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OUTLINES

OTP

BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Plate 1.

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OUTLINES

OF

BRITISH FUNGOLOGY;

CONTAININO

CHARACTEES OF ABOVE A THOUSAND
SPECIES OF FUNGI,

AND

A COMPLETE LIST OF ALL THAT HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED AS NATIVES OF

BY THE

Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.,

AUTHOR OF ‘INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.’

LONDON :

LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

“ Various as beauteous, Nature, is thy face;

, . . . all that grows, has grace.

All are appropriate. Bog and marsh and fen
Are only poor to undiscerning men.

Here may the nice and curious eye explore
How Nature’s hand adorns the rushy moor ;

Beauties are these that from the view retire.

But will repay th’ attention they require.”

Cbabbe’s Lovers’ Journey,

“ J’ai pensd qu’il me serait plus facile de descendre ensuite du
tout a la partie, que de monter de la partie au tout. C’est un axiome
alg^brique qui veut que I’on precede du connu a I’inconnu, et non
de I’inconnu au connu.” — Comte de Monte Cristo, chap, xlvii.

TO

MRS. LLOYD WYNNE,

OF COED COCH,

IN THE COUNTY OF DENBIGH,

raork IS kHScribcti,

AS A SMALL TEIBUTE TO THE ZEAL WITH WHICH SHE

HAS STUDIED THE NUMEROUS FUNGI OP

HER BEAUTIFUL COUNTRY,

AND IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OP THE MANY ACTS OF KINDNESS

WHICH SHE HAS CONFERRED UPON

THE AUTHOK.

PREFACE.

— -

The object of this Work is to furnish materials for the correct
determination of the larger British Fungi, and such only as re-
quire nothing more than a common lens for their examination.
In consequence^ all microscopic details have, as far as it was
possible, been avoided, though to meet the wishes of several
scientific friends, a complete list of the more minute species
is appended, together with references by which the places in
•which those species which have been determined as British
since the publication of the ^ English Flora,^ are recorded or
described, may be readily found. A Glossary of the less
familiar terms, and a list of most of the authors referred to
in the descriptive part, have been added, in the hope that
they may prove useful to students.

Those persons who may wish hereafter to extend their re-
searches, will find that they have made a good beginning by
the study of the larger species, the determination of which,
properly conducted, will prepare tliem for a much more correct
appreciation of the limits within which the more obscure
Fungi arc comprised. Tlic contrary practice of empirical/i/

VI

PREFACE.

determining the more minute speeies without any notion of
their characters, variations, and structure, will end in nothing
sound and satisfactory, while few exercises of the mental powers
can be more improving than a diligent study of such a genus
as Agaricus.

I wish it to be understood distinctly that I have not aimed
at originality in defining the genera and species, but have
adopted the best characters wherever I could find them, and
I regret that, from an accident in transmission, I have not
been able to avail myself of more than a small portion of
Fries’s latest work on the Hymenomycetes, which is unpub-
lished.

Of the figures it will be sufficient to say that the greater
part have been drawn by Mr. Fitch, whose talents as a
draughtsman are too well known to require any recommen-
dation. To Mr. Broome, who has for so many years been my
fellow-labourer, I have been indebted for much assistance in
the course of the work, as also to Mr. Currey. It is to their
labours principally that the enormous increase in the list of
Fungi since the publication of the ^English Flora’ is due,
amounting now to more than 2,380 species.

Kin&’s Cliffe,

August^ 1860.

vu

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Eig. 1. A. Agaricus grammocephaliis.

a. spores.

b. spicules or sterigmata.

c. sporophores or basidia.

d. tissue of trama.

B. A. cretaceus.

Eig. 2. Peziza cupularis.

a. ascus.

b. sporidium.

Eig. 3. Hymenogaster tenor.

Showing spore surrounded by a sac, which sometimes contains a
second spore.

Eig. 4. Puccinia graminis.

Eig. 5. Tilletia Caries.

a. spore sprouting, and crowned with processes.

b. processes anastomosing.

c. one of ditto, bearing secondary spores (after Tulasne).

Vlll

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 6. Badhamia.

a, cyst, with spores.

h, separate spore, to show tliat it is granulated where ex-
posed, but smooth where covered.
c. Enerthenema elegans.

Fig. 7. a. Peronospora infestans, with hypha, erect threads, and spores.
h, Peronospora curta.

Fig. 8. Gymnosporium fulvuin, Berh. and Curt.

Fig. 9. a. Ascosporium deformans,

h. sporidia simulating yeast-globules.

c. A. bullatum, to show their further growth.

Fig. 10. Tympanis saligna. Asci and stylospores on the same hy-
menium.

Fig. 11. Nectria inaurata.

a. clavate asci.

h. cylindrical asci.
c. sporidia from the latter.

Fig. sporidium of Hypoxylon fuscum.

b. sporidium of Sphseria inibella.

c. sporidium of S. palustris.

d. sporidium of Valsa hapalocystis.

e. sporidium of Massaria foedans.

/. sporidium of Sphaeria macro tricha.
g. sporidium of Sphseria siparia.

Fig. 13. flf. stylospores of Cenangium Fraxini.

b. spermatia of the same. The former from the base of the

pycnidium, the latter from the upper part of the walls.

c. spermatia of Peziza blandula, Tid., from the hymenium

(both after Tulasne).

d. spermatia of Valsa hypodermia.

PLATE II.

1. Memlius lacrymans, nat. size, with a portion of the hymenium
magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

IX

2. Crucibulum vulgare, nat. size and slightly magnified, with two
of the sporangia more highly magnified.

3. Cyathus striatus, nat, size and slightly magnified, with two of
the sporangia more highly magnified.

4. Podisoma Juniperi-Sabinse, nat. size.

5. Gymnosporangium Juniperi, nat. size,

6. Helotiiim versiforme, nat. size, with a section magnified.

7. Tremella sarcoides, nat. size, with a section magnified.

8. Balanophora involucrata, Hook.f.^ nat. size.

PLATE III.

1. Agaricns phalloides, and section, half nat. size.

2. A. strobiliformis, young, nat. size.

3. A. excelsus, and section, half nat. size.

4. A. vaginatus, and section, half nat. size.

5. A. Cecilise, and section, half nat. size.

6. A. rachodes, and section, half nat. size.

7. A. cristatus, and section, nat, size.

PLATE IV.

1. A. melleus, and section, one-third nat. size.

2. A. equestris, two-thirds nat. size.

3. A. imbricatns, and section, half nat. size.

4. A. sulfureus, and section, two-thirds nat. size.

5. A. gambosus, and section, half nat. size.

6. A. albus, and section, two-thirds nat. size.

7. A. nudiis, and section, small specimen.

PLATP. V.

1. A. personatus, and section, small specimen.

2. A. infundibuliformis, and section, small specimen.

X

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

3. A. laceatus, and section, nat. size.

4. A. radicatns, two-thirds nat. size, and section.

5. A. fusipes, and section, nat. size.

6. A. stipitarins, nat. size, with pilens and section magnified.

7. A. dryophilus, and section, nat. size.

PLATE VI.

1. A. pelianthinus, and section, nat. size.

2. A. galopns, nat. size, with section magnified.

3. A. Iris, nat. size, with section magnified.

4. A. vulgaris, with section, nat. size.

5. A. stylobates, nat. size, with section and base of stem magnified.

6. A. tenerrimus, nat. size, with seetionand separate plant magnified.

7. A. pterigenus, nat. size, with two individuals and section mag-
nified.

8. A. pyxidatus, nat. size, with section magnified.

9. A. mitis, nat. size, with section magnified.

PLATE VII.

1. A. bombycinus, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

2. A. Loveianus, on A. nebularis, two-thirds nat. size, with section
nat. size.

3. A. speciosus, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

4. A. leoninus, with section, nat. size.

5. A. chrysophseus, with section, nat. size.

6. A. clypeatus, one- third nat. size, improperly referred in the text
to A. rhodopolius.

7. A. prunulus, with section, half nat. size.

PLATE VIII.

1. A. prsecox, with section, nat. size.

2. A. adiposus, with section, nat. size.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XI

3. A. mutabilis, with section, nat. size.

4. A. fastigiatus, one-third nat. size, with section nat. size.

5. A. rimosus, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

6. A. trechisporus, with section, nat. size.

PLATE IX.

1. A. crustuliniformis, with section, nat. size.

2. A. longicaudus, with section, nat. size.

3. A. melinoides, nat. size, with section magnified.

4. k. semiorbicularis, nat. size, with section magnified.

5. A. reticulatus, with section, nat. size.

6. A. mollis, with section, nat. size.

7. A. Eubi, nat. size, with section magnified.

PLATE X.

1. A. variabilis, nat. size, with section magnified.

2. A- campestris, dark var., two-thirds nat. size, with section nat.
size.

3. A. campestris, another variety, with section, nat. size.

4. A. arvensis, small specimen.

5. A. cretaceus, two-thirds nat. size, with section magnified. Variety
with the stem less decidedly sunk into the pileus.

6. A. squamosus, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

PLATE XL

1. A. fascicularis, with section, nat. size.

2. A. velutinus, mth section, nat. size.

3. 4. A. appendiculatus, in different conditions, nat. size, with sec
tions slightly magnified.

5. A. Eoenisccii, nat. size, with section magnified.

6. A. fimipntris, nat. size, with section slightly magnified.

7. A. separatns, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

Xll

EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.

PLATE XIL

1. Coprinus atramentarius, slightly reduced, with section nat. size.

2. Bolbitius teiier, with section, nat. size.

3. Cortinarius callochrous, with section, half nat. size.

4. C. anomalus, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

5. Paxillus involutus, small specimen, with section.

6. Paxillus panuoides, nat. size.

7. Gomphidius gracilis, nat. size.

PLATE XIII.

1. Hygrophorus distans, with section, nat. size.

2. Lactarius insulsus, small specimen, with section.

3. L. piperatus, small specimen, with section.

4. L. serifluus, with section, nat. size.

5. Eussula heterophylla, two-thirds nat. size, with section nat. size.

6. E. virescens, with section, two-thirds nat. size.

7. E. nitida, two-thirds nat. size, with section.

8. E. alutacea, two-thirds nat. size, with section.

PLATE XIV.

1. Cantharellus aurantiacus, small specimen, with section.

2. C. retirugus, nat. size.

3. Marasmius urens, with section, nat. size.

4. M. peronatus, with section, small specimen.

5. M. Oreades, with section, nat. size.

6. M. insititius, nat. size, with section slightly magnified.

7. M. rotula, nat. size, with section magnified.

8. M. graminum, nat. size, with section magnified.

PLATE XV.

1. Hygrophorus eburneus, with section, nat. size.

2. Lcntinus Dunalii, with section, nat. size.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Xlll

3. Lenzites betulina, with section, nat. size.

4. Boletus parasiticus, nat. size, on Scleroderma^ not on Elaphomyces,
as wrongly stated in the text.

5. Boletus luridus, with section, small specimen.

6. B. edulis, with section, half nat. size.

PLATE XVI.

1. Polyporus lentus, with section, nat. size.

2. P. lucidus, nat. size.

3. P. sulfureus, slightly reduced.

4. P. spumeus, nat. size.

5. P. ulmarius, half nat. size, with section.

6. P. vulgaris, nat. size, with pores magnified.

PLATE XVII.

1. Eistulina hepatica, small specimen, with tubes magnified.

2. Hydnum repandum, with section, nat. size, and section magnified.

3. H. udum, nat. size, with spines magnified.

4. Thelephora anthocephala, nat. size.

5. T. mollissima, nat. size.

6. T. sebacea, nat. size, with the border magnified.

7. Stereum hirsutum, nat. size.

PLATE XVIIL

1. Auricularia lobata, nat. size, and section magnified.

2. Clavaria amethystina, small specimen.

3. C. rugosa, nat. size.

4. C. umbrina, nat. size.

.5. C. stricta, nat. size, and tip of brancli magnified.

