I

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1892 VOL. VI. 1893

THE

Ottawa Naturalist.

BEING VOL. VIII OF THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club,

(Organized March, iSyg. Incorporated March, 1884.)

OTTAWA :
Taylor's Printing House, 48 Rideau Street.

1892.

Fa ft on :

KIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON,

Governor Genkral of Canada.

President : Dr. George M. Dawson.

Vice-Presidents :

I.ST, Frank T. Shutt, | 2nd, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary : Dr. Henry M. Amf, Geological Survey Dept.
Treasurer : A. G. Kingston, Dept. Public Works.
Librarian : William Scott, Normal School.
^ •// . f Miss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
\James Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

Stanbing (Committers of CouncU :

publishing — James Fletcher, Editor ; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assistant Editors.

Excursions — Dk. H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirees — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolton, James Fletcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

ITfabtrs :

Geology and Mineralogy ~Yi. M. Ami, W. F. Ferrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botany — R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Conchology — F. R. Latchford, J. F. Whiteaves.
Entonwlogv — W. H. Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
Ornithology — A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees. Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian will furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

Part I, Not sold singly. ^

" 2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts.
" 3, 25 " " 15

" 4, 25 " " IS

u

((

$1.00 for Vol. L
To members, 70 cts.

( $1.00 for Vol. II
f To members, 50 cts.

5, 30 ** 20

6, 40 " " 25

7, 30 "• " 20

The Ottawa Naturalist, $1.00 per annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents ; to members, 5 cents.
Quarterly parts, 25 cents each ; to members, 15 cents.

Extras — Billings, W. R. Palaeontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, IOC

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Allan, W. A.

Ami, H. M., D.Sc, F.G.S., F.G.S.A.

Anderson, Lieut. -Col. W. P., C. E.,

M. I. C. E.
Anderson, Mrs. W. P.
Angus, Miss E. R. (Regina, N.W.T.)
Archibald, Miss E.
Armstrong, John R.
Bailey, Prof. L. W., M. A., Ph. D.,

F.P.S.C. (Fredericton, N.B.)
Baldwin, Miss E. G.
Baldvvm, Miss H. A.
Balland, Pev. J. B., O.M.I., D.D.
Ballantyne, Miss I. M.
Ballantyne, J.
Ballantyne, Norman F.
Baptie, George, ALA., M.D.
Barlow, A. E., M.A.
Barlow, Scott.
Bate, H. Gerald.
Bate, H. N.
Beddoe, Chas. H.
Bell, E. B.
Bell, Robert, B.App.Sc.,M.D., LL.D.,

P.P. S.C, F.G.S.A.
Bennetts, F. K.
Bethune, Pev. C. J. S., M.A., D.C.L.

(Port Hope, Ont.)
Billings, B. B.
Billings, W. R.
Blanchet, C. A.
Blanchet, W. H.
Boardman, Wm. F.
Bolton, Pev. C. E. (Paris, Ont.)
Bolton, Miss Eliza.

Borden, F. W., M.D., M.P. (Canning,

N.S.)
Boulton, Arthur.
Boville, T. C, B.A.
Bowen, Miss Alice (Quebec).
Bowerman, J. T., B.A.
Bristow, A. A.
Brislow, Mrs. A. A.
Broadbent, Ralph L.
Brodie, R. ].,B.App.Sc. (Smith's Falls,

Ont.)
Brodie, W. , L.D.S. (Toronto.)
Brown, Mrs. R. D.
Brumell, H. Parelh.
Burgess, T. J. W., M. D., F. P. S. C.

(Montreal.)
Burland J. H., B.App.Sc, F.G.S.
Butterworth, Miss Maria E.
Campbell, A. M. (Perth, Ont.)
Campbell, Miss C.
Campbell, R. H.

Carstairs, J., B.A. (Iroquois, Ont.)
Casey, M. W.
Chamberlin, Mrs. B.
Christie, A. J., Q.C.
Chubbock, C. E. D.
Cochrane, A. S., C.E.
Code, R.-G...i

Cornu, Felix, ALL>. (Montreal.)
Coste, E., M.E. (Buffalo, N.Y.)
Cousens, W. C, ALD.
Cowley, R. H., B.A.
Craig, Prof. J. A. (Madison, Wis.)
Craig, John.
Craig, Wm. (Russell, Ont.)

Coiighlin, Mrs. M. A.

Creighton, J. G. A., B.A., B.C.L.

Daicy, Miss T.

Dawson, G. M., LL.D., F.R.S., D.Sc,

Assoc. A'. S. M. , F. G. S. , F. R. S. C.
Decks, W. E., B.A. (Montreal.)
Deeprose, Rev. C. S.
Devlin, R. J.

Dimock, W. D., B.A. (Truro, N.S.)
Dixon, F. A.
Dowling, D. B., B.A.Sc.
Doyon, J. A.

Elkins, A, W., C. E., P. L. S. (Sher-
brooke, Que.)

Ells, R. W., LL.D., F.G.S.A.

Ells, Mrs. R. W.

Empey, Miss M.

Evans, Jno.D., C^.(Copper Cliff, Ont.)

Ewart, D.

Faribault, E. R., C.E.

Ferrier, W. F., B.A.Sc.

Fleming, Sandford, C. M. G., C. E.,
F.R.C.L, F.R.S.C.

Fletcher, Miss C. F. S.

Fletcher, Hugh, B.A.

Fletcher, James, F.L.S., F.R.S.C.

Fletcher, Mrs. J.

Fortescue, L.

Fortescue, Mrs. L.

Eraser, Basil H.

Fuller, Thos., R.C.A.

Gemmell, R. E. ,

Gemmill, J. A.

Gilmour, T.

Giroux, N. J., C.E., F.G.S.A.

Glashan, J. C.

Gobeil, A.

Grant, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D.,
F R. C. S. ,Edi>j. , F. R. S. C. , F. G. S.

Grist, Henry.

Grist, Mary L.

liardie, John.

Hardie, Miss Jessie.

Harmer, Miss G. (Hintoiiburgh, Ont.)

Harmon, Miss A. Maria.

Harrington, W. Hague.

Harrington, Mrs. W. H.

Harrison, Edward.

Hay, George, Sr.

Hayter, F., B.A.

Henderson, Thomas.

Herridge, Rev. T. W., B.A.,B.D.

Hilborn, W. W. (Leamington, Ont.)

Hodgins, John.

Hope, Jas.

Hunt, Miss Sophia.
Jenkins, S. J., B.A.
Johnson, E. V., C.E.
Johnson, ]. F. E.
Johnston, Robt. A. A.
Jones, C. T-

Kearns, J. C.

Keefer, Thos. C., C.E.

Keeley, D. H.

Kingston, A. G.

Laflamme, Rev. ].C.K.,D.D., F.R.S.C.
(Quebec.)

Lambart, ILon. O. H.

Lambart, Lfo/i. Mrs. O. H.

Lambe, L. M., E.G. S., F.G.S.A.

Lampey, Wm. G., Af.E.

Lampman, A., B.A.

Latchford, F. R., B.A.

Law, John.

Lawson, Prof. G., LL. D., Ph. D..
F.R.C.L, F.R.S.C. (H.lifax.)

Lee, Miss Katharine.

Lehmann, A., B.S.A.

Lees, Miss Jessie.

Lees, Miss V.

Lees, W. A. D.

LeSueur, W. Td., B.A.

LeSueur, Mrs. W. D.

Lett, W. P.

Library of Parliament.

Lindsay, A.

Living, Miss A. Marion.

L,mx, Win., M.n.

I,(>vick, Miss G.

Lowe, John.

MacCabe, [. A., LL.D.

McCoiineli, R. G., B.A.J-.G.S.A.

MacCraken, John L, B.A.

MacDougall, P. A., ^r.D.

McElhinney, jNL P.

McEvoy, Jas., B.A.Sc.

MacFarlane, T., M.E., F.R.S.C.

McGill, A., 8.A..,B.Sc:

Mclnnes, \Vm.. B.A.,F.G.S.A.

McLaughlin, S.

McLaughlin, Mrs. S.

\LacLaughlin, T. J.

McLean, J. D.

McMinn, W. ]. K., B.A.

McXal), Chas.

WcNaughton, H. F.

Macoun, Prof. John, M.A., B.L.S.,

F.R.-.C.
Macoun, J. M.
Malheson, D.
Matheson, \y. M,

Mearns, C«/AE.A.(Fort Snelling, Minn)
Meneilly, W. J.
Mills, Miss Margaret A.
Moore, H. B.
Nelson, F., B.A.
Nicholls, William.
Nicholls, Rupert W.
O'Brien. S. E.
Odcll, \V. .S.

Oxley, J. M., B.A.,B.C L.
Panet, Maurice.
Paquet, F. X.

Perley, Major Henry F., C.E.
Perkins, Miss E.
Peters, H. J. (Regina, N.W.T.)
Poirier, Hon. P. S. (Shediac, N.B.)
Pratt, IL O. E.

Robert, J. A., B.A..Sc. (Montreal.)

Robertson, Prof. J. A.

Robertson, N.

Robins, R. N. (Sherbrooke, Que.)

Robinson, Miss Lucy.

Rondeau, /\fv. 'i.,B.A. (Sudbury).

Ross, Niles G.

Ross, Miss C. C.

Ross, W A., f.C.C.

Rothvvell, Miss Lina.

Ry.kman, Kev. E. B., D.D.

Saint-Cyr, D. N., (Quebec).

Saucier, F. X. R.

Saunders. Fredk.

Saunders, Prof. W., F.L.S., F.B,S.C.,

F.C.S.
Saunders, W. E., (London, Ont. )
Scott, Duncan C.
Scott, Fred.
Scott, W.
Scott, W., B.A.
Scott, W. I.., B.A.
Selwyn, A. R. C., C.M.G., LL.D.,

F. P. S. , F. P. S. C. , F. G. S. , F. G. S. A .
.Senate, The
Senecal, C. O., C.F.
Shenick, Miss A., B.Sc.
Shutt, F. 'P., A/. A., F./.C., F.C.S.
Simpson, Willibert.
Small, H. B.

Small, H. Beaumont, .1/.D.
Smith, D. E. (ChurchviUe, Ont.)
Smith, Miss Eloise.
Smith, Miss Ethel M.
Smith, \V. H., C.F.
Sowter, T. W. E.
Steacy, Miss Isabel.
Steckel, R., C.E.
Stewart, John.

Summerby, Wm. J., AT.J. (Russell, Ont.)
Surtees, Robert, C.F.
Sutherland, Miss C. F. S.

6

Sutherland, J. A. (Richmond, Que.)

Sweetland, John, Af.P.

Symes, Miss E.

Symes, P. .B. , A . A'. C.

Tanner, R. J.

Taylor, J\ev. G. W. (Victoria, B.C.)

Thayne, E. Stewart.

Thompson, T. W.

Thorburn, John, A/. A., LL.D.

Topley, Mrs. W. J.

Tread well, C. W., B.A., B.C.L.

Tyrrell, J. B., B.A., B.Sc, F.G.S.,

. F.G.S.A.

Varley, W. B. (Toronto).

Verner, J. W. D.

Waghorne, Bev. A. C-, (New Harbour,
Nfld.)

Wait, F. G., B.A.

Walker, J. L., ALA. (Sudbury).
: Warwick, F. W., B.Sc. (Buckingham,
Que.)

Watiers, Mrs. A.

Watters, Henry.

Watts, J. W. IF, I^.C.A.

Weldon, Prof. R. C., M.P. (Halifax).
Weston, T. C.

Wheeler, A. O., D.T.S. (New West-
minster, B.C.)
White, George R.
White, Lieut. -Col. Wm.
White, W. R. (Pembroke, Ont.)
Whiteaves, J. F., F.G.S., F.R.S.C.
Whyte, Miss Isabella.
Whyte, J. G.
Whyte, Miss Ethel.
Whyte, Miss Marion.
Whyte, R. B.
Whyte, Mrs. R. B.
Willimoit, Charles W.
Willing, T. N. (Calgary, N.W.T.
Wills, J. Lainson, M.E., F.C.S.
Wilson, C.W., M.D. (New York).
Wilson, W. J.
Wintle, E. D. (Montreal).
Wood, Josiah, M.P., (Sackville, N.B.)
Wright, W. R.

Young, Rev. C. J., M.A. (Lansdowne,
Ont.)

:o:-

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Hill, Altsf.rt J., ALA., C.E., New Westminster, B.C.

MerrL'^m, Dr. C. Hart, Department of Agriculture, W.ishington, U.S.

Ormkrod, Miss E. A., F. A'. Mer. Soc, Torrington Iloure, Holywell Hill, St.
."Mbans, P]ngland.

Smith, Proi--. Iohn B., Rutger's College, New Brunswick, N.J.

(

ON NATURAL PHOSPHATES

By J. Lainson Wills, F.C.S.
{Delivered 12th March, i8g2.)

When your President and Treasurer did me the honour to request
me to read a paper on " Phosphates " before the Ottawa Fieldr
Naturahsts' Club, I hesitated in complying.

" Phosphates " in a general way, as we employ the word in this
locality, implies the crystallized Mineral Apatite, so abundant in certain
parts of our Laurentian formation. The good work done by the
Geological Survey, has from time to time, through its officers, kept us
well informed of the localities and peculiarities of the occurence of the
Canadian Apatite, by valuable contributions form the pens of Sir Wm.
Logan, Sterry Hunt, Vennor, Dr. Geo. Dawson, Torrance, Dr. Robert
Bell and others. At the present lime, I understand that Mr. Ingall
also, who has been in charge of a special study of onr Canadian Apatite
fields, is about to terminate and publish his preliminary report, so with
deference to his opportunities and approaching publication, I could not
presume to undertake a paper purely on Canadian Phosphates or
Apatites as was proposed, but thought it might be acceptable to our
members here, to give their attention to a more extended and general
consideration of natural mineral Phosphates, and hence the title of my
paper this evenmg, instead of being " Canadian Apatite " is " Natural
Phosphates " in a general way. My present occupation prevents me
from giving much time and study to the preparation of this work, but
if by some generalization of facts, we can awaken a heahhy discussion^
and exchange of ideas, my humble attempt will not have been useless.

Natural phosphates owe their commercial value to the proportion
of phosphoric element contained in them, and aie employed as raw
material for the manufacture of phosphatic fertilizers, being also some-
times applied in the natural and raw state direct to the soil by the
farmer. They are also in demand for the manufacture of phosphorus,
baking powders and some other chemical products. By far the greatest
demand for them, however, is made by the manure manufacturers for

agricultural requirements, and this demand is yearly increasing at a very
rapid rate. The occurence of natural phosphates presents the most
varied and interesting modes of formation, as may be surmised by find-
ing their deposits, not only in nearly every geological system, but in
many different series of the same system.

Now in beds which may -be, have a fresh water or marine origin,
now appearing as hardened conglomerate or rocks, and sometimes as
■sand and loose gravel : then again in vein formation or pockets, some-
'times amorphous, at other time crystallized.

In the matter of texture, colour and other physical characters, we
'find the same endless variation.

The origin of the demand for these phoshatized products is com-

'paratively of recent date. It was only in the commencement of the

^present century that crushed bones were employed as a fertilizer in

agriculture, and strange to say, only then on occount of the gelatine or

■organic matter they might contain.

The following curious statement which appeared in a scientific
journal in the year 1830, a propos of the employment of crushed bones
in England, exposed the ignorance on the subject at that day and reads
as follows: — "As to earthy matter or phosphate of lime contained in
the bones, we may disregard it. It is insoluble and indestructible, and
cannot serve as a manure, even in damp soil, and in immediate contact
with the rootlets of the plant. "

The suggestion of Liebig, to treat the bones with sulj-jhuric acid,
opened a new era, to the utilisation of phosphatic materials in agricul-
ture and the manufacture of artificial manure was soon established.

The illustrious Elie de Beaumont thus expressed himself with reg-
ard to the commencement of the mining of mineral phosphates.
*" Colbert has said that France would be lost for want of forests, and
everyone perceives that without coal his prediction would soon be
accomplished. In his day, one would have failed to comprehend how
a great country might disappear."

NATURAL PHOSPHATIC DEPOSITS.

These valuable provisions of nature are the result of various causes
and agencies familiar to the geological observer and their contained

*Jean Baptiste Colbert, born 1619, Minister of Finance to Louis XIV.

9

phosphoric acid is mostly due to animal life ; and when we say " due "'
to animal life we wish to imply that animal life is the assimilating and con-
centrative medium of j^re-existing phosphoric acid : whether as sea and
fresh-water shells, as fish and animal bones, as excreta of birds and
saurians, etc., animal organisms have been from the beginning of life
and still are, the silent but mighty laboratory of nature, never resting to
collect and store up the dispersed molecules of phosphoric acid.
Among such are the guano beds of recent epochs, coprolite deposits,
bone beds, shell beds, etc.

Nature's operations of bringing these materials or their debris
together to form whole geological areas are equally varied, but the
estuaries and depressions of the sea-bottcms of the different and respec-.
tive geological periods, are recognized to have been the receptacles or
storehouses of these wonderful supplies. A curious disposition to
concretionary action, displayed by nuclei of certain organisms to absorb
and accumulate phosphatic matter, with which the ancient seas
abounded, is more easily seen in its efifects than explained.

Such is the origin of many odd species of nodules, some varieties
of which exist in immense quantities.

The abrupt or imperceptible, but never ceasing operations of geo-
logical rearrangement, follow the afore mentioned accumulations, and j
we then have new forms of mineralized phosphatic matter, giving rise
to conglomerates, breccias, phosphatic limestone, shells and marls,
sandy and ablation deposits, etc., and most of the known natural de-
posits of mineralized phosphate display examples of two or more of
these products. For instance, the perplexities experienced just now
with some of the exploratory w^orkings of the lately discovered Florida
deposits, are chiefly occasioned by the character»of these beds contain-
ing boulders, and nodules from pea size to masses of several hundred
pounds in weight, fish bones, sharks' teeth and fossil bones, in fact debris
from several geological epochs, each of these materials naturally varying
in purity, and therefore also in commercial value, so that the more
successful enterprises may be looked for where regular and homogenous
deposits occur, or some cheap and efficient mechanical means are
applied for the separation of the marketable products from the less
valuable or worthless intermixtures.

10

The classification of natural phosphates of lime is, as remarked
by Dr. Penrose in Bulletin No. 46 of the U. S. Geological Survey, "a
matter attended with many difficulties, not only on account of the great
variety of forms in which phosphate of lime occurs, but also because
many varieties blend into one another, thus often rendering it uncertain
to which class a special deposit should be referred," and he adopts the
following classification, based mainly on the chemical composition of
the deposits, and grou|)ed under the headings thus : —

, ,. , T^i 1 ^ ( Apatites f Fluor-Apatites

Mmeral Phosphates < j^l , . i r-^ i \ ..-^

' I Phosphorites ( Chlor-Apatites

/ . , J 1 f Loose nodules.

1 Amorphous nodules ^, . j / 1 4. \

' '■ ' Cemented (conglomerates)

,, , T^, 1 , I Phosphoric limestone beds

Rock Phosphates < ' / o 1 ui

' I ^ Soluble guanos

I Guanos ■[ j , f

I ( Leached gU;:.nos

VBone beds.

We shuU recognise as we proceed with the study of the various
phosphatic deposits, formed during the different geologic periods, that
by tar the greater part owe their origin to animal or organic remains,
and we shall see that as soon as the organic compounds of a guano,
for example, are dissipated and resolved into their elements, we may
consider that the residual products, to all intents and purposes, revert
to the mineral state, in accordance with the iamiliar expression " earth
to earth."

We pass over, for the present, the guano of various localities, which
however will be observed to lie mostly within 10 to 20 degrees of the
equator.

We should remember, however, that this product has attained its
zenith, both as to quality and quantity, and must cede its commercial
importance ultimately to the mineral resources of phosphoric acid, which
are before us for our more particular consideration.

We shall find the diagram on the wall which shows the approximate
geological position or age of the different phosphate deposits, very use-
lul to our present purpose, and we will commence with the more recent-
ly formed or mineralized products.

11

OCCURENCE OF NATURAL PHOSPHATES IN THE GEOLOGICAL EPOCHS.

Fost-tertiary or Quartertiary System.

True guanos.

Crust or "leached" guanos.

West Indian and Pacific Phosphates.

Tertiary System.

West Indian Rock Phosphates.
Nassau or I-ahn nodular concretions.

Suffolk Coprolites in the Red Crag and Coralline Crag. (Repos-
ing on the Lower Eocene )

S. Carolina beds, resting upon Eocene.

Deposition of Florida phosphate debris and organic remains.

N. Carolina overlying Eocene marl.

Fundamental rock of Florida Phosphate deposits.

Clays and debris of Bordeaux Phosphates.

Cretaceous System.

Belgian (T>iege) Hesbaye nodules.
American Alabama amorphous nodules.
New Jersey marls

Belgian (Mons) Ciply nodules (Maestricht beds).
Somme deposits, arenaceous and nodules.
Russian "Samorod" nodules Desna-Don.
Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire Coprolites.
French nodules of Ardennes, Meuse.

" " Montpellier and Bellegrade.

Oolitic or furassic System.

Bordeaux Phosphorites and nodules overlain by Tertiary (Eocene)
clays and debris.

Algerian Phosphates.

Trias sic System.

Highly phosphatic beds (between Trias and below Lias) con-
taining exuviae of huge reptiles as well as remains of fish and crusta-
ceans.

Permian System.

(Appearance of reptilia.)

Carboniferous System.

(Appearance of Amphibia.)

Devonian or Old Red Sandstone.

Hignly phosphatic beds in conjunction with Lower Carboniferous.
Highly phosphatised beds in Shropshire, containing oldest known
remains of vertebrate life associated with crustaceans.

12

Silurian System.

(Appearance of vertebrata )
Welsh Bala beds. Berwyn Phosphate mine.
Lingula flags (Quebec) 40% tribasic.
Angers slates (France).
Phosphate limestone of Kentucky.
Logrosan (Spain) Phosphorities (Apatites ?)
Caceres (Spain) "

Portugal "

Cambrian System.

(Appearance of Protozoa, Mollusca, Annuloida, and Crustacea.)

Laurentian System.
Canadian Apatite.
Norwegian Apatite.

Thus at the present time, we have Mineral phosphntes of lime in

process of formation, and principally known in commerce as " Crust

guano".

Looking at the chemical composition of average Bird guano, we

find it to be composed ot the following constituents : —

Moisture 15.8

Organic matter and Ammoniacal Salts 52-5

Phosphates of lime 19.5

Phosphates of Iron and Alumina 3.1

Alkaline Salts 7.6

Silica and Sand 1.5

This typical analysis is from the average of 15 samples, made by

Nesbit on the Chinchas Inland (juano.

An elementary knowledge of chemistry will assist us to perceive

what a large proportion of the above constituents will be leached out

by water, or dissipated by prolonged exposure to ordinary atmospheric

influences, especially when we remember that the organic matter above

mentioned comprises uric, oxalic and phosphoric salts of alkalies and

ammonia, and even about one third of the phosphates of lime is found

to be soluble m water. Given a deposit of guano on a limestone soil

or rock, and it is readily perceived that every shower will contribute to

the steady but continual process of the transmutation of the carbonate

of lin-e into phosphate of lime, in consequence of the discharge of the

weaker carbonic acid, by the stronger phosphoric acid.

13

The exhausted guano then becomes phosphatic in distinction to
being n'trogenous and aramoniacal ("leached"), and the subjacent
limestone undergoes a metamorphosis by a double decomposition,
into phosphate of lime. If the absorbing limestone is pure, the
phosphae of lime formed thereby will be correspondingly pure ; and
on the other hand, if the calcareous base is intermixed with clay or
sand or ferruginous material, the newly formed product will contain
alumina, silica, oxide of iron, etc., in like proportions.

Such has been the undoubted origin of the deposits of Aruba
Rock phosphate, samples of which are on the table, and which are
typical of this kind of metamorp.iosis and will serve to illustrate many
similarly formed deposits, notably those of Curasao, Sombrera,
Navassa and Redondo (in which latter case the subsoil must have
been aluminous, since the mineral is a phosphate of alumina).

In some cases the phosphatic principle may have been derived
from animal debris^ such as bones.

The composition of animal bones varies somewhat, according to
the animal furnishing them, and even with the particular part of the
same animal, but the following analysis, expressed in loo parts, may be
taken as an average : —

Green Bones. Bone Ash.

Moisture

^ • I "W (gelatine)

Organic matter ) oo \r>

Phosphate of lime 56 I 70 7c;°/

Phosi)hate of Magnesia 3 J ' "'^^"

Carbonate of Calcium 3

Alkaline Salts 4
Silica

The bones of birds are even richer in phosphoric acid than those
of animals, but bones of amphibia and fish conta'n less thari those
of birds and animals.

Amongst other animal organisms rich in phosphoric acid or
phosphate of lime may be mentioned certain shell fish, or rather their
shell remains, notably the shells ot Lmgula and Oibiaila, which
consist for the greater part of phosphate of lime, and are found in
accumulated beds in the Lower Silurian rocks, being thus described by
Sir Wm. Logan (Geology of Canada, 1863) :

14

Those coming frcm the Chazy formation at Alumette Island, left
after calcination 6i% of fixed residue, consisting of :

Phosph.ite of lime 85 7

Carbonate of lime 11 7

Magnesia 2 6

100 o
and analysis of the original uKitciial gave as follows : —

Alumette. Hawkesbury. R. Quelle.

Phosphate of lime 36-38 44 ■ 70 40 . 34

Carbonate of lime and some fluorine ... . 5.00 6.60 5 -14

Carbonate of Magnesia 4-76 9 • 7°

Oxide of Iron and Alumina 7.02 8.60 12.62

Magnesia

Insoluble 49 ■ 9c 27 . 90 25 . 44

Volatile by heat 1.70 5 • 00 2.13

100.00 97.56 95.37

We here observe an average of 40% of phosphate of lime. It
would appear that our knowledge of the proportion of phosphatic
element in similiar animal remains is very imperfect, so that upon
further investigations, we may expect to meet with many other similar
accumulated supplies of phosphoric acid.

Some authorities attribute a large portion of the phosphate of lime
in the Charleston fields to such molluscs and principally Lingula
pyramidata, which are found abundantly on the present coast.

CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL PHOSPHATES.

I prefer for all practical purposes and from rational observation
to modify the classification proposed by Dr. Penrose, thus : —

. .^ ) Fluor-Apatites.

AP^^'^^^ I Chlor-Apatites.

] Phosphorites.
I Nodules, Coprolites.
I Concretions.
Mineral and Rock Phosphates }- Conglomerates.

Phosphatic Limestone.

Phosphatic Marls.

Crust Guanos.

15

Nitrogenous.

Guanos > Phosphatic, or "leached."

) Bat Guano.

\ Bone beds.
Animal remains /• Shell beds.

I Animal exuviae.

We will now proceed to trace in a cursory way the commercially
known deposits, commencing with the most recent, and passing
stratigraphically in descending order to the more ancient formations.

GUANOS.

Guanos are of two kinds — Nitrogenous or those containing their
original manurial qualities, and phosphatic or "leached," the latter
being in a more or less mineralized condition by exposure to
weathering.

Among the Nitrogenous guanos, we have the Peruvian, Ichaboe,
Patagonian and Falkland Islands.

The phosphatic or weathered guanos include those of the Pacific
or Polynesian Islands, Sidney, Phoenix, Starbruck, Baker, Rowland,
Jarvis, Enderbury, Maiden, Lacep-.^de and Arbrohlos Islands.

Some of these deposits are more or less exhausted, and new Islands
furnishing similar products are from time to time worked.

The West Indian guanos are from Aves, Mona, Tortola.

Other South American are Patos Islands, Mcgillones, Rata.

From Africa, Saldanta Bay and Kuria Muria Islands.

Bat Guano, the product from the floors of caverns inhabited by
bats, have sometimes been sent to market as a rich fertilizer. It is
found notably in Cuba (W. I.) and in N. Borneo. It possesses a char-
acteristic dark brown colour and exhibits the undigested parts of
beetles wings and insect debris.

BONE BEDS.

These are found in nearly all sedimentary strata, from the Devo-
nian up to the present time, but with the appearance of those remark-
able reptilia in the Permian age, we find that these kinds of phosphatic
provisions of nature took enormous developments, augmenting the
resources previously furnished by the amphibia of the Carboniferous
epoch.

16

Bone beds, however, in their original state have furnished httle to
commercial supplies of phosphatic products, except those found in the
Tertiary and Quarternary ages, such as Bordeaux, Carolina, Florida
and Sombrero (breccia).

SHELL BEDS.

Since these must have existed from a time well into the
Paleozoic periods, or that is to say, from the Cambrian age, we may
expect and do find these mollusca remains, through a wide range of
systems and strata and up to recent times.

The Silurian Lingula beds are remarkable, and have been already
particularized as a probable abundant source of phosphoric acid.

The Welsh Silurian beds, and the French Bellegarde and
Ardennes deposits in the lower Green-sand (Cretaceous)^ exhibit
evidence of this origin, while the Tertiary and Quaternary phosphates
contain very frequently these marine and fluvatile remains as a
contribution to their value in phosphate of lime.

Some very interesting specimens are on the table from the Dutch
West Indies, containmg from 75 to 80% of tribasic phosphate of lime,
and exhibiting in some cases, one mass of shells belonging to recent
times,

COPROLITES.

Owe their name to Professor Henslow, and should be applied only
to the fossil exuvise of animals. The appelation has extended itself to
many rolled or gravelly products, chiefly found in the Cretaceous form-
ation. In England they have been worked to a large extent in Bedford-
shire and Cambridgeshire, where they appear in the (Neocomian)
strata, between the chalk and the subjacent Jurassic system, in nodules
and pebbles of size from a pea to a hen's egg, and sometimes cemented
by ferruginous sand into a hard conglomerate; organic remains are
present, and casts and fragments of fossils with abundance of ammonites,
vegetable remains and other debris of the Jurassic epoch, {Igiianodon
and Megalosautus, etc.).

The comr tercial products contain from 45 to 55% phosphate of lime.

The Coprolites of Suffolk occur in the Tertiary, being in the older
Pliocene (the Red Crag and Coralline Crag). They are poorer in
phosphate of lime, more ferruginous and harder in texture.

17

France also possesses some deposits of this character at Bellegarde,
near the Swiss frontier, and also at Montpellier and Avignon, yielding
54% tribasic phosphate of lime.

NODULAR, CONCRETIONARY AND ARKNACEOUS PHOSPHATES.

These by far the most important of nature's phosphatic reserves,
comprising as they do, the South Carolina deposits, the French deposits
of the Somme, Ardennes and Meuse, the Belgian fields of Mons and
those more lately opened up at Liege (Hesbaye). The so-called "Bor-
deaux Phosphates," because being formerly shipped from that port, but
having their leal origin in the region of Quercy, comprising portions of
the departments of the Lot, Tarn and Garonne and Aveyron, also fur-
nish a considerable quantity of nodular or phosphatic concretions of
kidney shape of great purity (88%), and curious geological interest.
These are well represented by specimens on the table, and coming
from the crevices in the Oolitic limestones, accompanied by debris of
Tertiary age (Eocene), the walls of the crevices or fissures being at the
same time incrusted with phosphorite of a high degree of purity attain-
ing 8o% of tribasic phosphate of lime.

We must not omit here the Florida nodular beds of land and river
formation, which are now enjoying such a glorious boom.

As a peculiarity of this Bordeaux phosphorite, we may mention
that it contains a very appreciable proportion of iodine.

The Russian deposits, situated between the Rivers Desna and Don,
occur in the Cretaceous system, at about the same horizon as the Cam-
bridgeshire coprolites and may be described as nodular.

The Nassau or Lahn concretions in clay are of Tertiary age, and
although not exhibiting signs of organic remains are generally believed
to be of animal origin, they attain 6o to 75% phosphate of lime, but
too ferruginous to be much in request for superphosphate manufacture.

The Belgian (Ciply) deposits, which have furnished over 150,000
tons per annum of a 40 to 50% product, are of a nodular character,,
although the grains are often so fine as to be considered more
correctly arenaceous.

The same may be said of the very remarkable French deposits,
discovered near Amiens in 1886, and known as the Somme phosphates.

18

These are granular or arenaceous, and to this feature as well as to their
richness (65-80%) may be attributed the enormous development which
they have enjoyed in such a short period, attaining the annual
productien of 200,000 tons.

CONGLOMERATI'S AND BRECCIAS.

Phosphatic beds may also assume these characters, sometimes
with the cementing material as the phosphatic element, and at others
with the enclosed pebbles or angular fragments as the valuable portion
for commercial supplies.

Thus the Cambridgeshire coprolite fields furnish a conglomerate
of phosphatic ])ebbles, cemented by ferruginous sand, while in the
Ardennes district (France), is found a peculiar agglomeration of
granules of chlorite in a phosphatic cement, the whole yielding 40 to
45% phosphate of lime.

The Belgian (Cipley) deposits yield abundant supplies of a mass of
phosphatic nodules, shells casts and fossils, cemented in a calcareous
matrix, to utilize which, has puzzled the ingenuity of many an
" exploitanty

PHOSPHATIC LIMESTONE AND MARLS.

Are found in most strata from the Silurian epoch down to more
recent time.

The metaniorphosis or transmutation of earthy carbonates into
phosphates, is a very simple and comparatively rapid process, and the
evidence of Dr. R. Ledoux in the following description is instructive.
He says in a recent article on Phosphates : — "Some clients of mine
sent a ship to a coral island in the Southern Pacific to bring away a
cargo of bird guano. The birds were still in countless thousands. The
captain had been there for a load 20 years before, and since that time
no guano had been removed. At his first visit the crew had cleaned
off a space and made a house of coral rock, covering it with a sail and
had used it for a shelter and storehouse while at work. On leaving,
the sail was taken away and the walls and board floor left. On the
return, 20 years after, there was an average depth of 20 inches over
the floor — an inch a year. The underlying limestone was altered into
Phosphate for a depth of several feet, but the conversion of carbonate
into phosphate gradually became less perfect as depth from surface was
attained."

I have observed the same effect myself taking place in the West
Indies, where the surface of the coral rock is speedily converted into
phosphate of lime, wherever the seabirds are in the habit of
congregating.

Such indeed is the simple origin of some of the most important
deposits of phosphate in that portion of the world : i. e., Curacao,
Sombrero and Aruba, etc.

The prospecting and first development of the latter named
island having fallen to my own care and experience, I am able to
produce some interesting specimens here, illustrating very clearly the
history ot their formation, by examination of their fossil organisms,
originally carbonate of lime (coral rock), and now seen to be, by
analysis, phosphate of lime of over 80%.

The deposits of Florida and South Carolina would appear to owe
much of their phosphatic wealth to debris of phosphatized limestones
and marls.

One of nature's operations, which is a factor in enriching already-
formed phosphate beds, may be here alluded to, namely, the property
of spring waters (which often contain considerable proportions of
bicarbonates and free carbonic acid) to disolve neutral carbonate of
lime, even when presented to them in apparently as the most compact
and impervious material. Such has been the origin of the many
remarkable caves existing in the limestone rock formations (Cheddar,
Derby, Kentucky, etc.)

I'his property applied to a calcareous phosphated mUerial will,
in course of time, ablate, as it were, more carbonate than phosphate,
and to this action is attributed the value of many thousand tons of
material, in such extensive beds as those of the Somnie, Ciply, Liege,
and probably of Florida.

While speaking of these beds of the Cretaceous period, I may
mention the recent opening up of another similar field in France. I
refer to that in the department of the Pas de Calais, which would
appear to be of the same nature as that of the Somme.

APATITES.

Although crystallized phosphate of lime is found as a component
ot rock masses in more recent strata, yet we do not yet know of any

20

workable deposits of this mineral before passing to the oldest of fossil-
iferous systems, the Laureiitian.

The rocks of this formation are among the most ancient on the
North American continent and probably correspond to the oldest gneiss
of Scandanavia. The modes of occurence are so varied in the Cana-
dian Apatite field, that the subject would require to be treated by itself
in order to do it justice lieie.

We are all here familiar with how it is found, both in Ontario and
Quebec provinces.

Dr. Hunt thus describes in 1884, the main features of its mode of
occurence : " The deposits of Apatite are in part bedded or interstratified
in the pyroxenic rock of the region, and in part are true veins of poste-
rior origin. The gneissic rock with their interstratified quartoze and
pyroxenic layers, and an included band of crystalline limestone, have a
general northeast and southwest strike, and- are much folded, exhibiting
pretty symmetrical anticlinals and synclinals, in which the strata are seen
to dip at various angles, sometimes as low as 25 degrees or 30 degrees,
but more often approaching the vertical. The bedded deposits of
apatite, which are found running and dipping with these, I am disposed
to look upon as true beds, deposited at the same time with the enclosing
rocks. The veins, on the contrary, cut across all these strata, and in
some noticeable instances, include broken angular masses of the enclos-
ing rocks. They are tor the most part, nearly at right angles to the
strike of the strata, and generally vertical, though to both of these con-
ditions there are exceptions. One vein, which had yielded many
hundred tons of apatite, I found to intersect, in a nearly horizontal
attitude, vertical strata of gneiss, and in rare cases what appear, from
their structure and composition to be veins, are found coinciding in
dip and in strike with the enclosing strata."

The apatites of Norway are known since 1854, and occur on the
southern coast in similar rocks to our own (Canadian), and many of the
associated minerals are similar to those observed in the Laurentian
rocks, the vein matter differing chiefly in freedom from carbonate of
lime.

Rutile may be mentioned as an exception, which in some mines is
so abundant as to form a considerable revenue to a working mine, since

21

it is worth i/6d. per lb., say $Soo per ton. These are fluor-apatites,
although they contain also some chlorine.

Continental geologists (Broggcr and Rensch) who have studied
these formations, have supposed them to be of eruptive origin, in
consequence of the absence of phosphoric acid in the surrounding
rocks, but the question seems to be most doubtful, as well here as in
the case of the same opinion held on the Canadian Apatite deposits.

THE SITUATION OF CANADIAN PHOSPHATE TRADE.

Although this Canadian industry has not progressed on the same
scale as many other phosphate fields, Somme, Cipley, Liege, Carolina
and Florida, yet there are some facts offering an explanation for this.
The peculiarity of the occurence of the mineral in vein-like formation
in hard rock, calls for a scien;;ific and economic system of mining, which
has been little applied to the development of our deposits, and the
cost of production is thereby more considerable than that attained in
other fields of supply.

Certain centres of manure manufacture still require our high
testing products to complete their standard types of concentrated
supers, and the rapidly increasing demand for fertilizers by all the
civilized world, both the new and the old, will tend to maintain a fair
value for natural phosphates. We are getting into the era in which
steam does not work fast enough, and on every hand we are seeking to
accomplish our ends by electricity with lightning speed. Someone has
said that the man who could made two blades of grass grow where one
grew before, was a benefactor to his race, but the rush and the struggle
for existence imposes that every cultivator shall be a benefactor in this
regard, and carry on agricultural science at the highest possible tension
for his very existence.

With increasing populations, with better means of transport, and
lastly but not least, advanced scientific education, fertilizers and all
other artificial means of stimulating our exhausted soils will continue
to be in increasing demand.

We see no reason therefore to suppose that the mineral-phosphate
■Industry or phosphate mining has attained its zenith, and so far as we
can see at present, the future demands of the world for phosphoric
acid are destined to increase with time and agricultural progress.

22

RESUME.

We may shortly generalize the foregoing facts and observations.

Of the sixty four elementary substances at present known to
compose the material of our original globe, phosphorus is found to be
among the twenty more abundant elements, and is recognized to have
been widely disseminated in all the original and ancient rock masses.
With the exception of the segregations of crystallized Apatite in the
Laurentian rocks, we do not find any marked local accumulation of
phosphatic bases in any of the azoic formations, or intrusive rocks.

The existence of the Eozoon Canadense is still debatable, and it is
problematical whether the apatite of these older metamorphosed strata
is not the mineralized product of organic remains, but passing from the
Laurentian epoch to the succeeding and less altered rocks we are
immediately in presence of abundant evidence of organized life, and
cannot fail to remark how much more frequent are the accumulations
of phosphatic beds.

The function of organized life to assimilate and concentrate the
disseminated phosphoric element is strikingly apparent. The natural
forces which are ever restless and continual in building up the varied
geological strata of succeeding epochs (attrition, deposition, cementation,
ablation, etc.) may alter and vary the manner of presentation of the
phosphatic deposits which we have been considering, but the silently
working power of assimilation by the organized cell, would appear to
triumph over the mighty disruptive and more violent operations of
nature, for the latter forces fail to re-disseminate the work accomplished
by the former, but rather complete the task required to secure to man
the providential supplies of phosphatic deposits with which we may
satisfy our present demands, and therefore these economic supplies
are seen to be chiefly in the more recent geological formations,

23

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1891-1892.

To the Members of the Ottcuva Field-Naturalists'' Club :

Ladies and Geni'lemen, — In presenting the customary annual
report your Council has pleasure in stating that the progress of the
work during the fourteenth year (which by the unscientific and
superstitious might be considered an unlucky period) has been
satisfactory, and that the present condition of the Club is very
encouraging.

The membership continues in the vicinity of three hundred,
which may be considered a verv large membership for a purely
scientific society

Unforeseen difficulties prevented the Excursion Committee from
completing the arrangements for some of the proposed excursions, so
that these popular outmgs were not so numerous as in former years.
Two very successful ones were, however, held; the first to King's
Mountain on 30th May, and the second to Montebello on 26th June,
both being w^ell attended and profitable.

Sub-excursions, or small outing parties, visited many of the
neighbouring localities, and not a few more distant places. Of these
may be mentioned Wakefield, High Falls, Cassleman, Moose Creek,
Chats Falls, Buckingham, Mer Bleue, Aylmer, Kettle Island, Hog's
Back, Templeton, Donaldson's Lake, etc. By the Botanical Report
it will be observed that some of these localities yielded new plants; in
entomology and ornithology many good species were also taken and
observed, while the geologists discovered very interesting exposures of
different formations.

The winter course of meetings consisted of six soirees ; the
Council having decided to omit for one year the former elementary, or
afternoon lectures. The soirees were held on Thursdays in the lecture
room of the Normal School, and the following papers and reports were
read : — ■
1891.

.Dec 17. — The Work of the Geological Survey (Pre-
sident's Address) Dr. Ells.

24

1892.

Jan. 14. — Notes on Travel in Japan Mr. Harrington.

Jan. 28. - Report of the Ornithological Branch.

Report of :he Botanical Section.

A Botanical Excursion to " The Chats " . . Mr. R. B. Whyte.
Feb. 18. — A Microscopic Soiree with papers as follows : —

The Microscope in Entomology Mr. Harrington.

Petrography Mr. Ferrier.

Forms of Animal and Plant Life in Swamp

Water Mr. Shutt.

Feb. 25. — The Natural History of the vicinity of

Lansdowne Rev. C. J. Young.

Report of the En':omological. Branch.

Parasitic Fungi Mr. Lehmann.

Mch. lo.^Water; its properties and functions Mr. Lehmann.

The Librarian's Report will show that a number of valuable
volumes have been bound, and that many publications have been
received.

The Ottawa N.\turalist, which has been issued regularly, and
forms for the year a volume of 214 pages, contains many valuable
papers and affords both to our members and to the outside scientific
world a useful and appropriate record of the work of the Club.

It is particularly gratifying to state that, notwithstanding the large
amount required for the publication of this monthly, the Treasurer's
Report will show that there is a satisfactory balance.

In conclusion the Council desires to express its gratitude for the
continued enjoyment of lecture and library rooms in the Normal School,
and to lender its thanks to Dr. MacCabe, through whose courtesy this
accommodation is granted.

Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council.

W. HAGUE HARRINGTON,

Secretary.

LIBRARY) »|

25

"^''LIBRARY

FAUNA OTTAWAENSIS. V-^^X^jAStfji//^'

HEMIPTKRA. \-^ .<* V W

By W. Hague Harrington.
In the report of the Entomoluyical l-!ranch for 1890 (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V, 193) it was ])ron"iised that a preliminary list of
local Hemiptera would be published. The collection and study of our
species has been of a very limited and fragmentary nature, and the
list now submitted (with some reluctance) is correspondingly incom-
plete. It may, however, serve some purpose as a basis lor future
study of our many interesting forms, and, as few lists of Canadian
Hemiptera have been published, a record oi the distribution of the
species enumerated. When the Abbe Pi:o\ancher was publishing the
third volume of his Petite Faune Entomologique du Canada, specimens
of ou! Hemi])tera were communicated by .Mr. Fletcher, ]\Ir. Cuignard
and the writer, and reference to his work will show that from our
material he described several new species, and made a number of
additions to his records.

The appearance of the present list, however, has been possible
only through the kindly assistance of Mr Van Duzee, of Baffalo, N.Y.,
who has examined nearly all the writer's collections, and has also
furnished a generic arrangement of the Homoptera, and in other ways
given valuable aid. In the Heteroptera the check list of North American
species published by Mr. Uhler in 1872 has been followed.

The following list contains nearly 200 species, buL it only shows
how much yet remains to be done before any satisfactory knowledge
of our fauna is gained. The references to the relative abundance of the
species, and the dates of their appearance, are given from the writer's
collection, but in many instances are of small value, as these insects
have not been systematically collected, but obtained when the main
object of the chase was the capture of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera.
The greater part of this collecting has further been in the early summer,
when many of the species are immature, and comparatively little in
July, August and September, when the mature insects would probablv
be most abundant. Our Psyllidse, Aphidse and Coccidce have been
omitted, for though the species are numerous and important, espLcially

2G

rrom an economic standpoint, few have been collected and determined.
Let us hope that Mr. Fletcher, whose professional duties bring to his
notice many of these destructive forms, may at an early date be able
to prepare a preliminary list ot the species.

HETEROPTERA.

SCUTELL-ERID^.

Homsemus ^neifrons, Say. Nut common. July.
Eurygaster altern.itus, Say. Common. May to August.

CORIMEL^NID/E.

Corimeisena atra, Ai/i. et S. One specimen.
Corimeloena pulicaria. Germ. Abundant. May.

Cydnid.-e.
Amnestus spinifrons. Say. One specimen.
Canthophorus cinctus, Fal. Beauv. Not common. May.

PeNT.ATOMIDjE.

Perillus ciicumcinctus, Stal. Two specimens. April.

Podisus cynicus, :^ay. Not common.

Podisus modestus, Dallas. Abundant. May, June.

Podisus sp. ? Perhaps var. of modestus. One specimen,

Neottiglossa undata. Say. Common. July.

Cosmopepla carnifex. Fab. Abundant.

Mormidea lugens. Fab. Common. May.

Euchistus fissilis, Uhl. Abundant. May.

Euchistus tristigmus, Say. Abundant. May.

Coenus delius, Suy. Common. May.

Menecles insertus, .^r. One specimen. June i6th.

Pentatoma juniperina, Z/V^//. Abundant. On pines, etc.

Peribalus piceus, Dallas. One specimen.

Banasa dimidiata. Say. Two specimens.

Banasa calva, Say. Not common. May 24th.

Acanthosoma cruciata, Say. Not common.

COREID^.

Anasa tristis, Dc Geer. Two specimens several years ago.
Alydus eurinus, Say. Not common.

27

Alydus quinquespinosus, Say. Not common. August.
Proternor Belfragei, Irfag'. {Tetiaihimis quel'ecdiisis, Prov.) Not
common. August

BeRYTID/E.

Neides muticus, Say. Rare. June, July.

Corizus punctiventris, Dallas. Not common. May.

Corizus nigristernum, Sign. Common. August.

Lyg^id.e.
Nysius thymi, Wolff. Abundant. May, June.
Ischnorhynchus didymus, Zett. Abundant. May to Julv
Cymus angustatus, Stal. Abundant. June.
1-igyrocoris sylvestris, Liufi. Not common. August.
Pamera bilobata, Say. One specimen.
Ptochiomera sp. ? One specimen.
Salacis pilosula, Stal. Two specimens.
Trapezonotus nebulosus, Fa:l. Not common.
Peritrechus fraternus, Uhl. One specimen.
Eremocoris fetus, Say. Not common.
Scolopostethus atfinis, Schill. Two specimens. April
Megalonotus unus, Say. (?) One specimen.
Peliopelta abbreviata, Uhl. Abundant. June, July.
•Lyggeus Kalmii, Stal. Common. July. On Asclepias.

Capsio.^.
Trigonotylus ruficornis, Fall. Two s[)ecimens. July.
Miris affinis, Reut. Not conmion. A[)iil, May.
Leptopterna dolobratn, Liiiti Conmion. June, July.
Trachelomiris (OV/^r/V?) MeilKurii, Frov. Common. July.
Resthenia insitiva, Say. Not common. June, July.
Resthenia insignis, Say. Two S|)ecimens. June.
Lopidea media, Say, Not common. June, July.
Phytocoris eximius. Rent. One specimen.
Phytocoris pallidicornis. Rent. Two specimens. July 14th.
Calocoris rapidus, Say. Abundant. June.

Pycnopterna amoena, Frov. (Petite Faune "5^nt. III., 114, n. sp.)
Lygus pratensis. Lhni. Abundant. April, June.

28

Lygus flavonotatus, Ptov. Abundant.
Lygus sp. (Not dtscribed.) One specimen-
Coccobapbes sanguinaiius, Uhl. Not common. July.
Poecilocapsus lineatu?,, Fab. Abundant. June.
Poecilocapsus goniphorus, Say. Very common. June, July.
Poecilocapsus atfinis, Rent. (Prov. Petite Faune Ent. Ill,, 123-)
Poecilocapsus marginalis. Rent. (Prov. ibid.)
Systratiotus americanus. Rent. Two speciniens. August.
Camptobrochis grandis, Uhl. Two specimens.
Capsu? ater, Linn. Very common. June.

Monalocoris filicis, Linn. One specimen. May 24. (High Falls.)
Pilophorus bifasciatus. Fab. One specimen.
Stiijhrosoma stygica, Say. One specimen.

Labops hesperius, Uh'. Abundant. June. (Long-winged form
rare.)

Idolocoris famelicus, UJil. Not common. May, July.
Id jlocoris agilis, Uhl. One specimen.
Rhinocapsus \''anduz!.^i, Uhl, Two specimens, June 25.
Agalliastes sp. (near assodaliis.) Two specimens.

AC.\NTHIID.«

Tetraphleps canadensis, Pf^ov. One specimen.

Anthocons musculus, Siy. One specmien.

Acanthia lectularia, Linn. Abundant in some localities.

Tl.N'GITID.te.

Acalypta Thomsonii, Sial. One s[)ecimen.
Corythuca arcuata, Say. Common.
Gargaphia tili^e, IValsli. Abundant.
Physatt)chila plexa. Say. Tvvo specimens.
Leptophya mutica. Say. One specimen.

Aradid/E.
Aradus tequalis. Say. (Prov. Petite Faune Ent. III., 165.)
Aradus acutus, Say. (Prov. ibid., 166.)
Aradus rectus, Say. One specimen.
Aradus sp. Several specimens of 3 or 4 species.
Aneurus inconstans, Ultl. Two specimens. May.

29

Phymatid^.
Phymata Wolffii, Sial. Common. August. On Solidngo.

NAKID.t.

Coriscus subcoleoptratus, Kitby. Common. June, July.

Coriscus inscriptus, Kirby. Common.

Coriscus propinquus, Rent. Not common. May.

Rkduvid.s.

Sinea diadema, Fab. Abundant. August, September.

Diplodus luridus, Stal. Common.

Darbanus palliatus, Irov. (Petite Faure Ent. Ill , 182, n. sp.)

Evagoras marginata, Prov. (ibid, n. sp.)

Opsiccetus personatus, Linn. Not common.

Pygolampis pectoralis. Say. One specimen. May 31.

LlMXOBATlD.^.

l.imnobates lineata, Say. (Prov. Petite Faune Ent. III., 193 )

Hydrobatid^.

Limnotreciius, n. sp. ? One specimen.

Saldid.'E.

Salda major, Prov. One specimen.

Salda deplanata, UJil. One specimen.

Salda sp., probably undescribed. Common. (Hu'l.)

Belastomatid.e.

