crown of the Headisofayellowihhgreen. Above the Eyes isa yel- low linereachingto the hinder part of the Head. : | The Tail is two inches three quarters long, confifting of twelve feathers, the mid- dletwo whereof are fharper than the reft. Theoutmoft on each fide are above half white, the intermediate eight black: All of equallength. The figure of the Wings is the fame with that of the precedent. The quil-feathers in number eighteen; of which the fixteenth is longer than thofe next it,and hath the outward limb white. The tips of the middle covert-feathers are of a greenifh white; elfe the Wings areall over dusky. The Bill is black: The Tongue cloven, but not hairy. The Irides of the Eyes from cinereousincline to a hazel-colour. The Feet are black: The outer fore- toe is joyned to the middle one at bottom. ‘The Spur or Claw of the back-toe is ‘ong asin a Larks : The blind guts fhort. Some birds inthis kind are much yellower or greener than others. It builds upon the ground among the Corn ; making its Neft of bents and the ftalks of herbs, {preading hairs within under the Eggs. It lays at one time four or five Eggs, varied with dusky {pots and lines drawn without any order. §. IL The grey Wagtail. Motacilla cinerea, an flava altera Aldrov 2 T is of the bignef$ of the common or whiteVagtail. Its note is thriller and louder: | Its Bill black, ftreight, flender, and fharp-pointed: Its Eyes grey: Both upper and lower Eye-lid white. Moreover, above the Eyes a whitifh line is all along ex- tended. The upper furface of the body is* grey. The Head ( which in proporti- on to the body ts {malland compreffed ) 1s fomething dusky. The Wings are blackith, crofied in the middle’ by a whitifh, yet not verycon{picuous line. The Chin and Throat are particoloured of white and grey: The Breaft and Belly white, dafhed with yellow: The Rump round about of a deeper yellow. The Tail made up of twelve feathers, longer than the whole body 5 its outmoft feather on each fide is all over white; thetwo next white on the infide, blackifh on the out; the fix middle- moft.all over blackifh. The Legs ¢ which are long })and theFeet ( which are rugged _ orrough ) areof a pale colour, but duskifh. The Claws crooked, and the back- claw longer than the reft. : The bird here defcribed wasia Hen, as we learned by its Vite/ary or bunch of Eggs, wherein more than forty Eggs were very confpicuous and eafieto be difcerned. The Cock differs little, fave that under his Chin he hatha black fpot- They frequent ftony Rivers; and feed upon water-Infects: ss The Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY. The defcription of this Bird was communicated to usby Mr. Fobnfon of Brignal near GretaBridge in Yorkshire. | | “Guar. XVIL” * The Brafilian Jamacaii of Marggraye. T isa {mall Bird, of the bignefsofa Lark, Its Body is three inches Jong, its Neck | more than an inch, its Legs two inches: Its Tail almoft four. It hath a {inalf Head ;,a Bill an inch long, ftreight, only a little bending downward, fharp- pointed,, black, but below near its nifé a little bluith, The Head is covered with black feathers, as is alfo the Neck below, but above with yellow: The whole Back, Breaft, and lower Belly likewife with yellow. The Wings are black, having in their middle fome whitefeathers, which make white {pots, in each Wingone. Atthe rife of the Wings is a black fpotcrofling the back. ‘The Tail isalfo black: The Legs and Feet dusky. Jt is an elegant bird. | For the length of the Tail and colours of the feathers not much different, we have fubjoyned this to the Wagéasls, although Marggrave makes no mention of the man- ner of its feeding, or the places it frequents : Or whether it moves its Tail or not. Cuap, XIX. 4 * ‘The Brafilian Guira guacuberaba of Marg grave andend of the Belly are of a yellow or goldcolour. The upper part of the Head and Neck, the fore-half of the Back, the Wings, and Tail are of a pale green. Inthe ends of the Wings are fome dusky feathers intermixed. Under the Throat up ‘to the Eyes it hath a great black fpot. It hath a ftreight, tharp, yellow Bill, alittle black on theupper part. The Legs andFeet are of a dusky colour. ] S.a Birdof the bignefsof a Goldfinch. The lower part of the Neck, the Back, Pa aay ay Se HLA Fs, oan | % The Brafilian Guita coereba of Marggraye .. § aBird of the bignefsof a Chaffizch. Ithath a black Bill, three quarters of ar | inch long, fharp, and a little bending downward: Black Eyes: A Tongue {lit ~& into many filaments, onthe top of the Head a cop of tuft of Sea-green feathers. The reft,of the Head, the Throat, and all the lower Neck, the Breaft, and whole Belly,with the hinder half of the Back arecovered with blue, but pale feathers : And from the Breaft through the beginnings of the Wings to the Back, where the blue - colour begins, pafles a broad blue line crofs through the xife of the Wings. , Allthe upper fide.of the Neck, with the fore-half of the Back is covered iwith fine Velvet feathers of a:deep black... The Tail is aninch and half long, and black. The Wings aregreat, and yellow aboutthe middle. But the yellow part is covered, and cannot be feen when the Wings areclofed, andthe Bird fits {till, but when the flies the Wings appear elegantly ftraked with black and yellow: Within fide the Wings are almoft wholly yellow. The upper Legsor Thighs are feathered with black, and ina man- ner blue feathers: The lower are naked, and of a Vermilion colour, together with the Feet.s the Claws black, Fhe Feet have four Toes difpofed after the ufual manner. | Sir CHAP. ORN ITHO L0G: CuHap. XXI. * The Brafilian Japacani of Margerave, pointed Bill, bending alittledownward : Golden Eyes, with a black Pupil. The Head is covered with black feathers. The Neck above, the Back and Wings with feathers of a colour mixt of black and Umber. The Tail aboveis black, under- neath {potted with white. The Breaft, all the lower Belly and Thighs have their Plumage mixt of white and yellow, interwoven with tranfverfe black lines or ftrakes. The Legs are dusky. -Four Toes in each placed after the ufual manner, furnifhed with fhatp, black Claws. | . I a Bird of the bignefS of the Bevstere or Schanepue :- Hath a black, oblong, fharp- Cuap. XXIl. Of Litmice: De Paris. eS el. Of Titmice in. general. and live chiefly upon Infects which they findthere.. Turzer writes, that they feed not only upon Worms, but alfo Hemp-feed_and Nuts, which they per- forate with their fharp Bills. Some of thefe build in holes of trees: Others make Nefts of an Oval figure, with a hole left open inthe fideto goin and out at: » They are reftlefs birds, never fitting long ftillin a place, but flitting from bough to bough, and from tree to tree. They have fhort Bills, but bigger for the bulk of their bodies than the precedent {mall birds: Small bodies; and long Tails. The moft of them ‘ate ca- norous: But all of them multiparous, laying many Eggs ere they fit. Totwice are called by Ariftotle, ’AiySuaro. The Germans, as wellas we Exghfh, call them Mice, either becaufe like Mice they creep into the holes of trees, or becaufe ( as Gefner writes ) they will feed upon flaid Mice offered them: Which to us feems not likely. Of thefe we haveobferved in Ezgland five kinds, viz. 1. The great Trtwzoufe, or Oxe- eye. 2. TheColemonfe. 3. The Marjh-Titmoufe or Black:cap. 4. The blue Titmonfe or Nuz. 5. The long-tail'd-Titmoufe. The crelted Titmoufe and Wood Titmoufe of Gefner, we hve not yet found in Exgland. "T astines fort of {mall birds, that are found for the moft part about trees, §. II The great Titmoufe or Ox-eye : Fringillago feu parus major : "ASna@y cont ims of Ariftotle. T is well nigh as big as a Chaffinch: Of fcatce an ounce weight: From tip of Bilt § toendof Tail half afootlongs from tip to tip of the Wings expanded nine inches broad. Its Bill is {treight, black, -half aninch long, and of amoderate thicknefs. Both Mandibles of equal length. The Tongue broad, ending in four filaments. The Feet of a lead or bluecolour. The outmoft Toes below for fome {pace joyned to ‘the middlemoft. mt The Head and Chin are black. From the cornet of the’‘mouth on each fide below theEyesa broad white line or fpot pafling backward takes up the cheeks. This white is encompaffed with black: In the hinder part of the Head is another white {pot, terminated on one fide with the black of the Head, on the other withthe yellow of the Neck. [Inthe Bird that I (7. R. ) defcribed I obferved not this {pot, and perchance in feveral birds the colours may vary fomewhat. ] The Neck, Shoulders, and middle of the Back are of a yellowifh green, The Rumpisblue: The Breaft, - Belly, and Thighsare yellow : Yetthelower or hindmoft part of the Belly white. A broad, blaclgine reaching from the Throat to the Vent divides the Breaft and Bellyin d twain. Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. ‘twain. The quil-feathers of the Wings, in number eighteen, befide the outmoft littleone, are dusky, with white tips, or tips partly white, partly blue. The outer edges of thofe three next the body are green. Of the covert feathers of the firft row, thofe that are about the middle of the Wing, with their white tips make atranfverfe _ whiteline. The fmmaller covert-feathers of the Wingsare blue. The Fail is about two inches and anhalf long, compounded of twelve feathers: The exteriour Vaneé of all which, except the outmoft, are blue or afh-coloured, the interiour black. The - outmoft have their exteriour Vanes and their tips whites The Tail appears not forked; no not when it is clofed. §. Uf * The Brafilian Guiraienoia, wide to the Fringillage. His {mall bird is of the bignefs of a Chaffinch: Hath a Bill {carce half an inch , _ long, and blackifh 5 black Eyes. The whole head; lower fide of the Neck; Breaft, and lower Belly, and utmoft half of the Back are cloathed with blue fea- thers: The upper fide of the Neck, and fore-half of the Back are covered with black. The Wings alfo are black, but in their beginning have fome blue feathers interfperfed: The reft of the feathers are black, yet have blue.edges. The Tail is almoft an inch and half long, and alfoblack, and the Wings end a little beyond the _ beginning of the Tail. The Legsare dusky, and each foot hath four toes placed after e the ufual manner: ~ Q. IV. 7 The Cole-moufe> Parus ater Gefneri, pag.61 é. “By He Head is by Gefzer rightly defcribed to be black, with a white fpot in the _& - hinder part.. The. Back is of a greenifh afh-colour: The Rump greener: The Wings and Tail dusky. The exteriour edges of the prime Wing-feathers green. The interiour covert-feathers of the Wings have white tips. The Tail, when fhut, appears fomething forked, from dusky inclining to green. The Bill is ftreight, round, black. The Legs, Feet, and Claws bluifh, or of a lead-co- four. This is the leaft of allthis kind. By its {malnefs were other notes wanting, it _ isabundantly diftinguifhed from the great Titmonfe. It weighs two drachms, being from Bill-point to Tail-end four inches three quar- ters long, and between the extremities of the Wings extended feven inches broad: Thenumber of quil-feathersin each Wing iseighteen. The Tail is an inch and three quarters long, and eompofed of twelve feathers. @. 1 Vi The Marfh Titmoufé or Black-cap : Parus palultris Gefheri. He Head of this isblack: The cheeks white; the back greenifh: The Feet ofa Lead-colour. It differs from that next above defcribed, 1. In that itis bigger. 2. That it hatha larger Tail. 3. That it wants the white {pot onthe back of the Head? 4. That its under fide is whiter. 5. That it hath lefs black under the Chin. 6.That it wants thofe white {potsin the tips of the covert-feathers of thé Wings. It weighsmore than three drachms. From the point of the Bill to the end of the Claws it is by meafure four inches andan half long. The diftance between the ex® treme tips of the Wings extended is eight inches. The number of Wing and Tail- feathers is the fame asin other fmall birds. The Tail is more than two inches longy compofed of feathers of equal length. it] Gefwer makes the Back of this bird dusky inclining to cinereous. Ti §. VI. 242 | ORN. ITHOLOGY. Q VL. Boox dl. The blue Titmoufe or Nun: Parus ceruleus. ‘He Bill of this Bird is pretty fhort, thick, fharp, and of a-dusky blackith co- F Jour: The Tongue broad, ending in four filaments: The Legs of alead-co- lour: The outmoft Toes at bottom are faftned to the middle ones. The Head being of anazure colour isencompafled with a circleiof white as it were a Wreath or Coronet. To the white circle fucceeds another particoloured, encom- pafling the Throat and hinder part of the Head, above being almoft of the fame co- lour with the Head, towards the Throat and under the Throat black. Below this — circle on the Neck is'a white {pot. Fromthe Billa black line pafies through the Eyes to the hinder part of the Head. The Cheeks are white: The Back is of a yellowifh green. The fides, Breaft, and Belly yellows {avethata whitifh line produced as far as the Vent divides the Breaft in two. In the Cock-bird the Head is more blue, in the Hen and young onéslefs. The tips of the quil-feathers next the body are white, as alfo the outer edges of the foremoft from the middle part upward. The:covert-feathersof the Wings are blue, the innermoft of which with their white tips makea white linecrofs the Wing. _ The Tail is two incheslong, of abluecolour, only the edges of the outmoft feathers are alittle white. Py is / | Its weight isthreedrachms: Its length ftom Bill-point to Tail-end four inches and an half, to the Claws four: Its breadth, the Wings extended, eight inches. The lm te in each Wing eighteen, befides the outmoft fhort one: The Tail-fea- thers twelve. | 9. VIL. The crefted Tatmonfe 5 Paxus criftatus Aldrov. TT His hatha pretty fhort big Bill; of ablackifhcolour. Its Tongue is broad, and divided into four filaments. Its Feet of a lead-colour. The outer Toes for fome {pace from their divarication joyned to the middle one. The crown of the Head black, theedges.of the feathers being white. At the hinder part of the Head begins a black line, which like a Wreath or Collarencompafles the Neck. Fromthe lower Mandible of the Bill to this Collar is a black line produced. To the Collar and Chin is another bed or border of white contiguous. But beyond the Ears isa {pot of black. The middle of the Breaft is white; the fides fomething red, The Wings and Tail are dusky, only the exteriour edges of the feathers fomewhat green. The Back from red inclining to green. | It weighs two drachms and an half: Is from the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Tail five incheslong : From tip to tip of the Wings extended eight inches and a quar- ter broad. The quil-feathers of the. Wings. are eighteen in number, the Tail-fea- thers twelve. TheTail twoincheslong. The Bill from the tip to the corners of the mouth half’ an inch. [yh §. » VIL. The long-tail'd Titmoufe. Parus caudatus. ‘He crownof this Bird is white: The Neck. black. From the Bill above the Eyes on each fide to the hinder-part of the Head isa broad black line pro- duced, The Jaws and Throat are white. The Breaft white, varied with fmall dusky {pots. The Belly and fides of a dilute Chefnut colour: Of which, but mixt with black, both the Backand alfo the Rump partake. | The gquil-feathers of the Wings are of an obfcure dusky colour, the outer edges of the interiour of thefe are white. The fingular ftruGure or conformation of the feathers of the Tail difference this Bird from all other fimall birds of what kind fo- ever. For the outmoft feathers are the fhorteft, the reft in order longer to the mid- dlemoft, which are the longeft, and that by a notable difference or excefs, as in the Magpie. Of the outmoft feather on each fide the top and outer half from the fiat white: ic) ‘ Bool, ORNITHOLOGY. ae white : Thenext hath lefs white; of thethird; only the outer part of the tip is white: All the reftare wholly black. [ Inrefpett of theft colours there may poflibly be fome variety in feveral birds. ] | | The Bill is fhort, ftrong; black: The Tongue broad, cloven, and divided into fila- ments: The Eyes bigger than in other {mall birds; their rides hazel-coloured : The edges of the eye-lids yellow : The Nofthrils covered with {mall feathers. The Feet black, asare alfo the Claws, butdeeper. The Claw of the back-toe biggeft of all; as is ufual in moft birds both great and fmall. Withus it frequents gardens rather than motintainous places. It builds like the Wrez, or more artificially, making an arch over the Neft of the fame matter arid contexture with the reft of the Neft; fo that the Neft refembles an Egg erected upon one end, a {mall hole being left in the fide; whereat thebird goesin and out, By this means both Eggs and Young are fecured from all injuriesof the Air, Wind, Rain, Cold, @c. Andthat they may lie {foft the lines the Neft within with ftore of feathers and down. Without fhe builds the fides and roof of it of Mofs and Wool curioufly interwoven. “4 Aldrovandin the feventeenth Book, and fixteenth Chapter of his Orwithology doth accurately defcribe the Neft of this bird, fuch as we have more than once feen, in thefe words. It was of an oblong figurelikeaPine-apple, of two Palms length, and one broad, round, built of fundry materials, vz. both tree and earth-mofs, Cater- pillars Webs, and_ other like woolly matter, and Hens feathers, with that order and art, that the chief and middle ftrength of the work, or texture of the Walls was of that yellowifh green Mofs, the common hairy Mofs, that filk-like matter, and tough threads refembling thofe filaments fufpended ih the Air, and flying up and down like Spiders Webs, whichare accounted figns of fair weather, conneéted and interwoven, or rather entangled fo firmly together, that they can hardly be plucked afunder. Of the interiour capacity all the fides, it f€emed, as well as the bottom, were covered and lined with feathers, for the more {oft and warm lying of the Young. The out- moft fuperficies round about was fenced and ftrengthened with fragments of that lea~ vy Mofs; which every: where grows on trees, firmly bound together. In the forepart refpecting the Sun-rife, and that“above( where an arched roof of the fame uniform matter afid texture with the fides and bottom covered the Neft ) was feena little hole, {carce big enough one would think to admit the old one: We found in it niné Young, Ge. | | gi te Ne Wood Titmoufe of Gefner. Parus Sylvaticus, Aldrov. t.2. p. 724. ei His Titvzonfe is alfo very little, remarkable for 4 red {pot through the midft of its § Crowns; the parts on each fide being black; the Legs dusky; the Wings black, and alfo the end of the Tail : The reft of the body green; the Belly paler. Our people from the Woods, in which it lives, efpecially about Fir-trees and Junipers, call it, Waldmeifzleand Thannenmeifzle, others from its note Zilzilperle, for it fing$ Zul, zil, zalp, | Mr. Wallughby wasapt to think that the bird defcribed by Gefver is no other than the Regulus criftatus, Gg. 1 * The Brafilian Tangara of Marggraye. Cuarp. XXIII. Tis an elegant bird, of the bigne of a Chaffiach. Ithatha ftreight, pretty thick, black Bill: Black Eyes: Legs and Feet from cinereous inclining to dusky. On the forehead above the rife of the Bill it hatha fpot of black feathers. The whole Head and Neck are covered with feathers of a fhining Sea-green. A circle or border of black feathers encompafles the beginning of the back like a Collar. But “below the Wings to the rife of the Tail the Back is covered with yellow feathers. + the word i¢ The wholelower Belly is of a rareblue. ‘The Wings are black, and their lateral ex pes ce is tremitiesblue, fo that when clofed they appear wholly blue; and their whole ends, fonired un- outtides, or borders [ tota extremitas \feem blacks “The beginning of the sia der the Wings, ! Fi 2 allo ae ~ ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. * On theout- alfo* externally thines with Sea-green feathers; and in the ridge or upper lateral Aide, extremity of each Wingare yellow feathers intermixt. It hath a Tail about aninch and half long, of black feathers, but. whofe lateral extremities or borders’ are blue : The end of the Tailis black. It is kept fhut upm Cages, and cries, Zip, zip, like the Rubrica, called by the Germans Gympel. It is fed with meal and bread: This defcription is conceived in {uch obfcure words, that I do uot well under ftand the meaning of the Author 5 and therefore the learned Reader would do well to confult the Latine. §. I. Lhe fecond kind of Tangara. “of adusky WT is of thefhape and bignefs of our common Sparrow: Hath a Bill from * yellow elt “inclining todusky, fomewhatbroad, fharp-pointed, the nether Chap much fhor- _.. ter thanthe upper: Black Eyes: The whole Head is covered with feathers of a rare t tens t fcarlet colour :, All the reft of the body, with the Wings and Tail,of a fhining black. fignifes red ‘The Thighs are covered with white feathers, and in their exteriour fides have an ob- i long fcarlet fpot, as if they were ftained with bloud. The Legs and Feet are afh- _coloured ; and have four Toes difpofed after the ufual manner. The Tails thort, of an inchlength, and the Wings end near its rife; ze. when withdrawn or clofed reach no further than the rife of the Tail. Boor U're PU Stet Ween ek Small Birds with thick fhort ftrong Bills, commonly called Hardbilld Birds. | | Cuap. I. , Of the Gros-beak or Hlaw-finch, called by Ge{ner, Coccothrauftes. §. 1. | The common Gros-beak: Coccothtauftes vulgaris. His Bird for the bignefs of its body, but efpecially of its Bill, in which it exceeds all others of this kind, doth-juftly challenge the firftand:chief placeamong thick-billed birds. The Frezch from the bignels of its Bill do fitly call it Grosbec; the Italians, Frifone or Frofone.. Hefychiws and Varinus of the word KoxxoSeausys write only, thatit is the name of a bird, but what manner of bird they do not explain. Gener obf{erving that name exactly to fit this bird, impofed it upon it. 7 ’ af It is bigger than aChaffinch by about onethird parts; fhort-bodied ; Its Head bigger than for the proportion of the body. Its Bill very great, hard, from a broad bafe ending in a {harp point, of the figure of a Cone or Funnel, half'an inch long, having a large cavity within, of a whitifh flefh-colour, almoft like that of the interiour fur- face of the mother of Pearl fhell, only the tip blackifh. The Eyes are grey or afh- coloured, asin Fackdaws. The Tongue feems as it were cut off, as in the Chaffizch. The Feet are of a pale red: The Claws great, efpecially thofe of the middle and back-toes. The middle Toeis thelongeft; the outer fore-toe and the back-toe are equal one to the other. aim At the bafe of the Bill grow Orange-coloured feathers, between the Bill and the Eyes black. The lower Chap in theMales is compaffed with a border of black fea- thers. Theheadis of a yellowithred, or rufty colour : The Neck cinereous. The Back red, the middle parts of the feathers being whitifh, The Rump from aa : inclines Bes Il, “ORNITHOLOGY. ied li 24s inclines to cinereous. The fides and Breatt, but efpecially the fides, are of a mixt colour of red and cinereous. Under the Tail, and in the middle of the Belly the Plumage is whiter. [In another bird the Back was of a grey or afh-colour, tindiured with red : The Head and Throat greenifh: Thefidesand Breaft painted with tranG verte black lines. ] | oe The quil-feathers in each Wing are eighteen in number, of which the nine or ten foremoft for half way from the f{haft inward are white! ‘The white part from the - firft inward being dilated. Of the fubfequent one half is white, but not fo far asthe fhaft: Thethree inmoft or next the body arered. The tips of all from the fecond tothe tenth thine with a changeable colour of purplifh and blue, like the Necks of Pigeons. From the tenth the exteriour borders of the fixth or feventh fucceeding are grey, elfe they are all dusky. The Tailis but fhort, of about two inches length; compofed of twelve feathers, {potted at the top on their interiour Vanes with white, on their exteriour in the middle feathers with red, inthe outer with black. [ In ano- ther bird the middle feathers of the Tail were greenith ] St About Frankefort on the Main, and elfewhere in Germany, andin Itgly, it is com: mon. ~InSummer time it lives inthe Woods and Mountains ; in the Winter it comes _downinto the Plains. It feldom comes over to usin Exgland, viz. only in hard Win- ters. It breaks the {tones of Cherries, andevenof Olives with expedition, the Ker- nels whereof it is very greedy of. - The Stomach of one we diffected in the Month of December was fullof the ftones of Holly-berries. It feedsalfo upon Hemp-feed, Pz- wit, &c. and moreover upon the buds of trees, likethe Bulfinch. _ Itisfaidto buildin the holes of trees, and to lay five or fix Eggs. It weighs an ounce and three quarters : Is in length from Bill to Claws feven inches and an half; in breadth between the tips of the Wings extended twelve and an half Q. IL The Virginian Nightingale + Coccothrauftes Indica criftata, e Tisas big as. a Blackbird, or fomething les. A black. border compaffes the Eyes | and Bill which is like to that of the common Hamfizxch, or alittle fhorter. The Head is adorned with a towring creft, which it often moves as well toward the Bill, as toward the Tail. The colour of the whole isa lovely Scarlet,inthe Head and Tail moredilute. It is brought into Exgland out of Virginia ; whence, and from its rare finging, it is called, The Virginian Noghtingale. . Of this Bird Aldrovandws writes thus } In its native Soil, viz. in the Iflands of Capo Verde, itis commonly called Frufo, aname very liketo ou Italian F. rifone, [ i... Coc- cothranfti vulgar | to whichalfo it is very likein the Bill. Moreover, a black line or borderencompafies its Bill; and itis ( as Hieronymus Mercurialis witnefles ) of the bignefs of aThrufh. Wherefore alfo we thought fit to call it Coccothrauftes Indica. It greedily devours Almonds, in which alfo it agrees with the Grosbeak, which with its Bill cracks fuch kind ‘of fruits, and other Grains or ftones; whence it is called Nyci- jraga ot Nut-cracker. And that this Bird doth the like it is very probable, feeing it is likewile armed with a very thick and {trong Bill. Mercurialis affirms, that by the Portugues it is commonly called, ‘The Cardinal bird, becaufe it is ofa fearlet [ purpy- rez | colour, ‘and feems to wear on itsHead a redhat. Of the natureand qualities of this Burd Fr. Malochies, Prefect of the Phyfic-garden at Pifa, gave me this account. It imitates the notes of birds, efpecially the Nightingale : it is greedy of Panic and Almonds, devours Chickweed 5 feeing its Image ina glafs it hath many ftrange gefticu- lations, making a hiffing noife, lowring its creft, fetting up its Tailafter the manner of the Peacock, fhaking its Wings, in fine ftriking at the Looking-glaf$ with its Bill. The temper of its body is very hot, which thence appears that it often immerfes it felfin water. Itis of a very gentlenature, and will take meat out of ones hand. Its - thape isasfolloweth. Ithatha tuft on its Head of a triangular figure, and {carlet co- Jour, with which colour alfo the Neck, Breaft, and Belly are adorned. The ends of | the Wings are not of fo deep a {carlet, as neither the Tail, which for the proportion of the body is pretty long, of about a Palm, fomething erected,as broad as oneslittle finger. The Legs are fhort and whitith: The Claws {trong, and fomething crooked. The whole bird meafured from Head to Tail is full two Palms long. 246 + ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Il, Cuap. I. The Green-finch : Chloris, Aldrov. Ornithol. lib. 18. cap.18. rh haf | Tis bigger than a Houfé-Sparrow 5 of an ounce and weight 5 of fix inches and an | half length, meafuring from Bill-point to the Feet or Tails end : of ten inches and an half breadth between the extreme terms of the Wings expanded. It is called _ by fome the Greer Linuet. The Anthus of Bellonins: Le Breaite Its Billislikethat of theGrosbeak , but mueh lefs, of half'an inch length, tharp- pointed, and not crooked: The upper Mandibledusky, the nether all whitifh. The Tongue 1s fharp, and as it were cut off, ending in filaments : The Eyes furnifhed with niCtating membranes : The Nofthrils round, fituate in the upper part of the Bill next the Head : The Feet of a flefh-colour; the Claws dusky. The outer Toe at bottom {ticks faft to the middle one. The Head and Back are green,the edges of the feathers being grey. Themiddleof the Back hath fomething of a Chefnut colour intermingled. | The Rumpis of a deeper ereen or yellow : The Belly white: The Breaft of a yellowith green: The Throat of the fame colour with the Neck: The feathers contiguous to the Bill are of a deep yellowifh green. ' The borders of the outmoft quil-feathers of the Wings are yellow, of the middle- moft green, of theinmoft grey. The inner feathers of the fecond row are grey, the outer green. All the reft of the covert-feathers of the Wingsare green. The fea- thers along the bafe or (if you pleafe ) ridge of the Wing are of a lovely yellow. The coverts alfo of the underfides of the Wingsare yellow. The Tail is two inches and a quarter long, made upof twelve feathers ; of which the two middlemoft are all over black,thofe next have their outer edges yellow : The remaining fouron each fide from the middle outwardly are black, but all their inner Webs from top to bot- tom yellow. Ont The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and hatha Gall-blidder annexed. The bird _ we diflected had a large Craw,'a mufculous ftomach, filled with feeds of Plants. It builds in hedges : The outmoft part of its Neft is made ofhay, grafs, or ftubble the middle of Mofs5 the inmoft, on which the Eggs lie, of feathers, wool, and hair. In this Neftit lays five or fix Eggs, near aninch long, of a pale green colour, {prinkled with fanguine {pots, efpecially at the blunt end. , The colours of the Hen are more languid, not fo bright and lively : And onthe Breaft and Back it hath oblong dusky fpots. - The Chlor of Aldrovandus, according to his defcription, feems to be lefs green than ours. It feeds upon the feed of Rape, Thiftles, Docks, and moft willingly Canary- grafs, as do other birds of thiskind. ; AL ee The Anthws or Florws of Bellonivs, called in French, Bruant, isof kinto this. He defcribes itthus: Le Bruant in French hath its name from its voice: For when it fings it exprefles the word Brwire. As it flies it makesa noife. Ariftotle calls it"Ay8@., which word the Latives render Florws. The modern Greeks, I know not from what ancient name, callit alfo Florws. Itisa littlebigger than a Chaffizch: The Cocks are for the moft part yellow: Yet fome part of the Wings and Tail inclines to cinereous, but their greater feathersare of amore elegant yellow. The extremities of the Tail- feathers are alfo altogether yellow 5 but withinof another colour. The Bill is great and fharp, of apalecolour: The Legs and Feet are fomething red. They are kept in Cages for thé {weetnefS of their finging. They feed for the moft part upon Hemp- feed, and keep much about tall trees, far remote from Meadows. It hatches at leaft five young ones, a ae " - es es Pe ™ : ‘ A . Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. 247 Cuav. Ill. -¢. 1. Ihe Bulfinch, Alpor Nope. Rubicilla feu Pyrrhula. His Bird hath a black, fhort, ftrong’ Bill, in figure and f{tru€ture like that of | the Grosbeak, but lefs. | [ Inthe elder birdsit is fomething crooked. ] The Tongueis asit were cutoff: Its Eyes arethazel-coloured : Its ‘Clawsblack ¢ ‘Its Legs dusky. The lower joynt of the outmoft Toe {ticks faft to the middle Toe. The Head for the proportion of the body isgreat. Inthe Male a lovely fcarlet or crimfon colour illuftrates the Breaft, Throat, and Jaws, asdarasthe Eyes. The fea- thers on the crown of the Head abovethe Eyes, and thofe that compafs the Bill, are black: The Rumpand Belly white: TheNeck and Back grey, with acertain tin@ure ofred. [The Neck, Back, and Shoulders feemed'to me blue or afh-coloured. |] The quil-feathers of the Wings arein number eighteen; thela{t or inmoft of which onthe \ outer half from the fhaft ised, on the inner black and gloflic. Of the reft the inte- riour [ 2. e. thofe next the body ] areblack, with aglofs of blue; the exteriour duf- ky or black. ' Of the firft or outmoft five the exteriour edges in the upper half of the feathers are fomewhat white. The tipsof the lower covert-feathers‘are cinereous, in the interiour more, in the exteriour lefs. The next to thefe are of the fame colour withthe Back. The Tail istwo inches long, black, and thining, made up of twelve feathers. | The Cock isof equal bignefs tothe Hen, but hath aflatter crown, and excels her in thebeauty of his colours. They feed moft willmgly uponthofe budsof trees which break forth before, in- deed are pregnant with, the leaves and flowers, efpecially thofe of the Apple-tree, Pear-tree, Peach-tree, and other Garden-trees; and by that means bring no {mall de triment to the Gardeners, who therefore hate and deftroy them asa great Peftof their Gardens, intercepting their hopes 6€ Fruit. | Turner writes, that they are very docilebirds, and will nearly imitate the found of a Pipe [ or the Whiftle of a man] with their voice. They are much efteemed for their finging with usin Exgland, and defervedly in my judgment. For therein they excel all {mallbirds, if perchance you except the Lizwet. I hear ( faith Aldrovandy:) that the Hen in this kind fings as well asthe Cock, contrary to whatis uftal in moft other forts of birds. cise} | SCE SAL * The Ameritan Bulfinch or Guiratirica of Marggrave. T is of the bignefs of a Lark : Hath a thick, ftreight Bill, dusky above, under- / | neath white, and alittleincarnate. Its Legs are cinereous, with four toes ftand- _ ingafter theufual manner. The whole Head, with the Throat, and the lower and middle part of the Neck are of a rare fanguine colour. The Eyes blue: The Ear-- holes large. The fides of the Neck, the whole Breaft and lower Belly are covered with white feathers, Theupper fide of the Neck hath black ones, with whicha few white aremixt: The Back is grey ( with afew black feathers interfperfed ) as are alfo the beginnings ofthe Wings: The reft of the Wings is black, as is the Tail, which is about three inches long. The lateral borders of the Wings are white. e mee ‘ -¥ { G HAP. eo _ : 24 - Oe ORNITHOLOGY, Boo II, . CHap. IV. The Shell-apple or Crofs-bill, called by the Germans Kratzvogel. Loxia, Gen. Aldroy. An Tragon Plinii ? | 7 ee half, and from tip of Bill to Tailendis fix inches three quarters long. | Its Bill is thick, hard, ftrong, black, and contrary to the manner of alf other birds, crooked both ways, the Mandibles near their tips crofling one another: For the lower, being drawn out into a fharp point, turnsupward, the upper bends down- ward. Neither dothey always obferve the fame fide; for infomebirds the upper Chap hangs downon the right fide, the nether rifes up on the left; in others contra- riwife, the lower takes the right fide, the upper the left. The lower Chap is like the Chafinches, neither is the Tongue different. The Nofthrils are round: The Ears great and wide: The Irides of the Eyes from grey tend to a hazel-colour : The Feet dusky, the Claws black. The loweft joynt of the outmoft toe fticks to that of the ~middlemoft. bale The middle parts of the Back and Head feathers are black, the edgesegreen. Inthe Head there is fomething of cinereous mixt with the other colours. The Rump is green: The Chin afh-coloured : ‘The Breaft green: The Belly white, only under the Tail the middle parts of the feathers are black or dusky. Each Wing hath eighteen quil-feathers, all blackifh, only the outer edges of the foremoft are green. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, two inches and a quarter Jong, and black, with greenedges. The Guts have many fpiral convolutions. The blind guts are very fhort. _ Thisbird was defcribed in the Autumn : He that fold it told us that it changed co- Jours thrice in a year, being green inthe Autumn, yellow in the Winter, and red in the Spring. Gefveralfo faith, that they are firfttof all red on the Breaft, Neck, and Belly 5 thatthen they grow yellow : And that they change colour efpecially in Win- ter.Some affirm,that 1t changes colour every year,fo that it fometimes declines more to ycllow, fometimes to green, red, or afh-colour. That it changes its colour with age, ' oraccording to the different feafons of theyear, we cannot but think probable, be- ing fo well attefted. -Perchance alfo in the fame age and feafon of the year the colour in divers birds may be different. For we faw and bought at Nurenberg in Germany two of this fort of birds brought up together inone Cage, of which one was green, the other red, when the Summer was almoft fpent, and Autumn coming on. But | however the colours may differ, this bird is fuficiently characterized by the make of it Bill. Kept in Cages they climb up and downthe fides withthe Bills and Feet, after the manner of Parrots. | _ It isa moft voracious bird's, much delighted and feeding very fat with Hemp-feed. It alfo loves Fir-kernels, and inthe Months of “faxwary and February builds its Neft in thofe, or the liketrees. They fay, that with one ftroak of its bill, it will in a trice divide an Apple in halves, that it may feed upon the Kernels, by that means doing a great deal of mifchief in Orchards. _ Infome parts of Germany, Bavaria, Suevia, Noricum, they are found in great num- bers allthe year round. Sometimes they come over tous, and in the Weftern part of Exgland, efpecially Worcefterjhire, make bad work, fpoiling a great deal of fruit in our Orchards. . One thing alfo more ( faith Aldrovandws ){eemeth to me ftrange and unufual in the Crofs-bill, that inthe Winter-time, when all things fhrink with cold, and other birds are mute, fhe fings; andinSummer, when other birds fing, fheisfilent. Which whe- ther it be true or no let thofe obferve among whom fuch birds arecommon. It fings, they fay, very {weetly. ik fhape of body it is not much. unlike the Greez-fizch : It weighs an olthice and CHAP. Boox IL ORNITHOLOGY. : | | CHari V; Of Sparrows. T Hefe Birds feed upon grains of Corn, Crums of bread, worms, and divers Seeds. Their Bills are fhort, thick, and fomething crooked: Their co- Jour teftaceous or earthy. They are very falacious, and therefore held to befhort-lived. . | dL The Houfe-Sparrow. Pafler domefticus, Aldred. He weight of this well known, and every where obvious bird is 1 } ounce : Its length from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail fix inches and an half. 249 The Bill is thick, in the Cock black, at the corners of the, Mouth between the - Eyes yellowifh, in the Hen dusky, fcarce halfan inch long: The Eyes hazel-colou- sed: The Legs and Feet of a dusky flefh-colour: The Claws black. The lowér joynt of the outmoft Toe, as in other fmall birds, grows to that of the middle Toe. | | | The Head isof a dusky blue, or afh-colour; the Chin black. » Above the Eyes are two {mall whitefpots. From the Eyesa broad line of a fpadiceous colour. The fea- thers growing about the Ears are afh-coloured.. The Throat [below the black fpot] of a whiteafh-colour. Under the Ears on each fide isa great white {pot. The lower Breaft and Belly are white. The feathers dividing between the Back and Neck, on the outfide the fhaft are red, on the infide black, but toward their bottoms fome- - thing of white terminates the red, The reft of the Back and Rump are of the fame colour with Thrujhes. madeup as it were of a mixture of green, dusky, and ath- colour. easvn St The Hen-bird wants that black fpot under the Throat, as alfo the white {pots on the Neck, and above the Eyes: Its Head and Neck being alfo of the fame colour with the Rump: The nether fideof the body of a fordid white. Infteadof a white line crofs the Wings it hath black feathers with pale reddifh tips. In general ‘the co- Jours all the body over are not fo fair and lively. Each Wing hath eighteen quil-feathers, dusky, with reddifh edges. Fromthe ba- {tard Wing a broad white line is extended to thenext joynt. Above this line the co- vert-feathers of the Wings are of a *{padiceous colour; beneath they: have their: middle parts black, their exteriour edges red. The Tail hath twelve feathers, and is two inches and a quarter long, the middlemoft feathers being fomething fhorter than the reft; Allof a dusky blackifh colour, with reddifh edges. Its Tefticles are great, as being a very falacious bitd. Its Guts nine inches long : The blind Guts very fhort. Its Stomach mufculous, it feeding upon Wheat, Barley, and other Grain. The Womb of the Femaleis great. IthathaGall-bladders: — 3 Wheher orno it be fo fhort-lived as is reported, I think there is fome: reafon to oubt. soit H This kind of bird doth fometimes vary in colour: Aldrovandus {etting fortha white and a yellow Sparrow: The figures and. defcriptions whereof may be feen in the fif teenth Book of his Ornithology, Chap.11, 12. : Savi. \* The foolifh Bononian Sparrow of Aidrovand. T isin bignefs equal to the common Sparrow. The colour of its whole body is yellowith, {potted every where with oblong nifty, or rather red {pots} which on the Back are longer and bigger than elfewhere; all over tending downwards. The Bill is red, thick, and fhort: TheEyes great; their Pupils encompafled with.a yellow circle, The Tail-and Wings incline to black 3 but the ends of the lciler feathers in the Wings are white, Wid b | . fed orlt-o ; Bie. §. IIL * A colour near to chef nut, but red= der. f » 0 ”~C:”:*:C“‘“~C;C ORIN TOO GS Boos. * Afaall bird akin to the Sparrow :- Aldrov. Book 15. Chap.17. His fmall bird, although it have not a black Chin, nor any footftep of it, (as i we have obferved in fome Hez-Sparrows ) yet by the: whole fafhion and make of its body it difeovers and warrants it felf tobe of the Sparrow-kind. Its Billis whitifh, asin the Houfe-Sparrow. It is painted all over the body with oblong reddifh fpotstending downward: But thofe on the underfideof the Neck, and on the Breaft are more manifeft, becaufe thofe parts are white, "vhereas the upper, viz. the Back, the upper fide of the Neck, and the crown of the Head are red; as are alfo the whole Tailand the Wings: but moft of the feathers of thefe have white ends: The Belly alfo and the Thighs are white: The Legs and Feet yellowifh: The Claws long and black. §. IV. * The fpotied, or three-coloured Sparrow of Aldrovand. Book, 1. Chap. 13. E calls it three-coloured, for that whereas it confifts only of three colours, viz. white, black, and yellowifh, no one of them can be faid to excell an- other. The whole Head and Neck are white, varied with yellowifh {pots. The Wings are adorned with the three forenamed colours, but the white and black are in them predominant. The Bill, as in Sparrows, thick, fharp pointed, the upper Chap yellowith, the nether altogether yellow. The Iris of the Eye is white 5 the Pupil black. |The Chin, Breaft and Belly, Thighs, Legs, Feet, and Tail underneath are of a yellowifh whites elfe the Tail is almoft yellow. §. V. a oe white-tail'd Sparrow of Aldrovand. Book 15. Chap.14. He Tailof this, although it be not altogether white, yet is of a pale, whitifh . afh-colour, whereas otherwife for colour it is almoft like the Hox/e-Sparrow, but hath-not that black {pot under the Chin. The Bill, asin that, is white: The Eyes black: The Head, and all thelower parts from white incline to yellow. Large {pots of almoft a ferrugineous colour, beautified with very finall milk-white lines, are difperfedall over the Back. All the feathers of the Wings are of a chefnut-colour, round about yellow. The Legs and Feet are dusky. §. VI. * The Dalmatic Sparrow of Aldrovand. L2b.15. Cap.21. be bird Aldrovand {aw only the Picture of at Tartaglinws’s a Citizen of Venice. It is ( faith he ) bigger than our common Sparrow, but for colour almoft like it. * The word ~* Underneath alfo it is abfolutely white, but above of a pale red, no other colour in- Slade terceding. \ The Eyes and Bill for the proportion of the body are great ; and this laft ufually accepts whitifh. The Tail is forked, the Feet yellowifh, adorned with tranfverfe lines al- i Henifics oft of aflefh-colour. The Claws black, pretty long and fharp. above. 6... VIL * The Ring-Sparrow of Bellonius, azd the fwall Sparrow living about Waluut-trees of the fame Author. YP He firft of thefe differs from the common Sparrow, as well in that itis of a di- i verfe colour, as becaufe thefpot, which in thatis black, in this is yellow. He * Ringed. —callsit* Torguatws, becaufe a white ring or wreath encompafies the Eyes’ under the Eye-brows. Moreover, itis more cinereous than the common Sparrow, hath a greater voice, and exceeds itin the bignefs of the Body and Bill. It abidesin Woods, building in the hollows of trees. The Book. ORNITHOLOGY. | The other, called Frignet by the French, is leaft of all, having avery thort, thick; black Bill; its Feet, Legs, Head, and Wings, like thofe of the Wal-Sparrow. It builds . §. VIIl. * The tailed purple and black, Indian Sparrow of Aldrov. Book 15. Chap.28. T hath a Tail five triches long, made up of ten very black feathers. The quil-fea- ] thers of the Wings are alfo cole-black. The Head, Neck, and Rump are of 4 deep purple colour, yet-the roots or bottoms of the feathers: yellow. The Bill is pretty thick, fomewhat hooked and fharp, fomething refembling that ofthe Butcher- bird, black-above, ‘beneath where it grows to the Head white. The colour of the Legs I know not, for they were wantiiig in the café commanicated to me; but it is likely that it hath black ones. §. IX. * The Tijepiranga of Brafil or American Sparrow, Marggrave. T is a little bigger than a Lark; and fings like ourcommon Sparrow.. Its whole | Body, Neck, and Head are of a delicate red or fanguine colour: But the Wings and Tail of a fhining black, faving that in the beginning of the Wings there is fome- thing of red mixt therewith. The Legs are black, below the Knees bare of feathers, above covered with black feathers, The Billlikea Sparrows, the upper Chap black, the nether black alfo toward the point, but white toward the Head. The feathers on the Head black, which fhe is fometimes wont toruffle up after the manner of Spar- rows. A\\ the feathers of the whole body are black within, red without, yet fo com- ' plicated, that outwardly they appear wholly red.. The Tail is almoft three inches _ long. Each foot hath four Toes, and {o difpofed as in moft other birds. _ There is found anotherfort of this bird, of the bignefs of a Sparrow, whofe whole body is covered with bluifh afh-coloured feathers: But the Wings approach fome- thing toa Sea-green. Inthe Belly and lower part of the Neck or Throat it is white, ‘or rather of a fhining filver colour. The Legs are afh-coloured, as is alfo the Bill, which islike a Chaffizches. Each foot divided into four Toes, and thofe fituate as is ufual in birds. aes * The lovig-tail'd Indian Sparrow witha fearlet Bill of Aldrovand. - the Tail. It hath a {hort thick Bill of a {carlet colour. Its Head is flat, elevated _ near the Neck, blackifh, witha mixture of agreemt{fh colour inclining to blue; which alfo is feenrunning downward throughthe Back and upper part of the Wings. ‘The Wings are of three colours chiefly; firft, chat now mentioned ; fecondly, a white, as appears inthe figure; thirdly, a black: Towhich fucceeds fourthly, a yellowifh co- Jour, next which are the quil-feathers again black, but cinereous within. The Throat, lower fide of the Neck, the Breaft and Belly are white. The Tail isdouble, as in the Peacock ,and alfo of twocolours : The lefler which fuftains the greater, being. as it were its prop, is whites the greater, confifting of four very narrow feathers of nine inches long, isof a deep black. The Legs and Feet are {potted of black and white; the Talons black, and asin birds of prey very fharp and hooked. I’ is of equal bignefsto our Honje-Sparrows, if you except the longer feathers of §. XL. * Another Indian long-tail'd Sparrow of Atdvovand; Book t3. Chap.23- Bee isan exceeding beautiful bird, even fairer thanthe former : Of the fame bignefs. ts Billisblue: Its Head alfo, as im that, flat; but more elevated in | the Neck 5 all black; its Eyes alfoblack, encompafled'witha white circle, and having a yellow Iris + Its Neck and Breaft are ofa {carlet colour ; its’ Belly and Thighs “ sf | tk a white 3 252 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I white: Its Wings, Back, and Tail black: Bue acertain palenefs is mingled with the quil-feathers of the Wings. ‘The longer feathers of the Tail, ( which aretwo exceed ing long ones, viz: five Palms, and very broad 5 anda third firft alfo broad, but end- ing in very flender.filaments } are fupported by other fmaller ones. The Legsand Feet are white: The Claws black,and, as in the precedent, notably fharp and hooked. | §. XIE | * A fhort-tail'd Indian Sparrow of Aldrovand, Book 15.Chap.24.. His Bird is leffer than the two former, all over black: Which colour yet hath ~ [know not what kind of blue and violet glofs ; as is ufually feen to happen in deep blacks. The Bill and Feet are of a flefh-colour; the Claws black. The Eyes alfo black,but encompafled with a whitecircle. . ‘2 rat 5) a] §. XIII. * The foort-taid, Ttalian Sparrow °f Aldrovand. He Bird ( faith he ) which youfee here delineated, having a very fhort Tail, cal- an led Paferine, that is a little Sparrow, is fometimes taken in the Country about Bologna. Its whole body is of one colour, viz. yellowith: Yet its Breaft and Belly are whiter than the other parts, Its Bill is of a deeper yellow. §. XIV. * The rumplefs black and red Indian Sparrow of Aldrovand. Sa dee whole body, both above and underneath, as alfo the beginnings of the Wingsare of a moft lovely fhining fcarlet colour: The reft of the Wings is black: But yet, if their feathersare {pread out, fomething of white appears. in their fides. The Feet alfo are black: Moreover, it hath along the Back two oblong, black {pots, almoft contiguous. The Billfor the proportion of thebody fmall, (for it isa thick-bodied bird for its bignefs ) and lefs alfo than in the common Sparrow, white where it is joyned to the head, elfeblack, fharp, and {flender. It altogether wants a Rump. Q. XV. ® The rumplefs blie, ved, and black Indian Sparrow of Aldrovand. if i His Bird is longer than the former, but lefs corpulent, and of three colours, efpe- cially, vz. red; blue, and black. The Head, Neck, and Breaft, and all the lower parts are of a deep red colour. On the fides of the Neck are two large contigu- ous {pots of a femilunar figure and fcarlet colour. —The Wings are very long, black and blue about the fides. The Legs fhort and black. The Bill a little crooked, black,but white near the forehead. 6 ye | All thefe Indian Sparrows are to ws unknown: Aldrovandus alfo himfelf fam only the pidures of them, not the birds themfelues. But Piures of thene (as Pliny rightly faith ) fullacious, thefe defcriptions cannot be thought to come near the exatine/s of {uch as are takex - fion the birds themafelves. @. XVI. The Mountain Sparrow, frequent in Stiria and Carinthia. a thetip of the Bill tothe end of the Claws it was by meafure fix inches long, Its Tongue was fomething cloven: The Irides of itsEyes between grey and ha- zel-coloured. Its Chin was black: It had alfo on both fides.a black {pot about the - Ears. Aborder of white compaffes the Neck almoft half way, and the {pots about ' theears. The Head of a dusky red. The outer Websof the feathers on the middle of the Back arered, theinnerblack. The Rumpis of a yellowilh afh-colour. The Breaft /. ' % he * y de - ' = = ,' il ; < i ' ’ ’ OR NIT HO LO GY. Boox Il. | Bs Breaft and Belly of a fordid white. Of the fecond and third row of Wing-feathers all but the eighth or tenth outmoft have white tips... The fmall feathers on the bafe or ridge of the Wing are red, as are alfo the outmoft edges of the reft. The number of quil-feathers is eighteen. The Tail 1s two inches and a quarter long, made up of twelve feathers, of almoft equallength. The Bill is black, more than half an inch Jong; at the corners of the Mouth and lower Chap yellow. It hada large Craw, a of feeds: The mufcles of the Gizzard were not very thick. The Tefticles great and white. The: The defeription of the Mountaie Sparrow in Aldrovand agrees indifferently well with.ours, fave that he attributes to it two black {pots befide the Eyes; one of which is wanting inour birds at leaft Mr. Wil/ughby mentions only one. Wefaw abundance of thefe birds inthe mountainous Countries of Stir7a and Carine thia, as we travelled from Vienna to Venice. §. XVI * The Wood-Sparrow of Aldrovand, Book, 15. Chap.16. N bignefs it exaGly correfponds with the common Sparrows: Its Bill from yellow inclines to white 5 andis( asI may fofay ) exa@ly Sparrem-like. The crown of its head, as in the precedent Mountain Sparrow, is of a rufty colour, inclining to Ver- milion. The circumference of the Eyes white, the Iris yellowifh, the Pupil black. 253 From Chin to. Tail it isof an afh-colour, but the * extremities of the feathers incline * I fuppofe he tored, The Chin and underfide of the Neck. aré croffed with cornitinuous, tranfverfe, M2" the blackifh lines; whereas in all other Cock-Sparrows we fufpe&, nay, we pofitively affirm, thatthey are wholly black... The Back, Tail, and Feet are of a dusky ferru- _ gineous, fave that thetips or ends of the feathers are altogether yellow. The Wings ends or tips. are of thefame colour, but the fir{t feathers, which cover their * ridges end in a nota: * cope, ble white. §. XVIIL * The Brafilian Sparrow, called Guiranheemgatu by Margerave. T is of the bignefs of a Sparrow. The Head above is of a pale yellow, as 1s the _ Throat: The Neck,Breaft, and lower Belly of a deeper yellow. The Wings are mixt of green and yellow,and diftinguifhed with dusky,as is alfo the Tail. TheEyes and Bill black: The Legs dusky. The Gock of this kind fings rarely well, likea Finch. ‘The Henis of the fame bignefs, covered with Sparrow-like feathers,fings not, _ butcries T/chrip, ifchrip like aSparrow. — Cuar. VI §.L The Chaffinch: Fringilla, Sma Ayiftotelis, T is fomething lefs than a Honfé-Sparrow, weighing nota fulléunce. Its Bill is tharp, {trong, white underneath, above and toward the tip dusky: The lower Chap * equal to the upper : The Tongue cloven and rough: The Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured: The Ears great, . iets ___ The Head in the Cock is blue, but the feathers contiguous to the Nofthrils black. The Back is reddifh witha mixture of afh-colour or green: The Breaft red; the Belly under the Tail white. e | EM | The colours of the Henare not fo bright and lively. But its Rump is green: Its Back not fo red :. The Belly from red inclines to a dirty kind of green, The Bréaft alf is of a duller colour. ' ~ The Quil-feathers in each Wing, in number eighteen, all but the three firft, or out- moft have their bottoms and intertour Webs white; their exteriour edges yellowifh, orrathergreen, In the Cock the {mall feathers invefting the ridge or bafis of the Wing are blue. Abovein each Wing is a remarkable white fpot: Then after an in- _ texftice of black fucceeds a long white fillet, beginning from the fourth quill, me axter * Urderitand it in length, 254 ORNCIT HOLOGY, Boox Il, after the tenth continued through the tops of the covert-feathers. That pattor this white fillet which pafles through the tips of the coverts is tin@ured with | ‘yellow. The Tail is two inchesand an half long, and made up of twelve feathers, of which — the outmoft on each fide have their bottoms, and alfo their tops on the outfide the fhaft black, their middle part white. © The next to thefe have lefs white, viz. only near the top, andon the outfidethe fhaft: The three fubfequent on both fides are black : the two middlemoft cinereous with greenifh edges. ~ The Liver is divided into two Lobes, the right being the biggeft. The Stomach not very flefhy. The outmoft Toe in each foot, as in other {mall birds, grows to the middlemoftat bottom. - This bird fometimes varies in the colour of its feathers. For Gefver affirms, that himfelf had feen a Chaffinch all over white: And Aldrovandws defcribes two others one whofe whole body from white declined to yellow : Another that was partly yel- lowith, and partly blackifh. Fi They are ( faith Aldrovandys ) birds of paflage: They love moderate cold; but are offended by immoderate. But with usin Exgland they fear no cold, abiding here all Winter, be the weather never fo {harp : Neither is there any Bird more frequent inal] parts of this Land, excepting perchance the Lark, the Sparrow, and the Yellow- hammer. | 7 6 TL The Bramble or Brambling : Fringilla montana feu Montifringilla, *Ogsaaits, Arift. TN weight and bignefs it agrees with the precedent. Its Billisthick, ftrong,ftreight, #t fron: a broad bafe diminilhing into a fharp point, almoft like a Cone or Funnel; in fome birds wholly black, in others black at point, and yellow atbottom. Its Tongue like the Chaffinches ; the upper Chap of equal length with the lower, its fides {trong and thin‘d into fharp edges. [The Bill of the Female hath no part yellow. '] ItsFeet of a paledusky colour : The outer Toe joyned to the middle below, as in other {mal] birds. From the head to the middle of the Back the colour in the Cock is like that of a Starling, aMhining black, the edges of the feathers being of a reddith afh-colour. The lower part of the Back is white. The Throat is of a yellowifh red 5 the Breaft white ; the feathers behind the Vent reddifh. : In the Female the Head from red or dusky inclines to cinereous : The Neck isafh- coloured : The feathers of the Back have their middle parts black, their borders of that fame reddifh afh-colour. The Throat is not fo red as inthe Cock. Within the ridge of the Wing it hath lefs yellow, and without no Orange colour. In brief it is every where more difcoloured. The interiour quil-feathers of the Wings are red, the inmoft of all black, with red edges. Beginning from the fourth, feventh, or eighth of the fubfequent feathers havea white {pot on the outfide their fhafts, by thetips of the feathers of the fecond row. Underneathalfo their exteriour edges are whitifh ; elfe the quil-feathers are all black. The Plumage near the bafe of the Wing underneath is of a lovely yellow, above of an Orange colour. S: | The Tail isfour inches? long, compounded of twelve feathers, of a black colour, ‘but the exteriour Web of the outmoft feather on both fides is white, and fometimes alfo the interiour. The tips and edges of the two middle feathers are of a reddifh -» afh-colour. At Venice we found great numbers of thefe birds in the Poulterers fhops in Winter - time; whence we infer that they are common in the Country thereabouts at leaft in that feafon of the year. They are found alfoin Ezgland, but more rarely. Thefe birds alfo fometimes vary in their colours. Hence in Aldrovandus we have three figures and defcriptions of Moztifringille : OF which that in the fecond place is ofa paler colour, and hath its head wholly white. The third is altogether like the | firft, fave that under the Bill it hathno black: And befides that fecond yellow ftroak which is in others, in this was far more confpicuous. 6. Boos. ORNITHOLOGY. 255 17 Seo The great pied Monntain-F. inch or Bramlin ; Montifringilla calcaribus Alaudz feu major. T is equal in bignefstothe common Lark, from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail being five inches and aquarter long; and between the extremes of the Wings ftretched out twelveand three quarters broad. Its Billis-halfan inch long, of ayellow colour, withablacktip. The end of the Tongueas divided into ‘filaments, Thetop of the Head of afulvous red, darker toward the:Bill. [| Mr. Johmfon attri- butes to the Head and-upper patt of the Neck adusky red or chefiut colour: ] The upper fide of the Neck, the Rump and fides are alfo red : So is the Breaft, but paler, the reft of the under fide, Throat, Belly, Wings, ¢c.is white. The underfide of the Neck, the Back and fcapular feathers are elegantly variegated with black and a reddifh afh-colour ; the middle part of each feather being black, and the outfides red. The black {potsappear of a triangular figure. Intheupper part of the Wings and bottom of the Back there ts more of red, ' Each wing hath eighteen prime feathers, of whichthe eight outmoft or longeft are black 5 yet their bottoms, as far as they are hidden by the fecond row, except the outer edgeof the outmoft feather are white: Moreover, the very tips, or rather edges of the tips of all excepting the two outmoft, are white. The feven next, which take up the middle part of the Wing, are wholly white, favethat near the'tip on the outfide each feather hath an oblong black{pot: The remaining threeor four next the body are black, having their uppermoft ‘edges red. All the covert-feathers of the Wings, excepting thofe nextthe body, and two or three, which make up the baftard Wing, are whites thofe excepted being black. But Nature as Ifee ) obfervesnot an exact rule in the colours of this birds Wings: For in the bird defcribed by Mr.Wil- lughby the covert-feathers of the black quils were for the moft part black, of the white ones white: Yet in general in all birds that we have {een there were large white {paces in each Wing. The Tail isfomewhat forked, two inches and an half long, made up of twelve feathers, the two outmoft whereofoneach fide being wholly white, fave a very little of the outer edge toward the tip, which is black, more insthe outmoft, lefs inthenext. ‘The outward Web of the third on each fide almoft from the top quite downto thebottom is white: The remaining fix are black, having only their edges about their tips white.. The Legs, Feet, and’Clawsare cole-black. The back-Claw or Spur is longer thanthe reft, as in Larks, of about half aninch. The outmoft Toe for a good {pace from the divarication is joyned to the middle one, as in moft {mall birds. | This Bird Mr. Willughby found and killed in Lincolafhire. Mr. Fohnfowfent us the Bird it felf, and the defcription of it'outof the Northern part of Yorkshire.) The fame Mr. Fohufon {ent allo the'defcription of another bird of this kind by the name of The leffer Mountain-Finch or Bramlin, together with the cafe of the Bird ; which by the cafe I took to be only the Female of the precedent,he from its difference in bignefs, place,and other accidents rather judges it a diftinG {pecies. I fhall therefore — prefentthe Reader with his defcription of it. os Itis of the bignefsof a yellow Finch, hatha thick, fhort, ftrong Neb, black at the very point, and the reft yellow. All the forehead of a dark chefnut, almoft black, growing lighter backwards, about and under either Eye lighter chefnut : The back of the Neck afh-coloured, which goesdown the Back to the Tail, but there more {pot- ted with black. Under the Throat white, but Breaft and Belly dafht or waved with flame-colours; at the fetting on of the Wing grey. . The firft five feathers blackith brown, all the reftwhite, fave a little dafh of browm near the point of each feather. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, the three outmoft on either fide white, fave a little {mall-dath of dark brown: The reft dark brown. The Feet perfedtly black. The hind-clawas long again as any of-the reft.. | . CHAP. ll “256 ~=~~—S ORNITHOLOGY, Boor Il. Cua. VIL. ~ * The Brafilian Sayacu of Marg grave. | But becaufe the Author faith it is of the bignefs of a Chaffinch, we have placed it here. The whole body is covered with feathers of acolour mingled of cinereous and Sea-green : But in the Wings and Back the Sea-greenis fo mixt that, Re to the Sun, they fhine nately. The Billis blacks The Eyesalfo wholly ack. | TT what tribe of {mall birds this is to be referred we do not certainly know: Cuap. VIIl. * The Brafilian Tijeguacuparoara of Marg grave. derneath. The top and fides of the Head, the Throat, and lower fide of the Neck are covered with yellow feathers, {potted with fanguine. [This Bird was a Female, for inthe Malethe Plumage of thefe parts is wholly fanguine. |] The upper ee fide of the Neck and whole Back with afh-coloured ones, *fomewhat fhaded: The - qiatenanix. Ving-feathers aredusky, with white borders: As alfo the Tail: But the covert-fea- tasby which thersof the Wings are cineous. The Back for the moft part, excepting the ends of Aahee ante the feathers, the fides of the Neck, the Breaft, and whole Belly, with the Thighs mean, mize. are covered with white feathers. The Legs and Feet are dusky : Four Toes in each with alittle placed after the ufual manner. It hath black Eyes. umder-colour I’ is of the bignefs of a Lark; hath a fhort, thick Neb, dusky above, white un- ; Cuar. Ix, + The Brajilian Guiraperea of Marggrave. His is alfo of the bignefs of a Lark: Hatha fhort, thick, black Bill. The up- : per part of the Head and Neck, the whole Back, and lower Belly have fea- A. thers of a dark yellow colour, like yellow Wax : The lower fide of the Head and Neck, the Throat and Breaft black ones : Of which colour there are alfo a few in the Belly intermingled with the yellow. The Tail is two inches long, and reaches farther than the Wings: Both Tail and Wings are made up of dusky and blackifh feathers, every one of which hath its fide-edges ;of a Sea-greer, fo that the Wings appear brown, ftraked with green : And in like manner the Tail. The Thighsare of a Wax-colour: The Legs and Feet of a dark grey or afh-coiour. It hath four Toes difpofed according to the ufual manner, armed with black Claws. Cohn Pe, men. Ae The Goldfinch, or ‘Thiftle-finch ; Carduelis. His Bird, in the opinionof Aldrovandwsand Bellonius is the Xpuaopirpys of Arz- __feotle, by the later Greeks called "AygvOis. It is lefs than the Heuje-Sparrow 5 of anounce and half weight; five inches and an half length from Bill-point to Tail end 5 nine and a quarter breadth between the utmoft tips of the Wings {pread out. Its Head forthe bulk of the body isof the biggeft: Its Neck fhort; Bill white, but in fome birds black at the very point, little more than half an inch long, thick at the head, ending in a harp point, of a Conical figure: Its Tongue fharp : Eyes ha- zel-coloured. A ring of {carlet-coloured feathers encompafles the bafis of the Bill. From the Eyesto the Bill oneach fide is drawn ablack line. The Jaws are bie : cr a cet : c - ’ Book Il ORNITHOLOGY. 457 SS ee The top of the Head black, from which a broad black line, produced on both fides almoft to the Neck, terminates the white. © The hinder part of the Head is white, The Neck and forepart of the Back are of a fulvous or reddifh afh-colour. The Rump, Breaft, and fides are of the fame colour, ‘but'paler. The Belly white. The Wings and Tail black; Yet the tips of the principal feathers in both are white. Be- fides, the Wings are adorned with a moft beautiful ‘tranfverfé ftroak of yellow. — If you exactly view each quil-feather, you will find the firft or outmoft wholly black; all the'refttipt with whites: and befides the lower half of the outward Web of eve- _ ry feather from the fecond totheeleventh inclufively of an elegant yellow, which to- gether make that yellow bed acrofg the Wing we now'mentioned whence this bird js {uppofed to be called Xpucoperpns. The interiour covert-feathers ‘of the Wings are alfo yellow... The Tail istwo inches long, compofed of twelve black feathers, of which the two outmoft have a great white {pot on their tips; the next a lefler; The third nones the fourth again a little one, and the fifth a greater. The Legs are fhort 5 the Back Toe {trong, armed, with a Claw longer than the reff. The lower of the outer foretoe grows faltto that of the middle toe. The blind Cuts, asin other fmall birds, arevery fhortand little. It hath alfo a Gall-bladder. The Hen-bird hath a fmaller note than the Cock, and fings not {o much, and the feathers on the ridge of the Wing are dusky or cinereous, whereas in the Cocks they are cole-black: and thefe ¢ faith Aldrovandws ) are conftant and infallible marks by which the Sexes may be diftinguifhed. Goldfinches are gregarious birds, for the elegancy of their colours and {weetnefs of their finging every where well. known and highly efteemed. They are of amild and gentle nature, as may even thence appear, that prefently after they are caught, with- out ufing any art orcate, they: will fall-to their meat'and drinks ‘nor are they fo f{ea- red and affrighted at the'prefence of a man, as to ftrike their Bills and Wings againtt the fides of the Cage,’ as moft other’birds are wont to do. Nor are they vety much troubled at their captivityand imprifonmentin aCage: Nay, if they have continued there agood while, they like it fo well, that though you let ‘ther Idofe, ‘they will not fly away, as (faith Aldrovand). 1 my felf have obferved, to whom refer the Reader. They feed upon the feeds of Thiftles in Winter times, from whence they . took their name, and not of Thiftles only, but of Teafel, and Hemp, and Dock, and Poppy, as Albertys tells us, The Goldfinch kept in aCage will with its Bill draw up a little pot of water hanging upon aftring, and putting its foot fometimes under the {tring when it can reach the Pot, will drink out of it, and quench its thirft, which other {mall birds alfo will learn to do.” 'Befides that little Thiftle-finch ( faith Turner ) adorned witha golden fillet, 1 know another {pinivorous bird ofa green colour, which, in like manner asthe Goldfiach,out of two pots, one going up, the other mean time go- ing down,will take meat out ofthe one,and-drink out of the other. The fame doth alfo the Mifet-bird, which our Country men calla Liwwet. The fame likewife will imi- tateany tune you whiftleto it: So then not only that bird which is in Greek called Gegums, andin Latize by Gazarendred Carduelis, will do what ‘you bid it, and ufe its Billand Feet fora hand, but many sthersalfo. All which things (faith Aldrovan- dys ) daily experience proves to’ beniuft true. It buildsits Neft inthorns, and trees. Gefner affirms, thatit laysfeven Eges, Bellonivs, eight : The difference is not great, and itmay lay fometimes the one, fometimes the other number. The Goldfinch, by reaton of age, fex, or other accidents; vatiés fometimes in its colours. Aldrovandus fets forth four varieties: i. Oe not full’ grown, which had no red-at all on its Head: 2. One with white Eye-lids: 3. A ‘white one with a red head: 4. A whitith one, which yet on the forepart of the Head and under the Chin had fomething of red. Befides which he defcribes alfoa bird of kin to the Gold- finch, ( which perchance was a baftard kind )inthefe words. a . In bulk of body it exceedsa Goldfineh,being equal toa Chaffinch. A circle of a lively: A Bird of kin Sailron colour encompafies the Bill. Its Eyes are like a Goldfinches,but bigger. Its Head, oars Gigs except the Saffron ring now mentioned,and its Back are of the famecélour,ziz.blackith. The Breaft is of a black green, asareyal{o the {mall feathers, covering the ridges of the Wings: Whofe quil-feathers are black, and much more varied or diftinguifhed with white, than in other birds’ of this kind. That part which in other Tiz/tle-pizches is yellow, inthis is of a pale colour) “TheTail of as deep ablackas in others; but in the two outmoft Tail-feathers on ‘each fide when extended appeared fomiething of white 5 which otherwife, when the Tail was clofed; was hidden, and’ not expofed to view. The whole Belly from.cinetéousinclined to'dusky. §. i 7 _ %98 ~ ORNITHOLOG aie §. I. | * The Brafilian Jacarini. of Marggrave. T is of the bignefs of our Goldfizch: Hatha thick, afh-coloured Bill: Ath-co- ] loured Legs and Feet, with four Toes fituate after the ufual manner.’ The whole Body is covered with black feathers, but fhining with a glofs like polifhed fteel. The Wings withinfide are white. The Eyes are blue, and behind each a: large hole in- . ftead of Ears. This Bird being of the bignefs of a Goldfinch, and having a Bill not unlike it, not knowing better to difpofe of it,I have inferted in this Chapter, although it agrees not in’ colour either with the Goldfinch, or any other Evropean Bird, that I know, of this bignefs. 3 CHAP. | XI. Of the Linnet. LL _ Of the Linnet in general. He Characteriftic notes of thiskind are, 1. A fize of body fomething lefs than : aChaffinch: 2. A teftaceous or earthy colour, mixt of cinereous and dusky orbrown: 3. A Taila little forked: 4. A peculiar colour of the outmott feathers of the Tail, viz. brown, with white borders or edges: 5. A {weet note. Of Linnets we have obferved four forts in Exgland: 1. The common: 2. The greater red: 3. The leflerred., 4. The Mountam.Liazet. re iia A The common Linnet : Linaria vulgaris. . (21% | ¥T weighs about an ounce: From the tip of the Bill tothe end ofthe Tail being half | afoot long 5 between the tipsof the Wings{pread forth teninches broad. Its Bill is half aninch long, thick, {trong, black above, white underneath. The Tongue is asit were cut off: The Nofthrils round : Ihe Head particoloured of cinereousand black 5 the Back of black and reddifh, the middle-part of each feather being black, the edges or outfidesin the Head cinereous, inthe Back reddifh, _ The Breaftis white: The lower Belly about the Vent yellowifh. The region of the Craw or bottom of the Gullet is of a lovely red, the edges of the feathers being yellowifh. Each Wing hath eighteen quil-feathers, all black butthe edges, which/in the, exteriour are whi- tifh, in the interiour red. The foremoft feathers of the fecond row are black, the edges of the interiour, or thofe next the rife of the Wing red. The leffer covert- feathers about the ridge or bafeof the Wing arered. The Tail is fomewhat forked, itstwooutmoft feathers being two inches and a quarter long; the middle only two: Of the middle two the borders or edges are red, of the reft white. The Tail confifts of the ufual number of twelvefeathers. It delights to feed upon Line-feed,; whence Gefver, in imitation of the Freach, ( who call it Lizote}) impofed on it thename of Linaria. Jt feems not to have beendefcribed or mentioned by the Ancients: How- beit, Bellowiws makesit to be the Aigzthus of Arzjftotle. ) It is kept in Cages with us for the {weetnefs of its finging 5 wherein, in my judgment, it excels all other {mall birds... It feeds upon Canary feed, Panic, Millet.¢ whence. alfo it is by fome called Milaria.) Rape-teed, Cole-feed, and Hemp-feed. But: whatever feed it eats it firft * i.e, hullsor * deeorticates it with-its Bill, that.i¢ may feed only on the pulp. But Hemip-feed pulse (that wemay notethat by theby ). makes birds that feed uponit fo fat that it either kills them, or takes from themall courage and Jiftto fing. Olina faith, that the Linxet builds im trees that are-not very tall,and lays three or fourEges.We have obferved it to build in black or white thorn bufhesjor Furze-bufhes.Mr.W7Unghby afcribes to the Feet of this bird an obf{cure dusky or blarkith colours Ola a middle colour between t colour Book IL. . 4 r Boow I. ORNITHOLOGY. colour and white. Perchance the Feet of the younger birds are ‘paler, of the old . darker coloured: Or thofe of the Cock blacker, the Hen-birds whiter. Mr. Felfop fent usa Linnet of the common fort with Feet perfectly black, but that was extra- ordinary. J - An Addition to the Eiftory of the Linnet out of our Englifh ie | Writer of Singing Birds. | aha Ou may take the young Ones out at four days old, if you intend they fhall learn \ _ to whiftle of hear any other birdsfong : For then being fo young they have _ not the old birds fong, and até more apt to take any thing than if you fuffer themto bein the Nefttill they are almoft quite fledg’d... You mutt be fure when you take them out fo young, to keep them very warm, and to: feed them but a little ata time. Your meat muft be Rape-feed foaked, and then bruifed, mingled with full as much foaked white-bread. . You muft make frefh every day ; for if it be four, it immediately makes them {cour, and not long after die. You muft not give them their meat too dry, for if you do it will make them Vent-burned; and that isas bad asif they {coured. If you intend to whiftle to them, doit when you feed them.' .Fér _ they will learn very much before they can crack hard feeds. So hang them under any bird you intend they fhall learn hisSong. I have known feveral that have been taught to {peak. ; | a You may know the Cock-Linnet by thefe two marks: 1. The Cock is much brownier onthe Back and pinion of the Wing than the Hen. 2. By the white of the Wing. Take your young Linnet whenthe Wing-feathers are grown, and ftretch out his Wing, holding his body faft with the other hand ( otherwife I have known them by afudden jerk to break their Wings) and then obferve the white upon the fourth; fifth, and. fixth feather, if it be gloflie andgliftering, and the white goes clofe to the quill, this isa certain fignof a Cock. The Linnets difea fes and their cures. t. This Bird is fometimes troubled with melancholy; and then you will find the end of his Rump to be very much fwelled; which you muft prick with a Needle, and let out.all the corruption, {queezing it out very well withthe point of the Needles then anoint him with the ointment made of frefh butter and Capons greafe, and feed him for two or three days with Lettice, or Beet feeds, and the leaves alfo: And you may give him thefeedsof Meloiis chopt in pieces, which he will eat very greedily; and when you find himto mend take the Melon feeds away, and give him his old diet again: Put into his water.two or three blades of Saffron and white Sugar-candy for a Week or more, till you perceive the bird to be wholly recovered. 2. The difeafe this Bird is moft troubled withal is a {couring ; of which there are three forts: The firft very thin, and with a black fubftance in the middle, which is not very dangerous ;. for Ihave known many fing very {trong and lavifh when they have had this {couring in a very violent manner. The fecond is between a black and a white, but not fo thin asthe other, but very clammy and fticking. This is worfe than the former. It is recovered by giving your bird fome Melon-feed fhred, and Lettuce feeds and Beet feeds bruifed, and in his water fome Liquorice and white Su- gar-candy, witha little flour of Oatmeal. You mutt be diligent at the firft to ob- ferve him when he is fick, that fo he may have a ftomach to eat: For in two or three days his {tomach will be quite gone, and then it will be hard recovering him again. The third and worft fort of {couring is the white clammy fcouring, which is dange- rous and mortal, if not well looked after at the firft. This is rapeall cia by bad feeds, and many times for want of water. If it be not takenat the firft appearance it imme diately caufeth him to droop, and fall from his meat, and then all medicines are ufe- lefs, Firft,give him Flax-feeds, taking away all other feeds 5 thengive him Plantain-" ~ feeds, if green, otherwife they willdo him no good: For want of Plantain-feeds give. him fome of the Leaves {hred fmall, and fome Oatmeal bruifed, with a few crums of bread: And in his water give him fome white Sugar-candy and Liquorice,witha blade or two of Saffron. o> | LI 2 To 260 of ours inall points. Seetheir defcription in his Orzithology. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox ll. Toavoid the peril. of {couring Olina advifes to let him havealways a piece of chalk in his Cage. | 1 yy Aza) | 3 RO Sen 1 cei. The greater red-headed Linnet : Linaria rubra major. Hisis fomething lefs than the common Linuet + Its Bill (hort, thick, of 3 Coni- Bes figure like the Chaffinches, the upper Chap, black, the lower at the bafe white: ‘The Tongue fharp, and as it were cut off, asin the Chaffizch: The Nofthrils round ; The Eyes hazel-coloured. Thecrown of the head adorned with a red or fanguine colour, but not very bright and fhining. The reft of the Head and Neck round‘about are cinereous. The Shoulders, Back, and covert feathers of the Wings are red. The Breaftistinctured with red. The fides under the Wings aré of a yel- lowifh red or fpadiceous colour... The outmoft quil-feathers of the Wings aré black the inner dusky. Theexteriour edges of theeight outmoft, excluding the firft, ms white, the white from the bottom towards the top extending it felf inbreadth in eve- ay feather more and moreimorder, till in the ninth feather it reaches almoft to the - -tip. -Thefe white edges inthe Wing complicated concur to make up a white {pot externally confpicuous. From.the ninth the tips of the fixth or feventh fucceeding are bluntand indented. The iteriour margins of all the quil-feathersare white, and thetipsalfoof thofe toward the body, or fetting on of the Wing. The Tail is fome- thing forked, two inches and an half long, made up of the ufual number of twelve feathers; all fharp-pointed, and of two colours, both edges, as well inner as outer being white, butthe outer more; which colour in the extreme or outmoft feathers takes up almoft half the breadth of the exteriour Web: In the reft it grows Natrower and narrower by degrees to the middlemoft, which are almoft wholly black, the very extreme edges only remaining white. The feathers incumbent on the Tail in the middle along the fhaft are dusky, their outfides being white. It hath {mall Legs and Feet of a reddifh dusky colour; but not perfectly black 5 black Claws,the hinder the biggeft,the two outer Claws equalone to the other: There is alfo the like cohefion between the outmoft and middle toes, asin other birds. In the Female neither is the Back bay, nor the crown or Breaft red; but the Back dusky, with a tindture of green, the Breaft of a dirty yellow, varied. with dusky {pots. The othernotes agree in both Sexes. at It weighs five drachms, from tip of Bill to end of Tail is five inches and an half long; to the end of the Claws but five. A line of nine’ inches and a quarter mea- furesthe Wings ftretcht out. It iscommon on the Sea-coafts. g. IV. 3 The leffer red-headed Linuet : Linaria rubra minor. ‘ | His is leffer than the precedent. The Back coloured like the common Linnet : i The forehead adorned witha remarkable fhining red {pot : The Bill like that of the greater red. Linnet, but lefs: The Breaft red 5 the lower Belly white. The prime feathers of the Wings and Tail dusky: The Tail about two inches long, and - fomething forked. ‘The outmoft borders or edges of the Wing and Tail-feathers round are white. , The Legs and Feet are dusky ; the Claws black, and long for the bignef$ of the bird; but the Legs very fhort. The like cohefion or adnafcency of the outmoft and middle toe at bottom, as in other {mallbirds. | In this kind the Female alfo hath a {pot on her head, but more dilute than that of the Cock, and of a Saffron colour. This Bird differs from the precedent red Linnet in many particulars, 1. {In that it rig lefs: 2. Thatit hatha lefferandfharper Bill: 3. That the Hen agrees with the Cock in the {pot on its head, though itbe paler: 4.That the Legs and Feet in this are ®lacker: 5. That the border of white about the tail-feathers is narrower: 6. That the tips of the fecond row of Wing-feathers being white make a tranfverfe white line crofs the Wing. Laftly, that thisBirdis gregarious, flying in flocks, not that. Aldrovandus defcribes two forts of red Linnets, neithet of which agrees with either §. V. ORNITHOLOGY. at ~ Boow ll Fh oc Va) oF _ The Mountain Linnet : Linea Martens. | °His was found by Mr. Fr. Fefop in the Mountains of:the Peak of Derbyfhire, and fent to us.’ It is twice as big as the precedent. The colour ‘of’ its Head and Baek Gs the fame with that of the common Linnet , for the middle parts of the fea- thers of bothareblack, but the outfides or edges of thofe on the Backyred, on the Héad ¢itiereous.’? The middle parts‘of the feathers on the Throat and Breaft are alfo _ black, ‘but the edges whitifh. Only the’Rump is of a very fair fhining {Carlet or Orange-tawny colour. The edges of the middle quil-feathers of the Wings are white,’ as are alfo the tips of thofe of the fecond row. ' The Tail is two inches and an half long, confifting of twelve feathers, of which the two middle are all over of one uniform brown or dusky colour. Of the reft, as well the outer as inner edges, are white > Thefe white edges in the outmoft feathers are broader thanin the reft. Its Bill is like that of the precedent, 27x. lefs for the proportion of its body than that of the fecond fpecies. '~ The whole bird from Bill to Tail was fix inches and anhalflong 5_ to the Claws five and:an half. te ts oad BA Cuapv. XII. The . Siskin Spinus five Ligurinus, — Ts Head is black. The upper fide of its body, viz. Neck and Back aré green. Yet the * thafts of the feathers on the Back are black; and the.Neck being darker x thi, wora than the Back féems to partake fomething of*the colour of the Head. The Bis pebees Rump is of a greenifh yellow: The Throat and Breaft of a yellowifh green: The middle Meo Belly white: The feathers under the Tail yellowifh, with oblong dusky {pots in the abour the middledown the fhaft. The feathers alfo invefting the fides are {potted in the middle ** - with brown. The Henispaler and more difcoloured. Her Throat and fides under her Wings are white, the middle parts of the feathers being {potted with brown. The Head and Back are of a greenifh afh-colour, with brown {pots in the middle. The Throat and Breaft have lef8 of green. } The Wings are crofied *by a broad line or bed of yellow. The Pinion-quill of the Wing is allover dusky, only the edges green. Of the nine following the outer Webs are green; the green part is widened by degrees in every feather, till im the laft it take up half the length. From the tenth almoft the lower half ofeach feather is ' yellow, the upperblack. The exteriour covert-feathers of the Wings are black, the edges of the interiour green. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, the two middle- moft black : Thereft above half way of a moft lovely yellow, with blacktips. The uppermoft tips of the feathers, aswell in the Wings as in the Tail, are grey. The Jower Mandible of the Bill hath aneminency or angle on each fide, received in the upper. The Tongue is fharp, horny at the tip,'and channelled : ‘The Eyes hazel- ie The outerand middle Toe have the like cohefion at bottom as in other irds. : It is kept in Cages for its finging: It is common in Germany and Exgland. At Vi- igh ennain Aunftria they called it § wee aname not much different from our ExglifhSikin. 