6. Bulgaria sarcoidcs, nat. size, witli section.

7. Hirncola Auricula- Juda^, nat. size, with section magnified.

8. Dacrymyccs stillatus, nat. size, and section magnified.

XIV

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XIX.

1. Cortinariiis bolaris, iiat. size, with section.

2. Nyctalis parasitica, nat. size, with section.

3. Marasmius Wynnei, nat. size, with section.

4. Lentinus eochleatus, nat. size, with section.

5. Dsedalea quercina, small specimen, with section.

6. Craterellus cornucopioides, nat. size.

PLATE XX.

1. Hydnangium carotaecolor, nat. size, with section magnified.

2. Hymenogaster citrinus, nat. size, with section magnified.

3. Phallus impudicus, nat. size, with section.

4. Geaster fimbriatus, nat. size.

5. Bo vista nigrescens, nat. size.

6. Bovista plumbea, nat. size, with section.

7. Lycoperdon caelatum, nat. size.

8. Eeticularia umbrina, nat. size, with capillitium (a) magnified.

PLATE XXL

1. Cyathus vernicosus, nat. size and magnified. Two sporangia
more magnified.

2. Sphmrobolus stellatus, nat. size and magnified.

3. Anthina flammea, nat. size.

4. Helvella crispa, nat. size, with section.

5. Morchella esculenta, nat. size.

6. Verpa digitaliformis, nat. size.

7. Spathidaria flavida, nat. size.

PLATE XXII.

1. Leotia lubrica, nat. size, with section.

2. Geoglossum hirsutum, nat. size and magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XV

3. Gr. olivaceura, var., nat. size.

4. Peziza badia, nat. size.

5. P. micropus, nat. size.

6. P. reticulata, nat. size, with section.

7. Bulgaria inquinans, nat. size, with section.

PLATE XXIII.

1. Ascobolus vinosus, nat. size and magnified.

2. Tuber sestivum, nat. size, and section magnified.

3. Elaphomyces variegatus, nat. size and magnified.

4. Cordiceps militaris, nat. size, with head and perithecia magnified.

5. C. entomorrhiza, nat. size, with sections magnified.

6. C. alutacea, nat. size, with section.

7. Ergot, with C. purpurea, nat. size and magnified.

PLATE XXIV.

1. Xylaria Hypoxylon, nat. size and magnified.

2. X. bulbosa, nat. size and magnified.

3. Hypoxylon ustulatum, nat. size and magnified.

4. H. multiforme, nat. size and magnified.

5. Sphseria Bombarda, nat. size and magnified.

6. Nectria Peziza, nat. size and magnified.

7. Endogone pisiformis, nat. size and magnified.

8. Coprinus Hendersonii, nat. size, and section magnified.

h

. - ; » ^ • f

XVll

ADDENDA.

p. 2. Note 2. The common usage of the words JPilz and Schwamm is not
without exception ; Nagel Schwdmmey for example, is the common name of
Agaricus esculentus. See p. 118.

p. 7. The dry-rot in fir-built sliips is caused by Merulius lacrymans^ but in
oak-built ships by Folyporus hylridm.

p. 10. Of the Orders mentioned in this page, Phragmotrichacei has been
suppressed altogether, and JEcidiacei has been substituted for Ceeomacei, as
afibrding a more natural group.

p. 44. Much against my will, I am forced to adopt the genus Peronospora
as limited by Caspary, not by Corda, in consequence of the double fruit so
different from anything in genera aUied to Botrytis^ as far as they are at
present known.

p. 59. De Bary beheves that Asterophora is merely a conidiiferous state of
Nyctalis ; Tulasne however adheres to the older notion.

p. 72. The best remedy, perhaps, is creosote.

p. 252. After P. Vaillantii^ insert —

77. P. hybridus, B. and Br. ; white ; mycehum thick, forming a dense
membrane or creeping branched strings ; hymenium breaking up into areae ;
pores long, slender, minute. — Boletus hybridus. Sow. t. 289, 387,^1 6.

On oak, in ships, etc. The Dry-rot of our oak-built vessels. This species
seems hitherto to have been almost neglected by authors, the latter figure only
being quoted, which exhibits only a part of the characters.

p. 268. After Thelephora hyssoides^ insert —

13*. T. sebacea, Fr. ; effused, between fleshy and waxy, incrusting, at
length hard, various, tuberculated, or resembling stalactites, dirty-white ; cir-
cumference fringed. (Plate 17, fig. 6.)

On grass, etc. Common.

p. 309. After Crihraria intermedia^ insert —

2. C. intricata, Schrad. On decayed fir-stumps. Weybridge, F. Currey.
July, 1860.

p. 368. I believe Peziza Qodroniana, Mont., is not distinct from P. tricolor,
Sow.

p. 372. After llelotium ocliraceum, insert —

21*. H. imbGrbG, Fr. On decorticated willow, A. Jerdon. Mossburnford,
1860.

CORRIGENDA.

p. 13. For llymenangmm read llymenog aster.

p. 81. For Potyporus igniarius read P. fomentariiis.

p. 87. For 13 road 10.

p. 91. For Plato 1 read Plato 3.

p. 231. For Flaphomyces read Scleroderma.

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OUTLINES

OF

BEITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Entrotiuctorg ilatter.

CHAPTER I.

PEELIMINARY OBSEEVATIONS.

Every one is more or less acquainted with the soft^ fugitive,
variously coloured, succulent plants, which abound every-
where in our woods and meadows, and which are known
under the common names of Toadstools, Mushrooms, or
Champignons, according as they are objects of disgust or ad-
miration, from their real or supposed poisonous or nutritious
qualities. While therefore the former are, in general, kicked
on one side, or trodden down, the latter, in proportion to
the degree of knowledge possessed, are carefully gathered and
turned to use. There is, however, no general word in our
language which will comprehend even the whole of this group,
much less the vast tribe of plants which are classed with them
in every Natural botanical arrangement. Popular knowledge,
indeed, goes sometimes far enough to associate with them
some of the Eungi which grow on the trunks of trees, as the
nearly smooth P()lyj)07'i(s of the birch, and the scaly species of

n

2

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

the ash and walnut, which are commonly called Sapballs, or
the hard corky kinds, one of which supplies the Amadou of
commerce ; but there is no general conception that the multi-
tudes of parasites which grow on dead and living plants, fre-
quently inducing disease or decay, the mould which runs over
our fruit and provisions, or the yeast of beer and mother of
vinegar, are closely allied productions ; if, indeed, the very
existence of some amongst them is recognized at all. We are
obliged, therefore, to have recourse to the Latin language
for a general word to comprehend the whole tribe, which is
denominated Fungi. An objection, indeed, has been raised
to the term Fungology, which indicates a knowledge of the
whole tribe, as composed at the same time of a Greek and
Latin word. The word is however like many other spurious
words very generally received ; and if the objection should
be considered insuperable, we have but to substitute that of
Mycology, which is at once correct in etymology and compre-
hensive enough to include all we wish. The word Fungus
may however in any case be retained as expressing these plants
in common parlance, only we must take care, if we do not
use the more English-looking word Fungal, not to speak, as
is too frequently the case, of a Fungi,* which is at once gra-
ting to the ear, and utterly intolerable. If Fungus be con-
sidered as an English word, as it is used indeed by some of
our older authors, the plural will be Funguses ; but there is
then something unpleasing in the sound, and the term Fungi
is certainly to be preferred.!

* As, for example, in Phillips’s Prize Essay on the Potato Murrain, Journ.
of Poyal Agricultural Society, vol. vii. p. 309.

t The French word Champignon was originally scarcely of wider significa-
tion than our word Mushroom, though now classical in the sense of Fungi ge-
nerally. The German word Pilz (a corruption of Boletus) is used to denote
the softer kinds, while Schwamm generally denotes such Fungi as Polypori.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

3

What theii; generally speaking, are the plants comprehended
under this denomination? Now it is very difficult to give a strict
definition which will comprise every individual genus and spe-
cies of the whole group. It woCild lead me into discussions
far too deep at present, to enter into the reasons of this diffi-
culty ; nor could they be understood without some previous
knowledge of the neighbouring tribes of Lichens and Algse,
which I am not at liberty to assume,^ or indeed of the inti-
mate relations which exist generally between contiguous groups
of organized beings, insomuch that it is often extremely diffi-
cult to distinguish even a plant from an animal. It is prin-
cipally amongst microscopical objects that such perplexities
occur, though a few cases of difficulty arise where the true
position of a plant cannot at once be obtained from the mere
habit, without attention to the nature of the fruit.f

Without any strict definition then at present, I shall pro-
ceed to call attention to a few of the various plants comprised
in the study of Mycology, from which something like a gene-
ral notion of the subject-matter may be gathered.

If we take the common Mushroom (Plate 10, fig. 2) as our
point of departure, we have the type of an enormous group,
characterized by a hat or bonnet-shaped receptacle {pileus),
supported by a stem, and furnished beneath with a num-
ber of gill-like plates {lamell(2)y which deposit, when placed
on paper, a vast quantity of dust-like bodies, to which, though
reproductive, the name of Spores (Plate 1, fig. 1. a.) has been
given, to distinguish them from seeds which contain an embryo,
while these consist of a two-coated cell, without the slightest
trace of an embryo. These spores are of different colours in

* The whole question is discussed in Berkeley’s ‘ Introduction io Crypto-
gamic Botany,’

t As in the gelatinous matter so common on gravel walks after rain, called
Nostoc, which has the habit at once of a Lichen, Alga, or Fungus.

4

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

difterent species^ very frequently pure-white, but presenting
also pink, various tints of brown, from yellowish and rufous to
dark-bistre, purple-black, and finally black.

As these colours are accompanied by peculiar differences of
habit, they afford a ready test for grouping the species. The
greater part of these plants are of rapid growth, ,and of a
soft, cellular substance. They differ greatly in stature, eolour,
and outward appearance; some are perfectly smooth, others
densely slimy, while many are clothed with silky or downy
hairs and bristles, disposed in various ways, and adding greatly
to their beauty. Some species have the brightest eolours of
the rainbow, combined with the most elegant form and deli-
cacy, while others are coarse, dull in colour, and unsightly;
few are at all persistent, and many when decayed pass into a
loathsome, offensive mass. A particular group, common in
hotbeds, is known by the whole pileus, almost before expan-
sion, dissolving into an ink-like fluid. The greater part of these
plants spring at once from the ground or other matrix with-
out any general covering ; but in a few of the more highly
organized, there is a general wrapper [volva) , (Plate 3, fig. 4,)
which encloses the whole plant, bursting and leaving more or
less evident traces behind ; while in others the pileus is at first
clothed with fibres of greater or less delicacy, which either
vanish entirely as it expands, or leave traces behind upon the
disc, or at the margin, in which latter case it is called a veil
{cortina), (Plate 12, fig. 4). Sometimes a membrane is at-
tached to the stem, either connected immediately with the
volva, or at first spread under the gills, which when more or
less persistent is called a ring (annulus), (Plate 3, fig. 6, 7).

The stem, though very frequently present, does not exist
universally. It first becomes short and excentric, and then,
from being strictly lateral, vanishes altogether, so that the

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

5

pileus presents various forms, as fan-sliaped, kidney- shaped,
semiorbicular [dimidiate), and occasionally becomes attached
by the surface of the pileus ; so that the gills are superior in-
stead of inferior^ and the pileus is then said to be resupinate
(Plate 10, fig. 1).