Zaitha fluminea, Say. .Abundant.

Belosioma americanum, Leidy. Very common.

NEPIDiE.

Nepa apiculata, ^.'hl. One specimen. (Leamy's Lake )
Ranatra fusca. Pal. Beauv, Common.

NOTONECTID^E.

Notonecta undulata, Say. Abundant in lakes and streams.
Notonecta undulata, Say. Far. almost white. Not common.
Notonecta irrorata, 67;/. Not common. (Hull Brook.)
Plea striola, F/eb. Common. (Hull Brook and Canal.)

30

CORISID^.

Corisa calva, S(7V. Not common.

Corisa alternata, Say. Abundant.

Corisa planifrons, Kirby. Several specimens.

Corisa Harrisii, Uhl. Very abund.mt.

Corisa trivittata, Prov. One specimeti.

HOMOPTI^RA.

CiCADID.t.

Cicada pruinosa, Say. Abundant.
Tihicen rimosn, Sav. Not common.

Membracid^k
Enchinopa binotata, Say. Common. August.
Campylenchia curvata, Fab. Abundant.
Ceresa diceros, Say. Abundant. July, Augu'^t.
Ceresa bubalus, Fab. Abundant. August.
Ceresa subul;it,i, Say. (?) (Prov. Pciite Faune Ent. Ill , 338.)
Stictocephala lestina, Say. . (Prov. ibid., 237.)
Acutalis semicrt-mn. Say. One .specimen.
Entylia suiuata, Fabr. Common. June.
Publilia concavj. Say. Not common.
Cyrtosia vau, .~^ay. I'wo specimens.

Cyrlosia trilineata. Say. (? var. of precedmg.) One specimen.
Cyrtosia ornata, Prov. (Petite Faune Knt. III., 240, n. sp.)
Atymna castanea, Fiich. One specimen.
Thelia univittata, Hatris. One specimen. July 10.
Telamona unicolor. Fitch. Females. Common. July.
Telamona fasciata, ^//^/^ MaKs. Two specimens.
Telamona recl.vata, Fitdi. Nc. commijn.
Telamona sp., near monticola, f^ab. One specimen.
Carynota mera. Say. Not common.
Carynota marmorata, Say. Two specimens.

Carynota picta, Prov. (Petite Faune Ent. III., 246, ;/. sp.) = var.
of marmorata?

FULGORID.E.

Scolops sulcipes. Say. (Prov. Petite Faune Ent. III., 223.)

31

Cixius [Mni, Fitch. (Jne sijecimen.

Cixius stigmatus, Sax. N(Jt common, May.

Oliarus quinquelineatus, Say. (Prov. Petite Faune Ent. III., "!23.)

Myndus impunctatus, Fitch. Two specimens.

Stcnocranus dors lis, /v'/c/c. Not common. May.

Liburnia pellucid i, Fab. Two "specimens. May.

Helicoptera vestita, Prov. (Petite Faune Ent. III.. 221, ;/. sp^)

Otiocerus Degeeri, Kirby. ( = Coquebertii, Kirby. Piov. ibid. 317.)

Lamenia vulgaris, Fitch. Not common.

Bruchomorpha oculata, Netvm. Rare.

CeRCOPIDjE,

Lepyronia quadrangularis, Say. Common. July, Augusi.
.^phrophora parallela, Say. Common.
Aphrophora saratogensis, Filch. Two specimens.
Aphtophora quadrinotata, Say. One specimen.
Philaemus lineatus, Linn. Not common. June and July.
Clastoptera proteus, Fitch. Abundant. July.
Clastoptera obtusa. Say. Common. July.

BYTHOSCOPID.E.
Bythoscopus sobrius. Walk. Tnree specimens.
Bythoscopus fenestratus, Fitch. Two specimens.
Bythoscopus variabilis, Fitch. Two specimens.
Bythoscopus pruni, Frov. One specimen.
Pediopsis trimaculata, Fitdi. One specimen. July.
Pediopsis insignis, Va7i Diizee. Two specimens.
Pediopsis viridis. Fitch. One specimen.

Pediopsis subbifasciatus, Say. (Prov. Petite Faune Ent. III., 292,)
Idiocerus verticis. Say. (Prov. ibid., 292.)
Idiocerus alternatus. Fitch. Abundant. May.
Idiocerus pallidus, Fitch. One specimen.
Agallia quadripunctata, Prov. Common, June.
Agallia novella. Say. Not common.

TETTIGONIDiB.

Oncometopia costalis. Fab. Abundant. May.

Oncometopia undata, Fab. (Prov. Petite Faiiae Ent. III., 265.)

32

Tettigonia hieroglyphica, Say. C(rainon. May, August.

Diedrocephala coccinea, /^orst. Abundant. July, '. ugust.

Diedrocephala noveooracensis, /u/t/i. Commo". July.

Diedrocephala mollipes, Say. Not common.

Helochara communis, /7y//. Several specimens. May 24. (High
Falls.)

Gypona 8-lineata, S<i}: Not common. July, August.

7'ar. flavolineata, Fiich. One specimen.

Gypona quebecensis, Piov. (?) One specimen.

Gypona albomarginata, Woodsivoith. ( = Hullensis, Prov.,Vt\\X.c
Faunc Ent. III., 269, n. sp.) Three. June.

Jassid.e.
Ulopa, n. s[). ? Common in mos?, etc. Collected in November.
Gnathodus punctatus, Ihiinb. Three specimens. May 28.
Cicadula v.iriatj. Fall. Not Common. July.
Cicadula sexnotat.i. Fall. (7) One specimen.
Scaphoideus immixtus. Say. Two specimens. July 8, 11.
Thamnotettix' clitellariu^, Say. Not common
Thamnoteitix unicolor. Fitch. Two specimens. July 7.
Athysanus plutonius, Uhl. One specimen.
,'\thysanus, n. sp. ? One specimen.
Platymetoi)ius acutus, Say Two specimens.
Deltoctphalus Sayi, Fi'ch. One specimen. June 23.
Deltocephalus configuratus, UJil. One specimen.
Deltocephalus debilis, Uhl. Ta'o specimens. July 11.
DeUocephalus Melsheimeri, Fitch. One specimen.

TvPHLOCYBIDiE.

Typhlocyba vitis, Harris. Var. Abundant.
Typhlocyba sp. Common.

:o:-

33

PRELIMINARY CHECK-LIST 01' THE LAND AND FRESH

WATER MOLLUSCA OF CANADA.

By Rev. Geort;e W. Taylor, Victoria, B.C.

Ill the March number cf the Ottawa Naturalist I published a
request for information to enable me to compile a complete Check-list
of the Canadian Land and Freshwater Mollusca, showing the distribu-
tion of each species.

It has since occurred to me that the gathering of records may be
made easier by the jjublication of a preliminary list. This is printed
herewith. It contains the names of all those species of the occurrence
of which in Canada I have fairly reliable information.

It does not, however, lay claim to completeness or even to absolute
correctness as flir as it goes, for I have in more than one instance
allowed names to remam which are most probably synonyms, and I
Iiave retained other names because they have appeared on published
lists though I sus|.ect the specimens on which such records were found-
ed may have been wrongly identified.

Imperfect though it be the list will serve as a basis for future work,
and corrections and additions can be made from time to tiine.

Of the 244 species here enumerated, 12S (47 Land and 40 Fresh-
water Univalves, and 41 Freshwater Bivalves) are on record from the Otta-
wa district : 57 (32 Land and 16 Freshwater Univalves, and 9 Freshwater
Bivalves) are of my own collecting in Vancotiver Island (19 of these
being also on the Ottawa list). The remaining 79 (29 Land and 14 Fresh-
water Univalves, and 36 Freshwater Bivalves) are from other parts of
the Dominion. Probably 20 or 30 others may be added to the list.

check-list. •

A. — Freshivater Bivalves.

1 Sphgerium sulcatum. Lam. 8 Sphaerium patella, Gould.

2 " aureum, Prime. 9 " Vermontanum, Prime.

3 " solidulum. Prime. 10 " emarginatum, Prime.

4 " striatinum, Lam. 1 1 " flavum, Prime.

5 '' stamineum, Conrad. 12 " tumiduin, Baird.

6 " rhomboideum. Say. 13 " spokani, Baird.

7 '' occidentale. Prime. 14 " partumeium. Say.

34

' 0

i6

17

18

19

20

2 I
22

23

^4

-'5
26

27
28
29

30
31

32
33
34
35
36
37
3S

39

40

4<
42

43

44

45
46

47
48

49

50

S[jhceriiim Jayanum, Prime.

" tenue, Prime.

" transversum, Say.

" secure, Prime.

" rosaceum, Prime.

•' truncatum, Linsley.

" lenticulum, Gould.

Pisidium Virginicum, Gmel.

" Adamsi, Prime.

" compressum, Prime.

" variabile, Prime.

" abditum, Hald

" ventricosum, Prime.

" rotundatum, Prime.

" occidentale,Ne\vcomb,

■■' ultramontanum, Prime,
sp.
sp.
sp.
Unio alatus, Say.
" asperrimus, Lea.
" borealis, A. F. Gray.
" Canadensis, Lea.
'■ cariosus. Lea.
" complanatus, Sol.
" ellipsis, Lea.
" gibbosus, Barnes.
" gracilis, Barnes.

lachrymosus, Lea.
'■ ligamentinus. Lam.
" luteolus, Lam.
" multiplicatus, Lea.
" nasuius, Say.
" occidens, Lea.
" phaseolus, Hildreth.
" plicatus, LeS'jeur.

5 1 Unio pressus, Lea.

• radiatus, Lam.

' rectus, Lam.

' rubiginosus, Lea.
spatulatus. Lea.

' subovatus, Lea.

' tenuissimus, Lea.

' triangularis, Say.

' undulatus, Barnes,

' ventricosus, Barnes.
6 1 Margaritana calceola. Lea.

52
53
54

55
5^'
5 7
5S

59
60

62
63

65

66

complanata,Barnes.
margaritifera, L.
marginata. Say.
rugosa, Barnes,
undulata, Say.

67 Anodonta angulata, Lea.

68
69

70

7'
72

— ^

74

75
76

77
78

79

80

81
82

83

84

85
86

Benedictii, Lea.
corpulenta, Cooper.
Dallasiana, Lea.
edentula. Say.
Ferussaciana, Lea.
fluviatilis, Dillwyn.
Footiana, Lea.
fragilis. Lam.
implicata, Say.
Kennicottii, Lea.
lacustris, Lea.
Lewisii, Lea.
Nuttalliana, Lea.
ovata, Say.
plana, Lea.
Simpsoniana, Lea.
subcylindracea. Lea.
undulata. Say.
Wahlamatensis, Lea.

35

B. — Freshwaiet Univalves.

12

87 Valvata tricarinata, Say.
8S " sincera, Say.

89 " pupoidea, Gould.

90 " virens, Tryon.

91 Campeloma decisum, Say.

92 Bythinia tentaculata, L.

93 Bythinella obtusa, Lea.

94 Somatogyrus de[)ressus,,Tryon. 126

95 " isogonus, Say. 127

96 Amnicola porata, Say. 128

97 " pallida, Hald.

98 " limosa, Say.

119 Limntea humilis, Say.

120 " lanceata, Gould.

121 " gracilis, Jay.

122 Physa Lordi, Baird.

124
125

" gyrina, Say.

" triticea, Lea.

" ampuUacea, Gould.

" ancillana. Say.

" Billingsii, Heron.

" heterostropha, Say.

129 Bulinus hypnorum, L.

130 Planorbis corpulentus, Say.

Cincinatiensis,Anth. 131

132

99
100 " granum. Say.

loi Fluminicola Nuttalliana, Lea

102 Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Hald.

103 " lustrica, Say.

104 Plurocera subulare, Lea.

105 Goniobasis livescens, Menke. 136

106 " salicula, Gould. 137

107 Limnaea stagnalis, L.

108 " ampla, Mighels.

109 " decollata, Mighels.
no " columella. Say.

111 " lepida, Gould.

112 " megasoma, Say.

113 " palustris, Miill.

114 " catascopium, Say.

115 " emarginata, Say. 145

116 " caperata. Say. 146

117 " decidiosa, Say. 147

118 '■ Adelinje, Tryon. 14S

C. — Land Shells.

149 Selenites concava. Say. 151 Selenites sportella, Gould.

150 " Vancouverensis,Lea. 152 Liniax agrestis, Miill.

" trivolvis. Say.

" macrostomus, Whit-

eaves.
" bicarinatus. Say.

" campanulatus, Say.

" opercularis, Gould.

" exacutus, Say.

" deflectus. Say.

albus, Miill.
" nautileus, L.

'' parvus, Say.

" umbilicatus, J. W.

Faylor.
" Billingsii, Lea.

143 Segmentina armigera, Say.

144 Ancylus parallelus, Hald.

133
134
135

138

139
140

141
142

rivularis. Say.
caurinus, Cooper,
fragilis, Tryon.
Koocaniensis, Baird.

36

153 Limax campestris, Binney.

154 " hyperboreus, Wester-

lund.

155 Vitrina limpida, Gould.

156 " Pfeifferi, Newcomb.

157 Zonites fuliginosus, Griff.

158 " ligerus, Say.

159 " intertextus, Binney.

160 " inornatus, Say.

161 " celiarius Miill.

162 " nitidus, Miill.

163 " arboreus, Say.

164 " radiatulus, Alder.

165 " indentatus, Say.

166 " minusculus, Binney.

167 " milium, Morse.
t68 " Binneyanus, Morse.

169 " ferreus, Morse.

170 " exiguus, Stimpson.

171 '• fulvus, Drap.

172 " suppressus, Say.

173 " multidentatus,Binney.

174 Pristiloma Lansingi, Bland.

175 " Stearnsi, Bland.

176 Tebennophorus Caroliniensis,

Bosc.

177 " dorsalis, Binney.

178 Ario]imaxColumbianus,Gould.

179 Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bid.

& Binney.

180 " Pacificum, Cock-

erel!.

181 Patula alternata, Say.

182 " strigosa, Gould.

183 " perspectiva, Say,

18 1 Patula striatella, Anth.

185 " asteriscus, Morse.

186 Helicodiscus lineatus, Say.

187 Acanthinula harpa, Say

188 Punctum minutissimum, l.ei.

189 " conspectum, Bland.

190 Helix aspersa, Miill.

191 " hortensis, L.

192 " fidelis, Gray.

193 "' arbust )rum, L.

194 " Townsendiana, Lea.

195 '' hispida, L.

196 " rufescens, Pennant.

197 ■' Cantiana, Montagu.

198 '■ ihyroides, Say.

199 " albolabris, Say.

200 " dentiferu, Binney.
2CI " Columbiana, Lea.

202 '' devia, Gould.

203 ■' Sayii, Binney.

204 " monodon, Rackett.

205 " Leaii, Ward.
2o5 " germana, Gould.

207 '• tridentata, Say.

208 '■ palliata, Say.

209 " pulchell.i, Miill.

210 " costata, Miill.

211 '' labyrinthica, Say.

212 Pupa muscorum, L.

213 " Hoppii, Moller.

214 '■ decora, Gould.

215 " corpulenta, Morse.

216 " fallax, Say.

217 " corticaria, Say.

218 '• armifera. Say.

37

219

Pupa

contracta, Say.

2?,3

Succinea Hawkinsi, Baird.

220

((

Holdngeri, Sterki.

234

It

lineata, Binney.

221

1!

sim;)lex, Gould.

2.)i

u

Nuttalliana, Lea.

222

(I

milium, (xould.

236

u

obliqua, Say.

223

Verti]

go ovata, Say.

237

ii

Oregonensis, Lea.

224

Li

(iouldii, Binney.

238

u

ovalis, Gould.

225

a

Bjllesiana, Morse.

239

((

Hayden;,\V.G. Binney

226

(1

ventricosa, Morse.

240

u

rusticana, Gould.

227

((

pentodon, Say.

241

n

Verrilli, Bland.

228

u

curvidens, Gould.

242

0;

ichiJium Carpeiit^ri, W. G.

229

u

Binneyana, Sterki.

Binney.

230

Ferussacia subcylindrica, L

243

0

.ichidt

;lla borealis, Dill.

231

Succinea aurea, Lea.

244

G

arychium exiguum, Say.

232

((

avara, Say.

-:o:-

ROYAL SGCILIY OF CANADA.

The Eleventh Annual Meeting of the above Society will be held
in Ottawa in the beginning of June.

Fellows and Delegates will register in Dr. Bourinot's oiifice in the
House of Co!iimons on May 31st, between the hours of 9 and 10
o'clock a.m. There will be a general meeting of the Society from 10
to 12 and at 3.30 p.m. 1 he Presidential Address will be delivered by
the Rev. Abbe Lafiamme, D.D.

The meetings of Section IV— Geological and Biological Sciences
— will be held in one of the Committee Rooms of the House of Co-n-
mons. All meetings are open to the public, and our members are par-
ticularly invited to attend. Mr. F. T. Shutt, M.A., F.LC, F.C.S., our
First Vice-President will represent the Club officially.

38
PARASITIC FUNGI.

By Adolph Lehmann, B. S. A.

(Read at Microscopical Soiree, No. 2, 2§tJi February, i8g2.)

One of the many branches of science which is ahiiost exclusively
dependent on the microscope for its development, is Mycology or the
study of that group of minute plants known as lungi.

This group is an exceedingly large one and, as might be expected,
some of its members vary considerably in size and appearance; even
more so than some of our forest trees differ from the herbaceous plants
growing underneath them. A few like the mushrooms and toadstools
are comparatively large; but the numbji of these compared with those
invisible to the naked eye is so small that if the average size of the fungi
could be ascertained this would not be materially increased by the
former. Therefore, speaking of the group, we call it one of microscopic
plants; or plants of which even the outline cannot be seen without a
microscope.

In addition to great differences in size, very viried forms of structure
and reproduction are found in this group ; but one of the character-
istics the fungi have in c )mmon is that they do not possess the peculiar
green colouring matter, called chlorophyll, by which other plants are
enabled to transform water and the carbonic acid of the atmosphere
into starch or some closely allied compounds. Not being able to do
this they must absorb them from other plants or animals or some of their
products. They are, therefore either parasitic or sapro[)hytic ; the
former if they draw their nutriment from living tissues, the latter if
from their remains.

Nearly all the fungi have numerous slender filaments ramifying
through the material on which they live. Generally this is the only por-
tion of the plant existing in its early stage. It grows very rapidly and
constitutes what is known as mycelium. From it, branches are sent out
which, either directly or indirectly, produce minute reproductive cells
called spores. Like the seeds of the higher plants, these serve the
double purpose of multiplying and perpetuating the species. Many
fungi produce two kindsof spores the one for quickly spreading its growth,
the other, a resting spore, able to withstand extremes of climate, for
tiding over periods unfavourable to the growth of the parent. Most

39

spores are very small and are easily carried by the wind, as they float
in large numbers in the air. Owing to this, the diseases caused by
fungi Sjjread very easily.

One of the simplest fungi is the Yeast plant {Saccharomyces). It
possesses no mycelium, consisting simply of a single, oval cell. Spores
are seldom, if, ever, formed. It rep'oduces itself by bud ling, /. e. by
bulging out at some point till the protuberance resembles the parent
cell and is separated trom it by a wall. To study its growth a raicros-
coi)e magnifying 400 to 600 diameters and an artificially heated slide
are necessary. It lives on materials containing grape sugar and has the
power of splitting the latter into carbonic acid and alcohol. The man-
ufacturer of beer is largely dependent on this lower form of life, for it
transforms the sugar produced from the starch by the sprouting or mal-
ting of barley into the alcohol found in beer. But it does not
assist man only in the manufacture of beer, wine, cider and other alco-
holic beverages or the products, like vinegar, derived from the same;
but performs an almost equally important role in the productio;'i of ''the
staff of life." The yeast growing in the dough gives rise to successive
little bubbles of carbonic acid gas which retained by the latter till baked
causes the rising of tie dju^h aid the production of a light and
more easily digested bread.

A more typical fungus, the various stages of which are shown in
some of the microscopes before you, is the one producing the disease
known as " Rust " on the various grains and grasses. This disease,
most prevalent in wet seasons on heavily manured soi!s, is generally
first noticed by the appearance of reddish-brown s[)ots on the leaves and
stems of cereals, which rapidly multiply till the grain ripens. These
spots consist of loosly attached, unicellular, oval, somewhat spiny,
reddish-brotvn spores, which carried by the wind, birds or insects to
other places, quickly germinate, producing a mass of mycelium and in
turn another crop of similar spores. These successive crops of «rf^(?
spores, as they are called, continue to be produced till the nutriment m
the straw lessened by the ripening of the grain and the growth of the
fungus is not sufficient to support a vigorous growth of the latter. The
parusite then terminates its growth for the season by the production of
a somewhat larger, dark brown, two-celled resting spore seen on the

40

straw during winter in the form of dark, linear patches ; such as you will
find on this sample of straw. Germinating in spring both of the cells
may produce short filaments bearing on the points of its several branches
small gobular cells known as sporidia, easily transported by the wind
when detached. Shortly after the leaves of the Barberries have expand-
ed thickened patches, dotted with minute yellow spots, may frequently
be seen on them. The yellow spots are clusters of a large number of
spores gathered together as chains in cup shaped masses and embedded
in the diseased, thickened tissues of the leaf through which the myceli-
um passes in every direction. These spores produced on the barberry
leaf may, after being brought in contact with growing grain or grasses,
again produce the red rust. I his fungus absorbing the nutriment in the
stem and leaves of the grain which would otherwise be stored in the
seed, causes the latter, instead of being entirely filled to present a
more or less small and shrivelled appearance reducing it some-
times very materially, in weight and quality.

In order to check the development or spread of injurious fungi it
is important to know as much about their methods of growth and re-
production as possible. Even the knowledge that a disease is caused
by a fungus may be of great value in itself, as this would make us
careful to destroy or disinfect, as much as possible such materials on
which these organisms might be growing. The thickenings sometimes
seen on plum or cherry trees, known as "Black Knot" (caused by a
fungus) should therefore not only be cut off but burned. The know-
ledge that the fungoid growth appearmg on the leaves of the potato vines
causes later on the rot of the tuber, enables us to fight this enemy
before the potatoes are taken out of the ground. Much loss has also
been prevented by the discovery that the disease on grains known as
Smut, produced by the spores clinging to the seed grain can be over-
come by soaking the grain before sowing, in a solution of copper sulphate.
The pleasure to be derived from the study of this group of plants
is, therefore, not confined to seeing the beauty and harmony of nature
but may be materially enhanced by discovering something of value to
the human family. Many of those who use the microscope for recrea-
tion or amusement will doubtless find this a study well worth while
pursuing.

41

ON THE SEQUENCE OF STRATA FORMING THE QUEBEC

GROUP OF LOGAN AND BH.LINGS, WITH REMARKS

ON THE FOSSH. REMAINS FOUND THEREIN.

By Henrv M. Ami, M.A., F.G.S., &c., of the Geological Survey.

(Presented to the Royal Society of Canada by Dr. G. M. Dawson,

F.R.S. &c., May, iSqi.)

(Abstract.)

The paper dealt with the Geological focts and grounds upon
which the Quebec group rested and made it a necessary term in the
geological nomenclature of strata in North America^ but especially in
the Province of Quebec.

The grounds, upon which the separation of the various terranes
constituting this natural group was based, as well as the faunal and
ihysical relations of its different members, were pointed out, showing
the validity of the existence of such a series of fossiliferous sedimentary
strata as that which Sir William Logan had recognized and Mr. Billings
so clearly demonstrated early in the ^'sixties."

The removal ol the so-calied Hudson River black graptolitic series
of shales, etc., which are met with at Quebec City, at the west end
of the Island of Orleans, along the Marsouin River, and at many other
places in the Province of Quebec — at Norman's Kiln, in the State of
New York, and in Penobscot County, Maine, and other places in the
United States — from an uppermost position in the Ordovician System —
immediately above the Utica, or just below the base of the Silurian
System — was absolutely necessary in the light of facts whether
palaeontological or stratigraphical or in the light of other physical
reasons.

The characteristics of this so-called " Hudson River " series of
rocks, when studied in the field as well as in closer detail, point clearly
to its intimate relation and association with the "Levis" of Sir William
Logan's Quebec group. The Levis and the Quebec formations or
terranes along with the Sil/ery, form a group of terranes geologically
and geographically closely related, which can be divided and sub-divided

42

in many instances into definite zones or horizons and smaller sub-
divisions, all of which were deposited under peculiar conditions such as
characterised the lower half of the Ordovician (Cambro-Silurian) Epoch
in geology.

It will thus appear that the rocks constituting the Quebec terrane
(which term has b^en used and is b.-ing adopted by many American
geologists as a proper one with which to designate these so-called
"Hudson River" rocks) form part and parcel of the original " Quebec
Group" of Logan.

The paper went on to refer to the faunas entom' ed in each of
these three divisions, care being taken to exclude from the list of
characteristic species — such forms as were not found in situ or (rom the
rocks proper of each series — whether from loose pieces or from
conglomerates or conglomerate like bands, in order that the possibilities
of error in orrelazion as well as in |)alKontological or fiunal differenti-
ation might be lessened in the problem which like the present one
affords such diver^iiy of relations and complicated terms.

The paper is, in fact, a sequel to the writer's contribution read
before the Geological Society of America at Washington, last December
and published since. (See Bulletin of the Geological Society of Ani-i'-ica^
Vol. II., pp. 477-502, plate 20, 189 [.) Whilst the latter dealt more
particularly with the region about Quebec City — the present one
referred to the relations and characteristics of the Quebec Group of
Logan and Billings throughout the whole extent of the Province ot
Quebec and contiguous districts, upon which to base the proofs for the
validity and actual existence of such a group or series of terranes in
that portion of North America. The equivalency of the term
" Canadian Period," or " Canadian Epoch," as used liy Prof James
D. Dana and others, is also adduced as further evidence, corroborative
of the magnificent work performed by Sir William Logan in elucidating
the complex structure of the Province of Quebec— which work with
the exception of Sir William Dawson, in several papers nnd reports —
found scarcely any advocate, whilst its factors are based upon principles
and data which are as durable as the rocks from which they proceed or
with which they are related.

[::

43

Terranes.

Hudson River, ( = Lorraine.)

5 TT 1 2. Utica, \

y S '^Pl^^'' 13. Trenton, -Trenton Group.

> H 4. Black River, Terranes.

o > ^ -. Quebec.

O Lower ' 5- ^"azy, Iquebec Group. - Levis.

^ (6. Calciferous, j^ [Sillery.

The above table is given to indicate the relations of the various
members of the Ordovician (Cambro-Silurian) System in Canada
showing the position of the " Quebec Terrane " in the lower half of the
system instead of being classed or grouped along with the Hudson
River (= Lorraine) terrane at the very top of the system as formerly.
The exac: relations, stratigraphical and palseontological, which exist
between the Quebec, Levis and Sillery terranes have yet to be defined.
Their sequence aid order in the scale of time require further investi-
gations before this interesting fact can be ascertained on which Sir
Wm. Logan .ind Mr. Billings were still actively engaged when called
away.

:o:-

NATURAL HISTORY OBSERVATIONS.

A form for registering observations of the first and last records in
Natural History has just been issued by the Royal Society of Canada.
This form has been drawn up by a committee of the Royal Society and
distributed to the different Natural History and Scientific Societies
throughout thj country. Observations are asked for upon certain well-
known wild jilants in all the Provinces of the Dominion, the time of
sowing and harvesting grain and the ripening of wild and cultivated
fruits. Then follow the arrivals and departures of birds and the most
noticeable meteorological occurrences.

There is no^doubt that the Royal Society will gather together by
this means most valuable information. It is proposed to have the
schedules collected once a year and the results laid before the Royal
Society for publication in their annual Volume of Transactions,

44

OBITUARY. -

We regret to have to record the death, on 23rd ult,, at Cap
Rouge, near Quebec, of the Abbe Leon Provancher, F.R.S.C., a noted
Canadian Natur.ilist, and one of the corresponding members of the
Ottawa FieldNaturaHsts' Club. For many years the Abbe hod
devoted almost his whole time to the study of the natural history oi
Canada (especially of the Province of Quebec) and to the publication
of the results of his labours. In 1869 he began to issue the ''Natural-
iste Canadien," the last volume of which, No. XX., was completed in
1891. He also wrote a Flora of Canada, three volumes upon portions
of the Insect fauna, a treatise upon the Univalve MjUuscs, and several
other works. Of the above the most important is the Faune
Entomologique, in which are described many new species of insects
captured at Ottawa. The types of many of these, and of the other
species described by the Abbe, remain in his collection, and we
sincerely hope that arrangements will be made by which this collection,
which has a special value from that fact, may be deposited in some
public institution and may not be either broken up and distributed, or
even neglected until destroyed by insects. The Abbe Provancher was
born at Becancour, Que., in 1820, and before residing at Cap Rouge
was for some years Cure of Portneuf.

:o:

EXCURSION No. i.— TO KIRK'S FERRV.
The first excursion of the season will be held on Saturday, June
4th, to Kirk's Ferry. The excursionists will leave the Union Depot by
the Gatineau Valley Railway at 9.45 di.m. , piaitfually, and will Le back
in Ottawa at 7.30 p.m. This will give the ])arty from 10.45 '" ^^^
morning until 6.30 in the evening for collecting in this beautiful locali-
ty. It is hoped there will be a large attendance of members of the
Club and their friends. The Railway Company have promised ample
accomodation, and tickets may be obtained at the railway station or
previously of any member of the Council, at the following rates : —

Members, adults ...... 50 cents.

" children . . . . . . 25 "

Non-members, adults ..... 60 "

children . . . . . 30 "

^)

45

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BLUE
MOUNTAIN, CO. OF LEEDS, ON TARIO

By Rev. C. J. Young, Lansdowne, Onl.
(Read February 2^th, i8g2.)

Travellers by the Grand Trunk Railway from Montreal t^ Toronto
have possibly noticed the rocky and broken nature of the country they
pass through between Brockville and Kingston. This is especially the
case in the townships of Escott and Lansdowne and in these townships
it is that the subject of the present paper " The Blue Mountain " is
situated. The rocky tract referred to is most pronounced in the vicinity
of Charleston Lake ; it extends thence in a south-westerly direction,
and continuing along the River St. Lawrence, helps to form the inimit-
able scenery of the Thousand Islands. In past years this country was
densely timbered with pine and other forest trees, and until the lumber-
man's axe made its onslaught on these, was, we are told, a veritable
wilderness, through which the bear, the wolf and the deer roamed at
will. To-day the greater part of the large timber is cut away, and in
the more level places the land is cleared and cultivated, yielding some
of the finest crops in this part of Ontario. In other parts, where the
rocky nature of the soil forbids cultivation, a second growth has sprung
up, consisting of pine, hemlock, birch, oak and poplar. Here and
there patches of the old woodland remain, where the maple, the elm,
the beech, and an occasional oak and hickory flourish in all their pristine
vigour. But the pine are mostly gone. Besides the curiously shaped con-
ical hill known as the Blue Mountain some six miles north of the Rail-
way and which according to the Government Survey rises to a height of
360 feet above Charleston Lake, there are several other rocky eminences
to the South, towards the river St. Lawrence, reaching an altitude of
from two to three hundred feet. The whole of this country is to-day
curiously diversified with woods, rocks, swamps and in places excellent
farms. But it is the rocky tract known as the Blue Mountain that I am
going to speak of Almost every one now is familiar with the"Thousand
Isles ;" the portion that remains a wilderness extends for about ten
miles on the easterly side of Charleston Lake, and varies from three to
four miles in width. To lovers of nature it is a most interesting tract
of country. W^^ifCtb^^e limits there is no cultivation. The larger

/,

«

V

ftWM^

46

timber, as I have stated, has been mostly cut away or destroyed by fires,
but its place is taken by the dense second growth of trees above referred
to. On approaching from the south, a traveller is at once struck by
the extremely broken ground. On this side and on that, huge masses
of rock rise up among the trees. Chaos reigns supreme and many a
one well acquainted with the country who has gone out in summer to
pick berries and has lingered till twilight, has failed to reach home that
night. There are deep gullies and chasms between the rocks.
The south side of the Blue Mountain proper is very steep, rising in ter-
races one above another; the outlying ridges contain steep rocky bluffs,in
places bare, in others thickly wooded. Between these bluffs are swampy
spots, little creeks, or here and there a marsh. In some places the
chasms between the rocks are so narrow, though from forty to fifty feet
in depth, that a good sized tree that has fallen across, forms a natural
bridge. Few except such as are lovers of nature or are fond of romantic
scenery, with hunters and berry pickers, visit this spot. The latter are
numerous in the summer months, for the ridges, as they are called,
abound with blueberries, the gullies with raspberries and blackberries
and the small marshes produce very fine cranberries. Near the crest of
the highest ridge, running parallel with the large lake below, are two small
lakelets, about half a mile long by a quarter wide- The highest of these
is a romantic spot, a complete basin among the rocks. On the east side
rise abruptly from the water precipitous rocks, to a height of probably
a hundred feet, clothed with scrub pine and oak. The water in
these lakes is said to be very deep, it is clear and cold, and
on a fine day of a lovely blue. The only fish in these lakes is a species
of minnow or small chub ; speckled trout if introduced, I do not doubt,
could thrive well. I should suppose the rugged nature of this district
is due to volcanic forces, and those who know the geology of the country
better than I do, will say whether it is not altogether probable that
these lakelets are the craters of extinct volcanoes. Charleston Lake
at the foot of these ridges is now pretty well known. It has been much
frequented for some summers past by American tourists, who resort
thither for the sake of sport, retirement and the pure air. The salmon
trout of this lake are held in much repute, and by those who understand
the method of fishing for them, are easily caught in the summer and
-fall".

47

The American visitors are very successful, using a long line and
allowing it to sink in the deep water to a depth of upwards of one hun-
dred feet. The rocks to the east and south of the lake are of the
Laurentian formation, but contain no economic mineral, at any rale
none have been discovered so far. In the lake itself are islands of
crystalline limestone, and on the west shore I believe both lead and iron
have been found and were formerly worked.

But to return to the Blue Mountain. From its highest pa-ttheround
conical hill already mentioned, a magnificent view may be obtained on
a fine day. Charleston Lake stretches below, at its head is the little
village of that name ; a little beyond, the spire of the church at Pine Hill
rises amid a grove of pine trees ; to the north-west the eye ranges over
a tract of rock and woodland, to the south and east is the river St. Law-
rence, the fertile country intervening, and far beyond, the hills in the
United States, where the limit of vision is bounded by the foot hills of
the distant Adirondacks. Altogether the view is unique in this part of
Ontario. But a ramble among these rocks and ridges is very tiring on
a warm day, and few would care to undertake it alone.

Formerly as mentioned this region was a great resort for deer, and
the older settlers tell how numerous they used to be. But within the
last few year's they may be said to have disappeared and now only an
occasional straggler is seen. Bear too and wolves were formerly num-
erous ; the last bear that I have heard of was seen four or five years ago
by two farmers in the neighborhood, although traces of them have been
since seen ; and during the past " fall " three are said to have been met
with near the Gananoque water some four miles from Charleston Lake.
Wolves were thought to have become extinct, but in October 1887 a
large one was poisoned close to the Blue Mountain. A number of
sheep had been previously missed, one farmer losing as many as twenty-
eight, killed, as was thought for a time, by dogs. In the partially eaten
carcase of one of these strychnine was placed and thus the
wolf was obtained. The person who captured it, told me of its large
size, and the layers of fat he found under the skin clearly proving it had
fared well on the farmer's sheep. A second one was suspected of being
in the neighborhood; but none have since been seen. The lynx or
wild cat, as the settlers call it, is still found among the rocks. Of the

48

other larpg mammals the raccoon and fox are plentiful. Two years ago
I saw four young silver-grey foxes, captured the previous summer, and
which had become quite tame. They probably were the offspring of a
cross between the red and black varieties, a specimen of the latter
being occasionally seen. An otter is trapped from time to time in
Charleston Lake ; I heard of one last year. The porcupine is a common
animal, the locality being exactly suited to his requirements. In the
heavier timbered places there are a few black squirrels, an occasional
grey one, and other smaller animals are plentiful. With the excep-
tion of partridges, (the ruffed grouse) and some ducks, game birds are
not plentiful. There are plenty of the former, but lh_y are difficult to
follow on account of the rough nature of the ground. This year they
have fed eagerly on beech nuts. The spruce partridge I have not
heard of Of ducks the black duck {Anas ohscura) is very common
and affords capital sport to those who are fond of hunting them during
September and October. During the day time they are often found
resting in the little lakes I have mentioned, where they usually
find i^erfect quiet and seclusion. In the evening they fly down
to the bays and marshes around Charleston i,ake to feed. Of
other ducks the wood duck, {Aix sponsa) the " fall ducks and broad
bills" as they are plentiful on larger waters in October and November,
as also the "golden eye," some of which remain all the winter in the
open parts of the river St. Lawrence. Of other birds in this district I
will mention some of the rarer kinds, which 1 have noticed myself or
heard of during the last three years. The bald eagle nests every year
in the township of Lansdowne, near the river St. Lawrence, also near
Marble Rock in Leeds. The osprey is a very rare bird and does not
appear to nest. I have seen only one. Of hawks, the red-tail passes
to and fro in spring and fall, and if it breeds here rarely does so ; the
red-shouldered {Buteo Ihieaius) is the commonest of the large hawks and
breeds abundanily : I have seen one specimen of the broad winged
hawk {Bnteo Pennsylvantcus) in May last, so it possibly breeds. The
other hartks are the sharp-shinned and sparrow, the latter quite com-
mon. I should not forget to mention the marsh hawk, which is not
uncomnion and breeds in the marshes. The eggs of a set I saw in 1890,
five in number, were boldly marked and spotted. Of owls we have a

49

great variety, but none are common, the snowy owl and the great cin-jre-
ous owl have both been captured in winter near the Blue Mountain, and
I have seen specimens, as well as the Virginian horned owl, which is
generally distributed but not com;non. Of the long eared-owl, I saw a
specimen shot within a distance often miles, in November 1S90. The
short-eared owl, two specimens procured in the township of Lansdowne
in 1S90; the screech owl, (Meo^ascops asio) csiught at Lansdowne in
October 1891, which I now have alive; and the barred owl, and saw-
whet ; a specimen of the latter was caught alive at the river St. Lawrence
in June 1S90. All the^e varienes I have seen. Of other birds the
white-rumped shrike is common, the northern shrike {Lan'ius borealis)
appears every winter. The towhee {Pipi/o erythrophthalinus) is a
common bird, hatches in June. I found the nest with four eggs. May
19, '91. I noticed a pair of morning doves, {ZinaiUura macroiira) in
April 1891, in the township of Lansdowne. The flycatchers are com-
mon. I noticed a nest of the wood pewee, {Co?itopus virens) on a
horizontal branch of a beech tree in June last, and in the smie grcve
also on a beech tree obtained a nest of the ruby-throated hummingbird.
Of warblers the rarest I have seen is the " mourning," of this I watch'jd
a ne^t with four eggs in June 189 1. In marshy districts around Char-
leston Lake the long-billed marsh wren is very common, breeding in all
suitable locations ; the winter wren occasionally breeds, and in 1890 I
found a nest in a rotten stump close to the ground, not ten yards from
the tree on which the bald headed eagle nests, a striking reminder of
the frequent proximity of majesty and insignificance. Of water fowl,
the favourite haunts of these birds are so numeious, that it would be
strange if there were not a fair variety. The bittern, the great blue heron
the green heron, I think, though not quite sure, the black and wood
ducks, the coot, the horried grebe, {Colymbus auritus) all breed in the
Blue Mountain district, as too the woodcock, a nest of which species
with three eggs, I saw in June 1850; the Virginia rail, nest with nine
eggs June 17th 1891 and the kildeer plover. A nest of Bartram's sand-
piper was found in an uplan 1 meadjw in 18S9 with eggs and it is prob-
able th\t the solitary sandpiper also breeds, as I have seen the old birds
as late as June and as early as August. Of other birds I am assured by a
person who has travelled in the North NVest, that he saw a flock of sand

50

hill cranes pass over the township of Escott in 1890, and recognized
the birds by their cry. In the present month December 1891, 1 have
seen two wax wings, ( Ampelis garrulufi). Space does not permit me to
go further into an account of the birds, as I must mention some of the
more striking plants. The rarest plant I have met wath is the dwarf
sumach, (/?/z//;f (:c?/a7/«a) found by me about a mile inland from th^
river St. Lawrence in October last in the township of Lansdowne. The
bright red foliage ot the plant at that time of year formed a noticeable
feature. I understand it has only been found once before in Canada
on an island in the St. Lawrence river near Brockville. I enclose a
]eaf In the same locality I find the pitch pine, Piiiiis rigiia to be a
common tree growing in suitable places, i.e. rocky ground on the islands
in St. Lawrence and north, on and around the Blue Mountain. The red
cedar is also a common tree here, growing in this section of country in-
variably as far as I have observed, on and among Laurentian rocks.
Time forbids me to go into any systematic mention of other plants, but
I will speak of a few at haphazard, which friends at Ottawa have kindly
named for me. The closed gentian, (Gentiana Andrewsii) is fairly
common from the St. Lawrence northward in moist meadows. On the
borders of creeks and near the river, the ground nut, (Apios tuberosa)
is a common plant. Near the Blue Mountain I met last May with pretty
blossoms of the fringed polygala, (Polygala paucifolia). On the Islands
among rocks as too on the Blue Mountain. I have met with the enclosed
fern, a southern variety I think, {Aspletiium ebeneum.) The mandrake,
(Podophyllum peltatum) is very plentiful in places on the islands, and
the little plant 'Pyrola elliptica' (enclosed) grows among the rocks. The
ginseng, recently so much sought after, has been frequently found in
the vicin ty of Charleston Lake. We have several other plants to which
I minht call attention as met with in this locality, but I must pa-s them
by now, hoping on another occasion to give a more systematic list of
some varieties not commonly found. I cannot but add in conclusion
that some knowledge of the 'fauna! and '■flora' of the country districts of
Ontario and where we happen to live, is to my mind both edifying and
instructive. The field is wide aad diversified here in Ontario, a com-
paratively short distance shows great variety of soil and natural features,
to a certain extent even of climate. There are few who amid the pressure

51

of daily life, when following their avocations, but can spare a day or part
of a day now and again to watch the workings of God in nature, and
acquaint themselves with his works. In a comparatively new country
there may be for a time but few who tlius care to spend any spare hours
they may happen to have ; but these few will increase. I seldom meet
with a kindred spirit though no doubt such are on the increase; but 1 feel
sure that such an institution as the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club seems
to be, is best calculated to produce a sentiment of love for nature, and
a yearning for knowledge of those things which are placed wiihin the
reach of most of us.

■'ro:

EXCURSION No. i.— TO THE CASCADES OF THE

GATINEAU.

The first excursion of the season was held on Saturday, June 4th,
and was one of the most successful that has ever taken place under the
auspices of the Club. Amongst those who availed themselves of this
opportunity to visit the beautiful Gatineau Valley were several members
of the Club who live at a distance, but who were in Ottawa either
attending the meeting of the Royal Society of Canada or the session of
Parliament.

A large and happy party of excursionists left the Union Station at
9.45 a.m. by the new Gatineau Valley Railway, and ascended that wild
and important tributary of the Ottawa, which rising away in the far
north beyond the head waters of the Ottawa itself, flows almost due
south from its source and joins the Grand River at right angles to its
course a mile below the city. Everything conspired to make the trip
pleasant, the weather was simply perfect. Old Sol shed his genial
warmth over the fresh spring landscape, the air was clear but there was
no rain, a grateful coolness pervaded the broad and beautiful valley up
which the railway winds its way. The run from Ottawa to the Cascades
was delightful and refreshing. The cars were new and clean, there was
no dust, and above all, there were no mosquitoes, and the railway officials
were most attentive and courteous. From the time Hull and"1f. j Can-

52

adian Pacific Railway track were left behind and the party entered the
valley of the Gatineau, a varied and constantly changing panorama of
great beautywas unrolled before the eyes of the appreciative excursionists.
The numerous curves necessary in carrying a road through a mountain-
ous country showed to great advantage the rounded hills covered with
their copious mantle of tender green. The delicate tints of the Aspen
the Sugar Maple and the Beech contrasted well with the dark
foliage of the evergreens, Pines, Firs and Spruces; which again was varied
by the differing shades of other trees and plants, and with the foam-
ing torrent rushing below made a landscape of marvellous magnificence
and Leauty. Leaving Hull and passing through the rich farm lands
which lie amongst the hills, the road runs past Ironsides and then on
to Chelsea, rising at first gradually and then quickly from terrace to
terrace until at the latter place the old Laurentian Hills are entered
with their characteristic scenery. The railway skirts the edge of the
river and gives many a glimpse of rushing rapids, weather-stained rocks,
hill-side and crag scenery. Kirk's Ferry and its foaming waters were
passed. This was the original objective point of the party, but as the
sky appeared to be rather overcast and as the railway company had put
a special train at the disposal of the Club, it was deemed wiser to run
on as far as the Cascades, and at the end of the day everyone was much
pleased that this change had been made. The Cascades, about fifteen
miles from Ottawa, was reached at half-past ten, when Mr. Frank T.
Shutt, M.A.,F.I.C.,F.C.S., Acting President of the Club in the absence
of Dr. George Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., Szc, (who is now in England
as arbitrator and adviser with the Imperial authorities on the Behring
Sea matter) having formally welcomed all present in the name of the
Club, announced the programme. The following gentlemen acted as
leaders for the day in the various branches of study :

G.'ology— Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. R. W. Ells, Prof. Bailey (Fred-
ericton, N.B.).

Botany— Mr. R. B. Whyte, Prof. Macoun, Mr. AV. Scott.

Entomology — Rev. Dr. Bethune (Port Hope, Ont.).

The party ihen broke up into small bands and went off with the
leaders to seek for treasures in this r.ew field of work. Everyone found
something of interest, and many of the visitors who had only come on

53'

the excursion for the day's outing, saw for tlie first time some of the
charms in the study of the glorious creation around us, which make
naturalists, as a class, the happiest and m^ist contented of mortals.

At 13 o'clock (i p.m. old fogy time) there was a general rally at the
rendezvous when the inner man was refreshed. After luncheon the
botanists and geologists united their forces and a visit was paid to the
mica mine. The way was rough and hard but the reward was declared
to be ample by all who took the troiible to climb to the pits. There
were several of these, and mici was seen strewn around in large quan-
tities, besides many other minerals of interest. Apatite, pyrites, pyrrho-
tile, pink calcite, pyroxene in crystals, as well as gneisses and other
recks.

At 17.30 Mr. Shutt summoned the party to the railway station and
announced that the leaders would deliver short addresses upon the
results of their day's work. He congratulated those present on the
success of the excursion, and in a few well chosen and hajii^y words
introduced each speaker. Dr. Henry M. Ami was first called upon.
He spoke in his usual pleasant and earnest manner on the minerals and
geological specimens he had collected, which he exhibited, and also on
the points of interest in the past history of the locali'y. He drew
attention to the origin, nature, composition and use of the minerals met
with and gave a sketch r-f the geological formations between Ottnva
and the Cascades.

Dr. Bailey, Professor of Geology in New Brunswick University,
Fredericion, N. B., followed Dr. Ami, and in a pleasant manner ex-
pressed his gratification at being present. He had been a member of
the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club for many years, and was proud of
belonging to it, as he was satisfied it was the most active and live society
Oi the kind on this continent. He then gave some grarhic notes on
the theories regarding the rocks which were seen during the day.

On behalf of the entomological branch, the Acting President invited
the Rev. Dr. Bethune, the well-known and talented editor of the "Can-
adian Entomologist," to speak. He also expressed his great pleasure
at being present and meeting his fellow-members of a club which he
had joined some years ago because he knew that it had good workers
•in its ranks, and was therefore doing good useful work in all branches

of natural history. The present day, although very pleasant, had not
been bright and sunny enough to tempt a large number of insects from
their hiding places. Dr. Bethune spoke in a charming manner of such
insects as he had captured, and all present were interested in his ex-
planations of their life-histories.

Mr. Robert B. Whyte was then called upon to speak on the plants
collected. As one of the oldest members of the club, as well as one of
our best and most enthusiastic botanists, Mr. Whyte is always eagerly
listened to, and all were much disappointed when his interesting account
of the many treasures he had gathered, was summarily cut short by the
appearance of the train and the conductor's word of command "All
aboard. ' The success of the day was attested by the frequently ex-
pressed wish that the day had been longer, and the Excursion Com-
mittee has been requested to arrange another excursion by the Gatineau
Valley Railroad as soon as practicable.

The city was reached at 19.30, the advertised time, and the party
was met at the station by a string of electric cars, which in a few min
utes took all to their respective parts of the city.

All present expressed themselves as delighted with the day's outing,
and a vote of thanks was passed to the railway authorities, and especially
to Mr. J. T. Prince for the facilities and atte ition given to the members
of the Club.

-:o:-

55
SUB-EXCURSIONS.

SUH-EXCURSION NO. I TO ROCKCLIFFE.

The club began its field work this season on May 14, when a party
of about forty members and their friends took the electric cars to New
Edinburgh and examined the woods lying round Hemlock Lake.
Leading the Geological branch were Dr. 11. M. Ami and the Hon.
Pascal Poirier. Mr. R. B. Whyte lead the Botanists, and Mr. Kingston
the Ornithologists.

The weather was exquisite and the woods, although the buds of
the trees had not yet expanded, were ablaze with lovely spring flowers.
The wistful Hepaticas peeped out from behind rocky points on Rock-
cliffe, and the modest Spring Beauty brightened the deeper shades of
the groves. The Adder's-tongue Lily and Trilliums, red and white,
held their heads erect in the welcome sun-light. Violets coy and the
too-retiring Wood Daffodil or Bell-flower, together with the Wood
Mignonette {Tiarella) and stalwart Blue Cohosh, as well as many other
woodland beauties, all opened wide their blossoms to welcome their
admirers. The soft downy twin leaves of the Wild Ginger with their
single handsome purplish flower, were found by those who sought vigi-
lantly for this attractive plant, ?ind. Daph?ie Mezcreum, w-hich has become
established in the woods, probably from seeds dropped by birds, added
a peculiar charm to the shrubbery with its bright pink blossoms. The
beauties ot all these were pointed out by Mr. Whyte, and their structure
and classification explained.

Mr. Kingston spoke of the birds seen or heard, and an-
nounced to his audience the arrival of the latest summer visitors.

Dr. Ami spoke on the rocks and fossils collected, pointing out
their age and also the nature and origin of Hemlock Lake and the
surrounding district.

SUB-EXCURSION NO. 2. TO THE BEAVER MEADOW, HULL.

A small party of about a dozen members visited the Beaver Mea-
dow, Hull, under the leadership Df Dr. Ami and Mr. T. J. MacLaugh-
lin, on 2 1 St May. Amongst the plants collected Orchis spectabilis 3.nd
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, the Walking Fern, were the most interesting.
Although the day was propitious, not many insects of rarity were
secured.

"56

OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB
Treasurer's Balance Sheet, 1891-92

RECEIPTS

I89I.

March i8 — To balance from previous Club year $ 15 12

1892.
March 18— To Subscriptions :

Arrears of previous years $ 36 00

Current year 1891-92 163 00

Paid in advance for 1S92-93 6 "00

205 00

" Advertisements 41 00

" " Naturalists " sold 9 35

" Received for Authors' " Extras '' 27 65

" Net proceeds Excursion to Kingsmere 30 .\iay '91 ... . 11 55

309 '37
EXPENDITURE

1892.

March 15 — By Ottawa Naturalist, Vol V., $225 97

'• Postage on same 10 75

236 72

" General postage 7 38

" " printing and stationery . 4 60

" Cost of Authors' " Extras " 25 05

" Gratuity to Janitor Normal School 5 00

" Expenses of Soirees 2 20

" Balance on hand 28 72

509 67

Audited and found correct A. G. KINGSTON,

Ottawa East. April 4th, 1892. Treasurer.

[. BALLANTYNE,
■\VM. A. D. LEES,

Atiditors.

EXCURSION NOTICE.

