1

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1915 VOL, XXIX. 1916

THE

OTTAWA NATURALIST

Being Volume XXXI of the

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 1884.

^be ©ttawa jfielO^'IRaturaltets' Club.

patron:

HI5 ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CINNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 19 15-16

B>rc0l&ent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

lDlccs^resiOent0i

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary; treasurer:

Mr. G. O. McMillan, M.A. Mr. G. LeLucheiar. i^ S.A.

BMtoc: Xtbratiatir

Mr. Arthur Gibson. ; " Mr. J. R. Fryer. B.A.

(Entomological Brancrh, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Mr. L. D. Burling.

Mr. P. A. Tavemer. Mr. E. D. Eddy.

Mr. L. H. Newman. Miss F. Fyle.'^, B.A.

Dr, M. O. Malte. Miss D. Stewart.

StanOino Committees of Council;

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
■ Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, Dr. M. O. Malte. A. Halkett.
J. R. Dymond. G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Tavemer, L. D. Stirling.

Xea&ers at Bicureions;

•Archcrologv: H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte.

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swainc, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGiUivray,

L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.
Ihnitholagv P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Yotmg.

auditors:

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.C., with "Ottawa Naturalist,

$1iOO pep Annum.

LIST OF MEMBERS OF
THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

1915-1916

Adams, John, M.A.

Ami, H. M., M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S.,

F.R.S.C.
Ami, S. T.

Anderson, James R., (Victoria, B.C.)
Anderson, Lt.-Col. W. P., C.M.G.,

M. Inst. C.E., F.R.G.S.
Ardley, Edw., (Montreal).
Arnold, Edw., (Montreal).
Attwood, A. E., M.A.

Baldwin, J. W.

Ballantyne, James.

Bangs, J. S.

Beaulieu, G., B.A., LL.B.

Beaulne, J. I.

Beat:pre, Edwin, (Kingston, Ont.)

Bennett, Miss K. E.

Billings, C. M.

Blackader, Dr. E. H.

Blair, Prof. W. S., (Kentville, N.S.)

Blythe, Mrs. Geo.

Borden, Hon. Sir F. W., M.D.

Bothwell, G. E.

Bowers, H. L., (Oshawa, Ont.)

Brainerd, Dwight, (Montreal).

Brewster, W., (Cambridge, Mass.)

Brittain, Prof. W., (Truro, N.S.)

Brown, A. A., (Chatham, N.B.)

Bro\vn, Mrs. A. F.

Brown Mrs. R. D.

Brown W. J., (Westmotmt, Que.)

B^o^vn, F., B.S.A.

Bryce, P. H., M.D.

Bullock, Rev. C S.

Bunting, Prof, T. G., (Macdonald

College, Que.)
Buck, F. eT, B.S.A.
Burgess, T. J. W., M.D., F.R.S.C,

(Montreal) . '
Burling, L. D.
Burt, Miss F. M.
Butterfield, Frank, (Lennoxville,

Que.)

Calder, Alex., (Winnipeg).
Calvert, J. F., (London, Ont.)
Cameron, E. R., ill.. 4.
Carter, J. J.

Carter, EsHe, B.A. (Clandeboye, Ont.)
Campbell, A. D., B.S.C., (Calgary,
Alta.) ^

Campbell, D. A., B.A.
Campbell, R. H.
Cheney, Miss A. M.
Chrystal, R.N.,B. Sc.
Clark, G. H., B.S.A.
Clark, T. E., B.A., B. Paed.
Cobbold, Paul A., (Haileybury, Ont.)
Cole, John E., (Westboro', Ont.)
Connor, M. F., B.Sc.
Cram, A. S.

Criddle, N., (Treesbank, Man.)
Criddle, S., (Treesbank, Man.)
Crozel, G., (OuUins, Rhone, France).
Cuttler, W. E., (Calgary, Alta.)
Currie, P. W.

Davidson, John, (Vancouver, B.C.)

Davis, M. B., B.S.A.

Deara, C. C, (Bluffton, Ind.)

Dempsey, J. H. C, (Hamilton).

Dent, Miss E.

Dewar, Miss Ethel.

Dickson, James.

Dixon, F. A.

Dod, F. H. Wolley-, (Midnapore,

Alta.)
Donaldson, W.
Dowling, D. B., B.A.Sc.
Drayton, F. L., B.S.A.
Dreher, W., B.S.A.
Duff, H. C, B.S.A., (Norwood, Ont.)
Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., M.D., (New

York).
Dymond, J. R., 5..4.

Eastham, A., B.S.A.

Eastham, J. W., B.Sc, (Vernon, B.C.)

Eddy, E. D., B.S.A.

Eifrig, Rev. Prof.G., (Oak Park, 111.)

Elford, F. C.

Evaiis, John D., C.E., (Trenton,

Ont.)
Evars, T. C, D.V.Sc. (Tor.)
Ewart, D., 7.5.0.

Farley, F. L., (Camrose, Alta.)

List of Members

[April

Farr, Miss E. M., (Philadelphia).

Fenn, Miss L.

Ferrier, W. F., (Toronto).

Finn, J. P., B.A.

Fisher, Hon. Sydney A., B.A.

FitzHenry, W., (Mvrtle, Man.)

Fleck, A. W.

Fleming, J. H., (Toronto).

Fleming, Sir Sandford, K.C.M.G.,

C.E., F.R.C.I., F.R.S.C.
Fortier, Miss F. M., (Annapohs, N.S.)
Fryer, J. R., B.A.
Fyles, Miss F., B.A.
Fyles, Miss Winnifred

Gallup, A. H., (Saskatoon, Sask.)

Gibson, Arthur.

Gibson, J. W., B.A., (Vancouver,

B.C.)
Godson, F. P., B.A.
Gorman, M. J., LL.B.
Gormley, L., (Amprior, Ont.)
Grant, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D.,
•■ F.R.C.S. Edin., F.R.S.C, F.G.S.
Grant, Mrs. E. C.
Grant, W. W., (New York).
Graham, W. L., B.S.A.
Grisdale, J. H., B. Agr.
Grist, Miss Mary L.
Groh, H., B.S.A., (Preston, Ont.)
Gussow, H. T., F.R.M.S.

Halkett, Andrew.

Hamilton, Dr. B. A., (Highland Park,

111.)
Hanham, A. W., (Duncan, B.C.)
Harcourt, Geo., (Edmonton, Alta.)
Harrington, W. Hague.
Harrison, Lt.-Col. Edward.
Harvey, R. V., (Victoria, B.C.)
Hayes, J. A., (Sheffington, Que.)
Henry, J. K., (Vancouver, B.C.)
Herriot.'W., (Gait, Ont.)
Hewit, H. O.

Hewitt, C. Gordon, D.Sc, F.E.S.
Higgins, Dr. C. H.

Hobson, W. D., (Woodstock, Ont.)
Hodge, C. F., Ph.D., (Worcester,

Mass.)
Holmes, Miss A. S.
Holmden, R.
Hope, James.

Houghton, J. A., (Bennington, Vt.)
Howes, E.A., B.S.A.
Hudson, Prof. G. H., (Plattsburgh,

N.Y.)
Hudson, H. F., B.S.A.

Hughson, W. G., B.Sc.

Irwin, Lt.-Col. D. T., C.M.G.

Jacombe, F. W. H., M.A., M.F.

Jamieson, Thos., B..A.

James, C. C, M.A., (Toronto).

James, L. E., (St. Thomas, Ont.)

Janssen, J. T., (Hillsdown, Alta.)

Janson, J. T., B.Sc.

Jenkins, S. J., B.A.

Jenny, C. F., (Boston, Mass.)

Jennings, O. E., (Pittsburg, Pa.)

Joanes, Arthur.

Johnston, Geo. S., (Meaford, Ont.)

Johnston, W. A., B.Sc.

Johnsone, Miss A.

Keams, J. C.

Keele, J., 5. .4. 5c.

Kellett. A. E.

Kindle, E. M.

Kingston, A. G.

Kitto, V.

Klotz, Dr. Otto.

Klotz, Julius, M.D., (Lanark, Ont.)

Knechtel, A.

Labarthe, J., (Trail, B.C.)

LeLacheur, G., B.S.A.

Lajeunesse, Rev. J. A.

Lambart, Hon. O. H.

Lambe, L. M., F.G.S. , F.G.S. A.,
F.R.S.C.

Latchford, Hon. F. R., B. A.,
(Toronto).

Lawler, James.

Leclaire, J. M., (Macdonald Colle>ge,
Que.)

Lee, Miss K. G., (Clinton, N.Y.)

Lees, Miss V.

Lemieux, E. E.

Lemoine, Alp.

Le Sueur, E. A.

Lewis, J. B., C.E.

Leyden, Miss M.

Lloyd, Prof. F. E., (Montreal).

Lochhead, W., B.A., M.Sc, (Mac-
donald College, Que.)

Low, R. A.,

McCready, Prof. S. B., (Guelph).
McCurry, H.
McDougall, Miss J. C.
McElhinney, Dr. M. G.
McGill, A.. B.A., B.Sc.
McGilUvray, H.

1915]

List of Members

Mclnnes, Wni., B.A.

McMillan, H. R., B.S.A., (Victoria,

B.C.)
McMillan, G. O., M.A.
MacCraken, John I., B.A.
MacKay, A. H., LL.D., B.Sc,

F.R.S.C., (Halifax).
Macnamara, C, (Arnprior).
Macouii, Prof. John, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.R.S.C., (Sidney, B.C.)
Macoiin, J. M., C.M.G.
Macoun, W. T.

Malcolm, John, (Fergus, Ont.)
Mallock, G. S., B.A.
Malte, M. O., Ph.D.
Martin, D. A., (Lawson, Sask.)
Matthews, Miss Annie L.
Mason, A. E., (Vancouver, B.C.)
Megill, W. H. T., B.A.
Merrill, G. K., (Rockland, Me.)
Metcalfe, W.

Michaud, Geo., (Quebec).
Millen, Miss C, (Hull, Que.)
Miller, Prof. W. G., (Toronto).
Mitchell, P. C, (Brandon, Man.)
Morris, H. U.
Morton, B.
Munro, J. A., (Okanagan Landing,

B.C.)
Murphy, John.

Narraway, J. E.

Nash, C. W\, (Toronto).

Newcombe, C. P., M.D., (Victoria,

R C ^
Newman, L. H., B.S.A.
NichoUs, A., (Sault St. Marie, Ont.)
Noble, J. W., (London, Ont.)
Nunnick, F. C, B.S.A.

O'Brien, S. E.
Oakely, Mrs. W. D.
Odell, W. S.
Orde, J. F., K.G.
Oberholser, H. C,
D.C.)

(Washington,

Patterson, A. M.
PhiUips, Rev. E.
Phillips, P. B., (New York).
Plaskett, J. S., D.Sc, F.R.S.C.
Prince, Prof. E. E., B.A., F.L.S.
Putman, J. H., B.A., B. Paed.
Raine, Walter, (Toronto).
Raymond, Dr. P. E., (Cambridge,

Mass.)
Reynolds, Miss G. B.

Richard, Rev. A. E., (Perkins, Que.)

Ritchie, Miss Isabella.

Robertson, C. N., (Montreal).

Robinson, Hiram.

Rose, B.

Rush, M. L., B.A.

Russell, Miss Maud.

Russell, Miss Margaret.

Sanders, G. E., 5. 5. .4., (Bridgetown,

N.S.)
Sanson, N. B., (Banff, Alta.)
Saunders, W. E., (London, Ont.)
Scott, C. H.

Scott, Miss Mary McKay.
Scott, W., B.A., (Toronto).
Scott, Rev. C. T., (Victoria, B.C.)
Seton, E. Thompson, (Coscob, Conn.)
Shannon, Frank, (Saskatoon, Sask.)
Shearman, F. J. W.
Shutt, F. T., D.Sc, M.A., F.l.C,

F.C.S., F.R.S.C.
Simpson, Willibert.
Sirett, H., B.S.A., (Brighton, Ont.)
Sitwell, Capt. L. H., F.R.G.S.
Skales, Howard, (Mt. Forest, Ont.)
Sladen, F. W. L., F.E.S.
Small, H. Beaumont, M.D.
Smeaton, W., B.A.
Smith, Harlan, I.
Soper, John.
Sowter; T. W. E.
Speechly, Dr. H. M., (Pilot Mound,

Man.)
Spreckley, R. O.
Sternberg, C. H., M.A.
Sternberg, C. M.
Sternberg, G. F.
Stewart, A. T., B.A.
Stewart, Miss D. M.
Summerby, Wm. J., M.A., (Russell,

Ont.)
Sutton, Mrs. L. L.
Swaine, J. M., M.Sc.
Symes, P. B.

Taverner, P. A.

Taylor, F. B., (Fort Wayne, Ind.)

Terrill, L. M., (St. Lambert, Que.)

Topley, Mrs. W. J.

Treheme, R. C, (Agassiz, B.C.)

Tuer, Miss Margaret, (Port Hope,

Ont.)
Tyrrell, J. B., B.A., B.Sc, F.G.S.,

F.G.S.A., (Toronto).

Uglow, R. H.

List of Members

[April

Valin, A.

Venables, E. P., (Vernon, B.C,^
Victorin, Rev. Bro.
(Longueuil, Que.)

Waddell, Miss K. T.

Walker, Sir Edmund, (Toronto) ,

Walker, E. M., B.A., M.b.,
(Toronto) .

Walker, Bryant, (Detroit.)

Wallace, J. S., (Toronto).

Wallis, J. B., (Winnipeg, Man.)

Warwick, F. W., B.Sc, (Bucking-
ham, Que.)

Watson, J. F.

Watterson, A. E.

Waugh, F. W.

White, Mrs. Annie G. H., (Toronto).

White, George R.

White, James, (Snelgrove, Ont).

White, O. C, B.S.A.

Whyte, Miss Ida V.

Whyte, Miss Isabella.

Whyte, R. B.

Wickware, A. B., V.S.

Wight. E. C.

Williams, Miss M. B., B.A.

Williams, ]. B., (Toronto) ,

Williams, Dr. M. Y.

Willing, T. N., (Saskatoon, Saik.)

Wilson, Morley E.

Wilson, W. J.." Ph.B.

Winchester, H. S.

Wintenberg, W. ).

Wright, Miss S. E.

Young, C. H,

Ziemann, Arthur.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Guelph, Ont.
Greene, Dr. E. L., United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.
Hill, Albert J., M.A., C.E., New Westminster, B.C.
Holm, Theodor, Ph.D., Brookland, Washington, D.C.
Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Washington, D.C.
WiCKHAM, Prof. H. F., Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.

i

J

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXIX APRIL, 1915 No. 1

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-
NATURALISTS' CLUB, 1914-15.

The council of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, on the
completion of another Club year, begs to report on the work
during the past season. The work of the Club has been con-
ducted along much the same lines as have been followed in past
years and, with some features especially, good progress has been
made.

Standing committees, the editor and associate editors of The
Ottawa Naturalist, the librarian and excursion leaders, were
appointed at the first meeting of the council, held on March 31.
Five meetings of the council were held during the year. Fewer
meetings than usual were required on account of more work
being handled directly by the sub-committees. Connection with
other scientific organizations has been maintained through
correspondence, exchange of publications and other means. The
Club was represented at the meeting of the Royal Society of
Canada, held in Montreal, by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

During the year substantial progress has been made in
securing new members, 43 being elected, compared with 14 last
year. Against this 2 5 members have resigned or have been
removed from the list by death, leaving a net gain of 18. The
membership of the Club is now 329. Unfortunately, an un-
usually large number of members have not paid their dues, which
has hampered the work of the Club considerably. At the close
of the year there is a balance of $3 6 . 2 5 , with some accounts unpaid .

PROTECTION OF BIRDS AROUND OTTAWA.|

The arrangements announced in Dr. Hewitt's lecture before
the Club on February 10,1914, (Ottawa Naturalist, March, 1 9 14,
pp. 161-171), for the distribution of nesting boxes in Rockcliffe
Park and the Central Experimental Farm and Botanical Gardens,
which areas were declared bird sanctuaries, were carried out in

8 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Apnl

the spring. The Ottawa Improvement Commission instructed
their Superintendent, Mr. Stuart, to have 2 50 nesting boxes of
the two sizes recommended made, and these were distributed
throughout Rockcliffe Park. The Department of Agriculture
purchased and distributed at the Experimental Farm 160 nest-
ing boxes of the Berlepsch pattern of three sizes suitable for
birds using such cavity nests, from wrens to flickers. Many of
the boxes in Rockcliffe Park were not very suitably hung, which
would prevent a large proportion of them from being used, as
would otherwise have been the case ; nevertheless it was seen
that some of the boxes were utilized. Many of the boxes at the
Central Experimental Farm were inhabited in spite of the fact
that this distribution was unavoidably delayed. Wrens, blue-
birds and three swallows were observed making use of them; in
one case a box was appropriated by a pair of wrens the day after
it was hung.

Before the opening of the spring it is intended to make a
complete examination of all the nesting boxes in Rockcliffe Park,
and at the Central Experimental Farm, for the purposes of
cleaning and ascertaining the number of the boxes occupied
during the season of 1914.

Encouraging reports have also been received from private
individuals who adopted our recommendation and provided
nesting boxes in their gardens. The example that has been set
and the educational work since carried on is having very gratify-
ing results in other parts of Eastern Canada.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST.

The official organ of the Club, The Ottawa Naturalist has
appeared regularly during the year. Volume XXVIII, com-
prising 180 pages, has been completed. Mr. Arthur Gibson has
continued to edit it. The following are the most important
papers published in the volume: —

" On'a new genus and species of carnivorous Dinosaur from
the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a descrip-
tion of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from
the same horizon." By L. M. Lambe.

"The Waterways of the Mackenzie River Basin." By
Charles Camsell.

" Lichens from Vancouver Island. Bv G. K. Merrill.

"Abscission." Bv F. E. Lloyd.

" Gall Midges as Forest Insects." Bv E. P. Felt.

"The Problem of Bird Encouragement." By W. E.
Saunders.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 9

"Myosurusin Canada." By E. L. Greene.

"The genus Antennaria in Greenland." By M. P. Porsild.

"Geological St:rvey Museum Work on Point Pelee." By
P. A. Taverner.

"Pleistocene Raised Beaches at Victoria, B.C." By C. F.

Newcombe.
"The Snow-flea." By Charles Macnamara.

"List of Tachinidae from the Province of Quebec." By
J.D.Tothill.

"The value of some Mammals and Birds as destroyers of
Noxious Insects. By Norman Criddle.

" Ceramograptus ruedemanni." By G. H. Hudson.

"The Banded Pocket Mouse, Perognathus fasciatus Wied."

By Stuart Criddle.
"The New Zealand Peripitus." By E. E. Prince.
"Notes on the Preparatory Stages of Proserpinus favo-

fasciata ulalume." By Arthur Gibson.

" Hvbridization in the genus Viola." By M. O. Malte and
' J. M. Macotm.

" Fauna Ottawaensis : Order Lepidoptera: Family Noctuidae
subfamily Phytometrinae." By Arthur Gibson.

"Botanical notes from Portneuf Co., Que." By Bro. M.
Victorin.

THE LIBRARY.

During the past year a large ntmiber of requests for back
numbers of The Ottawa Naturalist have been received. In
some instances the current issues were not all received by the
members, btit in most cases only a few numbers were required to
complete volumes.

The Club library is now in a somewhat more satisfactory
condition than a year ago. During the year the books and other
publications stored in the Carnegie Library were catalogued and
systematically arranged on the shelves. The catalogue is now
undergoing revision, the most valuable publications being
selected and listed for the purpose of ptiblication in The Ottawa
Naturalist.

At present no use whatever is being made of the library,
but it is hoped that in the near futi:re arrangements will be com-
pleted, which will enable members to make some use of the
valuable literature belonging to the Club.

10 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

EXCURSIONS.

A'meeting of the Excursions' Committee, to arrange for the
spring excursions, was held in the Carnegie Library on Wednes-
day, 8th April. There were present Mr. Halkett in the chair, Mr.
Carter, Dr. Williams, and Miss Fyles. It was decided to hold
excursions as follows, subject to the approval of the council: —

May 2nd — RockcUffe.

9th — Above the Chaudiere Falls — north shore
Ottawa River.

16th — Britannia.

23rd — Ironside.

30th- Leamy's Lake.
June 6th — Rideau Canal bv motor boats.

13 th — Stittsville.

20th — Fairv Lake via Chelsea Road.

2 7th — Experimental Farm.

Seven of these excursions were held — that on the Rideau
Canal being cancelled as no motor-boats could be had, and that
to Stittsville also cancelled as arrangements could not be made
for the C.P.R. express to stop at that station. There was some
misunderstanding, too, as to an early afternoon train up the
Gatineau line, so that the excursion arranged to be held at Iron-
side on 23rd May was postponed until 6th June, and that to
Fairy Lake substituted for it.

Two excursions were also held during the autumn — one to
McKay's Lake and the other to the Experimental Farm, both
of which were well attended. ,

LECTURES

The series of lectures presented during the winter was also
very successful. The attendance was good, and the subjects
discussed of much interest. The following is the programme as
carried out : —

December 8th, 1914, (Tuesday). "Sea Fisheries of Nor-
way." Illustrated with lantern views. By Dr. J. Hjort, of
Norway. In the Normal School Assembly Hall.

January 12th, 1915, (Tuesday). "The Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew." Illustrated with lantern views. By Prof. R.
B. Thomson, Botanical Lalioratory, University of Toronto. In
the Normal School Assembly Hall.

January 26th, 1915, (Tuesday). "The Indians of the West
Coast." Illustrated with lantern views. By Dr. Edward Sapir,
Department of Anthropology, Geological Survey, Ottawa. In
the Normal School Assembh- Hall.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 11

February 9th, 1915, (Tuesday). "Fossils." Illustrated
with lantern views. By Mr. L. D. feurling. Geological Survey,
Ottawa. In the Carnegie Library Assembly Hall.

February 23rd, 1915, (Tuesday). "Milk." Illustrated
with lantern views. By Mr. J. H. Grisdale, Director Experi-
mental Farms, Ottawa. In the Normal School Assembly Hall.

March 9th, 1915, (Tuesday). " Some Interesting Canadian
Birds." Illustrated with lantern views. By Dr. M. Y. Williams,
Geological Survev, Ottawa. In the Carnegie Librarv Assemblv
Hall. ■

March 23rd, 1915, (Tuesday). Annual Meeting and Presi-
dential Address, "The Habits of Insects in Relation to their
Control." By Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomological Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. In the Carnegie Library
Assembly Hall.

THE botanical BRANCH.

This branch of the Club held seven meetings during the 1914-
1 5 winter season ; two each at the residences of Mr. Geo. H. Clark
and Mr. R. B. Whvte, and one each at the residences of Mr. D. A.
Campbell, Mr. W.'T. Macoun and Mr. J. M. Macoim.

At these meetings there was an average attendance of about
14 members. Reports of these meetings are printed in The
Ottawa Naturalist. The subjects presented were as follows:

"The Possibilities in Canada for Home Grown Seed," bv
Messrs G. H. Clark, M. O. Malte and W. T. Macoun.

" Some Canadian Wild Fruits," by J. M. Macoun; "Climatic
and Soil Conditions asThey Influence Plant Life," with
special reference to Canadian Grasses, by M. O. Malte.

"The New Greenhouses at the Experimental Farm" and
lantern slides illustrating some "Native Shrubs and
Trees," by W. T. Macotm.

"An Account of a Trip to Egypt and Palestine," by R. B.
Whvte and lantern shdesof "Plant Adaptations," bv
D. A. Campbell.

"Forestry Problems in Canada," by J. R. Dickson and "Facts
regarding the Organization of the Forestry Branch,"
with lantern slides, by C. J. Tulley.

"Wood Fibre — Its Uses in Pulp and Paper Making," by J.
S. Bates, of the Forest Products Laboratories, McGill
Universitv, Montreal.

12 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH.

The Entomological Branch has held no meetings during the
winter of 1914-15. This has been largely owing to the fact that
there are very few workers in entomology, other than those
employed officially in the Department of Agriculture.

Throughout the Ottawa district large numbers of insects
in the various orders were collected during the season of
1914 for systematic studv and manv new records have been
obtained. Many of these captures are being recorded in the
Entomological Record for 1914, which will appear in the annual
report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for that year.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The Club has again been fortunate in securing suitable ac-
commodation for lectures and committee meetings through the
courtesy of the management of the Carnegie Public Library and
the Normal School, and our thanks are also due to the city press
for free insertion of lectures and excursion notices and reports.

Respectfully submitted,

E. D. EDDY,

Secretary.

ERRATUM.

In Mr. Melville Dale's article on "August Bird Life at
Pleasant Point, Ont." which appeared in the March (1915)
issue of The Ottawa Naturalist, the fotir paragraphs on
page 174 beginning with "The discovery of this bird . . . . "
and ending with "within the range of the observer" should
have been placed under the Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia, and
not under the Bluebird, Sialia sialis. Ornithologists please
make note.

SUBSCRIPTION 1915-1916.

Members of the Club are reminded that membership fees
for 1915-1916 are now due, and that the same are payable to
the new Treasurer, Mr. G. Le Lacheur, Seed Branch, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 13

TREASURER'S STATEMENT 1914-15

Receipts.

Balance from 1913-14 $ 28.59

Membership fees:

Arrears $ 1 6 . 00

1914-15 138.00

1915-16 33.00

$ 187.00

187.00

Advertisements in The Ottawa Naturalist. 93.90

Authors Extras sold 82 . 29

Provincial Government Grant 200 .00

Miscellaneous 1 . 43

$ 593.21

Disbursements.

Printing The Ottawa Naturalist, 8 Nos. of

Vol. XXVIII... $ 305.09

Illustrations 27.18

. Authors' Extras 92 . 14

Miscellaneous printing, envelopes, etc 24.30

Postage, The Ottawa Naturalist to mem-
bers 23.89

Editor 50 . 00

Lectures expenses 18 . 00

Postage, bank exchange, etc 16.36

Cr. Balance 36 . 25

S 593.21
Examined and found correct.

J. BALLANTYNE,
^ _ E. C. WIGHT. J. F. WATSON,

^'^n^^v. Auditors. Treasurer.

BRARY

14 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

SUGGESTIONS FOR ORNITHOLOGICAL WORK

IN CANADA*

By p. a. Taverner,
Geological Survey, Ottawa.

In surveying the results of ornithological work done in the
Dominion to date, one is struck with the number of blank spaces
in our knowledge, and the fine field yet offered for original
research.

In the subject of life-histories, there is hardly a species,
amongst our typical Canadian forms, that has been compre-
hensively worked up. Most of the work accomplished along
these lines has been done in the adjoining republic and describes
conditions abroad, slightly foreign to us zoologically as well
as politically. Of course, our workers have been fewer both
actually and proportionally in Canada than in the United States,
and perhaps under the circumstances the broader generalizations
that our few have accomplished has been of more pressing nature
than the detailed surveys accomplished in the older community.

In geographical distribution our knowledge of Canadian
avifauna is fragmentary and, if it were not for the results of
work accomplished in the United States, would still be but an
outline. The Maritime Provinces have been touched but
locally. The Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence has been
worked intermittently. From Montreal west to the Toronto
region but high spots have been touched; in fact, the southern
peninsula of Ontario is perhaps the onh^ area of any size in
Canada, that has had anything like adequate attention from an
ornithological standpoint. From a line east of Georgian bay
to the Manitoba boundary we know practically nothing of bird
conditions. Continuous systematic work in Manitoba ceased some
years ago and the other Prairie Provinces — Saskatchewan and
Alberta — have received but desultory attention from visiting
naturalists. British Columbia is being investigated in spots but
most of its area except locally in the southern portions is a terra
incognita as far as exact ornithological knowledge is concerned.

In the northern regions, on the Yukon river and some of its
tributaries and main highways, considerable work has been done
by occasional visitors. Along the route from Lake Athabasca

Published by permission of the Deputy Minister of Mines.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. IS

to the mouth of the Mackenzie river various investigations have
been conducted from time to time and, considering the accessa-
bility of the locaHty, our records are comparatively full.

The Arctic coast of Coronation gulf has been, and is being
studied. Of Hudson's bay and Ungava we have but scattered
notes and short lists. Though considerable geographical ex-
ploration has been conducted by various parties amongst the
islands of Franklin and the far north, our knowledge of the
ornithological conditions there is fragmentary and imperfect.

In economic ornithology, Canada has done little if any
original work.

In systematic science our working collections have been,
and still are, too small to. accomplish anything comparable to
the work done on our own forms in the United States, even if
we had our natural quota of trained zoologists to use such
material to advantage.

Thus, it seems that ornithology in Canada still has most
of its history before it, and outside of a few brilliant excep-
tions the work that should have been done by our own people
has been accomplished by naturalists from the United States
who have turned their attention in our direction.

The introduction of nature study in our schools and the
general interest that has been awakened in allied subjects of late
years has not, to date, entirely ftiltilled the results expected of it.
in fact, reliable observers of ornithological phenomena, both in
Canada and the United States, are, perhaps, fewer to-day both
numericallv and in proportion to population than they were a
generation ago. An elementary introduction to nature in our
schools has failed to awaken any serious interest in natural
problems. General and elevating interest in nature may be
more widespread to-dav but no ornithologist of marked ability has
found his or her avocation Or has been developed through these
means. Whether this has been the fatilt of methods pursued,
or causes more deep seated, the writer cannot tell. Certainly
if, a generation or so ago, when the opportunities for learning
even the rudiments of natural history were few and difficult to
obtain, naturaHsts were developed at all, we should expect that
to-dav when the subjects are taught in every public school and
the introduction to the study is almost forced upon large num-
bers of people, the percentage of serious and enthusiastic workers
would be greater. These are the facts; the causes of the ap-
parent failure must be left to pedagogs to argue over.

Does it not seem that Canada has reached that stage in its
development where it can take its rightful position in the world
as well along ornithological as in other lines?

16 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

For many years the Geological Survey of Canada has de-
voted what attention its limited staff could spare from its
numerous other activities towards gathering Dominion ornitho-
logical data and there have been a few private investigators
that have been observing and noting with commendable industry.
With the broadening out of the work of the Geological Survev
and its Museum, great impetus should be given to bird work in
Canada. Museums are also being started or rejuvenated in the
various provinces and the time seems ripe for a general wakening
of interests in zoological subjects. To call attention to our
shortcomings in data and workers it seems advisable to outline
a few fruitful fields of endeavour that can be worked by various
individuals whose tastes incline in that direction.

Ornithology can be approached and studied from various
sides and by individuals of many different tastes and inclina-
tions. For the general nature lover, interested in birds from a
poetic or asthetic standpoint, the study of life-histories offers a
most attractive field. Careful watching and observing of
feathered friends in their secluded haunts, bloodlessly stalking
them with camera and note or sketch-book and divining the
hidden secrets of their lives is a pleasure that can be indulged
in by all and enjoyed by many. The most common bird of our
vicinity is an object worthy of the most careful and painstakin
attention. The Wren building in the improvised nesting box
in the garden, the Song sparrow of the near-by thicket are both
awaiting a careful record of the story of their daily lives. The
amount of original, valuable and interesting information, that
can be gathered from such homelike sources is almost infinite
and unexpected surprises will almost daily repay the close
observer. To those whose time and opportunities are limited
such birds about home are fruitful. By those with more leisure,
greater ambition or ampler opportunities work farther afield
may be pursued and species less commonplace can be studied.
In fact there is work in this line for everybody of widely divergent
taste and situation and even city parks and backyard gardens
will amply repay attention.

As a suggestion for investigation, the following outline of
problems to be solved may be followed. It is merely suggestive
and can be enlarged indefinitely.

Is the species a resident or a migrant ?

When does it arrive and leave?

What are the determining influences upon its migrations, —
food supply, weather, or does physiological development pro-
duce a periodical desire to migrate?

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 17

Which individuals come or leave first, male or female, young
or old?

Are they mated when they arrive or do thev select mates
after arrival?

Are there any courtship ceremonies?

What characters seem to determine sexual selection?
Vigor? Beauty? Song?

Do the same individuals return year after year to the same
localities, and do they mate together annually?

How wide is the local range of the individual, do they keep
close to this home area or wander widely?

When, where and how do they nest?

Which sex choses the site?

Which sex builds the nest and how much and in what way
do they aid each other?

What seems to be the qualities that they look for in selecting
a nesting site ?

Do they work on the construction throughout the day or
only at regular intervals?

What is the technic of nest building?

Is the technic the result of instinct, experience or memory
and does it improve with experience.

Are all individuals of the species equally expert in nest
building ?

How far can they adjust nest to new materials, situations
or conditions?

Is there any change in the routine habits before, during or
after nest building ?

Are the eggs deposited immediately after the nest is'^finished?

What is the incubation period?

How many eggs are laid and when, how often, what is a
normal set?

Does the egg laying seem under the conscious control of the
individual ?

What determines the number of eggs, — the size of the nest,
the judgment, age or vigor of individual?

How are the eggs brooded, by which sex, do they divide
the labor? Are the feathers removed from the abdomen of the
brooding bird consciously or do they wear ofif by friction with
the eggs? What is the incubation temperature? How often
are the'eggs tvirne'd by the parent?

18 " The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

How are the eggs protected during exceptionally incle-
ment weather?

This list covers but a short time in the bird's life, but it
shows how much can be learned and studied in but one phase of
its existence ; other moments in the lives of any species are
equally interesting.

One of our greatest desiderata is an accurate investigation
of distribution of bird life in the Dominion. The uniniated
rarely realize how many of the published ranges of our birds
are based upon geographic probabilities, a priori reasoning or
are copied and recopied, from previous writers. Examples
are many. A great proportion of our southern Canadian lists
give the Northern Hairy woodpecker as the common form and
the Eastern Water thrush as ranging to the plains. The fact
is, that the first is but a very rare winter visitor to the area, and
Grinnell's Water thrush is the common form in the Lake Erie
peninsula. Many more such cases could be cited. The onty
basis acceptable for such determinations are specimens examined
by trained experts. Even when the forms are collected, com-
parison with series of specimens of allied forms is necessarv to
certainly established its identity. In these we are woefully lack-
ing and still have to depend upon the courtesy and interest of
our friends across the hne in the separation and substantiation
of many difficult forms.

To establish the Canadian ranges of our birds, their migra-
tion routes and general statvis, we need skilled observers at all
possible points, to note and collect local data and .specimens.
Ideally there should be an observer and collection in everv
county in the Dominion; each keeping track of his own area
and comparing and checking it with results from adjoining
stations. Provincial Museums should gather up these local
details within their sphere of influence and the whole should be
amalgamated and correlated by the Dominion authorities, re-
presented by the zoological branch of the Geological Survev at
Ottawa. In this way we would have co-operation and ser'es of
local collections illustrating intensive work throughout the
Dominion.

All such work, however, to be of service must be based upon
exact personal knowledge and substantiated in every way pos-
sible. We look back to-day upon apparent mistakes made by
our predecessors, even those of marked and recognized ability,
and wish for data by which to check their statements. The next
generation will demand the same of us and with more reason
for impatience, if it is a1)sent. Ornithology has advanced and
the necessity for substantiating everything is more generj
re'^oenized now than in the past.

{To he continued)

mAi

iiJlLIBRAR

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 19

MEETING OF BOT-ANICAL BRANCH.

February 5th, 1915, at the residence of Mr. D. A. Campbell.
There were present Messrs. Blackadar, Buck, Clark, Dymond,
Donaldson, Fryer, Grindley, Honeyman, Lelacheur, Newman,
Simpson, Tully, Whyte and the host, Mr. D. A. Campbell.

Mr. R. B. Whyte described his recent trip to Egypt and
Palestine, and exhibited interesting specimens, photographs, etc.,
collected during the trip. Mr. Campbell showed a series of
lantern slides, consisting of certain examples of the adaptation
of plants to their environment, etc., which are used in his botani-
cal and nature study courses at the Collegiate.

Mr. Whyte, in addition to describing many interesting
experiences in Egypt and Palestine, drew attention to places
through which they passed en route. Madeira, for instance, the
first stopping place, produces large quantities of grapes and
sugar canes; Gibraltar, the great fortress; Algiers, the city with
beautiful Moorish architecture; Monaco and Monte Carlo, with
their unique histories and present tragedies; the trolley-ride to
Nice with the blue waters of the Mediterranean, 200 feet below;
Naples and Pompeii — all received passing notice. The country
between Alexandria and Cairo was described as fiat, with canals
about a mile apart intersecting it in all directions. The houses,
in many cases, are built of mud, and elaborate pumping systems
distribute the water to the agricultural land, from which several
crops are taken every year. In this district a forage crop,
somewhat like alfalfa, known locally as berseem, is produced in
great quantities. It is really one of the clovers, and is listed
as Egyptian or Alexandrian clover, an annual winter variety
used in warm countries where irrigation is practiced. Wheat
is also produced in great quatities around Alexandria.

At Cairo, Mr. Whyte found many things of interest in its
numerous bazaars and incidentally picked up a new method of
buying. At Ghizeh, noted for its pyramids, 14 in all, the
canals are far below the level of the Nile. Heliopolis, five
miles from Cairo, was the old university city of Egypt. Only
an obelisk is now left to mark its site.

From the standpoint of the botanist, there was not very
much of great interest in the Nile valley. Only a few weeds or
wild flowers had an opportunity of becoming established, owing
to the annual overflow of the river. A small iris and a few odd
weeds were all that could be found. All the public parks of
Egypt, such as those in Cairo, had flower beds, in which were
grown poptilar garden flowers like the annual phlox, verbena,
etc., Farm hands in Egypt received from 15c. to 2 5c. per day.

At Jaffa, the port of entry to Palestine, Mr. Whyte picked
the fine flavoured Jaffa oranges. The orange groves extend

20 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

for about eight miles around the city. Most of the crop is sent
to England. A very effective hedge, consisting of a form of
cacti is generally used around the orange groves. The countr}^
around Jaffa is fairly prosperous. The field crops consist largely
of wheat. The flowers of this region are poppy anemones, and
cyclamens, many of the latter being as good as our cultivated
forms. Thirty miles inland from Jaffa, the country begins to
get barren and desolate. Palestine has few trees and in the
Jerusalem district the Olive is the only tree. There are a few
annual flowers.

Mr. Whyte spent four days in Jerusalem and from there
visited such places as Bethlehem. His large collection of picture
postcards added interest to the talk.

F. E. B.

EXCURSIONS.

The Excursion Committee of the Club has arranged the
following spring excursions : —
May 8 — Rockcliffe.
" IS — Iron Mines at Ironside.
" 22 — Britannia.

29 — Aylmer.
June 5 — Rideau Canal by Motor Boats.

Prizes offered for Collections to be made During 1915
For the best collection of not less than 50 different species
of native Canadian deciduous trees and shrubs, illustrating the
reproductive, vegetative and dormant stages of the same.
Prize valued at $5.00 offered by Miss F. Fyles, Experimental
Farm, Ottawa.

For an essay on any topic relating to Canadian Botany —
No limit to length. Prize valued at $5.00 offered by Mr. H.
T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

For the best collection of dried specimens of fungi of no
less than 100 species. Prize valued at $5.00 offered by Mr.
H. T. Gussow, Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

For the best collection of at least 200 species of insects
from the Ottawa District, special marks to be given for species
attacking garden and field crops. Prize valued at $5.00 offered
by Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

For the first information of a prehistoric village site or
cemetery within ten miles of the Victoria Memorial Museum,
available for exploration. Prize valued at $5.00 offered by Mr.
Harlan I. Smith.

Directions re the making of above collections and further
information may be had on application to the donors.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXIX. MAY, 1915. No. 2,

SUGGESTIONS FOR ORNITHOLOGICAL WORK

IN CANADA.

By p. a. Taverner,
Geological Survey, Ottawa.

(Continued from page 18).

The local worker, then, should collect industriously and
determine his specimens with accuracy, getting expert opinion
whenever necessary. The fact that no one can be equally
famiHar with all the recognizable forms of every species should
be recognized and no hesitation shown in referring to those
having greater experience in special directions. It should be
the endeavour to study the bird Hfe of the chosen locality
thoroughly and no means should be neglected to extend an under-
standing of conditions in past times as well as present. For this
purpose old Hterature pertaining to the locality should be search-
ed and the accounts verified as far as possible. In fact the
compiling of a bibliography of local application is an important
line of research. The aim should be to tie up every record,
when possible, with an extant and fully confirmed specimen,
if not one in the observer's collection, its whereabou'^s should be
noted so that it may be available for future examination and re-
consideration. Examination of old collections of stuffed birds
in out of the way places and old houses is a fruitful source of
information, but the greatest care should be exercised in sub-
stantiating the data in connection with them. When there is
any doubt whatever on this point the fact should be noted. In
fact, to a local faunal list it is better to add a hypothetical list
for all species whose occurrence cannot be substantiated by
specimens or on equally unimpeachable evidence. A long hypo-
thetical list is often an indication of careful work rather than the
contrary.

In collecting, the local student should attempt to gather
representative series of all the birds of his area, showing every
possible plumage in which they occur in the locality. This means

22 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May-

more than single individuals or even pairs, nor is one only of
each stage sufficient. Any single individual may be and usuallv
is abnormal in some particular. It is only by a series of several
that the average can be established. Freaks, albinos, melanos
and other abnormal occurrences are of little general scientific
interest, the normal is a much more desirable subject of study.

In gathering up information of specific occurrences the
local taxidermist is a man to cultivate, not only to secure speci-
mens but to learn and see what passes through his hands. It
is well also to keep in touch with the shooting and sporting
fraternity, for they often obtain material of great interest.

The desirable form in which to keep such collections is
undoubtedly as dry skins and not stuffed and mounted speci-
mens. The taste for the latter is waning for one thing, and they
are otherwise too bulky to house and keep in any number. As
the object is the indefinite preservation, the skin is much to be
preferred, for the action of dust and light, to say nothing of
insect ravages upon mounted specimens, is highly destructive
and their life is limited. Besides this, a mounted specimen is
not available for the handling necessary for close examination.
One hesitates to maltreat a nicely mounted bird to get at hidden
characters, that are easily seen in properly made skins.

A word here may be included as to the much vexed question
of subspecies and how far it is desirable to recognize and study
them. Originally, when the conception ruled that living forms
were the result of special creation, a species was considered a
fixed quantity, whose limits could be definitely placed. The
acceptance of the evolutionary theory of the growth of species
from others pre-existing necessitated a rearrangement of our
ideas and it was found that what were regarded as permanent
types were more or less unstable and that geographic variations
occurred, extremes of which when compared without considering
intermediate stages, exhibited differences of almost specific
value. i\s all stages of differentiation between these extremes
were to be found, it became e\'ident that they must be regarded
as evolutionary departures from the specific type and be, in fact,
"species in the making, "before the connecting sequence between
them and the parent stock has been disrupted or broken down
to form isolated species.

Our modern system of nomenclature gives each species a
binomial name, one term representing the genus to which it
belongs and the other the species. As it seemed desirable to
apply definite cognomens to geographical variants from the
typical form in order to facilitate referring to them, "give them
a handle, " as it were, a third name was added, making our system

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 23

a trinomial one and thus carrying out Linneaus' great invention
in the spirit in which it was conceived. The result is logical
and necessary, but it should be remembered that such geo-
graphical races, varieties, subspecies or whatever the student
cares to call them are mere divisions of the species and the specific
binomial is to be regarded as a collective name, including all the
trinomial variants within its meaning. Thus a "Western Robin"
is as much an " American Robin" as the " Eastern one" and the
name Planesticus migratorius is equally applicable to any of the
forms into which the "American Robin" divides. It is in fact
only necessary to name subspecies either vernacularly or scien-
tifically where special exactness is required by context or scope
of consideration. In any event, it is wiser to ignore it altogether
unless there is definite and accurate knowledge for justification.
Subspecific designation should only be based upon examinations
and authoritative determination of specimens, and not upon
probabilities or assumptions.

In every subspecifically divided form there is one race that
is called the "type form," loosely called the "species;" this is
scientifically named by repeating the specific name in the trino-
mial ; as, the Eastern Robin, Planesticus migratorius migratorius.
Theoretically this should represent the original stock from which
the variants departed but as these are often impossible to deter-
mine and scientific nomenclature must be exact, it means in
practice that this form is the one that was first discovered or
described and to which, by the canons of nomenclature, the name
must permanently adhere. The t3^pe race then, is really of no
more scientific importance than its co-races.

The realization of the proper relative importance between
type and subspecific forms and the applications of sane principles
in practice will go far towards rectifying the abuses from which a
valuable system has suffered.

Some subspecies are marked and conspicuous in character;
but as there must be species in all stages of making, some
exhibit but minute differences only evident from the examina-
tion of series of comparable material by trained perception and
judgment.

Theoretically, the numbers of subspecies of a widely varying
race must be innumerable, but the most of them are too fine
for human recognition. The question is, of course, where to draw
the line. Subspecies are actual facts and do exist. Whether it
is serving the best interests of science to deferentiate and name
the finer variations that only an expert, especially trained, can
recognize is a subject, that is still being argued. However,
whether we hold with the "Splitters" or the "Lumpers" it

24 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

seems best for the majority of us to follow the lead, perhaps
under protest, of the consensus of representative opinion as
evidenced by our American Ornithological Union Check List'^
though we can reserve to ourselves the liberty of departing from
their findings in cases where mature judgment or data justifies
it. However, for the sake of uniformity it is better to err on the
conventional rather than the radical side and to keep as largely
as possible in harmony with accepted contemporary authorities.

Others, to the contrary, notwithstanding no enduring fauna!
work, can be accomplished without the collection of specimens.
The field-glass and camera are most valuable auxiliaries, but
cannot altogether take the place of a bird in the hand. Due
regard must, however, be' given to the principles of humanity.
Collecting is a necessarv evil to scientific study and is amply
justified bv it, but the responsibility of the collector is great and
his influence should be always thrown against the useless killing
of anvthing. The collector kills for a good and sufficient reason
and should never do it, without that justification. Man, who
has been given or has assumed the rights of the earth, should
recognize his responsibilities and bear the relation of a guardian
to harmless lower life. Our laws recognize this and it is neces-
sary for a collector to get a permit from the game warden of his
province. This, however, is issued to duly qualified students
who should be careful that the privilege is not abused. Nothing
should be killed without a good and sufficient reason and when
so killed particular care shottld be exercised that the best use
possible is made of it and that it is preserved for all times.

The privilege to collect specimens, the legal property of the
people, is granted by the representatives of the people for the
benefit and increase of knowledge of the people. Hence such
specimens are in a manner public trusts and when once taken
should be preserved as such and not for individual gain or
hoarding. They should be kept as safely from damage by time,
dust, light, insects or accident as circumstances permit and, as
the owner has morally but a life interest in them, arrangements
should be perfected, so they may be for the present available
for study by other workers and finally deposited in some known
repository where they will be available to coming generations
of investigators.

The fear that the legitimate collector will deplete our bird
life is groundless. Even were the number of our collectors
increased many times and stimulated to greatly increased energy
they would have a negligible effect. Large collections are some-
times pointed to as causes of a supposed reduction in bird life
but all the collections in North America, the results of fifty years

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 25

industrious work, would not nearly equal the destruction caused
in one year by millinery plumage hunters. When we consider
the constant, widespread persecution and the number of widely
distributed sportsmen it has taken to reduce our game birds,
it is obvious that a few scattered collectors can have little, if
any, influence upon the bird population. The ideal conditions
suggested before, call for a collector in every county. If
we had but one dozen sportsmen shooters in every county
would game be scarce to-day?

There is also a sentiment against the scientist collecting
"rare birds" on the supposition that if these were allowed to
breed they would become common. There are practically no
birds, but game, raptorial and plumage forms, that suffer
systematic persecution. The number of small or rare birds that
are killed by human agencies, except for profit or food, is on the
average negligible. Are there a dozen people in Canada,
seeking or hunting for Cory's Least Bittern? How many would
know one if they saw it? The species has had hundreds of
generations in which to become common, if they are rare now
it is due to the action of still operating natural causes. The
rarity of a creature not especially or generally hunted for profit
is an indication that it is not adapted to conditions and is
nearing extinction through natural causes. Rarity obviouslv
just precedes extinction.