The Gill-bearing Fungi are generally of a soft substance,
but they are not all so. According to the density with which
the cells or threads of which they are composed are packed,
they present various degrees of hardness, till they assume
even a corky substance, and are more or less persistent. The
common fairy ring Champignon, Marasmius Oreades (Plate 14,
fig. 5), is a familiar example of the first departure from the
common Mushroom type, and in consequence of its less watery
character, it is easily preserved in a dry state for culinary pur-
poses. The Dsedalea of the birch, Lenzites hetulina (Plate 15,
fig. 3), a widely distributed species, gives a good example of
a still further hardening of the gills, while in that of the oak,
Dcedalea quercina (Plate 19, fig. 5), the substance is as firm
as cork, or, in parts, as hard as wood.

There are a few Fungi in which the gills assume the form
of folds or veins, departing thus from the more common type.
The Chantarelle, for instance, Cantharellus cibarius, which is
such an ornament of our woods from its bright melon-like
colour and grateful odour, is a good example. The folds in
some species pass into mere veins, and in the very lowest the
fruit-bearing surface [hymenium) is all but even, thus paving
the way to a group wdiich we shall have to speak of i)rescntly.

In a few species there is a gelatinous stratum cither exter-
nal to the pileus or inserted in tlic midst of the general mass
of its tissue ; but in general this clement, which is so iiiq)or-
tant in one group, is but slightly developed, and never consti-
tutes the whole or major part of the tissue.

6

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In some of the species of Gill-bearing Fungi^ especially
where the substance becomes tough and hard^ there is a ten-
dency in the gills to run into each other by means of lateral
processes or veins, and so to make pores. The Fungi of this
first division are known under the general name of Agaricini,
or Mushroom-like Fungi. Almost all the species are of con-
siderable dimensions ; a very few only, as the pretty holly-leaf
Agaric, with its long bright bristles, require a common lens
to see their beauty.

In a very important group of Fungi, however, the pores are
the essential character, as the gills are in those we have just
described. These pores may be partially or entirely free, as
in the genus* Fistulina (Plate 17, fig. I), with which most
are familiar under the form of the dark-red Fungus which is
so common on the trunks of old oaks, and which when di-
vided looks very like beet-root, the whole plant resembling
an ox-tongue. In general however they are closely packed
and more or less intimately united, sometimes separating
easily from each other, and sometimes inseparable. The
former condition occurs in the most characteristic genus of
the group. Boletus (Plate 15, fig. 4, 5, 6), which under a variety
of forms adorns our woods or the scanty herbage under old
trees, more rarely appearing on hedgesides, or in the open
fields. Under fir-trees a bright-yellow species is extremely
common, and one of a more sombre tint where larch is pre-
dominant. Sometimes they grow in conspicuous rings, and
sometimes they attract notice from the instantaneous change
which they undergo, when broken and divided, from white or
yellow to deep blue. This change was long a source of per-
plexity to those who examined it, but it is now known to de-
pend upon the action of ozone upon the juices.

* This genus is indeed sometimes assoeiated, but wrongly, with the genera
of the next division.

PBELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

7

All the true species of Boletus are fleshy, but they are
closely connected with one of the largest genera of Fungi, the
Polypori (Plate 16, fig. 1-6), which exhibit every gradation,
from great succulence to the hardness of wood, in their mul-
titudinous species. The scaly Polyporus (P. squamosus), so
common on ash; the hispid, ferruginous P. hispiduSy which
abounds on apple-trees ; the coriaceous P. versicolor y with its
velvety pileus and many-coloured zones, so common on stumps
and felled wood ; and the hard, hoof-shaped P. igniariuSy to be
found everywhere in plum-orchards, — are examples of difierent
conditions familiar to us all. Multitudes of other forms
occur, distinguished by the presence or absence of a stem,
the complete attachment of the pileus to the substance on
which it grows, so that the whole plant consists of resupi-
nate pores, by the clothing of the pileus, by the nature of the
pores, etc. Many of these are extremely common, and others
as rare, and some run so closely into each other that the spe-
cies are very difficult to distinguish. In a few foreign species
the pores are so large that they very closely resemble a honey-
comb, and in others, almost the whole plant is of a gelatinous
texture. Such also is the case in a rare British species of
the genus MeruliuSy which contains the well-known Dry-rot,
Merulius lacrymans (Plate 2, fig. 1), so destructive to our
ships and domestic buildings. The walls of the pores are here
mere veins, and there is a close connection with some of the
lower forms of the Gill-bearing Fungi. The Pore-bearing
Fungi are included under the common name of Polyporei.

Occasionally the walls of the tubes or pores arc broken up ;
and as this takes place in an early stage of growth, the whole
surface of these processes is covered with the fructifying cells,
or, in other words, with the hymenium.

This paves the way to a third group of some importance,

8

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

which may not however be so familiar to many of my readers
as the two former. The existence of prickles^ or spine-like
processes^ on the under surface of the pileus in the more
typical genera and species, is the characteristic mark, as gills
and tubes were of the two former. The pretty Hydnum auri-
scalpium, which is common upon fir-cones, will have attracted
the notice of many from the elegance of its form and colour-
ing; and the esculent /f. repandum (Plate 17, fig. 2), which is
a common inhabitant of our woods, must be known to every
one who has observed the differences which exist among these
plants. There are, however, abundant species which will re-
ward a closer research by their own peculiar beauties. One
or two are gelatinous, and a few acquire considerable firm-
ness of texture. Some consist almost entirely of spines, with
scarcely any pileus, while others are as regular in form as
a Mushroom. A few are repeatedly branched, resembling
a cauliflower. In one genus, Hericium, which may perhaps
reward future researches in this country, the spines are ex-
tremely large and perfectly erect, and have the appearance of
ivory. The Fungi of this third subdivision are called Hydneij
after the typical genus Hydnum.

We noticed before, that in the lower Gill-bearing Fungi,
the hymenium is sometimes almost destitute of folds, thus
preparing the way for an important group in which the cha-
racteristic point is the absence of projections or depressions
on the hymenium. The species are often very common and
widely diffused. An oak-trunk, when felled and decorticated,
is soon covered with a bright-yellowish, velvety Fungus, with
a smooth hymenium of the same colour, Stereum hirsutum
(Plate 17, fig. 7), while a felled poplar, left, as is usual, with
the bark on, is in like manner adorned with a beautiful and
somewhat similar lilac Fungus, Stereum purpureum. They

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

9

are scarcely ever fleshy, but for the most part coriaceous, with
an admixture of waxy, membranous, or gelatinous species.
•As in the former instances, many are resupinate ; but in ge-
neral, the stem is less common than in the other groups, and
when present, not very distinct from the pileus, but confluent
with it. In the genus Thelephora (Plate 17, fig. 4, 5, 6) there
are slight traces of folds, and in a few species of Stereum there
are bristles or bristle-shaped processes, which on a careless
view might confound them with the species of the Tooth -
bearing Fungi. They vary extremely in colour, and sometimes
assume the brightest blue, the most brilliant vermilion, and
other vivid tints. The group is called Auricularmi, from some
of the most characteristic being ear-shaped.

We have hitherto seen, at least in the higher forms, some-
thing like a pileus, which indeed may gradually be attached
by its upper surface, so as to present to the eye nothing more
than the hymenium. There is however a group in which the
pileus vanishes altogether, so that the club-shaped receptacle
is covered with the fructifying surface. If the stem is branched,
we may have every variety of tree-like form. The yellow Cla-
varia fastigiata of our meadows, or the white, candle-like
bundles, Clavaria vermiculata, so common on our lawns in
autumn, are examples familiar to every observer of Nature.
(See Plate 18, fig. 2, 3, 4, 5.) In the one case, each plant is
simple 3 in the other, the whole presents a strongly branched
and closely packed mass. Plere, again, we have the most
beautiful colouring, though several of the finest European spe-
cies have not yet been noticed in our woods. One or two
common species occur on sticks or fallen trunks, whicli are
decidedly gelatinous in point of texture and consistence. These
Fungi are named Clavati, from tlicir club- like form.

There yet remains another group of allied Fungi, distin-

10

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

guished by the predominance of the gelatinous element. Rotten
sticks in our hedges or woods often present bright_, tremulous,
gelatinous masses of bright- orange, purple, or dark-brown,
which at once attract our notice, while the trunks of the elder
and some other trees afford ear-shaped, flaccid masses, which
almost escape notice when dry, but with the first shower are
exposed to the most careless observer. Sometimes, again, on
an old stump, or at the base of a living oak, enormous masses
are found resembling the convolute intestines of some ani-
mal, but distinguished by their rich ferruginous or yellowish
tints. These Fungi are very curious in point of structure, but
at present I am only endeavouring to give a general view of
the different objects which form the immediate study of the
Fungologist. The Fungi of this group are called Tremellini,
from their soft, flaccid character. (See Plate 18, fig. 6, 7, 8.)

These six groups form subdivisions of one great association
of Fungi, characterized by their hymenium being more or
less exposed, and at the same time bearing naked Spores at-
tached to the tips of certain cells called Sporophores (Plate 1,
fig. 1. c.), and distinguished from other Fungi with an exposed
hymenium in which the reproductive bodies are contained in
sacs called asci, and have the name of Sporidia (Plate 1, fig. 2.
a. b.). These distinctions can be ascertained only by the mi-
croscope ] but a very little practice will at once decide which
structure prevails in the larger and more conspicuous species.
The general name of the division is HymenomyceteSy the hy-
menium being the prominent character.

The hymenium, or fructifying surface, has hitherto been
more or less exposed. It may indeed at first be concealed,
but ultimately it has free access to the air, though, except in
the lower species, not to the light. The second main division
of Fungi has, on the contrary, the fructifying surface con-

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

11

cealed^ till the sac in which it is contained is ruptured for the
dispersion of the spores. This division has received the com-
mon name of Gasteromycetes, The Puff-balls are the most ge-
nerally known example. Some of the most curious and typical
genera in this division do not occur in this country.

Very few of my readers will probably have observed the
underground species which constitute the first British group
of this second division. They abound however in many parts
of England^ and may be detected like little tubers by simply
raking the surface. One of the largest, Melanogaster Broo-
meianus is commonly sold as a substitute for Truffles in the
market at Bath, and may be familiar to some. They difier,
however, materially in structure from real Truffles, as will be
seen hereafter. If the stem of a Boletus were removed, and
the pileus contracted into a ball, so as to conceal the hyme-
nium entirely, we should have a tolerable representation of one
of one of these tubers, especially if the tubes should become
complicated and sinuous and constantly cross one another.
Indeed, so much is this the case, that the beautiful orange-
coloured species, Hydnangium carotcecolor, was first taken for a
diseased Boletus, and on the contrary, a badly dried diseased
Boletus has been inserted in my own herbarium as an Hydnan-
gium.^ This first group is called Hypogcei, from the subterra-
neous growth of the species which it comprises.

A very curious group of Pungi is closely connected with
these, though the similarity is visible only in a young state ;
I mean the Phalli (Plate 20, fig. 3). We have but few spe-
cies in this country ; but one is the pest of pleasure-grounds,
as at Kew, from its odious smell. In a young state they re-
semble eggs. The pileus (if it may so be called) is closely

* We hatve no British representative of the Podaxinei, which resemble in
many respects Boleti and Agarics.