An excursion will take place on Saturday afternoon, July 9th, to
Casselman by the Canada Atlantic Railway. This is a most interesting
locality, and very satisfactory rates have been received from the railway
compiny. The excursion will leave the Elgin St. station by the 2.15
train, and the party will reach Ottawa again at 8 30 p.m. Tickets may
be obtained from any member of the Council before leaving, or upon
the train, at the following rates :

Members of the Club ..... 40 cents.
Children under 12 . . . 20 "

Non-members ..... 50 "

Children under 12 . . 25 "

"^7

'^'libraryi

\

SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF WATER'

By Adolph Lehmann, B. S.A.

(^Delivered March loi/i, i8g2.)

In addition to being one of the most wioely distributed substances
known to us, Water is one of the most valuable compounds. Without
it life from the highest to the lowest forms would be impossible. Owing
to its solvent action it is the carrier of plant life in the soil. It enables
transformation and translocation of materials in the tissues of all living
bodies, enabling them to grow. It plays a part in the electric currents
of the atmosphere, ar.d acts as a most powerful equalizer of the climate
of our globe. It is one of the principal factors in the formation of
soils ; and has at the same time assisted in the production of many of
the rock formations. It is a purifier of the atmosphere. In short it
may be considered as a balance-wheel of nature.

Having such useful and varied functions to perform, it would
doubtless be interesting to study its properties, even if they were the
most simple ; how much more so is this the case when they are, as we
find them, very varied and manifold, giving ample room for study and
thought.

Water exists in different forms and locations. In addition to the
vast expanse of oceans, lakes and rivers in the Torrid and Temperate
Zones, and the plains of ice and snow to the north and south of these,
it is present in varying percentages in nearly all organic substances. It
can be detected in apparently perfectly dry paper or wood. Hay,
straw, and the various grains contain in the neighborhood of lo per
cent. We find it also in some perfectly dry crystals, which without
this " water of crystallization," as it is called, would fall into powder.
It may be interesting to note that while milk (a liquid) contains about
87 per cent, of water, cucumbers and melons (solids) are made up of
95 per cent, of this compound. The difference is that in the former
the solids are largely held in solution, while in the latter they form
tissues to enclose the water — as it were a mass of minute sacks, called
cells, filled with water. Since it is incompressible it helps to prevent
cells from collapsing which, having thin walls, they would otherwise be
liable to do. The water in succulent fruits or other parts of the plant

58

.therefore makes them firmer rather than otherwise, as is clearly demon-
strated when a portion of the water is removed as in fading.

In addition to snow, ice, and ordinary water, an invisible form
exists in nature as vapour suspended in the atmosphere, or as steam
enclosed in the boilers of our engines.

I'hese three torms of aggregation — solid, liquid and gaseous — have

of course the same composition; but, as we know, vary in appearance

and properties. They are easily transformed one into the other, and

frequently exist in nature in contact with each other. Although easily

accomplished this transformation is not so simple as, without reflection,

we might suppose. If a thermometer be placed in contact with melting

ice, it will always indicate the same temperature no matter what the heat

applied to the ice may be, and furthermore, so long as any of it remains

in contact with the resultant water, this also does not vary, but remains

constantly at the freezing point. Since neither the ice nor the water

have increased in temperature the heat applied to them is not indicated

by the thermometer, and is hence called latent heat. Heat, as we

know, can be transformed into force, and in this case it has it has been

used to overcome the force which holds the minute particles (called

molecules) of which the ice is composed, in their place, preventing

them from moving past each other as they do in liquids. The heat

necessary to do this work can be measured by applying a definite

amount (in the shape of hot water) to a pound of ice. If we were to

mix a volume of water at So'^C. (176'^F.) with the same weight of ice

at its melting point, and could prevent the loss of any heat, we should

find that after a time the ice would have disappeared, and two volumes

of water at the freezing point would be the result; clearly showing that

considerable heat had been rendered latent.

Very frequent use is made of this property of water, as for example
in " freezing mixtures." In these the heat required to melt the ice is
supplied by the materials to be cooled or frozen. A convenient form
is that in which this material (i.e., a can of cream) is imbedded in a
mixture of salt and ice. Since salt is very soluble it can cause the ice
to melt at a much lower point than it generally does, thereby materially
reducing it in temperature. In the construction of the scale for his
thermometer Farenheit used the lowest point obtainable by this mi.x-

59

ture as the beginning, while both the other makers used the freezing
point as their zero.

In the transformation of water into steam a very much greater
amount of heat is consumed (about 6% times as much) than by melting
ice. This is illustrated to some extent by the comparatively long t^me
required to vaporize water after it has reached the boiling point.
Since the steam generated has the same temperature as the water from
which it has been formed, the length of time required to vaporize the
latter compared with that necessary to bring it to the ebullition point
indicates to some extent the heat rendered latent. If this latent heat
in steam did not exist we should be unable to use boiling water, as at
present, for the preparation of our food ; for as soon as it had reached
this point it would immediately vaporize to he almost instantly
de[)osited again as water on the somewhat cooler materials with which
it would come in contact.

Although the boiling point like the freezing point serves as a
standard in the manufacture of thermometers, it is not constant under
all circumstances. On the top of mountains it is much lower than at
the sea level ; in fact so material is this variation that comparatively
small differences in altitude can be determined by it. Thus it may be
made to partially serve the purpose of a barometer ; for, like the height
of the mercuric column in that instrument, its height is dependent upon
the weight of the atmosphere. That by an increased pressure this
point is also increased is often seen in the boilers of steam engines ;
and that low pressures have the opposite effect is strikingly illustrated
by numerous simple experiments. If, for example, a fiask containing
some water be heated till it is entirely filled by steam and the residual
water, and then tightly corked, the water in it can be made to boil by
cooling the flask. The steam being condensed the pressure would be
reduced and the vapour developed finding less resistance could pass
through the water to the surface and cause what is known as boiling.
Water contained in a tube enclosing a partial vacuum can reach this
stage when heated by the band.

The temperature at which water, or rather watery solutions, dis-
engage steam, is, in addition to pressure, considerably influenced by the
nature and quantity of the materials dissolved. Many gasses reduce

GO

and solids increpse it. A saturated solution of salt boils at io2°C., and
one of calcium chloride at i79°C.

Several other factors have been noticed to influence the boiling
point, e.g;., the quantity of water used and the material composing the
vessel in which it is heated. Single drops of water suspended in other
liquids have been heated many degrees above this i)oint before they
suddenly transformed into a volume of steam. In a perfectly clean
glass vessel, water has been heated to to6°C. before ebullition com-
menced. Together with the first bubble, however, sufficient steam was
generated to reduce the temperature to the normal boiling point. This
cause of " bumping " may be overcome by placing a piece of metal in
the bottom, of the flask.

The value of water ?s an extinguisher of fire is partially dependent
upon the large amount of of heat absorbed when transformed to steam
and partially upon the fact that it serves to prevent the oxygen of the
atmosphere from coming as readily in contact with the burning material.
Combustion of such substances as wood and coal is dependent on their
union with oxygen, and this does not take place to such an extent as
to cause what is known as burning, unless they are heated to a consider-
able degree.

Although taking place more quickly when boiling, we know that
water can evaporate at any temperature between the boiling and the
freezing points, in fact considerably below the latter. Ice will evaporate
on a cold winter day as clearly shown by clothes drying at such a time.
We might therefore be almost justified in saying that we could boil ice.
This term is, however, only applied to liquids, and only when the vapour
is formed throughout the mass and rises as bubbles to the surface.
When this is not the case we speak of liquids as evaporating and solids
as volatilizing. The singing noise sometimes heard in water shortly
before it reaches the boiling point is produced by the formation and
subsequent collapsing of bubbles of steam.

As in melting ice, the heat rendered latent in vaporization is
expended in changing the relation of the molecules to each other.
These arc much further apart in steam than in water. One volume of
the latter would occupy nearly 1700 volumes when converted into the

61

former by boiling, at the ordinary pressure of one atmosphere. If,
however, half this weight be removed the steam would occupy double
the space. Tiieretoie we say that steam is elastic. But it is not so to
an unlimited exient ; for if, instead of diminishing, we were to increase
the pressure a large portion of the steam would be converted into water.
That is to say, the tension of steam at ioo°C. or its power to withstand
pressure, is equal to one atmosphere (the weight of a column of air
from the sea-level to the limit of the ataios[)here, equivalent to the
weight of a column of mercury of the same diameter 760 mm. high).
Steam heated to a higher temperature (as can be done in the boilers
of steam engines) can resist a greater force before being converted into
water. It is, therefore, able to do some work in addition to resisting
the atmosphere. If cooler than ioo°C. its tension is less than that
necessary to resist the atmosphere ; and, therefore, being unable to
entirely resist it, the steam must be mixed with the air (in proportion
depending on the tem])erature) if it is to remain uncondensed. The
cooler it is, the greater the proportion of air mixed with it must be; or,
since the temperature of the steam and the air are the same, we
may say the cooler the air the less aqueous vapour it is able to hold.

When air is completely saturated with vapour, it is said to be at its
deiv poiJit. If subsequently cooled, a portion of the vapour will separate;
if heated, it can absorb stiil more. This we find frequently illustrated
in nature. A glass of cold water brought into a warm room frequently
condenses a film of water on its surface. During cold weather dew is
often deposited from the atmosphere of the warmer room on the
windows. Clouds and fogs, which consist of minute drops of water too
small to fall to the ground, are produced by a warm current of air laden
with moisture coming in contact with a colder one, lowering its temper-
ature below the dew point. That the clouds surrounding the ptaks of
mountains appear to remain there permanently, notwithstanding that a
slight wind may be blowing, is due to the cold atmosphere produced
by the ice, snow, or glaciers being confined to narrow limits. The warm
air striking these produces a cloud which disappears when the warmer
region is again reached ; for the drops of water being once more
evaporated become invisible like aqueous vapour always is.

The minute drops of water in the clouds, if gathered together into

62

larger ones, replace, by the formation of rain, hail or snow, the evapora-
tion continually taking place at the earth's surface. At the same time
it removes some of the moisture from the atmosphere. Thus the
variations in temperature, in addition to supplying us with rain and the
beneficial results following it, viz., the purifying of the atmosphere from
dust and various gasses, returning to the soil the fertilizing materials
expended in the atmosphere, and feeding the springs and rivers, and
furnishing the higher lying districts with water ; they also serve to pre-
vent the air from being at all times at its dew point.

As has been mentioned water has a great power to act as an
equalizer of climate. By its evaporation during the day it has a power-
fully cooling influence. This is easily observed when comparing the
refreshing coolness of a lawn, which is largely due to the moisture
evaporated by the grass, with bare streets and sa.idy jjlains. In addi-
tion to this cooling influence, which is the greater the warmer the day,
vapour has a tendency to preserve the heat during the night, as it acts
as a mantle or blanket to the earth, preventing the too rapid radiation
of the heat absorbed during the day. The rapidity with which the
thermometer drops durmg a clear star-light night, when the vapour has
been partially deposited as snow or rain or drifted by the winds to other
parts of the globe, is frequently observed when compared with what
takes place on cloudy nights.

But the water, as such, acts also as an equalizer of temperature. We
find that some materials do not increase in temperature as rapidly as
others when exposed to the same source of heat ; i.e., some do not vary
as easily as others, notwithstanding that they may absorb the same
quantity of heat. This is easily seen when comparing the rapidity of
increase in temperature of dry sand with that which has been previously
moistened; or water with iron or some other metal when exposed to the
heat of the sun. The metal and the dry sand become warm much
more quickly than the wet sand or the water. Yet, making allowance
for the evaporation of water and the quantity of heat reflected from
them, the water, though very much colder, will have absorbed the same
fjuantity of heat as the other materials and can again transmit it to
cooler bodies. Thus during the day, more especially during the sum-
mer months, it absorbs the heat of the sun and liberates it again at

G3

night, or during ihe colder part of the year, at the same time
remairjing itself comparatively uniform in temperature. Even a small
lake frequently protects plants growing on its shores from injury, while
those at some distance may be killed by an early autumn frost. The
larger the body of water the more marked its equalizing influence will
be, and the greater the extent of country benefited by it.

Generally bodies expand with heat and contract with cold. Water
IS no exception to this rule at the higher temperatures, but when below
4°C. it acts exactly opposite to this law. At this point, therefore, it
has its maximum density, i.e., is heavier than at any other temperature,
by this property water is still further preserved from variation, for the
heaviest portion (that nearest 4°C.) will remain at the bottom where it
is protected by the layers overlying it.

A popular impression is that, owing to this pecul.arity of water
rivers and lakes are prevented from bei.ig frozen solid to the bottom
in winter. Although, in addition to the high specific heat of \va;er, it
doubtless helps to prevent this, the principal cause is to be sought lor
in the properties of ice. During its formation it expands very consi-
derably and, therefore, occupying more space than the water is lighter
than it and floats on the surface. Being a bad conductor of heat it
serves as a mantle, retarding very materially the action of the cold
atmosphere on the water. That ice occupies more space than water is
shown by the fact that when water is allowed to freeze in pipes or other
vessels they are very frequently broken by it. The heaving offence posts
and, to some extent, the bad roads in spring are also indications of this
property. Although doubtless sometimes doing considerable injury this
expansion of water when solidifying has been of immense value in the
formation of soils.

Ice follows the general law of expanding with heat and contracting
with cold. The rolling, thundering noise sometimes heard on large
planes of ice, when the temperature is falling is caused by the contrac-
tion and subsequent cracking of ice. The fissures being filled with
new ice, the plane, on the advent of warmer weather, expands increasing
in area. The force with which this takes place is very considerable, as
frequently large stones are moved and heavy timbers broken by it.

As the melting point of ice is always the same under ordinary

G4

conditions, so the freezing point remains constant under similar
conditions. But if water be subjected to pressure or kept entirely-
undisturbed it can be cooled considerably below the temperature at
which it generally solidifies. A like result is said to follow if it be
exposed in fine capillary tubes. As soon as the pressure is removed or
the water disturbed, ice forms very rapidly, the water at the same time
increasing in temperature tiU the point at which it generally freezes is
reached. The heat then manifested, by an increase of temperature was
up to that time latent in the water. A very interesting experiment to show
that pressure affects the freezing of water was made by filling a cannon
ball (shell) with water, closing the opening and exposing it to a low
temperature. After a time the pressure produced by the formation of
ice was sutficient to break the ball. The pressure being relieved the
water froze so quickly that the portion of it which had been forced out
had not time to drop to the ground but formed a well defined, sharp
ridge of ice.

A factor influencing the freezing of watery solutions is the nature
and quantity of the material dissolved. If these be gaseous the water
will generally freeze more readily, therefore, water which has boiled
requires a lower temperature than that from which some of the gases
have not been driven off by boiling. On the other hand solids held in
solution lower the freezing point. Since the sap of plants consists
of a watery solution of principally solid materials separated by the
cell walls into narrow channels or small drops — both factors retarding
freezing — we may look m this direction for the explanation of the fact
that some herbaceous plants can withstand several degrees of frost
without injury.

Remembering that water is only a simple inorganic compound, and
reflecting upon its many properties and varied functions, not only
in nature but also in the arts, how it is made use of in the
steam engine, the hydraulic press, and the water wheel ; in the
laundry and the kitchen — its effects in the lakes and rivers — how it has
excavated monstrous caves and deep ravines — • its' aid to commerce and
its important offtces in the soil and the atmosphere, in plants and in our
own bodies — and then, when we notice how every property it possesses
seems specially designed to make this globe more perfect and to assist
in the working of the laws of nature, I am convinced that those who
reflect on these things must all feel a desire to study these laws more
thoroughly.

65

EXCURSION TO CASSELMAN.

No. 2. — 1852.

The second excursion ot the season took [)lace on the 9th inst.,
and, as advertised in our last issue, the rendez-vous was Cassehnan.

Notwithstanding threatening skies and occasional showers, about
twenty-five members and their friends assembled at the Canada Atlantic
Railway Station and, nothing daunted, boarded the 2.15 p.m. train.
An hour's pleasant ride brought the party to their destination, where by
the courtesy ot the railway officials a car was side-tracked for the
accommodation of the excursionists. As it came on to rain shortly
after our arrival, this kindness of the C. A. R. was much ajipreciated
by many of ihe ladies who determined to make the car their head-
quarters.

Despite the shower and braving the mosquitoes, the rest of our
party, heided by the energetic Vice-President, INIr. F. T. Shutt, struck
down to the river bank. At first the walk along the valley of the
winding stream was easy and pleasant and as many a picturesque vista
of meandering river and forest-clad banks opened out to view it was
very much enjoyed. But soon, alas, the way became more slippery, the
underbrush thicker, the mosquitoes more numerous, and some of us, wet
and irritated by the myriad attacks of our winged foes, succumbed —
gave up further scientific pursuit and returned to the ladies and the car.
Those who kept on, however, were well rewarded by the collection of a
large number of plants in flower (49) and some magnificent and
beautiful ferns — specimens of the Onoclta StriUhiopteris over six feet in
height being obtained.

The exploring pirty returned from their expedition with keen
appetites and enjoyed their tea in the country thoroughly.

The Acting President, Mr. Shutt, spoke for a short time of the
beauty of the locality and the pleasures always to be found in attending
the Club excursions. Although the party was small, owing to the
weather, he felt sure that all had spent a pleasant and instructive after-
noon. He suggested that as so few were present it might be better to
dispense with addresses upon many of the branches of Natural History.
The locality was a rich one in all the different lines of study and on the

\

GG

present occasion ihey had wiih them Mr. J. F. Whiteaves and Mr.
F. R. Latchford, bodi distinguished conchologists. He learned, how-
ever, that no species of particular interest had been secured. On a
previous occasion Mr, Latchford had found here the only Ottawa
specimens of IJelLx dentifira. Most of the collections of the day had
been plaits, and he therefore invited Mr. Whyte, the Botanical leader,
to speak ot Sijme of the more interesting species.

Mr. Robert B. Whyte spoke with his usual ease of the many floral
treasures that had been observed or collected by members of the party.
About fifty different plants had been found and specimens were shown
of the following : ^Villow-leaved Meadow-sweet {Spifcea salicifo/ia),
Twin-berry {Miichella repens), the Loosestrifes {Lysiinachia stricta and
L. ciliala), the Moonseed (^Metiispermum Canadense). This last was
used as an illustration of the beauty of many of our native climbing
plants and their value as ornaments to our dwellings. The Evening
Pr mrose {CEnothera biennis) in like manner served to introduce the
subject of night-flowering plants. The three wild Raspberries {Rubus
strigosus, R. odorafus :ind. R. Canadensis) were used as a text for remarks
concerning fruits, and their structure was compared with the Apple, the
Plum, and tne Strawberry, all of which belong to the same large order
the RosacecB. The Gooseberries, wdd and cultivated, were also treated
of, as well as some of the ornamental members of the Heath family as
KaiDiia angusiifolia and the Round-leaved Winter-green, {Pyrola
rotundifolia). When speaking of the White Meadow Rue {Tha/ictni>n
Coruuti) the fertilization of plants received attention, and the seeds of
hvtns {Geum stnctum) and the Traveller's ]oy {Clematis Virginiana)
showed the manner in which the distribution of plants was secured.
When Mr. Whyte had finished his interesting discourse it was time to
return home, and Ottawa was reached at 8.30 [) m. Although the
weather prevented many from going and those who did venture from
enjoying themselves as much as they might otherwise have done, the
excursion was by no means an unsuccessful one, and no regrets were
heard from the returning party.

:o: -

67
BOOK NOTICES.

]\Ianual of Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects,
by C. V. Riley, M.A , Ph D., United States Entomologist.

We have just received a copy of the above named work which will
be gladly welcomed by a large number of students of nature. There
is, perhaps, no enquiry which is more frequently made by amateur
naturalists than, "Where can I get the best directions for collecting
and preserving insects ? "

And there is also, now, since Economic Entomology has become
recognized as so important a factor in agricultural pursuits, a constant
demand from farmers and gardeners for information as to the best
me..ns of collecting for study or for forwarding to specialists for identi-
fication any insects which may be found attacking their crops, or
concerning which they may wish for enlightenment as to their habits.
Prof. Riley has provided in this volume a most complete answer to
these demands Great skill has been shown in selecting from so vast a
subject those details only which the author's great knowledge and
experience enabled him to judge, were essentials.

This work, which is a pamphlet of 149 pages, excellently well
printed and profusely illustrated with figures of the very first order,
many of which have been prepared especially for it, is issued by the
Smithsonian Institution, as Part F of Bulletin of the United States
National Museum, No. 39.

A concise classification of true insects gives in a few pages an
excellent summary of the science of Entomology, which is so well
illustrated that any tyro will with ease recognize the order to which such
specimens as he may find belong.

The different apparatus and means of collecting and killing insects
are then dwelt upon at length with special directions for each order.

Under the heading Entomotaxy the preparation, labelling and care
of specimens, wiih the necessary apparatus, cabinets and materials, are
treated. Special attention is given to cabinets and their arrangement,
and under Museum Pests, Mould, etc., much valuable advice is given
wtiich could be gained only by the experience of many years of constant
work.

68

The rearing of insects from the egg is the next snbject. Here we
find full instructions for carrying on successfully this fascinating work.

The directions for packing and transmitting insects are short but
complete, and it vi^ould be well if many that are not merely amateurs
would read them carefully and carry them out.

A useful appendix (o this manual is a list of text books and other
entomological works, with suggestions as to the best Avay to obtain them.

The publication of this book must, we believe, be followed by a
largely increased interest in the study of insect life, as we feel sirongly
that the chief reason why so few young people, both boys and girls, on
this continent have not had their eyes opened to the charms of this
branch of Natural History, to say nothmgof its usefulness, is the want of
such a help as Prof Riley has now provided in this concise, complete,
and plainly written manual.

The Orthoceratid.^ of the Trenton Limestone of the Winnipeg
Basin, by J. F. Whiteaves, (Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Vol. IX,
Section IV., pp. 77-90, 1892.)

This paper as the author indicates " consists of a critical and
systematic list of the Orthoceratidce at present in the Museum of the
Geological Survey of Canada from the formation and region indicated
it its title, with descriptions of such species as appear to be new." The
specin)ens were obtained, for the most part, by officers of the Geological
Survey of Canada: Dr. Bell, Messrs. Tyrrell, Weston, Dowling, Lambe
and also by a number of gentlemen interested, e.g., Messrs. Donald
Gunn and A. McCharles, the last mentioned having sent unusually fine
specimens in 1884.

In this paper Mr. Whiteaves departs from the classification of
Cephalopoda by Karl Zittel and considers the genera Adinoceras and
Sadoceras as distinct from Ofthoceras, and Pofcrioccr as irom Gomphoceras.
The characters of the specimens examined by Mr. Whiteaves and the
grounds upon which that author separates these genera are in our
estimation valuable and valid.

GO

The following is a list of the species described and figured (for the
most part) in this important ])aper :

1. Endoceras annulatum, Hall, var.

2. " subannulatum, Whitfield.

3. " crassisijjhonatum, N. Sp.

4. Orthoceras Simpsoni, Billings.

5. " semiplanatum, N. Sp.

6. " Selkirkense, N. Sp.

7. " Winnipegense, N. Sp.

8. A^tinoceras Richardsoni, Stokes.

9. " Bigsbyi, Bronn.

10. " AUumettense, Billings.

11. Sactoceras Canadense, N. Sp.

12. Gonioceras Lambii, N. Sp.

13. Potrrioceras nobile, Whiteaves.

14. " apertum, Whiteaves.

15. " gracile, N. Sp.

It is interesiing to note the wide geographical distribution of
Adiyioceras Bigsbyi, Bronn, and of A. AUumettense. These two species
are well known in the Ottawa region, where there are many Cephalo-
pods of considerable interest which deserve careful study and examina-
tion.

:o:

*

A BOOK FOR BOYS.

We are much pleased to announce that Mr. S. H. Scudder, the
well known author of an extensive work on the " Butterflies of the
Northern United States and Canada," has now in preparation a Manual
for Boys, upon the same subject as his great work. A most noticeable
difference between boys and girls in Europe and on this continent
is that, in the former nearly every child has some hobby — some pleasant
and in most cases improving, but at any rate all-satisfying occupation —
to keep it out of mischief. To children Nature offers great charms.
There is not a single large school wh^re some of the boys do not study
Natural History. The masters, well knowing the value of these pursuits
not only on account of their great use in education as preparing the

70

mind for careful and accurate methods of thought and observation ; but
also as inducing healthy exercise and out-door occupation, do everything
to encourage scholars to investigate Nature. In Great Britain, in France,
in Germany, there are good, cheap, illustrated works upon insects.
Many an Entomologist who has afterwards risen to eminence owes his
distinction to having had his attention drawn to the study of insects either
by a schoolfellow or from having been presented with one of these
books. We have absolutely no work upon the many beautiful Butter-
flies which frequent our Canadian woods, prairies and mountams. Such
a volume for Canada and the Northern States as " Coleman's British
Butterflies " would be an inestimable boon to many — -not only the
young, who would be charmed with the many treasures which they
would find they had everywhere around them ; but also to fathers and
mothers and aunts and uncles who are so often at a loss to find suitable
presents for children. Mr. Scudder's name alone is a guarantee that
the work will be well done.

■:o:-

THE FALL WEBWORM {Hyphajiiria cunea.)
By'J. Fletcher.

In the above figure are shown
the caterpillar, chrysalis and per-
fect insect of the Fall Web-Worm,
one of the greatest pests to our
shade and fruit trees. The moth,
which in the northern form, as it
-. occurs at Ottawa, is pure white
y/i'/flfil^^^^W^:^^^^^^^^^ with gray antennce or feelers; its

front thighs are yellow and the feet dark. Further to the south the
moths are frequently ornamented with many black spots, but I have
never seen this form in Canada. At the present time, many of our
shade trees are rendered unsightlv by the nests of the social caterpillars
of this insect and this note is inserted to request the members cf the
O. F. N. C. to set a good example by destroying them whenever they

71

observe the nests, and requesting others to do the same on every

opportunity. As yet the webs are not very large, but they will be

rapidly increased in size by the caterpillars as they grow to maturity,

and unless removed will remain through the winter as a disfigurement

to the trees and a disgrace to the community.

The eggs are laid upon the leaves of a great many different kinds

of shrubs and trees in July, in clusters which are composed of a large

number of greenish white eggs and are more or less hidden by a loose

covering formed by the female of her own scales. The eggs soon

hatch and the young caterpillars at once begin to spin a protecting web.

They are pale yellow at first, with black heads and two rows of black

spots along the body, and are covered with slender hairs. When small

they eat only the upper surface of the leaves, skeletonizing them. They

grow rapidly and enlarge the web as they develop. They remain

almost entirely in their tent and will destroy the foliage of a large-sized

branch in a short time. When full-grown they are about an inch in

length and vary greatly in their markings. Some specimens are pale

yellowish, whilst others are of a deep gray. The head is black and

there is a broad dark stripe down the back. Along each side is a yellow
spotted stripe. The body is covered with long soft hairs which vary in
colour, and whice arise from a number of small black or orange tuber-
cles. When almost tuU-grown they give up their social habits and
scatter in all directions to continue their depredations. They pas? the
winter in the chrysalis state within slight cocoons which they spin either
amongst fallen leaves, in crevices of bark, or a short distance beneath
the surface of the soil, where they remain until the following summer.

The webs from the very first are conspicuous objects and from the
social habits of the caterpillars a whole colony is easily destroyed by
cutting off the nest and trampling it under foot. To take this small
trouble in order to protect our shade trees from one of their worst
enemies is what I am asking our members to do.

:o:-

A. A. A. S.

The next Annual Meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and the xA-ssociated Societies, will be held this
year at Rochester, N.Y., beginning on August loth and ending about
August 24J.h. The proximity of Rochester should induce many of our
members to take this opportunity of meeting the numerous men of note
who always attend the A. A. A. S. meetings.

EXCURSION III.

TO LA PECHE ON THE GATINEAU.

The Third Excursion of the Club will most probably be held on
Saturday, September 3rd, to La PI:che, on the Gatineau Valley Railway,
The great success of the first excursion up the Gatineau, added to the
fact that a large number of members who have asked tor another expedi-
tion by the Gatineau Valley Road, have induced the Council to arrange
for another outing as soon as possible. Definite arrangements cannot yet
be made as to the prices of the tickets. These will probr^bly be about
50 cents for adults. The larger the number that attend, the smaller
will be the price. There is no desire to make any profit on the Club
excursions, all that is wanted is to cover the necessary expenses. An
effort is always made to get as large an attendance as possible so as to
popularise the Club and its objects, which are to bring together for a
pleasant day in the country those interested in the various branches of
Natural History, and to take every opportunity of inducing more to
study the things of beauty which surround them on every side.
Arrangements are always made to give members of the Club an advan-
tage in the prices of the tickets ; but the excursions ure open to all
without exception. The Council trusts that every member will help to
make this excursion a succes and endeavour to attend and induce others
to do so also. Definite notice of the prices of the tickets and of the times
of the trains will be given in the September Ottav^a Naturalist, which
our readers are respectfully requested to consult. Every notice of an
excursion which is made by circular costs, for printing and postage,
about $4 which has to be made up by charging a higher rate for the
tickets. If, therefore, members will look for Notices on the top outside
cover of the monthly magazine they will see at a glance if there is to be
an excursion, and inside on the last page will be found the full parti-
culars. In this way the expense of the circulars will be obviated and
the price of the tickets will be reduced.

73

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY AND PAL^:ON-

TOLOGY OF OTTAWA AND liS ENVIRONS.

By Henry M. Ami, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., &c., &c.

Introduction.

The following notes comprise a brief sketch or resume of work
done by the writer during the season of 1890 in connection with the
Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club.

From my note book I find that no less than nineteen excursions
and sub-excursions were held in various directions around Ottawa. Old
Chelsea, Lachute, Casselman, Rockliffe, Moose Creek, Hull, Gloucester
and several localities within the city limits, were visited and numerous
forms of interest were gathered The variety and quantity of material
still to be discovered and described which the various geological terranes
about Ottawa can afford are sufficient to satisfy as well as entice the
student of Geology for years to come.

Notes.

0/d Chelsea. — On the 31st of May, Butternut Grove, Chelsea, was
visited by about 125 members of the Club. The geological party,
amongst whom were Prof. L. W. Bailey, of the University of New
Brunswick, and Mr. H. T. Martin, of Montreal, visited the magnificent
outcrops of crystalhne limestone at the ravine, near Old Chelsea, and
brought back an interesting suite of specimens illustrating the character
of the belt of x\rchcean rocks in that district. Specimens of apatite,
asbestus, serpentine, pyroxene, wollastonite, gneiss, diabase, and
numerous other rocks were obtained and described by some of the
leaders on the spot.

Lachute. — On the 7th of June, a joint excursion of the Natural
History Society of Montreal and ot the O. F. N. C. was held in the
picturesquely situated town of Lachute, Que., where the geological
section was put in charge of Mr. McOuat, B.A., and the writer.
The Laurentian and Calciferous horizons were visited and a number of
the characteristic fossils from the latter terrane were oberved in the
collections, which, as judge in the awarding of prizes, I had an
opportunity of examining. Ophileta compacta., Salter, (6>. complanata.,
Vanuxem), Pleutotomaria Canadensis, Billings, Miirchisonia . Anna,
Billings, and fragments of other forms v/ere noted.

74

Mr. Whiteaves, of our Club, gave a graphic description of the
geological structure of Lachute and its vicinity, vvhilst the writer was
called upon to read the results of the competition in geology.

Casselman. — -On the 21st of June over 100 members and friends
of the Club visited Casselman, a favourite locality for all branches of
our Club's work, along the line of the Canada Atlantic Railway, and a
considerable amount of work w is done in the Tre?ifon and Quarternary
deposits there exhibited. Quite a list of Trenton fossils was obtained
and specimens of pottery and an arrow-head together with bones of the
beaver and other creatures were found close to where on previous occa-
sions numerous collections of Indian relics had been made. The old
aboriginal fire-place, in which debris of pottery, bones, charcoal, and
Indian remains were found, had been washed away by the high water
and spring floods. This locality is a most interesting one, and careful
research may reveal unexpected treasures in Ethnological studies.

Hog's Back, Rockliffe, c^r.— The Chazy terrane which offers such
an interesting field for research about Ot awa, was visited, at Hog's
Back, in Nepean, and at Rocklifife, below Governor-General's Bay.
Interesting rocks and trails of marine animals, some of which are
perfectly new to science, and others resemble the Protichnites of Sir
Richard Owen described in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society, London, from the Potsdam of Canada, were obtained and pre-
liminary studies of them have been made.

The Trenton rocks ot Governor General's Bay, Moose Creek,
and the Beaver Meadow were also visited at sub-excursions and notes
taken at each of these localities as to the character of the rocks, dip of
the strata and fossil remains contained therein.

Gloucester. — -The Utica terrane in the vicinity of the Rideau River
rapids opposite the Rifle Range in Gloucester was again visited. I
was fortunate enough in finding two more examples of the Turrilepas
Canade7isis, recently described by Dr. Woodward in the Geological
Magazine, and it is expected that these additional representatives of
that antique style of barnacle will through some light on the type speci-
men found at the same locality in 1888.

The Teth^oid sponge from the Utica which I had found in the
excavations on Albert street in 1888 and in rocks of the same horizon

75

on the Montreal Road about 200 y.irJs east of the St. L & O. Ry.
crossing and noted 111 the last Report ot the Geological Branch, has
beensince referred to Dr. George Jennings Hinde of Croydon, Eng.,
the best authority on fossil sponges, and he has described it in the
" Geological Magazine" for January 1891, pp. 22 to 24. under the name
oi Stepluinella sancta, (N. gen. et n. sp.)

This species along with Brachiospongia digitata, Owen, Astylospon-
gia parvida^ Billings, Steliella Billim^si, Hinde, Ste'iella crassa, Hinde,
and Hyalostelia sp. from the Trenton of Ottawa, comprise most of the
ancient sponge fauna occurring in the Ordovician Seas known from
this region.

Moose Creek. — The Pleistocene deposits of Moose Creek, Green's
Creek, Experimental Farm and Casselman were examined in several
cases in detail and interesting notes obtained ;—

At Moose Creek the following species were obtained in the strati-
fied gravels north of the C. A. R. track : —

1. Tamias striatus, Linn.

2. Mytilus edulis, Linn.

3. Macoma fragilis, Fabricius,

4. Macoma calcarea, Chemnitz.

5. Saxicava rugosa Linn.

6. Balanus crenatus, Bruguiere.

Mr., Walter S. Odell, one of the recent and valuable additions to
the membership of our Club, brought to my notice several specimens of
fossils from the ' Leda ' clays of Odell's brick yard, just S.E. of Ottawa
city, and amongst the forms examined there were bones of the seal, and
fine specimens of a fossil sponge, besides foraminifera.

List of Fossils from the Clays of Odell's Brickyard

1. Phoca Groenlandica, Mueller.

2. Tethsea Logani, Dawson.

3. Saxicava rugosa, Linn^us.

4. Polystunella crispa.

5. Dentalina sp.

6. Eschara elegantula, d'Orbigny.

Besides the above notes on specimens and excursions, as well as

7G

localities visited, Montebello and Kirk's Ferry, on the North shore of
the Ottawa, were visiied, and interesting collections and notes taken at
both places.

Montebello. — -At Montebello on the 19th Jul}', and through the
kindness of Mr. L. J. Papineau, who placed his yacht and services at
the disposal of the Geological Branch, an interesting exposure of the
Potsdam terrane, showing rippled-marks in abundance, besides the
tracks and trahs of marine animals {Protkiimtts septemnotatus, Owen),
was visited on the Presqu'ile north of Squirrel Island. This exposure
of the Potsdam presents a bold bluff of from ten to twenty-five feet
front in height, above low-water mark at this time uf the year, facing
the north or Laurentide Hiils, clearly indicating the existence of an
open and free chinnel from east to west in Pre-glacial times. The
sandstones were beautifully glaciated in several places, and showed that
the march of the old glaciers was at right angles to the present flow
of the Ottawa, and in a north and south direction, down from the
adjoining slope to the north.

Kirk's Ferry. — At Kirk's Ferry, up the Gatineau River eleven
miles, a most successful excursion was held, and the magnificent rock
cuts along the G.uintau Valley Railway afforded excellent opportunity
of examining the relations of Archaean rocks of various kinds, in close
contact and at times fused one into the other. Crystalline limestones,
graphite, ophite, calcite, diorites and pyroxenites, as well as apatite
and mica, were collected. This region and cutting is well worthy of
close attention on the part of the petrographical geologist.

Radiolarians.

In May, 1890, I prepared a number of specimens of rock, from the
Shales of the Utica, in Gloucester, from the limestones of the Trenton,
Ottawa, and also from the calcareo-arenaceous shales of the Chazy of
Nepean, for Mr. Tyrrell, who was sending away to Dr. Rust, in Ger-
many, specimens of radiolarian rocks from Manitoba and the North-
West. Mr. Tyrrell has since heard that the Ottawa specimens have
been examined, but no radiolarians were found therein.

Although this note is negative, still it shows that probably these
low organisms in the economy of nature were absent in the Ordovician
seas of the Ottawa Palaeozoic Basin.

I I

Crinoids.
Mr. John Stewart, of our Club, whose collections of crinoids and
blastoids from the Trenton of Ottawa have recently been purchased
by the Geological Survey Department and placed on exhibition m the
Museum, informs me that he has cleaned and prepared iiventy-five more
specimens to show che cup, arms and pinnules. The great care, indus-
try and skill which Mr. Stewart has display>.'d in developing these
" stars " and " lilies " of the old abyssal depths in our district are worthy
of much commenda'.ion and eulogy.

OSTRACODA.

Amongst the new forms of ostracoda recently described by Prof.
Rupert Jones, F.R.S., we find the following species from Aylmer and
Ottawa. These forms were collected by Messrs. W. R. Billings,
T. W E. Sowter and the writer, of our Club.

1. Primitia Logani, Jones, Aylmer, Que.

2. Beyrichia clavigera, Jones, " Que.

3. " var. clavifracta, Jones, " Que.

4. Isochilir.a Ottawa, Jones, var. mtermedia, Jones, Ottawa; Ont.

5. " labellosa, Jones, Aylmer, Que.

6. Leperditia Balthica (Hisinger), var. primaeva, Jones, Carleton Co.

7. " sp. (cf. L. liisingeri), Aylmer, Que.

Of the above, only Primitia Logani, Jones, is referred to the
Trenton terrane, the others and chis torm are all Chazy species.

In the "Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History,"
Prof. E. O. Ulrich, well known to several members of our Club, has
described the new species of Ostracod from Ottawa and also a variety
of the same species from the same block of impure hmestone. The
specimen sent contained abundance of individuals of an Isochilina,
besides a Cyrtodonta 01 allied genus of lamellibranchiate mollusks — all
from the Chazy.

Prof. Ulrich, on pp. 44 and 45 of his paper on " Neiv and LittU
Knoivti American Palceozoic Ostracoda^'' and on Plate XL, figs. 12a, 12b,
I2C and 13, has described the following forms and named them after one
of our Club : —

I- Isochilina Amiana, Ulrich.

2. Isochilina Amiana. var. insignis, Ulrich.

78

Both forms occur together and were collected on Sussex Street,
Ottawa, from a bio 'k of erratic limestone of Chazy age, showma; marks
of glacial action, having come from the "till," or " boulder clay " of
the vicniity.

It is the purpose of the writer to present to the Club through the
pages of the Naturalist a suite of articles on some of the best fossili-
ferous localities in Ottawa and Hull for the use of collectors and
students in Geology.

•:o:-

BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF
SCIENCE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.

The 6ist meeting of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science was held, in Edinburgh, Scotland, under the presidency of
Sir Archibald Gcikic, F. R. S. etc. Director of the Geological Survey
of the United Kingdom, Aug. 3rd, 1892.

This year is the o?ie hundtedth anniversary of the publication of
Hutton's "Theory of the Earth " which is admitted to be the first
plausible and rational view presented of the upbuilding and construction
of the Earth's crust. It sought to account for such diversity of phenom-
ena, formations and strata as were visible on the Earth's surface at the
present day, in the changes which are now taking place. By applying
this rule /;/ reirospecta Hutton was able to account for the different
formations now visible.

Sir. Archibald then went on to describe the various points of
indebtedness which modern geologists still owe to Hutton and the
Huttonian School ; the " high antiquity of the Earth," the explanation
of olden time phenomena by present ones, the progression in organic
types, &c., &c., which with views held by Sir James Hall, William
Smith, Kelvin, Playfair and others, placed the main results and leading
objects in view on a scientific and practical basis.

Many opposing forces had to be met. Preconceived notions,
theories and so-called orthodox views of learned men of the days of
Hutton, all assailed the new th2ory. But it was founded on facts and

70

hard facts which told a tale of paramount importance and exciting
interest, revealing in each formation of the Earth's crust pages of unwrit-
ten history : it was the Earth telhng its own tale.

Sir Archibald Geikie then pointed out the salient conclusions
which had been already arrived at, with reference to the boundless anti-
quity of the gobe, presented Lord Kelvin's views as to the limit of
time that may be assigned to our planet's antiquity. " He estimated
that the surface of the globe could not have consolidated less than ^o
millions cf years ago, for the rate of increase of tem[)erature inwards
would in that case have been higher than it actually is ; nor more than
400 millions of yjars ago, for then there would have been no sensible
increase at all." " One hundred millions of years " was regarded by him
as the probable amount of time which embraces the Geological history
of the globe."

These calculations, Sir Archibald holds, " may require revision,"
and states " that there must be some flaw in the physical argument."
From his own observations on " degredation " or " denudation," the
erosion of rocks and deposition of sediments, he has reached the con-
clusion that " the rate of deposition of new sedimentary formations over
an equivalent area ot sja-floor, may vary from one toot in 720 3 ears to
one foot in 6,800 years."

Then the " slow progress of organic variation " is discussed, giving
its quota of evidence in support of the antiquity of the world. Precise
data are wanting in this particular. " We know, says the distinguished
geologist, " that within human experience a few species have become
extinct, but there is no conclusive proof that a single new species has
come i:ito existence, nor are appreciable variations readily apparent in
forms that live in a wild state." He then instances the seeds and
plants found with Egyptian mummies being precisely the same as those of
modern Egypt. This negative evidence, of no change, is an important
factor in the problem, and indicates the lapse of an enormous interval
of time sufficient to modify forms of shells, etc.

With reference to this problem and the Ice Age on which Sir
Archibald Geikie has so ably and oftimes written, he says : " If the
many thousands of yeirs which have elapsed since the Ice Age have pro-

80

duced no appreciable modification of surviving plants and animals, who
vast a period must h ive been required for that marvellous scheme of
organic development which is chronicled in the rocks ? Afrer careful
reflection on the subject I affirm that the geological record furnishes a
mass of evidence which no arguments drawn from other departments of
nature can explain away, and which, it seems to me, cannot be satisfac-
torily interpreted save with an allovvance of time much beyond the
narrow limits which recent physical speculation would concede." In
conclusion the President referred to the geological features of Edmburgh,
which had fur^i^hed so much material for enjoyment during his life.

H. M. A.

-:0:-

BOOK NOTICE.

THE Cultivated Native Plums and Cherries (Bulletin 38. Cor-
nell University Expt. Station, June 1892.) by L. H. Bailey.
In this monograph of 73 pages Prof. Bailey has embodied a large
amount of practical mformation as well as accomplished the very diffi-
cult task of making a thorough classification of our native Plums and
Cherries.

With plums the work has been particularly complicated, and only
the most patient study and research could have been rewarded by such
gratifying results.

Up to the present time our cultivated native varieties have been
roughly assigned to three wild types, (i) Prunns Americana, Marshall
the plum of the north and west (2) Prmius aii^ustifolia, Marshall, or
P. chickasa, Michx, native of the middle and Southern States and (3)
Prutius maritiina, Wangheim, known as the Beach plum of the south.
Much confusion existed however as many of the cultivated forms could
not be satisfactorily assigned to any of these original types. Prof. Bailey
says, '' There has been no attempt so far as 1 know, to make a com-
prehensive study of these fruits and as a consequence our knowledge of
thc-m is vague and confused. In fact, the native plums constitute
probably the hardest knot m American pomology. Their botanical
status is equ illy unsatisfactory aud the group is one of the most inextric-
ably confused of any of equal extent in our whole flora." As a result of

81

the author's labours we shall recognize hereafter another class, known
heretofore as the Wild Goose group, under the name of Prunus horiulana
and falling under this as a variety the Miner, a plum of considerable
value to us in the north. This group is ass'gned an intermediate
position between P. Americana and P. chickasa. To these three groups
belong practically all our cultivated native varieties in Canada. The
origin of the iiiarianna and myroholan varieties, which are now so
generally used as stocks tor budd.ng and grafting, is ably discussed.
By most authors these are sup;)osed to be of American origm, Prof
Bailey however traces them to Europe and points to a common parentage.

The Beach plum has as yet given us no cultivated varieties of any
value. In this work we have the only authentic account of "an un-
doubted hybrid " between Troth's Early peach and the Wild Goose plum.
"The leaves are long and peach like, although rather broad and short-
pointed but the flower buds, although they form in profusion, never open,
so the tree is barren ".

The Bulletin also discusses, stocks tor the propagation of and the
fungous diseases of the plum. Concluding the author fitly remarks
that the native plum industry has made astonishing progress and it has
already assumed large proportions. It is certain to occupy a large
place in future American horticulture." In discussing the native cul-
tivated cherries the author is of the opinion that two or possibly three
species are being grown under the name of Prufius piiinila the sand
cherry of the north and west. This is the only wild form which has
gained much prominence under cultivation. In the north western States
it is now bemg grown to a considerable extent, and under cultivation
is said to be very susceptible to improvement. Other native species are
discussed chough their fruit does not appear at present to De of econo-
mic value.

Such Bulletins elevate the character of Experiment station research
in horticultural lines, are of exceeding interest to the intelligent fruit
grower and are fundamentals to a sound basis for the bui'ding of a
correct nomenclature of our American Pomology.

i\^^,^--j--x^J / \ Horttculiurisf, Central Expert /nenta I Fa rut.

82

THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

The Fourth Annual and Summer Meeting of the Geological
Society of America was held last week in Rochester, N. Y., and in
connection with the Forty first Meeting of the American A-sociation
for the Advancement of Science.

There were upwards of fifty fellows present. Monday and Tuesday,
August 15th and i6th, were the days set apart for the reading and
discussion of [jajjers. The warmest and most animated discussion took
place on the second day — when two papers on the " Ice Age," by
Messrs. Warren Upham and G. Frederick Wright, well known glacialists,
were taken up. Mr. Upham's paper was a detailed description of the
origin, mode of formation and '"conditions of accumulation of Drum-
lins," illustrated with numerous diagrams and figures of various forms
met with in different districts. Drumlins were made up of eti-glaaal
drift material accumulated rapidly and during the departure of the ice
close to the border. The author referred to the irregularity of the
drumlins as puzzling. The relation of drumlins to the terminal moraine
was also discussed, as also the different shapes drumlins assume owing
to the conditions under wuich they are accumulated.

Prof. G. F. Wright's paper then followed on the subject: "'The
extra-morainic drift of the Susquehanna Valley." This so-called
" fringe " of the long, great terminal moraine was of much importance
and significance. Its remote antiquity was discussed. A detailed
account of careful observations made by the author in the Valley of the
Susquehanna was then given. In the discussion which followed both
papers Messrs. Gilbert, McGee, Salisbury, Upham, and Wright topk part.

Prof. C. H. Hitchcock's " Studies of the Connecticut Valley
Glacier," also proved of considerable interest.

Prof. James Ha'l, the veteran palaeontologist of North America,
who was the first to welcome us on arriving at Rochester, received a very
Iiear:y reception on presenting his paper " On the Oneonta Sandstone;
its relations to the Portage, Cheming and Catskill Groups " This was
a remarkable paper in which tiie correlation of strata by lithological or
petrographical characters as well as of faunas by palieontological char-
acters was rendered difficult by the variety and number of formations

83

and faunas in the State of New York, characterizing the close of the
Devonian epoch. The equivalencies in time and true relations of the
faunas were clearly delineated, and much satisfaction with new
light resulted from the observations made by Prof. Hall. Messrs.
1. C. White, E. W. Claypole, J- J- Stevenson, and others took part in
the discussion.

"On the dentition of Tica:iichthys and its allies," was t'he subject
of an interesting paper by Prof. E. VV. Claypole, giving the result of his
observations on the jaws of the gigantic fish which existed in Djvonian
times. An important matter relating to Devonian fishes caaie up at
this meeting of the Geological Society, regarding the mode of occurrence
or origin and habitat ot the Devonian fishes. Were th.'y freshivifer or
marine f\s\\ts7 Were they lacustrine or sea fishes. Prof J. J. Stevenson
argued for their marine charac er, and Prof Claypjlefor their fresh-
water nature. A revision of the evidence on this point is necessary
before a conclusion cm be arrived at.

Other papers read were as follows : —

Lawrence C. Johnson. — Notes on the Phosphate Fields of Eastern
Marion and Alachua Counties, Florida.

G. F. Becker.— Finite homogeneous strain, (low and rupture of
rocks.

Wm. H. Hobbs. — Phases in the metamorphism of the schists of
Southern Berkshire.

Charles L. Whittle, — Some dynamic and metasomatic phenomena
in a metamorphic conglomerate in tne Green Mountains.

G. C. Broadhead. — The Ozarks and the geological history of the
Missouri Palaeozoic — lo minutes.

David White. — A ncA'Tseniopterid fern and its allies — lo minutes.

A. S. Tiffany. — The overturn of the Lower Silurian Strata in
Rensselaer County, N.Y. — 5 minutes.

Ancient Waterfalls. — 7 minutes.

Of these last seven some were read by title others in extenso and
others were briefly sketched out. Mr. David White's paper on a new
Taeniopterid fern was a pleasing contribution lo Paleobotany and
showed those present how exceedingly careful a pala-eobotanis' has to be
in separating portions of the same plant, parts of which at times resemble

84

one constituted genus and at other times an altogether different one.

Notes.

At a meeting of the Council of the Geological Society of America
held on Wednesday, .\ug. the 27th, it was decided to accept the invitation
to visit Ottawa at the coming meetmg to be held in December.

The Royal Society of Canada and the Logan Club of Ottawa made
up of the scientific staff of the Geological Survey Department, had
both sent an invitation to die Geological Society.

Accordingly, the Ottawa brethren of the hammer may expect a
large attendance of geologists from all parts of the North American
Continent in December. The Geological Society of America numbers
some 250 Geologists, all of whom are actively engaged in Geological
work.

Ottawa is es[)ecially favoured as a centre of geologic interes",
both on account of the Geological Survey Department having its
headquarters here and the Museum of economic minerals and
palaeontology being located at the Capital.

H. M. A.
:o:

ENTOMOLOGY.

Edited by W. Haeue Harrington.

Among the more conspicuous plants ot the August landscape may
be indicated Golden-rods, Mulleins, Thistles and Milk-weeds, each of
which nourishes insects peculiar to itself.

The various species of ^olldago make gay the fields and woodsides
with myriads of golden plumes to which resort many msects of various
orders, and especially of Hymenoptera, Here the honey bee may be
found industriously working, in company with many wild relatives, as
Bombus, Megachile, Andrena, Apathus. etc., while numerous kmds of
fossorial wasps, etc., are generally abundant.

Occasionally on the leaves may be observed a small gourd-shaped
black case, attached firmly by its neck. This is constructed by the
larva of a small chrysomelid beetle, Exema gibber, which may be
captured by beating or sweeping the flowers, but its little black wrinkled
form is liable to be overlooked in the net, from its resemblance to the

85

excrement of caterpillars. It is placed on the Ottawa list for the first
time this year, several specimens having been obtai.ied near Dow's
Swamp, on Saturday, 26th August.

Phjfnata Wolffi, a peculiarly shaped bug, with robust raptorial
fore-legs, otten lies in wait among the flowers for bees and other insects.
It was quite abundant at Casselman on one occasion (Sth Aug.) when
the Club visited that point, but none have been observed about Ottawa
this season.