Of course with species that are much hunted, or that are
rare, owing to the geographical limitations of the habitable or
breeding ranges, the question is different. Scientific collectors
have occasionally gone into small .isolated colonies and practically
wiped out a species that, but for them, might have survived
for a while longer. But even in these cases the fact of such limited
range itself indicates that the species is declining and its end
has been only hastened. A dominant, virile race will tend
continually to spread ; that it has not done so, it is an indication
of inherent weakness in the species.

The Passenger Pigeon is often pointed out as an example
of man's ruthlessness, and a great deal of sentimentality has
been exercised over it. In the first place, great flocks of birds
of this species would to-day be incompatible with agricultural
pursuits. If man destroyed the Passenger Pigeon it was by
extensive netting operations against them and not by the
desultory shooting of scattered farmers and sportsmen. Yet
the last year of netting at the Petosky rookeries left countless
pigeons alive. The fact that few of these returned the next
spring was no fault of the trappers. For years thereafter
occasional flocks and bunches of Passenger Pigeons were seen;

26 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

enough to have stocked the continent, at any rate to the limit
of economic safety, had they been adapted to present conditions.
The Bluebird population was almost entirely wiped out one
winter. Fewer were left of them than of pigeons just after the
Petosky rookery was deserted; yet in five years the Bluebird
regained its old numbers. But the Bluebird is a strong, virile
race, suitably adapted to the conditions of a cultivated country.
The pigeon was not; hence it passed away while its close rela-
tive, the Morning Dove, still thrives and increases.

It must be borne in mind that our bird population is limited
by natural conditions. In most cases this limit was reached
long ago, and no more birds can inhabit North America than
can find support during the season of least food supply. In a
normal or stationary population, the death rate must equal
the birth rate or else the population ceases to be stationary.
The breeding season increases the population enormousl}^ and
one way or another this increase must be, and is, reduced to
the smaller supporting power of the land through winter.

It is evident that this allows of a considerable margin of
reduction and shows that even quite considerable numbers can
be destroyed without interfering with the ultimate numbers
of the population and that the comparatively few individuals
taken by collectors cannot have an appreciable effect upon their
number.

The professional collector has come in for popular abuse,
far beyond his deserts. In the first place, the professional
collector is almost an unknown quantity. He is too scarce in
fact to find when wanted. In the next place, there is little or no
market for his wares. Few scientists are wealthy or able to pay
prices that allow the professional a livelihood. The trade in
big game heads and trophies with wealth v sportsmen is con-
siderable and the plumage business for millinery purposes has
wrotight devastation amongst certain species but the oppor-
tunities for professional scientific collectors are small indeed.
This is to be regretted as, allowing that the study of birds is
justifiable, it follows, as a matter of course, that the man who
supplies the material is justified also and is engaged in commend-
able work. No one person can personallv gather material from
ever^^where, yet extra-limital material is just what the serious
investigator requires in his work. Without a system whereby
the earnest student can, at least partially, pay the expenses of
his explorations, modern science would still be in the dark con-
dition of middle ages. The epoch making field works of Bates
or Wallace would have been impossible if they had not found a
market for their wares.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 2.7

To hope that each of our counties will have facilities for
the proper and safe storage for such valuable objects is perhaps
to wish for the millennium. However, man}-- of the provinces
are establishing museums, that should develop into just such
repositories for provincial data and we hope the time is not
distant when this use of them will be more highly and scien-
tifically developed. In the meantime we have a Dominion
Museum, that is prepared not only to store but to scientifically
use such material and is slowly building up a national collec-
tion for future Canadian students in proportion with the growing
dignity of the country it represents. It is to be hoped that the
time will come when it will take equal rank with other national
museums of the world, the British Museum, the Smithsonian
Institute and others of like repute. To do so, however, requires
the co-operation and SA^mpathy of the Canadian people as a
whole. No public institution can do all the necessary work
itself but must rely largely in the building up of its collections
and prestige upon the interest and aid of the people it represents.
Thus grew the great British Museum through the practical help
of its private friends into an institution that is an imperial pride.
On this side of the water the scientific and enthusiastic generosity
of such men as Roosevelt, Abbot and others who donate
large collections resulting from their sporting expeditions at
home and in various parts of the world to the public good, as
represented by their national institutions, has gone far to place
the Smithsonian Institution well into the forefront of scientific
progress. Our people should be no less interested in the advance-
ment of our institutions than those abroad are to theirs. The
government alone can never raise its museums to a commanding
position in the world; the people in their private character
as individuals only can bring about that consummation and with
them the future of zoological science rests in Canada, as well as
elsewhere .

On the economic side of ornithology much work remains
to be done. So far we have been content to draw from the
results of the United States Biological Survey and other workers
across the international boundary. In so far as they treat of
our species, their problems are our problems and it is question-
able whether we want to duplicate their work. They have al-
ready developed an elaborate technical staff of specialists and
special facilities besides gathering an immense amount of
material and data. We could not compete with their efficiency
for many years. It seems, except in the case of special problems
of peculiar Canadian interest, we can do better by leaving the
bulk of such investigation to them, co-operating when possible

28 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

and helping when we can, secure in the knowledge that any
results arrived at in Washington are applicable here and avail-
able for our use. In the meantime we will have our hands and
time free for other original work and avoid unnecessary and
wasteful duplication.

Systematic zoology is pre-eminently the work of the closet
naturalist and though to the laity it is the proverbial dry-as-
dust work of the naturalist of caracture it ultimately underlies
our whole modern conception of life. The tracing out of the
relationships of species is our means of retracing the chain of
life back through the ages to its beginnings. The conditions
under which development arises gives us cities by which we are
beginning to understand the fundamental principles of living
creation. It is work, however, for the specially trained and
can onlv be successfully engaged in after considerable experiences
and preparatory study. In the ornithological field, so far,
Canada has been too busy with practical development to give
much attention to this field of endeavour. For the present,
therefore, we cannot hope to seriotisly compete with older coun-
tries who have already trained their staffs and where collections
represent material in series such as ours do not as yet contain.

However, we can all do our mite towards preparing the
countrv for future work and future needs, gather data and
specimens and gradually train a scientific body competent to
attack the "riddles of existence" from the ornithological side as
well as from other directions. We are all searching for the truth,
the biologist, the geologist, the physicist, the chemist and the
astronomer. Far apart as we seem to be in our work, we are
all attacking the one great question from different directions.
The answer to an astronomical detail is often found by the
geologist or the chemist and the geologist receives illumination
from the physicist and the biologist.

It is not an overstatement to say that zoology has had more
to do with the development of modem thought in its various
branches than any other science. The enunciation of the evolu-
tionary theory had a more fundamental effect upon current
thought and conception of life than anything that ever went
before it. Ornithologv is a branch of biologv and has done
its honorable share in making the intellectual world what it is
to-day. If we, as ornithologists labor and do our work con-
scientiously, with due appreciation of our responsibilities both
to science and to mankind, we can shed the light of our individual
tapers in some of the dark places and add our quota to the
general enlightenment. In the foregoing I have attempted to
outline or indicate a course for such work.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 29

MEETINGS OF THE BOTANICAL BRANCH.

February 20th, 1915, at the residence of Mr. R. B. Whyte.
^ Mr. J. R. Dickson, of the Forestry Branch, spoke on the subject
" Forestry in Canada." Mr. Tulley, of the same Branch, also gave
a synopsis of the administrative data relating to the Forestry
Branch and showed a series of very interesting lantern slides,
illustrating forestry problems.

Mr. Dickson aptly emphasized the inconceivable quantities
of timber used each year in Canada by pointing out that the
railway companies used one hundred and fifty millions of ties
each year, that the 1911 cut was five billion feet board measure,
and other facts involving stupendous figures. In a condensed
yet clear and forceful way, he toviched on most of the great sub-
jects comprehended in the term "forestry," forestry, as he de-
cribed it, being "The Parent of Industries."

He stated that information available shows that on 60%
of the cropable land, timber can be more profitably grown than
farm crops. The science of forest management seeks first to
ensure the permanence of the lumbering industry, and, secondly,
to gain the many other auxiliary benefits, which nourish the life
of a nation. The ftmdamental importance of wood in nearly
all phases of indtistrial life was emphasized. At present, there
is a very small stand of merchantable timber in the so-called
" Great Northern Spruce Forest," the mature timber having been
nearly all swept away by repeated fires during the past century.
An analogous condition exists in our southern hardwood belt —
but due to cutting rather than fire. Last year some 60% of
the hardwood used in Canadian woodworking industries was
imported.

It was pointed out that the main elements of a forest policy
for Canada must be:

(1) Education of public opinion in order to provide the
authority, the money, the driving power.

(2) Classification, according to its producing capacity, of
all publicly owned land, to provide for permanence of use.

(3) A plan of cordial and mutually profitable co-operatiou
on an equitable basis of duties and rewards.

(4) Organization on a strictly non-partisan basis, of a trained
and efficient forest service personnel.

(5) Provision and equipment for investigation and re-
search work relating to forest problems.

(6) Whatever legislation may be required to place trained
men in charge of our forest lands, and insure uniform require-
ments from every forest user.

30 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

Reference was also made to the relation of the forest to
stream flow as affecting domestic supply, irrigation and water-
power, municipal and city forestry, and the immense wealth
of fish and game in Canadian forests.

Mr. TuUy, in dealing with the administrative side of the
work, stated that there were thirty-one organized Forest Re-
serves, under the control of the Branch, each in direct charge
of a trained forester. The area covered by these reserves was
43,800 square miles. In addition to these reserves, there were
Fire-ranging Districts and two Forestry Stations, from which
young forest trees, etc., were distributed to settlers in the
Prairie Provinces. One of these stations was at Indian Head
and the other at Sutherland. From the former over three mil-
lion young trees were distribtited in 1914. The Branch also had
research laboratories at McGill University, where problems
relating to the products from forest timber of all sorts were dealt
with by trained investigators. Those present were: —

Messrs. Attwood, Buck, Campbell, Clark, Dickson, Eddy,
Fryer, Honeyman, Lelacheur, Newman, Tulley and Whyle.

F. E. B.

March 13th, at the residence of Mr. Geo. H. Clark. Dr. J. S.
Bates, Superintendent of the Forestry Products Laboratory for
Canada, at McGill University, Montreal, dealt with the subject
"Wood Fibre, Its uses in Pi^lp and Paper Making." The sub-
ject was handled in a very able and thorough manner and was
made still more educative by a series of well prepared lantern
slides illustrating the fibres of various woods and the pulp mak-
ing process in the mills.

Mr. Clark, the host, in introducing the speaker, assured
him that the members appreciated his coming from Montreal
for the purpose of addressing the Club and to Mr. D. A. Camp-
bell also thanks were due for arranging Dr. Bates' trip for this
purpose.

After referring to the botanical classification of the principal
and minor trees and many varied plants, which were used, or
could be tised, in the manufacture of paper, and the history of
the various processes of making forest timber into paper, Dr.
Bates stated that at the present time it cost about two cents per
pound to manufacture paper from the forest timber, or stated in
another way, forest timber suitable for paper making realized,
when sold as paper, the equivalent that it would if sold as lum-
ber at $40.00 per 1,000 feet board measure. There were about
70 factories in Canada manufacturing pulp and paper. About
50 per cent of the lumber cut for this purpose was shipped out
of the country as pulp wood, and of the SO per cent made into

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 31

pulp, one-third of that was also shipped as pulp, the remaining
two-thirds being manufactured into paper in Canada.

There were four main processes of manufacture, and some
minor prbcesses, which were not commercially profitable. The
beginning of the manufacture of paper, from wood, dated from
about 1863, and the new extensive sulphite process from about
1883. The reason why forest timber could be used to such
advantage in paper making was due to the fact of the relative
shortness of its fibre. The length of fibre in the Black and
Balsam Spruce was better for the manufacture of news print
paper than it was in the other woods of the forest. Black Spruce
contributed 70 per cent of the pulp used for this purpose and
Balsam Spruce about 25 per cent. In addition other conifers
such as the Jack Pine and Hemlock Spruce were also used in
limited quantities, as also were Poplars and Basswood among
deciduous trees. The conifers were easily amenable to the
chemical treatment necessary in paper making, while the Black
Spruce and Balsam were the two which were also very easily
bleached. The lignin, which is in larger proportion in some
woods than in others, is the cause of discoloration. The chemical
process, used to reduce spruce wood, dissolves out most of the
lignin, leaving the 65 per cent of cellulose, which spruce contains,
available for paper. In one process an alkaline solution is tised
by which the guins, resins, etc., of the woods are dissolved out.

By means of the several chemical processes now used the
best quality of paper is made. The large proportion of 54 per
cent of the total, however, is made from mechanically ground
pulp in which the lignin, etc., still remains. In many cases this
mechanically made pulp is mixed with a smaller percentage of
chemically treated pulp, which then gives a paper of better
color and quality.

The stilphite is the most important of the chemical processes.
This process is one which u§es a liquor, made by burning sulphur
etc., in which the pulp wood is cooked. The chemical reactions
which result, involves the ketone compounds, which unite with
the stdphur and separate from the cellulose. The wood previous
to the ten hour's cooking is barked and chopped into small blocks.
In addition to the sulphite process the sulphate and the soda
processes are also used in the manufacture of pulp-wood into
paper. Craft or brown and all unbleached papers are made by
a soda and sulphide process.

Those present were: — Messrs. Bartlett, Buck, Blackader,
D. A. Campbell, R. H. Campbell, Dexter, Dickson, Eddy, Grind-
ley, Low, Lawler, Masters, Rice, Robertson, Tulley, and the host,
Mr. Geo. H. Clark. F. E. B.

32 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

NOTE ON A WOUNDED DEER.

On December 1st, 1914, the writer shot a male deer, the
condition of which, owing to strange circumstances, seems
worthy of record.

The animal, a Mule deer {Odocoileus hemionus) had been
wounded, the wound being inflicted almost surely the previous
year. The bullet had entered from the right side and penetrated
the flesh of both hind legs, just missing the bones, and in passing
through had destroyed the genital glands. Owing to the injury
to the muscels both legs were slightly drawn up behind and
appeared somewhat stiff, otherwise the deer was as active and
healthy as any other.

While this animal had in ever}^ respect, but one, made a
perfect recovery, it presented, nevertheless, several abnormal
conditions. For instance, the deer was unusually large, weighing
when " dressed' ' 184 pounds; it also appeared far more like a doe
than a buck. This was particularly noticeable in the neck
which had lost all that strong muscular appearance, so charac-
teristic of a stag, the neck, instead, being slender and doe-like.
Lastly, the horns are much aborted. Close to the head is a club-
like excrescence from which several points protrude. The main
points, one on each side, are about ten inches long without
branches, the remaining ones, consisting of two on one side of
the head and five on the other, vary from mere knobs to points
of five inches in length. One of the most interesting features
connected with these horns is their immature condition, for while
it was December, when all normal horns had long since become
hard, these were still soft and in the "velvet," that is to say,
still covered with short, more or less wiry, gray hairs. The horns
appeared, also, to be still growing, this being evident from the
fact that in falling the animal had broken one of the points, from
which blood trickled.

From the general appearance of the deer, taking into con-
sideration its size and the condition of its teeth, I am convinced
that it was at least five years old, probably older. The im-
mature conditions of the horns were doubtless due, in Dart, to
the wounds having taken many weeks to heal; while their
crumpled abnormal shape and the unusual condition of the
animal generally would be directly due to the nature of the wound.

This deer was extremely fat and the venison unusually
sweet and juicy.

Stuart Criddle, Treesbank, Man.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 33

A CHEAP CASE FOR SMALL MUSEUMS.

By Harlan I. Smith.
Geological Survey, Ottawa.

For many years we have heard complaints from museum
curators and others interested in museums, that there was not
sufficient money available for the purchase of specimens, the
erection of a desired building, and the making of cases. It is
trtie this complaint was not always, though often, made as a sort
of apology for the lack of arrangement and labelling, the presence
of dirt, and the failure of the museum to be useful to the com-
munity, or even interesting to the average visitor. Some mu-
setims spend for specimens thousands of dollars annually, for
many years in succession, while their exhibition halls lack suf-
ficient labels of all kinds, and especially the general divisional
labels and case labels which are among the first needed to make
a museum useful to the public. It is like paying $5.00 for a
volume and not reading it when it were better to buy a five cent
book to read. It is known by actual experience that a few
hundred dollars invested in lumber, stain and the services of a
painter, will remove this main stigma of faulty labelling from a
fairly large museum. After all, a museum had better be with-
out many specimens than to be lacking in essential labels. One
specimen, such as a diamond or an elephant, may cost more than
thousands of equally instructive specimens, such as a piece of
coal or a kernel of corn, and will actually use up funds needed to
completely label a large part of a great museum or an entire
small one. Many institutions waste years in discussing what
color, and weight of cardboard, or other material is to be used
for labels, and many years pass before any exhibit is adequately
labelled; it would be better to attach labels — either written in
longhand, or by typewriter, so that the present generation may
get useful service from the exhibit. Such tentative labels
may be replaced whenever a better kind is decided upon.

Waiting for a fire-proof, or permanent, or larger building
is certainly a waste of time. I once knew of a professor who
complained that he could not teach a number of interested
students because he had no class room, but I believe I can recall
hearing of certain great teachers of antiquity, who taught their
disciples by the road side, without either class room or place to
lay their heads, and this idea also applies to museums, for after
all, the whole out-of-doors is the best museum. A comer in
every school-house may be a museum; a nook in every Board
of Trade building may serve the same purpose ; even the Sunday

34 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

School room may have its mttseiiin. A cheap inflammable build-
ing may be a more useful museum building than a fire-proof
structure costing millions. In an inflammable building it would
not be wise to store valuable material, but in it could be dis-
played labels, pictures, maps and books illustrated by such
cheap and common specimens as elm leaves, squash seeds,
broken pebbles, English sparrows, mice, or the skull of a dog.
A museum of such specimens, accompanied by appropriate labels,
books, maps, pictures and models, might easily be of more ser-
vice to a community than some existing museums costing say
ten times as much.

Case problems may delay curators not months but years.
First there is the discussion as to what kind of a case and
how to make it dust proof; what it should be made of, the
color the back-ground is to be painted, or whether burlap will be
used instead of paint. In this way, while waiting for cases,
years go by. People who would use the museum grow old and
die. Children who have time in their receptive condition of
mind to profit most in the museum grow up and have their time
occupied by necessary labor. Their minds become blunted to
the useful impressions which they might gain in the museum,
and still the museum curator has not secured the case he needs
for the exhibit in time to benefit all the classes of people, from
the old people to the school children. As a matter of fact, all
these people could have gotten the maximum amount of benefit
from the museum, had the specimens been exhibited without
any case at all, on the wall, on tables, on the floor, or even out
in the big out-door world, had there been sufficient and ap-
propriate labelling. Thus the kind of. material and color of case
seems to have little to do with the usefulness of a museum. I
have seen museums with black cases, white cases, reddish cases,
yellowish cases and portions of museums with no cases at all,
and every one of these had some exhibits that were superior in
graphic usefulness to some class of the public than were any
other exhibits known to me. No doubt the back-grounds
should be carefully considered, certain colors being better than
others. Perhaps the relationship of colors or general harmony
and the relationship of light and a subdued quietness of color are
of extreme importance, but visitors have been in a museum
where the cases were entirely white, been interested and ob-
tained useful information some little time before noticing
whether the cases were white or black. While black cases may
not be advisable, several of our best museums have them, and
in some instances one sees the exhibit before it is realized that
the case is black. No doubt either a white or a black case may

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 35

be very bad in a wrong setting, wrong relations, or if it is not
harmonious, and not used wisely.

The museum of the Natural History Society of New Bruns-
wick, located at St. John, has a comparatively small amount of
money to spend each year. In this the museum is perhaps for-
tunate, for in so far as the curator's funds permit, some of the
most up-to-date museum methods are actually being put in
force. The curator has insufficient help, a comparatively poor
building and miserable cases, yet he carries on field research,
conducts a lecture course for adults and one for school children,
so that two lectures are given each week during the school
season. Large parties of young people are taken out to investi-
gate and study in the field ; some publications are issued, material
collected by school children and sent to him by their teachers
is identified, and the teachers of the schools are provided with
nature study leaflets suggested by the object sent within twenty-
four hours of its receipt. Every school child is interested in
what Willie Jones of School No. 2 found yesterday.

In autumn when the Canadian Pacific Railway supplies
two cars to be drawn over its lines and side tracked for a few
hours, more or less, at each station.where an audience may be had,
and when these oars are filled with exhibits under the auspices
of the Provincial Government of New Brunswick, the curator
accompanies the train. One of the cars usually contains ej^hibits
of pigs, chickens and other live stock; other exhibits relating
to agriculture consist of bees, nursery trees, cream separators,
or whatever the Government experts consider may uplift the
agriculture of the Province. Our curator friend installs material
from his museum, supplemented by specimens collected for the
purpose. Specimens of birds which benefit the farmer's crops,
insects which damage them, are shown, as well as drawings
hastily made with cheap materials, but which may be fastened
to the walls of the car or held up while lectures are delivered
to the rural audiences on subjects which will make their work
more successful and pleasant. But more interesting to us
in the present connection is the cheapness of the cases which the
curator of the above museum has had built as a beginning to-
wards those which he intends to have throughout the museum
for the housing of instructive and useful exhibits, his idea being
that while these cases are not all he would like to have them, still
they will serve the purpose so that the public, old and young,
scientist and layman, may derive benefit from the museum until
such time as he has secured funds for ideal cases, and has decided
what an ideal case is and what color to paint it. But now, he
has found that if the school children of to-day derive benefit

36 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

from the exhibits in these cheap cases, when they are women and
men of to-morrow, his museum, though he may then be dead,
will not want for ideal cases, an ideal fire-proof building, its own
railroad train, or even the most valuable tho^^gh perhaps not very
instructive specimens.

With this inspiration, and having in the Rocky Mountains
Museum a need to build at least one case as a sample and install
it within three weeks, I designed a cheap case for a small museum
or a museum having small funds. A contractor in Ottawa will
make such a case for $10.00 or less, casing a museum for less than
one-fiftieth the cost of our finest cases. Any ordinary house car-
penter can make such a case. The materials may be obtained
wherever window sashes are to be had. All the woodwork may
be cut to sizes at the local mill, and this is especially desirable
where a large number of cases are to be made, as it will save much
of the expense of the carpenter work.

The kind of wood and moulding may be varied according
to what is cheapest and most easily obtainable where the cases
are being made, care being taken, however, if any moulding is
used, to choose that which is simple, dignified, and will not gather
dust. It may be desirable to let the size of the glass panels and
even of the case depend somewhat on the size of glass that can
be obtained.

The advocating of a cheap case, its manufacture, installa-
tion and use, in no way militates against advocating the best
and most expensive cases on the market, their manufacttire,
installation and use, but on the contrary paves the way for them.
The museum that waits to be useful until it can have cases cost-
ing many hundreds of dollars each will probably wait along time
for financial support. The museum that teaches and otherwise
becomes useful to the public with clean, neat, though cheap
cases, will gain the sound financial support which it deserves,
at least as soon as the children of the present generation grow
to positions of authority, and then the cheap cases may be dis-
carded, or, better still, sold or given to a branch museum or a
small struggling museum, and replaced by the very best cases
to be obtained on the market or to be manufactured.

.^^

(To be continued).

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXIX. JUNE-JULY, 1915 Nos. 3 and 4

ON THE VALIDITY OF THE GENUS PLETHOPELTIS.

(Raymond).

By Richard M. Field.

While studying some fossils collected by Dr. Percy E. Ray-
mond from the Hoyt Quarry, Saratoga, the writer became
interested in the relationship of the two forms which have been
described by Walcott as Agraulos saratogensis. In his recent
description (7) of the Hoyt fauna Dr. Walcott has figured a
form with strongly outlined glabella, bearing glabeilar furrows,
while in his first description of the fauna he illustrated under
this name a specimen with smooth glabella and very faint circum-
glabellar furrow. This latter, or " smooth-glabella " variety, is
found to predominate in the collection. A still closer inspec-
tion of the material seemed to show that although both forms
may belong to the same species, it is extremely doubtful if they
are to be placed under the genus Agraulos. The writer believes
that the following evidence shows that Raymond was justified
in erecting his new genus Plethopeltis for trilobites such as
Agraulos saratogensis Walcott.

To determine the validit}^ of the genus Plethopeltis it is
necessar}^ to discuss the following facts. Raymond, in the
"Revision of the Bathyuridae" (8) designated Agraulos sara-
togensis instead of Bathyurtis armaius Billings, as the type of
the new genus Plethopeltis. It is tmdertsood that he did this
because only a single cranidium of P. armatus was known and
no pygidium, while numbers of pygidia were found associated
with P. saratogensis. Some doubt has recently been expressed
as to whether after all the species saratogensis should be removed
from the genus Agraulos. If the latter be the case, then the
genus Plethopeltis automatically drops out of the nomenclature.
Ra3^mond's generic diagnosis of Plethopeltis is as follows : —

"Cephalon strongly convex, wider than long, without con-,
cave border or marginal rim. Glabella faintly defined, without
glabellar furrows. Eyes small, situated well forward. Free

38 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July-

cheeks rather wide, smooth, with short spines at the genal
angles. Pygidium small, with few traces of segmentation;
convex; no border."

The writer finds from the investigation of the material
lately collected by Dr. Raymond that the characteristics given
by him as "glabella faintly defined, without glabellar furrows"
is neither a generic nor a specific characteristic. The present
collection fortunately allows a close comparison of the variety
first figured and described by Walcott (5), his holotype, and
the plesiotype later figured by him in his description of the Hoyt
fauna. Here we have the two varieties closely associated, having
lived and died under the same physical conditions. Judging
from the few well preserved specimens examined by the writer,
not more than nineteen in all, it would seem that the form with
the smooth glabella predominated. Further and more careful
collecting is necessary, however, before this assertion can be
proved. It shotild be noted that Walcott in his first description
already noted (p. 276) noticed "two pairs of slightly indented
glabellar furrows that curve inward with a slight backward
obliquity; on the casts of the interior of the larger specimens

the furrows are scarcely to be seen ." But he shows n,o

trace of these furrows in his figure. At any rate the presence or
absence of glabellar furrows has in this case at least, nothing to
do with the generic classification. We shall have more to say
regarding the development of glabellar furrows later.

Walcott (7) in his second paper gives the following descrip-
tion of A gr aulas saratogensis:

"Head convex, slightly semi-elliptical in outline and
terminating in round, short, postero-lateral spines; glabella
moderately convex, truncate conical, sides converging slightly
towards the broadly rounded front, about ^ longer than wide;
marked by two pairs of slightly indented glabellar furrows that
extend inward with a slight backward obliquity; on the casts
of the interior of the larger specimens the furrows are scarcely to
be seen; occipital furrow well defined and arched forward at
the centre; occipital segment rising to a short blunt spine at
the centre and narrowing toward the sides; dorsal furrow well
defined abotit the glabella. Fixed cheeks narrow; anteriorly
they merge into the broad, rounded, frontal limb and posteriorly
into the short posterior lateral limbs ; palpebral lobes small and
situated a little in front of the tranverse centre of the head.
The frontal limb about \ the length of the head and curved
,down to the margin without an intervening furrow. Free
cheeks convex and somewhat tumid, irregularly triangular in
outline and -without a marginal border. The associated pygi-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 39

diuni is convex, strongly lobed and withcMit a distinct marginal
furrow. Axial lobe intermarginal, convex and divided into
four annulations and an interior doublure by four distinct
transverse furrows; lateral lobes crossed by three main
furrows and two shorter ones, corresponding to the furrow on the
lateral lobe of the thoracic segments, thus otitlining the anchy-
losed segments in the pygidium; a fourth segment and the ter-
minal portion are also outlined by a faint ridge. Thorax un-
known. This is a very distinctly marked species allied to
Bathyurus armatus Billings." (4).

Corda (1) was the author of the genus and the first to figure
Agraulos (in 1847) but his drawing is so inaccurate that one can
hardly recognize any similarity between it and the original type
described by him as .4. delphinocephalus . Later, Barrande (2)
gave an excellent description of the same species under the name
Arionelhis ceticephahts, declining to use Corda's generic name.
Barrande's figures are so accurate that the indices worked out
from these compare favorably, indeed very closely, with those
worked out on the actual specimens. Barrande does not appear
to have noticed the presence of eye-lines, a primitive aspect of
this species and of many other Cambrian trilobites. One has
but to compare the indices (38-64) to appreciate how widely
Corda's figure differs from those of Barrande. x-V drawing from
an actual specimen found in the type locality of Skrey, Bohemia,
is shown on the plate. Fig. 3. The first mention of ^4. sarato-
gensis was by Walcott (3) in 1879 when he listed it as Ptycho-
paria {A.) saratogensis. In his next paper (5) he referred the
species definitely to the genus Agraulos. A copy of his figure is
shown on the accompanying plate in Fig. 2. Walcott, (7) in
1912, figures another specimen of the same species showing a
strong circum glabellar ftirrow; glabellar furrows and ridge, as
shown in Fig. 1. Both of the varieties above described occur at
the same horizon at the Hoyt Quarry. Raymond, (8) in his
" Revision of the Species which have been referred to the genus
Bathyurus," took Agraulos saratogensis as his type of the new
genus Plethopeltis, as has been previously stated.

The writer made a critical and comparative examination
of the features of the four types referred to above and has
recorded a summary of his observations in the accompanying
plate, which is to a large extent self-explanatory. Figures 1 and
2, representing the two variations of P. (A.) saratogensis are
drawn from specimens from the Hoyt Quarry. Figure 3 is
drawn from a specimen of Agraulos ceticephalus Barrande.
Figvire 4 represents Phethopeltis armatus (Billings). On the
right of the figures are arranged in order the chief characteristics

40 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

of the cephalons. On the left are placed the generic character-
istics which connect P. saratogensis and P. armaius. In
working out of the indices, the length of the cephalon was meas-
ured from the middle of the neck furrow to the anterior extremity,
the length of the glabella being measured from the middle of
the neck furrow to the anterior edge. The index in each case
was derived by dividing the smaller by the larger measvirement
and multiplying the resultant by 1 ,000 to make it a whole num-
ber. It was hoped that by making careful measurements
(within 0.2 5 of a mm.) that the indices would afford valuable
criteria for the classification, but unfortunately the results do
not appear to be decisive, probably because of the lack of suf-
ficient working material. Nineteen specimens representing the
total available material of P. saratogensis, were measured and
their indices calculated. The average index proved to be 70
but a careful inspection of the individual indices showed this
figure to be tdo low. Fourteen of the indices range between
75 and 80; only two fall below 70, while two others are as high
as 85. The figures seem to show that further collecting would
raise the average considerably. It is also important to note that
measurements taken on P. saratogensis figured by Weller (6) as
representative specimens from New Jersey show an index of 80.
The writer has therefore made a conservative estimate of 75
as the index for P. saratogensis. So far as can be determined
at present the index does not vary between the forms A\dth
smooth and those with furrowed glabella. Eleven specimens
of A. ceticephalus were measured and their average index proves
to be 63. This average was shown to be practically identical
with that calculated from measurements made on Barrande's
figures. The writer was forced to calculate the index for P.
armatus from the original drawing by Billings. So far only one
cranidium of this species is known, and its high index (88) may
not be entirely indicative of the average for the species. All
the evidence seems to show that the indices of P. armatus and
P. saratogensis are very similar and dissimilar from that of
A. ceticephalus. In addition, P. saratogensis and P. armatus
have the following characteristics in common, which in turn are
dissimilar from those of A. ceticephahis:

1. Greater convexity of the cephalon.

2. Eyes close to the glabella.

3. Cephalon never upturned at the anterior margin.

4. Facial sutures carried well forward.

5. Opposite portions of the circum-glabellar furrow nearly

parallel and converging only slightly forward.
The writer therefore believes in the validity of Raymond's
new genus.

1915]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

41

Plethopeltis

saratogensis

Index ; 75.

Convexity ; great.

Eyes ; close to glabella .

Cephalon ; unvariable, wider than
long, never upturned at anterior
margin. Posterior development
into nucal spine.

Glabella ; circum -glabellar furrow
faint to strong, 2 pairs of faint
glabellar furrows and median
ridge.

Plethopeltis

saratogensis

Index; 75.

Convexity ; great.

Eyes ; close to glabella.

Cephalon ; unvariable, wider than

long, never upturned at anterior

margin. Posterior development

into nucal spine.
Glabella ; circum-glabellar furrow

faint to strong, no glabellar

furrow-, no ridge.

Agraulos

ceticephalus

Index ; 63 .

Convexity ; low.

Eyes ; farther apart than in preced-
ing.

Cephalon; variable, from wider than
long to longer than wide, anterior
margin slightly upturned in some
specimens. No nucal spine.

Glabella; no circum-glabellar furrow,
4 pairs of glabellar furrows, ridge,
eye lines.

Plethopeltis

armatus

Index ; 88 ?

Convexity ; great.

Eyes ; close to glabella.

Cephalon; only one known. No
signs of upturning of anterior
margin. Nucal spine better de-
veloped than in 1 and 2.

Glabella ; circum-glabellar furrow
faint and dying out anteriorly.
No glabellar furrows. No ridge.

Characteristics common to 1, 2 and 4.

1. Great convexity.

2. Eyes close to glabella.

3. Cephalon never upturned at anterior margin.

4. Facial sutures more nearly similar.

5. Circum-glabellar furrows similar in outline and roughly paralle

42 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July

Development and Distribution.

The writer does not propose here to discuss the genus
Plethopeltis but there are one or two points which are of interest
regarding the morphological development and migration of the
species, P. saratogensis. By glancing at the diagrams it will
be seen that both 1 and 2 are referred to the same species,
although certain morphological features are shown to be more
strongly developed in one than in the other. As has been men-
tioned previously, the " smooth-glabella " forms predominate
in the present collection and it is reasonable to suppose that this
form is also the more stable, exhibiting more specialized develop-
ment. Why the type possessing glabellar furrows and ridge
should have persisted may be attributed to some inhibitor which
is difficult to explain at present. At first the writer was led to
beHeve that the differences of glabellar furrows and circum-
glabellar furrow was one mainly of preservation, but a more
careftd inspection of the material has led to the conclusion that
this is not the case and that we have in the specimens collected
from the Hoyt Quarries two distinct types, showing stages of
gradation from the smooth to the furrowed form. In the
development of the species the glabellar ftirrows and ridges are
the first to disappear while the circum-glabellar furrow often
persists into the more specialized individual.

Gushing and Rudemann (9) describe the rocks in which the
species occur as follows:

" the Hoyt is a local phase of the upper Theresa,

probably an off-shore phase . The waters were clearer,

less subject to incursions of sand, Crytozoon reefs flourished as
they did not in the normal Theresa, and trilobites and gastro-
pods lived on the surface of the reefs, where we find their fossil
remains to-day."

When we consider the specimens of .4. saratogensis de-
scribed by Weller (6) from New Jersey we notice here that only
the "smooth glabella" forms are represented. Weller stated

that : " glabellar furrows are wholly

absent from the New Jersey specimens." The pygidia associated
with the New Jersey specimens do not entirely agree with the
description of that portiom of the animal as it occurs at Saratoga,
the transverse furrows being much less conspicuous. Notwith-
standing these differences the specific indentity of the specimens
from these two localities can hardly be questioned. Most of
the specimens observed are smaller than the one illustrated,
some of them being less than 5 m/m. in length. The writer also
found a large number of small individuals amongst the specimens
from the Hoyt Quarry, but these were not measured for obvious

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 43

reasons. It wotild seem as if Saratoga were the centre of dis-
tribution for this species and that only the fixed type was able
to migrate.

Bibliography.

1. A graulos delphinocephalMS Hawle and Covda. Prodrom.
einer Monographie der bohemischen Trilobiten, 1847. Taf. 3,
fig., 13.

2. Arionellus ceticephalus Barrande. Systeme Silurien
du Centre de la Boheme, 1852, vol. 1, Part 1. pi. 10, figs. 1-20.

3. Piychoparia (A.) saratogensis Walcott, 1879. Thirty-
second Rep'. N.Y. State Museum Nat. Hist., p. 131.

4. Bathyurus armatus Billings. Paleozoic Fossils of
Canada. Vol. 1, 1865, p. 411.

5. Agraulos saratogensis Walcott., 1890. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 13, pi. 21, fig. 14.

6. Agraulos saratogensis Weller., 1903. Pal. N. J., vol. 3„
pl. l,fig. 7.

7. Agraulos saratogensis Walcott. 1912. Smithsonian-
Misc. Col., vol. 57. pi. 43, fig. 11.

8. Plethopeltis saratogensis Ra^^mond. 1913, Bull. 1, Vic,
Mem. Mus. p. 64.

9. Agraulos saratogensis Cushing and Ruedemann, 1914,,
Bull. 169, N. Y. State Mus. Rep., pp. 41-42.

Department of Geology,

Harvard University.

CORRESPONDENCE.

The Editor, The Ottawa Naturalist.

Mr. P. A. Taverner's "Suggestions for Ornithological Work
in Canada," strike the right note. At present we Canadian bird
lovers are more in touch with Washington, D.C., than with our
own Ottawa. Only a few of us even know each other. By the
formation of an Audubon Society in Winnipeg recently an
attempt has been made to bring bird observers together. Hardly
anyone in the West outside a limited circle is aware of the
splendid original work of Norman Criddle and his brother Stuart.
Probably none of your readers have the least idea that in A. G.
Lawrence, of Winnipeg, and H. E. Pittman, of Wauchope, Sask.,
there are some rising lights in nature lore, especially in ornitho-
logy. I could name a few qthers, old and young, who might
be linked together for the purposes suggested by Mr. Taverner.
As a writer of sorts and as a lecturer on our birds I am impresse d
by the unused material lurking in Manitoba alone.

H. M. SPEECHLY, Pilot Mound, Man.

44 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-Jtdy

A CHEAP CASE FOR SMALL MUSEUMS.

By Harlan I. Smith.

Geological Survey, Ottawa.

(Continued from page 36).

One form and size of this case is practically a simple
box, three feet wide over all with a window sash screwed on as a
cover. The sides of the case may be 7 feet high. The top
and bottom of lyi inch material, 1 foot wide, is set in about
2ys inches, more or less, from the ends of the sides. These
four boards constitute the box' frame without front or back.
A piece 2}4 inches wide and as thick as the window sash,
usually 13/i, or, better, 1}4 is nailed across from side to
side at the top and bottom of both front and back to strengthen
the frame and to cover the space above and below the top and
bottom of the case; the lower one also serves as a support upon
which the lower edge of the glass front and glass or wooden back
frames may rest. This 2,^/2 -inch strip only partly covers the
edge of the top and bottom, so that the screws holding the front
and back may be inserted into the top and bottom, but also so
that there may be no crack or space from the front or back into
the space left at the outside of the top and bottom of the case.
A kicking moulding may then be put across from side to side
at the bottom of the case, both front and back, but it should
not project beyond the sides of the case, as this would prevent
several cases being placed close together, side by side. In short,
the sides of the case should be flush. A board is next put over
the top of the case to keep dust, etc., from gathering in the space
outside of the case top, and to give the case finish. This board
should project an inch or two in front and behind, but as in the
case of the kickboard should not extend beyond the sides of the
case except where a case is to stand alone. A moulding may be
placed below this top in the corner between it and the 2 >^ -inch
strip across the top of the front of the case according to taste.
The general label of the entire case may then be fastened on
this moulding on the 2 ^/2 inch strip or from the cover of the case
to the 214 inch strip, by means of round headed screws through
the middle of the end of the label board. In fact one purpose
for having the case extend above the top of the exhibition space,
that is above the top of the glass sash, is to provide this space
for a case label. On the other hand a case label may be painted
directly on the 2}^ inch strip, or the sash.

[1915 The Ottawa Naturalist. 45

The front of the case is made of a simple window sash, such
as may be obtained in any town where a sash and door factory
exists, or for that matter any place where houses are built. It
is fastened with round headed screws engaging the edge of the
sides and top of the case, the frame resting upon the 2^ inch
strip across the lower part of the case. By screwing the frame
on, it is not necessary to go to the expense of hinges and locks.
The screw holes may be soaped, waxed, or m.etal screw sockets
may be used if it seems desirable to go to that expense. A
screwdriver serves as a key. Moreover, by drawing the screws
tight, the case may be made as near dust-proof as is necessary
in a small museum. In fact much more fuss is made about
dust-proof cases and about getting fine cases than about using
them, after fine dust-proof cases are obtained; that is, the
curator's energy seems to be used up in getting building, cases,
and specimens ; then he rests on his oars as a rvile, leaving the
exhibits without understandable labels, and practically useless.
A little attention given to wiping otit cases, cleaning specimens
and looking to the upkeep of the specimens in most cases would
be cheaper and quicker than giving so mvich attention to dust
and insect proof cases. Moreover, going over the specimens
say once a year for such a purpose, the curator could hardly fail
to note the lack of order and labels, and many things which he
would then want to do to improve the usefulness of his exhibit.
However, cotton tape or wicking set in a planed groove may
be added to exclude dust if desired.

The frame should be cut down on the outer sides and ends
as much as is consistent with sufficient strength to hold the glass,
but of course it cannot be cut down to less than the "^/i of an inch
necessary to cover the edges of the sides and top of the exhibi-
tion case, to which it is screwed. The glass should be in the
largest pieces obtainable, up to the full size of the frame, and
where more than one piece of glass is required preference should
be given to running the mullions horizontally so that they may
the more often fall opposite a horizontal shelf edge instead of
vertically across the line of vision. It is hardly necessary to say
that the glass should be of the best quality which the museum
can afford, and certainly shotdd be free from blebs and other
blemishes. If it is sufficiently heavy, there will be no need of
disfiguring signs requesting visitors not to lean on the glass.

Shelves may be cut about Vi of an inch shorter than the top
and bottom of the case, so that they may be moved easily and
may rest upon round headed screws, or, still better, on screw
eyes turned horizontally in the sides of the case, one at each
corner of the shelf. When it is necessary to raise or lower the

46 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

shelf these screws are easily changed and the holes may be
puttied up and touched with color, although if left they will
no more disfigure the case than the ordinary ratchets used for
holding shelves at various heights. The case may be stained
or painted with a dull finish, certainly not a very glossy var-
nish, perhaps preferably with a thin wash, to give it a somewhat
neutral color in harmony with that of the walls of the building
in which it is to stand.

The back of the case, it seems, should certainly be put on in
the same way as the front, so that if it is ever desirable to turn
the case at right angles and have glass upon both front and back,
the back may be removed and a glass frame similar to the one in
front may be put on as easily as one would open and shut the
case to put in or take out a specimen. If the back is to be solid
woodwork, which is perhaps desirable where heavy things are
to be hung from it, care should be taken that it is built so that
the expansion and contraction due to changes in the weather
or the heating of the building may not strain the rest of the case,
and the boards should run up and down or crosswise rather than
either diagonally or possibly even in panels, so that they may
not be optically disagreeable in connection with the exhibit.
Perhaps as good a way as any woidd be to let the back of the
case be a frame with compo board instead of glass, as the compo
board could be replaced at any time glass was desired, and
meanwhile would serve very well as a background to exhibits
or upon which to hang exhibits that were not too heavy. A
diaphragm set back against the rear frame would serve for
heavy objects and be desirably smooth or could be covered with
burlap, paint, paper, or what not, as desired.

When the case has glass front and back, that is, when the
exhibit is to be viewed from two sides, or when it is not desirable
to use the full depth of the case for the exhibit on hand, a dia-
phragm about 14 of an inch shorter and narrower than the inside
of the case may be inserted at any distance from the front of
the case, and held in place either with round headed screws
through the sides of the case or with small angle irons or ^-inch
cove, in front and behind the diaphragm at the corners, or
oftener according to taste and the amount of strength desired.
This method of fastening the diaphragm allows it to be adjusted
or removed in a very few minutes with practically no waste and
no unsightly scars which could not be retouched with putty
and colored, or which if not retotiched would be no more un-
sightly than the complicated and expensive diaphragm holders
usually used.

The cases should be made in uniform sizes or multiple sizes
like sectional book cases, so that they may be moved about and

1915]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

47

M

-\

? »-

^

AWJ.: -^^iw;

reassembled, for instance, by placing two 3-foot cases side by-
side to harmonize with a 6-foot case, and so on, or by placing
two cases 6 inches deep back to back, to approximately har-
monize with a case 1 foot deep. Cases should never be fastened
to the walls of the room in such a way that when they are moved
the room is disfigured, requiring replastering, repainting of the
replastered part, and then, as so often happens, repainting of
the entire ];t)om because it is discovered that the patch of new
painting does not match the whole because of its freshness. A
little forethought along these lines will save a large portion of
the funds of museums which might be used for other purposes,
instead of being thrown on the junk heap.

If it is desirable to let light in one or both sides of the case
they may be made like the front and back, but then care must
be taken that the frame is large enough to hold the screws neces-
sary for support-
ing any shelves
used. If a dia-
phragm is used,
the screws to
hold the rear
corners of the
shelves may be
inserted in the
diaphragm.

These general
plans may be
varied, the cases
may be made of
various heights,
various widths,
and various
depths. They
may be built
with higher or
lower bases and
tops ; or again
shorter cases
may be built and
placed upon
tables or pedes-

, tals ; cases may

be super-impos-
ed or hung upon
a wall. Very
largecases might

/2

i

— Sc(;tion — — ftoNT V'lESSf —

48 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

be made on this same principle, by substituting frames
with glass in place of the wooden sides of the cases, it
being only necessary in such cases to carry the sides up and down
from the top and bottom of the frame in the same manner that
the front and back is carried up and down. If the case is so
large, as for habitat groups, that it is necessary to have more than
one frame, a mullion to which to screw the frames may be in-
serted between the top and bottom of the case where necessary,
but this should not project sidewise beyond the wooden frame.
By this means the amount of wood exposed to view is kept at a
minimum, whereas in many cases such as we often see, the mul-
lion is exposed to view and the frames are on each side of it,
making three thicknesses of wood to obscure the exhibit instead
of only two. If desired, a moulding can be screwed over the
crack where the frames meet, and if fastened to one of the frames
that frame may be taken off first in opening and closing the case,
which will save the trouble of unscrewing the moulding.

In the simple cases the front and back sashes may all be
made the same size; where the cases are not very deep and
sashes are tised in the sides, it will of course be necessary to
have a smaller size of sash for the sides; but if the cases are
very large this will not be necessary, although it will make any
attempt at a square case as much longer than it is wide as twice
the thickness of the sash, unless the frame at each corner laps
the same direction.

One of the simple forms of these cases three feet wide by
one foot by seven feet, was made, with the exception of the
frame and glass, by two carpenters, during the time which they
could take from other work in a single day while assisting in
reorganizing the Rocky Mountains Park Museum. It was
thought that the frame and glass could be put on later The
case was wanted immediately and an exhibit was installed in it
as soon as it had been given a coat of stain. This seemed a
fair test of the cheapness, ease and speed with which such cases
could be made available.

The specifications which have been made by Mr. P. A.
Taverner to accompany this description are for a somewhat more
complicated and slightly more expensive case, and consequently
a number of the dimensions and methods of construction are
slightly different.

SPECIFICATIONS.— By P. A. Taverner.

Material — Lumber.

All material in case to be of clear, white pine, whitewood
or other material most readily obtainable in locality, in clear
lengths free from large or unsound knots or shakes.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 49

All exposed work may be in oak or other wood to match
fittings a,lready installed.

Sash.

To be IH inch thick of common stock pattern — rails and
styles 2 inch wide from glass to jamb, and of sizes as shown.

Top and Sides.

May be of ?^ stuff with H inch by IH rebate along sash
jamb or may be built up of two thicknesses of X inch stuff. The
inner lining being of matched stuff well cramped together and
blind nailed.

Diaphragm to be supplied only where desired.

To be of J4 inch stuff fastened together with flush end
styles well nailed to prevent warping. All should be covered,
both sides with burlap or other covering material, or paneled
according to decoration or other scheme of museum. Dia-
phragm to be held upright and in place by 1 inch by 1 inch by
}4 inch iron angles screwed to top and bottom of case on either
side of diaphragm. For three-foot cases there should be two
pairs of such angles, top and bottom, and for six-foot cases there
should be three such pairs. Diaphragms may be moved to any
situation in case by changing position of angles.

Shelves.