12

OUTLINES or BRITISH EUNGOLOGY.

confined within a thick volva, the inner substance of which is
gelatinous^ and in this state a distinct hymeninm is visible,
constructed as in the preceding group. Soon however the
volva bursts, and the hymenium dissolves into a loathsome,
fetid mass, which is eagerly devoured by flies. Clathrus
cancellatuSy one of the most beautiful of Fungi, has been de-
tected in the south of England and Ireland. Its beauty how-
ever scarcely compensates for its detestable smell. Some of
the foreign species of this group when fresh are exquisitely
beautiful, but all, I believe, partake more or less of the dis-
gusting odour. These Fungi are called collectively Phalloidei,
from the typical genus Phallus.

Every one is acquainted with the Puff-balls, which by means
of the curious but very rare genus Batarrea, are connected
with the Phalli. When young their hymenium resembles the
crumb of bread ; but they soon lose their primitive condition,
and pass from a cellular to a semi-liquid state, and then to
the dusty condition which is known to every child. The
common Puff-balls are occasionally interesting objects, from
the beautiful warts or prickles with which they are adorned,
but they are far exceeded in interest by the starry Puff-balls,
Geaster (Plate 20, fig. 4), which from their comparative
rarity are little known to general observers. They however
sometimes occur in considerable abundance, and never fail to
excite the admiration of all lovers of beautiful forms. There
is another genus, Bcleroderma (Plate 15, fig. 4), which can
scarcely have failed to attract notice from the frequency of
one onion-shaped species on lawns. The species are darker
in colour than the Puff-balls, and differ in their thicker, more
persistent eoat [peridium) , and compact mass of spores. The
subdivision is named Trichogastres, from the hairs or threads
which in most cases accompany the spores.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

13

The Puff-balls_, it was remarked, were in their first condi-
tion cellular, though so dusty when mature. A large group of
Fungi, containing multitudes of the most exquisite micro-
scopic objects, is distinguished by the early condition being
creamy, or mucilaginous. They differ in many respects from
other Fungi, and especially because they seem often quite inde-
pendent of the substance on which they are developed. One
species, for instance, was discovered by Schweinitz, in America,
growing on iron which had been red-hot only a few hours be-
fore. I can myself answer for the true nature of the produc-
tion, as 1 possess a portion of the original specimen. I have
seen specimens again of another species, growing on a leaden
cistern at Kew, from which it could derive no nutriment.
Another was found by Sowerby, on cinders, on the outside of
the dome of St. PauFs. In consequence of this and of some
peculiarities in the substance of which they are formed, re-
sembling that of which certain Infusoria are composed, a very
excellent observer. Dr. de Bary, has lately expressed a formal
opinion that they are animals ; but a sufficient answer to this
is the fact that some of the species contain spiral vessels, and
have their spores surrounded by a distinct sac, exactly as in
an abnormal condition of Hymenangium (Plate I, fig. 3, 6).
The most familiar example is that of the yellow, frothy, and
ultimately dusty substance which is so common on the tan of
stoves, and which is the plague of cultivators. Some species
of Reticularia also are so large as to attract notice, especially
R. maxima, which sometimes runs over cucumber-beds, over-
whelming everything in its path, and choking the plants.
Spumaria mucilago is another conspicuous Fungus of the
group, which is far from uncommon on the stems o/ grasses.
Most however of the species are too small to attract general
notice, tliough from the elegance of their form and brillianev

14

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

of colouring they occasionally command attention^ notwith-
standing their diminutive size. The species are called Myoco-
gastres, from their early mucilaginous condition.

There yet remains another very singular and distinct group
of closely allied Fungi, which contains but a few British
species. These however are so curious or beautiful, that they
never fail to command admiration. One of them, Cyathus
vernicosus, is common in turnip-fields or amongst stubble, re-
sembling little cup-shaped sacs, full of eggs; and two others
are by no means rare, on dead fern-stems, sticks, etc. A
smaller Fungus, Sphcerobolus stellatus (Plate 21, fig. 2), is
remarkable for its expanding like a little star, and shooting
out with prodigious force by the inversion of its inner mem-
brane, a globose mass, which contains the fruit, just like a
shell from a mortar. These Fungi are known under the com-
mon name of Nidulariei, from the nest-like appearance of the
more typical species. (See Plate 21, fig. 1, and Plate 2, fig. 2, 3.)

We now come to a large division of Fungi, of which little
is known to the general observer, because almost all its species
are so small, and in general so devoid of external beauty, that
it is only the lover of the microscope who is at pains to study
them. A large portion of them are to the naked eye mere
black specks upon leaves, twigs, etc., though the structure of
their spores is often very curious. Many, it is believed, are
nothing more than conditions of some of the Fungi which are
comprised in the fifth great division of these plants. Some of
them have their spores contained in a distinctly organized cyst
(perithecium) ;* others are merely concealed under the bark
or cuticle, while others are completely exposed. In the former

* The word perithecium more properly applies, according to its etymology,
to the Sphceriacei and their close allies, but it would be refining needlessly to
give the organ a distinct name here.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

15

case the spores are usually simple,, in the latter they are often
arranged in necklace-like threads of greater or less tenacity.
The general name of the division is Coniomycetes, from the
dust-like nature of the spores. The four first groups are known
under the names of Splicer onemei, Melanconiei, Phragmotru
chacei, and Torulacei, the characters of which will he given in
the systematic portion of the work. I can point out no popu-
lar representatives of these subdivisions. My more immediate
object is simply to give some general notion of the plants
comprised in the term Fungi, avoiding as much as possible all
microscopic characters.

There is still another important group, consisting of two
divisions, Puccinicei and Cceomacei, of which a few species have
been long observed, though their real nature is often mis-
taken,— I mean the Rust, Smut, and Mildew so prevalent and
injurious to our corn-crops, besides a host of species which
infest other plants while still in a living state. In two genera
of this group the parasites obtain such large dimensions, and
are of so bright a colour, that they can scarcely escape notice
where they abound. To this are referable the jelly-like masses
on the different species of Juniper (Tab. 2, fig. 4, 5), which
not only resemble the gelatinous Tremellce in outward aspect,
but in some points of structure, proving clearly the connection
of the whole group of parasites with the higher Fungi, and
stultifying the views of those who regard these productions as
mere states of the cellular tissue of the plants on which they
are developed. Of these Fungi there are two groups. Tlie
Puccinicei, to which the Wheat Mildew belongs, distinguished
by their articulate spores (Plate 1, fig. 4), and Cceomacci,
containing the Bunt, Rust, and other simplc-sporcd, truly
parasitic, dust-like Fungi (Plate 1, fig. 5).

Every one is acquainted with the large division of Fungi

16

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

which follows^ consisting of those Moulds which bear naked
fruity and are known under the name of HyphomyceteSj from
their filamentous character. The Blue- mould of cheese and
paste^ and the common species which run over preserves and
other stores are familiar examples. Some are so bright in
colour and form such compact masses that they readily at-
tract notice ; but there are few, if any, which do not require
the use of the microscope, even for the accurate examination
of their outward forms. Some of these Moulds, again, are
mere conditions of other Fungi. Though difficult of exami-
nation, they amply repay investigation. They are divided into
five groups, Imriei, Stilbacei, Dematiei, Mucedines, and Sepe-
doniei, of which it is not easy to give popular examples. The
first two contain species in whieh the threads of which the
plants are composed are closely compacted, so as in some cases
to make them resemble the Clavate Fungi mentioned above
(p. 9). The red Fungus, so common in gardens on dead
currant-branches, forming little scarlet, cushion-like masses,
is a good example of the second.* The species of the third
division consist of loose threads, which are mostly dark, as if
carbonized ; while the white or purer coloured Moulds consti-
tute the fourth. The typical genus of the last subdivision,
Sepedonium, is familiar to many, from its transforming the
Boleti of our woods into a bright-yellow spongy mass.

This terminates the first series of Fungi, consisting of four
divisions, in which the fructifying bodies are naked and ex-
posed. There are, however, other plants included in the term,
which differ greatly in structure, but many of which are readily
recognized by the common observer as true Fungi, while others
are as minute and obscure as the black specks noticed before.
At present we are looking principally to outward characters. It

* This, however, is probably merely a state of Nectria cinnaharina.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

17

is necessary however to remark^ that these productions^ instead
of naked spores^ have fructifying bodies {sporidia) enclosed in
sacs [asci or sporangia). (Plate fig. 2.)

In those Fungi of the second series which have asci, the
receptacle which bears the fructifying stratum, whether exposed
or concealed from view, is more or less complicated in struc-
ture, while in those which have sporangia, it is loosely fila-
mentous, as in Mucedines. In a few instances however the
sporangia themselves are cellular ; but in such cases the true
nature of the productions is often somewhat doubtful. On
these grounds we have two primary divisions, — Ascomycetes
and Physomycetes, whose names are indicative of their distinct
characters of ascus-bearing and sporangium -bearing Fungi.

The first group, of Ascomycetes, which meets us, is that which
is best known, as it includes such productions as the Morel,
and the large PezizcB (Plate 22, fig. 4, 5, 6), or cup-shaped
Fungi, which attract admiration from their form and colours.
The scarlet Peziza, common in some districts on sticks, the
orange Peziza of wood, the vesicular Peziza of hot-beds, are
all well-known examples, and there are many others of va-
riable size and beauty which will reward researches in our
woods. One of the most curious, Peziza venosa (Plate 22,
fig. 6), is a common inhabitant of the naked soil in woods or
gardens in spring, some inches in breadth, and remarkable for
its wrinkled hymenium and nitrous odour. The leading spe-
eies of the group are mitre-shaped or club-shaped ; but the
hymenium, and the receptacle on which it is spread, by va-
rious gradations, at length form a perfect cup, Avhicli in the
higher species is borne upon a stem, but in others is perfeetly
sessile or expanded, in which case it resembles closely those
Fungi of the Gill-bearing division, whieh present a smooth,
even hymenium [Auricularini) . These Fungi are called collec-

c

18

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

lively Elvellaceij from the typical genus Helvella (Plate 21,

fig- 4)-

A few of the Pezizce are subterranean in their habits, and
thus pave the way for the Truffles [Tuberacei) (Plate 23, iig. 2),
which grow completely beneath the surface, answering to Hy~
pogm^ p. 11, and which are well-known objects of commerce.
These vary greatly in structure and in the nature of their
fruit. The more common have a rough corrugated surface,
like the fruit of a Pine-apple, but others are perfectly even.

To these succeed a host of hard or coriaceous species, of
which scarcely any attract general notice. One of the most
conspicuous is the round, black Fungus [Rhytisma acerinum),
so common on the leaves of different species of maples. The
group is distinguished by the common name of Phacidiaceij
from the genus Phacidium, of which a pretty species grows
on dead oak and beech leaves.

These are followed by an enormous mass of plants, specimens
of which occur on almost every stick or stalk which we can pick
up in our hedges, woods, or gardens. Some of the finest occur
on insects. Those of our own country are in general but little
known ; but there are few of my readers who have not seen
the Caterpillar Fungus of New Zealand, which is one of the
finest in the section. One of the commonest examples is af-
forded by the old Sphceria Hypoxylon, which grows at the base
of stakes, gate-posts, etc., looking like the snuff of a candle.
We have one or two larger species, but not so generally
known. Some recommend themselves to notice by their
colour, as Nectria cmnaharrinay which is so common on old
sticks in gardens ; but the attraction of many consists entirely
in the structure of their fruit. The exotic species, which are
very abundant, are often remarkable for beauty and singu-
larity. These Fungi are called Sph(Briacei. The club-shaped

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

19

species are distinguished from Clavaria by their having their
fruit contained in peritlieciaj which are very conspicuous be-
neath the cuticle when the plant is divided.

A very distinct division contains some of the productions
which are commonly known under the name of Mildew. These
in a young state are white and mealy, and are known as Hop
Mildew, Rose Mildew, etc. ; but as they grow, they form first
yellow, then black, speck-like sacs, which contain a different
form of fruit. These sacs are attached to abundant filaments, and
therefore approach somewhat in appearance to Moulds. They
are called Perisporiacei, from the typical genus Perisporium.