The Mullein is able to nourish its broad flannel leaves and tall
spikes of yellow flowers in thin and stony fields, where even the thistle
is starved out. It is not much attacked or frequented by insects, but
a small siout weevil, or snout-beetle, Gyinne,ron teter^ infests the seed-
vessels. The larvffi and pupoe may generally be obtamed from the
nutlets, and they were especially abundant this year in mulleins growing
along the gravelly beach at Aylmer. On to ne spikes there was hardly
an uninfested nutlet.

Probably fifty per cent, of the seeds of the common Canada thistle
are devoured by the maggots of a two-winged fly, Ttypeta florescenticB^
whose presence may be detected by the irregular appearance of the
down, or pappus, on plucking which it comes away without the seed
and is found all matted together at the base and containing one or more
yellowish maggots or pupae, which are those of the beneficial fly.

A parasite of the fly is also very common and destroys a large
proportion of the maggots. It belongs to the genus Solenoius of the
Chalcididfe, and has been named by Hr. Ashmead S. Fietcheri, but its
description has not yet been published.

From the infested heads are also bred numbers of another small
chalcid, very similar in appearance to the Solenotus. Mr. Ashmead,
who has described it in the Canadian Entomologist, considers it to be a
secondary parasite.

Upon the Milkweeds at this season a very handsome greenish-black
beetle with orange markings is not uncommon. It is of the same size
as the Colorado potato-beetle, to which it is closely allied, and has
received the name of Doryphora clivicollis.

A handsome black and scarlet bug, Lyxcius Kalinii^ is also abun-
dant, but the strong odour which it emits, in common with many
hemiptera, makes its capture and investigation somewhat unpleasant.

86

Earlier in the season there might be found upon these plants two
other insects peculiar to Asclepias, viz., a loagicorn beetle, Tetraopes
tetrao/)kthalmiis, red with black spots, the larvag of which feed in the
roots or lower stems, and the larva of the big Milkweed butterfly,
Danais archippiis, a conspicuous caterpillar strikingly ornamented with
narrow yellow, white and black bands.

Members sometimes enquire as to the time for collecting cater-
pillars, so it may be noted that just at this season the larvae of many of
our larger moths attain maturity, and thus very interesting species can
be easily secured.

Among caterpillars which have been unusually aoundant this
summer may be mentioned that of Leucarciia acrea, the so-called Salt-
marsh caterpillar, which, however, is not confined to the sea-coast, but
has been more or less destructive all over the country.

This is also a good season to examine for galls the oaks, hickories,
willows, golden-rods, Lactuca, Nabalus, sumac, asters, etc., etc.

-:o:-

ORNITHOLOGY.

Edited by A. G. Kingston.

Robins as Destroyers of Hairy Caterpillars and White Grubs.

One of the large Wooly bear Caterpillars {Leucarciia acrcBa) has
been unusually abundant at Ottawa this year, Mr. Fletcher reports
having seen Robins on several occasions eating these caterpillars.
They are not eaten at once ; but are shaken and rubbed in the grass
and on the ground for a minute or two when most of the long hairs are
tound to be removed. By running out suddenly the birds were on two
or three occasions driven off and their victims examined. The same
birds were also noticed doing good work on lawns by destroying the
larvae of the May-beetles the injurious White Grubs.

The Chimney Swift .' .-.

Our local colony of the~.e singular birds, swollen by the large
number of young hatched during the present season, appears to have its
quarters at the Western Departmental Buildings too crowded for com-
fort. On the evening of 27th August a considerable flock was observed
circling in their usual manner above the City Hall and finally descending
' into a small vertilating tower on the north side of that building. These

87

birds have generally shown themselves intensely gregarious, and it is

quite unusual for them to over-flow in this manner.

SWALI ows.

The recent autumn-like weather with clear or cool nights and

heavy dew has so shortened the supply of insect-life that most of the

birds which take their food upon the wing are now showing evident

signs of speedy departure. In various parts of the city large assemblies

of Purple Martins have been observed wheeling for hours over some

favourite district. Occasionally they may rest for a while perched in

long ranks upon the Telephone wires, but each member when address-
ing the house rises to the wing and from the solemnity and yet e .rnest-

ness of the whole proceeding it is clear that business of imprrtance is

being discussed.

When we recollect that 60 or 70 days hence must find them in Central

or even South America, that this journey is to be made through all

the tempestuous weather of autumn, and with a failing food-supply, and

that more than one half of the company, the young ot the year, are

entirely without experience of long flights, it will be seen how great

responsibility rests upon the leader, in these great migrations.

The last week of August generally sees the departure of these and
all the other speci s of swallows except the White-belly (Tachycineta
bicolor. ) The latter the hardiest of all the family arrives a week earlier,
stays at least as much later, and makes its winter home no further south
than Louisiana and Mississippi.

:o:

BOTANY.

The following Rules for Botanical Nomenclature were drawn up
at the recent meeting of the A. A. A. S. at Rochester, and will, we feel
sure, be read with interest by our Botanists.

THE NEW RULES FOR BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE.

The Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science at a meeting held Aug. 19th. 1892, adopted these
principles of Nomenclature : Resolved:' That the Paris code of 1867
be adopted except where it conflicts with the following :

I. The Law of* Pkiority. — Priority of publication is to be reg-
arded as the fundamental principle of botanical nomenclature. y

C

^

\^M;<i^^^4

88

2. Beginning of Botanical Nomenclature. — The botanical
Nomenclature of both genera and species is to begin with the pubhcation
of the first edition of Linn^eus's ''Species Plantarum," in 1753.

3. Stability of Specific Names. — In the transrer of a species
to a genus other than the one under which it was first published the
original specific name is to be retained, unless it is identical with the
generic name or with a specific name previously used in that genus.

4. Homonyms. — The publication of a generic name or a binomial
invalidates the use of the same name for any subsequently published
genus or species respectively.

5. Publication of Gexera. — Publication of a genus consists
only (i) in the distribution of a printed description of the genus named.
(2) in the publication of the name of the genus and the citation of one
or more previously published species as exunples or types of the genus,
with or without a diagnosis.

6. Publication of Species. — ^Publication of a species consists
only (i) in the distribution of a printed description of the species
named, (2) in the publishing of a binomial, with reference to a previ-
ously published species as a type.

7. Similar Generic Names. — Similar generic names are not to
be rejected on account of slight differences, except in the spelling of
the same word; for (Example Apios and Apium are to be retained, but
of Epidaidruin and Epider.dron, Asterocarpus and Asttocarpus, the
later is to he rejected.

8. Citation of Authorities. — In the case of a species which
has been transferred from one genus to another the original author must
always be cited in parenthesis, followed by the author of the new
binomial.

John M. Coulter, N. L. Britton,

William A. Kellerman, Henry H. Rusby,

Lucien M. Undervv'ood, Frederick V. Coville,
Lester F. Ward, Committee.

EXCURSION No. III. TO LA PECHE.

As noticed in the last number of the Naturalist the next
Excursion has been arranged to take place on Saturday, the 3rd
September. The party will leave the C. P. R. Union Station at 10 a.m.
by the Gatineau Valley Railway, and will reach the city again
by 7 o'clock in the evening.

Tickets, Members 50 cents.

" Non-Meinbers 60 "

Children of Members 25 "

" Non-Members 30 "

Tickets can be obtained at the Station.

89

NOTES ON SIX LECTURES

DELIVERKU I5Y ROBERT WARINGTON, F. K. S , ON THE

AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS AT ROTHAMSTED,

ENGLAND.

PUBLISHED BY THE U. S. DEPAR I MENT OF AGRICULTURE,
WASHINGTON, 1 892.

By Frank T. Shutt, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S.

In the early years of the present century Sir John Bennet Lawes,
associated with Dr. Gilbert, began those experiments, the results of
which have been so pDtent in revolutionizing agriculture throughout the
civilized world. Tiioroughly practical and at the same time thoroughly
scientific, these investigations and the deductions made therefrom have
served not only to materially improve tne system of agriculture by
increased production at decreased cost, but also to elevate farming
from an art overgrown with traditions, handed down from father
to son through successive generations, to the ranks of science.
Agriculture has now taken its place in our universities side by side
with Classics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences. It fills that place
worthily ; and that this is so is largely due to the skilful and indefatig-
able labours of those English scientists. Sir John Lawes and Dr. Gilbert.
During the summer of 1888, the writer had great pleasure in
visiting Sir John Lawes's estate at Harpenden in Hertfordshire, Dr.
Gilbert very kindly acting as escort and explaining the many experiments
then in progress. The grand old manor of Rothamsted, which has
been in the Lawes family since 1623, was built in the fifteenth century,
or as Mr. Warington remarks, before Columbus discovered America.
Assisted by a young chemist of the name of Dobson, Sir (then Mr.)
John Lawes began experimenting in 1837 on the effect of soluble phos-
phate. Although these trials were only carried on in pots, the results
were so gratifying that Mr. Lawes took out a patent for manufacturing
superphosphate from mineral phosphate and sulphuric acid. This marks
the beginning of the manufacture of this fertilizer, an industry now
grown to such gigantic proportions and of such great benefit to agri-
culture. In 1843 he was joined by Dr. Gilbert, a former pupil of Liebig,
as chemist. For over half a century these two (Sir John himself being

90

a chemist of no mean repute) have worked together in agricultural
investigation until now their names are inseparably linked in the history
of modern agriculture.

With the exception of the Experiment Station founded by the
eminent chemist Boussingault in Alsace, Rothamsted was the first
place at which systematic experiments in agriculture were tried.
Germany followed in the good work by the establishment of a Station
at Mockern in 1852. It was there that the writer saw a few years ago
Respiration Experiments in progress, involving the use of costly and
elaborate apparatus and a great expenditure of skilled labour of the
highest order. And it may be here remarked that the results of these
investigations have done much towards putting the feeding of animals
on an economic and scientific basis. Oa this continent the first agri-
cultural experiment station was founded in Connecticut in 1875. Sir
John Lawes could therefore very properly claim priority for Rothamsted
in this noble and im]iortant work, and it is here but meagre justice to
state that from this early date the.'e investigations have been conducted
at his sole expense.

With the large staff of chemi-^ts constantly engaged, it is easy to
imagine the vast amount of data that from time to time has accu-
mul; ted at Rothamsted. The published accounts of these are to be
found in the transactions of the Royal Society (England,) of the Royal
Agricultural, the Chemical and other scientific societies as well as in
pamph'et form and in journals devoted to agriculture. If they were
now collated they would fill many large volumes. Recognizing the
tremendous importance of the work and wishful that it should continue
af'er his lifetime. Sir J. B. Lawes in 1889 endowed the institution and
entrusted its management to a board of trustees. With great generosity
he made over to them the new cheinical laboratories recently built,
the experimental fields and ^100,000 as an endowment fund. In
this deed of trust, known as the Lawes Agricultural Trust, Sir John made
provision for a course of lectures on the Rothamsted Experiments to be
delivered biennially in the United States so "that Americans may share
in any benefit that may arise" from the work there, past, present and
future.

Mr. Robert Warington, F.R.S., so long an associate with Dr. Gilbert

91

in the chemical investigations at Rothamsted, was chosen to deliver
the tirst course of lectures before the Association of American Agricul-
tural Colleges and Experiment Stations at Washington in August of last
year. I'he choice was a wise one. Mr. Warington being connected
with Rothamsted more or less closely since 1859 was thoroughly con-
versant with the many lines of experiments carried on and the results
obtained there. His own work there has been of a varied character.
The analyses of the ash of plants and animals, the chemical examination
of soils, rain, drainage and well-waters, a lengthy investigation into the
process of nitrification in soils and the chemical action of certain soils
and bacteria form a few of the most important subjects upon which
Mr. Warington has been engaged.

It would be impossible with the space at our command to give an
adequate account of all Mr Warington said at Washington. The
lectures have recently been issued by the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture and form an octavo pamphlet of over 100 pages. They are well
worthy of careful perusal by those interested in modern and progres-
sive agriculture; it must suffice us here to do little more than indicate
the subjects there expanded.

Lecturer. Contains an historical account of the Rothamsted
institution and enumerates many of the experiments conducted with
animals and in the field. In this connection we must quote one
experiment, as the result is both interesting and important. It proves
that wheat as we know it is the outcome of artificial development and
emphatically teaches the choking power of weeds. In 1882 a plot of
wheat was not harvested, /. e. the grain was left to fall when ripe upon
the ground and sow 'itself. "The first self-sown crop (1883) came up
stiong, but was so starved by th.- weeds that the produce of grain pro-
bably did not exceed a few pints per acre". Self-seeding was again
allowed, but the end was near. "The last appearance of the wheat
was in 1885." Sickly and stunted the wheat struggled for a few years
against the choking weeds that grew and flourished so vigorously until
its very existence became a thing of the past. Here is a lesson full of
import to many a Canadian farmer.

Lecture 2. Agricultural chemists have determined that of all the
elements of plant food, three may be termed essentials, since they must

92

be continually returned to the soil in order that its fertility may be
maintained. These are Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and Potash. In
this leciure Mr. Warington discusses the character of the nitrogen-
holding material in the soil under three heads, i. Ammonia ; 2. Nitrates ;
3. Nitrogenous organic matter. The relative and absolute amounts in
which they exist and the circumstances that control their increase and
decrease are given at length. He shows that while the two former are
the most readily available forms for plants, it is in the organic matter
of a soil that the great bulk of the nitrogen is stored up. The accu-
mulation or nitrogen in the surface soil tikes place to a greater extent on
prairie and pasture land than in arable soils ; and further Mr.
Warington says that "for the present we cannot, I think, affirm that
soils are enriched by the free nitrogen of the air, except through the
medium of a leguminous crop. A diminution of surface-soil nitrogen
takes place when organic matter is in excess and air freely penetrates
the soil, since the conditions are then most favourable to the growth of
those organisms whose function it is to ( xidise ihe nitrogenous organic
matter. Hence, the richest soils are those most liable to waste and
demand the greatest exercise of the farmer's skill to preserve their
condition.

Lecture 3. Treats of a very important maker, viz. Nitrification,
or the conversion of the nitrogen of the soil humus into the soluble
nitrogenous food of plants. Schlosing and Miintz showed that this was
due to the action of an organized ferment and Warington by experi-
ments carried on simultaneously confirmed their conclusions. I'his
living micro-organism has been succesfuUy isolated and studied by
Dr. Fra-.ikland, Winogradsky and Mr. Warington. The most favour-
able conditions for this process of nitrification are here discussed at
length. Briefly, they are the presence of phosphates, a slightly alkaline
condition of the soil due to lime or other salifiable base, "a liberal
supply of oxygen, the absence of strong light " and a temperature about
98° F. We here find the explanation of the fact so well known, viz.,
that the addition of marl or chalk (carbonate of lime) in moderate
amounts to a soil and especially to cne rich in humus, is of great value in
increasing crop yields.

Lecture 4. Nitrification and Denitrification. — The conver-

93

sion of the organic matter of a soil into nifates is the result of the life
functions of two organisms — the one a purely nitrous ferment, i.e., capa-
ble only of oxidizing ammonia and nitrogenous humus to nitrites and
not to the fully oxidized form o{ nitrates, the other, known as the nitrite

ferment, whose function it is to convert nitrites into nitrates. This
nitric organism completes the useful work of nitrification. By an

immence amount of bacteriologic.il study Mr. Warington at last suc-
ceeded in isolating, growing and photographing this highly interesting
plant. He says, "in soil, both organisms are present in enormous
numbers and the action of both organisms proceeds together as the
conditions are favourable to both." Denitnfication or the destruction
of nitrates takes place in water-logged soils from which the air is
necessarily excluded. This is brought about through the agency of
a third living organism, and the conditions most favourable for its
development are an absence of oxygen, and an abundant supply of
readily oxidizable organic matter. The practical lesson from this
conclusion is the necessity of well-drained land, in order that the
surplus water may be carried off and the air allowed to freely permeate
the soil.

The nitrates are developed in the upper layers of a soil, but being
extremely soluble are washed down by heavy rains to the subsoil.
Ploughed land, well drained, loses nitrates when not cropped, and more
so especially in wet seasons. Bare fallow does not, therefore, entail an
unmixed good. In this connection Mr. Warington says, " If a farmer
could ensure dry seasons, so that the nitrates produced by a bare fallow
should remain in the soil available for the succeeding crop, it would
pay him better to have an alternation of wheat and bare fallow rather
than to grow wheat continuously. However, in the English climate no
such favourable results ca.i be expected," as the results of 30 years'
experience at Rothamsted have shown that " wheat after fallow, except
in some of the earliest years, has not given the double produce which
should result from the presence of a double supply of nitrates." By a
system of drain gauges Mr. Warington has been able to measure this
loss of nitrates. He says, " The average quantity of nitrogen as nitrate
discharged from the soil during thirteen years has been for the 20-inch
gauge 37.3 lbs , for the 40-inch gauge 32.6 lbs,, and for the 60-inch

94

gauge 35.6 lbs. per acre, equivalent respectively to 239, 209 and 228
lbs. of ordinary sodium nitrate. This, then, is the amount annually
produced (and 1 )St) in land left for many years unmanured, lying in its
natural state of consolidation, and receiving no aeration from tillage.
All vegetation that appears on these soils is removed."

Lecture 5. Deals with the " Nitrification of Soils and Manures."
In it Mr. Warington points out by means of tables that the greatest
loss of nitrogen as nitrates by drainage takes place during those months
when the soil is not covered by a growing crop. " In June it is rare to
find nitrates in this drainage water. Out of the twenty-five samples of
drainage collected in June, July and August during twelve years, only
three contained any nitric acid. In September, the crop being now
removed, nitrates are always found in the drainage water. In a wet
season the maximum amount of nitrates will occur in October. The
proportion of nitrates will be maintained with little diminution during
the winter months and begin to fall again in March." The crop, there-
fore, which has the longest growmg season will be the best to conserve
the nitrates in the soil. " From this point of view maize (Indian Corn)
is a more economical crop than either wheat, oats or barley, its
growing period extending during the whole of the summer." This
lecture is brimful of practical information of a most valuable nature, and
the inclination is strong to make very copious extracts, but a few more
must suffice. Ihe explanation why the cereals more especially respond
to the application of soluble nitrogenous manures is given in the follow-
ing words : "After a wet winter cereal crops begin to grow in a soil
impoverished of its nitrates, and the growth of most cereals is over
before the summer production of nitrates is half accomplished. Cereal
crops are then especially benefitted by nitrogenous manures, and
particularly by the application of nitrates, while for the reason already
given, maize is more independent of such manuring than wheat or
barley. The beneficial influence of a dry winter upon the crops of the
ensuing vear is now generally recognized." Mr. Warington gives
scientific reasons for practicing rotation, and shows how a proper suc-
cession of crops tends to preserve and use the nitrates. This lecture
proceeds to give the loss of nitrates in soils fertilized with different
manures and cropped with wheat and barley. He sumuiarizes his

\)5

conclusions in the following words: "The most striking results we
observe are (i) that manuring with ash constituents alone increases the
production of nitrates in the soil ; (2) that the b'gger crops grown by
ammonium salts or sodium nitrate, with ash constituents, are followed
by an increased production of nitrates ; (3) that the use of an organic
manure like rape cake or farmyard manure is attended with a large
increase in the production of nitrate, even after the first active stage of
nitrification is long past.

The concluding chapter is on the " Nitrification of manures."
Salts of ammonium (chloride or sulphate) are of nitrogenous fertilizers
the most readily nitrified m a soil Carbonate of lime assists most
markedly in this process and Mr. Warington is of the opinion that
lime or other salifiable base is deficient in those soils upon which
ammonium salts do not act beneficially as a fertilizer. It would appear
that guano is very easily nitrified. Miintz and Girard place it in this
respect next to ammonium salts; "following guano come green manures
(lucerne and lupines,) which compared with other forms of manures,
appeared to be especially active in clay soils ; the third class includes
dried blood and meat and powdered horn; far below these stand
poudreite, wool and leather."

Lecture 6. Drainage and well waters. This lecture has for its
subject the considerat'on of the chemical composition of the drainage
and deep well waters at Harpenden, as well as a detailed account of
experiments on ttie movement of water in soils, with a discussion on
the results obtained therefrom. As the wells are all sunk in the chalk,
which lies comparatively close to the surface at Rothamsted, their waters
will not be altogether comparable to those from wells 01 Canadian
farms. A detailed account of this work will not therefore here be
necessary. To the chemist however, if not to the practical agriculturist
these data are intensely interesting and exceedingly valuable

We should very much like to see these lectures published in
Canada in order that the agriculturists throughout the Dominion could
obtain with facility copies for study. All progressive farmers must now
make themselves conversant with these and kindred subjects, and those
who wish to be thoroughly posted to date on the important question

96

of nitrification should carefully read this succint account by Mr.
Warington of the classic researches at Rothamsted.

Next year the second course of lectures will be given, and I think
that our agricultural authorities should well consider the advisability
of asking from the trustees o" the Lawes Agricultural Trust for their
delivery, or at least their publication, in Canada. Ours is a British
Colony, whose chief industry is agriculture, and I feel sure that Sir
John Lawes and his co-workers would be wishful for his fellow country
men in this way to participate in the results of thi^ir labours.

:o:-

EXCURSION III— TO NORTH WAKEFIELD, QUE.

SEPTEMBER 3RD, 1892.

Two hundred and twenty-eight members and friends of the Club
left the Union. Station on Saturday, the 3rd day of Septrm' er to attend
the third o' the series of regular excursions for the present summer.

La Perhe Village, North Wakefield, was the place "selected by the
Excursion Committee and re-commended 10 the Council of the Club,
All arrangements havmg been completed, the party left the city at 10
a m. and crossed the Ottawa River on the Ottawa & Gatineau Val'ey
Railway, a; d then proceeded northward to Ironsides and Chelsea.
Then ])lu gmg headlong intri the picture^qae country of the Laurentide
hills, olong [he eastern edge of Talkie Mountain, Kirk's Ferry, the
Cascades, and many other enchanting spots were passed in rapid suc-
ccssitm. In less than an hour the excursionists were at North Wake-
field, where a long line of dwellings, skirting the shore of the Gatineau
River, form the village which is situated in the inner cjrve of a large
circlj wh'ch touches the round and crescentic hills, lendmg a peculiar
aspect to the wh ile country.

INIr. F. T. Shutt, M. A., the Acting President, then addressed the
galliering and gave out the program.me, naming the leaders in the
different bra' ches a:;d the most interesting spots to visit.

The' lime for rendez-vojis was given for four o'clock at the School
House near the bridge or. the Peche River. As the noon hour was

97

fast approaching the first thing discussed was the contents of the lunch
baskets. Under the verdant boughs and in shady nooks of the beaute-
ous and abundant vegetation, all around there could be seen many a
group of Naturalists enjoying the mid-day meal in the open air, the
blue canopy ot a charmingly warm and delightful early September sky
o'erhanging all.

At about one o'clock the different parties began to ascend the
hillside, the botanistf^, geologists and entomologists vieing with one
another as to who would get to the top first and would obtain most
material of interest. Many a group of observant students of nature
could be seen halted along the hillside and surrounding the leaders,
who there on the spot, would examine and describe the plants or rocks
and formations of the locality, and explain the interesting forms and
phenomena visible. It was nearly five o'clock before the party had
returned and gathered at the School House, where a number of
addresses were given, as is the custom on these occasions.

The first to speak was Mr. J. Fletcher on " Insects and Insect
Life." There were two kinds of msects noted and described — the beriefi-
cial and the tioxiotis insects. These comprised many species and genera.
Mr. Fletcher described many of these and gave ready rules whereby
beneficial or noxious insects might be distinguished, pointing out the
economic relations and significance of these creatures in the world. He
exhibited several kinds of plant-galls and described the insects which
caused them, he also spoke of the parasitic and guest insects which are
found in large numbers in galls of all kinds. The great value of para-
sitic insec';s in the economy of nature was illustrated by an account of
the good services performed during the past season in Western Ontario
where almost every specimen of the Grape Vine Sphinx and the Tomato
Sphinx was found to be parasitised by enormous numbers of a small
enemy called Apanteles congregatus. No less than 207 of the latter
having emerged from a single Caterpillar of the Tomato Sphinx. The
egg parasites of insects, Proctotrypidce, were also described, and an
interesting account was given of the egg-parasite of the too-well known
Currant worm, Nemaius ribesii.

Then followed Mr. R. B. Whyte, leader in Botany. In his usual
happy manner he described the plants that were observed and collected

98

during the day, mentioning the salient characters and peculiar habits
of several of ihtse, as also their usefulness to man and other creatures.
He had observed that a very large proportion of our commonest plants
in open places were introduced from Europe. Many of thtse, as the
thistle for instance, had become very noxious weeds. The majority of
plants met with during the day were common place specimens. Up-
wards of sixty different species were observed and noted in blossom.
Of these the Golden-rods and Michaelmas Daisies formed a conspicu-
ous lot. The following representatives of the Golden-rods (.^o/idai;o)
and Michaelmas Daisies {Asfer) were jotted down.

Solidago squarrosa. Aster cordifolius.

diffusus

puniceus.
macrophyllus.
paniculatus.
Lindleyanus.

" bicolor, V. concolor.

" rugosa.

" Canadensis.

" lanceolata.
" latifolia.

Epiphegus Virginiana and Rudbeckea hiria, one very humble and
the other a very conspicuous flowering plant were also collected and are
worthy of note. Of trees, the elm, linden, maple, oak and birch trees
are conspicuous and beautiful at North Wakefield. It is expected that
the list of species observed on this occision will be greatly increased on
some future visit by the Club to the locality.

Prof. Macoun was then called ujjon to address the gathering, and
dwelt at length upon the relation of knowledge acquired from books
and of that acquired from personal observation and contact with
Nature. He also described the forest trees which were to be seen all
about, and applied the principles he had laid down in determining
these at a distance.

Dr. Henry M. Ami s])oke next. In a rapid manner, as the time
for re-assembling at the station was fast approaching, he gave a general
sketch of the geology and physical geography or history of the district.
The rocks consisted chiefly of a hard compact, more or less coarsely
crystalline, syenite, or Hornblendic granite, with a tendency to lamina-
tion or foliation, resembling gneiss. This primitive or Laurentian rock
— fundamental gneiss, sometimes called— was seen to be intersected
by a small dyke of dark hornblendic material, resembling a doleiit-,

99

fine grained and compact, rather tortuous in its course, but in a general
north-east and south-west direction. From the summit of the moun-
tain north-west of Wakefield Village, the valleys of the Gatineau and
Peche Rivers could be seen, and Table Mountain lay to the south some
8 or lo miles distant. In the lower portion of the Feche River valley
the rocks were found to be glaciated, grooved and polished during the
" Great Ice age," by the Peche glacier which used to descend and meet
a larger one in the present Gatineau River valley. It dcposi ed mo-
rainic drift along both sides of the valley, but left little alcng the points
and curves of this meandering villey. Whilst the summit of the
mountain itself is rounded, but not grooved nor polished, the gntissoid
rocks along the road and below the mills are beautifully polished, mdi-
cating the existence ot a glacier.

In bringing the pleasant excursion to a close Mr Shutt congratu-
lated those present on the charmiig outing they had all enjo\ed. He
said that this would probably be the last of the Summer exjursions,
but that Dr. George Dawson, the President, had now returned to Can-
ada and d jubtless he would be uniiring in his efforts to assist the
Soiree Com nitlee in arranging a good programme, for the winter meet-
ings, which would appear in the Ottawa Naturalist shortly. He
trusted that the large attendance at the summer excursions might be
taken as an earnest of what we should see at the winter meetings.

The city was reached at 7.30 after a rapid and pleasant journey.

A water-colour sketch of the bridge and Peche River, made by
Miss L-zzie Perkins, a member of the Club, was much admired by all
who saw it Mrs. Chamberlin was also busily engaged in adding to
her now extensive collection of paintings of native fungi, and secured
some valuable specinens through the kind services of Prof. Macoun.

H. M. A.

:o:-

100

ORNITHOLOGY.
Edited by A. G. Kingston.

Albinism in the "English Sparrow" [Passer domesticus). —
As time goes on and this introduced species comes more thoioughly
under the influence of our dry cHmate with its extremes of ("emiierature,
the ap];earance ol occasional individuals lacking the usual quantum of
colouring matter in parts of the plumage seems to grow more frequent.
From colonies planted in Boston and New York about thirty years ago,
the sparrow made its first appeirance in this northern latitude about
1872. Until recent years a sparrow showing white markings (apart
frum the normal pattern of the species) was looked upon as a rarity ;
now almost every large flock about the streets and gardens, if closely
examined, will be found to contain at least one bird with here or there
an odd white feather.

These marks are generally irregular, but occasionally a definite
pattern is noticeable. The writer has in his possession a specimen,
taken in May last, in which the secondary wing-quills are wholly white
and the tail white with a slight bar of grey at the tip. Mr. Fletcher
reports liaving seen one of somewhat similar plumage a few days ago in
Ann Street. The following patterns have also been observed : —

(i) A male with the usual black patch on the throat surrounded
with a border of white, which also extended as a white collar
around the neck.

(2) One with white secondaries.

(3) One with two parallel white stripes between the shoulders.

(4) One with the whole crown white.

Any of the readers of the Naturalist who may observe cases of
albinism, or of the opposite peculiarity, melanism, an undue darkening
of the plumage, in sparrows would confer a favour by sending a short
note to either of the leaders of the Ornithological Section.

Migration Noies. — The migration of birds is to most persons
one of those mysterious movements of nature which they are compelled
to believe in, but whose processes can hardly be expected to be made
evident to the senses. Our feathered visitors disappear in autumn and
return to sight in spring, but the number of persons, even among those

?■ f\ /-

101

most interested, who have ever seen a flock of m',g;rants in their north-
ward or southward flight is remarkably small. With the exception of
some of the larger waterfowl and hawks, nearly all birds of passage
pursue their journey at night, and generally at a great height in the air.
From observations made a few years ago at an astronomical observatory
near New York, upon migrants seen with a telescope passing across the
face of the moon, it was calculated that these birds were flying at a
height of from i to 4 miles above the earth. The theory now pretty
generally accepted by those who have made these movements a study,
is that the birds are guided in their course by rivers and the sea coast,
the line of water being easily traceable by moonlight cr starlight on a
clear ni^^ht, even at these great altitudes. When the weather is dull or
stormy, h>>wcver, and especially when a haze hangs low down, obscu-
ring the landmarks, the travellers are forced to fly low. At these times,
although it is not often possible to see them, their rallying calls may
frequently be heard with great distinctness.

Oi;e of the best points about Ottawa for such, observations is the
Maria Street bridge over the Rideau Canal. 'I'he Gatineau River to
the northward with the first stretch of the Rideau on this side, form an
almost due north-and-south line for about 250 miles, and no doubt
compose one link in the chain of landmarks followed by the birds in
passing between the Hudson Bay region and the Atlantic c 'ast of the
Southern States, On almost any dull night durmg the season of migra-
tion— April and May for the northward movement and September and
October f t the southward — at an hour when the noises of the streets
have somewhat quieted, the cries of the passing birds can be clearly
heard. Very often too, the direction of the flight of certain mdividuals
or small groups may be traced with reasonable certainty, showing the
course at the former season to be "down" the canal, i.e. north-westerly
at this point, and in the autumn months in the contrary direction. The
identification of species in the darkness is a more difficult matter. The
rallying cries of most birds differ considerably from the songs and calls
which we know so well in the d lylight. Still there are a few species
whose voices are familiar enou,;j;h to be recognized at any time. The
cry of the Greater Yellow-leg Plover ( T. melanoleucus) is at once striking
and easy to imitate, as every sport >m.in knows. Oae night last fall this

102

call was heard, and on imitating it the writer had the satisfaction of
eliciting an answer several times repeated as the bird passed on up the
canal. This year the nights of the i5fh and iSth September were
marked by a great movement of birds. On the 15th at about 10.30
p.m. there was a fine rain driving before a south-westerly wind, and the
birds flew unusually low. They seemed from their cries to be chiefly
warblers and sparrows (native) though sometimes the cries of various
shore-birds could be heard at a greater height. Frequently small birds
of the warbler family, struggling with the storm, would almost dash
against the electric lamp which stands upon the bridge, circle a number
of times round it and then pass away into the darkness. The night of
Sunday, the i8th, was more favourable for the identification of species.
Shortly after midnight a thunderstorm came up from the south-west,
and during the dull quiet period which preceded it the calls of the
passing birds were so frequent and distinct as at times to become a
positive clamour, attracting the notice of casual passers-by, who would
stop and look up into the darkness in astonishment. The voices of
the Rubin, the Bluebird, the Goldfinch and the Greater Yellow-legs
above mentioned could be recognized, and other calls, though not to
be identified, were clearly assignable to the warbler family, the limicolce
(snipe and plover) and various native sparrows. The main column of
this army of birds evidently confined itseU to the immediate neighbour-
hood of the canal, for at a distance of a few blocks on either side, the
cries became much less frequent, though once in a while a bird or two
evidently confused by the multitude of lights, would fly out in wide
circles over the city screaming distractedly. Probably another column
might have been found following the parallel course of the Rideau
River about a mile to the eastvvard until it and the canal converge and
meet a few miles south of the city. In the city papers on the following
Monday relerence was made to some of these phenomena, and at least
two birds (partridges) were reported to have been found, killed no
doubt by striking electric wires or posts.

Several nights following this were clear, and no migrants came
within "earshot." That of the 22nd was to all appearances similar to
the 1 8th, but no movement was discernible. On the 24th the birds
were again on the wing, though not in such numbers nor so clearly to
be heard as on the previous occasion.

103

ENTOMOLOGY.

Edited by W. Hague Harrington.

The cool nights and light frosts which occured in September have
had a marked effect on the abundance of insect life. On bright days
Clouded Yellows and White Cabbage Butterflies have been abundant,
and towards the end of the month a third brood api)eared of both the
Nettle B niter fiy (Vanessa Milbertii) and the Camberwell Beauty {Van-
essa Antiopa). After a few trials of their newly gained wings, these
gems of the summer landscape will seek some quiet nook in cave or
hollow tree, and sink into a state of torpor from which they will only
be aroused by the returning warmth of opening Spring. On Sept. 25ih
a single specimen of Peck's Skipper {Pamphila Peck'us) was seen sipping
the nectar from a stalwart Michaelmas Daisy (Aster punicetis).

Several caterpillars were sent to the leaders during the month.
Hidden in a den made by catching together two or three leaves of Salix
cordata or other rough-leaved willows, the solitary caterpillars of Niso
«/«d?i?j- /(Tif//^^' were several times found. These have pile green slug-
shaped bodies with large brown heads, separated from the body by a
small neck. They apparently pass the winter in the caterpillar stnte.

The beautiful black, yellow and white Zebra caterpillars of Mam-
estra fiida have been very abundant and destructive. Their numbers,
however, have been much reduced by a minute parasite of the Procto-
trypid genus (Tricho^ratnma) which passes all its preparatory stagi^s
inside the egg. The moth which lays the egg from which the Zebra
caterpillars hatch, deposits from loo to 250 in a flat patch on the under
side of a leaf. Of over twenty of these patches collected in the begin-
ning of September, not a single egg produced the caterpillar, but in-
stead the minute parasite above named. The same microscopic bene-
factor, or a closely allied species, did good service in destroying the egg
of the Imported Currant Saw-fly, and of a new imported enemy of the
willow which has only lately appeared in America in the shape of
another Saw-fly (JVematus pallidiveniris). The event of most importance
in this line is the sudden and wide-spread appearance in Canada of the
Cattle Horn-fly (Hcetnatobia serrata). The habits and the best remedies
for this pest are all given in the recently issued Bulletin 14 of the
Central Experimental Farm. — J. F.

104

BOTANY.

Edited by William Scott.

Aster Nov^-ANGU/ii, varietal forms (i).— The only station in
the vicinity of Ottawa for this fine Michaelmas Daisy is Casselman,
where some clumps bearing flowers of a beautiful pure white were found
on Sept. £o, growing with the ordinary form. — W. S.

(2) Another beautiful form was brought from Toronto by Dr J.
E. White, bearing flowers which varied from pale mauve to deep lilac.
The flowers which opened first were deepest in colour. — J. F.

Gentiana saponaria. — Dr. White also brought with him to
Ottawa fine fl )vvering specimens and living roots of this rare Gentian.
The roots, with some other rare plants presented by Dr. White, are now
planted in th;j herbaceous border of the Botanic Garden at the Central
Experin'iental Farm. — J. F.

Hf.lianthus decapetalu ■. — A noticeable feature of the Ottawa
woods in Autumn is the absence of all species of wild sunflowers. H.
decapetahxs, however, occurs at Casselman and is apparently becoming
more abundant ttiere than formerly. — W. S.

Glyceria elongata. — This is one of our most local grasses. It
has been found sparingly at Kingsmere, but at Casselman it occurs in
almost every damp gully. — W. S.

Potato Rot. — A good object lesson demonstrating the value of
scientific knowledge, is to be seen just now at the Experimental Farm.
Some potato plants which were twice sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture
to prevent the blight are now perfectly covered with green leaves, while
all the others around them, and even in the same row, which were not
treated, have been brown and dead for three weeks. — J. F.

Umbrella Mushrooms. — -Those botanists of the Club who are
lucky enough to know the gastronomic qualities of Coprimis comatiis
have lately enjoyed many dishes of this delicious mushroom. No other
fungus resembles it. The shape is at first elongated oval or egg-shaped,
but later like a half-closed umbrella, from 3 to 10 inches in height,
white when young and covered outside with small brownish hairy tufts.
When old it deliquesces into a black inky fluid. — J. F.

105

MINERALOGICAL NOTES.

Manganese Ores in Canada, by H. P. Brumell, Ottawa. — The
August number of tha American Geologist for 1892, contains an inter-
esting as well as useful contribution regarding the distribution, origin and
geological relations, as well as economic uses and value of the ores of
manganese in Canada.

We are informed here that all the known workable deposits are
located in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and belong chiefly to rocks
of the lower carboniferous age, whilst the " bog ore deposits, being of
recent formation, are found overlying rocks of any formation from the
Cambrian upwards."

From the Markhamville deposit of crystalline ore, Mr. Brumell in-
forms us, upwards of 20,000 tons have already been shipped The
analyses of this ore are also given, ,ind reference made to another im-
portant deposit in the same (Sussex) County in New Brunswick, at
Jordan Mountain, where some 400 tons of from 80 to 85 per cent, ore
have been extracted from the western side of this mountain. At Quaco
Head and Gowland Mountain crystalline ores of manganese also occur.
At the lattc^r locality it "consists principally of psilomelane and fills the
interstices of a very much broken and partly decomposed granite of
Pre-Cambrian age." Upham, Waterford, near Petitcodiac, Springfield,
Tete-a Gauche Falls and Albert County. The Shepody Mountain de-
posits have been described by Dr. R. W. Ells in his report (1884) and
shows that the ore "consists of pyrolusite and psilomelane, and occur-
ring in the base of conglomerate in irregular pockets."

"Wad" is the common name which miners give to that ore of
manganese which is found in swampy districts, and is of recent origin
and still in process of formation in many places.

The most important deposits of " wad " occur at Dawson Settle-
ment in Albert County, N. B , "where many acres of ore are found, the
beds varying in extent and depth, and attaining in some places a thick-
ness ot over forty feet, to which point they have been proved." Anal-
yses of this easily worked ore are then given by Mr. Brumell from the
reports I y Messrs. W. F. Best, of St. John, N. B., and John Burwash,
showing the percentage of manganese binoxide "to vary from 35.5 to

106

vary from 73 6; the average being about 60 per cent. So much for
New Brunswick ores.

In Nova Scotia the production of manganese is not so great,
althou;^h the mode of occurrence and treatment of the ore is similar to
that in New Brunswick. Pyrolusite — the high grade ore of manganese
— is more widely distributed. "On the south shore of Minas Basin
and midway between Noel and Walton, is situated the best-known and
most important manganese mine in Nova Scotia, the Teny Cape mines,
which, since its discovery in 186?, has been operated more or less con-
tinuously." Pyrolusite and manganite occur here, and assays are given
of specimens from " Teny Cape," " Cheverie " and " Douglas" locations,
made by Dr. Howe, E. Gilpin, Jr., and H. Poole respectively. These
indicate 85.54, 90.15 and 84.62 per rent, of manganese oxides present
in ihe ore.

Oil Cape Breton Island, the Hon. E. P. Moseley, of Sydney, C.B.,
has discovered and developed deposits of pyrolusite which promise well.
they are situated near Loch Lomond, and Mr. Brumell adds the report
made by Mr. Hugh Fletcher, of the Geological Survey staff, in his
report, addressed to the Director, for 1882-83 84. Upwards of 91 per
cent, of manganese dioxide occurred in this ore according to an analysis
by Mr. Frank Adams.

Ontario and Quebec, etc., afford but small deposits of manganese
ores. In Stanstead and Bolton Townships, in Quebec, and in the
Magdalen Islands (teste J. Richardson in his report for 1879-80), as
well as near Batchewaherung Bay, Lake Superior, in Ontario, together
with a band of manganiferous spathic iron ore in the Nastapoka
Istands off the east side of Hudson's Bay, appear to be the only places
where ores of manganese are yet known outside of the Maritime
Provinces.

Fossil Remains. — It might be added here that a number of fossil
remains have been found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick entirely
filled and the hard parts replaced by pyrolusite. Amongst these is an
interesting ann well-preserved specimen of a pteropode (Conulara allied
to B. planpcostata, Dawsan) from the Lower Carboniferous of Spring-
field, where it was collected by Mr. A. E. Barlow in 1884.

H. M. A.

107
EDITORIAL NOTES.

The President. — We are much pleased to welcome safely back
again Dr. George M. Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., &c., our President, who
has just returned from England where he has been engaged for five
months in connection with the Behring -^ea arbitration. We congratulate
Dr. Dawson upon the important work which has been entrusted to him by
the Imperial authorities, and also on the latest honour which it pleased
Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen to bestow upon him last May
in recognition of his many services to science. This last distinction
was Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. (CM.G.)

Dr. Adams. — Mr. Frank D. Adams, M. A[)p. Sc, and late of the
Geological Survey Staff at Ottawa, spent the summer in Germany where
the University of Heidelberg conferred upon him the well-earned title
of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.).

Science-teaching at Ottawa. — At the last general excursion of
the Club to La Peche, there were no less than 80 students from the
Normal School. This speaks well indeed for the Science Master at
th's institution, and shows plainly that Mr. William Scoit is not merely
a teacher from text books, but leads his students out into the fields,
where alone can be acquired a practical acquaintance with the objects
which they have to study. No greater compliment than this, we think,
could have been paid Mr. Scott by his pupils, and we feel sure that he
must have been much encouraged by this practical and well-merited
expression of approval of his method of teaching. We hope that at
some future time the Science Master of the Collegiate Institute may
also see the benefit of availing himseli of the advantages offered at the
Club meetings of furthering the important work with which he is
entrusted.

Authors' Extras. — At a recent meeting of the Council of the
Club it was decided to give to any member who contributed an article
of more than two pages in length, ten copies of the number of the
Ottawa Naturalist which contains his article, upon his making
application to the Editor or the Librarian at the time of publication.

108

The Winter Lectures. — 'i'he Soiree Committee will be pleased
to receive from members, as soon as convenient, the titles of any papers
which they may wish to re id before the Club during the coming winter,
and at the same time an intimation as to the time which will be most
convenient.

Castorologia — The Editor begs to call the attention of readers
of the OiTAWA Naturalist to thi advertisement of the above work
on the last page of the cover. This work is by Mr. Horace T. Martin,
of the Montre.il Natural History Society, who gave us the pleasure of
his company at our Spring Excursion to Butternut Grove in 1889, and
spoke so acceptably to the members of the Club. Mr. Martin has
made a most careful study of his subject, and has had peculiar facilities
for getting information. He is a pleasing writer, and we feel sure that
all who obtain his work will be satisfied.

The Geological Society of America. — Prof. H. L. Fairchild,
of Rochester, N. Y., Secretary of the Geological Society of America,
has sent the following notice to the Fellows of that society with reference
to the next meeting :— " In response to a cordial invitation from the
Royal Society of Canada and the Canadian Geological Society to this
Society to hold its next meeting in Ottawa, the Council has determined
that the fifth winter meeting shall be held in the City of Ottawa, begin-
ning December 28th, 1892."

As a large number of the members of our Club take a deep interest
in geological matters, professionally and otherwise, it is anticipated that
the geologists from all parts of the North American Continent who will
be present on that occasion will meet with a hearty reception at the
hands of our members. Ottawa possesses sufficient attractions and
interest in geology to make this nieeting one of the most successful
ever held.

Papers bearing on the geology and history of various parts of this
Continent will be read, the discussions of which will doubtless be both
profitable and interesting.

:o:-

[09

( Chi iosporium carpophilum. )

A DESTRUCTIVE DISEASE AFFECTING NATIVE PLUMS.

Ciadosporiuni catpjphiluiii^ (v. Thiimen.)

By John Craig.

During the past two years
many complaints have been
received from farmers and
fruit growers in regard to a
disease which hascaused their
red plums to shrivel and drop
quite suddenly when almost
mature. In many sections
during the past season the
crop has been an entire fail-
ure. As the disease appears
to be spreading, it would seem that in the near future very active
measures should be instituted to check its increase.

Prof. L. H. Pammel, of the Iowa Agricultural College, who has
given the disease special study, has kindly supplied me with the follow-
ing facts, whiv-h I quote in his own words : —

" My first acquaintance with this disease as affecting our cultivated
plums was in 1889.' 1 ne disease having appeared very destructive to
certain plums since that time, and the fungus has been on the increase.
This spotting is caused by a parasitic fungus, Cladosporiian car-
pophilum^ which is abundant on peaches, especially on the later varie-
ties. So injurious is it to certain varieties that Dr. Smith^ finds that it
not only injures the appearance of the fruit somewhat, but when very
abundant the flavour also. I have heard growers in Texas speak of it
as nothing serious, but to my mind there is no question that it greatly
lessens the crop, and also causes a cracking of the fruit as Dr. Smith
finds, making it especially subject to the attacks of Monilia fructigena.
Several other species ot Cladosporium are troublesome, the C. aiaime-
ritium, Ell. and Arth. is troublesome to cucumbers. Several species

1. Meeting of Iowa Academy of Sciences, Sept. 5, 1890.

2. Journal of Mycology, Vol. V., p. 32.

/.

ai:|'-'BRARY

V

r't^^<^

at

V

no

are troublesome to graphs. The C. viticoluni' occurs on Vitis labnisca,
and V. vinifera. A species was common in New York, in Clinton/
according to Mr. Fairchild. C. roeskri, Call, on the European culti-
vated grape ( Viiis vinifera) in Europe.' The Apple Scab {Fusicladiiim
dend'-itici/m) is a fungus closely related to the plum fungus," and without
doubt will seriously threaten plum culture.

The spots are visible in half ripe plums as small pale greenish
or yellowish patches not larger than a pin head. They increase in size,
l)ecoming in some cases half an inch across. S jme of the older spots
may become confluent, forming one large more or less radiating patch.
Patches may be formed in nearly mature plums. In old specimens
which have been kept moist for some time the spo;; becomes darker in
colour, almost black, more irregular and raised.

Microscopic examination of the affected portions of the plum shows
a ne.iily colourless mycelium creeping over tke surface or vegetating
between the cuticle and the remainder of the epidermal cells. In the
darker portions occur the septate hyph;e, these occasionally come
through the cracks in the cuticle. In older material a dense stroma of
shirt brown hyphae appears between the cuticle and cellulose layers of
the epidermal cells. The small spores are oval in shape, pointed at
the end and usually two-celleJ, and are borne at the end of the
conidiophore, or laterally. They germinate readily when placed in
water.

The chief injury caused by this fungus is the cracking of the
plums, allowing Monilia fnictigeiia a chance to work. The injury,
however, does not extend much beyond the [)oint of attack and only a
small number of the plum cells become brown. The fungus, no doubt,
also, checks the development of the plum, and in the severer cases it
causes a shrivelling of the fruit. The fungus seems to occur on all

3. Soraner Pflanzen Krankheiten, Vol. II., p. 401.

4. Jour, of Mycology, Vol. VI., p. 99. Scribner, Diseases of the i^rape vine.
" Bull. 2, Dept. of AgricuL, Rep. 1886, p. 3. Galloway, Jour, of xMycology,

Vol. V, p. 93.

5. Soraner Pflanzen Krankheiten, Vol. I., p. 401.

6. See Bailey. The cultivated native plums and cherries, Bull. 38, Cornell

University, Agrl. Experiment Station, p. 54. Pummel, four, of Mycology,
Vol. VII., p. 99.

Ill

kinds of the American plums. Here at Ames I have noted it on the
following species and varieties: Pattowattamie {Pn/Niis augusfifolia),
Miner {Pruniis Iwrtulaiia^ var. iMnieti), Maquoketa, DeSoto, Rolling-
stone, Speer, Chippeway, Flack Hawk, Hen Plum {Pruiius Americana),
Sloe Plum {Pnouis spiiiosa). Mr. F. C. Stewart reports this fungus at
Greenfield, Iowa, on wild and cultivated plums, in some cases it
ruined half the crop. I have also seen it very common on wild
plums at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Mr. Stewart also found il at
Marshalltown, Iowa. Mr. Geo. W. Sturtz reports it at Plainview,
Nebraska, and Mr. John Wragg at Nankee, lovva, and my friend, Prof.
Craig, of Ottawa, Canada, writes me that it was common in Minnesota
on cu'tivated Cheney, DeSoto, Rollin^jstone and Speer; That it also
occurs on the common Wild Plum and cultivated varieties in Canada ;
also in Virginia on P. Americana. It did not appear at the Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, in 1891. From this it will be seen that
this fungus has become widely distributed and destructive. The
disease is certainly on the increase. It did not appear to any
extent this year here at Ames, except upon a few chickascav; and
s'oe plums. As j^lums fruited but little, I have not seen it attack-
ing Prunus do?7iestica at Ames. The Cladosporiian has become a
serious enemy to cherries, first noticed in 1891 when it destroyed from
2 to 10 per cent, of the crop. First appearance is marked by a pale
coloured spot not larger than a pin head, which increases in size, and
finally is olive green in colour. As in plums a crack is frequently found
extending across the patch. The cherries are also badly shrivelled in
many cases, some.vhat bitter and sour. We noticed the following
varieties affected in 1891 : Cerise Ostheim, Spate Amarelle, Shadow
Amarelle, and Wagner, and in 1892, although the cherry crop was
small, the disease appeared on many cherries ; my assistant Mr. Stewart
has furnished me with the following list : Lutooka, Shadow Amarelle,
Schatten Amarelle, Spate Amarelle. It will be noticed that this list
only contains Russian varieties. Most of the cherries grown on the
college grounds are Russian. Early Richmond growing not far from
the college was not affected by the disease ; it may have appeared in other
places, but I have not heard of any, or at least specimens were not
sent to me. Experiments with fungicides would have been made this

112

season, but the plum and cherry crop was almost a failure and hence
no experiments could be made.

As this fungus works very much as Apple Scab there is no reason
why the fungicides for that disease should not prove effective. But
treatment should begin soon after the petals have fallen, and should be
continued till nearly the ripenmg period."

In addi'ion to the remedies recommended by Prof. Pammel I
would suggest the use of a weak solution of copper sul[jhate, say i oz.
in 25 gallons of water.

I shall be glad to receive any additional data regarding the pro-
gress and life-history of this fungus. It is of special importance to
fruit growers in the Ottawa Valley where we are debarred b) climatic
conditions from growing many of the Pninu<; doinestica family of
plums bearing fruit of finer quality but less vigorous and hardy in
constitution.

It may be mentioned that this is a new disease and although it
has received considerable attention from economic botanists during the
last three or four years was only described by Felix von Thiimen in
1887.

-:o:-

ORNITHOLOGY.

Edited by A. G. Kingston.

Snow Birds. — The first Snow birds of the season were seen on
the 24th October, when a large nock of about 200 alighted on the
Experimental Farm. Another flock was noticed by Mr. John Craig at
St. Hubert, Que., on the 22nd October. — J. F.