29n0 ble sar 4. When you perceive them begin to build and carry fluff, give them once a day, or intwo daysat leaft, a little greens and {ome Loaf-fugar, for’ that will eaule a {lip- perinefs in the body, that fo theEggs may come forth without injuring the birds: for many times the Hen dies in laying her firft Egg : Which will be a great Jofs, both in lofing the firft brood, and unpairing the Cock; If this happens, and you have but. few 264. ORNITHOLOGY, Boor ii. few pairs in your breeding place, take out the fingle Cock, and match him, and put’ himin again : If many, itis advifable to let your Cock alone, till you draw alb your birds out to part them; becaufe it willbe hard to find out the fingle Cock, and as hard to take him when found. hal Pri “t 5. When you find that they ha¥e built, take away the Nets that have the breeding- ftuff inthem. They breed moft ufually three timesin a year,begin in April,and breed in May and Fune,and {ometimes in Augu/?, which isnot very ufual, neither here; nor in Germany. Het DORR How they breed them in Germany. Firft, they prepare a large Room, and build it in the likenefs ofa Barn,being much longer than broad, with a fquare place at each end, and feveral holes at each end, to go into thofe {quare places. In thofe out-lets they plant feveral forts of trees, which grow pretty thick, for they will take much delight both to fing and breed inthem: And the bottom of the place they ftrow witha fine fortof fand, and upon it caft feeds of Rape; Chickweed,and Ground{fil 5 which the old bird doth eat,both at time of laying, and al- fo when they have young ones. They put in the houfeall forts of {tuff for the building of their Nefts; and Brooms up and down the corners, one under another, and to the height of the place that is built for the purpofe; and make partitions between every Neft, to make them breed the quieter, without difturbing one another: And in the middle of the Room they will{et a board edge-waysto darken the light on each fide; for no bird almoft doth naturally love to have much light come to his Neft. They plant a tree or two, if the houfe be big enough, one at each end,with many Pearches alfo along each fide of the houfe, and all along where they make their Nefts: The place alfo that isin the air is fullof Pearches. They hang their ftuff for building all up and downthe houfe, that the rain come not at it,.and f{trow fome on the ground alfo. Some have fine fountains in thofe places that are out-lets for the birds to go at pleafure into the airs in which the birds take very much delight towafh and prune themfelves. | They feldom take their Nefts away to bring them up by hand, as we do here, but they let the old ones always bring themup; and when they are pretty ftout, and can crack hard feeds, they have {mall places for the young to come and feed in 5 and they give them of all forts of green feeds to feed upon; and havea kind of trap-doorto take them.: They fay, that if they do not foak feeds for the young ones, very few will live, by reafonthe Hen is apt to forfake them, and go to Neft again; and the feeds . being very hard, they pine away and die. How to breed and order the young ones taken out of the Nefé. Thefe Birds muft not be left too longin the Neft; for if they are, they will be very apt to grow fullen, and will not feed kindly: Therefore take them out about nine or ten days old, and put them ina little basket, and cover them with a Net, elfe they will be very fabject to jump out upon the firft opening of the Basket, and if they fall tothe ground they will be bruifed and die. You muft keep them warm for the firft week, for they are very tender, and if they take cold will befubject to the cramp,and not digeft their meat. siti e Niche Takethem inthe Evening, and if you can poflibly when the old ones are out of fights otherwifethey willbe apt to take diftafte when they fit again, and have young ones; and will beapt at every fright to forfake both their Young and Eggs. Make their meat after this manner. Take fome of your largeft: Rape-feeds, and foak them in water twenty four hours or lefs, if the water be a little warm I think twelve hours will ferve the turn. Drain the water from the feeds, and put a, third part of white bread to the feeds, and alittle Canary feed in flour, and fo mix them all together: Then having a {mall flick, take up a little atthe end, and giveevery bird fome two orthree times over 5 give them but a little at firft ata time and often 5 for if you over-charge their ftomachs they will caft up their meat, and feldom thrive after it. For the old ones give them but little ata time, and befides, all the feeds huld and watmed in their {tomachs; which lie nothing fo hard on their ftomachs as feeds thathave their skins on. You muft not make their meat too dry, for then they will be apt to be Vent-burnt, by reafon all the feeds are hot. For Ihave obferved, that the old ones do conftantly drink after they have eaten feeds, anda little before they feed their young ones and they commonly after feeding of them fit a quarter of an hour «- "Boor i OR NITHOLOGY. hour or more to keep them.warm, that the meat may. the better nourifh them ; there- - fore do you alfo when you have fed them cover them up warm. — I approve beft of the neftling bird by reafon of his tamenefs and familiarity with his Keeper; which is the chief pleafure of abird.. For if a bird benot tame, but extraordinarily wild and buckifh, there is no pleafure in feeding or hearing of him fing, being apt upon all occafions to bruife himfelf, andto forfake his finging when moft defired. Cuap. XIIL The Bird called Citril at Vienna; Verzellino atRome ; it Latiie, Thraupis & Citrinella. N thefhape of the Head and whole body it is very like toa Lixuwet. The Head | and Back green: The Rump of a yellowifh green: The hinder part of the Head _ and Neck. afh-coloured. {In a bird that I deftr'ibed at Rome, the top of the Head,the upper fide of the Neck and the Shoulders were particoloured, ofa yellowifhi greenand dark brown. ]. The nether furface of the body is green, butabout the Vent it is whitifh. Theupper part of the Breaft and the Belly in the Male birds is of a lovely yellow. ‘The Tailis 2 } inches long, and black, but the extreme edges of the feathers aregreen.. The quil-feathers of the Wings are of the fame colour with the Tail: Thelefierrows of Wing-feathers green. [In thofe birds I defcribed at Rome the tips both of the quil-feathers, and alfo of the fecondary feathers of the Wings were white. _ _ The Bill 1s hard, ofa dusky or livid colour, having fharp edges, thicker and fhorter than the Séskivs [ yea, in proportion to its body fhorter and thicker than the Linnets or Greenfinches Bill: ] Vheupper Chap equal to the lower. ‘The Tongue as in Chaffinches : The Feet whitifh or fleth-coloured, with blackifh Claws. ‘The Guts Jong, ilender, and rolled uptogether..,_ t. 2166 It is nurfed up'in Cages’ for the fake of its finging. “At Vienna in Aufiria we faw of | thefe birds to be fold, brought out of Stiria. It i frequent about Rome. It differs from the S#hzz and Seriv, 1. In its afh-coloured Neck: 2. In that the whole nether fide of its body is greens: 3. That it hath no fpots in the fides. Oline sealers to ita Tail alittle forked 5 which we alfo obferved in a bird we defcribed at Inome. 010 Of nN i Belloniws ceems this bird to be the Thraupis of Ariftotle, called in French, Tari. Ithatches feven or eight Eggsat one fitting: © ~ a oar dtaaid arts ty Frag moaqu or Bh ADR) V now) bid cab “The bird called Himngryll at Vienna, Serinus Gofner.Aldrov. libst 8.cap.20) > fey He Back of this isfomething red; the middle parts of the feathers being {pot- ted with black, ‘as ithe YeWow-hammer. “The Head is yellow, of a deeper colour in the Males, and paler in'the Females. The Rump from green in- clines to alovely” fides variegated with oblong, black {pots. |’ ee : «The Tailis black, the outmoft edges of the feathers being green, confifting of the ufual number of twelve feathers... The prime feathers of the Wings are of the fame colour with the Tail. Thetips of the interiour feathers of the fecond row of the Wing are white; of the other leffer Wing-feathers green. _The Bill is fhorter and {tronger than in the Citrivel/a, fhatp-pointed. The upper Chap fomething prominent : The Tonguelike the Chaffinches: The Feet dusky 5 the Claws black. The like cohefion of the outer and middle toe at bottom as in other {mall birds. The Guts are {mall, and have many convolutions. Thefe Birds alfo are kept in Cages for their finging: We faw of them tobe fold at ¥7-' eanain Auftria brought out of Stitia. Thislittle bird (faith Gefver) for its rare mufical finging is preferred beforeall others of this kind, even the Citrinel. Min _ The yellow.’ The Breaft is ofa yellowifh green: The Belly white : The 266 > age , | | - ae a ORNCITHOLOGY, — Boox Il. The Siskin, Citrinella, and Serinws agree, 1. In having yellow Rumps: 2. That they are canorous: 3. That they have greenifh yellow Breafts, and 4. Long, flender Cuts. | | The Serinus and Citrinella agree inthe colour of the Tail andWings. The Siskiz and, Serinws in their {potted fides and white bellies : The Siskin and Citrinel/a in having a green back 5 but inthe Sik7x the fhafts of the feathers are black. _ This Bird grows very tame and gentle (as Gefzer reports ) and will live many years{_ thirteenor fourteen ] fhut up in a Cage. * The Brafilian Teitei, which they call alfo'Guiranhemgeta and Guraundi, Margerave, It is afmall bird, of thebignefs of a Robin-red-breaft. Tt is kept in Cages for a finging bird, but it only chirps like a Redftart, [ Rubrica] called by the Germans, Gimpel. It feeds upon Pacoand Mamao. It hath a fhort, thick, black Bill. The Head, upper fide of the Neck, Wings, whole Back and Tail are invefted with black feathers, with which fomething of blue is mixt, fo thatthey fhine like polifhed Steel. The Throat, lower fide of the Neck, the Breaft, the whole lower Belly and Thighs are yellow. Atthe rife of the upper Bill behind the Nofthrilsit hath a {pot of yellow feathers. The Legs and Feet are of a dusky colour. And this is the Cock. ) The Hen in proportion of body and magnitude agrees exa&ly with the Cock; hath the fame Bill and Legs: But differsmuchin colour. For it is green like the Acanthis, called by the Germans, Zyfchen. The Wings and Head with the upper fide of the Neck are fomewhat dusky, withblue mingled. Thefe birds delight to live to- gether five or fix ina Cage. r Cuarp. XY. The Anadavad Bird, brought from the Eaft Indies, baving a Finches Bill and Larks Claws. | I’ bignefs it fcarce exceeds the Golden-crown’d Wren. Its Bill is for fhape like a Goldfinch or Chaffinchess for colour red, the upper Mandible above being black, The upper fide of the body is of a dusky colour, in fome birds lighter, in others ‘darker; only the feathers growing about the Rump areof a fcarlet or deep Orange. The quil-feathers of the Wings and thofe of the Tail are black. The Tail it Elf jg an inch and half long, made up of twelve feathers; the middlemoft being thelon- geft, and the exteriour in order fhorter. The quils and covert-feathers of the Wings are {potted with {mall round white f{pots, {cattered up and down in no order in fome birds more, in fome fewer.’ Tn fome birds the upper part of the Breaft is of a {carlet red, inothers it is wholly black, as is the reft of the Breaft and Bellyinall. [Ip one Bird, which was paler.than the reft that we faw, and almoft of the colour of a Robin-red-breaft on the Back, not only the Wings, but alfo the fide-feathers, and thofe fcarlet ones incumbent on the Tail were marked. with white fpots. The Legs and. Feet are white: The Claws very long, like thofe of Larks, but. more crooked. The figure of the body is rather long thanround. Inthe year of our Lord, 1673. I faw many of thefe birds (in the houfe of a certain Citizen of Londox ) that had been brought out of the Eft Indies, kept all together in the fame Cage : Being introduced by my worthy friend Thomas Alen, Doctor of Phyfic, who alfogaveme the firft notice and information of them. CHAP. : . eS. Boor If, ORNITHOLOGY. | 267 | | CHAP. XVI. | A Bird called by the Bolognefe, Petronia Marina,. by * Aldrovand, Oenanthe * 2 ir. congener. ?.38. Ts length of this Bird, taken fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of its Claws, was little lefS than feven inches: Its breadth between the extrenies of the Wings diftended twelve and aquarter. Its Bull {trong, fharp-pointed, like that of a Chaffinch, from the tip to theangles of the Mouth fomewhat more than half an inch long: The upper Chap black, the lower about the angle yellow. Theangle itfelf isround : The fides of the Bill tharp-edged. The Head is of 4 dusky ath-co+ lour, but for the moft part through the middle of the crown is aline drawn of a whiter colontr. The Neck isafh-coloured. Below, between the Shoulders the fea- thers have their outer edges of a pale afh-colour, their inner blatk, The Rump from dusky inclines to green, but the tips of the feathers next the Tail are white. The prime feathers in each Wing are in number eighteen, of which the firft or out- moft is fhorter than the fecond, the fecond equal to: thethird, and longeft of all, Thefe three feathers are of a dark brown or blackifh, only their outmoft edges of a palegreen. The fecond, third, and fourth rows of Wing-feathers have white tips, but elfe are black. The Plumage on the bafe or ridge of the Wing is of a fordid green. The feathers covering the underfide of the Wing are white. The Breatt is of a fordid white. The feathers next the Tail have pale yellow tips, elfe they are brown. The Tail is two inches and an half long, and made up of twelve feathers. This fort is diftinguifhed from all other {mall Birds, 1. That it hath a very fair, lovely, yellow {pot about the middle of its Throat. 2. That all the feathers of the Tail on the interiour Web near the tip are marked with one great round white {pot, being elfe all black, fave the edges, which aregreenifh. The outer half of the out- moft feather on each fide is alfo white. 3. It is diftinguifhed from the Hortulane by ae certain notg, that its Bill is far bigger, and ftronger; and equal toa Gree#- aches Bill. e Wefaw many of thefe Birds at Bologna in Italy tobe fold. The Bird which Aldro- wandys faith is called Petrone at Bologna, and Petronelo at Genua, and defcribes un- der the title of * Alaude congener, feems to be no other bird than the Exberiza alba * i.v:A bird of »of Gefver, orour Bunting, as will appear to him that fhall take pains to compare the Es = ae defcriptions. — | Cuar. XVI. The Hortulane kind, whofe charaéteriftic is a hard knob in the upper Chap of the Bill. - j pian: 43 The Bunting called by Gefuer Emberiza alba. I take it alfo to be the Calandra of Aldrov: : and Bellonius, moreover the Alaude congener of Aldrovand, andthe Cenchramus of Belloniws: The Strillozo of Olixa. T weighs about an ounce and half; Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end | of the Tail was feven inches and a quarter, and fo much to the end of the Claws. “. Its breadth between the tips of the Wings fpréad eleven inches andan half. Its Billis great and thick;having a hard knob or eminency in the upperMandible or Palate, wherewith it is thought to bruife Wheat, Oats, and other Grain. The fides of the lower Chap rife up in an angle on each fide, [ as may be better reprefented by a fi- gure than exprefied in words ] and incline to one another under the Tubercle of the Palate. The Tongueis fharp, and flitimtwo. The Claws are of a pale dusky co- lour. Theback-toe is great, armed with a lefler and more crooked Claw than in Larks. ‘The outmoft fore-toe is equal to the inmoft, and grows faft to the middle- Mm 2 moft 268 ie il _ — —_— ee . el ee ee ORNITHOLOGY, Booxll, moftat bottom, asinother birds. This birds Head fomewhat refemblesa Rails. The colour of the whole body teftaceousor earth-like. The Chin, Breaft, Belly are of a yellowifh white. The Throat hath oblong, black fpots. The quil and covert- feathers of the Wings are dusky, having their outer edges cinereous. The Back (as we {aid ) of a teftaceous colour, the middle parts of the feathers being blacker. The Neck beneath the Head behind isafh-coloured. The thaftsof the Head-feathers are of a dark brown; the outfides or edges being of a reddifh afh-colour. The Tail is more than three inches long, of a dusky red colour, without any whitene{s, fave that a kind of dark fhadow or appearance of white may be difcerned in the out- moft feathers. It fings fitting upon the higheft twigs of treesand fhrubs. It feeds upon Corn. Both the figure and defcription of the Bird called Strilozo in Oliva agree exactly in ' all points to our Bunting, fave only that he attributes to it the bignefs of the common Lark, than which our Bunting is{omething bigger. I my felf alfo, when I was at Rome, {aw and defcribed a {mall bird called Strilozo, fomewhat lefs ( as it then feemed to me ) than the common Lark, Seeing therefore Oliva befides the Strilcae defcribes alfo the Calandra, making it fomewhat bigger than the common Lark, and not much lefs than a Thrujh, do fufped that the Calandrais the {ame with our Buxting, and the StriZozoa different kind of bird,defcribed by none befides him, at leaft clearly and exattly. The defcription of the Alawde congener of Aldrovand agrees exactly to this Bird, fo doth alfothat of the Cexchramus of Belonius, fothat of one bird Aldrovandus makes four, giving us the Buxting*under the title of 1. Emberiza alba: 2. Of Alaude conge- ners 3. Of Cenchramus Bellonii: 4. Alo ( if we benot muchmiftaken ) of Calundra 5 all which he exhibits for diftin& Species. §. IL. The Yellow-hammer, Emberiza flava of Gefrer ; Hortulanus of BeVoniys; Luter alterum genus of Aldrovand ; Chloreus feu Lutea Ariftotelis of Tarver. T is equal to a Chaffinch, or alittle bigger; weighs 1} ounces From the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is fix inches and an half Jong; to the end of the Feet but fix. Its Billis of adark dusky colour, half an inch long, having a hard knob in the upper Chap to break the grains of corn, and the fides of the nether Chap turned inwards, and bent together, like the Buntings. The Tongue fhorter than is ufual in other birds, not reaching beyond the knob, its tip horny and fharp, {flit into filaments. * The Eyes hazel-coloured: The Feet of ahorn colour; the Claws black. The like cohefion between the outmoft and middle toe at the bottom, asin other birds, The Throat and Belly are yellow: The Breaft hath fomething of red mingled - withit, asalfo the fides under the Wings. The Head is of a greenith yellow, {pot- ted withbrown. Above the Shoulders in the lower part of the Neckisa certain co- lour between green and cinereous, or compounded of both. The middle parts ofthe ~~ covert-feathers of the Back and Shoulders are black, the edges from green incline to red. The Rump is reddifh. oe | The Female isall over paler, lefs yellow ontheHead, lefs red on the Breaft and un- der the Wings. ; The quil-feathers of the Wings are dusky, having their e&teriour edges from sreen inclining to a fordid white. The Tailisthree inches long, compofed of twelve feathers, fomething forked, of a brown colour 5 the middle two having their edges on both fides, the reft only their outfide-edges green. The two outmoft on the infide the fhaft near the tip are marked with a white fpot cutting the feather ob- liquely. . mt bea a Craw anda mufculous Stomach or Gizzard like the granivorous birds. It hath alfo a Gall-bladder. The blind guts, as in almoft all {mail birds, are very little and fhort. Thefebirds build upon the ground, being every wherein Ezgland moft common. . §. Ul. . -_ Boox Il, EE ————————— os lc — i a! 6 >, ‘ : - ORNITHOLOGY. §. If. Aldrovandus bis firft fort of Yellow-hammer, which he calls Cirlas : Zivolo of Olina. ¥ Tis of the bignels of a Sparrow 5 hath a fhort thick Bill. The Breaft and Belly are yellowifh, fprinkled with brown {pots. The Head, Back, Wings, and Tail from tef{taceous inclining to a brown or dusky colour : but in the Tail there are two feathers on each fide partly white, and partly of the fame colour with the reft. Be- tween the Male and the Female thereis this difference, that the Male hath more yel- low about him than the Female, efpecially in the upper part about the Eyes, and in the Throat,and under the Neck on the fides, where are (en good large {pots of yellow, whichare wanting intheFemale. It abidesfor the moft part on the ground, feeking its food there of Seeds, and other things, and therefore when it is new taken it is wont alnioftalways to have itsBill dirty, Whether this Bird be {pecifically difting or no from the precedent I am not fully fatisfied ; but becaufé both Aldrovandus and Olina make it diftin&, I would not omit it. Olina calls 1t Zivolo; from its note Zi 27, which it often ingeminates. Q. Iv. The Reed-Sparrow. Pafler torquatus in arundinetis.nidificans.. Perchance the Pafler arundinaceus of Turzer. iB is biggerthan the Lizzet, equal to the Chaffivch. The Cock weighed three quar- ters of an ounce: Was from Bill-point to Tail-end fix inches and an half long: Broad between the extremes of. the Wings fpread teninches. The Bill fhort, black LMr. Wilughby makes the upper Mandible black, the nether whitifh ] like the Billof the Hortulane, [ Mr. Willughby compares it to the Chaffinches Bill, ] the lower Chap having its edges on both fides bent inwards, is hollow in fathion of a Funnel, and contains the Tongue within it. Befides, near its bafe it rifes up into a dent or angle on each fide, to which there isa notch or furrow correfpondent in the upper Chap to receive it, asin the Buntings Bill. The Head is black: The Cheeksabout the Eyesred. A ring of white encompafles the Neck, whichon eachfide is {tretched forth to the corners of the Mouth. The Chin and Throat are black : The Breaft and middleofthe Belly white. The Back and covert-feathers of the Wings are partico- toured of red and black 5 wz. the middle part of each feather black, the outfides red The Rump red, with a mixture of afh-colour. The quil-feathers of the Wings are dusky, having their exteriour edges red. Thetips of the feven firft or outmoft are fharp, of the reft blunt, indented, and of anafh-colour. Thelefler rows of Wing-— feathers have their outer edges and tips red, being elfe of an afh-colour. The Plumage on the bafe or ridge of the Wing bluifh, underneath the Wing white: The Tail is two inches and an half long, and made up of twelve feathers, of which the two middlemoft are fomething fhorter than the reft, and black, their outward edges red: The three next on each fide were dark coloured, and almoft black. The ex- teriour edge of the fifthis white: The interiout alfo not far from the tip is {potted with white. The outmoft feather is wholly white. All end in fhatp points. The Feet from fleth colour decline toblack. The Claws are black: The outmoft and middle Toe joynedat bottom. The back-toe great and ftrong. The blind guts fhort and thick. Ithatha Gall-bladder. The Stomach is mufculous: Init opened we found feeds, gc. The Hen, asin moft Birds, isnot fo fair-coloured: The ring about her Neck is darker, andfcarce appearing. The Head, Back, Shoulders, and covert-feathers of the Wings are particoloured of black and ditty red; wiz. the middle parts of the feathers are black, and the outfides red. At the bafe of the Wing are red feathers. The Throatis particoloured, of red, black, and cinereous. 270 * a 25 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. The Hortulane of the Italians. Hortulanus Aldrov. Tordino Berluccio at Venice. T is equal and very like to the YeYow-hammer {That which I 7. R. faw and de- | {cribed at Florence feemed to me fomewhat lefs, and longer-bodied. ] The Hen meafured from Bill to Tail exceeded fevenincheslength; being in our ufual way of. meafuring tenandan halfbroad. Its Bill was fhort, wz. from the tip to the corners of the Mouth {carce half'an inch long, thick atbafe, fharp at point; of a red or flefh colour in the Cock. Inthe Hen theupper Chap is black, thelower blue. Theknob on the Bee Chap is mnch lefs than in the YeVow-hammer. The fides of the Bill are fharp. “Ihe upper Mandible hath on each fide an angle or furrow imprefled, to which anfwereth a tough or angular eminency inthe lower, as in the Buxing, the figure whereof for the clearer apprehenfion and, underftanding of what we fay isto be viewed. The Feet are of a pale dusky: The Claws black. [In the Cock the Legsarereddifh.] The back-toeis great. The inner and outer fore-toes are of equallength. The outmoftfrom the bottom to the firft joynt fticks faft to the mid- dlemoft without any membrane intervening, as in moft {mallbirds. The Throat and Breaft are afh-coloured, the reftof the underfidetothe very Tailis red. The Rump of adeeper red, The Head of abrown or dusky afh-colour, the middle parts of the feathers being blagk - Asthey are likewife on theBack, having their edges of ared- dith afh-colour. /[ In the Cocks the Breaftsare more red. ] Under the Bill isa yellow {pot. The Head is of a colour mingled of green and ciner@pus: The middle parts of the Back-feathersare black, the edgesofacolour mingled of red and cinereous, or red and greens the Rump is green. The quil-feathersof the Wings, as in almoft all {mall birds, are eighteen in num- ber, of which the greater have their edges of a greenifh white, the Jeffer or interi- our of a red. The tips of all the feathers of the fecond row have their tips white, and exteriour edges red. ‘The tips of the third row are alfowhite. The edges of the leffer coverts arecinereous. The Tail\is almoft three inches long, and made up of twelve feathers : Of which themiddleand outmoft are fomething fhorter than thereft. Forcolourthe two middlemoft are.of a dark brown, with red edges: The three next on both fides black: The outmoft but one havethe upper half of their interiour Webs white. The eutmoft have'more white on the interilour Web, and _fome alfo on theexteriour. The Gall-bladder is little, and the Gall within yellow. * Oynithol. lib.13, cap.24. Itis very like our Reed-Sparrow, with a white ring about its Neck, yet differs ma- nifeftly from it in {ome marks, fo that thereisnodoubt but it isa diftinét kind. 1. In its place, this abiding chiefly among Reeds: Whereas the Hortwlane frequents Gar- dens efpecially, asthename imports. 2. Incolour: The Hortulane being more red, and wanting the ring about the Neck, which this hath : And belides, having a yellow {pot under the Throat, which this wants. * Aldrovand fets forth fix kinds or varieties of thisbird. 1. The fir/? was all yel- low, almoft of a ftraw-colour, excepting the ridges of the Wings, and tips of the quil-feathers, which were white... 2. The second was allover white. 3. The third, called alfo by the Fowlers a Hortulane, is indeed a bird wholly of the thape of a Hortulane, but fomething different incolour. Its Head from cinereous inclined to yellow : Its Neck was cinereous, but fpeckled with black: Its Belly, Legs, and Feet yellow. The ridges of the Wings and the quil-feathers white 5 the other parts part- ly black, and partly cinereous. The whole Tail brown, but yellow on the fides. 4. The fourth hada green Head and Neck a red Bill; afh-coloured Legs 5 elfe it was black. ° Yet hath it on the crown of the head, and alfo in two of the quil-feathers only an oblong white fpot. 5. The fifth I may call a white-tail'd Hortulane: For its Tail was white, el{e it was like thecommon Hortulazes, but inall parts paler. 6. The laft fome of our Fowlers reckoned a kind of Spipola, others a kind of Hortwlane 5 and indeed I fhould make it congenerous rather to the Spipole than the Hortulanes. For its Bill islonger, and its Legs and Feet dusky, which in the Hortulaves are wont to be yellow. Its whole body alfois dusky, the Breaft only and ends of the Wings be- ing white. ) '§. VI. | #ie ae | + Be rf BookllL ORNITHOLOGY, Me ; Bara os ges VA : * A Bird called by* Aldrovand, Cirlus ftultus. 7 * Ornithol. ° lib. 18. cap.ule, T is equal in bignefs to the Yelow-hammers above defcribed of the fame make fl and habit of body, the very fame figure and fhape ( though it differs in colour. ) It will alfo willingly fly to, and company with them fhut up in Cages, as to birds of its own feather ; And befides, it conftantly no lefs than they, as well flying as refting, ingeminates this word C7, Cz. Whence alfo in fome places, as at(Gevoa, it isnot unde- fervedly called Cia, or for diftinction fake, Cia felvatica, or Cia montanina , and by our Bologuefé, Cirlomatio. ‘The upper part of the Head behind, and all the Back are adorned with a * ferrugineous colour, diftinguifhed with pretty large black {pots.* Rulty. From the Bill over the Eyes to the end of the Neck is extended an afh-coloured line tending to white. The Breaft and all the Belly are wholly taken up with a ferrugineous colour. The prime feathers of the Wings and Tail are blackith, yet their outmoft bordersterminate in a ferrugineous colour. Befides, the Wings have fome white fpots. In the Tailare one or two feathers on each fide, partly blackifh, and partly white. _We have fubjoyned this Bird tothe YeVow-hammers and Hortulanes, to which it is of kins though whether or no it properly pertain to this Family, the figure of the _Billbeing omitted in Aldrovands defcription we cannot certainly determine. ‘ THE x rods oe 8 MAC rtd Gs saa x ss 1% ofan bony Mor eA sat : we ee maslqo occdt gl ola sorad W. en) Ao bucw aide a yd bake aie Sok ee og Savtgal |, wi) ois) not niftiby: Act to i) bol ’ “epee, Si isbaa , toe ball HG aq igqrgar Seva “aid et. *ss30mF alos oniul #3 a faiw Berdtsoaifib algo auioniy ude *s thiwl ; 30h HawHlc> “fs fs Lal tots gi ghoVl sdade ba for onesyd 3 orbtxavo Maat i : dots ne + weelvigg pcdoves alodve sux wba. oradiashas inst Eod isuirdvr.o) Sn Ds 1989 39H 4 ps Tint Dns agave oft Yor sgnritnst- smig 94F ano osidwiod nobovad cn orlt ae 1 Es aofas droonigarrsy 6 ai Stpateenigs c1 oft aa a € be Mabie nt sia bi thoes to? iakows rid so See T alt ft : \ nll hag tind acl?l orteos bas gar barre (dhovadoy >" lire eid a pints q Uingotg si OB Te agit: hare suey Atte ia. rics! BYt53 ss 1 9 NGLIgiisah vt as ay vii a roe te Ar rt bao rs a ted? 26 | a ee gh asco el > + &, a ka oa qhsraet tat 4. see . re ad : LR Aa hb: gece bik Gee yo Keak Pe En A ae Se “hve sf PASTS y WN ey AM at ; sits tig vi . ‘ de are min pers Att oud wage gi ads Y Laon tas, HOU : 5 aa COUN? PE aie ~=ee wie - WATER-Fowlz are either fuch as = | SEEEnG) Sundial | | eA Table of Water-Fovl. si Page 273. * if The greateft of this kind, anomalous Birds, as ‘the age Jabiru, Ke. i¢ Frequent waters and Part t, Sett.t- watery places, to f Pifctvorous, that feed upon Fih, as the Heron, S . ) poon-Bill, ee their food, Stork, &c. Part I. Sec.2. all foot a hefe Crooked,as the Curle sWhint- VERS ‘ooted. The ila leffer, | ; brell, Ke. Pareus Sect.4. are either ee (Very long Bills, ee a are whether (t either Sireight, as the Woodcock , | Mudfuckers and Godwit,&c.Patt 1. Sect.3. | injectivorous 3 Middle-fized Bills, as the Sea-Pre, Red- t with t fhank, &c. Part 1. Sect.s5. . Short Bills, as the Lapwing and Plover. ~ Part 1.Sed.6. ‘CCloven-footed, as Morehens, Coot, &c. Part.2. Sett.1. f Longeleg’ds maoralous birds, The Flammant, the Avofetia and Corrira, Part 2.Sect. 2. om ee, Swim in the wa- | But ia toesineach foot, The Penguin, the Rasor-bill, &e. Part 3. ter 3 thefe a Sie ae | AU connetted together by intervening membranes, The Pelecar, | | the Soland Goofe,&c. Part 3. Sect. 2. {Serrate, DIVERS, OO ae either 2 | 5 | ir Blunt and hook- Pee e eee L A | 5 at tip, €l-5 Not toothed, The t Wo — | ae Ke. "Part 3. | 2" | | sett 12/3 f Sef a ¢Narrow-bill d feb -CShort-wi mm | cS £ Bill either 7 Dinned called op ‘o c DOUCKERS, | Sharp-pointed | Part 2 Seoge ‘| and ftreighter, 3 | Thefe are ei- ‘ther Loug-winged, and much upon the | wing,called GuLs. -{t Part 3. Sect 6. —— Four toes ineac eco ee The baokcto loofe ; and Be a CGoofe-kind, which are the bigger, P. 2. Sect. 7. i Broad-bill’d, which } may be ‘divideds & intothe | Duck-kind, the 273 THIRD BOOK ORNITHOLOGY FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Et; Of Water-Fowl. Ater-fowl are either Cloven-footed, which are much converfant in or about waters, and for the moft part feek their Food in ) watery places.. [ Almoft.all thefe have long Legs, naked or ' bare of feathers for 2 good way above the Knees, that they (dS may more conveniently wade in waters | or Whole-footed,which ZX O\. frimin the water, and are forthe moft part fhort-leg’d. ! Wik Lng Thofe that live much about. ‘waters are either, firft, of great ONS fize, the biggeft of this kind, having each fomething fingular, _ and being not reducible to any other tribe, which therefore as ftraglers and anomalous birds we have placed by themfelves, though they agreein nothing buctheir bignefs :_ Or fecondly, of Jefer fize... Thefe lefler are either * Pi/ci- * That feed vores, orfuchas fuck a nourifhing fat juice or moifture out of muddy and boggy "P"*™ . ground, or + Infecivorous. The Pifcivorows are.Herons, Storks,&c. The Litofuga t That feed or Mud-fuckers may be diftinguifhed by their Bills into fuch as have very long Bills, roles either crooked, as the Curlew, or freight, asthe Woodcock. The Inféivorous Water- birds have either Bills of amiddle fize for length, as the Himantopws 5 or fhort Bills, as the Plover, Lapwing, &e. 1 $ itn 0g _ We call thofe Birds Mudiuckers, which fuck out of the Mud or Channels fome oyly {lime or juice, wherewith they are nourifhed : Whence they have delicate flefh, and their very guts not emptied or cleanfed from the Excrements are ufually eaten. Thefe have very long Bills for this purpofe, broad near the tip,and finely chamfered or wrought with lines: Speckled bodies; two toes {omewhat joyned 3 all broad, that they may noteafily fink as they walk upon muddy and boggy grounds, But becaufe we are not fo skilful, as that we can certainly determine what Birds belong to each of thefe kinds, we fhall chufe rather to diftinguifh Cloven-footed Water-fowl, not Pifcivorous by the different length of their Bills, into three kinds: The firft hall be of thofe that have the Jonge/t Bills, whether ffretght, as the Wood- cock , &c. or crooked, as the Curlew, &c. The fecond of fuch whofe Bills are of a middle length, as the Himantopus, &c. The third of fhort-bill’d birds, as the Plover, Lapwing, &c. Thofe we call loxg-bil’d, whofe Bills exceed two inches and an half length : thofe mddle-fized, whofe Billsare of any length between two inches and an half, and one and an half: Thofe fhort-bil'd, whofe Bills exceed not an inch and hei oN Z, & AN Px Yi (2BA— i Ay a Ay half. ! _. Moft Water-fowl have a fhort Tail; none of them have their Feet fo difpofed as Woodpeckers and Parrots, that istwo forward, and two backward; none having more than one back toe. Among Water-fowl of all kinds thofe that feed upon fifhhave the ranker and ftronger-fented flefh. _. re Nn : THE — = ee — THOLOGY. Boox Il. rr | | ‘ ORN I | Tue First Parr. | Of Cloven-footéd Water-fowl, wading in Waters, or frequenting watery places. TH age RST ore TION. The greatelt Coven-foored Water-fowl of a fingular kind. Cuar. i? ng 1! | The Crane: Grus, Téeav@ Grecis. te 7 His is alarge-bodied Fowl, weighing fometimes ten pounds. Meafuring from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail it is well nigh five foot long.: “4. That it hath a very long Neck is fo wellknown that it is needlef{s to write it: Its Legs alfo are very long. | \ au | Its Bill is treight, tharp-pointed, ofa dark greenith colour, near four inches long, comprefled fide-ways: Its Tongue’ broad and horny at the tip. The top of the Head black ; from the Bill to the hinder part covered with black hairs or briftles rather thanfeathers. On the back of the Head it hath a {pace or bed of the figure of a Crefcent, bare, or thin fet with hairs, and of a‘red colour: Below which, on the up- per part of the Neck is a triangular {pot of afh-coloured feathers. ‘Two-white lines or {troaks, one from each Eye, are produced backwards, and mecting behind the | Vertex of the now mentioned triangular fpot, -ate thence continued as far as the Breaft. piv The Throat and fides of the Neck'are of black hue. The ‘Back, Shoulders, covert- * Excepting feathers of the Wings*, Breaft, and°allthe Belly and Thighs areath-coloureds only Haein the quil-feathers of the Wings, and thofe on the utmoft Pinion are black. SY "The Wings are very large: The quil-feathers are in number twenty four, and( as we faid )black, yet the lefier of them from black incline to: red or ruflet, as do alfo the primary covert-feathers which are on the utmoft joynt or Pinion. The Tail for the bignefs of the bird is {mall and fhort, round when fpread, confifting of twelve feathers, all cinereous, with black ‘tips. aos The Legsareblack, bare of feathers for ari hand breadth above the Knees: The Toes black, and very long.’ The lower joynt of the outmoft and middle Toe con- nected by a thick membrane. — SISER: ge But that which is moft rare, and efpecially remarkable, yea, wonderful-in this bird, is the conformation of the Wind-pipe. For entring far into the’ Breaft bone, — which hath a great cavity within'to receive it, and being there thrice reflected (as the figure adjoyning to the feulp of the Crane reprefents }) goes out again at the fame hole, ‘and fo turns down tothe Eungs,» | as 2c , * Fhe blind guts are'five incheslong, .The Stomach or’ Gizzard mufculous as in gra- mvorousbirds. The fiefh is very favoury' and well-tafted, not to lay delicate. | » Weifaw many Cranes to be fold in the Poulterers fhopsat Rome in the‘Winter time; which I fuppofe had been fhot oni the Sea+coaft. | ) 4 o-oo ing They come often to us in Exgland = And’ the Fen-Countries in Eincolufhire and Cambridgefhire there are great flocks of them, but whether or no they bréed in Exg- land ( as Aldrovandys writes, he was told by a certain Exglifh man, who faid he had often feen their young ones’) I cannot certainly determine either of my own know- ledge; or from the relation 6f any credible perfon. The delicate tafte of the flefh and the mufculous Stomach are fufficient arguments to evince, that this bird feeds not at all upon fifh, but only upon herbs, grain, and feeds of diversforts, and it is likely up- on Infec&ts too: Asthe Authorsalfo that have writtenof it unanimoutly report. Cranes differ from Herons, 1. In that the Claw of the middletoe is not ferrate as in Herons: 2. In bignefs, wherein they exceed them: 3. In having a fhorter Bill: And 4.-a mufculous ftomach or Gizzard: 5. Two Appendices or blind guts, whereas Herons have but Oné: 6. In the ftrange revolution of the Wind-pipe within the Breaft-bone. a ee. >! Boor, ORNITHOLOGY, 175” §. I ‘ The Indian Crane. a % w— Hisis lefferthan our common Crane, but of the fame afh-colour, 15 Tails {hiort, and fearce confpicuous, being hidden by the Wings. Its Bill is {treight, nar- yow, and longer in proportion than the Bill of the common Crane: Its Nofthrils ob- long. The chief differences, that in this the top of the Head from the Billto the Crown is bare of feathers [only fet with thin hairs |] rough-skin‘d, and of a red co- Jour. This wefaw among his Majefties rare Birds kept in St. Fames’s Park near JPeft- minfier. §. TIL The Balearic Crane: Grus Balearica Aldiod. Pavo marinus* Cluj phe lage 3° Or the fhape of its body it islike toa Stork: Yet its Bill is fhorter not only than p a Storks, but thanaCravzes. Tt hath upon its Head a thick, round Creft, made up of Briftles {pread every way;like to Hogs Briftles, of the colour of the prickles of a common Hedghog: By which note it may at firft fight be eafily known and. diftingui= fhed fromall other birds. In both Cheeks it hath a white {pot terminated above with a redline. The leffer quil-feathers of the Wings are white: the whole Bird befidesis black, of the colour of 4 Coot, the Tail not excepted. Under the Bill, hangsdown, ,_, a red * excrefcence on each fide like a Gill or Wattle. The Legs are long, bare of ne Lobe of feathers from the knees upward almoft to the fecond joynt. We {aw a bird of this ~~ kind in the Royal Aviary in St. Fames’s Park near Wefiminfter. hoe Aldrovandws his delcription, which he took from a Pi@ture he faw of this Bird, differs in fome particulars from ours: For 1. He makes the briftles of the Creft of a . * Gold colour: 2. Allthe underfide of a dusky afh-colour, the Back ofa dark Gee sreen, asin Lapwings : 3. He mentions fome ferrugineous feathers in the Wings. aif of a yel- Thefe Birds are found in the Country near Czpo Verde. For bignefsthey may match low colour, | our Country Crames. As they run they ftretch out their Wings, and fo runvery {wiftly, otherwife they walk foftly. They never tooft in houfes, but about night when they havea mind to go to their reft, they fearch out high Walls whereon to pearch, after the mariner of Peacocks, whofe voice and conditions they alfo imitate. ‘They feed upongreen herbs, and together with Hews and Peacocks devour Barley and other grain. ‘This out of Aldrovandus. ! In the Tables of Birds, engravenby Vifcher, it is figured by the title of Struthio ex China, 1. e. A China Oftrich. Cuar. IL | * Margeraves Jabiru of the Brafilians, called by the Low Dutch, Negro: His Bird in bignefs exceeds a Swan. Its body is fourteen inches long; its Neck asmany, and of the thicknefs of amansarm.. Its Head fufficiently great; its Eyes black ; its Bill alfo blackifh, extended ftreight forward, and above to- ward the point a little bending, eleven inches long, two and an half broad, edged... | * verfus exteviora: The upper Chap of the Bill is a little higher [. or deeper ] and big- * 1 donct ger thanthe nether. It hath no Tongue: undér the Throat is a Crop of a moderate hena es bignefs. The Legsare very long, wiz. two foot. For the upper Legs { or Thighs thors meane are one foot and an inch long, and half way bare of feathers; the lower eleven pal oe inches : Thefe are ftreight, black, and as it were fcaled; half an ich thick. Th each fore I have foot are four toes, three {tanding forward, and ore backward, aé 1s ufual in moft aticent * birds. The whole bird all over is covered with white feathers like a Swai or Goo/e. Language he The whole Neck almoft, viz. for eightinches length, couriting from the Head; is wrote them deftitute of feathers; and one half of this bare part, together with the Head, is co: vered witha black skin, theother half witha white. But I fuppofe the feathers had been pluckt off, and that the white down ftuck inthe skin. The Tail is broad; ending with the end of the Wings, | Nn2. CHAP, 176 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. : CHar. Il | : ** jabirt guacu of the Petiguares, Nhanduapoa of the Tupinambi, Scurvogel of the Low Dutche " ‘WT hath a great Bill, feven inches and an half long, round at the end, and bending | downward. It wants the Tongue, and the lower Billis grey. On the top of the Head it hath abony Miter or Crown, of a colour mixt of white and cinereous, The Eyesareblack, and behind them large Ear-holes, The Neck is ten inches long, the upper half whereof, together with the Head, is not covered with feathers, but with a fcaly afh-coloured skin, whofe fcales are white. In bulk of body it equalsa Stork: It hatha fhort, black Tail, reaching no further than the ends of the Wings. The upper Legs [ or Thighs ]arecoveted partly with white feathers, elfe the whole Legs are afh-coloured; the upper being eight incheslong, the lower fix, or a little more. ‘There are four Toes in each foot, fo difpofed asin theformer. Thewhole Body and Neckare covered with white feathers. _ Long feathers hang down from the Neck and ab atit. The Wings are-white; their quil-feathers black, with a glofsof a Ruby colouy. They flay the skin off this bird, and eat the flefh boiled or roafted.. ey fat, dry, ‘and well-tafted, efpecially if it be fried with butter. Ihave eaten of it often. Cuap. IV. The Brafilian Cariama of Marggrave. ; : is a Water-fowl of the bignefs of the greater Herow. On its Head abovethe rife of its Bill it carriesa creft or tuft of feathers, {tanding upright, ofa black mingled with anafh-colour. The Bill is fhort, the upper part a little hooked, brown, with atinéture of dark yellow. It hath elegant golden Eyes, with a black Pupil, and long, black Eye-brows. The Wings end alittle behind the rife of the Tail. It hath long Legs, above covered half way with feathers, elfe naked, and of a dark yellow colour: Three Toes in each foot, the middlemoft the longeft, the outer fhorter than that, and’ the inner the fhortef{t ; connected partly bya skin inter- vening. Behind, or on the backfide the foot it hath a finall Toe, fet higher than 1s ufual, and a round heel like an Offrich. The Claws arefhort, hooked, dusky. The whole Body is covered with grey or afh-coloured feathers, waved with brown, asin Falcons, and adark yellow intermingled. The endsof the Wings and Tail arebrown, waved witha dark yellow and grey. In the Breaft and lower Belly it hath more grey. It carries its Tail low, its Neck high. Its cry is like a Hen-Turkeys, and is heard afar off. It is very good meat. Ae il Cuapre® V. The Brafilian Anhima of ‘Maregrave. »” Bf T is a Water-fowl of the rapacious kind, bigger than a Swaz. Its Head is not great, B like a Hens; its Bill black; the upper Chap whereof is fomething longer than ® the nether, and turning downward at the tip. It hath fair, golden Eyes, with a black Pupil, anda black circle without. On the Head near the rife of the Beak it carries'an erect horn, bending forward at point, alittle more than two inches long, of the bignefs of the greater ftring in a bafe Viol 5 round as though it were turned, of awhite orbonecolour. About the horn ftand up very fine, fhort, black and white feathers. Its Neck is even inches long, the reft ofits Body tothe rife of its Tail al- mofta foot and half. It hath very large Wings; the greater feathers being above a * Spurs they foot and half long. Inthe forepart of each Wing are two ftreight triangular “horns, _ may More Sin ini ee WY rer ing : ip of ones little finger propery pe {Pringing from the very bone of the Wing, as thick as the tip : aa called, ‘Boox I OR NITHO LOGY. 7 | and of a Conical [ 1 more propetly Pyramidal] triangulate figure. The forernoft of thefe. goads or f{purs are an inch long; the hindmofta little fhorter, and of a dusky colour. It hatha Tail ten inches long, and broad like that of a Goofé. The upper _ Legs { Thighs ] are four inches long, and for the lower half bare of feathers. The lower Legs are five inches long, and almoft two thick. In each foot it hath four toes fo fituate as in Hezs: The middle of the three fore-toes is four inches and an half long; the other two three and an half; the back-toe almoft two. Each hath a crooked, black Claw an inch long, but the back toes a little longer. Both Feet and Legs, as farasthey benaked, are covered with a brown fealy skin. The crown of the _ Head 1s variegated with black and whitefeathers. The fides of the Throat and up- per halfof the Neck are black. _Thelower half of the Neck and Breaft are varies ~ gated with white,cinereous,and black feathers. The lower Belly is all white. Onthe fides under the Wings,and on the Back the Plumage is black, white feathers being here and there intermingled. The Tailis black : The Wings alfo are black, excepting the outmoft borders( near the bones) whére they are covered with yellowith white fea= thers. It hatha terrtble cry, founding fomething like Vyhu, Vyhu. It is never found alone, but always.a pair, Cock:and Hen, walk together, and when one is dead, the other never departs from its carkafs., The hornthat grows on its Head is held tobe - aremedy again{t poyfon, being infuled a whole night in Wine. The fame is reputed _ aremedy againft the fuffocation of the Womb, and in hard travel. This that Ide: {cribed wasa Hen : The Cock is of twicethe bignefs. It makes its Neft of clay by the bodies of trees upon the ground, of the fhape of anOven. Thus far Margeravins. Thisis abird of a fingular kind, none like it: Perchanceit niay be the Cuztur, fo much talked of. Here wemay notebytheby, that theft {pursin the Wings are found only in fome Averican birds, but innone of our Continent. Boox Hk Parr I. SECTION Ul, Sa sie pian iN ne ss i ine Of Cloven-footed Pifcivorous W Hefe have very long Necks: Their Bills alfo are long, ftrong; ending in 2 fharp point, to ftrike fith, and fetch them from ie eh {tones or brinks 3 . Long Legs to wade in Rivers and Pools of water: Very long Toes,.efpe- : _ Cially the hind-toe; to ftand more firmly in Rivers: Large; crooked Ta- lons, and the middle ferrate on the infide, to hold Eels and other {lippery fifhesthe fafter, or becaufe they fit on trees 5) lean and carrion bodies, becaufe of their great fear and watchfulnefs. “Sale | The Heron-kind is diftinguifhed from all other tribes of birds by this moft certain note, that they have but one fingle blind gut a-piece, after the manner of Quadru- peds; whereas allother birds known tous have twain. aber fowl te e "G H A Pe I. me >t; - a Of Fleronss , = 6. 1. mK The common Heron or Herdnff am : Ardea cittered major five Pella. TT He Female ( which Idefcribed:) weighed almoft four pounds: Being from the tip of the Bill to the end.of the Claws four foot long, to the end of the Tail thirty eight inches and an half. | | The foremoft feathers on the crown of the Head were white,then fueceeded a black ereft four inches and an half high. The Chir,.was white. The Neck being white and afh- coloured was tinétured with red. The Throat white,being delicately painted with black {pots 5 and onits lower part grew finall,long,narrow,f{harp, white feathers: ‘The Back ( on which grows nothing but down) is covered with thofe long feathers that yng OM ~ _— +}. 278 ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox Ill, fromthe Shoulders, and are variegated with whitifh ftrakes or lines tending down: wards. The middle part of the Breaft, and lower part of the Rump, viz. that under- neath the Tail inclines to yellow.. Under the Shoulders is a great black fpot, from which a black line 1sdrawn to the Vent: . The prime feathers of the Wings are about twenty feven in number, the laftof which are afh-coloured, all the reft black, excepting the outer edges of the eleventh and twelfth, which are fomewhat cinereous. The underfides of all of thems éine- yeous. The feathers of the baftard Wing are black. Under the baftard-wing is a great white fpot. Alfo white feathers cover the root of the baftard wing above. ‘Then a white line is continued all along the bafis or ridge of the Wing as far as its et- cing on. . Ten of the fecond rowiof Wing-feathers are black, then four or five haye their exteriour borders white: All the reft are afh-coloured. The Tail alfOis ath-cos loured, feveninches]ong, and made up of twelve feathers. _ | Its Bill is great, {trong, {treight, from a thick bafe gently leflening into a fharp points from the tip tothe angles of the Mouth fiveinches and an half long, of a yel: lowifh.green colour. The upper Mandible is a thought longer than the nether, and thereina furrow or groove imprefled, reaching from the Nofthrils to the utmoft ti ip. Its fides towards the point are fomethingrough, and as it were ferrate, for the fafter holding of {lippery fifhes. The lower Mandible ismore yellow: The fides of both are thinned into very fharp edges.. The Mouth gapes wide. The Tongue is fharp, long, butnot hard. ‘Fhe eye-lids, and that naked {pace between the Eyes and Bill, are green. The Nofthrils are oblong narrow-chinks. ; The Legs and Feet are green: The hind-part of the Legs‘and foals of the Feet greener. The Toes very long. The outmoft foretoes are joyned to the middle by amembrane below. ‘The inner edge of the middle claw is ferrate, which is worthy the notice taking. cS Its Stomach is large and flaggy, rather membranous than mufculous, as incarnivos *Linticula yous birds, in which diffe&ted we found * Ivy-leaved Duckmeat. ‘The Guts towards Gig theVent, where the blind guts are fituate, are larger than in other birds. It hath not two blind guts, one on each fide, like other birds, but only one, like Quadrupeds, but that bigger and thicker thamordinary. The Gullet under.the Chin is dilated into a great widenefs. In the middle of the Merry-thought isan Appendix. It hath a long Gall-bladder. Gefwer counts but eleven Vertebres in the Neck; I obferved fifteen, * inatother | of which the fifth hath a contrary pofition, viz. is* reflected upward. It feeds upon He rOneag Fifhes, Frogs,e>c. Oftentimes alfo it {trikes and wounds greater fifhesthan it can draw amonghis out andecarryaway. Young Herovs may be fatted with fifh guts and entrails,fleth, cic, an ees It fitsfometimes with its Neck fo bent up, that its Head is drawn down to ftand be- upper verte. tween its fhoulders. . . | bres in the Thefe Birds build fometimes on thetops of great-trees, and for the moft part many Bee eae together. But whether they are wont to build in old Rooks Nefts, as Aldrovandys out éed the con- of Polydore relates, [leave to furtherenquiry. — | ¥ trary way. We have Heronries in Ezgland fuch as they have in France, however Belloniys de- nies it: In which Heros are fo well in{tructed and accuftomed to breed, that the owners make yearly a good profit of the young. i) aoe Aldrovandus his third fort of afh-coloured Heron. T His Heron which I make congenerous to the common cinereous, from the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Feet was thirty ffx inches, or four foot long : Had * Tfippofe he a Bill aninch thick, of the length of a* Palms; near the Nofthrils of thesbreadth of ies ones little finger, channel’d within; beneath of a horn and rofe colour. The Iris of ah hand the Eye yellow, the Pupilblack. The Neck wasa full fpanlong. The feathers of breadth, the Head, Neck, Back, and upper fide of the Wings of a dusky afh-colour: All their ends marked with a red fpot: But the great Wing-feathers are variegated with white at their tips; and alfo thofe which make up the Tail, which isa Palm and half long. Thofe which cover the Breaft are fprinkled with longer marks of black, red, and white. The Belly is of a pale ath-colour, almoft white. The Hips or Thighs * The word gre fomewhat red 5 and for the {pace of an inch above the* knees bare of feathers. aye be From thefe tothe ends of the Claws remains the meafure oftwo Palms. The Legs Englithed are greenifh, and the Feet cloven into Toes, which yet at the beginning of the Fame. divarication _— = bays a 2 err eens Book HL ORNITHOLOGY. 279 ‘ : - fe er mre a ~~ re , “ ~ —- ne divarication are joyned together by a fort membrane, becaufe 1t' muft needs ‘be con- verfant about waters. “The Claw of the back-toc is Sehe than'the ref. “Uponthe tips of the feathers of the Head ftuck certain fmall, tender, white Capillaments’; which argued this tobea young bird ©" ie 1h §. tit. The leffer afb-coloured Heron, called by the Germans, The Nichi-reooe su a> r 7 - : T is much leffer than the precedent, and hatha fhorter Neck: Its Back ‘and thé crownof its Head are black 5 its Neck afh-coloured. Its Throat and Belly tin- ctured with yellow. A whitedine isextended from the Eyes to the Bill. From the hinder part of the Head it hath a Creft of three feathers five inches long hanging down over the Back, whereby it is differenced from all other birds, Its Wings and Tail are cinereous : Its Bill black: ItsLegs and Feet of a yellowifh green. At Sevenbuys, a Village in Holand ina fenny Country, not far trom Leydex, we deferibed a young bird of this kind ( asT fuppofe’) taken out of the Neft, thus, Its Legsand Feet were green; and thofe bare of feathers for about an inch above the knees. The outmo{t Toe connected with the middle one by an intervening mem- brane from the divarication tothe firftjoynt : The Claw of the middle Toe ferrate on the inner fide, as in the common Heroz. ‘The Eyes of a lovely yellow. Inthe colour of its body it comes nearer to a B7ttour than to the common Heron-fhaw. Two rows of the greater Wing-feathers are black, with white tips. The Tailis of a dusky afh-colour, the tips of itscomponent feathers being alfo white. TheBack and Neck- feathers are black, withred fhafts, or red lines in the middle. In the Neck the red lines are broader. The tips of the leffer covert feathers of the Wings decline from white to red. The Belly is white, with black fpots: The Chin white : The fea- thers onthe Throat on one fide white, onthe other black. After it hath mew’d its firft feathers without doubtit changes its colour, as moft other birds do. It hatha great Gall; a largeStomach, glandulous ‘within, but not flefhy or mufculous ( which kind we in Exglifh call a Gizzard ) in it were the fhells of Beetles. Inthe middle of the bone called the Merry-thought isan Appendix. This Birdlays white Eggs. | The Germans callit, Nacht rab, that is, Night-raven, and under that title itis figu- red and defcribed by Gefner, whence * Aldrovandus propounds it under the title of * ornithol. Nighi-raven for a difting {pecies of bird, fubjoyning it to the Corvus Syluaticus of Gef- lib-19-cap-5% wer. Tis called Night-Raver, becaufe in the night time it cries with an uncouth voice, like one that were {training to vomit. | | | Qu IV. ‘The great white Herow. Ardea alba major. ik weighed forty ounces. Its length ftom the tip of the Bill to the end of the fl Feet was fifty three inches and anhalf; to the end of the Tail no more than forty. Its miei as'we reckon it, betweenthe tipsof the Wings extended fixty inches and an half Se Pe ee a! Its colour was allover as white as{now. The number of the main feathers of its Wings was about twenty feven; of its Tail twelve: The length of its tail fix inches and an half’ Ithad no Creft. Its Bill, asin the common Heron, was yellowith. The edges of its Eye-lids, and that naked fpace between the Eyes and Bill green. The Eyes of a pale yellow. The Legs for fome {pace above the knees bare of feathers. The Feet and'Talons black: The outer fore-toe connected with the middle one from the divarication to the firft joynt by an intervening membrane. The Claw of the middle toe had its intertour edge * ferrate. | * Sawed OF The figure of the Breaft-bone was arcuate [bending like a Bow ] asin other He- toothed, — rons. The vertebres of the Back were fix or feven: Thofe of the Neck to the fourth were bent downwards, all the’reft upwards. ‘It hada great Gall: A triangu lar Appendix on the Merry-thought. OF its fat is made Oil good for the wind, cc. ~ This differs from the common Heroz, 1.In magnitude, as being lefler thanthat. 2. Inthelength of its Tail. - 3. Inthatit wants a Creft. A certain Eglifh man (faith: Aldrowand) affirmed, that'he had feeh white Herons, though but rarely, which nei~ ther in bignefSof body not fhape differed at all from the common Heroz, but only in eolour. 280 . i 0) R NC IT H OLOG . ES Book ill, colour. I fufpe& this Relator whofoever he was, was miftaken, accoun ting the bird inthis article defcribed by us not to differ from the common Herox-/haw but only in colour, For Mr. ‘fohnfow, who hath feenthe white Hero in Exgland, putsit down for a diftin& kind in his Method of Birds communicated to us. he -§. Vz . The leffer white Heron: Ardea alba minor. : Eing weighed it {carce amounted to one pound. From the tip of the Bill to B the end of the Tail it was twenty ‘four inches and anhalf long, to the end of the Legs thirty two and an half... It is all over of a pure white colour, like the bigger, From the hinder part of the Head hangs down backward a fhort Creft, About the Eyes the skin is bare of feathers, and of a green colour. The Bill is four inches and an half long, and black. The Eyesare of a pale yellow. The Tongue fhort: The Feet green; but fometime covered with a black, {caly bark, which ma: eafily be rubbed or fcraped off. , Fhe Legs are bare of feathers fomething above the Knees, and up higher than inthe former kind. The outer fore-toe is connected with the middle from its rife to the firft joynt by an. intervening membrane.. The middle Talon is toothed, asin the reft of. this kind. It hath alfo but one blind gut, like them ; and a great Gall. | | It differs from the precedent white Heroez inbeing much lefler,and in having a creft, which that wants. ) _We take this to be the fame with the {mall white Heron or Garsetta of Gefner and Aldrovand, and with Bellonius his Argretta of the Frexch, although the defcriptions differ in fome particulars. ; Gefer faith, that the feathersof the Creft-are long, and fold ata great rate. But Bellonivs and Aldrovandys write, thatthefe feathers, which Noblemen and great Com- manders are wont to {tick in their Caps and Head-pieces for ornament, and which are fold very dear in the Cities fubject to the Turk, do not grow, on the Head, but onthe Back, at the ridge of each Wing. Our Bird, which we bought inthe Market at Ve- wice, had nofuch feathers; perchance they had been before pluckt off, and concealed by the Fowler that fold us the bird. ~ The fecond lefler white Hero of Aldrovandus isthe very fame with this, called alfo - Garzetta inthe Valleys of Malalbergo, as will manifeftly appear to him that will but take the pains to compare the defcriptions.. Aldrovand. tom. 3. pag.93. defcribes it thus. It isabirdall over white, excepting the Légs and Bill, which areblack. Its Bill is long, flender, very fharp-pointed, all of one colour. Between the Eyes and Bill is a certain {pot of green. The Pupil of the Eyes is black, encompaffed with a yellow or golden circle, and that again with a black. The Neck and Legs, as in other Herons, are long; fo are alfo the Toes, but yellow. The back-toe is the leaft of all: The middlemoft of the fore-toes longeft, and that on the right fide of it next inlength. The Clawsblack and fharp. The Wings very great; the Tail fhort; the . Body {lender and little. ag es mee J This, Ifay, is without all doubt the fame with our {mall white. Herow 5, neither (as I judge }) doth it differ from the Gurzetta of Aldrovand, before defcribed, in any thing but in age, for that wasa young bird. Inthisthere is no mention made either of the Creft, ‘or of thofe rare feathers growing on the Back. Perchance they were by the Fowlers, ( who knew well enough their value) plucked off from both Aldrovands birdand ours, . OA | 6. VI. | * The third {ial white Heron of Aldrovand - bea leffer than the precedent, but more flefhy.. Its Bill fimall, thick, fharp-pointed, all yellow. The top of the Head and Neck are almoft of a Saffron colour ; which, though more remifs, 1s {een alfo. in the Breaft. , The Neck is fhorter than in other _ Herons, ‘The Eyes are fituate as it were in a certain yellow fpot: Their Irides are yellow, encompafied with a black circle. The:Thighs and Legsare long, of a yellow colour, inclining to Safrow. The Toesare, in proportion to the body, bigger than in other Herows, very long, dusky, encompafied alfo with whitifh annulary igs . wo i ae ~ Boox III. . ORNITHOLOGY ——«»28t Two of the fore-toes are joyned together bya {mall membrane, asin the reft. Its Claws are long, very fharp, and hooked: That of the middle toe, longer than the reft, is ferrate, asin the Béttour. The Tailisnot very fhort. _ | Befides this Aldrovand figures another with a fhort, thick, fharp Bill, very long toes, the fore ones dusky: The head inclining to Saffron-colour: The Bill and Legs yellow. Elfethe whole bird is white. §. VIL. * The red-leg'd Heron, or Cirris of Virgil according to Scaliger. Aldrov:tom.3 P3 98. | 6 oR is lefler than all other Herezs, and hath alfo avery fhort Neck ¢ The whole bird almoft from Saffron inclining to a Chefnut colour;on the underfide deeper, onthe upper fide and Wings paler. The Tail is fo little that it {eems altogether to want one. The Pupil of the Eye 1s encompafied witha yellow circle, that with a * fcarlet * The word ij one,. and thisagain with ablack, Very beautiful feathers, partly yellow, and partly wi ta black, arifing from the forehead hang down all over the upper part of the Head and the colour of Neck. The Billis ftrong, long, fharp, of two colours, where it joyns'to the head red lead, green, or from green inclining to blue; and this colour reaches as far or farther than the middle of the Bill, the remaining part being black. ‘The Legs and Feet are of a deep red colour asin many Pigeons: The Talons black. The Toes very long, and joyned with a {mall membrane, or fome rudiment of it. Befides, he fets forth the figure of another in all things like this, fave that the fame | colour in the body is moreremifs, the Feet yellowifh, the Neck on the fidesbefprink- led with many black {pots ; which are not in the other. - , §. VIL. | * The Heron which they call Sguacco ix the Valleys of Malalbergo. * Aldrov. * Ornithol. . tom.3.p.400, T hath tufts of feathers on the head almoft of the famecolour with the immediately precedent; to which alfo it is in bignefs almoft equal, or a little lefs. Its Bill'is” fhorter than in that,but {trong,of the fame colour with the whole Back,viz.of a yellow ferrugineous. The Iris of the Eyeis of a golden colour, encompafled witha’ black circle. ‘The whole Headand Neck are particoloured of yellow, white, and black. Underneath on the belly it is white, as isalfothe Tail, and better part of the Wings. The Thighsare yellow: The Legs and Toes are greenith,as infome/Vater-hens. ‘They fay it is abold and couragiousbird. Pape | | The Heron called Squaiotta at Malalbergo. Aldrovands ie hath a yellow Bill, black at point, afhort Tail, greenfeet. “The tuft on the Head confifts of thirty feathers, the middlemoft of which are white, and the outérmoft black. There grow alfo on itsBack of that fort of: elegant feathers before mentioned, of a red colour, and black at their roots. * Both perchance have their names fror * sgnacto oi their cry, : heat , (o> Squaiottay Pag se a 90 bona * Another fisall Heron with a bow-bill, ‘Aldrovand. * | ‘combi “a He Bill of this'is more * arcuate than in any refit precedent:’ On the nether 4 Bending fide the Neck and Breaft ( which is{pirinkled with black: {fpots'tending down- like a Bows wards) are white. ‘Elfe the whole bird is of an afh-colour, undernéath paler, above deeper. The Thighs inthis Bird, contrary to what they are in others of this kind, are covered with feathers. a ae set ss | Oo §. XI. 232 # OF the fame kind or Fa- Duly. i -Log 1s joyned to the middlemoft at bottom by-a:membrane. - N ITHO LOGY. Boox Ul. OR §. XL | * The Bird of kin to the Heron deferibed by Aldrovand, #.3. 7.412. BHis fort of Bird, though it hath a much fhorter Bill, [havemade * congenerous f rather to the Herozs thanother birds, and am wont to call it the black Heron, becaufe in itsmeen, and the fafhion of the reftof its body, 1trefembles the Herov-kind. For it hath a long Neck, long Legs, very long Toes, fharp Talons, and finally, a fhort Tail, Its colour is all.over uniform, viz. blackith, except the Neck, which is com- pafled with a whiteringy and the Bill which is yellow, inthe middle, and at the end, as wellabove as below, marked with a black {pot. ; It hath not as yet been our hap to fee thefe fix laft birds, and fo we have nothing to add to their defcriptions, which wehave borrowed of Aldrovandus. §. XI. The Bittour or Bittern or Mire-drum : Ardea ftellaris, Taurus of Pliny, called by later Writers Butorius avd Botaurus, and by Ariftotle alfo Ocnus. N. bignefs it falls not much fhort.of the common Heron-fhaw. Its length from the | tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws is thirty cight inches, tothe end of the Tail twenty nine. Its Head is {mall, narrow, or comprefled at fides : The crown black ; At the angles of the mouth on each fide is a black fpot. The Throat and fides | of the Neck are red, with narrow tranfverfe black lines. The Neck being cloathed with very long feathers, feemsto be both fhorter, and much greater than indeed it is. The long feathers on the Breaft are black in their middles. The inner part of the Thighs and the lower Belly are white, with a light tin@ure ofred. The outfides of the Thighs are variegated with black {pots. The Back is particoloured,, of pale red, or fexille mort andblack, [_ with cinereous alfo mingled, ] the black {pots being greater. there than in’ the reft of the body. The bottoms of the feathers on the Throat are white. | The great or quill-feathers of the Wings are fhorter than in the common Heron. The tips of the greater feathers are black, elfe they are all variegated with tranfverfe red and black lines.. Thelefler rows of Wing-feathers are of a paler xed. The Tail is very fhort and little, made up of ten feathers of the fame colour with the Wing-feathers. | | _ The black ftroaks or marks between the fhoulders are broader, and tend down- wards 5 but the red colour is paler, languifhing into a yellow. Its Bill is {treighr, {trong, thick at the Head,and growing flenderer by degrees to the point, of a greenith colour, and having fharp fides oredges. The fides of the lower Mandible fall within the upper, when the Mouth is fhut.. The upper Chap hatha long cranny,or furrow, or channel excavated on each fide;wherein are the Nofthrils. The Tongue is tharp, not cloven, reaching fcarce to the middle of the Bill. The Jrzdes of the Eyes from hazel.ineline to,yellow. . [In another bird they were red. ] ‘The {lit ef the Mouth is iWery wide, running out beyond the Eyes toward the hinder part of the Head, fo that. the Eyes feem to be fituate as it were in the very Bill, Under the Eyes the skin is bare of. feathers, and of. a green colour... The Ears are great, and wide open. i | The Shanks are bare a littleabove the knees: The Feet green: The Toes great, and very long, armed alfo with long and {trong Talons ; that of the middle Toe fer- rate on the interiour edge, in like manner, and for the fame purpofes, vz. of holding \faft Eels, and other {lippery fith,as inthe reft of thiskind, The back-claw, which is remarkably thick and Jong above the reft, is wont to befet in Silver fora Pick-tooth, andis thought to havea fingular property of preferving the teeth. . The outmolt fore- 4. They. fay, that it gives always an odd number of bombs ata time, vx. three or five; Which in, myown obferyation I have found to be falfe.. It begins to bellow about thebeginning of February, and ceafes when breeding time isover, The com- mon people are of opinion that it thrufts its Bill intoa Reed, by the help whereof it makes that lowing or drumming noife. Others fay, that it thrufts its Billinto the wa- ter, or mud, or earth, and by that means imitates the lowings of an Ox. It hides it felf commonly among reeds and rufhes, and fometimes lies in hedges with its Neck and Heag erect. v In. i? Boox Il. ORNITHOLOGY, ; Inthe Autumn after Sun-fet thefe birds are wont to foar aloft in the air witha fpiral afcent fo high till they get quite out of fight : Inthe mean time making a fingular kind of noife, nothing like to lowing. As for the interiour parts, The annulary cartilages of the Wind-pipe after its diva- rication, are not entire [ or perfectly round ] but only femicircular:,The other part _ of the circle being fupplied by a thin, loofe membrane: They ,{tand alfo at a greater diftance one from another than before.. The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and hathits Gall-bladder annexed. The interiour membrane of the Stomach 1s wrinkled, and full of papillary glandules.. Beneath the lower Orifice of the Stomach: was-as is were a fecondary ftomach, of a fingular {tructure, and of the figure of the Letter», having a thick coat, and being rugged and uneven with folds or wrinkles within. The firft ftomach was lax and membranous rather thari mufculous, like a Dogs ftomach, as, Bellonius rightly compares it. It hathno Craw: Only one blind gut, like the reft of this kind, half aninchlong. The Gullet juft below theBill may be vaftly dilated, fo as to admit a mans fift. Inthe ftomach diffected we found the fur and bones of Mice. Inftead of thetranfverfe.ribs are only {mall Appeadices. The Vertebres next the Head are bent downwards, all thereft upwards. . The Breaft-bone is * arcuate. The angle or aperture of the Breaft-bone isfilled up with a thin, loofe, pellucidmembrane. The Gullet and Windpipe defcend down the .right fide of the Neck. » It hath alfoa bony | Appendix inthe angle of the Merry-thought, but lefsthan the common Heroz. It is called by later Writers, Butorivs and Botaurus, becaufe it feems toimitate boa- tune tauri, the bellowing of a Bull. ; The Author of ;Philomela calls it Butio : But his miftakes are fo many, that no account| is to be made of his authority. Some have madeitto be the Oxocrotalws,becaule of its voice';, which,to fay the truth,feems to me much more to imitate the braying of an Afs than the lowing of a Bull: But Ply hath fo exa&tly defcribed the Ozocrotalus, that no man that fhall compare the notes with the bird, can poflibly doubt that: it is that we commonly call the Pelecan: Though thofe that have feen and obferved it, never heard it make any: fuch'braying noife whenkept tame: Which is fomething ftrange; unlefs perhaps being difcontented with its captivity, it delights not to make that nowe it doth when at liberty, . The Bitterz is {aid above all omer birds to {trike at mens eyes. . It builds upon the ground, com- monly in a tuft of Ruthes, lays four or five Eggs, of a round figure, and whitifh colour, inclining to cinereous or green, not {potted atall. ay This without doubt isthat bird our common people call the Night-raven, and have fuch a dread of, imagining it cry portends no lefs than their death, or the death of fome of their near Relations : Forit fliesinthe night, anfwers their defcription of be- ing like a flagging Collar, and hath fucha kind of hooping cry as they talk of. §. XII. * Aldrovandus his third fort of fpeckled Heron. ll Be Bird, fent from Epidaurus, was all over of one and the fame colour, to wit, reddifh, deeper above, lighter underneath. This fame, or at leaft one very like toit,taken in our Fens, hada Bill a palmlong,of a horny colour, ftreight,and fharp~ pointed. The upper Mandible wasa little hooked at the end, and longer than the ne- ther, with fome blacknefs. The crown was black: The Neck ferrugineous,two palms Jong: Thé Back was black, and fo wasthe Tail, which was very fhort; the Rump be- neath white: The Wings partly ferrugineous, partly white. The Legs nine inches long: The Ir# of the Eyes was yellow. , ‘This feemed asyet to be a young bird,that had not mewed its firft feathers. ' | §. XIV. The greater fpeckled or red Herow of Aldrovand. “His {eenis to be a baftard kind between the Bittour and the cowinzoxz Heron, but ‘to partake more of the common Heroz, whence it wouldbe more rightly inti- tuled, The ajh-coloured or blue Heron with red breaft and fides. Inits bignefs, fhape, and ferrate Claw it agrees with the common Heroez. The _ erown of its Head is black, adorned ‘with along Creft: Its Back afh-coloured, but darker than the common Heroxs. On the fhoulders grow long, red, briftly hairs. | Oo 2 The * Bending like a Bows 284 | ORNITHOLOGY. Boox UI. The lefier covert-feathers of the inner fide of the Leg are red. The Thighs are white, dafhed with red. Near the Breaft on both fides isa broad ted ftroke. The middle of the Throat 1s particoloured, with black and pale red fpots. Down the fidés of the Neck is a black line inthe middle of two ted ones. The lower part of _ the Neck under the long feathers was of a deep red. In other particulars it agreed with the commow Heron. It had but one fingle blind-gut : A huge Gallbladder, The Ribs tend ftreight downwards from the vertebres of the back, like thofe of Quadrupeds. The Guts are {mall and flender. The remnant of the paflage convey- ing the Yolk into the Guts is plainly to be feen in the form of a blind gut, about the middie of the inteftinés, the Pipe conveying Gall from the Gall-bladder to the gut, * The gall: and the * porys bilariws do not conéur in one common paflage, but continue their Oe Gg channels feveral and diftiné, and pérforatethe Gut in-two places, but near one’to the gall from the other. Liver. cy Q. XV. * The Brafilian Soco of Marggrave: T is aWater-fowl, of which here [in Brafil] many forts may be obferved. It is of the bignefs of the lefler Heron: Hath aftreight, black, and fharp-pointed Bill, two inches and an half thick where itis thickeft. Its Head is like a Herons, as is alfo * I fuppofe he its Neck, being.a foot long : ItsEyes black witha * golden circle. The Wings and eects Tailare equally extended, ending together. For the Tail is fhort, being not of above and theirs fiveinches length. The Legs are fufficieritly long, above the knees four inches, and golden, asmany below. Each foot hath four Toes, three ftanding forwards, and one backs wards. TheThighsabove the Kneés ate above half way bare of feathers, covered with a dusky skin. The Head atid Néck aré cloathéd with brown feathers, varie- gated with{mallfpecks. Along thé lowét fide of the Neck down as low as the Breaft is a line drawn of white feathers, mixt with black and brown ones. The Back and Wingsare indeed black, but variegated or powdred with very fmall yellow fpecks or — points. The Belly is of the fame colout with the Back. Under the Wings are black feathers, {potted with white. g. XVI. * The Brafilian Heron called Cocoi of Marggrave. T isan elegant bird, of almoft the bignefs of a Stork: Hath a ftreight, fharp Bill, I about fix inches long, which is of a yellowifh green at its rife : Cryftal Eyes, with a golden circle ; the skin about the Eyes bare, and afh-coloured. The length of the Neck is fifteen inches, of the Body ten, of the Tail five. The Tail and Wings equally extended. The upper Legs are feathered half down, being eight inches long ; the lower are but fix and an half, covered with an afh-coloured skin. The Feet have four Toes, difpoféd in the ufual manner; the middle the longeft, the reft fhorter, all armed with crooked dusky Claws. The Throat and all the Neck are White: The top of the Head and fides of a black colour, mixt with cinereous. It carries [on the Head] an elegant, erect creft of the fame colour, from which two neat feathers hang down backwards, of a black colour, inclining to cinereous, each five inches and an half long. The forefide of the Neck is {potted longways [ or down its length ] with feathers mixt of black and cinereous. In the lower part of the Neck before, it hath long, white, fine delicate feathers hanging down, which we were wont to wear inour Caps. The whole Back, Wings, and Tail are of a pale afh-colour, mingled witha little white. The upper half of the Legs upper is inve- {ted with white feathers. Along the length of the Back are extended fine elegant, afh-coloured feathers, for their figuré and ftructure like thofe‘onthe Neck. Itisgood meat, Q. XVIL Boow Ii, ORACITHOLOGY. 285 + § XVIE * The Brafilian Heron, with aferrate Bill, of Marggrave. T is of the bignefS of a tame Duck, or a little bigger: Hatha ftreight, fharp Bill, | the fore-half, as well above as beneath, doubly ferrate, four inches and an half long. It hath the Head and Neck of a Herow 3 a black Pupil, witha golden circle: Its Neck is a foot long 5 itsbody fiveinches and an half5.its Tail four, wherewith the Wings end. The whole Legs are nine inches and an half long: The upper, to the middle part only, covered with feathers, the lower half being bare. In each Foot four Toes, after tHe ufual manner. ‘Fheupper Bill is dusky, but toward the rife of a. yellowish green. The whole Head, and upper fide of the Neck are covered with long feathers, of a pale yellow colour, waved with black. Under the Throat it is White. . The Neck beneath, the Breaft and lower Belly have white feathers, waved with brown, which [ brown ] is round about edged with yellow. The whole Back and Wingsare covered with dusky feathers, waved with yellow. The quil-feathers _ of the Wings are mixt of equal parts of black and green, theirtips being white. The Tail confifts of fuch feathers as the ends of the Wings, but crofled with white lines. The Legs and Feet are of a dark greycolour. . The Claws dusky. Its flefh is eaten, and tattes like that of other Herons. Ku | §. XVII. | * Guiratinga of the Brafilians,called by the Portugues Gatza, that is, a Heron. Margerave. U is of the bignefs of the Spoox-bills or Pelecan of Gefner, and the fame fhape of HE body. It walksere@, with its long Neck and extended Bill, which is {treight, fharp, yellow, four inches long, the upper part thereofblack, thelower white. It hath long Legs like a Heron, of about fixinches. ‘The’Toes are after the ufual’man- ner. The Legs outwardly, as alfo the Feet, are yellow, inwardly mixt of greenand dusky. The whole body is covered with milk-white feathers. On the neck are moft elegant white feathers, more fine than Oftriches. It is a Water-fowl, and its upper Legs are[ for fome {pace ] bare of feathers. " @. XIX. * A fmall Brafilian Heron of Margerave. ¥ Tis fcarce fo big as acommon Pigeow : Hatha very long Necks a freight; fharp Bill, dusky above, of a yellowith white beneath, two inches and an half long: ' A fhort, fharp Tongue: Eyesofamean fize, witha black Pupil, anda yellow circle : A fall Head ; a flender Neck, but feven inches long, whereas the length of the Body is {carce four: Long Legs, each five inches; the * upper half bare of feathers half * This part of way: Four Toes in each Foot, placed the common way, with crooked. and fharp th ° 8tev- brown: The Rump encompafied with a white ring, asin the Pygarews. The quil-feathers m each Wing were twenty fix : The firft or outmoft the longeft, all black, as were alfo the fix néxt. The reft to the nineteenth were half white = In the twentieth and twenty firftthe outer edges were alfo white. The tips of the fea- thers of the fecond row were white, and together made a white line crofling the mid- dle of the Wing, Its Tail was three inches long, made up of twelve feathers. The two middlemott of which were almoft wholly black: The outmoft, efpecially onthe outfide Web, white almoft up to the tips : In the reft in order the white part was lef and lefs to the middlemoft. 3 _ This bird hath thick blind-guts, + of an inch long,and befides that fingle one about the middle of theguts, It differs from the precedent, 1. Inthe colour of the Tail: 2. Inthe colour of the Back and upper fide, which in thatis various, inthis one and the fame: 3. Inbignefs, being lefs than that. §. Tl. The third fort of Godwit. PDEfides the two already deferibed Mr. Willughby acknowledges a third fort of | Godwit, which in Cornwall they callthe * Stoxe-Curlem, differing from the pre- * others can cedent in that it hath a much fhorter and flenderer Bill than either of them. bah ae us of Bellouis : usthe Stone — Curlew. Boox IR NITHOLOGY, Boox lil. ee ss Oe TS Boox UL Parrl SecrronIV. Water-fowl not pifctvorous with very long’, flender, crooked Bills. Cuarp. IE GL ‘The Curlew: Numenius five Arquata. T: Female weighed twenty eight ounces; the Male, which is femewhat lefs, and commonly called, The Jack Curlew, twenty five and a quarter. The Jength of the Female from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws was twentynine inches: To the end of the Tail twenty three and anhalfi The diftance of the tips of the Wings {pread forty inches. | . The middle parts.of the feathers:of the Head, Neck, and Back are black, the borders or outfides afh-coloured,: with a mixture of red. In the Throat and Breaft the middl@partsor.fhafts of the feathersare black, the borders or edges, in the Breaft white, inthé [Throat white, witha tincture of red. The Chin is not fpotted. The Rump and Belly are white. The feathers invefting the underfide of the Wingare all white : the firft or Outmoft ~quil-feathers all over black, the reft {potted with white. The firft feather of the {e- cond row is all black: the'tsps, of the eighth or ninth next are white. This Bird Hath a f{mall, tharp-poitited;-bladk feather at the end of the Wing, which whether or no it is to be reckoned among the quil-feathers one may juftly doubt. ne * In fome Its Billis * very long, narrow, bowed,ofa dark brown or black colour : Its Tongue fiveinches fharp, and very fhort, extending not furtherthan the angle of the lower Chap: The in fome above Nofthrilslong: The Legs tongy-of a diisky blue colour, bare of feathers half up the fix, fecond joynt : The Claws {mall and black: That of the middle Toe thinned into an edge on theinfide: All the Tes connected by a thick membrane from the divaricati- onto the firft joynt. It hath a great Gall-bladder, with along neck extending to the * Porys bila- gut, whichconcurs not in one common paflage with the * Gall-pore, but enters the i gut at a diftinét hole, though nearto that. , It hath amufculousStomach or Gizzard hke gramvorous birds: In the Stomach of one we found Periwinkle thells, {mall {tones, and grit, Gc, in anothers Frogs, @c. The fingle blind gut is verylong : The common blind gut three’or four inches long, * and full ofexcrements. Above the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into a bag, granu- lated within with thick-fet papillary glandules. y] ) This bird for the goodne(s and delicate tafte of its'flefh may juftly challenge the principal place among Water-fowl: Of this our Fowlers are not ignorant, and therefore fell themdear. They havea Proverb among them in Suffolk: A Curlew, be fhe white, be fhe black, | She carries twelve pence on her back, . TtisaSea-fowl, feeking its food on the Sands and Ouze, andin falt Marfhes: It is found on the Sea-coafts on all fides of England. §. IL The Whimbrel: Avquata minor, at Venice Taraniolo. q His. bird, the bignefs excepted, is very like the Curlew. It weighs twelve B ounces. Themeafure from Bill to Tail was feventeen inches, to the end of the Feet twenty : Ofthe Wings {pread thirty three and anhalf. The Bill threeinches long: The blind guts two: ipe gutstwentynine. ItsLegs were greenifh: The quil- feathers marked with great, femicircular, white fpots. The lefler rows of covert- feathers had their edges white, their middle parts of a reddifh black. The Belly and Thighs were white. Mr. Johujon of Brigual, in his Papers communicated to us, defcribesthis Bird by the name of a Whimbrel thus. It is lefs by half than the Curlew, hath a crooked Bill, but fhorter by aninch and more : The Crown deep brown without fpeckles: The Back under the Wings white, which the Curlew hath not. Befides, the colour of the whole body is more duskifh or dull. Itis found upon the Sands in the Teez mouth. ss ne ee Salt 2 : 7 Boos I, ORNITHOLOGY = 295 The Gallinula Pheopus of Gefzer, which I fufpect to be the fame with the precedeni. This Bird about Strasburgh is called Brachvogel : It hath a. black body, {prinkled witha few red and yellowifh {pots 5 a flender, long, black Bill, moderately bending; a whitith Neck, its underfide about the middle and, below tending to. yellow. or : *red: A white Belly 5 dusky orath-coloured Legs, as the PiGure. reprefents, . This ie word is” defcription was taken from aPi@ure, and thereforethe lefsto be credited, Ries. be rehdted ' ruffer, The other Pheopus or leffer Curlew of Gefuer 5 the fame rath one Whinbrel.,. This Bird fomecall( asthey do the greater Curlew.) Regenvogel, that. is, Rain-fowl 5 andin Italy, Tarangolo. Itis almoft like the laft defcribed, hath afh-coloured Legs like that, and a white Belly and Chin: A like Bill. alfo; fave that it feems a little longer. The Wings are {potted with white,elfe ofa dusky red 5 buttheir long feathers and the upper fide of the Back are blackifh.. The Throat.and Breaft have fomething of anob{cureand very faint red, and are {peckled with ~any black {pots. | 7 ' Tfeenoreafonto doubt but thisisour Whiwbrelfith. the * names agree, and the de- a i ‘{criptions differ not in any confiderable note. en ee ee ie ey - tS eRe | ° Cuap.. IL. * The Falcinellus of Gefner and Aldrovand, which we ntdy. Exiglifh, The Sithe- Bill. is | | eS ; & E have thought fit (faith Aldrcvand ) to place this next after the Herons, \ V becaufe that both in magnitude and the whole fape ofits body it. refem- bles a Herov, the Bill only excepted. --Fhis GefverSometime {aw alive at Ferraria in Italy. Its body was bigger that a Pigeons, of an elegant colour, almoft green, with fomething of purple here and there mixt, asin the Back of the Lapwing, the colour varying, as it is varioully expofed to the light: The Head and Neck brown: But the upper part whitith, {potted with black. Its. Bill was {lender, long, aud bending downwards like that of the Curlew or Corvus Syluaticus: Its Legs long, and Feet cloven. Some call it,* The black Hero. But this that I {aw was not grown * Airon negra up: They fayitcomes to be bigger, and perchance alfo may change fomething tn co- ™ "=" lour by age. , Among all the Birds that I have hapned to fee, none {eems to me to come nearer the [b#s. Thus far Gefzer. Now ( proceeds Aldrovandus ) whéther this be that Bird which our Country-men call Falcizel/ys, I do not well know. For it _ differs not a little from Gejers defeription. But it may happen ( as he well notes ) that this kind of bird may vary, according to the difference of age, both in bignefs and alfo in colour. Our Falcivellys comes well up to the bignefs of the Herons, and refembles themin the whole fafhion and ‘fhape of the body; excepting the Bill. Its Head, Neck, Back, Breaft, Belly, Thighs, Rump are of a f{padiceous colour, tend- ing todusky: Butthe Neck and Breaft are {prinkled with certain ‘oblong dusky {pots. In the middle of theBack isa kind of {pot, of a dark green colour: Which fame co- lour is alfo feenin the WingsandTail. The Bill is blackifh, very long, and falcate. The Thighs as far as they arenaked, the Legs and Feet are of the fame colour with the Bill. The Legs and Toes are extended to a con{picuous length. Cuap. Ill. * Curicaca of the Brafilians, called by the Portughe/e Mafarino. . fom Goofe : But its Head about as big asa Ducks. Its Neck fix incheslong,. three thick, or alittle more: Its Bill fix inches long, crooked like an Hungarian Sword, of a dusky firecolour. The length of its body ftom Neck to Vent eleven inches, the thicknefs one foot. The length of the Wings fixteen inches, of the Tail (which ends with the Wings) nine: Its Legs are eight inches long: Its Feet ' . two T is a Bird,in the judgment of Clufivs like to the Curlew : Of the bignefs of a hand- 296 Palfte. % Nameniys Indicuse ORNCEITHOLOGY, — Boox Ill, two and an half; red like a Ducks, but not flat, having four Toes with black Claws three ftanding forward, and one backward. Its Head and Neck have a white Plu- mage, mingled with yellow, intheupper fide pretty long. Its Eyes are black, with a yellow circle. About the Eyes and the beginning of the Throat there is a black skin. The whale body is covered with black feathers, excepting the Back, Head, and Belly, where are fome of a dark afh-colour, and in the middle of the Wings others white, mixt with grey, asin Storks. The reft of the feathers of the body, of the beginning and end of the Wings and of the whole Tail are black. The upper Legs to the middle are void of feathers; for itisa Water-fowl. Its flefh is good which I have often eaten roafted and fried with butter. * There is found alfoanother fort like to this, but much lefs, about the bignefs of a Hex, whichis called Matuitui. Jtis commonabout the River of S. Fraxcis, in Itapuama, and elfewhere. Cuar. IV. * ‘The Acacalotl or WaterRaven | Corvus aquaticus || of Hernandez. long; and of amoderate bignefs.. The Legsa fpan and half: The Bill bend- | ing like a Bow, two Palmslong, and pretty flender: The Feet cloven into four Toes, armed with very black Claws. The Legs are not fo black as the Claws: The Billis blue, and the Head fmall. The lower feathers are dusky, with red inter- mingled: But the upper promifcuoufly purple, black, green, and fhining. The Neckis feven incheslong. . The Head and Neck are covered with dusky, white and green feathers, and fome a little yellowifh. The Eyes are black, but the Ir of a {anguine colour. From the outer angles of the Eyes as faras the Bill for the {pace of one, inch the skin is bare of feathers and {mooth, of areddifhcolour. The Wings underneath are of a fhining changeable colour, which varies according asit varioully reflects the Sun-beams 3 but above near their fetting on firft then of a lovely green and Peacock colour. Itis native of the Coaftof Mexico : It lives about Lakes, and feeds upon Fifhes. Itbreeds and brings up its Young inthe Spring timein fenny places. It yieldsa good nourifhment, and not very unpleafant, but grofs, and (as other Marfh birds) of afifhyfent. ThisBird doth not much differ from the Falcinel- lusof Gefzer and Aldrovand. | Ti: Cock from the end of the Tail to the point of the Bill was almoft four fpans Cuap. Y. * The Brafilian Guara of Marggrave: The Indian Curlew of Clufius,Exot. figure of a Polonian Sword, long, of a whitifh afh-colour; black Eyes; a Neck and Head like the Spoon-bill. The Wings end withthe Tail,which is {hort,and car- ried low. TheLegs arelong,the upper half whereof covered with feathers, the reft bare. In eachfootfour Toes, fituate asisufual, long, with fhort Claws, at bottom joyned together byaskin. The Feet and Legsas far as naked are of a light grey, as is alfothe Bill. Thewhole Bird is covered with feathers of an elegant {carlet colour : Only the quil-feathers of the Wings have their ends black. This Bird, when firft hatch’d, is of a blackifhcolour ; next it becomes afh-coloured; then white: After by degrees it begins to grow red, and inthe fecond year of its age is all over of that colour they call Columbin ; andasit grows older it acquires that elegant fcarlet co- Jour. It feeds upon fifh and flefh, water always added. That Bird which Clufivs from a Picture fent him by the Duke of Arefchot, defcribed by the title of the * Izdian Curlew, is without all doubt the fame with this. It ap- proached well to the bignefs of a Curlew: Had a long Neck, along and fharp Bill, but crooked like a Sithe : Long and flender Legs, furnifhed with four Toes, of which the three foremoft are longeft, the hind-toe fhort: All armed with black Claws. The Thighs for half that part that is above the knee are deftitute of feathers: Which | note [: isa Land and Water-fowl, of the bignefs of the Spoon-bil/; It hath a Bill of the Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. 