There is yet another small group, of which one genus con-
sists of Fungi which grow principally on animal substances, as
decaying hoofs, horns, feathers, etc. These, however, are not
very common, and are therefore little known. The group is
called Onygenei, a name alluding to the growth of one of the
species on hoofs of animals.

We have still another set of productions which rank amongst
Fungi, some of which are popularly known. They are the
Sporangium -bearing Fungi noticed above, p. 17. They consist
of two groups only, the first of which comprises the dark felt-
like Fungi, which run over the leaves of living trees. They are
uncommon in Great Britain, and it is probable that they are,
in general, conditions of other Fungi. They are called Anten-
narieij from the threads of some of them when magnified re-
sembling the antennae of beetles. The other contains those
Moulds which have distinct sacs on their threads, and not
naked spores. The common Moulds of paste and of rotting
pears are well-known instances. The finest British example
is Mucor nitenSj which grows on fatty substances, and attains
a considerable size. Most of the species, however, are merely
microscopic objects.

20

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Such, on a general review, are the objects which engage
the study of the Fungologist. He will not at first, perhaps,
be able in every case to assert at once, without danger of
mistake, that any given production is a Fungus, because some
of the Lichens, or even Algae, come so near to Fungi. But this
is true only of a limited number of plants which will not natu-
rally come under his investigation at first. There are multi-
tudes which he can determine satisfactorily without the aid of
anything more than a common lens, and to these he will do
well to pay attention in the first instance. If he wishes to
become acquainted with structure, he must have recourse to
a microscope, and he will then be able better to appreciate the
niee shades which separate Fungi from neighbouring classes
of the Vegetable Kingdom. It is a most fatal error in the
student to attach himself in the first instance to the naming
of every black speck he may ehance to find, without a preeise
knowledge of strueture ; for in this ease he is sure to end as
a mere collector, without any title to the name of Fungologist.

It may be well to present in a tabular form the general
outline which has been presented to my readers, noticing where
praeticahle popular examples of each division.

SPORIFEROUS FUNGI.

1. HYMENOMYCETES.

a. Agaricini. Mushroom. Chantarelle.

b. Polyporei. Sap-balls.

c. Hydnei. Spine-bearing Fungi.

d. Auricularini. Stereum of Oak and Poplar.

e. Clavati. Clavaria.

f. Tremellmi. Jew’s-ear.

2. aASTEEOMYCETES.

a. Hypjogoii. Red Truffle of Bath.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

21

b.

C.

d.

e.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

a.

b.

Phalloidei. Common Stinkhorn.
Trichogastres. Puff-balls.
Myxogastres. Dust Fungus of tanpits.
Nidulariei. Birds^-nest Peziza.

3. CONIOMYCETES.

Sphoironemei.

Melanconiei.

Phragmotrichacei.

Torulacei.

Puccinmi. Wheat Mildew.
Cceomacei. Smut. Bunt.

No popular types.

4. HYPHOMYCETES.

Isariacei. Insect Club Mould.

Stilbacei. Scarlet Tubercularia.

Dematiei. Carbonized Moulds.

Mucedines. Blue Mould. Yeast and Vinegar Fungus.
Sepedoniei. Yellow Boletus Mould.

SPORIDIIFEROUS FUNGI.

5. ASCOMYCETES.

Elvellacei. Morel.

Tvberacei. Truffle.

Phacidiacei. Maple Mould.

Sphceriacei. Candle-snuff Fungus.
Perisporiacei. Hop Blight.

Onygenei. Floof Fungus.

6. PIIYSOMYCETES.
Aiitennariei. Felt Moulds.

Mucorim. Bread Mouldy Pear Mould.

22

CHAPTER II.

NATUKE OF FUNOI.

Having given some general notions of the objects of which
it is proposed to render an account in this volume, I proceed
to such considerations as to their nature, mode of growth,
propagation, uses, properties, distribution, and structure, as
may come within the scope of an essentially popular treatise,
and so far as they can be explained without entering into
abstruse discussions, which require a considerable portion of
previous knowledge.

The most prominent question which arises naturally may
be stated as follows : — Are these productions members of the
Vegetable Kingdom equally with the leaf-bearing plants with
which we are all so familiar; are the species as truly species
as those which we meet with amongst them, or are Fungi
mere creatures of accident, without any stability of character,
and incapable of any rational arrangement ?

Taking Fungi as a whole, there is not a shadow of doubt
as to their being true vegetables. Discussions, indeed, once
took place in consequence of erroneous observations respect-
ing some supposed spontaneous motion in their reproduc-
tive bodies, as seen under the microscope, as to whether they
might not be built up by little animals after the fashion

NATURE OF FUNGI.

23

of corals; but it is now perfectly certain that such notions
were ill-founded^ and that these bodies agree in the main
prineiples of growth and structure with other vegetables. In
several speeies the complete progress from the minute spore
to the perfeet plant has been traeed step by step_, till the
eirele has been eomplete^ and the new spore ready again for
reproduetion. In one group alone_, as stated above (p. 13),
doubts exist as to the real nature of the objeets it contains,
because the general mass does not usually eonsist of real fila-
ments or cells, and the substance of which they are eom posed
is of a different chemieal nature from that which forms the
framework of all known vegetables.* Ultimately, however,
true eells are always produeed, and in one genus spiral vessels ;
and both Mr. Broome and myself have in certain genera ob-
served distinet saes growing from the fundamental framework
and not from the mere slimy mass whieh it encloses, in which
the spores are developed, and sometimes from a speeific point,
as in the higher Fungi (Plate I, fig. 6), the free portion of the
spore being rough with granules, while the inner portion, from
its eontact with other spores, is smooth.! Besides, in Lyco-
gala terrestris there is as distinet a fibrillose spawn penetra-
ting the soil as in any Lycoperdon (see Corda, fasc. 6, t. 2,
fig. 37 ; and text, p. 15). Fries, moreover, in a letter received
while writing this, ealls my attention to the early stage of
the fructiferous cells in the genus Polysaccum, and to the
amorphous, unctuous, semiliquid state of young Poliyporus
SchweinUzn, resembling elosely that of an infant zEthalium.
Though, however, I have myself little doubt as to these pro-
duetions being vegetables, as well as other Fungi, and I am

* Ifc is something like the “sarcodo” of Dujardin, and not “cellulose.”

t Exactly as in the achcnia of many Compositce^ as, fov example, in those of
Mhagadiolus.

24

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

supported in this view by Fries^ than whom no one is more
eminent for tact and nice discrimination, it is right that I
should not speak too positively, as the two brothers Tulasne,
who have contributed so much to our knowledge of Fungi,
incline rather, as it should seem, to De Bary^s views, which
they corroborate in some degree by the fact that many of these
productions contain in their outer coat such a notable quantity
of carbonate of lime, that a strong effervescence takes place
on the application of sulphuric acid.

Setting, however, the Myxogastres aside, there is now no
question as to the rest. As regards mere substance and
duration, undoubted Ph(Bnogams vary almost as much as
Fungi themselves, while one or two groups of Phcenogams, as
PaffiesiacecB and Balanophorce, of which an example is given
(Plate 2, fig. 8), approach in form, substance, parasitic growth,
comparative simplicity of structure, etc., in many respects to
Fungi. But notwithstanding such peculiarities, they are as
truly Phcenogams as plants of other Orders, while in Fungi
there is a character which we believe is wholly without exam-
ple amongst Phcenogams, viz. that they absorb oxygen when
exposed to light, and give out carbonic acid, in which parti-
cular they resemble animals.

As regards the second point, whether the species are as
definite as in other acknowledged parts of the Vegetable King-
dom, I answer without a moment’s hesitation that there is
in most cases far less difficulty in determining the limits of
species. Amongst the Polypori, indeed, the limits are often
very difficult to recognize, but if we take the large group of
Agarics and its allies, with a few exceptions only, it may
without doubt be asserted that more certain species do not
exist in any part of the organized world than amongst Fungi.
Tbe same species constantly recur in the same places, and

NATURE OF FUNGI.

if kinds not hitherto detected present themselves_, they are
either such as are well known in other districts^ or species
which have been overlooked^ and which are found on better
experience to be widely diffused. There is nothing like chance
about their characters or growth. It is quite astonishing how
few new species have been met with in Sweden since the pub-
lication of the ^Epicrisis’ of Fries in 1838_, though acute bo-
tanists have studied them most accurately in the course of
the last twenty years^ and especial attention has been lately
paid to them with a view to making as complete a collection
as possible of drawings of the fleshy or softer Fungi for the
Museum at Stockholm, and of the few novelties which have
turned up, some have already occurred elsewhere."^

It is therefore almost useless to advert to the third notion,
though a very common one, which would regard these pro-
ductions as the creatures of chance, or of a happy concurrence
of circumstances favourable to their growth from inorganic
elements. It is true that they often occur in unexpected
situations, and from their extreme rapidity of development,
sometimes seem as if they could not have originated from
anything like seed ; but as accurate inquiries have now thrown
light upon much of the mystery in which the origin of intes-
tinal worms was but lately involved, so the phenomena which
attend the growth of Fungi are gradually receiving light, and
they are found to follow essentially the same laws as more
perfect vegetables.

Tlie notion of equivocal or spontaneous generation, indeed,
is now all but exploded amongst scientific men. The most
careful experiments show that, without pre-existent germs,

* Copies of many of these drawings have been forwarded to me by the kind-
ness of Fries, and from these I have already been enabled to recognize one of
the very few new speeies {Agaricus'gHodennus) as Eritish.

26

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

no organized beings are ever produced from such solutions as
contain matters fit to nourish minute animals or vegetables,
though where proper precautions have not been taken to ex-
clude the possibility of their access, they exist in myriads.
That the spores of Fungi do get access somehow or other
into very unexpected places is quite another question, and,
like many other obscure matters of natural history, may some
time or other meet with an easy explanation.^'

* Since the above was written, De Baiy has stated his views more explicitly
respecting the Myxogastres. In Lycogala epidendrum he figures filaments
very hke those of Dasyglcea^ a genus of fresh-water Algse. It appears also, as
Mr. Currey has seen in Trichia^ that the young germinating spores in many
species assume the characters of zoospores ; but this does not prove that these
productions are animals any more than that those Algse in which zoospores
occur, are so. Still less does the existence of sarcode tend to this conclusion,
when it is remembered that cellulose, the peculiar distinctive mark in vegetable
structure, occurs in undoubted animals.

27

CHAPTER III.

HABITATS OF FUNGI.

It is difficult to point out any substance or situation where
conditions exist capable of supporting vegetation, in which
Fungi, in one or other of their forms, may not be developed.
The general notion is that Fungi are essentially the creatures
of decay ; but this notion arises only from a very limited ap-
prehension of the objects comprised under the name ; for not •
only do we find them on putrescent logs or vegetables, but
they occur sometimes on bare flints, on glass, — as on our
window-panes and the lenses of microscopes, — or even on
smooth metallic surfaces ; but they establish themselves also
in the most poisonous solutions, and in fluids where no de-
composition has at present taken place. But more than this,
they are found on living structures, whether animal or vege-
table, at whose expense they grow. About fifteen years since,
when so much was said and written about Fungi in conse-
quence of the interest which was attached to the potato mur-
rain, it was a favourite dictum, even amongst men of some
pretensions to science, that Fungi could not grow upon healthy
substances. It is, however, now a well-established fact that
the most healthy tissues may be affected by Fungi, though
they rapidly become diseased under their influence. Deferring

28

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

for the present the consideration of this influence^ I shall
simply indicate some of the peculiar situations in which Fungi
are occasionally found.