Native Song Birds. — Mr. Charles Hughes, who has been
spending the summer at Wakefield, in the Laurentian Hills has been
studying our native song birds. He has promised to send us soon
some notes on between 20 and 30 species which he has observed. He
kept many of them round his house by feeding them with seeds of
different kinds. For this purposi; he sowed a large quantity of Sun-
flower, Millet, Hemp, and Canary-seed, and the pleasing result has been
that many kinds seldom seen, have stayed around his residence through-

113

out the summer. Mr. Hughes has also made collections of insects and
other natural history objects. — C. E. D. Chubbuck.

HuDSONiAN Chickadee {Parus Hudsonicus). — A specimen of this
rather rare northern bird was seen in an orchard in Ottawa East on the
23rd October. — W. A. D. Lees.

-:o:

ENTOMOLOGY.

Edited by W. Hague Harrington.
Calosoma scrutator at Ottawa. — A single wing-case of this
magnificent beetle, not previously recorded from Ottawa, was found by
Mr. Andrew Halkett upon Parliament Hill. Judging from the iresh
appearance of the fragment, the specimen had been recently killed.
This species is frequently found in Western Ontario and is sometimes
washed up along the shores of Lake Ontario in large numbers, but the
only other record from this part of Canada is a single specimen taken
by Mr. J. D. Evans at Sudbury, Ont.— J. F.

-:o:-

BOTANY.

Edited by William Scott.

Autumn Tints. — The foliage this year about Ottawa lacks the
usual variety and brilliancy of tints usually seen. Cold weather without
frost seemed to hasten the process of decay without bringing out the
glowing colours.

On this subject of colours some trees seem independent of weather
in the matter of autumnal clothing. Acer Ginnaia, a dwarf maple from
the valley of the Amur River has been as glowing as ever in its garb
of bright red, looking in the distance liice a ball of fire.

The Red Oak, too, with its rich crimson plumes is always reliable.
A row of these, in the Experimental Farm nursery, along side of the
yellow gold of the Cut-leaved Birch, presents an effect very pleasing
to the eye. Cut-leaved Sumach {R/nis glabra, var. laciniata) at this time
in point of colouring is identical with the sturdy oak, but presents a great

114

contrast in the delicicy of its outline. Scarcely less conspicuous but of*
a different shade of red are the bushes of the beautiful dwarf Barberry
{Berberis Thunbergi) and the different Doj-woods {Gornus).

The Pur[)le-leaved Plum still holds its summer garb like the oak
and will recam it until severe frost loosens its grasp. The foliage is of
a deep maroon-purple. Many shrubs and herbaceous plants when
touched by frost take on a purplish shade, this is sometimes very bright
on the Red and Silver Maples and the White Ash. In the Smoke
Tree [Rhus cotinus) the leaves appear to have been delicately washed
with rose madder while the Scented Sumach {Rhus Canadensis) varies
from pale yellow to bright scarlet or purplish bronze.

Bronze prevails to a lartje extent in the autumn foliage. Rasp-
berries and Strawberries are frequently very beautiful and the Wild
Roses are rendered most attractive objects. The heavy rich foliage cf
the Japanese Rosa m^osa is much improved by this autumn bronzing
and as it holds its leaves and handsome fruit lor a 1 )ng time it is a
useful shrub for ornamental grounds.

Particularly beautiful is the crinjson and gold autumn foli.ige of
Pyrus arbutifo'ia, and alth^mgh less vivid in colouring the golden yellow
of the various poplars and hard maples add much to the g'ory of the
autumn landscape. — John Craig, Ouawa.

Impotemcy of Hybrids. — The fact that many varieties of the
Rogers and other hybrid grapes are dependent on cross fertilization
was clearly brought out, owing to the peculiar state of the atmosphere
during the blossoming period this year. A humid atmosphere with
frequent showers prevented in a large degree intercrossing by wind or
insects, and consequently we find a number of varieties comparatively
unfruitful, which in favourable seasons are uniformly productive. — John
Craig, Ottawa.

Anthracnose or Bird's-eye-rot {Sphaceloina anipelimr/n) is creep-
ing into vineyards in the vicinity of Ottawa and may prove very
destructive in the future. All diseased wood, leaves and fruit should
be burned this autnmn and the canes and trellises sprayed witli a solu-
tion of iron sulphate one pound to 25 gallons.^Juhn Craig, Ottawa.

115

FusiCLADiUM ON Cherry. — It is feared, judging from the indica-
tions o[ last season, that the disease known as "Aj^pleScab" or "spot"
{Fiisicladiiun dendritiann, Fckl.), which has thus far principally affected
the Apple and Pear, is likely also to prove dangerous to the Cherry. A
single variety only was affected in the Experimental Farm orchard this
year, but so severely as to cause the loss of the entire crop. GrunerGlas(?)
the variety attacked, is one of Prof. Budd's importations from Eastern
Europe. Two trees of this variety were growing vigorously and were
heavily laden with fruit which was nearly mature when the disease was
first noticed. Specimens were sent to Mr. D. G. Fairchild, Assistant
Vegetable Pathologist, at Washington, D. C, who identified the disease
as the true Fusicladium of the Apple. The foliage was also attacked
but less severely than the fruit — J. Craig, Ottawa.

A Fern New to Canada. — An addition to our Canadian Ferns
in the shape of Asplenijim ruta-mui'atia, L., has been made this year
by Dr. P. J. Scott, of Southampton, Ont., who discovered it growing
plentifully on the rocks of Flower Pot Island, about four miles from
Tobermorey, a small place near Cape Houd in the north of Bruce Co.,
Ont. The specimens sent me for determination are very fine and typical.
The nearest before known stations for this interesting species were in
Vermont and Michigan, U. S. — T. J. W. Burgess, Montreal.

Introduced plants. — The three North Western \)\2,x\\.^ Helianthus
rigidus, Lepachys coluninaris^ and Grindelia sqiiarrosa, which were
reported last season by the Botanical Section as having been found
near Eddy's old mill-yards at Birchton, were again noted in the same
locality a few weeks ago. It does not seem probable that the two first
named will prosper in their new home, as no vigorous specimens were
met with ; but Grijidelia squartosa has evidently struck a very congenial
habitat. The number of plants of this species has greatly multiplied
since last year while its territory is very considerably enlarged. Many
stout thrifty specimens were noticed even on a well-beaten road. An
interesting feature of this plant is its profuse resinous-viscid coating.

Several fine specimens of the Walking leaf fern {Comptosorus
rhizophyllus) were gathered at old Chelsea on Oct 15th. The past
season seems to have been very favourable to its growth as it was found

116

in greater profusion than usual, nearly every shady nook of the calcare-
ous rocks abounding with it. In our region the best specimens are to
be had in the late autumn and members of the Club who are interested
should seek it without delay.

Last year a large colony of Moth Mullein ( Verbascum blattaric:)
was discovered in on old pasture near Mechanicsville, but no trace of
it could be seen this summer. The plant is rather scarce in the vicinity
of Ottawa, and although it has been found at various points near the
city during the past izw years, it seems not to persist with any degree of
certainty in any one place.

Euphorbia marginata, an annual indigenous to the North Western
States, was introduced into the Ottawa district from Dakota some
years ago. A few seeds sown in a garden near the city two years ago,
produced vigorous plants, which cast their seed in the autumn, and
gave rise this year to a numerous colony of sturdy (offspring, with every
indication of survival of the species. 1 he showy white-margined floral
leaves render the foliage rather attractive. It is known among the
Dakota Indians as " Snow-on-the-mountain."

A beautiful albino form of Verbena h.jstata (Blue Vervain) was
collected recently near St. Patrick's Bridge. Tliere is much to be
learned yet about these interesting variations of nature, and if all
members of the Club who happen on such specimens would carefully
note the surroundings, and grow the plant for future observation, more
light might soon be thrown on the matter. — R. H. Cowley.

Albino Liatris. — Some four years ago the Rev. VV. A. Burman,
at that time working as a missionary amongst the Sioux Indians at
Griswold, Manitoba, sent to the Botanic Garden at the Central Experi-
mental Farm, a root of Lialris scariosa, which bore pure white flowers.
This plant is now growing vigorously, and bears every year several
beautiful spikes of pure white flowers. Several plants, however, which
have been grown from its seed, flowered for the first time this season,
and all of them bore flowers of the ordinary reddish-purple colour of
the species. The original [)lant was grown in a group containing four
roots of the ordinary form. Next year it will be separated and seeds
again planted, and it will be interesting to find if the white form can be

117

perpetuated. Seeds of this year's seedlings will also be sown, and
these, perhaps, may give white offspring. As in some animals, a second
cross may be necessary to produce change from a long established
form. — J. F.

Mackenzie River Notes. — During the summer just past Miss
Elizabeth Taylor, daughter of the United States Consul at Winnipeg,
(who has been well known to Canadians since more than twenty years
ago as " Saskatchewan Taylor/' owing to his persistent and wise advo-
cacy of that region as the great wheat field of the future), made a trip
by the Hudson Bay Company's steamer from Athabasca Landing on
the Athabasca River, ninety miles north of Edmonton to Peel River in
the delta of the Mackenzie River and far north of the Arctic Circle.
The total length of the trip was about 1,500 miles and in a generally
northward direction.

Although the trip was not make primarily in the irnterests of
Botany 5 but rather to sketch and i)hotograph the wondrous scenes on
the mighty Mackenzie, yet, like her father's daughter Miss Taylor could
not let such an opportunity pass of adding her quota to our knowledge
of the northern land which her flither has done so much to bring before
the world. The botanical results of her trip were submitted to the writer
for identification and a complete set consisting of 170 species of remark-
ably well preserved specimens was presented to the Museum of the
Geological Survey Department.

An examination of the specimens proved conclusively that the
warm currents of air that are known to occur in the Peace River
country pass down the Mackenzie and account for the occurrence of a
flora north of the Arctic Circle that seems in no way diffjrent from that
which is to be found 1,000 miles to the South. Northern exposures
give true arctic species; but these evidently are not the prominent flora
of the Mackenzie delta as they are almost wholly absent from the
collection. Another feature of interest in this collection is the gather-
ing of specimens in exactly the same localities where Sir John Richard-
son obtained them 70 years ago and the sight of them side by side with
his record of their occurence shows how little we have added to the
botanical knowledge of the far north in recent years.

118

Besides many interesting species that are well known to us, Miss
Taylor brought specimens of two planis fmni Peel River in the Mackenzie
delta which may eventually throw some light on the origin of the
northern flora. One is a species of Birch which is evidently a good
sized tree and which is either identical with a Siberian species [Betiila
microphylia) or is new to science. Ripe fruit of the species was procured
and seed has been handed to Mr. Fletcher to be grown in the Botanic
Garden of the ENperimenial Farm, and thus in time, I trust, we shall
know exactly what it is. The other species is an Umbelliferous plant
related to the genus Ligusticum which may also be new.

This collection is of much interest and demonstrates clearly what
good scien'^^ific results may be obtained by an observant traveller with a
little trouble if only there be a wish to make the most of such
opportunities as may arise. — John Macoun, Ottawa.

:o:-

CONCHOLOGY.

LiMN^A STAGNAi-is. — A beautiful living albino of this species was
fo'md tn Chilcott's Lake, Masham, in August. The animal did not
appear to differ from those in the numerous other specimens of the
same species which occurred in the same locality; the shell, however,
was as white as a pearl and of beautiful lustre. Erosion of the epider-
mis and exposure to the sun tend to whiten the shells of all our snails ;
but the epidermis of this example is perfect. Its whiteness results no
doubt from disease of those peculiar glands whose function it is, in the
shell-be. iring mullusca, to extract an infinite number of beautiful pig-
me Its an J deposit them in that combination of variety and regularity
at which all have marvelled who have ever observed a cabinet of

shells, where

" Not a shell

" But shows some trace in freckle, streak or stain,

" Of His unrivaled pencil."

Helix dentifera. — This rare shell was taken a few years ago on
Mr. Craig's farm near Casselman. It appears to have reached at that
pjint the north-eastern limit of its distribution in Canada. There is a

11!)

record of its occurence in Muskoka, hut it is probably erroneous. In
the immediate vicinity H. dentifera has never been ff)und. In the
Province of Quebec, it has an extensive range from Montreal as far
east at least as the IsLmd of Orleans and southward to Knowlton, in
the Eastern Townships, whence it extends into New Hampshire,
Vermont and New York. Near the brow of the shaly cliffs of the
Island of Orleans, opposite Montmorency Falls, seven fine specimens
were taken in an hour in August, 1S91. I'hey do not differ from the
Casselman shells except in being thinner. The occurence ot //.
dentifera at places so near to each other as Casselman and Montreal,
indicates that the shell may be found at intervening points. If the
Club would run an excursion to Alexandria next summer, the concho-
logical branch would probably attend in a body.— -F. R. Latchford.

-:o:

ZOOLOGY.

Salvelinus O.^Uassa in the Oitawa Dis'rict. — A be.iutiful living
specimen of what I take to be a male Oquassa or Blue backed Trout,
sometimes called the " Rangeley Lake Trout", Salvelinus Oquassa,
Girard (sp.) can now be seen living in one of th j aquaria at the Fisheries
Exhibition on O'Connor Street in this city. This spec men, which has
been referred to me for identification, was recently obtained by Mr.
Vernon C. Nicholson at Lac de Marbre, in the Township of Wakefield,
Province of Quebec, who last year noticed the difference b^itween it
and Salveliniis fontinalis, Mitchell (sp.), the ordinary B;ook Trsj it of
the district. He killed at that time several specimens of S. Oquassa in
the above named lake. In another lake quite close to Lac de Marbre
the ordinary Brook Tr jut abounds ; but so far as Mr. Nicholson
observed the two species do not occur together.

The specimen has been identified with S. Oquassa from external
characters only, and its hyoid bone has not been examined, but if
correctly determined, the occurrence of this species in the Province of
Quebec is of espec'al interest, as heretofore it has only been recorded
from Maine.

According to Jordan & Gilbert, * the hyoid bone in 6", Oquassa

* Synops. Fishes N. America. Smithson. Miscell. Coll., vol. xxiv (18S3), p. 318.

120

has a " narrow, median band of teeth," which, however, are "sometimes
lost," hut in the common Brook Trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) the hyoid
teeth are wanting. The following is a copy of Jordan & Gilbert's
specific desrription of 6". Oqiiassa :

" Body elongate, considerably compressed, less elevated than in
the other species of this genus, the dorsal outline regularly but not
strongly curved. Head quite small, the maxillary short and moderately
broad, scarcely extending to the posterior margin of the eye. Eye
large, 3^ in head. Jaws about equal. Scales small, those along the
lateral line somewhat enlarged. Pectoral and ventral fins not elongate;
opercles without concentric stiite. Coloration dark blue, the red spots
small and round, much smaller than the pupil, usually confined to the
sides of the body ; sides with traces of dark bars ; lower fins variegated,
as in 6". fontinalis. Head, 5 ; depth, 5. D. 10; A. 9. Lat. 1. 230 ;
gillrakers about 6 + 1 1. Length, 12 inches. Smallest and handsomest
of our trout, as yet known only from the Rangeley Lakes in Western
Maine." — J. F. Whiteaves.

:o:

EDITORL^L NOTES.

Winter Soirees. — The first meeting of the Winter Course will
be held early in December in the Normal School Lecture Room when
Dr. George M. Dawson, C.M.G., F. R.S., &c., will deliver his Presiden-
tial address. The full programme for the Course of Winter lectures
will be given in our December issue.

Creating a Stir. — A great coming event is the publication of a
wonderful almanac to be called the Star Almanac, published by the
Montreal Star, V. is said to be a marvellous work, lour hundred pages,
with coloured maps.

Toronto "Saturday Night's" Xmas Number, 1892. — Another
literary treat is promised in the Christmas number of Saturday Night.
The Newsdealer, Publisher and Stationer's Bulletin, the Canadian cor-
resi)ondent of which has seen advance copies of all that is promised,
says that " It will ooubtless be the most beautiful publication ever
a tempted in Arnerica and compares more than favourably with Figaro
and the most expensive Old Country Christmas numbers."

1-21

BOOK NOTICES.

Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part VI, Musci, pp. 295. By
John Macouj^, M.A., F.L.S, F.RS.C, Montreal, 1892.

In the preceding parts, I. to V., o( this very valuable woric Prof.
Macoun has enumerated the various species and varieties of flowering
plants, ferns, and fera- allies, native and alien, to be found within the
Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, and has given very fully the
geographical distribution of each so far as this is known. The total
number of flowering plants, ferns and fern-allies therein recorded being
3,209 species with numerous varieties. Of these 2,340 are Exogens,
771 are Endogens and 98 are Acrogens, added to which is a list ot 165
Hepaticte or scale mosses. The part under review which treats of the
Musci or real Mosses is a phenomenal work, one that has probably never
been excelled. The commencement of this great undertaking more
than a quarter of a century ago, must have been surrounded with
difficulties that could only be overcome by gr.-at courage and determina-
tion. Still, the author has persevered and after 31 years ot unremitting
labour he is able to present to the scientific world a record of which he
and his fellov countrymen have a right to feel proud. To go into
minuter details of so voluminous a work would require more spacj than
can be allo^ved, so that a mere summary can be given. In the present
part. Prof. Macoun records 1,070 spec'es and varieties as the total Moss
Flora ot Canada, so far as this is at present known, giving a much
larger record for Canada alone than is given by Lesquereux and James
in their valuable " Manual of the Mosses of N )rth America," which
included not only the United States, but also Canada ; their record
being 1,020 species and varieties. But of the 1,070 sj^ecies and
varieties given by Prof. Macoun, 400 are not recorded in "The
Manual," so that the author ha-: raised the Moss Flora of America from
1,020 to over 1,420 species and varieties. And what is even more
remarkable is this, that of the 400 additional moss plants 200 are
new to science, — have never before been recorded, — hence it may be said
with truth that Professor Macoun's work has created an epoch in the
Bryology of North America. But what stamps this work with even

122

greater value, is this, that Prof. Macoun has not depended, for the
determination of his plants, on his own unaided judgment, but has
submitted them for confirmation to some of our greatest bryological
specialists, such as Profs. Lesquereux and Tames, Mr. Coe. E. Austm,
and Drs. Kindberg, Cirl Mueller, Venturi and Warnstoff, thus making
assurance more assure J. Increased value is given to the work by the
fall and able descriptions of the new species, and by the many personal
notes of the author on those little points of difference that indicate close
observation and which are so very helpful to the student. The author is
to be congratulated on the thoroughness of his work. The work he had
set himself to do was expressed in the first sentence of the preface to
Part I. : " The purpose of this work is to place in the hands of Canadian
botanists, in a connected form, the knowledge so far obtained, of the
extent an 1 distribution of the Flora of Canada." This has been carried
out even beyond the author's first expectation, and he has presented to
the botanists, not only of Canada, but of the world, a work that will
command their respect and admiration, a work that must form the
basis of all future floras of Canada, and the author will be esteemed as
one who did his work ably and well, carrying out to the fullest the
Preacher's precept, "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with
thy might."

J. E. BAGNALL,

A. L. S.

A Text-book of Agricultural Entomology, by Eleanor A-
Ormerod, F. R. Met. See, «S:c. Small 8vo, pp. 238. Second
Edition, London, 1892.

We hive much pleasure in announcing the publication, under the
above title, of a new and much enlarged edition of Miss Oimerod's
Guide to Methods of Insect Life and Means of Prevention of Insect
Ravage. During the last decade, owing almost entirely to the efforts
of our eminent and highly esteemed corresponding member, the
author-ss of this work, Economic Entomology has become recognized
in England as an important branch of practical agriculture and is now
one of-Uie subjects of agricultural instruction, which is being brought

lf)3

prominently forward under the arrangements of the new County
Councils. The above named treatise has been called forth by the
demand for a reliable text-book, and it is well that the preparation of a
work, the importance of which will year by year become more evident,
should have been taken up by such able hands. The text-book is
practically a new work and provide-; ihe English caltlvator anl agricul-
tural student with a concise book of reference by means of which he
can identify any injurious insect or its attack, which is likely to occur
on his crops. We think that too high praise cannot be expressed for
the manner Miss Ormerod has fulfilled her self-imposed task. The
language is so simple and concise ; and yet each detail is so scientifi-
cally accurate, that the danger of making mistakes in the identificitions
seems quite impossible. Miss Ormerod, from her long experience,
perseverance, keen observation, and natuial aptitude for this special
work, has mide herself the highest authority on Economic Entomology
in Europe; in fact, she holds among the Entomologists of the old
world, the same relative place as Prof. C. V. Riley on this continent.
Miss Ormerod does not profess to be what is called a scientific ento-
mologist, but we claim that she is scientific m the truest sense, in that
she shows in all her writings a determinatioi to have perfect accuracy
before everything else ; she spares no trouble to attain that end, and
her one object is manifestly to discover as soon as possible the complete
life-history of any pest she may have under consideration and the most
efificient and practical means of checking its injuries to farmers or
others.

Castorologia, or the History and Traditions of the Canadian Beaver ;
by Horace T. Martin, F. Z. S., etc.. Royal Svo, pp. 23S. Montreal
i8g2.

The above work has been received, an J it certainly is what it
professes on its title page to be, "an exhaustive monogra|)h, popularly
written." Tne author must have spent much time in the collection of
the numerous facts which he now gives to the public in this most
attractive work. It would be hard to find any subject co mected with
Beaver lore or with the natural history of the animal, which has been
omitted. The illustrations, which are profuse and for the most part

1-24

from the pencil of the author himself, are excellent. The printing and
general make up of the book are very noticeable. One great defect,
however, exists :-^there is no Index. Other defects, to the editor's
mind, are that, in accordance with a prevailing fashion, the paragraphs
are too widely leaded, the leaves are not cut and the paper is left
uneven at the edges. Although many approve of these latter features,
the first certainly breaks the continuity of the subject, and the second
makes it difficult to turn the leaves easily for reference.

The very important role that the trade in Beaver-skins has played
in the history of Canada is carefully worked out as well as the uses of
the Beaver in manufactures. Of greatest interest to the naturalist is
of course the life-history of this animal, in which its habits and methods
of constructing its wonderful huts, dams and canals, are fully described
and the many fabulous statements of travellers and hunters are discussed.
The difference between the European Beaver and the Canadian species,
first noticed by Cuvier, is pointed out, and the nan)e Canadefisis ior \\\q
North American species, which was given to it by Kuhl in 1820, is
claimed to be the correct designation.

In treating of allied animals of the same order, we are pleased to
notice that Mr. Martin uses the name Musk Beaver, iox Fiber Zibelhicus
instead of the more usual, but less accurate term Musk-rat.

The following titles of some of the chapters give some idea of the
scope of this very interesting and instructive work : — Mythology and
Fo'k-lore ; The more important American Rodents ; Life-history ;
Geographical Distribution ; Engineering accomplishments ; Importance
in Trade and Commerce ; Hunting the Beaver ; The Beaver in Heraldry.

Under Exijeriments and Domestication, a full account is given of
the Marquis ot Bute's effort to establish a colony of Canadian Beavers
near Rothesay in Scotland. The author paid a visit to the "enclosure"
in July 1889 and made some interesting observations, which he records.

As appendices are given photo-copies of parts of original documents
(i 721-1726), Samuel Hearne's account of the Beaver, and a description
by Dr. Riley of the remarkable beetle parasitic on the Beaver, Plaiy
psylhis castoris.

We have much pleasure in recommending this book to our readers.

^^

125
CLOTHES MOTHS

Fig. I. — Clothes Moth, Tinea pellioiiella, L.

A most remarkable specimen, due to the work of insects, has been
sent to the Editor by Miss Lucy C. Eaton, of Truro, Nova Scotia.
This consists of a piece of cotton ticking which had been used for a
pillow case, and the inside of which has been so completely covered
with fragments of feathers as to have the appearance of gray velvet or
plush. Without examining it under the microscope, it seems difficult
to believe tliat the beautifully even surface can have been produced in
the way described, but this is undoubtedly the case. Miss Eaton
writes that the pillow was made in the fall of 1889, and not opened till
two years afterwards. It was filled with turkey feathers, which are very
soft and downy at the base. Miss Eaton noticed that when this pillow
was placed on beds, although no one made any remarks, she more often
than not found it on the floor in the raorniiig. After a time, suspecting
nothing, she put it on her own bed, when the mystery was solved, for
she says " I could not sleep for the noise like something crawling slowly
back and forth." She turned it over and over, but it was no use, she
was at last obliged to serve it as it had been served on so many previous
occasions, and once more it was thrown to the floor. Some months
after, upon opening the pillow, the whole inner surface was found to be
entirely covered with a coating of velvety pile, and the feathers, some
specimens of which were forwarded, were entirely stripped of down,
which was cut into morsels almost as fine as dust. From the extent of

\

126

the damage Miss Eaton expected to find an insect of the size of a grass-
hopper ; but found instead onlj the empty cocoons of the caterpillars
of the small Clothes Moth {Tinea pellionella, Linn.) shown admirably in
the excellent cut (Fig. i) which has been kindly lent by Dr. C. V. Riley,
the U. S. Entomologist. The felting of the ticking was due to the
barbed nature of the morsels of feather. The plumules of feathers and
the down of many animals when highly magnified are found to be
invested with minute barbs, all pointing the same way. The feathers
were cut up by the caterpillars of the moths feeding upon them, and
the minute barbed portions of the feathers by the movement and
shakmg of the pillow were brought in contact with the pillow case.

These morsels, if short enough, had
sufficient rigidity to work their way
into the cotton cloth, and were at
once fastened there by their own
barbs. The value of these barbs in
the making of felt is explained in a
/ most interesting manner in Mr. Horace
T. Martin's excellent work " Castoro-
logia," where he describes the manu-
facture of lelt from " beaver wool,"

T, c AT -c J , J- . for the shapes of hats, and shows the

Beaver fur. .Magnihed 250 diameters. ' '

From Martin's Castorologia, p. 132. nature of the barbs or "staple" of
this wool by the magnified illustration (Fig. 2), which he has been kind
enough to lend us. In this illustration, a hair of beaver wool is .shown
magnified 250 diameters.

The Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella, as well as the other two
species of Clothes Moths found in this country. Tinea tapetzella with
black and white wings, and Tineola bisei/iel/a, with pale, silvery, fawn-
coloured wings, is an immigrant from the old world.

I. Tinea pellionella, Linn., in the perfect state, is a small, gray moth,
with three or four black S|)Ots on the wings. These lie flat over
the back. The caterpillar lives in a short, muff-shaped case,
which it carries about with it. (Fig. i).

127

2. Ti'nea tapefzella, Linn. The moth has the base of the wings black

and the ti[)s white or gray. The caterpillar lives always in a tube
which it spins through and over the article it is destroying, working
into it particles of the cloth or other material attacked.

3. Tineola biselliella, Hum. The moth is silvery fawn-coloured with

the wings sloping when at rest, The cater'pi liars pins only a sligh
tube or path of silk on its food or is frequently found uncovered
When full grown it spins a close cocoon something like the case of
No. I, but rounder at the ends and less regular.

These all pass the winter as caterpillars without feeding and change
to chrysalides and a little later to moths in the spring.

No article, however short, upon these troublesome insects would
be complete without some suggestions as to the best means of prevent-
ing their injuries. The whole damage is done by the caterpillars and
none by the perfect moths.

The habits are as follows : The moths which lay the eggs from
which the caterpillars hatch, appear in spring and through the summer.
These fly to any object composed of suitable food for their young to
feed upon, and lay eggs which hatch into minute caterpillars ; these
feed till winter and then remain torpid through the winter changing to
moths the foUowiug spring. When possible all articles of clothing liable
to attack should be well shaken, brushed and put away in tightly closed
paper parcels before the moths appear in spring. The caterpillars only
feed on animal substances, therefore articles wrapped in paper, cotton
or linen are safe. Clothes vv'hich are not packed Liway before the moths
show themselves should be hung in a consi)icuous place where they will
not be forgotten so that they may be frequently shaken or brushed.

Carpets, furniture, or furs which have become infested may be
spiinkled or saturated with benzine or gasoline which will destroy all
insect life. Care must, of course, be taken not to have a light near
when these inflammable substances are beinc; used.

Putting camphor, naphthaline, pepper and cedar amongst clothes,
have the effect of keeping the moths from laying their eggs upon them
to a large extent, but they are not sure remedies. — J.F.

128

THE WINTER HOiME OF THE BARREN GROUND

CARIBOU.

By J. B. Tyrrell, M.A., F.G.S., F.G.S.A.

Among the few large animals still found in great numbers on this
continent, the Barren-ground Caribou {Rangifer Grxnlandicus^ Linn.)
is probably the most interesting and important. It is the principal
occupant of the great lonely wastes that extend southward from the
shores of the Arctic Sea, not only in America but also in Europe and
Asia. The Indians who people the northern part of Canada, including
the Chipewyans, Yellow-knives and Dog-ribs, subsist very largely on its
flesh, while its light warm skin with its thick covering of light grey hair
furnishes them with beds and winter clothing, and the tanned hides,
sewed with the sinews from the back, supply them with footgear and
comfortable tents. In fact all their necessities, except their ammuni-
tion, tea and tobacco and a small amount of summer clothing, are
supplied by the Caribou.

In size the Barren ground Caribou is much smaller than the wood-
land species, an adult female shot by the writer near Lake Athabasca
being about as large as the common Virginia deer of this vicinity, and
weighing about one hundred and fifty pounds; while an adult male of
the woodland species, obtained in the rocky country east of Lake
Winnipeg, the head of which is now in the Museum of the Geological
Survey, weighed between three and four hundred pounds.

The horns are very large and irregular, very few of them being
alike, and all being apparently unsuited to travel through the thick
woods. The males are said to shed their horns in November, while
the females retain theirs throughout the winter and shed them early in
the following spring.

Their winter coat of long hair is shed early in July, and by
August or the beginning of September the hide is in excellent condi-
tion, and the hair is soft and not too long, so that at this season the
Indians endeavour to kill a sutiFicient numner to furnish themselves
with clothing for the winter. Later in the year the hair becomes
harder and more brittle, and the hide is said to be riddled with holes
made by the larvoe of a bot fly.

12!)

In Slimmer these deer live on the great rocky wilderness that
extends from a short distance north of Athabasca and Reindeer Lakes,
between Great Slave Lake and Hudson's Bay, to the Arctic Ocean. In
the autumn they collect together in large bands and move southwards
into the wooded country where they spend the winter, leaving again for
the B.irrens in the early spring.

During the present year the writer spent the summer in one of
their favourite wintering grounds in the hitherto unexplored region
north of Churchill River and south-east of Lake Athabasca. A.lmost
all of the deer .vere at the time away to the north, but a few stragglers
had remained behind.

Our party entered the country by ascending the Caribou River, a
stream about as large as the Rideau, flowing into Churchill River 225
miles north of Battleford. On the first of July it was found to be at
its extreme high water level. Its banks were overhung with willows,
and its bed was quicksand, so that we could neither track nor po'e, but
were obliged to ascend it with the paddle against a heavy and constant
current. The river flows in a wide valley, with high granite ridges at
some distance back on both sides.

As the river is ascended, poplar, white spruce, and all underbrush
gradually disappear, and the country becomes generally wooded with
Banksian Pine, with Black Spruce in the wet places, and great stony
tracts devoid of limber of any kind. We have now reached the winter
home of the Caribou which in this region stretches northward from
about Lat 56° 45'. It consists of long almost bare hills of Archoean
rocks, separated by wide valleys, the bottoms of which are filled with
sand and ridges of boulders. In these valleys lie many small
lakes, on the shore of one of which, near the head of Caribou River,
the Hudson's Bay Company established a small trading post last
autumn, and traded with the Indians throughout the winter, but in
spite of the fact that meat is abundant the Indians are not going back
there this winter and the post has been abandoned.

The Indians report that the deer collect on the frozen surface of
these lakes during the day in immense herds, and are readily killed as
long as the desire remains to shoot them, or till the whole herd is

mtmm

130

exterminated. My informants stated that last winter the hunters killed
from one to three hundred deer apiece. Besides deer a fairly succesful
hunt of fur-bearint; animals was also made.

This region, so full of magnificent game every winter, is very easily
accessible, and a party of hunters could spend a few weeks among
the deer without the least discomfort and at the same time have
glorious sport. The railroad runs to Prince Albert and from there the
winter home of the Caribou is only 250 miles in a straight line, a
distance that could readily be covered in a week with dogs, and three
forts of the Hudson's Bay Company would furnish stopping places on
the route — Isle a la Crosse, the most northerly of the three, is the home
of Mr. H. G. Moberly, the officer in charge of the whole district, and a
keener sportsman, a pleasanter host, and a more genial companion
■cannot be found in the west.

Farther to the north, at Fond du Lac, near the east end of Lake
Athabasca, a venerable old hall-breed named Jose Mercredi, a native
of Red River, has kept one of the Trading Posts of the Hudson's Bay
Company for the past forty-seven years, supplying a band of about
80 Chipevvyans with ammunition, tea, tobacco and the few other
products of civilization which they require, receiving in return a large
amount of Caribou meat, in the form of dried meat and pemican, which
is sent to assist in supporting the people at Fort Chipewyan and other
less favoured posts on Athabasca and Slave Rivers. Fond du Lac itself
is situated at a narrow part of the lake on one of the main paths used
by the Caribou southward, and Mercredi informed me that for a week
or more in the autumn the deer can be killed in great numbers from
the door of the Post as they pass through the yard and among the
houses. Several of the men were said to have killed as many as four
hundred during the past year.

-:o:-

OVIS CANADENSIS DALLI, Ne/so;i.

By R. G. McCoNNEi.L.

While crossing the Rocky Mountains, in 188S, from Fort Mac-
pherson on Peel River to Lapierre House on the Porcupine, Lat. 67'
40' N., jhe writer was fortunate enough to come across the interesting

131

variety of the Mountain Sheep known as 07'>s Canadensis Dal/i, Nelson.
The specimen seen was shot on a steep rocky slope near the summit of
the range, and in rolling down, the skin and horns were injured so
severely as to render them useless as specimens. This variety of the
Mountain Sheep differs from the typj of the species in its smaller size,
in its uniform white colour, and in the slenderer build of the horns, but
all these characters appear to he variable. The first information in
regard to this animal is given in a short article by Mr E. W. Nelson
in the proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. VII., p. 12,
18S4. (See also Report u[)on Natural History collections made in
Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881 by Edward W. Nelson, p.
282, issued in connection with the Signal Service U. S Army, 1887.
Mr. Nelson in this article describes the colour as a dingy white and
states that the hairs are tipped with a speck of rusty colour. Lieut.
H. T. Allen, U.S.A., on the other hand in a letter in " Science," Vol.
VII., p. 57, 1886, stales that the sheep seen by him on the head waters
of Copper River, Alaska, were by no means dingy, but were, in fact
nearly as white as their surroundings of snow. The latter statement
agrees with my own observation, as the animal shot by my Indians
was almost pure white. Another variation in colour was reported to
me by some miners on the Yukon, who described some sheep shot by
them on the upper part of this river as having a brown patch on both
sides behind the fore shoulders, and referred to them as the " Saddle-
backed Sheep." The latter probably mark a stage in a progressive
change in coloration from the nearly uniform dull-brown of the normal
species to the pure white of the northern variety.

The diminution in size of the northern sheep i.s even more
remarkable than the change in coloration. Those shot in the southern
part of the Canadian Rockies range in weight up to three hundred
pounds, while the sheep brought into Fort Macpherson from the
mountains west of Red River, according to Mr. Hodgson the officer in
charge of .hat post, seldom exceed a hundred pounds in weight Some
of the specimens seen by Lieut. Allen, U.S.A., on the high snowy
mountains at the head of Copper River, Alaska, are described by him
as being as large as the ordinary Big-horn, while others met with only a

132

short distance away and at a lower elevation were very much smaller.
It would appear from this that the decrease in size towards the north is
not constant and cannot be altogether dependent on climatic conditions.
The light-coloured variety of the Mountain Sheep ranges along the
Rocky Mountains from the Arctic Ocean southward, so I am informed,
to the great break in the chain through which the Liard flows (Lat. 59°
30' N.). It is also found on all the higher mountain ranges of Alaska
and the adjacent part of the North-Western Territory of Canada. It is
not found east of tiie Rocky Mountains nor does it occur, according to
the information I obtained from fur traders and others, in the continua-
tion of the Rocky Mountains south of the Liard.

:o:-

NATURAL SCIENCE IN ILLINOIS.

The opening of the. Natural History Hall of the University of
Illinois, at Champaign, 111 , on i6th November last, shows the high
appreciation of Economic Science in the Western States, where the
"making of money " is supposed to be the sole consideration of all
classes of society.

The building and equipment of such an Institution as is described
below, proves that if even the most abstruse scientific investigations can
only be shown to be of public utility, the necessary money will bo tbrth-
coming for their prosecution. This Natural History Hall may be con-
sidered to be a monument to Prof S. A. Forbes, the eminent State
Entomologist of Illinois, to whose unceasing and well directed efforts
its completion is so largely due. Prof. Forbes is too well known as an
accomplished investigator in various fields of Natural History, to make
a detailed notice of his work necessary here. He was appointed to his
present position in 1882, and, in addition to his official reports as State
Entomologist, has issued niany valuable papers in scientific publications.
His studies of the food habits of birds and fishes are of the highest
merit. He is now engaged in the preparation of the second volume of
the Ornithology of Illinois. Part I, already issued, is a Descriptive
Catalogue (520 pages, 33 plates), by Dr. Robert Ridgway ; Part II,
Economic Ornithology, will be the work of Prof. Forbes. These
volumes are the first of a series on the Zoology and Cryptogamic Botany

133

of the State of Illinois, authorized and provided for by the Legislature
in 1885, and will be prepared under the direction of the Illinois State
Laboratory of Natural History.

In the autumn of 1S90, the Editor had an opportunity of visiting
Champaign, and was kindly shown over the entomological and botanical
laboratories by Professors Forbes and Burrill, and is therefore able to
form some idea of the excellent methods of work adopted at the
University of Illinois, in the branches of research over which these
gentlemen preside.

Having no doubt that some account of this splendid addition to
the facilities for the prosecution of good natural history work in
North America would be of interest to our readers, the editor
wrote to Prof. Forbes, asking him to give some data concerning
the Institution itself, and the dedicatory ceremonies. In reply to this
request the following letter was received :

Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A., November i8th, 1892.

Your kind note and the copy of the " Ottawa Naturalist"
were duly received and especially appreciated. I am pleased that you
thought of making some mention of our new building, and take
pleasure in giving you such particulars as it seems to me you are most
likely to want to use.

The building was put up at an expense of $70,000, exclusive of
furnishing, appropriated by the State Legislature. It is 134 feet in
length by 94 in width, and three stories in height above the basement.
There is a spacious, well-lighted central hall, around which on all sides
are situated laboratories, lecture rooms, closets, stcre rooms, and dark
rooms, a full series for each department.

As an example of the arrangement and equipment of this building
a general description may be given of the provision for zoology. The
students' laboratories in this department are three in number on the
first floor — for elementary, advanced, and postgraduate work respec-
tively. In the first, table room is given for thirty students: in the
second, for sixteen ; and in the last, for ten. Adjoining the first is the
private laboratory of the Assistant in Zoology, and next this the lecture
room. Directly over the Assistant's laboratory is that of the Professor

of Zoology, and over the postgraduate laboratory is his private office.
On this second floor are also the rooms of the State Laboratory of
Natural History, consisting of an assistant's laboratory 21 x 36 feet, a
collection room of the same size, a libiary 23 x 2,2^ ''ind a room for the
artist of the establishment. In the basement of the building is a very
large store room for the department, and an animal room to be fitted
with nt]uaria, animal cages, and the l:'ke.

The zoological laboratories are furnished with an abundance of
microscopes, and with microscopic apparatus, including first-class
microtomes, an incubator, and an imbedding apparatus. A full equip-
ment for field work in the various departments is at the service of the
students, and the library and collections of the State Entomologist and
the State Laboratory of Natural History are also made accessible to
them under suitable restrictions.

On the third floor are the zoological collection rooms, containing
the material required to illustrate the work of the department.

Intimately associated with the zoological deparment of the Uni-
versity, and practically merged with it since I884, is the work of the
Illinois State I -aboratory of Natural History and that of the office of
the State Entomologist of Illinois ; the former consisting essentially of
a systematic and thorough-going investigation of the zoology and
cryptogamic botany of the State, the results of which are in process of
publication by the legislature, and the latter ot entomological investiga-
tions whose main end is economic, but whose product is largely
scientific and educational Both these departments of work, although
supported by appropriations independent of those of the University,
are directed by the head of the zoological department of University
instruction, and provided with quarters and facilities in Natural
History Hall.

Our dedicatory exercises were completely successful. Or Jordan
did us the very great kindness to come all the way from California for
ih,' ex[)ress purpose of deliverieg the principal address, and Professors
Trelease and VVinchell also contributed very interesting papers. There
was a considerable attendance of scientific men of this and adjoining
States, and others would have been here had we been able to announce

135

our programme earlier. The dedicatory exercises proper were followed

in the evening by a lecture by Dr. Jordan on "Agassiz and his

Influence," and a Faculty reception to the invited guests.

The addresses and some accompanying papers will be published

as soon as practicable, for general distribution, in a small illustrated

book.

Sincerely yours,

S. A. FORBES.

The following is a list of some of the papers read on the above
occasion : — •

"Development of the Natural History Departments" — Prof.
T. J. Burrill.

"Science and the American College "—Dr. D. S. Jordan.

"The Laboratory as a necessary part of the College equipment " —
Prof. Wm. Trelease.

" The methods of Geology "—Prof. N. H. Winchell,

•:o:-

BOOK NOTICES.

I. Grasses of the Tacific Slope, including Alaska and the adjacent Islands.

Part I. By Dr. George Vasey.

The above volume, consisting of 5:; exquisite plates, has just been
issued as Bulletin 13 of the United States Division of Botany. In the
introduction. Dr. Vasey says : "The grasses which are known to grow on
the Pacific slope of the United States, including Alaska, number not far
from 200 species- These are all specifically distinct from the grasses
growing east of the Mississippi River, and also mainly distinct from the
grasses of the plains and of the desert, except in that part of California
which partakes of the desert flora. A considerable number of the
grasses of the mountain regions of California, Oregon and Washington
reappear in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, and the interior of the
Rockies." In this Bulletin are figured for the first time, and described,
several grasses conspicuous in size and apparent utility. This fact
gives the work great value, not only to botanists, but also to the large
number in the west, now interested in the raising of domestic animals.

136

It is of special value tc Canadian botanists, from the comparatively
large number of rare and little known species figured, which are men-
tioned in Professor Macoun's Catalogue ; but which very few besides
the Macoun's, father and son, have ever seen.

•

The following is a list of the species mentioned in Prof. Macoun's
Catalogue which are figured in the present work : —

Agrostis ffiquivalvis, Trin Macoun's Cat. No. 2778 (Deyeuxia.)

" humilis, Vasey " " 3204

Alopecurus alpinus, Smith " "2729

" geniculatus, Z.

var. robustus, Vasey " " 2730

" Howellii, Vasey " under 2730

" Macounii, Vasey " No. 2731

" saccatus, Vasey " under 2730

Calamagrostis Aleutica, Trvi " No. 2779 ( " )

" crassiglumis, Thiirb " " 2783 ( " )

" deschampsioides, 7>z;z. . . " " 2784 ( " )

" purpurascens, R. Br. ... " " 2791 ( " )

Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv.

var. arctica, Vasey . " " 2804

vStipa occidentalis, Bol. " under 2738

Trisetum canescens, Buckley " No. 2809

" cernuum, Trin " " 2810

The descriptions of the species are stated to be almost wholly the
work of Assistant Botanist, Prof. L. H. Dewey, and the beautiful
figures are drawn chiefly by Messrs. T. Holm, W. R. Scholl and F.
.Muller.— ]. F.

2. The Portland Catalogue ok IMaine Plants.

Under the auspices of the Portland Society of Natural History,
Prof. Geo. L. Goodale, and the late Rev. Joseph Blake, pubh'shed in
1868 the first edition of a "Catalogue of Maine Plants." The second
edition, just out, has been prepared by Mr. Merritt Lyndon Fernald, of
Cambridge, Mass., and contains additions to the ' old list,' besides

r^"

>i

the results of a careful examination of the herbaria of some twenty
botanists of Maine, to whose collections the author had access. This
new catalogue is intended to be an introduction to a much more an-
notated list of plants, which, it is hoped, may be published within a few-
years. The plants of Maine, and those of the Maritime Provinces and
adjoining portions of the Province of Quebec, are very similar, and a
careful comparison between the records obtained in these sections of
North Eastern America, will soon reveal the vast amount of work —
good work — that has been and is being done ; also of the geographical
distribution of certain forms in various conditions, such as these
Atlantic provmces afford.

The Portland Society of Natural History deserves commendation
for the neat and careful way in which the Catalogue has been published.

H. M. Ami.
ORNITHOLOGY.

Edited by A. G. Kingston.

A fine specimen of the White-headed Eagle {^Halicpetics leucocephalus)
was shot by Mr. Ed^vard White about the middle of November in a
marah near Rockland, about twenty miles east of the city. It was a
young male, and measured 6 feet 9 inches across the extended wings.
This bird is becoming exceedingly rare in the sealed parts of Canada.

A curious instance of aberration from the usual nesting habit in
the Chimney Swift {Ch(ztura pelagica) came under the writer's observa-
tion in October last at Aylmer, Elgin Co., Ont. Instead of the seclusion
of a hollow tree or disused chimney, the birds had chosen in this cast to
establish their home in a small outbuilding near the railway station.
Despite the fact that persons were frequently passing through the build-
ing, the little cup of twigs had been glued against the wall about five
feet from the floor. The marks of attachment and a few broken twigs
still adhered tq the wall when found, but the greater part of the nest
had been torn down and laid upon a shelf close by. — A. G. K.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

In response to an invitation from the Royal Society of Canada
and the Logan Club, the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Geological

138

Society of America will this year be lield in the City of Ottawa, begin-
ning on Wednesday, December 28th, and lasting for three days.

Through the kindness of Dr. John G. .Bourmot, C.M.G., the
President of the Royal Society of Canada, the general meetings will
be held in the Committee Rooms of the House of Commons.
Addresses of welcome will be presented to the visitors by His Excel*
lency the Governor General of Canada, and by the President of the
Royal Society. It is also expected that a Popular Lecture, illustrated
by lime light, will be given on the evening of the lirst day, and for this
purpose Dr. MacCabe has kindly placed at the disposal of the Society,
the large new Lecture Hall of the Normal Scliool.

It is understood that all the meetings will be open to the public,
aud there is no doubt that many valuable and interesting papers will be
submitted.

Prof. G. K Gilbert, of the Geological Survey, Washington, is
President of the Geological Society of America, and Prof. H. L. Fair-
child, of Rochester, N.Y., is Secretary, both of whom will be present, and
there are in Ottawa no less than 16 members of the staff of the Geologi-
cal Survey Department, who are also members of the Society.

The programme is not yet completed, but the titles of several
excellent papers have already been sent in, and doubtless many more
will yet be received.

The annual Dinner of the Society will be held, conjointly with
that of the Logan Club, on the evening of December 29th, at the
Russell House, which will be the headquarters of the Society durmg
their visit.

Among other papers to be read, the following are by Ottawa
members : —

" The Coals and Petroleums of the Crow's Nest Pass " . . . . Dr. Selwyn.
"The Devonian of Manitoba and the N. W. Territories"

Mr. J. F. Whiteaves.

" The Laurentian of the Ottawa District " Dr. R. W. Ells.

" Glacial Phenomena of the Athabasca District ". . . . Mr. J. B. Tyrrell.

13'J

" The Arch£cnn of the Sudbury District " Mr. A. R. Batlow.

" CamSrian Fossils froin the Rockies and Selkirks " . . Dr. H. M. Ami.
"On the Relation of the Potsdam and C.ilciferous . . . .Dr. H. M. Ami.

" Natural Gas and Petrrleum in Ontario '' Mr. H. P. Piruniell.

"Glacial Phenomena of the North East Territories ". . .Mr. A. P. Low.

" Notes on the Geology of the Gold Range " Mr. J. MacEvoy.

" Notes on the Glacial Geology of the Bay of Fundy ". Mr. R. Chalmers.
"Notes on the Geology of Middleton Island, Alaska "

Dr. George M. D.iwson.

" Glacial Pot holes in Canada " Dr. Robt. Bell.

'• Phosphate bearing Rocks of Quebec " E. D. Ingall.

"The Archcean Rocks west of Lake Superior ".. Mr. W. H. C. Smith.

:o;

EVENLNG LECTURES.

The first meeting of the Course of Thursd.iy evening Lectures will
take place on Thursday evening, Dec 15th, at 8 o'clock p.rn., in the
Lecture Room of the Normal School, which has been again placed at
the disposal of the Club, through the kindness of Dr. J. A. MacCabe,
the Principal.

It will be seen by the piogramme submitted herewith, that the
subjects to be presented are of particular interest.

The usual course of Monday Afternoon Popular Lectures will not
be given this season, owing to the large number of similar classes and
lectures, which, for the present, render the course unnecessary. Owing
to the unavoidable absence of the President, Dr. George M. Dawson,
who has been summoned to England in connection with the Behring
Sea arbitration, the inaugural address will be delivered by the ist Vice-
President, Mr. Frank T. Shutt.

As in the past, all of the soirees will be held in the Lecture
Room of the Normal School, and will begin punctually at 8 p.m. They
will last about an hour and a quarter. The Council is anxious to have
it made known as widely as possible that admission to all these instruc-
tive lectures is FREE. Anyone wishing to attend may always be sure
of a hearty welcome. v^VI'w/|/

LIBRARY

>%^^

140
PROGRAMME
1892 — Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club — 1893.
evening lectures, 8 p.m.

1892.

Dec. 15— Address of Welcome Dr. J. A. MacCabe, M.A.

Inaugural Address : " The Air of uur Houses " —

■ Mr. F. T. Shutt, M.A., F.I.C., F.CS.
1893.

Jan. 5 — " The Fauna and the Flora of the Selkirk Summits " —

Prof. John Macoun, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.C.

" The Mineral Waters of Canada " . . Mr. H. Peareth Brumell.

Report of the Botanical Branch.

Jan. 19 — " Food in Health and Disease " Dr. L. C. Prevost.

Reports of the Entomological and Ornithological branches.

Feb. 2 — "Narrative of a Journey in 1890 from Great Slave Lake to
Beechy Lake, on the Great Fish River." From the
Journal of Mr. James McKinley, officer in charge at Fort
Resolution, H. B. Co Mr. D. B. Dowling, B.A. Sc.

" The Chemistry of Soils " Mr. A. Lehmann, B.S.A.

Report of the Conchological Branch.

Feb. 16 — "The Development of Varieties, and the Multiplication of

Individuals in Horticulture " Mr. John Craig.

" Notes on Rainy Lake District " . . Mr. W. H. C. Smith, CE.
Report of the Geological Branch.

Mch. 2 — " The Progress of Metallurgy in Canada " —

Mr. N. J. Giroux, C.E., F.G.S.A.

" My Aquarium " Mr. H. B. Small.

Report of the Zoological Branch.

EVENING LECTURES, 1892-93. \J^^^'^^^k\>

First meeting held Dec. 15th, 1S92. Mr. Frank T. Shutt, M.A., Vice-Fr^sid^RL--^

in the Chair.

There were two papers on the programme : An Address of
Welcome by Dr. MacCabe, Principal of the Normal School, and the
Inaugural Address, by Mr. Shutt.

The chairman, in introducing Dr. MacCabe, said : I have great
pleasure in announcing that we have with us this evening, the gentle-
man through whose kindly offices the Field-Naturalists' Club has the
gratuitous use of this Hall in which to hold their winter meetings,— Dr.
MacCabe, Principal ot the Nornial School.

We owe him a great debt of gratitude /or this privilege; for looked at
merely from a monetary standpoint, this arrangement effects a consider-
able saving in the Club's funds. But this, I take it, is by no means the
only, nor indeed the greatest, advantage in our meeting here. By so
doing, the work of the Club is brought very prominently and forcibly
before that large class of workers — the Normal School students — men
and women who are here for a time, for the purpose of fitting them-
selves for the grand profession of teaching. May we not hope, nay
rather may we not expect, that the attendance here, and on our field
days, may have awakened in many, a love and an interest for Natural
Science, in the animals, the plants and the rocks that are about us ; and
may we not further expect that they, in turn, will impart to their pupils
the knowledge here gained — that love and interest in the things of nature
that we have been the means of instilling. Thus it is, that through
them the work and influence of the Club may be extended into fields
otherwise impossible for us to occupy.