297 note is common to it with all other birds which are wont to frequent watery and fenny places. Its Tail was fhort, not exceeding the ends of the Wings. But the feathers invefting the whole body were of another‘colour than thofe of our common Curlem, for they were wholly red like Vermilion, excepting the ends of the quil- feathers of the Wings, which wereblack. Its Bill and Legs were yellow, almoft like Oker. RY | . | | SECTION’ V, Waterfowl not pifctvorous, with flender Bills, of amiddle length. Cae I; * ‘The Himantopus of Pliny, Aldrov. lib. 20. cap.30. He whole Belly, Breaft, and under-fide of the Neck is white, as is alfothe : Head beneath the Eyes: For above the Eyes it is black, and fo is it too on the Back and Wings. The Bill islikewife black, a Palm and more long, flen- der, and fitto {trike Wood-lice, and other Infects. - The Tail from white ‘inclines to afh-colour, but underneath is white. “On the upper fide of the Neck are black {pots tending downward. The Wingsare very long. - The Legs and Thighs are ofa won- derful length, very fmall and weak, and fo much the more unfit to ftandupon, be- caufe it wants a hind-toe, and the fore+toes for the length of the Legs are {hort ; fo that well and of right may it be called Himantopus, or Loripes, its Legs being foftand flexible like a thong or firing. \ The Toes are of almoft equal length, and of a fan- guine colour, yet isthe middle toe alittle the longeft. The Claws are black, {mall, and ‘a little crooked. . | See Gefzers defcription of this bird, and what-elfe he hath concerning it in the Author himfelf, or in Aldrovandus, who-repeats it out of him, Orzithol.lib.20, cap.30. To fay the truth, it hathnot been our hapas yet to {ee this bird. a ee a Lp aera ale *% The Crex of Bilin. T hath long Legs like the Lzmo/z, called by the Frexch, Chevalier, but isbigger 5 yet leffer than the Curlew. It hath a long, black: Bill like the Curlew; and alfo black legs and Head, the Neck, back, and Breaft white. Thereft of the upper partsof the body incline to afh-colour. The Wings are blackith, croffed on both | fides by a white line near the * ridge. It feeks its food on the ground, and in the air alfo * He Latine purfues and preys upon flies, in like manner asthe Lapwing. Whenit flies it makes a “4's “"* great noife. — | This Bird Beoniws {aw about the River Nile; and thence gueffed it to be the Crex of Ariftotle, becaufeinits cry it often repeats this word Crex, Crex. ; Gaapr. If. wl The Sea-Pie : Hzmatopus Bellonii. nt _ WT is of the bignefs of a Magpie or Crow: of the weight of eighteen ounces : From | Bill to Tail, or Claws ( for it isall one ) eighteen incheslong. | Its Bill is {treight, three inches long, narrow, or: comprefled fideways, end- ing fharp, of ared colour, [ Inanother bird, perchance a young one, the Bill “> Qqg 298 ORNITHOLOGY, Booxlll, half black from the tip.] By its figure the Billfeems to be framed by Nature,to thratt * patella. under * Limpets, and to raife them from the Rocks, that foit may feed upon their. meat. The upper Chapisa little longer thanthe nether. The Ivides of the Eyes, and edges of the Eye-lids of a curious red colour, [ in another bird t y were vs eat yellow hazel-coloured. '] The Legs and Feet red. It wants the back-toe. The pies moft and middle toe are for a good way up joyned together by a membrane: So that | thisBird feems to be of a middle nature between whole and cloven footed. [Infome we obferved the feet tobe of a pale dusky colour, perhaps thofe alfo were youn ones. | The Claws were black. 8 The Head, Neck, Back, and Throat to the middle of the Breaft were black. The re{t of the Breaft and Belly white, as alfothe Rump. From this likenef$in colour it took the name of Sea-pie. In onebird there wasa great white {pot under the Chin and another leffer under each eye. xe ‘ae 3 The Tail is made up of twelve equal feathers, of four inches long, the lower half white, the upper black. The prime feathers of each Wing are about twenty eight, of which the firft is black, having only the interiouf edge white: In the reft in order the white part isenlarged, till inthe twentieth and three following it takes up the whole feather. The fucceeding from the tweenty third grow gradually black again. The covert-feathersof the middle quils are white, and together make up a tran{verfe bed of white in the Wing. The Stomach is great, not mufculous, but membranous, in which difleGed we found Limpets entire, upon which it feems chiefly to feed and live; as from the make of its Bill we gathered before. It hatha great Liver, divided into two Lobes, with a Gall annexed: A fmallSpleen : Huge Ureters... The Cock differs not ftom the Hen in colour, Its flefh-is very black, hard, having a rank tafte, ina word very bad meat 5. which we cannot but wonder at, feeing it feeds chiefly upon Shel-fifh; asdo alfo the beft rellifhd and moft favoury of Water-fowl. On the Coaft of Wales and elfewheré onthe Weftern Shores of Exglazd we faw abundance of thefe birds. - Care is to be taken that the Hematopus be not confounded with the Himsantopys or EAH S fo called from the weaknefs and flexibility of its long legs, as we faid efore. ' Cuap. IV. g. I. + ornishol, "The greater Plover of * Aldrovand: The Venetian Limofa of Gefner: As alfo libs20.cap.66. the Glottis of the fame Gefner and Baltner : Called at Venice Totano, 4 name it [hould feem common to this and the following bird. Claws it exceeds feventeen inches 5 to'the end of the Tail fourteens in breadth from tip to tip of the Wings expanded it is about twenty four and an half. Its Bill - isblack, yet at the angle of the lower Mandible red, {lender, ftreight, two inches and an half long. Itscolour onthe upper fide of the Head, Neck, Wings, Shoul- ders, and forepart of the Back is mixt of brown and whitifh, we commonly call it _ grey. On the Head theouter borders of the feathers are white, the middle parts black. A white line paffes above the Eyes. Theunder fide of the body is all white and‘alfo the lower part of the Back or Rump. . vs The quil-feathers of the Wings are in number about, twenty fix, all dusky or dark brown. The five outmoft darker than the reft, their interiour Webs being powdered with white {pecks: Theinner quils are paler, {peckled with white. The Tail is three inches long, compofed of twelve feathers, waved with crofs lines or bars of brown and white alternately placed. ys ea | Its Legs are very long, bare of feathers for two inches above the firft joynt [ or % Lead colour Kees | of a middle colour between green and livid, or* plumbeous: The back- toe {mall : The Claws black. The outmoft Toe joyned to the middle at bottom. Its Stomach fimall, lefs flefhy than in granivorous birds. va’ This bird feemed to mein bignefs to exceed the Redjhawk + Its Legs are alfo lon- ger. . Gefners defcription of the Limofa, which you have in Aldrovands Ornithology, Uib.20. cap.28, amnlwersinall points exadly to this bird. The defcription alfo 2 the: i ottis [' weighs near feven ounces : In length from the tip ‘ofthe Bill to the end of the Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. Glottis in Gefner and its figure in Baltuer agree to it., I believe alfo that this is, the bird which the French call Chevalier aux pieds verds,or the green-leg’d Horfeman; from the length and colour of its Legs... At Venice in Italy we faw many of them. - > ee ae: The other Totano, perchance Gefrers Totanus, Aldrov. lib.20.cap.24. An Callidrys rubra Bellouii? E faw and defcribed at Venice another bird, we think different from the pres L y _ cedent : though the main difference wére.in the colour of its Legs, which were of apale yellowith-red. Its Bill alfo feemed to be fomething fhorter. . We take this to bethe bird the Fresch call Chevalier aux pieds ronges,; the ned-leg’d Horfeman;, the precedent ( as we {aid before ) that they denominate, Chevalier ance pieds verds. And perchance they may differ only in Sex; for this wasa Male, that a Female. Forin other birds alfoof thiskind, as for! example, the Erythra’'of Gefrer, . which he puts among the Water-hens, the Female differs fromthe Male both in bignefs, and inthe colour of the Legs. Thé red Cal/idrys of BeVoniws is either the fame with this or very like it: Itdiffers in that the Neck and feathers undeét the Wings and Rump are afh-coloured,and that on the Temples on each fide it hath two black {pots, whieh give as it were a {hadow tothe Eye-brows, which themfelves alfo are marked with a white {pot. His figure of the red Cal/idrys doth not anfwerto the defcription, for - the Bill and Legs are drawn too fhort. . Cuarv. Y. G.I. The Redfhank or Pool-Snipe : Gallinula: Erythropus major Gefneri 299 * Aldroy. Totanus of the fame Gefner, «as it feems tous, Aldroy. tom. Eg pag. 439. An Bellonii Pardali congener longiore roftro 2 the quantity of a Plover. The Head and Back are of a dusky afh-colour, {potted with black [ In fome I obferved the Back to be of a dusky or brown colour, in-lining to green. ] The middle of the Neckis more cinereous. The Throat par- ticoloured of black and white, the black being drawn down longways the feathers. The white colour feems to have fomething of red mingled with it. The Breaft is whiter with fewer {pots, and thofe tranfverfe. The Tail, and feathers next to it are variegated with tranfverfe waved lines of white and black alternately. The number of Tail-feathers is twelve; the length of the Tail two inchesthree quarters. The quil-feathers in each Wing are twenty fix, _ of whichthe firft is brown, only its fhaft white: The five nextof a black brown3;, onthe inner fide white, and as it were {prinkled or powdered with white. The tip of the feventh is white, with one or two tranfverfe black lines. Inthe following fea- thers. the white fpreads it {elf further, till in the nineteenth it takes up the whole fea= [' isof a middle fize for bignefs between a Lapwing and a Snipe, approaching to ther: The * foremoft covert-féathers are black; the middle varied with white lines. Tone ae : Jt of che nr tow of coverts The other rows of covert-feathers are of the fame colour with the Back, that is of a dark afh-colour. | ; _ The Bill is two inches long, flender, and like a Woodcocks, ofa dark red at bafe, black toward the point. The Tongue is fharp, flender, and undivided; the upper Mandible longer, and fomething crooked at the very tip: The Eyes hazel-coloured : The Nofthrils oblong. The Legs ofa fair, but palered : The Claws {mall and black. The back-toe is very fall, having avery littleClaw. Of the-fore-toes the inmott is the leaft: All are conne&ted bya membrane below; but the outmoft with a larger; ‘extending to the fecond joynt. | | _ It is common on thefandy fhores about England every where. Tt breeds in Marfhes,-and if any one comes near its Neft it flies about, making a great noife like the Lapwing. - me It differs from the Totanus of Aldrovandwys, 1. Inthat itismuch lefs. 2. Thatit hath fhorter BillandFeet. 3, Inthe dusky colour of its Back. 4. In the red.colour — of its Legsand Feet. oie) ial 2 Qq2 The Chap, 26, 30 * Gallinula evythropus (a jor'e © Lib.20.¢.26. * Fufcis,i. e, dark or dusky. * Tom.3. pag.481. * Aldrov. Or- nithol. tom.3. p: 461. * Or brown, with a tin- Gure of green. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox lil, The figure of the * greater red-leg’d Water-hen in Gefzer and Aldrowand doth not agree well to this bird : For the Billis drawn too fhort and thick atthe Head. Gefrers defcription of his Totawws doth fo well agree to it in almoft all particulars that I doubt not but it isthefame bird. Only in the length of the Billand Legs, and inthe bignefs of the body is fome diverfity. , | $4 The Guiulietia of * Widedo onal. W He Gambetta of Aldrovand is alfo near of kin to the Red/hank, which he thus [ defcribes. Its Head, Neck, and Breaft are cinereous, all’ over {prinkled with many * brown {pots, greater on theBack, lefferon the Neck and Breaft, leaft-of all on the Head. ‘The mafter-feathers of the Wings are black : The body cinereous, on the Wingsand Back inclininga littletored : The Belly white The Bill black; The Irides of the Eyes of a‘yellowith green, encompafled with a black circle. The legs and feet ftom yellow inclinetored. |. This Bird we faw at Milaz in Jéaly, and thus defcribed. It is fomething lefs thana Lapwing. The uppet furface of its body is grey, of fuch a kind of colour as is {een in the Backs of Hen Ducks. and Teal, or of the Curlew. Its Legs and Feet are long and yellow,its Claws black.It hath the back toe. Its Bill is fhorter than the Redfhanks longer than the Lapwings5‘nearthe Head of a flefh-colour, near the tip black. The prime feathers are twenty fivein each Wing. The Tailhalf a hand-breadth long, not reachs ing fo far asthe ends of the Wings clofed. It hath the Headand Neck of a Tringa. Cx A 4 V1. Of the Birds called Tring, ¥ hikes Mole The Tringa of * Aldrovand: The Cinclus of Bellonius: The Gallinula rhodopus or phoenicopus, avd alfo the Ochtopus media of * Gefrer. Lhe Steingallel of Leovard Baltuer. * dusky green, and fhininglike filk. The feathers growing on and between the Shoulders, as alfo the quil-feathers next the body, and moft of the covert-féathers of the Wings are {potted on the edges with many white f{pecks. Thofe on the top of the Head and upper fide of the Neck want thefe fpots. [N. B. That this Bird wasa Female, for in the Males there are many and thick fet {pots on the Head, fo that they make up -certain lines or ftrakes. "| The Circumference of the Eyes and the Chin are white.. The Throat is white, and {potted with brown. The fea- thers on the middle of the Back are blackifh, with white edges: Thofe next the lr bignefs it equals or exceeds a Blackbird. Thecolour of the upper fide is of a _ Tailmilk-white. The colour alfo of the Breaft and whole Belly is purely white. The quil-feathers, twenty four ineach Wing, are all dusky, fave only the fore- mentioned, three innumber. The Tail is more than two inches long, confifting of twelve feathers of feathers of almoft equal length. The outmoft of thefe are wholly white; the next near their tips marked with a white fpot.° The third in order from the outmoft have one broad tranfverfe white line not far from the point; the fourth two; the fifth two and an half; the middlemoftthree or four. ~The covert-feathers of theunderfide of the Wing are brown, with white edges. The interiour baftard wing makes a lovely fhew. For its feathers being of a dark brown, or black colour, are curioufly varied with many white lines, drawn not dire¢tly crofs each feather, but obliquely, yet parallel one toanotherin each Web of the feather, andby pairs con- curring at the fhaft inan obtufeangle all along thelength of the feather. The Bill is an inch and half long, ftreight, flender, comprefied at the fides, ofa dark green, black atthe point: Fhe upper Mandible a little longer than the nether : The Tonguefharp, not cloven. The Eyes of a greater fize, with hazel-coloured Iyides. TheLegsarelong, lead-coloured, with atin@ure of green: The Toes alfo long 5 Boox lI. ORACITHOLOGY, 301 long 5 the two outmoft connected by a membrane almoft to the firft joynt : Theback- toe little : The Claws black. | Thisis afolitary bird; yet in breeding time they fly two together, Male and Fe- male, about the banks of Pools, Lakes, and Rivers. The Gallinula rhodopws or phenicopws of Gefzer, which he faith the Germans call Steingallel, differs from the Stengallel of Baltner in the colour of the Legs, which in Gefuers Bird waslike that of aRofe or Amethyft, in Baltweys adirty green... But fee~ ing the other notes agree, I judge it to be the fame Bird, different perchance in Sex: fince ( as Baltner hath obferved_) infome of thefe Birds the Sexes differ in the colour of their feet. . | §. I | * The third Tringa of Aldrovand, called by the Italians, Giaroncello & Pinitolé: He Bill of this ismuch blacker than that of the precedent, and a little fhorter 5 the upper Chap fomewhat longer than thenether. It is the fame for fhape of body, only fomewhat differentin colours: For whereas both are chiefly of a dusky and chefnut-colour in the Head, Neck, Back, and Wings, thatin all thefe parts hath more of dusky, this more ofthe othercolour. The Tail in like manner, thoughit be fomething fhorter, is white underneath, above approaches to the fame chefnut co- lour. Inthe Breaft, Belly, Thighs, Legs and Feet it differs little or nothing. §.. TIL The lefer Tringa or Sandpiper: An Cinclus fecundus feu minor * Aldrov? Gallinula * ovnithol. _ hypoleucos Gefzer7, Aldrov.tom.3. pag.469. Ein Pfitterlein Leox.Baltuer. ROM NEraaee T weighs near two ounces; and is from Bill to Feet eight inches three quarters in length. The middle of the Neck igafh-coloured, elf the whole upper furface of the body is of a dusky fordid green, elegantly variegated with darker tranfverfe lines; only there is fomething of red mingled with the feathers on the middle of the Back, and thofé that {pring out of the Shoulders. The Headis paler, not varied with crofs lines, butblack ftrokes drawn downward along the fhaftsof thefeathers. The Sides,Breatft, and Belly are white. Above the Eyes is a white line. The Throat is of a fordid white, the fhafts of the feathers being darker. The three or four quil-feathers next to the body are of the fame colour with the bedy : The outmoft 1s dusky, [ or dark brown | the inner edge of the {econd, about the middle of the feathers length, hatha fpotof white: Of the reft to the tenth the inner Webs in order have larger white {pots. After the tenth the white {preadeth beyond the fhaft into the other Web of the feather. . The tips alfo of the feathers, from the fourteenth to the ‘twentieth, are white, The primary covert-feathers of the Wings, or thofe of the firft row, as well the upper, as thenether, have white tips: Of the upper, thofe efpecially from the tenth to the twentieth: Of the nether, thofenext the body, which indeed are whol- ly white, and not varied with lines: The ridgeor bafe of the Wing is white. The feathers of the third row are white almoft to thebottom. But between the third row andthe bafis of the Wing is a broad lineof brown. The middle feathers of the Tail are of the fame colour with the body: The third on each fide from the two mid- diemoft have theirtips white: The fourth are more white: Of the fifth all the exte- riour Web is white, and alittle alfo of the interiour: In the outmoft the white {preads further into the interiour Web. : The top of the Billis of a dusky blackifh colour, the bottom whitifh: The tip a little bent downward: The Eyes hazel-coloured: The Ears great. The Feet of a palegreen: The Clawsblack. ‘Fhe outmoft fore-toe joyned at bottom.to the middle one by a membrane; the back-toe fmall: The Stomach Jef$ mufculous than im granivo- rous birds, in which diflected we found water-in{fects: Thefé are alfo folitary birds, living fingly, except in breeding time, when they fly together by pairs, the Male and hisFemale. I fuppofe this Bird is the fame with that Gefzer defcribes wnder the title of Pilvenckegen, efpecially for that he faithit makes a noife bynight, like one crying orlamenting, which thing ( as we have been informed) is trueof ourbird. Only it feems tobe fomething leffer, and of a darker colourabove. See Aldrovand.tom,3. p.485. | | They _302 + Tom. 3- D413 ORNCITHOLOGY,. Boox Ill. They frequent Rivers and Pools of water. Thave feen of them about the River Tame in Warwickshire, the Lake of Geneva, &c. Cuar. VIL ie The Knot : Canuti regis avis. An Bellonii Callidrys nigra ¢ “WU weighed four ounces and an half; from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Feet was ten inches long 5 between the ends of the Wings ftretcht out twenty inches broad. ay . As for the colour, the Head and Back were of a dusky afh-colour, or dark grey: The Rump varied with white and black lines : The Breaft and Belly white : The fides under the Wings {potted with brown. [In fome Birds we obferved a white line between the Eyes and the Bill. ] The greater quil-feathers of the Wings were black, with white thafts: The outer edges of the next after the fifth white: Of the fecond row of Wing-feathers, the foremoft were black, with white tips : Fromthe fourth the white increafed, or {pread it felf further down the feather... The leffer covert-feathers of the Wings were of the {ame colour with the back, only fringed as it were with white. The Tail was two inches and a quarter long, madeup of twelve feathers, the outmoft whereof on each fide was white. The Bill was near an inch and half long, black, as in the Woodcock ; bigger and {tronger than in the Szipe-kind: The Tongue extended to the very end of the Bill. [| Some Birds have a knob or eminency under the Bill like Gui/s. | _The Eyes great; and hazel-coloured. The feet greenifh : The back-toe fmall: The fore-toes divided from the very beginning of the divarication, no membrane intervening. The Liver divided into two Lobes, with a Gall appendant. About the beginning of Winter they are {aid tocome into Lizcolnfbire, where they continue two or three months about the Sea-fhores, and away again. They fly in flocks. [Inthe month of February, in the year of our Lord 1671, on the Coaftof Lancafhireabout Leverpool, 1 obferved many of this fort of birds flying in company ; fo that they arenot peculiar to Lizcolufhire.] Being fed with white bread and milk they grow’ very fat, and are accounted excellent meat. King Kwout is reported to have been fo fond of them, that fromhim they got thenameot Kvots or Knouts. They may at firft fight be eafily diftinguifhed from the Tringe by the line of white crofs their Wings, were other notes wanting. | CHAP. | VII. The Ruff, whofe Female is called a Reeve. Avis pugnax * Aldroy. the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Feet was fifteen inches. Its Neck was afh-coloured - Its Head of a dusky afh-colour, {potted with a dark brown. The Back and {capular feathers particoloured, of cinereous, black, and white: The Breaft and Belly white: The Throat white and cinereous: The Chin white. The outmoft ten Wing-feathers of the firft row were black: Of the following the tips began to be white: From the fourteenth to the twentieth the edges were allo white. The five next the body were of the fame colour withit, having darker fpots. The tips of thefecond row of Wing-feathers were white ( of the foremoft more obfcure- ly ) the remaining part of the fame colour with the Back. The coveit-feathers of the under fide of the Wing were white. Thofe of the exteriour baftard wing purely white.” The Tail was two inches a quarter long, made up of twelve feathers, of a. dusky colour, with whitifh tips. | + . In the Cock birds a circle or collar of Jong feathers, fomething refembling a Ruff, encompafles the Neck under the Head, whence they took the name of Ruffs. This — fhaft in fome is white, in fome yellow, in fomeblack, in fome afh-coloured, in fome of adeepblue, or black, witha glofs of blue fhining like filk. For thereis fers ee we defcribed wasa youngone. It weighed five ounces: Its length from Boor, ORNITHOLOGY. ful and almoft infinite variety in the colours of the feathers of the Cocks, {0 that in the Spring-time there can fcarce be found any two exactly like one to another. After Midfummer, when they have moulted their feathers they fay they beconie all alike again. | The Hens are fomewhat lefs than the Cocks; they change not their colours, and are like the Bird here defcribed: They {eldom or never fight. Their Bills are like the Trizga’s, black, but fomewhat red about the Nofthrils, The upper Mandible a little longerthanthe nether. The Tongue reaches tothe end of the Bill. The Eyes are hazel-coloured.. The Legs from yellow,incline to red : The back-toe {mall: The outmoft fore-toe joyned tothe middlemoft below with a mem- brane: The Claws black, pretty long, and almoft ftreight. The Stomach: within yellow: TheGall large. ; | | | They breed in Summer-timein the Fens of Lizcolafhire about Crowland. They are fatted with white bread and milk, like Kwots, being fhut up in clofe dark rooms: For Jet in but the light uponthem, prefently they fall.a fighting, never giving over till one hath killed the other, efpecially if any body ftand by. The Fowlers when they fee them intent upon fighting, fpread their Nets over them, and catch them be- fore they beaware. Mn Lee, In the Spring time they come over‘alfo to the Low Countries: And itis reported, that at their firft coming in the beginning of the Spring there are many more Cocks than Hens, but that they never ceafe fighting till there’ be fo many Cocks killed, as to make the number of both Sexesequal. ; . . The Hens never have any Ruffs, the Cocks have none immediately after moulting time. When they begin to moult, white Tumours or Warts break out about their Eyesand Head. ; : . Cuar. IX. Zhe Sanderling, called alfo (urwillet about Penfance in Cornwal. It weighs almofttwo ounces. Its length from the Bill to the end of the Feet is eight inches and an half, to the end of the Tail eight. The breadth of the Wings fpread fixteen. It israther long than round-bodied: ; Its Billisftreight, black, flender,’an inch longs for its figure and make like to a Tringa’s Bill : The upper Mandible a little longer than the nether. The Tongue ex- tended to the end of theBill: The Nofthrils oblong. The Ears great. The Legs, Feet, and Claws black: And, which is efpecialiy remarkable, it wants the back-toe : The fore-toes disjoyned from the very rife, | ~ The Head is fmall, particoloured of cinereous and black. The Neck more cine- teous. The middle of the Back, the Shoulders, and {capular feathers are of'a lovely colour, in fome various, of black and white; in others of black and afh-colour, each feather being black about the fhaft, and cinereous about the edges. The reft of the Back tothe Tail is of the famecolour, but more faint and dilute.’ But the edges Ti is fomthing bigger than the S4zd-pzper} though both take their names from fands of the feathers have more of a reddifh afh-colour. Each Wing hath twenty two quil-feathers : The four outmoft (excepting the fhafts, which are utile) all of a dark brown, or dusky colour. The reft have their upper halves, asfar as they appear, above the {econd row brown, the lower white. How- beit, thefe colours do not divide all the feathersequally, but from the fifth the white is gradually increafed, fo, that in the twentieth it takes up almoft the whole feather. - The next following after the tenth have alfo their tips white. The firft row of covert- feathers [ next the quils "| have white-tips, which’ when the Wing is fpread make a long tran{verfe white line, broader and broader by degrees from the beginning. The feathers near the ridge of the Wing, and on the outmoft joynt, are all dusky, in the Cocks almoft black, of the fame colour with the middle of the Back. The Wings, when clofed, reach as far or further than the Tailitfelf; whichis fhort, of aboutan | inch and half, or two inches, confifting of twelve feathers, of an afh-colour; The two middlemoft darker than the reft, and almoft black. | _ The whole Belly and underfide of the Wings as white as Snow. ‘The Breaft in fome fpotted or clouded with brown; in others ¢ perhaps thefe are the Males ) no tpots 304 ORNITHOLOGY: Boow WU, * Lib.20, Cap. 45e {pots appear, yet the Breaft is:darker than the Belly, and inclined to red:.. The blind guts are an inch and half long. ;'The Stomach not very mufculous.. The birds live upon the {andy fhores of the Sea, and fly in flocks.. We faw. many of them on the Sea-coafts of Cornwall. | ‘ ; CHAP. lay * The Rotknuflel of Baltner, Rotkmillis or Gallinula Melampas of Gener, 4S Aldy oY. ' oa ‘He German name Rotkwillis ( faith Gefwer ) feems to be compounded of ‘the i . colour. For this Bird is of a red or ruffet colour, with dusky fpots in. the ~. Neck and about the Eyes. ButXwillis (1 know. not whence. derived ) isa more common or general word; fith another Water-hen, of this kind is. alfo called Matkmillis. Wefrom the colour of the Legshave impofed on it the name Melampys; which fignifies Black-foot. Forthere is no bird I know of this kind that-hath blacker feet... The body is dusky, with fome fpots of a fordid and dark colour. The Billalfo is black: The Wings marked with black fpots. : To this Bird ( faith Aldrovand ) that which [here give you, called by our Fowlers Giarola, a name common to many birds, is very like, if not the fame. For onthe Head, Neck, and Breaft; down to the middle of the Belly it is red, {prinkled with brown, and fometimes alfo white {pots. Its Feet [ and Legs] arecole-black. The {mall Wing-feathers are diftinguifhed with cinereous and black: The great ones are black: The Bill is long, and a little bending, fharp at point. The Belly 1s white, with a tincture of red, and curioufly {potted with black fpots. The Tail alfois white, but black at the end. | “Cu we. “XE. * Matkneltzel of Baltner : Gallinula Erythra of Gefner. WW His Bird the Germans call Matkern, but for what reafon (faith Ge/zer ) I know : not. I from.the colour of its whole body have called it Erythra. But though almoftthe whole body ¢ Iexcept the Belly; whichis whitifh, witha faint tinGure of red, and the Legs,which are afh-coloured ) be red, yet isthat rednefs darker on the Back, and intercepted with white {pots : Brighter in fome of the Wing- feathers ; the longeft whereof approach to the colour of red Oker._ In the Neck be- neath are fome.white fpecks. The Bill is black, not without fomewhat of red, fhor- ter than.in moft others of this kind. Itis taken among Reeds with fnares. . It hatha cry fomewhat refembling the found of Fullers ftrikingof Wool. — | Leonard Baltner defcribes his Matkveltzel (if at leaft it be the fame bird with Ge/- ners Matkerz )thus: Itisa very fair beautiful bird. From the tip of the. Bill to the end of the Claws it isa full Strasburgh Elllong. It weighs fix Lots and an half, that, is, three ounces a quarter: For a Lot isabout half an ounce, It Gutsare an Ell long. It frequents Waters, and feeks its meat in watery places. The Cocks are adorned with beautiful feathers, like thofe of Partridges, and have pale-red Feet. The feathers of the Hens are lefs beautiful, and their Feet grey. Some alfo weigh thirteen Lots, and are three quartersof a Elllong. Thefe birds in figure, magnitude, and colour do very nearly refemble the Female Rurrs, which they call REEVES. Whether they be the fame or not let the Vertuoft at Strasburgh, where they are found, examine. CHAP Boos fi, ORNITHOLOGY, 305 Cuar. XIL The North-Couatry Dunlin of Mr. John{fon: black Bill, a little broader at the end; oblong Nofthrils; a blackith Tongue. The Throat and Breaft white, {potted with black. The middle of the Bell y Is” blackifh, waved with white lines. The lower Belly, and feathers wider the Tail white. All the upper fide is red, every where {potted with pretty great black {pots witha little white. Yet the Wings froma * grey incline to a brown or dusky * jw. -colour.. The Legsand Feet are of a { competentlength, and black. The back-tée a Lonatulenla, the fhorteft. ‘The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, of whichthe two middlemoft are i. ¢. rather of dusky [ brown ] with one or two red fpots: the’reft from brown incline to white, "* nse It getsits food out of the mud. The Rotkuuffel or Gallinula meélampws of Gefner and Aldrovantl differs not much from this-bird. ; [ - about the bignef$ of the Fack-Sxipe or fudcock, hath a ftreight, channell’d, Cuap. XI. 9. I. The Stint which the French call the Sea-Lark : Schoeniclos feu Junco Belloni : An Cinclus prior Aldrov ? dy like toa Swipe. From Bill toFeet cightinches and an half long. Its Bill is {treight, flender, black, an inch and half long, and like to a Swipes bill. The Tongue extended totheend of the Bill. The Feet dusky or blackifh, with a tincture of green. Thetoesnot joynedby any membrane. The back-toe fimall. The colour of the upper fide of the body, excepting the prime feathers of the Wihgs,and firlt row of coverts, is grey, orcinereous, with black fpots, or lines in the middle of each fingle feather. |The feathers in the middle of the Back and upper fide of the Wings have a tincture of red. [| Mr. Wilughby defcribes it a little differently thus: The middle parts of the feathers onthe Head are black, the edges red or ruffet. The Neck is more of an afh-colour.’ The Back-feathers of a * dark purple, with reddifh * or black afh-coloured edges. Thofé onthe Rump ofa lighter red, with black linesor ftroaks a down their fhafts. ] | 8 2 The Wings are long, and when folded up reaching to the end of the Tail. The quil-feathers of each Wing twenty four, of a dusky colour as far as they appear above the covert-feathers, for their bottoms are white, andthe interiourin order gradually more than the exteriour to thenineteenth, which is almoft wholly white. [ Mr. Wil- lughby in the bird he deferibed obferved the tips of the fecond row of Wing-feathers to have been alfo white, in the fame proportion asin the Sanclerling, making together a white line crofs the Wing, yet narrower than in that. The exteriour edges of the fifth, counting from the outmoft, and of the fubfequent to the eleventh are white. The four next the body are wholly dusky, and by little and little ftreightned inte {harp points,and when the Wing isclofed reach almoft to the end of the Tail. The Tail is {carce two inches long, not forked, made up of twelve feathers; of which the two’ middlemoft are longer than the reft, fharper pointed alfo, and darker-coloured. All the reft are of a pale afh-colour, without any crofs lines or bars, only their outmoft- edges whitifh. All the under-fide of the body is white, only the Throat and upper part of the Breaft cloudeda little with dark-coloured fpots. Mr. Wilughby obferved {mall brown {pots under the Wings, and the Throat to be of an afh-colour, thick-(¢ with black {pots, down fometimesto the Breaft. The Liver divided into two Lobes, of which the rightismuch the bigger. The Stomach mufculous. ah Thefe Birds live about the Sea-fhores, and fly together in flocks. At Weftchefter they callthem Purves. | Bellonius his defcription of his Junco agrees inallpointswith this bird. His figure reprefents the Billtoo fhort. Fhe Bill of the Cixclys alfo in Aldrovands figure is drawn too fhort. Rr §, Ie [ is equal to the common Lark, or but very little le ¢ For the fhape of its bo- * Lib,12.G18, 306 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ill, ee ae ee | ees * The third-Cinclus of * Aldrovand. T is of the fame colours with the precedent, favethat it hath a white Tail, adorned with tranfverfé black’ lines: It hath alfo the fame fhape and niake of: body. It. differs inthe Bill; for that hath it of almoft an even bignefs, this thicker where it is joyned to the Head, and by degreesflenderer to the tip. Itfeemsalfo to differ in the Legs, they being fomewhat longer and thicker. In bignefs it agrees, and hath alfoa common name withit, being called by our [ the Bolognefe |] Fowlers, Giaroncello, = heute toate A Bey SV. | The Stone-Curlew:. The Oedicnemus of Bellonius: Charadrius. of Gefner, — * Aldrov. called at Rome, Curlotte. - wy I's weight is eighteen ounces: Its length from Bill to Tail eighteen inches, to the — points of the Claws twenty.: Its breadth from tip totip of the Wings extended thirty fix inches. ‘Thelength of the Bill, meafuring from the tip to the angles ~ of the mouth, two inches. The Billisnot much unlike a Gul/s, but ftreight, fharp-pointed, black as far asthe Nofthrils, then yellow. The Irides of the Eyes and edges of the Eye-lids are yellow. Under the Eyes is a bare {pace of a yellowifh green colour. TheLegsarelong and yellow. The Claws finall and black. It hath only three fore-toes, wanting the back-toe. , The outmoft Toe a littlelonger than the mid- dlemoft ; All joyned together by a.certain membrane, which on the infide the middle toe begins at the fecond joynt, on the outfide at the firft, and reaches almoft to the Claws of the outer Toes. The Legs ( as BeWoniws obferves}) are very thick below the Knees, as if they were fwoln, .by reafon of the bones, which are there great 5 wherefore that he might render the Bird more eafie to be known, he named it, Ocdic- nemus. ‘Lhe upper Legs are above half way bare of feathers; which note alone, - were there no other, argues this Bird to be a Water-fowl. The Chin, Breaft, and Thighs are white : ‘The Throat, Neck, Back, and Head covered with feathers, ha- ving their middle parts black, their lateral or bordersof a reddifh afh-colour, like that of a Curlew : Whence they of Norfolk callit, The Stoxe-Curlew. In each Wing are about twenty nine quil-feathers; the firft and fecond of which have a tranfverte white fpot, elfe their exteriour furface black : The fournext to thefe black : The three following have their bottoms and tips white: Then fucceed thir- teen black ones ; thelaft or next to the body are of the fame colour with it. The fir{t feathers of the fecond row are black: The reft have white tips, and under the tipsa crofs line or border of black. Inthe leffer rows of Wing-feathers is a tranfverfe bedor bar of white. The coverts of the under-fide of the Wings, efpecially thofe {pringing fromthe fhoulders, are purely white. The outmoft feathers of the Tail for the {pace of an inchareblack, thenwhite: Thenext to thefe, one on each fide, are variegated, with one or two brown bars crofling the white part: The -reft, the white by degrees fading and difappearing, become of the fame colour with the body. The tipsof the middlemoftare a little black. | The Tail is five inches long, confifting of twelve feathers. The guts great :: The blind guts three inches long : The fingle um- bilical blind gut half aninch. Webought this bird in the Market at Rome, and there _ defcribed it. It breeds very late in the year ( faith BeVonivs ) for we found of the Young about the end of Ofober,-which could not yet fly. Beoniws when he travelled firft in — England, obferved this Bird here; for the feathers and the Feet very like to a Buftard. . Aieleasoed and famous Sir Thomas Brown Knight, Phyfician in Norwich, informed us, that itis found about Thetfordin Norfolk, where they call it the Stowe-Curlew, and that its cry is fomething like that of a gree Plover. Another bird congenerous to this, wantingalfo the back-toe, ( which Aldrovandus decribed from. the intuition of a bare Pidture) but different in that itsThighs are feathered, and its. Toes without any intermediate:membrane, fee in his Wee Book 13. Se ee ee ee a ae Se ee ee ee : ~Boox Il, ORNITHOLOGY. 307 Book 13. Chap.15. I fufpectitto be the fame with the Ocdicuemys, and. thofe diffe- rent notes to be but miftakes of the Painter. | The Charadrios of Gefner, which Aldrovand judges to be the fame with our Oedic- The Charadvis nemus, 1s a foolith and ftupid bird. Being (hut up in any room, it walks up and “ of Gener. down, fometimesin a round about a Pillar or any other thing for a long time, and if any block or impediment be in its way it will rather leap over it, than decline from the right way. *It fhuts not its Eyes though you put your fingerto them. | It is ea- * tt winks ‘fily made tame, for when it is at liberty in the fields it isnot much afraid of aman. 20 Tt is a Water-fowl, and lives in fenny Meadows, or about Marfhes. In houfes alfo it catches Mice inthe nighttime. I hear that it abounds in the Low Countries, that it wanders up and down in the night, and makes a noife like a Whittle, or Pipe. | SECTION. VI. Cloven-footed Water-fowl with fhort Bills,that feed upon Infetts. 3 Cuar. I. The Lapwing or Baftard Plover: Capella five Vannellus. ““QHis Bird isin all Countries very well knowns ahd every where to be met with. In the North of Exgland they callit the Tewit, from its cry. It is of the bignefs of a common Pigeon, of eight ounces weight; thirteen inches and an half length, meafuring from Bill to Claws, and not much {efs from Bill to Tail-:Its-breadth, taken between the tips of the Wings {pread out, is twenty one inches. , __ The topof the Head above the Creft is ofa fhining black. The Creft {prings from the hind part of the Head, and confifts of about twenty feathers, of which the three or four foremoft are longer than the reft, in fome birds of near four inches length. The Cheeks are white 5 only a black line drawn under the Eyes through the Ears. The whole Throat or under fide of the Neck, from the Bill to the Breaft is black, which black partfomewhat refembles a Crefcent, ending in horns on each fide the Neck. The Breaft and Belly are white: As are alfo the covert feathers of the underfide of the Wings. The feathers under the Tail are of ‘a lovely * bright bay : + pit ize Thofe above the Tail are of a deeper bay : The feathers next them are dusky, with a dicea ~~ certain fplendour. The middle of the Back and the fcapular feathers are of a deli- cate fhining green, adorned with a purple {pot on each fide next the Wings. The utmotft edges of the tips of the middlemoft of the long fcapular feathers are whitith. . heist alfo is of an afh-colour, witha mixture of red and fome black lines near the Creft. _ Of the mafter-feathers of the Wing the three or four outmoft are black, with white tips: The following to theeleventh areblack. From the eleventh they are white at bottom, the hindmoft more and more in order than the foremoft. Yet this white doth not appear in the upper fide of the Wing, but is hid by the covert-fea- thers. Thofenext the body from the twenty firftare green. The leffer covert-fea- thers are beautified with purple, blue, and green colours, varioufly commixt. The outmott feather of the Tail on each fide is white, faving a black {pot in the exteriour Web. The tipsof all the reft are white, and beneath the tips the upper half black, andthe lower white. The Bill is black, hard, roundifh, of an inch length. The upper Mandible a little more produced : The Tongue not cloven; but its fides ‘re- flected upwards make a channel in the middle. The Nofthrils oblong, and furnifhed with a flexilebone. The Ears feemtobefituate lower in thisthan other Birds ; The _ Eyes are hazel-coloured. brs | The Feet are long, reddith [ in fome Birdsbrown. ] The back-toe finall: The outs moft of the fore-toes joyned to the middle one at thebottom. : | The liver is large, divided intotwo Lobes, with a Gallannexed. The Gizzard not fo thick and flefhy as iti granivorous birds, therein we found Beetles like to Meal- worms. It is infefted with Lice like the Terao. " . Rr 2 ‘The 308 * That black ring,repre- fenting a cre- {cent, we fpakeof. ORNITHOLOGY, Boor Mil, ~ The Hen isa little leffer than the Cock : Her throat is all white as low as the * col- Jar: The bay colour under the Tail paler. Moreover, the outmoft feather of the Tail is wholly white, wantingthat brown fpot. The colours alfo in the Cocks do fome- what vary, not anfwering always exactly in all things to our defcription. It lays four or five Eggs, of a dirty yellow, allover painted with great black {pots and {troaks. It builds its Neft on the ground, in the middle of fome field or heath open, and expofed to view, laying only fome few ftraws or bents under the Fees, that the Neftbenotfeen. The Eyes being fo likein colour to the ground on which they lie, it is not eafie to find them though they lie fo open: The Young fo foon as they are hatcht inftantly forfake the Nett, running away (as the common tradition is ) with the fhells upon theirheads, for they are covered with a thick Down, and follow the old ones like Chickens. They fay, that a Lapwing the further youare from her Neft, the more clamorous fhe is, andthe greater coil fhe keeps, thenearer you are to it, the quieter fhe is, and lefs concerned fhe feems : That fhe may draw you away from thetrue place, and induce you tothink it is where it is not. Thefe Birds are wont to be kept in Gardens in the Summer time, in which they do good fervice in gathering up and clearing the ground of Worms and other Infeéts, Their flefh is indifferent good meat. In Summer time they {catter themfelves about the Country to breed: In Winter time they accompany together, and fly in flocks. Cu AP. I. Of the Plover: De Pluviali fen Pardale. §. 1. Lhe green Plover. Pluvialis viridis. N bignefs it equals or exceedsthe Lapwing, weighing dbout nine ounces; being | in length from Bill to Tail eleven inches, in breadth between the tips of the Wings extended twenty four. Its colour on the top of the Head, Neck,Shoulders, Back, and in general the whole : upper fide is black, thick fet with yellowifh green {pots. If you heed each fingle feather, you will find the middle part to be black, the borders or edges round about {potted with a yellowith green colour. The Head for the bulk of the body is grea- terthan in the Frixge 5 the Bill ftreight, black, of an inch length, furrowed about the Nofthrils. The Neck thort, equal to a Lapwings.. The Breaft brown, {potted with a yellowifh green. The belly white, yet the feathers on the fides tipt with brown, and crofied alfo with brown lines. . Of the quil-feathers in each Wing the eleventh ends in a blunt point, thofe before it running out into fharp points on the outfide the thaft, thofe behind it on thein- fide, Allbut the five next the body arebrown. The fhafts of the outmoft eight or nine are half way white. The exteriour edges of the fifth, and thofe following it, are a little white toward their bottoms. The inmoft five next the body are of the fame colour with the Back. The fecond row of Wing-feathers are brown, [ or dui ky |] with white tips.. The reft of the covert-feathers are on the upper fide of the Wing of the fame colour with the Back, onthe under-fide with the Belly. The Tail is fhort, made up of twelve feathers, of the fame colour with the Back, when fpread terminated in a circular circumference. | The Feet and Claws are black. It wants the back-toe : By which note alone it is abundantly diftinguifhed fromthe other birds of its kind. Its Legs are long, as inall other birds which liveabout waters, ‘and bare of feathers for fome {pace above the knees. _ Its fleth is fweet and tender, and therefore highly efteemed, and accounted a choice difh, as well in Ezgland as beyond Seas. | This Bird from its {pots, fomething > emits thofe of a Leopard, is called Pardalis. a 4 j} §. II , “Booellly OR CIT HOLOGY. 09 | Dye th | | The grey Plover : Pluvialis cinerea, called at Venice, Squatarola. T is from Bill to Tail twelve incheslong, tothe Claws fourteen: Between the tips of the Wings fpread twenty four inches broad. Its Head, Back, and leffer co- verts of the Wings are black, with tipsof a greenifh grey. The Chin is white ; the Throat {potted with oblong, brown [or dusky} {pots. TheBreaft,Belly,and Thighs white. The quil-feathers in each Wing about twenty fix: Of which the firft or outmoft are black: Inthe fourth the middle part of the outer edges is white, the white part in the five following being enlarged gradually. The outmoft of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are alfo black. The tipsof thofe next after the fourth are white,and the edges too after the tenth. Of the third row the foremoft ten are black, with white tips. The Tail isthreeinches long, not forked, varied with tranfverfe bars, or beds of black and white. | Its Bill is black, above an inch long, like to the reft of this kind : The Tongue not cloven: Theback-toe very {mall : The fore-toes joyned by a membrane at the be- ginning of theirdivarication; that between the middle and inmoft leffer: The Feet of afordid green: The Claws little and black. It hatha Gall. | The flefh alfo of this Bird is very tender, favoury, and delicate; and in no lefs efteem than that of the former.. eo . Cusp. Kil. ‘The Dottrel : Morinellus Anglorum. = He Males in this kind are leffer than the Females, at leaft they were fo in thofe : _ we hapned to fee : For it might fall out to be foamong them by fome acci- — dent. TheFemale was almoft ten inches long, the Malebut nineand an half; _ the Female nineteeninches and anhalf broad, the Male but eighteen three quarters : The Female weighed more than four ounces; the Male fearce three and an half. ~The Bill, meafuring from the tip to the angles of the mouth, was an inch long: The Head elegantly variegated with white and black {pots, the middle part of ‘each fingle fea- ther being black. Above theEyes was a long whitifh line: The Chin whitifh. The Throat is of a pale cinereous or whitifh colour, with oblong brown {pots. The Breaft and underfide of the Wings of a dirty yellowifh colour, the Belly white. Each Wing hath about twenty five prime feathers, of which the firft or outmoft is the longeft, the tenth the fhorteft; from the tenth to the twentieth they are almoft equal : The reft to the twenty fourth are again longer the foregoing than the following. The firft or Pinion-quil hath a broad, ftrong, white fhaft : The three outmoft are blacker than thereft, which are of a dusky [ or brown] colour, having the edges of their tips whitifh. ‘The lefler rows of the Wing-feathets are brown, with yellowifh white tips, but thofe next the quils blackeft. The middle of the Back between the Wings is almoftof the fame colour withthem. The Rump and Neck are more * cinereous. * Grey: The Tail 1s compofed of twelve feathers, two inches and an half long, but the mid- dlemoft fomething the longer : The bottoms of all are cinereous, the tips white, the remaining part black: In the outmoft feather the white part is broader, in the middle ones narrower : The edges alfo of the outmoft feathers are whitifh. The Legs are bare for a little {pace above the Knees, of a fordid or greenifh yellow; the Toesand Claws darker coloured thanthe Legs. The inher Toe joyned to the middle only at bottom, the outer by a thick membrane as far as its firft joynt. Tt wants the back- toe, wherein it agrees with the green Plover, from which yet it is fufficiently diftin- guifhed by its colour, magnitude, and other accidents. - Its Bill is ftreight, black,and in figure like that of the Plover. Tt hath a flefhy ftomach, in which diflected we found fragments of Beetles, &c. Its guts were fourteendnchesand an half long. The Cock and Hen can fcarce be known afundet, they nit like in fhape, and colour. It its a very foolifh bird (faith Dr. Key in his Letter to Gefner ) but excellent meat, and with usaccounted a great delicacy. tis taken ia the night time by the on a a ~~ | andle, Z10 * Flemmings. oe - ORNITHOLOGY. Boox il. Candle, by imitating the geftures of the Fowler: For if he ftretches out an Arm, - that alfo ftretches out a Wing; if he a Foot, that likewife a Foot: In brief, what- ever the Fowler doth, the fame doth the Bird 5 and fo being intent upon mens ge- {tures it is deceived, and covered with the Net {pread forit.. Icall it Morine/ys for two reafons, firft, becaufe it 1s frequent among the* Morini: And next, becaufe it isa foolifh bird, even toa Proverb, we calling a Polith dull perfon a Doztterel,. Of the catching of Dotterels, my very good Friend Mr. Peter Dext, an Apothe- cary in Cambridge, a Perfon well skill’d in the Hiftory of Plants and Animals, whom I confulted concerning it, wrote thusto me. A Gentleman of Norfolk, where this kind of {port 1s very common, told me, that to catch Dofterels fix or feven perfons ufually go in company. When they have found the Birds, they fet their Net in an advantageous place; and eachof them holding a ftonein either hand get behind the Birds, and ftriking their ftones often one againft another roufe them, which are natu- rally very fluggifhs and fo by degrees coupthem, and drive them into the Net. The Birds being awakened do often ftretch themfelves, putting out a Wing or a Leg, and in imitation of them the menthat drive them thruft out an Arm or aLeg for fafhion fake, to comply withanold cuftom. But he thought that thisimitation did not con- duce to the taking of them, for that they feemed not to mind or regard it. ~~ Cuar. IV. The Sea-Lark : Charadrius five Hiaticula: if bignefs it (omewhat exceeds the common Lark: From the point of the Bill to the end ‘of the Tail or Legs( for they are equally extended» being eight inches and an half long, a line of black compafles the bafe of the upper Bill. This black line from the corners of the mouth is produced thtough theEyes as far as the Ears, and then turns up and pafles crofs the middle of the Head, encompafling a broad bed or fillet of white- drawn from the inner.corner of one Eye to the inner corner of the other. The hinder part of the Head is afh-coloured’: The Chin white. The Neck encompaffed by a double ring “or. collar, the upper white, which under- neath reaches asfar asthe Bill, and under the Chinis dilated almoftto the Eyes 5 the lower black, which is broader in the middle, and takes up part of the Breaft, before ~ alfo runs out toward the Bill. The Back and leffer covert feathers of the Wingsare * Or greys * afh-coloured. ‘The Breaft and Belly white. The outmoft of the quil-feathers of the Wings isblack, on the middle of the fhaft only {potted with white, which colour {preads it felf gradually and continually more and more inthe following feathers, infomuch that the twentieth andtwenty firft are wholly white. Thofe nextthe body are of the fame colour with the Back. . The feathers of the fecond row have white tips,.excepting the foremoft or outmolt. Hence, and from the white of the firft row arifes a long tranfverfe white line in the Wings. The outmotft feather of the Tail oneach fide is white, asalfo the tip and ex- teriour half of the next; of the three following only the tips: The two middlemoft are of the{ame colour with the Back, or alittledarker. The Tail is two inches and anhalf long, made up of twelve feathers, of which the outmoft are the longeft, of thereft the interiour are a little fhorter in order than theexteriour. [ The Tail-fea- thers in divers birds vary in colout, for in fome the two outmoft feathers are wholly white, and the tips alfo of the middlemoft. ] The Billis fhort, {Carce an inch in length, of two colours: For beneath toward the Head it is of a deep yellow or gold-colour more than half way, toward the pomt black. The upper Mandible a little longer, and fomewhat crooked. [ In others ( perhaps they were young ones ) we obferved the whole Bill to be black. ] The Jenene is not divided : The Eyesare hazel-coloured : The Legs and Feet of a pale if ow: The Claws black. It wantsthe back-toe. The outmoft of the fore-toes is joyned to the middlemoft by a membrane reaching to the firft joynt. The Stomach hath not very thick mufcles, in it difle@ed we found Beetles. ‘The Gall-bladder is large. it builds onthe Sea-rocks, making its Neft of graf, ftraws, and ftalks of Plants: Its Eggs are of a greenifh colour, {potted with brown, all the blunt end being dusky. It runs very {wiftly on the fhores, and makes fhort flights, finging or crying ; continually Boonlil ORNMITHODOGY, 3 continually asit flies. It is with us in’ Exgland every where very common uponthe Sea-coafts. We faw it alfo about'the Lake of Geeva, and it hath been brought to us killed upon the banks of the River Trevt, not far from Notimgham** oe This Birdis the very fame which Maregraviws defcribes, Book's. Chap.5. by, the name of Matuituz, as he faith the Brafilzans call it, as will clearly appear to him thac fhall but compare themtogether. So that it feems there are {ome Birds common to Europe, and even the Southern part of America. Leonard Balter defcribes and pictures two forts of this bird, Perchance hisJefler.kind is that which the Welfh call Goligod, and fay islikea Sea-Lark, butlefs. : os O's Aue eae ‘ 7 ww ft OVE: | \F\ 8 t ~ Lb, Vly {fi} Ee / 5 : et) M2 ; 4d Bes : ei 4 2 : 4! aE TG ail | en ea The Turn-ftone, or Sea-Dottrel: Morinellus marinus of Sir Thomas Brown. Aa Cindlus Pumeti? viccis \o gua ole ch) weed ow) . \ Vo . T is lefler thana Plover, and fomething bigger than a Blackbird: in length from | the tip of the Bill to the points of the Claws ten inches: In breadth between the extremities of the Wings extended twenty. It is long-bodied, and hath but an indifferent. Head. The Cocks and Hens differ not in colours. Its Bill is ftreight, black, aninchlong,from a thick bafe leflening by degrees into a {harp point,fomething flat, {tronger and ftifferthanin the Woodcock kind. | The colour of the Plumagein the Head, Neck, Shoulders, Wings, and upper part of the Breaftis brown. . [, Mr. WUughby makes the feathers covering thefe parts to be black, or purplifh black in the middle, cinereous, or of a white ruflet about the edges. | All the under-fide, but the Breaft; 1sas white as fnow.. The Plumage on the middle of the Back is white;.but on the very Rump is a‘great, ‘tranfverfe, ‘black fpot. The long fcapular feathers are brown, with edges of an afh-colour, or dirty white. The quil-feathers of the Wings are about twenty fix, of a brown or dusky colour: But from the outmoft three or four’their bottoms are white, continually more and more, till inthe nineteenth and twentieth the white {preads almoft over the whole feather. Inthe fecond row the foremoft feathers are wholly black: The tips of the following being white, together make a broad line of white crofs the Wing. Theedges of thelefler rows arered. ‘Near the fecond joynt of the Wing is a white fpot. The Tail is two inches and an halflong, confifting of twelve feathers,of which the lower half is white, the upper black, yet the very tips white. 1° ie The Legs are fhort, of a Saffron or Orange colour. The Claws black: The Toes divided ‘almoft to the bottom, but the outmoft and middle toe coupled by a mem- brane asfar as the firft joynt, It hath the back-toe. VET S80 The Liver is divided into two Lobes, of whichthe * dexteris much the bigger, 1“, Thaven the found no'Gall, yet dare not fay that-it wants one. Upon the Weftern fhores of Exg- wee land, about Penfans im Cordwal, and Aberdaren ii Merioneth-Ahire iti Wales, we ob- ferved many of them, where they fly three or four in company :.Nor are they lefs frequent on the Sea-coalts of Norfolk. . | Our honoured Friend Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich fent us the Picture of this bird by the title of the Sea-Dottrel. Cuap. VI. * The firf Junco of * Adrovand: ‘ mos aes i T isof the bignefs of a Sparrow, hath a black; channelled Bill fuliciendy hard, fH and crooked attheend; the Tongue alfo channelled, and ‘at the tip hard, and cloven. The upper part of the Head; Neck, and the Belly are of a chefnut- “~ colour. All theunderfideof the Neck and Breaft white. All the other parts | of the body from * dusky inclitte to black: The Tail is three inches long, contiltmg apie of tenfeathers: Thebegs'and Feetdusky. The Cock differs from the Hen only in Bao Si this, that in her the colours are more dull, in him more lively. ‘ie To 312 + gee. Little Hens. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox lil. To this Aldrovandadds another, which being altogether of the fame bigneG, the fame fhape and fafhion of body, and make of Bill and Feet, he thinks to. be of kin. to it, but to differ only in colour. For its Throat and Breaft. indeed are white, but its whole Belly from cinereous inclinesto dusky [ or brown. | The reft of the Plumage is dusky. BOOK Ill PART IL. Burds of a middle nature between Swimmers and Waders, or thatdo both Swim and Wade. Of thefe there be two kinds, the one of. cloven-footed Birds that frm, the other of whole-footed with long Legs. SECTION I. Cloven-footed Birds that fom in the Water. I. Such whofe Toes have no lateral membranes, called Wave R-HENS. Cuap. I. Of Water-hens or More-hens in general. He Charateriftic notes of Water-hens ot More-hens, by which they may be diftinguifhed from other kinds of Birds, are a fmall Head, a flender, com- prefled, or narrow Body: A {hort Bill, moderately bending ; fhortcon- a cave Wings, like to Hens 3 a very fhort Tail; long Legs; very long Toes: Short flights. They are called * Galinule by modern Writers, a diminutive word from Galina, which fignifies a Hen, for the likenefs of their bodies, ( efpecially their Bills and Wings ) and conditions to Hens. Cuar. II. Of Waterehens in particular. @ LL Lhe common Water-hen or More-hen :Gallinula chloropus major Aldrovandi. N thape of body it is like a Coot, but {maller : Narrow-bodied, or very much’com- prefied fideways ( which is common to all this kind) contrary to the Duck-kind, whofe bodies are broad, flat and deprefied. The Hen weighed twelve ounces, the Cock fifteen. Thelength of the Hen from the point of the Bill to the end of the Feet_wasmore than feventeen inches, to the end of the Tail thirteen and an half; of the Cock fourteen and anhalf. ‘The extremes of the Wings extended were twenty two inches and an half diftant: The ook Hl. OR NIT HO LOGY. 3 lite The Bill from the tip to the corners of the mouth was more than an inch long, The Bill. ftreight, or but little bending : The nether Chap, as far as the angle, ofa pale yellow, thenred 5 the upper lefs yellow at the end; about the Nofthrils, and to the end ofthe bald part red. The bald part is round, and ends at the topof the Head, being like that of a Coot, fave that the Coots 1s white, but this birdsred. The rednefs on the Bill is asit were plaiftered on, and may be fcraped off, The red part of the bill is fepa- _ rated from the yellow by a round circumference a little elevated, fo that im the mid- dle of the Bill it is produced further than on the fides. _ The Tongue 1s pretty broad, The Tongue, - not cloven, rough atthe end. The Irides of the Eyes.are red. The lower Eye-lid Eyes, is not feathered... [, athe young birds neither the Bill, nor the bald {pot in the fore- headare red. ] The Legs are green: The Claws of.a dark brown, near black, indiffe- Legs,. rently long. The Toes long, as in the Coots the middle the longeft, next the out- rel moft, all broaderand plainer below than in the other cloven-footed birds for the ufe. . of fwimming: The back-toe broad, as in Coots, ferving them perchanceas a Rudder, to {teer and dire& their courfe. The Legs are feathered almoft down to the knees, _ between the feathers and the joynt marked with a red {pot. pores | From the Shouldersor fetting on of the Wing all along its bafe or ridge, and to the ‘The colour of very endsof the feathers runsaline of white. The longer feathers under the Wings BG teAtieh are curioufly adorned with white fpots, or lines tending downwards. The Breatt is of alead-colour: The Belly inclining tegrey or afh-colour. Under the Tail are white feathers ; as it {wims or walksit often flirts up its Tail, and fhews the white, efpeci- ally when it puts down its head to pick up anything. The Back and lefler rows of , Wing feathers approachto a* ferrugineouscolour : Elfe it isall over blackifh. In the * Rufty. Male the feathersunder the Tail are whiter, the Belly more { cinereous, and the Back ¢ Ath-coloy- more ferrugineous. : aes | | * ret OF BESY Its Liver is fmall 3 Gall-bladder great; the Gall within being of a greenifh black The Liver colour. It will feed very fat. Its flefh is welltafted, and even comparabletorthat of ree Teal. It gets its food on graffie banks and borders near Waters, and in the very Wa- good meat. _ ters, efpecially if they be weedy : Feeding (I fuppofe .) upon the water-Infects it 1 food. finds among the weeds. It builds upon low trees and fhrubs by the water fides breeding twice or thrice in a Summer, and when its young ones are grown up it drives Its breeding, them away to fhift for themfelves. Its Eggsare fharp at oneend, white, witha tin- Eses, ctureof green, fpotted with reddith fpots. It {trikes with its Bill like a Hen: Itfits’ Manners, uponboughs, but thofeonly that are thick and near the water. It lives about Motes Place, and great Pools of water near Gentlemens houfes. It flies with its Feet hanging down. | i :] B * §. I. ) The other green-footed Water-hen of Aldrovand, perchance our Water-Rail: < ° His Bird fromthe tip of the Billto the end of the Tail-is almoft eighteen inches long. It hath a Bill two inches long, both above and underneath for fome {pace yellow, the remaining part being black. The Neck and Head are black: The Back arid upper part of the Wings of a chefnut-colour : The nether part of a dark _ cinereous : Only the extremes of the Wings are white.. The lower Belly alfo is al- moft all white. On the fides towards the Wings it is covered with thick feathers. The Tail ends * fharp, being above of a chefnut-colour, underneath white. The * phe tatine : Thighs are covered with afh-coloured feathers, [ varied lightly with tranfverfe white is # anum,but~ _ borders, not altogether down to the Knees.] The Legs are green: The Toes long, eee - r furnifhed with Clawsa little crooked, broad, and plain underneath; perhaps that 1t for éx acutwm: may {wim withthem when there is need or occafion. The Female is inall parts paler. * than the Male. _ | at 46." _ This Bird, if it benot our Water-Rail, is, Iconfels, to me unknown. I do indeed | . fufpectit to be the Rail, though, to fay the truth, the marksdo notagree. Where- - fore I would not omit its de{cription, that the Reader, comparing, it with that of the. : Rail, may himfelf judge. | | all & 4 ae “_t ° Ta «2 | - Sf " §. Ill. i ORNITHOLOGY. Box lil §. II. ~ Another green-footed Water-hen of Bellonius [zke to a Coot, perchance our'Gtinhetta, “7 E haveneceffarily feparated the Water-hen'[ la'Pouletté'd” eau’) from the lefler W and greater Coot (de la Poule G Macroule | becaufe it fwims’ not if the wa- ter, nor is Web-footed. We have impofed the name of Water-hen upon this Bitd’ from itslikenefs, though it be much lefs 5 yetis it bigger thana Razl, fo that items to partake of both. The Fowlers to whom we fhewed it, feeingit!to be ke a Coot. would ‘needs perfwade me that it differed only in bigne(s, ‘being not yet conie'to its full‘age-and growth. _ Whereupon I did more diligentlyfearch out'fome diférimi- nating notes’: Among which this was the chief, that' this Water-hen had green Legs and Feet, not unlike to a Bitterns, and not fo plain, nor having fuch broad ‘appen- dant membranes asin aCoot. The Tail alfo-of' this Water-hew is longet, and'the bare | {pot upon its forehead lefs. In colour it is indeed like to a‘ Raz/, but’ tending to wo! that of'a Coot: Wherefore at firft fight I took it’ to be a Rail, but viewing it more ia carefully, I obferved' that it had white Eye-lids, which’ neither Rail nor Coot' have. In the Tail were two white feathers, one on ‘each fide.’ Under the Breaft it inclined a little to blue. The Back is of a deep chefnut colour. - Some alfo are blacker than others, and have the folds of their Wingswhite ; and moreover, another’ white line *mmiane in the*lefler Wing, which its firft feathers longways of the quil or fhaft compofe. cae cA The'{ame meat was found in itsStomach as inthe Rails and Coots.’ Tt hath a Breaft- following Ido bone and a Hip-bone different from other Birds, ‘yea, even from the Coot. Aor “vhat _ its flefhis like that of the Morehen, tender, and of eafie digeftion : Its bones eafie our author _ to be broken : Its Liver alfo brittle : Its Craw large :Its'Guts and Entrails as irra Coot: meats. When roatted alfoit is of the fame tafte with a Coot. It builds, breeds, and brings up its young likethe Rail. | ieee *Thelefer This Bird in thany things refembles our Grietta, or\* Gallinula-poliopws minor of ie Sinai Aldrovand, {o that I doubt not but it is’ the fame : Howbeit; thought fit to infert MOS “ts defeription in this work, that I might leave the Reader to the’ freedom ‘of his judgment: | Pike tmocse vr } Q. IV. ; ia mers | i J ae “ ; * Ornithol. "The Water-Razl, called by fome the Bilcock or Brook-Ouzel: Rallus aquaticus* Aldrev. _ m3-P455 —3e. Ortygometra BeLonii : Alfo the Gallinula:chloropus:altera, Aldrov. And | perchance the Gallinula Serica of the fone:So ef one fpecies he makes three. T is ike the common Watér-hen, but lefs 5 bigger than.a Oni 5 of a flerider, nar- | row or comprefled body: From point of Bill to: the endof the Claws fixteen inches long, tothe end of the Tail but twelve: According toour uftial way of mea- furing fixteen inches broad. Le eee its Head isfmall, narrow, or comprefied fideways. Its Bill, like the Ruffs, about two inches long, ftreight, comprefled likewife fideways, red, efpecially the’ lower Mandible, and lower part of the upper, for toward the top or point it is black, {mooth, ‘andhard. ‘The Tongue reaches to the very end of the Bill; and is white =» -and’rough atthetip. It hatha round, black, bald {pot or naked skin in the forehead, but much lef§ than that of the Coot; fo little that it 1s fcarce obfervable. The colour of the Head, Shoulders, Back, covert-feathers of the Wings, in brief, the whole up- per fide is various of black or dark brown, and olive colour; each fingle feather ha- . ving its middle part black, ‘and its edges-olive-coloured. - [ Mr. Willughby makes the colour of the borders or edges of the feathers a yellowith red orruflet 5 and attri- : butes white {pots to the Head, which were not, or at leaft not obferved in the birds .° . _ teen arid deferibed by me. ] The Chin is white, the Throat ted, with a mixture of al afh-colour; the extreme edges, and as it were fringes of the’ feathers being a little % grey. The Breaft ismore blue, with a bed-of white in the middle. On the Thighs o-% and fides under the Wings grow black feathers, elegantly variegated with tran{verfe a white lines. The Belly isrufiet, with white feathers under the Tail, like the common Morehen, marked with one or two black f{pots. The Wings are hollow, the quil- hy: ano feathers fhort, black, or very near it, in number twenty two. Along the bafs of fou the Wing isa line of white, asin the Morehex. The Tail is* fhort and black, Fe | edges 4 2 \, feeds of Plants. ka | ' . This fort of Water-hen we firft faw and defcribedat Milan, then at Florence,where a Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY. edges of the two middle feathers are red. The Legs and Feet are of adark fleth-co- lour: The Legs ftrong: The Toes, as in the reft of this kind, very long, divided from the very rife, except that the outer Toe is joyned to the middle by a membrane at the bottom. The Claws are of the fame colour with the Toes. | | It had a great, long, crookedGall-bladder; and a large Gall-pore befides: Long blind-guts, filled with Excrements; a mufculous Stomach, in which we found a fhell- Snail. | ore fh 7 It runs very {wiftly, and hides itfelf about the. banks cf Rivers: It walks rather than {wims in the water. It flies with its feet hanging down. | Itis called at Venice, Forzane, or Porzana, aname commonto other Water-bens alfo, obs Shon VC R15 * The Velvet Runwer : Gallinula Serica Gelueri. * Aldrov. Perchance + Tom. 3. the fame with the precedent. P: 470 , Hisis a remarkable bird ; very handfomly particoloured of black and red al- motft all the body over, (as far as I remember) except that the Belly is white. And becaufe the black colour in its feathers fhines like Velvet, I thought fit to make and impofe upon it the German name Samethunle. Its Legs are long and dark-colou- red : Its Toes very long, but the back-toe fhort': Its Billlong. Thus far Ge/ver, and again in his Epitome : This Bird may be called Galxa Serica, becaufe in it the black colour fhines like filk. Quere whether this be not the Ortygometra of Belloniws ¢ And we truly hitherto have been of that opinion, but then Gefzer hath not well defcribed it: Which yet is not at all ftrange, fith (as wefee ) hedefcribed it by memory. oa tal ar @. VI. A finall Water-hen, ‘called Grinetta iv Italy 5 and at Milan Gillerdine: +» Poliopus Gallinula minor, Aldrov, Tis lefs not only.than,the common Water-hen, but than the Rail, but in thape of ] body like. Its Legs and Feét aré of the fame, both figure and colour, with the common Water-hens, viz. afordidgreen. The Toes very long, divided to the bot- tom: The Bill fhorter than either the Rails or common Morehens, comprefied or nar- row, fharp-pointed, of 4 yellow colour, brighter at the head, darker toward the tip. Theupper part of the upper Chap near the Head above the Nofthrils is crufted over with.a kind of yellow plaifter. The Head, asin the reft of this kind, is little. . The colour ofthe feathersin the middle of thecrownis darker : From the Bill above the Eyes on each fide is drawna line of grey or pale afh-colour: Beneath about the Fars the feathers are of the fame colour with thereft of the body 3 under the Throat again they are afh-coloured or blue. The Neck, both above and beneath, and all the Breaft are particoloured, w/z. of a middle colour between green, yellow, and dusky, elegantly {prinkled with black fpots. [ Mr. Wilughby makes the Breaft white or cinereous, .the bottoms of the feathers being black, the Throat black, with white {fpots, the Chin of a dark afh-colour without fpots.] The feathers on the crown of the head havetheir middle parts black, their edges red: Thofe on the Shouldersand middle of the Back their middle parts about the fhaft black, their fides: and tips of a fordid red, their utmoft edges on each fide white. gis ap ‘The quil-feathers of the Wingsare all of a dark brown, with a certain tincture of red - Thecovert-feathers red, with tranfverfe waved lines of white at intervals. The lateral parts covered by the Wings,are clodthed: with brown feathers, variegated with tranfverfe waved lines of white. The Tailis fhort, confifting of twelve feathers, of the fame colour with the quils of the Wings, fave that the middlemoft on their lateral edges have fomething of white. But whatis efpecially remarkable in the Tailis, that when {pread it is not plain, as in moft birds, but notably concave. The middle fea- thers are longer than thereft. Moreover,the Wings are very hollow,asin mott Land- fow] of the Poulery-kind. _ The Gall is large, the Stomach mufculous : In it we found, - the Fowlers call it Tordo Gelfewino, unlefs perchance that be,a diftin& kind ; ane vi bag as | altly, R16 ORNITHOLOGY, Boox fl, daftly, at Valence in Spain. That this is the GaVivula poliopus of Aldrowand the names impofed on it do perfwadeus, though the defcriptions do not inall points agree, int The Bird that I defcribed at Florence was of the bignefs of the lefler Ty; ga, lone= bodied, with afmall Head, Wings of a mean fize, a fhort Tail, Legs bare for a lite he above theknees, very long Toes except the backone, which is fhorter in proporti- on than thereft, and fituate higher. The Bill, for the bignefs of the bird, isofa good length, ftreight, narrow, or compreffed fideways; of a greenith yellow colour: But the upper Mandible both at the bafe and toward the tip is darker coloured, and'as it were of adusky green. The Legs and Feet are of a fordid green, neither isthe co- lour of the Claws different. In the colour of the feathers~it agrees moftwhat: with the defcribed, fave that inthe middle of the Back between the Wings a black lift runs down befprinkled with white {pots, ofa confiderable length and breadth: to which alfo are two lines adjacent, one on each fide, in the covert-feathers of the Wings not parallel to the middle one, but running out wider toward the Fail. The Eyes are{mall, and their [rides of a greenifh yellow. In the bird that Mr. Willughby mea- {ured the length from Bill to Claws was thirteen inches, from Bill to Tail nine and an half: The breadth between the tips of the Wings fixteen. The Bill, like that of the common Water-hen, ftom the point to the angles of the mouth {earce an inch long: The Tailtwoinches. Along theutmoft edge of the Wing from the Shoulders to the very tip ofthe outmoft pinion feather runs a lineof white, as inthe common Water- hen. This line of white was notin the Bird we deferibed at Florence: Yet TI periwade my felf that both thefe defcriptions are of one and the fame Species of bird, differing’ either in Age or Sex. | §. VIL. * The Water-hen called by Gefner Ochropus : Schmirring, Aldrov. lib. 20. cap. 42. Co he denominates it from the pale yellow or Brimftone-like colour of its Legs, \._) (which appears alfo in its Bill to. the middle part or further, forthe forepart of it is black.) Itis calledin High Dutch Schwirring, aname ( asI guefs)) framed in imita- SOS of its voice or the noifeit makes. Ithath the greateft variety of colours of any tS! bird of this kinds there appearing in it feven diftin& ones (as the * Pi@ure fhews.) the bird from For befides the yellow colour I fpake of, every where all over the whole bod y appears gach the P- a rufiet, [ ruffas:7] In the ends of the thorteft feathers of the Wingsa red, like red ken,we fhould Oker : A white both on the Head and about the Eyes, and alfoin the middle feathers havehada of the Wings, and in the Belly. The longeft feathers of the Wings are black, and cae rd; elfewherein the Back, Tail, Neck, and Wings are {pots of black. The edges of the ption of it, Eye-lids are tinctured with a Saffron-colour. There isalfo fomething of brown and cinereous in the Wings. The Feet want the back-toe, unlefs the PiGure deceives me. It buildsamong fhrubs with mofs and grafs. Thusfar Gefver. This Bird Cif it be rightly defcribed, of which weare very doubtful ) we have not yet fen. | §. VOI. ' * "The Wyn-kernel or Gallinula ochra of Gefrer, Aldrov.lib.26. cap.48. ( faith Gefver ’) named thisOchra, fiom the greenith, but fordid and dark colour of | almoft the wholebody, more dysky on the upper fide, The Head, Neck, Breaft, and Wings are adorned with points and {pots of white. The Tailis in part white. ‘tu ; a The Bill partly purple, peuy black. The F A a ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il, * calvities. fedthers, foft, {mooth, round, which they callthe* baldnefS. The feathers about the - Head and Neck are low, foft, and thick, The colourall over the bod y black, deepes about the Head. The Breaft and Belly are of a lead-colour.’ The Thighs.coye- red with feathersalmoft down to the knees : Juft beneath the feathersis a ring of yel- low about the Leg. The firft ten quil-feathers are of a dark, dusky, orblack colour the eight next lighter,with white tips; the laft or next the body are of a deeper black. The Tail confilts of twelve feathers, andis two iiches long. ius The Liver is great, divided into two Lobes, having alfo a large Gall. The blind guts are nine inches long, their ends for an inches {pace being reflected or doubled backwards. Itbuilds its Neft of grafs, broken reeds, &c. floating onthe top of the water, {fo that it rifes and falls together with the Water. The Reed, among which it is built: ftop it that it be noticarried down ftreams. This Bird im the figure.and makeof its body refembles a Water-hez, to which gexws it ought without all doubt to be referred. It feldom fits upon trees, ‘The flefh of it with us is accounted no good meat : In Italy it is more efteemed.. Lior nl: §. I~ * Bellonius his greater Coot, called by the French Macroule, or Diable de mer. T always dives infrefh waters, andis.ofia colour. fo exquifitely black, asif it were laid on with a Pencil. The white’baldfp6t on the Head is broader than in the common Coot: And it is fomewhat bigger-bodied. It draws up its Legs, and hath broad Toés, divided from each other, like the common Cost. . . os Jools SECTION. IL. | Whole-footed long-leg'd Birds. Crave “1 1° unufual figure. For the upper Mandibleis flatand broad,crooked,and toothed: ‘The lower thicker than it: The tip of the Bill black, elfe-it is of a dark - blue. | Sie | The Neck and body are white: The quil-feathers of the Wings black : The covert- feathersare wholly died with a moft beautiful bright purple or flame-colour, whence it took the names Phenicopter and Flamuant. ie hath extraordinary long Neck and Legs. _ The Bill isbroad, of fingular,ftrange, It is whole-footed (.as Gefzer rightly hath it) from whom Aldrovandus, deceived ( I guefs) by the Pidure of it diffenting, -affirms the contrary, viz. that it is cloven- footed. b In Winter-time in hard weather it comes over to the Coaft of Provence and Lan- guedocin France, and is oftentaken about Martiguez in Provence, and Montpelier in Languedoc. Wefaw feveral cafes of it dried at Montpellier. a The French callit Flambant or Flammant, rather from the flammeous colour of its Wings and Feet, than becaufe it comes from Flanders in the Winter-time to the Coafts of Languedoc. For I believe there was f{carce ever {een about Flanders a bird of this kind, fo far are they from being common there, and flying from thence into other Countries. Howbeit, the Provencals might. perchance through miftake think fo. Whenceit comes, or where it breeds, istome unknown. ~ “It feeds upon Periwinkles and fifhes. The Ancients reckon the Phenicopters Tongue among the choiceft dainties. | Apitvs, the moft profound gulphof gluttony and riot, Pe rag (as Pliny xelates}) wrote, that a Phenicopters Tongue is of an excellent tafte and - rellith. CHAP. Boox WL OR ACITHOLOG?. " Cuar. IL * The Trochilus, commonly called, Corrira, * Aldroy, 4 Lib. 194 /cap.ds. His Bird hath long Legs, yea, the longeft of any whole-footed + Fowl ex- + Here he ig q ceptthe Avofétta : Wherefore becaufe it runs very fwiftly they call it Corrira ~ miftaken, for the Flammant [ Courier] whence I conjecture it to-be the Trochil#s% which, as they write, hath longer. runs along the fhores with that celerity many times, that itsrunning is {wifter than its ‘flying. ‘It is a particoloured Bird, hath a ftreight “yellow Bill, Black atthe tip: A... wide flit of the mouths black Eyes, cémpafled about with a white circle, which is enyifoned by another {padiceous one. Underneath‘on the Belly it i8 white. “Two white feathers, which yet have black’ tips, cover'the Tail. The upper fide, Head, Neck, Back, and Wingsare moftly of a ferrugineouscolour. It hath ( as I faid.) long Legs, fhort Thighs, Toes joyned together by membranes. ’ Havingnot-feen this Bird we have 10 more toadd concerning it. Its figure fomewhat refembles a Lary. Aldrovawdus is miftaken.in that he writes his Trochilys hath the longeft Legs of any whole-fodted bird but the Avo/étta: For the Phenicopter hath mich longer Legs than the Avojetiaitfelf. But Aldrovandysisheréinto be’excufed, for that he held the Phe- wicopter tobe a cloven-footed bird. ~ +) & pemginee! 