Shelves for light specimens may be supported by screw eyes
inserted in ends and diaphragm or mullions as indicated on
drawings, turning them flatways and allowing them to project
enough to engage shelves. For heavy specimens, iron brackets —
stock sizes, or Shrosbree specimen hangers may be used when-
ever needed. If a coarse burlap is used over diaphragm, screws
may be put in and removed as many times as necessary without
causing disfiguring scars on the surface.

Base or Mopboard.

To be stock 6 inch base of whatever design may be desired
and may be readily obtained at local lumber yard or mill.

Sides.

All sides of cases to present perfectly flush surface, so that
two or more cases may be butted together to appear as one case
without tmsightly or dust catching spaces between.

Cases may be made in units of either 1 or 2 sash. A 1
sash case will then be just half the length of the 2 sash cases
and will line up with them in series. The sashes are to be fas-
tened in place by 2^ inch brass, round headed screws, driven
through the sash into the frame behind. With this method

50

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[June-July

neither locks or hinges are necessary, and all can be constructed
by an ordinary carpenter without special joinery skill.

Glass.

To be the sizes shown and of as good quaUty as procurable
tinder the circumstances. The principal faults to be looked for
being color, waves, bubbles or flaws.

Diaphragm
SECTlOri A-A

Diapbragmi

^

Section p-p
Scale: it" 1'

ii.LE:V>Oriort

SczJe . 4"

m

r

Plan of corner

OF- A CASE WHtRC,
SlJiaS tMO IS OESlRtD.

Section c-c

Scale

Section B-B

A CHEAP case: rOR MU5E:UM5

OESISMEX) BY HARUAN 1. SMITH
WITH
PLAN UNO SPECiriCATlOH . BY P. A . TAVtRNtR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CANADA

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 51

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES.

But few mussels have been recorded from the Hudson Bay-
drainage area of Ontario, though many must occur.

Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, who explored the District of Patricia in
1913, found Unio (Lampsilis) luteolus in the Fawn and Severn
about lat. 54° N. The species doubtless extends down to Hud-
son Bay as it does down the Mackenzie. The shells are smaller
and lighter in color than these of the same species from the
Rideau river and the Rideau canal. In the latter between
Bank and Concession Streets, Ottawa, they are ordinarily of
large size, green in color, and beautifully rayed. The Patricia
shells resemble closely the L. luteola found in Lake Nipissing at
North Bay, and in Lake Talon, near Rutherglen, but are
not as yellow on the same species from Lake Gauvreau in the
Gatineau hills.

No mussel peculiar to America has a wider range than this.
It is found from the Brazos of Texas to the Arctic Circle and
from the Rocky Mountains to the St. Lawrence and the Hudson
drainage areas. Throughout this vast extent, under conditions
varying from crystal lakes and streams to muddy sloughs and
pools, in polar cold and torrid heat, it preserves unvaried the
pecuhar undulations of the beaks which distinguish it from
alhed species. It thus affords a striking proof of the proposi-
tion of Quatrefages, that specific characteristics — properly so-
called — are not permanently affected by environment.

An Anodonta found by Mr. Tyrrell in the Fawn river has
the beaks so eroded that it cannot be identified. It is not im-
probably A. kennicottii Lea, which was described from Lake
Winnipeg and Great Slave lake.

Another lot of mussels from Northern Ontario was collected
in 1914 by Mr. J. K. Latchford in the Missinaibi, where on its
way to Hudson Bay it flows under the National Transconti-
nental Railway, about twenty miles east of Hearst. They are
mainly L. luteola, but include two Anodontae which may be
undescribed. Throughout Ontario, especially northward, the
Anodontae, or paper-shell mussels, abound. It is seldom, how-
ever, that any but mature specimens are collected. The beaks of
old shells are nearly so always eroded that positive identification
is extremely difficult, except in the case of a few species with
prominent characteristics. The result outside of narrow limits
is absolute confusion. It is safe to say the only thin-shelled
mussels found near Ottawa which can be identified with any
certainty are A. (Strophitus) edentula Say A. cataracta Say (=
ftuviatilis Dillw. of our lists) and A. subcylindracea Lea. Many

52 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

others undoubtedly occur. In the Rideau canal for instance,
while it is impossible to distinguish two species among the large
Anodontae found there, a series of young shells, such as may
easily be obtained in the little bay on the left side of the canal
immediately above Hartwell's Locks, demonstrates the pres-
ence of two species — one certainly cataracta Say, and the other
probably implicata Say. I used the word "probably" because
I do not know what the 5^oung of implicata are like, and I know
of no satisfactory description. Stimpson in his Descriptive
Catalogue of the Naiades (Detroit, 1914) says "their sculpture
consists of straight bars running parallel with the linge line, or
they may be slightly curved and sometimes a little corrugated, ' ' —
which seems to me a confounding of two species. The beak
sculpture of the Unionidae is — I have observed — for any species
invariable. A. cataracta in every stage of growth has been
collected by the writer in at least fifty localities in Quebec and
Ontario — from the lakes in the Laurentides to Toronto Bay,
where it occurs with A . grandis Say — and the undulations of the
beaks, when they could be made out, were in every case the same.

In addition to the three species named, man}^ others occur in
the Ottawa valle}^, but, until large series of shells are procured
in every stage of growth, they cannot be determined, or, if new,
described. It is really not more difficult to collect the young
of mussels than to collect other small bivalves ; that they cannot
be seen should not prevent a search for them — nor the fact that
they are often far less numerous than adults. A wire bowl
.strainer with a suitable handle will often produce the most
astonishing returns from places that appear quite barren of
mollusc an life.

Tjll the Missinaibi is visited by an experienced collector, the
Anodontae from it can be regarded as only probably new.

Among the Missinaibi shells are two medium sized examples
of Unio pressus Lea, now designated Symphonota compressa
Lea. In addition of the localities mentioned in previous notes —
the. Rideau at Strathcona Park and Paquette's Rapids, near
Pembroke and Moore's Creek on the A3dmer Road, and a brook
crossing the Opeongo Road, near Foymount, in the County of
Renfrew, afford this attractive little mussel. It has been
recorded from as far north as the Montreal river near Sault Ste.
Marie (Stimpson, Des. Cat. 483) but has not hitherto been known
to exist in the Hudson Bav drainage.

L.

The Ottawa Naturalist.

Vol. XXIX. Plate 1

Illustrating Dr. Raymond's paper " Revision of the Canadian Species of

' Agelacrinites.' "

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

>.

VOL. XXIX. AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1915 Nos. 5 and 6

REVISION OF THE CANADIAN SPECIES OF
"AGELACRINITES."

By Percy E. Raymond*

There are two famous regions for these pretty medallion-
like little fossils, one in the Trenton formations of Ontario, and
the second in the younger Cincinnatian and Richmond strata
of southern Ohio and Indiana. The localities in Ontario have
produced by far the more perfect specimens, but those found in
the higher strata of the "Cincinnati dome" are generally
larger. The specimens found in the latter region are almost
always attached to a shell of some sort, most often abrachiopod,
generally a Rafinesquina. In Ontario it is very unusual to find
a specimen attached to any foreign object, though such specimens
do occur.

It has been the custom to refer all the Canadian specimens
to two species, Agelacrinites hillingsi Chapman and A. dicksoni
Billings, while a third name, Agelacrinites chapmani, has been
current, and ascribed to Billings, though I cannot find that
such a species was ever described. In the present paper
several new species are described. More adequate illustrations
will be given in a paper soon to be published in the Bulletin of
the Victoria Memorial Museum.

Genus Lebetodiscus Bather.

Lebetodiscus, Bather, Geol. Mag. dec. 5, 5, 1908, p. 550.
Type, Agelacrinites dicksoni Billings.

Dr. Foerste in his recent "Notes on Agelacrinidae "f
remarks that a new name is required for the Ordovician species
usually referred to Agelacrinites or Lepidodiscus. It seems,
however, that a name proposed by Dr. Bather in the third of
his Studies in Edrioasteroidea, entitled "Lebetodiscus, N.G. for
Agelacrinites Dicksoni, Billings," may possibly supply the want.

Bather proposed the name after studying the incomplete
specimen of Agelacrinites dicksoni collected by Bigsby and
figured by Billings as figs. 4 and 4a of plate 8 of the third of the
"Decades."

♦Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of

Canada.
tBull, Denison Univ. 17, p. 400, 1914.

54 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept.

Specimens of this species are rare and the best one known is
that figured by Dr. (now Sir James) Grant in the Ottawa Field
Naturalist. During my incumbency as Invertebrate Paleonto-
logist to the Geological Survey, this specimen was donated,
among other valuable fossils, to the Victoria Memorial Museum,
and after comparing it with Billings' and Bather's figures, I
am convinced that it is a real Agelacrinites dicksoni. Bather
states that Lehetodiscus difi^ers from Agelacrinites, first, in the
absence of a differentiated margin il zone; this I believe is due
to the imperfection of the specimen he studied; second, he
regarded it as having a less flattened and less sessile habit ; this
also proceeds from the study of an incomplete specimen ; third,
"It seems clear that the side plates, here called flooring plates,
are homologous with the flooring plates of Edrwaster. Whether
those plates have homologues in the Agelacrinidae is a matter
for debate ; at any rate, no genus of that family has similar plates
with intervening depressions so like pores." I may have mis-
understood the figures and descriptions of both writers, but as I
understand it, the "flooring plates" of Bather in Lehetodiscus
are the same as the "outer covering plates" of Foerste, and
Bather's specimen was not so preserved as to enable him to get
at the real flooring plates, which in a Canadian specimen, are
concave and single, not double. (Compare Dr. Bather's fig. 1,
p. 545, with Dr. Foerste's figs. 1, pi. 1, fig. 4, pi. 2, and fig. 4, pi.
3, or, for the genus Thesherodiscus, fig. 8, pi. 1). The small
plates which Dr. Bather took for the real covering plates are the
"median or intercolated covering plates" of Foerste. I see no
real difference between the structure of the subvective system
of Lehetodiscus and such a typical (Ordovician) Agelacrinites as
A. pileus, except in the large pores between the lateral covering
plates. These may, however, be of such importance as to justify
the restriction of Lehetodiscus to the species L. dicksoni and L.
loriformis, and the creation of two new genera for the reception
of the other species here described.

Lebetodiscus dicksoni Billings.

Billings, Rept. Progress, Geol. Sur. Canada, 1857, p. 294;
Can. Org. Rem., dec. 3, 1858, p. 84, pi. 8, figs. 3, 3a, 4, 4a;
Chapman, Expos. Min. Geol. Canada, 1864, p. 110; Grant,
Trans. Ottawa Field-Nat. Club, 1, No. 2, 1881, fig. 9; Jaekel,
Stamm. Pelmat. 1899, p. 50, pi. 2, fig. 2; Clarke, Bui'. N. Y.
State Mus. 49, 1901 , p. 191 , fig. 3 ; f^g'd without name by Sowerby ,
Zool. Journal, 1825, 2, p. 318, pi. 11, fig. 5.

Of this rare species, the Museum of the Geological Survey
contains the type, another poor specimen collected by Billings
(No. 1415), a specimen collected by Mr. Fitzpatrick at Peter-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 55

boro, Ontario, (No. 1412), and the beautiful specimen donated
by Sir James Grant, and figured by him in 1881.

The type is a very poorly preserved specimen, as is also the
one numbered 1415. This specimen has been cut so as to expose
a section across arms II and III, and the section of the anterior
arm shows that the strticture is the same as in Agelacrinites
pileus, there being a single concave flooring plate, and two roofing
plates meeting above the groove thus formed.

Sir James Grant's specimen of Agelacrinites dicksoni is the
finest one of this species which has been found, and it seems
undeniable that it belongs to the same species as the specimen
described by Dr. Bather. It has the same large pores along the
sides of the rays, and the same large inter-ambulacral plates.
The super-oral series is well shown, and is of the same type as
in Agelacrinites pileus, billingsi, and others. There is a single
plate behind the center opposite the anal inter-radius, and two
in front, between rays II and III, and III and IV. On each
side of the lower plate there are two narrow side plates, and two
more small plates outside the upper plates. The breaking up
of these plates and the introduction of some of the proximal ray
plates into the disk probably accounts for the large number of
supra-oral plates seen in the specimen figured by Dr. Bather.

The inter-ambulacral areas are beautifully preserved in
this specimen, showing between the arms the very large plates
which are so characteristic of the species, the smaller but still
large plates just outside the arms, and the very small plates of
the outer border.

Finally, there is the Bigsby specimen on which Dr. Bather
based the genus Lebetodiscus . It agrees with other specimens of
A. dicksoni in having five contra-solar rays, subequally spaced,
in having the outer covering plates but slightly inter-locking
over the rays, in having very large inter-radial plates and in the
size and position of the anal structure. It differs in lacking
the outer border, but after an inspection of Dr. Bather's photo-
graph, one is easily persuaded that that is due entirely to an
accident of preservation, as half the known specimens of A.
dicksoni lack the border entirely or in greater part. There
appears to be a difference between the supra-oral region of the
Bigsby specimen and that of the other specimens known. In
that specimen the arms seem to be more or less massed together
to form a sort of supra-oral disk, somewhat as in L. inconditus.
It is not possible to make out the orientation of these plates
without seeing the specimen, but as stated above, it seems,
possible that the appearance of a large disk is due to the dis-
turbed condition of the plates.

Horizon and locality: — All the specimens of this species

56 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

whose exact locality is known have been found in the Cystid
beds of the Prasopora zone, and about 180 feet below the top
of the Trenton. Beside Peterboro and Ottawa, a specimen
has been listed by Dr. Ami from Pakenham, Ontario. The speci-
mens from Kirkfield identified by Mr. Springer as this species
are almost if not entirely all L. rnultihrachiatus .

LebETODISCUS LORIFORMIS SP. NOV.

(Plate 1, fig. 6).

This specimen has long been known to the collectors about
Ottawa as one of the prizes of Dr. Van Cortlandt's collection.
(Now in the Museum of the Geological Survey, No. 1414). It
has always been considered as an abnormal, long-rayed specimen
of Agelacrinites dicksoni, and there can be no doubt that it is
very closely related to that species, but since it forms one of
the "connecting links" with the species of the later formations,
I propose to give it a new name. It may be described briefly
as a Lebetodiscus with rays so long that each one nearly touches
its neighbor, all rays contra-solar, and equally spaced, the outer
border of small plates narrow, supra-oral structure apparently
as in L. dicksoni. This species is believed to be ancestral to the
very long rayed forms for which Hall erected the genus Strep-
taster.

The holotype is 23 mm. in greatest diameter, and is from the
Trenton at Ottawa, Ontario. Probably froni the "Cystid
beds," about 180 feet below the top of the formation. It is No.
1414 in the Victoria Memorial Museum.

Lebetodiscus billingsi (Chapman).

Agelacrimis billingsi Chapman, Canadian Journal, 5, 1860,
pp. 358, 204.

Hemicystites (Agelacrinites) billingsi Sladen, Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc. London, 35, 1879, p. 750.

Agelacrinites billingsi Chapman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,
third ser. 6, 1860, p. 157, fig. ; Billings, Canadian Journal,
n. s. 6, 1861, p. 516, fig. 86; Chapman, ibid., n. s. 8, 1863, p.
199, fig. 180; Expos. Min. Geol. Canada, 1864, p. 110, fig. 86,
p. 171, fig. 180.

Hemicystites billingsi Ja?kel, Stammes. Pelmat. 1, 1899, p.
49.

Local collectors have for a long time recognized two forms of
Agelacrinites billingsi in Ontario, one with straight, and one
with curved rays.

Chapman's original specimen, collected at Peterboro, was
of the straight-rayed variety. The species has never been
properly described or figured, though fairly common. I am

1915] ■ The Ottawa Naturalist. 57

now restricting Chapman's name to the form with straight rays
and the plate ornamentation described below.

Description.

Specimens small, circular in outline, not ordinarily resting
upon any foreign object. Rays five in number, narrow, straight,
and tapering but little toward the distal end, the two rays enclos-
ing the anal inter-radius a little further apart than the others.
Each ray has about thirteen pairs of alternately placed lateral
covering plates, which are truncated at the ends, so that they
interlock along the median line. The points of these plates
are curved, so that when the ray is slightly sagged apart, alter-
nating pores are seen between the covering plates. Over the
central area, presumably covering the mouth, there are three
principal plates, a large one next to the anal inter-radius and two
smaller ones anterior to it.

For convenience in speaking of these fossils, the anal inter-
radius is called posterior, the ray opposite to it anterior, and
the rays numbered in clock-wise (solar) order, beginning with
the one at the left of the anal inter-radius.

The single large plate of the supra-oral series is then,
between rays I and V, and its great width is due to the enlarge-
ment of the posterior inter-radius by the anal opening. The
other two plates are inter-radial in position, one being between
rays II and III, and the other between III and IV. There are
also two other narrow, five- sided plates accessory to the supra-
oral system, one between rays I and II, and the other between
IV and V. These plates at their proximal edges abut against
the anterior supra-oral plates. Numbering these plates accord-
ing to the inter-radial areas which they oppose, we have the
broad posterior one as 5, the next one to the left 1, the first
anterior lateral 2, second anterior lateral 3, and the right pos-
terior lateral 4.

There can be no reasonable doubt that Chapman's specimen
had this structure. In his principal description, in the Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist, he says: "These rays, at their origin, leave a
small central space covered by larger and somewhat rhombic
plates. The latter appear to be five in number, and to con-
stitute the first ray plates, one being common to two adjacent
rays."

None of the covering plates, either of the rays or of the
supra-oral system, seem to be in any way joined together, but
were probably all movable. The three principal supra-oral
plates, Nos. 2,3, and 5, are of such form and strength as to
suggest that they could have functioned as jaws.

The inter-radial spaces are covered with small imbricating

58 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept.

plates. The anal opening is surrounded by a small pyramid of
six triangular plates.

Just outside the tips of the rays there is a ring of large,
thick plates ornamented • ith pits and rather large granules.
There are two or three of these plates opposite each inter-radius
except the posterior one, which has four. These plates are
much thicker and less scale-hke than is usual in this group of
fossils, and such ornamentation of the plates is unique in the
family.

Chapman says that his specimen was h inch in diameter.
Specimen 1413 is 12 mm. in diameter, while another. HOSE,
is only 10 mm.

The plate structure as here described seems to be common
to several species of Agelacrinites and Cytaster.

Horizon and locality: This species, as now restricted, is
fairly common, but only at the type-locality. The original
specimen was found at Peterboro, Ontario. At this city, speci-
mens of Agelacrinites have been found in some numbers in an
old quarry near the entrance to Jackson Park, and it is presumed
that the original specimen came from that locality. If so, it
was from the ' ' Cystid ' ' beds of the ' ' Prasopora zone. ' '

LeBETODISCUS YOUNGI SP. NOV.

(Plate 1, fig. 4).

This species is very like L. billingsi, having straight rays,
the same supra-oral structure, and about the same size. It
differs in lacking the thick, ornamented plates of the outer ring
and the rays are broader. The inter-ambulacral areas are'
covered with large transversely elongated, scale-like, imbricat-
ing plates, about fifteen to each of the lateral and anterior
areas, while in the posterior inter-radius the plates are somewhat
smaller and more numerous. The anal opening is surrounded
by two circles of small plates, five or six of which are in the
inner circle. Outside the area to which the rays extend is a
narrow margin of smaller imbricating plates.

The holotype (No. 3234, Vict. Mem. Mus.) is from lot 12,
Con. I, Eldon, Ontario, where it was collected from strata
belonging to the upper part of the "Prasopora zone" of the
Trenton by Mr. W. A. Johnston. The name is in honor of Dr.
G. A. Young, of the Geological Survey.

LeBETODISCUS CHAPMANI SP. NOV.

(Plate 1, fig. 3).
This species may be described briefly by saying that it
differs from L. youngi in having longer and more slender rays,
all of which show a slight curvature in the contra-solar direction.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 59

and also in having a wider border of small plates. The plate
arrangement is the same at in L. youngi, but the lateral covering
plates are not so narrowly pointed on their inner ends. No
median covering plates have been seen.

The specimen selected as the holotype is 18 mm. in diameter.

This is one of the forms which have been identified usually as
A. hillingsi, but as it persistently differs irom it, as well as from
L. youngi, in the points mentioned, and through them is inter-
mediate in characteristics between L. hillingsi and L. pileus of
the Upper Ordovician, it seems to be worthy of a specific name.

Ray I of this species is almost straight, the only curvature
being just at the point where it joins the peristomal plates. At
the outer end there is no curvature.

Ray IV is the most curved of any on the type, and all show
the greatest curvature at about half way between center and
margin.

Horizon and locality: — The holotype (No. 3235, Vict. Mem.
Mus.) is from an abandoned quarry near the entrance to Jackson
Park, Peterboro, Ontario, and was collected by Mr. W. A.
Johnston. The horizon is the " Cystid beds " in the " Prasopora
zone" of the Trenton. The same form has been found in the
"Prasopora zone" at Fenelon Falls and Brechin, Ontario, and in
the "Cystid beds" at Ottawa and Hull.

LeBETODISCUS PLAtYS SP. NOV.

(Plate 1, fig. 5).

This species is based upon a single specimen which has long
been in the Museum of the Geological Survey. It is imperfect,
having been cut off by a joint along the anal side, thus
losing the distal ends of rays I and V. The specimen is other-
wise quite well preserved. The outline is rounded pentagonal
and the rays are long, reaching nearly to the margin. The rays
are nearly straight, though the anal rays probably curved
toward each other somewhat, partially enclosing the anal struc-
tures. Such a curvature is suggested by such parts as remain.
The anal structure is entirely missing, but it would appear to
have been small and far from the mouth. The inter-radial
spaces are covered with small, thin, imbricating plates, those near
the margins being much larger and stronger than the others.
The plates along the rays alternate in position, there being about
twenty-four to twenty-six pairs. The inner ends are diagonally
truncated and pointed, so that, where undisturbed, they fit
together very closely. Where they have been displaced, as is
the case with most of the arms, they are somewhat drawn apart,
and thus leave alternating openings.

The plates above the mouth are like those in L. hillingsi,

60 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

the anterior pair between rays II and III, and III and IV, being
clearly seen, and the posterior one less distinctly. At the end
of each ray is a small, central terminal plate, suggesting the
ocular of a starfish.

The greatest diameter is 24 mm.

This species is quite like L. chapmani but differs from it in
its larger size, longer and more slender arms, less circtilar outline,
and the curvature of rays I and IV.

Horizon and locahty: — The type and only known specimen
(No. 7941, Vict. Mem. Mus.) was collected at Ottawa by the
late T. C. Weston in 1881. It is presumed to be from the
"Cystid beds," probably from the foot of Parliament Hill or
Queen's Wharf.

LeBETODISCUS MULTIBRACHIATUS SP. NOV.

(Plate 1, fig. 2).

This is a small Lebetodiscus, and remarkable for the pos-
session of eight rays, instead of the usual five. Rays I and V are
far apart and curve somewhat toward each other, thus partially
embracing the anal area. All the other rays are approximately
straight. Rays I, II and IV, are all bifurcated, I and II near the
center, while IV bifurcates half way between the center and the
margin. The disc is not symmetrical, ray III being crowded
to the right of its normal position, and rays I and II taking up
as much space as rays III, IV, and V. All the rays are short
and the border outside them is wide, with rather large imbricating
plates opposite the inter-ambulacral areas, and a margin of
small plates outside. The supra-oral plates are of the simple
type of L. billingsi, chapmani, yoitngi and pileus, No. 5 being a
large wide plate, and the two plates anterior to it small. The
inter-ambulacral areas are small, and are covered with small
plates. Unforttmately the anal area is not well preserved. The
type is 10 mm. in diameter.

This form, since it has numerous arms, naturally suggests
the recently described Thresherodiscus ramosus Foerste, but is
really not allied to that species, which has three primary rays,
all of which bifurcate at least twice. The present species is
much more closely allied to L. chapmani and to L. billingsi, and
when first noted several years ago, was supposed to be an abnor-
mal specimen of one of these species. It is of interest to note that
this form is found at the same horizon, the "Crinoid layers"
(Hull or Curdsville forniation) in the lower part of the Trenton,
as Thresherodiscus ramosus, these being the oldest of the Age-
lacrinitidae. Unfortunately the specimens found at Kirkfield
are ustially very badly preserved, so that it is not known how
many of the specimens so far found are to be referred to this

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 61

species. A second specimen seems to have only six rays, and
the normal number may prove to be seven.

The holotype is No. 7789 in the Victoria Memorial Museum,
and is from the Crinoid beds (Hull formation) at the Kirkfield
Lift Lock, Ontario.

LebETODISCUS INCONDITUS SP. NOV.

(Plate 1, fig. 1).

This is the form which is so common in the " Cystid bed"
below Parliament Hill and at Queen's Wharf, Ottawa, and which
has always been identified as Agelacrinites hillingsi. It differs
in several respects from that species.

Description.

Specimens circular in outline with a broad border of small
plates. Rays five in number, rather'stout, broad at the proximal
end and tapering rapidly. They are almost straight in small
specimens while in large ones they are slightly curved, four of
the rays having a contra-solar turn, and the fifth curved a little
in the opposite direction, so as to embrace the posterior inter-
radius. In some specimens, rays I, II, and III, are contra-
solar, and IV and V solar, while in the one selected as the holo-
type, IV is almost straight. The rays bear short interlocking
lateral covering plates, about twelve to fifteen pairs to a ray.
Median covering plates have not been seen. An appearance of
unusual width is given to the rays by the fact that the plates
of the inter-radii which abut against the rays are somewhat
higher than the remainder of the plates of the inter-radial spaces.
The supra-oral area is large, and covered by numerous
small plates. Their arrangement is difficult to make out, because
of the way the inter-ambulacral plates are mixed in with ray
and supra-oral series. In the center of the disc there appears to
be a central plate dove-taihng with two plates which are between
rays I and V, and abut on the posterior inter-radius. At the
sides and in front of the central plate are five more small plates,
one on each side and three in front of the central plate. Two
of the plates are inter-radial in position, one between rays II
and III, and one between III and IV. This is on the type.
On the small specimen next to it in the figure, there seem to be
only five plates which really belong to the supra-oral series, the
central, two posteriors, and two anterior laterals, between
rays II and III and III and V.

The inter-radial areas are covered with small imbricating
plates, the plates of the inner part of the outer marginal band
being somewhat larger and wider than the plates between the
rays. The posterior inter-radius is wider than the others, and

62 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept.

the anal pyramid is large and distinct. It is situated a little
more than half way from the center to the margin, and is com-
posed of a ring of seven or eight long triangular plates. In some
specimens it is situated half way between rays I and V, while
in others it is eccentric, and nearer V than I, as in the type.

The holotype is a large specimen, 15.5 mm. in diameter.
Other specimens on the same slab with it (all figured) are 11.5,
10, and 9 mm. respectively.

This species differs from L. dicksoni in having shorter rays,
one or two of which are solar, and in having much smaller inter-
radial plates. It is most hke L. platys, but has more numerous
supra-oral plates. While small specimens of L. incondiuis have
straight, broad arms, they may readily be distinguished from L.
hillingsi or L. youngi by the more numerous supra-oral plates.

Horizon and locality :^— This species is common in the
"Cystidbed" in the "Prasopora zone" on both the Ottawa and
Hull sides of the Ottawa River. It occurs at Peterboro also.

The holotype is No. 1409 in the Geological Survey Museum
and was collected by Mr. T. C. Weston. It is undoubtedly from
the " Cystid zone " at Queen's Wharf, Ottawa, Ont.

Explanation of Plate.

1. LebetodiscMS inconditus Raymond. Four specimens
in natural position, resting on the sea bottom, showing that they
were not attached to shells or other objects. With the decay of
the animal the central portion sinks in, leaving an elevated ring
of marginal plates. The largest specimen is the holotype. x 1 .5.

2. Lebetodiscus multibrachiatus Raymond. The holotype,
showing the branching arms. The specimen does not lend itself
readily to photography, x 3.8'.

3. Lebetodiscus chapmani Raymond. The holotype. x 3.

4. Lebetodiscus youngi Raymond. The holotype. x 3.8.

5. Lebetodiscus platys Kd^ymond. The holotype. x 1.5.

6. Lebetodiscus loriformis Raymond. The holotype, a
large part of the surface of which is concealed by shale, x 2.8.

Figs. 1 and 5 were made at the Geological Survey photo-
graphic laboratories. Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 6 were made by Mr.
Nelson at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, through the
kindness of Director Samuel Henshaw.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 63

MINERALS FROM BAFFIN LAND.

By T. L. Walker, University of Toronto.

The Royal Ontario Museum of Mineralogy has recently
received from R. J. Flaherty, Esq., M.E., of the North Lands
Exploration, Limited, a fine series of minerals collected by him
on his recent visit to Baffin Land. Most of the material came
from near the shore to the south of Amadjuak Lake.

The geoJogical character of this region is indicated in the
following passages from the reports of Dr. Robert Bell*; —

"The distinguishing feature in the geology of the
southern part of Baffin Land is the great abundance, thick-
ness and regularity of the limestones associated with the
gneisses. At least ten immense bands, as shown on the
accompanying may, were recognized, and it is probable
that the two others, discovered in North Bay, are distinct
from any of these. There would, therefore, appear to be
twelve principal bands as far as known, to say nothing of
numerous minor ones, between Icy Cape and Chorkback
Inlet. The limestones are for the most part, nearly white,
coarsely crystalline and mixed mth whitish felspars. The
individual crystals in some parts of the limestone masses
wotild measure two or three inches in diameter and the
crystallization of the felspar is occasionally equally coarse."
"The limestones u.sually contain scattered grains of
graphite and among the other minerals which commonly
occur in the various bands are mica, garnet, magnetite,
pyrite, and hornblende. Serpentine of a dark colour was
abundantly disseminated as grains and small irregular
masses in a band which crosses the head of Canon Inlet.
Disseminated specks of bright green and blue serpentine
were found in another band at White Bluff Harbour and
similar specks of both colours occur in the eastern band at
the head of North Bay. The late Mr. Ashe gave me a
crystal of sphene, an inch and a half in diameter, which
had been brought to him by an Eskimo from North Bay —
probably obtained from the limestone there."
The series of minerals contained in Mr. Flaherty's collection
is such as might be expected from an archaean region where
cyrstalline limestones alternate with gneiss in a great complex.
In many respects the collection suggests the mineral association
fotmd in Ottawa County to the north of the Capital.

* Report Geol. Survey of Canada, New Series, Vol. XI., p. 24M.

64 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept.

ScAPOLiTE, Macdonald Island.

This mineral occtirs in crystals some of which are five
inches in diameter. The only forms observed are the
prisms (100) and (110) and the unit pyramid of the first
order (111). The mineral is white in colour and possesses
a vitreous lustre.

Rose Quartz, Amadjuak Bay.

The specimens of this mineral consist of a large number of
fragments devoid of crystal form and varying in colour
from deep rose to colourless. It is worthy of note that those
fragments spotted by lichens and evidently from the very
surface are either very pale rose or colourless, while the
deeper tinted specimens are usually free from lichens.
This contrast seems to give support to the view commonly
held as to the gradual bleaching of rose quartz when ex-
posed to bright sunlight.

Graphite, i\.madjuak Bay, North side; Fair Ness.

This mineral has been reported from this region by several
explorers. The graphite from Amadjuak Bay consists of
large, flat cleavage plates sometimes two inches in diameter.
That from Fair Ness is very pure and more or less coarsely
fibrous. The quality of the graphite from both localities
suggests the possibility of commercial development in case
the deposits are of sufficient dimensions.

Garnet, Garnet Island (about Long 72° 30', Lat. 63° 45').

The rock in which the garnet occurs is somewhat schistose,
fine grained and consists almost entirely of small scales of
dark biotite and felspar which the microscope shows to be
microperthite. The felspar constitutes at least nine tenths
of the rock. The garnet is found only in the form of large,
more or less rounded crystal masses sometimes four inches
in diameter. It possesses a fine, deep blood red color and
is so free from cracks that some at least could be used for
gemstones.'

Ophicalcite.

Pure white calcite is mixed with about an equal amount
of very beautiful sulphur yellow serpentine which is remark-
able for the uniformity and delicacy of its colour. Un-
fortunately, the exact locality of this exceedingly beautiful
ornamental stone is not available.

Serpentine.

This material is greyish, greenish or yellowish in colour,
fine grained and inassive as a rule but sometiines inter-
sected by veinlets of chrysotile.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 65

Phlogopite.

The colour of this mineral varies from amber brown to a
almost white. The largest crystals are about four inches
across but are too imperfect to be of economic value.

DiopsiDE, Macdonald Island.

Crystals of diopside sometimes three inches in length occur
in calcite. They are olive green in colour with very fresh,
brilliant surfaces in the prism zone while the terminal faces
are often rounded and even corroded. The habit of the
crystals is peculiar in that the most prominent end face is
the positive orthodome (101). Basal cleavage or parting
is so well developed that most of the crystals have been
broken across showing very smooth cleavage surfaces. The
material is much brighter and fresher than the diopside
found to the north of the city of Ottawa. Owing to the
unusual crystal habit and the degree of corrosion this
mineral merits further study.

Spinel, Locality unknown.

The mineral occurs in the form of octahedra whose edges
are sometimes trtincated by the rhombic dedecahedron.
The largest crystals are about half an inch in diameter.
The crj^stals are lilac in colour but too much fractured to be
of value for gem purposes.

CoRDiERiTE, Garnet Island (Long 72° 30', Lat. 63^ 45').

The specimens of cordierite consist of irregiilar fragments
of vitreous lustre which are sometimes two inches in dia-
meter. It is associated with white felspar rock and prob-
ably occurs as lenses in gneiss. The mineral is deep blue
in colour and some of the fragments are sufficiently free
from flaws to stiggest its use as a gem mineral. Cordierite
has up to the present been a very rare mineral in Canada so
that its discovery in Baffin Land has considerable minera-
logical interest.

In thin sections under the microscope the mineral is seen
to be polysynthetically twinned so that it is difficult to
believe that the section is not composed of plagioclase. A
subordinate part of the cordierite consists of an intimate
intergrowth of twinned mineral in which the two portions
present a vermicular intergrowth.* It is also characteristic
that though the cordierite as seen in thin sections there are
distributed many small inclusions of rutile or zircon, each of
which is surrounded by a deep pleochroic aureole, orange
in colour.

* Walker and Collins., Rec. Geol. Survey of India, Vol. XXXVI., p. 1.

66 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept.

AcTiNOLiTE, West side of Ottawa Island, Hudson's Bay.

This mineral approaches the variety asbestus but it is too
splintery to be of commercial value. It is greenish grey in
colour. The fibrous masses are sometimes six inches in
length. It will be noted that this mineral is found in
quite a different region from the others referred to in this
paper.

The chief points of interest connected with this series of
minerals are:

1 . The remarkable agreement between the variety of minerals
found in south Baffin Land and those found in other
regions where crystalline limestones form a prominent part
of the gneiss complex.

2. The presence of cordierite, spinel, garnet, rose quartz and
ophicalcite suggests that in the future Baffin Land may
produce minerals valued for ornamental purposes.

3. Mica, graphite, serpentine and actinolite are minerals fre-
quently mined economically.

University of Toronto,
June I5th, 1915.

QUEBEC DRAGON-FLIES.

By Rev. T. W. Fyles.

A few weeks ago I had the pleasure of a visit from Prof. E.
M.Walker, editor of the " Canadian Entomologist." Dr. Walker
is an authority on the Odonata, and he kindly examined some
of the dragon-flies taken by me in Quebec Province. He
identified several of them, and verified the names of the rest.
The following is a list of the insects, giving the locality in which
each was taken. It should be regarded as an appendix to my
paper on the Dragon-flies of the Province of Quebec, which ap-
peared in the 31st Annual Report of the Entomological Society
of Ontario.

list.
Names. Localities.

ACRIONIDiE.

Calopteryx maculata Beauv. "The Beaver Meadow," Hull.
" cequabilis Say. Cowansville.

" amata Hagen. St. David's, near Levis.

1915]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

67

LIST

Names.

Lestes unguiculatus Hagen.

" disjunctus Selys.
Amphiagrion saucium Burm.
Ennallagnia hageni Walsh.

" ■ calverti Morse.

" exsulans Selys.

^SHNIDiE

0 phiogomphus rupinsulensis

Walsh.
Gomphus brevis Hagen.
" vastus Walsh.
" notatus Ramb.
Corduhgaster diastatops Selys.
Boyeria vinosa Say.
^shna sitchensis Hagen.
" eremita Scudder.
" canadensis E. Walker.
" umbrosa E. Walker.
" constricta Say.
Anax Junius Drury.

LlBELLULID^.

Didymops transversa Say.
Macromia illinoiensis Walsh.
Tetragoneuria cynosura simu

lans Muttkowsky.
Tetragoneuria canis Maclach-

Ian.
Libellula quadrimaculata Lin-

neus.
Libellula pulchella Drury.

lydia Drury.
Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen.

proxima Calvert.
hudsonica Selys.
Sympetrum costiferum Hagen.
obtrusum Hagen.
vicinum Hagen.
scoticum Donovan.

continued

Localities.

"The Beaver Meadow," Hull.

"The Gomin," Bergerville.
"The Beaver Meadow," Htill.
Levis Heights.
Hull.

River St. Charles, Quebec.

Island of Orleans.

"The Beaver Meadow," Hull.

Island of Orleans.
"Mer de Papon," Levis.

Levis Heights.

"The Gomin."

"The Beaver Meadow."

"The Gomin."

"Mer de Papon," Levis.

"The Beaver Meadow."

Bergerville.

"The Beaver Meadow."

"The Gomin.'

68 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

PARTIAL LIST OF LITERATURE IN THE LIBRARY OF
THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB.

American Grasses, by F. Lawson-Scribner. U. S. Dept. Agri.,

Div. Agrostology, Bui. No. 7. 1897.
American Midland Naturalist: Vol. 1, 1910, Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10,

Index; Vol. II, 1911-12, Nos. 1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, Index; Vol.

Ill, 1913-14, Nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, 9.
American Museum of Natural History: 41st Annual Report,

1909; 43rd Annual Report, 1911; Bui. Vol. XXIX, 1911.
American Palaeozoic Fossils, by S. A. Miller, 1877.
Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden; Vol. I, 1914, No. 1.
Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Public Museum

of City of Milwatikee, 1908-09.
Annual Report of New Jersey State Museum, including a Report

of the Insects of New Jersey, 1909,
ArkivforBotanik: V, neft 3, 4; VII, 1, 2, 3, 4; VIII. 1, 2, 3, 4;

IX, 1909, 1, 2, 3, 4; X, 1910, 1;XII. 1912, neft 1, 2; XIII,

1913, 1.
Arkiv for Zoologe; Vol. IV, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4; Vol. V, 1909, Nos.

1, 2, 3, 4; Vol. VI, 1910, Nos. 1, 2, 3,4; Vol. VII, 1913, Nos.

I, 4; Vol. VIII, 1913. No. 1.

Auk. Preliminary Report of Committee on Bird Migration ; Bui.

II, No. 1, 1885: III, (new series), 1886; IV, 1887; V, 1888;
VI, 1889; VII, 1890; VIII, 1891; XXIV, 4; XXV, 1908,
1, 2, 3, 4; XXVI, 1, 2, 3, 4; XXVII, 1910, 1, 2, 3, 4; XXV-

III, 1911, 1, 3, 4; XXIX, 1912, 1, 2, 3, 4; XXX, 1913,
1, 2, 3, 4; XXXI, 1914, 1, 2.

Bibliography relating to the floras of Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Greece, European Turkey, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Moldavis,
Roumania and Servia. WilHam Holden, Librarian.

Bot. Gazette: bound— Vols., IX, 1884; X; XI; XII; XIII;
XIV; XV, 1890; not bound, XVI, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12; XVII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; XVIII,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, .11, 12; XIX, 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12; XX, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; XXI,
1, 2, 4, 5, 6; XXII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; XXIII, 1, 2, 3,4; XXV,
3,4,5,6; XXVI, 1,2,3,4,5; XXVII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; XXVIII,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5; XXIX, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; XXX, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
XXXI, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; XXXII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; XXXIII,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; XXXIV, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; XXXV, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6;
XXXVI, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; XXXVII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; XX2CVIII,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; XXXIX, 1, 2.

Bot. Soc. West. Penn.: 1911-12, Pub. 2..

To be continued.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXIX. OCTOBER, 1915 No. 7

THE DANGERS OF OUR WILDS.

By Charles Macnamara, Arnprior, Ont.

The French traveller, lately returned from Algeria, was
frankly joking when he told an enquirer that the most dangerous
animal in North Africa was not the lion, as generally supposed,
but the gazelle. "The lion," he said, "it never molests you.
But the gazelle, when you are riding across the plain, suddenly
springs up at your horse's nose; your horse shies, and throws
you off and you break your neck." While this was admittedly
a pleasantry on the part of the traveller, a consideration of the
dangers of our native woods leads to a conclusion almost as
surprising.

In the first place, the only real menace to human life comes,
not from the animals of our forests, but from the plants. Our
woods and fields harbour a far larger number of poisonous plants
than is commonly suspected. Everyone knows of poison ivy
and the painful and annoying skin eruption it causes; but its
effects, however unpleasant while they last, very rarely result
in any serious or permanent injury. Much more grave are the
consequences of the internal poisonings by plants which attract
by their succulent roots or bright-coloured berries. To men-
tion only a very few of the commonest of these, the sweet roots
of the hemlocks, Conium maculatum and Circuta maculata, are
most deadly, and the rash partaker seldom recovers. Another
plant with a bad record is Indian tobacco, Lobelia infiata, which
grows plentifully in dry fields. Although it has a strong and
disagreeable taste, children, misled by the common name,
sometimes chew this weed with fatal results. The bright red
pulp enclosing the seeds of the yew, Taxus bacota, found all
through our woods, is probably harmless enough in itself, but
the seeds are very poisonous. The vivid colour of the "berries"
makes them attractive to children, and a good many young
lives have been sacrificed to them.

But the fungi of the genus Amanita have more deaths
against them than all the rest of our flora put together. Never
a season passes without one or more records of persons fatally

70 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

poisoned by these pleasant-tasted but deadly mtishrooms. In
this connection it may be worth while mentioning that the popu-
lar tests of the edibility of mushrooms, such as the blackening
of silver during cooking, the change of colour of the flesh when
broken, easy peeling of the skin, and a host of others, are all
perfectly worthless, and the mushroom eater who relies on them
is in inortal peril of his life.

When we turn to the animal life of our wilds we find no
such deadly enemies as these. Although our fauna includes
a number of large mammals and about a dozen species of snakes,
it can be stated with the utmost confidence that, with the
single exception mentioned later on, no animal of Eastern
Canada ever makes an unprovoked attack on man, and very few
of them indeed show any fight even when brought to bay.

Tonsidering first some of the lower forms, it may be remarked
that in many coiintries, insects are to be counted among the
worst foes of mankind. The pestiferous mosquitoes of the
tropics and sub-tropics, the tse-tse fly of Africa, and the flea
that spreads the bubonic plague are best known examples.
"We have our share of biters and blood-suckers, — deer flies, black
flies, sand flies and mosquitoes, — and it is hard to think of any-
thing kind to say about them. They make life in the woods
miserable during the finest season of the year; but annoying
as their attacks are, at least we must admit that they do not
inoculate us with yellow fever or malaria, sleeping sickness or
the plague.

Our ophidia comprise about a dozen species. The only
venomotis one of these, the rattle snake, once common in Western
Ontario, is now practically extinct there, and as far as I know,
never lived in the Ottawa district at all. Without exception,
the other species are perfectly harmless. Some of them, such
as the milk snake, live almost exclusively on rats and mice.
Others are largely insectivorous, and all of them serve a very
useful purpose in helping to maintain that balance of wild life
that man sometimes disturbs with such dire consequences to
himself. One must then deplore the wanton cruelty and gross
superstition that prompt so many people to kill these harmless
and beautiful creatures at sight.

The catalogue of mammals of Eastern Canada recites such
formidable names as the coug^ar, the wild cat, the lynx, the bear,
the wolf. But it is not among these that our "dangerous"
animals are to be found. The cougar, which reached the ex-
treme northern limit of its range in Southern Ontario, has long
been extinct in these regions, and while a powerful animal and
very destructive of deer and domestic live stock, was never

.1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 71

known to attack man. The wild cat, Lynx rufus, is also extinct
and was never more to be feared than the harmless necessary
domestic variety. The lynx, Lynx canadensis, is still fairly
common in our northern woods, and despite the blood-curdling
stories of some of our nature fakirs, it is a most innocuous
creature, living largely on hares and as averse to fighting as the
Hon. W. J. Bryan. The bear, Ursus americanus, would doubt-
less defend itself if cornered, but when it meets a man its first
imptdse is instant flight. A she-bear with cubs generally waits
to cover the retreat of her young, but I never heard of one taking
the offensive.

And what of the ravening wolves that, — in newspaper
stories, — hunt in fierce packs, and devour hapless hunters and
trappers? There are certainly plenty of wolves in the back
woods, and they destroy large numbers of deer and in some
districts kill the young cattle of the settlers. But the cold
truth, well known to every woodsman, is that the Canadian
timber wolf, large and powerful animal as it is, never attacks
anyone. The ordinary farm dog is a far more formidable
animal. The wolf is exceedingly wary and has an overwhelming
distrust and fear of man and all his works. Anything that man
has touched or handled inspires dread in the wolf. Conse-
quently it is very hard to trap or poison him, and even harder
to get a shot at him. Although always apparently half famished,
he will prowl for days around a dead horse before he dares to
feed on it, his exceedingly keen scent warning him that his
dread enemy, man, has had something to do with it. Every
hunter knows that it is quite safe to leave the carcass of a deer
hung from a low branch anywhere in the woods. If there is
snow on the ground, the tracks of wolves will be seen all around
the suspended game, but not one of them will venture to touch
the meat tainted for them by the contact of man. Much less
likely are they to attack man himself, and all the stories of their
treeing or devouring woodsmen should be catagorized with the
German statements as to the causes of the war.

The moose is not at all pugnacious, but it is much more
respected in the wilds than the wolf. It is not a particularly
timid animal, and impelled by curiosity, it sometimes approaches
the woods traveller quite fearlessly, its imposing bulk making
it appear decidedly formidable. As far as I know, there is no
record of anyone ever having been hurt by a moose, but occasion-
ally its threatening attitude causes an unarmed man, perhaps
unduly alarmed, to take to a tree. A friend told me recently
of a curious display of woodcraft in connection with an obstinate
moose. My friend, who was without a weapon of any kind,
was crossing a portage in the Kipawa district last summer

72 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

with his Indian carrying the canoe on his head as usual, when
they suddenly came on a large moose standing in the narrow
pathway. The animal showed a determined front and ap-
parently intended to dispute the right of way. It was hard to
see how he could be driven off without running the risk of a
savage kick, but the Indian, wise in forest lore, knew a safe and
easy way. He slipped one end of the canoe to the ground and
still supporting the other end on his head, drew his pipe and a
match from his pocket. Quickly lighting the pipe, he blew a
cloud of tobacco smoke down the wind towards the moose.
One whiff of the "tabac canadien" was enough for the King
of the Forest and he dashed off into the woods.

Then if our snakes, bears and wolves are all perfectly harm-
less, what are our "dangerous" animals? Well, as already
stated, none of our fauna ever really menace human life; but
there are two denizens of the Canadian woods that, though they
do not ordinarily command any respect, I am inclined to treat
with considerable circumspection. These are the skunk and
the horned owl.

The skunk when undisturbed is really a well-disposed and
unoffensive little animal. It is never the aggressor as far as
mankind is concerned; but it has justifiably great confidence in
its peculiar means of defence, and so it stands firmly on its
rights and is very loath to make way for anyone. When it
thinks it is being imposed on, it takes the literal offensive in a
most effective manner, and an incatitious approach always
results in the loss of a suit of clothes to say nothing of one's
dignity.