Upon the invitation ot the Council, Dr. MacCabe has kindly con-
sented to address a few vvords of welcome to the Club.

Dr. MacCabe, on coming forward, was warmly greeted. The fol-
lowing is an abstract of his address, which was listened to with great
attention and pleasure. The points introduced were apt and strongly
put. Dr. MacCabe is a dignified and easy speaker, and his distinct
enunciation made it easy for everyone to hear what he said :

Dr. MacCabe said he had much pleasure in renewing the welcome

142

he extended to the Club and its friends on the occasion of its first
meeting in the Normal School. The Club is welcome for two reasons : —
First, because its work is part and parcel of the great work of aducaiion,
to which this institution is dedicated ; secondly, because of the fact
that many members of the staffs of the Normal and Model Schools, are
active members of the Club; and the Normal Schonl students — to
their profit and pleasure — are made welcome to the lectures and
excursions.

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is one of those working bodies
of Scientists, who in the language of Shakespeare, find "tongues in
trees, books in the running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in
everything."

The study of natural science when prosecuted aright, cannot fail
to be productive of immense benefit during all the future career of the
student. It communicates knowledge of great practical value in almost
every sphere and pursuit of life. It has been well said : — " It will not
be ditificult to show that almost every new.<?.nd valuable invention, from
the spinning-jenny to the telephone, which has increased the control
of man over nature, economised his time, or added to his comfort, is
the product of scientific knowledge, and often ot experiments and
researches which had, at first, no merely utilitarian purpose, buf- were
undertaken with the sole and simple object of discovering the secrets
of nature^ and of revealing truth. And there is not a single lesson by
m>ians of which you can convey to a learner a strong interest in any
one depaitment of physical science, which may not develop itself, as it
works and germinates in his mind, into results and discoveries of
unexpected value, and add enormously to the resources and to the
enjoyments of mankind.

And, if the study of Natural Science is of inconceivable value in
all the practical pursuits of life, it is equally advantageous, in the dis-
ciplining of mind. Prof. Huxley, in a lecture on scientific education,
puts the matter clearly, thus : — " If scientific training is to yield its most
eminent results, it must be practical — that is to say, in explaining to a
learner the general phenomena of nature you must, as far as possible,
give reality to your teaching, by object lessons. In teaching him

. 143

botany, he must handle the plants, and dissect the flowers for himself ;
in teaching hiai physics or chemistry, you must not be solicitous to fill
him with information but you must be careful that what he learns, he
knows of his own knowledge. Do not be satisfied with telling him that
a magnet attracts iron ; let him feel for himself the pull of the one upon
the other. In all other branches of Natural Science, pursue this disci-
pline carefully and conscientiously, and you may be sure that, however
scanty may be the measure of the information which you have poured
into the learner's mind, you have created an intellectual habit of price-
less value in practical life. If you are setting to work to teach science,
you must teach it through his eyes, his hands and his other senses."

The work of the Field-Naturalists' Club is, thus, educational in the
true sense of the term. The powers of observation are cultivated
through the analytical process to which each object is subjected ; the
tracing of relations, generalization, classification, the formation of piinci-
ples and laws — all these processes which are among the highest of our
mental activities are carried on in this practical work. And the mifid
will be led from the world of visibilities to that of invisibilities, from
matter to mind, from finite to infinite, from Nature to Nature's God.

Dr, MacCabe wished the Club a very successful winter's course of
lectures, and at the close of his most interesting address, which was
loudly applauded, Mr. Shutt spoke as follows :
Ladies and Gentlemen,

I am sure you are all of one mind with me when I express very
sincere regret at the absence of our President to-night. For some
months past, not only the members of the Club, but their friends also,
have been anticipating the pleasure of listening to his Inaugural Address
this evening — a pleasure which, I trust, is not lost but only postponed.

I counted the Club especially fortunate, when at our last annual
meeting we prevailed upon Dr. Geo. M. Dawson to accept the Presi-
dency of our Society. We were indeed, fortunate, in securing as our
Chief Officer, a man of such high scientific standing ; of such eminent
ability ; of such deep and thorough culture. A man so widely read
and so widely travelled, and withal, so genial a gentleman as Dr.
Dawson, As most of us are aware, the distinguished honour was con-

U4

ferred upon him some time ago, of being appointed one of the Com-
missioners in the Behring Sea Arbitration, now pending between us and
the United States. It was only three weeks ago, and after he himself
had fixed upon this date on which to deliver his opening address, that
he informed us that he was suddenly re-called to England in connection
with his duties as Commissioner, and that consequently he would be
unable to be with us this evening.

I do not pretend to fill his place. I merely, by reason of my office,
and at the urgent request of the Council, take precedence on the pro-
gramme.

Before entering upon the subject of my address, however, you will
naturally expect me to say something regarding the growth, the welfare
and the present standing of the Club. I propose, therefore, to bring
before you very briefly, some of the more important facts and features
in the Club's more immediate history. Such information should be of
mterest both to us, who are members, and to those who are with us for
the first time to-night. It is the wish that every member should be a
real, active, live member, doing something tor his or her own educa-
tional good, and the furtherance of the interests of us all. Working
members ought to know — must know — what the Club is doing and how
it prospers, if the work is to be successful.

THE CLUB.

The Club is not composed, as some might imagine, of scientists.
We make no such claim. The Club is made up of those who have some
love for nature, in one or other of her phases ; of those who are wishful
to learn something more than they already know regarding animals and
plants, and the " solid ground of nature;'' of those who, thus learning,
are willing to share with and impart to others such fragments of know-
ledge as they have been fortunate in adding to their store. As Dr.
MacCabe rightly said, we are first and foremost, an educational
society. Opportunities to learn and investigate are offered to our
members, in winter and summer ; let us see to it that we take advantage
of them.

Wd have also another feature in our club life. I have been pleased
to notice that we are a social Club, and to remark that there exists

145

betweiti a lar^e number of oar members a great and enduring friend-
ship. It is certainly worth recording that there is this feehng of frater-
nity among those banded together to study nature.

MP'.MBERSHIP.

Our membership roll now stands at 275, having gained 26 new
members during the pist year. This, I think, is a very creditable
record. The prospects are that we shall still further increase in the
near future, as there are unmistakable signs of increased vitality and
activity. With much regret I announce the loss by death of four mem-
bers. Of these, I might meniion particularly, the Abbe Provencher,
the well known entomologist of Quebec, and Mr. W. P. Lett, our
respected citizen, who for so m my years contributed towards our
winter programmes, papers which were always listened to with great
interest.

EXCURSIONS.

I must now refer briefly to our Excursions, which have become such
a noted feature of our summer life. We have had three general
excursions this year, two of which were to explore the enchanting
district lately opened up by the Gatineau River R.R. The natural
scenery of the Gatineau Valley, bold and romantic, has been enjoyed by
all who accompanied us. Nearly five hundred took, advantage of these
opportunities to " naturalize," and the unanimous verdict was that these
outings were a great success. The third general excursion was held to
Casselman, on the Canada Atlantic Railway, but owing to the weather
being unpropitious our attendance was small. The Saturday afternoon
sub-excursions to points in the immediate neighborhood continued
throughout the summer season.

JOURNAI,.

During the past year, the Ottawa Naturalist appeared regularly
and promptly, month by month. In it have been published many
papers of more than passing interest and merit. The volume is one
that reflects great credit upon the Club and its editor. For the arduous
task of editing we owe our heartiest thanks to Mr. Fletcher, " the father
of the Club," w'lo has spared no pains in this, his labour of love, to
produce the society journil of which we are deservedly proud.

146

PROGRAMME,

The programme of the ensuing year is before you. Your Council
have been at no Httle pains to prep ire it. I believe it is one worthy of
the Club, and I am sure it is one sufficiently varied to prove interesting
to all. Our speakers are well known men in science, and they have
selected subjects upon which they can speak as those in authority. I
would earnestly invite such an attendance at our meetings as will show
those who are thus working for us that we appreciate their efforts. I
can confidently assure you that a regular attendance will not only give
encouragement to those who address us, but also embue the listener,
with that interest which results in benefit to themselves, and in the
acquirement of much useful knowledge.

In conclusion, allow me to offer you four short rules for the coming
year :

1. Attend the meetings regularly.

2, Read the Journal.

3, Go to the Excursions.

4. Pay your membership fee.

These are simple and easy to remember, and if fiithfully carried
out will make the Club still more successful than it has been in the
past.

Mr. Shutt's lecture on Ventilation, entitled " The Air of our
Houses," which here followed, will be printed in a future number.

Ed. O. N.

-:o:

A GREAT ALMAMAC.

The Sfar Almanac of Montreal is just out. It is a splendid
thing. Everybody should have it, if they can possibly get it. It is
being sent abroad in large numbers.

147

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH FOR

THE YEAR 1891.

{/\iai/ F<-hitiary 2^t/t, iSgs).

To the Council of the Ottaiva Field- yaturalists' Club.

Gkntlemkn, — The leaders appointed in the section of PLntomology
have to report that they were not able to devote to their allotted duties,
as much time as in former years. The prolongation of the session of
Parliament during the collecting season, absence from the city, and
other causes made it impossible for them to do as much work as they
looked forward to accomplishing.

During the early part of the season very good collections of
Hymenoptera were made, including about seventy-five kinds of
Sawflies, of which two or three are undescribed species. An interesting
outbreak of an imported sawfly was that of Fenusa varipes, St. Farg.
{ = melanopoda, Cam.) upon European alders at the E.xperimental Farm.
This insect has become a serious pest and produces two broods during
the season ; the larvae mining between the upper and lower surfaces of
the leaves, and giving the foliage a very blotched and unsightly appear-
ance. The imported Larch Sawfly {Nematus Erichsonii, Hartig.) still
commits serious injury to the tamaracs ( Larix Americana), in the
neighbourhood, and the trees over many acres of swamp have already
been killed.

A very interesting lot of small Hemiptera, chiefly homoptera, was
also collected, which is now in the hands of Mr. Van Duzee for
determination, and he writes that the lot contains some choice species.
This district seems to yield a large variety of hemiptera, and the list of
species already known is quite extensive, although no member has given
them the special attention which they deserve.

The collections in Coleoptera were inconsiderable, and added little
to our knowledge of this order, although many of the families still
require special attention, and a systematic search should be made for
species which in all probability occur here, but which have so far been
overlooked.

In Lepidoptera the season was particularly unproductive, although
as usual a few rare species rewarded the persistent collector. An

148

expedition to Chelsea in search of Thecla Niphon only resulted in the
capture of a single specimen, although all the circumstances seemed
favourable; the weather was warm and clear and the meadow where it
was taken in abundance in 1880 wascopiously decked in every direction
with the flowers of Antennaria plantaginifolia, its favourite plant. Early
in the spring the Canker Worm {Anisopieryx pomstaria) appeared in
destructive numbers in some of the apple orchards near the city and
also greatly defoliated basswoods, ashes, etc., in the neighbouring
country. The Eye-spotted Bud-moth, another pest of the apple, was also
exceedingly troublesome, destroying the forming bunches of blossoms,
and also boring down into the heart of the fruit spurs. Two other small
moths belonging to the TorlricidcB also beset the apple trees to a serious
degree. These were Caccesia rosaceana, a leaf roller which feeds on
various plants besides the apple, and Lophoderus quadrifasciana^
Fern., a small apple-leaf roller. Experiments were tried for controlling
all of these, and it was found tha: spraying with a weak mixture of Paris
Green was the most successful treatment. Locally the Black Army
Worm, Noctua fennica, appeared in destructive numbers and committed
sjrious injury to crops, particularly peas and clover. A fine specimen
of the large and rare moth Erebus odora was taken by Mr. Martin
Griffin, jr., and presented to the Museum ot the Geological Survey.
This moth has upon a few occasions been taken in Canada, but it
belongs to the West Indian fauna, and it is supposed that the specimens
taken in Canada have flown here from the Southern States or the West
Indies. Acronycfa funeralis, a rare and very pretty species, was bred
from white birch. The caterpillar is blackish-green, and is marked on
each segment along the back with an orange blotch, which bears long
flattened hairs of a quill-like consistency. The caterpillar was taken
almost full grown ir June, and the moth emerged in August.

W. H. Harrington, j

James Fletcher. ^^ Leaders.

T. J. Maclaughlin. )

149

LIST OF COLEOPTERA.

Collected in 1S83-84 by Mr. T. C. Westox ox and in the vicinity
OF THE Cypress Hills, N.VV.T.

I.
2.

3-

4-

5-
6.

7-

By W, Hague Harrington.
Calosoma calidum, Fab.
" cbsoletum, Say.
" Zimmermanni, Lee,
Pasimachus punctulatus, Hald.
Amara obesa, Say,
" sp.

Aaisodactylus semipunctatus, Lee,

8. Dytiscus dauricus, Gebl,

9. Necrophorus tomentosus, Web,

10. Silpha Americana, Linn.

11. Coccinella raonticola, Muls,

12. Saprinus lugens, Er.

13. Buprestis fasciata. Fab.

14- " rusticorum, Kirby.

15. PcDecilonota ferrea, Melsh,

16. Aphodius occidentalis, Horn.

1 7. " sp,

18. Diplotaxis punctipennis, Lee,

19. Tragosoma Harrisii, Lee.

20. Criocephalus productus, Lee.

21. Monohammus maculosus, LLa/d.

22. " scutellatus, Say.

23. Chrysoraela elegans, 0//v.

24 *' multipunctata, ^arj.

25. Upis ceramboides, Linn,

26. Asida sordida, Lee.

27. Eleodes tricostata. Say.

28. " extricata, Say.

29. •■' gentilis, Z^^.

30. " hispilabris. Say.

31. Nemognatha lurida, Lee.

32. Epicauta maculata, Say.
33- " sericans, Lee.
34. Caritharis Nuttalli, ^ay.

150

ENTOMOLOGY.

Edited by W. Hague Harrington.
The fixmily Carabidai contains a large number of species of beetles

of predaceous habits, and co"sequently of importance to mankind in
destroyiug the larvae of obnoxious insects. The beetles are easily
found, as they mostly hide during the day under stones or similar
shelters, and many of the species are so abundant as to be seen hurrying
off whenever any stone or piece of wood is turned over in a field or
similar locality. The largest and most conspicuous of the Ottawa
species of Carabidas belong to the genus Calosoma, although they are
nearly approached in size by Harpalus coii^inosus, a large dull-black
beetle, which inhabits sandy fields, but is not coiDmon.

Calosoma calidiim is abundant in fields and gardens, where it does
good work in destroying cutworms, and it is readily recognized by the three
conspicuous rows of fiery spots, or fovese, which ornament each elytron.
Occasionally a specimen occurs in which the spots are bright green
instead of coppery or golden-red, and in the west such coloration is
more common. Of a large number received from Rev. G. W. Taylor,
of Victoria, about seventy-five per cent, have the green foveas. This
beetle has a wide distribution in Canada, extending from Nova Scotia
to Vancouver Island.

The probable occurrence here of the large handsome green
Calosoma scrutator has been noted in the present volume, and it is hoped
that its presence at the capital may be ver.fied, There is, however, a
third species which combmes some of the features of both the previous
beetles, approaching strutator in its shape and slender legs, but in
colour resembling calidum, and also in the ornamentation of the elytra,
except that the rows of fDvese, or punctures, are not so pronounced, and
that they are green. This beetle is not often seen and may be classed
with our rarer species of ground beetles. On 23rd May, 1883, a
specimen was taked under a piece of driftwood on the lower end of
Kettle Island, ab mt three miles below the city, and it was several years
before another was f lund, which was an accidental capture in the city
01 28th June, 1891. Last year, on the 12th June, in a corner of the
Hull beaver-meadow, on the margin of the woods, a large beetle was
seen running in the grass, and on capture it proved to be the species in
cjuestion : Calosoma frigiduin.

151

Further search in the vicinity, among the grass and under some
loosely-piled stones, resulted in the discovery of three more spe:imens,
and subsequently, during an examination of the adjacent trees, which
were almost defoliated by the caterpillars of the canker-worm moths,
Anisopteryx poinelaria, another specimen was found in a tree evidently on
a hunt for these larvae. This local abundance of the beetles was doubtless
due to the plentiful supply of food at hard. The catei pillars were con-
tinually falling in such numbers that the beetles would not have much
occasion to ascend the trees to hunt for them. These devastating caterpil-
lars had been almost equally numerous the previous year, especially upon
the ashes which grow in the low moist ground under consideration, and
Caloso7?ia frigiduin had evidently multiplied more than usua'ly, since it
had not previously been found in that neighbourhood. Any member
desiring specimens of this handsome beetle is advised to search there
for them next June. Two specimens of this beetle were also found in
the city during the summer.

Some of the species of Calosoma are quite arboreal in their habits,
searching aloft the larvae upon whose succuleut bodies they feed, but
only on one occasion have I seen our common species C. calidum thus
engaged.

On page 85 of this volume mention was made of a dijjterous larva
which feeds on the seeds of the so-called Canada thistle, and jf a
parasitic C lalcid referred to as a Solenotus. This interesting parasite
has been recently re-studied by Mr Ashmead, who finds that it is really
a Tetrastichid, and he has described it as Cratcepus Fleicheri (Can. Ent.
Vol. XXIV., p. 309). The only other recognized species of the genus
is a European one, also reared from a species of thistle. Ti.e fly which
thus attacks our thistle heads is widely distributed in Canada, and its
parasites will doubtless be found accompanying it. In September, 1888,
at Hillsborough, N.B., at the head of the Bay of Fundy, a large propor-
tion of the heads had one or more larvae or puparia, and the easily
recognized parasite, C. Fleicheri, was abundant. Last September the
fly was found to be present at all points examined along the Intercolonial
H.ailway in Nova Scotia, and was so abundant at Sydney, C.B., that
fully fifty per cent, of the heads were infested.

|i»«hi I

152

THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

The Fifth Annual and Winter Meeting of the Geological Society
of America, as announced in the last issue of the Naturalist, was held
in Ottawa, Canada, beginning Wednesday, December 28th, 1892.

Through the kindness of Dr. J G. Bourinot, C.M,G., of the Royal
Society of Canada, and Clerk of the House of Commons, the ample
and commodious Room of the Railway Committee of the House of
Commons was placed at the disposal of the Society. There were about
forty Fellows present — sixteen of whom came from va.ious portions of
the United States of America. The meeting was under the Presidency
of Mr. G. K. Gilbert, Cliief Geologist to the United States Geolojjical
Survey, Washington, whilst Prof. H. L. Fairchild, of the University
of Rochester, was Secretary.

If we are to judge by the attendance and interest manifested at
the meetings, a-; well as by the number and quality of the pa[)ers pre-
sented, there is no doubt that this meeting was a decided success.

A local committee composed of Fellows of the Royal Society,
membrsofthe Logan Club which comprise the scientific staff of the
Geological Survey, etc., had made all necessary arrangements for the
comfort and lodging of the members during the meeting. Dr. Selwyn
as Chairm in of the Committee, and Mr Smith as Secretary, spared no
pains in giving the visiting Fellows of the Society a good reception.

The thanks of all are due to His Excellency the Governor General
for the exceedingly kind and generous manner in which he devoted so
much time and attention to the Society, besides furnishing the Fellows
from a distance with an excellent opportunity of having a glimpse of
social life at the Canadian capital by giving an " At Home" at Rideau
Hall last Friday afternoon. To Dr. Ells, Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, Mr. Smith
and others, much credit is also due for their exertions in making all
necessary arrangements.

THE MEETINGS.

Shortly after ten o'clock on Wednesday, the 28th ult., President
Gilbert took the chair and called upon His Excellency the Governor
(ieneral to give the address of welcome.

iJmtii

153

His Excellency delivered a very neat address which was received
enthusiastically, lo this the President replied and referred to the
proverbial hospitality for which Canadians were noted.

The report from Council was then made and the result of the vote
announced so far as conclusions were arrived at. The following leading
officers were then declared elected : —

President Sir J. William Dawson.

Secretary Prof. H. L. Fairchild.

Treasurer . . ^. Dr. I. C. White.

The Secretary's report, as well as that of the Treasurer, showed the
Society to be in a flourishing condition.

Then followed obituary notices of three deceased Fellows : T.
Sterry Hunt, J. S. Newberry, and J. PI. Chapin. Prof Raphael
Puinpelly's notice of Dr. Hunt was read by Mr. Van Hise ; that of Prof.
Newberry, prepared by Dr. Kemp, was read by Prot. H. L. Fairchild;
and Prof. Hitchcock read Mr. W. M. Davis's memorial of J. H. Chapin.

READING OF PAPERS.

The reading of papers or work proper of the Society began on
Wednesday afternoon at 2 p.m. The following is a list of thii papers,
in the order in which they A'ere taken up at the meetings. The whole
time of the Society was taken up in reading and discussing papers until a
late hour, on Friday, the 30th December. Time and space do not
allow us here to do justice to the interesting discussions on the papers
presented. Both Glacial and Archaean Geology received a goodly
share of animated discussion, whilst a few papers on palaeontology also
stimulated further enquiry. Dr. Willard Hayes's paper on " the new
geology " was a splendid contribution to the geomorphology of the
district examined by that author and described at the meeting.

LIST OF PAPERS.

A. R. C. Selwyn — On the coals and petroleums of the Crow's Nest
Pass, Rocky Mountains. (15 minutes),

H. P. Brumell — On the geology of natural gas and petroleum
in Ontario. (20 minutes).

154

H. P. Brumell — Note on the occurrence of petroleum in Gaspe,
Quebec. (lo minutes).

Elfric Drew Ingall — Some features of the phosphate bearing
rocks of Ottawa. (15 minutes). ( Read by title).

Sir J. William Dawson — Note on sponges found in the Cambro-

Silurian at Little Metis, Canada.

(Read in the absence of the author by Mr. F. D. Adams.)

J. F. Whiteaves — Notes on the Devonian formation of Manitoba
and the N. W. Territories. (5 minutes).

Henry M. Ami — Notes on Cambrian fossils from the Selkirks and
Rocky Mountain Region of Canada. (15 minutes.)

Henry M. Ami -On the Polsdam and Calciferous terranes of the
Ottawa Palaeozoic basin. (10 minutes).

R. D. Salisbury — Distinct glacial epochs, and the criteria for
their recognition.

J. B. Tyrrell — Pleistocene phenomena in the region southeast
and east of Lake Athabasca, Canada. (15 minutes).

A. P. Low — Notes on the glacial geology of the Northeast Terri-
tories. (20 minutes.)

Robert Chalmers— The height of the Bay of Fundy coast in
the glacial period relative to sea level, as evidenced by marine
fossils in the boulder clay at Saint John, New Brunswick. (20
minutes).

W. J. McGee — The Pleistocene history ot northeastern Iowa.
(20 minutes).

Warren Upham — Eskers near Rochester, N.Y. (15 minutes).
Warren Upham — Comparison of Pleistocene and present ice
sheets. (30 minutes.)

G. Frederick Wright — The post-glacial outlet of the Great
Lakes through Lake Nipissing and the Mattawa River. (15
minutes.)

N. H. Darfon — On certain features in the distribution of the
Columbia formation on the middle Atlantic slope.

tftuwimtiaammummmumiummtam^m,

lf)5

George M. Dawson— Note on the geology of Middleton Island^
Alaska. (lo minutes). (Read by R. W. Ells.)

Waldemar Lindgren — Two Neocene Rivers of California.

Robert W. Ells— On the Laurentian of the Ottawa district. (20
minutes).

Robert Bell — The contact of the Laurentian and Huronian
north of Lake Huron. (20 minutes).

W. H. C. Smith— The Archsein Rocks west of Lake Superior.
(15 minutes).

Alfred E. Barlow— On the Archaean of the Sudbury mining dis-
trict. (15 minutes).

C. R. Van Hise — The volcanics of the Huronian south of Lake
Superior.

Charles Rollin Keyes — Some Maryland granites and their
origin. (10 minutes.) (Read by Mr. U. S Grant).

Charles Rollin Keyes — Epidote as a primary component in
granites. (15 minutes). (Read by Mr. U. S. Grant).

James McEvoy — Notes on the gold range in British Columbia.
(15 minutes).

Israel C. Russell — -A geological reconnoissance in the central
part of the State of Washington. (25 minutes).

R. VV. Ells — The importance of photography in illustrating geo-
logical structure, (ro minutes).

J. W. Powell — The work of the U. S. Geological Survey. (20
minutes). (Read by W. J. McGee.)

J. S. DiLLER — Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of the Pacific States.

T. W. Stanton — On the faunas of the Shasta and Chico for-
mations.

C. WiLLAKD Hayes and M. R. Campbell — Geomorphology of
the southern Appalachians. (25 minutes).

N. H. Darton — -Overihrust faults in eastern New York (10 minutes)
(Read by W. J. McGee). v Vi^*^^^

156

The President's address on the '• Problems of the Continents "was
an admirable paper, which brings up and introduces a subject of para-
mount interest and importance. It serves as a preliminary basis for
work in connection with the coming meeting of geologists at the Inter-
national Congress, to be held in Chicago this summer.

Of Mr. W. J. McGee's public lecture, given in the new Auditorium
of the Normal School, on the subject, " A Fossil Earthquake," seldom
has an Ottawa audience listened to a clearer and more striking bit of
inductive reasoning than this lecture. About 300 persons were present,
and the lecture was illustrated by stereopticon views. Mr. H. N.
Topley kindly assisted the lecturer in this matter.

Alter the reading of the last paper on the list and programme of
Friday evening, three votes of thanks were unanimously passed by the
Society.

T\\G.firsi, to the President and fellows of the Royal Society of
Canada, for their invitation and attention during the Session of the
Geological Society.

The second, to the Governor General, for his hospitality, and

4

generous as well as the gracious interest he had taken in the meetings.
The third, to the Logan Club of Ottawa for its exertions in making
the meeting a success.

One interesting feature of these meetings was the presence of the
Premier of Canada, the Hon. Sir John Thompson, K.C.M.G., and of
the Hon. T. M. Daly, Minister of the Interior and Geological Survey
Departments, when Dr. McGee read the paper prepared by Major J. W.
Powell, Director of the United States Geological Survey, on the work
of that Survey. At the conclusion of the paper Sir John Thompson,
Mr. Daly, M P , and Dr. Selwyn took part in the discussion. The
comparative work and usefulness of the Geological Surveys of Canada
and the United States was an interesting as well as practical question to
statesmen of both countries.

Altogether, the meetings were most successful and teeming with
interest. They were brought to a close with hopes of having another
similar gathering at no distant date. H. M. Ami.

-..- .. .^.^^^ ,■■—.,■ . .^i*- - - ... Xfc.,i«h. ,-, — .^

157

THE COUNTRY NORTH OF THE OTTAW.'
By RoBT. W. ELLb, LL.D., F.G.S.A.

Looking across the River Ottawa from the level terrace on which
the Parliament Buildings are situated, we see rising to the north the
series of hills known as the Chelsea Mountains, of which King's
Mountain forms a prominent feature. Many of the readers of the
Naturalist are familiar with these hills, since some of the pleasantest
excursions of the Club have had them for their objective point. They
rise out of the broad clay flat which extends for many miles along the
course of the lower Ottawa, and consist, for the most part, of some variety
of gneiss, with occasional bands of limestone. They constitute the
oldest rock formation on the surface of our globe, and these rocks
extend for many miles to the north, as well as to the east and west, pre-
senting an exceedingly rugged landscape, densely clothed with
forest. Where this has been removed by fires, the surface discloses
great masses of rock, almost without a trace of vegetation or soil, on
which such might grow. Valleys occur here and there among these
hills, in which a certain amount of drift or decomposed rock has lodged,
and here, for the space of several acres, conditions of soil and surround-
ings suitable for settlement exist. Large rivers traverse the district, and
can be traced for hundreds of miles. Along these, and on many of
their branches from either side, fertile areas extend, which have already
been, to some extent, occupied by the hardy settler ; but the area of
these fertile lands, as compared with the great stretch of craggy hill and
forest, is small. It was one of these settlers who, when told that his
farm was situated upon the very backbone of the continent, replied with
an air of disgust, that " it might very well be the backbone, but at any
rate they had taken all the meat off it."

While, however, we have before our eyes daily the beautiful pan-
orama of the Laurentian hills of the Ottawa District, it is surprising
how very little is really known about the character and resources of the
country lying immediately to our north. True it is that for many
years the sound of the lumberman's axe, and the crash of the mighty
pines have been heard; and the slash of the hunter in his lonely quest
for furs, or the trail of the explorer in the search for mineral wealth, can
be recognized in the heart of the most desolate wilderness. Yet
beyond the narrow fringe of settlement, which skirts the northern bank of

158

the Ottawa, and extends upwards along its principal tributaries for nearly
one hundred miles, we have,but little reliable information. It is possible,
therefore, that a few notes, founded upon a somewhat extensive two
years' wanderings through this territory, may possess some points of
interest to the readers ot our journal, more particularly in view of the
fact that, by means of canoes, many charming holiday excursions can
be made along the network of streams and lakes, which intersect
this northern country, presenting not only beautiful bits of natural
scenery, but, to the student of nature, excellent opportunities for ex-
tending our knowledge of the plants, insects, birds, etc., of our more
immediate vicinity.

Among the more important of the streams which traverse the
Laurentian area north of the Ottawa, are the St. Maurice, the Rouge,
the North Nation, the Lievre, the (iatineau, and the upper part of the
Ottawa itself: to the west of Ottawa city, are the Black, the Coulonge,
the Dumoine and the Kippewa, by means of which, and by crossing
short portages, the great chain of lakes lying to the north, for thirty
to one hundred miles, are rendered easily accessible. Most of these
lakes abound with fish, such as pike, bass and trout, while the woods
are alive with deer. The Gatineau itself can be traversed for over 200
miles to its source, whence, by a short carry, it is possible to reach the
Ottawa on the west, and then descend to Lake Temiscamingue; or, if it is
preferred, an equally short portage will enable one to launch his canoe
on the head-waters of the St. Maurice, by descending which, after a
journey of about 250 miles, through some of the grandest scenery of
the Laurentides, he can reach the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, half
way between Quebec and Montreal ; or a route can be taken northward
which will reach the country of Lake St. John, from which a descent
can be made by the Saguenay. Along the Gatineau and the Rouge
well constructed roads extend for over 100 miles, and thus anyone
desirous of investigating the botany and other branches of natural
history in this section, can very easily and quickly place himself in an
almost entirely unknown country in this resp:ct.

While it iiiust be admitted that much of the country occupied by
Laurentian rocks is rough and unfitted for agricultural pursuits, there
are a great many areas, often of considerable extent, to which this
remark will by no means apply. On the Gatineau and Libvre, after

159

passing the first fifty miles, the country becomes more level, the eleva-
tions are more isolated,, a^jd a greater extent of fertile land, underlaid
by calcareous rocks, is found, excellently adapted for the raising of
grains, such as wheat and oats, and all kinds of root crops. Flourish-
ing farms and comfortable houses are seen at many places, and the
generally received opinion that the Laurentian country is unfitted for
settlement speedily disappears. The fauna and flora of a portion of the
district, or rather that area along the River Rouge, was studied by Mr.
W. F. M. D'Urban, an assistant to Sir Wm. Logan, in 1858, and a
partial list, relating to the mammals, fishes, insects and molluscs will be
found in the appendix to the Geological Survey report for that year,
while during the last two years a still further study ot the plants of the
district was made by Mr. R. McDougal, over a much wider area.
Among the most abundant of the early flowering plants observed, was
the Trailing Arbutus, (Epigsea repens) found near Ottawa, at Aylmer
and Chelsea, but whose bunches of thick leaves were observed at
many points to the North and East. This beautiful and exquisitely
scented flower blooms in Nova Scotia as early as March, and in Gaspe
was found m blossom in the last week in June. The graceful and
fragrant Twin Flower forms perfect carpets in various places in this area,
and many of the lakes in August are starred with the beautiful White
Water-lily, some of which have blossoms of very large size, their cup-
shaped flower sometimes measuring three inches in diameter.

In' these Laurentian hills also are hidden great stoves of mineral
wealth. Mines of mica, graphite, apatite and asbestos are worked
extensively in the immediate neighborhood of Ottawa, while the presence
of the rarer minerals, such as garnets, zircons, tourmalines, scapoliies
and feldspars, in beautiful crystals, have made the district well known
among collectors all over this continent.

If the members of our Club will bear in mind, when looking out
for a pleasant trip for their next holiday season, that in the Laurentian
country at our doors, there is a rich field for research in natural history,
as well as all the requisites for a profitable outing in every way, we
may expect before long to see the waters of our beautiful inland lakes
disturbed by the paddles of our canoeists, while the cabinets of the
students of plant -and insect life will be enriched, and much additional
material will be provided for the coming issues of the Ottawa
Naturalist.

160

THE MINERAL WATERS OF CANADA.

«
By H. Pkareth H. Brumell, F.G.S.A. (By permission of the Director of the

Geological Survey Department.)

Though many mineral waters of high curative powers are known
to occur in Canada, comparatively few of them have been as yet
brought to the notice of the general public, the best known being un-
doubtedly those obtained from the springs at Wilmot, N.S.; Apohaqui
and Havelock, N.B.; St, Leon, Ste. Genevieve and St. Hyacinthe, Que.
Caledonia and Winchester Springs, Ont., and Banff, Alta. Regarding
these, full particulars will be found in the following pages.

It is not the intention of the writer to touch in any manner upon
therapeutics, but to confine himself in this case to the collection of
analyses, which have been gleaned froiTi many sources, including Dr.
T. S. Hunt's article on Mineral Waters, constituting Chapter XVIII,
Geology of Canada, 1863 ; Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1868, by Hy.
How ; Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada, 1874, by
G. E. Walton, M.D.; various articles m the Canadian Naturalist and
American Journal of Science, and the reports of the Geological Survey
of Canada. The analyses marked thus (a) have been taken from Chap.
XVIII, Geology of Canada, 1863.

Although by no means a complete list, it is considered amply
sufficient to illustrate the fact that Canada has within her boundaries
an almost endless variety of natural curative waters.

Mineral Waters in Ontario.

Alfred, Prescott Co. (a) — A Saline spring occurs on lot 9, range
10, of Alfred Township, which is said to contain 14*5 parts of solid
matter in 1000 of water; and on lot 10, range 6, of the same township,
two springs are said to occur, which yield saline, and somewhat alka-
line waters, containing a small proportion of sulphates. These waters
all rise from rocks of Cambro-Silurian age. No analyses are avail-
able.

Ancasier, Wentworth Co. (a) — About two miles east of the village
of Ancaster is found a saline water, from which an attempt was, many
years ago, made to obtain salt. Owing, however, to the low saturation

-'^"-

UHiaariMtfAi^b

161

of the brine, and the great amount of earthy chlorides, the enterprise
Was unsuccessful. The analysis of a specimen, collected in September
1847, gave the following result i

Chloride sodium 17-8280

" potassium -0920

" calcium 12 '802 7

" magnesium 5'°737

Bromide sodium •1178

Sulphate of lime "T^^'g

Carbonate of lime traces

In 1000 pnrts of water 36'69ii

Specific gravity 1029' i

About one mile and three quarters north-west of the above spring
occurs a sulphurous water, which issues fiom rocks of the Niagara for-
mation. This water was analyzed in 1854 by Dr. Geo. Wilson, of
Edinburgh, with the following result :

Chloride scdium 35476

" potassium '0052

'' calcium ". I'SS^S

" magnesium '4^9°

Sulphate of lime -6500

Carbonate " "2035

" magnesia •0160

" iron "0274

Silica • '0097

Iodine • • I

Phosphoric acid [ traces.

Alumina
Organic matter

J

In 1000 parts of water 6*23 12

Sulphuretted hydrogen per 1000 inches of water. 56 c. in.

Bothwell, Kent Co.— In the "Thames Well," which was drilled :n
search of oil, a' heavy flow of bitter sulphurous water was struck at a
depth of 475 feet, and probably near the base of the Corniferous lime-
stone. The water had a natural temperature of 57^" F., and would, in
consequence, be slightly thermal, as the region is traversed by the
isothermal line of 47° F. The analysis (Report Geological Survey
1866, p. 273) showed :

162

Chloride sodium i4'446o

" potassium "335°

" calcium 31830

" magnesium 5'795o

Sulphate of lime 30580

Sulphide of sodium "8797! z- ttc

" hydrogen •0767/^

In 1000 parts of water 27-7734

Specific gravity 10209

The waters from many ot the wells sunk for oil throughout the
district, and further north, in the Enniskillen oil region, show very
similar characters, and are in many instances highly sulphurous.

Brampton, Peel Co. {a) — -A water having in solution a small pro-
portion of the alkaline chlorides and sulphates, is reported from this
place, though the amount of solid mineral contents, 0-38 parts in 1000
of water, hardly places it in the category of mineral waters.

Brant, Brant Co. (a) — On lot 53, township of Brant, is found a
copious spring, known as the " Blue Spring," from the intense blue
colour of the water in the reservoir, which lies on a mound of calc tufa.
The water both tastes and smells sulphurous, though no gas is evolved.
A partial analysis afforded :

Sulphate of limr i '240

" magnesia '207

Carbonate of lime '198

In 1000 parts of water i'645

Brechin, Ontario Co. — A strongly saline water is found near this
village, on the shore of Lake Simcoe, of which the following
analysis has been made by Mr. Thos. Heys, of Toronto.

Chloride sodium 201 096

" potassium 5 '480

" calcium 42'i76

" magnesium 35"344

Sulphate of potash 3'968

Bicarbonate of soda 35 000

Carbonate of iron

Silica and alumina

Free ammonia

Organic ammonia

Grains in imperial gallon 327'096

2

•160

I

■744

120

•008

163

Sulphuretted hydrogen 105 20 c. inches.

('arbonic acid gas 5 728

This water is now aerated and bottled in Toronto, by the pro-
prietor, Mr. L. Forrest, and placed ui)on the market under the name
of " Eudo " water.

Caledonia Springs, Prescoit Co. (a) — In the village of Caledonia
Springs, in the township of Caledonia, are located the springs which
give rise to the name, and which have for many years been visited by
persons suffering from many maladies, though more especially rheuma-
tism and derangements of the digestive organs. Besides the water
annually used in the sanitarium, large quantities are shipped to points
both in the United States and Canada. The springs, four in number,
are known as the "Ctrs," "Saline," "White Sulphur," and '-Intermit-
tent," the waters of which were collected and analyzed in September,
1847, with the following result :

magnesium
Iodide sodium

Sulphate of potash . .
Carbonate soda ....

" lime . . . .

" magnesia

" iron

.'Vlumina

Silica

Gas
Spring.

Chloride sodium . . . ^ 6 • 9675

" potassium ''•^3°^)

calcium i

mai^nesium

Bromide of sodium ... ■ oi vo

^aime
Spring.

.6 '4409
■0296

While Intermit-
Sulphur tent
Spring. Spring.

011)9

0005

' 00

5j

■0485
• 1480
•5262
traces.
•OC44

In 1000 parts of water . . 7-7773

;oi4

Specific gravity 1006 ■

■ 0048

■ 1 762

"1175
"5172

traces.

undet.
■0425

7 '3470

1005 -8

o 100

Maces.

•0183

■4558

■ 2 : 00

•2940

traces.

■ 0026

■ 0S40

3 '8430 12 "2500

•0230 '0305

■ 2870

I I '0338

0238

■ 002 I

• 1264
•8632
traces.

■0225

4 9407 14 6393

1 003 '7 1 o I o ■ 9

164

Accompanying the flow of water from the "Gas Well" there wa
in 1 847 -a discharge of about 300 cubic inches of carburetted hydrogen
per minute. This has, however, been much lessened through opera-
tions at the spring, and it 's doubtful if the flow of gas at the time of
the visit of the writer, in July, 1888, was more than half that
amount. About twenty-five yards distant from the above spring are
situated the " Saline " and " White Sulphur" springs, the former evolv-
ing a small quantity of carburetted hydrogen, and the latter a small
quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, equal to less than a cubic inch per
gallon. The temperature of the water in the Gas, Saline and White
Sulphur Springs, was found to be, in September, 1847 : 44*4°, 45°
and 46° F. respectively,

Charlotteville, Norfolk Co. {a) — On lot 3, con. iz, township of
Charlotteville, is found a somewhat remarkable spring of sulphurous
water, issuing from the Corniferous limestone. The water rises through
several openings in the mud, at the bottom of a natural basin of about
100 square yards in extent, and was found to have a flow of about
sixteen giUons per minute. It has a strongly pungent

taste, from th^ great amount of sulphuretted hydrogen which it con-
tains. By experiment at the spring this was found to be equivalent
to 1 1 "6 cubic inches in 100 of water. The temperature of the water in
the basin at the time of examination — some thirty-five years ago — was
45° F. The solid matter amounted to 2'495 parts in 1000 of water,
specific gravity, 10027. The analysis gave the following result for
1000 parts of water :

Chloride magnesium "0878

Sulphate soda '47 18

" potash '05 10

" lime i'i267

" magnesia "4351

Carbonate lime '3050

E'" magnesia "0179

" iron traces

Sulphuretted hydrogen •1776

Craigleiih, Gray Co — About midway between Collingwood and
Meaford on the Georgian Bay are situated the "Blue Mountain /
Mineral Springs" in the village of Craigleith. ij

-JT

163

The water was examined by Mr. Thos. tteys of Totonto, who
obtained the following results :

Chloride sodium ^5'73^ •

" potassium "303

" calcium 6'937

" magnesium ' 3'i25

Sulphate potassium '983

Carbonate calcium 1*462

Volatile organic matter 5*625

Grains in imperial pint 34*167

Carbonic acid gas •621 cubic inches

Sulphuretted hydrogen '526 cuoic inches

Temperature 45 "5* F.

Eastman's, Russell Co. — The waters of the two springs at Eastman's
Springs, and known as the " Sulphur " and " Saline " were examined by
Mr. G. C. Hofifmann, Chemist to the Geological Survey (Geol. Sur.
rep. 1874-75 P- 3^7)' ^^^h ^^^ following results:

Sulphur Sp. Saline Sp.

Chloride sodium 2-1584 18-9812

" potassium "0400 "1577

" calcium 4-i69«

" magnesium 1*9031

Sulphate potash '0033

" lime 0199

Bicarbonate soda '8365

" lime "0549 -1773

" magnesia . "1709

" iron -0066 -0121

Ferric oxide '031 '^

Alumina traces -0022

Silica 0124 -0090

Organic matter '091 7

Copper minute trace

Lithia undet undet

Baryta minute trace "

Strontia

Boracic acid undet

Bromine undet

Iodine undet undet

Phosphoric acid undet undet

. 3'3747

'^ Less carbonic acid actually found -01 17

r ^^

\. In 1000 parts of water 3*363° 25-4628

C

Specific gravity 1001-95 1019.44

166

Fiizroy, Lanark Co.{a)~- A. saline water is found rising from rocks
of the Chazy or Calciferous foraiation, on lot lo, range 2, Fitzroy town-
ship, at what is known as Gillan's spring. A specimen collected in July
1850, afforded the following results on analysis :

Chloride sodium 65325

" potassium •1160

Bromide sodium "0217

Iodide " '0032

Phosphate soda '0124

Carbonate " .' "5885

" baryta traces

" strontia "

" lime '1500

" magnesia "7860

" iron traces

Alumina "0040

Silica "1330

In 1000 parts of water 8"3473

Specific gravity ioo6"24

Another water, which is feebly saline, and sulphurous to the taste,
but which was not analyzed, occurs on lot 12, con. 6, of the same town-
ship.

Halloivell, Prince Edivard Co. (a) — On lot ir, con. 2, township of

Hallowell, a well twenty-seven feet in depth, and known as Hubb's

well, afforded a v/ater, of which the following analysis of a specimen

collected in Oct., 1853, was obtained — Analysis I : while from a well

about two miles distant, a specimen was obtained in the summer of

1854, affording the result shown in II. The waters of several wells in

the vicinity were found to be very similar in character to these two.

I II

Chloride sodium 387315 17 4000

" potassium traces

" calcium i5'923o 92050

'' magnesium 12 9060 9-4843

Bromide sodium "4685 undet

Iodine " '0133

n

In icoo parts of water 68 0423 36'o893

Specific gravity 1053 11

167

Hamilton, IVenfworth, Co. [a) — In the Canadian Journal 1853.
Prof. Henry Croft gives the the following analysis of a water said to
be from Young's Spring at Hamilton:

Chloride sodium "5098

Sulphate soda i'SqSs

" lime 1-1246

" Magnesia 47799

In 1000 parts of water g'n^S

Specific gravity 1006.4

Hawkesbury, PrescottCo. {a) — A well reported to be on lot 9 con. 6
township of Hawkesbury afforded a water which gave the following
result on partial analysis :

Chloride sodium S'lyy

Sulphate soda '083

Carbonate soda i'2oo

" lime '076

" magnesia '063

In 1000 parts of water 9'599

As well as some undertermined bromides, iodides, boracic acid,
oxide of iron and silica.

Kingston, Frontenac Co. (a) — In two borings made for water at
Morton's distillery in Kingston, mineral waters were encountered
specimens of which were examined by the Rev. Prof. Williamson of
Queen's College, Kingston, with the following results.

Lower Well. Upper Well.

Chloride sodium 5'2i5 29-864

. " calcium 4010 12-894

" magnesium 1763 ^'954

Sulphate soda 2'44i

lime '396

magnesia '492

Carbonate lime '40° '370

" magnesia J '-87

In 1000 parts of water 13 830 52-257

Specific gravity - loio-o 1043-2

London, Middlesex G'.— Unfortunately no data are at hand giving

an accurate analysis of the water of the Sulphur spring at London.

i^To be continued.)

108

BOOK NOTICE,
The Butterflies of North America, 3RD Series, Part XII.

The last part of Mr. W. H. Edwards's magnificient work has just
appeared. For bi^auty of illustration and interest to Canadian Lepi-
dopterists, it surpasses all previously issued i:arts. The first plate .shows
the type of C/iiofwbas Chryxas, var. Calms, Scudder, from Hudson's
Bay and a similiar form which is found at Banff in the Rocky Moun-
tains. The second plate shows in full all the different stages of the
rare Canadian species, C. Jutia. This insect has been twice taken at
Ottawa. A special expedition having been arranged to visit the Mer
Bleue in the end of June last. The day was very unpropitious, and only
one specimen was seen. This was run down and captured after a hard
chase. The species has been taken in restricted localities in Maine, at
Quebec, Ottawa, Nepigon and in the Rocky Mountains. There are
some interesting points in its life-history which need clearing up and
we recommend the subject to our local members, as an opportunity for
doing good scientific work. The third plate shows two more rare
species of the same genus, C Grambis from Labrador and C. Briicti,
which is said to have been taken at Banff by Mr. T. E. Bean.

Mr. Edwards's great work is indispensable to all Lepidopterists, and
we have lately learnt with great pleasure that $500 has been granted
from the " Bache Fund " ot the American National Academy towards
the publication of this important contribution to scientific knowledge.

J. F.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Edited by W. Hague Harrington.

Among the less common coleoptera taken during the past year may
be mentioned the following species :

Chlcenius niger, Rand, of which a specimen was taken near Dow's
Swamp on April 30th. This is our rarest species of Chlaenius,
only two specimens having been taken by me previously, one in
Stewart's bush, (now nearly disappeared), on May 6th, 1S83, and one
near Hull on May 17th, 1890.

Chlxnius totiuntosus, Say. This species is nlso not common, but
a specimen was taken in the same locality, on the slope of the dam,
between the canal and the swamp, on May 23rd. In shape it closely

169

resembles the former species, but it is larger, and the elytra are tom-
entose with a fine silky pubescence.

Lacnocrepis parallelus, Say. One of these beetles was taken on
the same date as the preceding and in the same locality, where two or
three specimens had been collected by Rev. G. W. Taylor two years
previously. The only other example I have from this district is one
given to me by Mr. W, Simpson, and collected I believe at King's Mere.

Drotnius piceus, Lee. was another interesting species taken the
same day under the bark of a stump. This carabid, easily recognized
by its truncated elytra is usually found either under bark, or under moss
about the roots of trees, in such places as the damp woods in this swamp.

Brachys ovata, Web. An example of this pretty little buprestid
was secured at Wakefield on August 7th upon oak. It may readily
be distinguished, by it greater size and more purplish color, from our
common B. cerosa which is taken upon basswood.

Typocrus sebratus, Fab. is a longicorn beetle which occurs in the
latter part of July and in August upon the flowers of the golden rod,
and was taken last season at Wakefield and Aylmer. It is distinguished
from our commoner species T. velutinus Oliv. by being smaller and by
having the elytra black with four bright yellow bands, instead of red
with the bands pale yellow. The members of the genus Typocerus are
distingushed from the more numerous species ot Leptura by the large
poriferous spaces on the antennae.

Bruckus cruetttatus^Woxn. This pretty little beetle, marked with a
bright-orange-red patch on each elytron, was taken at Aylmer on July
31st in the blossom of the wild convolvulus (upon which were many
pupae and beetles of of the spotted tortoise-beetle, Ghdymorpha arsons
Licht.) A second specimen was observed and taken with the sweeping
net, but escaped with the nimbleness that characterises this species.
The only specimens previously taken or seen, occurred several years ago
in the city.

Myderus scaber, Hald. Several of this species were taken upon
flowers (compositae) at Aylmer on 31st July. The only previous capture
of this melandryid wason the occasion of a Club excursion to the Chats
Falls some years ago, when it was somewhat abundant upon small
willows.

170

Calopus augiistus^ Lee. This addition to the local list was made
by Mr. Fletcher, who picked up a dead and badly mutilated female on
one of our streets. The insect was recognized in the collection of
Mr. Evans of Sudbury who has taken there two or three examples.

-:o:-

A GLACIAL EPOCH.

By W. Hague Harrincton.

At the dinner given by the Logan Club to the Geological Society
of America, one of the learned speakers, in the course of a humorous
speech, remarked that he and his fellow-scientists had come north to
Ottawa to study the glaciers in their native land. At that date the
" good old-fashioned winter " was just in its youth, but it has since
been a subject of general interest, andof equally general — conversation.
I have heard " the oldest inhabitants " going back for terrible instances
to '59, and even to '37, at which ancient periods the glaciers had
apparently hardly withdrawn from the Ottawa Valley to judge from the
" cold waves " then experienced.

Through the courtesy of Prof Carpmael I have obtained for the
benefit of those interested in the recent cold spell, the following table.
It will be observed that there was no unusually low reading of the
thermometer, the lowest being - 26.2 on January 4th. By reference to
some yearly abstracts published in earlier transactions of the Club, it
will be seen that there were lower readings in those years, viz : Decem-
ber, 1884, - 28.3 ; February, 1885, - 26.9 ; January, 1886, - 26.5, and
January, 1887, - 31. 6. The severity of the five weeks covered by "the
following table was due to the almost unbroken cold, the record show-
ing that the temperature fell below zero on 28 days, that it averaged
below zero on 16 days, and that on 6 days it was not above zero. The
average for the 35 days was only 1.91 above zero. With this may be
compared the very cold February of 1885, which averaged 4.40, and
the January of 1887, when it averaged 4.33- A very severe day was
Dec. 24th, when, with an average temperature of- 1.2, the average
velocity of the wind was 22^3 miles per hour. The coldest day was
January i ith, when the average was - 17.8, and the maximum - 10.8 ;
the wind averaging 14I- miles per hour.

171

ABSTRACT OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT OTTAWA,

for the period Dec. iSth, 1892, lo Jan. 2lst, 1893, inclusive.

Date.

T)pr.

18

a

IQ

u

20

(k

21

u

22

23

24

a

2C

a

26

27

28

u

20

u

•'V

•lO

(1

0

-?I

Jan.

0

I

2

a
(I
a

0

4

c

u

J

6

7

8

a

Q

a

10

.(

II

u

12

13

14.

a

I C

^ J

16

17

<i

18

If

19

20

u

2 1

Average

Max. Tp,

14.9

34-0
13.8

18.2

3-8
-4
I

2 .