73 ef soe) te nl ae ' ee, ee » Rapes | -Cuap. II. The Avofetta of the Italians :. Recurviroftras «<% a N bignefs it fomewhat exceeds Aline weighing tefi ounces and an half 5 bes -. {@ -ing extended in length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Toes twenty ue is 7. =e inches and‘an half long, flender, black, flat or deprefled, reflected upware is peculiar to this Bird, ending in-a very thin, flender, weak point. The Teas Jittle {tones, fo that thence we could not learnon what it feeds. Indeed, the Bill be- ing-fo {lender, weak, long, and of fo inconvenient a figure, turning upwards,oneaould wonder how it could gather its food, be it what it will. Mr.Wilughby defcribes the Wings thus. The interiour {capular feathers ate black, which make a long black fpot in the middle of the Back, The covert-feathers of the upper part of the Wing, from the fetting onthereof to the fif{t joynt, are whites from the firft to thefecond joyntthe lefler covert-feathers are black: ; from the fecond joynt to the roots of the greater quil-feathers white again. The ‘firft quill or pinion feather is wholly black, the fucceeding have by degrees lef§ and lef$ black, till im the © te ; ° ° : eignt only the exteriour tip remains black.. Ts! © We ORNITHOLOGY. Boox lil. We {aw many of thefe birds both at Rome and Vente : They do alf frequent our Eaftern Coaftsin Suffolkand Norfolk in Winter time. «But there needs no great pains be taken or time {pent in exadtly defcribing this bird: For the fingular figure of its Bill reflected upwards is fufficient alone to characterife and diftinguith it from ll other * birds we have hitherto feen or heard of. Boox I. Parr lll. . Of WuoreroorTep Birps with fhorter Legs. ae € Of fuch as W/ excess birds with fhorter Legs we diftinguifh into *fuch as want the ‘gee three back-toe, andfuch as haveit: Thefe latter into fuch as have all four toes ote. aes web-d together, and {uch as have the back-toe loofe or feparate from the reft: Thefe latter again we fubdivide into narrow-bill’d and broad-bill’d : The nar- row-bill'd have their Bills either hooked at the end, or ftreighter and thar -pointed. The hook-bill'd have their Bills either even, or toothed on the fides. hofe that have {treighter and fharp-pointed Bills are either fhort-winged and divers, called Donckers and Loos ; or long-winged, and much upon the Wing, called Gulls. The broad-bill'd are divided into the Goo/e-kind, and the Duck-kind. The Duck-kind are either Sea-ducks, or Pond-ducks. : . The general marks of whole-footed birds are, 1. Short Legs; Here we muft ex- cept the Phenicoptter, Corrira, and Avofetta: 2. Legs feathered downto the Knees : 3. Short hind-toes: 4.Theoutmoft fore-toe fhorter than the inmoft : 5. Their Rumps lefs erect, than other birds: 6.°Moft of the broad-bill’'d kind have a*kind of hooked narrow plate at the end of the upper Chap of their Bills; their bodies flat or deprefied, ; : N. B. Underthe nameof whole or web-footed we comprife fome birds, which have indeed their Toes divided, but membranes appendant'on each fide, fuch are fomeof the Divers or Loons. ‘Thefe might more properly be denominated /iz-toed ot fin-footed than whole-footed. | LS EG OE PONE E Whole-footed Birds that want the Back-toe. ge Cu ae. I, *e 7 Lhe Bird called Penguin by our Seamen, which feems to be Hoiers Goifugel. ies.” N bignefs it comes near to a tame Goof. The colour of the upper fide is black, -of the under white. Its Wings are very fall, and feem to be altogether unfit for flight Its Bill is like the Ayks, but longer and broader, comprefled fideways, _ graven in with feven or eight furrows in the upper mandible, with ten in the lower. The lower Mandible alfo bunches out into au angle downward, likea Gus Bill. It differs from the Avks Bill in that ithathno white lines, From the Bill to the Eyes on ac fide is extended a line or {pot of white.It wants the back-toe, and hatha very Ofetail.. gare me : pel faw and Picribed itdried inthe Repofitory of the Royal Society. I faw italfoin radefcants Cabinet Lambeth near London, | . The Penguin of the Hollanders, or Magellanic Goofe of Clufius. _ The Birds of this kind, found in the Iflands of the ftrait of Magelane, the Hol- landers from their fatnefs. called Penguins. fF find in Mr. Terries Voyage tothe Faft Indies mention made of this Bird. He deferibes it to be a great lazy bird, with a white a... A. . , mm, , " - Boox Il, OR NCITHOLOGY. 323 white Head, and coal-black botly. . Now {eeing PenguiX in the Welfh Tongue figni- fiesa white head, Lrather think the Bird was {fo called from its white head ; though I confefs that our Pewguin hath not a white Head, but only fome white about the Eyes. |] This( faithClufiws ) isa Sea-fow] of the Gooje-kind, though unlike in its Bill. It lives in the Seas is very fat, and of the bignefs of a large Goofe, for the old ones in this kind are found to. weigh thirteen, fourteen; yea, fometimes fixteen pounds 5 the younger eight, ten, and twelve. The upper fide of the body is covered with black feathers, the under fide with white. The Neck (which in fome is fhort and thick) hath as it were a ring or collar of white feathers. Their skin is thicklikea Swines. They want Wings, but inftead thereof they have two {mall skinny fins; -hanging down by their fides like two little arms, covered on the upper fide with fhort, narrow, ftiff feathers, thick-fet 5 on the under fide with leffer and {tiffer, and thofe white, wherewith in fomepplaces there are black ‘ones intermixt; altogethet unfit for flight, but fuch as by their help thebirds {wing {wiftly. I underftood that they abide for the moft part in the water, and go to land only in breeding time, and for the moft part lie three or four in one hole. They have a Bill bigger than a Ra- vens, but notfo *high 5 andavery fhort Tail5 black, flat Feet, of the form of Geefe- * Elated feet, but not fo broad. They walk erect, with their heads on high, their fin-hke Wings hanging down by their fides like arms, fo that to them who fee them.afar off they appear like fo many diminutive men or Pigmies. I find in the Diaries [_ dr Jour- nals of that Voyage ] that they feed only upon fifh, yet is not their flefh of any un- grateful relith, nor dothit tate of fifh. They dig deep holes in the fhore like Cony- burroughs,making all the ground fometimes fo hollow, thatthe Seamen walking over it would often fink up tothe knees in thofe vaults. Thefe perchance are thofe Geefe, which Gomora faith are without feathers, never come out of the Sea, and inftead of feathers are covered with longhair. ‘Thus far Clufiws, whofe defcription agrees well svouee to our Penguin's but‘his figure is falfe in that it is drawn with four toes in each oot. ° 3 7 ~ Olaws Wormius * treating of this bird, to Clufivs his defeription adds of hisown * ™welib.34 obfervation as followeth. This Bird was brought me from the FerreyersUlands 5 poe kept it alive for {ome months at‘myhoufe. It wasa young one, ‘forit hadnot arrived to that bignefS as to exceed a common Goofé. It would {wallowan entire Herring at once, and fometimes three fucceffively before it was fatisfied. |The feathers onits ’ back were fo foft and even that they refembled black Velvet. Its Belly was of a pure white. Above the Eyes it hada round white fpot, of thebignefs of a Dollar, that you would have {worn it werea pair of Spectacles, ( which Clufiws obf{erved not ) nei- an wereits Wings of that figure he exprefless but alittle broader, witha border of white. , ; Whether it hath or wants the back-toe neither Clufivs nor Wormiys in their de- {criptions make any mention. In Wormivs his figure there areno back-toes drawn. This Bird exceeding the reft of this kindin bignefs juftly challenges the firft place among them. _ Cuar. I. Res Patra 3 >. The Bird called the Razor-bill in the Weft of England, the Auk in. the North, the Murre in Cornwal : Alka Hoieriin Epift. ad Clufium. Worm.muf? Hisis lefsby half thanthe Pexguiz, being not fo big asa tame Duck; Between . the tips of the Wings fpread it was twenty feven inches broad. Its Head, _ Neck, Back, and Tail, in general its whole upper fide is black. Its Belly and Breft as far asthe middle of the Throat white. The upper part of the Throat under the Chin hath fomething of a dusky or-purplith black. Each Wing hathyee twenty eight quil-feathers; the tips of all * to the eleventh are white. he Tail 3 * Butthe eles threeinches long, confifting of twelve feathers, the exteriour fhorter by degrees than Ven one the interiour: The excefs of thetworniddlemoft above the next them is greater than: that of the reft. | The Bill from the tip to the angles of the mouth istwo inches long, of a deep black, narrow orcomprefled fideways. A littekeyond the Nofthrils in the upper Mandible there isengraven a furrow or incifion deeper than that in the. Cou/ter-neb. As ie vee | Tt 2 this » 7 , — | EAs 224. ORNCITHOLOGY Boox If, this groove the Bill is covered with a thick, fhort, foft down, like the nap of Velvet, The upper Chap is crooked at the end, concave and overhangs the’ lower: Both are of equal length, channelled with two tranfverfe furrows or grooves [ the upper for themoft part with three, ] that next the Head, which is the wideft, and almoft crofles the whole Bill, being white. In thefe furrows there is fome diverfity in feveral birds; for {ome have more than two: Yet are the white lines like and equal in all. Befides from each Eye to the corner of the upper Mandible is a narrow white line drawn. ‘The Mouth within is of alovely yellow: The Eyes hazel-coloured. The Legs are fituate asin the Pexguiz' and Coulterzeb, ofa black colour,as are alfo the Feet and Claws. It wants the back-toe. It lays, fits, and breeds up its Young on the ledges of the craggy Cliffs and fteep Rocks by the Sea-fhores, that are broken and divided into many as it were ftairs or thelves, together with the Coulternebs and Guillemots... The Mavks men are wont to compare thefe Rocks, with the Birds fitting upon them in breeding time to an Apo- thecaries fhop, the ledges of the Rocks refembling the fhelves, and the Birds the pots. About the Ifle of Maz are very high Cliffs, broken in this manner into many ledges v one above another from top to bottom: They are wont to let down men by ropes from the tops of the Cliffs to take away the Eggs and youngones. They take alfo the birds themfcives when they are fitting upon their Eggs, with {nares faftened to the tops of long poles, and fo put about their Necks, They build no Nets, but lay their _ Eggs upon the bare Rocks. They fetch many circuits in getting up to their Nefts, and if they havenot aimed right, andfo mifs of them, they drop down into the Sea, and afcend up again by degrees. | if All the birds of this kind that we know lay extraordinary great Eggsin proportion totheir bodies : This birds are two inches three quarters long, the lefler ends not fo fharp as in the Guillemots, white, varied with black {pots, as Hoderws rightly defcribes them. They feed altogether upon fith. | Saeed y Cuar. Ul *Tom3. * The Mergus of Bellonins, * Aldrov. Perchance the fame with the precedent. Pag.240. : » EZouiws, in his Book of Obfervations writes, that there’is a peculiar fort of Sea- diver in Candy, differing from the * Phalaero-corax, and other divers, which he thinks to be the Aithyia of Ariftotle.. The Inhabitants of the Camdy-thores — ( faith he ) callit Otamania. It isofthebignefsofa Teal d’ une Sarcelle | hath a white Belly, a black Head and Back, as alfo Wings and Tail. This alone among whole- footed, birds wants the back-toe. [ Herein BeMonjus.is miftaken. | Its feathers are like down, fticking faftin the skin. Its Bill hath fharp edges, is hollow, and almoft plain, for a good part of it covered with downy feathers ; the upper Chap being black, the lower white: the crown of its Head is broad. This bird in many things refemblesthe Avk, and perchance it may be the fame, for its figure is notunlike: Butif itbe indeed, as it isdefcribed, no bigger thana Teal, and the lower Mandible of its Bill be white, it muft be different. 4 . \ % a ‘ i 4 Y: iin ew # * The Coot. % tl Cuap. IV. The Bird called by the Welfh and Manks-men, a Guillem, by thofe of Northumberland and Durham, a Guillemot, or Sea-hen , in Yorkshire about * It is another Scarburgh, a *Skout ; by the Cornifh;a Kiddaw: Lomwia Hoieri in | Birdwhich te Epift. ad Clufium. the Scots about the Bafs Ifland, and es ! ) ag ee ae nit hii if islike the Auk, but greater, coming near to the bignef$ of a Duck: In length bas aboar ei from Bill to Tail eighteen inchesand an half; in breadth the Wings being {pread tallg Ah out thirty. Its Head, upper-fide of the Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail, and be- viz, the Alka fide, the Chinalfo as far as the middle of the’'Throat are of a dark brown, or black of Hiitr. — afh-colour : TtsBelly;Breaft, and the reft of its Throat are whixe,as in the Avk, The tips ' eatenees Book lll ORNITHOLOGY, 325 a a a Se a yee | tipsof the eleven foremoft or outmoft Wing-feathers of the firft row are white, asin the Avk, The Tailistwo inches long, confiftne of twelve feathers, the middlemoft the longeft, the reft by degrees fhorter and {horter to the outmolt. | The Bill is {treight, fharp-pointed, black, from the tip to the angles of the mouth, | -almoftthree inches long, round. ‘The upper Chap near the point hath on éach fide a {mall angular procefs or tooth which is not received in the lower, but overhangs it on both fides when the mouthisfhut. The Tongue undivided: The mouth within yellow. The Feet fituate very backward near the Tail, asin the precedent, ofa black colour, asarealfo the Claws. It wantsthe back-toe. | The skin of the ftomach within is yellow :'The Gall-bladder large: The Tefticles in the Malesgreat, from which the feminal vefiel with various winding and reflections tend to the vent. i : It livesand companies together with the Axks and Coulternebs: Breeding after the {ame manner, and in the fame places : Butit is a fimpler bird, and more eafily taken. p Tt breeds yearly on the fteep Cliffs and inacceffible Rocks of the Ifle of Maz, as do the Avks, &c. Likewife onan If{land or Rock called Godreve, not far from St. Ives in Corawal: Alo on Preftholw (land, about a League diftant from Beenmaris inthe ‘Ifle of Axglefey, where for want of frefh water no body at prefent dwels, nor are there any buildings remaining, fave an old ruinous Chappel dedicated to St. Siri- cian. My Lord Bzlkley is proprietor of this Hland. Moreover, this Bird frequents and builds on the Farz Iflandsnear the coaft of Northumberland 3 and the Cliffs about Scarburgh in Yorkshire, inthe Summer-months. | k This lays the biggeft Eggs of all this kind, more than three inches long, very fharp atone end, and bluntattheother, of a bluifh green colour, fome varied with black {pots or {trokes, fome without any. Mr. Fobufox hath obferved thefe birds to vary fomewhat in colour, fome having black backs, fome brown or bay: Perchance thefemay be Hens, thofe Cocks. | Wages as Vil ‘ny cethatvuly Lhe Bird called Coulterneb at the Farn Iflands, Puffin in North-Wales,. in South-Wales Gulden-head, Bottle-nofe, and Helegug, at Scarburgh Mullet, in Cornwal Pope, at Ferfey and Guernfey Barbalot : Anas Arctica Cluf. Pica marina vel Fratercula Gefneri * Aldrov. | * Tom.3. Pag.21 50 7 His is leffer than the tame Duck, extended in length from Bill to Feet twelve — ~=—-sdAnches. Its Billis fhort, broad, and compreffed fide-ways, contrarily tothe. “Bills of Ducks, of atriangular figure, and endingin a fharp point, theupper Mandiblearcuate, and crooked at the point. Where it is joyned to the Head acer- tain.callous "er EL its bafe, asin Parrots. Between this callous body and the firft furrow, anonto be defcribed, are long holes for the Nofthrils produced bythe aperture of the mouth. The Bill is of two colours,near the Head * cinereous + Afh-colow. or livid, toward the point red itéhath three furrows or grooves imprefied in it, one *““ in the livid part, two inthe red. The Mouth is yellow within. -The Eyes grey or afh-coloured. The Eye-lids are ftrengthened with a black cartilage: in the lowerisa carneous protuberance of a ~* livid colour, in the upper a fmall triangular exerefcency ¥ Black and of the fame colour. | | | Se TheFeet of fome are yellow; I fuppofe thofe are young ones, of othersred, fituate of aSwew. , * Have the — Tail. In the Female the whole Head and the Cheeks are red or falvous: The Throat white. Onthe beginning of the Breaft above the Craw thereis feen as it were a col- lar of a darker or brown colour : It hath no Creft. All the upper fide except the Wings is of a dusky afh-colouror brown. About the middleof'each Wing are two tran{verfe white lines. In other particulars it agrees well enough with the Male. It hath a great Gall; oblong Tefticles: The Guts have many revolutions. The Stomach larger thanin granivorous birds, lefsmufculous, filled with fifhes,in the birds we opened. | | Apel SECTION “V, Of Doucxersor Loons, called in Latine, Cory M81. Cuap. I. Of Douckers in general. Ouckers have narrow, ftreight, fharp-pointed Bills; Small Heads, and alfo {mall Wings: Their Legs fituate backwards near the Tail, for quick fwim- ming, and eafier diving 5 broad flat Legs ; by which note they are diftin- uifhed from all other kinds of birds’ Broad Claws like humane nails, Of thefe Douckers there are twokinds, The firft is of fuch as are cloven-footed, but fin-toed, having lateral membranes all along the fides of their Toes, and that want the Tail; the fecond isof thofe that are whole-footed and *caudate, which do near- ly approachto thofe birds we call Tridadyle, that want the back-toe, Thefe are not: without good reafon called Douckers, for that they dive much, and continue long under water, as foon as they areup dopping down again. 7 CHAP, 7) Fer = ae IIL ORNITHOLOGY. er Car. Il. Clovenfooted DoucxeERs that have no Tails: re sy foi de The greater Loon or Arsfoot: Colymbus major, Aldrov. the extremities of the Wings {pread twenty three and anhalf broad. The Bill . from the tip to the angles of the mouth was two inches long. The feathers in- vefting the whole body were fine, foft, and thick : The Head and Neck brown: The Back blacker: The fides and lower Belly dusky: The Breaft of a filvercolour. It wholly wants the Tail. Each Wing hath about thirty quil-feathers: Of which the outmoft twelve are black; the tip of the thirteenth is white; and the tops of the following in order more and more to the twentieth, after which the next four are wholly white: The twenty fifth towards the tip is brown, and in the twenty fixth the whiteends. The lefler rows of Wing-feathers underneath are white. Its Bill is black, narrow or comprefled fideways; about the angles of the mouth and on the nether Chap yellowifh. The Tonguelong, anda little cloven: The Eyes of an afh-colour with fome mixture of red: Its Claws are broad like the nails of a - man, black on one fide, onthe other of a pale blue or afh-colour : The outmoft toe _thelongeft. The Legs broad, flat, ferrate behind ‘with a double tow of afperities : The Toes are broad, bordered on each fide with appendant membranes, but not -web'd together. It hath no Labyrinth on the Wind-pipe: That we defcribed had a great Gall: A large Stomach, almoft round, and therein we found Sea-weeds and fifh-bones. [’ weighed a pound: Was from Bill to Claws twenty three inches long: Between §. IL. The greater crefted or copped Doucker of Aldrovand, lib.19. cap.§2. Be Mandibles of the Bill, where it joyns to the Head, are tintured with a Saf- fron-colour. The Head is black on the crown, beneath cinereous ; whichco- lours meet near the ends of the Eyes ( which are yellow.) From the back of the Head hangs downa tuft of black feathers. The upper part ofthe Neck is alfoblack, _. the remaining part of a middle colour between * ferrugineous and rofe. The Breatt * Buty: and Belly are of a whitifh afh-colour. The Back and Wings black, but of thefe the ridges and extremes are white. It hath no Tail at all: The Rump from cinereous is ae The Legs, Feet; and Claws are of the fame make and fliape as in the ormer. §. Il. Of the Water-Hare, or crefted Mexican Doiehér of Hernandez. G Be kind of Duick [ fo he calls it] which Ariffotle calls Colymbus, but Gaza ren- ders Orinatrix; the Mexicans are wont to call Acitl or the Water-hare, This would be altogether the fame with that defcribed and delineated by fome of the later _ Writers, werenot the Head adorned with a greater and black creft; the Belly of a fhining filver colour, and the Neck beneath of a pure white, above of a dark brown. ft frequents Lakes, either{wimming in the watet or abiding near it: For it can nei- therfly, nor conveniently walk on the Land, its Thighs being f joyned and as it were “united to the body, that they ferve only for {wimming, not forwalking. It * coalitis, feeds upon the fifhes it catches, and they are its fuftenance. Itbreeds up its young ches ae among rufhes and reeds; and exceeds not the bignef$ of our common Ducks. The a Male is fomewhat longer-bodied; arid hatha larger neck and creft: The Bill of the _ Femaleis fhorter, black, and on both fides near the Eyes covered with fulvous fea- . thers, whereas the Males is with white: This is that Bird which the Izdians fabu- loufly report to call forth or conjure up winds, when he perceives the Fowlers aim to Xx 2 catch +o 340 ORNITHOLOGY, Boorlll. catch him, which blowing trouble the waters fo that their Canoes are overturned and the men drown, if they do not happen to kill him in the fhooting of fivearrows out of abow. They fancy that in his heart diffected is or may be fotind a Jewel, ufefil for many things, and highly prized, not to be confeciated to any but God. But thefe are idle {tories and lies, ‘proceeding from the credulity: of the people. Its flefh isnot pleafant, nor very wholefome, like that of other fenny birds, and therefore not to be ufed for food by any one of a critical palate. Between this and the precedent Doncker there is fo little difference, that I fearce — doubt but they are the fame: , 7 e ag . : Q. IV. . : | i The grey or afb-colowred Loon of Dr. Brown): Pe His Bird differs from the common Doucker, as well crefted as not crefted, inthe grey colour of itsbody, being much rarer with us. The Picture .reprefents "the feathers on the crown of the Head ftanding up in form of-a creft:or toppin. §. V. .. The greater crefted and horned Doucker: P T’ is fomething lefsthan that deferibed in the firft place,but hath a thicker arid longer Bill, approaching toa ferrugineous colour... It is both ctefted and horned, ha- ving long feathers ftanding out about the crown of the Head and upper part of the -Neck, black above, and red onthe fides. The Chin and fpace about the Eyes is white, bounded with red. The Neck is not folong asin the firft kind. The upper or back- fide of the Neck is partly blackifh,and partly fhews fomething of red. The Breaft and Belly are almoft of the fame colour, with the {pot we mentioned encompafiing the Eyes, viz.white with a mixtureofred. On the Back fome long downy feathers of a cinereous and a reddifh colour are mingled with the black ones. The Wings are lon- ger in proportion than in the firft, their ridges and almoft all their quil-feathers being: whitifh,elfe of'a footy colour.[In the Bird’ we faw the Wings wereofa dusky or brown colour, but the lefler quil-feathers were white, as alfo thofe {mall featherson the bafe -orridge of the Wing. ] ‘The Legsare not fituate fo backwardas the firlt. | de VI. The Didapper, or Dipper, or Dobchick, or reall Doucker, Loon, or Avsfoot : Colymbus five Podicipes minor. the weight of fix ounces: From the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws ten inches and an half long : between the tips of the Wings diftended fixteen broad. Its Bill from the point to the anglesof the mouth isone inch, {treight, fharp, almoft like aThrufhes Bill, thicker at the Head, and leflening by degrees to the point : The upper Chap black, excepting only its very tip and fides;-which are of a white or paleyel- low, as isalfo the whole lower Mandible. The Tongue is long, fharp’ like the Bill, and cloven. The Nofthrils are a little remote from the feathers ; The Eyes great, with hazel-coloured Jrides. The whole body is invefted with a thick and foft Plu- mage or down, efpecially.on the under-fide._ Its colour on the Back is a dusky or dark brown, on the Belly a white, or rather filver-colour. The. Chin white: The Head and Neck darker than the Belly, lighter-coloured than the Back. The ‘Throat, and fides of the Neck are a little red: The lower Belly of a fordid dusky colour, The Thighs have alittle mixture of red. The Neck is flender, fcarce an ‘hand-breadth long. Its Wings are {mall and concave: Each having about twenty fix quil-feathers : Thetwelve outmoft are of a Moufe-dun, or black brown, the inte- riour to the twenty third particoloured, the outer Webs being dusky, the inner partly white, the white part being in the. nearer to the body broader, in themore re- mote feathers narrower. As*for the lefier rows of Wing-feathers, thofe above are black, thofe beneath white. It hath no Tail at all, but yet hath the rump-glandules, though lefler than ordinary, out. of which alfo{prings a brufh or tuft of feathers, as if] FOr the thape of its body it is like to a Teal, but leffer by almoft a third part : Of | BoorIIL ORNITHOLOGY. in other Birds). The Legs are fituate very backwards at the end-of. the body, made rather for fwimming than walking, (fo that it cannot walk, but with the body ered almoft perpendicularly }) comprefied-or flat, of a fordid, green-colour, ferrate behind with a double row of afperities.. The foals of the feet are black.’ The Feet-are divi- ded into three broad Toes, finned on each fide with lateral membranes, having thin, broad, blunt Claws like humane nails.» Yet are the Toes joyned together-by, inter- vening membranes from the divarication to the firftjoynt. It hath alfo a {mall back- toe finned in like manner on each fide: ‘Two blind guts ofa moderate length ;,No La- byrinth onthe Wind-pipe: A membranaceous{tomach : Strong mufculous Thighs,by the help whereof it {wims very {wiftly, diving down to the bottom, and rifing again at pleafure. Fromtke makeand conformation of its parts it moves with more eafe ‘and expedition under water, than‘either upon the furface of the water, or-upon the Land. - So foonas it is rifen above. water it holds up its Head, looks about it, and with wonderful celerity plunges it {elf under water again... It.can hardly xaife it felf up outof the water, but when it is once gotten upon the Wing it. can hold out fying alongtime. The ftomach of that we diffected was fullof grafs and weeds. Belloni- ws faith, that it feeds moft willingly upon fifhes. Being rofted it {mells very ftrong. Both Gefver and Aldrovand defcribe two kinds of {mall Douckers, but they differ fo little one from the other that I fuppofe thediverfity is rather in Age or Sex than in Species. | tc | et ie at os i) Ser aE E Whole-footed Douckers with Tails. | ¢: L : The greatelt fheckled Dizer or Loo# : Colymbus maximus caudatus 5 Mergus max, | Farrenfis five Arcticus, Cluf- ag His is a fingular kind of Bird, and as it were of amiddle nature between whole-footed birds with foun fore-toes and with three. In bignefs it exceeds “ atame Duck, coming near toa Goofe. Itis long-bodied, hath a round Tail, _ andafmallHead. The upper part of the Neck next to the Head is covered wit feathers fo thick fet, thatit {eemstobe big@er than the very Head it felf. Fas The colour of the upper part, viz. the Neck, Shoulders, covert-feathers of the Wings, and whole Back, isa dark grey or dusky, pointed or fpeckled with white fpots, thimer feton the Neck, and thicker onthe Back. Thefe white {pots are big- gcr upon the long f{capular feathers and coverts of the Wings, and finaller in the mid- dle of the Back. The lower part of the Neck, the Breaft and Belly arewhite. Ina bird I faw that was killed inthe Ifle of Jarfey the Head was black and alfo the Neck, which had a white ( or rather grey ) ring, about the middle of an inch or inch and half broad, confifting of abundance of {mall white fpecks. We counted in the two outmolt“ joynts of each Wing thirty quil-feathers, but they are fhort, all black; or of adarkbrown. It hath a very hort Tail, of the ficure of a Ducks, made up of at leaft twenty feathers. Its Bill is ftreight, fharp, like that of the Gui¥em, almoft three inches long; the upper Mandible black or livid, covered with feathers to the very Nofthrils, reflected a little upwards; the nether is white. The Nofthrils are divided:in the middle by a skinhanging down from above. It is whole-footed, and hath very long fore-toes, efpecially the outmoft. The back-toe is very fhort and little. Its Legs are of a mean length, but flat and broad like the ends of Oars, the extcriour furtace being brown or black: The interiour livid or pale-blue. The Claws broad likethe nailsofa man. The Legs in this bird are fituate almoft in the fame plain with the Baek 5 fo that it feems not to beable to walk urlefs erected perpendi- cularly uponthe Tail. It hathno Labyrinth upon the Wind-pipe. The Liver is di vided into two Lobes, and hath a bladder to contain Gall: Above the {tomach the Gullet is dilated into a kind of Craw, the interiour furfice whereof is granulated with certain papillary glandules. The Throatisvalt, loofé, and dilatable. The guts large, efpecially towards the ftomach: The ftomach le flefhy and mufculous than in grantvorous birds, The * Interiodia: z.2, bones bes tween joyit and joynt, * Pa... NITHOLOGY. Boox Ul. The Bird defcribed wasfhot on the River [me in Warwickshire. Thave {een four of them, 1. One at Vewice in Italy: 2. One in Yorkshire at Dr. Hewleys; thor near Ca wood: 3. Athirdinthe Repofitoryof the Royal Society: 4. A fourth in the houle of my honoured friend Mr. Richard Darley in London, taken in the Ile of Farfey, They differ fomething one from another incolours. For fome of them have a ring about their necks, their Back, Neck and Headblacker, and painted with little white lines: ‘Others want the ring, and have the upper fide of their bodies more afh-coloured or grey, varied with white{pecks, andnot lines. Perchance thefe are the Hens; thofe : the Cocks. That which Pare defcribed was-bigger thana tame Goofe, or at leaft equal toit, For from the Neck, where it joyns to the Breaft, tothe Rump it was two foot long. The compafs of the body round was more thantwofoot. The Wings were fourteen inches long : The Tail fcarce three : The Tongue almoft three: The Bill more than four: The Neck near eight, and fomewhat more in compafs: The Head fhort, three inches broad: The Legs fomewhat longerthan three inches: The Feet four inches Wide. So far Clufims, Of that which Mr. Willughby defcribed at Venice the meafures were asfolloweth: The weightthirty fix ounces: The length from Bill to Claws thirty one inches; from Bill to Tailtwenty eight. The Bil! from the tip to the an- gles of the mouth was almoft threeinches long : The Tail two: The fecond bone of the Leg four and a quarter; the third two and an half; the outmoft fore-toe three inches andan half. ‘The Tongue long, fharp, having a tranfverfe bed of afperities not far from the bottom, beneath-which it is toothed on each fide, as this figure re- prefents. In the Palate, on each fide the fiffure, are five rows of prickles or afperities. Theblind guts were threeinches and an half long. Hence it manifeft- ly appears, that the bird defcribed by Clufivs was bigger than ours. But perchance Clufivs his wasa Cock, oursaHen. For thofe I faw at Dr. Hewleys and Mr. Darleys were nothing at all lefs than that of Claws, fent him by Hozerws. But what Hozer writes of them, that they cannot fly at all, is a miftake; for though they never breed in Eygland, yet in hard Wirters they come over hither. I {carce believe we {wim fo far. Whence it is manifeft, that they not only flie, but make great ights. - §. IL. * Gefners greateft Doucker: Colymbus maximus Gefneri. N the Lake of Conftance I hear there is taken, though but feldom, a certain bird ] congenerousto the dforefaid, but bigger thanaGooje, called Filuder, from its un- couth fluttering motion on the furface of the water, for that it can neither fly wel], nor walk conveniently, unlefs it leansboth upon Feet and Wings, as do alfo the other Douckers, by reafon of the pofition of the Legs fo turned backwards : That it hath a long, fharp Bill: A loud, fhrill cry, of a fingular kind: That it dives exceeding deep, fo that itis fometimes taken twenty yards deep under water, viz. with a Net,or an{fron-hook baited witha fifh: that they are commonly fold for two drachms and an half of filver a piece. Leonard Baliner, a¥ifhermanof Strasburgh, defcribes this bird thus. In bignefs it equals a Goofe : Itslength from the point of the Bill to the end of the Toes is one Strasburgh yard and an half. Its Bill from the point to the Eyes is five inches long: The Legs from the Claws to the feathers (that is the bare part ) ten inches: The {pace of the Wingsextended two yards and a quarter. The Stomach fmall: It feeds upon fifh: The Bill fharp: The Feet broad, thetoes web’d together. The upper fide of the body is cinereous and black, the under-fide white. The Tail three inches long. It dives very far, a Piftol-fhotbefore it rifesagain. Itsflefh is commended forgood meat, and isof nounpleafant tafte. This Bird if it be different from the above defcribed, is I confefs hitherto to me unknown. Mr. Fohwfon, in hisPapersfent us, writes, that he hath feena bird of this kind without any {pots in itsBack or Wings,but yet thinksit not to differ {pecifically, but accidentally. §. Il. OR NITHOLOGY. ae ale = Boom dil * Wormius his Northern Doncker, called, Lumme. T is comnion among the Norwegians and Tfanders, who in their own Country Lan- | guage call it * Lumsme. Carolus Clufiws mentions it in his Aucfarium, pag.367, Itis. an elegant bird, of the bignefs of a Duck, witha black, fharp Bill, two inches long. * T fuppofe’ our Englifh name Loz is’ Its Head and Neck are covered with grey [| ‘cinereous | feathers, ending in a {harp borrowed of point, asif it had a Monkshood onits Back. Its Back and Wings are black, {prink- eth. led over with fquare {pots of white, which ‘yet are bigger on the Back than the Wings. Under the Neck isa fquare oblong black {pot like to a fhield, five inches long; and two broad, compafled’ on all fides with feathers variegated of black ‘and white as with a * Girdle. The whole Belly and lower parts of the Wings are white. + zona, 4 bors The Legs are ftretcht forth befide the Tail [as if they grew out ofthe Vent] fitted not alse 1 - fo much for walking as for {wimming, not {lender, but flat and:broad. Each foot hath three Toes, that are black,and joyned together with black membranes,armed with fharp and crooked Claws. The Thighsare alfo hid inthe Belly. Itis of the Mergz [ Diver |] or rather Colymbé [, Doucker ] kind. In diving it.can hold its breath a Jong time, and no bird can plunge under water more mimbly and {peedily than it, «as they experience who fhoot them.F or fo foon as the powder flafhes,it prefently ducks under water, before the bullet can come sat it. It buildsits Neft fo near the water, that it can, if need be, {peedily caft it felf into it: But when it betakes it felf again to its Neit, faftning its Billinto the earth, it hangs its whole weight upon it, till it raifesup its body, and fo by degrees reaches its Neft. It perceives before by a peculiar natu- ral inftinG when there are about to fall great fhowers and fhots of rain, and fearing _ left the flouds fhould deftroy its Neft and Young, its makes ‘a querulous noife and cry : On the contrary, when it prefages fair weather, it exprefles its joy by chearful acclamations, and another more pleafant note. It Jays yearly three or four Eggs as big as Geefe Eggs, of a * green colour, and fpotted. They fay, thatat fet titnes of the + mrafipi, te.a_ year they depart into hotter Regions, and return not until the Spring be well come l¢ck colour, on. . Whence they think it ominous for any one to hear the cry of this. bird_firft faft- ing. The Norwegians think it *a fin to kill or difturb this Bird, which they account * sefee; holy. They fometimes catch it in their Nefts againft their wills, and fometimes fhoot itwithGuns. The Iflazders becaufe they eat it, take it either witha fhare, or with anangle-line. They faften two ftakes at. the entrance of the Neft, upon which they hang, and fo accommodate the Snare, that the Bird going to her Neft may thruft her headinto it, Orthey crofs the Pool where fhe frequents at its narroweft part witha fifhing line, fo that one on each fide holds it, raking therewith the furface of the wa- ter, till the bird fearing fome danger towards dives down to the bottom 5 then ob- {erving the place where fhe is rifing up again by the circles there made in the water,thi- ther they direct and there hold a {nare faftned to the line,that coming up out ofthe wa- ter, {he may put her head into it, and {0 be caught by the Neck. | . Its skinis ufed to defend the Head and Breaft from the injury of cold, and pre- ferred before a Swans. This Bird Befler hath figured in his Gzzophylacium by this title. A fingular kind of exotic Water-Swallow- But it hath nothing almoft common witha Swallow. ; | §. IV. _ * The final black and white Diver with a fhort, farp-pointed Bik, - ss (ae Picture of this Bird wascommunicated by that worthy perfon Sir Thomas Brown. Tt hatha hort Bill, alittle bending at the end, [| both Mandibles. ] The top of the Head, the Back, Wings, and in general the whole upper part is black, excepting a tranfverfe line of white in the Wings. The Chin, Throat, Breaft, as far asthe middle of the Belly, and fides of the Tail white: The Tail fhort : The Legs of a fordid green. The Toes web'd together. The Picture doth not fhew any hind- toe, This Bird ( faith Sir Thomas) is not ufual with us; Lhave met with but two of them, brought me by a coafter,who could give it noname. SECTION * re ji COR NIT HOLOGH —Boox, SECTION VL Of Sea-Gut Ls, called in Latine, Larn Cuar. Of Gulls in general. (C= are a whole-footed | fowl, with an indifferent long, narrow, fharp- ¥ This is true efpecially of the greater Gulls. +) pointed Bill, *a little crooked at the end ; oblong Nofthrils 5 long and {trong Wings : {hort Legs, {mall Feet (for they do not {wim much) alight body, but invefted with many and thick-fet feathers, acarrion carkafs, the fat that is {ticking to the skin, [| as in other birds 5] much upon the Wing,very clamo- * Feeding yous, hungry, and *.pifcivorous. upon filh. Thefe we divide intotwo kinds, Firft, The greater, which. have Tails compofed of feathers of equal length, and an angular prominency or knob on the lower’Chap of the Bill underneath, to ftrengthen it, that they may more ftrongly hold fithes, 2. The *Orbuta /e/fer, which have a forked Tail, andno * knob on the Bill. Both kinds may be divi- vey {mall ded into pied or particolowred, and grey, or brow. -~ 4 L | ! ‘CHarp. TI. | ~~ The greater Gulls with Tails of equal féathers, And fir/t [uch as are pied or particoloured of white and cinereons or blacks @ I The great black and white Guill; Larus ingens marinus Clufii. “His Bird, the biggeftby much of all the Gas we have hitherto feen, weighed : four pounds and twelve ounces. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the endof the Tail was twenty fix inches: Its breadth from tip to tip of the Wings diftended fixty feven. Its Bill was yellow, comprefled fideways, more than three inches long, {omething hooked at the end, and like in figure to thofe of the reft of thiskind. Thelower Mandible underneath bunched out intoa knob, marked on each fide with a double fpot, the lower red, the upper black. The edges of the Eye- lids roundabout were of a Saffron colour. The Head great, flat-crowned. Both Head, Neck, Breaft, Belly, and Tail white. The middle of the Back and the Wings, excepting the tips of the quil-feathers, were black. Each Wing had. about thirty four feathers in the firft row, all black, with white tips. Its Tail was fix incheslong, madeup of twelve {now-white feathers: Its Legs and Feet white: ItsClaws black. It had a fmalfback-toe; a wide Mouth, a long Tongue, a large Gullet. It preys up- on fifhes : For out of its {tomach diflected we took a Plaife entire. It had a great Li- ver divided into two Lobes, witha Gall adhering: Short and {mall blind guts: A mufculous Stomach,,,and an oblong Spleen. fF aid Inanother bird of thiskind, ( which was I fuppofe a young one ) both the top of the Head and the Neck were particoloured of black and white: The Back and Wings paler than in that defcribed. I fuppofe that this isthe very fame bird which Clufizs * Larus ingens defcribes. inthe fifth Book of his Exotics, Chap.9. under the title of a * huge Sea-gull, marinus. though his defcription be not fo full and exa¢t, as being taken only from a Picture. This Bird we faw and defcribed at Chefter, being not rarely found on the Sea-coafts near that City. In the Feroe [lands itis called, The Swarth-back. §. I. — : - ——. Book, ORNITHOLOGY, §. IL The Herring-Gull, Larus cinereus maximus. Tis well nigh as big asa tame Duck: From tip of Bill to the end of the Toes | twenty four or twenty five inches long,to the end ofthe Tail twenty two or twen= ty three : Between the terms of the Wings {tretched out fifty, and in fome fifty five inches broad. The weight was different in {everal birds, one weighing’ only twenty fix ounces, another thirty, anotherthirty four. The Bill was yellow, two incheslong; narrow, as in the reft of this kind, but pretty deep: The lower Mandible not {treight, as in other birds, but the upper edges convex or arcuate; underneath it bunches out into anangle or knob, on the fides of which isa large {pot of red. The Irides of the Eyes were of a lovely yellow. Theedges of the Eye-lids in fome yel: low, in fome, ( perchance thefe were Cocks ) of a red-lead colour. The Legs in fome yellow, bare of feathers for fome {pace above the knees, in others white, or of a pale flefh-colour : The hind-toe {mall : The Claws black: The inner edge of the middle Claw fharp. Its Head, Neck, Rump, Tail, and whole under-fide white : Its Back, the covert-feathers of its Wings, andthe quil-feathers alfo, except the out- moft five, of adark afh-colour. The two outmoft quils were marked with a white {pot near the tip, the outmoft witha greater, the inner with a lefler, but the very tips of both were black. The tips of the fifth andfixthwere dusky. All thereft had white tips. [ Thefe colours in feveral Birds vary fomething: Yet in general the quil- feathers in all Birds of this fort are particoloured of white, black and cinereous. J The Tail was about five inches long, not forked, made up of twelve feathers of equal length. The Wings when gathered up reached beyond the end of the Tail, and crofied one another. It hada large Craw, a mufculous Stomach, in which were fifh-bones. They fay that is preys upon Herrings, whence it tookthe name Herring- gull. IclaysEggsas big as Hens Eggs, fharp at one end, whitifh, but {potted with a few black {pots. : In the young ones the Back and Head are afh-coloured, with black {pots, the Bill black, but white at thetip. % ) | This fort, though it bevery commonwith us, yet hath it not hitherto, that I know of, been defcribed. | @.. IIL. The common Sea-Mal/ : Larus cinereus minor. Hat which! defcribed was a Hen-bird. It weighed a full pound of fixteen ounces: It was from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Toes fifteen imchesandan half long, totheend of the Tail fixteen and an half. The tips of the Wings extended were forty one inches diftant from each other. “It is fomething lefs than the greater Gul defcribed by Aldrovand ; like tothe Herring-Gull, but much lefs. Its Bill was like to thofe of the reft of this kind, narrow, but deep, fharp-pointed, of a whitith colour, but yellow toward the tip. The knob under the lower Chap {mall, and fcarce confpicuous, the upper Chap fomething hooked of bending at the point. The Tongue cloven: The Nofthrils oblong. The Eyes were great; and furnifhed with membranes for niétation; the Irides of a pale hazel-colour: The Ears of a mean fize: The Feet of a pale green: The Claws black ; that of the middle Toe {harp on the inner fide: The back-toe very {mall, yet armed witha Claw. The ~ membranes connecting the Toes reached as far as the Claws. The Head and upper part of the Neck wereclouded with brown {pots, the nether part white: The Back ath-coloured, but the feathers covering the Tail white. The Throat and whole un- der-fideof the body was as whiteasfnow : The Tail alfo purely white. The Shoul- ders and upper covert-feathers of the Wings afh-coloured, the coverts of the under- fide white. . _ Ineach Wing were about thirty quil-feathers; the firlt of which at the tip inthe inner Web had ablack {pot, and on the outer edge a black line, {carce appearing, then followed a white bar about two inches broad, the reft of the feathers to the bot- tombeing black. The tip of the fecond was white: Under the white a crofs bar of black, half aninch broad, beneath that a white bar of aninch breadth, the reft of the y y a feather 345 } 8 ‘ 346 | ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. feather to the bottom being black, but the very bottom alh-coloured. The tip alfo of the third was white; from the tip the upper half of the feather was black, the lower afh-coloured. The three next hadalfo whitetips, butthe black part was {till (horter and fhorter, or narrower and narrower in the following than the foregoing feathers, till in the fixthit became {carcea quarter of aninch broad. All the reft of the quils were ath-coloured, with white tips. The Tail was fix incheslong, not forked, made up of twelve feathers. | * Sweet- The Liver was large, dividedinto two Lobes: The Gall yellow: The * Paneregs ne great; Themufcles of the Gizzard not fo thick and ftrong as in granivorous birds ; within which we found grafs and Beetles, Itis a gregarious bird, frequenting Mea- dows, andthe banks of Lakes, That which we defcribed we fhot-onthe bank of the Lake of Balain Merioxeth-foire in Wales, commonly called Pémble-mear, through which the River Dee, on which Chefter is. built, runs, and they fay mixes not its waters with thofeof the Lake. 4 It differs from the Herrizg-gull, 1. In that it is lefs. 2. Inthe colour of the Bill; From Be/oniws his afh-coloured Gu, 1. In that it is bigger: 2. That it hatha back- toearmed with a Claw. §. IV. * Baliners great afh-coloured Sea~Mew, perchance our Pewit. ‘T He whole body (at leaft on the upper fide is. of a dark afh-colour or bluifh, as | are alfo the Tail and lefler quil-feathers, for the greater are black, The *Sure the crownortop of the Headis black, with an obfcure tincture of green (if the* Picture jidure is fall deceive usnot.) The Bill freight, of a red-lead colour: The Legsand Feetblack : thing ofgreen Lhe Wings very long, and when gathered up reaching beyond the end of the Tail. appara. Phelength of the Bird from the tip of the Bill.to the end of the Tail was a > Straj- ever yerfaw, L#rgh Yard or more: The breadth from tip to tip of the Wings extended two yards. TA Strasburgh The Leg fo far as it was bare [ from the feathers to the end of the Claws | a quarter yard is not of a-yard long; The Guts {even quarters. f {ufpec this Bird was no other than the much above - half a yard Cepphus of Turner and Gefzer, that is, our Pewit : But then.the Legsare painted of a Englifh. wrong colour; forin the Pewit they arered: fois alfo the Tail. ie ics Bellonius his afh-coloured Gull, called in Cornwal, Tarrock. N bignefs it exceeds not a common Pigeor, neither isit much different in the fhape _ of its body, fave that its Head isbigger. _ It weighs fevenounces : Its length from the point of the Bill to the end,.of the Tail is almoft fixteen inches. Its Wings ex- tended were by meafure full thirty.fixinches. Its Tail almoft five inches long, not forcipate, confilting of twelve feathers, The under-fide of the body wasall purely white: As for the upper fide, the Head and Neck were white, fave that at the Kars on-each fide was a black {pot: The lower part of; the Neck was black : The middle of the Back and theShoulders afh-coloured: The Tail white,only thetips of the feathers. for about aninch black: Yet the outmo(t feather on each fide was all white. The four. outmott quil-feathers were above half way black: -The two next to thefe had only black tips, being: elfe white... The feyenth had only a black {pot near the tip: All the reft werewhite: Inbrief, the ridge, upper or fore-part of the Wing extend- ed! was all along black 3 which colour near the Back was dilated intoa largeand broad ftroak, [or {pot.] The Bill. was more than an inch long, fomething arcuate or bending downwards, efpecially toward the point, which is {harp, of a black co- lour. “The lower Mandible, not far, from the tip, bunched out into an angle under- neath, asin the reft ofthis:kind, ‘Its Legs and Feet were of afh or livid colour: Its Clawsblack.. It hath fome rudiment of a hind-toe rather thana perfect toes for it is only a carneous knob without any Claw. The Legs alfo are deftitute of feathers , for about the length of aninchiabove the knees. Vi *Or ddans . The colour of the Mouth withinand the Tongue is like that of an * Affyrian Apple, Apple, as Bellonivs hath obferved. The Tail is five inches long, made up of twelve almoft equalfeathers : Thenumber of quil-feathers in each Wing twenty cight, or twenty nine. F This Book. ORACITHOLOGY.. ee) Dae This Bird is eafily known and diftinguifhed from all others of this kind,that we have hitherto obferved by its wanting the back-toe. It is common on out S¢a-coafts, ne dean Ne | The Pewit or Black-cap, called in fome places, The Sea-Crow and Mire-Crow = Larus . cinereus, Ornithologi * Aldrov., Alfo the Larus cinereus tertius, Aldrov. + Toms, The Cepphus of Turner aud Gefaer.. | Pare P4873, T isabout the bignefs of atame Pigeoz. ‘That which we defcribed weighed about ten ounces: Its length from tip of Bill to end of Vail was fifteen inches: Its breadth ‘thirty feven. Its Bill was-of a fanguine colour, bending fomethmg downwards, from the point to the angles of the Mouth two inches long, * ‘The, Palate was of a red-lead colour: The Eyes hazel-coloured , The edges of the Eye-lids red: Both upper and lower Eye-lids towards the hind-part of the Head were compafled with white fea- thers, The Head and Throat were black, but dilute. The middle of the Back afh- coloured : The Neck, Tail, Breaft, and Belly white: The.number of quil-feathers in each Wing twenty nine: Thetip and extreme edges of the firft were white, the reft of the feather black; the following feathers to the tenth had black tips, yet with fome diverfity in feveral birds; elfe the whole Wings were afh-coloured. The Tail all fnow-white, of about five inches length, not forked, confifting of twelve _ feathers. The Wings gathered up reach beyond the end ofthe Tail. The Legs were of a dark fanguine colour: The back-toe fmall: The Claws little,and black. The "Males differ little from the Females in colour or outward appearance. Near Grave/- _enda huge number of thefe birds frequent the River Thames. Wefaw and defcribed at Chefter a Bird of this kind, which there they called the Sea-Crow, which differed fromthe precedent in fome accidents of lefs moment,z7z.The crown or top of itsHead only was black, not its Throat. Each Wing had twenty eight quil-feathers, the outmoft of which had its tip and exteriour edge black; the three next in order had their outer Webs white, their tipsand interiour edges black 5 the three fucceeding had only their tips black. [| ‘The third, fourth, and fifth, and in dome alfo the fecond feathers have a{pot of white on their tips. |] Of this kind alfo are thofe birds which yearly build and breed at Norburyin Staffordjhire, in an Mland in the middle of a great Pool, inthe Grounds of Mr. Skrimjhew, diftant at leaft thirty miles from the Sea. - About the beginning of March hither they come; about theend of April they build, They lay three, four, or five Eggs, of a dirty green colour, {potted with dark brown, two incheslong, of an ounce and half weight, blunter at one end. The firft Down of the Young is afh-coloured, and fpotted with black: The firft feathers onthe Back after theyare fledg’d are black. When the Young are almoft come to their full growth, thofe entrufted by the Lord of the foil drive them from off the Ifland through the Pool into Nets fet onthe banks to take them. When they have taken them they feed them with theentrailsof bea{ts, and when they are fat fell them for four pence or five pence apiece. They take yearly about a thoufand two hundred young ones : Whence may be computed what profit the Lord makes of them. About theend of Fulythey all fly away and leave the Ifland. , Some fay, that the crowns of thofe Birds areblack only in Spring and Summer. A certain friend of mine (faith Aldrovand ) did fometime write to me from Comachio, that the feathers on their Heads grow black in March, and that that .blacknefs con- tinues forthree months, 77%. fo long as they are breeding and rearing their. Young, and that the other nine months of the year they are white. Which thing if it be true (for to me indeed it {eems not probable) no wonder that of one and the fame Speczes _ of Bird defcribed at {everal times of the year there fhould be three orfour made. Al- drovandys writes, that the defcription of Ge/zer agrees in other things to his afh-co- loured Gu/,difagreeing only in thecolour of its Billand Feet. But perhaps (faith he) the colour of the Bill and Feet may vary in birds of the fame fpecies, which I will not eafily grant, unlefs they differ in Age or Sex. | | Yy2 §. VI. 348 | ORNITHOLOGY. ~Boox II, §. VIL. * The greater white Gull of Bellonius, which we judge not to be fpecifically different from our Pewit. T is, faith he, leffer than the afh-coloured Mew, anda veryhandfom bird, as fair to fee to as a white Pigcoz, thoughit feem to be bigger-bodied ; and _yet being ftript *Tfauppofe ic of its feathers it hath far lefsflefh. It is as white as {fhow, yet * under the Wings it fhould have been upon the Wings. hath fomewhatof' afh-colour. The Eyes are great, and encompafled with a black circle. -Near the region of the Ears on both fides is a black fpot. It is well winged, for the Wings exceed the Tail in length. Its Legs and Bill are red, which they are not inthe afh-coloured Gu/, It ftands ftreight upon its Legs, carrying the hinder part of the body more elevated, fo that the lower parts feem to be bent like a bow. The Billis round and fharp-pointed, the ends of the Wings black. This Bird in moft things approaches to our Pewit laft defcribed, it differs in the colour of the crown, andin the black fpots about the Ears. Aldrovandus makes the lefler white Larws of Bellonius to 'be the fame with the Cepphus of Turner, that is, our Pewit, I rather think it to be the Sea-Swallow, becaufe he writes, that it frequents fenny places,and the banks of Rivers. ——. Cuar. I. Great brown and grey Gulls. gE Our Catarracta, I fuppofe the Cornifh Gannet. Skua Hoier, Cluf. Needham, who found it hung up ina certain Gentlemans Hall. The Bird it felf living, or newly kill’d we havenot as yetfeenat hand. It is of the biggeft of this kind, equal to, or bigger thanatame Duck, Its Bill is {tronger, bigger, and fhorter than in other great Gus, black, hooked at the end, and {eemed to be covered with askin from the bafe tothe Nofthrils,as ia Land-birds of prey. Its Legsand Feet — were black: Its Toes armed with {trong, crooked Claws, fuch as we never before obferved in any whole-footed Fowl. The colour of the Back isa rufty cinereous or brown, like that of a Buzzards: Its Belly and underfide paler. The greater quil- feathers of the Wings are black: The Tail alfo is black, about feven inches long, madeup of twelve feathers, of which the two middlemoft are fomewhat longer than Ts skin of this {tuft wasfent us by our learned and worthy friend Dr.Walter _ thereft. Thebottoms of the feathers as well of the Tail as Wing-quils are white. The length of the Bill from the tip to the angles of the Mouth was no more thantwo inches andan half. The angular prominence on the lower Chap is fmall and {carce con{picuous. Hapning toread over the defcription of Hoiers Skua in the An@arium of Clufius his Exotics, pag.367. I find it exactly to agree with ours, fo that I do not at all doubt but this Birdis the Skva of Hoier. Clufis his defcription being more full than ours I fhall here fubjoyn. The Bird fent me by Hoier was ( faith he ) of thebignefs of a great Gu, from the bottom of the Neck to the Rump nine incheslong. The compais of its body, mea- furing under its Wings, was fixteen inches. The Neck from the crown of the Head to the Back wasfeven incheslong. The Head not very great, nor the Bill flat, but rather long and narrow, on the part next the Head rugged and rough, towards the point {mooth, black, andcrooked, almoft like thofe of rapacious birds or Gud/s, not exceeding thelength of two inches. The Wings werealmoft {eventeen inches long, reaching fomething further than the end of the Tail. The four greater quil-feathers of the Wings were black, not whiteat the tip, as Hofer wrote, unlefs. perchance he had obferved that mark in other birds of this kind. From the quill or naked part I found them to be white half way up the feather, as were alfo the three greater and uppermoft Tail-feathers below where they were inferted into the Rump, the upper | part + . = -_ + Book Ii, OR ANCIT HOLOGY. part being black asin the quil-feathers. As for the reft of the feathers invelting the body they were of a colour between black and cinereous, but theblack predominant, _ and did nearly refemble the feathers of a bald Buzzard or Kite. The Legs were placed backward, in the hindmoft part of the body, atin moft Water-fow], above the Knee they were very fhort, below the Knee down to the Foot almoft three inches Jong. The Feet were flat, having three Toes and a fhort Heel. The outmoft Toe ( next in length to the middlemoft) confifted of four joynts 5 themiddle( which was the longeft ) of threes the inmoft ( which was the fhorteft ) of two; and the heel or back-toe of one. All ending in fharp, crooked Claws, and joyned together by ablack membrane or cartilage to the very Claws. The characteriftic notes of this {pectes are, 1. The thicknefs and ‘fhortnefs of its Bill. 2. The uniform black colour of its Tail [as far as it appears beyond the in- cumbent feathers. ] 3. The bignefs and crookednefs of its Talons. Hoier writes, that it preys not only upon fifh, but onall kinds of fmallbirds. The Cornifh Gannet ( as they told us ) doth conftantly accompany the fholes of Pil- chards, {till hovering over them inthe Air. It purfues and {trikes at thefe fith with that violence that they catcht it with a ftrange artifice. They faftena Pilchard to a board, which they fix a little under water. The Gawnet efpying the Pilchard, catts himfelf down from on high upon it with that vehemence, that he ftrikes his Bill clear through the board, and dathes out his brains again{t it, and focomesto betaken. We faw many of thefe Ganzets flying,but could not killone. They {eem to be very {trong birds, Jong-winged, and fly {wiftly. g. IL * Aldrovandus his Catarratta. T comes near to the bird laftdefcribed. It (faith he ) exatly refembles a Gahawk, {, to which our Bird alfo anfwers very well, both in bignefs and figure, and inthe colour of the upper fide of the body, ] fo that you can fcarce diftinguifh them 5 for onthe upper fide, like that, itis variegated with brown, white and yellow mingled 5 on the under fide it isall white, {potted with brown, as the Picture {hews. — Araftotle alfo writes, that it is lefs than a Hawk, and that it hath a large and broad Throat.or Gullet; which laft note agrees exaGly to my bird, though indeed other Guls alfo have a wide throat as well as this. ButI think Arzffotle likened it toa Hawk, not only for itsbignefs, but becaufe it was alike {potted, and efpecially becaufe it preys after the manner of a Hawk; and for that purpofe is endued with a Bill for the bigne(s of its body very great and ftrong,. fharp-pointed alfo, and the upper Chap more than ordinarily hooked. Itis an inch thick, and ofadeepblack. The Neck alfo is pret- ty long: The Head leflerthan in Gus. The Wings in length are even with the Tail. The Tail is a Palm long, and black : The Hips covered with feathers to the Knees, whichin other Gis are not fo, but bare a little higher. Its Legs, Feet, and. inter- vening membranes cinereous : The Claws black, crooked, and {mall. Itdiffers from our Catarraéa chiefly, 1. Inthe colour of the underfide of the body : 2. Inthecolourof the Feet: 3. Inthef{malnefsof the Claws. But thefe thingsnot- withf{tanding, perchance it may bethe fame. For Aldrovandws (as 1 gather from his words ) took his defcription from a Picture. But Painters are not wont to be very exaG either inexprefling of the colours, or delineating the parts. This defcription alfo doth in many things agree to that GzZ which we fhall next de- | {cribe under the title of the Cornifh Wagel. §. I. The great ‘grey Gull, which we take to be the Cornifh Wagel, called at Venice, Martinazzo, at Amfterdam, the Burgomafter of Groenland : An Larus albo-cinereus torque cinereo of Aldrov ¢ c weighed twenty two ounces; being ftretcht out in length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Feet twenty one inches and an half; to the end of the Tail __ twenty one: its breadth was fifty threeinches. Its colour as well in the lower as up- per fide was grey, {uch as is {een inthe back of a wild Duck, or a Curlew, being mixed of whitith and brown. [ Mr. Wilughby gives alfo fome mixture of ferrugineous both to 349 pad ORNITHOLOGY, Boos lil. .tothe brown, and to the afh-colour in the Wings and Back. } The feathers of the Back are black in the middle, and afh-coloured about the edges. The Rump-feathers incumbent onthe Tail are for the moft part white, only fpotted in the middle with brown. The Chinis white. Each Wing hath thirty quil-feathers, all black. The tips of the leffer rows of Wing-feathers in fome are black, in fome cinereous, The Tail is fix inches and an half long, confilting of a dozen feathers, the outmoit tips of which are white, then fucceeds a crofs bed or bar of black, of about two inches broad : The lower part is varied with tranfverfebars of white and black, the white alfo {potted with black. The Bill is almoft three inches long, all black, the upper Chap bending a litéle downward, and as it were hooked: The lower between the angle and the tip under- neath bunches out intoaknob. The Nofthrils oblong: The Eyes grey: The Neck fhort : The Head great, which in walking or ftanding ftill it always draws down to its fhoulders, as do alfo other GzU/s, fo that one would think they had no necks; of a whitifh grey colour, Its Legs and Feet are white, or white with a little duskifh- nefs : The hind-toe fmall: The Claws black, that of the middle toe {harp on the - infide. It hath a huge Liver, divided in two: aGall annexed to the right Lobe. The Sto- mach more muiculousthan incarnivorous birds: The blind guts {hort and little, yet turgid, andfull of Excrement. | The Cornifh men related to us for a certain truth, that this Bird is wont to perfe- cute and terrifie the Sea-Swallows, and other fmall Gals fo long, till they mute for fear; and then catches their excrementsbefore they fall into the water, and greedily devours them as a great dainty: This fome of them affirmed themfelves to have feen. The Larys albo-cinerews torque cinereo of Aldrovand is very like to, ifnot the fame with this. Onthe Breaft and Belly itis of acolour from white inclining to cinereous, as alfo on the upper fide of the Wings. Ithatha very great Head, encompafied with a kind of afh-coloured wreath, which yet reaches not to the Neck behind, but turns up to the middle of the crown. Along the Neck and Back it declines from grey to blue. The covert-feathers of the Wings are of a colour mixt of white and cine- reous. The longer quil-feathers are black, reaching an inch’ further than the Tail. The Tail isafh-coloured, and black attheend. . The Legs, Bill, and Eyes red, yet the tip of the Bill black. . | §. IV. The Winter-Mew,called in Cambridge-fhire the Codaly-mnodkely: Larus fufcus five Hybernus. T weighs well nigh feventeen ounces. In length from the tip of the Bill to the | end of the Claws or Tailit was by meafure eighteen inches and better. The ex- tremes of the Wings extended were forty five inches diftant. The lower part ofthe Throat about the Craw isa little dusky, elfe the under-fide of the body is all white. The Head iswhite, fpotted with brown: The Neck brown: The middle of the Back cinereous. The long fcapular feathers varied with brown fpots. The Rump is white. The Tail more than five inches long, madeup of twelve feathers. The extreme tips of the Tail-feathers are white; then fucceedsa black bar an inch and an half broad, the reft of the Tail being white. The outmoft quil-feather of the Wing is of a dark brown or black colour; the {econd afh-coloured on the inner fide : In the following the black part is leflened by degrees, till inthe fixth and feventh the tips only remain black. The tipsof the eighth and all the following are white. The eleventh fea- ther is wholly cinereous, yet in the middle of the fhaft, not far from the tip,darker: Inthe two next isa brown fpot. The fucceeding have alfo their exteriour edges black. Inthe twenty third the blacknefs difappears again, fo that the twenty fourth and twenty fifth are wholly cinereous. Of the laft or thofe next the body the one halfis black. The lefler covert-feathers in the upper part of the Wing are of a mixt colour of cinereous and black: Thofeon the underfide of the Wing are white. The Bill ismore than two inches long 5 from the Nofthrils to the end whitifh: The upper Mandible longer and crooked, the nether underneath bunches out into an angle or knob, as in other great Gulls: The Tongue white, cloven, reaching to the end of the Bill: TheEyes hazel-coloured, and furnifhed with nicating membranes: The Ears great: The Legs and Feet of a dusky or greenifh white: The back-toe little, armed Boox Ill, OR ACITHOLOGY. 251. armed witha {mall Claw: the inner fore-toe the leaft: The Claws black ; that of the - middle Toe fharp onthe inner fide. | | +; The Guts were long [ twenty eight inches ] having many {piral revolutions: The ftomach mufculous: The Liver divided into two Lobes: The Gall-bladder large. It frequents moift Meadows, Fens, and Rivers, and fometimes plowed Lands too many miles diftant from the Sea. Pay vy This Bird in many things comesnear to the Larws major of * Aldrovand; but differs * ornithel. from itin the colour of theEyes, Bill, and Feet, the Bill and Feet in Aldrovands bird achat being yellow. But the defcription of this greater Gul [ Larys major | in Aldrovand anfwers exactly to that bird which Leonard Baltner hath painted under the tle of | Ein Winder-Meb: wherefore we will here fubjoyn his defcription. «& §. Vi * The Larus major [ Greater Gull} of Aldrovand, called by Leonard Baltner, Ein Winder-Meb, that is, A winter Mew. 7 Rom the point of the Bill to the end of the Wings it was almoft two fpans long: F Had avery great and thick Head, particoloured of white and cinereous: Allo a large full Breaft of the famecolour, but more dilute, efpecially towards the lower belly; A thick yellowifh Bill, black at the tip, and very fharp, in the upper Chap whereof are long Nofthrils. _ It gapes very wide. The Pupil of the Eye isblacks the Tris yellow, or thining like gold 5, the yellow is encompailed with a circle of black, the black with a white, and laftly, the white withagrey or afh-colour. The Wings _ . are of a colour mingled of white, * grey, and brown, or chefnut, to the quils,. which * Cinereous, onthe outfide are dusky or blackifh, on the infide. for the moft part cinereous, and + exceed the Tail by an hand-breadth: The longeft of them are more than a fpan. tReachbe- The Tail it felf is four inches and anhalflong and better, all cinereous, except a crofs yoti bar or border of black, near theend, of more than aninch broad... The Thighs are cinereous, and near the Legsbare of feathers: The Legs of a good length, and flen- der, as became a light bird, of a pale yellow colour. ThéFeet, Toes, and inter- veningmembranes alfo yellow : The Claws black, fhort and crooked: The back-tog confpicuous enough, armed alfo witha claw. Ei ih ; §. VI. © * Baliners great grey Sea-Mew, the fameperchance with ours deferibed in tke third place. Romthe point of the Bill tothe end of the Wings it was 1; of a Strasburgh Ell long: Between the tips of the Wings extended two Ellsbroad. It weighed {carcea pound. The length of its foot from the feathers to the Claws was a quarter of a yard: Ofits guts feven quarters. ItsBilland Feet were brown [ brauulecht. | The Picture reprefents them of a dark purple. Thecolour of the whole body was grey { grau, | I takethis to be no otherthan the great grey Gu// defcribed in the third place, but then the colour of the Legs is miftaken. §. VIL. * Aldrovands Cepphus, | T’s not like a Gail in any thing fave the Bill and fhape of the Legs and Feet, for in { other thingsit rather refembles a Duck. From the Billto the end of the Tail it isa {pan and half long, and becaufe it hath abundance of feathers it feems to be corpulent, whereas the matter is nothing fo... The Bill is of a:moderate both length and thick- nefs, of a horn colour, om the fides of the Mandibles red, at the trp (which is hooked) black. . The Eyes little, for the moft partred, encompatled witha whitecircle.. The Head which is fomethinglefsthanin Gulls ) together with the Neck, Breaft, Belly, Thighs, and Rump are variegated with white and * brown {pots, with a mixture of * Dusky; bay.and yellow. The Wings are black; the ends of the feathers being yellowifh. The greater feathers of the Tail arealfo black: The’ Legs and thanks greenifh 3 the Feetand membrane connedting the Toes dusky: °° | hon This 452 ORNITHOLOGY. — Boox lll, » This Bird is as yet to us unknown, and therefore we have no more to add corcern- ing it. What the Ancients have left us concerning the Cepphys fee in Aldrowand. Tuy- ner thinks that bird which we call the Pew#t to be the Cepphws of the Ancients, as we have already told the Reader. §. VII. The browz Tern: Larus cinereus minor Aldrov.called by Baliner, Ein Keffle. Tis about half fo big as BeZoniws his afh-coloured Mew, for it fcarce exceeds 4 ] fpan inlength. Onthe Back and Wingsit is of an afh-colour, but far deeper than in that,inclining toa blue. The quil-feathers of the Wings are on the outfide cinereous *Theword but on the infide black; on both fides at * the endswhite. ‘The Bill is flender E Oe Ghiuanay se {mall'] for the proportion of the body, a little bending andblack. The crown of well fignifie the head towards the hind-part black. The Feet, Legs and membranes uniting the eee Toes of a Saffron-colour: The Claws black. All the other parts purely white. ' ‘This is the bird which Leoz. Baltner defcribes and paints under the title of Fiz Keffler of the bignefs of a Blackbird, with long Wings, {hort legs, a {mall Head, and black for the moft part 5 the Back and quills of the Wings brown, the covert-feathers cine- reous, yellow or Saffron-coloured Feet 5 a black, fharp Bill, moderately bending. Ic flies up and down continually over the water in purfuitof Gnats and other water- Infects. It feeds alfoupon fifth. Thisis alfo the bromz Tern of Mr. Johnfon, ( if Ibe not miftaken) whofe underfide is all white, the upper brown: The Wings partly brown, partly afh-coloured : The Head black: The Tail not forked. The Birds of this kind are gregarious, flying in companies. §. UK. * Marggraves Brafilian Gull, called Guaca-guacu, Gaviota of the Portughe/e. T is of the bignefs of a common Hen; hath a ftreight, long, thick, yellow Bill. ] Its Head above is covered with black feathers, as are alfo the hinder moteties of the Wingsand Tail. The Throat, whole Neck,Breaft, and lower, Belly, and fore-part of the Wingsare white. It lays itsEggs in the fand, which are like toa Hens for figure, bignefs, andcolour: They are indeed well tafted, but theflefh of the Bird is nothing wotth. : —, CuHap. Iii. | The leffer Gills with forked ‘Tails. . 1 The Sea-Swallow : Hirundo marina, Sterna of Turner, Speurer’ of Baltuer. He weight of this Bird, was near five ounces: Its length from Bill to Tail fix } teeminches ; itsbreadth from Wings end to Wings end thirty two inches. It isa {mall bird, flender, and long-bodied : Hatha forked Tail, whence itgot thename of a Swallow: A black crown, the black being terminated by a line drawn from the Nofthrils throngh the Eyes to the Neck, fo that above the Eyes the Head is black, under the Eyes white. The Cheeks, Chin, lower Belly, under- fide of. the Wings are all white: The Breaft hath fomething of cinereous ming- Jed. The Rump is white : The Back and upper fide of the Wings are of a dark ath- colour. Each Wing hath twenty nine quils; the outmoft ten whereof have their outer Webs running out into fharp points, the reft their inner. |The exteriour Web of the firft or outmoft featheris black, the fhaft white, and of a notable thicknefs : The tips of the following till the tenth, and the infide of all white, and moreover half the interiour Webof the four or five foremoft. The Tail is compofed of twelve feathers, the outmoft being half a foot long and better, and having their exteriour Webs from. cinereous inclining to black: The two middlemoft {carce three inches long = ba BooxI. ORNITHOLOGY long and white: Thé reft having their outer Webs cinéreous,’ white. . i OL ae a a Dea. ~ 52 Its Bill is long, almoft ftreight, black at the tip, ‘elfe red. -Its mouth is ted ‘within : Its Tongue fharp : Its Legs red 5 the back-toe {mall': The fore-toes web'd together as far as the very Claws. . The craw -was large, out‘of which weé'took aGudgeon : The Gizzard full of fifh-bones : The Guts twenty: inches long : ‘The blind outs very fhort. Fogel 2 2s we | Thefe Birds flock together, and build and ‘breed on. Iflands uninhabited near to. the Sea-fhores many together, in the fame quarter. In the If{land of Caldey, adjacent to the Southern fhore of Wales; they -call them Spurres 5 [| a name (as appears by. _ Baltner) common to them with the Germans about Strasburgh, ] and that little Iflet where they build SpwrreIfland. I ‘other places of Bzgland they are called Scrays, a name, I conceive, framed in imitation’ of their'ery: For they are extraofdinarily clamorous. Inthe Northern parts they call them Zervs, whence Turzer calls them in Latine, Sterne, becaufle they frequent Lakes and gteat Pools of water, which in the North of Ezgland are called Tarus. SPL PSSMIO RT 20 BONE Bro 9 2R They lay three or four Eggs, either upon the bare ground, or ina Neft made of Reeds. Their Eggs ate like the’ great Gulls Eggs; though much lefs: The Young are _ alfo fpotted with black like theirs. They fly upand down over the water, intent up- on their prey, and when they efpy a fifth, they caft chemfelves down with wonderful: fwiftnefs into the Water, and catchmg it up, flyaway with it ina trice. They frequent Rivers far remote from the Sea, as for example, the Rhee about Strasburgh, where they were taken, defcribed and painted by Leonard Baltuer, by the title of Ein! Speurer} who tells us alfo that they build in gravelly and fandy places by the banks of the Ri- ver 5 fo that if it happen there bea floud in their breeding time, their Eggs are marred, and Nefts deftroyed. . | - This Bird forats long Wings; {mall’Feet, forked Tail, continual flyings and ‘final-, ly, for the figure of its whole body, is commonly, and not undefervedly, :called, the Sea-Swallow. | : | their’ “inner diy, bogie eM. The leffer Sea-Swallow : Larus Pifeator of Gefrer and Aldred, Ein Fifcherlin of Baltuer 7 \Efzer defcribes this Bird thus. They fay that it is white, with a black crown. - It is leffer than the afh-coloured Gui; witha black head like the Sterza, Bill and Feet of a paledifsky colour: Of {wift flight, and when it catches fith, plunging it felf into the water, which the ath-coloured Gill dothnot. _ . 7 - Leoxzard Baltner defcribes his F ifcherlaeafter thismanner. Itis a very little kind of Speurer, that is, Sez-Swallow, even lefs than a Blackbird. It hath long ath-coloured feathers: Billand Feet of a Saffron-colour : A ‘black crown: The nether fide of the body all white, in like manner the Tail. It preys upon fmall fifhes, whence it had its name. Itsgutsare half a vardlong. The Femalesare lefsthanthe Males. Their fleffi is good to eat. The Picture reprefents the Tail forked, and the point of the Bill black : The greater quil-feathers of the Wings likewife blaek. | J 1 : hig from the greater Sea-Swallow chietly in bignefS, and the colour of the Bill and Féet. . “? eee Mr. Fghufon thus briefly defcribesit. It hath the Wings, Tail, and fwiftnefs, of 4 Swallow ?-Ared Bill; a black crown ; brown Legs 5 a forked Tail fix incheslong. In the colour of the Legs he agrees with Gefwer: but perchance the colour may vary with Age, or differ in the Sexes. | > 5. Tile :; The Scare-trow § Lavits niger Gofuerd3* Aldrod, Ein Brandvogel o¢ Mepvogel of Balter. * tom; 7 ; i 4 , pag.8i. 6 His ritall Gui hath blatk Bill, Head, Neck, Breaft, Belly, and Back, (as far as . _ one can judge by the Picture) afh-coloured Wings, reaching beyond the Tail: The Legs have a light dafh of ted. “About Strasburgh it is called Megvogelix, that isl - the May-fowl, becanfe (faith Baltner ) it comesto'them in the month of May. Balter defcribes and paints it under the titleof Brand-vogel. It is ( faith he ) of the bignefs of a Blackbird; hath long Wings, {mall and {hort Legs and Feet, partly cloven, a black Bill, of which colour is alfo the whole body. They fly in flocks for the moft r : Lz pare 354 i ORNCITHOLOGY. Boox I, part, twenty orthirty together. They catch Gnats, and other water-Infects, Their flefh is good to eat. ce MTEL Ores ad ea This 1s (Ifuppofe ) the fame with that which Mr. Fohzjox faith, ‘they in the North call the Scare-Crow3 and thus briefly defcribes. It cannot abide the. prefence of men: ItsHead, Neck, and Belly are black 5 its Wings afh-coloured sits Tail alittle forked : Its feet fmall andzed. The Male hath a white {potunder his chin. Q. IV. - Our black, cloven-footed Gul. | Lislefs than the Sea-Swailow + In length, from the tip of the Billto the end of the | Tail ten inches: in breadth from Wingsend to Wings end twenty four. ‘The Bilf from the point to the angles of the mouth is an inch and half long, tharp-pointed, and black: The Tongue fharp, and flit at theend: The Head black: The back and up- pet furfaceof the Wings of a dark cinereous: The Throat and Breaft black : But the feathers of’ the lower belly under the Tail pure white... The number of quils in each Wing twenty feven: The Tail forked, made up of twelve feathers, the outmoft 3} inches long, the middlemoft two and an half. The outmolt on each fide is all white, all the reft afh-coloured.. The Legsare bare up to the middle of the fecond joynt : The Feet f{mall, of a reddifh black calour: The:Claws black: The hind-toe little 5 the middle fore-toe thelongeft, and next. to that the outmof&. The membranecon- necting the inmoft and middle toes jn the inmoft is extended to the Claw, in the middle toe proceeds not beyond the firft joynts fo the upper bone of the Toe is altogether free and loofe. That which joyns the outmoft and middle Toes, though it begins in both from the very Claws, yet is it depreffed inthe middle, and as it were hollowed into the form of aCrefcent, whofe horns are the Toes. The Claw of the middle toe on the infide is thinned into anedge, Its cry is hardly diftinguifhable from that of the Sea-Swalow. It builds among the Reeds, and laysthree or four Eggs, like to thofe of other Gus, of a fordid green, {potted with black, compaffed witha broad black girdle about the middle. Theblind Guts, asin the reft of this kind, are very thort. In the Stomach were Beetles, Maggots, &c. | j This Bird comes, very near to the black cloven-footed Gull of Aldrovand : Butits Tail isforked, of which remarkable notehe makesno mention, which fire could not have efcaped him, if it had been in the birds he deferibed. It frequents Rivers, Mears, and Plafhesof Water far from the Sea. §.. V. * Aldrovands cloven-footed Gull, with longer Wings. ae Bird onthe Wings and Breaft is all afh-coloured, hath very large Wings, ex- » ceeding the Tail three inches in length, and towardsthe end black. The Tail is fhort, and cinereous : The part under the Tail white: The Toes are of a good length, and armed with notable Claws; the Legs fhort; both black. The Eyes very black, asis the whole Head, and alfo the Neck, and the Bill befide, which is pretty long, and a little crooked at the end. | Q. VI | * The other cloven-footed Gull of Aldrovand, with florter Wings. L. is almoft of the fame bignefs with the precedent, but hath far fhorter Wings,and onthe contrary a much longer Tail. Its bignefs is equal tothat of a Blackbird 3 its colour cinereous; its Head black. * Its length from the Head to the Rump is nine inches ? The Tail is a full Palm [ hand-breadth ]long.| The ridges of the Wings are white : The Bill black, flender, a little crooked... The feathers under the Tail are white. The Feet are reddith, fimall, asin SwaVows, It hath four Toes, with fome rudiment of a membrane between them. The Claws are black, and fmall, however crooked. ! 4 : » Thefe Birds'( faith Aldrevand’) becaufe they do inthe fhape of their bodies fome- thing refemble Smalows,are called by us Roadiné marini. ¢. Vil \ oe Bool, ORNMITHOLOGR 355, §. VII. Mr. Johnfons fall clover-footed Gull. , T‘ is of the bignefs of a Blackbird, or fomething lefs. Its. Bill is flender, freight, _§ fharp-pointed, black, round, having no knob in the lower Mandible. Thecrown "of ablack ordark red. The fides and under-fide of the Neck are red: The Belly and “wholenether fide white : The Back-and Wings brown, {potted with yellowith {pots. In the Wingsisa tranfverfe white line inthe tips of the’feathers. The Wingsare long ; the Tail fhort. The Toes not web‘dtogether, but bordered on each fide with latera! membranes {calloped,and elegantly ferrate : Whence when I firft faw the skin ofit ftufe at Mr. fobufons at Brigzalin Yorkshire, from the make of its Feet I judged to be of the Coot-kind.But afterwards being informed by Mr. Johxfox thatit ig much uponthe wing, hath {harp Wings, and cries like a {mall Gull, differs alfo in the faffiion of the Bill, I changed my opinion, and think that it ought rather to be referred to the Gals, to which I have fubjoyned it. | 1 2 - SECTION VIL Of Whole-footed Birds ‘pith broad Bills, 4Hefe may be divided ‘into the Goofé-kied,-and the Duck-kind. The marks of the Goofé-kiwd, of which we fhall firft treat, area bigger body : Large Wings ; a long Neck; a large, and round-ended train: A white ring about the Rump: A rounder Back, not {o flatand deprefled asin the Duck-kind : A Bill thicker at the bafe, flenderer toward the tip, and not {o flat and broad at the end ; as in Ducks: Towhich might beadded fhorter Legs. MEMB. L «> The Goofe-Kind. Cuar. L. Of the Swan: De Cygno. eer yee ae The tame Swan :* Cygnus manfuetus. T 77 His Bird is much the biggelt of all whole-footed Water-fowl with broad Bills. An old one we made trial of weighed twenty pounds: From the tip of the © Billto theend of the Tail was fifty five inches long, tothe end of the Feet fiftyfeven. The diftance between the tips of the Wings extended was feven foot and eight inches. ; Sa .h : ? The whole body is covered with a foft, delicate Plumage, in the old ‘ones purely * white, inthe young ones grey. The quils of the greatet Wing-feathers in this Bird are greater than in the wild Swan. The Bill in the young ones of the firft year is of a lead colour, Having a round nail as it wereat the tip, anda black ]ine on each fide from the Nofthrils to the Head. - From the Eyes to the Billis a triangular f{pace, bare of feathers, of a black colour, the bafe whereof refpetts the Bill, the vertex the Eyes. In old ones the Bill is red, the hook or nail at the end beingblack. - Above at the bafe ofthe Bill grows a great Lobe of tuberous flefh of a black colour, bending forwardor downward.’ The.fpace un- derthe Eyesalwayscontinues black. The Tongue isindented or agothed The Feet Lz 2 of 355 356 ORNITHOLOGY. Boos Il. of alead colour, barea little above the knee. The inmoft Toe hath a lateral mem- brane appendant. TheClaws areblack. ne a ¢ The ftomach is furnifhed with thick and {trong mufcles : "The Guts have eight or nine revolutions, and are large. ‘The Wind-pipe in this kind enters not the Breaft- bone. Wherefore Aldrovand doth not rightly infer that Arsffotle never difleted this Fowl], becaufehe makes no mention of this ingrefs, and of the ftrange figure of the Wind-pipe. For thisis proper to the wild Swaz, not common to both kinds; we having not obferved fuch a conformation of the Wind-pipe in any of thofe tame: Swans we havediflected. Aldrovandws therefore thinking there.was jbut one kind of Swany viz, that which he diflected, did erroneoufly attribute what was proper to that one kind, to the Swaz in general. We have opened two wild Swans, and in both haveobferved the Wind-pipefotoenter the cavityiof the Breaft-bone,and to be there fo reflected as Aldrovandws hath‘exprefied both in words and figures: Of tare Sivans we have anatomized many, and in all have obferved the wind-pipe to defcend flreight down into the Lungs without any fuch digreflion or reflection. he It isa very long-lived fowl, {o that it is thought to attain. theage of three hundred years: Which ( faith Aldrovandys ) to me feems not likely. For my part, I could ‘eafily be induced to believeit : For that Ihave been affured by credible perfons that a Goofe willlivea hundred years ormore. Butthata Swaz is much longer-lived than a Goofe, if it were not manifeft in experience, yet are there many convincing argu- ments to prove, viz. that in thedame kind it is bigger: That it hath harder, firmer, and more folid flefh ; That it fits longér on its Eggs before it hatchesthem. For, that {may invert Plizies words, Thofe creatures live longeft that are longeft born inthe Womb. Now incubation anfwers to geftation. For the Egg is asit were an expo- fed Womb with the young enclofed, Which in viviparous Animals are cherified;and, as I may fo fay, hatched within the body, in oviparous Animals without the body, by the warmth of theold one fitting upon them. B32 | The Swaz feeds not upon fifh, but either upon herbs growing in the water, and their roots and feeds, of upon Worms, and other InfeGs,. and fhell-fith. Albertws writes truly, that its flefh is black and hard. As the Bird it felf is far bigger than a Goofe, foits flefh is blacker, harder, and tougher, having groffer fibres, hard of di- geftion, of abad and melancholicjuice: Yet for its rarity ferves as .a difh to adorn great mens Tables at Feafts and entertainments, being elfe in my opinion no defirable dainty. Itlays feven or eight Eggs, and fits near two months before its young ones be hatcht. | They make ufe of the skin, the grofler feathers pluckt off, and only the Down left, and fo dreft, as a defenfative againft cold, efpecially to cover and cherifh the Breaft andStomach. g. IL Awild Swan, called alfo an Elk:, andi fome places a Hooper. | ese lefs than a tame Swav, not exceeding two hundred fixty five ounces, or @ -fixteen pound three quarters, Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Feet was fixty inches, to theend of the Tail fifty fix. The figure of the body is the fame with thetame Swans: The colour white, yet not all over’ fo white as the tame Swans : For themiddle of the Back, and the fmaller covert-feathers of the Wings are cinereous: Sometimes alfo here and there a brown feather is mixt with the white ones in the Back. Each Wing hath thirty eight quils. The firft feather of the baftard-wing is longer than ordinary, as inthe tame Swan: The quils much lefs than in that. The Billtowards the tip, and as far as the Nofthrils, is black; Thence to the Headcovered witha yellow membrane. [ Mr.Wilyghby defcribes the Bill a little differently thus. The upper Mandible is moveable, from the Eyes to the Nofthrils bare, and of a fair yellow. colour, beyond the Nofthrils black. The lower Mandible is black, but the membrane under the Chin yellow.] The Legs are bare of feathers a little above the | knees, of a dusky yellow, as arealfo the Feet. The Wind-pipe after a ftrange and wonderful manner enters the Breaft-bone in a cavity prepared for it, and is therein reflected, and after its egrefs at the divarication is contracted into a narrow compafs by a broad and bony cartilage, then being divided into two branches goes on to the Lungs. . Phefe branches beforethey enter the Lungs are dilated, and asit were fwoln out intotwo cavities. fs nD Book IL ORNCITHOLOGY —_— 357 On the fides of the Rump grow two huge glandules, out of which by:a light preflure may be {queezed a certain glutinous fubftance like to ear-wax, wherewith fhe anoints and compofes her feathers. Butthefe glandules are not peculiar to this Bird, though perchance greater and more remarkable in her, but common to.all. The Bird we defcribed was a Female, The knot or bunch of Eggs was fituate far within the body, between the very Lobes of the Lungs. ‘The Wind-pipe enters the breaft- bone, and comes out again below the Merry-thought : The ttomach is very. flefhy, and furnifhed with thick mufcles. Above the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into a bag, thick-fet, and as it were granulated within with many papillary glandules, ex- cerninga kindof Saliva, which ferves asa men/trnum to macerate the meat. The Wind-pipe reflected in form ofa Trumpet {eems to be fo contrived and formed by nature for modulating the voice. Hence what the Ancients have delivered con- cerning the finging of Swans (if it be true, which I much doubt ) feems chiefly to agree to this bird, and not to the tame Swan. __ For my part, thofe {tories of the Ancients concerning the finging of Swavs,viz.that thofe Birds at other times, but efpecially when their death approaches; do witha moft {weet and melodious modulation of their voice, fing their own Nevia or funeral fong, feemed to me always very unlikely and fabulous, and to have been therefore not un- defervedly exploded by Scaliger and others. Howbeit, Aldrovandys, weighing on both fides the Arguments and Authorities of learned men, hath (he faith ) obferved them to be equal; wherefore tocaft the{cale, and eftablith the affirmative, he thinks that wonderful {tru@ure of the Wind-pipe, by..him firft obferved, 1s of weight fufh- cient. Butthis Argument though it be very {pecious and plaufible, yet doth it not conclude the controverfie. For we have obferved in the Wind-pipe of the Crane the like ingrefs into the cavity of the Breaft-bone, and. reflection therein, or a more re- markable one 5 yet no man, that I know of, ever commended the Craze for finging, or mufical modulation of itsvoice. But if you ask me, to what purpofe then doth the Wind-pipe enter into the breaft-bone, and is in that manner reflected there ? I mutt in= genuoully confefs, Ido not certainly and fully know. Yet miay there be other rea- ‘ay {ons afligned thereof ; as that which * Aldrovand alledges in the firft place, x.. That * vaithals whereas fometimes for almoft half an hours fpace the Sma continues with her heels "3?" up, and her head under water, feeking and gathering up her food from the bottom of the Pool or River fhe fwims in, that part of the Wind-pipe enclofed in the. breatt- bone may fupply her with air enough to ferve herallthat while. Sotheufe of it will be tobe a ftore-houfe of air, for the advantage of diving and continuing long under water. 2. This kind of {tructure doth undoubtedly conduce much to the increafing the {trength and forceof the voice. For that the wild Swan hath a very loud and fhrill cry, and which may be heard along way off, the Exglz/h name Hooper, impofed upon it ( as I fuppofe ) fromits hoopingand hollowing noife doth import. Hence it appears how uncertain and fallaciousa way of arguing it is from the final caufe. For though Nature, Gods ordinary Minifter, always atts for fome end, yet | What that is we are often ignorant, and it doth not rarely fall out to be far different from what we fancy: Nay we may bedeceived when we think we are moft fure, and imagine it can be no other than what we have prefumed.: Wherefore I make more account of the teftimonies he alledges; as of Frederick Pendafiuehat affirmed he had often heard Says finging fweetly inthe Lake of Maz- iva, as he was rowed up and downina Boat. Butas for the teltimony of George ' Brawn concerning flocks of Swavs in the Sea near Londo, meeting, and as it were welcoming the Fleets of Ships returning home withloud and chearful finging, is with- out doubt moft falfe :, We having never heard of any fuch thing. ee * Olaws Wormiws of late confirms the opinionof ‘Aldrovaed, and the reports of the * 4. Ancients concerning the finging of Swans, producing the Teftimonies of fome of his grap.i3, familiars and Scholars who profeffed themfelves to have heard their mufic. There was ( faith he ) in my Family a very honeft young man, one Mr. Fohy Roftorph Student in Divinity, a Norwegian by Nation. This man did upon his credit, and with the interpofition of an Oath folemnly affirm, that himfelf in the Territory of Drontex did once by the Sea-fhore early in the Mosning hear an unufual and moft fweet murmur compofed of moft pleafant whiftlings and founds: Which, when as he knew Not whence it came, orhow it wasmade, for that hefaw no man near which might be the author of it, looking round abouthim, and climbing up the top of a certain Pro- montory, he efpied an infinite number of Swams gathered together in a Bay of the Sea near hand, making that harmony 5 a fweeter than which in all-his lives time s : ha 358 ORNITHOLOGY, Boox il. had never heard. By fome I{landers, my Scholars, I have been told, that riothing is more frequent with them than this harmony, in thofe places where theré are Swajji This I therefore alledge, that it may appear that the report of thofe famous ancient Authors concerning the finging of Sams is not altogether vain, but attefted and . proved by modern experiments. Thusfar Wormiyws. Let the Readers judge whe- ther his witnefles be fufficient. \ This Bird hath notas yet, that [know of, been defcribed by any Author. oe —- ee Cuap. IL. Of the Goofe. se . | Besk A Of the tame Goofe: T is lefs than a Swan, bigger than a Ducks weighing fometimes when fatted te; | pounds. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail, in that we meafured, was thirty five inches and an half, to the end of the Feet thirty féven and an half: The Wings extended were fixty inches and an half over. The length of the Neck from the tip of the Bill to the fettmg on of the Wings feventeen inches. The Bill it felffrom the tip to the angles of the Mouth was two inches three quarters long, tothe Eyes three andan half. ‘Fhe Tail was fix inches and an half long, com- pounded of eighteen feathers, the outmoft the fhorteft, the reft by degrees longer to the middlemoft, which are the longeft. The colour in thefe, as in other tame Birds is various, in fome brown, in fomegrey, in fome white, in fome flecked, or partico- loured of white and brown. . The Bill and Legs in young ones are yellow, in old ones for the moft part red. The Bill is thick at the head, and flenderer by degrees to thepoint. Each Wing hath twenty féven quils‘or feathers in the firft row. When it isangry ithiffes likeaSerpent. It isverylong-lived. A certain friend of ours'of undoubted fidelity told us that his Father had once a Goofe that was known to be eighty years old, which for ought he knew might have lived the other eighty years, had he not been conttrained to kill it for its sil hievoatie(s in beating and deftroying the younger Geefe. : But of the Goof, a Bird fowell known in all Nations, more than enough. §. U. The coxmon wild Goofe: Anfer ferus. N bignefS it equalsa tame-Goofe; is for the fhape of its body very like it, and not | much different incolour. Its Head, Neck, Back, generally its whole upper fide, excepting the feathers incumbent on the Tail is of a dark grey or brown. Yet the uppermoft covert-feathers of the Wings are paler. ‘The fecond, third, and fourth rows of Wing feathers, and likewife the {capular ones have white edges about their tips. The feathers alfo next the Tail are purely white. The quils of the Wings are twenty fevenin number, of a dark brown, almoft black. The Tail is fix inches long, compofed of eighteen black feathers, having their tips and exteriour edges white. The colour of the underfide of the body is a light grey, by degrees lighter from the Head to the Tail, whereunder itis perfectly white. The Bill is more than two inches long, fromthe Head almoft half way black, then of a Saffron colour, the tip again being black. The upper Mandible all along is toothed or indented with many rows of {mall teeth; the nether-only with one row oneachfide. The Tongue alfo hath —oneither fide a row of Teeth in its bordering membrane. Its Legs and Feet are of -a Saffron colour: Its Claws black or livid. Under each Eye isa whitifh line. That wedefcribed weighed feven pound and a quarter. §. Il. Book Ill, ORNITHOLOGY. | 6. Th The Bernacle or Clakis : Bernicla feu Bernacla. T is leffer thanatame Goofe. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws or Tail ( for they are equally extended ) is thirty..one inches. dts Bill black, muchleffer and fhorter than.a Goofés, from the tip to the angles of the Mouth {earce aninchand half. The Chin, Cheeks, and what of the forehead touches the Billis white, excepting only aline or bed of black between the Eyes and Bill. . The ¢ Neck and fore-part of the Breaft to the */ter#both above and beneath is black. * Breatt. The under-fide of the body is white, with fome mixture of cinereous, yet the lowet feathers on the Thighsa littleabove the Knees are black. The feathers next the Tail are white, thofe above them black, elfe the Back is particoloured of black ‘and cine- reous. The Tail black: The quil-feathers of the Wings brown¢ The lefler rows of covert-feathers of the Wings have white edges, thenthey are black for a good way, the remaining part of the feather being afh-coloured : which colours fo fucceeding oneanother make a very fair fhew.. The hind-toe is very {mall. i ai It frequents the Sea-coafts of Lawcajhire in the Winter-time. This is the Bird which Beloniws defcribes under the title of Cravant or Oye Nounctte, which. he thinks to bethe Chenalopex of the Ancients. See Belumius bis defcription in * Aldrovand, * Ornithol. ; which agrees exactly to this bird. We have fométimes thought the Berzacle and Breat- tOM.3.pol 664 Goofe to differ only in Sex, not in + Species, but afterwards more diligently ‘confi- + Kind. dering and comparing both their cafes we changed our opinion, for there are re- markable notes by which they may be diftinguifhed, as ‘will eafily appear to whofo- ever will take the pains to compare their defcriptions. For in this the Chin and Cheeks are white, in thatthe whole Head and Neck black, fave only a black line on each fidethe Neck 5 which in the Ber#acle are wanting. Befides, the Bermacle feemed to us bigger, and much fairer, for thofe cinereous and black colours alternately difpo= fed in the feathers of the Back and Wings make a very lovely fhew. nike . This alfo feems to be the fame with the Brenta or Bernicla of Gefzer, although his defcription be not very exa&. Perchance alfo the Banmgan/z or tree-goofe of Ge/xer may be the fame, although he make them different birds: For the defcriptior{ of this he took from a Pi@ure, as it feems, not exaly drawn: Unlefs his Banmganjz be the fame with Baltners, i. e. the Brenxta, next tobe defcribed. . ‘ What is reported concerning the rife and original of thefe birds, towit, that they are bred of rotten wood, for inftance, of the Mafts, Ribs, and Planks of broken Ships half putrified and corrupted, or of certain Palms of trees falling into the Sea, or laftly, of a kind of Sea-fhels, thefigures whereof Lobel, Gerard, and others have det forth, may befeenin Aldrovand, Sennertws in his Hypomnemata, Michael Meyerus, who hath written an entire book concerning the Tree-fow!, and many others. But that all thefe {tories are falfeand fabulous I am confidently perfwaded. Neither do there want fufficient argumentsto induce the lovers of truth tobeof our opinion, and toconvince thegainfayers. Forinthe whole Ge#ws of Birds (excepting the Phenix’, whofe reputed original is without doubt fabulous ) there is not any one example of equivocal or fpontaneous generation. Among other Animals indeed the leffer and more imperfect, as for example many Infects and Frogs, are commonly thought either tobe of {pontaneous original, or to come of different feeds and principles. But the greater Animals and perfectin their kind, fuch as is among Birds the Goo/é, no Philo fopher would ever admit to be inthis manner produced. Secondly, thofé fhells in which they affirm thefe Birds tobe bred, and to come forth by a {trange metamorphofis, do moft certainly contain an Animal of their own kind, and not tranfmutable into any other thing: Concerning which the Reader may pleafe to confult that curious Naturalift Fabiws Columna, Thefe thells we our felves have feen, once at Vexice growing in great abundance to the Keel of an old Ship 5 afecond time in the Medj- terrancan Sea, growing to the back of a Tortcifé we took between Sicily and Malta. Columua makes this fhell-fith to be akind of Balanws marinus. ‘Thirdly, that thefe Geefé do lay Eggs aftef the manner of other Birds, fiton them, and hatch their Young, _ the Hollanders in their Northern Voyages affirm themfelves to have found by exe perience. - §. IV: ‘ ‘ 7 ¥ i = 360 2—~=C*=“‘“‘<‘éz OR NIT HO LLOG | . Boox ae . §. IV: «.. The Brent-Goofé : Brenta. © _ PT is a little bigger than a Duck, and longer-bodied. The Héad; Neck, and bp | per part of the Breaft are black. But about the middle of the Neck on each fide isa {mall {pot or line of white, which together.appear like a ring of whité. + The Back isof the colour of a common Goof, that is,.adark grey. - Toward the Tail i is darker coloured : But thofe feathers which are next and immediate to the Tail are white. _ Thelower Belly is white: The Breatt of ‘a dark grey » The Tail and greater quils of the Wings black, the lefferof-a dark grey. | ‘The Bill ‘is-fmall, black; an inch and half long, thicker at the head, flenderer toward the tip: The Eyes hazel-co- ~ lJoured: The Nofthrils great: The Feet black, having the back-toe. The length of the Bird from Bill to Tail wastwenty inches. | L Tam of opinion that the Brant-Goo/e differs {pecifically from the Bernacle; however Writers of the Hiftory of Birdsconfound them, and make the words Synonymous, We have feen both alive among his Majefties Wild-fowl kept in St. Fames’s Park. The Cafe of the Brext-Gooje ftuft we have feen with Mr. Fobnfor at Brignial in York- fhire, of the Berzacleiny Sir Willian Fofters Hall at Bamburch in Northumberland * Mr. ‘Fefop alfo fent usthem both out of Yorkshire” ) 31 This is the Bird whofe figure Aldrovandys gives usin thethird Tome of his Orzitho: logie, Chap. 37. which Brancion fent him painted out -of the Low-Conntries -’ The whole Head, and Neck befides 4 certain imperfect whitecircle jn its upper part, the Back and:infide of the Thighs were black, the Eyes yellow : The Bill fhorter than in that of Belonivs [our Bernacle ]and thicker where it joyns to the Head: The Wings from afh-colour inclined tobrown. | i Shel yy epi Both the defcription and the figure of the Ring-Duck[ Anas torquata | of Bellonins agree in all pointsto this Bird of ours, fo that I doubt not but they are thefame. See Aldrovands Ornithologie, Book 19. Chap. 37. It is. painted and defcribed by Leonard Baltwer under the title of Banzganfs, that. is, Tree-Goofe ; and. perchance may bealfo the Banmgan{z of Gefner. Nit eas tos aig | Vive i Mr. Johufoz, in his Letters lately fentus, writes, as if he thought that this were only the Female of the precedent, induced chiefly by this argument, that the Fowlers ob~ fervethefeto company and fly together with them, as themfelves told him. eK, The Swan-Goofe: Anter cygnoides Hifpanicus fen Guineenfis, He Back, as in other Geefé, is of a dark grey: The Belly white: The Throat [ and Breaft of.a reddifh brown. » A line or liftof dark brown runé all along the ridge of the Neck from the Head tothe Back. The Bill is black, from the root whereof arifesa knob or bunchover-hanging it, which in the Males and old Birdsis bigger than in the Hensand Young, A line or fillet of white between the Eyes and Bill adorns the Head.: The Tail is of the fame colour with the Back and Wings, the tips of the feathers being whitifh. The Feet are red, and in fome the Bill too.. The back-toe islittle. Itis a ftately Bird, walking with the Head and Neck decently erected. . | | §. VI , The Gambo-Goofe, or Spur-wing'd Goofe. Tis for thape of body like to the Mufcovy Duck, and of equal bigne(s: Hath _ long red Legs: A» white Belly; the Back ofa dark, fhining, purple colour. Its * Flethy pro- Billi$ red: Its Cheeks and Chinwhite. Its Head hath a red * Caruncle.. But what tuberances 4¢ moft remarkable init, is a {trong Spur proceeding from the firft joynt of the Wings: The like whereto Marggrave hath obferved in four or five fortsof Braflian Birds: But no European Fowl, thatI know of, hath them. :* §. VIL. Book, ORNITHOLOGR 361 | | §. VIL. The Canada Goof. Ts length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail, or of the Feet is forty -twoinches, The Bill it felf ftom the angles of the mouth is extended two inches, and is black of colour: The Nofthrilsare large. . In fhape of body it is like toa tame Goofe, fave that it feems to be a little longer. ‘The Rump is black, but the feathers next abovethe Tail white: The Back of a dark grey, like thecommon Goofes. The . . * Jower part of the Neck is white, elfe the Neck black. Ir hath a kind of white ftay * Bottom. or muffler under the Chin, continued on each fide below the Eyes to the back of the Head. The Belly is white: The Tail black; as are alfo the greater quils of the Wings, forthe leffer and covert-feathers are of a dark grey, as in the common tame Geefe. TheEyes are hazel-coloured, the edges of the Eye-lids in fome, I know not whether in all, white: TheFeetblack, having the hind-toe. The title fhews the place whence it comes. We faw and defcribed both this and the precedent among the Kings Wild-fowl in St. James's Park. §. VII. The Rat-Goofe, or Road-Goofe : Brenthus fortaffe. M R. Fohufon, who fhewed us this Bird at Brignal in Yorkshire, thus defcribes it. ii It is lefs by half than a tame Goofe, abouttwo foot long ; its Bill {carce an inch, black of colour, as are alfo the Feet. The top of the Head and part of the Neck black: The feathersnext the Bill, the Throat and Breaft brown: The reft of the under-fide white: The upper-fide grey, but the ends of the feathers from grey darken intoa brownith colour, the edges changing into white, asis ufual alfo in the common tame Goofe. The quils of the Wings, and the Tail are black, but this hath white feathers oneach fide. ‘The Rump is.alfo white. | : It isa very heedlefs Fowl, ( contrary to thenature of other Geefe) fo that ifa pack of them come into Tees, it is feldom one efcapes away, for though they be often fhot at, yet they only fly alittle, and fuffer the Gunnerto come openly upon them. SECTION . VIL. Mens. II. | Broad-billed Birds of the Duck-kind. CHAP. I. Of the Duck in general. “oo “4He Duck-kind have fhorter Necks and larger Feet in proportion to their bodies than Geefé : Leffler bodies: Howbeit, the biggeft in this kind do equal, if not exceed the leaftinthat. They have fhorter Legs than Gee/é, and fituate more backward, fo that they go wadling: A broader and flat- ter Back, and fo a more comprefied body ; and laftly, a broader and flatter Bill. ee Tongue is pectinated or toothed on each fide, which isconimon to them with eefe. ' Thefe are of two forts, either wild or tame. The wild again are of two forts, 1. Sea-Ducks, which feed moft what in falt-water, dive much in feeding, have a broader Bill, ( efpecially the upper part ) and bending upwards, ¢ to work in the flem ) a large hind-toe, and thin, ( likely for a Rudder) a long train, not tharp- pointed. 2. Poxd-Ducks, which haunt geathcs, have a ftreight and narrower Bill, a } Aaa very 2 —_ 362 ORNITHOLOGY. ~ Boox TIL. - very little hind-toe, a tharp-pointed Train, white Belly, fpeckled feathers, black, with glittering green in the middle Wing, with a white tranfverfe line on either fide. For thisdiftinction of Sea-Ducks and Pond-Ducks we are beholden to Mr. Fohnfor. Cuar. Il Of Sea-Ducks. Sep * Wormius bis Eider or Soft-feathered Duck. Here hath been brought me ( faith Wormiws ) from the Ferroyer lands a cer- tain fort of Duck they call there Eider : What name the Latives giveit] know * The foft- not, I have thought fit to intitle it, * Avas plumis molliffimis. The Cock oo differs from the Hen in many things, though the lineaments of the body are much Pie ie what the fame. The Cock in figure or fhape exactly refembles a tame Drake or Mal- lard 5 hatha flat, black Bill, coming nearer the figure of a Goofés than a Ducks 5 per- forate inthe middle with two oblong holes, ferving for refpiration; of the length of three inches, pectinated onthe fides. . From the Nofthrils through the crown of the Head above the Eyes two very black {pots or ftrokes confifting of foft feathers tend to the hinder part of the head, divided by a narrow white line énding in the upper part * Upper part Of the Neck, * which from green inclines to white. The whole Neck, the lower of the Neck. part of the Head, the Breaft, the upper fide of the Back and Wings are white: The quils of the Wings black, as alfo the whole Breaft and Rump, The Tail, which is three inches long, is alfo black: The Legs fhort and black: The Feet confilt of threeblack Toes, joyned together'to theends by a black membrane: The Toes armed - | *A back-toe With fharp, crooked Claws. They havea * Spur behind, fituate at the beginning of hemeans. the Leg, furnifhed alfo with the likemembrane and claw. The Hen is of the fame bignefs and figure, but all over of one uniform colour, viz. brown, {prinkled here and there with certain black {pots: in its other lineaments and parts agreeing with the Cock. They build themfelves Nefts on the Rocks, and lay good {tore of very favoury and well-tafted Eggs; for the getting of which the neighbouring people let themfelves down by ropes dangeroufly enough, and with the fame labour gather the feathers ( Eider duz our People call them }) which are very foft,and fit to ftuff Beds and Quilts. For in afmall quantity they dilate themfelves much ( being very {pringy ) and warm the body above any others. Thefe Birds are wontat fet times to moult their feathers, enriching the Fowlers with this defirable merchandize. This fame defcription Wormivs repeats again inthe third book of his Mufeum, pag.310. §. IL. The Cutbert-Duck : Anas S.Cuthberti feu Farnentis. the Back white, the Tail and feathers of the Wings black. The Bill is fcarce fo long as a Ducks: ‘The upper Mandible a little crooked at the end, over-hanging the lower. TheLegsand Feet black; havingaback-toe. But, what ismoftremarkable in this kind 1s, that on both fides the Bill in both Sexes the feathers run down in an acute angleas far as the middle of the Nofthril below [ under the Nofthrils.’] The Female is almoft of the colour of a Hez-Groufé. This Fowl builds upon the Parz Iflands, laying great Eggs. I fufpect, nay, am almoft confident, that itis the fame with Wormiushis Eider. 1 faw only the Cafes of the Cock and Hen ftuft, hanging up in Sir William Fofters Hall at Bambergh in Northumberland. t breedsno where about Ezgland but onthe Farz Ilands, that wehave everheard of: ‘ When its young ones are hatcht it takes them to the Sea, and never looks at Land till next breeding time, nor is {een any where about our Coafts. r is biggerthan the tame Duck, The Male is particoloured of white and black, : Q. III. Book. ORNITHOLOGY. | | Q. It. Aldrovandws his black, Dick, FT isbigger than the common Duck. Its Billis broad and hort, yelllow on both | fides, black inthemiddle, witha red hook at the tip. The Head and part of the Neck are of a black green, or black, with a tincture of green: The Legs and Feet are red onthe out-fide, of acitron-colour on the infide: The Web of the Foot and the Claws of adeep black. All the reft of the body isblack, faving a crofs lineof whitein the middle of the Wings, anda white {pot behind eachEye. The feathers of the whole body are fo foft and delicatea:s1othing more, fo that it might be not un- defervedly called theVelvet-Duck, In the Stomach.and Guts, almoft down to the {treight Gut, I found {mall indigefted fragments of Cockle and Periipinkle-fhells : But in the ftreight gut they wereall concocted; and reduced intoa fine powder or fand. It is feldom feen with us, unlefs driven over by a {torm, but on the fhores of Norway there are great flocks of them, hundreds together. "This is that Duck which William Ma|cerellivs, aPhyfician of Collen, {ent to Aldro- vandus, giving itthistitle: The black Duck with a black, red, and yellow Bill; whole figure, though not very elegant, we have borrowed. The defcription of this Bird we owe to Mr. Fohbufon, with whom alfo we faw its Cafe ftuft. §. IV. The Sheldrake or Burrough-Duck, called by fome, Bergander ; Tadorna Bellow. bh er he Vulpanfer quibufdam. T isof amean bignefs, between a Goofe andl a Duck, Its Bill is fhort, broad, fome- | thing turning upwards, broader at the tip, of a red colour all but the Nofthrils, and the nail or hook at the end, which are black. At the bafe of the upper Man- dible near the Head isan oblong carneous bunch or knob. The Head and upper part of the Neck are of a black, or very darkgreen, fhining like filk, which to one. that views it at a diftance appears black: The reft of the Neck and region of the Craw milk-white. The upper part of the Breaft and the Shouldersare ofa very fair orange or bright bay-colour. [The fore-part of the body is encompafled with a broad ring or {wath of thiscolour. ] Along the middle of the Belly from the Breaft to the _. Vent runs a broad black line. Behindthe Vent under the tail the feathers are of . the fame orange or bay colour, but paler. The reft of the Breaft and Belly, as alfo the underfide of the Wings is white: The middle of the Back white: The long {ca- pular feathers black. All the Wing-feathers, as well quils as coverts, excepting thofe on the outmoft * joynt, are white. 4 . | - Each Wing hath about twenty eight quil-feathers, the ten foremoft or outmoft whereof are black, as are thofe of the fecond row incumbent on them, fave their bottoms: Above thefe toward the ridge of the Wing grow two feathers, white be- low, having their edgesround about black. The next twelve quils, as far as they appear above their covert-feathers, are white on the infide the fhaft, on the outfide tincured with adarkfhininggreen. The three next on the infide the fhaft are white, ~ onthe outfide have a black line next thefhaft, the remaining part being tin@ured with anorange colour. The twenty fixth feather ts white; having its oute® edge black. . : The Tail hath twelve feathers, white, and tipt with black, all but the outmoft, which are wholly white. some | Noes. | _ The Legs and feet are of a pale red or flefh-colour, the skin being: fo pellucid that the tract of the veins may eafily be difcerned through it. a . Jt hath as it were a double Labyrinth atthe divarication of the Wind-pipe. . _ Its fiefh is not very favoury or delicate, though we found neither-fifh nor fifh-bones WMatsligmach,. .. salen) <0 ike logmicn@e cf) Steen) s, . They are called by fome,Burrow-Ducks, becaufe they build in Coney-burroughs ¢ : By others,Sheldrakes, becaufe they are particoloured : And by others, it fhould feem; Berganders, which name I find in Aldrovand, Bookt9.Chap.19. |. alll , We have feen many of them on the Sea-coalts of Wales and Laxcafhire, nor are they lefs frequent about the Eaftern fhores of Exgland. _ ue | Aaa 2 §. V. 353. ate — Ss" _* Bone ¥ Gilvo. * Or dusky. fica, * Ruffuss ORNITHOLOGY. Boos Ul §. V. | The fharp-tail' d [land Duck, of Woruiiws, called by the Iflanders, Havelda. T is lefs than the broad-bilf'd Duck, called by Gefaer: Schellent': From. the crown of the Head to the Rump of a foot-and three inches length. — Its Head is: {mall, comprefied, having white feathers about theEyeg; on the crown ‘black ones incli- ning to.cinereous. The Neck is of thefame colour: The Back down to the Rum pis black, witha mixture of * Ijabe/a colour.» The Plumage onits Rump ismingled of black and white. Out of the end of the Rump fpring four tharp, black feathers » two of which are nine inches long, the other two of the fame colour'and figure; being but one third of the former in length. . The undérfide'of the Neck-and the Bel- ly half-way are black; the other half, and the fides, fo far'as covered bythe Wings, white. The featherson the upper furface of the Wings areof a purplhtfh black, on the under fide cinereous. The Billis broad like the common' Ducks, toothed ;, the tip, and the part next the Head black, the middle part of an elegant ted-lead-colour : It is {mall and proportioned to the body. .The Feet are * brown 5 the Claws and membranes between the Toes black.» The fourth (which ftands backward, and re- fembles a Spur) hath a broad membrane annexed: riot y li Q. VI. The Swallow-tail'd Sheldrake of Mr.Johnfon, me ae Bill is fhort and fimous, black at the root tothe Nofthrils, and at the end, the reftred : The Head and Neck all white, which colour reacheth toa good part of the Breaft, but further on the Batk almofttothe Scapule, fave that there and _ behind the Ears there is a mixture of dusky Plumage: The Back and Wings black, as - isthe Breaft tothe mid-belly ; but the Wings-are lighter than the Back, efpecially the - middle Pens, which inclineto aruffet. On either fide the Back from the Scapule go. down divers long, {harp-pointed white feathers, which make an area of about four inches long, and one broad: The reft of the Belly and under the Tail fe-all white: The Tail hath fixteen pens; the two outmoft all white, the four middle all Black, and two of thofe longer than the reft by three inches at leaft, and very fharp+pointed, the reft black onthe out edge, and white on the inners the Legs whitifhblue, withblack Webs. Sheiisa great diver, and of thefize of aWiceon. _Ifhould have taken this to be the Male, and that defcribed by Wormius the Female Havelda, in refpect of fome common notes in Tailand Neb 3 but that the Female was with this of mine ( as may be prefumed, a pair only feeding together, feveral days in Tees River, below Barnards-Cafile) and did not much differ in colour. Thus far Mr. Fohxfon : Tam almoft perfwaded that it is {pecifically the fame with Wormins his Havelda, differing only in Age or Sex, or perhaps both. §. VIL The great red-headed Duck: Seen and defcribed at Rome. Tis fullas big or bigger than the tame Duck; weighing two pounds and ten ounces | Rowman. Its Bill is broad, asin the reft of this kind, thicker and broader at the bafé, flenderer, and narrower toward the point, ftreight, of a light fanguine colour. Each Mandible is pectinated or toothed withlowteeth. The Tongueis thick,broad, as is ufual in Ducks, of a flefh colour, cut in on each fide with black teeth, like thofe of aSickle. The Head feems greater and thicker than in proportion to the body. The crown of the Head is covered with a curious filken Plumage of a pale red co- lour. Thefe feathers are longer than ordinary, and moreerett, fo that they appear like a great creft or tuft. The Eyes are red like the Bill, or rather ofa red-lead co- lour. Beneath theEyes on each fide and under the Throat the feathers are of a deep *red. The whole Neck, the Breaft, Shoulders and whole Belly are black. The fides under the Wings, and the interiour furface of the Wings white, with a very fleight tinture or dafh of red. Each Wing had twenty fix quilsof the fame colour alfo above, excepting only the fix next the body, which are grey, or mabe et ) Boor Ul, Yet the tipsof all are black, and inthe four or’ five outmoft the: exteriour Websal{o, Inthe middle quils the extreme tips are again white. All the covert feathers are grey, excepting a white line in the uppermoft ridge of the Wing. The middle of the Back is of a grey or afh-colour, with a light tinctureof red. Of the fame colour are thofe long feathers growing at the fetting on of each Wing, and covering the Back : Above which appear in the Back two broad. white fpots of the figure of the fegment of a circle. The hinder part of the Back to the very Tailis black. The Tail it felfvery fhort, compofed of fixteen feathers, their upper fides grey, their under white, with a light dinitive of red. The Legs and Feet, as nother birds of this kind, red, yet here and there, efpecially about the joynts, clouded with fable. The.membranes connecting the Toes, and allthefoals ofthe Feet black. The Bird I defcribed wasa Cock, and had a Labyrinth at the divarication of the Wind-pipe. The Wind-pipe it (elf was greater at the head, flenderer in the middle, and above the Labyrinth again {woln into a greater tube. Its Stomach or Gizzard very large, and provided with very thick and {trong mufcles, filled with very fmall ftones mingled with grafs. Its Liver pale; Gall-bladder little, blind guts long. | | ‘This Bird! found inthe Market at Rome, thot, Ifuppofe, upon the Sea-coalt. . Ine- verhapned to fee it elfewhere, neither dol find any defcription of it, or fo much as any mention made of it inany book. Where it lives and breeds I know not. §. VIII. The Scaup-Duck: Perchance the Fuligula of Gefuer. ¥ T isfomewhat lefsthanthe common Duck, about two footlong. Its Bill is broad, and blues the upper Mandible much broader than thenether. The Head and part of the Neck are of a black green: The Breaftand underfide of the Neck black, the lower part of the Neck hath fomething of white mingled. The Belly is white, with a {prinkling of yellow in itslower part, about the Vent of black. The upper part of the Back is of a footy or fable colour; the middle white, waved with tranf- . verfelinesof brown; the lower, together with the Tail, brown. The Tail is {carce two inches long: The Wings brown, adorned on the upper fide with white fpots, having alfo.a crofs line of white. The Legs and Feet,together with the Web and Claws, are of a dusky blue colour. n This Bird is called the Scanp-duck,, becaufe the feeds-apon Scanp, 7.e. broken fhel- fith : She varies infinitely in colour, efpecially in Head and Neck, fo that among a pack of forty or fifty you hall not find two exattly alike: A thing not ufual in this _ kind. i Laat This Bird we have not as yet feen: We owe thisdefcription and hiftory of it ta Mr. Fohnfon. ; £ G0 TK. The tufted Duck: Anas Fuligula prima Gefveri, * Aldrov. Mergus cirratus minor Ge/z. Querquedula criftata five Colymbis Be“oniz, Aldrovand. p.210. | as we think, Capo negro at Venice. ie He Bill from the tip tothe corners of the Mouth is about two inches long,broad, 3 of a pale blue colour all’ but the tip, which is black. The feathers onthe forehead defcend down the middle of the Bill ina peak or angle. The Nofthrilsare great, ata pretty diftancefrom the Plumage. The Irides of the Eyes of a yellow or gold colour: The Ears {mall; as perchance in all Water-fowl. The Head, efpecially the crown, of a dark purple inclining to black, or rather black with fome mix- ture of purples whence at Venice, and elfewhere in Italy, itis called, Capo zegro. It hath a creft or cop hanging down backwards fromthe Head, of an inch and half long. The colour of the Neck, Shoulders; Back, in fine the whole upper partis a dari brown, almoft black. 04 zs ! | The Wings are fhort, all the covert feathers black : The four outmoft quils of the fame colour with the body 5 the fucceeding little by little whiter, the fubfequent thanthe antecedent. The fecond decad or middle quilsare purely white,all but their tips, which are black. The nextfix are wholly black. The Tail is very fhort,com- poled of fourteen black feathers, | a r Xe 5 és * Ornithdl. £.3,Ps217¢ 366 * a ORNITHOLOGY, Boox III, _ The nether fide of the Neck and forepart of the Breaft areblack, the reft of the Breaft and Belly, as far asthe Vent, ofa white or filver-colour, the lower the darker. Behind the Vent itisblack. The lateral feathers covered by the Wings when clofed thofe on the Thighs, and the under-coverts of the Wings are white. The mterrour baftard-wing confifts of fix white feathers. . | 2A The Legs are fhort and fituate backwards: The Feet of a livid or dark blue co- lour, the Web black: The Toes long. . The body isfhort, thick, broad, and fomething compreffed or flat, weighing about two pounds. 14 In the angle of the lower Mandible fome have a white fpot, which in othersjs wanting. ' . The Wind-pipe hath its labyrinth. The Liver is divided into two Lobes, having a Gall annexed. TheGizzard is compofed of thick mufcles: Therein we found no- thing but {mall {tones and Sea-wrack. ; . yn wig pita a faw a Bird very like this, perchance the fame, in his Majefties Poolsin 8.fames’s Park. aime Its Bill and Legs were of'a lead-colour: Its Head black. Its Wings little, but above the Wings the fides white. - A long creft hangs down backward fromrbehind the Head. [To me, beholding the Bird at a diftance, the whole Wings feemed white, but perchance that colour was proper to the covert-feathers, not common to the quils. ] Wav The black Diver or Scorer : Anas niger minor. YT is almoft as big as the common Dack, but rounder-bodied. The whole body ali | over isof a black or fablecolour.. From.the Shoulders in fome birds {pring blacker feathers. Inthe Chin and middle of the Breaft fome afh-coloured or whitifh fea- thers are mingled withthe black. ‘The Wings are of the fame colour with the body, without any diverfity of colours at all: Fhe Bill fuch as in the Duck-kind, yellow about the Nofthrils, elfe black; pectinated about the fides, yellow within, with- a any bunch in the upper Mandible. | Its’ Feet are black. This defcription is of a en. | Inthe year 1671. I found the Male of this kind at Cheffer, killed on the Sea-coafts thereabouts, and bought in the Market by my Lord Bithop Wilkizs his Steward, and defcribed itinthefe words. « | It is fomething lefs thana tame Duck, fhort-bodied for its bignefs, and broad; all over black both upper and under-fide: Only the Head had a dark tincture of pur- ple, and the under-fideof the firft, fecond, and third rows of Wing-feathers inclined tocinereous. The wings were fhort; the quilsin each twenty five. The Tail more than an hand-breadth long, confifting of fixteen feathers, the outmoft of which were the fhorteft, the reftin order longer to the middlemoft, which were the longeft, fo that the Tail runs out into an acute angle, more acute than T remember to have ob- ferved in other Sea-ducks 3 and each fingle feather is very fharp-pointed. The Bill in this Bird is efpecially remarkable, being broad, blunt, asin the reft of this kind, of about two inches length, having no Appevdix or nail at the tip, contra- ry tothe manner of other Ducks. The upper Mandible above the Noftrils, next the forehead, bunches out intoa notable protuberance, being fo divided inthe middle as to refemble Buttocks, diftinguifhed by a yellow intercurrent line. Now the colour of thisupper Mandible is black aboutthe fides, yellow in the middle, the yellow part being {o broad as to contain the Nofthrils, and about an inch long. The Tongue is ' very great. The Eye-lids yellow. The Irides of the Eyes dark. The Legs and Feetdusky: The Toesvery long, and web‘dtogether, fo that its oars are broad and large. The fhorter Toe hath a membranous border extant along its-outfide. This ha no labyrinth on its Wind-pipe. ~The blind-guts for a birdof this kind were very fhort: The Gall great. It weighed two pounds and nine ounces: Its length from Bill to Tail was twenty two inches : It breadth from Wings end to Wings end thirty four and an half. . This Bird hath not as yet been defcribed by any Author extant in Print that we know of. It abides conftantly at Sea, gets its living by diving, and 1s taken in Nets placed under water. Inthe wath in Liwcolafhire it is found plentifully. Its ae . ult: Boor I. ORNITHOLOGY. {tuft was fent us firft by Mr. Fr. Feffop out of Yorkshire: Next we gotit atCheffer, as — wehavefaid : Then Sir Thomas Brown fent us a Picture of icfrom Norwich 5 and latt- ly, Mr. Fohufoz fent adefcription of it in hismethod of Birds, in which defcription are fome particulars not obferved by us, vz. that the Male hath on the upper fide fome tinctureof fhiriing green, and that in the Henthe Neck and Head on bothifides, as far as the Eyes, is white. | alt de: §. XI. | The Poker, or Pochard, or great read-headed Wigeon : Anas fera, fufcaof Gefce, Aldroue t.3.p.221. Penelops veterum & Rothalfs of Gefzer, Aldrovwp. 2185... en ~ Canea la tefte rouge of Belloxivs.. . .. - Pe" Hat. we deferibed weighed thirtytwo ounces: From tip of Bill (to ail of Fail i ‘was nineteen inches long, to the Claws points twenty one. , It is bigger than the common /W/geor, and for its bignefsfhorter and thicker. The lefler covert-fea- _ thersof the Wings, and thofeonthe middle of the back are moft, elegantly variega- ted with dark brown and cinereous waved lines [ or afh-coloured, with very narrow, waved, crofs, dusky lines.’] The Rumpand feathers under the Tailare black, fothat the Tail iscompafled with aring of black. The lower part of the Neck isdikewife black, fo that the forepart of the body feems alf0 to be encircled witha ring ot fwathe of black. The Head and almoft the whole Neck-are of a deep fulvous or red colour : the middle part of the Breaft white, the fides and lower part, and Belly all of the fame colour with the Back, and varied with the like tranfverfe undulated lines,:but both colourspaler : Toward the Vent it is by degrees darker coloured. . The Tailis very fhort, not exceeding two inches, made up of twelve feathers, of a dark grey, the outmoftthe fhorteft,the re{t gradually longer to the middlemoft 5 yet the.excefs.is not confiderable, fo that notwithftanding itis not to be reckoned among thofe that have fharp Tails. The quils of the Wings are about twenty five, all of on¢colour, viz. a dark cinereous, though if they be carefully heeded, there will appear fome 367. diverfity, for the tips of the exteriour and greater feathers are marked with blacks... of the middle ones with white. “The intetiour baftard-wing and lefler covert-fea thers of the underfide of the Wings are-white. . _ The Bill is bigger and broader than in the Wigeow. The feathers divide the middle of the upper Mandible coming down from the forehead in formof'a peal: or acute angle. The upper Mandible is of a lead-colour, but its tip black: The nether. is wholly black. The Irides of the Eyes are of a very beautiful colour, from. yellow inclining to a fparkling red : The Feet lead-coloured : The membranes connetting the Toesblack : The inmoft toe the Jeaft, having a membranous border annexed. to its outfide, ‘The back toe hath likewife an appendant membrane or fin. ; ; The characteriftic note of this Bird, is one uniform colour of its Wings, without any feathers of different colour ia the middle of the Wing, asis ufual.in moft.Birds of this kind. | ort aiiuit: In another Bird of this kind, ( which we take to be the Female of this ) the Bill was black with anafh-coloured {pot of the form of a crefcent a little above the tip. The back feathers and coverts of the Wings had no fuch tranfverfe waved lines as thofe of the Male. In other points itagreed moftwhat with the Male. ash es SET The leffer ved-headed Duck: Perchance the Anas Filigula altera of Gefrer, Aldrovep.a 27- The Glaucium or Morillon of Bellonius : Capo roflo at Venice. L; is bigger than a Tea/,and fomething lefs thana Wigeon. Its Bill two inches and.an — halflong, ofa moderate breadth, of adark blue colour, paler about the edges, and toward the tip, The very tip or nail isround and black. The Nofthrils finall,long, fituate almoft in the middle of the Bill. The Jrides of the Eyes of acream or Ivory co- Jour. The Head is pretty great,all over red: But in the very angle of the lower Mandi- bleisafmall white fpot. The Neck, asin others of this kind, is fhott, encompafied in the middle with a ring of brown. The whole Back and covert-feathers of the Wings are of a dark brown ordusky colour. All the quilsofthe Wings which are in each about twenty fix }) except the three or four outmoft, and, the three or Ont 3 inmo 368 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ill. inmoft are white with browntips, fo that when the Wing is {pread they reprefent 4 broad tranfverfe lineiof white. The Tail is very fhort,. the middle feathers which are the longeft being about two inches and a quarter in length, the outmoft fhorter ; of a brown or dusky colour, the number of feathers fourteen. The Breaft below tlie ring down to the Merry-thought is red, which colour above alfo reaches to the mid- dle of the Shoulders. The reft of the Breaft and the upper Belly is white, the lower to the Vent dusky or dark grey. The feathers under the Tail are white, thofe long ones onthe thighs red. The Legs and Feet black, efpecially the joynts and mem- branes connecting the Toes, The back-toe hath abroad appendant membrane or fin as in the reftof this kind. The Wind-pipe hath a labyrinth at the divatication, and befides above {wells out into a puff-like cavity. The ftomach is mufculous. Thele Birds vary fomething inthe colour, efpecially of their Wings. | * A Bird of this kind weighed twenty one ounces 3 was in Jength fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of the toes feventeen inches and an half; in breadth between the ex tremes of the Wings expanded twenty fix and three quarters : The length of the guts forty two inches. Pek * ornithl —. Thedefcription of the Azas Fuligula altera of Gefnerin* Aldrovand agrees wellto P. 227, this Bird : So dothalfo the defcription and figureof the Moril/ozs or Glaucium of Bel- lonivs, efpecially inthe colour of theEyes. But becaufe there ié fome difference, wé will fubjoyn his defcription that the Reader himfelf may judge, The Glauciitn or Morillon of Bellonius. There is (faith he ) alfo another Water-fowl, called in our common fpeech Mo- rillon, very like toa Duck, andof the fame bignefs, having its Bill cut in the edge like a Saw 3 its Legs and Feet red on the infide, dusky on the out : Its whole Head to the middle of the Neck of a deep ferrugmeous.' Below the ferrugineous a whitith circle encompaffeth the Neck. The Breaft is of an afh-colour, the Belly white: The Back and Wingsblack. But inthefe, if they be ftretcht out appear feven white fea- | thers, which render the Wings particoloured as in a Pié. The reft of the Wings, cies aqua as alfo the Tail ( refembling that of a * Cormorant Y are black. Getting its food for sa the moft part out of the water, it lives upon little vermine and creeping things, which it finds in the bottom of the water: Diving alfo, and continuing long under water, ‘ itcatches {mall fifhes, and water MiWepedesior Lice, which the Fresch call Jes Ejfcrou- elles. It feeds alfo upon the feeds of herbs which grow on River-banks, and upon young Cray-fifh and Snails. It hath a Tongue fo flefhy, that near the root it feems double: A broad Breaft, like the reft of the Duck-kind : Short Legs,{tretched out back- wards, like the Divers [ Mergi.] Inthe inward parts this only 1s peculiar tovit, that no Gall appears in it! The Liver 1s divided into two Lobes,one whereof is incumbent on the ftomach, -the other on the'guts. } . This defcription in moft notes, the magnitude excepted, agrees to our Bird. For though BeVoxivs in his defcription affirms,that the ring about the Neck is white,yet in his figure he reprefents it black. §. XIII. The Golden-eye: Anas platyrhynchos mas,Aldrov. p.225. Clangula Gefneri, Aldrow. z That is, p.224.* Quattro occhii Italis : Weiler Dritvogel of the Germans about Strasburgh. our eyes. T is thick and fhort-bodied ; and hatha great head. Its Neck,as in the reft of this | kind, is fhort: Its Bill broad indeed, but fhort ; more elevated, and not fo flat or deprefied as in the reft of this kind, thicker at the head, leffer and narrower toward the tips all black, fromthe tip to theangles of the mouth an inch and three quarters Jong. The Head is of avery dark green, or of a changeable colour of black, pur- ple, and green, as it is varioufly expofed to the light, fhining like filk. At thecor- ner of the Mouth on each fide is a round white {pot, as big asathree pence, whence it got itsname Quattr’ occhitin Italian. The Irides of the Eyes are of a lovely yellow or gold-colour. The whole Neck both above and underneath,the Shoulders,Breaft,and whole Belly are white: The {pacebetween the Shoulders and all the lower part of the Back are black. “The Wings particoloured of black and white, vz. the middle fea- thers,both quils and coverts,are white; the outer and inner black.To {peak more exact- ly: The fourteen outmoft Quils are black; thefeven next white ;the four inmoft ees 3 ack, Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. black. The covert-feathers above the feven white ones are white, all but thofe near - the ridge of the Wing. But the bottoms of thofe of the fecond row are black half way up. The long {capular feathers are alfo mixt or particoloured of black and white. The Tail is three inchesand an half long, made up of fixteen feathers, from the outmoft by degrees longer, yet is not the Tail fharp, but rather round-pointed,all of one uniform black colour. bin, The Legs are vety fhort, of a Saffron or yellowifh red colour, as are alfo the Feet: The Toes are long, dusky aboutthe joynts ; the outmoft thelongeft ; the inmoft hath abroad appendant membrane. The membranes connecting the Toes, and the Claws are black. The back-toe is {mall, having alfo a broad appendant membrane or fin. The Wind-pipe hath a labyrinth at the divarication, and befides, ‘above {wells out into a Belly or puff-like cavity. “Pd Its weight was about two po unds, its length from Bill to Claws nineteen inches : ‘its breadth thirty one. i | niin Thefe Birds are very common at Vewice in Italy, and not rare upon our Sea« coats. -= oe Our fiealler reddifh-headed Duck, which it feems is no other than the Female of the precedent : Perchance the Anas Schollent of Gefzer, or the Anas fera fufca alia of Aldrovand, p.222. . ae It is about the bignefs of the Ava fuligula prima of Gener: Weighs twenty four ounces3 is from Bill to Claws feventeen inches long. It hath a great Head, of d for- did red colour : A: fhort Neck of a grey or hoary: A white Breaft and Belly: Its Back, Tail, moft of the covert-feathers and ten outmoft quills of the Wings are of a dark brown or black. The quil-feathers from the-tenth to about the twentieth are white. Ia_theleffer rows of covert-feathetsts-alfo-2-great-fpotefwhite, | The - fecond row of Wing-feathers, as many as are incumbent on the white quils, are white, but tipt with black.] In the leffer rows of wing-feathers there is alfo.a large white or afh-coloured {pot: So that in fome the whole Wing almoft{eems to be white. The Wings are {mall for the bignefs of the Bird, their feathers being fhort. The Tailis made up of fixteen feathers, andis for thiskind long. The Bill is fhorter and narrower than that of the tufted Duck, thick at the head, fharper toward the tip, the extreme hook or nail being black, and encompafied by a broad yellow fpace, very elegant to behold 5 the reft of the Bill black. The Eyeswere of a lovely yellow. or gold-colour. The Feet large, fituate backwards, of a yellowifh red colour, the Web of the Feet dusky; the foal black. Iobferved no labyrinth on the Wind-pipe, ree a fmall Gall-bladder of an oval figure. In the Craw we found a ‘Crab- Since the finifhing of the Latize Hiftory we have been informed that this Bird.is' no diftin& kind, but only the Female Golden-eye. And truly, the fhape of the body, the make of the Bill, the length, number of feathers, figure and colour of the Tail; the fafhion and colour of the Feet, and other accidents induce us to think fo, neither, is there more difference in weight than is ufual between different Sexes. Befides that, this was a Female the want of the labyrinth proves; but in the next Articlet fhall fhew fome reafon to doubt whether of the Golden-eye or not.’ Mr.Willughby allo was: {ufpicious thatit might be the Hen Golden-cye. | §. XIV. . The greater reddifh-headed Duck. perchance the fame with the loft defcribed, or the Male thereof: An Anas Schellent dicta Gefnero > Aldrov. p. 223. 1" weighed twenty four ounces, being in length from the tip of the Billto the end # of the’Fail eighteen inches and an half,to the end of the Toesnineteen; inbreadth the Wings being {pread out, thirty, The Bill two inches long, yellow, not only about the tip, likethe precedents, but alfo of a fordid or dark yellow all along the middle beyond the Nolthrils, The Irides of the Eyes are of a brightlovely yellow ; The Head of a fordid red: the Neck grey. For that chefnut or red colour of the Head extends not tothe middle of the Throat. The Back and whole upper fide are of a dark brown or black. The Throat, Breaft, Belly to the very Tail white ; but at the Ventis a crofs bar of brown. ail pr . Bbb Each ed * Tom. 3. Pag.224. * Blackith. * ) ORNITHOLOGY. Boos Ill. Each Wing hath about twenty fix quils; of which the outmoftten are black. the tipof the eleventh white; in the fucceeding the white increafes, till after three or four it reaches to the bottom. The twentieth or twenty firft hath its exteriour half white, its intertour black. {| There is fome variety infeveral Birds inthe colours of thefe feathers. ] The feathers immediately above the white feathers are alfo white - Befides, in the lefler covert-feathers is a great {pot of white in fome birds, of grey in others. TheLegs and Feet areof an ob{cure, fordid yellow, but about the joynts black. The web of the Foot is alfo black. The Legs are fituate backwards, as in the _ reft of this kind, feathered down almofttotheknees, the Shanks fhort, but the Feet large : The inmoft Toe hath a membrane bordering on the outfide of it. The hind- toe hath alfo its membraneannext. The Tail is three inches and an half long, made up of fixteen feathers, of the fame colour with the Back. Ifhould take this Bird to be the very fame with the precedent, not only in Species, but in Sex, notwithftanding its difference in bignefs, were it not thatit hada labyrinth onthe Wind-pipe, which I fuppofe is proper only to the Males. So that either this is the Male of the precedent, and both different in {pecies from the Golden-eye : Or, which I rather incline to believe, this muft be a young Cock-Golden-eye, that had not moulted its chicken-feathers 5 and the precedent anold Hen-Golden-eye: And fo thefe two fuppofed Species are reduced to the Golden-eye 5 they being all three the fame. 3) Xe The Shoveler, Anas platyrhynchos altera five clypeata Germanis dicta: Tafchenmul * Aldrov, Anas latiroftra major, Ge/ver. Aldrov. p.227. Breitfchnabel Germanis, I’ is fomething lefs than the common tame Duck, weighs twenty two ounces, being A inlength-fremthetip of the Bill tothe end of the Tail tsventy one inches. Its Bill is three inches long, coal-black, much broader toward the tip than at the bafe, exca- vated like a Buckler, of a round Circumference. At the’end it hath a {mall crooked hook or nail. Each Mandible is peétinated or toothed like a camb, with rays or thin plates inferted mutually one into another when themouth is fhut. The Tongue is flefhy, thick, broad, efpecially toward the tip; but the tip it felf is *thinner and femicircular. The Eyes are of adeep yellow: The Legs and Feet of a Ver- milion colour: ‘The Claws black: The hind-toe little. The membrane con- ce the Toes ferrate about the edges. The Feet are lefs than inothers of this ind. The Head and Neck almoft half-way are of a fair blue. [ Inthe Bird which I de- feribed ‘at Rome, and in another which Mr. Wilughby faw at Crowland it was very * dark, lightly tinctured with a deep fhining green. ] The under-fide of the Neck and region of the Craw arewhite; the upper-fide and Shoulders particoloured of white and brown. The reft of the Breaft and the whole Belly to the Ventarered. Be- hind the Vent the feathers under the Tail are black. The Back is brown, with alight dath of afhining green, blue or purplecolour. The feathers covering the outfideof the Thighs are adorned with tranfverfe dusky lines, as in many others. The-number of quils in each Wing is about twenty four : The ten or twelve out- moft whereof are wholly brown: The next nine have their outer edges of a deep fhining green: The four next the body are varied in the middle and about their edges with white lines, The feathers of the fecondrow incumbent on the green quil-feathers have white tips, which together taken make a crofs line of white in the Wing. The lefler covert-feathers of the Wing, excepting thofe on the outmoft bone, are of a pleafant paleblue, inclining to afh-colour. The Tail is about three inches and an half long : confifts of fourteen feathers, particoloured of white and black, the out- moft feathers being wholly white, the middlemoft, except the extreme white edges, aes the reft black in their middle parts, white about the borders orout- ides. ‘At the divarication of the Wind-pipeit hath a fmall labyrinth: A largeGall: Ob- long Tefticles : A {mall mufculous Stomach or Gizzard: Guts many times reflected, verylong. TheFemalein refpeé of colours both in the Head and Neck, and alfoin the whole body, upper-fide and under-fide, excepting only the Wings, isvery like to awild Duck. The Wings are of the fame colours with the Wings of the Male, but more dull, and not fo bright and pleafant. The Fowlers affirm, that thefe Birds change their coloursin Winter. Gefwer and Aldrovand fet forth this kind elie ines thrice Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. Aes thrice underfeveral titles, It is fufficiently characterized and diftinguifhed from all : others of this kind by thebreadth and bignefs of its Bill. g. XVI. * The broad-bill'd, red-footed Duck, of Aldrovand, which Itake to be the Hen-Shoveler: * Aucs plas tyrhynchos ery thropus. He Legs and Feet wholly are of adeep red. The Bill is almoft threeinches “ long, very broad, and * turning up ‘after the fafhion of a Buckler, of adark * Recurowm, chefnut colour; yet the lower Mandible, which almoft enters the upper [, being re- ceived into it ] is infome places of a {padiceous colour, and hatha remarkable ftrake running through its middle long-ways. The Bill hath fuch teeth on both fides as Gefuer attributes to his * Muggent. ‘The colour of the feathers, almoft the whole * dnai mut body over, comes near to that of pulveratricious birds [ Partridge and Quail, &c.] *"* - called weegzuyes, that is, teftaceous or pot-fheard colour. [ Their pots were paler , than ours now adays. | The whole Head and middle of the Neck were of a * Wea=* amupetini fel colour, {prinkled with greater and leffer {pots, partly white, and thofe very {mall 0% and fearce con{picuous, partly brown, and thofe moft inthe crown and hinder part of the Head. The Neck underneath is of a pale whitifh cinereous colour, with fe- milunar brown {pots. ‘The fame fpots, but greater, are difperfed over the fore-part of the Back, the Breaft, the Belly, the Rump, and the Tail, all which parts are of the fame colour with the Head, or yellowifh. The middle and lower part of the Back are covered with feathers of adark {padiceous colour, only white about the outmoft edges. The ridges of the Wings are of aWoad colour. A line of the fame colour crofies the middle of the Wings, above which is likewife feen a tranf{verfe white line. The remaining parts of the Wingsare of a dark {padiceous colour. §. XVIL * A broad-bill’d Duck, with yeVow Feet, of Aldrovand. LC differs little from the precedent in magnitude, unlefs perchance it be fomwhat bigger. Its Billis partly brown, partly yellowifh. Over the whole body, which is of a yellowifh afh-colour, are brown {pots difleminated, thick-fet, and little in the Head, greater, andthinner, ormore {catteringin the Neck, Brea{t, Belly, Rump, and Tail, but much greater yet and thicker in the whole Back. The Wings to the middle _ part are brown. A white line croffes them in the middle; after which isfeena _ *{quare blue fpot, three angles whereof end in a black line: To this. fucceeds a * Or four ses line. Its Legs are yellow; its Toes alfo yellow, but connected by dusky °°" membranes, - This feems to be fome Hen-bird of the Buck-kind, not hitherto obferved by Use: Cuap. IIL. Pond-Ducks, frequenting chiefly frefh waters. a a 8 The common wild Duck and Mallard : Bofcas major ; Anas torquata minor* Aldrov. + tom.3; . pag.212, T weighs from thirty fix to forty ounces; being about twenty three inches long, | meafuring from the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Tail. The Wings ftretcht out reacht thirty five inches. The Bill is of a greenifh yellow, fromthe angles _ Of the mouth produced two inches and an half, of about an inch breadth, not very flat. Theupper Mandible hath at the end a round tip or nail, fuch as is {een in moft Birdsof thiskind. The lower Eye-lids are white : The Legs and Feet of a Saffron- colour; the Claws brown; butthat of the back-toe almoft white: The inmoftfore- toc is the leaft. The membranes connetting the Toes are of a more-fordid colourthan the Toes. The Wind-pipe at its divarication hath a veflel we calla labyrinth. a. Bbb 2 € 372 * Pufciss dusky, ORNITHOLOGY, Boox Ul. TheLegsare feathered down to the Knees. In the Mal/ard the Head and upper part of the Neck are of a delicate fhining green: then followsaring of white; which yet fails of being an entire circle, not coming round behind. From the white ring the Throat 1s of a Chefnut colour down to the Breaft. The Breaft it felf and Belly are of a white afh-colour, bedewed or {prinkled with innumerable dark fpecks, as it were {mall drops. Under the Tail the feathers are black. The upper fide of the Neck from cinereous is red, {prinkledin like manner with fpots. The middle of the Back betweenthe Wings isred, the lower part black, and {till deeper on the Rump, with a glofs of purple. Thefides under the Wings, and the longer feathers on the Thighs are adorned with tranfverfe brown lines,making a very fair fhew. In them the white colour feems to have a mixture of blue. | The leffer rows of Wing-feathers arered : The long fcapular feathers are filver- coloured, elegantly variegated with tranfverfe * brown lines. In each Wing are twenty four quils, the outmoft ten of a dusky or dark brown: The fecond. decad have white tips, then their outer Webs are of'a fhining purplifh blue colour: But between the white and blue intercedes a border of black. The tip of thetwenty firft is white, the exteriour Web of a dark purple: The middle part of the twenty fecond isa little filver-coloured: The twenty third is wholly of a filver-colour, yet the edges on each fide are black: The twenty fourth is likewife of a filver-colour; only the exteriour border black. The outmoft covert-feathers are of thefamecolour withthe quils; but thofe immediately incumbent onthe purple-blue quils have black tips, and next the tips abroad line or crofs bar of white, fo that the blue {pot is ter- minated with a double line, firft black, and above that white, The Tail hath twen- ty feathers, ending in fharp points. The four middle of thefe are reflected circularly toward the Head, being black, with aglofs of purple. The eight next to thefe on each fide are white, efpecially the outer ones, and on their exteriour Webs, the nearer tothe reflected ones, the greater mixture of brown have they. The covert-feathers of the infide of the Wing, and thé interiour baftard Wing are white. _ In Winter time they company together, and fly in fiocks; in the Summer by pairs, - Duck and Mallard together. They build their Nefts among Heath or Rufhes, not far from the water, feldom in trees ; laying twelve, fourteen, or more Eggs before they fit. The Female or Duck hath neither green head, nor ringed Neck, but both particoloured of white, brown, and dark red. The middle parts of the Back-fea- thers are of a dark brown, the edgesof a pale red. a ; As for the great Ring-Duck of Gefner, he being very brief in defcribing of it, and ufing only general notes, and my felf having never {een any fach bird, I know not what to makeof it, and dodoubt whether there be any fuch Bird in nature; _efpeci- ally becaufe the defcription he brings of it, made by a certain Germav, doth in all things anfwer to our Malard above defcribed. In the Fens in the Ileof Ely, Norfolk, and Lincolufbire, about Crowland, and elfe- where, Ducks, Wigeons, Teal, and other birds of this kind, at what time they moult their feathers and cannot fly} are taken’ yearly in great numbers in Nets placed after this manner. : Bias oy rome NA AB, CD Boos i. ORNITHOLOGY. AB, C\D are Nets extending a great length in form of a wall or hedge, inclining one to another, at the further end of which, before they concur inan angle are placed 1, 2, 3, or more conoideal Nets, like tunnelling Nets for Partridges. Which things being fo prepared, and the day for fowling fet, there is a great concourfe of men and boats. Thefe drive the Birds, now unable to fly, into the grounds enclofed in the Nets with long Staves and Poles, and fo by degrees into thofe Conoideal Tunnels, I, 2, 3, difpofed, aswe faidin the angle. By the way many are knocked down by the Boatmen and other Rabble with their Poles, others and more are. driven upon thefideNetsA B, CD. Thefe belong to them who own the Nets ( for the Nets for the moft part have feveral-owners ) thofe fall to their fhares that killed them. Thofe which are cooped up, and driven into the end-tunnels 1, 2,3; belong to the Lord of the Soil. To one Fowling fometimes you fhall have four hundréd Boats meet. We have heard that there have been four thoufand Mallards taken at one driving in Deeping Fen. ‘ | The Mallards change their feathers ( we call it Moulting, a word derived from the Latine, muto, fignifying to change ) when the Hens begin to fit ; the Ducks not be- fore their young ones are grownup and ready to fly, at what time they come hither for that purpofe, viz. the Ma/ards about the end of May, the Ducks not before the end of June, when the Mallards have recovered their feathers and begin to fly again. The Cock-Teal and Wigeons accompany the Ducks, and moult together with them. The Hens of 'thefe Birds moult fomething later. So that thiskind of {port or( if you pleafe ) exercife lafts from the middle of Fune till the end of Aven/t. Ina Weeks time all. the old. feathers fall off; the new ones come not to their full growth in lef than three Weeks fpace. When they begin to moult they are allvery fat and flefhy ; but before their feathers be perfectly grown, they becomelean. The Ducks and Mal- dard are called whole fowl ; the Wigeons and Teal half fowl, becaufe they are fold for half the price of the other. / ) Here it may be worth the while to enquire, why Birds do yearly moult their fea- thers ? Mr. Willughby fappofes that there is the fame caufe of the cafting the feathers in Birds, that there 1s of the falling off of the hair in Men.and other Animals wpon recovery froma Fever or other difeafe, or upon refeCtion after long abftinence. For in Cock-birds the heat and turgency of Iuft, is, asit were, akind of Fever, and fo in _ the Spring-time their bodies being exhaufted by the frequent ufe of Venery,they_ be- come lean: But in the Hens the time of fitting and bringing up their Young an{wers toa difeafe or long abftinence, for at that time they macerate themfelves by hunger and continuallabour. When thefe times are over, both Sexes returning to mind their own bodies and feed for themfelves, do in a fhort time recover their flefh and Srow fat again, whereupon the pores of the skin being dilated the feathers fall off. Our Country-men ( imitating, asI fuppofe, the Low Dutch, who were Authors of the invention ) in maritime and fenny places, in Pools prepared by a new Artifice and fitted with their Channels and Nets, and ftored with Coy-Ducks, take yearly in, the Winter-time Duck and Mallard, Wigeox, Teal, and other Birds of the Duck-kind in great nurhbers. A place is to be chofen for this purpofe far remote from common High-ways, and all noife of people, and in which thofe Birds are wont in great numbers to frequent. Having pitch’d upon a convenient place, prepare a large Pool’ A, fet round with Willows and Reeds. On the South fide N, or the North fide S of this Pool draw as many | Ditches or Channels 111 ( Pipes they call them ) as'you pleafe or think needful; letthem be broad at the‘Pool, and by degrees narrower till they end ina point. Along thefe Channels OY. on each fide at little diftances thruft into the banks rods or wands of wood, and bending them over-head bind themtwo together by pairs all along in form of an Arch or Vault from the beginning of the Channel to the end. As the Channels grow naré rower and narrower {fo the bows are made lower and lower. The Poles thus bent in fafhion of Bowsare to be covered with Nets caft over themand fo the Pipesare made: Thele Arches or Vaulte’end in long Cylindrical Nets kept ftretcht by hoops like bow-nets, that end which refpects the Arch being open, the other fhut. Along the banks of the Pipes are made many hedges or walls nnn of Reeds woven ‘thick toge- ther, parallel to each other, but {tanding obliquely to the Bank, the acute angles re- {petting the Pool,and along the bank of the Pool, at the exit of the Pipes is ie a | | ) edge rs > —- 374. ORNCEIT HOLOGY, Boox HI. hedge of Reeds(1m )to be drawn. The Coy-Ducks are to be fed at the mouth or entrance of the Pipes, and to be accuftomed at 4 token given them by awhiftle to ha: {ten to the Fowler. The Fowler firlt walks about the Pool, and obferves into What Pipe the Birds gathered together in the Pool may moft conveniently be enticed and ‘driven, and then cafting Hemp-feed, or fome fich like thing at the entrance thereof calls his Coy-dacks together by a whiftle. The wild fowl accompany them, and when the Fowler perceives them now entred into the Pipe, he fhews himfelf behind them through the interftices of the hedges n, n,n, which being frightned, and not darin to return back upon the man, {wim on further into the Pipe, then by other interftices the Fowler fhews himfelfagain behind them, till at laft he hath thus driven them into the Cylindrical Nets. If any Birds rife and endeavour to fly away, being beaten back by the Nets {pread over the Pipe they fall down again into the Channel The whole art confifts in this, that the Birds within the Pipes may fee the F owler, thofe in the Pool not feeing him. Sothofe only {eeing him, thefe notwith{tanding often enter the Pipes, and fo fometimes befides thofe the Fowler drives before him there are others taken the fecond or third time. The Coy-ducks go not into the Cylindrical _ Nets, but flay without and entice others. Some train up a Whelp for this fort of fowling, teaching him to compafsthe hedges, and fhew himfelf behind the Birds, to which purpofe thereare holes madein the hedges for him to pafs freely. The Whelp in compafling the hedges ought always to keep his tail directed toward the Pool, his Head towardthe Pipe, and fo he terrifies the Birds beforehim, and drives them for- ward ; Thofe behind him he allures and tolls forward, they following him to gaze at himas a new and ftrange objet. When the wind blows fideways the Birds are more * Lies in their eafily driven whither the Fowler pleafes, than when its blows * dire@ly contrary to ia backs, ‘them, or withthem. For when it is dire@tly contrary the Birds are very hardly dri- "ven to bear up againft it: When it blows juft behind them, it brings the fent of the Man or the Whelp into their Nofthrils. Wherefore as we faid) the Channels are drawn either on the North or Southend of the Pool, becaufe the Weft- wind withus as it isthe moft boifterous, fo is it by far the moft frequent of all. Of the Coyeducks fome fly forth and bring home with them wild ones to the Pool, others have the outmoft joynt or pinion of their Wings cut off, fo that they cannot, fly, but abide always inthe Pool. The Fowlers houfe isto be covered with trees and reeds, and hid as much as poflible, 7 7 6. IL. * Anas medie The Gadwall or Gray, perchance the * Mitelenten of Gefner : Anas platyrhynchos roftro Waetiihaitts nigro & plano. Aldrov. p.233. forte Anas ftreperaGefneri, Aldrov. p.23 4. N bignefs it equals or exceeds the Pochard, and comes very near the Duck. Its ] length from Bill to Tail was nineteen inches: Its breadth thirty three: Its Bill from thetip to the corners of the mouth two inches long. It is long-bodied: Its whole Rump black ; Its Back brown, the edges of the feathers being of a whitifh red; Its Chin and Cheeks white, {peckled with {mall brown {pecks. Its head from blue in- clines to black, the edges of the feathers being of an afh-colour in the Throat, and of awhitith red near the Breaft. The lower part of the Neck and upper part of the Breaft and Shoulders are covered with a moft beautiful Plumage particoloured of black and white. The extremeedges and as it were fringes of the feathers are red- difh, then a black line of a femicircular figure encompafies the tip of the feather, running parallel to its edges; within this is included another {emicircular white line parallel toit, and in the white againa black. The Breaftis white : The Belly darker, with tran{verfe black fpots. Under the Tail the feathers are crofled with brown. The lefler covert-feathers under the Wings and the interiour baftard Wing are purely white. The fides are curioufly variegated with alternate black and white lines. The Tail is fhort, {carce appearing beyond the feathers incumbent on it, round-pointed, made up.of fixteen feathers with fharp tips, of a white colour, efpecially on the un- der fide, for the two middle ones above are of a dark afh-colour: In the reft, efpe- cially the outmoft,there is fomething of red mingled with the white : The edges of all are whitifh. Each Wing hath twenty fix quils, of which the firftten are brown; the three next tipt with white: The four following have their outer Webs black, their tips alfo being whitifh ; Inthe three fucceeding the inner Web of the feather is wholly wane : e Boox IIL ORACITHOLOGY. The four next the body are of a cinereous or reddifh brown. The feathers of the _ fecond row, incumbent on the white quils, have their exteriour Webs of a black pur- plith fhining colour. In the third row are {pots of red fcattered. | Its Billis like that of the common Duck or Teal, flat, broad, with a hook or nail at theend : The lower Mandible inclines toa Saffron colour; of the upper the fides are of the famecolour, the middle part black: The Nofthrils great. | | The Legsare feathered tothe Knees: The Feet whitifh: The hind-toe fmall: The inner fore-toe fhorter than the outer : —The membranes connecting the Toes black. It hath a huge Gall-bladder. | The Female hath the fame {pots in the Wings, but far duller colours; wants the black colour on the Rump, the feathers there growing having pale red edges, as have alfo thofe on the Back and Neck. It wholly wants thofe elegant femicircular black and white lines and fpots in the Neckand Breaft feathers, and the f{trakes under the Wings. This Bird may be diftinguifhed from all others of the Duck-kind by this characte- riftic note, that it hath onthe Wings three {pots of different colour, one above ano- ther, via. a white, a black, and ared one. §. TIL. * Gefwers Muggent : Anas mufcaria, Aldroo. lib.t9. cap.41. ie is fo called becaufe it catches flies fying upon [or above] the water. Itis of the bignefs and fhape almoft of atame Duck. The Bill is broad and flat, its upper Chap being wholly of a Saffron-colour, in length beyond the feathers two inches ; itis ferrate on both fides with broad and in a manner membranaceous teeth, pretty high or deep; but thofe of the nether Chap are lower, and *rife not much, + giand up of making long frie. The Plumage almoft all thebody over is particoloured of blackith, out bur very fiery colour, and white, witha mixture of Weafel colour in fome places, or in fhort es almoft likethat of the Partridge, that is,te{taceous, asof moftof the pulveratricious Kind, butyet differing. Its Feet are yellow: Its Toesjoyned by blackifh membranes: Its Neck both on the upper and under fide is {peckled[. auv |] withthe colours we mentioned, ‘The crownof the Head is blacker than the other parts, which colour alfo is feen inthe Wings, which are fhorter thanthe Tail. Thus far Ge(wer. This Bird, if itbe different from the Gacbwall, as the colour of the Bill and Feet might perfwade one, is to me unknown. 3 g. IV. The comuon Wigeon or Whewer: Penelope Aldrovandi, tom.3. p.218.lin.30. Anas fiftularis, Argewtoratenfibus Ein: Schmey. ' T weighs twenty two ounces: Its length from Bill to Feet is twenty inches. The Head and upper end of the Neck arered. The crown towardsthe Bill is of a di- lute colour, from red inclining toa yellowith white. The upper part of the Breaft and fides as far as the Wings is beautified with a very fair tinture of ared Wine co- four, with {mall tranfverfe black lines. “The fcapular feathers, and thofe on the fides under the Wings are very curioufly varied with narrow tranfverfe black and white waved lines. The middleof the Back is brown, theedges of the feathers being cine- reous, efpecially towardsthe Tail. ‘The feathers behind the Vent, next the Tail are black : The Breaft and Belly white, with a little mixture of yellow. -Onboth fides under the Legs are fpots of a reddifh brown: Underthe Tail are white feathers alike {potted, mingled with the black. The Tail is fharp pointed, and confifts of four- teen feathers, of which the fix outer on each fide are brown, their exteriour edges being whitifh 5 the two middle onesareblack, witha mixture of afh-colour. Of the quil-feathers the ten outmoft are brown: The next ten have white tips, and among them the fifteenth, fixteenth, feventeenth, and eighteenth have their outer webs firft of a black purplifh colour, then as far as they appear beyond the covert-feathers of a lovely blue. Inthe eighteenth feather the exteriour half of the outer web is of a purplifh black, the interiour toward the bottom is cinereous: But along the border of the black are firiall white fpots from the white tip to the bottom. The twentieth feather is all of a pale or white ath-colour: The twenty firft and ; | twenty. ve . ITHOLOGY, Boox lil twenty fecond are white about the edges, black in the middle along the fhaft. The {mall covert-feathers of the Wings are of a light brown or dark ath-colour ; but thofe that cover the quils from the tenth to the twentieth are particoloured of brown white, and cinereous. Arpige 2 Mr.Wilughby in this and other Birds is, in my opinion, more particular and minute indefcribing the colours of each fingle feather of the Wings and Tail than is need- ful; fith in thefe things nature doth as they fay {port her felf, not obferving exactly the fame ftrokes and {pots in the feathers of all Birds of the fame fort. Inthe ftructure of theMouth, Tongue, and Head, it differs little from the com- mon wild Duck, unlefs perchance the Head be lefs in proportion tothe body. The upper Mandible of the Billis of a lead-colour,witha round black nail at the end. The Feet from a dusky white incline to a lead-colour. The Claws are black : The outmoft Toe longer than the inmoft : The back-toe fhort. ; } It feeds upon grafs and weeds growing in the bottoms of Rivers, Lakes, and Chan- nels of water, alfo upon Whilks, Periwinkles, @c. thatit finds there. The Males in this kind at Cambridge are called Wigeors, the Females Whewers. _The flefh of it for delicacy is much inferiour to that of Teal, or indeed Wild- Dick, §. V. The Sea-Pheafant or Cracker: Anas caudacuta, Aldrov. tom.3. pag. 234. Coda lancea at Rome. Ty’ is of the bignefs of the common Wigeon; of twenty four ounces weight twenty eight inches long from Bill to Tail: From tip totip of the Wings extended thirty feven-inches broad. banat fyi Its Head is flender, its Neck long for this kind : Its Bill from the tip to the angles of the mouth two inchesand an half} of equal breadth almoft throughout 5 the nether Mandible wholly black, the upper partly blue, partly black, vz.black in the middle, on the fides beneath the Nofthrils blue: Black alfo at thecorners of themouth, at the very tip, and in the lower edges near the. tip. The colour of the Plumage on the whole Head is ferrugineous or brown, behind the Ears tin¢tured with a light pur- ple. Beyond the Ears on each fide from the hinder part of the Head Resi a line of white which pafles down the fides of the Neck to the Throat. All the feathers between or adjacent to thefe lines are black: Under the black the ~ Neck is afh-coloured, then curioufly varied with tranfverfe black and white lines, as is alfo almoft the whole Back. The long {capular feathers are black in their middle parts, but the exteriour have their outer Webs almoft to the fhafts black, their inner ( which are much the narrower) varted with white and black [ brown ] lines. Allthe nether part, Neck, Breaft, Belly, to thevery Vent iswhite. Yetin the lower Belly - the white is a little darkned with a mixture of cinereous. The feathers under the Tail are black. As for the Wings, the ten outmoft quils and ‘moft of the covert-feathers are of a dark cinereous [In fome Birds the interiour edges of the feventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth quils are white. ] The fecond decad of quils is particoloured 5 for the tips of - all are white, [ or from white red ] then inthe outer Web fucceeds a black line, the remaining part thereof, as far as appears beyond the incumbent feathers being of a gliftering purple, or purplifh blue colour : The interiour Webs of all are of the fame colour with the reft of the feathers. Of the following the exteriour Webs are cine- reous, the interiourblack. The covert feathers of the fecond_row immediately in- cumbent on the fecond decad of quils have their tips of a fair red or Lioz-colour. The long feathers covering the Thighs are elegantly varied with black and white tranfverfe lines, beneath which the Plumageis yellow. » % The Tail is made up of fixteen feathers, all afh-coloured excepting their exteriour edges, which are whitifh. The two middlemoft run out into very long and fharp points,being produced two inches and an half beyond the reft: Whence alfo this Bird 1s in fome places of Exegland called the Sea-pheafant. Its feet are of a lead-colour, darker about the joynts. It hath afmall Labyrinth, and a great Gall. | The Hen is like in colour to the common Wild- Duck, but fairer, and variegated with more full and lively white and browncolours. The Wing-feathers agree in co- jour with thofe of the Cock, fave that they are duller and lefs lively. The nec ts reddifh, Boorlll. ORNITHOLOGY. reddith, the middle part of each fingle feather being black. The Chinis white, with 4 tin@ure of red. The Back of a dark brown; with tranfverfe lines and beds of a pale red. The Breaft of afordid white, and the Belly yet darker. = YE ThisBird may be diftinguithed from all others of the Duck-kind by the length of the middle feathers of its Tail as by certain and characteriftic note. a. VL The Teal, Querquedula fecunda, Aldrov. p.209. His,next to the Suzmer-Teal,is the leaft in the Duck-kind 5 weighing only twelve ounces, extended in length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Feet ff’ teen inches; in breadth, meafuring between the ends of the Wings {pread, twenty four. Its Bill is broad, black, at the end fomething reflected upwards: The Eyes from white inclineto hazel-coloured. The Nofthrilsare of anoval figure. The top of the Head, Throat, and upper part of the Neck of a dark bay or fpadiceous co- Iour. From the Eyes on each fide to the back of the Head is extended a line of'a dark, fhining green. Between thefe lines on the back of the Head a black {pot inter-= venes. Under the Eyes a white line feparates the black from the red. ‘The feathers invefting the lower fide of the Neck, the beginning of the Back, and the fides undet the Wings are curioufly varied with tranfverfe waved lines of white and black. The region of the Craw in fome is yellowifh, elegantly {potted with black fpots, {fo fituate as fomewhat to refemble fcales. The Breaft and Belly are of fordid white or grey colour. UndertheRumpis a black fpot ericompafied with a yellowifh colour. | Each Wing hath above twenty five quils. Of thefe the outmoft ten are brown 5 the next five have white tips under the white the exteriour Web of the Feather is black: Inthe fixteenth begins the green, and takes up fo much of the feather as we aid was black in the precedent three, ‘The exteriour Web of the twenty third is black, with fome yellownefs on the edges. The covert-feathers of the black quils have white tips, of the green ones have tips of a reddifh yellow: Elfe the Wings are _ allover brown [ dusky.] The Tail is tharp-pointed, three inches long, made up of fixteeen feathers, of a brown or dusky colour. | | The Legs and Feet are of apale dusky colour, the membrane connecting the Toes black: The inmoft Toe the leaft. The Back-toe hath no fin annexed. The Wind- pipe inthe Cock is furnifhed with a Labyrinth: im the Hen we found none. . TheFemale differs from its Male in the fame manner almoft as the wild Duck, does fromthe Malard, having neither red nor green on the Head, nor black about ‘its Rump: Nor thofe fine feathers variegated with whiteand black lines on the-back and fides. . Uy | This Bird for the delicate tafte of its flefh, and the wholfom nourifhment it affords the body, doth defervedly challenge the firft place among thofe of its kind. §. VIL The Garganey ‘ Querquedula prima Aldrov. t.3.p.209. Kernel at Strasburgh. i bignefS it fomething exceeds the common Teals yet that Mr.Willughby defcribed weighed no more than the common Teal. viz. twelve ounces. Its length from Bill to Claws was feventeen inches: Its breadth from tip to tip of the Wings ex- tended twenty eight. For the fhape of its body it was very like to the common Teal 3 Its Bill alfo black : Its Legsand Feet livid with a certain mixture of green, [ Mr. Wil- Iughby hath it from dusky inclining to a lead-colour. ‘] The back-toe fmall. The crown of the Head is almoft wholly black, but the Bill befprinkled with {mall reddifh-white fpecks. Fromtheinner corner of the Eye on each fide begins a broad. whité line, which pafling aboye the Eyes and Ears is produced to the back of the Head, tillthey do almoft meet. The Checks: beneath thefé white lines and the be- ginning of the Throat wereof a lovely red colour, as if dafhed with. red wine, ha- ving white {potsor lines along the middle of each feather about their fhafts. Under the Chin at the rife of the lower Mandibleis a great black {pot. . The whole Breaftis curioufly varied with black and dufty, tranfverfe, arcuate [ elliptical] waved linesin each feather. The Belly in fome is white, in others tinéured with yellow: But Ccc toward 378 ORNCITHOLOGY. Boox Il. toward the Vent are brown lines, and bigger {pots under the Tail. The colour of the Back is brown, with a purplifh glofs, The Thighs are covered with feathers handfomly variegated with tranfverfe black and white lines. The {capular feathers next the Wingsareafh-coloured, thereft are of a very beautiful purple colour, with white lines in the middle. Each Wing hath twenty five guils, the outmoft tenof which are brown on the out- fide the fhaft, on theinfide of a Moufe-dun : The eleven next have white tips, be- neath the tips, as far as they appear beyond the coyvert-feathers, their exteriour Webs + Mravilughly of a *fhining green, the.interiour and the bottoms of the feathers being of a dusk or rae ee Moufe-dun. The reft are brown, only the exteriour Webs edged with white. The € of b ? * : F a purplifh co. lefler rows of Wing-feathers are afh-coloured excepting thofe immediately incumbent lour, witha onthe quils, {ome of which have white tips. dinero, The Tail is hort [ three inches] and when clofed ending in’a fharp point, of a dusky or dark brown colour, confifting of fourteen feathers; the outmoft feathers _are varied with {pots of a pale or whitifh red. The foal of the foot is black. » The Cock had a Labyrinth at the divaricationof the Wind-pipe, the Hen none. The Hen is lefsthan the Cock, and duller-coloured, wants.the black {pot under the Chin, and the red colour of the Cheeks. The Wings underneath are asin the Cock, above more brown. ‘The Back coloured like the Cocks; but the {capular fea- thers have not thofe beautiful colours. §. VIII. * Of the Summer-Teal, called by Gefver Ana circia. * Teal, ™ Ejner takes that Duck they call Circia to be ofthe kind of the lefler * Querquedule: G A certain Germaz rendersitin High Dutch, Ein Birckilgen, and faith itis fo cal- led from the found of its voice; that itis hike a {mall Duck, but differs inthe colour of the Wingsand Belly. For the Wings want thofe gliftering feathers, and the Belly - is more {potted. : i This kind ( fo he proceeds }) I think is alfo found in our Lakes, for Ifaw not long fince a {mall fortof Dyck taken inthebeginning of January, little bigger than a Dob- chick, brown all over, having the Bill of a Duck, that isbroad and brown: Alfo dusky coloured Legs and Feet 3 the Neck an hand-breadth long, the reft of the body fixinches. But it was a Hen, and had Eggs inthe Belly. The Cock, I guefs, hath more beautiful colours. In the Stomach I found nothing but fmall ftones, and the feeds of fome water-plants, almoft of thefafhion of Lentiles ( but lefler and thicker) and reddifh. Thus far Gefrer. From this fhort defcription, and that too of a Hen bird, we cannot certainly ga- ther, whether it be a diftin&t Species fromthe precedent. But we fufpect it was of ' that bird which our Country men call the Swmer-Teal, which Mr. Johnfor informs us is of that bignefs; for we have not as yet feen it. Its Bill is black : The whole upper fide of a dark grey or light brown; the edges [. or extremes ] of the feathersin the Back are white. Inthe Wings is a line or {pot of an inchbreadth, partly black, partly of a fhining green, terminated on both fides with -white. Inthe Tail the feathers are fharp-pointed. The whole under fide feems to be white, witha flight tinGureof yellow; but onthe Breaft and lower Bel- ly are many pretty great black {pots. ‘The Legs are of-a-pale blue, the membranesbe- tween'the Toesblack. Thisis the leaft of all Ducks. Inits ftomach diffected I found nothing butgrafs and {tones. This defcription we owe toMr, Fohufou. §. IX. * Awild Brafilian Dusk, of the bignefs of a Goofe. Marggrave. VT hatha black Bill, dusky Legsand Feet. , It is all over black except the beginnings ] [ fetting on ]of theWings, which are white; but that black hatha glots of fhi- ning green. It hath acreft or tufton it heads confifting of black feathers, and a cor- rugated red maf3 or bunch of flefh above the rife of the upper Mandible of the Bill. It hath allo a red skinabout the Eyes, Itis very flefhy, and good meat. They are com- monly fhot fitting onhightrees: For after they have wafht themfelvesin cold water, they fly up high trees, for the benefit of the frefh air and Sun. x | | §. oe * A Wild Brafilian Duck, called, ipocati-Apoa, by the Portughefe, Pata, that #, A Goofe. Marggrav. Tis of the bignefs of a Goofe of eight or nine months, of thevery fhape and figure | of ourcommon Ducks. The Belly, lower part of the Tail, the whole Neck and Head are covered with white feathers 5 the Back to the Neck, thé Wings and top of the Head withblack, having a mixtureof green, asinthe Necks of our Ducks. In the Neck and Belly areblack feathers, all about {parfedly mingled with the whites It differs from our Country Ducks in thefe particulars: 1. Thatit isbigger. 