Amongst the higher Fungi_, the Coprini (Plate 12^ fig. 1),
and those species of Agaricus, as for example A. disseminatus,
which are most nearly allied to them^ are most capricious in
their habitats. Old damp carpets, naked walls, pestilential
drains entirely concealed from sight, and other anomalous
situations, are amongst those in which they assume an occa-
sional habitat, their proper place for the most part being
decayed wood, or the dung of graminivorous animals, which
closely resembles it in the Fungi which it nourishes. As the
Coprini are amongst the most rapid in their growth of any
Fungi, as every one knows who has watched their progress in
a new hot-bed, they sometimes appear in the most unexpected
situations. It is, for instance, not very uncommon to find
them on the dressings of amputated limbs, and surgeons are
in consequence sometimes very unjustly charged with negli-
gence by persons who are not acquainted with the speed with
which a Coprinus may pass through every stage of growth
from the spore to the perfect pileus. Where these plants —
as, for example, Coprinus radiatus and Agaricus disseminatus
— are developed on bare walls, they throw out an enormous
quantity of mycelium, in order to avail themselves as much as
possible of the moisture of the surrounding air.

Though Fungi cannot exist without a certain degree of
moisture, they suffer in general from its excess. A few spe-
cies, however, are never found except on substances immersed
in water. The beautiful scarlet Mitrula paludosa, which is
the ornament in summer of every little quiescent drain in
some parts of Wales, uniformly grows on leaves or other
decayed vegetable matter floating in water, while Vibrissea

HABITATS OF FUNGI.

29

truncorum, so remarkable for shooting out its long thread-
like sporidia under the influence of the sun_, is found on im-
mersed logs or sticks. A fine Sphceria, not yet observed in
this country, is found in Algiers on submarine phsenogams,
and other instances occur where the daily wash of salt-water
has not prevented the growth of Fniigi. The ubiquitous
Bpliceria herbarum flourishes even on seaweed thrown up by
the waves.

I am not at liberty to reckon as Fungi the curious Moulds
which, grow on dead fish, making them conspicuous as they
float on the surface of the water by the foggy halo which sur-
rounds them. These productions differ so essentially in their
mode of reproduction from Fungi in general, that at present
it would be rash to speak too positively about them ; but, in-
asmuch as their peculiar characters seem to depend entirely
upon the degree of moisture to which they are exposed, there
is some reason to hesitate and to wait for further information.
I have no doubt that the Mould which is so common on flies
in autumn, oozing out as it were between their abdominal
rings, is a mere condition of one of these anomalous produc-
tions. Nay, it was known long since that the same animal
which, when immersed in water, produced one of these
puzzling plants, when exposed to a slight degree of moisture
gave birth to a true Mucor, or Mould.

A gigantic Mould, of a dark shining green when dry, ap-
pears frequently on casks, or on the walls in oil-mills. The
same species occurs sometimes in great abundance on casks
of grease, flourishing in the most wonderful degree, and ulti-
mately exhausting to a great depth the substance in which it
grows. As it is far larger than any of the common species
of Mucor which grow on fruit or decaying vegetables, it was
long considered as belonging to a distinct genus, under the

30

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

name of Phy corny ces ; but this notion is now abolished_, and
it takes its place as the prince of these powers of putrescence.

One of the most curious properties of certain Fungi is their
capability of growth in substances which are in general de-
structive to vegetables. Tannin is one of these substances^ and
yet a Fungus very frequently makes its appearanee on the
wood with which the tan-pits are lined. It is perhaps not so
surprising^ that many species prefer spent tan to almost any
other substance^ though even this does not seem favourable to
phaenogams, except so far as it is useful in raising the tempe-
rature of the houses in which they grow. Many vegetable
poisons^ as opium^ though innocuous to the plants by which
they are produced so long as they remain in their proper cells
or receptacles_, are positively destructive when mixed with
the fluid which is taken up by their roots. More than one
species of Fungus, however, is developed on extracted opium,
and the factories in India have suffered greatly from their
presence. Solutions of arsenic, sulphate of iron, sulphate of
copper, etc., though highly concentrated, do not prevent the
growth of some Fungi of a low order, though at once destruc-
tive to others. A few years since, a little Mould, developed in
the solution of copper used for electrotyping in the depart-
ment of the Coast Survey of Washington, proved an into-
lerable nuisance. Strange to say, it decomposes the salt, assi-
milating the sulphuric acid, and rejecting the copper, which is
deposited round its threads in a metallic form.* These pro-
ductions, indeed, are sometimes referred to AlgcB, from their
submersed mode of growth; but they are mostly common
species of Mould, and very distantly related to Algcc.

One of these Moulds is sometimes developed in strong wine,
as in Madeira. A Mould, however, of a very different habit

* Harvey, ‘ Nereis Boreali- Americana,’ part i. p. 6.

HABITATS OF FUNGI.

31

and colour (Antennaria cellaris) is peculiarly attached to
wine-cellars^ where it is the pride of the merchant when it
hangs about the walls in black powdery tufts. It is not, how-
ever, the only occupant of wine-cellars. There is a Fungus,
whose exact character is unknown, which first attacks the
corks of wine-bottles, destroying their texture, and at length im-
pregnates the wine with such an unpleasant taste and odour
that it is perfectly unfit for use ; while another, equally ob-
scure as to its kindred, after preying upon the corks, sends down
branched threads into the liquid, at length rendering it a mere
caput mortuum. Dry -rot, again, is peculiarly attached to cel-
lars, to the destruction of wine-shelves ; and an instance is on
record in which this or some other Fungus attacked a cask of
wine, and increased to such an extent as to completely block
up the entrance. The wood of the cask was the first object of
attack, but the wine supplied a great portion of the sus-
tenance of this enormous monster, which is only equalled by
the great curtain of Dry-rot which lately covered the walls of
a sandstone railway tunnel in the north of England.

Perhaps the most curious circumstance under which Fungi
are developed is when they are found in situations apparently
completely excluded from the external air, as the Potato
Mould, in the cavities of the fruit of Tomato, Dactylium
roseum in the hazel-nut, or a red Penicillium in an egg. The
spawn of Fungi, however, is capable of making its way, and
that very rapidly, through the closest structures. In some
cases its progress from without is easily traced, in others it
is wholly obscure, and yet in multitudes of instances, as in
a large proportion of the Sphccriacei, it is quite certain that
it must have penetrated at some period into the matrix,
whether in a living or a dead condition. A few minute
species, indeed, have never been found in any other situation

32

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

than in the cavities of the cells of phsenogams, or their inter-
cellular spaces. The presence^ however, of the little animal
in the cerebral cysts, which causes the disease known under
the name of ^ giddiness^ in sheep, was once equally obscure,
and even since its origin is known, the rapidity with which
the young of the tapeworm of the dog, after it has been
swallowed by the sheep, penetrates the brain through a very
devious course, is marvel enough to command all our powers
of faith.

The existence of Fungi on the mucous membrane of ani-
mals, or in other situations, will be noticed when I come to
the consideration of the diseases produced by Fungi.

Two other circumstances, however, require a few lines
before I close this Chapter. The first of these is the occur-
rence of Mould in the inside of bread a few hours after it is
baked. This was at one time notoriously the case with the
coarse ^‘'pain de munition,^^ or barrack-bread, at Paris. A
beautiful red Mould appeared in its very centre within an in-
credibly short space of time. It was, however, found that the
spores of certain Fungi would bear moist heat equal to that
of boiling water without losing their power of germination.
They have also considerable powers of resisting frost, but the
exact limits in either case under varying circumstances have
not at present been ascertained.

The other point is the apparently sudden development of
fungous matter on cooked provisions, whether animal or vege-
table, in very hot weather. As the Fungus thus produced is of
a bright blood-red, and often spreads in little jets as if spirted
from an artery, it has been supposed to arise from a rain of
blood. The production is not, however, so uncommon as is
supposed, and may be seen almost every year on some of the
larger and more perfect Fungi when in a state of decay, though

HABITATS OF FUNGI.

33

in small quantities. When in abundance it is very beautiful,
and in hot weather it may he cultivated with great ease on
rice paste. The growth of these productions is, however, very
capricious, and I have this autumn in vain attempted to cul-
tivate it, which is the more provoking, as its real affinities and
structure are at present very obscure.'^

It may he added, in conclusion, that the Fungi which attack
animal substances are for the most part far from nice in their
choice of a place of growth, but some which produce disease
in animals are attached to particular insects, and a few which
grow on decaying hoofs, horns, bones, feathers, wool, or hairs,
are never found in any other situations. Leather for a long
time seemed to be exempt from any Fungi save the commonest
species of Mould, but Messrs. Broome and Currey have lately
found a pretty Ascobolus on this substance when exposed to

* Together with the blood-rain, gelatinous spots of a bright yellow, blue,
pink, grey, white, etc., often appear on the rice paste, identical in structure
with the red. The matter which appears on meat in damp weather seems to
be similar. The whole subject requires further investigation.

D

34

CHAPTER IV.

aEOaHAPHICAL DISTETBUTION OF FUNOI.

The reproductive bodies of Fungi are so small and easily
wafted by tbe air,'^ and, moreover, are in certain cases ca-
pable of enduring such high and low temperatures without
losing their power of germination, that there are far greater
facilities for their distribution than for that of phsenogams.
Wherever, therefore, similar conditions of soil, moisture, and
other external accidents exist, or, at least, such conditions as
are suited to the development of particular species, we are pre-
pared to meet with the same or similar Fungi. Accordingly,
if we take almost any extratropical island or district, we find
a large portion of species identical with those of Europe,
besides a certain number of closely- allied species ; and in pro-
portion as such places present at times conditions approxi-
mating those of tropical or subtropical countries, we have a
varying proportion of truly tropical or subtropical species. If,
for instance, we take Tasmania, of which only a portion of
the Fungi are at present known, we find, out of 275 species,

* Spores of Fungi, for instance, have been detected apparently uninjured in
the dust of the trade winds, in flakes of snow collected from the air, on the
mucous surfaces of the internal organs of animals, in the dejections of cholera,
etc.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI.

35

113 British, 20 European species which may he expected to
occur in this country, 95 Tasmanian species of European type,
19 subtropical, with 28 of extra- European type — Chilian, Ant-
arctic, and Tasmanian. If New Zealand be the point of com-
parison, we have in 158 species 48 British species, 6 European,
3 cosmopolites, 19 tropical and subtropical, with a few from
various localities, 42 new species of European forms, 5 Aus-
tralian forms and 28 subtropical, or, in other words, 58 tropical
and subtropical types, including all that are not European, and
100 European. The proportion of European types is, there-
fore, much larger in Tasmania than New Zealand, though we
have still a large proportion in the latter locality. Even in
tropical countries — that is, tropical not only as to latitude hut
as to climate, for with high elevations we may have alpine
seasons — we always find a certain though variable proportion
of European species. In Cuba, for instance, there is a fourth,
in Java a third, while in the Philippine Islands there is only
a twentieth of such species. Amongst these are a few species
found in every part of the globe.

The scope of this work does not admit of any closer com-
putation, though materials are not wanting for fuller compa-
risons than have yet been made. Still much yet remains to
he done amongst tropical Fungi. Those of the greater part
of India, for instance, except as regards the Himalayas, are
almost unknown. It must be remembered, however, that alti-
tude has more to do with the presence of particular species
than latitude. As regards the Sikkim Himalayas, for ex-
ample, we have in the hissing hot valleys towards their base,
truly tropical species; higher up are subtropical species of
Ceylon and Java; then those of southern Europe; while as
you ascend, multitudes of species cither identical with or
closely allied to northern European species make their ap-

36

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

pearance, and do not cease till we reaeh an altitude of 18^000
feet.