8.

, o
10. o

10
20 ,

34
29

35'

17'

—6.

6.
1 2 .

4'
o .

5-7

9.8

-10.8

-1.2

■0
o

5
8

,0

■5
.0

■5
,6

.5
8

5
1 1

12.0

8.8

9.41

Min. Tem.

J ■ 5
13 . c

— 7-5

—8.2

-15.0

—8.2

-135
-18.3

— 1.2

—4.2

—5

— 2
12
18

15

— 16

— 26 . 2
— 19* 6

— I . 2

— 5 ■ 5
— 14 . 6

— 16.3

— 12.5

— 21 . 6

— 24.1

— 9.2

— 14-3

— 22 . 2

-— I o

— I
— 2

5
o

3-2
-10.2
-7. II

Mean. Tem,

11.23
21 . 92

3 '05

7-47

—4-25

—5-77
— 1 . 20

— 4-05

—3-37

3.12

2.10

3-87
13-65
21 . 2 ■^

26.35

23-30

— IO-35
— 13.70

2-47

5-13
— o . 90

-8.50

2 . 00

—8.87

— 17.80

—6.50

—3-75

—7-75

—7-95
o . 92

3-45

3-45
9.10

9-15

— 1-15

1. 91

Wind-Ms

71

182

157
102

198

191

536
236
221
166
36

J
I

73

2 1 2

363

289

4
92

lOI

148
123
161
366

341
28

61

5

4

49

2
108
1 10
172

80

142 .6

172

EVENING LECTURES.

During the past month two most successful meetings of the Club
have been held. On January 5th, Prof. John Macoun, Botanist, and
Naturalist of the Geological Survey Department, delivered a most
entertaining lecture on the Fauna and the Flora of the Selkirk sumnaits.
The large audience listened attentively while the lecturer discoursed
upon the many and varied features of that remarkable range of moun-
tains, the natural history of which he has examined more critically than
any other living man. At the conclusion of the lecture, many questions
were asked as to the altitudes which certain trees reached. The dis-
cussion was joined in by Messrs. J. Craig, H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston
and J. Fletcher. A paper on the Mineral Waters of Canada by Mr. H.
Peareth Brumell of the Geological Survey Department was read by
title.

January 19th, Food in Health and Disease, was ably treated by
Dr. L. C. Prevost, who kept the attention of one of the largest audiences
which has ever honoured the club. The subject, which is necessarily
of interest to every one, was rendered more than usually attractive by
the Doctor's original manner of presenting it, and the only regret of
those present was that they could not enjoy in a material sense the
many tempting luxuries mentioned in the bill of fare, given by the lec-
turer as a menu for the dinner which he described so graphically,
and at which he invited them to join him. A cordial vote of thanks
was proposed by Mr. J. Fletcher and seconded by Mr. J. G. Whyte.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TITLES FOR THE FEBRUARY LECTURES :

Feb. 2. — " Narrative of a Journey in 1890, from Great Slave Lake to
Beechy Lake, on the Great Fish River," from the journal
of Mr. James McKinley, Officer in charge at Fort
Resolution, H.B. Co.— Mr. D. B. Dowling.

Feb. 16. — " The Development of Varieties and the Multiplication of
Individuals in Horticulture." — Mr. John Craig,

" .My Aquarium/'— Mr. H. B. Small.

'^^2fe

'^'libraryIS

MINERAL WATERS OF CANADA. \^ ^ yj^

(Continued fro77i Page i6j.)
This water has been used for many years in connection with baths
erected over the well, where, at a depth of 114 feet from the surface,
the water was struck. An analysis by Prof. Croft gave about two parts
of solid matter in 1,000 of water ; these consisted of nearly equal
parts of the sulphates of lime and magnesia and traces of chloride of
sodium. The water deposits pure yellow pulverulent sulphur around
its outlet. {Vide report Geol. Surv., 1863-66.)

Manitoulin Islands — In well No. i, sunk by the Manitoulin Oil
Co., at a depth of 192 feet from the surface or 60 feet beneatti the
summit of the Trenton limestone, an intensely bitter saline water was
encountered ; the following analysis was made by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt :

Chloride sodium 4*800

" potassium 792

" calcium 12-420

" magnesium S'^S^

In 1,000 parts of water 21 '662

The water was not examined for bromides or iodides which were,
according lo the analyst, probably present.

Niagara, Lincoln Co. — Full data are not at hand regarding a
somewhat well-known gas spring at Niagara, which by reason of the
great quantities of inflammable gas given off, is in a constant state of
ebullition and is known as the "Burning Spring." The water rising
from rocks of the Medina formation is peculiarly styptic and acid to the
taste, and contains a very large proportion of sulphuric acid. The
mean of two analyses gave Dr. Sterry Hunt 2-1376 parts of the acid
(S O^) to 1,000 parts of water.

Another spring, similar in character to the above, is noted about
a mile and a half above Chippewa and near the Niagara river, wherein
the water was found to be somewhat stronger in sulphuric acid. This
latter water rises from the Onondaga formation.

Otofiabee, Peterborough Co. — An examination was made by Mr. G.
C. Hoffmann (report Geol. Surv., vol. IV, 1888-89, part R) of water
from a boring on the wesc half of lot 26, concession 4, township o f
Otonabee, with the following result :

174

Chloride sodium 3 "8403 Alumina -oooS

" potassium "0770 Silica 'OISS

" calcium "4088 Organic matter traces

" magnesium '4797

Sulphate lime -0019 In 1,000 parts of water 5*0824

Carbonate lime '2536 Specific gravity at 15.5° c ioo3'9i

' ' iron '0050

Of the physical character of the sample Mr. Hoffmann writes : —
" On opening the bottles a slight, but decided, odour of petroleum was
noticeable. The water contained a considerable amount of suspended
■ matter. This was filtered off and examined — it consisted of argillace-
ous matter, very fine sand, partially decomposed fragments of wood,
fragments of seed-cases and other vegetable matter, together with
some carbonate of lime, small amounts of carbonate of magnesia and
iron, and a very small amount of suphate of lime. The filtered water,
when viewed in a column two feet in length, was found to have a faint
brownish tinge. Taste, mildly saline. Baryta was not sought for-
The presence of iodine and bromine requires confirmation. "

Fiantagenet, Prescott Co. (a), — Three springs are known to exist in
this township, only two of which are, however, at all well known, viz. :
The " Plantagenet " and the " Georgian " springs, and of which the
following analyses are available : —

Chloride sodium. . . .

" potassium .

" calcium . . .

" magnesium
Bromide "
Iodide

Sulphate lime

Carbonate lime ....
" magnesia

" iron

Alumina

Silica

1 1 •6660

9-4600

•1040

•1040

•1364

•0443

•2452

•4942

•0080

-0029

•0052

-0017

-1929

■0330

-29S0

.8904

-3629

•0096

trace

trace.s

undet

•0700

-0205

13-1678

10-9814

1009-39

100878

In 1 ,000 parts of water 13-1678

Specific gravity 1009 -39

Another spring similar to the "Plantagenet" yielded io-i6 parts
of solids in 1000 ot water and held a comparatively large amount of
strontia and traces of boracic acid.

Port Elgin, Bruce Co. — A partial analysis of a mineral water froin
a spring at this place was made by Mr. G. C. Hoffmann (report Geol.

175

Surv., vol. II, 1886, p 12 T), showing the water to contain the fol-
lowing :

Potassa trace Ferrous oxide trace

Soda fairly large quantity Sulphuric acid very large quantity

Lithia trace Phosphoric acid trace

Strontia small quantity Silica . "

Lime .very large quantity Chlorine very large quantity

Magnesia large quantity

The -water at iS'S'^ C h.id a specific gravity of 10-0269, ^^^d con-
tained 2-925 parts of dissolved saline matter in 1000 of water.

Sandwich, Essex Co. — At this place is located a sulphurous spring,

near which was erected an hotel and baths ; owing, however, to the loss
of the hotel and bathhouses by fire, the spring has of late years fallen
into disrepute. The water is highly sulphurous and flows from an arte-
sian boring made some years ago for oil.

The analysis, according to Prof S. P. Duffield, gave the following
result :

Chloride sodium 0-070 Carbonate lime 4-813

" calcium 0-007 " magnesia I -618

" magnesium 19-220 Silica 0-014

Sulphate lime '5 '479

Carbonate soda 6-070 Grains in one pint 47 '291

" potassa traces

GASES.

Carbonic acid, cubic inches i '25

Sulphuretted hydrogen, cubic inches 472

Nitrogen, cubic inches 0.09

As may be seen on reference to the above, the waters of this well
contain a considerable proportion of chloride of magnesium and
sulphuretted hydrogen.

St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (a) — Some years previous to 1863 an
attempt was made to obtain brine, for the manufacture of salt, at St.
Catharines. With this object, a well was drilled in the town to a depth
of about 5cofeet, the drill penetrating the Hudson River shales to a
distance of 50 to 60 feet.

A brine of low saturation was obtained but owing to the contained
lime and magnesia salts was never used in the making of salt.

This water was analysed by Prof. Croft of Toronto as given below I.

In 1 86 1 a second boring was made by Mr. E. S. Adams resulting
in the discovery of a water of similar character. Analysis II.

176

I n

Chloride sodium 29"8o34 I9'94

" potassium '3555 undet

" calcium . . 14.8544 6"49

" magnesium 3 "3977 1 "95

Iodide sodium '0042 undet

Sulphate lime 2'i923 1 77

In 1,000 parts of water 50*6075 30'I5

Specific gravity 1036.0

This water (I) acquired quite a reputation locally and was partly
evaporated and shipped in a concentrated state. Of this concentrated
water, the following analysis, made by J. R. Chilton, M.D. 1853, is
given in "The mineral springs of the United States and Canada, by
Geo. E. Walton, M.D. New York 1874"

Chloride sodium 781 '36 Sulphate lime 16*32

" calcium 2950*40 Carbonate magnesia and lime . . 2*08

" magnesium 1289*76 Silica, alumina, and lithia .... 2*47

Bromide '' 2*01

Iodide " 2*11 Grains in one pint 5,060*27

Proto-chloride iron 1376

"The large amount of proto-chloride of iron was probably formed
from the surface of the iron vessel during evaporation."

"These celebrated waters are the most perfect type of iodo-brom-

ated water known in this country. They very much resemble the

celebrated waters of Krueznach, in Prussia, though containing the

chloride of sodium, calcium and magnesium in much larger proportions."

Vide report referred to above.

Silver Islet, Lake Superior. — The following analysis was made by
Mr G. C. Hoffmann (report Geological Survey Vol. I, 1885, p. 17 M)
of a specimen of water collected at the Silver Islet mine by Capt.
Trethewey in 1882.

Chloride sodium 16*8098 Manganese traces

" potassium - '4582 Cobalt traces

' ' calcium . . 17 *o8o7 Silica '0540

" magnesium i '2939

Sulphate lime '0672 In 1,000 parts of water 36*0634

Carbonate lime '2936 Specific gravity at 15*5° C ... . 1028*48

The water was colourless ; odourless ; taste, strongly saline with

slight bitter after taste ; reaction, neutral.

Tuscarora, Brant Co. (a) — On the Indian Reserve in this town-
ship and about nine miles south of Brantford and three miles south of
the Grand River, is located what is known as the " Sour Spring of

1 / i

Tuscarora." The waters of this spring form several pools of from three
to four feet in diameter, where owing to a constant discharge of inflam-
mable gas the water is in a state of agitation. In appearance it is slightly
turbid and brownish and has a peculiar styptic, acid and sulphurous
taste. Analysis showed the water to contain, in October 1847 :

Sulphate soda "0502 Phosphoric acid . . traces

" potash -0608 Hydrated sulphuric acid (S03, Ho) 4'2S95

" lime 7752

" magnesia '1539 In 1,000 parts of water 6"i6i5

" protoxide of iron '3638 Specific gravity 1005 '58

" alumina '4681

IVest/neaih, Renfrew Co. (a) — In the Geology of Canada 1863, on

page 547, is given the description of two sjjrmgs in this township as

follows : — "On the thirteenth lot of the sixth range of Westmeath is a

sprmg which deposits a considerable amount of calcareous tufa and is

known as the Petrifying Spring". The water contains, besides carbonate

of lime, small quantities of chlorids, and is feebly sulphurous. On the

twenty-third lot of the same range, a copious spring, occurs on Tucker's

Creek. It contains a large amount of carbonate of lime, and a little

iron ; besides which, it holds only traces of sulphates and chlorids."

fV/ii/d}\ Ontario Co. (a) — A copious spring of saline water is met with

at Bowerman's Mills on lot 32, concession 3, township of Whitby where

the water rises from rocks of the Trenton series, The following

analysis was made of a specimen collected in October 1853 : —

Chloride spcjium i8'9i58 Carbonate lime "041 1

" potassium traces " magnesia •0227

" calcium I7-53IS " strontia traces

" magnesium 9'5437 " iron traces

Bromide sodium , . . '24S2

Iodide " "oooS In 1,000 parts of water 46"3038

MINERAL WATERS IN QUEBEC.
Ascot, Sherbrooke Co. — The water of a spring near the Belvedere
Iron mine and on lot 8, range 9, township of Ascot was examined
during 1887 in the laboratory of the Survey (rep. Geol. Surv. Vol. Ill,
1887-88, p. 22 T) with the following result : —

Potassa trace Sulphuric acid large proportion

Soda small proportion Carbonic acid small proportion

Lime rather large proportion Silica trace

Magnesia " " " Chlorine small proportion

Ferrous oxide trace

" Total discovered saline matter, dried at 180° c, equalled 0-0746 parts in 1,000.

ITS

Bait dm Ftdvrt^ XiA^Iit C'. {a) — The waters of tour sprins;s in the
seigniory were examined, though of these the anal)*sis of but one is
preser\-ed in its entirety. The anal\-sis given below is tliat of a water
from Courch^nes spring about one and a half miles east of St. Antoine
church Grand Range, .ind was collected in September 1852.

C3ilonde sodium 4 "J^.vU Carlv>n.ale lime *2l8o

" {K>tassium ocuo " nwinieMa '4263

Bromide soilium undet Alumina undet

loilide sodium undet Silica '2i30

Carbonate soda I "5416

" l^a^\•ta trace In i.ooo parts of water 7*2933

" sirontia trace

The three other springs afforded waters containing solids to the
extent of 5 "44. 1594 and 496 parts in 1,000 of water. All of these
waters probably rise from rocks of the Hudson River formation.

Bay Si. Paul, Charlfvoix Co. (<;)— Several mineral waters are
obtained in the neighbourhood of Bay St. Paul of which, however, no
detailed analyses are available. A sample from one of those springs
contained 206S parts of solid matter in 1,000 of water and had a bitter

saline taste.

Belceil, Verchcns Co. (<;) — A mineral water from this seigniory
which rises from the Hudson River formation aftbrds the following: —

Chloride so<.lium 5"iXi6^ CarlxMiate m.ignesia '4750

" potassium undet " iron traces

Bromide so<.lium " Alumina undet

Iodide sodium " Silica "i 140

C*rbonate soda "6082

*' strontia •OJ50 In 1,000 p.arts ot water 7'3330

" lime "1440

Berthier, Bfrthicr Co. (</) — About three miles above the church
at Berthier and on the Bayonne River is found a copious spring of
saline water, of which a specimen collected in July 1S53, afforded the
following analysis : —

Chloride sodium S'0454 Iodide magnesium traces

" potassium undet Carbonate lime "0470

" calcium '0466 " magnesia -8354

" magnesium 'o85t3

Bromide magnesium undet In 1,000 parts of water 9*0600

><

<<
(<

179

Caxton, St. Maurice Co. (a) — A saline spring rising from Cambro-

silunan limestones, occurs in the township of Caxton on the banks of

the Yamachiche ri.'er. The water is accompanied by very considerable

quantities of carburretted hydrogen gas and had at the time of the

collection of the specimen examined, October 1848, an estimated flow

of eight gallons per minute. It afforded the following analysis ; —

Chloride HOflium 11 7750 Carlxj'nate magnesia - i '0593

potav<iinm 'oJJrx* ** iron ? 'OO54

calcium '0503 Alumina , . - . 'OO50

magnesium '3743 Silica . . '0479

■Bromide " '0342

Irxlide " '0039 In i.oc/j parr, of water I3'65>3

Carlxjnate lime '2160 Sjxjcific gravity ioio'36

(Jhambly, Chambly Co. (a) — Several springs occur in the immediate
neighborhood of Chambly, the waters of which are in all cases feebly
saline. One of these, about three miles above the village in the Range
des Quarantes, affords a very considerable quantity of saline water,
containing 574 parts of solid matter in f,ooo of water and abundance
of carburetted hydrogen gas. Temperature of water 53^ F.

Another spring occuring on the Grand Coteau gave the following
analysis of a specimen collected there in October 1852,

Chloride sodium 8387 Carbonate iron 0024

" {Kitassium '0324 Alumina... '0063

Carlx-jnate soda i "0604 Silica '0730

" strontia '0O45

" lime '0380 In 1,000 i>art<» of water 2'I322

" magnesia '0765 Temperature of water 53"^ F.

Henryville, Iberville Co. (a) — A water containing a large amount
of carbonate of soda, with chlorides, and a trace of iodides occurs
about two miles south of this place. The water at the time of exami-
nation, prior to 1863, contained 16 cubic inches of sulphuretted
hydrogen in 1,000 cubic inches of water. No analysis is available.

facques Carder River, Portneuf Co. (a) — A water strongly impreg
nated with sulphuretted hydrogen rises from the Utica formation near
Marcotte's Mills on the Jacques Cartier river, near Quebec. The
specimen examined was collected in the summer of 1852 and gave : —

Chloride sodium '0347 Carbonate magnesia -0278

" potassium •0076 Alumina undet

Sulphate potash traces Silica '0110

Carbonate srxla ''952

«' lime '0710 In 1,000 parts of water. . '3473

loO

foly^ Lotbiniere Co. (a) — A sulphurous water is found in this
township on the Magnetat Brook about five miles from Methot's mills.
The water is feebly saline and contains a portion of boracic acid,
besides sulphuretted hydrogen equal to 75 cubic inches per litre. A
specimen collected in July 1853, afforded the following analysis : —

Chloride sodium '3818 Carbonate magnesia '0257

Chloride potassium "0067 Alumina undet

Sulphate soda '0215 Silica ; '0245

Carbonate soda '2301

" lime '0620 In 1,000 parts of water "7523

Lanoraie, Betthier Co. {a) — A saline spring occurs at a point about
midway between the village of Lanoraie and Industry. The water
evolves large quantities of carburetted hydrogen and contains some-
what large proportions of baryta and strontia as shown in the following
analysis of a specimen collected in March 1851.

Chloride sodium 11 '1400 Carbonate strontia '0137

potassium '1460 " lime "4520

i)arium '0303 " magnesia '4622

strontuim '0185 " iron traces

calcium "2420 " Alumina undet

magnesium "2790 ■' Silica "0552

Bromide " "0283

Iodide " "0052 In 1,000 parts of water I2"8830

Carbonate baryta '0106 Specific gravity 1009 "42

L'Assofnpfi'on, B Assomption Co. (a) — A saline water vvhich some
years ago was used quite extensively and was somewhat widely known
is found in the range of Point du Jour, near the village of L'Assomp-
tion. The spring, known as the " Aurora spring " rises from Cambro
Silurian rocks and an analysis of its waters showed them to contain 7 "36
parts of solid matterin 1,000 of water as well as considerable quantities
of carburetted hydrogen.

Longueuil, Soulanges Co. — In the report of the Geological Survey
Vol. I. 1885 page 12 M is given the analysis of a water from a spring
in this seigniory and which rises from rocks of the Chazy formation.
The spring has an estimated flow of about 450 gallons per minute and
the water was odourless and practically tasteless. The analysis gave the
following result : —

2

181

Chloride sodium "0021 Silica '0092

Sulphate soda '0078

" potassa -0028 -148

" lime '0233 Carbonic acid, half combined . . '0483

Carbonate lime '0673 " " free 0128

" magnesia '0357

" iron traces In 1,000 parts of water '^093

Specific gravity at I5"5° C i .ooo'i6

Maisonneuve, Hochela^a Co. {a) — An examination was made by

Mr. G. C. Hoffmann in the laboratory of the Survey (report Geol. Surv

Vol. IV. 1888-89. P^^^ f^-) of ^ water from a deep boring on the

property of Messrs Viau et Freres at Maisonneuve, near Montreal.

The boring attained a depth of 1.500 teet, in rocks of Cambro-

silurian age from which the water emanated. Of the physical

features of the specimen, Mr. Hoffmann writes as follows: —

" The sample of water sent for examination had, when received, a

faint yet decided odour of sulphuretted hydrogen ; it contained but a

trifling amount of sediment ; colour of the clear water, when viewed

in a column two feet in length, light yellow; taste, mildly saline;

reaction, faintly alkaline."

The analysis gave the following" result : —

Chloride sodium 4'0358 Silica '0135

" potassium . '0301

Sulphate soda 2 '8624 7 '3587

" lime -0867 Carbonic acid, half combined. . . '1658

Carbonate lime "0855 " " free "0503

" magnesia '2447

Alumina trace In 1,000 parts of water 7'';748

Specific gravity at 15 '5° C 1006 '31

Quarante Arpents, Nicolet Co. {a) — Near the line of St. Gregoire

and in the concession of Quarante Arpents occurs an alkaline water,

impregnating a small area of marshy ground in which a pit was dug

and the specimen, of which the following is an a,nalysis, collected in the

Autumn of 1853. The water is yellowish and alkaline in taste, and

rises from rocks of the Hudson River formation : —

Chloride sodium '3290 Carbonate iron undet

" potassium '0318 Alumina "

Sulphate potash traces .Silica "

Carbonate soda i '1353

" lime undet In 1,000 parts of water i "5591

" magnesia "

Rinvdon, Montcalm Co. (a) — In the "Geology of Canada" 1863,
page 541 the following description of two springs in this township is
found : —

182

" Two springs have been examined from the township of Rawdon.
One of the third class from the twenty-fifth lot of the third range, is
soir.ewhat strongly saline, containing 4'96 parts of solid matter, in
I, GOO, and yielding the reactions of baryta, boracic acid, bromine
and iodine. The other from the twenty-seventh lot of the same range
is an abundant spring, of slightly sulphurous water, belonging to the
fourth class, which yields only o'32 parts of solid matter in i,ooo and
contains portions of sulphates and borates, with a trace of bromine.
These springs apparently rise from the Potsdam formation."

Riviere Quelle^ Kamouraska Co. (a) — In the third concession of
the seigniory of Riviere Quelle, are several small basins wherein is
found a saline water. No analyses are available though a partial
examination showed the water to contain 13 "36 parts of solid matter
made up principally of chlorides of calcium and magnesium and a
small proportion of earthy chlorides, in 1,000 parts of water.

Ste. Anne dt la Pocaiiere, Kamouraska Co. (a) — Several saline springs
are known to exist in this seigniory of which however no analyses are
available. Two of these, mentioned in the " Geology of Canada, 1863"
as occuring in the second concession gave 0*36 and 5*06 parts of solid
matter in 1,000 of water, the latter amount (5 '06) being contained in a
bitter saline water holding besides chlorides an abundance of the
sulphates of lime and magnesia. The water affording 0-36 parts is
slightly sulphurous and is strongly saline to the taste.

6"/. Benott, Two Mountains Co. (a) — " A spring nearly opposite to
the old church of St. Benoit, rises thorough the clays, which here
overlie the Potsdam formation. The specific gravity of the water is
1004*3, and it contains about 6'o parts of solid matter to 1,000. This
water * ^ =)= =*= contains traces of carbonates, and large amounts of
calcareous and magnesia salts, both chlorides and sulphates " vide
Geology of Canada, 1863.

St. Enstache, Trvo Mountains Co. (a) — A feebly saline water,
yielding i"88 parts of solid matter to r,ooo of water and rising from
rocks of the Trenton formation occurs near the village of St. Eustache
in the parish of that name.

183

Ste. Genevihe, Batiscan Co. (a) — Several medicinal springs are
known to occur in the vicinity of St. Genevieve and near to the
Batiscan river. The waters which are strongly saline, flow from rocks
of Trenton age, and in the case of that, of which No I is the analysis,
give off no inconsiderable quantities of carburetted hydrogen. The
analyses refer to I, trom a spring about three miles above the church,
and II, from a spring at the ferry landing directly opposite the church.
The specimens examined were collected in August 1853.

Trudel's spring Ferry spring

I II

Chloride sodium 17-2671 "■5094

" potassium '2409 undet

" calcium "6038 -2264

'• magnesium 2 "0523 '8942

Bromide magnesia '0587 "0273

Iodide " -0133 -0183

Carbonate lime 0120 'oiSo

" magnesia 7506 '4464

" iron traces traces

Alumina undet undet

Silica undet undet

In 1,000 parts of water 20-9987 13-1400

6"/. Hyacmthe, St. Hyacinthc Co. — A mineral water, which is now
finding a ready sale throughout the province of Quebec, is obtained at
St. Hyacinthe and sold under the name of " Philudor." No data are
available beyond the following analysis made by Prof. C P. Choquette,
of St. Hyacinthe College :

Chloride sodium 3 -6923 Carbonate manganese -01 14

" potassium -1230 Sulphur -0009

" magnesium '0415 Alumina -0041

" lithium -0074 Silica -0246

Sulphate calcium '0319 Titanic acid traces

" barium '0032 Free carbonic acid -0461

" strontium -0024 Carbonic acid (forming bicarbonates) -0983

Carbonate sodium -0422

" magnesium -0648

" iron -0371

Residue at 180° C in 1,000 parts of water 4 '4423

St. Lion, Maskinongh Co.— The best known and most widely used
medicmal water found in Canada is undoubtedly that obtained at St.
Leon Springs. Large quantities of this water are annually sold in all
the important cities and towns of the Dominion and considerable
quantities are of course used in the baths etc, at the sanitarium erected

184

near the spring. The water is strongly saline and slightly chalybeate
and at the spring evolves considerable quantities of carburetted hydro-
gen. The following analysis was made by Dr. T Starry Hunt and was
confirmed by Prof. O. F. Chandler of Columbia College, New York,
and Jno. Baker idwards Ph.D. etc.

Chloride sodium 677.47S2 Phosphate soda "1690

potassium . i3"6i7o Bi-carbonate lime 29'4405

Ijaiium '6099 ' ' magnesia 82 • 1 280

strontium ■5^)70 " iron "6856

calcium 3 '3338 Alumina '5830

magnesium 59 '0039 Silica ... i '3694

lithium I "6147

Bromide sodium '8108 Grains in imp. gallon 871 "6681

Iodide " "2479 Specific gravity lOi i '8

Sulphate lime "0694

Another spring (<?) in this neighborhood occurring about a mile
from the church at St. Leon and in the valley of the Riviere h. la Glais,
affords a very similar water to the foregoing. The water is saline, has.
a marked chalybeate taste and contains traces of baryta and lithia, and
is accompanied by large quantities of carburetted hydrogen. The
analysis of a specimen collected in October 1848 gave the following

result :

Chloride sodium i r4968 Carbonate lime "3493

" potas.'^ium '1832 " magnesia '9388

" barium "0019 " iron "0145

" strontium "0019 Alumina '0865

" calcium "0718 Silica '0145

magnesium '6636

Bromide magnesium "0091 In i,OGO parts of water I3'8365

Iodide " "0046 Specific gravity ion "23

S^e. Martine, Beauharnois Go. (a) — "A feebly saline water from
the parish of Ste.'Martine, in Beauharnois, * * * probably rises from
the Calciferous formation. It gives I'gS parts of solid matter to 1,000
and contains a small portion of sulphates. The spring is said to be
sulphurous" — vide Geology of Canada, 1863.

Sf. Ours, Richelieu Co. (a) — Some years prior to 1852, in which
year the specimen affording the following analysis was collected, a
spring was tapped while' constructing a lock on the Richelieu River at
St. Ours. .A.S the water could only be obtained by means of a pump it
was difficult to state positively as to the purity of the specimen obtained /"'^^"^
The analysis illustrates the character of the water afforded : 1^ /j^

JLU

185

Chloride sodium -0207 Carbonate iron traces

" potassium '0496 Alumina undet

Sulphate potash 'OoSi Silica 'oieo

Carbonate soda '134°

" lime '1740 In I, ooo parts of water "5311

" magnesia '1287

6V. Severe, St. Maurice Co. — The water of a spring occurring in
this parish has lately been put upon the market under the name of
"Mineral water Divina" though with what success, and under what
conditions the watei occurs, are not known to the writer. The cnly
available analysis is that by Profs. Favard and Pfister of Montreal :

Chloride sodium 55i '68 Phosphate soda 'pS

" potassium 38"59 Bi-carbonate lime 8"6i

" lithium T2<) " magnesium 1 1972

" barium trace " iron iS'oi

" calcium ,1 '49 " manganese '28

magnesia SS'iS Alumina 37'85

Bromide sodium 39^ '87 Silica 5-46

Iodide " 6-42

Sulphate lime trace Grains in imp. gallon 1255 '25

Varennes, Vcrcheres Go. {a) — Two springs known locally as the
" Saline " and " Gas " springs occur at this place, the waters rising
through the clay from rocks near the summit of the Utica or base of
the Hudson River formation. In both instances carburetted hydro-
l^en is given off, in the case of the saline spring in but small quantities
at infrequent intervals, while from the gas spring sufficient was evolved
at one time to warrant its collection and utilization in the lighting of
the house that had been erected over it. In November 1847 the
temperature of the Saline spring was 47^ F. and that of the Gas spring
40° F., the air being 19'' F. Again on the i8th of October in the
following year the temperature was taken and found to be 47-5^ F. in
the Saline spring, while the Gas spring was 45 ■5'' F. fhe atmosphere
being 44"^ F. The following analyses are available :

Chloride sodium . . .
" potassium
Bromide sodium . . .
Iodide

Carbonate soda . . .
" baryta - .

strontia . .
lime . .
magnesia .
iron

Alumina
Silica . . .

In 1,000 parts of water iO'7

Specific gravity iooS'i5

dine Spring

Gas Spring

9-4231

8-4286

•1234

-0382

•0126

-0046

■0054

"0085

•1705

•3260

•0226

•0123

•0140

•C096

•3540

•3490

•5433

•3559

•C048

traces

traces

C(

•0465

•0540

107202

9-5867

1008-15

10077

186

MINERAL WATERS IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

Apotaqui, Kings Co. — A mineral water known as "Apotaqui
Mineral Water " is obtained from a spring about one mile east of the
village of Apotaqui, and has lately been put upon the market with
marked success, being used, both medicinally and in the pure state as an
emulsifier of the fatty oils for which purpose jt is eminently satisfactory,
making, especially with cod-liver oil, a perfect and thorough emulsion.
It has also been used with beneficial effect in the cure of diabetes and
griavel and other bladder affections, as well as derangements of the
digestive organs.

An analysis made in 1886, by Mr. W. F. Best of St. John
resulted as follows : —

Chloride sodium 7600 Iron traces

" potassium "oioS Silica "0090

Sulphate " "0050 Organic matter traces

Carbonate calcium '0125

Bi-carbonate sodium 2"Oi6o In 1,000 parts of water 2"8i83

Magnesium traces

Bennefs Brook, Kings Go. — Near the head waters of Bennet's
Brook are several springs, the waters of which might possibly be more
correctly classed under the head of brines, though they have acquired
a local celebrity on account of their supposed medicinal properties. No
examination has been made as to their contents.

Havelock, Kings Co. — The spring known as the " Havelock Mineral
Spring " is situated in the village of that name and has a daily flow of
about 700 barrels. This water is shipped throughout the lower
provinces and it is claimed has a highly curative effect upon skin
diseases and affections of the digestive organs.

An analysis made in 1889, by Mr. W. F. Best, of St. John gave
the following result : —

Chloride sodium 35 '13 Bi-carbonate magnesium 84'55

Sulphate potassium 8*27 Iron trace

" calcium i '46 Iodine "

Sulphur -09 Silica "

Bi-Carbonate sodium 12 "44

" calcium i9'8o Grains in imp. gallon 161 76

Norton Dale, York Co. — In the vicinity of Norton Dale, a settle-
ment on the Nacawicac River, is a spring affording a water which

187

evolves a sufficient quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, to give the
water a strong sulphurous taste and odour. No examination of the water
has been made, though it is said to be used to a considerable extent
locally. Many similar springs are known to occur m the vicinity, of
none of which, however, is anything definite known.

MINERAL WATERS IN NOVA SCOTIA.
Bras nOr Lake, Victoria Co. — On the north shore of the Little
Narrows, Bras D'Or Lake, and about twelve miles south-west of Baddeck
are several brine springs, a specimen of the water of which was examined
by Mr. G. C Hoffmann (report Geol. Surv. 1873-4, p. 181). Although
more correctly a brine, it has been thought advisable to note its occurrence
here, the following analysis is by Mr. Hoffmann :

Chloride sodium 50"688i Alumina traces

" potassium "1942 Silica "

" magnesium '1593

Sulphate calcium 5'68io In 1,000 parts of water 567226

Unsuccessful efforts were made to utilize this brine in the manu-
facture of salt ; works etc. having been erected and abandoned many
years prior to 1873. Mr, Chas. Robb, who collected the specimen
examined, states that in the neighborhood of the springs, of which there
are several, there is a noticeable odour of sulphuretted hydrogen.

East Bay, Gape Breton Co. — At the junction of the Ben Eoin and
Gaspereaux River roads, and about four miles from the shores of East
Bay, is a spring which at one time had a comparatively wide reputation
and was resorted to by many in search of relief from rheumatic troubles.
The spring rises from syenitic rocks and the water has an unpleasant
brackish and astringent taste. An analysis afforded Prof. Hy. How,
Kings College, Windsor, the following result;
Chloride sodium 343'i i Phosphoric acid traces

" potassium 4*55 Carbonate lime .

calcium 3o8'90 " magnesia.

magnesium 4*47

:}

•60

Sulphate lime '94 Grains in imp. gallon 662*57

Iron , traces Specific gravity at 54° f 1007 '397

Grande Anse, Richmond Co. — In the " Mineralogy of Nova Scotia
1868," page 194, Prof. Henry How, writes thus of a water found at
this place : — "' At Grande Anse, at the mouth of the McKenzie River,
two springs issue from the metamorphic Lower Carboniferous rocks

188

resting on the flanks of a mountain of granite and syenite. The first is
highly sulphurous and contains sulphate of magnesia, and the water has
very decided aperient qualities. The little pool in which it rises is
coated witn a white earthy deposit ; gas is evolved, particularly when the
neighboring ground is trodden on. The second water is mentioned as
having a strong taste of magnesia, not having any sulphurous odour,
and as being much used as a gentle laxative."

Halowell Grant, Antigonish Go. — About eight or nine miles north
of Antigonish and on the Halowell Grant is a spring, the water of which
was analysed by Mr. G. C Hoffmann (report Geol. Surv. Vol I. 1887, p.
15 M.) and gave the following result : —

Chloride sodium . '0793 Carbonic acid half, combined . . '0457

" potassium '0137 " ''ee '0075

Sulpliate Ume '33^^

Carbonate lime •0666 "5922

" magnesia "0296 Chlorine, in excess of that required

" iron ." "0024 by the potassium and sodium. . 'oooi

Alumina '0005

SiUca . 'ooSi In 1,000 parts of water 5923

Phosphoric acid . ". traces Specific gravity at I5'5° C .... 1000*53

Organic matter traces

•5390
The water was inodorous and devoid of any special taste and had

a faint brownish tinge.

Queensville, Inverness Co. — The water of a spring at McMaster's
Mill, Queensville, was examined, (report Geol. Surv. 1879-80, page 7
H) a qualitative analysis showing it to contain the following to the
extent of 5'859 parts of dissolved solid matter in 1,000 parts of water.

Potassa a trace Sulphuric acid a small quantity

Soda a very large quantity Phosphoric acid a " "

Lime a small " Carbonate acid . .a " "

Magnesia a small quantity Chlorine a " "

Ferrous oxide a " '"

Neither bromine nor iodine were detected.

IVdmot, Annapolis Co. — -A curative water now attracting consider-
able attention is obtained near the town of Middleton at what are
known as the Wilmot Spa Springs. These springs have been utilized
since 1830, though the highly curative power of the water was known
prior to that. Besides the quantity annually used at the sanitarium
erected at the springs, large quantities are now used in the preparation

I

189

of aerated table waters and ginger ale. Several analyses are available,

all of which have been made by Prof. Hy. How of Windsor. Of these

the following is typical and is thought sufficient :

Chlori;'.e potassium i '60 Carbonate iron "14

Sulphate soda ^'3S Phosphoric acid traces

" lime . 121 "98 Silica -55

" maj^nesia 5 '35 Organic matter • traces

Carbonate lime 2*70

" magnesia '37 Grains in imp. gallons 141 04

Windsor, Haiits Co. — The following analysis was made by Prof.

Hy. How, (Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1868, page 195) of a water from

a spring which rises from Lower Carboniferous rocks near Windsor.

The water was collected in 1858 and was found to be perfectly colorless

and lo have hut little tasfe; its temperature was 49" F, that of the air

being 31" F, and the specific gravity at 49° F, iooi'858.

Chloride sodium 0:90 Silica o-6o

Sulphate soda o"68 Phosphoric acid and organic

" potassa 0-38 matter trace

" lime io6-2i '

" magnesia 1 1 "02 (trains in imp. gall i38'oo

Carbonate lime 17 "5° Free carbonic acid {1.35 cubic

" magnesia o"3i ft. at 33° F. ) o'(i\

" iron 0'40 '

Miscellaneous localities — Throughout the reports of the Geological
Survey, in How's Mineralogy of Nova Scotia 1868, and many other
publications, maybe found mention of many springs, specific information
regarding which is not given. Among these may be mentioned the so-
called Thermal Spring of Chester, Lunenburg Co., which is said to
afford a slightly better water, probably alkaline in character. At
Cheticamp, Inverness Co., a water is found which is said to have
medicinal properties as is also the case at Gairloch, Pictou Co., and
Earltown, Hants Co. x\nother spring, mentioned by Mr. Hugh
Fletcher, (report Geol. Survey. 187678, page 456) as occuring near Dead-
man's Point, Washaback, Pictou Co., affords a brine smelling strongly of
sulphuretted hydrogen. In Pictou Co., near the mouth of Sutherland's
River, a brine used locally for medicinal purposes issues into the bed
of the river, and at St. Andrews in the same county is located the so-
called "Rotten Spring," the waters of which have acquiied a local
reputation as a cure for rheumatic and other diseases. Other localities
mentioned by Mr. Fletcher (report Geol. Surv. 1879-80, page 133 F)

190

are : Rabbit Isd, Landrie Lake and River Tillard, the water from the
two latter places being chalybeate in character, while that from Rabbit
Island is highly charged with sulphur, which is deposited in the pond
into which it flows.

MINERAL WATERS IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTH

WEST TERRITORIES.

Banff, Alberta. — The waters of the Thermal springs at this
place have of late years commanded considerable attention, though
more particularly since the inaugaration of the Banff National Park and
the erection by the Canadian Pacific Ry., of their large sanitarium.
The curative properties ot the waters are too well known to require
further mention here.

In the Geol. Surv. Rep. Ill, part II, 1887-88, p. 21 T, is an analysis
of a specimen collected by Mr. R. G. McConnell :

Chloride sodium 'oi 10 Silica "0398

Sulphate soda -0089 Organic matter trace

" potassa '0096

" magnesia '2070 '9551

" lime '5627 Carbonic acid, half combined. . . '0510

Carbonate lime ... • 1 1 48 " free '0434

iron "0013

Alumina undet In i ,000 parts of water i '0495

"The water was examined for lithia, iodine, and bromine, but no
other constituents. Distinct evidence was obtained of the presence of
lithia; iodine and bromine were not detected; this does not necessarily
imply that they were not present in the water, in as much as the
amount of water operated on was far less than would be required for
the detection of traces, or even very small quantities of these substances.
Geol. Surv. Rep. Vol III., 1887-88, part II, p. 22 T.

The physical features most apparent were : colourless ; devoid of
any marked taste ; odourless ; reaction faintly alkaline ; specific gravity
of filtered water, at 15. 5*^ €. = 1000-99. Mr. McConnell in referring to
this spring says : — "The water has a temperature of 111° F. in summer,
but it is said to rise to 119° F. in winter. The lower temperature in
summer may be caused by the water being affected to some extent by
the surface drainage, which is more active at that season. It has a
large flow, and is forced up in large quantities through an aperature
several inches in diameter" * * Ibid, page 21 T.

]

191

Brandon^ Manitoba. — A partial analysis was made in the laboratory
of the Survey — Geol. Surv. Rep. 1882-84, p. 18 MM. — of a water from
a shallow well north of Brandon :

Potassa and soda a large quantity ; ?oda predominating

Lime a "

Magnesia . . a "

Sulphuric acid a very large quantity

Carbonic acid a rather large quantity

Chlorine a " small "

Sulphuretted hydrogen

After being filtered it was found to have a content of solids — -dried

at 100° C = equivalent to 268"9 grains to the imp. gall. The water at

the time of the examination smelt strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen

and had a most offensive odour.

Clearwater River., N. W. T. — In the same volume an analysis is

given of a specimen collected by Dr. Robert Bell and labelled as

follows : — " Salt resulting from the evaporation of about five and a half

quarts of water of a spring situated on the north bank of the Clearwater

River, about four miles below the Cascade Rapid, N. W. T. From \

to \ more adhered to the kettle and was lost." The residue handed in

for examination weighed 595 grains.

Potassa very small quantity Ferric oxide very small quantity

Soda " large '" Sulphuric acid " large "

Lime , " " " Chlorine "

Magnesia " " Carbonic acid " " "

Alumina " small " Insoluble residue ..." " "

Rosenfeld Station, Manitoba. — The water was obtained from an
artesian boring made at Rosenfeld Station, C P. R., at a depth of 235
feet, from which depth and lower points the water rises and flows in
considerable quantities, Mr. G. C Hoffmann, Geol. Surv. Rep. I, 1885.
p. 13M — says: — The filtered water was perfectly colorless ; taste,
strongly saline with a very slight bitter after taste ; it did not affect the
color of turmeric paper, but exhibited a slightly alkaline reaction with
reddened litmus paper. The reaction for boric acid, although faint,
was quite distinct. Bromine and iodine are both present — the amount
of the former exceeding, apparently, that of the latter, — but owing to
a total insufificiency of material, the determination of the respective
amounts of these constituents, could not be carried out. The specific
gravity of the water, at i5"5° C, was found to be 1032-86."

192

The analysis gave the following result : —

Chloride sodium 36 "497 1 Sulphate lime 4'i5ii

" potassium '4179 Carbonate lime '0777

" calcium '39^2 " iron traces

" magnesium 1 7225 Silica "0126

Bromide magnesium undet

Iodide magnesium undet Total dissolved solid matter by

Borate soda undet direct experiment dried at 180° C 43 "4280

''The proportion of magnesium assumed to be present as bromide

and iodide, amounts to 0-0596 "

Sulphur Coulee, Ma?iitoba. — Water which rises from Cretacean
shales, was obtained by Dr. G. M. Dawson from the so-called Sulphur
Spring, in Sulphur Coulee, near its junction with the Pembina River,
and submitted for examination to Mr. G. C Hoffmann, who reports as
follows: — Geol. Surv. Rep. II, 1886. p. 13 I: — The filtered water had
a specific gravity at i5"5° C, of iooo'42 and contained o"862 parts
dissolved saline matter, dried at 180° C., in 1000 parts, by weight, of
the water." A qualitative analysis gave the following result : —

Potassa small quantity Sulphuric acid large (juantities

Soda rather large (quantity Carbonic acid " "

Lithia very small quantity Chlorine " "

Lime large quantity ■ Organic matter . . . .small "

Magnesia " "

Western Butte, Sweet Grass Hills, Alberta. — In the same volume
Mr. Hoft^mann gives the following result of the examination of a
specimen collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson from a spring at foot hills of
Western Butte, Sweet Grass Hills, where the water rises from dark
Cretaceous shales. " The water, which as it issues from the spring, is
charged with sulphuretted hydrogen, still contained a large quantity of
that gas. It contained some suspended and sedimentary matter, con-
sisting of carbonate of lime, a little iron, and separated sulphur,
together with argillaceous and organic matter, and some sand. The
filtered water had a specific gravity, at i5"5° C, of 1001 '36. Total
dissolved saline matter, dried at 180^ C, equalled 0-857 parts in 1000"

A qualitative analysis gave the following result : —

Potassa trace Ferrous oxide trace

Soda small quantity Sulphuric acid small quantity

Lithia very distinct quantity Carbonic acid ...... .very large quantity

Lime .fairly large quantity Chlorine small quantity

Magnesia very " " Ilydrosulphuric acid. large "

Alumina " small " Organic matter ... .small "

19^

MINERAL WATERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Dous^herty's Sprifig, Maiden Creek. — This spring known also as the
" Carbonic Acid Spring " on account of the great quantities of that gas
evolved, is on Maiden Creek, south of Clinton, and between that place
and Cargeriles.

Water, collected by Mr. A. Bowman, was examined by Mr. G. C.

Hoffmann, (Geol. Surv. Rep. II, 1886, p. 13 T :) —

Potassa trace Sulphuric acid fairly large quantity

Soda small quantity Carbonic acid large quantity

Lime large ' ' Silica small "

Strontia trace Chlorine " "

Magnesia large quntity Organic matter .... " "

Alumina very small quantity

The water when filtered was found to have a specific gravity, at
i5"5' C, of 1000*90 and contained in 1000 parts of water i"442 parts
of dissolved solid matter, dried at 180*^ C.

Harrisofi Hot Spri?igs. — At the southern end of Harrison Lake
two springs have been noted viz : — The Potash Spring and The
Sulphur Spring, both of which are thermal. Samples of the water were
examined . (Geol. Surv. Rep. IV, 1888-89, part R.)

Potash Spring. — Temperature of water at spring 120° F. The
filtered water was perfectly colourless, inodorous and had a slightly
saline taste ; it showed alkaline reaction with reddened litmus paper but
did not affect turmeric paper

Chloride sodium '4059 Carbonate iron, very small amount undet

" potassium -0202 Alumina undet

" lithium undet Silica '0586

Sulphate soda '4107 Organic matter trace

" lime -2256

" megnesia "0024 In 1,000 parts of water i*i6oo

" strontia undet Specific gravity at 15 "5° C looi'oo

Carbonate lime '0366

Sulphur Spring — Temperature of water at spring, 150° F. Physical
features similar to last with the exception of the specific gravity, which
was at iS'S*' Co., iooi*i3.

Chloride sodium '4471 Sulphate strontia undet

" potassium "0246 Bi-carbonate lime •0621

' ' lithium undet Alumina trace

Sulphate soda "4723 Silica -0662

" lime •2120

" magnesia -0021 In 1000 parts of water i -2864

194

Hot Spring island, Queen Charlotte Islands. — No analysis of the
thermal waters from the spring on this island is available, the only in-
formation at hand is that found in the report on the Queen Charlotte
Islands, by Dr, G. M. Dawson, (Geol. Survey Rep., 1878-9, p. 22 B).
" On the south side of Hot Spring Island is the spring from which it
has been so named. Its situation is easily recognized by a patch of
green, mossy sward, which can be seen from a considerable distance.
Steam also generally hovers over it. The actual source of the water is
not seen, but is probably not far from the inner edge of the mossy
patch. * * I had no thermometer reading sufficiently high to take the
temperature of the warmest streams, in which the hand could scarcely
be held with comfort. * * The water has a slight smell of sulphuretted
hydrogen, and a barely perceptible saline taste. The stones over
which it flows, in some places show traces of a whitish deposit, and the
streams and pools are choked with a slimy confervoid growth."

Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. — In Geol. Surv. Rep., 1872-73, p. S2,
is an analysis of a saline water, from the so-called " Salt Spring at
Nanaimo." The water, according to Mr. Jas. Richardson, who col-
lected the specimen, issues from the coal-bearing strata near the
Douglas seam, and had, in 1872, an estimated flow of about 3,500
gallons per diem. The Hudson Bay Co., prior to that date, had
erected a building near the spring with the intention of manufacturing
salt from the water, but the enterprise was abandoned, probably on
account of the impurities the product would contain.

Chloride sodium 39'ii7 Carbonate iron traces

" potassium '627 Alumina '038

" calcium io"049 Silica '038

" magnesium '135

Sulphate lime i '803 In 1000 parts of water 52'I54

Carbonate lime "347 Specific gravity i ;o39-oo

Shuswap Lake. — In Geol. Surv. Rep., 1877-78, p. 25 B, Dr. G.
M. Dawson describes a spring on the Spallumsheen Arm, Shuswap
Lake. The spring is known to the Indians as " Pil-pil-poopil," and
flows into a shallow bay. No data regarding the character of the water
are available, beyond the fact that it has a faint, ferruginous taste, and
traces of sulphuretted hydrogen. The temperature of the water as it
comes to the surface of tbe bay was, in August, 1877, 70*^ F.

195

Upper Columbia Lake, North End. — About seven and a half miles
north of the north end of Upper Columbia Lake is located a thermal
spring, the water of which afforded (Geol. Surv. Rep. II, 1886, p. 15 T)
the following result :

Potassium trace Sulphuiic Acid .... very large quantity

Soda rather small quantity Carbonic acid " " "

Lithia trace Silica trace

Baryta " Chlorine fairly large quantity

Strontia very small quantiy Organic matter . . .small quantity

Lime " large " In 1000 parts of water, dried

Magnesium large quantity at 180 "C 2'i77

Ferrous oxide trace Specific gravity at I5'5° C looi "48

Dr. G. M. Dawson, who collected the specimen, states that the
discharge is not less than 20 gallons per minute, and that the tempera-
ture at the hottest point was ii2^F.

Vermtllion Pass. — Dr. G. M. Dawson reports several chalybeate
springs which flow out through the gravel on the river flats about 6
miles west of the summit and near the place alluded to in his report as
" the bend." He states that the springs are copious and of such
a character as to suggest their use medicinally. — Vide Geol. Surv. Rep.
I, 1885, p. 120 B.

Many thermal and other springs are, of course, known locally in
British Columbia, but no data are available. Of some, how-
ever, although no analyses are at hand, the following notes by Dr. G.
M. Dawson in his " Report on the .Vlineral Wealth of British Columbia
Geol. Surv. Rep. Ill, 1887-88, 162 R. may not prove uninteresting.

'■ Admiralty Island. — Salt spring. According to analysis quoted
by Pemberton in the place above cited ( Nanaimo). The spring con-
tains 65 parts of saline matter to 1,000, but with more impurities than
the last ( Nanaimo )."

'•'■ Near Lilooet River. — about five miles from head of Harrison
Lake. Hot springs known as St. Agnes's Well ; no particulars."

" Sinclair Pass — Rocky Mountains, Hot Springs, on south side of
Berland's Brook, near the point at which it issues from the mountains
into the Upper Columbia valley. Three springs reported, and said to
be copious. Mr. John McKay, who discovered these springs, states
the temperature ot one as 118° F."

^'- Elk River Valley. — Rocky Mountains, about lat. 50*^7 ; warm
sulphur spring reported on east side of river, by Mr. H. M. Hatfield."

196

'•' Kootanie Lake. — Hot springs, giving its name to the " Hot Springs
Mining Camp." Situated on west side of lake, directly opposite the
" Blue Bell Claim." Several springs occur near the edge of the lake
and some below the water level, temperature estimated at about loo^ F."

'■'■Upper Arrow Lake. — Hot springs. On the east side ot the lake,
twelve miles from its head, and one hundred and fifty yards from the
lake. Said to be about as hot as can comfortably be borne in bathing."

" Albert Canyon Station. C. P. /?>'.— Hot spring. About a mile to
the north of the station. Temperature about the same as the last.

^^ Near Upper Arrow Lake. — Hot spring reported by Indians at
some distance back from the lake, 3 or 4 miles from its southern end."

" Near Albert Canyon Station. — " Soda spring." One mile and a
half west of the station on south side of the track. This and the
following springs are known as " soda springs" in consequence of the
presence of large quantities of carbonic acid gas."