2. It hath indeed a Ducks Bill, but black and hooked at theend. 3. Upon [ or above ] the 3illit carriesa flefhy creft, broad, and almoft round, of'a black colour, remarkably {jotted with white. The Creft is of equal height. Between the Creft and the Bill ( zz. on the top of the Bill )isa tranfverfe hole of the bigneis of a Peafe, .con{picu- ouson both fides, which ferves inftead of Nofthrils. 4. The colour of the Legs and Feetis not red, but of adusky afh-colour. It is full of fleth, and good meat. _ It is foundevery where about the Rivers. | I had another in all things like this, excepting that thofe long feathers in the Wings were of a fhining brown colour. Huppofe this is the Male, the other the Female. §. XI.) * The firft Brafilian wild Duck, called Mareca, of Marggrave. T hath a Ducks Bill; of abrowncolour, at the rife whereof on each fide is a red {pot. The Head above is of a grey-Hare-colour: The fides of the Head urider the Eyes all white. The whole Breaft and lower Belly hath an obfcure refemblance of the colour of Oaken boards 5 and is befides variegated with black points {, {pecks. ‘| The Legs and Feetare black 5 the Tail grey. The Wingselegant, at thefettingonof adark grey colour. * The quil-feathers on one fide are of the former colour, but all * 1 fuppofe he tie outer half of them [ medietas extrema’ of a pale brown : In the middle they are M¢t* 0" of a fhining green, with a border of black; like the colour of the MzWards Neck. quils, or thofe I:s flefh is very good meat. The outmoft of a light brown, and the middlemoft of a next the bo- 7: Poe 5 3 dy are ofa {hining green, witha fringeor-border of black. Sedark grey, as AS was before in- § Xi. timated. * The fecond Brafilian wild Duck, called Mateca, of Marggrave. T is of the fame bignefs and figure with the precedent, hatha black ‘fhining Bill. The top of the Head, the upper part of the Neck, and the whole Back are of an Unter colour mixed with brown [ fujco.] Under the Throat it is white. The Eyes care Hack, and before each Eye is a {mall round fpot of a yellowith white colour. The whole Breaft and lower Belly are of a dark grey, witha mixture of golden. The Tail is black : The Wing-feathers dusky, with a glofs of fhining green, and the middk feathers of the Wings are of.a rare green and blue fhining in a dusky : Here aifo they have a waved line of black: But the * end[_ extremtas } of the quil-feathers * Or border, is whdly white. The Legsand Feet are of a bright red or vermilioncolour. The ops" Bird reafted colours the hands of thofé that touchit, andlinnen cloth withafanguine . colour. It hath well tafted flefh, but a little bitter. Cec 2 CH AP. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. Cuar. IV. Of Tame ‘Ducks. 9. ocked The common Tame Duck: Anas domeftica vulgaris, As Azas alfo by Varro is derived from x0, xas, to fwim. It: is;a- Bird every where known, and therefore it would not be worth while to beftow many words in ex- actly defcribing it. It is lefs than a Goofe, almoftas big asa Hen, but much lower, ha’ ving a broad, flat Bill, a broad Back, fhort Legs, fituate backward, that ic fwinensisg it may more firongly ftrike the water with the finny oars of its Feet: As Ariftotle righdy. Hereupon they become lefs convenient for walking, fo that this Bird goes but flovly, and not without fome difficulty. Ducks vary infinitely in colours, as do Hezs, and other tame fowl. | | sania Between the Duck and the Drake there is this difference, that he hath groving on his Rump certain erect feathers reflected backwards toward thé Head} which fhe hathnot. The Duck lays twelve, fourteen, or more Eggs as big as Hens Eggs, and white, with a light tincture of blue or green, the Yolk being of a deeperand redder colour. | The beft Phyficians ( faith Aldrovand } difallow: the flefh of thefe Birds, becaufe they are hard and of difficult concoGiion, and agree not with the ftomach: We rather think them difagreeable to the {tomach, for their moiftnefS and’ clamminefs than for their hardnefs, whence alfo they areapt to produce excrementitious, grofs, and me- jancholic: humours. The fiefh of wild Ducks is preferred before that of tame, as be- ing more favoury and wholfom. | The Drake hath aicertain bony veflel or buble at the divarication of its Wind- pipe, which, we are wont to call a labyrinth; of the ufe whereof we have faid as much as we thought fit, in the firft Book at the end»of thefecond Chapter. Of the vertues and ufe of the Duck , and its parts ix Phylic, out of Schroders,» \;\' 1. A live Duck affwages Colic pains, the feathers being pluckt. off, andthe naked part applied to the Belly. . : it) 2. The Fat heats, moiftens, mollifies, digefts, difcuffes. Therefore is of ufe ir inward and outward pains, viz. of the fidesand joynts, in the cold diftempers of the Nerves, ee. Note. This Fat i preferred before all others, efpecially that of ‘the wild Duck, 3. The bloud is* Alexipharmacal, and hereupon is fometimes received into Ant dotes. Itisa known hiftory which A. Ge//ivs inthe feventeenth Book of his Wis Aitice; Chap.16. relates. The Pontic Duck is faid to maintain her felf by feeding commonly upon Poifons. It is alfo written by Lenaws Cu. Pompeys libertas, that Mithridates, that King of Pontus, was skilful in Phyfic, and cunning in remedes of that kind: And that he was wont to mingle their bloud in: Medicaments, which were of force to digeft and carry off Poifons and that that bloud.was thei moft effectual ingredient in fuch Confections. Moreover that the King himfelf by theufe of fich Medicines did fecure himfelf againft the fecret praGices of fuch as forght to poifon him at Feafts and Banquets. Yea, that he would wittingly and willingly for oftentation fake oftentake a draught of violent and quick poyfon, and yeti 1ceived no harm by it. - Wherefore afterwards when he was overthrown in battel by the Romans, and had fled intothe furtheft parts of his Kingdom, and refolved todie,and had in vain: made trial of the {trongeft Poifons to haften his death, he ran himfelf through with his own Sword. 4. Its dung is applied tothe bites of venemous beatts. I: is called by the Greeks, Nios Or Natle, from the Verb rm | fignifying, to fwim : Q. Il. “ORNITHOLOGY. a ag) The tooked-til'A Dich - Boox IIL. N fhape of body and outward lineaments it is very like the common tame Ducks ] differs chiefly in the Bill, which is broad, fomething longer than the common Ducks, and bendingmoderately downward. The Head alfo is lefler and flenderer than the common Ducks. It is faid to be a better layer. ?. IIL. The Mufcovy Duck: Anas mofeata,an Catrina, Aldrov 2 T isin this kind the biggeft of all we have hitherto feen. ‘The colour both of Male | and Female is for the moft part a purplifh black... Yet I once faw a Duck of this kind purely white. About the Nofthrilsand the Eyesit hath red *Caruncles. [t hath * Tuberous a hoarfe voice; and fcarce audible, unlefs when it isangry. Its Eyes are rounderthan naked fleih, ordinary: Thofe of the young ones at firft are of afordid green, afterwards become continually whiter and whiter. §. IV. The Cairo-Duck, of Aldrovand. Hefe Ducks Aldrovand thus briefly defcribes. They exceed ours in bignefs of body. The Male alfo in this kind is bigger than the Female. It Bill where it joyns to the Head is very thick and tuberous ; thence to the very tip it is continuedly narrower, till it ends in a fharp and crooked hook: Itis of a black colour excepting toward the end, where it hath agood large red {pot,and in its beginning another {mall one of the fame colour, but more dilute. Its Head wasblack and tufted : Its Throat jutt under the Bill was powdered with whitith fpecks. The Eyes yellow, wherein appeared many little {anguine veins. ‘The whole body almoft.was alfoblack. The fea- thers of the Back in the beginning; and alfo in the middle, were black, in the end green, or at leaft black, witha tincture of green. In the Wings alfo and in the Tail werefome green feathers to be feen, and one or two white ones, which madeakind of white fpot. The Legs were very ftrong, but fhorft, coming near to a Chefnut colour, as didalfo thefeet. The Female was lefs thanthe Male, and had a lefs tube= rous Bill, where it was joyned to the Head, marked with a prettybroad line, partly white, and partly red. Befides, that fpot. we mentioned, which in the Bill of the Male was red, in the Bill of this was of an afh-colour,wherewith fomething of red was mixt: Elfeit was of acolour from black inclining to cinereous, if you except two whitith fpots, which in the middle of the Bill turningone to another, each by’ it felf formed the letter C. Ithad no tuft onits black Head. Its Breaft alfo was of the fame colour,{potted with white pricks. The Back as inthe Male,but the Wings were muck greener thanhis, and fpotted alfo with two white fpots. In other particulars it diffe- red little or nothing from him. ADS §. V. * The Guiny Duck > Anas Libyca, Aldrov. and Bellon. which we'take to be the fame with the Mujcovy and Cairo Duck, 7 His kind of Duck BeWoniws thus defcribes. A few yearsagone a certainkind of . Ducks began to be kept in France, of amiddle fize, ‘between a Goofe\ and a Duck, having a broken Voice, as if it had diftempered or ulcerated Lungs. Now there isfogreat plenty of them inour Country, that they are every where kept in Ci- ties, and publicly expofed to fale: For at great entertainments and Marriage Fealts they are fought for and defired.. They have fhort Legs: The Male is bigger than the Female; and, asis ufualin other Birds, of a different colour, fothat it is hard to afcribe any certain colour to it, unlefs one would fay that it comes near to a Duck- _ colour. They are for the moft part either black or particoloured. They have a Bill ina manner , 382 * African or Guinny Duck, ORNITHOLOGY, Book Jil, manner different from Geefe and Ducks, hooked at the end, alfo fhort and broad. In the Head rifesup fomething of a red colour like a Creft, bute much different from a Cocks Comb. For itis acertain tuberous eminency, fituate between the Nofthrils exactly refembling the figure ofa red Cherry. The Temples near the Eves ae without feathers, the skin fhewing like a red hides of the fame fubftance with that Cherry-like bunch between the Eyes: By which Marks I think it may be cettainly knownand diftinguifhed from other Birds. But this one thing may feem very ftrange in this Bird, that it hath{o great a privy member, that it is an inch thick, and of tour or five inches length, arid red like bloud. If it were not very chargeable man more of them would be kept than are: For if you give them but meat enough they will lay many Eggs, and ina fhort time hatcha great number of Ducklings. Their flefh isneither better nor worfe than that of a tame Goo/e or Duck. | This feems tome to be the very fame Bird with Aldrovands Cairo-Duck, for moft of the marks do agree,as will appear to hin who will take the pains to compare the delcripiions s and alfo the fanewith our Mufcovy Duck, For Scaligers Indian Duck, which Aldro- vand makes the fame with his * Libyc, is the fame with our Mafcovy-Duck, or we are very much deceived. So that I ftrongly fufpect our Mufcovy-Duck, the Guinny Duck of Bellonius, azd Aldrovands Cairo-Duck, yea, azd Gefners Indian Duck too; to be all one and the {ame bird, more or lefs accurately defcribed. Perchance alfothe Birds themflelves may differ one from another in thofé tuberous exsinencies and naked skin about the Bill, and upon the Bill between the Nofthrils. | Q. VI. * Gefuers Indian Duck, which perchance may be alfo the fame with our Mufcovg. T Here is with us (faith he who fent us[ Gefwer’] the figure and defcription ofthis Bird out of Exgland ) a Duck brought out of India, of the fame thape of bo- dy, the fame Bill and Foot with the common Duck , but bigger and heavier by half thanit. Its Head is red like bloud, and fo isa good part of the Neck adjoyning, on the back-fide. All that red isa callous flefh, and divided by incifures; and where it ends at the Nofthrils, it lets down a Caruncle of a different figure from the reft of the fleth, likethat of a Swans, contiguous [ or joyned ] to the Bill. Its Head is bare of feathers, and that part alfo of the Neck which is red, fave that on the top of the Head, through the whole length of it, there isa creftor tuft of feathers, which when it is angry itfetsup. . Under the Eyes at the beginr ing of the Bill the skin is {potted with black {pots placed in no order: Above the Eye alfo are one or two {pots tending up- ward. The Eyeisyellow, fepatated from the reft of the Head by a circle of black. Under the further end of the Eye backwards is a fingular {pot feparated from the reft. The whole Bill is blue, only it hath a black {pot at the tip. The feathers all along the re{t of the Neck are white. At the fetting on of the Neck isa circle of black, {potted with a few white {pots, and unequal, narrower below, broader above. Behind this circle the Plumage of all the lower Belly is white, of the upper fide of body brown, but the white Plumage is divided at thetop by thatblack circle. The ends of the Wings and the Tail are of a fhining green like Camtharides. The skin of the Legsis brown, with light, circular incifures. The membrane between the inter- vals of the Toes is more pale, {prinkled with two or three brown {pots, placed in noorder, except in the left foot, where there are fix fet ina row alongft the outmoft Toe. It walks foftly by reafon of the heavinefs of its body. Its voice isnot like ' that of other Ducks, but hoarfe, like a mans that hath his Jaws and Throat fwoln witha cold. TheCock isbiggerthanthe Hen. TheHenislikethe Cock, buthath not {uch variety of colours. It gets its living out of muddy waters, and delights » in {uch other things as the common Duck, doth, | There are many things in this defcription, which do perfwade me, that this Bird alfo is no other than our Mufcovy Duck : As, equal bignes, naked tuberous ficfh about the Bill, a hoarfe voice, the Cock being bigger than the Hen, &c. Noris the diverfity of colours a fifficient argument of the contrary: For that they (as we have often faid ) in tame Birds of the famekind vary infinitely, §. VIL $$ Boox TL ORNITHOLOGY. | | | §. VIL The Brafilian Ipecaruacy of Pifo. T is a domeftic, whole-footed bird, reputed for the goodnefs of its flefh. As to I the bulk and fhape of its body itis of a middle proportion between our Country Ducks and Geefe; but in the beauty of its feathers and colours excells themboth. Its Bill from the end to the middleis yellow: The middle of its Head is curioufly tin@u- red withred ; the whole body from the crown to the Tail being of a delicate white colour like a Swans. It hath Ducks Feet, of a yellowifh red. It feeds fat as well upon Land, asin Pools. For the goodnefs of its flefh it is not inferiour to our Ducks, and had in efteemby perfons of quality. It isa fruitful bird, lays great Eggs, and a great many, almoft all feafonsof theyear, difpatching its fitting ina fhort time. It is alfo falacious $ its pev#s and other internal parts ferving for generation, being more thanufually {trong and great. As for itsbowels and entrails, they are of like confti- tution and make with thofe of our Dueks. AN ort +s dates) ine. ¢ $343 ww ~ 4 ~ Hitory of Birds. \ Containing |). ¢ » ‘Such Birds as we fufpett for fabulous, or fuch as are too briefly. and unaccur ately deferibed to, give us a full. and fufficient knowledve | of them, taken out of Franc. Hernandez e/pecially. re -> Of the ‘foolifh Sparrom. b; RGYSNKG His Bird is defervedly famous for its notable folly. Itis not afraid ae ‘of them that go to catch it, but fits ftill with a great deal of con- e8N, fidence till'they lay their hands upon it, not offering to fly away, Svay but only feeming to wonder what they intend todo. _ It is aSea- KQh@ fowl, and feedsuponfith. It hath the cry ofa Jay 5, is of thebig- SANE nefs of a Mag-pie, of the fhape and colour of the Gu, excepting Pies that partof the forehead next the Bill, which iscinereous ; whole- 5 footed. Is-Bill is three inches long, flender, round, and fireight, only a little ctdoked near the tip: Its Legs and Feet ( which are like thofé of other whole-footed Birds } blacks Its Pupil is alfo black, but the membrane about the Pu- . pil Steve py llom ue oe va i ‘Phe tinea ie the Birds of the Ifland Cerwe‘is well known and celebrated. ‘They alight upon the heads and fhotlders of the Mariners that ¢o afhore there, as it were upon trees, and fuffer themfelves without difficulty to be caught, coming readily to _ hand. ; , Spit Of the Bird called Daie laying great Evgs. | Bo "g He Bird called Daze isremarkable for the exttaordinary and unufual nature. or © manner of its Eggs and Young. It is not bigger than a Pigeon, and tolerable good meat. For its Neftit {crapes a hole with its Feetand Tail in {andy grounds four {pans'deep 5 where when the rains fall it lays its Eggs, ( which are bigger than Goofe- eggs, almoft as broad as ones fift, called by the Natives Tapuz ) fifty or. more.in num- ber, being of a grofs and fat fubftance, without any Yolk in them, which roafted or boiled are good wholfom food, but fried * tough, bad,and- of hard concoétion. It is very ftrange[_ more ftrange I dare fay than true_] that fo little a Bird fhouldlay fo great Eggs, and {o many together, and in fuch deep vaults under ground, and that being there’ hidden they fhould be hatched without being. ever fitten upon or che- rifhed by theold ones, and that the Young once hatched fhould of themfelves pre- fently fly away. | tae : _ I dare boldly Jay that this Hiftory is altogether falfe and fabulous. . For though fome Birds lay very great Eegs ( as for example, Puffins, Guillemots, Razor-bills, ec. ») fome alfo buildin holes under ground. Yet fuch lay but one Eeg, not a great many before they (i. Neither do I think that there is any Bird in the world whofe Eges want the white. Of the Guitguit that Jetsupon Ravens. Little body contains a great fpirit and courage. There isa very {mall Bird (Guztenit the Indians call it ) like the Wrev,of a green colour, and fweet-tafted fiefh. Such is the wonderful force of nature, that this Bird, as little as it is, and D next * Coarfe. fn APPENDIX. next to nothing, dares fet upon and purfue whole flocks of Revezs, and forces them to hide themfelves from it, and to take fhelter among the Reeds. Lfuppofe that this ftory is feigned in imitation of what the Ancients have delivered cons eerning the Wren, viz. that with great courage (indeed fool-hardinefs | fhe dares exter combat with the Eagle. = | i Of the Bird called Maia. Here is another fort of {mall Birds, efpecially in the Ifland Cybz, that fly in flocks, and wafte the fields or plantations of Rice, ( which grain grows abun- dantly, andis of muchufe.in thofe Countries ) called Maia, of a tulvous colour, its fleth pleafant, of eafie concoétion, and yielding a plentiful nourifhment: Whofe Stomach, ( or rather Craw ) and firft receptacle of nourifhment, is onthe back fide of the Neck: A wonderfil and fingular, thing, of which there is not another inftance in nature. | Of the Yayauhquitotl or long-tail'd Bird. Here proceed from the end of the Tail [or Rump] of this Bird two feathers T longerthan the reft, below naked, without any lateral hair-like bodies, adorn- ed at the tips with blue and black Vanes. - The body of the Bird is as big asa Stares; particoloured of blue, green, fulvous, and grey. Perchance this may be the fame Bird which Marggrave hath accurately defcribed ander the title of Guira-guainumbi. Of another fort of Xochitenacatl, that is the Toucan or Brafilian Pie. T His Bird breeds and feeds on the fhores of the Southern Averica, being of the bignefs ofa Pigeon, with a thick, fharp-pointed, black Bill, black Eyes, and a yellow Ir. The Wings and Tail are particoloured of black and white, a black Tilt reaching from theBill tothe very end of the Breaft, yetisthere fome yellow about the forepart of the Wings. The reft of the body generally is of a pale colour, ex- cepting the Feet and Legs, which are brown, and the Claws, which from white in- cline {omewhat to a pale yellow: It lives about flowring trees, feeding upon the honey it fucks out of their flowers. It breeds its Young in the Spring, and is much ef{teemed by the Tototepecenfes, in whofe Country it 1s very frequent. Of the Bird called Momot. ‘His abides and delights in hot Countries. It is of the bignefsof a Doves hath {carlet-coloured Eyes, with a black Pupil : A crooked, blackith Bill, almoft three inches long, fharp-pointed,, the nether Chap fhorter, the upper ferrate : A blue Head, likea Peacocks; brown Feet, the reft of the body green. What is rare and extraordinary inthis Bird is, that it hath in its Tail one quil longer than the reft, and whichis feathered only at theend, [ This i, I dare fay, more ftrange than true: For the Tails of all Birds Tever yet faw have their feathers growing by pairs, that is, two ofa ort, on each (ide one, | and that fo beautiful a Bird fhould be of no ufe, but for its eathers. Of the Verminous Bird or Tuputa. His Bird feems to be of a f{trange nature, as we gather from its note, from - which it took itsname Tuputa; but it is, and deférvedly, more famous for its fingular putrefation. For whileitis living it is wholly {tuft with worms inftead of flefh, all its members and mufcles being full of them. Nothing of flefh befides thefe and the skin. Yet they do noteat or make their way through the skin,which 1s ador- ned with thick-fet feathers. It abides among Sedge, and in graflie places. For fhape of body itis like a Pheafant, but lefler. What is here delivered concerning this Bird, if underftood generally L all the indivi- duals of this fort we are fo confident to be falfe, that we think it needles to fhend time in the confuting of it. This however we thought fitto fignifie tothe Reader, left he fhould ima- Sine we gave any credit to the ftory. Of ti APPENDIX + 387. Of the Moxambick Hens. y-He feathers, flefh and bones of thefe Hens ate fo black that being boil’d one would think they had been fodden in ink; yet are they thought to be very fivoury, and far better than thofe of other Hens. This hiftory is as true as the pre- cedext. Of the langhing Bird or Quapachtototl. laughter, and yet isdreaded and hated by the Indiansas inau{picious andomi- nous, fore-boding fome evil or mifchiefi The body [ from Bill to Tail] is eight ~ inches longs and the Tail asmuch. The Bill from blue inclines to black, being pretty long and crooked. The circle about the Pupil of the Eye is ‘white : The Breaft ci- nereous: The Belly from thence to the Tail black. The Tail ofa dark fulvous : But the Wings,Neck, and Head fulvous, whence it got its name among the Indiaws. They fay itis pleafant and wholfom meat. Me is often unfecure. °Quapachtototl or the fulvous Bird imitates humane 2 a. Of the Water-Quail or Acolin. Certain brown Bird of the Lake of Mexico is called Acoliz, becaufe it is of the bignefsofa Quail. It hath a long Bill, bending downward 3 and long Legs. It runs very fwiftly near the top of the water: And {eldom or never flies. It feeds upon fifh: And it felf is made food by man. Of the Cornet Ducks. T Here is a certain fortof Dyeksin Affa, which one may not undefervedly reckon among Cornets or Horn-winders: Their voice doth fo nearly refewble the found of a horn fuch as Poft-boys ule... This fame Bird though it be feeble and weak, yet is it bold and ftout, and’ the Turks havea perfwafion that it frightens and drives away evil {pirits. Certes it is fo conftantly defirous of liberty, that though it be kept up and fed thtce whole yearsin a Cage, if it get_an opportunity of efcaping, it will pre- fer its liberty before its eafe, and fly away to its natural and ufual haunts and mariner of living. + te : Of Birds that ‘cannot ftand. Bs Indians calla fort of Duck with a black Bill, indifferently broad; tho whole body almoft being white, black, and grey, but about the Head and Neck pur- - ple, white, blue, gfeen; atid changeable according ‘as it varioufly reflects the Sun- beams, like the Heliotrope ftohé, ora Peacocks head, Yatataon Yayauhqui, ox the Bird of a particoloured Head. Its Leos and Fect are red : Its food like that of other marfh- birds. It isa Bird of paflage, coming to the Lake of Mexico at a certain feafon. We muft not omit to tell you, that this Bird like the Acitli or Water-Hare cannot walk but only fwim 3 the Legs of both growing in like mariner at the very end of their bodies. : aN ui i Ofthe broad-bill'd Bird o¢ Tempatlahoac. fe a ig a certain fort of wild Duck among the Indians, called by them Tew- patlahoac, {. the Spaniards, Natives of America, call ita Swallow | of the big- nefs Of a tame Duck, and thereforecalled ationg the Tedians by the fame name. It hath abroad, lotig Bill, all’over black; A white Tongue: Pale-red Legs and Feet : Its Head and Neck thine with green, purple and black colours, like thofe of a Pea- cock, or the heliotrope ftone. | Its Eyes are’ black, and Ir# pale : Its Breaft white: But thereft of the body beneath fulvous, atid’adorned with two’ white {pots on both fides near thé Tails above beautified with cettain femicircles, the circumference of which from white tended to brown, the middle or inner part from black toa thining ereen. The Wings at the fetting on [or begintiing Jare blue, next white, and then laftly of afhining green. Yet their extremesdre on one fide fulvous,on the other fide $e yall Ddd2 _ fining : 338 * Or Swathe. dn APPENDIX. | fhining and green. The circumference of the Tail both aboveand beneath is white, elfe it is black underneath, and of a Peacock colour above. This alfo is a {tranger coming from fome other Country to the Lake of Mexico, and its fleth is fuch kind of meat asthat of other marth Birds. A Of the crefted Eugle. His is a beautiful kind of Eagle, and as it were crowned like a Kingly Bird; the Indians call it Yzquauhtl. Its Bill is yellow at the root, then black; Its Talons black: Its Feet of a pale colour: Its Legs and Belly mingled of black and white: fts Neck fulvous$ its Back and Tail black and brown: *Its creft or crown black. It js about as big as a common Ram 3 and 1s as {tout and hardy as the fierceft creatures, fo that being reclaimed and kept tame upon a fleight provocation, it will affault and fly upon even rhen themfelves. Yet isit very tage and gentle, and becomes as fit and fer- viceable for hawking as other Hawks, of whichit is a kind. . Of the Bird havingthree tunes, or notes. A Small Bird that fings very fweetly is found in Hifpaniola. It fings in three feveral f-\ voices or notes, varying its tune with almoft indivifible modulations: froma fharp note prefently falling down to others, that it {eems to utter them all together, and with one breath to form {feveral ‘notes, as if they proceeded from three throats. Ananonymous manufcript Author, who affirmsthat himfelf hath heard, thinks that there is no bird in the World fings more pleafantly, yea, that it clearly excels the Nightingale in the almoft inexplicable fweetnefs of its accents. This Bird he faith he | faw not, only heardit: But from the teflimony of others he declares that it is very beautiful; and adorned with wonderful variety of lovely colours. Of the Water-Sparrow. f pa aii aie, or the Water-Sparrow, the’ Cock fings pertinacioully without in- termifflion. From Sun-rifing to Sun-fetting it chirps and cries ftiffly with a noife like the {queaking of Mice. It gratifies the Palate more than the Ear. It fitsupon Rufhes and Seggs, and among them it builds. For bignefs and fhape it refemblesa Sparrow, yet its Billis black; itsLegs‘and Feet fulvous. ‘Ihe lower or underfide of the body 1s for the moft part white: The reft fulvous, varied with a kind of white and black. It is found in the coafts of Mexico. This Bird is not much unlike that we have intitled the Reed-Sparrow. Of the hoarfe Bird. T He ludicrous motion and contrattion of its Neck at pleafure hath ennobled the &. Acaca cabucadli, or water bird that cries hoarfly: For the hoarfenefs of its voice hath given it its name, It is of that kind of Halcyons [ King-fifhers’] which our Country-men [ Spaniards ]are-wont to call Martinet Pefcador, which naturally fre- quents Rivers and Streamsof water to get its food. It is a little lefs than.a wild Duck, having its Bill and Neck of a {panlong: Its Billisabout three fingers breadth long, of a moderate thicknefs, ending in afharp point, and very fit to {trike and peck withall, black above, white underneath, and pale aboutthe fides. The Pupil of the Eyeis black, the Ir next the Pupil red, then pale, and at laf{t white. From the Eyes to the rife of the Bill proceeds a * line[_ fafcia] of a pale green. Its Legs and Feet ( which are cloven into toes, aregreen on the out-fide, on the infide incline to palenefs. The colour of the whole body is for the moft part white, with fulvous feathers jntermixt : But the upper fide inclines moreto brown, the underfide is whiter... The Wings un- derneathare grey ; above about the extremes. black, next from fulvous inclining to red, then from fulvous declining to pale, and Jaftly near the Back fulvous. It feeds and lives upon fifhes, very eafily becomes tame, and fings not unpleafantly;, but muft be carefully and tenderly fed with worms, and water-infeds., You may alfo for want of other more natural food give its lefh to eat. . It yields’ a grofs nourifhment, not unlike to that which wild Ducks afford. It is native ofthe Country of Mexico, and breeds in the Spring among the Rufhes. Whereas the Neck, in comparifon with the reft of its body, isvery long, it is wonderful ftrange into whata fhortnefs, it oan ad . Z contra An APPENDIX. | 389 contract it 5 which it is commonly wont todo. ‘Tts Tail is little and black, fhewin fomething of {plendour, and widening into'a greater breadth. “They call it by its * Here feems Country-name Tolcomoli. ‘This Bird would be altogether like its fellow, were not eiarae its Bill black above; and red underneath, as alfo its Legs and Feet : And the colour Copy,the fol- of its whole body fulvous and black promifcuoufly. ae eats the word To/- , Of the Hoactzin. comoétli to be - the name of another | in Phyfic recommends the bird Hoaéfzin, that utters a found like its name, though like It isalmoft as big asa Turkey ; hath a crooked Bill, a white Breaft inclining to yel+ Bird, wy low: Wings and Tail {potted at intervals of an inch diftance : Of a whiteand pale colour; the Back and upper part of the Neck fulvots, but both inclining to brown 5 as do alfo thetemples of the Head as far as the Bill and Eyes. It hath black Claws, and dusky Legs. It hath a creft made up of feathers from white inclining toa pale colour, but their back-fide black. It feeds upon Snakes, It hath a great voice, re- prefentinga kind of howling. Itappears in the Autumn, and is by the Natives ac- counted an unlucky bird. Its bones affwage the pain of any part of mans body by launcing. ‘The {moak or fuffumigation of its feathers brings them to their right mind who grew diftracted by any ficknefs. The afhes of its feathers taken inwardly cure the French Pox, giving marvelloushelp. Itlivesin hot Countries, as 1s Yautepec, and very oftenis found fitting upon trees near Rivers. | Of the dry Bird cr Hoactht. W, 7 Either is the Hoa#l or Tobaé#li, that is, the dry bird, feeding about the Lake N of Mexico, a contemptible fpectacle. From the point of the Bill to the end of the Tailit is three {panslong, and of the bignefs of a common Hen. | Its Legs are a foot long: Its Bill is five inches long, [ perchance he may mean 1; of an inch, the words are, Cum uncia trientem, | and aninch thick, black above, pale on the fides, and underneath black and brown. Its Eyes are. great 3 its Iris yellow, and Eye-lids red. The crown of the Head is covered with black feathers, and adorned with acreftin like manner black, Its Neck, Breaft, Belly, and whole body are white, but its Tail afh-coloured, as are alfo its Wings above, for underneath they are whiter. Theup- per partsof its Wings fhine witha kind of greennefs.. The Back though it be cove- red with white Plumage [ or down] yet is wont to be invefted with black feathers, inclining to a fhining green. The Feet which are cloven inte’Toes, and alfo the Legs _arepale. Its Head is compafled with a white wreath or ring proceeding from the rife of the Bill to the Eyes. It is a ftranger to the Lake of Mexico, coming from fome other place; and is called by Spaniards Natives Martinete:pefcador, trom its catching of fith,upon which it feeds. Itbreeds among the Reedss it bites fhrewdly 5 and hath a great flat voice. Of the Wind-bird,Heatototl. Hen tl or the Wind-bird is alfo worthy to-bebeheld. It is adorned with a great orbicular creft, {tanding up like a crown, anda little whitifh. Its Breaft from brown inclines tocinereous : ItsBelly is white, and Feet flat : Its Legsand the feathers growing aboutthemfulvous. Its Tail is round underneath yaried with white and a footy colour, but above brown: Its Wings underneath are “white, afh-coloured and footy, above black, yet withfome white feathers interfperfed. In other refpetts it is of the fame nature with other Water-fowl, and like to the other Heatototle, which is fomething lefsthena tame Duck, with a black, {lender round Bill; and near the end wreathen: Its feathers underneath white, but above near the Thighs fulvous. Its Wings underneath areath-colour, but\above brown, black, and white. | Its Head 1s black and erefted; but from the hinder part of the Head black. ftroaks proceed on both fides to the Eyes, which are black, with a yellow Ira. In other things they are like to birds frequenting Fens and Marthes. : \ ; Of a Of AchalalaGli avd Amalozque, birds with rings about their neche. Ts lver-coloured-ring adorns the Neck of AchalalaGl, or the Bird that toffes and | throws fifhes about. Some call it Michalalaéh. tis of the bignefs and fhape of a Dove, hatha black, {harp Bill, three inches long, and thick for the proportion ofitsbody. Its Head is adorned witha long creft, fromblue inclining to black. Its Belly iscovered with white feathers, andits Neck beautified with a white ring. Its Wings underneath are white, but their ends brown, {potted with white: Above like the reft ofthe body, blue, but their extreme parts black, and fpotted every where with whit: fpecks. Its Tail 1s partly black, partly blue, but at intervals alfo _ varied with white fpots. Its Legs are reds its Feet divided ito Toes, ending in black ~ * Not nauve Claws: Its Eyes black, and Irides white. It is a * ftranger to this Country of bird ofp Mexico, and frequents Rivers and Fountains, feeding upon little fifh and water fage. InfeGs. It is edible, but of like tafte and nourifhment with other Fen and Marth birds. . ‘ Nor is the Amalozque or red-neckt bird oflefs beauty. It is alfo a Marfh-bird, of the bignefsof our common Turtle-dove: Its Legs and Feet ( which aredivided into Toes) being of a delayed fed, Lor white dafhed with red :] Its Claws black : Its Bill ofa mo- derate length, flender, and black: ItsEyesblack, and [rides red. ‘The lower parts of the Breaft, Belly, and Wings are white: But its Tail, which is of a moderate big- nefs, is {prinkled with fulvous and black: But, what is mo{t remarkable, two black collars, diftant by the breadth of ones little finger, encompafs the Neck and Breatt; the foremoft whereof incircles it round, the hindmoft fails and difappears in the upper part, [ orabove the Neck. ] On both fides are two white {pots of equal big- nefs, above the Eye toward the Neck, and reaching almoft to it. ‘The upper part of the body and alfo the tail areof a white, black, and fulvous colour. But the Wings ‘abovefulvousand brown. This Bird is native of the Lake of Mexico, breeding and bringing up its young there inthe Spring-time. Its flefhis eaten, and affords like nou- rifhment withthat of other Water-fowl. It feeds upon little fifhes, Gnats, and other Water-Infects. It hath alouder and fttonger cry than futes to the proportion of its body: yet isitnot to be numbred among the clamorous birds. | The healing Wood-pecker, or Tleuquecholtototl. oF ese Tlenquecholtoto#l or Bird with a Head like the Spoon-bill [ Platea. | Itis big- ger thana Blacklird, hath a long black Bill, but the nether Chap much the fhorter: The crown of the Head, and almoft the whole Neck above is red, the lower parts being altogether cinereous. The Wings.and Back are black, varied with tran(verfe white lines. It livesin the fields of Pavatlaz, in the Province of Totona- capa. It is a kind of Wood-pecker, that perforates trees, the red feathers of whofe Head being applied and glued tothe Head are reported to cure the Head-ach : Whe- ther they came to be of that opinion, becaufe they grow on the birds Head, or found it to be fo by fome experiment. i Of the Wood-pecker that breeds in the time when the rains fall. Untotoniis a kind of Woodpecker of the bignefs of a Hoopoo, varied with a black and browncolour. Its Bill, wherewith it perforatestrees, is three inches long, {trong and white, thenether Chap the fhorter. Its Head is fmall, covered with a red plumage, adorned alfo with a red creft, three inches long, and black at top. On each fide the Neck goes down a white ftroke [_ facia ] as low as the breaft. Its Legs and feet are of a livid or lead-colour. It lives not far from the South Sea :Builds upon high trees: Feeds upon Cieadé, or Tlaollz, Worms, and other Infetts. It breeds in the time that the rains fall, that is from the month of May to September. It is neither good toeat, nor ufeful for any thing elfe thatI have heard of. Of the Queen of the Aure. Ozcacoanhtli the Indians calla Bird, which they fay is the Queen of thofé fowl the Mexicans call Aura. It doth not lef deferve that name from its conftancy of firmnefS againtt all the force of blafts, and impulfe of winds, It PR ie | ignefs tn APPENDIX. | 391 bignefs to the Groffian Eagles. its wholebody befides the Neck and thofe parts which are near the Brealt is from a black purple, fulvous and dark or fad-coloured. Its Wings underneath about their rife black, elfecinereous ; but above mixed of fulvous and black, and fomething inclining to purple. Its Legs are red, and Claws hooked. The extremes of the Bill ( which one would think were thofe of a Parrot, they are fo undifcernably like ) are white, the reft of the Billof a fanguine tincture. The No- Athrils are large 5 the Eyes black, but Ir# fulvous; the eye-lids red: The forehead died with a fanguine colour, and frowning or wrinkling, which wrinkles it doth fometimes explicate and fmooth. In which particular, and alfo in fome thin, fcattered hairs, frifled, not unlike Blackmores hairs, it feems to refemble the: Turkey. It hath a Taillike an Eagle, greybeneath but black above. It feeds upon Snakes, Mice, and Lizzards that it catcheth; but efpecially upon Carrion, or dead beafts, and mans dung. It foars aloft, flying high with its Wings {pread, and almoft without inter- miflion. Itisnative of the Province of Mexico, and breeds in the Spring. With an incredible force it refiftsthe Winds, bearing up ftiffly again{t them, and perfifting in the fame place immovable, let them blow never fo boifteroufly. Its fiefh is unufeful for food, not being tafted of by any man, that I have yet known of, but only for Phyfic. I hear that the Izdians do heal Ulcers by applying to them the feathers of this bird outwardly, and giving the Patient its fiefh boiled to take inwardly for his food during the diftemper: Which they fay alfo is a prefent remedy for the French Pox. 3 Of the Garagay. Aragay is {aid to be a Bird of prey, of the bignefs of a Ké#te : Having its Head G and the ends of its Wings white: Being of fhort flight, a great deftroyer of Crocodiles and TortoifesEggs. It fmells them out thoughhidden under the fand in the banks of Rivers, {crapes them up and devours them. It isa folitary bird, fave that the Aure follow it that they may partake of its prey: For they cannot {crape in the ground to dig up Eggs. Of the HoaGon. T He Female of this Bird, called Hoadfon, is a little bigger than the Male called HoaGli, akin to, or like the common Heroz ; white on the Neck and Belly, with brown feathers intermixt. The reft of the body is brown, fet here and there with white feathers. Its Eyes great, and black, with a pale Iris. Of the Scarlet-feathered Iudianw Bird. C hee luftre of its Wings commends the Acolchichi or red-fhouldered bird, and ob- tained for it of the Spaniards an honourable name, who. call thefe Birds Com- mendadores, becaufe they refemblethe badge or cognizance of thofe Knights, who wear on their fide the like thining red. They feemto-bea fort of Stares, which the Spaniards call Tordos, agreeing with them in bignefs, colour, and fhape, and every where companying with them; although their {houlders at firft appear fulvous, in- clining to red, and as they grow. older are wholly changed into a * fulvous colour. *1 fuppofe Being keptin Cages they learn toimitate humane {peech, and prattle very pleafantly. Sy ae 7 They eat any thing you offer them, but efpecially Bread and Indian Wheat. You Me Copyor vs may find thefe Birdsboth in hot and cold Countries: By their numerous flocks: they Authorand are very troublefome to people livingin Towns, efpecially in hotand maritime Coun- 3") hen tries. They. yield a bad and unpleafant juice; and build-in trees not far from Towns and the commerce of men, wafting and deftroying the corn-fields where they light. They fing and play whether they be fut up in Cages, or fuffered to walk freely up and down the houfe. Of fair-feathered Birds. Tsfeathershave made the Quetzaltototl more precious. than gold, and therefore it is _ called the bird of feathers. It hath a creft, and is in good part adorned with Pea- cocks feathers, of the bignefs of a Pie or Pigeon, having.a crooked yellow Bill, and Feet fomething yellow. The Tail is compofed of very long: feathers, of a’ fhining green, woz OL. An GAP PEND EX. green, and of a Peacock colour, like for fhape to the leaves of Flomer-de-luce s and covered above with other black ones, but beneath and where they touch’ the Pea- cock-coloured or purple ones, ( which are in the middle ) inclining to green, as if nature took care of the beauty of the middle feathers. The Creft confifts. of thining cand very beautiful feathers. The Breaftand Neck underneath are covered witha - ~ red and fhining Plumage ; and witha purple[ pavonina’| as isvalfo the Back and the fides under the Wings, and the Belly between the Legs; but the feathers in this laft place are of a fainter colour, flender, and foft... The feathers of the Wings are very long, tinc&ured witha dilute green, and ending infharp points. The feathers grow- ~ ing on the fhoulders are green, but black underneath 3 but thofe between the Wings * Theword are fomething crooked, andof thecolour of the * Claws. The feathers of this Bird : aie arehighly efteemed among the Indians, and preferred even before Gold it elf; the hanes may longer ones for crefts, and other ornaments both’ of the head and whole body, both mean humane for War and Peace: But the reft for fetting in feather-works, and compofing the fi- iat gures of Saints and other thingss which they are fo skilful im doing, as not to fall {hort of the moft artificial Pitures drawn in colours. For this purpofe they alfo make ufe of, and mingle and weave in together with thefe the feathers of the humming bird. Thefe Birds live in the Province of Tecolotlan beyond Quauhtemallam towards Hon- duras, where great care is taken that no man kill them : Only itis lawful to pluck off their feathers, and fo let them gonaked yet not for all men indifferently; but only for the Lords and Proprietors of them 5 for they defcend to the Heirs as rich poffef* - fions. Fr. Hernandez in fome pretermitted annotations adds concerning the manner of taking thefe Birds fome things worth the knowing. The Fowlers ¢ {faith he ) be- take themfelves to the Mountains, and there hiding themfelves in {mall Cottages, {catterup and down boil’d Izdiaz:;Wheat, and prick down inthe ground many rods befmeared with Birdlime, wherewith theBirds mtangled become their prey. They fly inflocks among ‘trees, on which they are wont to fit, making no unpleafant noife with their whiftling and finging in‘confort. They have by the inftinct of nature fuch knowledge of their riches, that once. {ticking to the Birdlime, they remain {till and quiet, not ftrugling at all, that they may not mar or injure thetr feathers. The beaut whereof they are fo inlove with, that they chufe rather to be taken and killed, than by endeavouring to get their liberty doany- thing that may deface or prejudice them. They are faid to pick holes in trees, and therein to build and breedup their Young. *Ifuppofe “They feed upon Worms, and certain wild * Pinna, of that fort which the Mexicans es 2 are wont tocall Matzatlz. Theylove the open air, nor hath it been yet found, that what pinne " ever they would be kept tame, or broughtup in houfes. They make a noife not much filveftres mean unlike Parrots : But they have'a chearful'and pleafant whiftle, and they fing thrice a Tknow net, Gay, to wit, in the Morning, at Noon, and about Sun-fet. Next to the Quetzaltototl the Tzinitzinn is moft elteemed.. Itisa {mall bird, almoft as big as a Dove, clothed with feathers of many colours, with which the Natives com- pofe Images and Figures of wonderful fubtilty and.curiofity : For from this artifice they are become known and famousallthe worldover. Thefe they ufe and make thew of on Feaftidays, in'War, in their Temples, and public Merriments and Dancings. Its Bill isfhort, crooked, and pale; its Head and Neck like a Doves, but covered with green and (hining feathers. Its Breaft and Belly are red, excepting that part which is next the Tail: For that is died with blue and white promifcuoufly.Its Tail greenabove, and black underneath: Its Wings partly white,and partly black. The Ir#s ofits Eyeis yellow, but inclining to fcarlet: The Legs and Feet cinereous. It lives in hot Coun- tries nearthe Southern Ocean. ° It is nourifhed up in Cages, and fed with fruits. Itis as beautiful and lovely'a Bird asany is, but neither doth it fing, nor isits flefh ( that I know of ) good. : af Totoqueftal alo ( as Antonius Herrera writes ) isa lefler-fized bird tharra Pigeon, all ‘over green. The feathers of its Tail are very long, highly prized, anda fpecial commodity ufed in commerce. It was a capital crime to kill this bird ; wherefore they only plucktit, and let it go. : Of the Thrufhes of Chiappa and Artificer-Sparrows. “Wine a fort of Thrufles found in Chiappa, which they call Artificer-Sparrows. ~ They are black only on'the Breaft,and red on the Head. They teed only upon Acorns.With their Bill they perforate the barks of Pine-trees; and in each hole fitly ac- commodate or ftick'in anacorn,(o that by the hand it cannot be pluckt outsand fo very elegantly fe iy APPENDIX © © = _ ns in ee 2 << ee eras ae = “ elegantly fet the Pine-treeround with Acorns. Then fticking tothe bark withtheir Feet, they f{trikethe Acorn with their Bill, and devour the kernel. Of the long bird or Hoitlallotl. Ojtlaotl or the longbird is more taken notice of for its running than for. its H feathers. From the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Tail ( which alfo isa {pan long ) itis extended nine inches. Its Billis black above, cinereous underneath, three incheslong, and moderately thick. Its Tail isgreen, but with a purplith {plendour. The feathers of the whole body from white tend to fulvous, but toward the Tail from black to the famecolour. Yet the feathers on the upper fide of the body are black, {prinkled with white fpots. It flies near the ground, and makes but fhore flights ; but runs fo fwiftly:that it far exceeds the {peed of the fleeteft horfes. It lives in hot Countries, and yields no very defirable nourifhment. Of Indian Quails. ce of New Spain call Quails Colin. Thefe are like our Country Quails, though they be without doubt to be referred to the kind of Partridges. There are found many forts of them in New Spain: Some brown and crefted, which they call Quanhtzonecoliw 5 of a moderate bignefs, and a remarkable, but mournful cry: | Others brown in like manner, but without crefts, anda little lefs: Others, the big- geft of all, of a fulvous colour, but their Heads varied with white and black, the ends [ extremis-] of their Wings and Back white, their Billand Feet black. They are all (as I{aid ) like to the Spawifh Quails, very good and pleafant meat, provided you kill them two or three days before they be rofted and fervedup. Phyficians allow fick perfons to eat of their flefh: Neither is there any Fowl among the Indi- ans, next to tame Poultry, whofe fiefh is to be prefetred before it, either for whol- fomne(s or tafte. They have a tune like our Qwails, and fome a more pleafant one than others. They arekept in Coops, and fed either with common or Jvdian Wheats and are common in many parts of this Country. The fame Author [ Fr. Hernandez | of the Copolcozgue or founding Quail in ano- ther place writes thus. It isone among many other forts of Coliz or Mexican Quails, of which we fhall {peak fingly : like to our Quails for bignefs, note, feeding, flight, andconditions, but of a different colour 5, above mingled of fulvous and white, un- derneath only fulvous 5 yet the crown of the Head andthe Neck are fet with blacks ’ and white feathers 5 which make feams or {trakes on each fide from the Neck to both Eyes. The Eyes are black, andthe Legs fulvous. Itisnativeof this Country, and frequent in the open fields, as is the common Qzail, and yields a like nourifhment, coming next to the Spanifh Partridge, of which it is a fort. Colcuicuiltic or the Quails Image is alfoa fort of Quail varied with white, black, and _ f{carlet Plumes; above rather produced in lines than round {pots, underneath dift pofed rather into thick-fet {pots than lines. Its Feet and Legs are blue: But for its ee bignefs, conditions, and all other qualities, it is altogether like the prece- ent. Acolinis of the bignefs of a Stare, hath pale-green Legs and Feet, divided into four pretty long Toes. Its Billis yellow, and of the longeft for the proportion of its body, ilender alfo, and fharp-pointed : Its Eyes black, its [vides fulvous, and Head {malf, ‘The under fideof the body is white, the fides {potted with brown: The upper fur- face of the body and the Tail ( which is {hort ) are fulvous, but{potted with black’) lines of white encircling all the, feathers, {prinkled or powdered fometimes with’ {pecks of thefame colour. It frequents Lakes, and hatha fifhy tafte, yet is it no un- pleafant meat. It feeds ufually upon Worms, Flies, and other Infects flying about the Fens. It breedsin the Lak@of Mexico. Its Head glifters with a wonderful variety of colours, a black linedividingit in the middle, and others of a grey or.afh-colour diftinguifhing the fides: The exteriour corners being pointed with {mall white {po:s. The Neck and Breaft are grey {_ cimerea, | the re{t of the Plumage from fulvous rather Incline to green. | bee Of oo0™ Of the Sxew-bird or Ceoan. f T is a little bigger than a Thrufh: Efteemed of for imitation of humane {peech: About the Breaft, Belly, and fetting on of the Wings fulvous5 near the Tail are grey feathers mingled with the fulvous. The ends ofthe Wings and the Tailitfelfun- — derneath are eiméreous :. But above, all the body is of a dark brown. The Bill, ( which 1s fmalland {lender ’) and the Legs are fulvous : The Chin is white, yet having {ome black feathersintermixt. It imitates humane fpeech, mocking; and as it were deriding thofe that pafsby : Whom yet if it may it will follow. Of theCenotzqui or Szow-calling bird. T deferves itsname, becaufe before it {nowsit cries, afterwards is filent. It is res markable for variety of colours: Having a fulvous Breaft, pale Legs, black Claws, a Belly {potted with black and white. Under the Wings it is white and afh-coloured 5 _ above fulvous, black, and then cinereous {potted with black, and near the ends or tips{peckled with white. Its Tail underneath is black.and white, above fulvous, {potted with black Its Headis black, encircled with a wreath of grey : Its Bill {mall, grey both above and beneath, but above near its rife encompafied witha yellow line. Its Eyes are black, and Eye-lids pale. It endures any kind of air or weather, but abides in mountainous places, and in the Spring-time breeds and brings up its Young. It fo turnsits Head up and down, winding its Neck every way, that abiding immova- ble in the fame fite it can look round about it. . There is alfo another fort of this Bird differing in {ome varieties of colour, having its Head fulvousand grey, its Neck partly black, and partly white, which fome call Loceto. Of the Bird called Pauxi. Take this to be the fame with the Mitz of Margeravias, and with the Mountain | Bird or Tepetototl above defcribed. | The whole difference is in the Creft, inftead whereof this Bird hath a certain tumour at the root of its Beak, of the figure of a Pear, and the hardnefs of a {tone; of a blue colour like that of the Twrcogs tone. Iz another place he faith, that this tumour called a {tone, though it be not over-hard,is like ca an Ege orbigger, of arufty colour. Of Picicitli. “a Hef{mall Bird called Picicitli appears after fhowers : It isnoted for the ob{curity ee of its original. The Tetzcoquenfes donot yet know where it breeds. It is g mute Bird, brought up in the houfe it foon dies and decays. It gratifies both the Pa- Jateand Stomach. Itis all over afh-coloured, except the Head and Neck, which are both black: Only a white fpot encompatfies itsblack Eyes. Of the *Polyglott Bird. Saw, heard, and admired a fmall Bird brought to Madrid, the Queen of all finging i Birds, that could command any voice or tune. The Indians from its multiplicity _ Of notes call it Cencontlatol or four hundred tongues. It is not bigger than’ a Star- ling, white underneath, brown above, with fome yblack and white feathers inter- mixt; efpecially next the Tail, and about the Head which is encircled with the like- nefs of a filver crown. It is kept in Cages to delight the gar, and for a natural rarity or rather wonder. Ttexcells all Birds in fweetnefs-and variety of Song, and perfect command of its voice; imitating the note of any fort of Bird whatfoever, and ex- cellingits exemplar. It goes far beyond the Nightingale. 1 my felf keptit along time, It is content with any meat; it loves hot Countries, but canabide temperate. Tzaupanislike to this. Some fufpect that it is only the Hen of the fame fort, they being equalin bignefs, finging alike, and agreeing in fhape, faving that the feathers underneath are white, cinereous, and black, thofe above fad-coloured, black and white. . : ios Of dn APPENDIX. 4 495, Of the finging Night-bird. Hicuatli or the Night-bird is of the bignef$ of our Woodcock, hath a lotig; flen- C: der, black Bill, and crooked yellow feams near each Eye. The lower parts of the body are of a pale colour, with a few black feathers intermixt about the Neck. The Eyes are black, with yellow Irides... The reft of the body is of a mingled colour of fulvous, brown, and grey. It lives inthe Mountains, and flieslow : Being kept in a Cage it prattlesor chatters prettily. . It 1s eafily brought up, for it is wont to feed upon bread made of Tiaol/z, Worms, Gnats, and other Infecs. tis taken both in hot and cold Countries; it feeds fat, and affords no contemptible nourifhment. Some there are thateall it Chzquatototl from the Owl, being a Bird not lefs Augural and omi- nous than that. — ; . Of tke Xomotl E owe the protection and covertute of dur nakednef$ not to Sheep and Qua- V V drupeds only 5 for the Indians weave the feathers of thts Bird into their Gar- -ments.. It is whole-footed, hath its Back: and Wings above Black, » its Breaft brown. When it is angry it ruffles up the feathers uponits Head like a Creft. ® Of the Rabihorcado: fF His Bird dividesits forked Tail into two parts, fometimes opening, fometimes u fhutting or drawing them together like a ‘Tailors Sheers : Therefore it is called - Rabiborcado, and by the Portughefe, Raboforcado. ' ofiraccount of fowe Birds of the Ferroe or Ferroyer I/lands, ont of Hoiers:Epiftle to Cluf. "9 He Birds of the firft and fecondClaffis are inferted already into this work in their \ proper places. ; : ., In the third Claffis or rank ( faith the Author ) I place three Species different in fhape, but in this quality very nearof kin. that they prefage ftorms and tempefts, and abide only far out at Sea. The biggeft of thefe is much about the bignefs of an ordi- nary Pullet, [ or middle-fized Hen, } of the fhapeof a Falcoz. It is commonly; and not improperly, called Haffhert, z.e. The Sea-horfé. It is all over of ah afh-colour, and every where {potted with white; it hath a crooked Beak like a Falcons, but fhorter. At the fight thereof the Fifhermenare horribly afraid, as they are alfo at the * appearance of the two following, and make to the Shoaras faft as they can, beiiig . fure that there is a dangerous tempeft at hand. _. The fecond, called Stormpinck , isa little bigger thana Sparrow. This alfo is all grey,- but without fpots, having avery {lender Bill, You might with better reafon term this Pega/ws than the former: Forthatyou fhallto admiration fee it with incredible _ velocity run upon the very Waves, croflingjof them as f{wift as the Wind, being car- ried on like aftorm, as its name imports. I€ flocks of thefe draw near to any Vef- fels at Sea; experienced Mariners know they mitt prefently lowr their Sails. This Bird feems to have {ome affinity with that which Oviedys mentions in his fourteenth Book - of the watural and general Hiftory of the Indies, about the beginning of the firft Chapter, telling us, that the Mariners call it Patines s It being of equal velocity in flying even in a troubled and tempeftuous Sea, fo that one would think it ran witha {wift courfe over the tops of the Waves. The third Species named Barufiard, is equal toa Sparrow, white under the Breaft, withthe Neck and Back blatk: Its Beak is alfo black, and fomewhat broad’: Its Feet red: This is as fwift in {wimming as the Stormfzck in running. Where thefe three kinds breed their Young is not known. Whence, in my opinion, among all that we have enumerated they {eem to come neareft to the defcription of the Halcyon 5 though in colour they do notaltogether agree with Pliwiesdef{cription. ed 5. Inthe fifth rank remain to be defcribed two different forts of wild Geefe 5 the former whereof, called Helfizgegnaas, hatha black Head and Neck encompatied with a white ring, a white Breaft, grey Wings, a blue Back, and red Feet,, ; In bignefs it an- fwers toa Duck: The other fort [ Erandgaas }is a little lefs thai a wild Goofe. Its Head is grey : Its Neck compafled with a circle of red: Its Breaft grey, in like ) Eee 27 4 manner’ 396 “manner its Wings and Neck: Its Feet red. Thefe kinds of Geefe are very rarely feen tn APPENDIX inthe Ferroyer Mlands, nor do they breed there. Whence they come, and whither they gono man knows. Butthe Inhabitants havea fuperftitious conceit, grounded upon long experience, that when they do appear they portend a change of Magiftracy - or Government. Befide thefe here 1s alfa plenty of common wild Gee/e. Gefuers Wood-Crow. Aldrov. lib.19. cap.57. Ur Wood-crow is of the bignefs of a Hen, black all the body over, if you behold itatadiftance. But if you view itnear hand, efpecially in the Sun, the black feemstobe mingled with green. Its Feet arealmoft likea Hens, but longer : Its Toes divided: Its Tailnotlong. Ithath a Creft hangingdown backwards from the Head, which I know not whether it be in all Birds of this fort, and always... Its Bill is red, long, and fit to thruftinto the narrow chinks and holes of the Earth, Trees,Walls,and Rocks, to fetch out Grubs and Infects lurking there, upon which it feeds, Its Legs are long, and of a darkred. [hear that it feeds upon Grafhoppers, Crickets, little Fifhes, and Frogs, It builds for the moft part in the high Walls of demolifhed or ruinous Towers,which are common in the mountainous parts of Switzerland. In the ftomach of one diflected, befides other Infedts I {ometimes found very many of thofe which eat the roots of corn,efpecially MiWet 5 the French call them Curtil/as,our Coun- trimen [the Germans ] Tuaren, from the fite of their Feet,as I conjecture. They eat alfo thofe Grubs of which the Mzy-fkes are bred. They flie very high: They lay two or threeEggs. The firft of alf( as far asI know ) fly away about the beginning of Fuze, if Ibenot miftaken. Their Young taken out of the Neft before they can fly may eafily be fed, andmade fotame, as to fly out into the fields and return of their.own accord. The young ones are commended for good meat, and counted a dainty: Their flefh 1s {weet, and their bones tender. Thofe that take them out of the Nefts are wont to leave one in each, thatthey may the more ‘willingly return the in year. They are called by our Country-men, Wald-rapp, thatis Wood-Crows, becaufe they are wont to livein woody, mountainous, and defert. ‘places : Where they build. in Rocks, or old forfaken Towers: Wherefore alfo they are called Steiwrapp, and elfewhere [ in Bavaria and Stiria|] Clawfzrapp, from the Rocks, of Crags, and {traits between Mountains, which the Germans call.Claufen, that is, enclofed places, wherein they build their Nefts. Of Mr. Wilughby fafpects this Bird to be no other than the Coracias or Pyrrbocorax: But if it be rightly defcribed its bignef$ and the creft on itshead forbid it. % 397 “SUMMARY FALCON RY, Collected out of feveral Authors. Eg \Alconry i ufually divided into two parts: The firft concerning the re 95 A claiming and managing of Hawks: The fecond concerning the difeafes KG | of Hawks, their figns; prevention, and cures. Which method I fhall f alfo obferve: , ; Inthe fitft part I fhall give 1. An Expofition of fomé wotds and termsof Art. 2. Somie general obfervations. 3.Ifhall proceed to the managing and reclaimirig of 1. Long-winged Hawks, 2%: The Falcon, Ger-falcon, Lanner, Merlin, and Hobby, 2+ Short-winged Hawks, vz. The Gojhawk , and Sparrow: hawk, is 6 [> y= Sg . Gu AP. I. Terms of Art ufed in Falconry explained. Bo Ating, is endeavouring to fly off the Fift or Pearch to which the Hawk is tied: from the French word Battere. : i . Bathing needs no explication. : Bow/izg is when a Hawk drinks often, and {eems to be continually thirfty. A Brancher, Vide A Ramage Hawk, Cr Rabbing is when Hawks, {tanding too near, fight one with another. | A Creance isa fine {mall long line of fine and even twined Packthred, which 1s faftned to the Hawks Leafe.s The Cere is that skin which covereth the bafe of a Hawks Bill, from the Latirie word Cera, fignifying Wax, becaufe-it isin moft birds of prey of the colour of Bees Wax; The skin of the Legs and Feet, as far asit isbare of feathers, is alfo fo called. Check, or to kill check iswhen Crows, Rooks, Pies, or other Birds coming in the view of the Hawk, fhe forfakethher natural flight to fly at them. Cafting isany thing you give your Hawk to cleanfe her gorge with, whetker it be. Flannel, Thrums, Thiftle down, Feathers, or the like. What ever you give them of thiskind, over-night, or atany othertime;_itisthe nature of thefe Birds to caft 1t up again the next morning, or after a convenient time, made up intoa lump or pellet. — A Cadee is that on which the Falconers' carry many Hawks together; when they bring them to fell. | To Cope a Hawk isto cut her Beak or Talons. D:« ; s, \ De is newly hatcht. hae ill ropping is when a’ Hawk mutes diredtly downward, and jerketh it not long: ways from her, | | To eA Summary of Falconry. | i EO Exdew is when a Hawk digefteth her theat,notonly putting it from her gorge, i butcleanfing her pannel. = . __ An Eyas or Nyas Hawk isa Hawk taken out of the Neft, or brought away in the Neft. oe oe : The Eyrie is the Neft, or place where Hawks build-and breed their Young. G. aah ; Ges Garge is that part of the Hawk) which firftreceiveth the nicat, called in other fowls the Cram or Crop. ens is when a Hawk is {tuft or fuffocated with any thing, be it meat or ought elfe. +3 nk boi vibvilsidu = ost ! a : i . \ ie fea . “He vk, whether it be Of Partridge; Dove, or any other prey; isthe Neck froni | the Head tothe body. 22!) uu) OE omidc Sah 1s amg | datermewdis fromthe firkt exchange of a Hawks coat, or: from her firft mewing till fhe come tg bea white Hawk: Ey aaw g ti been ok ae hae Fefes are thofe fhort {traps of leather, which are faftned to the Hawks Legs, and fo to the Leafeby Varvels, Anlets, or fuchlike> i 7 To Impis to put a feather into Wings or Train, inftead of one loft or broken: from the Latine zzpono: SE se Cad > Es Leafe isa fmall long thong of leather, by which the Falconer holdeth his Hawk faft, folding it many times about his.finger.. 9 = : The Lure is that whereto Falconers call their young Hawk, by. cafting it up in the ‘air; being made of Feathers and leather, in fuch wife that in the motion it looks not” unlike a fowl. 3 iy T He Mail of a Hawk is the Breaft or Plumage of the Breaft in reference to its co- lour : So they fay a Hawk changes the mail, or is white-maild, ec. To mail a Hawk is fo to wrap her up in a handkerchief, or other cloth, that fhe may not be able to ftir her Wings or ftrugegle. hie teat Muting is the excrement or ordure.that comes from a. Hawk, and contains both dungandurine. § — a is iri ui vs a VS A make-hawk isan old {taunch flying Hawk, which being inured to her flight will eafilyinftruéa youngerHawk: = = oe th mao To make.or manage a Hawk, isby Att to prepare, fit, and inftruct her to fly atany game. see, eee ft Wy ‘ The Mew isthe place, whether it be abroad, or inthe honfe, where you fet down your Hawk during the time fhe changes. he? feathers. ‘The word mew fignifies to change, being derived of the Latine wufo. — 16 3 ; N. i aa Nares, i.e. The Nofthrils: Its a Latine word, es } Luming is when a Hawk {eizeth on a Fowl, and plucks the feathers from the body. . : . Plumage are {mall downy feathers,which the Hawk takes,or are given her for cafting. The Pelt is the dead body of any fowl] however difinembred. a “Oy e —————————— A Summary of Falconry. The Pill and pelf of a fowl is that brokenremains or refufe, which are left after the Hawk hath beenrelieved. ThePlume is the general colour or mixture of feathersin a Hawk,which fheweth her conftitution. . . “oo Se Pearch is that whereon you fet down yout Hawk when you put her off your Dae Pannelis that part of the Hawk next her fundament. I take it, they mean the ftomach [ ventriculws | by this word. | Q. i haa Quarry isthe fowl which isflown at, and {lain at any time, efpecially wher _ young Hawks are flown thereto. R. Ramage- Hark or Brancher is a young Hawk that hath juft left the Neft, but flies A not far from it, only leaping from bough to bough, and following the old one. . rie Ranzage is alfo faid of a Hawk that is wild, coy, or difdainful to the man, and hard to be reclaimed. ; Reclaiming isto tame, make gentle, or bring a Hawk to familiarity with the man. A Rufter-hood is the firft hood a Hawk wears, being large; wide, and open be- hind. S. iF He Sarcel is the extreme pinion feather in a Hawks Wing. : Seizing is when a Hawk takes any thing into her foot, and gripeth or holdeth,it aft. : E P f Slicing, is when a Hawk muteth from her long-ways, inone entire fubftance, and dothnot drop any part thereof. fe | " Stouping is when a Hawk being on her Wings at the height of her pitch,bendeth vio- lently down to {trike her prey. | tas L aes Summed is when a Hawk hath all her feathers, and is fit to be taken out of the mew. f ‘ Setting down is putting a Hawk intothe mew. Ue Be Sore-hawkis from the firft taking her from the Eyrie till fhe hath mew’d her fea- thers. | _ To Seel a Hawk isartificially to fow up her Eyes, fo that fhe may fee but litle. rY He Traia ofaHawk isher Tail. | nn Truffing is when a Hawk rafeth‘a fowl aloft, and fo defcendeth down with it to the ground. : Peo, To trufsa Hawk is to tye her Wings fo asfhe cannot ftir them. & ue b AW Niivimedis when a Hawks feathers are not come fotth, or not come to their full length. Varvels joyning the feffes to the Leafe.- - W. Eathering is fetting abroad your Hawk to take the air either by day or by night, in the froft or in the Sun, or at any other feafon. | CHaAre. 399 400 | 1 of Summary of Falconry. Cuap. II. Some general Rules and Obfervations for a Falconer or Oftrager to remark and prachfe, colleéted out of Carcanus and other Authors. know which he fhall fly with early, and which late. 7 2. He mutt be fond of his Hawk, patient with her, and careful to keep her clean of Lice and Mites, ¢c. 3. Hemutt rather keep his Hawk high and full of flefh than poor and low, being when poor much more {ubject to infirmities. 4. Every night after flying he muft give her Cafting, fometimes Plumage, fome- times pellets of Cotton,or thelike: Sometimes alfo he muft give her Phyfic, as by her cafting and mewts he fhall perceive her to need it. 5. Every night he muft make the place very clean under her Pearch, that he may know affuredly whether fhe hath caft or not; and by her cafting whether fhe needs {couring, Stones, or the like. . 6. He muft remember every day to weather his Hawk in the Evening; excepting fiich days wherein fhe hath bathed 5 after which in the Evening fhe fhould be put ina warm room, ona Pearch with a Candle burning by her, where fhe muft fit unhooded if fhe be gentle, tothe end fhe may trick her felf, and rejoyce by enoiling her after the water, before fhe flyagain. Inthe morning early he muft alfo fet her out to wea+ ther, where fhe may caft, if fhe hath not doneit already, andthere keep her hooded till {uch time as fhe goes into the field. ; 7. In feeding his Hawk he muft beware of giving her two forts of meat at one time 5 and have a care that what he give her be perfectly {weet. __ 8. If he have occafion to go abroad, let him not leave his Hawk tied on too higha Pearch, for fear of bating and hanging by the heels, whereby fhe may fpoil her felf- tas Hawks muft.not be fet fo near as to approach one another, for fear of crabbing. | 9. He ought to carry intothe field with him mummy in powder, with other medi- cines; for frequently the Hawk meets with many accidents, as bruifes at encoun- ters, ec. nor muft he be unfurnifhed with Aloes wafht, Cloves, Safiton, Cafting, Cryance, and fuch like neceflary implements, as coping Irons to cope the Beak and Ta- lons, if need be. : . ro. He mutt be able tomake his Lures, Hoods, Jeffes, Bewets, and other needful furniture. , I. . Falconer out to learn and mark the quality and mettle of his Hawks, ta Cuap. II. Of the reclaiming and managing len¢-winged Hawks, and firft of the Falcon. Of thereclaiming and making a Falcon, ont of Turbervile, according to Tarditi,as [fuppofe. toflacken, fhe may fee forwardsthe meat that is {treight before her, for fhe 1s better content when fhe fees it fo, than if fhe faw it fideways,or looking back. And fhe fhould notbe feel’d too f{treight. Such a Hawk fhould have all new furniture, as new Jeffes ( maild ) a Leafe made with a-button at the end, and new Bewets. You muft alfo have a little round {tick hanging in a ftring, with whichoyou mutt frequently ftroak your Hawk, For the more fhe is handled, the foonet and better will fhe be reclaimed and manned, fhe mutt have two good Bells, that fhe may the better be found and heard when the ftir- reth or fcratteth. Her Hood mutt be well fathioned, raifed and boffed againft her Eyes, deep, and yet ftreight enough beneath, that it may better abide on her head without hurting her. You muttalfoa little cope her Beak and Talons, but not fonear as to make them bleed. | The A Falcon newly taken fhould:be feel’d in fuch fort, that when the feeling begins of Sunmary of Falcon). The Soar-Falcon, which hath been timely taken, and already ,pafled the Seas, is held by fome to be the beft Fralcon,and alfo hard to be wonand manned : Such anone you mutt feed with warm meat, as Pigeons, and fuch like quick birds, until fhe be full gorged, twiceaday forthreedays. For you muft not all at once break her off her accuftomed diet, which was warmmeat. . | . ee ' When you feed her you muft whoop and lure as you do when you call a Hawk,that fhe may know when you will give her meat. cin You muft unhood her gently, giving her two or three bits, and putting on her Hood again give her asmuch mare. Be fure that the be clofe feeled. After three days, if you perceive her feed with a good appetite, begin to abate her meat, giving her but little at once and often tillEvening, and bear her late on your fift before you go to bed, fetting her near you, that you may wake her often in the night. “Be- en or ee fore day take her on your fift again, with fome quick bird. Atter two or three | nights, when you find fhe begins to grow gentle, and feed eagerly on good meat, change her diet, giving her fheeps heart, often, but little at once. | : ' Late at Evenlet her feeling thread a little loofe, fpouting water in her face, that fhe may jeouk the lefs, and watching her all night hold her upon your fit unhooded, But if the fee any thing fhe miflikes, and makes fhew of being afraid, carry her into fome dark place, where you have no more light but to hood her again. Afterwards give her fome beaching of good meat; and watch her divers nights together till fhe be reclaimed, and jeouk upon the fift by day. Although to let her jeouk alfo fome- times in the night will make her the fooner manned. In the Morning by break of day give her warm meat. When fhe beginsto be acquainted you may unhood her in the © day time far from company 5 at taking off, and after putting onthe Hood, giving her a bit or two of meat. For to unhood her in a place where fhe may be frayed is enough tomar herat firft. When fhe begins to be acquainted with company; and is tharp-fet, unhood her, and give herabit or two, holding her right again{t your face, for that will caufe to dread no company. - At night cut the thread wherewith fhe was feeled. You need not watch her, but only fetherby you, and wake her two or three times inthe night. For over-watching is not good, if fhe may be reclaimed other-. wife. When you have brought her thus far, then give her wafht meat, laid inclear water half a day, and beach her in the morning, that fhe may’always have fomewhat inhergorge. Caufe her to feed in company, giving her about Sun-rifing the wing of a HenorPullet, and at Evening take the foot of a Hare or Coney, chopt off above the joynt, and flay it, cutting away theClaws; {teep the skin in fair water ( preffing and wringing it alittle ) the which you fhall give her with the joynt of the pinion of _aHens wing. Give your Hawk no feathers till fhe be throughly reclaimed: For till then fhe dares not caft on the fift : and on the fift you mult bear her till fhe be through- ly manned. When fhe makes femblance to caft, unhood her gently by the taflel of the hood. [ You may giveher two days wafht meat, and the third Plumage, as fhe’ isclean or foul within.] When the hatheaft, hood her again, giving her nothing to eat till fhe hath gleamed after her cafting ; but when fhe hath alt and. gleamed give her a beaching of hot meat in company, by two or three bits at once: And at Evening make her plume a Hens wing, being in company allo. mak ae If thefeathersof her cafting be foul or flimy, and of a yellowifh colour, befure to cleanfe her with wafht meat and cafting : If fhe be clean within, give her not {0 | {trong cafting as Hares feet, but the pinion of an old Hens wing, or the neck-bone chopt four or five times between the joynts, wafhed and {teeped in fair water. §. IL How to lure 2 Hawk lately manned. H Aving well reclaimed her, throughly manned her and made her eager and fharp- fet, then you may venture to feed her on the Hives coe alrpsa But before you fhew herthe lure you muft confider thefe three things: 1, That fhe be bold and familiar in company,and no ways afraid of Dogs and Horfeés. 2.That fhe be fharp-fetand hungry, regarding the hour of the Morning and Evening when you will lure her. 3. That fhe beclean within. The Lure muft be well garnifhed with meat on both fides, and you muft abfcond your felf when you would give her the length of the Leafe. You mutt firftunhood her, giving her a bitor two on the Lure, as {he fitteth on your fift; Afterwards taketheLure from her, and fo hide it that the fee it | | F£E ots A Summary of Falconry. not; and when fhe is unfeized, caft the Lure fo near her that fhe may catch it within the length of her Leafe; ufe your voice according to the cuftom of Falconers, and feed her upon the Lure on the ground, with the heart and warm thigh of a Pullet. Having fo lured her at Evening give her but a little meat, and let this luring be fo time- ly that you may giveher Plumage, and the jack of a joynt. In the Morning betimes take her on your fift, and when fhe hath caft and gleamed give her alittle beaching of warm meat. Afterwards when it is time to feed her, take a Creance, and tie it to her Leafe, and go into fome pleafant field or meadow, and give her a bit or twoon the Lure; and if youofind that fhe is fharp-fet, and hath {eized eagerly on the Lure, then give her fome one to hold, to let herofi to the Lure. Then unwind the Creance, and draw it after you agood way 5; and lethim which holds the Hawk hold his right hand on the Taflel of the Hawks hood in readi- nefs, fo that he may unhood her as foon as you begin to lure: And if {he come well to the Lure, and ftoop upon it roundly, and feize it eagerly, then let her eat two or three bits thereon. Then unfeize her and take her off the Lure, hood her, and deli- ver her again to him that held her, and going further off lure her, feeding her as be- fore with the accuftomed voice. Thus Jure her every day further and further off, till fhe is accuftomed to come freely and eagerly tothe Lure. After this lure her in company, but havea care that nothing affright her and whenyou have ufed her to the Lure on foot, then lure her on horteback, which you may effect thefooner, by cau- fing horfemen to be about you when you lure heronfoot: Alfo youmay doitthe fooner by rewarding her upon the Lure on horfe-back among horfemen. When this way fhe grows familiar, let {ome body on foot hold the Hawk, and he that is on horfe- back muft call and caft the Lureabout his head. Then muft the holder take off the hood by the Taffel : And if fhe feize eagerly upon the Lure, without fear of manor horfe, ‘then take off the Creance, and lure her loofeata greater diftance. And if you would have her love Dogs as well as the Lure, call Dogs about you when you teed her, or give her Tiring or Plumage. §. TL Of bathing a Falcon lately reclaimed, and how to urake her flying, and to hate the Check, Hayne weaned your Hawk from her ramagenefs, fhe being both ways lured, _ # throughly reclaimed, and likewifein good cafe, offer her fome water to bathe her felfin, ina Bafon, wherein fhe may ftand up to the thighs, chufing a temperate, clear day for that purpofe. Having lured your Hawk, and rewarded her with warm meat, inthe Morning carry her to fome bank, and there hold her in the Sun till the hath endewed her gorge, taking off herhood, that fhe may preen and pick her felf; That being done hood her again, and fet her near the Bafon, and taking off her hood let her bathe as long as fhe pleafes: After this take her up, and Jet her pick her felfas before, and thenfeed her. If fherefufe the Bafon to bath in, fhew her fome fmall Ri- ver or Brook for that purpofe. By this ufe of bathing {he gains {trength and a fharp appetite,and thereby grows bold : But that day wherein fhe batheth give her no wafht meat. If you would make your Falcon upwards, the next day aftet fhe hath bathed get on horfe-back, either in the Morning or Evening, and chufe out fome field wherein are no Rooks or Pigeons: Then take your Lure well garnifhed on both fides, and having unhooded your Hawk give her a bit ortwo onthe Lure, then hood her: Af- terwards go leifurely againft the Wind, then unhood her, and before fhe bate, or find any Check in her eye, whiftle her off from your filt fair and foftly. As fhe flieth about you trot on with your horfe,’ and caft out your Lure, not fuffering her to fly long about you at firft: Continue thus doing Morning and Evening for feven or eight days. Butif youfind your Hawk unwilling to fly about you, or {toop to the Lure, then muftyou let her fly with fome Hawk that loves the company of others, and will not fove at any Change or Check: And that muft firft be done at a Partridge,for they will not fly far before the Hawk. If fhe hath. flown twice or thrice, caft out the Lure, atid reward her on horfe-back, feeding her up toa full gorge, onthe ground, with good hot meat, to make her more couragious and refolute in flying, and to return toyou witha better will. If the fowl you flew her at be killed by another Hawk, let her feed with him a little, and then further reward her on the Lure, if ' eA Summary of Falconry. If you would have your Hawk prove upwatds and.high-flying, you muft let her fly with fuch as are fo qualified. If {he love the companyof others, and is taught to - hold in the Head, then if the Fowl be:inPool, Pit,,or Plath, calt; off your high- flying Hawk, and let himthat hath your new-lured Hawk get under the Wind, and -when he feeth his advantage let him unhood her, :anduf fie bate, itis out of defire to get up to the other Hawks Let him then,caft her off, and before fhe get up to the other,now near his full pitch,lay out the Fowl, If fhe kill her Game reward her with the heart, and lether partake of the Breaftwiththe other Hawk. 90° 0 6 |. To. take your Faleon from going off to any check, thtisyou mutt. do. ;, If fhe hath killed a check, and hath feed thereon before.you could comein, rebuke her not fevere- ly at firft, buttake her down to the Lure, give her a;bit or two, hood her, and fly her not inthree or four days; and if you do, let it be whereno checks are: Butif you come in before fhe hath tafted ‘the check fhe hath killed, then take the Gall .of a Hen and anoint the breaft of the fowl fhe hath killed {[ any other bitter thing will do, but you muft not put on too much ] and, this will make; her hate to go. at Check again, ivi ng little lift to fly at fuch a fowl. | | Q..c1V. How to enfeamand make a Falcon, with her caftings and foowrings, &e. “ae longer a Falcon hath been in the Falconers hands the harder {he is to be ex feamed: Becaufe a Hawk that preyeth for her felf feeds cleaner and better ac- cording to her nature 5 and hath the benefit of open air, and more exercife. When you draw your Hawk outof the Mew, it fhe be greafie, ( which you fhall know by the roundnefs of her thighs, and fulnefs of her body, the flefh being round, and as highas her Breaft bone, ) andif fhe be well mew'd, and haveall her feathers full fum- med, then give her in the Morning abit or two of hot meat: at night give her but little, unlefsit be very cold. If fhe feed well and freely, then give her wafht meat thus prepared : Take the Wingsof a Hen or Pullet for her dinner, and wath them in two waters; andif you give her Hares flefh or Beef, Jet it be wafhed in three wa ters: On the morrow give her the Leg of a.Hen very hot, and at Noon meat tempe- rately warm, a good gorge, then let her faft until itbe late in the Evening; and if {he have put over her meat, then giveher a little warm meat, as you did in the Morning, and thus let her be dieted till it be time to give her Plumage: Which you fhall know by three tokens... 