The horned owl is a much more dangerous enemy than
this. It is, indeed, the only creature in our woods that ever
makes an unprovoked attack on man. True, it has nothing
against man personally, and its assaults are always the results of
a misapprehension, but nevertheless it sometimes inflicts painful
wounds. Like all its race, it is nocturnal in its habits, and
its usual mode of attack is to swoop down in the dusk on the
head of the passerby, its long claws causing severe lacerations.
It is evident that the bird from its elevated outlook sees the
moving figure of the man beneath it very much foreshortened, and
mistaking a shock of hair or a fur cap for one of the small animals
on which it usually preys, it pounces on its victim. In his most
interesting book " Sport and Life on the North Shore" Napoleon
Comeau records a number of instances of such onslaughts by
the horned owl. I know a man who bears a large scar on his
forehead as a consequence of such an encounter, and there are
many well authenticated stories of shantymen having been
attacked. At one camp it is said that the owls were so plenti-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 73

ful and aggressive that the teamsters had to wear half a pork
barrel over their heads when going out to the stables in the dark,
but I do not vouch for the terminological exactitude of that
story!

But after all, such adventures are very rare, and it may
safely be said that the benighted traveller can lay his head any-
where in the woods of Eastern Canada in perfect security from
venomous reptile or predacious beast; and with the exception
of annoying insects at certain seasons of the year, he need "fear
no enemy but winter and rough weather."

BIRD NOTES FROM MULVERHILL, MAN.

The Bluebird, Sialia sialis. In this district, during last
summer, I did not meet a single one until fall. One day in the
autumn, a flock of some twenty birds (mostly young ones) ap-
peared near my home. They remained about half a day and
then disappeared. I came to the conclusion that they had been
breeding further north, and were on their way south.

Canada Jay, Perisorcus canadensis . During last summer
several pairs stayed with us all the summer. This season I have
not seen a single one.

Northern Pileated Woodpecker, Phaeotomus pileatus
pileatus. During last summer at least two pairs stayed in our
poplar bush all the season. This summer not a single one has
been seen.

Greater Yellow Legs, Totanus melanoleucus, and Lesser
Yellow Legs, Totanus flavipes. Contrary to the general rule
of both, these sister waders have been here in large flocks all this
spring. Saw several of them on June 9. Last year I did not see_
a single one of either variety until late in the fall, when the
migrants came down in flocks from the north. I found the nest
of a Yellow Legs on June 24, less than a mile from my house.

Canada Goose, Branta canadensis. Last year they all
passed by both spring and fall; this year at least two pairs are
staying in the big marsh in the middle of Birch Lake, evidently
breeding.

Ernest Norman.
August, 1915.

74 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

MIMICRY— SOME OF NATURE'S STRATEGEMS.

By B. C. Tillet, Hamilton, Ont.

Nature teems with instances of what are called mimetic re-
semblances, instances of organisms closely imitating their neigh-
bours for the sake of some advantage to be gained thereby. Thus
is instituted a sort of system of false pretences, an elaborate series
of confidence tricks which in their most interesting examples
have the merit at least of being defensive rather than aggressive.
It is rather curious that while protective colouration in the general
sense has certainly been elaborated, not only for defence but for
attack also, that manifestation of it, technically termed mimicry,
seems to have been developed solely for the purposes of defence
and escape.

The gradation between ordinary protective colouration and
the most highly specialised form of mimicry is practically com-
plete. Our green caterpillars, our butterflies with brown under-
sides to their wings, the colouring of certain birds, and the mark-
ings of certain birds' eggs, are all instances of ordinary coloured
organisms. They do not resemble anything in particular. Their
colours are such that in most of their daily circumstances they
harmonise in a general sense with their surroundings, thus ceas-
ing to be specially noticeable, at any rate so long as they are at
rest. A further step is illustrated by the caterpillars of those
geometers usually called stick-caterpillars. These caterpillars are
of such form and colouring that when stretched out stiffly, they
have a strong resemblance to short dead twigs, sometimes even
with buds and leaf-scars complete; while, to render the illusion
quite perfect, they have also acquired the habit of resting in just
the very poses that twigs inight themselves take up. No better
example of this can be found than the caterpillar of Ennomos
magnarius, which when poised by the hind feet on a twig, with
the body thrown backwards into space, may well escape detec-
tion by all except the keenest observer. Perhaps one of the inost
remarkable examples of special protective resemblance is seen
in the leaf butterfly of Malay, Kallima paralecta. The wings of
this insect so exactly resemble a leaf when closed, that it may
pass altogether unnoticed. We find an elaboration here again
of the protective instinct. These insects have a rapid flight, but
they will drop suddenly and closing their wings as they alight,
take on all the appearance of a leaf. Thus, they seem to com-
pletely vanish. The protective instinct may be observed in many
insects. A butterfly which has been captured, fearing destruc-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 75

tion, will lie prone on its side; moths, too, will mimic death by
lying on their backs. Beetles will feign death in the same way.

Battle within battle must, Darwin says, throughout nature,
be continually recurring with varying success. The weak suffer
at the hands of the stronger, and they, having no other means of
protection against a stronger enemy, have recourse to various
strategies. If the caterpillar does not exhibit the protective re-
semblance, it may be it is unnecessary, that there are other means
of protection existing. There are, for instance, many caterpillars
that may be said to be quite conspicuous by their brilliant colour-
ing. But no bird will touch them. Their safeguard, no doubt,
is that they taste nasty, and their bright colours thus serve to
protect them. Other forms of insect life escape elimination
through the development of offensive weapons, such as the sting
of wasps and bees. Animals which prey upon these forms learn
to avoid them, and thus it becomes an advantage to other insects
not possessing such means of protection to mimic them. And
so we have that venomous-looking insect the great Sirex gigas,
and the clear-wing hornet moth, Sphecia apiformis, with its abdo-
men arrayed in the bright colours of the hornet, and its sting-hke
projection and ovipositor. Yet this is a quite inoffensive and
harmless insect.

As in the case of protective resemblance, so too, in its aggres-
sive correlative, the resemblance may be general or special, or
may reach the climax of mimicry. Hence, what may serve as
a protective resemblance, may also enable the prey to steal upon
its enemy. The ctickoo bee Psithyrus rttpestris, an idle queen,
who collects no pollen, and has no pollen baskets, steals into the
nest of the bumble bee and there lays her eggs. So great is the
resemblance here, that not only is the mother bee able to enter
the nest unchallenged, but the young bees when hatched are by
the same means enabled to escape. Our various bumble bees,
no doubt, find great advantage in so closely resembling one an-
other. Many other insects, too, find eqtially great advantage
in so closely resembling the bumble bees. Many common flies
mimic them, and each colour type of bumble bee has its appro-
priate mimic. Certain bees, called Apathi, are parasitic in the
nests of the bumble bees. They are indeed very much like real
bumble bees, from which they may be distinguished by the thin-^
ness of their fur and the consequent shining appearance of their'
bodies. These very large bees have precisely the colouring of the
true bumble bees. Some are parasitic in the nests of those bees
which they resemble in colour, and it may be that this resemblance
assists them in entering the nests. Hence, it would seem that
the mimicry is not so much an aid to the imposition upon the
bumble bees, as a means of protecting the Apathi from the general

10;

76 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

enemy. The honey bee has, of course, many mimics, of which
the common drone fly is a familiar instance.

Nor is protective resemblance confined to invertebrates. We
find it in animals, birds, fish and various reptiles. The wild
rabbit is a common example of it. Not so common, but a more
striking instance of it, may be found in the zebra. Travellers in
Africa have found themselves at night in the presence of zebras,
and only been aware of the fact by their breathing. Had the
zebras been black, or had they been white, they would have been
easily visible, but in the starlight night, the combination of black
and white stripes blend exactly with the twilight, and so render
them invisible.

Some animals, moreover, possess a variable protective resem-
blance. We have an example of this in the chameleon, which
adapts its colours according to its surroundings, an adaptation
which is brought about by the expansion and contraction of cer-
tain pigment cells. The same phenomena may be observed in
the Arctic hare, and the Arctic fox, animals which change their
colour according to the season, brown in summer, and snowy
white in winter. Among birds numerous instances of protective
resemblance may be noticed; and so too with the eggs of many
of our wild birds, which so closely resemble the shingle in which
they are laid as to be unnoticeable.

Thus we find that there are two kinds of mimicry. In the
one the mimic is really weak and defenceless, but by assuming
the appearance of some better armed and perhaps savage species,
acquires also the latter's evil reputation. This is called Batesian
mimicry. In the other we have the real hard cases, creatures
which are as well protected by unamiable qualities as they well
can be; and which imitate equally disagreeable beings merely
for the sake of the additional free advertisement of their ill quali-
ties which the latter afford. This is called Mullerian mimicry.

Mimicry depends for its effective expression upon the power
that all the higher animals have of memorizing their experiences.
The puppy which captures the bee and is stung learns to avoid
such dangerous playthings. In this way the death of one or two
individuals frees the whole species from danger of attack by that
particular puppy. Moreover, any other kinds of bees, or of other
insects resembling in appearance the first one, would also be looked
upon with suspicion and avoided. So that the deaths of
these one or two individuals would have the effect of protecting
every kind of insect that resembled them in appearance.

^^^

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 77

BOOK NOTICE.

The Dominion Parks Branch of the Department of Interior,
Ottawa, has recently issued three publications which are note-
worthy on account of the attractive form in which they are
printed, and the interesting matter they contain. They are:
"Classified Guide to Fish and Their Habitat, Rocky Mountains
Park"; "The Nakimu Caves"; and "Glaciers of the Rockies
and Sel kirks."

The Fish Guide is written for the sportsman and naturalist
rather than the scientist. It is a compilatiou of first-hand in-
formation for anglers by one who has fished in all the principal
waters of the park. It takes up each locality, describes the best
means of reaching it, the different varieties of fish which can be
secured, and the best bait to use. The game fish of the Rockies
include five species of trout, one of which — the Lake Minnowanka
trout — has been known to run as high as 50 pounds. The Gray-
ling, the Dolly Vardeti, and the Cut Throat trout are found in
many of the lakes and streams of the park, and a fish hatchery
has recently been established at Banff for the purpose of re-
stocking those which have become depleted.

The second pamphlet gives an interesting account of the
formation, character and discovery of the famous Nakimu Caves
near Glacier, B.C. These interesting natural curiosities are
supposed to be about 40,000 years old, and consist of a series
of underground chambers, some of them fifty feet high and more
than two hundred feet long, hollowed out partly by erosion and
partly by volcanic action, and opening into each other at dif-
ferent levels. The walls of the caves are covered with strange
florescent limestone formation, and they reverberate to the roar
of underground torrents. The different chambers have been
given names suggestive of their character: "The Pit," "The
Marble Way," "The Ballroom," "The Art Gallery," "The Judg-
ment Hall," "The White Grotto," "The Bridal Chamber," etc.,
and when they are lit with electricity, and proper guards and
handrails have been placed on the stairs and platforms, they
should be among the most interesting sights in the Rockies for
tourists.

"Glaciers of the Rockies and Selkirks" is by Dr. A. P. Cole-
man, Professor of Geology in the University of Toronto, and
bears on the cover an attractive reproduction in color of a sketch
of Mt. Ball, one of the picturesque peaks near the Divide. Dr.
Coleman is a scientist with the imagination of a poet, and he has,
written the story of the formation and work of the Canadian
glaciers with all his well known literary charm. The pamphlet

78 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

should prove not only a great help to the student of glacial
phenomena who visits the parks, but it should inspire many
Canadians with a desire to see the wonderful mountain scenery
of their own country for themselves, "to put on," as Dr. Cole-
man says, "warm, strong clothes and hob-nailed shoes, and to
fill one's lungs with mountain air in a scramble up to the snow
fields to see how the glacial machinery works."

The pamphlets may be obtained free on application to the
Dominion Parks Branch, Ottawa.

A HYBRID ROSE.
Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. x R. nutkana Presl.

Stems rather slender, 1.3 — 2 m. high; prickles below densely
soft-prickly, slightly retrorse, above slender but stiff; leaflets
simply serrate, 1 — 2.7 cm., broad, oval, rounded at both ends,
glabrous beneath; stipules broad; flowers mostly in clusters of
2 — 4 or solitary, bright pink with pink stigmas 4 — 4.5 cm. broad;
calyx more or less glandular, persistent, the appendages 5 — 15
mm. long; receptacle at flowering 3 — 6 mm. in diameter; pollen
scanty and abortive ; fruit mostly not developing, the few seen
7 — 8 mm. in diameter, producing few nutlets.

Several clumps of this rose occur near Crescent Beach, B.C.,
at the base of a bluff facing Boundary Bay. The bushes, with
their rather slender flourishing stems, rising somewhat above
the surrounding R. nutkana, look much like R. pisocarpa,
especially as the flowers are mostly in small clusters, and smaller
than those of K. nutkana. R. pisocarpa, however, does not occur
in the immediate vicinity, and does not flower till late in June.
The plant just described flowers with R. nutkana and R. gymno-
carpa, all three being in full bloom May 20, 1915.

The clustered flowers, the prickles and the glabrous leaflets,
suggest R. gymnocarpa; the large leaves and the glandular per-
sistent sepals, R. nutkana. With its long, rather slender, very
floriferous stems and bright flowers, this is a most attractive
rose. It is readily, even at some distance, distinguished from
R. nutkana, by which it is surrounded, by the brighter pink
petals.

J. K. Henry.

NOTE.

In Mr. P. A. Taverner's article, "Geological Survey Museutn
Work on Point Pelee, Ont.," published in the November, 1914,
issue of The Ottawa Naturalist, the year in which the ob-
servations recorded therein were made is not mentioned. This
was 1913. Ornithologists please note.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. " 7.9

PARTIAL LIST OF LITERATURE IN THE LIBRARY OF
THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB.

(Continued from page 68.)

Botanisk Tidsskrift udgivet af Dansk Botanisk forening: 29,

(1909), 4; 30, (1909-10), 1, 2, 3; 31, (1911), 1, 2, 3; 32,

1912, 1; 33, 1913, 1, 4.
Bui. of the American Geographical Society: Vol. XLI, No. 5,

6, (1909); Vol. XLII, 7, 1910.
British Assoc, for Adv. of Science; Leeds meeting 1890; Sixth

Report of the North West Tribes of Canada.
Bui. American Museum of Nat. Hist.: Vols. XXIII, complete,

1907; XXIV, complete, 1908; XXV, Part 1;XXVI, com-
plete, 1909; XXVII, complete, 1910.
Bui. of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala:

Vol. XI, 1912.
Bui. of Nat. Hist. Soc. of New Brunswick: Vol. VI, Part 5,

(No. XXX), Part 2 (No. XXVIII); Vol., VII, 1909, Part

3, 4; Vol., VIII, 1910, 1.
Bui. of New York Botanical Garden: Vols. V, (1909), 1, 8;

VI, 1909, 19, 20; VII, 1909, 23; VIII, 1912, 27, 28.
Bui. of Torrey Botanical Club: bound; Vols. IX-XII, 1882-1885;

XIII-XVIII, 1886-1891.
Bui. Univ. of Kansis: Vols. XI, 1910, No. 7; XIII, 1911, 2, 3;

XIV, 1913, 16; XV, 1913, 2.
Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vols. VIII, 1910, 2; IX, (1911), 4;

XI, N.S., 1913, 3, 4.
Canadian iVlmanac, 1899.
Canadian Entomologist ; bound ; 1868-1888; Vol. XL., 1908,

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ; Vol. XLI, 1909, 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; Vol. XLII, 1910, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,

8,9, 10, 12; Vol. XLIII, 1911, 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;

Vol. XLIV, 1912, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; Vol.

XLV, 1913, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 11, 12; Vol. XLVI,
' 1914, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Canadian Forests, Forest Trees, Timber, and Forest Products,

by H. B. Small, 1884.
Canadian Horticulturist: B. Vol. Ill and IV, 1880-81; VII,

1884; XVI, 1893; XVII, 1894.
Canadian Record of Science: Vol. I, 1884-1885; II, 1886; III,

1888-1889; IV, 1890-91.
Catalogue of Can. Plants: bound; 1883, Part 1; 1888, Part 2.
Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science: Vol. I, 1874; II, 1875.

80 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

Commission of Conservation, Canada: 1910, Report of Inter-
national Commission on Control of Bovine Tuberculosis;
1910, An address on Pure Water and the Polution of Water-
ways, by Chas. A. Hodgetts, M.D.

Dept. Agri. U.S.: 1884, Report; 1886, Report; 1893, Report
Secretary of Agri.; 1895, Year Book; 1897, Year Book;
1898, Year Book; 1890, Bibliography of Economic Ento-
mology by Henshaw.

Dictionary of Altitudes in Canada, (Dept. of Interior, Can.) by
J as. White, 1903, bound.

Entomologica Americana: Vols. I-VI, 1885-1890.

Entomological News: Oct. 21, 1910, Reprint, "Notes on
Mamestra trifolia (Roth) and its Allies" by J. B. Smith.

Field Museum of Nat. Hist., Report Series: Vol. Ill, No. 1,
(Annual Report for 1906); III, No. 4, (Annual Report for
1909).

Field Museum of Nat. Hist., Zool. Series: Vol. IV, 1912, No. 2,
(160); VII, 1910, 8, 9, 10; VIII; IX, X, 1910, 2, 3, 5, 6.

Forestry Branch, Dept. of Interior, Canada: Arc, No. 9, 1914;
Arc, No. 7, 1914; Bull. 42, 1914; Bui. 30, 1913.

Geol. Survey, Dept. Mines, Canada: 1910, Summary Report of
1909; 1910, Mem. 2, Nos. 6, 7; 1910, A Reconnaissance
across the Mackenzie Mountains on the Belly, Ross and
Grand Rivers, Yukon and N.W. Territories; 1910, Mem.
14N; 1910, Mem. 1; 1910, Mem. 8E; 1910, Mem. 5; 1910,
Mem. 2; 1910, Mem. 6; 1910, Report on part of N.W. Terri-
tories drained by Winick and Attawapiskat (and included a
transverse through southern part of N.W.T. from Lac Seul
to Cat Lake in 1902); 1911, Memoir 18E; 1912, Mem. No. 13,
21, 28, 24E, 27; 1912, Summary Report of 1911, Mem. 31;
1913, Memoir 19; 1913, Memoir 25, 26; 1913, Bui. No. 1.
Guide Books, 5, 8, (1. 2. 3) 9, 10; 1914, Memoir 47; 1914,
Museum Bui. No. 2; 1914, Summary Report of 1912;
Victoria Memorial Museum ; Mem. 17E, 1912; Mem. (1913),
39, 40; Bui. 1861-5, Palaezoic Fossils, Vol. 1, Figures and
Descriptions of Canada. Bui. 1859, Organic Remains,
Decade 1, 2, 3, 4.

Guide to Anthropological Collection in the Provincial Museum,
British Columbia, 1909.

Indiana Dept. of Geology and Nat. Hist.: 12th Report, 1882;

13th Report, 1883; 14th Report, 1884; 15th Report, 1886;

16th Report, 1888.
Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 19th

Annual Report; 1894; 17th, 1891; 18th, 1893; 19th, 1894;

21st, 1896; 22nd, 1897; 23rd, r898;24th, 1899; 25th, 1900.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 81

Insect Life. Published by U. S. Dept. of Agri. Div. of Ento-
mology, Vols. I, II, III, 1888-1890.

International Scientists Directory, 1881-82.

Jahrbtich der Hambtirgirchen Wissenschaftlichen Anstaltn.
Mitteilungen ausdem Naturhistorischen Museum zu Ham-
hxirg. 2 Beiheft; XX, (1902), Jahrgang; XXI, 1903,
Jahrgang; XXII, 1904, Jahrgang; XXIII, 1905, Jahrgang;
XXIV, 1906, Jahrgang; XXV, 1907, Jahrgang; XXVI,
1908, Jahrgang; XXIX, 1911, Jahrgang; XXIX, 1911,
Yearly Report; XXX, 1912, Jahrgang.

Jahrbuch der Hamburgirchen Wissenschaftlichen Anstaltn.
Mitteilungen ausdem Botanischen Staatsinstituten in Ham-
burg: XXIX, 1911; XXX, 1912.

Journal of New York Entomological Society: Vols. XVI, 1908,
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4; XVII, 1909, 1, 2, 3, 4; XVIII, 1910, 1, 2;
XVIII, 1910, No. 3, Reprint — Notes on North American
species Agroperina Hampson; XVIII, 1910, No. 2, New
species of Noctuidae for 1910, by J. D. Smith; XIX, 1911,
Nos. 2, 3, 4; XX, 1912, 1, 2.

Journal of Mycology: Vol. I, 1885; VI, 1890.

Journal and Proc. of Hamilton Scientific Association: No.. 22,
Session 1905-06; 23, Session 1906-07; 24, Session 1907-08;
27, Session 1911-12; Jubilee Celebration, 1907 (proceedings).

Mammals of Adirondacks, by C. H. Merriam, 1884.

Manual of Injurious Insects and Methods of Prevention, by
Eleanor A. Ormerod, 1881; 1890, second edition.

Mem. American Museum of Nat. Hist.: I, N.S. 1912, Parts 1, 2,
3,4.

Missouri Bot. Gardens: Annual Report, 1891; 1894; 1896; 1899;
1904; 1905; 1906; 1909; 1912.

North Staffordshire Field Club: Annual Report and Transac-
tions, 1911-12; 1913-14.

National Academy of Sciences: Memoir XI, 1913.

Le Nattiralist Canadien: Vols. X, 1878, 10; XXXV, 1908, 3, 4,

5, 9, 10, 11, 12; XXXVI, 1909, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12; XXXVII, 1910, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12; XXXVIII, 1911,
3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12; XL, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Nature Study Review: Vols. IV, 1908, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9;
VI, 1910, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; VII, 1911, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; VIII,
1912, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9; IX, 1913, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; X, 1914, 1, 2, 3, 4.

New Jersey Agric. Exp. Station: Report on Mosquitoes, by John
B. Smith, Sc. D., 1904.

Ohio Naturalist: Vols. VIII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; IX, 1908-09,

I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; X, 1909-10, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8; XI, 1910-

II, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8; XII, 1911-12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
XIII, 1912-13, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; XIV, 1913, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7.

82 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

Ornithologist and Oologist: Vols. VII, (Mar. 1882, Dec. 1883);

IX, 1884; X and XI, 1885-86; XII and XIII, 1887-88;

XIV and XV, 1889-90.
Papilio, Organ of New York Entomological Club; I-IV, 1881-

1884.
Proc. Acad, of Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia : Vols. LXI, 1909, Part 3;

LXII, 1910, 1; LXII, 1910, 1, 2; LXIII, 1911, 3; LXV,

1913, 3, 1.

Proc. Californian Academy of Sc, 4th series: Vols., I, 1911-12,

Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; II, 1913, 391, 454, 259, 264 Parts 8, 9;

III, 1911-12, pp. 73-148, 147-154, 155-160, 161-182, 181-186,

57-72, 265-390.
Proc. American Acad, of Arts and Science: Vol. XLV, 1910,

16, 17, 18, 19, 20.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.: Vols. XXII, 1883-4; XXIII, 1884;

XXXIV, 1912; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13; XXXV, 1914, 1.
Proc. Indiana Acad, of Sc. : 1894; 1895; 1906; 1907; 1908; 1909;

1911; 1912.
Proc. of Rochester Acad, of Sc: Vol. V, (1912), (P. 39-58)

Early Botanists of Roch. and vicinity and the botanical

section.
Proc. of Royal Society of Edinburgh, Session 1909-10, Vol. XXX,

(1910), Part 6, p. 439-518.
Proc. and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science,

Vol. XII 1907-08.
Proc. of Washington Academy of Science: Vols. VI, 1904, 428-

438 (missing); VII, 1905, (complete); VIII, 1906, (missing

pages 25-40); IX, 1907, (complete); X, 1908, p. 1-248

XI, 1909, p. 1-299; XII, 1910, p. 1-335.
Reminiscences Among the Rocks in Connection with Geol

Survey of Canada, by Thos. Chesmer Weston, F. G. S. A

1899.
Report of New York State Entomologist: Vols. VIII, 1891

IX, 1892; X, 1894; XI, 1895; XII, 1896, nd Annual

Report. 1885.
Rhodora, Journal of New England Bot.Club: Vol. XII, (1910),

No. 136.
Smithsonian Report, 1911, pp 335-424, 433-462, 659-671.
Species of Rumex occurring north of Mexico, by Wm. Trelease,

1892.
State of Connecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survev, 1912,

19.
Torreya: Vols. VI, 1906, 1, 6; VII, 1907, 4; VIII, 1908, 1-12

complete; IX, 1909, 1-12 complete; X, 1910, 1-12 complete,

XI, 1911, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; XII, 1912, 1-12 com-
plete; XIII, 1913, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; XIV,

1914, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 83

Trans. Can. Institute: Vol. IX, 1912, Part 2 (No. 21).

Trans. Kansas i\cad. of Science: Vols. X, 1885-86; XI, 1887-88,

XII, 1889-90; XIII, 1891-92; XIV, 1893-4; XV, 1895-6;

XVI, 1897-8; XVII, 1899-1900; XVIII, 1901-2; XIX, 1903-

04; XXII, 1908-09.
Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. : 1881-1883, Parts 1 and 2 ; 1910, Part 1,;

1911, Part 2; 1912, Part 1; 1913, Part 2.
Trans, and Proc. of Botanical Soc. of Edinburgh: Vol. XXIV,

Part 1, 1909.
Trans, of Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters:

Vol. XV, Part 2; XVI, Part 1, (No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6).
U. S. Dept. of Agri.: Reprints from Year Book of Dept. of

Agri.: 1894, The Crow and Black Birds and their food;

1898, Danger of introdiicing Noxious Animals and Birds;

1899, A Review of Economic Ornithology in U.S.; 1901,
Two Vanishing Game Birds; 1903, Economic Value of Bob
White; 1903, Some New Facts about migration of Birds;
1905, Federal Game Protection; 1911, Our Mid-Pacific
Bird Reservation; 1911, Craw Fish as Bird Destroyers

U.S. Dept. of Agri. Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy
Bui. Nos. IV, 1893; V, 1895; VI, 1895; VII, 1895; IX
1898.

North American Fauna, Nos, 1, 1889; 2, 1889; 3, 1890; 4, 1890

5, 1891; 7, 1893; 8, 1895; (Division of Biological Survey)
14, 1899; 15, 1899; 17, 1900.; 19, 1900; 20, 1901; 21, 1901
22, 1902; 24, 1904; 45, 1913.

U.S. Geol. Survey, (Dept. of Interior): Professional Papers 44
48, Parts 1, 2, 3; 58, 60, 61, 63, 79, 78, 80, 85A.
Bulletin 367. The Significance of Drafts in Steam-Boiler
Practice, by Walter T. Ray, 1909.
Water Supply Paper 221, 1909.

" 226, 1909.
Bui. 361, Anozore Mammal Horizons of Western North
America, 1909.

Bui. 364, Geol. and Mineral Resources of the Laramie,
Wyoming.

U.S. Geol. Survey: Annual Reports, second, 1880-81; third,
1881-82; fourth; eighth. Parts 1, 2, 1886-87; eleventh, 1;
twelfth, 1; thirteenth, 1,2; fourteenth, 1, 2; sixteenth, 1,
2,3,4, 1894-95; seventeenth, 1, 3, 4, (continued); eight-
eenth, 1, 2, 3, 5, 5 (continued); nineteenth, 1, 2, 3, 5, (Atlas
Forest Reserve); 6, 6 (continued); twentieth, 1, 2, 3, 5, 5
(maps) 6, 6 (continued); twenty-first, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (maps),

6, 6 (continued), 7; twenty- second, 1, 2, 3; twenty-fourth,
1902-03; twenty-sixth, 1905.

U.S. Geol. Survey: Annual Report U.S. Entomological Com-
missioner on Rocky Mountan Locust, 1877.

84 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

U.S. Geol. and Geographical Survey of the Territories of Wyom-
ing, Idaho, 1878, Part 1.

U.S. Geol. Survey: Mineral Resources of U.S., 1883-84; 1885;
1886; 1887; 1888; 1891; 1892; 1893; 1900; 1901; 1902; 1905;
1907, Parts 1,2; 1908, Parts 1, 2. •

U.S. Geol. Survey Monograph: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15 (Parts 1, 2), 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 (Part 2), 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48 (Parts 1, 2).

University of Toronto Series. Geol. Series: 1909, 6; 1910, 7.
University of California Chronicle: Vols. X, 1908, 1, 2, 3, 4;
XI, 1909, 1, 2; XII, 1910, 1, 2.

Wilson Bulletin : Vols, XX, 1908, 1, 2, 3, 4; XXI, 1909, 1, 2, 3, 4;
XXII, 1910, 2, 3, 4; XXIV, 1912, 2, 3, 4, 5, XXV, 1913,
2, 3, 4; XXVI, 1914, 1, 2.

Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftbche Insecten biologie: Vols. VI,
1910; XI, 1911.

Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala: Vols. 1, 1911-12, II, 1913.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

The fifty-second annual meeting of the above society will be
heldin Ottawa, on November 4th and 5th, 1915. The day sessions
will be- held in the large laboratory of the Entomological Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Birks' Building, Sparks street, and
the evening meeting on November 4th in the Assembly Hall of
the Normal School. At this latter meeting Dr. H. T. Fernald,
State Entomologist of Massachusetts, will deliver the popular
lecture, the subject of which will be "Life Zones in Entomology
and their relation to Crops."

A very full programme has been arranged for the day sessions-
Many of the papers to be presented will be of an economic nature >
on subjects of extreme interest to the agriculturist, horticulturist,
etc. Entomologists from every province in Canada will be pre-
sent, in addition to which prominent authorities from the United
States will also be in attendance. Members of the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists Club interested in insect Hfe will be welcomed ^l^fQAj
meetings. *O^^L-J/^ j

jy

The Ottawa Naturalist.

Vol. XXIX. Plate II.

Mr

i

1

HA/r

n

W\KIA\

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST--*-^

VOL. XXIX. NOVEMBER, 1915 No. 8

A NEW ORDOVICIAN PELECYPOD FROM THE OTTAWA

DISTRICT.*

By Alice E. Wilson.

The shell is of medium size and subelliptical in outline,
length and height about as 2:5. The valves are very slightly
convex. The cardinal margin is straight posterior to the beaks
for about two-thirds the length of the shell, making an angle of
45° with the anterior margin, which continues as a straight line
nearly to the median transverse axis of the shell, thence curving
into the anterior and basal margins. The latter margin bends
slightly upward opposite the broad weakly-defined sinus. The
posterior end is slightly trtmcated obliquely, but joins the basal
margin with a moderately narrow curve. The anterior margin
and Lhe straight cardinal margin form a more obtuse angle than
that f the posterior end, and the curve with which it joins the
vent '. margin is less narrow. There is a slight constriction
benea uh the very moderately raised umbones. The lunule , which
is evidently very narrow, is partially destroyed on the specimen
examined. The sinus is very shallow, moderately broad and less
oblique than most other species of this genus. The umbonal
ridges are not prominent, and become imperceptible in the pos-
terior portion of the shell, which is almost fiat. Anterior to the
sinus there is a slight infiatation. The concentric growth lines
are very tine, but anteriorly they are gathered into about a dozen
strong ridges, which end abruptly in the oblique cardinal margin.
Posteriorly the ridges of growth lines almost disappear.

The most striking characteristic of the species, however,
is the unique marking. A series of fine granules crosses the con-
centric growth lines, radiating from the umbonal region. Near
the beak they are very fine, hardly visible to the naked eye, but
they become much stronger away from it, so that in the ventral
half of the shell they have almost obliterated the concentric
growth lines, except anteriorly where the strong ridges of con-
centric growth lines are still prominent. On the dorsal half of
the posterior portion of the shell there is a still more complex
marking. In addition to the very fine concentric growth lines
crossed by the radiating series of granules, which here are very
minute, there is a very fine double network of lines running
obliquely from granule to granule, forming a regular mesh, with

♦Published by permission of the Deputy Minister of Mines.

86 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

one granule at each intersection of the lines. The lines of
growth, with a gentle curve towards the posterior margin, pass
from apex to apex across the longest diameter of the inesh.
Some of this very fine network is worn, and in places the granules
appear to be shoved up together, but there is much of it that is
remarkably well preserved.

The length of the right valve, which is the only specimen
found, is 53 mm., height 21 mm.

This species closely resembles Rhytim^'a oehana Ulrich, but
differs from it in the straight anterior cardinal margin in the
narrower and less oblique sinus, with its consequent less sinuate
ventral margin, in its narrow and more rounded posterior por-
tion.

It differs from Rhytimya compressa Ulrich, in the more
abrupt downward slope of the anterior portion of the dorsal
margin, in the somewhat more distinct mesial sinus, and the
corresponding slight upward flexure of the ventral margin.
Rhytimya granulosa is larger, the posterior portion is more pro-
longed, and the mesial sinus is less oblique.

Compared with Rhytimya convexa Ulrich, this species is less
convex on the whole, although slightly more inflated anterior to
the mesial sinus. The folds of concentric growth lines are less
prominent posteriorly and the cardinal margin is straighter.

For this species I would propose the name Rhytimya
granulosa.

The Museum is indebted to Mr. G. S. Blake, geologist of
the Standard Oil Company of Canada, for the shell.

Formation : Lorraine, in the Proetus zone, several hundred
feet below the Sirophomena ftuciuosa horizon, which is regarded
as near the base of the Waynesville division of the Richmond,
by Aug. F. Foerste.

Locality: Twelve miles east of Ottawa, near Vars, on the
Grand Trunk railroad. Immediately west of the intersection of
the roads between concessions VII and VIII, between lots 20
and 2 1 , nearly two miles west of Vars.

Explanation of Plate II.

RHYTIMYA GRANULOSA, N. SP.

1. Portion of network on the upper posterior portion of
Rhytimya granulosa x ten diameters. The lines of nodes
from right to left are the radiating lines shown on the
specimen. The single long lines through the long axis of
the mesh are the lines of growth.

2. Rhytimya granulosa, photograph of type x 1>2. Number

4.319 in the Geological Survey Museum.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 87

SHALLOW WATER DEPOSITION IN THE CAMBRIAN
OF THE CANADIAN CORDILLERA.*

By Lancaster D. Burling.

During the field season of 1915, the writer was engaged in a
strati graphic study of the Cambrian rocks along the Canadian
Pacific and Grand Trunk Pacific railways in British Columbia
and Alberta. One of the most striking features observed was
the very considerable evidence of shallow water conditions of de-
position in the limestones of the region.

The Stephen formation ( i) occupies a central position in the
Middle Cambrian and forms a two or three hundred foot shelf be-
tween clift^s of massive limestone each a thousand feet or more in
thickness. In the vicinity pf Motmts Stephen and Field, on the
Canadian Pacific Railway, it includes those striking Middle Cam-
brian faunal horizons to which the terms Ogygopsis shale and
Burgess shale have been applied. Here the limestones and shales
of which it is composed betray no evidence of shallow water con-
ditions of deposition; in fact it is hard to see how the jelly fish,
sea cucumber, sponge, worm, crab, and pteropod fauna of the
Burgess shale (b) could have been preserved in strata deposited
outside of the most sheltered of habitats. In Castle Mountain,
30 miles southeast of the locality to which these faunas appear
to be confined, however, the limestones of the Stephen forma-
tion, which are both coarse and fine grained and apparently pure-
ly calcareous, are very largely mud-cracked and ripple-marked.
The areas outlined by these mud-cracks vary from one inch to
three or four feet in diameter, and the distance between crests
of the ripple-marks varies from one inch to two or more feet, some
of the larger ripple-marks being impressed upon layers carrying
limestone conglomerate pebbles two inches or more in diameter.
Nearly all of these limestones carry an abundant trilobite and
brachiopod fauna. Pure limestones carrying what we have been
accustomed to regard as marine faunas thus bear unimpeach-
able evidence that they have not only been deposited under
shallow water conditions, but that in many cases they have
suffered prolonged exposure to the air. Glottidia, Kraussina,
Terebralulina, Lingula and Discina, among recent brachiopods,
are known {c) to live at or above low tide, and there is no reason

* Published with the permission of the Deputy Minister nf Mines.

{a) Walcott, 1908, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. Si, No. 5, pp. 209-212.

(b) Walcott, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 57, 1910-1912.

(c) Davidson, British Fossil Brachiopoda, vol. S, 1883, p. 337.

88

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Nov.

why the extinct trilobite should have needed a deep water
habitat. In fact, specimens in our collections show this form to
be present upon the surface of interformational conglomerate
layers — those curious bands which owe their origin to the edge-
wise packing and cementing of broken bits of sun-dried crust
upon a tidal flat — a characteristically shallow water phenomenon
exhibited by limestone strata scores and hundreds of feet in
thickness throughout large areas of the Cambrian in Wyoming,
British Columbia, Alberta, and Yukon. It may be of interest
to record here also the fact that brachiopods and trilobites have
been discovered in a massive Cambrian limestone composed al-
most entirely of Cryptozoon-like algal masses approximating a
foot in diameter and six to eight feet in length. The gradually
accumulating weight of evidence is thus strongly in favour of
the conclusion that neither marine faunas nor limestones are,
either of themselves or jointly, a criterion of deep water deposi-
tion, and that for much of the Cambrian the postulation of deep
sea basins is unnecessary. Moreover, we have shown this to be
true for at least part of a horizon whose faunas preserve their
individuality through the one thousand or more miles separating
the Nevada localities from those in British Columbia and Al-
berta, (d)

Evidence of shallow water conditions in the Cambrian is
most striking, however, nearly 3,000 feet above the Stephen
formation at the line separating the Middle from the Upper
Cambrian. The base of the Bosworth formation (e) in the
Canadian Pacific Railway section and the base of the Lynx
formation (/) in the Grand Trunk Pacific section comprise
several hundred feet of red and yellow shales which are covered
with mud-cracks, ripple-marks, and casts of salt crystals two
inches or more in diameter. The emergence of the sea bottom
indicated by these occurences must have been prolonged, but
the quiet limestone forming conditions which immediately pre-
ceded thein soon followed. The occurence is -of special interest,
because the correctness of the division of geologic time into
major units is believed to be confirmed when those units are
discovered to represent periods of deposition separated by emer-
gences of the sea bottom.

(d) Geol. Survey Canada, Museum Bull. No. 2, 1914, p. 113.

(e) Walcott, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 53, No. 5, 1908, pp. 205-208.
(/) Idem, vol. 57, No. 12, 1913, p. 337.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 89

NOTES ON THE HERRING GULL (LARUS
ARGENTATUS).

By M. Y. Williams, Ottawa.

Between June 8th and October 26th the writer cruised by
launch from Wiarton to Sault Ste. Marie, visiting nearly all the
islands included in the Manitoulin group. Throughout the sea-
son herring gulls were very numerous. On and after July 21st
the immature birds, in brown-gray plumage, began to appear.

These gulls are reported to nest freely on Half Moon Island,
where the fishermen obtain plenty of eggs for eating. On July
21st, wh-en we visited Wall Island, I saw old nests, and also a
dead, half-grown gull. What appeared to be the remains of a
nest was also observed on James Island, and many gulls made it
a resting place. This species is also reported to nest on some of
the islands in the north channel.

A number of well-informed fishermen and hunters report
that the herring gull destroys whole families of young wild ducks.
Following the flock as it swims in open water, they hover over
the little ducks, which try to escape by diving, and swallow
them as soon as they come to the surface.

On September 2 7th the writer saw a small flock of what
appeared to be hooded merganzers off the west end of Barrie
Island. Several herring gulls hovered near and dropped to
the surface of the water alongside the ducks as soon as they rose
to the surface, swam up and appeared to take something away
from them. On October 1st a large flock of American mer-
ganzers were fishing along the Lake Woolsey side of Indian
Point. In spite of a fresh wind blowing on shore, they fished
close to shore in the shallow water, following up the innumerable
minnows which were to be found at this locality. A number of
herring gulls mingled with the ducks, and paid close attention
to them as they rose from beneath the water. I shot two of the
ducks, and found their mouths overflowing with minnows.

Mr. J. Merrylees, of Gore Bay, hunter and taxidermist, says
that the gulls regularly rob the ducks of their fish when they
rise to swallow their catch. This appears to be the only con-
clusion to be drawn from the above observations. It was fur-
ther stated by Mr. E. Gaulin, of Meldrum Bay, that the gulls
rob the loons as well as the ducks.

From evidences seen this summer, the herring gtill has at
least one dangerous natural enemy. On July 10th the writer
discovered four duck hawks along the cliffs of the north side of

90

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Nov.

Echo Island, which lies but three or four miles north of the Bruce
peninsula. The two young birds, which were fully developed,
were secured. One was shot from a dead stub at the top of the
cliff, which was a much frequented roosting place. Just below
were the feathers of blue-jays and the wing primaries of a herring
gull. Yeo Island, which was visited July 13th, was also fre-
quented by duck hawks, and numerous wings of crows, gulls and
blue -jays lay scattered along the top of the cliffs.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SHEEP.

By B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont.

To the curiotis and enquiring mind which first strikes the
question, viz : "What are the origins of the domesticated animals
and plants of mankind?" there opens out a world of interesting
investigation. How did man come to subdue the wild animals
of the earth to his uses for labour, for hunting, and for food,
and even for fancy and amusement? How came he to discover
and cultivate the leaves, roots, seeds, and even th^ flowers of
the vegetable world for food, as well as for ornament and artistic
gratification? And, what is more wonderful, how did he mul-
tiply and develop from single common stocks all their innumer-
able and diverse varities? The last question has become, in its-
biological aspects, a problem so profound and interesting as to
develop a new school of inquirers in Europe — the Mendelians.

The Impermanence of Form.

Charles Darwin threw a powerful and important light upon
these problems when he demonstrated and developed the simple
yet remarkable fact of life, that all living forms existing around
us have in reaHty no fixed permanence. 1 hey have all inherent
in their nature a vital flexibility of tissue, of anatomy, and of
function. And it is this which causes them to fluctuate and
vary from those qualities which, in their sum total, go to the
make-up of that distinctive type of life we term the species.
When the world was young, and reptilian monsters dominated
the tropical forests and swamps of the earth, the birds of that
period showed their affinities with these creatures in the posses-
sion of teeth. The teeth have disappeared, but the population
of the air remains. While no living bird now possesses true
teeth, within the jaws of an unhatched parrot there are certain

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 91

microscopic points capped with enamel, which indicate its an-
cestral connections. They are absorbed before the bird is many-
days old. In the unborn parrot is the vanishing point of a
"missing link " with its primeval progenitors.

With the disappearance of the primeval swamp has also
disappeared the five-toed ancestor of the horse. Transferred
to the plains, he now races free upon a single digit, developed
into a hardened hoof, leaving the vanishing remains of other
digits within his pastern to mark the transition of slow develop-
ment, through aeons of time, from one form of life to another.
These are instances of a plastic power within the living organism
which enables it to fit itself in, and adapt itself to, the exigencies
of its environments. The very urgencies of subsistence, and
the necessities of survival at Nature's table, demand this con-
stitutional tendency to impermanence of form or function.

Variability of Nature and Life.

For in all her physical aspects, Nature is herself changeable"
and inconstant. The rigors of her chequered and ever-change-
able conditions have aided in eliciting and fixing the quality
of mutability in her life forms. There is thus an element of
mutability and reciprocation between the internal organism and
its external surroundings. And the instability of the organism-
is a natural and a necessary part of the dual state of its existence .■
As Herbert Spencer has sententiously remarked in defining life
itself, it is "a continuous adjustment of internal relations with
external relations." Such, in brief, is the doctrine of variation,
which is the starting point of Darwin's theory of the origin of
species and the evolution of life.

Darwin at once seized hold of the enormous range of varia-
tion seen in domestic species, and its power of diversity and ex-
tension under the hand of the expert breeder and cultivator.
And in utilising its multifarious phenomena in support of his
thesis, he personally experimented with both animal and vege-
table species. Here he showed that the key of man's power
over species lies in the accumulation of his selections of varying
and variable points of structure and character. Nature pro-
vides variations, and their succession in heredity. Man adds
them up in directions useful to him. In this way he has built
up great and serviceable breeds. He can not merely modify
the character of his types, but he can change them altogether.
It does not require a great eflfort of the imagination to
determine the motives of man in his selection and improvements
of breeds to serve his ends. It is known that sheep skins were
used for tents, as well as for clothing and foot-wear, from the

92 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

earliest nomadic times. Size would, therefore, be a desidera-
tum. Warmth and comfort would be desired. Length and
fineness of fleece would, therefore, be sought for. Purity of
colour would be appreciated. White, and its pure and uniform
tints, would be desired. Principles of economy would dictate
considerations as to weight, strength, and healthiness of skin
and so forth.

The First Experiment.

Early in the history of the world it can be well imagined
that wealth was measured by sheep. And the dignity of shep-
herding and the peace of pastoral pursuits bulk largely in ancient
literature. The flocks of Abraham and Lot, as the measure of
their prosperity, are said to have been more than the land could
support. They were the chief resources as well as the spoils
of the whole history and the wars of the Israelites. Solomon
dedicated 120,000 sheep to the purposes of religion and the
temple. Pliny remarks that sheep were used as sacrifices to the
gods, as well as for food and clothing. The enormous super-
fluity of the flocks of ancient times must have been the product
of careful selection; and it will be remembered that the first
successful experiment for the production of a new colour was
made by Jacob, as recorded in the Scriptures. He peeled rods
of poplar, hazel and chestnut, so as to give them a "ring-
streaked" or dark and white appearance. These he placed in
the water troughs of the flocks. In this he supposed .according
to the world-old tradition that the speckled appearance would
be reproduced in the young lambs through the impressionable
character of the ewes carrying young. White troughs have
since been used, and even white cloths have been hung up in
the fields for the same purpose.

Wild and Domestic Animals.

The original stock of domestic sheep is represented by, and
more or less obscurely traceable to, less than a dozen wild species.
These vary in outward appearance and character, considerably
from the goat-like, furry rather than fleecy, blue sheep of Tibet,
to the Moufflon or Armenian wild sheep of Europe. The latter
is said to be the original progenitor of our domestic varieties.
They formerly existed in the islands of Sardinia and Corsica in
large numbers, and were the object of large organized hunts, as
many as 500 being shot in a single drive. To-day they are not
so numerous, and the captured are much less. Their affinity
with domestic sheep is seen in the fact that now and then the
wild Moufflon will forsake the wilds and mix with the homestead
sheep, while it is also known that orphan lambs of the home-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 93

stead have found a dam amongst the wild species. The varia-
bility of the domestic sheep of the world is more marked. The
Africander fat-tailed sheep carries a tail which is frequently
found to w^eigh 50 pounds, trails on the ground, and is sup-
ported by the breeder with a contrivance on little wheels. It
is regarded as a delicacy, and is an important item in the mutton.
On the other hand, there is a breed of sheep in Central Asia with
a mere rudimentary tail, the fat natural to this part having ac-
cumulated on each side of the haunches in large protuberances
as if like the camel's hump they were nature's store against
future famine, which man takes advantage of and breeds out.
Darwin notices the Angola variety of the long-tailed race which
has similarly curious growths of humpy fat in the region of the
head. The multiplicity of varieties of the sheep and their ex-
tremes of peculiarity render the veriest reference to specially
interesting features out of the question in these notes. There are
in the museums of the world collections of mediaeval, modern,
and wild stocks, and in some of the European zoological collec-
tions a few living specimens. In the museums may also be seen
fossilized remains which carry us back to the very early geolo-
gical times in the earth's history. Although the ancestry of
the horse may be definitely traced to the most ancient primeval
epochs, that of the sheep still remains in obscurity. But it is
known that this important domestic animal appeared wild in
the tertiary epoch in company with the horse, camel, ox, hog
and elephant. This takes us back to about 2,500,000 years ago.
And according to authorities on the subject, there is ample evi-
dence that in the quartermary epoch of the earth's geological
age man had acquired some of the arts of agriculture. He had
domesticated the docile sheep, and afterwards the ox, the cat,
the dog, and the fowl. He had learned to dress hides, and had
accomplished primitive methods of weaving. And this period
is fixed as variously approximating 500,000 years ago.

BEQUEST TO O.F.N.C.

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is pleased to acknow-
ledge a bequest of $100 by the will of the late John Charles
Kearns. The late Mr. Kearns was a member of the Club for
many years, and always took a very keen interest in its work.

The Council, at a recent meeting, decided to set this bequest
aside as an endowment fund, the interest from which could be
ffered as an annual prize bearing the name of the donor.

G. LeL.

A^

94 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

SOME HABITS OF SWAINSON'S HAWK IN MANITOBA.

By Norman Criddle, Treesbai^k, Man.