'■'■Near Game's Creek. — On west side of Columbia River and
opposite the mouth of Game's Creek. Groups of springs with copious
escape of carbonic acid gas."

^^ Near Dow nie Creek. — " Soda spring." Is situated about three
fourths of a mile north-west of the trail from Downie to Gold creek and
about four miles from the latter."

^^ Four miles above Smith's Creek. — West side of Columbia River.
Springs with considerable escape of carbonic acid gas, and deposition
of iron-oxide, reported."

"Skeena River. — Left bank abo"ut fourteen miles above " Inverness
Cannery." Hot spring, no particulars."

"■Stikine River. — Hot spring. Situated a short distance above
Buck's Bar and directly opposite the Great Glacier. No particulars."

" Kennicot Lake. — At head of south branch of Taku River. Hot
spring. Said to feed the lake. (Alaska and its Resources. Dall, p. 628)"

" McDonald's Oil Spring. — Head waters of Omineca River, lat. 56°
This spring is marked as above on Trutch's map of British Columbia.
It is not, however, an oil spring, but is described as a small! mound
in the centre of which a hollow exists charged with carbonic acid to
such an extent as to prove fatal to birds and small animals."

197

INDEX.

A. A. A. S. Meecing, 71.

Agricul'l Investigations at Rothamsted, 89.

Albino Aste7- NovcB-Anglice, 104.

Liatris scariosa, 1 16 .

Limncea stai^nalis, 1 18.

Panser domesticus, 1 1 8.

Verbena hastata, 116.
Ami, H. M., Address by, 53, 98.

Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. Meeting, 78. '

Excursion to the Peche, 96.

Geol. Soc'y of America, Meeting, 83,

. 137, 152-
Mineralogical Notes, 105.
Notes on Geology and PaliEontology of

Ottawa, 73.
Quebec Group, 41.
Anthracnose of the Grape, 114.
Aspleuiuni ruta-muraria, 1 15.
Aster NovcB-Anglice, Colour varieties, 104.
Autumn tints, 1 13.

Bagnall, J. E. , On Macoun's Catalogue,

Part VI, Musci, 12 1.
Bailey, L. W , Address by, 53.
Barren-ground Caribou, Winter home of

the, 121.
Belhune, Rev, C. J. S., Address by, 53.
Blue Mountain, Leeds, Ont., Natural

History of, 45.
Botanical Nomenclature. Rules. 87.
Botany, edited by W. Scott, 104, 113.
Book Notices.

Bailev, L. H., Cultivated Native Plums

and Cherries, 80.
Brumell, H. P., Manganese Ores in

Canada, 105.
Edwards, W. H., Butterflies of North

America, 168.
Macoun, John, Catalogue of Canadian

Plants, Musci, 121.
Martin, H. T. , Castorologia, 108, 123,

126.
Ormerod, E. A., Text -book of Agricu'l

Entomology, 122.
Portland Catalogue of Maine Plants, 136.
Riley, C. V., Instructions for Collecting

Insects, 67.
Scudder, S. H., A Book for Boys on

Butterflies, 69.
Vasey, George, Grasses of the Pacific

Slope, 135.
Warington, Robt., Lectures on Agricul-
ture, 89.

Whiteaves, J. F., Orthoceratidse of
Winnipeg Basin, 68.

Brit. Ass. Advt. Science, Meeting at Edin-
burgh, 78.

Brumell, H. P., Mineral Waters ot Can-
ada, 167, 173.

Burgess, T. J. W., On a Fern new to
Canada, 115 .

Calosoma scrutator ■slV Ottawa, 113.
Chubbuck, C. E.^D., Native Song-birds,

112.
Clothes Moths, 125.
Coleoptera from the Cypress Hills, 149.
Council, Annual Report, 1891-92, 23.
Country North of the Ottawa, 157.
Cowley, R. H., Introduced Plants, 115.
Craig, John, Anthracnose, 114.

Autumn tints, I13.

Bailey's Cultivated PUans and Cherries,
80.

Destructive Disease of Native Plums, 109.

Fusicladium on Cherry, 115.

Impotency of Flybrids, 1 15.

Destructive Diseases of Plums, 109.

Ells, R. W., The Country North of the
Ottawa, 157.

Entomology, Edited by W. H. Harring-
ton, 84, 103, 113, 150, 168.

Entomological Branch, Rep. for 1891-92,

'47-.
Excursions : No. I, Kirk's Feriy, 44, 51-
No. 2, Casselman, 56, 55.
No. 3, La Peche, 72, 88, 96.

Fall Web-worm, 70.

Fauna Ottawaensis, Hemiptera, 25.

Fletcher, J., Address by, 97.

Botanical Notes, 104.

Clothes Moths, 125.

Editorial Notes, 107, 120.

Entomological Notes, 103.

Fall Web-worm, 70.
Ftisicladiiim dendrilicum Q-n Cherry, 115.

Gentiana Saponaria, 104.
Geological Society of America, 82,

137, 152-
Glacial Epoch, A., 170.
Glyceiia elont^ata, 104.

108,

198

Harrington, W. H., Cypress Hills Coleop-

tera, 149.

Entomological Notes, 84, 103, 150.

Fauna Ottawaensis, Hemiptera, 25.

Glacial Epoch, A., 170.

Report of Council, 1892, 24.
Helianthus decapetalus, 104.
Helix ckfitifera, 1 1 8.
Hemiptera of Ottawa, 25.
Hudsonian Chickadee, 113.

Impotency of Hybrids, 114.
Introduced Plants, 115.

Kingston, A. G., Albinism in English
Sparrow, lOO.
Chimney Swifts, 86, 137.
Migration Notes, 100.
Ornithological Notes, 86, 100, 137.
Swallows, 87.

Treasurer's Report, 1891-92, 56.
White-headed Eagle, 137.

Latchford, F. R., Albino Limncea stagna-
lis, 118.

Helix dentifera, 1 1 8.
Lees, W.A.D., Hudsonian Chickadee, 113.
Lehmann, A., Parasitic Fungi, 38.

Properties of Water, 57.

MacCabe, Dr., Address of Welcome, 141.
McConnell, R. G., Ovis Cattadensis Dalli,

130.
Mackenzie River Notes, 117-
Macoun, John, Address by, 98.

Fauna and Plora of the Selkirks, 172.

Mackenzie River Notes, 117.
Members, List of, 3.
Mineral Waters of Canada, 167, 173.
Mollusca of Canada, 33.

Natural Phosphates, "].

Natural History Observations, 43.

Natural Science in Illinois, 332.

Ornithology, Edited by A. G. Kingston,
86, 100, 112, 137.

Ovis Canadensis Dalli, 130.

Parasitic Fungi, 38.
Phosphates, 7.
Potato-rot, 104.

Prevost, L. C, Food in Health and Dis-
ease, 172.
Provancher, L'Abbe, Obituary notice, 44.

Rangeley Lake Trout, 119.
Royal Soc'y of Canada, Ann. Meeting, 37.
Natural History Observations, 43.

Science-Teaching at Ottawa, 107.
Scott, W., Aster Novce-AnglicE, 104.

Botanical Notes, 104, 114.

Glycetia elongafa, 104.

Heliantlnis decapetalus, 104.
Sequence of Strata of Quebec Group, 41.
Shutt, V . T., Addre.sses, 52, 65, 96.

Inaugural Address, 141.

Notes on Warington's Lectures on
Agriculture, 89.
Snow Buntings, 112.
Song-birds, native, 112.
Sub-Excursion to Beaver Meadow, Hull,

55-
to Rockliffe, 55.

Taylor, Rev. G. W., Check-list of Cana-
dian Mollusca, 33.

Treasurer's Balance-sheet, 1891-92, 56.

Tyrrell, J. B., Winter home of the Barren-
ground Caribou, 128.

Umbrella Mushrooms, 204.

Water, Some of the Properties of, 57.
Weston, T. C, Beetles from the Cypress

Hills, 149.
Whiteaves, J. F., Salvclinus Oqnassa, 120.
Whyte, R. B., Addresses, 53, 65, 97.
Wills, J. Lainson, Natural Phosphates, 7.
Winter Lectures, loS, 139, 141, 172.

Young, Rev. C. J., Natural History of
Blue Mountain, 45.

3

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Volume VI. No. 1.

(Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 18S4.)

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Annual Report of Council, 1891-92 23

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(Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 1884.)

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Fauna Ottawaensis — W. Hague Harrington

Preliminary Check-List of the Land and Freshwater Molhisca of Canada
— AVz'. George W. 'J ay lor, Victoria, B.C

Ro)'al Society of Canada . .-

Parasitic P'ungi — Adolph Lehmann', B.S.A

On the Sequence of Strata forming the Quebec Group of Logan and
Billings, with Remarks on the Fossil Remains found therein —
Hetiry M. Ami, M.A., F. G.S., &c

Na' ural History Observations

Obituary

Excursion No. i — To Kirk's Ferry

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41
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Canadian Mining Regulations.

'"PHE following is a summary of the Regulations with respect to the manner of
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At any time before tlie expiration ot five years from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with the Local Agent that he has
expended $500.00 in actual mining oi)erations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 p)er acre. cash and a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent for said claim as provided in the said Mining I'cgulations.

Copies of til- Negulations mat/ be obtained upon iipphc:ii ion /.- ihe
Departnieut of the, I nierior.

iL. x/r. B"crriGS33,

Deputj' of the .Minister ol the Interior

DeI'AJ{TMEN-I

OttaM-a, Canada,

OF THE Interior,
December 19th, 1887

.!

EXCURSION No. i— KIRK'S PERRY-JUNE 4th.

HENRY WATTERS,
dlhemist and iruggist,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

ROBERTSON BROS.,

5ookse ers and Staiioners,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

J. D. TAYLOR,

Book and Job Printer,

48 Rideau Street,
OTTAWA.

C. P. WILLIiVIOTT & CO.

■ 333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Minera ogists | Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully jsre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,
SS Sparks Street-

MICROSCOPE

POR SALE. - Solid brass' stank with
-*- inclination joint and mechanical stage.
Two oculars and three objectives, i in.,
X in- and yi in., magnifying from 25 to
750 diameters (multiplying from 625 to
562500). Glasses of good derinition. Cam-
1 era lucida and other accessories. Every-
thing in a good state of preservation.

FRANK T. SHUTT,. Chemist,

Central Experimenta -Farm

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decorations. Mannfactui'er

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - 01 lAWA.
BOARDING and DAY SCHOOL

— FOR —

TOTJITG LiLD^ES.

(Established 1S62.)
MISS A M. HARMON, - PRINCIPAL

MEN'S'OUTFITTER, '

0!) SPARKS ST..

OTTAWA, - ■ - ONTARIO.

A. J. STEPHENS,

F I iN PJ S H 0 E S ,

3« SPAKKS ST.

Bck'/s and ^hoes Made to Meas^iire.

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

EXCURSION No. 2 TO CASSBLMAN JULY 9th.

e)

July.. 18 g 2

(o

.^

^

/a

\
..>,

fpB

Volume VI. No. 3.

-J
1.

(Orgnnized Muroh, 1S79. I ncorpor.-ited March, 1884.)

I

6©f5fE9fS.

Pack

Notes on the Natural History of the Blue Mountain, Co. Leeds, Ontario.

— Rev. C. J. y'ot//i<^, Lnnsdinviie, Out 45

Excursion No. i — To the Cascades of the Gatineau 51

Sub-Excursions 55

Treasurer's Balance Sheet 56

Excursion No. 2. . , .•.".■.'. 5*^'

OTTAWA, CANADA:

Taylor's rRiNiiNo House, 48 Rideau Street.

>^

fe;

Issued June jotk^ i8g2.

Xl

.s

Published Monthly at $1.00 per annum.

o

Patron :
HIS PLXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON,

GC)VERNOK GeNKRAL OF CaNADA.

Presideni : Dr. George M. Dawson.

Vice- Presiden ts :

1ST, Frank T. Shutt, | 2Nu, W. Hague Harringiox.

Secretary: Dr. Henry M. Am[, Geolo.Q;ical Survey Dept .
Treasurer: A. G. Kingst.)N, Dept. Public Works.
Librarian : William Scoir, Normal School.
P^ ■ /Miss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. .Lovick,
(James Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

Stunbing (li^ommittccs of Council :

Pyblishing — James Fletcher, Editor ; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assisiatit Ediiors.

Excursions — Dr. H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirees — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolton, Jams s Flftcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

ITcabcrs :

^eolo^y and Aiineraloi^y H. M. .Ami, W. F. Feurikr, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botany — R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Concholoi^y — F. R. Latchford, J. F. Whiteavks
Entonioiogv—W. H. Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlix.
Ortiitholooy — A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees, Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoolooy — Fr^nk T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Bali.antyne.

The Librarian will furnish the Publicalions of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

l^art J, Not sold singly. \

" 2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts. l$r.oo for Vol. L

" 3, 25 " "15 " I'o members, 70 cts.

;; 4, 25 -^ -^ 15 -'^ J

'! ^' ^° u !! ^° u i $1.00 f-r Vol. (I

u ' u u a I I'J member-- 150 <^"ts.

7, 30 '' 20 J ' -^

The Ottawa Naturalist, $1.00 per annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents ; to niembers, 5 cents.
(Quarterly parts, 25 oents each ; to members, 15 cents

Extras— Billings, W. R. Palaeontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R. W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, loc.

a

s XT nvE nvr A T^ Y

OK

Canadian Mining Regulations

'P] IE following is a suiiiinaiy of tlie Regulations with respect to the uiiuiiifr of
I recording clai7ns for Mineral Lands, other tliau Coal Lands, and tlie coiiditions
governing the purchase of the same.

Any person may explore vacant Dominion Lands not apjiropriated or reserved
by Goveninient ibf otlier purposes, and may search tlieiein, either Ly surface or
subterranean [trospecting, for niineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted tintil actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of luineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim.

A location for mining, exce])t for Iron or Petrnleiun, shall not be more than
1500 toet in length, nor more than 6(K) feet in breadth.
Iron or I'elroi.e'-um shall not exceed ItiO acres in area.

A location for mining

On discovering a mineral dejjosit any person maj' obtain a mining location,
upon marking out his location oji the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
tliai behalf, and filing with the Agent, of Dominion Lands for the district, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in fonn prescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which will entitle the
person so recording liis claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before tlie expirfltion of five j'ears from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with tlie Local Agent that h^ has
expended §500.01) in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 ])er acre cash and a further .sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent for said claim as juovided in tlie said Mining Regulations.

(Jopleti of Ui,(', llegid dloiix uliii/ ha uhUil/ieil njion <ij)pliciiiion lu ihv.
DepaftDient oj the Intcr'n)!-.

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior.

Dei'autmeni of Till'. Lnti'.kioi:,
Ottawa, Canada, Delimiter It'th, ]S87.

HENRY WATTERS,
Chcmi.st and pru^gisl,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

C. p. WILLI MOTT & pO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogists | Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to- select from.
Rock sections for ir»i<^roscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. ^ev\d
for catalogue. • ■

ROBERTSON BROS..

Booksellers and Staiioners,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

J. D. TAYLOR,

Book and Job Printer,

48 Rideau Street,
OTTAWA.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL- RAIL COAL,
SS Sparlrs S"bree"b-

WM. HO^WE,

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decoiations. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

MEN'S OUTFITTER,

99 SPARKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - - - ONTARIO.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FINESHOES,

3!) SPAllKS ST.

Boots and "Shoes Made to Measure.

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

NOTICE- EXCURSION No. 3, SEPT. 3rd. See p. 72.

)-\

'~e)

•-^

O

August; 18 g 2

sppB

*

@Y^J1W^ 5^Y(!I]^^M8Y*

Volume VI. No. 4.

Tb«

1 te . -^ 1

(Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 1884.)

Page

Some of the Properties of Water — Adolph Lehtnann, B.S.A 57

Excursion to Casselman — No. 2 65

Book Notices 67

A Book for Boy> , 69

The Fall Web- Woi m-^/. Fletcher 70

A.A.A.S. — Annual Meeting 71

Excursion No 3 72

cT

OTTAWA, CANADA:

Taylor's Printing House, 48 Rideau Street.

'A

Csj

Issued August 3rd, i8g2.

@_

^^

Published Monthly at $i.oa per annum.

Putro7i :
HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON,

GOVERHOR GkNKRAL OF CaNADA. .

President : Dr. George M. Dawson.

Vice-Presidents :

1ST, Frank T. Shutt, | 2ND, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary : V)^. Henry M. Am[, Geological Survey Dept.
Treasurer : A. G. KingsT'IN, Dept. Public AVorks.
Librarian : William Scott, TSTormal School.
C tt ■ /■'^'^ss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
\James Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

Slanbiug Committees of (Council :

PnblisJwig — James Fletcher, Editor ; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assistant Editors.

Excursions — Dr. H. M. Ami, .A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirtes — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolton, JameS Fletcher,
William Scott, Jamf.s M. Macoun.

JTjeabers :

Geology and .\/inera/oxy H. M. Ami, W. F. Ferrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
^ Botany — R, H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Conchology — F. R. Latchford, J. F. Whiteaves.
Entomology — W, H. Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
Orniihologv — A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees. Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian will furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

Part I, Not soKi sing'y. \

" 2, 25 cts. ; to mcnbers, 15 cts. |$i.oo for Vol. L

" 3, 25 " " 15 " To members, 70 cts.

" 4, 25 " " 15 " J

u I' ^° « u 1° u I $1.00 for Vol. H

u ^' ^Q <. u 20 " j ^ ° members, 50 cts.

The Ottawa Natu'alist, $1.00 per annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents ; to member-, 5 cents.
Quarterly parts, 25 cents each ; to members, 15 <L-nts

Extras — Billings, W. R. Palogontology, An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R, W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, IOC. ' i

^TJls/LlS/LJ^T^ir

OF

Canadian Mining Regulations

InT OTIC E.

THE following is a summary of the Re^ilatioiis with respect to the mauuer of
recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same.

Any jierson may explore vacant Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved
by Government ibr other purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted rmtil actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim.

A location for mining, excejit for Iron or Petroleum, shall not be more than
1500 feet in length, nor more tlian 6(iU feet in breadth. A location for mining
Iron or Petroleum shall not exceed ItiO acres in area.

On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location,
upon marlving out his location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lands for the district, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in form prescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which will entitle the
person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before the expiration ol five years from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with the Local Agent that he has
expended $500.00 in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 per acre cash and a farther sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent for said claim as provided in the said Mining Regulations.

Copies of tkn Regulations laai/ be obtained uijoii application to thn
Department of the Ihierior,

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior.

Department of t\\% Interior,
Ottawa, Canada, December 19th, 1887

.i

HENRY WATTERS,
(Hhnnifit and pruggist,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

C. p. WILLIMOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogists | Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Booksellers and Staiioners,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

J. D. TAYLOR,

Book and Job Printer,

48 Rideau Street,

OTTAWA.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,

QS Sparks S-breet-

WM. HOWi3,

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decoration.s. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

MEN'S OUTFITTER,

99 SPARKS ST.,

OTTAWA, . - . ONTARIO.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FINE SHOES,

39 SPARKS ST.

Boofs and S/ioes Made to Measure.

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

EXCURSION TO LA PECHE, SEPT. 3rd. See p. 88.

:^'>i

e)

-2-, -2 ...

September, 18 g

o

<2. _1_±.

*

!

sppB

VriTTTIWW VT V/\ K

Volume VI. No. 5.

f

* yff ayv^a • Kield =r70:IuF0:lisfs' • EIu

(Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 1884.)

r»

TVT Page
Additional Notes on the Geology and Palreon trilogy of Ottawa and its

Environs— i^. ^f. And, M.A., D.^c, F.G.S., &fc 73

British Association for the AdvancGnnent of Science 78

Book Notice 80

The Geological Society of America 82

Entomoiogy^^a'2te/(5jj/ W. Hague Harrington 84

Ornithology' — " A. G. Kingston 86

The New Rules for Botanical Nomenclature 87

Excursion to La Peche— No. 3 88

♦-^'^

OTTAWA, CANADA:
Taylor's Printing House, 48 Rideau Street.

(3)

Issued September isi, i8g2.

T

^.

"S"

^A

Published Monthly at $1.00 per annum.

Patron :
HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON,

Governor GKNr.R.\L of Canada.

President : Dr. George M. Dawson.
Vice-Preside7its :
1ST, Frank T. Shutt, " | 2Nd, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary: Dr. Henry M. Ami, Geological Survey Dept.

Treasurer: A. G. Kingston, Dept. Public Works.
Librarian : William Scott, Normal School.
^ . /Miss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
Lommiitee : jj^^j^.g Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

§ianLiing (fLommittcts of Conndl :

Publishing; — James Fletcher, Editor ; W\ H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assistant Editors.

Exairs:ons—\)^. H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Hakmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirees — Frank T. Shuti', Miss E. Bolton, Jami s Fletcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

ITrabrrs :

Geoloi^y and \iineraIog,y - H. M. Ami, W. F. Fekrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botajiy — R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Conchology — F. R. Latchford, J. F. VVhiteaves.
Entomology— \W. FL Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlix.
Orniiholo^x — A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees, Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

((

3^

25

15

((

4,

25

15

(1

5»

30

20

(C

6,

40

25

((

7,

z?

20

'^v\Q Librarian will furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

Part I, Not sold singly.

2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts. $1.00 for Vol. \.

I'o members, 70 cts.

( $1.00 f.r Vol. II
I To members, 50 cts.

'l"he Ottawa Naturalist, $1.00 jjcr annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents • to member-, 5 cents.
Quarterly i>3rts, " • \ich ; to members, 15 ccnl^s

Extras — Billings, . 'aloeo.ntolo-^y. An elementary lecture,

l)p. II,
Ells, R. \\ as ; its history, mode of occurrence and

uses, p

s TJ nvr nvE ^ i^ Y

OF-

Canadian Mining RGguIations.

nsroTioE!.

'^piIE following is a summary of the Regulations with respect to the manner of
I recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same.

An}' person may explore vacant Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved
by Government lor other purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for juineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining
location for tiie same, but no mining location shall be granted until actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim.

A location for mining, exce]>t for Iron or Petroleum, shall not be more than
1500 leet in length, nor more tliau 600 feet in breadth. A location for mining
Iron or Petroleum shall not exceed 160 acres in area.

On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location,
upon marking out his location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lands for the district, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in form ]>rescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which will entitle the
person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before the expiration ot five yeai's from tlie date of recording his
claim, the claiuuuit inay, upon filing proof Mitli tlie Local Agent that lie has
expended $500. oo in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 per acre cash and a farther sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent f(jr said claim as provided in the said Mining Regulation?.

Copies of tkii RejuLdious nimj be obtained tipoti appUcalion to the.
Dejjartiiie;)d of the. Interior.

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior.

DKrAKTMKNT OF Till!. InTEUIOR, )

Ottawa, Canada, December 19th, 1887. \

HENRY WATTERS,
Clhcmist and iruggist,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Bookse ers and Staiioners,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

C. p. WILLIMOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Minera ogists | Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

J. D. TAYLOR,

Book and Job Printer,

48 Rideau Street,
OTTAWA.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,
SS Spa-rlcs Street-

•

WM. HOWE,

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decorations. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints L Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

MEN'S OUTFITTER,

99 SPARKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - . . ONTARIO.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FINE SHOES,

39 SPARKS ST.

Boofs and 'S>hoes Made to Measure.

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

■*)•

\

ffl

HI

•••-f-$>

(£>

October, 18 g 2

sppB

.©TT^Wfi ]5^Jfe[]^J4M8f .

The Beaver (Castof fiber.)

Page
Notes on Six Lectures delivered by Rol^ert Waiington, F. R.S., on the

Agricultural Investigations at Rothamsted, England— /)y Frank T.

Shutt, M.A., F.I.C., &-'c 89

Excursion 111., to North Wakefield, Que 96

Ornithology 100

Entomology 103

Botany . 104

Mineralogical Notes 105

Editorial Notes 107

J*

^)/

OTTAWA, CANADA:
Taylor's Printing House, 48 Rideau Street,

Issued October ist, i8g2.

^

bj

9

^

j<K

Published Monthly at $1,00 per annum.

Patron :

HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON,

Governor General of Canada.

President : Dr. George M. Dawson.
Vice-Presidents :
TST, Frank T. Shutt, ] 2Nd, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary : Dr. Henry M. Ami, Geological Survey Dept.

Treasurer : A, G. Kingston, Dept. Public Works.
Librarian : William Scott, Normal School.
^ . TMiss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
Committee : jj^j^j^g Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

Stanbiug Committees of Council :

Publishing — James Fletcher, Editor ; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assistant Editors.

Excursions — Dr. H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirees — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolion, James Fletcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

^fabcrs :

Geology and Mineralogy - H. M. Ami, W. F. Ferrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botany — R, H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Conchology — -F. R. Latchforu, J. P^ VVhiteaves.
Entomologv — W. H- Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
Ornithology^K. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees. Prof. J. Macoun.
Z(9t'/^^j'— Frank T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian wiil furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

Part I, Not sold singly. \

" 2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts. [$i.oo for Vol. L

" 3, 25 " " 15 " jTo members, 70 cts.

" 4, 25 " " 15 " J

u 5' ^° .. ^^ J° .^ ( $1.00 for Vol. H.

,, ' ^ , u u (lo members, £;o cts.

" 7, 30 20 j ' ^

The Ottawa Naturalist, $1.00 per annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents ; to members, 5 cents.
Quarterly parts, 25 cents each; to members, 15 cents

Extras — Billings, W. R. Palaeontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R. W. Asbestus \ its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, IOC.

s xj nyi in^ ^ i^ Y

— OK

Canadian Mining Pisgulations

''PHE following is a summary of the Regulations with rfspect to the manner of
1 recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the laircliase of the same.

Any person may explore vacant Dominion T^ands not appropriated or reserved
by Government ibr otlier purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted until actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the- limits of
the location of claim.

A location for mining, except for Iron or Petroleum, shall not be more than
1500 feet in lengtli, nor more than 600 feet in breadth. A location for mining
Iron or Petroleum shall not exceed 160 acres in area.

On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location,
upon marking out his location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lanris for the district, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in form prescribed by Mining Eegulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which will entitle the
pej^on so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before the expiration of five years from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with the Local Agent that h« has
expended $500.00 in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 per acre cash and a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent for said claim as provided in the said Mining Regulations.

Copies of the lieguLuions may be obtained uj/oti application to the
Department of the Interior.

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior.

Department of tue Interior, {
Ottawa, Canada, December 19th, 1887. \

HENRY WATTERS,
(Bhemlst and pruggiBt,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

OTT.A.V7"^.

C. p. WILLIMOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogists | Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you vi^ant something new. Send
for catalogue.

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Booksellers and Stationers,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
- order.

■WM. IIO'W^E,

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decorations. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FINE SHOES,

39 SPAKKS ST.

Boots a?id S/ioes Made to Measure.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,
QS Spa-rlss Stroe-b-

MEN'S .OUTFITTER,

99 SPARKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - . - ONTARIO.

Indian Legends.

Hunters' Notes.
Historical l\lotes.

Scientific Facts.

Heady Oct. 1st-

CASTOROLOGIA

— OR —

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS
OF THE CANADIAN BEAVER,

— BY —

HORACE T. MARTIN, F.Z.S.

An Exhaustive Monograph, popularly written and fullj-
Illustrated.

Wm. Drysdale & Co., 232 St. James St., Montreal.

ED. STANFORD & CO.,
26 & 27 Cockspur St., Charing Cross, London.

1892. s

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

The Beaver (Castor Canadensis, Kuhlj.

e§9TE5^^

Page

A Destructive Disease of Native Plums— By John Craig. 109

Ornithology 112

Entomology 1 1 ^

Bot

tany .

114

Conchology 118

Zoology 119

Editorial Notes 120

Hook Notices I2i

OTTAWA, CANADA:

Taylor's Printin'g <H9use, 48 Rideau Street.

Issued J^ovembe/ ist, i8q2.

T-

_- 6)

;?_

\fvr

Published Monthly at $T.oo per annum.

Patrol :

HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON

Governor Geniral of Canada.

President .-Ti^i.Qf's.o'&G^ M. Dawson.

V^ice- Presidents :

1ST, Frank T. Shutt, | 2Nd,',,W. Hague Harring ion.

Secretary: Dr. Henry M. Ami, Geological Survey Dept.
Treasurer: .A.. G. Kingston, Dept. Public Works.
Librarian : W^ILLIAM Scott, Normal School.
^ /Miss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,

\ James Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

^lanbing Committrcs of Council:

Publishing — James Fletcher, Editor ; ^\.'i{. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, 4ssistant Ediwrs.

Excurszons — Dr. H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. LoyicK.

Soirees — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolton, James Fletcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

I^cabirs :

Geo/oi,)' and Miner aloi^y H. M. Ami, W. F. Ferrikr, Dr. R. W^ Ells.
Botany-—!^, H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Concholof^y—Y . R. Latchforu, J. F. Whiteaves-
Entonwlogx — W. H Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
Orniiholooy — A. (i Kingston, 'W. A. D. Lees. Prof. J, Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt-, Prof. Magoun, J. Ballantyne.

u

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The Librarian will furnish the Publications of the Club at the
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Extras — Billings, W. R. Palseontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, sc ♦

Ells, R W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, loc.

s xj :m: nyn ^ I?. Y

OF-

Canadian Mining Regulations

THE following is a summary of tlie Regnlatioiis iwith respect to the maimer of
I recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same.

Any person may explore vacant Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved
by Government lor other purposes, and may sea.cli therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral deposits, wHh a view to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted ulftil actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim.

itaaA ^^^^"^""^^ f°'" mining, except for Iron or Petroleum, shall not be more than
1500 leet in length, nor more tlian 600 feet iir breadtli. A location for mining
Iron or Petroleum shall not exceed 160 acres in area.

On discovering a mineral dc].osit any person mav obtain a mining location,
upon marking out his location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
thai behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lands for thedistrict, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in form prescribed by iAIining Regulations
and paying at the same time an office fee of fi-.e dollars, which will eiititle the
person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before the expiration ol five years- from the date of recording- hi«
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with the Local Agent that ]ie° has
expended .^oOO.ou in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent theivfnr .$5 j^r acre cash and a farther sum nf $50 to cover the tost of survey,
ol>t;uii a ].ateni for said claim as provided in the said Mining Regulations.

Copies of the Het/uliUions may be obtained upon application to the.
Department of the lu.terior.

Deputj' of tlie Minister ol the Interior.

Dei-ahtmkni of TiiL IxTEinoi:,
Ottawa, Canada, December I'Jth, 18S7.

HENRY WATTERS,
dlhemist niul prugciist,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,
and
Corner of Rideau and Cumberland
I Streets,

C. p. WILLIIVIOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogists I Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope car'efully jire-
jiared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
(or catalogue.

ROBERTSON B.ROS.,

Booksellers and Stationers,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

■WM. h:owe.

Importer of Arti-sts Materials and Artistic

Interior Decorations. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FIN E SHOES,

39 SPAKKS ST.

Boots and S/wes Made to Measure.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL-RAIL COAL,
SS Sparks Street-

MEN'S OUTFITTER,

09 SPARKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - . • ONTARIO.

Ready Oct. 1st-

-^ CASTOROLOGIA

OR —

sst>

Indian Legends.

Hunters' Stories.
Historical Notes.
Scientific Facts.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS
OF THE CANADL\N BEAVER,

— BY —

HORACE T. MARTIN, F.Z.S.

An Exhaustive Moiiou-raj)h, popularly written and fully
Illustrated.

PRICE $2.50
Wm Drysdale & Co., 232 St. James St., Montreal.

ED. STANFORD & CO..
26 & 27 Cockspur St., Charing Cross, London.

. 1892. J

J DURIE & SCN, ACEN S OTTAWA.

J. &R. CRAiG, Taiiors, 105 Sparks St, Ottawa.

"e)

(December, idg2

®

•

I

>

*@w^w,

(c, 1 1

Volume VI. No. 8. , f^jftJCil/N,

The Beaver (Castor Canadensis, Kuhl^

gf^^Bl^^S.

Page

Clothes Moths 125

The Winter Home of the Barren Ground Caribou 128

Ovis Canadensis Dalli, Nelson 130

Natural Science in Illinois 132

hook Notices 135

Ornithology 137

Geological Society of America 137

Evening Le ctures 1 39

Programme • 140

OTTAWA, CANADA:
Pavnter & Co., Printers, 48 Rideau Street,

\

Issued 0)ecentber 2 si, i8g2.

(»;

@_

S^5

Published Monthly at $1.00 per annum.

Patr07i. :

HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON

Governor Genf;ral of Canada.

President : Dr. George M. Dawson.

Vice-Presidents :

TST, Frank T. Shutt, | 2ND, W. Hague Harrington,

Secretary : Du. Henry M. Am[, Geological Survey Dept.
Treasurer : A. G. Kingston, Dept. Public Works.
Librarian : William Scott, Normal School.
^ ,, fMiss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
\^James Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

Stanbing Committets of Council:

Publishing — James Fletcher, Editor ; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assistant Editors.

Excursions — Dk. H. M. Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss (_}.
Hakmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirees — Fkank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolton,* James Fletchek,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

I^cabcrs :

Geology and Mineralogyr~lci. M. Ami, W. F. Ferrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botany — R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Conchology — F. R. Latchkoru, J. F. Whiteaves.
Entomology — W. H Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughllx.
Ornithology— A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees. Prof. j. Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt, Prop. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian will furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

Part I, Not sold singly. 1

2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts. | $1.00 for Vol. I

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.. ( $1.00 for Vol. IL
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Extras — Billings, W. R. Palseontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R. W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, 10c.

PIN THIS UP FOR REFERENCE.

PROGRAMME
1892-OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB— 1893

EVENING LECTURES, 8 P.M.

189^. ■;■

Dec. 15— Address of Welcome Dr. J. A. MacCabe, M.A.

Inaugural .A^ddress : " The Air of our Houses " —

Mr. F. r. Shutt, M.A., F.I.C., F.CS.
189

Jan. 5 — " The Fauna and the Flora of the Selkirk Summits " —

Prof. John Macoun, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.C.

" The Mineral Waters of Canada " . . Mr. H. Peareth Brumell.

Report of the Botanical Branch.

Jan. 19 — '■ Food in Health and Disease " , . .Dr. L. C Prevost.

Reports of the Entomological and Ornithological branches.

Feb. 2 — "Narrative of a Journey in 1890 from Great Slave Lake to
Beechy Lake, on the Great Fish River." From the
Journal of Mr. James McKinley, officer in charge at Fort
Resolution, H. B. Co Mr. D. B. Dowling, B.A. Sc.

" The Chemistry of Soils " Mr. A. Lehmann, B.S.A.

Report of the Conchological Branch.

Feb. 16 — "The Development of Varieties, and the Multiplication of

Individuals in Horticulture " Mr. John Craig.

" Notes on Rainy Lake District " . . Mr. W. H. C. Smith, CE.
Report of the Geological Branch.

Mch. 2—" The Progress of Metallurgy in Canada " —

Mr. N. J. Giroux, C.E., F.G.S.A.

" My Aquarium " Mr. H. B. Small.

Report of the Zoological Branch.

All the Lectures toill he held in the Normal School Lecture Room.

£5ii5BgA".-.iP-j;^jto<' "'

s TJ nyn im: ^ lE^ Y

OF-

Canadian Mining Regulations

'^pHE following is a summary of the Regulations with respect to the mauuer of
I recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same.

Any person may explore vacant Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved
by Government lor otlier purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral de]iosits, with a view to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted until actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of minernl or metal within the limits of
tiie location of claim.

A location for mining, except for Fron, s'laU not be more than 1500 feet in
lensith, nor more than GOO feet in breadth. A location for minint; Iron, sliall not
exceed 160 acres in area.

On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtiiin a mining location,
upon marking out liis location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lauds for the district, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit iu form prescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which will entitle the
person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before the expiration of five years from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with the Local Agent that he has
expended $500. 0(J in actual mining operations on the claim, hy paying to the Local
-Agent therefor $.5 per acre cash and a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of sui vey,
obtain a patent for said claim as jirovided in the said Mining Regulations.

('o/jifs of tJtf, liegulaliona itiaij be oblaiaed upon ajjjiUcduuu tn llie.
Dejidftment of the, J utprior.

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior.

DeI'AUTMENT of TIIL INTERIOR,

Ottawa, Canada, December 1802.

HENRY WATTERS,
^Jhcmist and gruggist,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

C. p. WILLIMOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa. '

Mineralogists'! Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Booksellers and Staiioners,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Juterior Decorations. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FIN E SHOES,

39 SPARKS ST.

Boots and S/ioes Made to Measure.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,
SS Spa-rlss Street-

MEN'S OUTFITTER,

99 SPARKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - - - ONTARIO.

Heady Oct. 1-

CASTOROLOGIA

— OR —

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS
OF THE CANADIAN BEAVER,

— BY —

HORACE T. MARTIN, F.Z.S.

All Exhaiistivo Monograpli, popularly written and fully
Illustrated.

Indian Legends.

Hunters' Stones.
Historical Notes.
Scientific Facts.

PRICE $2.50

Wm

Drysdale & Co., 232 St James
ED. SlAPvFORD & CO

St.,

1

Montreal.

26

& 27 Cockspur St., Charing Cross,

London.

1S92- ^

J

DURiE & SON, AGEMTi.

OTTAWA.

J. & R. Ci^AIG, Tailors. 103 Sparks St., Ottawa.

)\

"e)

January, iSgj.

(i>

1

B

tell© (© ^(@ i .^-'.wiiiniiN

Voi.UMK VI. No. 9

The Beaver (Castor Canadensis, Kuhlj

®§5fB9^(

Evening Lectures, 1892-93 141

Report of the Entomological Branch 147

List of Coleoptera I49

Entomology • 15°

The Geological Society of America 151

OTTAWA, CANADA :

TAYN TER & Co., rRINTERS, 48 RiDEAC STRKKI'.

Issued famiary 6th, i8g^.

T

)JL

.S)

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Published Monthly at $i.oo per annum.

Patron :

HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON

Governor Genkral of Canada.

President: Dr. George M. Dax^^son.

Vice-Presidents :

TSt^ Frank T. Shutt, .- | 2nd, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary: Dr.* Henry M. Am [, Geological Survey Dept.

Treasurer: A. G. Kingston, Dept. Pu.blic Works.
Librarian: William Scoit, Normal School.
^ . fMiss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
Lommtttee : "yy^^^^^ Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

^tanjb-ing Committrcs of (Sotintil:

Pub/is/iing^—jAUEsyVtk'rcHER, 'Editor; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, WihiAAMSco'fT,. Assistant Editors.

Excursions — Dr. H. M. Ami, A, G. KiNGSTOtr, R. H. CowLEY,-Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. Lovick.

Soirees — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. JBolion, James Fletcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

. ITeaibrrs :

Geology ^a?id Mineralogy H. M. Ami,-V\^ F. FiikRiER, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Boiany-^K, H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Conchoiogy — F. R. Latchford, J. F. Whiteaves.
Entomology — \Y. H Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
Ornirhoiogy—A.. G. Kingston, W. A.J3. Lees, Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoology— ¥Rk^%. T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian will furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates :—

Transactions, —

Part I, Not sold singly. \

" 2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts. I $1.00 for Vol. L

" 3, 25 " "15 " [Tq members, 70 cts.

" I' ^° [[ .' ^° \\ \ $1.00 for Vol. H.

6, 40 25 yj,, ,

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7, 30 '■ 20 " j ' ^

The Ottawa Naturalist, $1.00 per annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents ; to members, 5 cents.
Quarterly parts, 25 cents each ; to members, 15 cents

Extras — Billings, W.R. Palaeontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R. W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, IOC. '

s TJ im: nyc.A. k. it

■0¥-

Canadian Mining Regulations.

IsT O •0? T O in .

THE following is a summary of the Regulations with respect to the. manner of
recordiiig claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same.

Any person may explore vacant Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved
by Government for otlier purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral deposits, with a yiew to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted until actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim,

A location, for mining, except for Iron, shall not be more than L5i)0 feet in
length, nor more than 600 feet in breadth. A location for mining Lron^ shall not
exceed 1 HO acres in area.

On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location,
upon marking out his location on the ground, in accordance %yith the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lands for the district, within
sixty days from dLscovery, an affidavit in form prescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which ■will entitle the
person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any tiuie before the expiration of five years from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant ana)% upon filing proof with tlie Local Agent that he has
expended $500.00 in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 per acre cash and a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent for said claim as provided in the said Mining Regulations.

Copies of the Regulations may be obtained upon ajiplieation to the
Department of the Interior.

A- LI. BUI^aESS,

Deputy of the Minister of tlxe Interior,

Department of the Interior,
Ottawa, Canada, December 18!)2.

HENRY WATTERS,
(Ehfmist and fruggist,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

C. p. WILLIIVIOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogists I Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL- RAIL COAL,

SS Sparlss S'bree-b.

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Booksellers and Stationers,

69 Rideau Street

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

•WM. HOWE,

Importer of Arti.sts Materials and .\itistic

Interior Decoiatioiis. Manufaiaiirer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FIN E SHOES.

39 SPARKS ST.

Boots and '6hoes Made to Measure .

MEN'S OUTFITTER.

f)<) SPAKKS ST..
OTTAWA, - - • ONTARIO.

Heady Oct. 1-

CASTORQLOGIA.

OR —

Indian Legends.

Hunters' Stones.
Historical Notes.
Scientific Facts.

THE HISTORY AND TRADinONS
OF THE CANADL\N BEAVER,

— BY —

HORACE T. MARTIN, F.Z.S.

A Exhaustive Mono'.;iiph, populoi-ly written and fully
Illust.ati-d. ■ ■ K

PRICE $2 50
Wm. Drysdaie & Co., 232 St James St.. Montreal

ED. STANFORD & CO.,
26 & 27 Cockspur St., Charing Cross, London.

1982. .

J. DURIE & SON, AGENTS, OTTAWA.

J. & R. CRAIG. Tailors. 105 Sparks St.. Ottawa.

NEXT EVENING LECTURE WILL BE ON FEB'Y i6th.

I*

'~G)

(d

<»i

\9i

February, i8gj,

1

TPb

*

©YT^w^ 5^feii^^iil§f

VubUMK VI. No. 10

^

The Beaver (Castor Canadensis, Kuhlj

e©5T5^T^^-

The Counlry Nnrih of ihe Ottawa

The Mineral Waters of Canada (Cont'd)

Book Notice

• Entomology

A Glacial Epoch

.■\bstract of Meteorological uhservation> at (.^Uawa
Evening Lectures

Page

157
160
168
168
170
171
172

OTTAWA, CANADA':
Tayntrr & Co., Printers, 48 Rideau Sireet,

Issued February ^rd, i8g^.

T

■)£^

~s

5)

A

Published Monthly at $j.oo per annum.

Patron :

HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON

Governor GeK'eral of Ganapa.

President : Dr. George M. Dawson. ,
, Vke- Presidents :

1ST, Frank T. Shutt, [ 2Nd, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary : Dr. HEnry M. Ami, Geological Survey Dept.

Treasurer:. A. G. Kingston. Dept. Public Works.
Librarian: Wjlliam Scoir, Normal School.
^ . /Miss E. Bolton, Miss f>:HARMER, Miss G. Lqvick,
Lommittee : ^j'^j^p-s Fletcher,' R. H. Cowley, J ame^M. Macoun.

Standing (ILommittrcs of CouiuU :

Publishing — James Fletcher, AV/V^/-; W. H, Harrington, A, G.
Kingston, VViLtiAM Scott, y^^^/x/a;// AV/'/^M.

Excursions — Dr. H. J^L Ami, A. G. Kingston, R. H, Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G.LovicK. „

Soirees— ¥ 9. A^V; T. Srutt, Miss E. Bolton, Jamesl, Fletcher,
William Scott, James M.- Macoun,

^cabers :

Geolos.y and Mineralogy- H. M. Aml-W. F. Ferrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botany — P., H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B, Whyte.
Conchology — F. R. LaTchforu, J. F. VVhiteaves.
Entomology — W. ti Harrington, j. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
■Ornithology — A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees. Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian iwiil furnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates: —

Transactions, — ■: ;

Part I, Not sold singly,

" 2, 25 cts. ; to'inembers," 15 cts. [$i.oo for Vol.- L

To members, 70 cts.

" 3.

25

• 15

" 4,

25

15

" 5,

30

■ 20

- 6,

40

25

" 7>

30

20

,, I $1.00 for Vol. [L
f To meipbers, 50, cts.

The Ottawa Naturalist, $t. 00' per annum.
Monthly i)arts, lo cents ; to members, 5 ce^ts.
Quarterly parts, 25 cents each ; to members, 15 cents.

Extras — Billings, VV. R. Palaeontology. An elementary lecture,

PP- ii> 5c.
Ells, R: W. Asbestus; its history, mode of occurrence find

uses. p|i; 24, loc.

sTjnvris^ jv ■jR.ir

"OF-

Canadian Mining Regulations.

^yUE following is a summary of tlie Regulations with respect to the manner of
I recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same. . ,

Any person may iexplore tacani Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved'
by Government lor other purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining
fiK'ation for the same, but no mining location shall be granted until actual discovery
biis been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim. . . " , . -

A. location fop mining, exdept for /row, shall not, be more than LTOO feet in
length, iKjr more than 600 feel in breadth. A location for mining /lr(>w,, shall' not
exceed I (iO ucres ifi area.

On ; discovering ' a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location,
upon marking out his location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lands for the district, within
sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in form prescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, which -will entitle the
' person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for.

At any time before the expiration ot five j^ears from the date of recording his
claim, the "claimant may, upon filing proof with the Local Agent that he has
expended ,$500.00 in actual miniiig operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 per acre cash aiul a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtaiua~i>atenl foresaid claim as provided iii the said Mining Regulations.

Copies of ihe Regul'dions map be obtained upon application to the
Department of the I uterior.

IL. -hJL, BUJRGESS,

Deputy of the Minister ol the interior.

DEPAIirMENr OF
Ottawa, Canada,

TIIK IXTBUIOK,

December, 18(12.

HENRY WATTERS,
Chemist and iruggifjt,

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

C. p. WILLIMOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogists I Lapidaries

Every variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Booksellers and Stationers,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decoration><. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block, - - OTTAWA.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FIN E SHOES.

3!) SPA-KKS ST.

Boots a fid ii/ioes Made to Measuie.

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,
SS Sparlcs Street.

MEN'S OUTFITTER

99 SPAKKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - • - ONTARIO.

PAYNTER & GO.,

48 RIDEAU STREET,

OTTAWA.

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

ANNUAL MEETING, MARCH 2ist, AT 4 P.M.

March, 18 gj,

(o

I

sppe

;(jYf^w^ 5^f(![i^^]ji8T

Volume VI. No. 11.

i^

The Beaver (Castor Canadensis, Kuhlj.

€:§5fE5f8.

. Page i
The Mineral Waters of Canada 173

Index

197

f

i).

OTTAWA, CANADA:
I'AYNTER & Co., Printers, 48 Rideau Street.

Issued March ijth, i8g^.

11

3

^

'<Q

\(

Published Monthly at $1.00 per annum.

Patron :

HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON

Governor Genkral of Canada.

President : Dr. George M. Dawson.

Vice-Presidents :

1ST, Frank T. Shutt, | 2Nd, W. Hague Harrington.

Secretary: Dr. Henrv M. Ami, Geological Survey Dept.

Treasurer: A. G. Kingston, Dept. Public Works.
Lit/rarian : William Scott^ Noruial School.
^ . /Miss E. Bolton, Miss G. Harmer, Miss G. Lovick,
committee : jj^^j^g Fletcher, R. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun.

^tanbing (lommitlcjcs of (Kounnl :

Pul?/is/iing—] AMES Fletcher, Editor; W. H. Harrington, A. G.
Kingston, William Scott, Assistant Editors.

Excursiony^"D\<. H. M. Ami, A, G.- Kingston, R. H. Cowley, Miss G.
Harmer, Miss G. Lovigk.

Soirees — Frank T. Shutt, Miss E. Bolton, James Fletcher,
William Scott, James M. Macoun.

^eabcrs :

Geology and Mineralogy - H. M. Ami, W. F. Ferrier, Dr. R. W. Ells.
Botany— K. H. Cowley, James M. Macoun, R. B. Whyte.
Cofichology — F. R. Latchforu, J. F. Whiteaves.
Entomology—^. H Harrington, J. Fletcher, T. J. MacLaughlin.
Ornithology — A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees, Prof. J. Macoun.
Zoology — Frank T. Shutt, Prof. Macoun, J. Ballantyne.

The Librarian will ftirnish the Publications of the Club at the
following rates : —

Transactions, —

Part I, Not sold singly.

2, 25 cts. ; to members, 15 cts. [$i.oo for Vol. L

To members, 70 cts.

((

3'

25

15

l(

4,

25

15

(I

5.

30

20

a

6,

40

25

u

7,

30

20

I I $1.00 for Vol. [I
TTo members, 50 cts.

The Ottawa Natur.ilist, $1.00 per annum.
Monthly parts, 10 cents; to members, 5 cents.
Quarterly parts, 25 cents each ; to members, 15 cents

Extras — Billings, W. R. Palaeontology. An elementary lecture,
pp. II, 5c.
Ells, R. W. Asbestus ; its history, mode of occurrence and
uses. pp. 24, 10c.

sxjnvr:yc^ k. y

ov

Canadian Mining Regulations.

''PHE following is a simiraary of the Regulations with respect to the manner of
1 recording claims for Mineral Lands, other than Coal Lands, and the conditions
governing the purchase of the same.

Any person may explore vacant Dominion Lands not appropriated or reserved
by Government for other purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or
subterranean prospecting, for mineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining
location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted until actual discovery
has been made of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of
the location of claim.

A location for mining, except for Iron, sliall not be more than 1500 feet in
length, nor more than 600 feet in breadth. A location for mining Iroti, shall not
exceed 160 acres in area.

On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location,
upon marking out liis location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in
that behalf, and filing with the Agent of Dominion Lands for the district, within
sixty days fi-om discovery, an affidavit in form i)rescribed by Mining Regulations,
and paying at the same time an office fee of five dollars, wliich will entitle the
person so recording his claim to enter into possession of the location applied for. »

At any time before the expiration of five years from the date of recording his
claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof witli tlie Local Agent that he has
expended $500.00 in actual mining operations on the claim, by paying to the Local
Agent therefor $5 per acre cash and a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey,
obtain a patent for said claim as provided in the said Mining Regulations.

Copies of tl>'^- lieyultdious may be obtained upon application to the
Df'jiariiiieiit oj the interior.

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior

y .

Department i'ijjF the Interiok,
Ottawa, Canada, December ).89'2.

HENRY WATTERS,
CHhemist and iniggisl.

Corner of Sparks and Bank Streets,

and

Corner of Rideau and Cumberland

Streets,

C. p. WILLI MOTT & CO.

333 Wellington St., Ottawa.

Mineralogistsl| Lapidaries

Every. variety of stone cut and polished.
Large stock of cut stones to select from.
Rock sections for microscope carefully pre-
pared. Collections of named characteristic
Canadian minerals from $i upwards. Give
us a call if you want something new. Send
for catalogue.

ROBERTSON BROS.,

Booksellers and Staiioners,

69 Rideau Street.

Natural History Works supplied to
order.

IVM. HOWE,

Importer of Artists Materials and Artistic

Interior Decorations. Manufacturer

of White Lead, Paints & Colors.

Howe's Block,

OTTAWA.

A. J. STEPHENS,

FINE SHOES.

39 SPAKKS ST.

Boofs and '$>hoes Made to Measure-

J. G. BUTTERWORTH & CO.,

ALL -RAIL COAL,
36 Spa.r!ks S-bree-b.

MEN'S OUTFITTER,

99 SPAKKS ST.,

OTTAWA, - - • ONTARIO.

PAYNTER & CO.,

48 RIDEAU STREET,

OTTAWA.

J. & R. CRAIG, Tailors, 105 Sparks St., Ottawa.

/^n.

1943

y^n T^viS

iiiji'

1