In respeet of genera, they are in general diffused almost
indiseriminately over the surface of the globe. A few genera
only are peeuliar to warm climates, and some of these have
their representatives on either side of the basin of the Medi-
terranean. The same species occur sometimes at great dis-
tances from eaeh other, being confined to small districts in
each locality. Java, the Sikkim Himalayas, New Zealand,
and South Carolina, produce a curious plant,* allied to Geaster,
which occurs on decayed laurels, without any intermediate
stations, and other instances might be brought forward. The
species which occur in difierent tropical countries often differ
widely, especially the Polypori, but it is certain that there are
hundreds of undescribed species to reward future researches,
and till the genus has been more closely studied, it is difficult
as yet to come to any accurate conclusions.

As regards cosmopolite species, it is curious that the com-
mon Mushroom is one of the most universally diffused, but
it may be doubted whether this has not accompanied the in-
troduction of the horse, consequent on the dispersion of the
human race.

But little has at present been made public respecting the
distribution of species in Europe. Fries is, however, collect-
ing materials for the solution of this difficult question. The
great evil is, that so few persons have made such a critical
study of the more important species which retain their cha-
racters but imperfectly when dried, that it is not always
possible to give implicit credit to lists of species which may
be published in local Floras. Indeed, some notion of the
difficulty may be found from the frequent alterations of sy-

* Trichoscytale paradoxa.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP FUNGI.

37

nonyms which appear in the works even of the best Fungo-
logists. Much remains also to be done in the south of Eu-
rope, notwithstanding the labours of such trustworthy autho-
rities as Vittadini, and till the Southern Fungi are worked out
in the same spirit and with the same accuracy with which
he has attacked a portion of the Fungi of Italy, it will be
impossible to ascertain correctly the limits of species.

It is requisite, however, not only to study their limits in
latitude, but the geological limits also. These will probably
prove far more striking. The predominance of Truffles in
limestone formations above other strata is a well-known fact,
and there is little doubt that a comparison of lists belonging
to different formations would give equally striking results in
other groups. The subject is well worth attention, and will
be found highly interesting to those who have facilities of
visiting different districts for comparison. It must be re-
membered, in considering this subject, that species cannot
become permanent inhabitants of any district if extremes
exist destructive to their spawn. Excessive drought, or mois-
ture, extreme heat or cold at certain times of the year, may
prevent the establishment of a species, especially where that
species is a long time before it sends up perfect fruit from
its spawn. It is probable that few ever make their appear-
ance which are not able to exist permanently. The Vine Mil-
dew and Potato Mould are at present examples in favour of
this notion, but it is to be hoped that, under some peculiar
concurrence of circumstances fatal to their growth, they also
may at length entirely disappear.

But little can be said of the occurrence of Fungi in earlier
periods of the earth, before the introduction of man into the
universe. No certain traces of Fungi are to be met with till
very recent periods, though a few anomalous productions have

38

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

been referred to that tribe from mere external resemblance.
We know at least that the genus Penicillium was contempo-
raneous with the pines which yielded amber, and one or two
more genera undoubtedly existed at the same time. It is
probable, too, that some of the black specks which occur on
leaves in very reeent deposits are due to Sphseriaceous Fungi,
but I know nothing of them except from the published figures.
Polyporus lucidus (Plate 16, fig. 2) occurs in a fossil state
in the Fens of Cambridgeshire. A specimen in the Kew
Museum is singularly like one from the Sikkim Himalaya
placed by its side.

39

CHAPTER V.

GEOWTH OF FUNOI.

Fungi consist of two principal parts^ the vegetative and the
fructifying. If we take for instance a common Mushroom^
the vegetative is represented by the spawn, which for a time
carries on all the existing functions of the plant; the fructi-
fying by the stem with its cap and gills, which bears nearly
the same relation to the spawn, as the flower with its various
organs to the stem on which it grows. The spawn may flou-
rish for years without ever bearing any fruit, but fruit can
never be produced without spawn. This fact is generally
overlooked, because the fruit bears usually so very large a
proportion to the spawn ; but the proportion is not greater
than in many parasitic plants — as, for instance, in the Raf-
fle sia^ which grows on the roots of Cissus, with but a very
slight apparatus between the flowers and the matrix ; and the
same may be said of BalanophorcCj of which one is represented
in Plate 2, fig. 8.

The spawn of Fungi, whether in a cellular or filamentous
condition, — for it undergoes an infinite variety of modifica-
tions,— is developed in various situations, and even when pre-
sent beyond a doubt amongst the tissues of plants at whose
expense it lives, is very diflicult to detect, in consequence of

40

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

the ease with which it may be confounded with the divided
walls of the cells and little fragments which project from
them when a section is made for the microscope. At times,
however, all difficulty ceases, and in potatoes affected with
the Mould which hears so great a part in the production
of the Potato murrain I have seen instances in which the
tissues were almost entirely replaced by the spawn of the
Pungus.

One peculiarity about the growth of Fungi is the tendency
which they have to assume a circular disposition, and that not
merely in cases where the spawn is perennial, but where the
whole existence of the Fungus is confined to a few days or
weeks. A mass of spawn, however, it must be observed, does
not arise in general from a single spore, but from a collection
of spores, which spread in every direction and form a common
felt from whence the fruit rises. I will not enter upon the
question whether it is possible that several spores, after mak-
ing a common felt, may enter into the composition of the
same fruit. This is indeed asserted by Ehrenberg, but the
point is one of extreme delicacy, and requires much confirma-
tion before it can be received as an established fact. Never-
theless, as the mass grows from a common centre, it is con-
ceivable enough that at a common distance from that centre
the spawn should be in a fit condition to produce fruit, and
that as it continues to spread, the same process should take
place again; and that, in this way, a concentric arrangement
of the fruit should take place, as is the case in some Lichens ;
as, for example, in that formerly known under the name of
Lichen concentricus.^ This disposition is especially evident
in some of the parasites which affect fruit, and in none more
so than in Oidium fructigenum, a Mould which is extremely

* Now Lecidea atro'olha.

GROWTH OF FUNGI.

41

common in antumn on pears^ apples, and other fruit, and fre-
quently while yet hanging on the tree.

In the fields we see this tendeney illustrated by the forma-
tion of fairy rings, whieh have for a long time puzzled philo-
sophers, and are not without their diffieulties now. These
rings are sometimes of very ancient date, and attain enormous
dimensions, so as to be distinctly visible on a hillside from a
considerable distance. It is believed that they originate from
a single Fungus, whose growth renders the soil immediately
beneath unfit for its reproduction. The spawn, however,
spreads all round, and in the second year produces a crop,
whose spawn spreads again, the soil behind forbidding its
return in that direction. Thus the circle is continually in-
creased, and extends indefinitely till some cause intervenes to
destroy it. If the spawn did not spread on all sides at first,
an arc of a circle only is produced. The manure arising from
the dead Fungi of the former years makes the grass pecu-
liarly vigorous around, so as to render the circle visible even
when there is no external appearance of the Fungus, and
the contrast is often the stronger from that behind being
killed by the old spawn. This mode of growth is far more
common than is supposed, and may be observed constantly in
our woods, where the spawn can spread only in the soil or
amongst the leaves and decaying fragments which cover it.

The rapidity with which spawn penetrates, and the depth
to which it enters, is often quite surprising. The most solid
timber, in a few months, when exposed to the weatlicr and
in a damp situation favouralfic to the development of Fungi,
will sometimes show unequivocal traces of spawn. I have
seen, for instance, elm trunks which were perfectly sound
when felled, penetrated by the end of the second year with
spawn to within a few inches of the centre; and in this case

42

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

it must be remembered that vegetation goes on in tbe trunk
for nearly a twelvemonth before any Fungi can establish
themselves. The growth of Dry-rot is unfortunately familiar
to all^ and instances occur in which its spawn not only enters
the wood, but penetrates solid structures of brick.

When spawn has once taken possession of a spot favourable
to its growth, it is astonishing what an immense resistance it
will sometimes overcome. Large flagstones, for instance, are
sometimes raised by Mushrooms, and even tender species
like the Coprini (Plate 12, fig. 1) will sometimes resist a con-
siderable pressure.

Where the spawn of Fungi has high powers of vegetation, but
no possibility of getting access to the external air, it assumes
peculiar forms wdiich are sometimes extremely puzzling. In the
middle of a solid trunk, for instance, it forms black plates, —
as in the case of the common scaly Sapball, Polyporus squa-
mosus, and several of the more solid Splmriacei, — while, when
running between the bark and wood, it assumes the form of a
flat, anastomosing, black seaweed, rather than of a Fungus, in
which cases it is known under the name of Rhizomorpha sub-
corticaliSy etc. This form is assumed by the spawn of various
Polypori and XylaricE, and in some cases the condition to a
certain extent seems to be almost normal. The absence of
light, too, impedes the proper development of Fungi, and
hence a variety of forms occur, very few of which perfect
their fruit. I have even found a Coprinus, which grew down
from the interior of the roof of a hovel, though perfect in
other respects, absolutely devoid of fruit.

Spawn, as said above, may exist for years without pro-
ducing fruit, and it is probable that this is equally the case
whether it runs through soil or decaying substances, or
amongst living tissues, whether without or within their walls.

GROWTH OF FUNGI.

43

Wheat MildeWj for instance, often arrives at a certain stage
of growth without perfecting its fruit, a fact which suffi-
ciently accounts for the apparently sudden appearance which
it makes in seasons favourable to its full development amongst
our crops.

As regards the growth of individual Fungi, it takes place
essentially in a direction from the centre to the circumference,
or, in other words, it is centrifugal. Hence a Polyporus, such
as P. fraxinetiSj involves every stick and blade of grass in its
way as it increases in diameter. The mode of growth is ad-
mirably illustrated by a section of Polyporus Mspidus, so
common on apple-trees, in which the threads of which it is
composed are seen to radiate in one direction towards the
pileus, where their free ends form the hispid fascicles on the
surface, and in another direction towards the hymenium,
where they form the walls of the tubes and sporophores. It
is not indeed intimated that no growth takes place in any
other direction, but that the main direction is centrifugal.

Fungi are in general of short duration, but some go on
increasing for years. Polyporus fraxmeus, though only a few
inches across, the first year, attains at length a breadth of as
many feet. Some of the stipitate Polypori scarcely attain
their full characters till the second year, and a few even of the
softer species, if they get through the winter, sprout again
from the portion of tissue which remains sound. In such
case, though at first the nutriment was derived from the
matrix, by means of the spawn which performs the functions
of roots, life is carried on by the absorption of surrounding
moisture, and perhaps partly at the expense of the dead
Fungi. Even some Agarics, as A. fusipes (Plate 5, fig. 5),
seem sometimes to sprout from the decayed stumps of the
previous year, without any fresh mycelium.

44

CHAPTER VI.

STEUCTUKE OF FUNai.

Fungi_, with very few exceptions^ consist entirely of cells. In
about three genera alone is there anything at all resembling
the true vessels of flowering plants. These cells appear under
a variety of forms_, from that of regular globules, to thin cy-
^ lindrical threads. In some cases, as in certain species of
Botrytis^ (Plate 1, fig. 7), the whole plant consists of a single
branched cell, without any dissepiments, exactly as in some
of the scumlike green plants which float upon our stagnant
pools.f These cells generally contain a granular mass, but
in many Fungi the contents of certain privileged sacs are
transformed into bodies of various forms, capable of repro-
ducing the species, called Sporidia (Plate 1, fig. 2 b), while
in others distinct cells are formed at the tips of certain

* These species, which grow on living leaves, are now commonly referred to
the genus Peronospora. They doubtless form a distinct group, but if these be
separated, the genus Botrytis will no longer exist, for the others will pass to
Verticillium^ Polyactis^ and other genera. Nothing can be more absurd than
to break up a genus, and discard the original title altogether. Micheli’s Botrytis
is evidently the same with Polyactis^ and as that genus is now almost univer-
sally adopted, the name Botrytis ought to be reserved for Botrytis 'parasitica
and its allies, as that species was the first which received the generic name after
the time of Micheh.

t As in the genus Vaucheria.