Swainson's Hawk (Buteo Swainsoni), is essentially a bird of
open woodlands or hilly country. It prefers a mixture of the
two for nesting purposes, and the open gopher-infested plains
for a hunting ground. Reaching us rather later in the spring
than most of our other hawks, it almost immedietaly sets about
selecting a nesting site, the place chosen being usually either a
scrub oak or an isolated aspen poplar. Occasionally, however,
the birds abandon their usual practice and select a hill instead of
a tree for nesting purposes, even when trees are available. On
the plains farther west they do not have so much choice in the
matter, and in conseqtience they are obliged, if they nest at all
in such places, to be contented with a hill or river bank.

As I have previously pointed out, on several occasions,
there are few more useful hawks, in our Canadian west, than this
species. Years ago, in his "Birds of Manitoba," Thompson
Set on suggested the name gopher hawk for this bird, and I know
of no more fitting title. This does not suggest, however, that
these birds live only on such animals. Those of us who know
them well are aware that they are by no means partial in th?s
choice. Young grouse, meadowlarks and other birds certainly
form a portion of their diet, as do also, occasionally, young
poultry. But oVjservation also teaches us that at least 80 per
cent of the food is made up of noxious rodents, and that is surely
an excellent showing, well entitling the bird to protection.

In former times these handsome dashing hawks frequented
the plains in considerable numbers, seeking and obtaining an
easy living among the gopher population. As time went on,
however, the persecution they were subjected to by farmers and
others greatly thinned their ranks, so that to-day they are re-
stricted to a few isolated or unsettled districts, where they are
permitted to rear their young in comparative safety. I am
pleased to say that one such district occurs in the neighbourhood
of my home, it being situated on one of the Dominion timber
reserves. It is there that I have been privileged to watch the
birds for a number of years past, and have gleaned some interest-
ing information relating to their habits and life history. Some
of this information I have already related in a previous volume
of The Ottawa Naturalist. I shall here, therefore, chiefly
confine myself to some observations made last summer, •. hile
I was out on some of my usual Sunday afternoon rambles.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 95

My first excursion into the "Sand Hills," where the hawks
reside, was in early June, when in company with two of my
brothers, I was fortunate enough to run across three nests. The
first of these, which I shall call No. 1, was situated in a dwarf
oak (Quercus macrocarpa), the tree being some 14 feet in height,
and the nest about 8 feet from the ground in its bushy limbs.
In the nest were five eggs of the usual blotched type, and sitting
upon them was a bird which was very loath to leave. It, how-
ever, rose on our close approach and rapidly soared skywards.
When well out of reach it was joined by a companion and uttered
shrill shrieks of defiance. The second nest was located about three
miles from the first, and some five miles. from home. This, un-
like the first, was situated upon the point of a hill which rose
some 20 feet above the surrounding level. This hill, however,
was by no means isolated, there being numerous others round
about, some of them actually higher, its only advantage in com-
parison being that it reached more of a point at one end where
the nest was placed. The nest itself was of a decidedly bulky
nature, being built of large sticks, with smaller ones and some
bark as a lining. In this were seven eggs, the greatest number
I have ever observed in one nest, the usual number being four,
and not infrequently one finds only three. The third nest, like
No. 1 , was situated in a dwarf oak growing this time at the bottom
of a hill. It contained no eggs, though a few green leafy boughs
in it showed that its builders had recently been at work. This
nest was about two and a half miles from No. 2, and on account
of its distance from home was not again visited.

On June 2 7th I visited the first two nests for the second
time. No. 1 now had some downy young in it, two striped
gophers (Cetellus iridecemlineata) and one gray gopher (C Rich-
ardsonit). No. 2 harboured five young and one "egg, the young
being half grown, though of different ages as usual. They were
curious fluffy fellows, having a mixture of down and feathers,
the latter being chiefly confined to the wings. They all opened
their beaks as I approached, and the largest, as if guardian over
the rest, did his best to defend them and frighten me away. In
this nest half a gray gopher was the only available food.

On July 4th I was again in the vicinity, and found No. 1
nest with the young still present, and that their hunger had been
recently appeased was evident from the presence of two un-
touched striped gophers in the nest. In nest No. 2 the young
were still unable to fly, though three had made their way some
distance along the hill. I returned these for the sake of a photo-
graph, and they made very little effort to prevent my handling
them. Curiously enough, there was still but one of a pug-
nacious nature, and he, as previously, seemed to consider himself

96 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

in charge of the remainder, and in that capacity resented in a
ferocious manner my handling of the rest. One of the parents
also made a half-hearted effort to frighten me by diving towards
me. It took good care, however, to remain well out of reach.
In the nest at the time were two gray gophers, one of them partly
eaten, showing in spite of five almost fully grown young that the
parents were able to keep the larder well supplied. I would like
to draw attention here to the habit these birds have of going far
afield for their hunting. In the case of nest No. 2 the nearest
gray gopher colony was fully two miles away, while to secure
them in numbers entailed a journey of fotir or five miles, and
there is reason to believe that the hawks went even further than
this. That they usually flew directly to their hunting grounds
was also evident froii the fact that in no instance were striped
gophers found in the nest, though those rodents were met with
more than once in its vicinity. While the hawks keep the nest
and its immediate surroundings free from refuse, I was, never-
theless, able to secure a few pellets, which, as is well known, all
birds of this kind disgorge. An examination of these revealed
much gopher hair, a few feet of those animals, and two feet of
a meadowlark, both in the same pellet, showing that they
doubtless belonged to one bird.

As I left the nest its defender still stood erect on its edge
watching my every movement, like a sentry on duty, and thus
he remained until distance h"d him from my sight.

On July 5th, a parent hawk which was flying very high,
suddenly made one of those dives for which the birds are re-
markable. In a moment it was among a brood of young turkeys,
and but for their remarkable instinct in hiding, and my presence
soon after, would have undoubtedly carried oft' one of them. As
it was, the hawk continued on its journey southward to the usual
hunting grounds.

On July 1 7th I visited nest No. 1 for the last time. I found
it inhabited by four almost fully-fledged young. I had, in fact,
just taken a photograph, and was searching for pellets beneath
the nest, when the strongest bird flew out, but finding its weight
still too great for its wings, it came to earth rather suddenly
some 40 yards away, not, however, with sufficient force to be
injured, as was indicated by the vicious manner in which it met
me as I approached. Its onslaught was most determined, and
I was obliged to defend myself with a spade, which the hawk
struck repeatedly with its claws, but never with the beak.
When exhausted with its efforts at jumping, it threw itself upon
its back and struck out with both feet. Having finished my
observations I retired, the hawk actually making after ine, evi-
dently considering that I was being driven from the field. The

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 97

other birds remained in the nest in company with two striped
gophers, one being partly devoured. Pellets around the tree
showed much gopher hair and some broken bones, but no in-
dication of birds. It seems strange that this pair of hawks fed
their young mostly upon striped gophers, while those of No. 2
preferred gray ones; doubtless situation had something to do
with this, though both kinds of gophers were within reach. An-
other nest I had not previously visited was located in an aspen
poplar, in an opening among the lower trees. There was a single
hawk in the nest which immediately flew on my approach and
disappeared in the distance. In this case the parent birds, as
is customary, had been shrieking overhead while I was yet more
than a mile away, and had even attacked me in the usual timid
manner. As a matter of fact it was their own stupidity that
led me to the nest, which but for their efforts I shotdd never
have found. Pellets in this instance were absent, consequently
I could learn nothing of the birds' food habits.

To those unacquainted with the fauna of Manitoba the ques-
tion might arise, how do these hawks manage to defend them-
selves while nesting on the ground, particularly txpon a hill
which is so frequently used as a vantage spot by coyotes. Is it
that hawks make but poor eating, or do the coyotes, badgers,
etc., fear those formidable claws? I do not know, but suspect
the latter is more probably correct.

It is a very great pity that lack of knowledge regarding the
usefulness of these hawks has caused them to be so severely
persecuted. We are all of us aware in the west what a large toll
gophers take of our crops, yet strange to relate, we seem to have
done our best to propagate them by destroying the hawks and
weasels, which are their natural enemies.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

This meeting will long be remembered by those present as
an extremely successful gathering, at which 'members convened
from both ends of the Dominion, to meet their fellow workers
at the Capital. The meetings of this Society have long been
known for their successful programmes, but if we are to believe
those competent to judge, the gatherings on the 4th and 5th of
November last excelled ia this respect any previous conventions,
and in point of value to agriculture, were to Canada equally as
profitable as the meetings of the Association of Economic En-
tomologists are to the United States.

98 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

The meeting was held in the large laboratory of the Ento-
mological Branch, Department of Agriculttire, Ottawa, thus not
only providing ample accommodation, but also enabling visitors
to inspect the large collections of insects housed there. While
the Society had to deplore the unavoidable absence of Dr.
Howard, Chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology, who
was to have delivered the popidar lecture, we were fortunate
in securing instead another distinguished American in the person
of Dr. H. T. Fernald, of Amherst, Mass., who delivered, on
Thursday evening, November 4th, a most interesting and in-
structive lecture, the title of which was " Life Zones in Entomo-
logy in relation to Crops."

It is unnecessary to mention the names of all those present ;
sufficient to relate that the meetings were very largely attended.
There were, however, a few visitors who cannot well be passed
over, namely: Prof. C. P. Lounsbury, Chief of the Division of
Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, Union of
South Africa; Mr. A. F. Burgess, who has charge of the United
States gipsy and brown-tail moth work, and Di^. Hugh Glasgow,
of Geneva, N.Y. In addition to many prominent members of
the Society, there were in attendance all the scientific staff of
the Dominion Entomological service, as well as the following
well known Canadian visitors: Sir James Grant, Dr. F. S. Tor-
rance, Veterinary-Director General; Dr. F. T. Shutt, Dominion
Chemist; Mr. W. T, Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist; Dr. C. H.
Higgins, Pathologist, Dominion Department of Agricidture; Mr.
H. T. Gusrow, Dominion Botanist; Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director
of Forestry; Mr. W. Ide, private secretary to the Minister of
Agriculture; and Mr. D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner.

The papers read, while usually of a scientific nature, and
therefore of interest to a limited audience, provided, neverthe-
less, some noteworthy exceptions, which nuist have appealed
to any lover of wild life. In this connection we would mention
the paper of the Rev. Dr. Fyles, of Ottawa, on "Observations
upon some of the Predaceous and Parasitic Hymenoptera," ;
"The Home of Gortyna stramentosa," by Mr. A. F. Winn, of
Montreal; "The Founding of the Science of Cecidology," by Dr.
A. Cosens, of Toronto; and "Fresh Woods and Pastures New,"
by Mr. F. J. A. Morris, of Peterboro, Ont.

Of truly scientific papers, of which there were many not-
able contributions, we will mention but one : Dr. Seymore Had-
win's, of Agassiz, B.C., "Further Notes on the Warble Fly
{Hypoderma bonis)," a valuable contribution, in which the writer
produces conclusive evidence as to how the larvae enter the bodies
of cattle, the method being quite at variance with ideas pre-
viously held. All the papers presented at the meetings will

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 99

ultimately appear in the Annual Report of the Society, and
should be in the hands of all interested in either agriculture or
entomology.

The meetings were presided over by the President, Dr. C.
Gordon Hewitt, until the last afternoon, when setting a new and
appropriate precedent he vacated the chair in favour of the
newly elected president, Mr. A. F. Winn. The other officers
elected were: Vice-President, Prof. L. Caesar, Guelph; Secretary-
Treasurer, Mr. A. W. Baker, Agrictdtural College, Guelph; Cur-
ator, Mr. G. J. Spencer, O. A. College, Guelph; Librarian, Rev.
Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Guelph. Directors': Division No. 1, Mr.
Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; No. 3,
Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto; No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nash, East Toronto;
No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterboro; No. 6, Mr. J. W. Noble,
London, and No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station.

On Friday evening, November 5th, a smoker was held in
honour of the Society, the hosts being the entomological sec-
tion of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, the president, Mr.
Arthur Gibson, welcoming the members in a short speech. The
proceedings that followed w^ere presided over by Dr. Hewitt, and
Avere greatly enjoyed. They ended, as was to be expected, in
the height of good fellowship.

N.C.

THE CANADIAN FISHERIES MUSEUM.

Members of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club will be in-
terested to learn that the above-mentioned museum has been
recently entirely remodelled by Mr. Andrew Halkett, the well
known naturalist of the Dominion Fisheries. The object of this
museum is to display in an educational manner all forms of
aquatic life, and chiefly to illustrate the value of our vast fishery
resources. The fishes proper, which for the most part are mounted
specimens of the fishes themselves, are beautifully arranged and
classified, according to Mr. Halkett's recently published "Check-
List of the Fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfound-
land," in cases arotmd the walls on the ground floor of the
museum. In view of much additional material, most of which
has been recently acquired and mounted, the large room up
stairs, formerly used as an Art Gallery, will in the near future
be devoted for the display of this material, and will, therefore,
soon be open to the general public. A conspicuous object
which will be on view in this room will be a mounted skeleton
of a Fin-back Whale, 51>2 feet long, from the Seven Islands
Whaling Station, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

100 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

Whilst the direct object of the Fisheries Museum is to point
out the value of the Canadian fishery resources, yet incidental
to the collection there are also on view a variety of natural ob-
jects, embracing fishes, corals, sponges, mollusk shells, etc., from
the Bahama Islands, and such form an ornamental feature of
the museum.

Models of vessels, weirs, traps, etc., to illustrate the fishing
industry, are also on exhibition.

Recently two specimens of octoptis or devil fish have been
installed, and are to be seen in glass cases, preserved in a solu-
tion of formalin. Tffese specimens are from the coast of British
Columbia.

OTTAWA FIELD NATURALISTS' CLUB.

Programme of Winter Lectures.

December 7th, 1915 (Tuesday). — ''Wheat Improvement in
Canada." Dr. Charles E. Saunders, Dominion Cerealist, Ottawa.

January 11th, 1916 (Tuesday). — "Canadian Folk-tales and
Oral Traditions." Mr. C. M. Barbeau, Division of Anthropology,
Geological Survey, Ottawa.

January 2 5th, 1916 (Tuesday). — "The Use of Ornamental
Trees and Shrubs." (Illustrated with lantern views). Mr. W.
T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa.

February 8th, 1916 (Tuesday). — "The Formation of the
Great Plains." (Illustrated with lantern views.) Mr. D. B.
Dowling, Geological Survey, Ottawa.

February 22nd, 1916 (Tuesday). — "The Evolution of Army
Sanitation." R. Lorme Gardner, M.D.

March 7th, 1916 (Tuesday). — "The Identification and Nest-
ing Habits of Some of our Common Birds." (Illustrated with
specimens and lantern views.) Mr. W. E. Satmders, London,
Ontario.

March 2 1st, 1916 (Tuesday). — Annual Meeting, Exhibits and
Brief Addresses by Members.

All the above meetings will be held in the auditorium of Jda^^l^iy
Victoria Memorial Museum. /c^^^^^STSst.

The Ottawa Naturalist.

Vol. XXIX. Plate III.

Benthopectcn simplex Perrier, inner portion of arm viewed from the side

(marginal removed) x 20 dia. mounted under gum. West Indies 1323

fathoms. Specimen from Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,

Mass. To be viewed through a stereoscope.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIStt

VOL. XXIX. DECEMBER, 1915 No. 9

THE USE OF GUM DAMAR IN PALEOHISTOLOGY.

(With Notes on the Genus Benthopecten.)
By George H. Hudson, Plattsburgh, N.Y.

In the study of the detail of opaque objects with the simple
or compound microscope, there are some very decided advan-
tages to be obtained through covering the object with some
transparent meditim that may be used to hold a cover glass in
position. The writer has long used a solution of gum damar
in benzol for this purpose, and whether the mounting was for
temporary observation, for drawing under camera lucida or
for photomicrographic work, the results were often of surpris-
ing value. For instance, he was enabled by this method to
obtain a microphotograph which without retouching was used
for the production of a figure (1911, plate VI, fig. 1) showing
clearly the sutures surrounding the radianal of Palaeocrinus
striatus, Bill. Billings stated that he could not make out the
sutures in this region, and so left it blank in his published
analysis. Bather, in Lancaster's "A Treatise on Zoology,"
Part III, p. 1 72, gives an analysis that for this region is in error.
How great a help this process is in revealing sutures may also
be seen by comparing (1911) figures 2 7 and 28 on page 2 52.
The writer will here give reasons for the character of the results
obtained, present other advantages of the method, and give
briefly a description of the process as he uses it.

Suppose that we make the attempt to photograph a printed
page through a sheet of ground glass placed directly over it.
Much of the incident light will be reflected and scattered. Such
of these rays as enter the lens will tend to produce a uniform
fog over the whole negative. They are from the ground glass
surface .and not from the covered paper. That portion of the
light which reaches the printed surface cannot return without
being subjected to both reflection and refraction on accoimt
of the many minute angles presented by the ground surface
through which it must pass. This tends to give us numerous
overlapping images. If now we will wet, oil or varnish the
ground surface we shall cut down its reflecting power to a
marked degree. The more nearly alike the indices of refrac-
tion of the two transparent media the greater will be the amotmt
of light received by the lens from the covered object, and the
sharper will be the negative secured.

102 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

In the making of photomicrographs of recent or fossil
specimens we have to face conditions very similar to those just
described. The innumerable elevated microscopic grains on an
ordinarily rough surface catch light on their summits and scat-
ter it as do motes in a sunbeam. This light caught on a photo-
graphic plate swamps the detail which lies just under these
summits. If our specimen is of calcite a thin outer layer is
practically transparent, and with the light scattering reduced,
we should get some structural detail just under the surface it-
self. In this way we secured a view of the sutural canals of
Palaeocrinus striaius. Bill., and their membranous linings in
(1911), plate V, fig. 2, while only the canal coverings were visible
where the gum was not used, as in fig. 1 of same plate. Com-
pare also figs. 3 and 4 of this plate. In 1913 (a) plates 6 and 7,
we illustrated the difference in effect secured when this process
was used on very recent material. In same reference, in plates
3 and 4, we also showed the value of being able to penetrate
thin sheets of calcite adhering to the surface of a mold. Its
value in revealing features just underneath the surface was also
shown in 1913 (a) plate 10. Sometimes we desire just the surface
contours or topography, and we may then add to the reflecting
points by using the Williams process (holding the specimen in
the combining vapors of ammonia and hydrochloric acid). We
may thus avoid all stains or detail in colour and get pure form.
If, however, we are to do something more than simple species-
making, we should desire the detail due to difference in tone
or hue. For instance, in the author's work on Blastoidocrinus
and Paleocrinus (1911), he found internal organs outlined with
black and partially filled, by respiratory and alimentary pro-
cesses, with mud now yellow with limonite. The contrast be-
tween ossicle and decayed soft tissue could have been repro-
duced almost as pure white and black, or very like the results
obtained in 1913 (a), plates 7 and 8.

The better to compare these two methods we may suppose
that a dM^eller on the moon desires to photograph the earth.
If he could but find the illuminated hemisphere covered with
cloud he could eliminate surface stain and get pure but very
general form. On the other hand, could he find a hemisphere
free from cloud he could get general form plus many differences
due to hue and tone. He would have the deeper, truer surface,
the detail of mountain and valley, and a very significant differ-
ence between sea, mountain top, Sahara and valley of the
Amazon.

The ability by means of this process to reduce the amount
of reflection from the microscopic facets of granular surfaces

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 103

also allows one to quickly view detail on a surface one is grind-
ing down in order to reveal internal structure.

The paleobotanist is well aware that soft parts may be pre-
served in fossil forms, for he not only recognises different tissues
but sometimes individual cells. For him there is a true paleo-
histology. The paleozoologist, on the other hand, has hitherto
been skeptical as to preservation of soft parts in fossil forms.
The marvellous finds of Wolcott, his beautifully preserved an-
nelida and delicate medusa-like holthurians — his reproductions
of inner organs and discovery of fossil crustacean livers which
still show their characteristic microscopic structure on cross sec-
tion— these things now compel the paleozoologist to also be-
come a believer. Traces of such soft parts should then be looked
for, and the gum mounting is peculiarly adapted to reveal
them. By this process-the author has been enabled (1913 (b)
plate IX, fig. 1) to show the remains of muscle fibres still adher-
ing to a well-defined muscle field lying between the right hand
fifth and sixth marginals of an arm of Protopaloeaster narrawayi.

method.

Portions of the crude gum are selected for their clearness
and lack of colour, and dissolved in benzol, to form a liquid
that will filter easily. The stock solution should be kept in a
glass-stoppered bottle, and a very fine bit of wire, or an insect
pin, kept between the stopper and neck of bottle. Portions
for use should be allowed to evaporate to such a consistency
that the fliiid will slowly drop from a glass rod. A regular drop-
ping bottle will be found to be a convenient receptacle for the
thicker gum.

The specimen to be treated may be attached to a glass slide
by means of a few pellets of beeswax. Care should be taken to
have the specimen so oriented that when placed on the stage
of the microscope it will receive light at the angle which will
best emphasize the features to be observed.

A cover glass of appropriate size and shape is then selected
and cleaned, the specimen freed from dust, and a drop of benzol
placed on it to free the pores or crevices from air. A few drops
of gum solution are now added, and a drop also placed on the
cover glass, which is then inverted and placed on the specimen.
Additional gurh may be easily run under the cover glass, and
if bubbles are present a slightly inclined position will allow them
to pass to one side and escape. Twenty-four hours or more is
usually required to so fix the cover glass that it will not creep
when placed on a vertical stage.

In case the specimen has a small or convex surface, the
cover glass is first placed on a smaller support, such as the screw

104 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

cap of a small vial, and the specimen attached to a slide is in-
verted over it. This slide is supported by a block or bunch of
slides at one end, and a weight placed upon it to hold it in posi-
tion. After making the proper adjustments the slide is re-
moved, specimen and cover glass treated as before, and the
specimen then returned to its inverted position. Gum may
now be added from time to time until the gummed area is sufh-
ciently large.

Porous specimens, such as colonies of bryozoa, are best
treated by slowly lowering them into a very small volume of
the thinner gum solution, thus driving out most of the air.

If it is desired subsequently to shift the position or angle
of the cover glass, it is only necessary to add a little fresh gum
at the edges and slowly push the cover to the new position.
Deep Petrie or covered cylindrical glass dishes will be found
useful in housing the mounted specimens and keeping them
from dust.

To clean : place in benzol until the gum is dissolved. Rinse
with a Httle clear benzol and let dry. The benzol used for dis-
solving and rinsing may be saved for subsequent operations.

The plate accompanying this article is introduced to show
the value of the process where penetration of recent organic
material is desired. The remains of muscle fibers here shown
are, in appearance, practically as they appear in many fossil
forms, when revealed by the gum process. Note that the first
(upper) ambulacral (jaw piece) is supported by a process
arising from, the second. The oral end of each ambulacral is
firmly attached to the adam.bulacral in advance of it. Between
the lowest adambulacral in the figure and the ambulacral at the
left of it, there is a dark spot revealing a bit of the buried am-
bulacro-adambulacral mtiscle. A contraction of this muscle
served to draw the following ambulacral orad. The aborad
wings on the oral ends of the ambulacra are so shaped as to
allow this motion. While the ambulacra themselves are not
truly imbricated, the pairs (adambulacral and following ambul-
acral) are distinctly so placed. The numbers on the lower edge
of stereogram are those of the original negatives.

References.

1911. — Hudson, G. H. Studies of some early Siluric Pelmato-
zoa. New York State Museum, Btdletin 149.

1913 (a).— Hudson, G. H. The use of the Stereogram in Paleo-
biology. New York State Museum, Bulletin 164.

1913 (5).— Hudson, G. H. Does the type of Protopalaeaster
narrawayi present an Oral or Aboral Aspect? The
Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXVII (Oct. 1913) plates
VIII-IX.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 105

"GLEANINGS IN FERNLAND."

By Frank Morris, Peterborough Collegiate.

Readers of the Ottawa Naturalist in 1910 who went
"Fern-hunting in Ontario" with me, may remember that our
treasure-trove amounted to 3 7 species. In the course of our
wanderings, as I seem to remember, we had good store of plea-
sure, and surprises not a few; the charm of surroundings pos-
sessed by the ferns forming a spell of peculiar potency, our sheaf
of fronds, in the getting and the gathering, gave us communion
with Nature in soine of her most enchanting haunts; while in
tedding and garnering, these peaceful trophies of ours were still
redolent of the woods, and even to-day keep green and fragrant
with glad memories of summer days and rambles.

Manifold sights, unseen or unheeded before, taught us to keep
eyes open and wits a-stretch for all the observations and reflec-
tions we could make. Some of the inferences that we drew
might perhaps provoke inquiry; some of our questions never
found an answer: moot points, one or two of which have since
cleared themselves up; but nothing had happened till quite
lately to jtistify rushing into print. Since last July, however,
it has been my good fortune to add no less than six species to
our list, and I believe it would be possible for a careful fern-
hunter to extend the record to a grand total of 50, without
stepping over the border of old Ontario. All, then, who love
thes^ most beautiful forms of living foliage, especially in their
native haunts of woodland dell and rocky height, are now in-
vited to "follow the gleam" once more, and dream themselves
back into summer this Christmas-tide.

One of my first trips for ferns in the neighbourhood of Peter-
borough was two or three miles south east into Otonabee, my
objective being Burnham's wood. The net result of two days'
roaming was IS species of fern: the Oak and the Bracken, the
Silvery Spleenwort and the Lady Fern, the Christmas and the
Marsh, the Marginal, Crested and Prickly Shield Fei»Lis, the two
Bladder Ferns, the two Onocleas, the Adder's Tongue, and the
Virginia Grape Fern. A series of tramps west of the city added
10 more to my local check-list of the fern-flora,viz. : Maidenhair,
Narrow-leaved Spleenwort and Goldie's Shield Fern, the New
York and the Hay-scented, the three Osmundas, and two more
Grape-ferns — the Little and the Ternate. This June, in the
intervals of a day's trout fishing south of Bethany, I found an-
other station for the Narrow-leaved Spleenwort and its ''fides
Achates,'' the Goldie's, besides having the exquisite pleasure of

106 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

discovering five or six fine clumps (in full bloom) of the Macrae's
or Striped Coral Root orchid.

Just before the month ended I paid a flying visit to my old
home, 30 miles south of Peterborough. In the few days avail-
able I had to choose which of my ancient cronies to gladden my
eyes with, and after a tramp north to the ridges, known locally
as the "Rocky Mountains," I determined on one long day near
Newtonville, in the tamarack swamp with its surrounding fringe
of cedars, where ten years ago I made my first rare find among
ferns. In order to give some spice of variety to the coming
banquet, I chose the nsw C.P.R. route, which landed me further
west by two miles than I had ever been before. Tramping
steadily north for a mile, I found myself in full view of the village,
and with a very inviting swamp to the east. Shaking the dust
of the road from my feet, I swung myself over to the happier
side of the fence, and crossing a couple of pastures soon gained
the edge of the swamp; distance often lends enchantment, no
doubt, but, fortunately, nearness by no means always brings
disillusionment; the stretch of swamp had looked promising
even from the road, and when I got a nearer view of it, I felt sure
the promise spelled fulfilment. Do you know the delightful
sense on a field day of being on the verge of mystery, the edge
of some discovery, a sense of expectancy like a hush, that some-
times in the shadow of the woods deepens into awe? That feel-
ing came over me now, and I paused a few moments for it to
thrill me through, before advancing into the unknown.

All the details of a long eventful morning are fresh in my
memory as I write, but space and time forbid more than a sum-
mary. I found, in my very incomplete survey of the swamp,
hundreds of plants of the Adder's Tongue, and besides the Vir-
ginia and Ternate Grape-ferns, I discovered some six stations for
the Little Grape-fern and the Matricary; and also (to my huge
delight) two colonies of the Narrow-leaved Beech Fern. In the
autumn I found another station for this last, north of Colborne,
but except for these two finds, I have never seen the plant so near
Lake Ontario. In the afternoon I hurried on to the tamarack
swamp, intending to make a round of calls and hob-nob an hour
or so, but while in the heart of a huckleberry marsh, gathering
a posy of Arefkusa and Poconi\ I was overtaken by drenching
rain, which threw a wet blanket on all my plans. To get out
of the swamp I had to wade over 100 yards through shrubbery
almost waist high, and by the time I gained a corduroy road,
flanked with Royal Osmunda, and serving (among other things)
to cleave in two a most wonderful colony of Boirychium simplex
— thousands of plants — I was like a drowned rat. Had it been
fine, my plan was to go north to the C.N.R. station of Starkville,

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 107

for this would have brought me past at least two of my favorite
haunts in Fernland: a roadside colony of the Hay-scented Fern,
and a series of grassy slopes and low knolls in a willow swamp,
on which in the short turf are scores of enormous plants of
Boirychium ramosum (Matricary Grape-fern). But it was not
to be, and this, one of the earliest of my all-day fern-hunts,
proved curiously typical of the whole season : a promise of sun-
shine that ended in rain.

In the first week of July I had to report for duty in Toronto,
and mark matriculation papers in the arid waste of a Varsity
lecture room, while ever and anon the wizard's wand of imagina-
tion transformed the bare space into a leafy grove with ferns
and orchids unfurling their crosiers and gay bannerets about
my desk. On July 2 5th, a drudge no more, I hurried down to
the Yonge Street wharf, and got the fresh lake breeze from the
upper deck of a Niagara boat to blow the dust and grime of city
haunts away, clear my head of cobwebs, and sweeten my heart
for the reception once more of the fair works of nature.

From headquarters at Queenston village next day, before
5 a.m., I went up to the Heights on foot, and then along the
electric railway track towards Niagara Glen. This meant 16
hours — an all-day revel — among woods and thickets near the
stupendous gorge, or down in the moist, shady glen, within
sight and sound of the rushing cataract. It was a glorious day,
and on the New Jersey Tea blossoms by my path I found, among
scores of insect visitors, several strange beetles of the Leptura
and S'ringHii genera, besides many little chrysomelians busy
at their various food plants. The Glen itself is famous for its
flora, and I wandered for hours among the giant growth of
Goldie's Shield-fern and Narrow-leaved Spleenwort, past huge
boulders wreathed with Walking-leaf and crowned with Poly-
pody, or under cliffs studded with the Purple Cliff-brake and
Black Spleenwort. Soon after twelve o'clock I left the last
fountain and followed the footpath upstream as far as it went ;
then I made my way on over loose stones and tangled under-
growth to a grove of hemlock and cedar, where I sat down in
silent communion with my favorite denizen of this silvan re-
treat: a tiny colony of the Ebony Spleenwort. This beautiful
fern is far from common, the only other colony of my acquaint-
ance being on the north shore of the Upper Rideau, nearly op-
posite Sand Island.

It was far on in the afternoon when at last I climbed reluct-
antly out of this fern paradise by the steep flight of wooden
stairs. Having absorbed all the beauties of the wayside on my
morning's tramp, I had myself flashed back to Brock's Monu-

103 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

ment in the electric trolley car, and thus stole a march of over
an hour on fleet-foot Time.

From the Monument I walked along a wooded lane on the
edge of the Heights till I reached a fine rich open wood, char-
acteristic of the peninsula in the number of chestnut trees among
its larger timber, — not Aescnlus, the Horse Chestnut, but
Castanea, what in England we term the Spanish Chestnut —
characteristic, too, in its rich clumps of Beard Tongue and Oak-
leaved Gerardia, both blooming luxuriantly at this latter end
of July. The wood was much dryer than our woods further
east, and quite open — compact of sunny glades rather than shady
groves. Here, to my great delight, I found five or six colonies
of a fern till then new to me, the Broad-leaved Beech fern. The
living frond is quite distinct in appearance, especially when still
young, -from that of the Narrow-leaved ; exactly where the differ-
ence lies is a little diflncult to say ; sometimes the two are in shape
and proportions identical, but as a rule in the Broad-leaved
species, the frond is light yellow-green, and smoother, less hirsute.
In writing of it five years ago, I was in error when I said it was
common near Owen Sound. The Narrow-leaved species is com-
mon near Barrie, but the true home of the Broad-leaved is further
south, and in south-western Ontario, Welland, Niagara and other
districts, it seems to take the place of the Narrow-leaved form.
It is recorded from woods near Campbellford, and evidently
prefers limestone. In the Algonquin Park, where Huronian and
Laurentian granite abound, the Narrow-leaved Beech-fern luxur-
iates in every moist woodland hollow, and even subsists in
dwarfed form on bare crags and the sides of railway cuttings.

The close of July found me established in lodgings at Owen
Sotmd, with a fern press and piles of blotting paper. I had long
wanted to visit this famous fern-centre, but till now had never
realized my wishes. It is a beautiful neighbourhood, and (to
a fern lover) unique in the Province for some of its plants. The
city lies in a great hollow delta, flanked on either side by high
limestone cliffs that start from Sydenham Falls, a few miles back
of the town, and rapidly diverge in the direction of the Sound.
The ferns are almost entirely those peculiar to limestone, but
within these limitations it is one of the richest localities in North
America.

I got there at 1 p.m., and as soon as I Jiad found my quar-
ters and lunched, I hurried out to explore. Making my way
west to the nearest flank of limestone, I followed a steep road to
the top of the cliff, and looked about. South of me ran another
diverging cliff, with signs of an active lime and cement quarry
not far off. Making a slight detour round this to a more seques-
tered part of the cliff, I got my first surprise. In a stony, half-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 109

wooded pasture near the cliff, where limestone strata cropped
out of the grass, were several large plants o*f the Holly Fern!
And some of them actually showing signs of having been chewed
by that omnivorous ruminant, the domestic cow. You may
well imagine what a rude disillusionment and shock it was to
me, when I tell you that the only other time I had seen this fern
was 3,000 feet up the steep side of lone Ben Lui, in the Perth-
shire Grampians. It is abundant in the Rockies, and all through
this limestone district, from Collingwood west to Tobermory,
at the head of the Bruce Peninsula, it fairly runs riot. While
slowly moving along at the foot of the cliff, I found in the course
of a few hundred yards, plants of Purple Cliff -brake. Slender
Clift'-brake, Black Spleenwort, and finally, to grace the triumph,
a fine colony of Green Spleenwort. This fern is almost identical
with the Black, except that the stalk is brown at the base, and
then green from the upper part of the stipe to the tip of the
frond. It is abundant on mountain heights in Wales, North
England and Scotland, and I have seen it once in Ontario, grow-
ing on deeply shaded limestone ledges by the Speed, near Rock-
wood. Later, I found it growing abundantly on detached
limestone boulders in the v/oods below Sydenham Falls, near
the opposite cliff that flanks the east of the city. By this time
it was late in the afternoon, and I returned to headquarters.

Next day I v/ent out to Sydenham Falls, and rambled in the
wood below, with its rich, swampy hollows filled with Narrow-
leaved and Silvery Spleenvv^orts, Goldie's Fern and Maidenhair,
and found (along with more Holly Fern) the treasure for which
the district is noted, the far-famed Hart's Tongue. This fern is
very plentiful in the west of England, and in parts of Somerset
and Devon fairly chokes the v/ayside ditches and hedgerows.
But on the American continent it is extremely rare, Woodstock
in New Brunswick, Central New York and Tennessee providing
the only known stations for it outside of Ontario. It belongs
to the talus at the foot of limestone cliffs, or to moist shady
situations in limestone districts; at one time it was apparently
more generally distributed, and specimens are recorded from
Niagara, as well as many widely divergent points of Bruce and
Grey counties. Among the ferns of temperate regions, the
Hart's Tongue is almost unique in form, the frond being simple
and entire — ^like a long, narrow dock leaf — but the surface,
like that of the Holly Fern, is smooth and glossy. Near the
Sydenham Falls this rarity proved very abundant, both belov/
the cataract and above, the crevices of the limestone floor
throughout the extensive woods being filled with plants of this
and the Holly Fern. The growth of the fronds below the falls
was very luxuriant, soinetimes from 24 to 30 inches. Before

110 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

my stay ended I found many other stations for the Hart's
Tongue, several miles west of Owen Sound, also on the Rocky
Saugeen, near Durham and close to Wiarton. Had this
ended my successes I should have been well satisfied. But
a delightful surprise was still in store for me. Prof. Macoun's
catalogue of 1890 mentions for many of the ferns the name
of Mrs. Roy, of Roystone Park, Owen Sound. Among the
late Mrs. Roy's recorded finds is the Male Fern, "at the foot of
cliffs behind Roystone, and under the same line of cliffs
some ten miles up the coast." Finding that Roystone Park
was a farm, I called on the tenant, and was directed across hay
fields, past the shooting butts, to the cliffs in question. Not
five minutes' search — though the record is probably 30 years
old — revealed the plant, its identity being all the less question-
able because I had so often gathered its fronds in England,
Wales and Scotland. But so rare is it in our part of Canada,
that I had never seen it at all on this continent, and indeed
there is no other station for it known in Ontario. Not only was
it abundant at the back of Roystone, but two or three plants
were found in sheltered crannies of talus on the adjoining lot.
As soon as opportunity served, I made an expedition by buggy
up the coast as far as Kemble, and back to the cliffs behind this
village. Here the Male Fern was again discovered, both below
the cliff and in the woods above, robust, luxuriant and plentiful,
occasionally hybridising with its neighbour and congener, the
Marginal Shield Fern. But how is one to account for such a
limited range in the Province? Two stations about 10 miles
apart, with a diameter, the one, of some SO yards, the other,
of perhaps half a mile, in the single county of Grey and nowhere
else.

On August the 10th my wife and I had arranged to set up
our usual summer tent on Cache Lake, in the Algonquin Park.
Shortly before that date I made a trip from Owen Sound to
Durham, in the hope of finding Pellaea densa, the extremely
rare Cliff-brake discovered there by Dr. H. M. Ami some years
ago. Unfortunately the date fixed for our trip proved the day
of the great gale and rainstorm over Lake Ontario, and the west
of the Province. It had already begun to rain when Durham
was reached, and conditions grew rapidly worse for the rest of
the stay. Bad weather and lack of time combined to make
three proposed trips impossible, two from Owen Sound and the
third from Utterson, on the way up to the Algonquin Park,

To be continued.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. ill

THE CURIOUS EGG OF THE HAGFISH (MYXINE).

By Professor* Edward E. Prince, Dominion Commissioner

OF Fisheries, Ottawa.

In classifying fishes, scientific authorities have always plac-
ed lowest on the list the hagfishes and lampreys. Indeed,
the well-known writer on fishes, William Swainson, in his ex-
cellent book, the "Classification of Fishes," London, 1838, goes
so far as to claim, regarding the hagfish (Myxine), that "all
authors agree in placing it near the worms." These fish are, of
course, far removed from the worms; but with the exception
of the Lancelet (Branchiostoma or Amphioxus), they are the
lowest and most rudimentary of vertebrate animals. The late
Dr. Theodore Gill and others concluded that they ought to
be separated from the true fishes, and placed in a separate class,
owing to their many rudimentary structural features. Thus,
they have no paired fins, no scales, no segmented backbone,
(the jelly-like notochord persists), no complete skull, no spleen,
no pancreas, a very simple brain and nervous system, a peculiar
series of gill-pockets instead of typical filamentous gills, and
their whole form and structure are in contrast with the true
fishes, and higher vertebrates generally. It is still a debated
question whether or not, in this peculiar group, the features
referred to are original and primitive or degraded and dege-
nerate. In all, the mouth is rotmd and adapted for sucking,
not biting. The lamprey attacks fishes, adhering to the out-
side with its mouth, w^hich it uses like a vacuum sucker, and
removes flesh and blood with its rasp-like horny teeth. The
hagfish bores its way into fishes, living or dead, and eats out
the interior, leaving little more than the skin and bones of its
victim. Fishermen find cod and haddock hanging to their hooks
which have been destroyed in this way. Moreover, the hagfish
has a remarkable device for protecting itself from enemies. The
skin is provided with slime glands and pores, which enable it,
at will, to pour out a great quantity of tenacious ropy slime,
in which it envelops itself. I have seen a specimen, the size
of a medium-size eel, fill a bucket with this gummy grey sub-
stance, exuded from the slime pores. There are not many
species of hagfishes, and they are very local in their occurrence.
Thus, Myxine gluiinosa is well known to abound off St. Abb's
Head on the Scottish coast, but is rather rare in other areas.
Our Canadian hagfish so closely resembles the British form that
both were included in the same species, though our western
form is now known as Myxv^ie liniosa.

112 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

Many years ago, when I was the Naturalist at the Scottish
Marine Station, St. Andrews, I paid special attention to Myxine,
for the reason that no one had ever seen a male specimen, and
very little was known about its eggs. One egg oflly was known
to scientific men, so far as I am aware, viz., a single specimen
in the Bergen Museum, Norway. No doubt it was the study
of this unique and valuable specimen vv^hich enabled Professor
Allen Thomson, of Glasgow, to describe and figure the hag-
fish's egg in his article "Ovum," in Todd and Bowman's En-
cyclopagdia of Anatomy. I dissected many htmdreds of speci-
mens and found plenty of eggs, yellowish brown, very hard to
the touch, and about the size of a small bean. Each egg was
narrow at the two ends, as Professor Thomson had described,
but I never found the bunch of hooks at both apices, which
appeared in his description and figure. Carl Claus, in his
"Zoology," says that "the deposited egg is recognisable by the
filaments attached to both poles, and which probably serve to
fix it to sea weeds," while Professor Arthur Thomson, of Aber-
deen (Outlines of Zoology, 1892) states that "each has an oval
horny case, with knobbed processes at each end. By these
they become entangled together." In Dr. Lenn's "Synopsis
der Thierkunde," Hanover, 1883, Bd. I., Professor Hubert Lud-
wig describes the "horny shell as provided at both ends with a
long bunch of thread-like hooks." This bunch of threads or
filaments is evidently pushed out after the eggs are deposited,
for I saw no trace of them in the large number of eggs, many
thousands,. which I removed from ripe hagfish in Scotland. I
may add that I found no males, and this was due to a fact, one
of the most astonishing in the whole field of zoology, viz., that
only the very small specimens are males, and, as they grow
bigger, each changes its sex, and, later in life, produces not
sperms but eggs. This sex-transformation, first discovered
by Mr. J. T. Cunningham, and by the famous Dr. Nansen, is
called ' ' protandry . ' '

It was with very great delight that I found in July last
some of these exceedingly rare objects, the ripe- eggs of Myxine,
at the Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. Professor Philip
Cox, of Fredericton, who was engaged in scientific researches
at the station, had placed them in a sea-v/ater tank, under a
constant circulation of water, with the hope that they might
hatch out. The larval hagfish has never been seen by any
zoologist, and a description of it wotild be of the profotindest
scientific interest. After several weeks the eggs died and began
to show signs of decay, and before their condition was too ad-
vanced I made a study of their external features. In view of
my work on Myxine in Scotland, I felt a special interest in ex-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 113

amining the structure of these rare specimens. Like the Scot-
tish examples, they were over half an inch in length, oval in
shape, and of a whitish yellow colour. The colour is due to
the creamy yoke inside the horny shell, for the shell is very
transparent, and somewhat thickened at the apices. Each end
or apex of the egg rose into a protruding mound, from which
projected forty or fifty slender threads, about a fifth of an inch
long. At its root each thread was enlarged and outspread,
but diminished distally and became slender, until near the free
tip, it enlarged again and expanded in the flattened form of a
hooked head. They cannot be described simply as "thread-
shaped hooks,'" to use Ludwig's phrase, or as "knobbed pro-
cesses," according to Professor Thomson's description. They
vary so much in shape that hardly two are alike. Most of them
may be likened to a bent and half-closed hand, the wrist very
slender and the fingers much flattened. Inside each finger tip,
a cushion or pad studded with short but very sharp points
occtn-s. Some of the expanded hands or heads possess two fin-
gers only, others have three, but a great many have four, and a
few seem to possess five. Usually the fingers are curved over
as described, but many are bent in various ways, some turned
up, or twisted sideways, just as the fingers of the hand may be
variously contorted. The whole of the flattened edge of the
"finger tip " may in some cases be studded with minute denticles
or teeth ; indeed these toothed surfaces are so variously turned
that they grasp or cling to anything and everything which
comes in contact with them. When once hooked to any object
they are as difficult to detach as some of the familiar seeds which
cling to one's clothing when walking through the bush. The
eggs were entangled with each other when I first examined
them, and they could be separated only at the risk of tearing
off some of the hooked threads.

These rare and interesting specimens were procured by a
Bay of Fundy fisherman, attached to each other, and to the
rope or line of a baited trawl set for pollack, between Campbell's
Island and the Wolves, New Brunswick, vv^here the depth ranges
from 40 to SO and, in somic places. 70 fathoms. The parent
fish are said to burrow in the mud or sand at depths of 40 to 300
fathoms, and to protrude the snout only, so that they are rarely
procured, excepting when they emerge and swim about in search
of prey. As already stated, they bore into hooked cod and
haddock, passing eel-like into the abdominal cavity of the fish,
or at times they suck in thc^ baited hook set for superior fish,
and the hook is swallowed so far down the gullet that the fisher-
men usually cut off the head of the hagfish, to make them dis-
gorge the hook being practically impossible.

114 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

A SUGGESTIVE NOTE AS TO WHAT MIGHT BE BROUGHT
TO LIGHT ABOUT THE PADDLEFISH THROUGH
DEEP LAKE DREDGING.*

By Andrew Halkett.

One of the most remarkable things in modern biological
research concerns what has been brought to light through deep
sea dredging. Many new species of fishes, often grotesque in
appearance, constructed so as to resist pressure, and many of
them furnished with phosphorescent organs enabling them
to see in the darkness of the abyss, have through such re-
searches been added to the list. An instance of the kind from
our own marine waters relates to the only specimen known of
Raja abyssicola — a male obtained at a depth to 1,588 fathoms
from off the coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Col-
umbia. Upon this fish, in my " Check List of the Fishes of the
Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland," I bestowed the ver-
nacular name of Deep Sea Ray; and in a foot note, here quoted
from that work, I drew attention to that remarkable find: —

" No ray was ever found at any such a depth as this before.
A ray from a depth of 565 fathoms is included in the list of
deepsea fishes obtained by the dredgings of the 'Challenger'
(Gtinther), and 'R. mamillidens' , a uniform jet-black species,
has been obtained from a depth of 597 fathoms in the Bay of
Bengal' (Bridge), but as far as available records show, none
have been obtained at a greater depth than some 600 fathoms
except this one."

Now, it has occurred to me, for reasons presently to be
pointed out, that possibly something concerns the distribu-
tion of the Paddlefish {{Polyodon spa'liula), which as yet is un-
known. This singular fish still exists in plenty in the Miss-
issippi Valley, and in waters of the southern United States,
besides which, at exceedingly rare intervals, it has been found
in waters of the Great Lakes system, its records, as again
quoted from my "Check List," being these: —

"Exceedingly rare in Canada — the following appearing
to be its records: Lake Huron, near Sarnia, Ontario (two speci-
mens) ; Spanish River, District of Sudbury (one specimen) ;
Lake Helen, Nipigon River (one specimen); Lake Erie (if
from the Canadian side of the lake — one specimen) : plentiful
in the Mississippi valley and southern United States: also re-
corded from Ohio River (LeSueur, 1817, as Plaiirostra eden-

*Published by permission of the Deputy Minister of Naval Service.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 115

/w/a; and Rafinesque, 1820, as Acipenser lagenarius) ; and irom
Lake Ontario (Rafinesque, 1820, as Proceros vUtaitis)."

Supplementing its records, a quotation from Dr. Prince,
given as a foot note in the Check List, is introduced here: —

" Old fishermen near Point Edward, on the Lambton county
shore, vaguely refer to other specimens occurring in Lake
Huron."

The form and structure of the paddle-fish determine it to
be a species whose habitat is at the bed of the rivers or lakes
where ordinarily it occurs. The fusiform body is little com-
pressed, and its long spatulate and somewhat flexible blade,
preceding the rest of the head, enables it to scoop among the
mud or ooze in the obtaining of its food. It is probably for
this reason that it has seldom been found in lakes or rivers tri-
butory to such deep lakes as Lakes Superior and Huron are,
and the inference is that it normally remains in the depths;
and whilst it is true that individuals of this fish have been
found with ripe eggs in Kentucky, in the month of May, and
that the paddle-fish was then swimming up stream, so that it
has been supposed to spawn in bayous along the river, yet its
spawning'^grounds do not appear to have been located; be-
sides which the fry are entirely unknown, and the young of the
paddle-fish, even where it occurs plentifully in the United States,
has never been found of a length less than about six inches.