1. By the tendernets and foftnefs of the flefh at the end of the pi- nionof the Wing, above what it was before fhe eat wafht meat. 2. By the mewts being clean and white,the black thereof being right black, and not mingled with any foul thing orcolour. 3. If fhe be fharp-fet and plume eagerly. You may give her cafting of a Hares or Conies foot, as was before prefcribed, or the {mall feathers on the pinion of an old Hens Wing. | Having fet her on the Pearch, {weep clean underneath, that you may fee whether the mewt be full of ftreaks, or skins, or flimy : If it be, then continue this fort of ca{ting three or four nights together 5 but 1f you find the feathers digefted and foft, and that her cafting is great, then take the Neck of an old Hen, and cutit between the joynts; then lay itin‘cold water, and giveit your Falcon three nights together : Inthe day-time give her wafht meat after this cafting or plumage, as you fhall fee re= quifite: And this will bear all down into the pannel. “ When you have drawn your Falcon out of the Mew, and her principal feathersbe not yet full fummed, but fome in the quill, do not give her wafht meat, but quick birds, and good gorges thereof, and fet her as much as may be in open places, for otherwife-her feathers may chance to fhrink in the quil and come to nothing. When you feed your Falcon call and lureas if you called her to the Lure; and eve- ry day profer her water, and every night give her caftings accordingly as fhe en- deweth. Takeoff her hood frequently in company, that you may hinder her from bating, holding the hood always ready by the Taffel in your hand. + | . ~ Inthe Evening by Candle-light take off her hood among company, till fhe rowze and mewt then fet her onthe Pearch, and,not before, fetting 4 light before her.» | _ Every Falcon ought to havea Make-Hawk to teach her to hold: inthe head : If that: will not do, cut off fome part of her. two'principal feathers in each Wing, the: long one, and that next to it, which will force her to held in. Fftf 2 Be “493 404 A Summary of Falconry. Be fure to reward your Hawk well at the beginning, and let he feed well on the Quarry, which will fo encourage her that fhe will have no fancy to go out to the Check. When fhe is wellin bloud and well quarried,’ then let her fly with other — Hawks. ; If you would make your Falconto the Crane, her Lure fhould be a counterfeit Crane. If you would make her to the Hare, her Lure fhould be thena Hares Skin ftuft with fome light matter: When fhe is well lurd, and you would enter her, tie the Hares Skin fo {tuft to the end of a Creance, and’faften it to your Saddle-pummel, by which means when you gallop it will refemble a running Hate: Then unhood your Hawk. . > andcry, Back with the Dogs,Back with the Dogs. When you find fhe hath feized itlet go your Creance, and fuffer her to faftenthereons then inftantly reward herupon ir, and encourage her as much asispoffible. eas When fhe is well entred after this manner, take a living Hare and break one of her hinder Legs, and having before well acquainted your Falcon with your Dogs by con: tinual feeding among them, I fay then put your Hare out in {ome fair place with your Dogs, and the Falcon will ftoopand raf her until the Dogs may take her 5 then take the Hare from the Dogs, and caf{t her outto the Falcon, crying, Back , back there, __ If you would make your Hawk flying to the Partridge or Pheafant after fhe is re- claimed and made, then every time you lure her calt your Lure into fome low Tree or Bufh, that fhe may learn to take the Tree or Stand : If fhe take the Stand before fhe fees the Lure, let her ftanda while, and afterwards draw the Lure out before her, and cry with what words you have acquainted her to under{tand you by, and then re- ward her well. | After thismanner fhe will learn to take flamd. | Feed heralways on the ground, or infome thick place, forin. fuch places fhe muff incounter with the Pheafant at Pearch. net 2. | At firft fly with her at young Pheafant or Partridge, to encourageher by advantage, and afterwards at the old. | Ifa Falcon will not take flazd, but keep on the Wing; then muft you fly her in plain places where youmay always fee her upon you. Draw your Falcon out of the Mew twenty days before you enfeam her: If the trufs and carry, the remedy isto cope her Talons, her Powlfe and petty-(ingle. Never reward your Hawk upon River-fowl], but upon the Lure, that fhe may the better know, love, and efteem thereof. | The Crane ought to be flown at before Sun-rifing,for fhe is a flothful Bird,and you may caft off to her aCa/t or Leafeof Falcons,.or a Gofhawk from the Filt, without Dogs. You mutt fly but once a.day at the Crane, after which you muft reward your Hawk very well, ever fuccouring her with the Greyhound, which is the beft of Dogs for that purpofe. | i! Give your Falcon a Beaching very early in the Morning, and it will make hervery eager to fly when tt is time for it. . Tf you would have her a high-flying Hawk, you muft not feed her highly, but fhe fhould be fed nine days together before Sun-rifing, and at night late m the cool ofthe Evening. . | The Falcon will killthe Hern naturally if fhe be a Peregrin or Traveller : Yet you will do well togive her Trains. A Falcon may fly ten times in a day ata River, if the Seafon be not extreme, but more Is inconvenient. + A Hawk ought to have forty Caftings before fhebe perfectly made. And indeed all Hawks ought to have Caftings every night, 1f you would have them clean and found : For Hawks which have not this continual nocturnal Cafting will be furcharged with abundance of {uperfluous Humours, which afcending to the Brain, breed fo great a difturbance that they cannot fly fo high as otherwife they would. And it is good to give them Tiring or Plumage at night, efpecially Field-Hawks, but not Ri- ver-Hawks, for fear of weakning their Backs. When your Hawk hath flown or bated, feed her not fo long as fhe panteth, (but let herbe firft in breath again ; }) otherwife you may bring her into a difeafe called the Panta. - | AA Ifa Falconorother Hawk will not Jefe nor gorge, take the Quill of a Wild-goofe, and tie it under her long-Szwgle; then will fhe fezfe and gripe. Whenthe beginnethto — feife, take away the faid Quill, and fhe will feife long afterwards. If you cannot give Covert to your Falcon or Gofhawk, then caft her off with the Sun in her back. | CHAP. A Summary ‘of Falconry. ve serene s How to man, hood, and reclaim a Falconaccording to an Italian Falconer, quoted by Turbervile. Et his Fees and Bewets be of good Leather, having Bells big and fhril according i to the proportion of thé Hawk, with aHood that is boffed at the Eyes, and fizable for the Head. - Yop these . He muftufe his Hawk in fach mariner that he may make her grow familiar with him alone, or in company, and to that end he mult often unhood and hood her again. In nine nights the F’alconer ought not to let his Hawk jowk at all, nor fuifer her to pearch, but keep her during that time continually on his Fift. | | 28h When the Falconer would call his Hawk, let him fet heron the Pearch, unhood her, and fhew her fome meat within his Filt, call her fo long till fhe come to it, then feed her therewith: If fhe come not, tet her {tand without food till the be very fharp fet. Obferve this order for about nine days. | _ When you would lure her, give het fome man to hold, and calf her with a Lure well gatnifhed with meat on both fides, and give her a bit: Ufe her to this fix or fe- ven days, then caute her to be held farther from you, and caft the Lure about your head, and throw it on the ground a little way from you: if fhe come toit roundly, reward her bountifully, walking foftly about her while fhe is feeding on the Lure, and ufing yourvoice. Having ufed her tothis fome certain days, take your Lure gar- nifhed asaforefaid, and every day call her to you as far asfhe may well {ee or hear you, and let her be loofe from all her furniture, without Lows or Creance. If fhe come free- ly, reward her, and {top hernow and then in her feeding, for that will make her come the better. Call her alfo fometimes on horfeback. After you have thus ufed hera . month, or till fhe will come freely to you, you may do well to {top the Lureupon her fometimes, and Jet her fly upon you. — Here note, it is requifite to bathe her before you takethis courfe, left when fhe is at liberty fhe rangle to feek water, and in the mean time you lofeyour Hawk ; whetefore bathe her every feven or eight days, for her nature requireth it. | p When you have thus manned, reclaimed, and lured your Hawk, go out with her into the Fields, and whittle her off your Fift, ftanding ftillto fee what fhe will do, and whether fhe will rake out or not: But if fhe fly round about you, as a good Hawk ought todo, let her fly a Turnor two, and fling her out the Lure, and let her foot a Chicken or Pullet, and having killed it, let her feed thereon. - Unhood he often as you bear her, continue fo doing till fhe hath endewed and mewted fufficiently: - . £ Your Hawk being thus made and mann’, go abroad with her every Morning when’ it is fair, and let the place where you intend to fly her beplafhy, or fome narrow Brook; and when you caft her off, go into the Wind fo far that the Fowl may not difcover you. When fhe is caftoff, and beginneth to recover her Gate, make then to the Brook or Plath where the Fowl lie, always making your Hawk to /eaz in upon you: And when you fee her ata reafonable pitch, ( her Head being in ) layout the Fowl, and Jand it if you cans and if you cannot, take down your Hawk, and let her kill fome Traiz, to which end you mutt always carry fome live Fowl with you, asa Duck,e@e. And having flipt one of her Wing-feathers,thruft it through her Nares, and caft her up as high as you can underneath your Hawk, that fhe may the better know yourhand. Never fly a young Hawk without fome Fra, that if the fail co kill the wild Fowl], you may make her kill that. aes If you wouldhave your Hawk fly at one particular Fowl more than at another, "you wutt then feed her well upon a Trai# of the fame kind, asthus: Take a Creance and tie that Fowl] you would accuftom her to fly to by the Beak, with meat on her back, and caufe one to ftand clofe*that fhall hold the Creance; then ftanding afar off unhood your Hawk, and let the Fowl be ftirr’d and drawn with the Creance until your Hawk perceive it ftir; and if the foot it, make another [raz thus: Take a living Fowl that can fly, half feel it, and caft it out; then let your Hawk fly to its and if fhe kill it, reward her well upon it. . CHAP. “ps. ; 4.06 : eff Summary of Falconry. % r Cuar. VY. How to man and make a Falcon according to Carcanus the Vicentine, abbreviated. ie | Of the Eyafs or Nyafs Falcon. make them kill and {toopa Fow] well, or fly ta high pitch. But if any one will needs be doing with them, he advifes him, firft to. make them to the Herox from the Fift, or toother fuch greatfowls ; for that they are bold and hardy birds, and good ferfers. After they are entred to thefeand well in bloud, you may make them to the River going into fome large field, where therebe Crows, or fome other great Fowl, with your Hawk on your fift; loofe her hood ina readinefs, drawing as near the Fowl as youcans and the firft fowl that {prings unhood her and let her fly from the fift to its that it may draw the Hawkupwards, When the is at a reafonable pitch, throw her out a Duck or Mallard feel’d, with a feather through the Nares, and if fhe kill it, then reward her well, and feed herupon it with as much favour as youcan, always luring and crying to her to encourage her. eg §. TL. iO es: he faith, feldom prove well, and require much pains and patience to Of the, Ramage-Falcon. F aFalconer chance to recover a Ramage-Hawk that was never handled. before, | let him immediately feel her, and at that inftant put on her Jefles made of foft Leather,.at the end thereof fix two Varvels, the' one may bear your Coat of Arms, the other your Name, that if fhe;chance to be loft, they that take her up may know whereto return her: Put her onalfo a pair of Bells withtwo proper Bewets. Ha- ving thus furnifhed her, you muft begin her manning by gentle handling. . To avoid the danger of her Beak, you muft have a {mooth ftick about half a foot in length, with which you muft {troak your Hawk about the Pinions of her Wings, and fo downwards thwart her Train. If fhe offerto fnap at the Stick, withdraw not your hand, and let her bite thereon, the hardnefs whereof will foon make her weary of that f{port, . If a would man her well,you fhould watch all thenight, keeping her continually on your Fift. Svar abi °F rae . You mutt teach her tofeed feel'd; and having a great andveafie Rufter-hood, you muft hood and unhood her often, feel’das fhe is, handling her gently about the Head, coying her always when you unhood her, tothe intent fhe may not be difpleafed with her Keeper. E Lether plume and tire fometimes upon a Wing on your Fift, keeping her fo day and night, without perching, until fhe be weary, and will fuffer youto hood her with- _ out flirring, If your Hawk be fo rammage that fhe will not leave her {napping or biting, then takea little Aloes fecotrina, and when fhe offers to {nap, give it her to bites the bit- ternefs whereof will quickly make her leave that i] quality. Garlick I have heard will do the like, the {trong fent thereof being equally offenfive. 3. IL. How to hood a Hath, io Aving feel'd your-Hawk, fir her with a large eafie Hood, which you mult take A. off and put on very often, watching her a night or two, handling her frequent- ly and gently about the Head as aforefaid. When you perceive fhe hathno averfion to the Hood, unfeel her in an evening by Candle-light, continue handling her foftly, often hooding and unhooding her, until fhe takes no offence atthe Hood, and will pa- tiently endure handling. Take Take this Obfervation by the way, that itis the duty of a Falconer to be endowed ee with a great deal of Patience ; andm @lie next place he ought to havea natural love and inclination to Hawks : without thefe two qualifications all the Profeflors of this Art will prove Mar-Hawks inftead of good Falconers. | But to return where left off: If your feeled Hawk feeds well, abides the Hood and handling without ftriking or biting, then by Candle-light in an Evening unfcel her, and with your finger and {pittle anoint the place where the Seeling-thread was drawn through ; then hood her, and hold her on your Fift all night, often hooding, unhooding, and handling her, ftroaking her gently about the Wingsand Body, giving her fometimes a bit or two, alfo Tiring or Plumage. Being well reclaimed from {triking and biting at your hand, let her fit upon a Pearch; but every night keep her on the Fift three or four hours, ftroaking, hooding, and unhooding, ge. as afore- faid: And thus you may do in the day-time, butm a Chamber apart, where fhe may fee no great light, till thefeed furely and eagerly without dread. §. IV. How to make a Hawk know your Voice,and ber own Feeding. ¥ Aving mann’d your Hawk fo that fhe feeds boldly, aequaint her with your 4H Voice, Whiftle, and fuch words as Falconers ufe: You may do it by. fre- quently repeating them to her asfheis feeding omyour Fift, @c. But Ithinkthebeft way of making her acquainted with them is by your experience and practice. - If _ your Hawk be not eager or fharp-fet, wafh her meat fometimes in fair water, and other whiles in Urine, wringing it a little, and feeding her with it for two or three gorges, intermitting a day or two. | When fhe feeds boldly, and knows your Voice and Whifile, then teach her to know her Feeding, and to bateat it, inthis manner. Shew her fome meat with your tight hand, crying and luring to her aloud: if fhe bate or ftrike at it, then let her quickly and neatly foot it, and feed onit for tour or five bits. Do thus often, and fhe will know her Feeding the better. 00 After this give her every night fome Cafting either of Feathers, or Cotton with Cloves or Aloes wrapt up therein, @c. Thefe Caftings make a Hawk clean and eager. | §. V. How to make your Hawk bold and venturous. N the firft place, to make her hardy, you muft permit her to plumea Pullet or | large Chicken in a place where there is not much light : Her Hood: ina readinefs, you mutt have either of the aforefaid alive in your hands then kneeling.on the ground, luringand crying aloud to her, make her plume and pull the Pullet a little; then with-your teeth drawing the Strings, unhood her foftly, fuffering her to pluck it with her Beak three or four times more; then throw out the Pullet on the ground, and encourage her to feife it. When you perceive fhe breaksit and takes bloud, you muft lure and cry aloud to her, encouraging her all the wayes imaginable : Them hood her gently, and give her Tiring of the Wing or Foot of the faid Pullet. . 9 VE ge How to shake a Hawk know ihe Lure. Our Hawk having three or four times thus killed a Pullet or large Chicken in Y fome fecret place, then thus teach her to know the Lure. Having faftned a Pullet unto yourLure, go apart, giving your Hawk unto ano- ther, who mutt draw loofe the fiings of her Hood in readinefs: Being gonea little way, takehalfthe length of the String, and caft it about your Head, luring with your voice at the fame times then let your Hawk be unhooded as you are throwing your Lure alittle way from her, not ceafing luring all the while. If fhe {toop to the Lure and feize, fuffer her to plume'the Pullet, ftill coying and luring with your voice; then let her feed on the Pullet upon the Lure: After that take her on your Fift toge- ther “a 408 A Suminary of Faleonry. ther with her meat, then hood her and let her tire as'aforefaid. And thus you tlay teach her to come by degreesto avery great diftance. 6 $0 CVIE 4 How to make a Hawk: flying. WU’ Hen your Hawk or Haggard- Falcon willcome and ftoop to the Lure round- _. ly without any fear or coynefs, you mutt put her on a great pair of Lurings bells; the like you muft do to a Soar-Hawk: By fo much greater mutt the Bells be by how much your Hawk is giddy-headed, and apt toreke out at Check, _ That being done, and fhe fharp fet, goin a fair morning into fomelarge Field on Horfeback, which Field muft be very littleincumbred with Wood or Trees : Having your Hawk on your Fift, ride up into the wind, and having loofmed her Hood whiz {tle foftly,to provoke her to fly; and then you will obferve the will beginto bate,or at leaft to flap with her Flags and Sails, and to raife her felf on your Fift: Then fuffer her until fhe rouze or mewt: When fhe hath doneeither of them, unhood her, and let her fly with her Head into the wind, for thereby fhe will be the better able to get uponthe Wing; then will fhe naturally climb upwards,flying in a circle. When fhe hath flown three or four Turns, then cry and lure with your voice,cafting the Lure about .your,head, unto which you muft firft,tie a Pullet: And if your Falcon come in and approacheth near you, then caft out the Lure into the wind; and if fheftoop to it, reward her asbefore. There is one great fault you will often find in the making of a Hawk flying, and that is, when the flieth from the Fift fhe will not get up, but take {fandon the ground ; a frequent fault in Soar-Falcons. You muftthen fright her up. with your Wand, ri- ding in to her; and when you have forced her to make a Turn or two, take her down and feed her. But if this dono good, find out fome Chough, Starling, or fuch likebird, and making ready your Hawks Hood, draw as near them as you may till they rife. Then unbood your Hawk, and no doubt if fhe will fly them, they will train her well upwards. Then you muft havein readinefs a Duck feel’d fo that fhe may fee no way but backwards, and that will make her mount the higher. This Duck you muft hold by one of the Wings near the body in your right hand, then Jure with your voice to make your Falcon turn the head : When fhe is at a reafonable pitch, caft up your Duck juftunder her, that fhe may perceive it: If the firzke, /toop, or trufs the Duck, permit her to kill it, and reward her, giving her a reafonable Gorge. Ufe this cuftom twice or thrice, and your Hawk will leave the Stand, de- lighting on the Wing, and will become very obedient. _ Herenote, that for the firft or fecond time it isnot convenient to fhew your Hawk great or large Fowl, for it often happens that they flip from the Hawk into the wind; — the Hawk not recovering them, raketh after them, which puts the Falconer to much’ trouble, and frequently occafions the lof{s of his Hawk. But if it fo chance that your Hawk forake out with a Fowl] that fhe:cannot reco- ver it, but gives it over, and comes in again dire(tly upon you, then caft oyt a feeled © Duck ; and if fhe ftoop and trufsit, crofs the Wings, and permit her to take her plea- fure, rewarding her alfo with the Heart, Brains, Tongue, and Liver. For want of : quick Duck, take her down with thedry Lure, andlet her plumea Pullet, and feed er upon it. : By fo doing your Hawk will learn to give ,over a Fowl that rakes ont, and hearing the Lure of the Falconer, will make back agaifito the River, and know the betterto hold inthe Head. RS . a &. avai A flight for a Haggard. | W Hea you intend a Flight for a Haggard; fou. the firft, fecond, and third time make choice of fucha place where. there are no Crows, Rooks, or the like, totake away all occafion of her raking out after fuch Check, | Let her not fly out too far onhead at the firft, but runafter and cry, Why Jo, why lo, to make her turn Head. Whenfhe is come in, take her down with the Lure, unto which muftbe faftned alive Pullet, and let her tire, plume, andaeed as aforefaid. ag Sometimes . . ie . . : eA Summary of Balcony). Sometimes a Haggard out of prife and a gaddifig humour will razgle out from her Keeper: Then clog her with great Luring-bells, and make her a Train or two witha Duck feel'd, to teach her to hold inand know her Keeper : Take her down often with the dry Lure, and reward her bountifully, and let her be ever well if bloud, or you may Whoop for your Hawk tono purpofe. §.. TX. How to make a Soar-Falcon or Haggard kill her Gare ai the very fixft: F fhe be well luréd, flieth a good Gate, and ftoopeth well, then caft off a well quarried Hawk, and let her {toop a Fowl on Brook or Plath, and watch her till fhe put it to the plulige 5 then take down your Make-Hawk, reward her, hood her, and fet her : So you may make ufe of her if need require. Then take your Hawk unentted, and going up the wind half'a Bow-fhot, loofe her Hood, and foftly whiftle her off your. Fift, until fhe have rouzed or mewted : Then let her fly with her Head into the wind, having firlt given nofice or warning to the company to be in readinefs again{t the Hawk be in a good Gate, and to fhew water, and to lay out the Fowl. . | ; a When fheis at a good pitch, and covering the Fowl], then notifie that all the com> pany make in at once to the Brook uponthe Fowl, to land her: If your Falcon ftrike, {toop or trufs her Game, runin to help her, and crofling the Fowls Wings, let her take her pleafure thereon. | If fhe kill not the Fow] at firft {tooping; give her then refpite to recover her Gate. When fhe hath got it, and her Head in, then Jay out the Fowl as aforefaid, until you land it atlaft; not forgetting to help her as foon as fhe hath feized it, giving alfo her due Reward. You {hall do well always to have a quick Duck in readinefs, that if the Hawk kill not the Fowl ftooped you may feel and throw it up to her being at her pitch. ! | §. X. Remedy for a Hawks taking Standin a Tree: i the firft place you muft chufe fuch places where are no Wood or Trees, oras lit= & tleasmaybe. If youcannot avoid it, then have two orthree live Trains, and ‘give them to as many men, placing themCconveniently for toufethem. When there- fore your Hawk hath ftooped, and endeavours to go to Stand, lethimto whom the Hawk moft bends caft out his Traiv-Duck feeld: If the Hawk kill her, reward her therewith. If this courfe will not remedy that fault in her by twice or thrice fo doing, my advice isthen to part with the Buzzard. { | §. XE | How tohelp a Hawk formard and coy through pride of greafe. Here isa fcurvy quality in fome Hawks proceeding from pride of greafe, or be- ing high kept, which is a difdainful Coynefs. Sucha Hawk therefore muft not be rewarded.although fhe kill: Yet give her leave to plume a little 5 and then let the Falconer take-a Sheeps Heartcold, or the Leg of a Pullet, and whilft the Hawk is bufie in pluming, let either of them be conveyed into the body of the Fowl, that it may favour thereof ; and when the Hawk ‘hath eaten the Brains, Heart,and Tongue of the Fowl, then take out your Inclofure, and call your Hawk with it to your Fift, and feed her therewith: After this give her {ome Feathers of the Neck of the Fowl to {cour and make her caft. = at a Ggg §. XIL | 4.10 ree. - Summary of Falconry. §. XIL What wuft be done when a Hawk will not hold in the Head. F you find your Hawk rake after Checks, and lean out fo far that neither Whooping, ] Luring, nor cafting of the HawksGlove is any way available, but fherather gads out more and more, and at laft flies away; Iknow not how toadvife otherways, than. to follow after with Whooping and Luring: If fhe turn and come to the Lure, thew her allthe kindnefs imaginable. This fault is frequently found in Soar-Hawks, or Hawks of the firft Coat. | 6. XI. How to keep a Hawk high-flying. FF your Hawk bea ftately high-flying Hawk, you ought not to ingage her in more i Flights than one in a morning: For often flying brings her off from her ftately pitch. If fhe be well made for the River, fly her not above twice ina morning 5 yet feed her up though fhe kill not. | | When a high-flying Hawk, being whiftled to, gathers upwards to a great Gate, you muft continue her therein, never flying her but upon broad waters and open Rivers; and when fheis at the higheft, take her down with your Lure; where when fhe hath plumed.and broken the Fowl a little, then feed her up; And by that means you fall maintain your Falcon high-flying, inwards, and. very fondof the Lure. Some will have this high-flying Falcon feldom tokill, and not to ftoop: Yet if fhe killevery day, although fheftoop froma high Gate, yet if fhe be not rebuked or hurt therewith, fhe will, I can aflure you; become a higher Flier every day than other; but fhe will grow lefs fond of the Lure.. Wherefore your high-flying Hawks fhould be madeinwards, it beinga commendable quality inthem to make i and turn Head at the fecond or third tofsof the Lure, and when fhe poureth down upon it asif fhe had killed. Andas the teaching of aFalcon, or any other Hawk, to come readily to and love the Lure, isan Art highly commendable, becaufe it is the effet of great labour and induftry : So it is the caufe of faving many a Hawk, which otherwife would be loft irrecoverably. | | Mark this by the way, that fomenaturally high-flying Hawks will be long before they be made upwards, full fifhing and playing the {lugs: And when they fhould get up to cover the Fowl, they will ftoop before the Fowlbe put out. And this may pro- ceed from two caufes. Inthe firft place, fhe may be too fharp fet; and in the next place, itmaybe fhe is flown untimely, either too foon, or too late, When you feea Hawk ufethofe evil Tatches without any vifible caufe, caft her out ‘a dead Fow!] for adead Quarry, and hood her up inftantly without Reward, to dif courage her from practifing the like another time: Half an hour afterwards call her to the Lure and feedher, and ferve her after this manner as often as fhe fifheth inthat fafhion. | Befides, to corre& this error, the Falconer ought toconfult the natures and difpofi- tions of his Hawks, and fhould carefully obferve which fly high when in good plight, and which beft when they are kept low, which when fharpeft fet, and which on the contrary in a mean between both, which early at Sun-rifing, which when the Sunis but two hours high, which fooner, and which laterin an evening. For know that the natures of Hawks are different ; fo arethe timesto fly each one: For to fly a Hawk in her proper time, and to fly her out of it, isas difagreeable asthe _ flight ofa GerfalconandaBuzzard. Therefore the Oftrager muft fly his Hawksac- cording to their natures and difpofitions, keeping themalways in good order. Where by the by take notice, all Hawks, as well Soar-Hawks as Mew d-Hawks and Haggards, fhould be fet out in the evening two or three hours, fome more, fome Jefs, having refpect to their nature as it isf{tronger or weaker 5 and in the morning alfo according as they caft, hooding them firft, and then fetting them abroad a weathering, until you get on Horfe- back to profecute your Recreation. * §. XIV. +%, eA Summary, of Falcoury, §. XIV. To make a Falcon to the Heren. His Flight hath lefs of Art in it than pleafure to the beholders 5 and to fay the } truth, the Flight is {tately and moft noble. "gtk "As it is lefS difficult to teacha Hawk to fly at Fowl than itis ta come unto and Jove the Lure, the firft being natural, and not the laft;. fothereislefs induftry to be ufed in making a Hawk fly the Hern than Water-Fowl. To the firft {he isinftigated by ana- tural propenfity and inclination 5 to the latter fhe is brought with Art; pains,and much diligence. _ Lt . eS a ee At the beginning of March Herns begin to make their Paffage: If therefore you will adaptyour Falcons for the Hern, you muft not let them fly longer at the River, and withal you muft pull them down to make them light : which is done by. giving them Hearts and flefh of Lambs and Calves, alfo Chickens: But give them no wild meats. . / | | ' To the intent you may acquaint them one withthe other, fothat they may the bet- ter fly the Hern and help one another, you mutt calla Caf? of them to the Lure at once; but have a care they crab not together, for fo tzey may endanger one another in their flight. When your Hawk is {coured and clean and fharp fet, you muft then get a live Hern, upon the upper part of whofe long fharp Bill. you mutt place ajoynt of a hol- low Cane, which will prevent her from hurting the Hawk ; That being done, tie the Hetnin a Creance3, then fetting her on the ground, unhood your Hawk, who will fly the Hern as foon as fhe fees her. If fhe feife her, make in apace to fuccour her, and let her plume and take bloud of the Hern: Then take the Brains, the Marrow of the bones, and the Heart, and laying it on your Hawking-glove give it your Fal- con. After this rip her Breaft, and let your Hawk feed thereon till fhe be well gorgd: This being done, hood herup uponthe Hern, permitting her to plume at her pleafure; then take her on your Fift, and let her tire on the Foot or Pinion... : Becaufe Herhs are not very plentiful, you may preferve one for a Train three or four times, by arming Bill, Head, and Neck, and painting it of the fame colour that | the Hern is of: And whenthe Falcon feifeth her, you muft be very nimble to make in, and deceive by a live Pigeon clapt under the Wing of the Hern for the Falcon, which muft be her Reward. t iis The Hawk having thus feveral times taken her Train without di{covery of the de- lufion, you may then let the Hern loofein fome fair Field without a Creance, or with« out arming her: When fhe isup of 4 reafonable height, you may caft off your Falcon; whoif fhe bzzd with the Hern and bring her down, then make in apace to refcue her, thrufting the Herns Bill into the ground, and breaking his Wings and Legs, that the Hawk may with more eafe plume and foothim. Then reward her as before, withthe — Brains, Marrow of the bones, and Heart, making thereof an Italiaz Sop. . Thus much of a-Traix-Hern. Now to fly the wild Hern it isthus: If you finda wild Hern at Szege, win in as nigh to her as youcan, and go with your Hawk under the wind; and having firft loofed her Hood ina readinefs, asfoon as the Hern leaveth the Siege, off with her Hood, and Jet her fly. Tf fhe climb to the Hern and bring her down, run in (as I faid before } to refcue her, thrufting her Bill into the groundy breaking her Wings and Legs, and rewarding her as aforefaid on your Hawking- . glove. . : , Now if your Falcon beat not down the Hern, or do give her over, then never fly your Falcon again at a Hern unlefs with a Make- Hawk well entred 5 for the coward by this means,feeing another fly at the Hern and bivd with her,takes frefh courage. And if they kill the Hern flying both together, then muft you reward them together while the Quarry ishot, making for them a Soppa as atorefaid. This isthe only way to make them both bold and perfect Herners.. Ggg 2. §. XV. 7) "A Summary of Falconry. = @: XV. Of mewing of Hawks. be fure to fearch them for Lice, and if they have any pepper them well. Scowr them alfo before you caft them into the Mew. There are two forts of Mewing: 1. At the ftock or fione. 2. Loofe, or at large. 1. For the Stock, the place fhouldbe a ground-room, far fromall noife or concourfe of people. Place therein ( upon Treflels two or three foot high ) a Table, for length according to the number of your Falcons, and five or fix foot broad, with little thin boards of four fingers high nailed along the fides and ends. Fill the Table with great fand, that hathfinall pebble ftones init, and in the middle place fome great Bae ones, acubit high, made taper-wife, but plain and {mooth above. Then take a Cord of the bignefs of a large Bow-ftring, put it through aring, and bind it about the ftone,in fuch fort that the ring or fwivel may go round the {tone without any let: And thereunto tie the Leafeof the Falcon. Ifyou mew more Hawks than one, you mutt fet your ftones at that diftance, that when they bate they may not reach one an- . other, forcrabbing. Thegreat {tones for their coolnefs the Hawks will delight to fit on: The little gravel-ftones are for them to {wallow. The fand is of ufe, that when they bate they mar not their feathers, and for the better cleanfing their mewts: The Cord and Ring, that when the Hawks bate this way or that way they may never tan- gle, the Ring ftillfollowing them. Allday let your Falcons ftand hooded upon the ftone, only when they would feed you muft take them onthe Fift. At night off with their Hoods. ‘To avoid and remedy all ill accidents and inconveniences it were well that the Falconer had his bed in the Mew. 2. If you would mew at large you canmew but one in a room, unlefs it be fo big that you may divide it into feveral partitions. Twelve foot fquareis{cope enough for oneFalcon, with two Windows a foot and an half broad apiece, each fitted with its fhut, one toward the North, for cool air, the other toward the Eaft, for the heatand comfort of the Sun. Ifyour Hawk bea great bater your Mew were belt bea ground- room, which if it be, you mutt cover the floor with grofs fand four fingers thick, and thereupon fet a {tone as aforefaid. Befides,you muftmake her two handfom Pearches, near each Window one, that fitting on the one fhe may have the comfort of the Sun, on the other the benefit of the frefh air. ry Every Week, or at leaft every Fortnight, fet her a Bafon of water, that your Hawk may batheif fhe defire it, and if fhe doth, then take it away the night fol- lowing. oe Mew mutt alfo have a Portal with a little hole below, to convey in the de- vice whereon their meat is ferved, called among Falconers the Hack. And that muft be made on this fafhion. Take a piece of thick board, a foot and half long, anda foot broad or thereabout, under the which faften two little Treffels, three or four fingers high. Let them be faft pinned or nailedto. Then bore two holes on each fide thereof, and through each of thefe put a fhort Cord of the bignefs a Bow- ftring, with the ends downward, and knots faft knit on them under the button of the board, fo ftreight that you cannot raife the Cord above the board above a fingers breadth or thereabouts. And when you would givé your Hawks meat, take a little ftick fomewhat longer than the Hack, and as big as your finger, but let it be of ftrong wood, as Crab-tree, Holly, or fuch like, and upon that ftick bind your Hawks meat, and put the ends of the ftick under the cords uponthe Hack. and fo convey it into the Mew toyour Hawks, that the Hawk may not trufs or drag away her meat intothe Mew,but,and as foon as fhe hath fed and gorged her {elf, take 1taway again. Itis good to keep one fet hour of feeding your Hawk, for fo fhe will mew fooner and better. This Author prefers mewing at the ftock or grate before mewingat large. His reafon is, becaufein that kind of mewing we take our Hawks on the Fift every day, and fo may fee in what ftate they be; and if they fall into any ficknefs or infirmity, may givethem proper medicines, which cannot be done when you mew at large. Be- fides, if we happen upon Hawks that have preyed for themfelyes, it will be needful to bear them often in the cool air in the morning till mid uly or thereabout, yea, and to call’them tothe Lure, andto ride abroad with them fometimes anhour or two. pcm may be flown with till St. Georges day ; then they muft be fet down: And fr. Latham A Suoimary of Faleomy. Mr. Latham is of opinion, that it is better to mew at large, and difapproves mew- ing at the ftock. For (faith he) when fhe is at large fhe hath the exercife of her Wings in ying up and down, which muft needs be good for her. Alfo fhe may go to the water if fhe be difpofed, and takes ftones at her pleafure. She may doall things at her own liking, whereas fhecan do nothing at the {tock when fhe would: Neither can you give her that is fitting to her own content but by guef$ and imagination, where- In we are many timesdeceived. And truly upon thefe confiderations I am of his opinion, thatit a better to mew at large, than at the {tock or ftone. Cuapr.: VI. | ‘ae Of the Haggard Falcon. | f é. 8 Something of the name and nature of the Haggard Falcon. E makes the Haggard Falcow to be the fame with the Peregrine; and is of opi- uu nion, that the Falcon-gentle and Haggard are alfo of one and the famekind, the only difference being, that the former is the Eya/s or Ramage Hawk, the Jatterthe fame taken wild after fhe hath preyed for her felf, making the word Haggard to fignifieasmuch as wild, oppofite to gentle ortame. The word Haggard # borrewed of the French, Hagar, and fignifies (as Robert Stephen interprets it) az old Falcon of frveor fix years, having its pens worn fhort, or otherwife harmed, and fo taken for a price fet on its head. Aldrovandus wakes the word Hagar to be originally Dutch, and to fignifie a bunch, whence the Germans call this Falcon Ein Hager-falck, or rather Hoger- Falck, that i, a gibbous or bunch-backt Falcon. But this gibbous Falcon he makes to be a fpecies diftin€ both from the Falcon-gentle and Peregrine. For my part, being not wil- Ting unneceffarily to multiply fpecies, I incline to Mr. Lathams opinion, that all thefe are wames of one and the fame kind of Hawk, — The Haggard-Falcon is now-adays moftefteemed, not being (as fome write) a choice and tender Hawk to endure wind and weather, but for hardinefs far beforethe Falcon-gentle. Xt isa bird of great f{pirit and mettle, like a Conquerour in a Coun- try, keeping in aw and fubjection moft Fow] that flie,in fo much that the young ones will venture upon Brants and Wald-gee/e, till being foundly brufht and beaten by thofe {trong birds, they learn their error, and defilt to meddle with.fuch unwieldy aitiests t) She refts no day, but toils continually, unlefs hindred by extremity of weather. - Hence he infers that it is an ertor in Falconers after'a day or two's flying to give their young Hawks a day ortwos reft, andconcludes that whofoever can fly his Hawk every day, fhall have every day a good and perfect Hawk, but hethat covetsto fly upon reft {hall feldom have a good and {taid Hawk. When fhe hath flain and feifed her prey, if it bea ‘Dove, as foon as fhe hath broken its neck fhe prefently goes to the place we abhorour Hawks fhould fo muchas touch, which is the Crop, and takes her pleafure of what ‘fhe finds there, efpecially mu- da ot catlock feed, which he conceives fhe ufes‘by way of Phyficto preferve her ealth. | ied Powtarcalaten a Haggard Falcon. Aving taken or purchafed one of thefe birds, whether fhe be full or empty, fet H her downas foonas you can,and let her reft quietly the firft night, either {eeld, orinarufter-hood. The next day taking her up gently, carry her continually on yout Fift, ufing a feather to ftroke her withal inftead of your hand. When the willen- dure'to be toucht without ftarting, pluck off her Hood, and quickly and gently put it on again, holding this courfe till fhe-begin to feed. Then profer her meat, but fuffer hertotake but little at a time, never hooding and unhooding her without a bit or two to quict her, and win herlove to the\Hoodand your felf. Ufe your voice 2 ; . td —— 413 nq ye -f fh Sionimry of Faleomy. toher before you take off her Hood, and all the while fhe is feeding, and no longer, that as fhe reclaims fhe may learn to know, that when fhehears your voice fhe fhall. be fed. cr | Mater legis ies When you have brought her to feedboldly, then teach her to jump to. your Fit in this manner. Set her on a Pearch breaft-high [if-it be lower,, you mut be on-your knees ; forbeing fo high above her at firft, till fhe be better acquainted, will be apt to fright her. |], Then unftrike her Hood, and lureher, ufing your voice, witha bitor two of meat beltowed on her as fhe is unhooded, which will make her to love your - voice, being careful that fhe take no fudden fright or diilike; for it is hard to work ‘fuch impreffions-out again. Be fure to keep her ftomach perfect, fharp, and well edged. For venter magifter artis, it is that only that guides and'rules her ; Thatis the curb and bridle that holds her in fubjection to the man, and it is the {pur which pricks her forward to perform her duty. | By this time you may pull off her Hood, and let her fit bare-faced, keeping your felfasyet clofe by her. And as you perceive any untoward humour in her, profer her abit of meat with your hand, and ufe your voiceto her, to draw her to you, till youhave brought her boldly to attend, willingly to receive bits at your hand, and jump readily toyour Fift: “hen fet her to the Lure garnifht withmeat, to which when the will readily come in the Creance: ftay notlong in that kind, for tbe will foon be- gin to {corn it,and look another way : But let her fee.a live Dove at the Lute,and lure her toit:, Which when fhe hath killed, and eaten up.the head, take her up very gently with a bit of meat, and put on her Hood: Then'lure her again to the dead pelt, and fo.ufeher two ox three times, andnomore; for fhe will quickly grow loth to be ta- ken. off, and-her defire to keep the pelt will caufe her to drag and carry it from you, than which there cannot be a worfequality in a Huwk. | | Often luring at one time at her firft entring isgood to make her perfec quickly ; but ufe it not\ longer than I have diretted, efpecially to a. Field-hawk: For the reafon sive) «it. | ‘ | on . Now itis-fulletime to lure her loofeto live Pigeons, which you mutt let her fee at your Lure (to draw her you with love'and courage ). and alfo let*her {eize on them, and killthem at your. foot, one after another, . for {ix days together, being fure that he that holds her have skill to let her in with her head right towards yous and lure not far till her ftomach be perfeét,for otherwife the may {py fomething by the way which the hath more liking to, and {o for that time be loft, which would be very hurtful to her though the fhould be recovered again. Likewile forget notvallthis time of her making ( while fhe is on the ground either pluming or feeding ) to walk round about her, ufing your voice, and giving her many bits with your hand, till you have won her even fo lean and bend her body to your hand, and tobring what fhe hath inher foot toward you. By this time it will not be amifsto {prmg herup fome live Doves, as fhe comes unto you between the man and the Lure; And be fure they be given ina long Creance, that fhe may not kill them farfrom you, butthat always fhe may trufs them over your head, and fallnear you: For.otherwife it may {trike a timorous conceit into-her, making her fitand flare at you, or carry from you, and fometimes forfake what the hath got, and go her way, when fhe hall fee you coming fo far from her. By this time you may be bold ( at a convenient hour in theEvening, when fhe hea- reth your voice, and hath you inher fight) to hold in your Lure, and fuffer her to fly about you, holding her, with your voice and lure as near you as may be, to teach her to do her bufinefs, and work iton your head. Thencaft her up a Dove witha loud voice, ec. | : 4 §. UL : How to remedy carryingin a Hawk, He reafonof the Hawks carrying isnot the lightnefs of the Dove, as fome pre- ; tend, but the unskilfulnefs or negligence of the Keeper in not dealing gently and kindly with them in their reclaiming, or giving them little or no content in their luring, giving them for a reward only the pelt of a Pigeon, or fome other dead thing, whereas their delight isin fuchasare living. For the prevention of this coynefS. or fugitive defire in your Hawk, at her firft luring unto live Doves, you muft reftrain her,and draw her gently.to you with your Lure or Creance,not fuddenly or ea | : y — A Summary of Falcomy. by degrees, and give her fome bitsof meat with your hand, being on your knees, Ko pleafeand content her : And by this loving ufage you fhall find your firlft Dove to be the worft Dove, and the oftner you ufe her to them, the quieter fhe will be : And fhe did not drag fo faft from you at the firft, but fhe will fooncome to bring it with as much {peed toward you, yea, meet you with it, and be willing toexchange it with you fora bit of meatat your hand. . §. IV: Of giving fioues and cafting. W Hen your Hawk is grown fo gentle that fhe will endure to fit bare-fac’d-in the | evening ornight among{t company, then it is meetto give her ftones. Every night, when fhe hath put away her {upper from above, before you go tobed, give her half adozen {mall ftones. Give them above hand if you have the art,if not,ther-other- wife as you like beftto caft her. This do till you find her ftomach good, and then you may profer her Cafting; but be fureat your firft giving it be with her liking: For otherwifeI have {een divers Hawks beaten out of love with it, fothat they would ne- ver take it willingly after. Addtothe ink of a Dove as much clean-wafht flannel as will make her a reafonable cafting, bearing in mind this old Proverb, As waht meat and flones make a Hawk to fly, | So great caftings and long fafting maketh her to die. gis Thefe {tones given at night you {hall be fureto have again inthe morning: But given in the morning fhe will either caft them before they have done their work, or keep them all day and the next night. [have learnt by experience that {tones given ence by night do more good to'a Hawk than twice by day, for {peedy infeaming, or removing any glut or evil humour. Been _ He makes account that ftones ferve to cleanfe the flomach, &c. others are of opinion, that their ufe i tocool the body : Irather thiwk, that they are of the fame ufe to Hawks as to other birds, viz. to help grind their meatin their ftomachs, though I confels there may be difference in this refpet between Hawks and other birds; Hawks having rather a mem= branous than mufeulows ftomach or gizzard. . @ Vz Of bathing your Hawk, % My felf( faith my Author ) have had very few Haggards that would ever bathe at all, fo long asthey continued found: But whenfoever I proved them bare-fac’d abroad, having fitted them witha reafonable gorge, they did themfelves more harm by bating, than bathing would havedone themgood. Therefore if you find your ‘Hawk not difpofed to bathing, you were better keep her on your Fift. But after two or three mews, in their declining age, through unnatural heats and furfets they will defire bathing; and then you are not to neglect the occafion; but when the weather will permit, fhew her the water, andif fhe do bathe, let her dry her felf abroad if it be fair, and the weather temperate ; otherwife let her have the air of the fire with meafure, and come no more abroad that day nor night, but fet herupon a very warm Pearch, and from the air. ; Note. This kind of Hawks though you labour them carefully the firft year in their making, having brought themto be fo familiar, that they will fit abroad bare-fac’d hard by you when they are empty; yet if you fhall abfent your felf for trial, you fhall find when you come tothem again they will be unquiet, and by bating and ftriving do themfelves much harm, if they be full. | | §. VI. * How to weather your Hawk, ¥ | Pie Hawks are much fubjeét to heat, and therefore much addicted to weathering » and bathing, and will almoft never refulethe water. Youmay boldly fet abroad thefe Hawks at any time of day unhooded to take the air: For in regard of their fondnels of, and familiarity with the man, they willtake no oceafion to bate, thereby to hurt themfelves whenthey are full-gorged. But. A16 “eA Summary of Faleomy. But your Haggard Falcon, if you intend to weather her, you muft doit in the morning, or elfen the evening before fhe be fed, alfo you muft remain clofe by her with meat clean and ready dreft, totake her to your Fift withall. But I rather ad- vife all Falconersto weather her in her Hood, which can do her no harm, butisra- thera means to prevent her bating and ftriving, by which her {pirie and courage is taken away. §. VIE | ‘@ When it is convenient to Set down, and leave flying of your Haggard. ' A Bout Lady-day; or fomewhat before, is the time when thefe Hawks leave ours A and other f{trange Countries. They begin to draw together, and to difpofe themfelves thereunto a month before: The reafon. is, becaufe at that time of the year . being moved by their luft they repair to their breeding places. Therefore the old Haggard mutt needs then be fet down, and fed up with hét and bloody meat: The in- termewed Haggard is more able to refift the courfe of nature, being not fo violent in her, therefore you may fly her fomewhat longer.. The Pafenger-foar-Falcon may be flown a month longer than any of theother. Allof them will upon a {mall occafion be apt at that time to fly quite away; the inclination to cawking and procreating Young, being then fo {trong in them, as to deface and obliterate, or at leaftover-rule all artificial impreflions of fubjection and obedience. . VIE How to diet and prepare your Hawk for the Mew. Ve muft beware, when you purpofe to feed up your Hawk, and put herin flefh, that fhe be not her own carver in her diet, and that you do not give her too great a gorge your felf: For if you do. it is ten'to onebut fhe will over-feed, and furfeitof thefame. The reafon is becaufe fhe wants exercife to digeft 1. Your beft way thereforeis, to keep your Hawk all the flying time as clean as you cans and at ~ her fetting down,keep your wonted courfe of feeding twice aday, and as near asyou can with hot andbloudy meat, and no more in quantity than you find her well able to endue and put away: And if after a week or fortnights {pace you find fhe is mended, then yougnay be bold to begin to feed her once a day 3 and if it be poffible at firft let her have young Pigeons : Butif you give her old birds, her firft gorges muft be lefs. ‘Thus obferving how fhe mends by feeding once a day,aid the eagernefs of her {tomach doth abate, you may order her accordingly,and you will find her thortly rai- fed in her flefh,and fetled in her health,and fit for the Mew. §. IX. How to order your Hawk while fhe remainsinthe Mew. Efore you put her in, be fure fhe be free from Mites and Lice: Which elfe will in- creafe uponher there, and hinder her thriving. Alfo take off her old Jeffes, and put her on a pair of new and {trong ones, that may laft till the time of her drawing, that you be not forced to hold her, ahd ftrive with her too long, to heat her when the is in the prime of her greafe,which may do her much harm. Keep your Mew aways {weet, and clean with {weeping: Obferve how your Hawk thrives by her caftings and mutes, for fo you may know how to diet her, continuing or altering herufage accordingly. You mutt not fail to let your Hawk have fair water always ftanding by her, which muft often be thifted. ay | Be fure never to let her be without ftones lying by her in gravel. Headvifes alfo to gather up the fiones fhe cafts, and wafh them, and lay them for her to take again: But I Suppofeit would be better to give her frefh flones. For thofé fiowes which fhe hath taken and caft up, areby mutual attrition in the ftomach worn finooth, and fo become lefs fit for the grinding of the meat, which is the reafon why {he cafts them up. Wherefore ( as we have noted before) Poultry beforesthey {rallow tones try them with their tongues mbether they be rough or not. : hn at ‘ eA Summary of Falcowry. "That meat which you do kill for your Hawk with & Piecé be {ure to fearch, and. cut out the black and bruifed flefh, which proceeds of the Gunpowder. For there is no Gunbutafter one fhot or two, ¢ efpecially im wet weather.) fends) forth the thot as black as ink, } my Pe ay ES . ; "Ory Fh How to take your Hawk frow the Mew, infeam her and make her ready to fp. %.% 7 Hen you draw your Hawk, be careful not toftrive long with her, or heat her by ftrugling and bating, but with all/poffibleexpedition {et her down upona Pearch, to reft quietly, till her anger and turbulent humour be affwaged ; and {0 let her fit among company, and in their hearing,. without any-occafion of difturbance as near as youcan. Then when you think it. convenient, takeher gently upon your Fift, andcarry her up and down, ftroaking her with a feather lightly and gently: And if you perceive her begin to ftir or grow unquiet, fet her down again, ‘and thus’ uf her — until by degrees you have drawn her to fome reafonable familiarity, and that the will begin to feed: Then give her more carriage, and ufe her to it moreand more, and be fure {till to keep her as quiet as may be, and by all means prevent bating. For thereis more danger infome one Hawk that isto be: reclaimed andirifeamed from theMew, than in many other Hawks that havebeen newly taken in Exgland, or from the Cage: Thereafonis, becaufeby reafonof her eafe and, full feeding, and want of exercife in the Mew, no crammed Fow! will be more fat and full than fhe, and fo the will be apt to receive much harm by bating or any fudden heat: Whereas the wild ‘Hawk, coming from the labour of her body, and exercife of her Wings: And the Cage-Hawk being tofled and tumbled in her voyage, are feldom ovet-fat, and fo in lefs danger of over-heating them{clves by bating or otherwife: le tor svt |, When you have brought her toeat, you muftfeed hertwiceaday, and foorder and diet her continually, and it muft be with new and goodmeat, which you mult drefs and wafhclean, wringing out the bloud with fair water, that fo fhe may fooner come to af{tomach; And for the quantity thereof Jet it be as much as the Wing of an old Dove atonce,or as you fhall find her,to put away the one meal,and make her felffit and ‘ready for theother. And for the firft week or ten days after fhe begins tofeed, give her neither cafting nor {tones, but the week after give her half adozén ftones evety night, after fhe hath put away her fupper fromforth her gorge, which. you fhall find fhe will caft you up again inthe morning very early. The third week approaching you mutt give her every night a cafting, continuing your former manner of diet till your Hawk be flying, and allher flying time, only adding unto her meals fomewhat in quantity, and forbearing to wath altogether fo hard, with refpe& to the mildnefs and hardnefs of the weather, ec. . | . on _. Then prepare yourfelf tolure her, and let her exercife and have the benefit of her Wings. Paes give your Hawka piece of Flannel or Cotton for cafting, he advifeth that it be perfectly clean wafht 3 and that whenyou give thelighteft and eafieft uppers, and fome Plumage with it, but never upona great gorge to the foundeft Hawk thatis. Alfo in a morning, when your Hawk makes a loofé and unwrapped cafting of Phi- mage, itis good to give a little knot with {tones, to bring away loofe or ftraggling feathers out ofthe Pannel. Many found Hawks will never brook a woollen cafting and therefore my Author advifesnot to give your Hawk any fuch, unlefs it be fome- times for trial, but to give her only cafting of Plumage; and fo you {hall be fure to preferve and keepher fafe, and in continual café to do her bufinefs. | | Here my Auther-entersinto along difcourfe about giving of ftones, giving many reafons why it is better togive them over night than inthe morning , which, becaufe I dm not of his opinion concerning the ufe of ftoues, and think that they may béindifferently given either at night or in the morning, when the Hawk is willing to take them, and that it matters not much how lang fhe keeps them, I fhall omit. Oxly I foall fet down forme of his experi- mental obfervations. 1 have (faith he) feen,a Hawk in the time of her flying, that hath taken a dozen or more {tones of her {elf in a morning, and hath kept half of them till next morning: Thefame Hawkwhen they were given heravould not mifs at her feeding time, or atthe fight of meat to caft half of thems“and keep the reft tilehe hextday, This he obferved many Hawks todo. a b 417 ‘4 4.18 = A ‘Stimmary of Fisted nly re- ceived opinion, ‘cool, but rather at prefent heat, their ufe being in his’ jaded ed notforth. a) : - He advifes at the beginning to make your Hawk ‘perfectly clean; and fo to-keep her without pampering with great meals, and to have her empty, and with a’ good ftomach when fhe flies: For if fhebe flown full, 1t may endanger her lifes arid befides, fhe will never fly with regard and attention to her Keeper, it her ftomach be not per- fect. For proof whereof, Take any young Hawk out of the Neft ( though’ newly difclofed )) and breed her up as familiarly as you can devife: Yet whenyot hall come afterwards to fly her, fhe muftbe altogether governed by her ftomach. For Jet her fail of that never fo little, and every puff of wind will blow her from: yous nay, if there be no wind ftirring, yet fhe will wheel and fink away from “him and from his voice, that allthe time before had lured and trained her up. . Contratiwife, if if be his hap to find her again when fhe is hungry, though fhe would ftarve before fhe would prey for her felf, yet then will fhe own him or any other man: Nay, fhe will be ready totake his Cap from him before fhe will either leave or lofe him, Note well, that what fhew of cleannef$ foever you findin your Hawk by hef caft- ing, mutes, or otherwife, although you have taken*never fo much pains with her, by cafting, clean feed, and ftones to purge and cleanfe her inwardly; yet will the not be perfectly infeamed till fhe come to the exercife of her Wings, and labour of her body, after which fhe will break greafe, and by degrees infeam throughly. And be fure that her labour at firft be not immoderate, for if it be, it will ingender grief, Alfo you mult give her liberty by degrees to ftir her Wings, and ufeher body, that there may be no heat exceflively taken, until fhe be throughly infeamed, and then fhe may be weary with flying, but fhe will never take harm. . flime and glut from forth her body : Which before,though fhe had eafting daily, flow- How to alter fome ill qualities and conditions ina Falcon. Ou fhall fometimes meet witha Hawk, that when you have well lured her, and _ givenall thegood content you can devife to her, yet upon the leaft fcope and liberty that fhall be offered, fhe will nottarry with you, but go her way. To reclaim her from fo bad a condition you mutt take this courfe. Naa Abate her pride fomewhat, ‘yet with reafon and refpect to the weather. Then get youa Make-hawk, and taking a fit hour in the Evening, upon a convenient and eafie place, and one couple of Fowl with your Make-Hawk flown and f{tooped once or twice, orasyou fee caufe in managing your flight to your belt advantage in landing, but when fhe is coming for the laft to kill it overland, be fure to ftand under the wind with your Hawk, and Jet her fee the Fowl] overthrown, and goin to the quarry ; and if you perceive fhe flieth in with a courage, and feifeth with love and heat on the Fowl, make in apace and crofs the Wings of the Fowl, and make that fafe, -fuffering | eA Suimmaiy of Falconry... ne a as FT ee - aan wees Ww fuffering them a while to take their pleafure together whichdone with meat cleanly dreft take up your old Hawk, but gently, left you fray your young one, and let her have the Quarry to herfelf} and take her pleafure thereon, with your own help on your knees to pleafe her, and beware fhe take no pill or pelf to glut her withal, and fo reward her with *cleanly feed, giving her fupper unto her as fhe fits upon the * Be careful Fowl : Ufe her thus three or four times together, butlet it be with good meat, clean '° «4 clean, wafhed and well dreft from your hand. : resalintens” iil “ait When you have ufed this courfe, at your next coming to the brook, let your Make-Hawk be flown, and when fhe hath ftooped and is wrought to her place again, °" at your next fhewing, let your Hawk fee the Fowl thrown in, and fly for the killing of it her felf with the other Hawk, Mark the manner of that flight; For if fhe hotly and kindly entertains theadvantage offered her, and with attentive eagernefs follows the Fowl fhe {aw thrown in, flying round upon that and your felf, and with good hap enjoys the Fowl fhe may make you a good Hawk: But ifthis courfeftay her not,there is no hope of her forthe River. A Butto enter a gently and lovingly difpofed Hawk, havinga couple of Fowl thatlie fit for your purpole, throw off your Make-Hawk.,.and when fhe hath once ftooped them upon her point or before at the eines in of the Fowl, let in your young Hawk: If fhe fix her Eye on the other. Hawk and work her, then need you not doubt, but fuffer her to fly till fhe. hath almoft reacht the other, but then be fure to fhew the Fowl; and then if fhe ftoop with the other Hawk, and work it again with her, then if it be poffible let them kill it at the next down-come. For the only content you can give to thefe kind of Hawks is to let them have, their defires {peedily, before they be weary, while their courage is inthem. For nothing putsa young Hawk fooner out oflove with the man, and drives her fooner away,than fuffering her to fly toolong before fhe beferved. | we He lays great ftre{s ow this as an excellent rule, That inthe time of her making no {cope be givento the Haggard, neither to fly highnor wild,but that fhe be held down and near to you. ; sitet: Cuarp: VIL, Of the Ger-falcon. "BE He Ger-falcon, Turbervile faith, is of a fierée and hardy nature, and therefore i difficult to be reclaimed, but being once won, proves an excellent Hawk. Latham faith, that Ger-faleons are for the moft part very kind and loving Hawks, and will fuddenly be reclaimed and made to-love theman. Their Tercels or Males are called ferkizs. Thefe Hawks do not fly the River, but always from the Fift they fly Herons, Shovelers, forked-fail’d Kites, @c. In going up to their gate they hold not that courfe which other Falcons do. For,they climb upon the Train when they find any Fowl, and as foon as they have reacht her; they pluck her down, if not at the firft, yet atthefecond or third encounter. The Haggard of this kind is moft commendable,and eafieft to be be made for any pleafure. To reclaimand make her fit tobe fet to the Lure, you mutt take the fame courfeas 1s prefcribed for the Haggard fleight Falcon. + -, Bey Da ct sil When fhe fhall come to be lured loofe, then would the firft of all be taught to come unto the Pelts of Hens, Herons, or any {uch like thing, fo itbedead 5 for thereby fhe will not be over-hot or eager of it, neither muft you fuffer her to touch any part. of the flefh,to draw her love from your voice and your hand, but to {pend only her time on it in pluming. All this time you muft be clofeby her, andon your knees ufing your voice to her, with her dinner. or fupper clean dreft and watht, giving ftill unto her fome part thereof in bits with your hand, that from thence only fhe may be{a- tisfied, and her whole delight be. in that, accounting the otherin her foot butasa~. {tand or means to ftay her by you, while fhe receives her full reward at your hands. And.in ufing this courfe' often toher, fhe being a Hawk of never fuch ftrength and ablenefs to carry, it will in the end fo reclaim and win herto your felf, that fhe will quite forget the fame: And after if you lift to train her with Doves, fhe wil! not carry one feather from you, but draw towards you, and ever defire to haveher. con- tent at your hand. viens Hhh 2 bis the benefit whereof few take notice Before you {pring het up any Doves, it ismeet you let her Kill halfa'dozen at your Lure, clofe by your foot, having a pair of fhort Creances at your Lure: For it may beat the firft feeing of the Dove to ftir and flutter, fhe may come royftingly to twitch or take itaway, fo far as fheis able: Which if fhe fhould do, you have a remedy by reftraining her gently with your Creance, fo that there fhall be no offence:commit- ted: Then ought you to get gently into her, and as beforefaid with bits of méat clean- ly dreftand beftowed on her you fhall pleafé her at the full, and take her'to the Fit again. Wat! 9 Rote . e The Heron and the ftately flight and mountee thereto is the thing for which ‘thefe Hawks are moft defired and accounted of: For which purpofé your intermew'd Hawks are fitteft and moft efteemed. NB. Remember to be favourable to them the firft year of their making, [_ andnotto put them to any toil, but to train them gently - with {uch Heronsas you are fure cannot go from them, nor caufe themto labour much before they mafter them, |] and ever after at the drawing: And take good time with them in the infeaming: For thefe times as yet have ever fhortnied their lives and de- ftroyedthem. No man( hefaith ) can make one of thefe Hawks ftom the Mew rea- dy to be Jured under fix weeks at the leaft, but he fhall hazard: her life if fhe take any heatat all. They ate prepared for the Mew, and mew’d in like manner as thefleight Falcon. Let her havein the Mew Sods or Turfs to ftand on, and thofe often thifted, that they grew not too hard and dry: For fhe is a very heavy Hawk, and very fubjet to infirmity onthe bottom of her feet. He difallows mewing of them at the ftock, and approvesof mewing them loofe. She ought alfo to have very often given to her Plumage, bones, and {tones, to purge and cleanfe her. a | _ Turbervile faith, they covet to keep their caftings long through floth; and there- fore advifes not to ‘give them cafting of Cotton, but of Tow, Hazel or hard things. ~~ | sabes . : When fhe ismew'd, Latham faith, that you ought at the leaft three weeks before you take her to your Fift,to infeamher with wafht meat and ftones;: For then is the danger of fhortning her life, whereas by good ordering they are as hardy as the Lanner, and will laft as long: He faith, he hath known one ‘hold out and continue her goodnefs twenty years. 7 Cxuarv. VHI.. Of the Lanner. ’ Coarfe diet than any other Falcox. . Lanners of all Hawks are fitteftfor young Falconers, becaufe they will hardly take furfert, ‘and feldom be over-flown, or melt their greafe. | -- Mew’d Eanmers [and Sacres | are hardly known from the Soar-hawks, becaufe they ‘26 fot’chanve their'plume. Se ue © Turbervile (ith, that with this Hawk you may fly the River. Latham faith, he hath not known any Lanner made for the River, yet. prefcribes a ‘way to make T g He Laer is not over-dainty'of her feeding, ‘but ‘can’ better brook srofsor them.” ter ae . 'They-are vety flothfal and hitd-metled, fo that unlefs you! keep'a’ hard hand over them they will’do littlegood. +” as ties are , You fhallnot' lightly fee a Eazzer Vie upon the’ Wing, ‘after fhe hath flown to mark, ‘but after one ftooping fhe’ maketha point, ‘and then waits for’ the Fow] after. theman- nerof’ the Gojtawk, {he is fo’ flothful ‘and ‘dull ; and therefore doth commonly ufe . upon the quefting or callof the Spaniels to attend very diligently, and fo to prey at ‘her*pleafure. “As'thé Eja/s of this'Kind exceeds ‘other Hawks in gentlenefs ‘and love toher Keeper, fo the Haggard paffes all others in wildnefs, and is very hard. to be reclaimed. Shemuft be managéd and ordered mall refpeds like the Haggard fleight "The Ramage Lanneris Alfo'a coy Hawk, and‘muft be otdered as the Haggard Fal- ‘con; Only her diet muft be with hard-wafhed meat‘and ftonesmore or lefs as you fhall find her natural inclination. Above A Stgunmnary of Falconry. 4aI Above all youmuft ufe your utmoft skill and pains to keep her from dragging or carrying any thing from you; which ill quality no Hawk is more fubjett to than fhe. To prevent which, firft you muft beware, thatif fhe but once only knoweth the Lure, that you lure her no more. than once at one time, though you take the more time tomake her: Elfe you hazard the {poling of her.’ For‘as toon as fhe kniow’s the Lure the will fettle her love onit,and defire to hold it,and be loth to be taken up from it to be lured again; and outof fear left you, fhould deprive her of it, will quickly fly you, and drag and carry itfrom you. Secondly, During the time of her luring and training let her have her reward at your hand for the moft part inbits, referving fome {mall quantity to take her to your Filt withal. Thirdly, All this while have your Spaniels by you asfhe is onthe ground: For thefe be Hawks of all other moft coy and fearful to have any Dogs come near them: And therefore at herfirft entring you ought to have but few Dogs, and they fuch asbe both cool and gentle, till fhe be wellentred and acquainted. Forif fhe fhould chance to take any fudden fright with a Dog, fhe would never abide themagain: And fo fhe will be for ever marred 5 for being ableto carry away her prey, whenever fhe fhall have a Partridge 1n her foot, {he will fuffer neither Man nor Dog to come near her, but carry it away, and prey uponit. Which if fhedo butonce, it is as good as an hundred times, for fhe willne- -ver be reclaimed from it. Of the Merliz. She isa couragious and hardy Hawk, flying with greater fiercenefs and more hotly than any other bird of preys fo (that fhe will venture to fly the Partridge, Heath- powt and other birds bigger thanher felf, and purfuethem eagerlyeven into Villages and Towns. , : ! | They are fuch bufie and unruly things, as oftentimes they eat * off their own Feet * This my Au- and Talons very unnaturally, fo as they die of 3 which is the true caufe why you er pe ecg ae or or never {ee anentermew'd Merliz : For that in the Mew they fo fpoil ence antics themfelves. | A Merlin may bemade both tothe Fift and to the Lure. When you have made her to the Lure in manner + before deferibed, make her a train witha Partridge, or other Ase the livebird ; If the foot and kill it, reward her, fuffering her to take her pleafure onit. oe This done,fly her at the wild Partridge,if the take it at the firlt Hight,or if fhe take it at thefecond flight, being retrived’ by the Spaniels, feed her upon it with a reafonable . Gorge, chearing her with your voice, that fo fhe may know it. If fhe prove not hardy at thefirft train, proveher with another before you fly her at wild Game. If at the fecond train fhe prove not hard, itis a fign fhe is nothing worth. Itas:very goodport to fiy with a caft of Merlizs at the Lark or Linnet; for be- fides that theyloveto fly in company, it is pleafant to fee the one climbing to the mountee above the Lark, and the other lying low for her beft advantage, the one {triking the bird at the ftooping, the other at her down-come. When you have found the birds go as nearas you canjinto the wind to the bird; and as foon asthe bird xifethfrom the ground unhood yout caft of Merlizs, and caft them to fly until they havebeaten down the Lark or Linnet, and let them feed on her for their labour indifferently. /He advifes not to fly your Merliz at Cut-Larks, becaufe they not mounting upward, but flying ftreight forward, they afford you but little fport, and befides endanger the lofs of your Hawk. oa, han CHAP: 422 oh Summary of Falconty. ~adt ADA E: Ue | Of the reclaiming and manning of fhort-winged Hawks, and firft of the Gofhawk. @ I. Of the Gofhawk, in general. and hard to bedealt with as any. Shemay be won by gentle ufages and will as foon perceive and unkindly refent any rough or harf{h behaviour. The Oftringer mutt bring his Hawk to love and be familiar with the Spaniel. Some Gofhawks are {wift of flight, which in purfuing and catching their prey truft to the {wiftnefs of their Wings, others fly flow, and win what they get by policy: None of them but by induftry may be trained up to, and made good for fome- what. The Gofbawk is of a hotter temper and ftronger conftitution than any other Hawk ; the firft appears, in that her mutingsare always liquid 5 the fecond, in that fhe is fel- dom troubled with thofe difeafes, which be incident to moft other Hawks, viz. tobe liver-fhotten, and to theFilanders. And though the Lewzer be accounted the har- dieft Hawk in ufe among us, and longeft-lived; yet the reafon is not the firmnefs of her conftitution akpve the Gofhawks, but becaufe the Go/hawk in time of her prideand fulnefs isa froward and unruly bird, and when fhe is infeamed very prone to extreme bating ( wherefore fhe requires more labour and attendance of her Keeper than any other Hawk) and by thefe extremes fhe often fhortens her days: Whereas the Laz- wer is a meek and gentle Creature, and will feldom bate or be unruly in the time of her infeaming 3 which is the reafon fhe lafts longer. Hes of all Creatures are moft fearful of man, and the Gojhawk as.coy, nice, Ee, a How to order.a Gofhawk taken fromthe Mew. Ecaufeit is likely that fhe will.be fat and full in the higheft degree with reft and frank feeding in the Mew, therefore it is neceflary that fhe be fed in the Mew twice every day with clean dreft and wafht meat for fixteen or twenty days before the intended time of her drawing, that fhe may be well infeamed of her body, and have {coured forth of her pannel and guts all glut and fatnefs, and fo fhe will be in no dan- ger through her bating, f{trugling, or other forcible motion of her body at the time _ of her drawing. ‘Then draw her, having a rufter-hood in readinefS very fit for her, from which time fhe muft be continually fed on the Fift, and have cafting every night. This courfe withcontinual carriage on horfe-back and onfoot muft be taken with her in her rufter-hood fome eight or ten dayslonger 5 and then take it off, when you fhall find her tobe well reclaimed and infeamed, and free from all danger, and ready to be called; and with diligence and pains fhe will be next week as ready to fly : And after two orthree flights at her firft entring may be put to hard flying, and fhe will receive no harm thereby, ¢c. | | §. IIL. How toreclaine and order a Gofhawk taken from the Cage. Ew of thefe are fo fat or full-bodied as to take harm by any reafonable bating. Give your Hawk {weet meat, clean dreft, and reafonably wafht, and moderate gorgesof the fame: By thisdiet you muft bring her to a good ftomach before yout profer her-cafting, and then fhe will not be nice or curious intakingit. Let itbeno more than fhe-may well and eafily fwallow, and when fhe hath done fo, prefently put onher Hood, then fuddenly give her one bit or two of meat to pleafe her withal; then makea little ftay, until you perceive afluredly that fhe hath put it down into her Panne], which being perceived put on her Hood again,and give her a reafonable fupper. By this courfetaken, the Hawk willfoon come to bein love with her cafting, hafting to take it without nicene(s in expectation of her fupper. For A Sumnary of Falconry. 423 _ For my own part ( faith my Author ) when my Hawk is well infeamed, and infly- | ing I give her Plumage every night when I feed her up: When fhe refts I feed her very clean, without any cafting at all, and fo fet her up to reft, and im the morning very early give a woollen cafting, fathioned and foak'd all night in fair water, which fhe will willingly take being ufed to 1¢ sAnd inamhour or thereabouts her appetite to her breakfaft will provokeher to caftit upagain. So he difapproves the giving a wool- len caftineat night: Bur if any willneeds ‘give it, then he advifes ic be with’ {mall ftore of meat, and fome Plumage with it. Alfo hedifapproves of {tones gtven with Celandine} and caftings‘of hazel, ‘untefsmuch underfized, becaufe of their {welling, When éver he found his Hawk to diftafte unnatural Cotton caftings; he fuddenly:left them andbetook himfelf to‘Jukes, and’ fometimes. to Hares or Cowies feet, the bones and woollwell brokentogether,whicl he never foumd'to difagree with her,but always wrought to good ptrpofe,. 9) | bho Tr ton a iat! ibaa 2 He condemns the giving of bloudy meat, 'becaufe'the Hawk will not therewith be reclaimed: And therefore, faith he, the unreclaimed and unclean Hawk of this or any othéf kind ought tobe reclaimed, infeamed,'and made to fly with goad meat, clean dréft and wafhed, and for thefé Hawks the'water dried out again'with a fair cloth. "And this courfé tobe heldall’ flying time, “uhlefsthere be juft canfe :for the contrary.’ Asto a fick and crafie Hawk, with due'refpec unto theeyes, or to-ahot and! eager mettled Hawk, as alfo tothe foundeft and hardeft Hawk that is, when the fhall have continual hard flying, andokills oft, youmay with difcretion in the quanti- ty give bloudy rewards," and three’ or four times m the week. fuppers of the fame, as Pheafants'and Partridges heads and necks: Always being mindful in time of reft to feed with meat clean dreft, hard waflied'and driedvagain, to hold the ftomach right and fharp withal, elfe no fubjection to belooked for abroad when fhe is at liberty. All the flying time, but efpecially when you fly to the covert, ( it being then ufual- ly cold weather ) fuffer not your Gofhawk to be too long fafting, for it breedeth much wind inher, andisa{fpecial means, with cold adjoyned, to take down her fleth, which at that time will not veryeafily beput onagain, Therefore for every Hawk- ing day provide a reafonable meal of clean-dreft meat, the which you muft keep ina fair cloth : Then in the morning; fuddenly aftérfhe hath caft, give one bit when her Hoodison. Alfoif you chance to fpend an hour more before you find your flight, give her another bit, and fo after this manner, proportioning her meat to thetimeof her being abroad, thatthe never beovet-empty, andiyet have’a, perfect appetite and good courageto fly. erm When ever you feed with cold meat you need not wafh it: But1 would advife you to ufeit as feldom as you may, for a:continuance-of it breeds poverty and many difeafes. oy ® . | Whenever you have fetdown your Hawkoff your Fift hooded or unhooded, come not to takeher up again without ufing your voice inwhiftling or.chirping to her, alfo without fome bit of meat, ora ftump topleafe her withal, for fo you fhall workin her an everlafting love and defire of your coming and company. 3 Alfo when you fet her on your Pearch hooded, Jet her not know where it ftandeth, if the do, the will have a longing to be there, and will not reft quietly on the Fitt after fhe is once withindoors: Whereas till fhe be throughly reclaimed and flying, and till fhe hath been well flown, your Fift for the moft part muft-be her Pearch, and fhe muft know no other. For thefe be Hawks that in their firft making with a little reft will quickly forget what they were formerly taught, and return to their wildne(s again. | r When {he is untowardly or frowardly difpofed, endure her unquietnefs with pa- tience and gentlenefS, and evermore have fome ftump ina readinefs to appeafe her anger. at: | Tn the time of her infeaming and reclaiming give her not her dinner at any time all at once, for thereby you fhall prolong the timeof hermaking:, For her ftomach once full the will mind you no more, therefore divide it inthe forepare of the day, and let her jump often to the Fift for it. mil When fhe is firft to be entred put her upon the higheft pin‘of hunger, and then fhe will thewall the mettle that isin her, and when the hath oncetaken her prey rather die than forfake it: Whereas if her {tomach be imperfect, the leaft occafion that may be, as the approach of her Keeper, or any other man, the appearance of either Horfe or Dog, ce. will be fuufficient to caufe her to forfake it and go. henway. d « IV, 5a | eA Summary of Falcomy. §. IV How to make a Gofhawk like the Hood,that hath with ill nfage been beater: out of love withit. | Aya: Arry a Hood of fome notable colour on your finger, that: may well-be feen and C viewed by her as it hangeth there, and fo'as fhe may feed clofe by it for a week together,but beware:you do not as yet fhew it her with your other hand. But then take it gently inyour other hand; and move and ftir it about her meat, that{he may touch itas fhe eats. This do another week, {till letting the Hood reft on your little in her fight between feeding times. _ Ufe this courfe till without fear.the will but thus endureit. Then you muft hold your meat in the hand the fits on, and with the other hand hold the Hood by the Taffel upon the meat, moving and ftirring it as though ‘you would keep her from feeding s but it muft be done foftly and gently: When you fhall perceive that fhe will ftrive to feed befide it, you fhall hold it by the Taflel juft over the. meat, fo that fhe muft needs eat clean through it: Dothus fo long as till you fee that fhe will feed and fearch’boldly through the hood for ber meat, and eat it without any fnatching or fear. Then as fhe is feeding, and doth thruft through the Hood for her meat, do you bear the Hood a little againft her, and fhe ‘willhood and unhood herfelf as oftenas you would have her... When fhe hath with your affiftance put on her Hood, let her eat freely until fhe hath done, and take it off no more till feeding time again. Inthis manner, within a month and lef fhe will be brought to hood her felf with the leaft {tump-you carry about, you, as often as you fhall have occafion. : ‘Pradtife not this till fhe be come toa perfect ftomach, for if you do, you mar your Hawk for-ever. | §. V. To reclein a Gofhawk from the Cage. Ive her a fortnights carriage or more in her rufter-hood,: always ftroaking her ow: with your hand:ora feather. Becareful tofeed clean with wafhed meat, for fo the will be the fooner brought to a good ftomach, and be gentle and well pleafedto - be handled. ‘Ehis obtamed (which you fhall perceive by her liftening to your voice, or eager feeding) fome evening wafh and pepper her well. Then take ‘off her rufter-hood, having another ready to put on: As fhe grows tobea little dry puton her Hood, and give her a bit of good meat upon it to pleafe and refrefh her. Hold this courfe to hood gently, and. unhood now and then, not forgetting her reward ever after itison, untill fhe be throughly dried, and afterwards the moft part of the night: Then you may fet her down bare-faced to. have two er three hoursreft;, and be fure it be in a fpecial warm place,and ona dry and warm Pearch on high, for thefe kind of Hawks are very fubje& to take cold, and apt to have the cramp on fuch occafions. When the and your felfhave taken a little reft, go foftly to her with fhew of meat in your hand, -withal chirping or whiftling to her, and take her gently on your Fift, and dividing her meat into feveral parts beftow iton her for.the moft part when her Hood is put on: This will make her love and look for the Hood expecting to be fed 5 if fhe benice in fuflering your hand or the Hood to come near her head, you mult feldom do it.in the day time, but at her feeding, and late atnight, when fhe will be more willing totake it. Next teach herto jump and come to the Fift. For though other Hawks are ufed to cometo the Lure thrown fome diftance from the man; yet fhe being a Hawkof the Fift, muftbe taught and ufed tocomeboldly to the hand, and without fear to feize and fit uponit during your pleafure, which fhe will never be brought to dowith alt the Artin the world,if her ftomach be any way imperfect. This obtained, let her be called a little further off, viz. twenty or forty yards at moft : By dividing one meal ( as 1 faid ) let her come oftentimes in a day if it be pof- fible: Which will quickly make her perfed&, that fhe will never check at the Fift, but will come and draw at any time of the day: Whereas ufing her to one hour for her meal, caufes her not to come or draw till that time; which is an ill quality. cH € eA Summary. of Falconry. ge EE tee [ He withes not tobe too hafty in flying Gofhawks before they be throughly re- claimed and taught, but to take fhffictent time to teach them. And he affirmeth, that if a Hawk be too much impoverifhed and her flefh taken off, fhe will lofe her {pirit and mettle, how good feever fhe was, and will neither fly well, nor ever laft healthful. J . . Now it will be good time to call herloofe. In doing which fhun all places near Houfes and Towns, toavoid the inconveniences of her being tempted afide by Poul- try, Dove-houfes, and fuch like places, which al}. thefe Hawks are fubject to; and having once caught fuch anill property they will feldom or never be reclaimed from it, how far foever from any Town they fhall be flown: Walk therefore with her to the young Woods betimes in the afternoon, having before: prepared her ftomach, and there put her up into atree, walking along from her, ufing your voice foftly as though you had Spaniels with you, but chiefly to her in chirping and whittling : By which -means no doubt fhe will draw and follow after you with little noife, Then {uffer her not too long, but call her to your fift again, and reward her with fome bit of meat, or Leg of a Pigeon, Ge. to pleafe her. Then put her up again, and by your fofteft voice or whiftle draw her after you again. To ufe a loud voice would bea means to make her fitand loiter behind you-fo far as fhe can hear you, which is an ill quality: And befides, to make your Spaniels range far off, and {pring out of the way far from you, which muft needs be much difpleafing both to Man and Hawk. . i . Tomake your Hawk familiar with your Dogs, firft feed her amongf{t them all very oft upon your Fift: Then throw oftentimes from you among the thickeft of them the dead Pelt of a Pullet or Hen ina fhort Cruce, that fhe may fly from your Fift, and eagerly chop among them, and {feife upon the fame, fuffering her to plume a while: then take her to your Fift withaftump. This courfe you muft ufe every day often,till you find that fhe will venture boldly among them all. She will foon perceive and underftand by the Dogs giving way with fear unto her, that fhe hath even got the upper hand of them, and fo willnever fear them inthe field or covert, or be beaten oif her Game by them, as otherwife fhe would. Beg. VE. To enter a Gofhawk to fh tothe freld. Dine three or four hand-Partridges, with a companion, and one couple of ftaunch Spaniels; then gointd the field, having prepared your Hawk with ap- petiteand courageto fly. Then one of you fhall go near hand from the other unto {ome bufhes or other covert, whereas he fhall {pend his voice to the Dogs after the accuftomed manner, and ufing fome blows with his Pole, he {hall fecretly let the Par- tridge {pring as from forth the fame, with fuch jndgment in the delivery as that the Hawk may {ee it, crying with aloud voice, Howe, Howe, Howe, that fhe may learn to know the word of warning, whien fhe fhould at any othertime look about her,and be watchful at an inftant to take heradvantage. Fhis done, and your Hawk flying after it with fpirit, and taking it, befure with all expedition to get into her, that no Dog or other thingmay fright her, or deprive her of it: But fuffer her to plume and take her pleafure onit;-and further to take bloud thereon, {till having the Spaniels in fight. clofe by her.» Then you muft teach her to take the head in her foot, andeat © it onthe ground: And when fhe hath fo done, and looketh about her, having your Spaniels by you, through the Partridges pelt (as before in her firft teaching ) once among the Dogs, and let her take it being in her Leath, that fhe may not carry it from you: And whilft the fitsthere and plumes make her fupper ready; take her gently | to your Fift, and there content her. By thus ordering and: ufing of her, you will without doubt very fuddenly have an excellent Hawk: And by all means fly her to the field all the firft year, and let her not fee the Pheafant at all, for that wil teat her love from the Partridge, and make her give them’ over; being a fhorter ight. | . When you havethus entred and blouded her, and alfo killed three or four Par- iridges more from the mark at theretrive, and perceive that fhe knows a Partridge by fight, and the accuftomed terms, and will go readily from the Fift thereto; befure, that-all the fore-part of the year you let her go no more one flight in ten, near tothe rifing of her Game, forthat will make her flothful; the Partridge being then ies Tit and 425 A26 FSi. Tai and fhe taking them eafily at the fowce in a fhortifpace, fhe will afterward! remember it, and look for the fame'order, and without it will not fly towards the latter end of the year, but if the Partridge be {prung far from her, will make as if the 4aw it not and fly to the next tree fhe meets with. Mit FS . ty dai Yor Some Hawks have an ill property, that when they have flown a Partridge hard to. any covert, and takeit not at the firft flight, there will they fit till on the ground, and not getup to any ftand for their better advantage. To amend which fault, when your Hawkhath flowna Partridge, make after her with all the {peed you can, taking your Dogs with you by your command, and when you have fotind her, befureto take herup, but not on your Fift by any means, if there be either hedge or tree near hand, but take her by the body or fhoulders fuddenly with both your hands, and throw her upon either hedg, buth, or tree, and then beat for the Partridge, whenas it isimpoffible but fhemuft fee it ; if it doth {pring then, and fhe fly after and kill iiip well. This courfe being well followed will certainly reclaim her from that fault, and teach her to rife her felf 5 for fhe will quickly underftand that elfe the thall be caught and tof{t up, and alfo that thereby fhe fhall enjoy {ome pleafure and'content: This is a common and lafting fault of the Ey#s Hawk or brancher, feldom of the Haggard, and therefore you need not fear frighting or angriig herby fodoing. ~ | ii It is in my opinion the moft commendable and fafeway after one of thefeé Hawks is firftentred, and only knowsa Partridge, then immediately to teach her and ufe her to fly from forth the Hood. Often bating at Partridges fprung to other Hawks difcom- forts and difcourages her: Befides, fhe'will, if carried -bare-fac'd, be very ftirring and unquiet on the Fift, nota Dog ‘can ftir, ‘or bird rife, but ‘fhe will offer to be gone. Let her.alfo fit and weather in the Hood, ‘and never takeit off but when fhe thall either fly, feed, bathe, or is to take her reft at night. | : | GOVE et " How to enter your Gofhawh to the Covert. O man is fitto order and manage a Gofkawk to the covert but he that hath a 4. ftrong and able body, anda good fpirit.and-courage to follow her, for in this {port, and with this Hawk he muft altogether trutt to his feet. Here becaufe the man cannot follow by view to fuccour the Hawk, you ought to be chary of what place you enter her in, efpecially that-fhe may be there well guarded and kept from taking any miflike or offence at the Dogs, the which if fhe fhould do at the beginning fhe willnever indure. them again® For it is the fudden rufhing ofthe Spaniels upon her, (their fight by means of the,covert being obfcured ) that breeds this offence. The! belt:time to enter’her 1s-éarly before the leaf do ftir 5 for then the Pheafant flies not'far. - Alfo afterwards the natureof them is to leave the young fhootsand {imall groves, and draw to the high and'thickeft woods. 