The idea that the paddle-fish normally remains in the
depths, or even spawns there, is perhaps strengthened by what
is known concerning the structure and habits of its only im-
mediate ally, the fish krfown as Psephurus gladius of great rivers
of China, such as the Hoangho and Yang-tse-Kiang. That
fish, which is said to attain the great length of twenty feet, has
a rostrum of conical shape instead of a spatulate blade like that
of the paddle-fish, but this organ also serves the purpose of
scooping in the mud; and it may therefore readily be seen how
well it is equipped for living at the beds of those great rivers
in China, which appear locally to vary in their character from
clear and sparkling to ttirbid and muddy.

This suggestive note claims to be no more than a hypo-
thesis, but the idea seemed to commend itself to Dr. Garman,
the ichthyologist of the Cambridge, Mass., University, and to
Dr. Hussakof, the palaeontologist of the American Museum of
Natural History, New York, to whom I mentioned it; and these
gentlemen seemed to share my opinion that there is no saying
what deep lake dredging, carried on after the^manner of deep
sea dredging, which has been so prolific in what it has yielded,
might bring to light concerning the paddle-fish which other-
wise must remain unknown.

116 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

BOOK NOTICE.

A List of Canadian Mineral Occurences. By R. A. A.
Johnston, Ottawa, 1915, Geological Survey of Canada.

In view of the great advance of. the mineral industry of
Canada in recent years, a complete list of its minerals and their
localities has been much desired. Such a list now appears
among the publications of the Geological Survey, and the com-
piler, Mr. R. A. A. Johnston, mineralogist of the Geological
Survey, is to be congratulated upon the thoroughness of the
work.

As is usual in such lists, the work is divided into two parts,
the first of which discusses the minerals and indicates the local-
ities where each mineral is found, while the second part con-
tains a list of localities and indicates the minerals to be found
in each placs.

In view of the rapid development of the country involving
changes in the boundaries of districts, it was hardly to be ex-
pected that the mineral occurrences should always be listed
under the districts as they exist to-day. This difficulty is illus-
trated by the District of Nipissing, which in recent years has
been sub-divided so that portions of the original district are
now contained in four districts. In a few instances Mr. John-
ston has failed to make the necessary readjustments, particu-
larly in regard to Algom.a and Kenora districts. There are
som& errors as to the chemical composition of minerals, as illus-
trated by breithauptite, which is an antimonide of nickel rather
than of iron.

Unfortunately the localities recorded by Dr. J. J. Bigsby
and by Dr. Samuel Robinson have been largely ignored, though
some of Bigsby's localities are mentioned. In some cases proper
references are given, while in others this has not been done.
In the case of beryl from Rainy Lake, the reference is to a Geo-
logical Survey Report, but in that publication Dr. Bigsby is
given credit for the locality. Interesting omissions are the
staurolite on La Croix or Namaycan River, the jasper on Gun-
flint Lake, celestite from Lake Simcoe, and selenite from Mani-
toulin Island, which were mentioned by Dr. Bigsby (American
Journal of Science, vol. 8, p. 60 et seq.)

In spite of these minor defects, this book is of a character
in press work, plan and contents to take its place besides such
noted works as Robinson's American Mineral Localities and

-■~--mt'£—

T. L. Walker.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST "

VOL. XXIX. _ JANUARY, 1916. No. 10

FOSSIL COLLECTING.*

By E. M. Kindle.

Introduction.

Away back in the mists of antiquity, so long ago that no
record of him stirvives, "some pastoral savage, more reflective
and less practical than his brethren," made the first collection
of fossils and placed them in front of his tepee. From the time
of this first unrecorded collector to the present, most thoughtful
and reflective men have some time or other felt the spell of the
past which the discovery of the fossil remains of extinct ani-
mals casts over the mind, and have become temporarily at
least collectors of fossils. Even statesmen burdened with the
affairs of nations have found time to collect fossils. It is re-
lated of Thomas Jefferson that when he journeyed on horse-
back from his Virginia home to Philadelphia to be inaugurated
President of the United States, he carried with him in his saddle
bags some fossils which he wished to submit to the Philadelphia
savants.

From the rude mound of fossils so often met with in the
farm-house front yard, or the mantlepiece collection in the
mountain cabin, to the great collections of our large geological
museums, is a long step, but the former may be regarded as
the prototypes of the latter. The mantlepiece and front yard
collections usually have slight value because no record of the
exact locality of the several specimens has been preserved.
The museum collection should show not only the geographical
source of the fossils but their geological horizon as well. In
other words the fossil exhibits of a properly arranged museum
show the specimens in both their space and time relations.
The fossil exhibits of large museums like the British Museum
show the ancient life of the world in epitome. The educa-
tional value of the great museums of geology depends largely
upon the extent to which the visitor has prepared himself to
understand their message. There is no preparation for receiv-
ing the knowledge which museums and books on geology have

*Published with the permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada.

'...•-

^ I ■•■ . t

118* The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

to offer which will compare with the use of the hammer and
chisel in collecting fossils from nature's own museum. It is
the object of this paper to encourage the reader to collect fossils
in such a way that their scientific value will not be impaired
or destroyed, as often happens through the use of improper
methods.

Collecting Methods.*

In collecting fossils a rather heavy hammer is indispensible .
Many palaeontologists prefer the ordinary bricklayer's hammer,
with its long broad blade, which is very effective in splitting
open blocks of rock and in digging in shales. A small chisel
is frequently useful, and a note book should be carried. A
tube of glue and a small vial of hydrochloric acid are valuable
adjuncts to the collector's outfit. A bag or basket with a
supply of old newspapers or tissue paper for wrapping specimens,
together with a substantial lunch, complete the essential ele-
ments of the collector's outfit for a day in the field.

There is no royal road to finding fossils. But success
usually comes to the collector who prostrates himself on the
ledges and searches the beds foot by foot as he crawls over the
surface. Beds which are nearly or quite barren of fossils are
often separated by comparatively thin bands in which fossils
abound. Much patience and close scrutiny are often required
to detect these rich beds. In this work haste has no place,
and keen eyesight plays the same role in finding fossil animals
that it does in hunting living ones. Sometimes the fossils are
composed of harder material than the enclosing rock, and stand
out in strong relief on the surface of the ledge. In such cases
they are easily found. But more frequently the only clue to
the presence of fossils is the indistinct outline on the surface
of the rock of the cross section of fossil shells, w^hich have little
resemblance to the specimens as they appear after removal
from the matrix. Where the fossils occur in shales they are
often found lying loose on the surface, having been set free
by weathering.

If the collector wishes the fossils which he finds to have
scientific value he must keep a systematic record of the exact
geographic locality from which each lot comes. This is easily
done by keeping a numbered record in a note book of the col-
lecting stations, and attaching a corresponding ntmiber to each
lot of fossils collected. It shotdd be the practice of the collector
or field geologist to prepare for each specimen or group of speci-
mens a field label before leaving the collecting station, giving:

*No attempt is made here to discuss methods of collecting vertebrate fossils.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 119

(a) the serial field number assigned to it, (6) a precise defini-
tion of the locality from which the specimen was taken, (c)
name and formation, if known, (ci) the relationship to each
other of the beds from which different lots of fossils have been
taken — best shown by reference to a section in the note book
of the beds collected from — (e) name of collector, (/) date: day,
month and year; (g) number and page of field note book in
which the section or bed furnishing the collection is described.
The serial field number placed on the label should appear in
the note book in connection with the description of the part of
the section or bed from which the specimen was obtained. All
specimens taken from one bed in one locality, whether repre-
senting one or more species or individuals, should be given
the same number and label. Fossils collected from different
beds, even when only a few feet apart, should as a rule be given
distinctive labels, and specimens taken from talus slopes or
boulders should be kept separate from those found in place. As
a rule, each individual fossil should be wrapped separately in
newspaper or tissue paper at the locality where collected. Where
the specimens are very fragile, like the shells of the post glacial
clays of the Ottawa valley, for example, cotton batting and
small vials or pasteboard boxes are required to protect the speci-
mens from breaking. A single label will suffice for all the speci-
mens from one collecting station if heavy manilla paper is used
in making them into a secure package. This should be num-
bered on the outside in addition to having a label inside.
Abundant material should be obtained wherever circumstances
permit .

The preservation of both the moulds and casts of a fossil
where the original material of the fossil has been removed is
most important. All of the parts of a broken specimen should
be carefully preserved and kept together. A tube of glue for
repairing broken specimens should always be included in the
collector's outfit. The collector should bear in mind the fact
that his collection of fossils may be of much value in furnish-
ing new data regarding the stratigraphic range and geographic
distribution of species.

In collecting from a section where a considerable thick-
ness of rock, with several fossiliferous beds, is exposed, the
section should be measured as collecting proceeds. The section
may be given a number, and each subdivision of it designated
by a letter of the alphabet, the several lots of fossils from the
different levels being marked with their respective letters. De-
tailed information concerning the physical and chemical char-
acteristics of each subdivision of the section should be recorded.
If the section studied is exposed along the sides of a gorge, a

120 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

simple method of measuring the beds collected from is to cut
a light pole 10 or 15 feet in length and mark it with bands of
peeled bark at intervals of 5 feet, one of the 5 -foot subdivisions
being marked off into 1-foot spaces. The section can then be
measured by holding the pole at right angles to the bedding
and using it yard-stick fashion. In the case of horizontal beds
exposed along the slope of a hill or mountain-side, the aneroid
barometer or a Locke's hand level is generally used. When the
beds are inclined, neither of these instruments will suffice. The
method used by Blackwelder for measuring sections of inclined
strata is a modification of the Walcott method, and includes the
use of a clinometer compass attached to a rod 5 feet 1 inch in
length. Walcott describes this method as follows: —

"The strata, in section to be measured, were inclined to
the east 40°. Placing the lower end of the rod at the base of
the section, I inclined the rod towards the edges of, and at a
right angle to, the line of the dip of the strata, which was in-
dicated by the needle of the clinometer standing at 40°. Then,
looking through the compass sights the point where the line of
sight touched the ground was marked as the next station for
the rod, and on this station the base of the rod was placed for
the second sight, which was made exactly as in the first instance,
and so on to the end of the section. Frequent trials were made,
at the exposed outcrops, to determine the angle of dip of the
strata, so that the rod might be held at a right angle to it."

The application of this method is clearly shown by Black-
welder's figure which is given below.

Fig. 1. Diagram illustrating the meaEurement of strata by means of a spirit level
clinometer and sighting arm attached to a five-foot rod. (After Blackwelder.)

In case the collector is not provided with a clinometer
compass, fairly accurate measurement of a section of inclined
beds may be made with the aid of a roughly improvised T-

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 121

shaped square. The long arm should be of a known length.
The T-shaped staff when used is held vertical to the surface of
the inclined beds to be measured, while the eye sights along
the short arm in a direction at right angles to the line of strike
to a point on the ground which will be the next station base
for the staff. Each station occupied will have an elevation
above the preceding one in the section corresponding to the
length of the staff.

Objects Sought.

Brief consideration of some of the purposes for which fossils
are collected will indicate to what extent the methods outlined
in the preceding pages are essential in different classes of work,
and whether they may be expanded or shortened in connection
with collecting which has different objects in view.

There is probably no other branch of natural history col-
lecting which may lead to the solution of such a variety of
problems as the collecting of fossils. The problems of the
the palaeontologist include within their range those of struc-
tural geology, the restoration of ancient physical geographies,
and the problem of evolution. Whatever the purpose of the
collector may be, however, the precise location of the rocks
furnishing the specimens and their relationship to other beds in
the locality should always appear on the locality label.

During an earlier stage in the development of palaeon-
tology the discovery of new species was the ultima thule of the
collector. This is still an important and legitimate object of
the collector's work, for many thousands of species as yet un-
known to science doubtless remain to be discovered, described
and systematically placed in the immense catalogue of the
earth's extinct life. Many collectors and palaeontologists of
an earlier generation were content to refer their new species
to the LoAver Carboniferous, the Upper Silurian, or to a major
division of whatever system they were derived from. Our pre-
sent ideal, though not always attained, is to indicate the place
of a new species in the section where discovered with the utmost
exactness. This kind of painstaking care on the part of the
collector and the author of a new species will ultimately, if not
at once, make possible its reference to its proper place in the
general geological time scale w4th a precision comparable to
that with which the railway engineer refers a particular station
on his line to its exact position above sea level. This tendency
toward greater refinement and precision in the methods of the
palaeontologist is one of the factors which has lead to an exten-
sive revision and expansion of formational nomenclature. The
description of a new species, important as it is, can at present be

122 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

regarded as only one of several objects to be attained through
the collection and study of fossils. The description of fossils
is in fact only the first step in their use for the purpose of corre-
lation in palaeogeography, attacking the far-reaching problems
of evolution.

It is worth while recalling here that Wm. Smith, the father
of stratigraphic palaeontology, made excellent use of certain
fossils even before they were named in tracing the formations
which they characterized over a great part of England.
• Smith's discovery of the value of fossils in correlation enabled
him to prepare the first geological map of which we have any
record. The fundamental importance of fossils to the geologist
in enabling him to recognize or identify the same beds in dif-
ferent areas has been universally recognized since the days of
Wm. Smith. It is for this purpose that the fossil collections
of the field geologist are generally made. They necessarily
often represent a great many localities, and frequently a small
number of specimens from the individual localities which may
or may not be as large as the conditions incident to the work
will permit, and the preparation of stratigraphic sections in
connection with them is most important.

Progress in stratigraphic palaeontology in recent years has
been largely along the Hne of increasing our knowledge of the
range and distribution of faunas, and of the individual species
composing them. The important bearing of this class of knowl-
edge upon questions concerning the evolution and dispersal of
faunas is evident. Its. interest to the general geologist Hes
chiefly in the fact that the accuracy with which fossils can be
used in correlation is in direct proportion to the completeness
of our knowledge of their range. The presence in certain areas
of recurrent faunas or faunas which re-appear at higher levels
after completely disappearing for a considerable interval from
a series of beds, sometimes introduces for particular regions a
new and difficult factor into the use of fossils in correlation
until the inter-relations of the recurrent with the associated
faunas has been worked out. Such areas require an amount
of collecting and careful comparison of faunas and sections
which would be unnecessary in ordinary regions. The recur-
rence in the Devonian section of southern New York of Tropi-
dolepins carinaius in the Chemung, 2,000 feet above its dis-
appearance at the top of the Hamilton formation, is an example
of this phenomenon.* (See fig. 2.) We learn from it and
similar examples that the disappearance of a fossil from a sec-
tion may not mean that it has become extinct, but that it has
changed its habitat.

*E. M. Kindle. Jour. Geol., vol. XIX, pp. 346-347, 1911.

1916]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

123

Centtal Nsw York

Eastern New York
(Chenango Valley)

Chsm'jng
■fc-malion

Porlage
formalion

Spirii'er d'ijunclu; I'oun.i

Tropidoleptus

Buchic'a retro£lii;'.i fcuna

■fully l.meslone y^^^^^ ' " ~ ~'- '

Kamilion j
fomiatior; "j

Tropidoleptus carinalus fauna

20

30

40

50 Miles

Fig. 2. A diagrammatic east-west cross-section of the Middle and Upper Devonian of

southern New York, showing the relations of Tropidoleptus carinatus to the western faunas

during Portage and Chemung time. Total thickness of the section is about 2,700 feet.

The presence of a recurrent Hamilton species like Tropi-
doleptus carinatus in the Chemung fauna of southern New York
involves its withdrawal from at least the major part of the New
York area at the end of Hamilton sedimentation to some part
of the sea furnishing a more congenial environment than that
which accompanied Genesee and Portage sedimentation. In
the newly adopted habitat, or in a small portion of the old one,
it fotmd a haven where those conditions of the Hamilton sea
which were essential to its life were maintained throughout
Genesee and Portage time. With the initiation of Chemung sedi-
mentation T. carinatus extended its habitat back again over a part
of the area which it h'ad previously occupied, as shown in fig. 2 .

These recurrent faunas furnish convincing evidence of the
existence during the Palaeozoic of distinct faunal provinces.
It seems safe to conclude that the recurrence of a fauna has
been due to the oscillation or migration of the factors which
conditioned its geographic distribution.

Palaeogeography is a field of knowledge to the extension
of which the collection of fossils contributes most important
data,. Collections which will contribute most to this subject
are those concerning which the collector has supplied, in addi-
tion to the data already mentioned under methods of collecting,
complete data regarding the physical features of the rocks in
which they are found. This physical data should indicate very
fully the nature of the sediments associated with individual
fatmules, as to composition, texture, hardness and colour. The
collector should note the character of the lamination, whether
in thin or thick sheets or variable, and whether uniform or
alternating composition characterizes the beds. The presence
or absence of cross bedding, ripple marks, current marks and

124 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

wave marks should be noted with care. The direction of these
features when successive beds show a degree of uniformity
should be noted. Particular attention should be given to ob-
serving the amplitude of ripple marks, and whether they are
symmetrical or asymmetrical. A great predominance of one or
the other type of ripple mark may, as I have elsewhere
shown,* afford conclusive evidence regarding the continental or
marine origin of a set of beds. Mud cracks, rain drop impres-
sions, and other features characteristic of the intertidal zone,
should be looked for with the greatest care by the collector.

It is true that the literature treating of fossils seldom gives
much data of this kind. The palaeogeographer in making use
of fossils in drawing the boundaries of ancient seas, has had but
little data of this class to curb his imagination or stay his hand.
Structural features of comparatively recent origin have too often
assumed for him a significance which they did not possess.
while the really significant features indicating proximity to a
shore line were neglected because unrecorded by palaeontol-
ogists and geologists.

The observation and record of the physical characters
which have just been enumerated are of the utmost impor-
tance in connection with the collection of certain classes of
fossils, like the eurypterids and certain fishes whose normal
habitat is still a subject of discussion. It is to the careful study
of the physical features of the beds enclosing such fossils that
we must look for the solution of the problems relating to the
character of their habitat.

Zoology gave to the world the hypothesis of evolution,
but its demonstration and its actual history is the province of
palaeontology. It is the privilege of the collector of fossils to
assist in discovering the actual course wdiich the steady upward
trend of life has followed through the geologic ages. For the
study of problems relating to orthogenesis, saltation and other
elements in evolution, fossils offer a great advantage over living
animals and plants. The time element in the latter is an un-
determined factor, while in the geological section its vakie may
be determined. Zoologists are too little acquainted with the
excellent results which have been attained in this field through
the work of such men as Waagen on mutation, Hyatt on the
cephalopods, and Beecher on the evokition of spines. Only
very well preserved material can be utilized in sttidies of this
class. The collector q| perfectly preserved fossils derives an
added pleasure from hu work through knowing that it may bs
of vaKie in contributing to the solution of some of the most
fundamental problems of the organic world.

*Recent and Fossil Ripple Marks (in Press).

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 125

"GLEANINGS IN FERNLAND."
By Frank Morris, Peterborough Collegiate.

{Continued from page 110.)

From our summer schedule of trips, the first place to suffer
a " washout " this wet season was the Bruce Peninsula between
Wiarton and Tobermory; the next was Manitoulin Island, where
the Parsley Fern has been recorded; and the third was the north
margin of Twin Lake, near Port Sydney. Here grows a mag-
nificent colony of the Virginia Chain Fern (and with it the
handsome rein-orchid Habenaria hlephariglottis). The Wood-
wardia I have never found except here, and, as you maj^
remember from our "field day" in 1910, the sight of it in
its ordered ranks made a profound impression. The fronds
seemed all standing to attention, and facing one way out
over the "mud lake" from their beds of sphagnum, buck-
beans, cranberry, and plants of the heath family. I suggested
that sunlight was the key to the mystery, for it certainly was
mysterious to see those silent forms standing in the midst of
an open space in the heart of forest and swamp, as though all
endowed with one consciotis purpose, and obeying some unseen
power: "Eyes front !" and every member of every rank stood
focused to the same point in space. This was one of the "moot
questions" referred to before. The fern is peculiarly fond of
moistvire, often growing submerged in water, and spreading,
by very long runners under the surface. Just as the fruiting
pinnae of the Crested Fern are twisted into a new plane at right
angles to the rhachis in order to protect the sporangia from the
sun's rays, so where there are not shrubs enough to throw heal-
ing shadows for a colony of Virginia Chain Fern, every stalk
will be found twisted on the underground runner so .as to face
due south to the sun at its zenith; by keeping "eyes front" to
the foe, the fronds preserve the spore-cases from parching and
eva- oration. This was first observed by D. C. Eaton, author
of "Ferns of North America."

A second moot point was the determination of one of the
smaller species of Botrychium. This was a plant first found
by me under cedars fringing the tamarack swamp near New-
tonville. The first colony was discovered west of the corduroy
road that leads to Starkville. Since then I have found the
plant — in hundreds — at nearly a dozen points, over a space
whose diameter is perhaps 1% miles. I have also found it in
the neighbourhood of the Rideau, of Stony Lake, of Peter-
borotigh, and of Garden Hill. Always under cedars in rich
swamps, usually in thin moss, occasionally in sphagnum, often

126 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

in detritus of cedar and spruce. It has always been, to my
mind, a form of B. simplex peculiar to moist, shady situations.
The plant ranges from 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches in height. The
barren frond consists of from one to four or five pairs of lunate
sessile lobes, opposite to alternate, and terminates in a notched
lobe. This barren leaf is decidedly fleshy ; apparently the plant
seldom lives more than three or four seasons, for though in a
colony I have found hundreds of plants, the vast majority ap-
pear to have sprung recently from wind-blown spores, and to
be not more than two years old. Very rarely large plants are
found with four or five pairs of lobes on the barren frond, and,
still more rarely, in such patriarchs of the colony the basal pair
of lobes show a tendency to become compound by branching
out into similar lobes. My first specimens were sent to the late
Prof. Fletcher, in Ottawa. He inclined to think them B. matri-
cariae (ramosum), but was not familiar with these smaller
inembers of the genus, so handed them over to Prof. Macoun.
He also thought them B. matricariae.

Next season I found the genuine B. matricariae by hundreds
in the iVlgonquin Park, but remained convinced that my
earlier find was B. simplex. Later on I fotmd the strange fern
in the Rideau district, and still never wavered, though I was
unable to get more than a doubtful assent to my view from other
collectors in the Province. Then I sent specimens of both ferns
to W. N. Clute, of the Fern Bulletin, but to my chagrin he too
pronounced the stranger a variety of the Matricary Fern; luck
was against me, it seemed the wind simply wotildn't blow my
way. At last (more than four years ago) I sent specimens to
Prof. Robinson, of the Asa Gray Herbarium, and waited for
nearly a year. Then I wrote again,, and heard that my first
consignment had gone astray or been lost. By this time I was
desperate, but made my last venture with a parcel of specimens
to Harvard, from five or six different localities. My Argosy
came to port safely with its precious cargo, and I got word that
every specimen forwarded in the half-dozen sheets of plants,
was undoubtedly B. simplex.

If the last week in Owen Sound was wet, our three weeks
under canvas on Birch Island were to prove little better. But
we managed to snatch a few days and half days out of the de-
luge and salvage them to some profit. We gathered black-
berries and raspberries galore; we caught lake trout and black
bass, we made flapjacks and jam, and ate them too; and every
now and then^'we paddled our own canoe (a new one) to various
portages and explored the trails. Once I made my way to the
back of "Skymount" and gathered in, from a certain trough
of the hardwoods that I had found years before, specimens of

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist, 12 7

Botrychiuni ramosum and Botrychium lanceolatum, and on the
return trip (for curiosity) Botrychiuni Virginianum and Botry-
chium ternatum. Another day, after gathering plants of Aspi-
dium fragrans from a cliff overlooking the lumber slide on the
Madawaska, I crossed the railway and explored the woods for
shaded cliffs. Here I stumbled on a veritable El Dorado, for
on three successive outcrops of rock in the depths of the forest,
I found clump after clump of silvery green fronds — the Fragrant
Shield Fern in all its aromatic loveliness. Passifig out from the
woods to the cliff exposed at the lake shore, I found dense
masses of Woodsia ilvensis, but no more Aspidimn fragrans.

These two or three trips sent my enthusiasm up to fever
heat, and whenever I saw a piece of woodland, the botanist
in me ettled to explore it, and as the woods were ever}rwhere,
I was forever diving into their recesses and carefully scanning
the ground for some lilliputian treasure, or hurrying over to a
line of cliffs in the background.

That will-o'-the-wisp of the unknown led me many a dance
all to no purpose ; but one day, while exploring a piece of cliff
near one of the trails, I found a small fern growing in the rock
seams that I could not reconcile with any familiar species. It
was much like the Brittle Bladder-fern in frond, but the root-
stock was different; it was very much like the Rusty Woodsia,
but neither "rusty" nor jointed; it grew in loose, detached
moss at the'^base of the cliff, up and down a vertical seam, along
a horizontal ledge, and inside a crevice some 20 feet up; it ex-
tended over 30 or 40 yards of the cliff, and formed a colony
of three or four score plants. It was closely tufted, the stipes
were dark brown, and the rhachis and frond covered with
white hairs and yellow resinous glands. I had no microscope,
nor even a table, in camp, but I made the plant out to be
Woodsia scopulina. A guest in our camp, who scorns to be
initiated into the noble brotherhood of "men of grass" (to
use the title given to Douglas by the Indians), went so far as
to school his wife to greet me on my return to civilization with
the magic password : ' ' Woodsia Scopulina. ' ' I understand there
were dress rehearsals of the scene, but the best laid schemes
of mice and men gang aft agley, and when there fell on my
ear words that sounded like " Woodulina Scopsia," I was only
a little less bewildered than the old bishop who, wakened out
of slumber at a country vicarage by a thunderous knock at his
bedroom door, and asking in quavering tones "Who's there?"
heard the appalling response: "The Lord, my boy."

Specimens of the new find were sent to the Asa Gray Herb-
arium at Harvard, and identified at first sight as Woodsia
obtusa, but Mr. J. M. Macoun, at the Victoria Museum, Ottawa,

128

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Jan.

and (I believe) Prof. Fernald, of Harvard, both inclined to the
view that it was W. scopulina. Accordingly I sent the plant
to Prof. Maxon, of the Smithsonian Institution, and in due
course heard from him that the plant was undoubtedly Woodsia
scopulina, and this ha»now been corroborated at Harvard.

By way of summary. The list of our finds in 1 9 10 amounted
to 3 7, but since then two varieties have been given specific im-
portance, viz., Aspidium bootii and Botrychium o^rdiquum; so our
list was virtually 39. Add Pellaea densa from near Durham, and
the Parsley Fern from Manitoulin, and you have 41. The six
new species added to our list this season make a total of 47,
and all these in old Ontario — I mean from Detroit in the west
to Montreal in the east — and for northern marches, the French
River, Lake Nipissing, and the Mattawan. In New Ontario,
between the Lake of the Woods, James Bay and Lake Abitibi,
some seven more species are known to occur, and of these, it
seems to me quite likely that two or three at least may be dis-
covered by some happy enthusiast nestling among the thousand-
and-one yet unsearched nooks and crannies this side of North
Bay. I will end our ramble by listing the fern-flora of the
Province : —

I.

1.

Polypodium vulgare.

II.

2.

Phegopteris polypodioides.

( t

3.

hexagonoptera.

a

4.

" dryoptcris.

III.

5.

Adiantum pedatum.

IV.

6.

Pteris aquilina.

V.

7.

Pellaea atropurpuria.

VI.

8.

Cryptogramma densa.

( I

9.

acrostichoides

( (

10.

stelleri.

VII.

11.

Woodwardia virginica.

VIII.

12.

Asplenium viride.

13.

trichomanes.

14.

platyneuron.

15.

angustifolium.

16.

acrostichoides.

17.

filix-femina.

IX.

18.

Scolopendrium vulgare.

X.

19.

Comptoso"us rhizophyllus.

XI.

20.

Polystichum acrostichoides.

t (

21.

lonchitis.

XII.

22.

Aspidium thelypteris.

i (

23.

noveboracsnse.

I (

24.

fragrans.

1916]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

129

XII.

25.

Aspidium marginale.

* i

26.

filix-mas.

• >

27.

goldianum.

<<

28.

bootii.

it

29.

cristatum.

( i

30.

spinulosum.

XIII.

31.

Cystopteris bulbifera.

t c

32.

fragilis.

XIV.

33.

Woodsia ilvensis,.

i i

34.

" scopulina.

XV.

35.

Dicksonia punctilobula.

XVI.

36.

Onoclea sensibilis.

i i

37.

struthiopteris.

XVII.

38.

Osmunda regalis.

i (

39.

claytoniana.

i i

40.

cinnamomea.

iVlU.

41.

Ophioglossum vulgattim.

XIX.

42.

Botrychium simplex.

4 i

43.

lanceolatum.

( t

44.

ramosum.

1 1

45.

" obliquum.

I i

46.

ternatum.

t i

47.

virginiantim.

Ontario, N. and N.W.

II.

48.

Phegopteris robertiana.

VIII.

49.

Asplenium ruta-muraria (?)

XIII.

50.

Cystopteris montana.

XIV.

51.

Woodsia glabella.

( i

52.

" hyperborea.

it

53.

" oregana.

XIX.

54.

Botrychium lunaria.

BUPRESTID^ KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE
OTTAWA DISTRICT.

By Bro. Germain, of the Christian Schools, Acad6mie
De La Salle, Trois- Rivieres.

In 1909, Mr. G. Chagnon published an interesting mono-
graph of the Buprestidae of Quebec. Practically all of the
species mentioned were recorded from Montreal, Rigaud, and
a few from Hull. The following is a Hst of these interesting
beetles which the writer has captured in the Ottawa district.
I hope it will prove of value to Canadian coleopterists. The

130

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Jan.

asterisks indicate those species which are not included m the
literature above mentioned. The numbers preceding each
species are those given in Henshaw's List of Coleoptera of
America, North of Mexico: —

CHALCOPHORA Sol.
4568 — anguHcolHs Lee.
4569 — virginiensis Drury.
4570 — liberta Germ.
4572 — fortis Lee.

DICERCA Esch.

4576 — prolongata Lee.

4577 — divaricata Say.
*4578 — pugionata Germ,
caudata Lee.

4579 — obscura Fab.

4583 — tenebrosa Kirby.

4585 — tuberculata Chev.

POECILONOTA Esch.
4594 — cyanipes Say.

BUPRESTIS Linn.
*4598 — rufipes Oliv.

4601 — lineata Fab.

4602 — consularis Gory.

4604 — nuttalh Kirby.

4606 — maculiventris Say.

4607 — fasciata Fab.
*4608 — sulcicolhs Lee. (1 sp.
det. by Schwarz).

4609 — striata Fab.

MELANOPHILA Esch.
4619 — logipes Say. (acumin-

nata DeG.)
4621 — drummondi Kirby.
4622 — fulvoguttata Lee.

ANTHAXIA Esch.

4630 — viridifrons Lap.
*4631 — viridicornis Say.

4633 — ^quercata Fab.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS Esch.

4639 — femorata Fab.
4640 — floricola Gory.
4647 — dentipes Germ.

Chrysohothris Esch. (continued).

4650 — trinervia Kirby.

465 1 — scabripennis Lap.& Gory
*4652 — ptisilla Lap. & Gory.
(Ent. Rec. 1901).

4657 — sexsignata Say.

4658 — chrysoela 111.
*4660 — azurea Lee.

4661 — harrisii Hentz.

ACMMODERA Esch.
4699 — pulchella Hbst. (Ent.

Rec. 1901.)
4707— culta Web. (Ent. Rec.

1901.)

EUPRISTOCERUS Deyr.
4718 — cogitans Web.
AGRILUS Steph.
4721 — ruficolHs Fab.
4724 — otiosus Say.
*4724a-pusillus Say.
472 7 — bilineatus Web.
4731 — fallax Say.
4738 — acutipennis Mann.
4739 — anxius Gory.
4742— politus Say.
4746 — egenus Gory.
10109 — obsoletoguttatus Gory.
10112 — masculinus Horn.
* 10 118 — pensus Horn.
10 119 — blanchardi Horn.

TAPHROCERUS Sol .

4755 — gracilis Say.
BRACHYS Sol.

4758— ovata Web.

4761 — aerosa Melsh.

4762 — aeruginosa Gory.

PACHYSCELUS Sol.
4766 — laevigatus Say.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 131

MUSEUMS AS AIDS TO FORESTRY.

By Harlan I. Smith, Geological Survey, Ottawa.

In gaining due recognition and support from the great
mass of the people, museums may be great aids to forestry.
Even the further application of museum methods in forestry,
may be of valuable service. The extent of the possibilities in
these lines of recruiting aid by means of museum methods of
publicity, recreation, instruction and research can hardly be
forecast. Such museums or methods, however, must be pro-
perl}^ adininistered to be effective. The methods used, for in-
tance, in the large and costly Botanical Museum in New York,
wotild be of little or no avail to forestry. That museum
may be of use to scientists, but is not of much human interest
to me, and, therefore, I judge, not to the average citizen, lum-
berman or forester.

Vast expenditure of time and money is not necessarily
needed to secure valuable aid by these means. Museum cases,
if such are really required, may be made at a cost of less then
four dollars per foot front, as I have pointed out in The Ottawa
Naturalist of May, 1915, and The Scientific American of May
29, 1915. A large collection of specimens, maps, photographs
and labels is not needed to inoculate whole regions with the
germs of the ideas of the practicability and economic im-
portance, to say nothing of aesthetic values and the love of
forestry. A small exhibit may teach the general and valuable
principles of forestry, perhaps even better than a complete ex-
hibit of all kinds of trees, such as is shown in the American
Museum of Natural History in New York. Such a complete
exhibit might confuse or burden. The persons to be influenced
to give aid to forestry might be lost in the woods as it were.

In the Rocky Mountains Park Museum at Banff, Alberta,
a beginning to a tree exhibit has been made. There are eleven
species of trees in the Park. Five grow in the valley, but the
other six are found only on the higher land. A complete col-
lection of the trunks and leaves of the trees growing in the valley
was made in two half days as a bi-product of other work, and
without any expense except as for time in cutting the trunks
to lengths for exhibition. At the same time two photographs
were made of each of these five kinds of trees ; one of a grove
or group of each kind of tree from a distance, and one of the
details of the trunk, bark, leaves and such flowers or fruits as
were then in season. Later photographs are to be made of the

132 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

parts of the trees not yet taken, and of uses and abuses of each
tree and its products. Tentative labels had previously been
prepared at my request by the late Mr. Abraham Knechtel,
Chief Forester of the Parks Branch of the Department of the
Interior. These refer particularly to the Park, and conse-
quently are to be revised, so as to serve as labels to the same
trees in any other museums that may accept the labels. Sup-
plementary labels describing the peculiarities of the same trees
as to the Park are also in preparation. These labels were printed
in the Handbook of the Rocky Mountains Park Museum, and
from the same type the labels were printed for labelling the
specimens in the museum. The museum labels were printed
on card of a yellow colour to harmonize with the furniture of
the museum, and with a brown ink for the same purpose. They
were framed and securely screwed to the trunks of the speci-
mens, so that they cannot easily be displaced. The glass cover-
ing them, which can be cleaned readily by any janitor, pro-
tects the label from dirt or breakage. When these labels are
revised to include instruction and explanation of the most im-
portant of the forestry abtises and needs, and when specimens
of uses of the lumber and other tree products, such as wood
alcohol, charcoal and turpentine, are added with full labels,
this exhibit will be the beginning of a suggestion for a museum
aid to forestry. An example of such a fact as should go iii a
label is that the obnoxious pitch of the balsam is so largely in
the bark that the wood, formerly not used at all for paper pulp,
is exceptionally valuable for this purpose. The qualities of a
great number of woods may be sho.vn by the exhibition of the
volumes of American Woods published by Hough, illustrated
by cross radial and longitudinal s'^ctions of actual trees. But
certainly to accomplish the best results expert foresters who
know the scientific facts must co-operate with those who un-
derstand people well enough to translate forestry facts into
terms that not only can be understood by those whom forestry
seeks to convert to its aid, but into terms that will also attract
those people to read the labels and study the specimens.

The same labels may serve as outlines for lectures, each
label being illustrated by lantern slides made from the photo-
graphic negatives previously mentioned. It is part of the
work of all progressive museums to give popular lecture inter-
pretations of science, as well as scientific lectures and recreation
based on instruction. Then, too, the museum may send out
both travelling exhibits of forestry and lecture outlines made
up of the labels together with loan sets of lantern slides.

The President of the Ohio Academy of Science, spsaking
at the 2 5th anniversary of the Academy, stated that the exist-

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 133

ence of the Academy was unknown to the great majority of the
people of Ohio, and a "Pan-American Scientific Congress" was
organized last month in Washington, under the chairmanship
of the third assistant United States Secretary of State, with a
program of nine sections, but ignoring Canada, and also mathe-
matics, physics, pure chemistry, pure geology, zoology, psy-
chology and botany, so it was really a Congress of American
Republics, neither Pan-American nor scientific. The United
States Secretary of the Navy, in selecting the societies to elect
members of the Naval Advisory Board, ignored the National
Academy of Science, which is by law the advisor of the Govern-
ment, and also ignored the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, which is the great democratic body of
over 4,000 scientific men of the United States and Canada. He
apparently never heard of either association. These striking
examples seem sufficient to suggest that the forestry branch of
science, as well as the whole tree, would do well to seek aid by
every means of publicity, recreation, entertainment, education
and research possible. Since all these means are included
among museum methods and in the work of up-to-date museums,
museums may become of great aid to forestry, while forestry
may provide museums with many necessary scientific facts.

^^^.

<\

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXIX. FEBRUARY, 1916. No. 1 1

THE GENERA OF THE ODONTOPLEURIDAE.

By Percy E. Raymond.

Odontopleura {Acidaspis auct.) is essentially a Bohemian
genus, as may be seen if one contrasts the 40 species listed by
Barrande with the 2 species of Esthonia, the 12 or 15 species
of Scandinavia, and the same number in Great Britain.

Practically the only attempt at a subdivision of the Odonto-
pleuridae is that of Dr. John M. Clarke.* He recognized six
subgenera of the genus Ceratocephala, viz., Ceratocephala s. s.,
Acidaspis, Odontopleura, Dicranurus, Selenopeltis and Ancy-
ropyge. I adopted this classification in the second edition of
the Eastman-Zittel text book (1913), raising the subgenera to
generic rank, and grouping them under Burmeister's family
name Odontopleuridae. Recently I have had occasion to study
the very large collection of trilobites of this family in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, and while I have been able to con-
tinue the use of the names listed above, I find that the defini-
tions and limits of the genera Odontopleura, Ceratocephala and
Acidaspis must be very considerably modified.

Dr. Clarke's definitions of the three genera were as follows:
Odontopleura, occipital ring smooth or with a central tubercle;
Acidaspis, occipital ring with a single straight median spine;
Ceratocephala, occipital ring with two straight divergent spines.
This scheme was, of course, simplicity itself, and, so long as
applied to the American species alone, seemed to work very
well. If, however, one turns to plate 38 of Barrande's "Systeme
Silurien du Centre de la Boheme," and looks at the three figures
(22, 25 and 30) at the bottom of the plate, he sees at once that
this classification is not a natural one. The figures represent
Acidaspis dormitzeri Hawle and Corda, .4. dufrenoyi Barrande,
both from the Silurian, and .4. hoernesi Barrande, from the
Lower Devonian of Bohemia. In glabella, free cheeks, thorax
and pygidium, these species are exceedingly alike, yet the first
has a neck tubercle, so would be called Odontopleura, the second

♦Notes on the Genus Acidaspis. 10th Rept. N.Y. State Geologist, 1891, p. 61.

\

136 ^ The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

has two long neck spines, and would be a Ceratocephala, while
the third has a single long neck spine, and ^vould have to be
called Acidaspis. Except for these spines, the species show no
important differences, and it is evident that in any natural
classification they would be congeneric. Compared with the
type-species of Ceratocephala and Acidaspis, Acidaspis dujrenoyi
and .4. hoernesi show marked differences in all parts except in
the spines on the occipital ring.

Ce)-aiocephaIa, Warder, Am. Jour. Sci. 34, 1838', p. 377. Type,
C. goniata, ibidem, p. 378, fig. The typical species was badly
described and figured by Warder, but all parts are now known.
Among the striking features of this trilobite one may note the
coalescence of the free and fixed cheeks, accompanied by the
obliteration of the facial stiture, the almost complete oblitera-
tion of the dorsal furrows on the cephalon, and the position of
the eyes, far from the glabella, and half way to the front of the
cephalon. On the thorax the horizontal furrow on the pleural
lobe of each segment is weak, and the two low ridges separated
by this furrow are equal. The pygidium has long subequal
barbed spines.

Acidaspis, Murchison. Silurian System, 1839, p. 658.
Type, .4. hrighii Murchison, ibidem, pi. 14, fig. 15. The glabella
of the typical species is roughly triangular in outline, tapering
rapidly forward. The eyes are situated far back and close to
the glabella, and the whole neck ring is prolonged backward
into a long heavy spine. No more than the cephalon of the
typical species'is definitely known. In the American .4. anchor-
alis and ,4. onealli, which have the same sort of a cephalon, the
thoracic segments are narrow, and the linear horizontal furrow
separates a high narrow posterior ridge from a low narrow
anterior one on the pleural portion of each segment. In these
same species, the pygidium has two long lateral spines, between
which are short spines, and outside of which are small spines.
A similar pygidium has been referred to .4 . brighii.

Odontopleura, Emmrich. De Trilobitis, 1839, p. 53. Type,
0. ovata Emmrich, ibidem, pi. fig. 3. The type, an entire speci-
men, is characterized by its broad form, an oval glabella which
does not taper much toward the front, and the central position
of the elevated ridge on the pleural lobe of each thoracic seg-
ment. The pygidium is not unlike that ascribed to Acidaspis,
except that the spines are more nearly equal in size.

As one looks over the various Odontopleuridae* which have
been described, it is seen that there are a few which agree with
the type of Ceratocephala in having the fixed and free cheeks
in symphysis, eyes well forward, and pleura of thoracic seg-

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 137

merits without a pronounced ridge; there are also a few which
agree with the type of Acidaspis in having a triangular glabella
and a broad stout nucal spine; a few others which have the
characteristics of Dicranurns, Sele)iopeltis, or Ancyropyge, but
the great majority have an oval glabella and a prominent
median ridge on the pleural portion of each thoracic segment,
as in Odonto pleura. Hence, the name given to the family by
Burmeister is not only the oldest, but is particularly appro-
priate.

It is quite possible that the species which I have grouped
under Odontopleura can and will be arranged in other subgenera
or genera. The type is a very broad form, and a row of tubercles
on each of the thoracic segments is a prominent feature of the
ornamentation. With it could be associated 0. prevosti Bar-
rande, and 0. hughsi (Salter). Another group, with a narrower
form, fewer tubercles on the thorax, and fewer and longer spines
on the pygidium, is exemplified by 0. dufrenoyi, 0. hoernesi, 0.
roemeri, and other Bohemian species. A third group, with
thick, subequal pygidial spines, would include 0. pectinifera Bar-
rande, and O. cornuta (Salter). Then there is the exceedingly
spinose O. mira Barrande, with very numerous and small
pygidial spines, barbed lateral thoracic spines, and very tall
eyes. J^or the present, however, it seems useless to break up
the genus into such small groups.

To replace my definitions in the Zittel-Eastman text book,
I would suggest the outline of the family which follows;—

Family Odontopleuridae Burmeister.

Opisthoparia with large free cheeks and eyes (usually),
far back and close to the glabella. Lateral lobes of the glabella
reduced to two or one. Thorax of 8 to 11 segments. All
parts of the test usually very spinose, the spines usually of
the horizontal type.

Odontopleura, Emmrich. Glabella oval in outline. The
pleural lobe of each segment of the thorax has a narrow, strongly
elevated median ridge. Ordovician to Devonian. Cosmopolitan.

Acidaspis, Murchison. Glabella roughly triangular in
outline, tapering towards the front. The pleural lobe of each
segment is divided by a linear furrow into a low anterior and
an elevated posterior ridge. Ordovician and Silurian. Europe
and North America.

Ceratocephala, Warder. Free and fixed cheeks anchylosed,
eyes far forward and far from the glabella. The pleural lobe
of each thoracic segment is divided by a shallow median fur-

138 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

row into equally elevated portions. Silurian, Europe and
North America.

Dicranurus, Conrad. Dorsal furrows weak on cephalon,
but the free and fixed cheeks not anchylosed. Occipital ring
with two very long spirally curved spines. Pygidium with only
a single pair of spines. Lower Devonian, Europe and North
America.

Ancyropyge, Clarke. Margin of pygidium with 12 very
long slender curved spines. Devonian, North America.

Selenopeltis , Hawle and Corda. Eyes half way to the front
of the cephalon. The pleural lobe of each thoracic segment is
crossed diagonally by a ridge which is extended into a very
long spine. Pygidium with only a single pair of spines. Ordo-
vician, Bohemia.

GlaphMrus , Raymond. Probably does not belong to the
Odontopleuridae.

Note on Dicranurus.

The Dicranurus monstrosus (Barrande) of Bohemia is ex-
ceedingly like our D. hamatus Conrad, of New York. The col-
lection in the Musetmi of Comparative Zoology contains many
fine specimens of the Bohemian form, including the originals
of figures 1-3, plate 15, of the supplement to volume 1 of the
"Silurian System." The original of figure 3 is an indeter-
minable fragment, but certainly has nothing to do with the
pygidium of this species. The pygidium was unknown to Bar-
rande, but our collection contains an example from Lochkow,
where the species seems to be rather common. It is of the
same type as that described by Barrande as Acidaspis spoliata
(Suppl. 1872, p. 82, pi. 14, fig. 46). The type of this latter
species is from Mnienian, Bohemia, and it also is in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. The pygidium is short, triangular,
and there are two strong spines which arise from the upper
surface of the test, and not from the margin. The spines arise
in the same way in Selenopeltis, the spines in that genus being
of considerable length, but seldom preserved, even on excellent
specimens. It is interesting that the oldest genus (Selenopeltis),
and the youngest (Dicranurus) , of the Odontopleuridae, should
both have a pygidium with an aspinose margin, while the other
members of the family all have numerous spines on the pygidium.

American Species.

In the following list I have attempted to arrange the Ameri-
can species in accordance with the above definitions. It is not

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 139

necessary to give references to the place of publication of the
Ordovician and Silurian species, since they may readily be
found in Bassler's recent and exceedingly valuable "Index of
American Ordovician and Silurian Fossils."* In cases where
I have had to change the name, I have added in brackets the
name under which it is to be found in Bassler's catalogue: —

Ancyropyge romingeri (Hall), Pal., N.Y., vol. 7.

Acidaspis anchoralis Miller (Ceratocephala) .

A. ceralepta (Anthony) {Ceratocephala).

A. cincinnatiensis Meek {Ceratocephala) .

A. crosota (Locke) {Odontopleura).

A. obsoleta Van Ingen.

.4. onealli Miller {Odontopleura).

A. parvula Walcott {Odontopleura).

A. quinquispinosa Lake.

.4. trentonensis Hall {Odontopleura).

A. vanhorni Weller.

Ceratocephala depauperata Van Ingen.

C. goniata Warder.

Dicranurus hamatus Conrad. Pal., N.Y., vol. 3.

Odontopleura arkansana Van Ingen.

0. callicera (Hall).

0. coalescens (Van Ingen) {Ceratocephala) .

0. halli (Shumard).

O. horani (Billings) {Ceratocephala) .

0. illinoisensis Weller.

0. narrawayi Raymond {Ceratocephala) .

0. nodulata (Van Ingen) {Ceratocephala) .

0. ortoni (Foerste).

0. perarniata (Whiteaves) {Acidaspis).

0. robina (Clarke). Mem. N. Y. State Mus. Memoir 9.

O? brevispinosa (Foerste) f {Acidaspis).

0? fimbriata (Hall)t {Ceratocephala).

Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.

*Bull. U.S. National Museum, 92. 1915.
fNot adequately described.

140 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

PRENANTHES MAINENSIS

Notes on the Morphology, Taxonomy and Distribution

OF this Hybrid Form.

By Bro. M. Victorin, Longueuil College, Longueiiil, Que .

Up to the present time very little attention has been de-
voted in this comitry to the study of natural hybrids. The
subject, however, is of the utmost importance, not only to
students of Mendelism, but also to the average systematist.
"In fact," says De Vries, "the majority of authors agree that
systematic and sexual affinity are essentially parallel, as they
are really no more than two manifestations of one and the same
thing ; but we have not yet succeeded in explaining the apparent
exceptions to this parallel." (*) If some light is ever to be
thrown on the subject, it will doubtless be through observa-
tions on natural hybrids, in widely separated groups of the
plant kingdom.

We have in a previous paper (f) studied quite extensively
a cross of two distant species of Lysimachia : L. terrestris (L.)
B.S.P. X L. thyrsiflora L., and hinted that the recently proposed
genus Naumhurgia, created to account for L. thyrsifora, was
not founded in nature, since the plant hybridizes freely with
other Lysimachia species. The writer knows such hybrid to
occur constantly in Chateauguy. Que., and Professor M. L.
Fernald, of the Gray Herbaritmi, states that he has collected
it in Maine, and also in Prince Edward Island.

The present paper will deal with another interesting hybrid
in the genus Preiiaiithes (Compositae) , which is of rare occur-
ence and has never received close stud5^

In a detailed botanical survey conducted during the sum-
mers of 1913 and 1914 along the coastal portion of the county
of Temiscouata, Que., our attention was called to various forms
of Prenanthes growing intermingled in a salt marsh at Anse a
Persi, near Riviere-du-Loup. Specimens were collected and a
preliminary study showed the bulk of the crop to be typical

*Hugo de Vries, "Mutation Theory," II., 593-599 (English translation).

tFr. Marie Victorin, "Notes sur Detix Cas d'Hvbridisma Nature!." Nat. Can. XXXIX.,
177-189.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 141

but stunted P. trijoiiata and P. racemosa, whilst the rest ap-
peared soinewhat puzzhrg and intermediate between the two.
We determined to prepare a large series of specimens to faci-
litate a thorough study, but, alas! the next morning the marsh
was found neatly mowed, and the Prenanthes were no more.

Later study and comparison with type in the Gray Her-
barium have shown our doubtful forms to be equivalent to P.
mainensis Gray. There can be hardly any doubt now that
the so-called P. mainensis is a natural hybrid : P . racemosa yi
P. trijoiiata. Gray's text reads as follows: "About two feet
high, leafy up and into the panicle; leaves nearly those of P.
racemosa, but thinner and less glaucous; the radical ovate,
commonly with abrupt or rounded base ; upper, subtending clus-
ters of the interrupted narrow thrysus; heads all drooping both
before and after anthesis, resembling those of the following
species (P. virgata Michx). Shore of the St. John's River at
St. Francis, North Maine, Pringle. Growing with or near P.
racemosa. And a looser form of the latter, "very common on
the St. John's River," (Goodale) is somewhat between the
tAvo; so that this may be a hybrid between P. racemosa and P.
serpentaria." C^)

It should be borne in mind that when these lines were
written (1886), P. trijoiiata had not yet been separated from
P. serpentaria. From the description of Gray it appears that
the plant named by him P. mainensis was an extreme form of
the hybrid, differing from the "looser form of P. racemosa'-'
only quantitatively, and that both are but distant terms of a
Mendelian series.

We will now give the result of our own study based on the
comparison of 15 specimens of P. racemosa, 20. of P. trijoiiata,
and 8 of P. mainensis.

Stem.

An important reduction in size is first noticeable, which
is doubtless a response to the semi-halophytic habitat. In nor-
mal conditions P. racemosa reaches fully 2m., whilst here its
maximum is 30cm. P. trijoiiata generally grows to a height
of l.SOm., and exceptionally to 3m. ; in this locality no specimen
higher than 32 cm. was found.

It is well known to breeders, as well as to sttidents in
hybridism, that crosses between nearly related forms are more
vigorous than either parent. The following tabulation will
emphasize the law as applied to the present case: —

*Gray, Asa, " Synoptical Flora," I., 433, 1886.

142

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Feb.

Compared Size of
P. racemosa, P. trifoliata, P. mainensis.

Height

Racemosa

Trifoliata

Mainensis

in
cm.

Number

Product

Number

Product

Number 'Product

IS

2

30

, ,

, •.

16

, ,

. .

17

2

34

2

34

18

2 !

36

19

2

38

2

38

20

4

80

21

2

42

1

21

22

1

22

23

4

92

24

3

72

1

24

25

26

2

52

27

1

27

27

28

1

i

28

29

1

1

29

29

30

! 1

30

31

!

32

1

i

32

32

33

1

. •

34

35

. .

36

. .

36

' 37

, ,

. .

. ■

38

, ,

1 i 38

39

, ,

. .

1 \ 39

40

, .

t

41

2 82

Total

15

309

20

452

8 \ 283

Mean

20.

6 cm.

22.6 cm.

35.3 cm.

The series of specimens is not numerous enough to show
very clearly a curve of Quetelet, but what stands prom'nently
is the fact that P. mainensis, the hybrid, is taller by 63 per cent,
than the parent species (figuring on the means). What are the
causes of this increased luxuriance? They are yet a matter of
research. Tischler and Jost (*) agree that it is probably due
to a "poisoning" effect of one species on the other.

Leaves.
We have not been able to see the radical leaves of P. main-
ensis of which Gray makes so much in the above-mentioned
description, but we observe that the lowest stem leaves taper
into a winged petiole which sometimes reaches 10 cm. Most re-

*"Arch.ZelIsforchung," I., 33-151, 1908.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 143

?.TRirOLIATA P. MAINENSIS P KACEn05A

^^ [Leaves and bracts of Prcnanthcs trifoliata, P. raccmosa and their hybrid
rl MB. P. mahicnsis. Bracts mvich enlarged.

t
144 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

markable is the tendency some of the leaves exhibit to lobate
after the manner of P. trifoliata. But this tendency is checked
in some way in its action, as it succeeds in affecting onl}^ one-
half of the leaf, thus showing that the elementary characters of
P. raceniosa are dominant over those of P. trifoliata.

In the three plants the leaves are bordered with glandular
teeth.

Flower and Fruit.

The color of the ray-flowers of P. mainensis is evidently
intermediate between the pale purple of P. racemosa and the
straw yellow of P. trifoliata.

The inner bracts of the involucre are about the same in
outline in the three plants, but they differ mtich in the amount
of pubescence. In P. trifoliata these bracts are perfectly
glabrous ; in P. racemosa they are covered with very long ribbon-
like flattened hair tipped with a spherical gland; P. mainensis
shows a pubescence much like that of P. racemosa, but very
scarce, the evident result of the fusing of opposed characters.

The bract of P. mainensis ends in a somewhat fimbriate
obtuse point bearing septate hair, very different from those
described above; they are much shorter, and consist in a single
line of hyaline cells. The bracts of P. trifoliata and P. racemosa
show the same peculiarity.

The bracts of P. racemosa and P. mainensis are covered
with truncate conical papillae, inclined towards the point of
the bract. Every cell being papilla-bearing, their number can
be estimated in round figtires to 10,000 per sq. mm. None of
the twenty specimens of P. trifoliata from the halophytic habitat
of Anse a Persi showed these papillae, but we found them in
smaller numbers, and different in form, on a giant specimen
collected on the qviartzite rocks of the " Gros Pelerin," one of
the islands off the Kamotiraska coast.

The akene of P. mainensis is slightly longer than that of
P. racemosa, and much longer than that of P. trifoliata, even
when giant specimens of the latter are considered.

Distribution.

We do not believe that P. mainensis has been before noted
outside of the type station on the St. John's River, neither do
we think it can be found frequently on account of the distri-
bution of the parent species and their different habitat.

P. racemosa is very widely distributed in North America,
from Eastern Quebec to Alberta, whilst P. trifoliata is distinctly
eastern and boreal. In the Province of Quebec there is no sure
record west of "Gros Pelerin" island, though some of Macoun's

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 145

localities under P. serpentaria may belong here. The distri-
bution of P. trijoliata is therefore restrictive as regards the pos-
sible occvirrence of P. niainensis.

Moreover, P. racemosa is a riverside and prairie species,
and P. trijoliata a plant with xerophytic preferences, so that
the two are rarely to be met together, except in such habitat
as the halophytic, or more exactly the semi-halophytic, where
water is to be found, but which at the same time is physio-
logically dry.

BIRDS OF ALGONQUIN PARK.*

By W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.

On August 11th, 1915, Mr. E. M. S. Dale and the writer
started from Joe Lake on an investigation of the birds and
mammals, chiefly the foriner, of Algonqtiin Park. It is pro-
bably unnecessary to give any description of the character of
the country, in which spruce, pine, poplar and birch alternate,
as is usual in the northern parts of Ontario.

The fauna of this region should be more northern than
would be called for by latitude only, because of the altitude,
which is nearly two thousand feet.

After packing our dunnage in bags and loading it into the
canoe, we got away to a favorable start. During the first day
we saw nothing of moment until we reached Island Lake, where
our ears were assailed by the calling of two hawks, which proved
to be Goshawks. Their calls were of rather a peculiar char-
acter. They were in descending thirds, as is the case with the
Marsh Hawk, and more particularly the Sharpshin, but they
had two different calls. In one the phrases werejrepeated about
every second and a half, and in the other, which was about
half an octave higher, they were repeated about four times each
second. We paddled over near where they were sitting in some
dead timber, and one of them flew over us with a scissor-
tail eft'ect, opening and shutting the tail.

The first night's trapping for mice yielded nothing but
one Sorex personatus and several of the northern deer mice.
While passing over the portage and through the Otter Slide
lakes it rained so hard that we vSOught shelter at the point
where the creek leaves for White Trout lake, and spent the
night in a tumbledown lutnberman's building. Next morning
we had a call from an Olive-sided Flycatcher, of which we

*Read at the December meeting of the Mcllwraith Ornithological Club.

146 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

met a good many on the trip. They were not using their
whistling call but the Ku-Ku-Ku which some of them repeated
endlessly ; in fact there were two which we concluded must have
made a bet as to which could say it the most times in a day,
and one of them stuck to it almost all day. Being an exceed-
ingly monotonous note, we both felt that we got very well
acquainted with it indeed, and should not forget it in a hurry.
At this point we saw the only solitary Sandpiper on the trip.
It was rather a surprise not to see more of these birds, as a great
deal of the country is well suited to them. The trip down the
stream into White Trout lake provided rather more walking
than we appreciated, as the portages were long and somewhat
arduous, but we met here our first Ruffed Grouse, Black-
backed Woodpecker, and Duck Hawk, the latter flying high
overhead while we were on one of the portages right opposite
a high cliff, which, however, did not look very suitable for nest-
ing on account of recent devastation by fire.

On these portages we found numerous runs of field mice,
and subsequent trapping succeeded in getting a couple of them.
They seemed rather too reddish to be our southern form, but
this has not yet been definitely determined. The creek is wide
and well filled with stumps and grass for the last half mile before
it enters into the lake, and the banks are covered with dead and
dying timber, which made a very attractive spot for wood-
peckers. Here we became very well acquainted with a good
many notes of the Black-backed Woodpecker. Once or twice
we heard some genuine Blackbird notes [from a Rusty at
this point, but all the rest of the notes of that character
were from the woodpecker. Here, also, we met our first
Canada Jay or Whiskey Jack, a pair of which came flying
down to interview us at the end of one of the portages. We
tried to make friends with them, but they were not to be cajoled,
and the bread which we laid on top of a burnt stump remained
there untouched. As usual they were very quiet, but later on
we heard from them quite a variety of notes, mostly of a very
liquid character, and for the writer, not very easily described.
Their flight resembles that of the Blue Jay to a considerabe
extent, but there were differences which would make them
readily identifiable by one who was well acquainted.

Paddling around the left corner of the entrance into the
White Trout lake we found the most beautiful camp of the trip
in a sandy bay which made excellent bathing. The level of
the woods was only about ten feet above the lake, and a beauti-
ful location was all ready for our tent, with a sun parlor over-
looking the bay. Here we stayed for two nights while we_
trapped on the last portage and explored the nearby islands.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 147

which contained nothing of very great interest. Our next stop
was at the northern end of White Trout lake, where we slept
in the shelter hut on the portage into Longer lake. The traps
were set on a small island which had been burnt over about ten
years before, and now contains a beautiful stand of young red
pine five to ten feet high. We were interested to investigate
the mammal inhabitants of this little islet, and found, as we
expected, that nothing was on it excepting deer mice, and very
few of them, both the cover and the food having been burnt
off by the fire, and replacement not having progressed to any
great extent.

The ranger who was located at this portage had a boy who
was somewhat interested in the trapping industry, and wanted
not only to catch some mice for himself but to see how they
were prepared, and we spent an evening in the house illus-
trating the operation. The boy had set a trap which we gave
him, on top of a cupboard in the one room of the house, and
twice during the evening the trap was sprung and each time
caught a deer mouse, in spite of the fact that the room was
lit and contained five people, who were making no effort to be
quiet.

A short exploration of Longer lake and one of the beaver
streams leading into it completed this end of our trip. From
the middle of the lake we saw a fine nest of the Osprey, located
some four or five hundred yards back from the shore. It was
exceedingly conspicuous, being placed, as usual, high up in a
dead tree. Retracing our steps to White Trout lake we spent
another evening in the shelter hut, and in the early morning,
while preparing breakfast, the writer had a call from a beautiful
large skunk which was not at all aggressive, but rather timid,
and immediately retreated on being discovered. These ani-
mals are said to be very common in the park.

Launching again on White Trout lake, we turned our bow
towards the north-west corner, and paddling through the nar-
rows, went down through Grassy bay to the mouth of the
Petewawa river.

Here there is a good deal of shallow water and some grass
showing through it. There was an attractive point which
overlooked the bay from quite a nice elevation. Here we
landed and stayed some time, the most interesting part of which
was spent in admiring the antics of three otters which came to
the surface about a hundred yards away, and were at first taken
for beaver, but the style of swimming with the head elevated,
as is the habit of a mink, not held level on the water as is the
habit of the beaver and muskrat, at once identified them. As
this animal was a new acquaintance for both of us we watched

148 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

with great interest their movements. When swimming under-
neath the water they had a most interesting habit of following
each other on every little deviation. When one wotdd come
to the surface, breathe and go down, the one immediately after
did the same thing at the same place, and then the third fol-
lowing; they soon went into the grasses where they were not
clearly visible, but they began working towards a little opening
near us in which sat a Pied Bill Grebe. She kept a watchful
eye on the motions of the otters, and when they were within
twenty or thirty yards, disappeared and re-appeared some
thirty yards to one side, and it happened that they did not go
any nearer to her. They soon caught some fish and, fortunately
for us, there were some stranded stumps and roots on which
they climbed out and ate their catch. They also played with
each other, and quarreled in a friendly way, which led us to
suppose that they were young, or at most a mother and two
young, though we could see no difference in their size.

This was perhaps the rarest sight of our trip, and we were
exceedingly gratified that it lasted nearly an hour.

We then proceeded up Mcintosh creek as far as the first
portage, where we decided to retrace our steps. We followed
the portage trail up through the woods, and had the pleasure
of seeing there our only pair of the Pileated woodpecker.
They were not very tame, and gave us little opportunity for
observation, but it was a joy to see these big birds again. They
are said to be quite common in some parts of the park. Two
boys from Toronto camping on Lake LaMuir told us that they
were frequently seen near their camp. A ranger with whom
we talked told us that they inhabited the big timber only, which
means the districts where the pine has not been cut off, and it
was in a region of large trees that these two birds were seen.

Next morning we began ovir return trip through White
Trout lake.

After paddling two or three miles we came to the high
bluff facing the lumber camp on the north side of the lake,
where we had climbed on the preceding day hunting for ferns.
This time we found something much better than the ferns, in
the person of a Duck Hawk, which gave us one of the most
beautiftil illustrations of sailing with motionless wings that
either of us had ever seen. Evidently he was keeping watch
over something, and as the location was entirely suited to their
needs as a nesting place, we thought it not improbable that the
young were nearby. After wc had passed the cliff we heard
him scream, and looking back found that he had been joined
by his mate, but we gathered no more information regarding
their habits or location.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 149

'When Itmch time arrived we landed on an island separated
by a narrow stretch of water from the shore, and while we were
busily engaged, a large, black, hawk-like bird came sailing up the
narrow channel, and was promptly identified as a Raven. He
rose over the banks on the other side, and while passing gave
ont two or three of his characteristic notes. He was followed
by two others, which did not come quite as far before turning,
but still gave us a fair view of their flight.

There are times when a Raven and a Crow might puzzle
an observer, but when flying they can be easily identified; the
flight of the larger bird is very hawk-like and entirely different
from that of the crow.

No other rarity was noted until we had passed up the
five portages to Otter Slide lake again, where we camped at
the entrance of the stream. Here we were in great luck in
choosing the very spot used by the local troop of warblers as
one of their promenades.

While setting traps across the stream that evening we
heard, but failed to find, a Hudsonian Chickadee. Next morn-
ing he passed with the Warblers, Chickadees, Nuthatches, etc..
over the route right around our camp, but succeeded in getting
by without giving us a chance to see him; but before we left that
camp the warblers passed us again, and this time the Hud-
sonian came out in the open and settled in the top of a little
balsam tree close by, giving us every opportunity for examina-
tion. From this camp also we heard the Barred Owl, thanks
to the sleeplessness of my companion. The bird was at a con-
siderable distance, but his notes were unmistakably not those
of the Great Horned Owl.

During the first night's camp at this spot our slumbers
were interrupted by a Porcupine, which was apparently eating
up the canoe. An expedition in undress uniform was made to
scare him away, but he was sitting out in the far end of the canoe
and was not inclined to be interrupted, and when we spoke to him
he chattered his teeth as if in defiance, and it was not until we hit
him with a little stick that he ran down the length of the canoe
at a surprising speed and disappeared in the woods. These
animals are tolerably common, but are easy victims to the de-
structive instincts present in many persons, and we found the
remains of one that had been recently and uselessly killed on
Otter Slide lake. Even the rangers are said to kill this animal,
althotigh it is not only against the law, but it is indefensible
destruction, as the worst harm that can be charged against
the Porcupine is that he injures a few trees during the winter.
and if the damage done were calculated on a basis of a per-
centage value of the standing timber, it wotild be so small as

150 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb,

to be almost invisible. It seems a pity that the rangers cannot
be imbued with the spirit of protection which ought to be one
of the great features of such a reserve as this park.

Many persons who visit the northern woods complain of
the small number of birds seen, and the limited number of
species, but the truth seems to be that their faculties have not
been trained to observe the birds under altered conditions. On
this trip we noted never less than 35 species each day, and the
smallest number of individuals was 160, while for the whole
trip we saw exactly 90 species. And when it is remembered
that the song season was over and most of these birds had to
be seen to be recognized, ninety is not such a small number for
a short two weeks trip.

Coming from a region where rock ferns have no existence,
we were both much interested in meeting a number of un-
accustomed species, and besides the Common Polypody, we
brought home roots of Dicksonia, Woodsia ilvensis and Aspi-
dium noveboracense, which, though it is not strictly a rock
fern, appeared in large clumps in some of the deeper woods.
A few other plants which were unusual or unknown to us were
Hieracium. aurantiacum and Trillium erythrocarpuyn. A gentle-
man from Toronto whose acquaintance we made in the park
told us this was Trillimn cernuum, but reference to Gray's
Manual shows that our surmise was correct, and it is erythro-
carpuyn, the proof being in the long, attenuated points of the
leaves.

The last day was spent in walking along the railway track
for the sake of possible additions to our bird list, as there were
a number of common species, such as the Crow, Vesper and
Chipping sparrows which we did not see when canoeing.

We heard from Ranger Robinson of the occurrence of
Spruce Partridge near Joe Lake station, and made a little walk
through the region indicated, but without success.

It seemed strange that on the return journey we should
meet a brother botanist at the station at Scotia Junction, in
the person of Mr. Stevenson of Oshawa, who had been devoting
special attention to the ferns, and was just then making a
journey with the hope of finding the Dicksonia, of which we
had seen such beautiful patches.

This little trip into the park left us filled with the desire
to visit it again in the springtime, when all these interesting
northern species would be nesting, and we could enjoy and
study their songs and their home life. The songs of the Thrushes
alone would probably repay any interested persofluipr the time

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXIX. MARCH, 1916 No. 12

DATA ON SEED MATURITY OF SOME ONTARIO

PLANTS.

By W. Herriot, Galt, Ont.

During the seasons from 1909 to 1914, the writer collected
extensively the seeds of many native and naturalized plants,
in. the vicinity of Gait, Ont., for the Seed Branch at Ottawa.

While our standard works on botany usually give the
month of flowering of most plants, and many published lists
of local floras give exact dates of flowering, very little has been
published as to the time of the maturing of the seed.

Having accumulated considerable data on this point, the
list published here may prove of some value; the dates given
for flowering are when the plants are well into bloom, and in
early flowering plants this may vary considerably in different
years, according to weather conditions in spring. The dates
given for seed maturing are when seed was collected, and where
plants ripen and shed their seed during a short period, as in
Claytonia, the dates can be taken to represent fairly well the
fruiting season. In some few instances where the seed is per-
sistent after maturity, as in Rumex, the date of collecting may
be some Httle time after maturity, and, therefore, not so accu-
rate. Again, the dates of flowering and of seed maturity in
many cases were not taken during the same year, but, as before
mentioned, except in early flowering species the time of flower-
ing from year to year is fairly constant: — ■

Time of Seed

NAME Flowering Mature

v'^PARGANiUM DivERSiFOLiuM Gracbncr Jul 15 Sep 23

ScHEUCHZERiA PALUSTRis L Jun 8 Sep 4

Sagittaria arifolia Nutt Jul 2 7 Sep 9

Alisma Plantago-aquatica L Aug 14 Sep 7

Andropogon scoparius Michx Aug 7 Sep 17

(

152 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

NAME Time of Seed

Flowering Mature

Andropogon furcatus Muhl Aug 2 5 Sep 19

SoRGHASTRUM NUTANS (L.) Nash Aug 25 Sep 17

DiGiTARiA HUMiFUSA Pers Aug 1 7 Sep 2 1

DiGITARIA SANGUINALIS (L.) Scop Sep 1 Oct 2

Panicum linearifolium Scribn Jul 6 Jul 23

Panicum latifolium L Jun 28 Jul 20

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw Aug 5 Sep 18

MiLLiUM effusum L Jun 3 Jun 17

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx Apr 23 Jun 10

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin 'Sep 6 Oct 15

Brachyelytrum erectum (Shreb.) Beauv. . . Jun 2S Jul 29
Alopecurus geniculatus L. var. aristula-

Tus Torr Jun 14 Jul 1 1

CiNNA latifolia (Trcv.) Griseb Aug 1 Aug 26

Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn Jul 6 Jul 20

Deschampsia CAESPiTOSA (L.) Bcauv Jun 16 Jul 2

AVENA STERILIS L Jul 26 Aug 12

Danthonia spiCATA (L.) Beauv Jul 1 Jul 19

Spartina Michauxiana Hitchc Aug 1 Sep 17

PoA ANUUA L ; Apr 30 Jun 3

Poa triflora Gilib .- Jul 9 Jul 29

PoA DEBiLis Torr May 28 Jun 16

Poa alsodes Gray Jun 1 Jun 16

Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin Jul 6 Aug 8

Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin Jun 3 Jun 2 7

Glyceria grandis Wats Jun 29 Jul 19

Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc Jun 14 Jul 9

PucciNELLiA DiSTANS (L). Pari Jun 23 Jvil 8

Festuca NUTANS Spreng Jul 1 Jul 13

Melica STRIATA (Michx.) Hitchc Jun 21 Jul 13

Bromus tectorum L Jun 13 Jul 13

Bromus Kalmii Gray /lug 25 Sep 4

Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv Jul 2 5 Sep 13

Agropyrum caninu.m (L.) Beauv Jul 1 Sep 11

Elymus striatus Willd Jul 20 Aug 13

Elymus canadensis L Aug 25 Sep 18

Hystrix patula Moench Jul 13 Sep 4

Cyperus esculentus L Aug 18 Oct 30

Eleocharis ov.\ta (Roth.) R. & S Jun 15 Jul 21

SciRPus validus Vahl Jtxl 2 7 Sep 9

SciRPus atrovirens Muhl Aug 3 Oct 7

SciRPUs cyperinus (L.) Kunth Jul 31 Oct 1

Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f Aug 31 Sep 6

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr Aug 31 Sep 2

Carex cristata Schwein Aug 6 ' Avig 2 5

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 153

■KT A .^T- Time of Seed

NAME Flowering Mature

Carex Bebbii Olney Jul 3 Aug 6

Carex sychnocephala Carey Jul 30 Aug 26

Carex scirpoides' Schkuhr Jun 3 Jun 24

Carex vulpinoidea Michx Jul 1 Jul 18

Carex diandra Schrank Jun 20 Jul 1 1

Carex stipata Muhl Jun 4 Jun 21

Carex stricta Lam Jun 4 Jun 2 5

Carex leptalea Wahlenb Jun 1 Jun 26

Carex pubescens Muhl Jun 1 Jun 21

Carex flava L May 28 Jul 13

Carex hystericina Muhl Jtm 16 Jul 2

Carex Schweinitzii Dewey Jun 4 Jul 13

Carex lupulina Muhl Aug 1 Oct 7

Carex rostrata Stokes Jun 10 Jul 9

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott May 26 Aug 26

Calla palustris L May 6 Sep 7

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt Apr 20 Oct 14

JuNCus TENUIS Willd Jun 29 Jul 1 1

JuNCus effusus L Jun 23 Jul 29

JuNCus CANADENSIS J. Gay Aug 31 Sep 4

LiLiUM suPERBUM L Jul 6 Sep 16

Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf Jun 3 Jul 22

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf Jun 15 Sep 16

Streptopus roseus Michx Jun 3 Jul 22

Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb... . May 14 Jun 15

Cannabis sativa L Aug 23- Sep 25

Urtica gracilis Ait Jul 25 Oct 15

BOEHMERIA cyhndrica (L.) SW Aug 3 Oct 28

Rumex Britannica L Jul 26 Sep 7

RuMEX VERTiciLLATUS L Jul 23 Sep 6

Rumex obtusifolius L Jul 8 Jul 27

Rumex Acetosella L Jun 13 Jul 15

Rumex crispus L Jun 27 Jul 15

Polygonum pennsylvanicum L Aug 3 Sep 1

Polygonum Hydropiper L Aug 26 Sep 19

Polygonum sagittatum L Aug 6 Aug 23

Polygonum aviculare L Sep 1 Oct 14

KocHiA scoPARiA (L.) Schrad Aug 31 Oct 9

Spergula arvensis L Jun 26 Aug 17

Arenaria serpyllifolia L Jun 1 Jun 28

Cerastium vulgatum L Jun 4 Jun 22

Lychnis alba Mill . Jun 5 Sep 19

SiLENE LATiFOLiA (Mill.) B. & R Jun 14 Jul 22

Saponaria officinalis L Aug 2 Sep 22

Claytonia virginica L Apr 9 May24

154 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

1ST A TVT-n- ' Time of Seed

^AMb Flowering Mature

Castalia odorata (Ait.) W. & W Jul 9 Aug 6

Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr May 7 Jun 18

Ranunculus sceleratus L May 24 Jun 21

Ranunculus abortivus L May 7 Jun 11

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir May 28 Jun 27

Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl Apr 16 Jun 11

Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir Jun 4 Jul 4

Ranunculus repens L May 24 Jul 5

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.f Jul 9 Aug 6

Thalictrum dioicum L Apr 23 Jul 6

Thalictrum polygamum Muhl Jul 13 Oct 18

Hepatica triloba Chaix Apr 4 Jun 10

Anemone virginiana L Jun 14 Sep 11

Caltha palustris L May 10 Jun 17

Aquilegia canadensis L Jun 1 Jun 24

AcTAEA RUBRA (Ait.) Willd May 24 Jul 15

Menispermum canadense L Jul 6 Sep 23

Podophyllum peltatum L Jun 7 Aug 15

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.. . Apr 4 Aug25

Sanguinaria canadensis L Apr 9 Jun 25

Chelidonium majus L May 21 Jun 28

Papaver Rhoeas L Jul 2 1 Aug 1 5

FuMARiA officinalis L Aug 4 Sep 9

Berteroa incana (L.) DC Jul 23 Oct 16

Lepidium apetalum Willd Jun 1 Jul 10

CapsellaBursa-pastoris (L.) Medic May 24 ]x\n 17

Camelina microcarpa Andrz Jun 3 Jul 7

Brassica alba (L.) Boiss Jul 1 Sep 15

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Jul 6 Sep 25

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop Jul 9 Aug 31

Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum(L) B.&B. Jun 15 Jul 25

Barbarea stricta Andrz May 20 Jul 29

Eruca sativa Aug 1 Sep 25

Sarracenia purpurea L Jun 20 Aug 2 7

Penthorum sedoides L Jul 30 Aug 26

MiTELLA DiPHYLLA L May 1 1 Juu 3

Parnassia caroliniana Michx. . . .■= Sep 16 Sep 31

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim Jul 3 Sep 7

POTENTILLA RECTA L JuU 18 Aug 6

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop Jul 1 Jul 23

Geum canadense Jacq Jun 25 Aug 2 5

Geum strictum Ait Jul 13 Sep 4

Geum rivale L Jun 3 Jun 28

Geum triflorum Pursh May 24 Jun 2 5

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr Jul 18 Sep 10

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 155

^, «,,^ Time of Seed

N-AME Flowering Mature

Gleditsia triacanthos L Jun 14 Nov 17

LuPiNus PERENNis L. . . . Jun 14 Jul 9

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam Jul 6 Aug 10

Melilotus alba Desr Jul 6 Aug 26

Lotus corniculatus L Jul 15 Aug 28

RoBiNiA Pseudo-Acacia L Jun 20 Nov 23

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) D.C Aug 6 Sep 24

Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton Aug 14 Sep 24

Lespedeza capitata Michx Aug 24 Oct 26

Geranium maculatum L May 28 Jul 1

Polygala Senega L Jun 18 Jul 4

ACALYPHA VIRGINICA L Aug 25 Oct 1

Euphorbia Cyparissias L May 24 Jul 7

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd May 15 Jun 1

Rhus toxicodendron L Jun 23 Oct 9

Impatiens fulva Nutt Aug 1 Sep 10

Ceanothus americanus L Jul 2 8 Aug 25

Malva rotundifolia L Jul 19 Sep 15

Malva moschata L Jun 14 Aug 9

Hypericum perforatum L Jul 4 Sep 18

Viola arvensis Murr May 22 Aug 7

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell Aug 4 Sep 23

Epilobium angustifolium L Aug 1 Aug 26

Oenothera biennis L Aug 1 7 Sep 9

CiRCAEA lutetiana L Jul 17 Aug 13

Aralia racemosa L Jul 2 7 Sep 10

Aralia nudicaulis L May 28 Jul 23

Panax quinquefolium L Jul 1 Sep 5

Sanitula marilandica L Jun 16 Sep 4

Sanicula gregaria Bicknell Jun 8 Aug 26

Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell Jun 19 Aug 13

Osmorhiza Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke May 28 Jul 2 5

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC Jun 10 Jul 25

CoNiuM maculatum L Jul 29 Sep 15

CicuTA MACULATA L Jul 25 Sep 20

Carum Carvi L Jun 1 1 Jul 20

Sium cicut.'Efolium Schrank Jul 23 Sep 25

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC Jun 16 Aug26

ZiziA aurea (L.) Koch Jun 5 Aug 6

Foeniculum vulgare Hill Aug 15 Oct 4

Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Jun 14 Aug 12

Aethusa Cynapium L Jul 10 Sep 18

Levisticum officinale (L.) Koch Jul 6 Aug 15

Anethum graveolens L Jul 15 Sep 30

Heracleum lanatum Michx Jun 2 7 Sep 11

156 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

iMAiviT^ Time of Seed

NAME Flowering Mature

CoNiosELiNUM CHiNENSE (L.) BSP Aug 31 Sep 24

Angelica atropurpurea L Jul 8 Jul 2 5

Daucus Carota L Aug 6 Sep 17

Kalmia polifolia Wang Jun 4 Jul 8

Lysimachia vulgaris L Jul 7 Sep 18

Anagallis arvensis L Jul 1 7 Aug 3 1

Gentiana crinita Froel Sep 4 Sep 30

Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb Sep 1 Sep 16

Frasera caroliniensis Walt Jun 15 Sep 15

Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb Aug 16 Sep 2 7

Menyanthes trifoliata L r . . . . Jun 2 Jul 14

ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA L Jul 13 Oct 7

Asclepias incarnata L Jul 11 Sep 11

ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L Jul 8 Oct 2

Ipomoea PURPUREA (L.) Roth Jul 29 Sep 1

Convolvulus sepium L Jun 2 7 Oct 2

CuscuTA Gronovii Willd Aug 23 Sep 16

Hydrophyllum virginianum L Jun 30 Jul 28

Lapulla virginiana (L.) Greene Jul 17 Sep 10

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Jul 16 Aug 17

Verbena urticaefolia L Aug 3 Sep 18

Verbena hastata L Jul 1 1 Sep 18

Marrubium vulgare L Jul 5 Aug 17

Prunella vulgaris L Jun 29 Aug 2 5

Leonurus Cardiaca L Jul 1 Sep 11

Hyssopus officinalis L Jul 10 Sep 18

Lycopus viRGiNicus L Aug 1 1 Sep 13

Lycopus americanus Muhl Aug 1 1 Sep 1 1

Solanum Dulcamara L Jun 18 Oct 2

SoLANUM nigrum L Sep 2 Oct 1

Physalis heterophylla Nees Jul 15 Sep 24

NiCANDRA PHYSALOiDES (L.) Pcrs Sep 5 Sep 21

Hyoscyamus NIGER L May 26 Sep 25

Datura Stramonium L Aug 1 7 Oct 1

Verbascum Blattaria L Aug 3 Sep 18

Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd Jun 8 Aug 5

Chelone glabra L Aug 1 1 Oct 2

Digitalis purpurea L Jun 25 Aug 7

Veronica officinalis L Jun 16 Jul 29

Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP Aug 6 Sep 24

Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britton Jul 25 Sep'^30

Pedicularis canadensis L May 19 Jul 9

Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart Aug 27 Oct 6

Phryma Leptostachya L Jul 21 Sep 9

Plantago lanceolata L Jul 2 7 Aug 23

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 157

Time of Seed

NAME Flowering Mature

Galium Aparine L May 2 1 Jul 1

Galium Aparine VAR.VAiLLANTn(DC.)KocH. May 19 Junl7

Galium circaezans Michx Jun 30 Aug 13

Galium trifidum L Jun 15 Aug 23

Galium Mollogo L Jtil 1 Sep 4

Cephalanthus occidentalis L Jul 27 Oct 7

Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell Jun 8 Sep 2

DiPSACus sylvestris Huds Aug 11 Sep 11

EcHiNOCYSTis LOB ATA (Michx.) T. & G Aug 2 Sep 2 5

Lobelia siphilitica L Jul 20 Oct 14

Eupatorium purp'ureum L Aug 2 Sep 17

Eupatorium perfoliatum L Aug 1 1 Oct 15

SoLiDAGO SQUARROSA Muhl Aug 2 7 Oct 15

SoLiDAGO juNCEA Ait Aug 23 Oct 22

SoLiDAGO GRAMiNiFOLiA (L.) Salisb Aug 2 5 Oct 22

Aster macrophyllus L Aug 31 Oct 19

Aster novae-angliae L Sep 2 Oct 2 1

Aster multiflorus Ait Sep 19 Oct 30

Aster puniceus L Aug 31 Oct 21

Inula Helenium L Aug 11 Oct 25

Xanthium spinosum L Aug 5 Oct 29

Xanthium canadense Mill Sep 1 Oct 16

Xanthium echinatum Murr Aug 2 Oct 2 1

RuDBECKiA HiRTA L Jul 27 Sep 18

Helianthus stromosus L Aug 23 Sep 27

BiDENS frondosa L Aug 3 1 Oct 2

Bidens cernua L Sep 1 Oct 23

BiDENS LAEVIS (L.) BSP Aug 3 1 Oct 15

Anthemis arvensis L Jun 10 Jul 26

Tanacetum vulgare L Aug 17 Oct 14

Artemisia vulgaris L Aug 22 Sep 29

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf Aug 20 Sep 17

Senecio vulgaris L Jul 10 Aug 20

CiRSiUM muticum Michx Aug 31 Sep 2

Onopordum Acanthium L Aug 23 Oct 9

Centaurea Cyanus L Aug 1 Aug 25

Cnicus benedictus L Aug 15 Oct 1

Lapsana communis L Jul 1 5 Aug 13

Tragopogon pratensis L Jun 4 Jul 1 5

Lactuca scariola L Aug 1 Aug 31

158 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

CANADIAN ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE WASHINGTON

MEETINGS.

By Harlan I. Smith, Geological Survey, Canada.

The 19th International Congress of Americanists met in
Washington from December 27th to 31st, 1915, in afhliation
with the American Anthropological Association, the American
Folk-lore Society, Section I of the "Pan-American Scientific
Congress," the American Historical Association, and the Archaeo-
logical Institute of America. The meetings were chiefly held
in the large auditorium of the United States National Museum,
but branch ineetings were held in one of the small lecture halls,
and one session was held at Georgetown University, followed
by a demonstration of Rare Americana and other objects, and
a reception under the auspices of the University.

The programme was unusually full, so that it is possible here
to refer only to the titles of papers relating to Canada, or on
general subjects touching Canadian problems, and to indicate
the part taken in the meetings by Canadian representatives.

"The Culture of a Prehistoric Iroquoian Site in Eastern
Ontario," was presented by W. J. Wintemberg, of the Geolo-
gical Survey of Canada.

"Archaeological Work in Northern Nova Scotia," illus-
trated with slides; and "Remarkable Stone Sculptures from
Yale, B.C.," illustrated with slides, were presented by Harlan
I. Smith, Geological Survey of Canada.

"The Beaver Indians" were described by Dr. Pliny Earle
Goddard, Ctirator of Ethnology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York.

"Earl}^ Jesuit Missions in North America" was the sub-
ject of a paper by Rev. John O'Cono", F.X., S.J.

"Le verbe dans les adjectives et les adverbs Portetu's"
was the title of a paper presented by Father A. G. Morice, O.M .1.,
St. Boniface, Manitoba.

"The League of the Iroquois" was described by Mr. J. N.
B. Hewitt, Bureau of American Ethnology.

"Preliminary Remarks on the Skeletal Material collected
by the Jesup Expedition, especially on the Pacific Coast of
Canada," were made by Dr. Bruno Oetteking, American Museum
of Natural History.

"Terms of Relationship and the Levirate" were discussed
by Dr. E. Sapir, Geological Survey of Canada.

"A critique on The Diffusion of Culture," and a paper on
"Totemic Complexes in North America," were given b}^ Dr.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 159

A. A. Goldenweiser, Instructor in Anthropology, Columbia Uni-
versity, New York City.

" Chronological Relations of Coastal Algonkin Culture"
were discussed by Alanson Skinner, American Museum of
Natural History.

"The Huron- Wyandot Clans," and "The Growth of the
Tsimshian Phratries," were the subjects given by Mr. C. M.
Barbeau, Geological Survey of Canada.

"Herb Medicine Practices of the North-eastern Algonkins"
were discussed by Dr. Frank G. Speck, Assistant Professor of
Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.

" Tribes of the Pacific Coast" were described by Dr. A. L.
Kroeber, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of
California.

"Cayuga Ownership of New York Land" was the subject
of a paper presented by -Miss Grace Ellis Taft.

"Recent Developments in the Study of Indian Music"
were discussed by Miss Franc: s Densmore, Special Investigator
in Indian Music for the Bureau of American Ethnology.

"Pictures of the Eskimo Culture near Cape Farewell,
South Greenland," illustrated with shdes, was the title of a
paper given by Wilham Thalbitzer, Copenhagen, Denmark.

"Comparative Study of Pawnee and Blackfoot Rituals"
was the subject of a paper sent by Dr. Clark Wissler, Curator
of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.

The Aleutian Language was compared with the Green-
landic by William Thalbitzer, Copenhagen, Denmark.

"Prehistoric Sites in the State of Maine" were described
b}^ Warren K. Moorehead, Curator, Department of Archaeo-
logy, Phillips Academy.

"La Vinland — sa localisation probable," was the title of
a paper read by Alphonse Gagnon, Secretary, Department of
Public Works and Labor, Quebec Provincial Government.

"Indications of Visits of White Men to America before
Columbtis," illustrated with shdes, was discussed by Wilham
H. Babcock.

Rev. A. G. Morice, O.M.I., St. Boniface, Manitoba, Harlan
I. Smith, Geological Survey of Canada, M. Alphonse Gagnon,
of Quebec, and Dr. Edward Sapir, Geological Survey of Can-
ada, each acted as secretary for a session of the meetings,

On Wednesday e' ening a reception was gi-en by the re-
gents and sec etary of the Smithsonian Institution to the Con-
gress of Americanists and afhliated societies at the United
States National Museum, and on Thursday e\ ening a dinner
was tendered to the members of the Congress by the organizing
committee and local members of the Congress at the Cosmos Club.

160 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

Special exhibits in the United States National Museum had
been prepared for the meetings. Twenty-four busts repre-
senting distinguished individual Indians, from delegations sent
by various tribes to Washington, were exhibited as examples
of accurate and permanent records of the normal types of In-
dians. Another exhibit showed three varieties of artificial
skull deformation practised in America. Tattooing was also
shown. It will be remembered that both skull deformations
and tattooing are found among the Indians of the Pacific Coast
of Canada. An archaeological exhibit of economic plants and
plant products of prehistoric America was made by W. E. Staf-
ford, Economic Botanist of the United States Department of
Agriculture. This included specimens of corn, bean's and
squash seeds, similar to those found in the archaeological Iro-
quoian site at Roebuck, Ontario, recejitly explored by the Geo-
logical Survey.

BOOK NOTICE.

Forest Protection in Canada.

The Commission of Conservation has just issued a report
on "Forest Protection in Canada, 1913-1914," which is of par-
ticular interest. It contains much information respecting the
work of the provincial forest services and of the federal depart-
ments intrusted with the care of our forests.

Forest fire protection is assuming a large place in public
attention. It is obvious that, if Canada is to continue as a
wood-producing country, she must .conserve her resources of
this natural product. The report treats exhaustively of the
fire protection of forest lands along railway rights-of-way.
Through co-operative action, great headway has been made in
securing the reduction of forest losses through fires traceable
to railway causes.

The forests of British Columbia and on Dominion lands
in the west have been dealt with in reports containing the re-
sults of special studies conducted by Dr. C. D. Howe and Mr.
J. H. White. The Trent watershed in Ontario has also received
especial attention, in a report of an investigation by Dr. C. D.
Howe, in the townships of Burleigh and Methuen. This dis
trict is important in that, while of yery little value as an agri-
cultural area, it is being repeatedly overrun by forest fires, and
the little remaining merchantable timber destroyed. It is sug-
gested that the area be placed under the control of the Dominion
Forestry Branch for protection from fires and for reforestation.

•I

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 161

THE USE OF ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS.*

By W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist.

The extensive forests of Canada are rapidly disappearing
through the inroads made upon them by the axe and by fire,
but one may yet see some fine woodlands and some magnif-
icent specimens of the stately and attractive trees with which
the Dominion is blessed in great variety. These have their
economic valvie, but they have a sentimental and an orna-
mental value as well, a value which comes from the part they
play in a beatitiful landscape, either when growing together
as in a forest, or when, as individual specimens, their attractive
outlines are fully revealed. All who love trees should see to
it that our native species are preserved wherever possible, and
that areas of natural woodland near our cities and towns should
be guarded well.

The value of the delightful and cooling shade of a tree
in a hot summer day is not to be measured in dollars and cents.
The contrast between a street having attractive shade trees
and one without any is very great. Well planted home grounds,
with trees and shrubs judiciously and pleasingly placed, how
attractive they are !

There is great satisfaction in a well kept hedge, giving a
trim but attractive boundary to the lawn or the garden, or
screening unattractive objects beyond; and again, the home-
like and softened effect of a vineclad house, how much we
admire it!

In Canada the use of ornamental trees and shrubs is not
at all general, although the abuse of them has been very great.
In the country where the opportunities for beautifying the
home grounds are abundant, very little is done, and the far-
mers' homes, in the great majority of cases, are most unattrac-
tive places indeed. Our cities, towns and villages are, in many
cases, little better, except in limited areas, the unattractive
dwelling houses being unrelieved by shade trees on the streets,
or by ornamental trees and shrubs on the private grounds.
All the native trees and shrubs have, in many places, dis-
appeared, the natural beauty has gone, and instead there are
houses with hard and ugly outlines.

In 1908, the Ottawa Horticultural Society offered to supply
ornamental shrubs and vines free to residents on some of the

♦Synopsis of lecture befure O.F.N. Club, January 25, 1916.

162 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

most unattractive streets in Ottawa, and to plant them as
well. Circulars to this effect were sent to every resident, but
the movement was not popular, the people did not wish the
planting done, the main reason given being that if their places
were made more attractive the assessment would be raised,
and if the assessment were raised the rent would be raised.
Whether their fears were well grounded or not we do not know.
The shrubs and vines were planted, but planted about public
buildings in Ottawa, not private residences. There are some
well planted private places in Ottawa, but not nearly as many
as there might be.

In 1909, a by-law was prepared by the Ottawa Horticul-
tural Society and submitted to the City Hall, by which tree
planting and tree mutilation were to be regulated through a
Tree Inspector, under the City Engineer. The planting of
certain kinds of trees was to be prohibited, the distance apart
of the trees was to be limited, and there were many other
good features of the proposed by-law. It was, however, not
passed.

When will there be greater uniformity in the planting of
shade trees on the streets of Ottawa? At present anyone
plants what he pleases, and there may be a hundred kinds of
trees on one street for all that is done to prevent it. Ottawa
has much to learn from some of the prairie towns in this re-
pect. There the city, not the individual, plants the trees, and
plants a whole street with one or two kinds, with the result
that instead of a himdred species, more or less, of trees of all
ages, there is uniformity, with a much more pleasing effect.

As an example, take Clemow Avenue, where the uniformity
of the avenue of elms is most pleasing, although later on they
will be much too close for best effect, unless thinned. What
an improvement this is over the planting on many of the streets
of Ottawa!

A Civic Improvement League for Canada was recently
organized, and no doubt, some day before long we shall have
a branch in Ottawa. It can do good work by getting an im-
proved by-law under which our trees shall be properly planted
and cared for. Ottawa, as the capital of the Dominion, should
be the most beautiful city in Canada, and soine day it may be.
Much has been done to make it attractive, but much remains
to be done. The fact that it is situated where the climat^'is
rather cold does not prevent the use of many attractive orna-
mental trees and shrubs, and few cities in America are so
fortunate as to have in their vicinity such a collection of trees
and shrubs as is to be found at the Experimental Farm, where
their merits may be studied before planting is done in the city.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 163

About 3,000 species and varieties of trees and shrubs may be
grown at Ottawa.

For street planting, the Sugar Maple, (Acer saccharum),
and the American Elm (Ulmus aniericana), are two of the best
trees. The maple has not the graceful outlines of the elm,
but as a shade tree is very desirable. It grows rapidly, does
not split or break easily, and the foliage is handsome in summer
and very attractive in autumn. It is not, as a rule, much
affected by insects or disease.

The American elm is particularly suitable for wide streets
and in front of public buildings, and has an advantage over
the Sugar Maple in that it can be pruned up quite high, with-
out inaking the tree less attractive, but rather improving its
appearance ; whereas in the case of the Sugar Maple it inakes
the tree much less attractive if it is pruned very high. The
elm is, however, more subject to injurious insects than the
maple, and the fall web worm often renders the tree very un-
sightly.

Among the trees which might be used as a street tree
more than it is, is the Red Oak (Quercus rubra). This is a
rapid growing tree, not a slow grower, as many suppose. The
glossy foliage is quite attractive in summer, and it takes on
very pleasing shades in autumn. The foliage remains on the
trees longer than that the Sugar Maple and much longer than
that the elm.