7 Having madegoodchoice of your place, and let your Hawk ‘go unto her flight, you muft be fureto command your Dogs to youtill you have found her; then #f the have killed, you-have'your defire; if aot, and that you chance to find her’on the ground, (asit may well beyoumay, for many of them at theirfir{t entrine willbe - very hot and eager of that {port, and oftentimes feeking for it on the ground ) if there be any tree near‘hand, that fhe may well feeyfrom it, put ‘her up into the fame, otherwife keep her on your Fift and beat forat-again. Then if fhe do fly and kill it, you muftbe fure to make ftay of the Dogstill youhave found her: Which done you fhall get gently in toher, and if you diflike the place for the uneafinefs or thicknefs, draw her gently to another more open, where fhe may with more ‘cafe and quiet’en- joy her prey ; and there {uffer herto plumeand take her pleafure-on it a while. Then call your Dogs to you, and walkiand ftir gently about her, with fome moderate rufling and buftling’ in the bufhes, the betterto acquaint her with ‘the fame noife. Then when you {ee it convenient ftoop to it on your knees, and tending the Chaps give her bloud in the throat, where it will iffue abundantly, to her great content, Then covering the body with your hat, pluck of the head, and give it her in her foot, tocat onthe ground: And having your Spaniels clofe by you, when fhe hath done, and béginneth to look about her, ‘throw the Pheafant as it were in their very mouths, that fhe may, together with fomewords of rebuke from your felf, make them: give way with fear unto her, yet drawing them into her fight again, fo long to remaim as fhe is on the ground, and till you‘make ready her fupper. And when you ee fhe nite . . hath of Swaninary of Falcénry. teft, andthe Hawk too. =, Be careful to enter your Goftiawk firftto the Cock-Pheafant, for’ the verieft daftard that 1s will kill the Hen; which if you enter her firft to, it may be afterward with all your Art and Skill you hall never force her to fly at the Cock. '' If you find that at firft the is afraid to buckle with him, then with two or threedays'reft prepare her fto- mach foundly, and put herto him again, qaon §.” VEL "5 Of the Haeeard-Gofawk. : hm, = a Daw being the wildeft Hawk of all, and fo requiring more labour, care, and at- | tendance in her reclaiming and perfeét making than any other, he advifes not todeal haftily with her by peppering, watching, and'the like : For many Hawks have fo been {poil'd and loft ; their bodies being unfit for fuch fuddenchanges. en It is the nature of thefe Hawks when wild to feed on their prey in covert places, where they may not be defetied by fach other birds as love them not: Wherefore alfo being reclaimed, whenfoever they take it in any Plain or Champain place, they will be apt to carry it to the next harbour or covert: To reclaim her from this ilf quality youmuft take this courfe. ‘Thowgh you do call and draw her along after you by your chirping and whiftle through the thick and covert places, yet do not there’ take her to your Fift to be fully fatisfied, but let her ftill wait on you, till you comé to fome plain place, and there entertain her to the Fift, and let her feed a little there- on, then put'to her Leafh, and let her eat the reft on the ground clofe by you, and having referved fome ftump, take her to theFift. Remember that you fometimes {toop gently on your knee, and quietly and foftly convey fome bits unfeen afar off to her, that fhe ftrike not at your hand with her Talons, gc. Thus doing daily with gentle ulage folongas you call her, yqu will embolden her, and make her {0 familiar as never to offer to carry any thing from you. | __ When the kills, be fure to get in gently to her, having before provided her a meal ready dreft, and as fhe fits onthe Partridge, beftow the fame on her in bits with clean- ly conveyance, which will prolong her titnein pluming, arid ftay the fharpnefs of her appetite, and defire to feed, which fhe muft not do, for it would caufe het to love the Bird better than your felf, and to be Joth afterwards at any time to be bereaved of it, and thereby take occafionto carry it from you, hoping to’ enjoy it to her felf more quietly and fecretly: Whereas this courfe will {0 pleafe her, and draw her love fo certainly to you, as fhe will never after offer to carry one feather from you. Alf this while give herno bloud at all, but with fome reverfion take her to your Fiftagain,. oe By this means {he will never break the Prey fo long as there is one feather left on it, 1 (peak this but ftill attend for your coming, and tohave a reward otily at'your hand. When *y¢ you have well nuzled up and inured her herein, afterward when you find her witha credir, Partridge in her foot ; then after a. good time {pent in pluming, take off the head an Tit 2 neck, on my xperience A. Summary, of Falconry. neck, and giveit unto her with themoft partof her {upper together, and {0 take her to your Fift. | . ee irs | He prefcribes how to teach a Gofhawk to fly to the Wild-duck, which is by pro- viding three or four hand-fowl, and letting her fly and footthem out of your hand one after/another, day after day, and Jetting her: plume ‘and be well:rewarded on them: And afterward getting another likebird; and letting a companion carry jt in- toa.clofeplaceor plump of bufhes, and there throw itupinfightof your Hawk be- fore prepared with a good ftomach, ee. . In like manner he teaches, bow to enter 2 Hawk t0,the Rook Heron, Wald Goofe, Mew, &e. with « train-Rook, on two, &e. which ¢\ Becaufe in her foarage fhe was-not cherifhed to make her take delight in her flight... For the:chief skill of an Oftreger confifts in coying and cherithitig his Hawk, {o.a8, fhe may take pridein her, flight. Wherefore it wete good at her firft entring to have always.a, train:Partridge (in his Bag, to ferve her withal if need‘be, and {0 win ' Ply your Hawk with Tiringand Plumage marning andevening ; for that will open her head;, and.ca{t out the moift humours, wherewith Gofhawks are naturally trou- bled,;, Let her, Biring be a Rump of Beef, or the Pinion of a Wing, or a Chickens Leg, given by the fire, or inthe warm Sun, which will not only open her head but keep her in exercife. | | Give her everynight cafting either of feathers or Cotton, and in the morning mark whether it be wrought round or not, whether it be {weet ornot, whether it be moift or dry, and of what colour the water is that drops out of it: For thereby you may judge in what cafe your Hawk is, .. You mutt alfo haveregard to the mewts, wHether they be clean or not. : _1n Winter and cold weather {et your Hawk warm, in‘fome place where fire is made, and roll your Pearch with Cotton, or fome fuch hike thing. , Set your Pearch far from the wall, that your Hawk hurt not her feathers when fhe bateth. If it be not cold, fet her every morning in fome, place where the Sun hath power for an hour or two. : | po ta hes a8 Let ey Hens or Poultry come near the place where your Hawk fhall pearch, In the Spring offer your Hawk to the water every week, or elfe fhe will foar away when fhe fleeth, and make you feekher. If any time fhe bathes of her own accord after her flight, if it be Winter, go prefently to the next houfe, and weather her by afire with her back to it, and not her gorge, for that would make her fick: Like- wife dry her if you have carried her inthe rain. ; Keer her lufty and high, and; yet her ftomach fo fharp, that fhe may fly eagerly. The plucking downa Hawk mars her, andmakes her cowardly 5 and liable to ficknefs and infirmity. > Sgleeka Keep. your Hawk.clean, and her feathers whole, and, if a feather be broken or bruifed imp it prefently. The firft year itis beft to. fly your Gofhamk to the field, and not to the covert, for fo they will learn to hold out and not turn tail in the midft of their flight: And when’ they aremewed Hawks you may make them do whatyou wills it is better to let them bea littleramage than, over-manned. Her feeding is beft on-hot meats: And if you would breed her to kill great fowl, make her trainsthereof: Andif you wouldhave her continue thofe flightsnever fly atlefs, for that will take her off from them and {poil her. | ‘ If you would make her to fly with a Dog to aflift her, feed her with great fowl, and your Dogs with flefh tied. under their Wings. | If you train your Hawk with them, reward heruponthetrain, and.your Dog with her: This willmake themacquainted together. Thus continue doing till your Dog throughly knows his duty: And be fure to keep yourDog,tied up, for if youlet himgo loofe, it will fpoil the belt Dog thatis: And never,give hima reward but.when he makes in at fuch Fowls to refcue the Hawk. ye tects Laawer rl mw CHAP. etn en A Suiminy of Faltomy. alg ie : , ~ ie rat ITTF Slat Wh nt Crane. Jes iy \ oviin » Of the, Sparrow-hawks; feoocs? wel orl hay | terres of +~ + F i. He Sparhawk; ( faith Latham ) though 'a demy-creattire, yet for her fphit dha : mettle is worthy to tarch in the: beft company > ‘Nay, ‘theté is no’ bettér - Hawk than the, if fhe be kept, ‘as fhe ought to be, lufty add {trong - Befides, he that knows how to man, reclaim and Aya Sparrom-huiph, may ealily know ‘how to keep and deal withall other Hawks, 1" 20) fon om #160 oor omens Hono gd » »And herein lieth an excellency in the Spariom-bawk’; the ferves both for Winter 4nd Suinmer with eteat pleafure, and will fly at all kind of-Gatte ‘moré*than the Pulcva, If the Winter Sparrow-hawk prove good, fhe will killthe Pre, the Chodch, the 37), the Woodcock, Thrufb, Blackbird, Fieldfare: Latham’adds the Rook’, Méw, Lapwite, Rine-dove, Honje-dove. To be kept ftrongly in the Hood and flown’ from it, fhe is a mott excellent Hawk, and will kill more Partridge inoite’ day thai the beft lonp- winged Hawk will do in two. PIN I NES es2Ahe tee Her diet fhould be of the daintiéft meat, unlefs in times of réft, ahd then alfo well wafht and dried'again, efpecially if fhe be mewd. | oes ht sorte sot? Againtt fhe isto fly fhe mult be prepared with a fhort cut, to puta perfed édge upon her, and then fhe will fly after the beft manner. Alfo fhe fhould not be flown in the Morning, unlefsfhe be prepared over night with a fhort and ‘clean fupper for -the purpofe ) ' | Likewife you ought to havealways about you a little box full of frefh Butter, mixt with a little Saffron and Sugar-candy, to give with her meat now and then; or let her eat it out of the box: Which fhe will'do with great delight, and it will keep her head evermore loofe, andin good temper, and alfo prevent the Cray, and keep her proud and full of {pirit. IGG) For the Eyasot Nya Sparrow-hawk ( which isof greateft difficulty to bring to perfection ) youmutt firft feed her infome cool room, which hath two Windows, the one to the North,and the other to the Eaft, which muft be open and barred over with Laths, not fo wide for aHawk to’ get out, or Vermine to come in: Strow the Cham- bet with frefhleaves, and doin every refped to this Room, as was ordered fot the mewing of the Falcon. . : a - You multfeed your Eyzs with Sparrows, young Pigeons, and Sheeps hearts. Whilft fhe is very young and little, you fhould cut her meat, or fhred it mto {mall ‘pellets, and feed her twice-or thrice aday, according as you find het évdew it or pat it over. When fhe is full fummed and flieth about, then give her whole {mall Birds, and fometimes feed her on your Fift, fuffering her to ftrain and kill the Birds in your hand; andfometimes put live Birdsinto the Chamber where fhe is, ‘that fhe may learn to footand to killthem; and let her feed uponthem in your prefence: By this courfe you will not only weal. her, but take her off from that {curvy quality of hidme her Prey when fhe hath feifed it, anatural property belonging to all Eyaffes. Likewile every morning go into the Room, call her to your Fift, whiftle and ufe fuch térnns as you wouldhave her hereafter acquainted with. When fhe hath put forth all het Fea= thers and is full f{ummed, then take her out of the Chamber, and furnifk her with Bells, Bewets, Jefles, and Lines. It will be altogether requifite to feel her at firft, that fhe may the better endure the Hood and handling : And let it be a Rufter-hocd, that 1s large and eafie; which you muft pull off and put on frequently, ftroaking her often onthe Head, till {he will {tand gently. | in 4! In the evening by Candle-light unfeel her,eiving her fomewhat to tire upon, handling, and ftroaking her feathers gently,hooding and unhooding heras often’as you think fr. Before! proceed any farther, I fhall inform you how to feela Hawk after the beft manner. Take a Needle threaded with untwifted Thread, and caftitig your Hawk, take her by the Beak, and put the Needle through her Pye-lid, not right againtt the Sight of theEye, but fomewhat nearer the Beak, that fhe may have liberty to fee backward; and havee(pecial care that you hurt riot the Web: Thefi put your Needle through the other Eye-lid, ‘drawing the ends of the Thread together, tre them over the Beak, not witha ftreight knot, but cut off the Threads near to the ehd' of the knot, and fo twift them together, that’ the Eye-lids may be raifed fo upwards! that oF Hawk cis ist 43° eA Summary of Falcomy. Hawk may not feeatall, but as the Thread fhall flacken, fhe fhall be able to fee back- wards only, which is the caufe that the Thread is put nearer the Beak. When your Eyas is well won to the Hood and tothe Fift, let her kill {mall Birds thereon ; then call her two or three days or longer,till fhe will come far off then take a live Pigeon tied by the foot with’a Creance, and ftir it till your Hawk will bate at it and feife it, but not far off, that you may quickly help her at the firft, left the Pige- on ftruggling with her fhe prove too ftrong, and fo difcourage your young Hawk: ‘Then let her plume and foot her, and feedher thereupon, whiltling the while, that fhe may know itanother time: Then hood her,and let her plume and tire a little. You may-ufe her to Trains of Chicken and Quail: And when fhe will feife readily by often Training, ride out with her in the morning into. the Fields, where calling your Sparrow-hawk to your Fift, and giving hera bitor two, go with your Spaniels to feck fome Beavy of young Quails, advancing your Fift aloft, that your Hawk may fee them when they fpring, flying her at advantage: If fhe kill, reward her, &c.ifthe mifs, ferveher witha Train of a Quail. ) Let your Dogs hunt on your right hand when they range, but efpecially whenthey ‘queft and call, to the end youmay the better caft off your Hawk. When your Hawk is throughly entred and well xouzled, you may then hold your hand low, for fhe will now bate atthe Whurr - But whatever you do, havea quick eye anda good regard to the Spaniels, not coveting to be too near them, but a little above them, that you may Ict your Hawk fly coafting at the advantage when the Game fpringeth. §..c IE. Of the Brancher, Soar, Mewed, and Haggard Sparrow-hawk, HW Aving fpokenof the firft kind of Spatrow-hawks, viz. the Eyas,the other fouria Lf the title of this Chapter muftconfequently be difcourfed of. Te I thall give youbut few inftruGtions, for in effec the fame precepts that ferve for the Eyas will ferve alfo for the Brancher, Soar, Mew'd, and Haggard Hawks; only this, thefe four laft require not fo much pains to be taken to make them know their Game as the Eyas, becaufe they have been accuftomed to prey for themfelves. Above all things the Falconer muft take them off from their ill cuftom of carrying, and that may be done by ferving them with great Trains, whereby they will learn to abide on the Quarry. Be very mindful of coying them as much as you'can, for they willremember a kind- nefs or injury better than any other Hawk. . If the Hawk be newly taken, and willnot feed, then rubher Feet with warm flefh, whiftling to her, and fometimes putting the flefh unto her Beak : If the will not yet feed, rub her Feet witha live Bird; if at the crying of the Bird the Hawk feife it with her Feet, it is a fign fhe will feed 5 then tear off the Skin and Feathers of the Birds Breaft, and put the Bird to herBeak, and fhe willeat. 7 When the.will feed upon your whiftle and chirp, then hood her with a Rufter- hood, and feed her betimes in the morning; and when fhe hath endewed, give hera Beaching in the day-time, and every time you hood her give her a bit or two; at) evening give her theBrainsof a Hen for her fupper: and in every thing elfe crder thefe Hawks aforefaid as you do the Falcon and the reft. 6. UL How to mew Sparrow-Hawks. Gore ufe to put their Sparrow-Hawk into the Mewas foon as they leave flying .. her, cutting off both her Bewets, Lines, and knots of her Jefles, and {0 leave. themin the Mew till they are clean mewed. If you will have your Sparrow-Hawk to fly at Quail, Partridge, or Pheafant Powt, then you muft draw her in the beginning of April, and bear her on the Fift till fhe be: cleanand throughly enfeamed. ; Others keep their Sparrow-Hawks on the Pearch until March, and then throw them into the Mew, peppering them for Lice if they haveany. Her Mew fhould be: a Chamber aloft from the ground, eight or nine foot long, and about fix foot broad: Her Windows and Pearches muft belikethe Gofhawks. | v eh : : cr > A Summary of Falcamy. Her Mew being thus:provided, in May go intoher in an evening by Candle-light, and taking her up foftly, pull.outall her Train-Feathers one after another : Fhis thal] make her mew thefafter, efpecially.if you feed her with hot meat and Birds, obferving acertain hour to feed-her in. . 7 Once in fourteen days fet water before her in the Mew: If you perceive fhe hath any Feathers or Down which {tard ftaring upon her Back, fitting as if fhe would rouze, then fet her waterfooner. If you put water by her continually, it delays her Mewing; and to keep it always from ber caufeth her to mew her Feathers uncleanly : But water onceina fortnight is the beft medium, for her Mewing between thofe two extremes. 21h | | | PAAR Foo off oricas San Of Difeafes and dangerous Accidents incident to Hawks, and their feveral Cures, fly, imp, and mew hisHawks, with other things pertinent to that purpofe, but alfe to know their Difeafes, with the proper Cures of them, and.other Acci- = dents frequently befalling Hawks, both in their Flights and otherways. Before we fhall. characterize theit Maladies, and prefcribe rules for their Cures, it will be-requifite to tell -you that Hawks, as wellasmen, ( which feems{omewhat {trange ) have four complexions, thetrue Indicators of theirnatures: And. asin man his natural:Complexton and Conftitution is‘known by his Skin,fo is the Temperament and natupal'Difpofition of a Hawk-by her Coat and.Plume. This opinion hath not been only averted. by the Ancients, but confirmed by the modern experience of the skilful iathenoble Artof Hawking, Takeit inthis manner. Falcons that are black.ate Melancholic, and areto be phyficked with hot and moitt Medicines, becanfeitheir Complexionis cold and dry; for which’ purpofe Aloes, P €p- pet, Gocks-fieth, Pigeons, Sparrows, Goats-flefh, and the like; are very good. | Falcons blank are Phlegmatick, and mutt have Phyfic hot and dry, becaufe:Phlegmis cold and moilts..to-which, purpofe (Cmnamon, Cloves, Cardamum, Goats-fleth, Chouighs, @c.arevery good. on es heey ST tou 947) Falcons rujet are Sazguine and Chelerick indifferently mixt, and their Phyfic muft be:cold, moderately. moitt.and ‘dry, as Myrtles, Caffia fittula, ‘Lamarinds, Vinegar, -Lambs-flefh; and Pullets.:. Aart was wets eorineolyé bun veniiie) dal Thus much for the;Complexions: now forthe Difeafes and.their Cures... [ie for askilful F alconer not only to know how to. man, reclaim, keep, Guar. -.h Of Caftngs and Mewtings, either good or had, according to their feverdl Complexions and _mells. , - Aftings ave of tworforts, Plusage, oriCotéen +; The latter is-moft commonly gi- » venin Pellets,’ which mutt be about the bigne(s of: anHazel-nut, made offine “*), foftwhite Cotton: After-he hath fupt, you.muft.convey this into her Gorge. In the morning diligently obferve how fhe hath rolled and caft it, whereby you thall_ know: whether, the bein a:bad.or good ¢ondition :.For example, if fhe caft it round, |white, not ftinking, nor.very moitt orwaterith, youmay-conclude her found; . brit 1f/ fhetollit not well, but icaft it, long, with:properties contrary to the former, then fhe issunfound and:full.of Difeafes.. 3 pene) eon) bint > | Befides,!aftherCafting-be either black, green; yellowith; dlimy, or ftinking, it de- notes your/Hawk toibe difeafed: . The former Cafting is remedied ‘by hot meats 5 the latter by feeding her well, and wafhing her meats |in,cool|water;| as! of Endive, Oc. and give her one or two Caftings of Cotton, incorporating therewith Incenfe and Mummy. But if fhe continuenotwith{tanding in this condition, give her anupward Scowring made thus: Take Aloes pulverized one {eruple, powder of Cloves four grains, powder of Cubebs three grains; incorporate thefe, and wrap them in Cotton, and give it your Hawk empty, having no meat in her Pannel. | . Cafting 431 rae a2 cA Stmmary of Falconry. Cafting of Plumage is to be obferved as the former Cafting: That is, if in the morning: you find them round, and not {tinking, it isa good figns but if long, flimy; with indigefted fleth fticking to the fame, and having an ill fent, itisvery bad. Here note, that by how much the more {weet or ftinking the Cafting is, by fo much is the Hawk in a better or worfe condition. ; Mewts mutt be obferved as wellas Caftings, inthis manner : If the Mewt be white, not very thick nor clear; having no black {pot init, or but very little, it is a fien of _ the healthy conftitution of the Hawk; but if it be white and very thick in the mid- dle, though it doth not import ficknefs, yet it fheweth her.to be too grofs and over- full of greafe, which you muft remedy by giving her moift meats, as the Heart of a Calf or Lamb,¢e. and for two mornings after give her fome Sugar-Candy, or elfe the Gut of a Chicken well wafht, and filled with Oyl-Olive : Either of thefe will {cour her, and make her to /ize freely. It is a very bad and mortal fign to fee your Hawks Mewt full of variety of co- lours : therefore you mutt {peedily prevent enfuing mif{chiefs by giving her Mummy purified and beaten to powder, wrapping it in Cotton. At If the Mewt be more yeow than white, then doth fhe abound with Choler pro- ceeding from great Flights in hot weather, alfo from muchBating. This is remedied by wathing her meat in Buglofs, Endive, Borage; and fuch like cold waters,wringing the faid meat after you have fo wathed it. . | The black Mewt is a moft deadly fign, ‘and if it continue four days fhe will peck over the Pearch and die. If fhe mewt fo but once, there is’ no great danger, for it proceeds either from the Bloud or Guts of the Fowl in tiring, or elfe from being gorged with filthy meats : In this cafe give her good warm meat and Cotton-cafting, with the powder of Cloves, Nutmeg, and Ginger, or Mummy alone. If the Mewt be greev, it isa. bad fign,and denotes her troubled with an infected and corrupt Liver; or with fome ‘Apofteme, unlefs fhe be a Rammage Hawk, and then that fign holds‘not good. Her Cure is, by «feeding her with meat powdered with Mummy ; if fhe will not take it with her Food, then give it herin a Scouring or Cafting : But if this ill-coloured Mewting continue ftill, then give her a Scouring of Agarick, and after thatanother of Incenfe pulverized to. comfort her. : : Thedark fanguine Mewt witha black in it is the moft deadly fign of all, and dif- fers but little, if any thing, from the former blachMewt. ' A Hawk mewting after this manner is irrecoverable, and therefore it isneedlefs to prefcribe a Cure. Laftly, The grey Mewt like four milk isamortal token, yet curable,as fhall be fhewn hereafter. i at Ra Thus you fee how requifite itis for a Falconer to obferve diligently every morning his Hawks Caftings and Mewtings, that knowing thereby their Maladies, he may time- ly find outtheir Remedies. “Letus now proceed totheir particular Difeafes. C Hap. I. hi Of the Cataract. TT He €atarad in the Eyes of a Hawk is a Malady not eafily removed, and fome- times incurable, when it is too thick, and of along contmuance. .._. “Tt proceedeth from grofs Humours in the Head, which frequently do not only dim, but extinguifh the Sight: and’ fometimes the Hood is the caufe of this mifchief. | | . The Cure mutt be effected by Scouring her twoor three days with Aloesor Aga- rick : Then take the powder of wafht Aloes finely beaten one feruple,and two fcruples of Sugar-Candy ; mingle thefe together,and with a quill blow it into your Hawks eye afflited as aforefaid three or four timesa day. This isthe gentleft and moft fovereign medicine of any yet I have tried. | But if this will not do, you muft ufe ftronger medicines, as the juyceof Celandine roots, bathing her Eyes often with warm Rofe- water wherein hath been boyled the feeds of Fengreek. | | CHAP. A Summary of Falconry. Cuar. Il. Of the Pantas or Afthma. therewith. It happens when the Lungs are as it were fo baked by exceflive heat, that the Hawk cannot draw her breath, and when drawn, carinot well emit it again. You may judge of the beginning of this Diftemper bythe Hawks la- bouring much in the Pannel, moving her Train often up and down at each motion of her Pannel: and fhecannot many times mewt or flife, or if fhe do, the drops ‘it faftby her. It is known likewife by your Hawks frequent opening her Clap and Beak. | ; The beft Remedy is, to {cour your Hawk with good Oyl-Olive well wathed in feveral waterstill it become clear and whites, which you muft.do after this manner: Take an earthen pot witha fmall hole inthe bottom thereof, which you mutt ftop with your finger ; then pour therein your Oyl with a quantity of water, and coil thefe together with a {poon till the water grow darkifh, after which remove your finger, and the water willrun out, but the Oy] remain behind floating on the top; thus do feven or eight times, till you have throughly purified the Oy]: Then take a Sheeps Gut above an inch long for a Falcon and Gofhawk, but ofa lefs length for lefler Hawks, and fill it with thisOy], and faften it with thread at both ends. Your Hawk having firft caft, convey this Gut into her Throat, holding her on the Fift till fhe make a Mewt 5 anhour after fhe hath done mewting feed her witha Calves Heart, Ts Pantasisa dangerous Diftemper, and few Hawks efcape which are afflicted ora PulletsLeg, giving herevery third or fourth day a Cotton-cafting with Cubebs and Cloves. ~I thall only add one Receipt more for the Paxtas or Afthwa, and that is the Oy] of {weet Almonds poured into a wafhte.Chickens Gut,and given the Hawk; which is of great efficacy in the cure of this Difeafe. | Of Worms. Here ate a fort of Worms an inch long which frequently afflict Hawks, pro- : ceeding from grofs and vifcous Humours in the Bowels, occafioned through want of natural heat and illdigeftion. ore na You may know when. fhe is troubled with them by her cafting her Gorge, her ftinking Breath, her Trembling and writhing her Train, her croaking in the night; her offering with her Beak at her Breaft or Pannel, and by her Mewt being {mall and unclean. Lae Pine? a ey ey . bah Are You may: cure her of them with a Scouring of wafht Aloes Hepatic, Muftard- feed and Agarick, of each an equal quantity 5 or'the- Powder of Harts-horn. dried 5 orlaftly, a Scouring of white-Dittany, Aloes, Hepatic wafht fouror five times, Cu- bebs, and alittle Saffron wrapt in fome flefh, tocaufeher to take it thebetter., CHarp. VY. Of the Filanders. ‘ the Reins, They are Worms as fmall as aThread, and about an inch long, “and lie wrapt upina thin Skinor Net neatjthe Reins of a Hawk, apart from either Gut or Gorge. : | 4. You thall know when your Hawk is troubled withthem by her poverty, by ruffling her Train, by, {training the, Fift.or Pearch with her, Pounces, and laftly by croaking in the night whenthe Filanders prick her. You muft remedy thisMalady betimes, be- fore thefe Worms have inlarged themfelves from their proper Sagoes roving elie- ~ < “e - . 4 - ! ; eal where to your Hawks ruine and deftruction. | _ . You Res are feveral forts of Filanders; butt hall fpeak but of ole ticking to 434 ) ie the firft place, never give thema + eA Summary of Falconry. You muft not kill them as other Worms, for fear of Impoftumes from cheir outs ruption being incapable to pafs away with the Hawks Mewt ; but onl ‘ftupefie th that they may be offenfive but feldom: And that is done thus; Take : head of Gare lick, taking away the outmoft rind ; then witha Bodkinheated in the fire make holes in fome Cloves, then {teep them in Oyl three days, and after this give her one of the Cloves down her Throat, and for forty days after fhe will not be troubled with the Filanders. Wherefore a Falconer will thew himfelf prudent, if, feeing his Hawk low ee poor, hegive her oncea month a Clove of this Garlick for prevention of the Filandets. CuHuar. VI. Of Hawks Lice. “tHefe Lice do moft infeft the Head, the Ply of a Hawks Wings, and her Train. ; In the Winter you may kill themthus: Take two drachms of Pepper beaten to powder, and mingle it with warm water, and with this Lotion wath the places infefted with thefe Lice or Mites: Then fet your Hawk on a Pearch with her Back and Train againft the Sun; then hold in your hand a {mall ftick about ‘a handful long, with a piece of foft Wax atthe end of it, and with that ( whilft the Hawk is weathering her felf) take away thofe Vermin crawling upon the Feathers: You may do well to addto the Pepper and Water fome Stavefacre. IntheSummer-time you may killthe Lice with Avripigmentune beaten to powder, and {trowed on the places where they lie. * | Cuarv. VII. How to keep and maintain all manner of Hawks in health, good plight, and-liking. -great Gorge, efpecially of grofs meats, as Beef, Pork, and fuch as are hard to beendewed and put over. | Secondly, never feed them with the flefh of any Beaft that hath lately goneto Rutt,for that will infenfibly deftroy them. . Thirdly, if youareconttrained to give your Hawk grofs food, let it be well foaked firft in clean water, and afterwards fufficiently wrung 5 in Summer with cold water, in Winter with luke-warm water. _ Ever obferve to reward your Hawks with fome good live meat, or ¢lfe they will bebrought too low: However by ferving them with wafht meats is the wayto keep them inhealth. ae / I fhall conclude how to keep Hawks in perfect health with this moft excellent Receipt. Take Germander, Pelamountain, Bafil, Grummel-{eed, and Broom- flowers, of each half an ounces Hyflop, Saflifras, Polypodium, and Horfe-mints, of each a quarter of an ounce, and the like of Nutmegs; Cubebs, Borage, Mummy, Mugwort, Sage, andthe four kinds of Mirobolans, of eachhalf an ounce ; of Aloes Succotrine the fifth part of an ounce, and of Saffron one whole ounce. All thefe you mutt pulverize, and every eighth or twelfth day-_give your Hawks the quantity of aBean thereof with their meat. If they willnot take it fo, putit into a Hens Gut tied at both ends, and let them ftand empty an hour after. Cuap. VIII. Of the Formica. His is a Diftemper with commonly feifeth on the hornof Hawks Beaks, which will eat the Beak away ; “And this 1s occafioned by a Worm, as moft menare of opinion. _ You may perceive it by this, the Beak will grow rugged, and it will begin to fepa- rate from the Head. To off Summary of Falconry. Wee Ke. Of the Frownce. He Frownee proceedeth from moift and cold humours which defcend’ from the Hawks Head to the Palate and root of the Tongue, by. means whereof they lofe their appetite, and cannot clofe their: Clap. | This by fomé is called the Eugles-bane 5 for the feldom dieth of age, but of the over-growing of her Beak. i | oe dale ¢ You may know if your Hawk be troubled with this Diftemper by opening her Beak, and feeing whether her Tongue be {woln or no: If it be, thehathic. - There are {everal ways to cure this Diftemper, but the beft that ever yet I could find for itis, only to takethe powder of Allum reduced toa Salve with ftrong Wine= vinegar, and wafh the Hawks mouth therewith. | re HAP. eX z Of the Pip. r“\He Pip frequently troubleth Hawks, as it doth Chickens, and proceedetit from cold and moiftnefsof the Head, or from feeding on grofs meat not well ® —_ wafht in warm water in the Winter, and cold water in the Summer. The Symptoms of this Diftemper: are the Hawks frequent Suiting, and making 4 noife twice or thrice in her Sniting. ieee Ho £27k fo! For the Cure hereof, you muit caft your Hawk gently, and Jook upon the tip of her Tongue, and if you find the Pip there, you muff (cour her with a Pill made of Agarick and Hierapicragiventwo or three days together with her Cafting: at night 5 this will cleanfe her Head, and the foonerif fhe be made to tire again{t the Sunin the morning : Then bind a little Cotton tothe end of a Stick, and dipping it in good Rofe-water wath her Tongue therewith: After this anoint it three or four days witht Oy] of fweet Almonds and Oyl-Olive well wafhed as before faid-Having {o done,you will find the Pip all white and foft: Then take an Awl, and with the Point thereof lift up the Pip {oftly, and remove it, as women pip their Chickens, but remove it not till it be throughly ripe; and wet her Tongue and Palate twice or thrice a day witl the aforefaid Oy], till fhe be throughly cured. | Cuar. XL 3 How to remedy that Hawk which endeweth not, nor putteth over as [he fhowld do. "His happens either by being foul within, or by a Surfeit 5 orelfe when fhewas low and poor her Keeper over-gorged her, by being too hafty to’fet her up, and fhe being weak was not able to put over and endem, and furfeited thereupon. The Cure whereof is this: You muft feed her with light meats, and alittle at once, as with young Rats and Mice, Chickens or Mutton, dipt i Goats milk or otherwile 5 or give her aquarter of a Gorge of the Yolk of an Egg. | | If you feed her with the fleth of any living Fowl, firit fteep it well in the bloud of the fame Fowl, fo fhall your Hawk mount her flefh apace; if you alfo fcour re Kkk 2 with “To remedy this Malady, you muft take the Gallof a Bull, and break it into a dith, and add thereto the powder of Aloes Succotrine: Mingle thefe well together, ‘and | anoint the Clap or Beak of your Hawk therewith, and the very place where the Foy- mica grows, twice aday ; but touch not her Eyes or Nares: continue thus doing tll your Hawk be perfectly cured, andbath her with Orpiment and Pepper to keep her from other Vermin. T 4 Ch Mindy otaliite : Sn Pills Wis de of Lard, Marrow of Beef, Sugar, and Saffron mixt together, and given her three mornings together, giving her alfo a reafonable Gorge two hours after. | | CHa. SIL Flow to make a Hawk feed eagerly that bath loft her Appetite, without bringing her low. | | 7 Hawk may lofe her Appetite by taking. too- great Gorges in the Evening, ‘A “which fhe cannot well endew 3 orby being foul in the Pannel ; or fometimes by Colds. oil S . Toremedy which, take Aloes Succotrina, boil'd Sugar and Beef matrow, of each alike, only lefs of the Aloes,incorporate thefe,and make them into Balls or Pills as big as Beans,and give of them to your Hawk,and hold her in the Sun till the hath caft up the filth and {lime within her, then feed her not till noon, at which time give her good meat 5 and three days after for the fame Difeafe it is good tiring on Stock-doves, {mall Birds, Ratsor Mice. LS ee a Cuarp. XIII. Flow toraife a Hawk that is low and poor. Falconer of fome later lurking Diftemper 3 or by her foaring away, and fo being loft four or five days, in which time finding little or no Prey, fhe be- comes poor and. lean. troget ) _ Fo fet her up you mutt feed her, a little at once, and often, with good meat and of light digeftion, as {mall Birds, Rats, Mice, @e. Or thus: Take two fpoonfuls of Honey, four of frefh Butter, and:-boil them together in a new earthen pot of water ; then take Pork well wafhed, and fteepit inthat water, giving your Hawk a reafona- ble Gorge thereof twicea day, warming the faid water when you intend to feed your . Hawk: And get fome Snails thatbreed in running waters, and give them her in the morning, and they willnot only {cour away the grofs flimy humours which are with- in, but alfo nourifh her exceedingly. Tr Poverty of a Hawk happens feveralways: either by the ignorance of the Flow to remedy a Elawk that is flothful, and is averfe to flying. Hawk frequently hath no mind to fly, either by reafon of her ill keeping, A that is, when fhe is kept by thofe who know not how to give her her Rights, as bouzing, bathing, &c. or becaufethe Hawk is too high and full of greafe, or too poor and low: By the firft fhe becomes proud and coy, and by the latter fo weak that fhe wants {trength and fpirit to perform it. For the curing of which Diftemper, fhe ought to be throughly viewed by fome skilful Falconer, by whom fuch Remedies fhould be adminiftred to her as areneedful forher: But aboveall: there is nothing likegiving herin a morning three or four Pills of Celandine well wafht. CHA P. A Summary of Falconry. — + ~CGuar. XV. | Of Swoln Feet in a Hawk. their Feet in flying their Prey, ftriking it, and taking cold thereupon 3 fome- times for want of rolling or lining the Pearch with {ome foft warm cloth 5 or elf through grofs Humours and Foulnefs within, which through exercife dropdown into their Feet, and fo caufe them to {well ; laftly, this Swelling happens by pricks when they fly fiercely into Bufhes after Game. | : For a Remedy, you mutt {cour your Hawk three mornings together with the Pills of Lard, Marrow, Sugar, and Saffron, and fet her in the Sun; two days after this feed her with good meat 5 then take Bole-Armoniack, and half the quantity of Saz- guis Draconis, and having made them into powder, temper them well together with the whiteof an Egg and Rofe-water, and anoint her Feet twice a day three or four days together, fetting her on fome Cloth to keep her Feet warm. He: have Swelling in their Feet upon feveral accounts: Sometiiries by chafing Cuap. XVI. Flow to {cour Hawks before you caft them into the Mew. % J Hen Mewing time is come, you muft fcour and cleanfe your Hawks; for in WV luring and flying-time by foul feeding they engender Filanders and other Diftempers, whereof they die for want of timely care and cure. The beft way is, ( when you mean to caft a Hawk into the Mew ) firft to {cour her well according to former directions, to cope her, and fet her up well in flefh, to dif charge her, as nearas youcan, of all Difeafes, alfo to free her from Mites and Lice to fet her water, fometimes to feed her with young Rats, Mice, Dogs-flefh, Pigeons, Rabbets, and now and then with fome liquid thing and meats laxative. Take notice of this fpecial Obfervation: A Haggard isnot to be caft in loofe to the Mew, but is to be mewed on the Fift, for otherwife fhe will become too coy and ftrange: Andif fhe fall tobating and beating her felf for heat, then mutt you hood her up, or befpout her with cold water, which is the readieft way to make her leave Bating. ~ You mutt continue her ‘on the Fift till the Pe to fhed her Feathers, then fet her - down and tie her to a Stone or Pearch, as you do the reft; and after fhe hath mewed and comes to fly, then let her ftand ona Block or Billet cafed or rolled. In the fame - manner mew Gofhawks; Tiercels, and Sparrow-hawks; only they will not be born on the Fift, but be at liberty in the Mew, and very cleanly ferved. | Fifteen or twenty days before you draw your Hawk out of the Mew you mutt be- gin to abate her of her diet, the fooner and better to enfeam her. : Many more Difeafes there are incident and Accidents hapning to Hawks, of which with their Cures there are large difcourfes written in Italian, French, and Englifh, and therefore'I thought fit.to infert in this place no other Maladies than what moftufually - occur: If you defire tobe farther fatistied, I fhall refer you to thofe larger Volumes. eAn oe r We ‘tp account of fome Sea-fowl out of the Defcription of the ya Focroe Iflands. ye st N the Defeription of the Feroe Ilands, written by Lucas Pere Debes, I find an account of the manner of breeding and taking of fome Water-fow! deferibed by us, Book 3. Part 3. Sect. 1. Chap. 2, 4,5. and SeG. 3. Chap. 2. which be- caufe it confirms andilluftrates what we have there delivered; I fhall here fub- joyn. “Thenamesby which thefe Birds are known in the Feroe If{lands are the Skrabe, the Lunde, the Lomwifve, and the Sea-Daw. The Skrabe, that is oar Manxk Puffin, comes in February about St. Matthies day, and fareth away about St. Bartholomer tide [| Aug.24."| The Lomwifve, that is our Guillemot ; and Sea-daw, that is our Ra- ab 3 come about St. Gregories tide, [| March 12. Jand fly away at Mary Magdalens uly 22. The Skrabe ‘The aforefaid forts. of Birds lay every one but one Egg, and get but one Young prPuffine every year 5 and though they be thofe that are chiefly fought for, and there be taken of them 1oo0cce every year,there is neverthelefs more of them thanof any other fort ; yea, by the admirable providenceof God, they are fo plentiful, that in clear weather they can darken the fhining of the Sun, as it were with a thick cloud, making fucha terriblenoife with their Wings in flying, that they who hear it, and do not know the caufe thereof, would not think otherwife than that it were Thunder. The Skrabe [ Puffiz’} builds on the Land under the earth; {craping with its Beak and Claws, lying onthe back, ( whence it iscalleda Skrabe ) it diggetha hole in fome places a foot deep, infome other eight or ten foot in feveral turnings, feeking efpe- cially to dig it felf behind a ftone, where it thinketh to lie fecureft. It is very re- markable, that this Birdis the whole day away from its Young and never comes to it but in the night to feed it ; and if it flies not fromits Young at the dawning of the day it {tays with it the whole day over; and then flyeth out to Sea till the other night cometh: And though the Young be fed but oncea day, yet it isfo fat, that no Goofe, though it hath been three weeks fed, can be fatter. Thefe young ones they call Lyers, and by reafon of their fatnefs they do not make prefent ufe’ of them, but {alt them to eat them in Winter, melting their fat, which they burn inLamps. They have totake them out feveral hooks half an EU, or an Ell long, wherewith they pierce them through and draw them out. They donot ufually takethe Damherfelf, except fhe be fometimes hurt with the hook that fhe cannot live. If they cannot get the young one with their hook, or by thrufting their arm into the birds, Neft, by reafon ‘of the many turnings, they dig a holedownto it, asnear as.they can guefs, and then thruft about with their hooks till they can get it: Which hole they muft again {top fo clofe, that not one drop of water can come intoit, for elfe the will forfake her hole, and never come thither more; which otherwife fhe doth every year in the wonted place; fothat the Inhabitants know where under the eafth to find that Birds Nett . yearly. py 17 Reet Lon ae) , » The Lunde The Lunde, fo called allo by Hozer in his Epiftle to Clufivs, and by Clulivs Anas | or Coulterneh. Arctica, by us Conlterneb and Mullet, hatha {trong crooked Beak; fo that if it biteth aman by the hand it teareth’off the flefh. It wageth war with the Raven, that cometh to. take it away and its young ones: It being a wonderful {pectacle to fee theirfight ; for as foon as. the Ravez cometh near, the Lunde catcheth it under the Throat with its Beak, and grafpeth it about the Breaft with its Claws, fo thatthe Ra- ver cannot hurt it, but mutt fly away witha greatcrying. © The Lyade holds it faft in the mean time without letting it go, till they come into the Sea, where {lipping it is drown'd. Yet the Ravew doth often takethe Luzde at unawares, rufheth into its hole, takesandeatsitup. I fufpect there a Jomething of fabulous in this. Narration. The faid Bird,the L#ude, buildeth its Neft fometimes’on the Continent, far from houfes, digging it felf two or three yards, according to'the nature-of the place, un- der ground ; fometimes in Ures ( that are places under high Cliffs, full of great and {mall{tones, that fall from the Cliffs, and by length of time are filled between with earth, and covered with grafs ) inwhich places they dig themfelves into the earth, or build, where thereis no earth, their Nefttnder and between {tones, where they can come to bregd their Young with moft fecurity. The moft part being taken im fuch places, fo ‘ie amanmay often take above a hundred Lavdes in one Ure. Pome of ah gre ! them Ge ' ’ ' : = < Ped | eames 2 ; oe ‘ae ee | | De é a ar ae 3, —e 43 ? them build on the fide of Promontories, where they find great tufts of earth in flat places, and when they fly from their Nefts, they firft make them clean, {craping *all . the dirtand old roots out of the holes, and putting frefh grafs in them again. The +. Landes that maketheir Nefts in the fields aretakenas is {aid aboveof the Skrabe> Bur * ~ for fuch as are under thofe many ftones, they let run unto themfome little Dogs, tifr arefo taught, as to brigg outboth Bird and Egg to their Mafters: But, when the Birds areflown, the men takethem flying 5 whichis done in this manner. They haye along pole, at the end of which there isa Hoop drawn over with a Net, whereof the Mathes are almoft are almoft as big as the quarries of a glafs-window, being like the Net wherwith they take Shrimps in fome places, and this they ca}] a Stang or Staff, with this Staff the Fowler fitteth on the Cliff, or inthe Ures among the great {tdnes, where he knowethmoft Fowl to come, which they call flight-places, and when'the Lunde cometh flying either from or to the Land, he lifts up the Staff andthe Net againft the Fowl, and when he hath got it into the Net, he turneth the Staff about, that itmay entangle it felf the better therein : A man being fometimes able to take two hundred Luzdesin that manner in a very fhort time. | The Lumwifve, that is Hozers Lonmia, and our Guillen: or Skout, layeth her Eggs The Lum- on the bare Pointsand Cliffs of high Recks and Promontories, there lying on thele ¢uy" Cliffs fome hundred Eggs, according as the place is Jarge, but three fingers breadth from one another, and when the Birds fly away the Eggs rowl often downinto the Sea. But laying butoneEgg fhe fitteth ftreight thereon, and continueth {fo a months time, never ftirxing from the place till her youngone be hatcht 5 in the mean time the Cock bringeth her-to eat. They lay in this ‘manner, fitting clofe one to another, Bird by Bird all over the place, fo that the Cliff feemeth quite black , and the young one being hatch’d, fhe remains yet three weeks with it, and then taketh it on her back and carrieth ittoSea. When the Fowler cometh to that place, if there have not often been menthere before, it hapnethfometimes that the old will not leave their young ones, and therefore are taken with the hand as many as they are and killed 5 but where they are grown wild by reafon of mens continual hunting after them, they fly away, the young ones running together in’a flock, and when the Hen cometh again, fhe feeks the fame place where the fate before, and clacketh fo long till her young one cometh to her, being very well able to difcern its own Dam, though they be all fhaped alike, and when fhe giveth her Young toeat fhe putteth her-head back under her Wing, givingitfo to eat backwards. — es The Daw, that is Hoiers Alka and our Awk, (whence I guefs the Author was The Daw or _ miftaken in the name ) hatcheth its young ones in holes and chinks of high Promon- Razor tories. That Hoier was not miftaken in the name of this Bird I conclude, becaufe it iscalled by the véry famename, viz. Avk, in the North of England 3 fo that it is manifeft either our Northern men borrowed it of the Ferroefe, or the Ferroefe of them, it being very unlikely that by chance they fhould impofethe fame name upon it. Butthat ours borrowed thisname of the Ferroefe feems to me more probable be- -eaufe in other partsof Exeland, farther-diftant from the Ferroyer WUlands this Bird is called by other names. And yet poffibly itmay be alfo called a Daw in thofe Iflands, as either itor the Guillem is inCornwall. Why they fhould call it a Daw, I cannot ima- gine nolefs from its bignefs, and the colour of its back. os iis It cannot beexpref{t with what pains and danger they take thefe Birds in thofe high and {teep Cliffs, whereof many are above two bundred fathoms high, there being men apt by nature, and fit for that work, called Fowlers, who take them ufually in twomanners: For either they climb from below up mto thefe high Promontories,that are as{teep.asa wall, orthey let themfelves down into them from above, with athick, {trong, hemp-rope, when they climb from below, they have then a pole five or fix Ells long, withan iron hook at the end, which they that are below in the Boat, oron the Clift, faften unto the mans Girdle, or another Rope thatthe Fowler hath about - him, helping him thus up to the higheft place, where he can get footing: afterwards . they alfo help up another man, & when they are fo feveral come up,every one with his — « Fowling Staff in his hand, and the long Rope between them tied to each others wafte, they climb fo as high as poflibly they can; and where they find difficulty they help each other up by thrufting one another under the breech with their Poles: And-when the firft hath taken footing, he draweth the other up to him by the Rope faftned to’ his watte, and fo they proceed on tillthey come to the place where the Birds'build; * going then after them about the hillas they pleafe, and there being:miany dangerous _ places to climb about, having bound themfelves at the Ropesiend, the one feeketh 2 "a convenient: ie . :e convenient place where he can ftand fure; and hold himfelf faft, whilft the other goeth about thefe dangerous places 5 if it then happen that he chanceth to fall, the “other that ftands firm keeps him up, and helpshim up again: But if he pafleth fafe, he likewife faftneth himfelf till the other hath paffed that dangerous place; and fo they -go about the Clifts after Birdsas they pleafe ; though it often hapneth, the more is the pitty, that when theone doth not ftand faft, or is not {trong enough to hold up the other in his fall, that they both fall down and kill themfelves 5 m which manner fome do perifh every year. | Mr. Peter Claufon in his defcription of Norway writeth, that there was anciently a Law in the Country that whofoever climbed fo on the Clifts, that he fell down and died, if the body was found to be buried, his next Kinfman fhould go the fame Way; but ifhe durft or could not do it,the dead was not then to be buried in San@ified earth, as one that had been too fullof temerity, and was his own bane. But thereis found nothing of that Law now adays. | | When they thenare come, in the manner aforefaid, to the birds, within the Clifts where they feldom come, the Birds are fo tame that they can take them with their hands, for they will hardly leave their young ones; but where they are wild, they either caft the Net over them.on the Clift; and againit thofe that either fly from thence or thereunto, they oppofe the Fowling Staff with its Net, and intangle them therein. In which manner they take a great multitude of Lumwifves, Daws, and Lundes, Inthe mean time there lieth a Boat beneath onthe Sea, wherein they caft their Birdskilled; and in this manner they-can in a fhort time fill a Boat with Fowl. When it is pretty fair weather and there is good Fowling, the Fowlers {tay in the -Clifts feven or eight daystogether, for there are’ here and there holes in the Rocks, wherethey can fafely reft, and they have meat let down to them with a line from the -top of the Mountain. In the mean time fome go every day to them to fetch home what they have taken. __ Some Rocks arefo difficult, that they can in no manner get unto them ftom below, wherefore they feek to come down thereunto from above, which they call to Sie, and isthe fecond manner to purfue birds, being performed in this manner: They have a Rope eighty ora hundred Fathoms long, and three Fingers thick,the Fowler maketh the end thereof faft about his Wafte, and between his Legs, fo that he can fit there- On, and thus is let down, withthe Fowling Staff in his hand; fix men hold by the Ropeand let him eafily down, laying a pieceof wood on the brink -of the Rock, up- on Which.the Rope glideth, that it may not be wornto pieces by the hard and rough edge of theftone: They have befides another fmall Jine that is faftned to the Fowlers -body, on whichhe pulleth, to givethem notice how they fhould let down the great Rope, either lower or higher, or to hold ftill, that he may ftay inthe place whereun- to heis.come; here the man is in great danger, becaufe of the Stones that are loofened from the Clift by {winging of the Rope, which often fall upon his head, and he can- not avoid it, wherefore he hath ufually on his head a Seamans Cap, that is thick and very fhaggy, todefend him in fome meafure from the blows of the Stones, if they be not toobig, otherwife it cofteth him hislife. They put neverthele(s themfelves con- tinually in that danger, for our wretched bodiesfoods fake, hoping in Gods mercy and ' protection, unto which the moft part ofthem do alfo devoutly recommend themfelves, when they gotothat work. Otherwife they. fay there is no other great danger init, but that in it felf itis a toilfomand artificial labour; for he that hath not learned toa be folet down, andis not ufed thereunto, is turned about with the Rope, fo that he groweth giddy and troubled in his head, and can do nothing, but he that hath learn- ed the art takethiy for a {port, knowing how to {wing him(elf onthe Rope, to fet his feet again{tthe Rock, cafting himfelf fome fathoms from thence, whence he fhooteth himfelf again to what place he will, and knoweth where the Birds are; he knoweth alfo to fit on the line inthe Air, and how to hold the fowling Staff in his hand, taking therewith the birdsthat come, or fly away, and when there are holes in the Rock, andit {tretcheth it {elf out, making underneath as a fieling, under which the birds are, he knoweth skilfully (which is the greateft art }) to fhoot himfelf a great way from the Clift, and {wiftly to {wing himfelf under the roof, and there take footing, making himfelf;when he isin thefe holes, loofe of the great Rope, which he faftens to a {tone of the Rock, that it may not flip from him to the outfide of the Clift; and then he goeth aboutin theRock, taking the Fowl either withhis hands, or with the F owling Staff; according to the manner aforefaid; and when he hath killed as many Birdsas he thinketh fit, he tiesthem ina bundle, and faftneth them to the little Rope, gwing a ign | eA Summary of Falconry. fign by pulling, that they fhould draw them up, working thus the whole day: And _ when he will get up, he fittethagain upon the great Rope, giving a new fign that they fhould pull him up, or elfehe worketh himfelfup climbing along the Rope with his Girdle full of Birds, It is alfo ufual that where there is not folks enough to hold the great Rope, the Fowler drivetha poft floaping into the earth, and maketh the © Rope faft thereunto, letting fo himfelf down without any bodies help, to work in the ’ manner aforefaid; fome Rocks are fo formed that one can goin them from the Land, and there he taketh his Comrades with bim, proceeding in the manner aforefaid, each taking as much Fowl, as the Girdle about his Waite can hold, and as much as he can carry in a bundle on hisback, carrying them inthat manner home. There are alfoin {ome places high fteep Clifts, under the Land, that arife above an hundred Fathoms from the Sea, that arealmoft as bad to come unto as the Rocks, whereunto they help alfo one another in the aforefaid manner, taking a {trong Rope with them, which they faften here and there about the Clift, and let it hang there the whole Summer, _ by which they nimbly climb up to take Fow! when they pleafe. Thefe manners are more terrible and dangerous to fee, then to defcribe, {pecially if one confiders the fteepnefs and height of the Rocks, it {eeming not poffible that a man could come tothem, much lefs climb or be let downinto them. They go alfo in fome places where they can only faften the ends of their Toes and Fingers, not fhunning fuch places, though there be a hundred Fathoms height between them and the Sea. It is a dear Meat for thefe poor people, for which they muft venture their Lives fo extremely, and many after long venturing at laft do perifh therein. When that Fowlis brought home, a part thereof is eaten frefh, another part, when there is much taken, being hung up to dry for Winter provifion. The Feathers be- ing gathered to make Merchandize of for other expences. The Inhabitants get a great-many of thofe Fowls as God giveth his bleffing, and fit weather. Yet thisis not every where in the Land, but only in the Iflands that lie towards the Sea, and have great Promontories, as the Northern I[flands, Mygeynefs, - Waagoe, Skuo, the Diemens, and Suderoe. ~ . - And when it isdark Weather, they take moft, for then the Birds {tay in the Rocks, but in clear Weather and hot Sun-fhine they feek the Sea, and againft their flying away, they keep themfelves moft there, fittmg on the Clifts towards the Sea fide, where people go alfo fometimes to them with Boats, and take them with Fowling Staves. LI THE ri : ath pele ies Pho os rs ang 6 Ad 7 : AC ran 18 hele ed et iat Hon ty Mane Sis af Yi 27/36 eas ta” tail a iw aghs | edt oats “oe: ats Sh at rash ve = ative? Oy bce: pedis le am ct orth Re Digioidh +2 dag , noriad igilidae heh gits x 4 rit “wd oi . YF sc B y aa 5 ote moh are ra irene Yh eidichses si? OL IORE a ao ie vlantss, +95 ieaan bi: amen tdguord el: oF arle eri VP : a= ORs come - 2. | 8 any Re 4, aie itsegts ; 90 BNE ‘ $3 2 HIB Sis uti +e Bes See ee ang g at pest EN A Acacalotl Achalaladli . Acitli, a fort of Douker Acolchichi — Acolin, or Water-Quail Acototloguichitl Aguapocaca, a fort of Water-her A Cacacaboadly, or the hoarfe bird Ataia, the Brafilian Spoon-bill Ax Alp or Bulfinch Alluco, a kind of Owl Awadavad bird Amialozque Anhima,aBrafilian Bird Anhinga, a Brafilian Diver Aracari, a Brafilian Woodpecker, Artenna, Diomedean bird . Atinga guacn mucu Attagen, a kind of Heathcock, The Auk or Razor-bill Avofetia- - rav. Orubu. BY a fort of Caduat ) Barley-bird, i. e. Siskin Barnfiard 339 Ee 387,393 388 317 289 247. 1.44. 104. T.13 266.1.46 | 390 2761.47 ‘) 332.1.72 140.1.22 332 198.1.38 174.1 .31 223.1.64 (321.160 292 (2h1 | 5 Beccofigo or Fig-eater, 216,226,227.17-23,41 Bee-eater 147,148. 1.24 Berzacle ov Clakis Sieg 359 Bill-cock or Water-Rail ‘ind Bitour or Bittern 282.T.50,52 Blackbird - 190 Black-cap : 226. T.4i Brafilian Blackbird 193 Red-breafted Indian Blackbird 194 Blue-bird - 192 Boarina > ~ 257 Brawbling 254. T.45 Great pied Branbling - 255:1.77 Brent-goofe 359. 1.69 Bulfinch-- 247. T 44 _ American Bulfinch Ibid. Bunting . 267.1 .40 Buftard: he 178. T.32 Butcher-Bird the greater wise 2.10: _. The leffer 88.T.10 Bald Buzzard 69.1.6 Common Buzzard 9c. T.6 Honey Buzzard lath F2cKk.2) Moor Buzzard 75. 1:7 Sri DEX. Cc Page 388 Abure, a Brafiliaz Owl “ oniin2g6 Calandra, a kind of Lark 390 |Canary-bird Canne-petiere Capon Caracaraor Brajilian Kite Cardinal bird, vide Virginian Nightingale. Cariama Caryccataées or Nut-breaker Caffomary Catarrata Cenconilatolli Cenotzqui Ceoan Cepphws Chaffinch Chatterer of Bohemia Chicuat li Cinclus Citril Corni{h Chough Churn-owl Cirlus fiultus Clakis or Berzaclé Cock! Cock of the Wood Cocoi, a kind of Herow Cocotzin, vide Barbados Turtle Coddymoddy Colivicuiltic Coldfinch Coliz Cole-noufe Coot Cormorant Cornet-Duck Coulterneb Coyalcozque Cozeaquantli Water-crake Crane Balearick Crane Indian Crane Crex . Creeper. : Wall-creeper or Spider-catccer Crofs-bill Crow. Royton Crow Cuckow Culver or Dove Fx , Llla 107 208 262..1.46 179 154 76. 1.9 276. 1.51 132. T.20 151. T.25 349. 1.67 394 124.T.18,77 97. 1.10,77 180 Curicaca, a “The INDEX. Curicaca, a Brafilian Curlers 295. 1.54 | Emew or Caffowary a51.1.25 Curlew _ -294.7.54.| Erand-gaas 295 Indian Curler 296 AN _ Stone Curlew 306. 1.58,77 F Curucui 140. 1.22 Curwillet 302| FAlcinellus 295. T.54 Cyprus bird 227 Falcon Gentle 79 Ger-falcon and ferkin 78.7.3 D Haggard Falcon 80. T.2 | Red Indian Falcou or. T.9 Aie 385 | Crefied Indian Falcon 99 S £ Daker-hen or Rail 170. T.29 | Mountain Falcon 78.T.9 Didapper or Dobchick 340. 1.63 | Peregrine Falcon 76.7.8 American Diver 1.42| Red Falcon 8r Duu- Diver 333. 1.64 | Stone Falco 80 Black-Diver 366 | Tree Falcon Ibid. Lefer crefied Diver T.64 | Tunis or Barbary Falcon Sr Dodo or Dronte 153. 1.27| White Falcon 80 Dottrel 309. 1.55,57 | Fallow-{mich 233. T.4r Sea-Dottrel 311. 1.58 | Prancolinus 174.7.31 Doucker 338.1 .59 | Pieldfare or Feldefare 188.T.37 Great crefted Doucker 339 | Mountain Finch or Brambling 255 Grefled Mexican Doucker Ibid. | Chaff-Finch 253. 7.45 Crefted and horned Doucker 340. 1.61.|Gold-Finch 256. 1.46 Small Doucker, vide Didapper. — - | Green Finch 246. T.44 Greateft fpeckled Doucker © 241. 1.62 | Flammant or Phenicopter 320.T.60 Gefuers greateft Doucker 342. 7.61 | Flufver . 88.T.10 Wormius's Northern Doucker + ~ ~343.T.62 | Francoliz T.35 Dove or Pigeon 180,181, &e. T.33,34 | Greenland Dove . 326 G Drake 261 uck “Ibid. Adwall or Gray 374. 7.72 Black Duck of Aldrovand . 36870 Gambetta 300 Burrow Duck Ibid. T.70 | Gannet | 348. 7.67 St. Cuthberts Duck 362.1.76 | Garganey 377.1.74 Red-headed Duck the greater 364. 1.72 | Garragay 391 The leffer , 367. 1.73 | Giarola 209 Mofcovy Duck, 381.7T.75 | Gill-hooter or Owl 99,&c. Cairo Duck of Aldrovand 381 | Glareana 215 Gefners Indian Duck Glead or Kite ) 74. 7.6 African Duck or Guiny Duck, 381 | Goat/ucker or Churn-orl 107. T.14 Scaup Duck, 265 | Godwit 292. 1.53 Sharp-tail’d Duck of Wland 364.| Goldex-eye 368. T.72 Common fharp-tail'd Duck, 376.1.73 | Goldfinch 256. 7.46 © Common tame Duck 380. T.75 | Goligod, i.e. Sea-Lark. . 3rr Common wild Duck, 371. 1.72 | Tame Goofe : 358. 7.75 Hook-bill’d Duck. _381.T.75 | Wild Goole | Ibid. T.69 Tufted Duck, 365. 1.73 | Brent Goofe 360. T.66 Bellonius bis Field Duck 179.| Swan Goofe Ibid. T.71 Brafilian wild Ducks 378, 379 | Canada Goafe 361. 1.70 Dunliz 305 | Gambo Goofe 360. 7.71 Rat or Road-Goofe - 361.7.76 E Goofander - 333.7.64 Gor-cock, euTT? Lack Eagle 61. ¥.2.| Gofhawk. 85.1.3, and § B Crefted Brafilian Eagle 63. T.4| Green-finch 246. 1.44 Golden Eagle 58. T.1\ Griffon a fabulous bird omitted. Sea Eagle 59. T.1| Grinetta 315 Vuliurine Eagle 64.'1.4| Grifola 21T White-tail'd Eagle 61| Grosbeak, 244. 7.44 Eider, a fort of Duck 362| Grous or Heatheock, 173.T.3% -. Elk, i.e. wild Swan 356. 1.69| Gara 296.T.54 Guarauna The INDEX. Guarauna 292. 1.53 | Hooper, i. e. wild Swan Guillem and Guillemot 324.165 | Hoop or Hoopoe Guiny Hex 162.1.26,27 | Hortulane Guira acangatara — ‘140. 1.22 | Howlet, vide Owl Guira cereba 239 | Humming bird Guira guacuberaba Ibid. T.41 Guira guainumbi 148. T.24 | Guira querea 108. 1.14 : Guira perea , | 256 1 ie or Negro Guira punga 199. 1.38| J Jabiru guacn Guira nheemgheta . Jacamaciri Guirarunbeemgeta - 235 | Facana Guiraienoia 241 | Jacariné Guira tinga 285 | fackdaw Guiratangeima — 141. 1.23 | Jacupema Guira tirica, American Bulfinch 247 | Fagnacati guacn Guiteuit 385 | Jamacaii Greateft black and white Gull 344. 1.67.| fapacani Herring-Gull 345 | loijau, 2 Brafilian Goatfucker Afh-coloured Gull 346.1.66,67 | Lbis of Bellonius BeVonius his white Gull 348 | Fay Great grey Gul ~ 349. T.66 | ferfalcon Aldrovands greater Gull 351 | ferkin ‘ Brafilian Gull 352 | Ipeca guacn, a Brafilzan Duck, Cloven-footed Gulls 354. 1.68 | Ipecati apoa Ipecn H | Fudcock or Fack-fazpe a funco Affhert of Hoier 395 | fupujuba H Hang-neft of America 141. T.23,77 Havelda, a kind of Duck, 264 K Harpye, a fabulous bird omitted. | Hawk ace 68 | 7 Eftrel or Stonegall Havw-finch 244. 1.44 K Kingfifher Long-winged Hawks — 69, Ke. | Kite Short-winged Hawks | 85 | Brafilian Kate Hazel-Hez 175-1.31| Kvot Heathcock, 173.1.31 Heatototl 339 L Hedge-Sparrow 215 Helfingagaas 395 And- Hen . Hee oe 154. 1.26 Lanner and Lanneret Indian Hen 161. 1.28 | Lapwing ~ Mozambique Hens 387 | Lark Hen-harrier 72.1.7 | Skie-Lark Heroie common afh-coloured 277. 1.49 | Wood-Lark - Leffer afh-coloured 279. 1.49 |Crefted Lark, Greater white - 279. T.49 | Sea-Lark Leffer white 280] Titlark Red-leg’d 282. 1.50) Laughing Bird ~ Bow-bill’d _ Ibid. T.50 | Common Linnet Speckled or red 283 | Red-headed Linnet — - — Brafilian 265. 1.51 | Mountain Linnet Heyhoe £ 135. 1.21 | Loox vide Doucker Hickwall 138.7.21| Lxmme of Wormius Himantopus 297. 1.54 _ Hirneryl or Serin 265. 1.46 M - Hoadli 289 . / _ Hoattoz 3291| RB. A Accaws of feveral forts - Hoakzin ~ 389 M pies Hobby 83.7.7 | Magpie or Pianes Hoitlallorl 393 | Maguars 356. 1.69 145. 1.24 270. 1.40 99, &e. 230.144 275. 1.47 276. 1.47 139.1.22 317.1.59 258 125. 1.19 165. 1.28 147. T.24 239. T.42 240 108. T.14 288. T.49 130. T.19 78.7.8 Ibid. 383. 7.62 379. 1.75 138. 7.22 201 313. 1.58 142. 1.23 208.T.40 310. 1.57,58 206,207 387 258..1.46 260. T.46 26% T.61 T.63 410,111. 1.13 163.1.26 427. T.1g9 287 Maia “The INDEX. > * Maia 386 a Marague 334. i 4 : Ps wins ea= Mall ,™ Sia 4 Br of Paradife 90,91,&e, T. II 97 Warece 279 White crefted Parrot 112, T. on. ‘Bank Martin 213. 1.39:| Common green Parrot . 113. 7.16 Martin or-Marilet 213. 1.39 | Parrots of feveral forts 113,114,8&c.T.26 - . Black, Martin 214. 1.14,39 | Parrakects 115, &c. T.16 Matiageffe, vide Great Butcher-bird Partridge common 166. a Z Matknelizel 304. 1.56 Br aflian Motuitui 199. T.38 Datafcus Ibid. and 178. dese By Mavis or Throftle 188..1.37 Red-leg'd 167..T.29 Mergus Rheni 337 White 176. 1.32 Merliz oe 85.1.3 Peacock 158.727 Sea-Mew, vide Gull. NE ee bt i 322. 7.65 Mire-crom, vide Pewit. Pelecan’ 327.T6 2 Mire-drun, vide Bittour Pettichaps 216 Miffel-bird or Thrufh 187.1.36 | Petronia marina 267 Matz 160. 1.28 | Pewit 347..T.66 Maitnporanga Ibid. T.28 | Pheafant. , 163.T.28 Gndian Mockbird 193 Sea-P heafant 376. 7.73 Momot 386 | Phenix,.a fabulous bird omitted, Moreher 212. 1.58 Phenicopter 390 Moretitling 235. T.41 | Pie 127.T.19 Morilloz 268 Sea-Pie 297; ys ¥F: ed Morphaos, a kind of Eagle 63. 1.2 Brafilian Pie 8. T.20 Moucherolle 217 Perfian Pie 132 Muggent ‘27% | Pranet, vide Pie. Munre 3223.17.65 Picicitli Bo 4 ar "| Picuipmnima, a Brafilian Rae M Pigeons wild aud tame 180, 181,&e. yr. 33524 ) Pitanga guacu. : 198. £138 1 Ightingale 220, Tas | Great Pluver or Khe 298. Tiss: N Virginian Nightingale 255.7 .44 Green Plover 308. T.57 Night-raven 279. 1.49 Gry Piotr 309. T.57 Notina, a kind of Owl 106,107. T.13 | Batard Plover, vide Lapwing, Bee White Nu 237 \Pochard or Poker 367: T.72 Naz, i-¢. Blue Titmoufe . 242 Porphyrio. Liesdgn Gt Nuthatch 142, 1.23 aie 325. T. 65 Nhanuduguacu, vide Oftrich. | anks P uff 333 ; : ag ___| Purre, i.e. Stint 305 Bie O Puttockor Buzzard 70.1.6 ou . | Pygard or white-tail’d Eagle | 61 \5 rey or Sea-Eagle Sod Tt : ( Olfaace Ibid. ‘Ter IES a i oR Re meee Water-Onzel Abid. T.2g ( yOrehalto - 319 Rofe-Ouzel 194| % Quapachtototl 387 Ring-Ouzel 194: Las ree: i 60. T.29 — RackOuzel 19 sst97- 138 Indian Quail -1973.T.29 . Great Fagle-Owl i 99.T.12 | Léatotoni _ . ~' 3go dorz-Ovl - ToO.101. Tit, | A Quel vide Ring-dove. a ae or Ivy Owl oun, 102sT 04 Ructealtototl ‘ wd 20 rey Onl ; I 03. T. 13 . White.or Church Owl . Oe | i R LittleOwl 105. 1.13 as. Screetch Owl, 102. 1.14 |- ) Abihorcado 3951.77 ’Fern-Owl. vide Goat Sucker Rail 170.29 Ox-eye 240 Water-Rail 314: Ty58 | Ox-eye-Creeper, vide Creeper. Rain-fowl 135. 1.21 ih Sey | Raven 121. 7.18 . | Water-Ravenx 196 Ihdian . The I N D E x: Indian Rawen , 126. T.1 7 Sioo bal! 288. Tis Horuéd Raveu -127.7.17 | Squaiotta, a hind of Herve 281.T.50 Ruzor-bell or Awk, 323. 1.65 | Stannel or Kefirel 84. T.5 Red-game 177 | Stare or Starling | 196. 1.37 Redjhank, 299. 1.55 | Indian Stare Ibid. 1.38 Redftart the greater 197. 17.36 | Stella T.32 _ The leffer 218. 7.39 | Stint _ 305. 1.58 Redwing or Swinepipe 189 | Stock Dove | Geen ei Reed-Sparrow the gréater 143 | Stonechatter or StonesSmich 235.1.41 | The lefer 144,269 | Stopparola 210 Rbinocerot-bird 127: T.17 | Stork 286. T.52 Ring-dove . 185.1.35 | Black Stork Ibid. T.52 Ring-tail © 98.7.7 | American Stork 487 Robin-red-breaft 219:1.39 | Stormfinch 295 Rock-Pigeou 186 | Strapazino 233 Roller 131.T.20 | Sula 331 Rook 123.T.18 | Sw tow 211.1.39 Roth bein leiz T.42 Houfe-Swallow 212. 1.39 Rotkuufel 304.T.56 | Sea-Swallow 214, 352.1.68 Ruff and Reeve 302. 1.56 | American Swallow 214 Velvet Runner 215 | China Swallow | 215 Swan tame 355.1 .69 son S Wald 356. 1.69 | Swift or black Martiz 214, [14 Acre | Saee: Set Pts vide Redwing. _» Sand Martin 214. 1.39 Sanderling 303 | T Sand-piper Bor. 1235 | nb ¢ Scare-crow 353. 1.68 Atmatia 190.F.59 ‘ Scurvogel or Fabirie 276. 1.47 Tangara 243,244 Sayacn 256 Tarrock 246.1.68 Scoter 366. 1.74 | Leal 377. 1.74 Serinz 265..1.46 | S#mmer Teal 378. 1.76 Sguacco 281 | Leite: 266. Shag 332.7 .63 | Levepatlahoac 387 Sheld-dapple 248. 7.44 | Lerz 351 Sheldrake 363. T.70,71 Lhe -finch, vide Goldfinch. = Shore-bird 1. €. Sand- Martin. - «=. | Throftle or Mavis . 188. T 37 Shoveler 370.1.74.| Thrufh - 186,&c.1.3 7,37 Shrike, vide Butcher-bird. | Song-Thruh, vide Mavis. Shrite, vide Mifel-bird. | Wine Thrufh, vide Redwing. Siskin 261. 1.46 | Tijeguace 218 Smew 337. 1.64 | Tijeguacn paroara 256. 1.41,45 Hoiers Skua 348.7 .67 | Lijepiranga 251 Soco, a kind of Heroz 284. 1.51 | Litwonfe 240. 1.43 Swipe 291. 1.53 | Marfh Titmouje 241. 1.43 Fack-Suipe Ibid. | Blue Titmoufe sho, Bias Sxow-bird 394 | Crefted Titmonfe Ibid. T.43 Soland Goofe 328. 1.63 | Long-tail' d Titmonfe Ibid. T.43 Sparlin Fowl — 335 | Wood Titmonfe 243 ‘Sparrow-Hawk,. 36.7.5 | Totano ~ 299 Houfe-Sparrow | 249.1 .44 | Tlauchechul 289 Long-tail'd Indian Sparrow . T.45 | Lleuquecholtotot! a ~ 300 Foolifh Bononian Sparrow Ibid. T.4.5 | Topan 127. 1.17. Foolifh Sparrow 385 | Lotoqueftal 20> Solitary Sparrow 191.1.36,37 | Toucan, or Brafthan Pie 128.T.20 Brafilian Sparrow . 253 | Tringa 300. T.56 Reed-Sparrow “ 269 | Trochilws 321. T.60 Water-Sparrow 288 | Tropic bird 331. 0.75 _ Sparrows of feveral forts 9250,251 xc. 1.45 | Tuputa Aub \ egee Spipoletta 4 209 | Turkey: | : 159. 1.27 Spipele *, ~ 210 | Tura- aes 7 3 i 3tt Turtle- Turtle-dove Judian Turtle Leaft Barbados Turtle Sea Turtle Tzinitzian The INDEX. White-throat Vv Woodpecker great black, Green Erminous bird or Tuputa 386 Greater fpotted Orubitinga ° 64 Leffer {potted Orubu 68.1.3 Mexican Orutaurana,vide crefied Eagle 63.1.4 Perfian Vultures of feveral forts 66.1.4 | Wood-Pigeor Brafilian Vulture 68. T. 3 |Wren Goldez-crown'd Wren W Wren without a creft Wryneck Agel 349 Wagtail white 237. 1.42 Xx Yellow 238. £.68 : Grey Ibid. Ochitenacatl Wall-creeper 143. 1.23 Xomotl Water-hens feveral forts 312,313,&c, 1.58 Wheat-ear, i.e. Fallow Smich 233. T.41 Y 5 ee vide Wigeor 375 ee Whimbrel i 2 lyaubquitototl. Whin-chat ; oe oY yeh or Larwip White game 176. T. 3 32 Yellowbanrmer White Nun | 337 | Xetadzon Yayauhqui. White-tail 233,7.41 |: zquaubtlé ie. FINIS.: 375.7672 236 217 250. 137,198, 7.36338 489. T.53 135. T.21 Ibid. T.21 137. 1.21 138. T.25. 390 ’ ' Chrysastas Gesneri. The | Golden Fag le. Haliactus Clufij OfssfragaAldrou. The SeaEagle or Ofprcy. a TAB.1. TAB. I. . Melanachus SuAquilaValeriaAldrov. The Black E agle. | = 2= CEFF. QR TAB. iff. wm Accipiter -Pabihbarius a Gofhawk,. Ml hat i hi wi ey i TT. Wl int ny iwi WN > Wi Bt iW " a 4 \W \" { \ ha wal nw \ \ we i \ OG Nw gl \ Why \. " \ Liat y\ \ 1 {dual yu!” Wy | ro Vrubu Marggrau . re ; Ness a \ ine wil f ht Wi \\ (iN wnt re I \ Me \ he, A ea Sea ‘ ms / a Merlin . vk Bua 70 Apinorus - The Honey Buzzard. "TAB, TV Viltur. a . utaurana Marygt a Js Vv Co Wil i ir —$ > az 7. AUTEL Vultur Se! Tianuwiculis TheKestrell yy)))inn im = Di sung Ww A, ceipiter “Plumbart Wis = ; The We On as | } » Balbus ardus Anglorum _ of iarty / ee - Anataria fiw M orphnos a . The Bald Buzzard. | Wi Cage Butzo. The Buzzar 2 wy ——— iT SSeS \ AN is. We = a saat Ly wil LY i if 1 I¥3 Dr a petty if ion Seal isstineraali AS AK hy SA af v ai = —= 7 SOG —S oo rs Wi S aN N . wa N}Vy AWA Ms, Vy . * ae he a ait har, = cA aie i a ——— fa Soe Corm=x cinerea. The RoystonCiow. £ _—— oe Dine a TAB XIX. or Piatet . Qy SA dagpte The . is z Diels PAVLaA feu cauduta si Coractas Aldve Cornuth Choush ot The Ci gs (Ey) londatin: ¢ Lcd &f i = - 4 . TAB, AX : Garriuhis Arg entoratenfis: ." The Roller. bos qxein SSS —, = — Pica ‘Braft tenfis Toucan. ager Picus maximus niger el dil The great black Woodpecker ; ® 1 Fad \\Pleus viridis << Gy Caput Pici difsec- aX —w = Br aput LCL ¢ ifs ec \The common green Woodpeck. = 2 ho Cheat, ‘or Woodsprte , Picus varius munor The lefser Spotted Woo Ipecker : - Preus varius major The greater spotted , S < Woodpecker * - zax90 dp oo, x popods wayp9ae PeRo4S 25/2} 2uT PUM SIA SHO lef . mt . ¥ “tu ny ; | ‘ 7 . j 55. —r _ teepimct * : a : F : | 4 i aay2edpoowy yourg quaib ayy % » ) > ; x /t yee : ‘ i y > of Ai A leo ena | pre rag ad t2LE ATEMIND Lt kee i : re rae 6g iy ‘4 F -atare a> > gate fs p b ; tole Ut SHRIDE - S34 es a | | 1 Rep - ie Smee & -* ee ie/ bd v 7 ~ ’ * i iat i A 5 i . ; . « ’ ‘ 7 = ‘ Fy : af * v4 La - “ wits ’ ae | 2 > ¢ ‘ - a =. id le Lynx live Tergulla . : ee * | | fhe wryneck - : STEN OSS SS < SWS Curucut Neargg “a. \) is \} ail Marggrav AracarMaggr der pic O17 Ft dy) by, \ "OD. mupuber ~ 1 Je x : SQ Sis 8 = \\\ eS a eS SP \ WS & Ss , fas eS) = >= \ 4 \ GS SS \ 0 ~ oS SR i = > ~ ee ey > & por Na 28S SA Le QQ s) = 2G = 3 3 — fed ch || ILA GP EAN i Et lA Cii'Z i. Vv SAWN Fh i 3 FAs ZINN Z m) z re? Vv LidFee tarygoumn. yap be ny wy Ficvedula. cannabina . The atchev. Cc spel a cn Cree: ~ \y Lhe Ox TAB.XXIV AMterula aquatica T he Water Ouzell. | / te sei Upupa it Ny ui) Che Hooper } = LF a 2 ! ———— wee — a 0 SSS SSS SP ra Gs e : Js pda. Che King fifher. > (She Beezezater. 4 . . dy az guauunibht, ’ fa a=} Sa “| sys Oe al 4 8) . we cS truthio camels She Os troch. " \ \ i N\ i] ——— = Ss i LAA —— 5 = — — f & LEU She 6 af's ow ary, Lane \ \\\ \Y \\ \ AN a i Paha By anny ut H } + i = { eet i asa Sey ae PEERS) 4 moe x = Nae SV y= ie et wy aes yl eS SSS = Rene Panel - et ia atel SES SSNS Ss - as FS ee i whine SS asta Shae i "rae Lae 2 ES mn PF) Wats sae ear } — = =e Soy - DO 5 ans BRM TEs = tin a r PE rt ( a

Columba guitarosa Columba hirsutss peathus- Pe rough-footed ove. bs Cropper dove -' f ? ¥ , . 4 , . — » Columba tabellana - Columba Numidica seu Cypria We Carrier-Pigeon E a Barhary Pigeon . INV “iy AK MG + Columba domestica mazar. Columba tremula lati cauda ef broad-taild Shaker. mr, SE ue Sy in ae: par Turtur The Turtle Dove TwrtuIndicus } ; Aldroy j The Indian Tittle fy tet TAB. XXXV¥F. T1 urtiur minimus Barbadenfrs. at he leaft Barbados Turtle ' top yt ae oe 3) Curdas vy. AVOTUS (The Mifsel-bird. Merula Gi he Black-bird. Pafs er | Solitar 11h : \ Che Sohta- sal ry S parrow ji i} Hilt ihe i hy Wh a hin dt i Hi re us Aherula Saxatilis . The greater Pe Redstart = oe Turdus pilaris. eh ‘ The Fieldfare. Wy ANINS Sei ueSoaetaaie de TA BXXXVIll A pile claxattlir 7 es Resp Ouzell. Stans Indicus twit Bonty. "The Indian tare Ortoluas ofeu | | Gitlbiler | i i f tangag lac, arggr. h i : i K if} | Yy) ! : Yj f ] ; iY \ ' | { | 7” D} I i} A tmga guacl mucu Marg 2 | | gtaw. . aie ; => 2 == a 3 ; SSeS Ss a aS 25 ie xf * : 2 na, a Pea a Swallow. om. & = | 7 : 2 a rian ee ee 4 5 RQ | ar | | S ; : ee tL a do agre axvtai or ado apus: The black or) Hirun TheM Hin S LAB ee, Emberiza Flava ; . « Me Yello whamee|ter ~ | ZZ Uy , : My) om jij Emberiza atha ' The Bunting — Mauda vulgares The Condon Lark . r AN We Tottovilla. Olinee The wood. Lark E Alauda ors tata imuyor , The crested Lark . perrinneet es Kinscinia " The AN ightangale : a7 ae (G yequacup ATO AT a Mtarggr. Mufcpeta ie Oenanthe teria. Che Stone- chatter "TAB. XLL. : Atricap lla ‘ The Black-cap ; Ovenanthe fwe *ibflora The wmhite-tal , NS rt - * PALLLE 4 eee eS Regulus crustatus - “The copped WIC. ae Balter troglodytes. The wre. Ourrfsra fe Tomincs . — Aili 4 i by Uff Z Y) EO, SJ Mergtus Amert =CAOTULS - — Wotactlla alba’ The white water may- ; cee 7 a . wanumbe TheHumm “ily bord 3 amacau Marg —— ed J ; . Ae “TAB. XLIB . \“ \\\, (Parus Lor lou Frunaillaco SQ 2 AES aT Pa ‘ WN The Great Titmouse ov “a 4 . 5 i On = Oy Dirus ater Misty diet \s Tie Colemoufe - \ i WY WA QA Vw e SL S = SAS Rurus caruleus Thellow Titmouse orNiun. * == a Puwus crustatus The crested Titmoufe SAIS a iN \\ AN | Purr caudatis ~ The long lal dT. tmoufe Aig TAB. XLUIL Go coouiva ustesIn dica cristata . The Virguuan Night mg ale. — Coccethraustes. _ The Grofbeak or Hav: TAB.XLYV, ; Pafrer or Altus Olin. The Foolish a. - Palrermontans. The mountame parr ow S&S Yy Mp Vie Z 4 LY (e WS CPalver Indicus Macro uus Aldr. e Long-taild Indian CSfparrom p Frnglla The Cc haffinch ‘ ci Mor tif id ella The Brambling FF H , Vitit . fr ydh A OAR TAB. XLVI. che » Carduclus . \\ d fin (oul The afer A ep 9] Bu Cana Canary Bi qi MY) The ——— SSS ip Paloer CSTL - ~ . N J rents Y se TheAnadavad Bird. ee Linarta. The Laayret Alaa tee NS an we ——_ TAB.XIVI. . 5 ‘ \ Sab La: Maury GTi. Oo 1 -/ a Lira Wiaew o) CUT e G ell Ez Belg ' otnhama lary . | QT ay. “ Vj ENN , it Zs, ey Jabiru roftrum Thidis false dictum © a ges ihe & Apera arteriain «> | tern ugrefia & \ WS a.Caput b. dmaricatio li } it iy f nl Hi \ MAL \ LAB XLIX FLUO "Ctl: Thus Bellon dea cute! Api Ou hleees ‘ , aes i, Ss = SS cu wy : S 5 1 : * s % ie 5 xy = = ~ 3 7 ra 4) Sos 8 5 , SS Sp SS ed aS SA > © = a) ees SS » a sir 2) ic re = P ha SS ina =~ >. wi Be ~ => hae & “+ Te i “4 ; TAB Ard ae. ofielarin: ~ TheB uteri. Ss, OCO Marggrav O » -Ardeola Brafili- enfi,s’ M arg. , € Cariama Brafili- enfis Maro. : Cn OREO Fulica Major The eee. ates Cae SSSI - i t o ey, TAB LIL Gena alba The chtork. Cicoma ngra. ~The Black fterk . (Platen feu AL » bardeola- — Theolpoon bill _ \ Ardea Jtellaris - The Bittern - ,, TAB. LiL. Scolds ax. The oddcock. 7 BES Hy) ce tanus . sy é Ga a 1UtLor’ Thecfnupe. 12) ~ Fedoa alteva The Yarwhelp as ty oa Pi Arguata . ‘The Guclew : Hii) Falcmellus Mr. i SSS ——— ——S— =— — ——— Fos SSeS = ————— SEB at we oe . Glo His fou Pluviales | mayor Ald. e ; | 1 ‘ t { a allinula erythropus | : 714/07". | The Redshank - | } | i Morerellur. ) The Dottrell . : q 4 . } ‘eg : : | | Rothnufrel. te . an Avis pugnax "fon! r \ } i 17 ra j | Mi Tine Aazot. Mi, Mth inl My a \, " ti " i “nga ' in ON : - “ = 9 f 5 = : A Ruffe ; } : TheReeve . ~— Plumcalis veridis Ke The green Plover. NG Wp 4) j Wann , J x Wnty w + SP ciliyr eneeeean The grey Plover. Zorurellus — OcedienemusThe ohne Curlen fe : } é .™ Morinellur marinus The Si ea-D ottrell . (allinula chloro pus iy The ‘waterhar or | more . sain’ Hi yl) ~—— Peléopur Gallimla. 1114101. Ralls aguat . i CALS - Thewater R at. i ' {i i i it i ; Ny \ N \ Wj if oa u i ba ah 1, | gti tinh “er, ~ Recurvivostia A. vofetta Ttralorin . oe 0 4 CZ, Fs i Wee Le ye Pe : Trochilus Aldi Uy Wy yf 7 qpterits The Flammnant “me Phearc : —s Colymbus cristatus. The crefted Diver or Loon. A\ Ys A i a} Hi fen Didapper or Dobchick. Go bymbus fe eu Fo dinyy cs CINereuUs. ‘The afh-colowred Ea On. ty Lh) Sey oA 4 a if hte Ae TAB. XI. ual | ; Ca lymb us AX WAS stellatus ‘lt a he greateft Speckled Dwer or Loon = Z Yi HANH {int : || Ae ie ae i) ’ \ \ \ NN Os crurts Lolymbe Che Leg hone of a Diver Co lymbus Archicus Aumme L WwW didus 10 orm. Ipeva Girne. Corvus aquatics. The Cormerant. iy = = yy, Ono crotalus. The Pelecane. fA} SSS The Soland Goose. Ani erBa [5 ars’. le ; Nas A lea Ho tl | The Auk or Rafor- : Bull Mere us cir rats mue_eor. a i Merganser. The Y ooranden. HN iN +a \ ee re PAS Gosia Tae Ean: wi ea = ah ==> = =— = —— ro - Alka Hoieri. Ri: ¢ The Razor-bill orAu ao: SS = ee _t rere The Guillemot. r- : = Gs we So _— iy = ai . . Lomnia Hoier:. _ Larus en Re hybernus. The €o dily moddy n Lf CUS gy : S > ~ > ~~ I % ~ > i 5B | it ‘hy | Si J Gull’. i se Lartie albo-cinercus toryue Ne "ha yl | i 7 HS in mew, CHULICO Larus cyrereus vostro & potbue rubricthe. Powik. * reeds cama taa Ne ietenial fe” ae i fa rele No fies sat Pah ae 4 i D pee Larus MULJON CULCHCLIE Balt. } by Catarralba A, ldroy : H i Miyyl! 4 Mies Lal | vere Mutt ) ar je nia ae ‘TAB. E-XVIL a } : qu JELLO WAP Hiefor 7 ? Larus mgro-cucieus a | ihe greater Sea Swallow P alushrus . + Bis Ky | Motacilla flana rie 4 The yellow mater magtal Larus niger The care - crow & Larus cinereus Bellon. The Tarrock . if SSS lrundo marina mur - TheL ofser Sea Swallow. + .. : ~ Cyg nt Feri cap ut. An Elke head. 2 WS SS Sy afer fob The wild Goof. wtnfer GC anaiden fis T he Ganada G oofe . : : Colder Re ello tH a 7 : “u HY The SN hel drake ' ~ i Hint NANNY st) AYN Jtnas iL er nig or The great eps Piet A Ete: Ati YP, WA ' ri 4 = | An ee, G ambenfi.s ae pay iof , borg yp! ae Yyf 4] Wy iy, - Y Wy i, Yi Lipp Lin, “iy ie ey Gy, Uy yg KZ Ld Ly Ss MP VOY RINK SS ay \ =, by. DY Ly) = = Ss Ee eS: SS SS ie 4 SN i) vs 4 Cac ceattia aN SO oe A + Sat ey? 4 aS: sets —— An edly OPES. | Go eae aie SS EL See : (GeaN (JS adorna Dellony & | ~ = SN Che Sheldrake or Burrough Duck. ih : og 4 WIS Za (Lif fe | +2 asst’ TAB. LXX0 Rk ~The wild Dick or Mallard. UC hy Veterus as QZ Dna ; clo -Boschas mayor Pp yuclope VLG COFTL - The a 4 Gran... uv Many OAT Fe ee: co, e m Anhing ” —— = SOR — = Sw ae Ag ZZ———SS SN Oo ne we r eet) BYP, . Anas dypeata Germ. , The Shoveter | ' : : - Anas mger niunor. Th @ ocoter. Ucry, ucdila altera. ary ancy | Qqyeen Wee Ais | The eal. + An fer Dome|ticus The tame Goofe. Ay m ‘ i) Anas Domeftica. The Common tame Duck SS » \\ \\ Ze KS Mi \ \\) |) \ \\) \ AN ; Anas Mo if Chetee. aut Cairina Aldroy. The Mofcowy Duck. Anas rostrd adtinco The ook-bill d Anas circia Gesu: ; Avis Trapicorum the Summer Zeal the Tropick hurd, ON \ » Hh rH Anas 8 Cuthbert Si Latherts Duck. arus cimereus minor the Common sea mew or Gull. — SS 2 A727 SS ZA SS SS SSE BAZ => We D) 7) | renta seu Bermila. minor @ Rat or Koad-goase. = >S — a : Pe: f 1 ‘ f | = hy ‘ ‘ao ” : * 1 See ay Ry ! y ‘ I id : _ ‘ : i] 7 : . . 5 : rey Ne wr . iy sae “nt aru Fit ey Te 7. RE . + a) LXXVIT 4 ye A Le''t Shea ah = tel - Py re 7) 7 ae | the Royftion Crow. * } So ual == : Zzz=—=a Montifringilla muyor > the GreaterBrandling. } ts gy — - Manucodiata Rese Clus The King of bids of Bar = SSS SS ee SSS S = ——— b Veh : ; * r X Seon a i : pN Nicht ick ie al " | . | , : A : A 3 4 /etas TMLATIULA cauoa Jo rewpata, The Swatlow-tald Sheldrake ee TAB: L XXVIIL. Tamatia Martgravy. A nAmerican ‘Water hen. Cori Indice firum . The bill. of anndian Raven . Fy Wd atts yp t pry eee, oy eh : Pats ray WT ALAA 3 9088 00812 4620