Some of the best ornamental trees are among the native
evergreens. The White Pine (Pimis Strohus), is the most de-
sirable pine for ornamental purposes. It is more graceful than
most other pines, and the foliage is a pleasing shade of green.
The Yellow or Bull Pine (Pinus Ponderosa), of British Col-
umbia, is a very stately species, succeeding well at Ottawa.

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasn), the big tree of Bri-
tish Coluinbia, after twenty-five years' growth at Ottawa, pro-
mises to continue to do well, and is a very attractive tree.

Englemann's Spruce (Picea Englemanm) , a native of the
Canadian Rocky Mountains and Selkirk Mountains, is a beauti-
ful tree, and has thriven well at Ottawa. While not as blue in
colour as the Blue Spruce (Picea pungens), it has softer foliage
and is of a different shape. Those who have grown the Blue
Spruce longest find that when the tree gets to be twenty-five
or thirty, or perhaps more, years of age, the branches die at
the bottom, even when the tree itself is in the open. This is
due to the fact that the growth is stronger part way up than
it is at the base, and the branches at the base eventually die.
The Englemann's Spruce, on the other hand, remains broadest
at the base.

164 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

The White Spruce (Picea canadensis) , formerly P. alba,
makes a fine ornamental tree, but, unfortunately, it has, in
recent years, been badly affected with the Spruce Gall louse,
which disfigures it very much. While young, or up to perhaps
thirty years, the Norway Spruce {Picea excelsa), is one of the
inost attractive evergreens, and is a very rapid grower, but it
gets ragged looking as it grows older.

THE FIRE AND THE MUSEUM AT OTTAWA.

By Harlan I. Smith, Geological Survey, Ottawa.

The Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, is to-
Canada practically what the National Museum is to the United
States and the British Museum to the United Kingdom. This
museum has been greatly affected by the fire which, beghming
about 9 p.m., February 3, 1916, destroyed the Dominion Par-
liament building, and caused the loss of several lives. Before
2 a.m., February 4, while the flames were still spreading, a mem-
ber of the Cabinet was considering the use of the large audi-
torium in the Victoria Memorial Museum building as possibly
a suitable place for the meetings of the House of Commons,
and members of the Geological Survey were holding themselves
in readiness to clear any of the other space necessary.

The Geological Survey occupied practically all the building
except the three and a half floors in the east wing and an
office which was used by the National Gallery. Each hall and
wing is practically one hundred and twenty feet long by sixty
feet wide.

About ten a.m., February 4th, the morning of the fire,
the Survey staff was informed of the intended use of the biiild-
ing as a temporary home for the Dominion Parliament. The
large auditorium with its gallery, which was only partially
furnished and had been but little used for lectures, was immedia-
tely released from museum uses, and prepared by the Depart-
ment of Public Works, so that the House of Commons was
enabled to begin its session at 3 p.m, or in less than twenty
hours after its deliberations had been disturbed by the fire.
The throne used by the Governor-General in the privy council
room, which was rescued from the fire, served for the Speaker
of the House of Commons. A press gallery was built back of
the Speaker.

1916] The Ottawa Naturalist. 165

The west hall was occupied by the tentative exhibit of
minerals. This exhibit was packed and removed in six hours,
or by 4 p.m., Friday, which was less than twenty hours after
the fire began. The costly cases in which these minerals were
exhibited had meanwhile been taken apart and placed in stor-
age. Rooms for the members of the Senate were made here.

The west wing, which was being prepared for geological
and mineralogical exhibits, was cleared before Monday noon.
The Senate met at 8 p.m. on Tuesday in this new chamber,
which had been vacated by the museum within seventy-five
hours after it became known that the Senate would meet in the
musevim.

The east hall, with invertebrate palaeontological exhibits,
similar in size to the other exhibition halls, contained thou-
sands of small and delicate specimens. These were all care-
fully wrapped, packed and taken away. Forty hours after the
beginning of the fire, all the museum specimens and cases
had been moved from this part of the building, which was
made into offices for the members of the House of Commons.

Of the east wing, containing tentative vertebrate palaeon-
tological exhibits, three-quarters were cleared, and these ex-
hibits were stored, with those of the' other quarters, along the
walls of the southern half of the hall. This clearing involved
not only the moving of small exhibits in cases, but also of such
heavy fragile specimens as the titanotherium and the skulls
of dinosaurs and mammoths, yet it was all done within two
hours after this notification, that is by noon, or in less than
twenty hours from the time that the fire broke out.

The ethnological specimens were taken out of the tower
hall, which was then fitted up and used before Friday noon as
a newspaper library corresponding to the one where the fire
originated.

Before noon, that is within less than two hours after notice,
the tentative exhibit of Canadian archaeology, in seventeen
cases, covering three-quarters of the west hall, was cleared of
specimens and cases, while the tables upon which the cases
stood were left for the use of the members of parliament. The
specimens were transferred to sixty-eight trays and stored in
the archaeological laboratory in the basement. Meanwhile the
remaining quarter of the hall had been cleared of a tentative
exhibit of entomology in four cases. In this hall a place for
the press gallery staff to work, various offices for members of
the Senate, and offices for the Hansard staff, which records the
deliberations of the House, were made ready before Monday
noon.

166 The Ottawa Naturalist, [March

The exhibits in the permanent anthropological hall were
left intact. Besides the exhibits the archaeological specimens
in storage tinder the exhibition cases were also undisturbed.
The ethnological exhibits which are of specimens from the
Eskimo, the Indians of the north-west coast of America, and
the Algonquian and Iroquoian Indians of the eastern woodlands,
were undisturbed. The aisles in this hall, however, were used
for storing furnishings and speciinens from various other de-
partments, and for office space for the ethnologists.

The zoological hall, similar in size to the others, was cleared
by Sunday noon. This necessitated the taking apart of splen-
did large group cases, and the dismantling of groups of seals,
mountain goat, mountain sheep, musk oxen, and various other
exhibits, and the removal to storage in the ai?les of the anthro-
pological hall cases, containing exhibits of mammals, birds and
reptiles. The space was divided into offices for the members of
the House of Commons.

The offices on the second floor were promptly vacated with
the exception of two, that of the curator and mineralogist and
that of the vertebrate palaeontologist. The invertebrate pal-
aeontological offices were moved to the third floor. The archaeo-
logical office was moved fo smaller space in the entomological
laboratory on the third floor, all specimens being taken to the
laboratory. The known loss to archaeological specimens caused
by the move from both office and tentative exhibition is negli-
gible, the damage being less than one dollar. Work on mono-
graphs will be hampered for lack of space to spread out the
material for study, but every specimen is still available, on per-
manent exhibition, in storage under the exhibits, or in the
laboratory, where aisles allowing for the free passage of trays
are maintained, though the storage reaches the ceiling in most
of the remaining space. The ethnological office was moved
into the south end of the anthropological exhibition hall, and
the botanical office was moved into the botanical herbarium on
the third floor. The library was not disturbed. The vacated
rooms were at once occupied, chiefly by the Cabinet and other
members of the House of Commons.

The offices, drafting room, workshops, and storage on the
third floor, were mostly retained, but the little lecture hall was
released. The lectures in course were postponed indefinitely.
The zoological study material and the herbarium were undis-
turbed. The physical anthropological office was concentrated
into about half its former space, and an ethnological storage
room was vacated.

In the basement the workshops and laboratories were mostly

March] The Ottawa Naturalist. 1 67

retained, as were the taxidermist department, the laboratory of
vertebrate palaeontology, the photographic department, and
half a hall devoted to the workshop of the National Gallery.
Some work rooms were vacated, however, and the distribution
ofifices, with their vast store of publications and maps, were
moved to another part of the city.

Of about a hundred and forty members of the Survey staff,
over seventy moved about a mile to a series of buildings recently
taken over by the Government on the north side of Wellington
Street, between Bank and Kent streets, while some sixty of
those most intimately connected with museum work retained
room in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. In this work
of moving, militia motor lories were pressed into service, as well
as sleighs and other transports, and the office furnishings and
working specimens went out at the rate of sixty loads in one
day.

His Royal Highness, the Governor-General, inspected the
House of Commons and the other parts of the Victoria Memorial
Museum building turned over for the use of Parliament, at
eleven a.m. on Monday, less than eighty-seven hours after the
fire began, or less than seventy-four hours after the museum
authorities were notified of need for the space.

The Museum retains intact only one and a quarter of the
exhibition halls, namely, the anthropological hall and part of
the hall of vertebrate palaeontology.

A sample museum, by means of which to advance museum
interests in the Dominion, has been begun in the anthropo-
logical hall. The archaeological and ethnological exhibits are
are intact, some of the best zoological exhibition cases of birds,
reptiles and insects, have been placed in the wider aisles where
they may be viewed; while mounted mammals and skeletons
of various animals have also been placed in the aisles and on
top of the cases.

On the whole, the scientific work of the museum may go
on practically unhampered. The lecture work is being carried
on in other auditoriums. The exhibitions eventually may be
facilitated by the present apparent set back, as the museum
staff is undiscouraged, and the members of parliament, who
are now in daily proximity to the exhibits, and constantly
meeting museum workers, may become so interested that they
will provide future facilities for museum work in the Victoria
Memorial Museum building, or in a building even better adapted
for museum purposes. Besides this they may carry home to
all parts of the Dominion inspiration to establish useful museums
and to improve those already in existence.

168 The Ottawa Naturalist. [March

F>:COURAGE THE BIRDS— WHAT BROCKVILLE IS

DOING.

An interesting movement is now under way in Brockville,
Ont., for the protection and encouragement of birds. Definite
plans, under the co-operation of the various educational insti-
tutions, were decided upon at a large meeting held on March
24, 1916, on which occasion Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion
Entomologist, of Ottawa, gave an illustrated address.

The movement promises much success, and the committee
in charge will, it is hoped, reach their goal, namely, the making
of Brockville a city of song birds. Every Brockville boy is
invited to make a bird box to exhibit at an exhibition of bird
houses to be held on April 28 and 29. Special prizes will be
awarded for: —

1. The best house from the standpoint of workmanship.

2. The best bird house.

3. The most artistic bird house.

4. The most unique idea in a bird house.

5. The first house to have a bird build in it.

6. The boy taking the best picture of a bird house after

it is placed for the season.

7. The best picture of a bird on or near a bird house made

this year, both bird and house to appear in the
picture.

8. The best picture of a song bird in Brockville.

The committee in charge of the campaign, namely, Mr.
W. A. Remmer, Principal of Public Schools; Mr. G. E. Cox,
Instructor of Manual Training, and Mr. W. H. Wood, Secretary
Community Work, are to be congratulated on the successful
commencement of their undertaking. It is hoped that the boys
of Brockville will do their part, and thus lead the way for simi-
lar campaigns in other cities. The subject of bird encourage-
ment is one which is gradually receiving more attention from
the general public. Outside of the economic value of many
of our wild birds, their very presence in our cities is pleasing
to most of us, and in inviting them to stay with us, the popular
form of invitation is the placing of suitable nesting boxes in
!»ur trees.

INDEX

TO
THE OTTAWA NATURALIST, VOL. XXIX., 1915-16

PAGE

Addas pis 136, 137

Actinolito 66

Adiantnm pcdaUini 128

^shnidae of Quebec Province.. . 67
" Agelacri "'it'^s," revision of the

Canadian species 53

Agrionidse of Quebec Province.. . 66

Agraulos ceticephaliis 41

" saratogcnsis 43

Anthropology, Canadian, at the

- Washington Meetings 158

A}icyropygc 138

Arionclliis ceticephaliis 43

Asplenium acrostichnidcs 128

" ani^nstifoliiim. . . . . 128

" jelix-fcynina 128

'■ platyneiiron 128

" riiti-murariaf 129

triclumancs 128

viride 128

Aspidiuni bi^otii 129

" cristJtiim 129

" felix-mas 129

" fragrans 128

" gjldianum 129

" marginale 129

" novchoracense 128

" spinidosutn 129

" • thelypteris 128

Baffin Land, minerals from. ... 63

Batliyitnis armatus 39

Benthopect' n, notes on genus. . . 10

Bequest to O.F.N.C 9

Birds, protection of, around Ot-
tawa 7

Birds of Alg. nquin Park 145

Bird encouragement at Broek-

ville 168

Bird Notes from Ivlulverhill, Man 73

Blue bird 73

Botanical Branch, meetings of. 19, 29

Botrychiitm hnceolatum 129

obliquum 129

" hinaria 129

" ramosiim 129

" simplex 129

. tcrnalum 129

vir^inianum 129

Book Notices. .' 77, 116, 160

Branta canadensis 73

Buprestidae of Ottawa district. . . 129

Burling, L. D., article by 87

PAGE

Canadian Fisheries Museum 99

Case, a cheap, for small

museums 33, 44

Ceratocephala 136, 137

Conchological Notes 51

Comptosoriis rhizophyllus 128

Cordi-irite.. . .' 65

Correspondence 43

Council, O.F.N.C, and Leaders

at excursions, 1915-1916 2

Council, Report of, 1914-1915 . . 7
Criddle, Norman, articles by.. .94, 99

Criddle, Stuart, note by 32

Cry ptogramma acrostichoides. ... 128

densa 128

" _ sfelleri 128

Cystopieris hidbifcra 129

' ' fragilis 129

moniana 129

Deer, wounded, mule, note on. . . 32

Dicraniirus 138

Dicksonia piinctilobula 129

Dragon Flies of Quebec 66

Diopside 65

Eddy, E. D., Report as Secre-
tary, O.F.N.C 12

Entomological Society of Ont-
ario, 52nd annual meeting of. . 97

Ennomos magnariiis 74

Excursions, spring 1915 20

Fernland, gleanings in 105, 125

Field, R. M., article by 37

Fossil collecting 117

Fyles, Rev. T. W., article by . . . 66

Garnet \ . . . 64

Germain, Bro., article by 129

Glaphiirus 138

Goose, Canada 73

Graphite 64

Gum Damar, use of in paleohis-
tology. .- 101

Hagfish, curious egg of Ill

Halkett, Andrew, article by . . . . 114
Hawk, Swainson's, some habits

of, in Manitoba 94

Herriot, W., article by 151

Herring Gull, notes on 89

Henry, J. K., article by 78

Hudson, Gee. H., article by.. . 101

Jay, Canada 73

"Keams, late J. C, bequest to

O.F.N.C, by will of 93

170

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[March

PAGE

Kallima paralecta 74

Kindle, E. M., article by 117

Lariis argcntatiis 89

Libellulidae of Quebec Province. 67

Lcbetodiscus biUingsi 56

" chapmani 58

" dicksoni 54

loriformis 56

" inconditus 61

" midtihrachiatus . . . . 60

platys 59

" yoitngi 58

Literature in 'library, O.F.N.C..68, 79

Macnamara, Chas., article by... 69

Macoun, W. T., article by 161

Members of O.F.N.C 3

Mimicry — some of nature's stra-

tegems 74

Minerals from Baffin Lund 63

Mineral Occurrences, Canadian,

Johnston's list of 116

Morris, Frank, articles by. .105, 125

Museums as aids to Forestry ... 131
Museum, Victoria Memorial, and

Parliament Building fire 164

Norman, E., articb b}' 73

Odocoileiis hemionus 32

Odontopleura 136, 137

Odontopleuridse, genera of 135

Onoclca scnsibilis 129

" striithiopteris 129

Ophicalcice ' .- 64

Ophi'jglossum vulgatum 129

Ornithological Work in Can-
ada 14, 21

(.hynimda cinnamomea 129

" claytoniana 129

rcgalis 129

Paddle Fish.' 114

Pellcpa airopurpuria 128

Pcrisoriis canadensis 73

Pclecypod, a new Ordovician,

from Ottawa district 85

Phacotomiis pilcatus pilcaius.. . . 73

Phegoptcris dryopteris 128

" hexagonoficra 128

polypodioides 128

' ' robertiana 129

Phlogo[)ite. 65

Plethopeltis, validity of genus. . 37

PlctJiopchis armatns 41

" saratogensis 41

Prcmuithcs mainensis 140

raccmosa 141

trifoliata 141

PAGE

Ptychoparia (a) saratogensis .... 43

Poly podium vulgare 128

Polyodon spat hula 114

Poiystichiini acrostichoides 128

lonchitis . . . .■ 128

Prince, E. E., article by Ill

Prizes, O.F.N.C, for collections 20

Programme of lectures 100

Psithyrus rupcstris 75

Ptcris aquilina 128

Quartz, Rose 64

Raymond, P. E., articles by.. 53, 135

Ro.se, a hybrid 78

Rliytimya glaiialosa 86

Rosa gyninocarpa x R. nutkana.. 78

Saimders, W. E.. article bv 145

'Seapolite.. . . : " 138

Sc:lopcndritini vulgare 128

Seed maturity of Ontario ])lants 151

Selenopeltis 138

Serpentine 64

Sheep, evolution of the 90

Sialia scialis 73

Sirex gigas 75

Smith, H. I., articles by 33

44, 131, 158, 164

Sphecia apiformis 75

Speechly, H. M., note by 43

Spinel 65

Tavenicr, P. A., articles by 14, 21, 48

Tillet, B. C, articles by 74, 90

Totanus flavipes 73

" melanoleuciis 73

Treasurer's Report, 1914-1915.. 13
Trees and Shrubs, tise of orna-
mental 161

Victorin, Bro. M., article by.. . . 140

Walker, T. L., articles by 63, 116

Water, Deposition of Shallow,
in the Canibrian of the Cana-
dian Cordillera -. . 87

Watson, [. F., Report as Treas.,

O.F.N.C, 13

Wilds, the Dangers of our 69

Wilson, Alice E., article bv 85

Williams, M. Y., article by 89

Woodwardia virginica 128

Woodpecker, Northern Pileated 73

Wooodsia glabella 129

" hyperborea 129

" oregana. , 129

' ' ilvensis 129

" scopulina 129

Yellow-legs, Greater 73

Lesser., 73

APRIL, 1915

VOL. XXIX, No. 1

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists» Club

£^ftor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Dbpartmbnt op Agriculturb,
OTTAWA.

?l«#octate jBOitore:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Paleeontology.

Prop. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc-

Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology-

CONTENTS:

Council and Leaders at ExcursionSj 1915-1916 - . . _ 2

List of Members _-,---____ 3

Annual Report, 1914-1915 - 7

Treasurer's Report, 1914-1915 - • - 13

Suggestions for Ornithological W«rk in Canada. By P. A. Taverner 14

Meeting of Botanical Branch -------- 19

Spring Excursions, 1915 - - - - - - - -20

Prizes offered for Collections made in 1915 - - - _ 2O

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited /%S^

ISSUED MAY 17. 191S /^ /^^ »^'*V^^^

^^

EnUnd at Ottawa Post Offtct as stcond class matter

c

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it does not exceed in value the lifelong
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DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEER SUB

DeDtlst to certain of the cogooscentl.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
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THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
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133 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
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The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

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OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO -

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Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
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Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

WE DEAL WtTH OUR AOVERTtaEfiS

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B«okiellen, Stitioners
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THE EDITOR. OTTAWA NATURALIST
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ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
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WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, K. Y.
Successors to the

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We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
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circular No. 126 and many others free upon
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4 STORES

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OTTAWA

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^be ©ttawa ]riel^-»1Raturali0t0' Club.

patron:

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 19 15- 16

ptesiOent t

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

Mr. H. I. Smith.

\Ptce«1Prt6iDentd t

Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary ;

Mr. G. O. McMillan, M.A.

BDitot:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. WiUiams.
Mr. Andrew Halkett.
Mr. P. A. Tavemer.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

Zxeumtct :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

Xibtarian :

Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.
(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.
Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

StanOlng Committees ot Counctl:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
■ J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling.

XeaDerg at Eicureions:

ArchcBology: H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, T- Ballantyne,
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte.

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, H. McGiUivray,

L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.
Ornithology: P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, A. G. Kingston. A. E.

KeUett, C. Patch.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Yoimg.

J. Ballantyne.

HuOltorS:

E. C. Wight.

Memberahlp Fee to O.F.N. C., with "Ottawa Naturalist,

$1.00 pep Annum.

MAY, 1915

VOL. XXIX, No. 2

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

JEditor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculturb,
OTTAWA.

?ld0ociate BDttors:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambb, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. PalcBontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc
Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

Suggestions for Ornithological Work in Canada. By P. A. Taverner 21

Meetings of the Botanical Branch ---___ 29

Note on a Wounded Deer. By Stuart Griddle - - - - 32

A Case for Small Museums. By Harlan I. Smith - - - 33

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited f^^^'^^O'^ '^^^

ISSUED JUNE 14, 191S
Entered at Ottawa Post Offtct as second class matter

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERa

8i

UJ

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MERCHANT TAILORS
217-S19 RIDBAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE BVERYTMINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JARVIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.— near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <fc COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your naarest phona or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
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LIMITED

OTTAWA >^- WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Fatciory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A. Specialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W, LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital paid up and Rest -
Total Assets over - - -

$8,750,000
50,000,000

The actual amount of money accumu-
lated and earning for you in a Savings
Account is a very valuable resource, but
it does not exceed in value the lifelong
benefit you will derive from the exercise
of such qualities as are involved in the
building up of the account.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2488

Demist to certain of the cogooscentl.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

i

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTI/V\ER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c.

MURPHY-GAiVIBLE LIIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in
Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO.

\ 'K : 132 QUEEN STREET

OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

WB DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISEfiS

James Hope & Sons

Bsokiellers, Stationers
Botkbiaders, Printers

61 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch. Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BUT r^ O A T LOWEST

58 SPARKS ST. j» Piw}DeQaeei461

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

r 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
[ 305 Bank St.

H' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL $1,600,000
RESERVE 1,600,000

SusctMfnl adminiatratUn of EKATBS
ranginf In Talu* from WOO to $»,0M.00«
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Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phona Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. ■ OTTAWA.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WEAR

MASSON'S
SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

WARD'S NAT. SCIBNCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

SuccesBors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories cf
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 126 and many others free upon
request.

MDLHALL HARDWARE LTD.«"0''^lf;5^ss^iiw..s,.

231-SS3 Bank St.

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^be ©ttawa jriel^-IRaturaUets' Club.

patron:

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OP CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

I

Counctn9l5-10

prediDent t

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

\t)ice«l^re6iDent0 1

Mr. H. I. Smith, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt,

S«cretarB ; ^Treasurer :

Mr, G. O. McMillan, M.A. Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A,

BMtot : Xtbrartan :

Mr, Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Mr. L. D. Burling.

Mr. P. A. Tavemer. Mr. E. D. Eddy.

Mr. L. H. Newman. Miss F, Fyles, B.A.

Dr. M. O. Malte. Miss D. Stewart.

StanOtng Committees of Counctl;

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
■ J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Tavemer, L. D. Burling.

XeaOers at Brcurgions;

Archceology: H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte.

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGiUivray,

L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.
Ornithology: P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

JluDitors:

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Natu pallet,

$1.00 pep Annum.

JUNE-JULY, 1915

VOL. XXIX, Nos. 3 and 4

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

JCOUOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,

OTTAWA.

H00ocfate ]5Ditor0:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palceontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc-
Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

On the Validity of the Genus Plethopeltis. By R. M. Field - 37

Correspondence -----____ 43

A Cheap Case for Small Museums. By Harlan I. Smith - - 44
Conchological Notes ---_-___5i

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED AUG. 11. 191S
Entertd at Ottawa Post Offtci as second class matter \

we DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

Q
P GQ

GQ O

Q
UJ

(0

o

CM

3:

MERCHANT TAILORS
ai7"2i9 RIDBAU ST., OTTAWA

WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book_Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <& COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post ofl&ce

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

HET-W

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A Specialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIAN

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capita) paid up and Rest
Total Assets over - -

- $8,750,000

- 50,000,000

The actual amount of money accumu-
lated and earning for you in a Savings
Account is a very valuable resource, but
it does not exceed in value the lifelong
benefit you will derive from the exercise
of such qualities as are involved in the
building up of the account.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA
PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7G90

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c

MURPHY-GAIVIBLE LilVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murpliy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO,

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natiu-al History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLIMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : V/atchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifisrs and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instrumenls promptly executed at eilker address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 6S Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. '

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE
Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBiT C^i^ A T LOWBW

QVALITY \.^ v/ Xx X^ raicB

58 SPARKS ST. ^ PboneQueeo 461

I^' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

GORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,600.000

Successfal administration of ESTATES
ransinK in value from S800 to $8,000,000
each. Is the best guarantee that yon may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Maaager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL

HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer la this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the geninne Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. ±25 and many others free upon
request.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES -^106 Sparks St.
( 306 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r
PI

0

0

3

0

m

p3 '^

09

MULHUL HARDWARE LTD.

4 STORES

r 231-233 Bank St.

806 Somerset St.

1107-1109 Wellington St.
1 791 Bank St

OTTAWA

^be ©ttawa jTielD-'IRaturaltete' Club.

patron:

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 19 15- 16

prcdfDent t

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

\Dice«]^ce5iDentd t

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary; treasurer:

Mr. G. O. McMillan, M.A. Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

3gj)(tor: Xlbtarian:

Mr. Arthur Gibson. ^^/.J-.^- ^^Y^U ^Z^'

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Mr. L. D. Burhng.

Mr. P. A. Tavemer. Mr. E. D. Eddy.

Mr. L. H. Newman. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

Dr. M. O. Malte. Miss D. Stewart.

Standing Committees of Counctl;

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
■ J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Tavemer, L. D. Burling.

Xea&ew at BicursionS;

Archceology: H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte.

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGilhvray,

L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.
Ornithology: P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, A. G. Kingston. A. E.

Kellett C Patch.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E.E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

HuOitorS:

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Naturalist,

$1.00 per Annum.

AUG.-SEPT.. 1915

VOL. XXIX, Hos. 6 and 6

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists» Club

BDftOKt

ARTHUR GIBSON,
ENTOuoLoaiCAL BRANCH, Dbpartubnt ov Aoriculturb,
OTTAWA.

Tldsoclate B01toc6:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Maltb, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palceontology.

Prop. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc*
Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology

CONTENTS:

Revision of the Canadian Species of "Agelacrinites." By Percy

E. Raymond ---------53

Minerals from Baffin Land. By T. L. Walker - - - - 63

Quebec Dragon-Flies. By Rev. T. W. Fyles - - - - 66

Partial List of Literature in the Library of the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists' Club 68

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED SEPT. 27, 1915 / ^^ /^^'^^•'^^ ^^^J

Bnfrid at Ottawa Post Offut as ttcond doss matlerr ' ' '

Wm DEAL WITH OUK ADVERTIStRB

BEO. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
317-919 RIDBAU ST., OTTAWA
WB MAKE EVERYTHINQ WB SELL AND QUARANTEB BVBRYTHINQ WE MAKE.

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

167 Bank St. —near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA A~» WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Factory ■ HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A Jpecialtx

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotatioi^s Phone Queen 721

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W, LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital paid up and Rest
Total Assets over - -

$8,750,000
50,000,000

The actual amount of money accumu-
lated and earning for you in a Savings
Account is a very valuable resource, but
it does not exceed in value the lifelong
benefit you will derive from the exercise
of such qualities as are involved in the
building up of the account.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA
PHONE QUEEN 24S8

Dentist to certain of the cogDOScenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLA.BLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Brancli, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Ltinch
Full Course
Special 60c.

MURPHY-GAMBLE LIMITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Llmiteil

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO.

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Mignifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

WK DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTIB£*9e

James Hope & Sons Si'"*;, ST 6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BEST C^ f^ A T I.OWB8T
QUALITY V-^V-rXi.JL/ PHICB

5 SPARKS ST. ji PlieneQueei46l

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES - 106 Sparks St.
[ 306 Bank St.

H' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

GORPORATION.

CAI>ITAL $1,500,000
RESERVE 1,600,000

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in valua from SSOO to $5,000,000
•aeh, is the bast guarantte that yttu may
•onfldcntlx name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation!

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriterg

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 0267 fc Q. 3018.

Ottawa

Demonstrationa gladly given

JAMES DAVEY, Maaagtr

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STB.

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL

HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WEAR

MASSON'S
SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

WARD'S NAT. SCiraCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We malie a
specialty of collections and lliie histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases atid cabinets, also of the
American Entomolcgical Company's Insect

Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 125 and many others free upon
request.

r

w

0

H

w

0

0

>

S

0

«5

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.

4 STORES

(281-333 Bank St.

806 Somerset St.

1107-1109 Wellington St.
I 791 Bank St

OTTAWA

^be (Ottawa jTtel^^'natutaliata' Club.

patcottt

HI& ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

aounctU9l5-l6

pteslDent t

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

V)ice*9re6tDent0 1

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary ;

Mr. G. O. McMillan, M.A.

Editor:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agrictiiture)

Dr. M. Y. WilUams.
Mr. Andrew Halkett.
Mr. P. A. Tavemer.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

treasurer :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

Xf bcatlan ;

Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.
(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.
Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

StanDing Committecd of Council;

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Tavemer, L. D. Burling.

Tenders at lexcmeione;

Archaeology: H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne.
Botany: W. T. Macotm, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan.

F. L. Drayton.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray,

L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.
Ornithology: P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, A. G. Kingston. A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

J. Ballantjme.

HuOitore:

E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.G., with "Ottawa Naturaliet,"

$1.00 pep Annum.

E-

OCTOBER, 1915

VOL. XXIX, No. 7

ITHE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

BMtor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
OTTAWA.

H0dociate BOitotd:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palceontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon- Hewitt, D.Sc
Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology,

CONTENTS:

The Dangers of our Wilds. By Charles Macnamara - - - 69

Bird Notes from Mulverhill, Man. By E. Norman - - - 73

Mimicry — Some of Nature's Strategems. By B. C. Tillet - - 74

Book Notice --------- -77

A Hybrid Rose. By J. K. Henry 78

Partial List of Literature in the Library of the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists' Club -- 79

The Entomological Society of Ontario ----- 84

:$^^

X

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited /O^y^*** *Wv -^

ISSUED OCT. 30. 1915 i (^ '"^^T**' tAk '^

EtU*r*d at Ottawa Post Offtf as stcottd class nuxtttr | ^*^ (itBRARYl IX

'^^>^^

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

o

O OQ
GQ O

Q
Ul

(0
O

CM

-li/

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Lauder Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <& COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

^R

r^

n

9

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA A~o WINNIPEG,

SiLK TENTS

Factory - HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A tSpecialty
BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIA

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

ESTABLISHED 1874

Capital paid up and Rest - -. - $3,750,000
Total Assets over 50,000,000

The'time to build up a reserve, a safe-
guard for the future, is now, when you
are strong and able to work and sacrifice.

Many a man has lost good business: AM
opportunities by not being prepared,
financially, to grasp them. ■ . •

DR. MARIC G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

0 ;i.-.'aO ,..

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 709J

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf SyLtems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 60c.

IVIURPHY-CAIVIBLE LIMITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO.

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
2C8 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instruments prcmptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Otiawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C, SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

yNE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons b:SS. Sr 6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST
(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBST
QUALITY

L0WB8T
PRICE

COAL

S SPARKS ST. jX Phone Queea 461

155 TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL $1,500,000

RESERVE 1,600.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from $500 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as yeur EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD'S MAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance. j(

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 125 and many others free upon
request.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
( 305 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

w eX'r

MASSON'S

liSift

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r

w
n

H

d

231-233 Bank St.

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.* stores |??oV-°i?or^.Wonst.

OTTAWA

n

PJ 0

> w
3

09

H

2s

r
PI

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P0

. 791 Bank St

^be ©ttawa jrtelt)*'1Raturalt0t0' Club.

patron:

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 19 15-16

ptediDent t

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

• lD(cc*pre0iOent0 «

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary ;

Mr. Andrew Halkett.

(Fisheries Museum)

JEDitot:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams.
Mr. P. A. Tavemer.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

tTreasurer :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A
(Seed Branch, Dept. of
Agriculture)

librarian :

Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.
(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

StanOtng Committees ot Council;

Publications : Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Tavemer, L. D. Burling.

XeaOers at Bxcursions;

ArchcBology: H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Aialte,

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan.

F. L. Drayton.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray,

L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.
Ornithology: P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

J. Ballantyne.

HuDltorg:

E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.Cm with "Ottawa Naturalist,"

$1.00 pep Annum.

NOVEMBER. 1915

VOL. XXIX, No. 8

THE

OTT AW A
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

BDltor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
OTTAWA.

?l0doctate JEditocs:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palaeontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

A New Ordovician Pelecypod from the Ottawa District. By Alice

E. Wilson 85

Shallow Water Deposition in the Cambrian of the Canadian

Cordillera. By Lancaster D. Burling - - - - 87

Notes on the Herring Gull. By M. Y. Williams - - - 89

The Evolution of the Sheep. By B. C. Tillett _ - . 90

Bequest to O.F.N.C. 93

Some Habits of Swainson's Hawk in Manitoba. By Norman Griddle 94

Fifty-Second Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of

Ontario -- 97

The Canadian Fisheries Museum ______ 99

Programme of Winter Lectures __-__- 100

<^^/

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited *>^/^^^ '^fX.'^

issued NOV. 30, 1915 ^/^ ^*'f^ ^ ^\

Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second class matter. » iLIBKAKT

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

GEO. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE BVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <& COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

RT-W

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

n

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A iSpecialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

ESTABLISH^r 1874

Capital paid up and Rest
Total Assets over - -

- $8,750,000

- 50,000,000

The time to build up a reserve, a safe-
guard for the future, is now, when you
are strong and able to work and sacrifice.

Many a man has lost good business
opportunities by not being prepared,
financially, to grasp them.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 34SS

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST.. OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 60c

MURPHY-GAIVIBLE LIIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Elitchen

Modem Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Llmiteii

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO,

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at eitber address

45 Bank St., Ottawa ■ 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

we DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE
Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BB9T /"^ /^ A T LOWEST

QUALITY \^xV^Xi.JL^ PRICB

S SPARKS ST. ^ Plione Queen 461

'A' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAI>ITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1.600,000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from SSOO to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 126 and many others free upon
request.

R. McGlFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 RIdeau St.
3 STCRES i lOG Sparks St.
I 306 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 291S.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r
Pi

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50

MULHUL HARDWARE LTD.

faSl-SSSBankSt.
. oTOBRs *•• Somersrt St.
4 STORKS 1107.1100 WaUington St.

l7»lBankSt

OTTAWA

Zf)c Ottawa j^iel^|<'VlaturaU0t6' Club.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,
GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1915-16
president :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

Vlce-pre0iDent0:

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary:

Mr. Andrew Halkett.

(Fisheries Museum)

JEOitor:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,
Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams.
Mr. P. A. Taverner.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

tTreadurer :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of

Agriculture)

Xibrarian :

Mr.J. R. Dymond, B.A
(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

Publications:
Excursions:

Lectures:

ArchcBology:
Botany:

Entomology:
Geology:
Ornithology:
Zoology:

Standing Committeed of Council :

Dr. C. G.Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling.

lLeadev0 at Bicursiond:

H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,
W.T. Macoun, J.M.Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.

A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.

W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. Mc-

Gillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.

P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, A. G. Kingston, A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.

A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

J. Ballantyne.

Huditor0 :

E. C. Wight.

if embepship Fa« to O.F.N.C., with ''Ottawa Naturalist,*'

$1 .00 pep Annum.

THE

DECEMBER, 1915

VOL. XXIX, Ho. 9

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

Harlan I. Smith,

Anthropology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D.

Botany.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A.
Conchology.

BdttOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,

OTTAWA.

Bddociate jEditotS:

W. H. Harrington,

Entomology.

H. M. Ami, D.Sc.

Geology.

Otto Klotz, LL.D.

Meteorology.

P. A. Taverner,

Ornithology,

L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Palaeontology.

C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.
Zoology.

CONTENTS:

The Use of Gum Damar in Paleohistology (with Notes on the

Genus Benthopecten). By GeoRGE H. Hudson - - 101

" Gleanings in Fernland." By Frank Morris - - - 105

The Curious Egg of the Hagfish {Myxine). By E. E. Prince - 111

A Suggestive note as to what might be brought to light about the
Paddlefish through Deep Lake Dredging. By Andrew
Halkett 114

Book Notice: Johnston's List of Canadian Mineral Occurences 116

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

issued JAN. 6, 1916

Entered at Ottawa Post Offtce as second class matter.

we DEAL WITH OUR AOVERTISeRS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JARVIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN (k COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

Cr-r^

SLEEPING
BAOS

LIMITED

OTTAWA ANo WINNIPEG,

Factory . HULL.

SILK TENTS

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A. Specialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

ESTABLISH'' r? 1874

Capital paid up and Rest
Total Assets over - -

S8.750,000
50,000,050

The time to build up a reserve, a safe-
guard for the future, is now, when you
are strong and able to work and sacrifice.

Many a man has lost good business
opportunities by not being prepared,
financially, to grasp them.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AKD
ALWAYS RELIABLE

. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. F'orence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen Tngo

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

i^

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr.. Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 60c.

MURPHY-GAMBLE LIMITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

I

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO.

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,

Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,

Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to ail instruments promptly executed at eilter address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipei

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT I IKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back nurnbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISBRS

James Hope & Sons SS, Sr 6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST
(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BB9T
QUALITY

1.0WE8T
PRICB

COAL

5 SPARKS ST. ji Phone Queen 461

155 TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAI>ITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,600,000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in valua from $600 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 125 and many others free upon
request.

R. iVlcGIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
I 305 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD-'^^^^IE^alisU

I 791 Bank St

iSt.

OTTAWA

r

z

w

0
H

w

0

0
P 0

> w

vV§

09

H
H

PJ

r
PI

c

H
H

PJ

^be (S^ttawa ]rtel^^VlaturaIi6t6' Club*

t patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,
GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1915-16

preeident :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

VicC'pveBi^entS:

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Sccretacfi:

Mr. Andrew Halkett.

(Fisheries Museum)

BOftOt:

Mr. Arthur Gibson,

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams.
Mr. P. A. Taverner.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

^ceasucec:

Mr. G. LeLacheur, 6.S.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of
Agriculture)

librarian :

Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A
(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

StanOing Committeee or Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G.Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-

man, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling.

Archceology:
Botany:

Entomology:
Geology:
Ornithology:
Zoology:

Xeadev0 at Bicureions:

H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne.

W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Dra5rton.

A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.

W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. Mc-

Gillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.

P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston, A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.

A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

J. Ballantyne.

BuDitora

E. C. Wight.

Membership Fe« to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Naturalist,"

$1 .00 pep Annum.

JANUARY 1916

VOL. XXIX, No. 10

THE

OTT AW A
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

jeoitot:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,

OTTAWA.

Hssociate BOttorS:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palaeontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

Fossil Collecting. By E. M. Kindle 117

" Gleanings in Fernland." By Frank Morris - - - 125

Buprestidae Known to Occur in the Ottawa District. By Bro.
Germain - - - - --

Museums as Aid to Forestry. By Harlan I. Smith - - -

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited
issued feb. 7, 1916

Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second class matter.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHINQ WE MAKE.

oe
o
o

Q
UJ

(0

o

CM
UJ

3:

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <fe COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

MT

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A Specialty''
BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

lANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

ESTABLISHED 1874

Capita) paid up and Rest - - - $8,750,000
Total Assets over 50,000,000

The time to build up a reserve, a safe-
guard for the future, is now, when you
are strong and able to work and sacrifice.

Many a man has lost good business
opportunities by not being prepared,
financially, to grasp them.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090-

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The RoUa L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 60c.

IVIURPHY-GAMBLE LIIVilTED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murpiiy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO.

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at eitber address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

we DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, StatioDers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch. Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BEST
QUALITY

LOWEST
PRICE

COAL

S SPARKS ST. ^ Piione Queen 461

155 TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAI'ITAL $1,500,000

RESERVE

1,600,000

Succcsgfal administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from $600 to $5,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 125 and many others free upon
request.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

C 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES \ 106 Sparks St.
{ 305 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The "World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS SL - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.

' 231-233 Bank St.
806 Somerset St.

4 STORES 1107-1109 Wellington St.

OTTAWA

r

0

0

n

S

03

c

H

»«1

or

I 791 Bank St

<Ibe ©ttawa jriclt)^lRaturali0t0* Club.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,
GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1915-16

©resident:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

IDke-lpresiOentB:

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary:

Mr. Andrew Halkett.

(Fisheries Museum)

EDltor:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams.
Mr. P. A. Taverner.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

treasurer :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of
Agriculture)

Xtbrarlan :

Mr. J.R. Dymond, B.A

(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

Standing Committees ot Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G.Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. WilHams, L. H. New-

man, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling.

ArchcBology:
Botany:

Entomology:
Geology:
Ornithology:
Zoology:

ILeaDera at Ercursions-.

H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,

W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C.Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.

A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.

W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. WilUams, H. Mc-

Gillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.

P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston, A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.

A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Yoimg.

J. Ballantyne.

?luDitor9

E. C. Wight.

Membepship Fee to O.F.N. C, v«fith "Ottawa Naturalist,"

$1 .00 pep Annum.

FEBRUARY 1916

VOL. XXIX, No. 11

TLJ p

OTT AW A
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

:6Dttor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,

OTTAWA.

nesocinte EOltorS:

PIarlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ormthology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. P alee ontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc,

Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

The Genera of the Odontopleuridae. By Percy E. Raymond - 135
Prenanthes mainensis. Notes on the Morphology, Taxonomy and

Distribution of this Hybrid Form. By Bro. M. Victorin - 140

Birds of Algonquin Park. By W. E. Saunders - - - - 145

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

issued mar. 6, 1916

Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second class matter.

we a£AU WITH OUfi AO\/EfiTISEfie

GEO. E. PRESTON & SONS,

o
o

p ca

OQ O

Q
UJ

(0

CM
Ul

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 KIOEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St. —near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <Sc COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

RT-W

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

ID

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A. Specialty
BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

ESTABLISHED 1874

Capital paid up and Rest -
Total Assets over - - -

$8,750,000
50,000,000

The time to build up a reserve, a safe-
guard for the future, is now, when you
are strong and able to work and sacrifice.

Many a man has lost good business
opportunities by not being prepared,
financially, to grasp them.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH ELDG., OTTAWA
PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA'

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c.

IVIURPHY-CAIVIBLE LliVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

-Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murptiy-Gamiile Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO,

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated V/are and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instrumenfs promptly executed at eiller address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

ME DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons :::;S, Sr 6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR. OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Enttmological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBIT
QUALITY

COAL

LOWEST
PRICE

5 SPARKS ST. ^ Phone QuecB 461

li- TORONTO DENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CA1>ITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,600.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from $600 to $5,000,030
each, is the bast guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of inserts of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects cf economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 125 and many others free upon
request.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FIKE FURNISHINGS

{ 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
I 305 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewrifers

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

300 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

Vv'EAR '

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r

PS

CD

w

0

H

w

0

0

> w
S

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.

4 STORES

'231-233 Bank St.

806 Somerset St.

1107-1100 Wellington St.
I 791 Bank St

OTTAWA

03

H

H

JO

r

pj

3

OS

c

H
H

PJ

tTbc Ottawa ifielDi-flaturaUste' Club.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,
GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1915-16

presiOent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

lPice-prc0iDent0:

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary:

Mr. Andrew Halkett.

(Fisheries Museum)

leottor:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams.
Mr. P, A. Taverner.
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

Ztensmcx :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of

Agriculture)

Xibrarian :

Mr. J.R. Dymond, B.A
(Seed Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture)

Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Eddy.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

Publications:
Excursions:

Lectures:

ArchcBology:
Botany:

Entomology:
Geology:
Ornithology:
Zoology:

StanWnfi Committeee of Council:

Dr. C. G.Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-
man, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling.

XeaDere at JEicurdtond :

H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,
W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.

A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.

W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. Mc-

Gillivrav, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.

P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston, A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.

A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

J. Ballantyne.

HuDitore :

E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N. C., vtfith "Ottawa Naturalist,"

$1 .00 per Annum.

MARCH, 1916

VOL. XXIX, No. 12

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,

OTTAWA.

Hssocfate JEOitorg:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner, _

Anthropology. Entomology. Ormthoiogy.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. P alee ontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

Data on Seed Maturity of Some Ontario Plants. By W. Herriot - 151
Canadian Anthropology at the Washington Meetings. By Harlan

I. Smith 158

Book Notice : Forest Protection in Canada - - - - 160

The Use of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. By W. T. Macoun - 161

The Fire and the Museum at Ottawa. By Harlan I. Smith - 164

Encourage the Birds— What Brockville is Doing - - - 168

Index to Vol. XXIX - 169

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

issued april 10, 1916

Enttnd at Ottawa Post Offut as stcond class tnatUr.

W£ DEAL WtTM OUR ADVERTlSEFi6

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS.

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-319 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN iSc COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

HIKT-W

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINHIPEC,

SILK TENTS

Factory - HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A Specialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

ESTABLISHED 1874

Capital paid up and Rest - -
Total Assets over - - - -

$8,750,000
50,000,000

The time to build up a reserve, a safe-

•'*?guard for the future, is nowr, when you

are strong and able to work and sacrifice.

Many a man has lost good business^
opportunities by not being prepared,
financially, to grasp them.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c.

JVIURPHY-CAMBLE LIIVilTED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murpiiy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THE OTTAWA PAPER BOX CO.

132 QUEEN STREET
OTTAWA

Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts,
Natiu"al History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes,
Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, etc.

C. A. OLMSTED & SON

Jewellers : Opticians : Watchmakers and Engravers

Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver,
Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass.

"THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES"
208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA Phone Queen 1430

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Microscopes, Magnifiers and other Naturalists' Supplies

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at eiiber address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

Copies of back numbers of the Ottawa Naturalist
(15 cents each) may be had on application to the
Librarian, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Seed Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

WE DEAL WITH OUR AOVERTieEfiS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbiaders, Printers

61 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BB8T (~^r\ A T LOWBBT

QUALITY K^KJjTJlI-^ FRICB

S SPARKS ST. jit Ptwne Queen 461

I!L° TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,600.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
rancing in value from $500 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G. BUTTER WORTH& Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL

HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA

WARD^S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

We have the largest stock of insects of
any dealer in this country. We make a
specialty of collections and life histories of
insects of economic importance.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
Insect Boxes, cases and cabinets, also of the
American Entomological Company's Insect
Pins.

Supply Catalogue No. 30. Life history
circular No. 126 and many others free upon
request.

R. McQSFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

76 Rideau St.
3 STORES -[106 Sparks St.

{

306 Bank St.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

aOO Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. a91S.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladlly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 12U

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.

4 STORES

f S31-SS3 Bank St.

I 806 Somerset St.

I 1107-1109 WoUinston St.

i 79t Bank St

OTTAWA

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^bc ©ttawa ]riel&^*Waturalt0t0V Club.

patron : ^

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1915-16

preeiDent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

IPtce-prcelOentS:

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretari^:

Mr. Andrew Halkett.
(Fisheries Museum)

EWtor:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Dr. M. Y. Williams.
Mr. P. A. Taverner,
Mr. L. H. Newman.
Dr. M. O. Malte.

^rea0uter :

Mr. G. LeLacheur, B.S.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of
Agriculture)

Xibcarian :

Mr. J.R. Dymoad. B.A
(Seed Branch, D. vt.
of Agriculture)

Mr. L. D. Burling.
Mr. E. D. Edd3^
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.
Miss D. Stewart.

Standing Gommitteee of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G.Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, H. I. Smith, E. D.
Eddy, G. O. McMillan.

Excursions: E. D. Eddy, Dr. M. Y. Williams, Dr. M. O. Malte, A. Halkett,
J. R. Dymond, G. O. McMillan, G. LeLacheur, Miss F. Fyles,
Miss D. Stewart.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, L. H. New-

man, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling.

Archceology:
Botany:

Entomology:
Geology:
Ornithology:
Zoology:

%cni>ev& at Sxcureiond:

H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne,

W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

Miss F. Fyles, J. R. Dymond, E.C. Wight, G. O. McMillan,

F. L. Drayton.

A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.

W. J. Wilson, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. Mc-

Gillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. Schofield.

P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston, A. E.

Kellett, C. Patch.

A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

J. Ballantyne.

HuOltOW

E. C. Wight.

Membenship Fee to O.F.N.Ci with "Ottawa Natui*aliet,*'

$1 .00 pet* Annum.

APR. 1943

MKI WIIOI LIBRARY

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