STRUCTURE OF FUNGI.

45

threads or of their ramifications, when they are called. Spores
(Plate 1, fig. 1 a). Hence when Fungi are reduced to the
very simplest forms under which they can appear, we have on
the one hand the genus Gymnosporium (Plate 1, fig. 8), which
consists of an almost rudimentary base or spawn, for no
Fungus can grow without'^ some cells or threads, however
obscure, from which the fruit may spring. On the other hand,
we have the genus Ascomyces (Plate 1, fig. 9), consisting in
like manner of asci filled with sporidia.

In these cases the reproductive organs predominate to the
almost total exclusion of the vegetative. In almost every
case, however, the parts which bear those organs are the most
conspicuous, and often the only ones which attract general
notice. The pileus of an Agaric, for instance, with its stem
and gills, or, speaking collectively, the fruit, is far more pro-
minent than the spawn or mycelium. The largest Agaric,
however, admits of close comparison with the simplest Mould.
Let us take as an example Botrytis (Plate I, fig. 7). We
have three evident parts : the horizontal threads which creep
amongst the loose tissue of the under side of the leaves, which
answers to the spawn of the Mushroom ; the erect threads
which spring from it, bursting through the stomates, which
are represented in the Mushroom by the threads or cellular
tissue of which the stem of the Mushroom is composed, and
which, branching in every direction, pass into the cap, and
from thence into the gills, t where their free extremities

* The Yeast-plant may seem an exception. It mnst be rcmcmberccl, how-
ever, that it is originally derived from a Mould or Moidds, Avhicli have two dis-
tinct parts, the spawn, or, as it is called in this ease, hyjpha, and tlic fruit-
bearing threads.

f According to Bonorden, in some cases tlic external cells of the stem form
the fructifying portion of the gills, but this is exceptional, the fructifying tissue
of those organs being in general derived from the cells of the cap or pileus.

46

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

bear fruit almost exactly in the same way, as may be seen by
comparing the spore-bearing cells of an Agaric (Plate 1,
fig. 1) with those of Botrytis curta (Plate 1, fig. 7 h). The
lower part of the thread of the Mould answers to the sporo-
phore (Plate 1, fig. 1 c), the short branchlets to the spicules,
(Fig. 1 Z>), and the spores to those organs in the Agaric
(Fig. 1 a).

I have chosen as an object of comparison with the Mould
a genus which has reached almost the highest development of
which a Fungus is capable ; but the same reasoning applies to
every other case amongst the spore-bearing Fungi.

The justice of the notion that the highest Fungi may be
considered as consisting, theoretically, of a mass of closely-
compacted Mould, is proved by the great difficulty which there
is in distinguishing the highest Hyphomycetes from the lower
Clavati. The only difference is, that in the latter the sporophores
are more decidedly distinguishable from the tissue that bears
them than in the former. In the one case the spores are
seated on distinct organs, in the other on the mere tips of the
component threads, and even this distinction is not always
available. It is, moreover, curious that, under certain circum-
stances, the common Penicillium glaucum, instead of forming,
as it usually does, a continuous stratum, breaks up into little
tufts, and in some cases the threads composing these tufts are
so incorporated as to form a sort of common stem, with a
globose head of spores, and the condition which thus results
has been formed into the genus Coremium, or where a still
greater concentration has taken place, it has been described
as a Stilbum, one of the highest forms which Moulds are ca-
pable of assuming.

The hard, carbonaceous tissue of which the perithecia of most
Sp1i(Briacei and of the cognate forms amongst the Coniomycetes,
— if indeed there are any of these which are not mere condi-

STRUCTURE OF FUNGI.

47

tions of species in the former group — is formed, seems at first
sight totally different from that of other Fungi. But the gra-
dations are very gentle, and every intermediate condition may
be found. In these as much as in the Fungi of the primary
group, there is a distinction of spawn and fruit, though the
difference is in this case even more highly exaggerated, espe-
cially in those instances where a distinct receptacle occurs,
in which the perithecia are lodged, as in Xylaria (Plate 24,
fig. 1, 2), and Cordiceps (Plate 23, fig. 4, 5, 6, 7).

Beside the general tissue of which Fungi are composed, in
a few species, as the Lactarii (Plate 13, fig. 2, 3, 4), or milky
Agarics, there are distinct vessels like the vessels of the latex
in phsenogams, which contain a milky fluid. They exist in
all parts of the plant, especially in the gills, where they part
with their contents on the slightest touch. This fluid is of
various colours, mild or extremely acrid, and often changes
colour when exposed to the air. When dry it forms an unc-
tuous mass, which burns with a brilliant flame. In some
Russulce (Plate 13, fig. 5, 6, 7, 8), though probably not in the
species represented in the Plate, these vessels exist, but con-
tain a watery fluid only.

In many Fungi, something at first sight quite distinct from
the cellular tissue seems to exist, in the shape of a viscid fluid
which clothes the surface, or which occupies in a more or less
condensed form portions of the plant. In every case, however,
in which I have examined this under the microscope, the
slime appears to be formed of extremely delicate gelatinous
threads, while the firmer gelatine is formed cither of similar
threads or of threads with extremely thick external walls and
a very slender cavity.

The soft pulpy mass of which the Myxorjastres arc com-
posed, destitute as it is of cells, and hardening into threads
and peridia ccpially destitute a})})arcntly of organic struc ture.

48

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

is one of the most remarkable phenomena amongst Tungi^
and without example amongst other plants. It sometimes,
however, proceeds from a mycelium, and in the end always
gives rise to fruit-cells, and sometimes to spiral tissue, and
is therefore by itself no sufficient reason for excluding these
productions from the rank of vegetables.

The colour of Fungi depends in most cases upon the con-
tents of .the cells, except in those instances where the walls of
the cells themselves are carbonized. These contents are of
almost every colour except a pure green. When green occurs
in Fungi, as in Peziza (leruginosa, Agaricus (jeruginos^is, etc.,
it is generally of a metallic hue, or dull and inclined to olive,
as in the green Russula.

I notice, in conclusion, under this head, one or two pro-
perties occasionally exhibited by Fungi. The most notable
of these is the luminosity of some species. Agaricus olearius,
for instance, which grows on olive-trees in the south of
France, is so luminous that it is possible to distinguish letters
by its light, and still more luminous species have been found
in Brazil, Australia, and Amboyna. We are not, however,
without luminous Fungi in this country, but the pheno-
menon is rare, and has been observed principally in imper-
fectly developed species. Decayed wood and leaves also are
sometimes luminous, but whether from the presence of fun-
gous matter or not, is not quite certain.

I am not aware that in these cases there is any accession
of heat, but Dutrochet has observed that more heat is gene-
rated by Boletus ceneus occasionally than by any other vege-
table.

It has been asserted that powerful odours are destructive
to Fungi, and especially that of Bussian leather; but I do
not find this confirmed by my own experience, at any rate as
far as regards the instance alleged.

49

CHAPTER VIL

PROPAGATION OF FUNGI.

Fungi are propagated by cells_, whicli either separate by
means of a constriction from privileged portions of their
tissue [spores) (Plate 1^ fig. 1), or are produced freely [spo-
ridia) within certain sacs called asci (Plate 1, fig. 2) or spo-
rangia. In a few exceptional cases, though attached to the
tips of the fruit-bearing threads, tliey are surrounded by a
common membrane (Plate 1, fig. 3, 6) . Whether the repro-
ductive bodies, however, be called spores or sporidia, they
have a singular tendency to appear in definite numbers, either
in twos, fours, or multiples of four. Amongst the lower
sporiferous Fungi there is seldom any attempt at arrange-
ment; but in the higher, the sporophores almost uniformly
have four spicules, and each of these is surmounted by a
single spore. Very rarely there are but two, and still more
rarely, as in Phallus, the number exceeds four. Amongst the
sporidiiferous Fungi, the most common number of sporidia in
each ascus is eight ; where they arc very large, this is some-
times reduced to four, and, on the contrary, sometimes in-
creased to sixteen, thirty- two, etc. In some cases the num-
ber is indefinite, and, as far as I know, amongst the Vesi-
culiferi always so. The same law docs not hold good when

i:

50

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

the sporidia themselves are divided_, though the first septum
is generally found in the centre, and the two halves are often
divided in like manner. Multitudes of exceptions however
occur, though the normal plan is probably symmetrical.

Sometimes both forms of fructification take place or co-
exist in the same plant, and then the free cells are called
conidia or stylospores : conidia when the threads which hear
them are exposed ; stylospores when they are produced within
the same or distinct perithecia [pycnidia), or when they ac-
company the asci, being closely packed with them in the hy-
menium. Sometimes conidia, stylospores, and sporidia may
be produced in the same plant, and even where the normal
fruit consists of spores without sporidia, there may occasion-
ally be conidia.

Spores,, though apparently globose or ellipsoid under the
microscope, are often very thin and hollowed out on one side
like the seeds of a Veronica^ and amongst the Sphcsriacei
there are sporidia which have the same peculiarity.

Sporidia are in general more complicated than spores, but
whether the cell is simple or variously divided horizontally
and vertically by partitions or septa, the structure is still the
same. They consist of two or more membranes containing a
granular mass, in the midst of which there are frequently one
or more oil-globules or distinct cytoblasts. Germination
takes place either by the protrusion of a part of the two walls
together, or by that of the inner wall, which perforates or
ruptures the outer, if a pore be not previously in existence.
Where the spores or sporidia are compound, each joint will
sometimes germinate at the same time, but occasionally they
break up into separate parts, and in these cases it is some-
times convenient to consider each part as a distinct reproduc-
tive organ.

PROPAGATION OF FUNGI.

51

Besides these propagative bodies, other extremely minute
bodies are produced either on threads or in distinct perithecia
or cells in certain Fungi, as Bulgaria inquinans, Hysterium
Rubiy etc., which from analogy are supposed to have some-
thing to do with the impregnation of the normal fruit. In
this case the organs which contained them are called anthe-
ridia, or spermogonia, and the bodies themselves spermato-
zoids. It is very doubtful at present whether the cells which
project from the gills in Agaricus, Coprinus, Boletus , etc.,
are of the same nature, but it must be remembered that in
many cryptogams the mode of impregnation far more closely
resembles that in animals than that in phsen ogams, and
therefore it does not follow that a more perfect type may not
exist amongst the lower than amongst the higher Fungi.
Sometimes amongst the ascigerous Fungi, as in Nectria
inaurata, there are asci containing, the one eight sporidia, the
other a multitude of minute granules. These secondary asci
may perhaps with as much justice be considered antheridia as
the bodies mentioned above. It is observable, however, that
in the other cases the spermatozoids are always produced at
the tips of delicate threads or their branchlets, while these
little bodies are produced freely in the sacs like sporidia. It
is to the Messieurs Tulasne that we are chiefly indebted for
this knowledge, as also for the curious facts which I am about
to mention.

In many of the parasitic Fungi, belonging to the same sec-
tion as the Wheat Mildew and Bunt, a very curious process
takes place. The reproductive organs, which from analogy
are commonly called spores, do not directly propagate the
plant. These bodies however germinate, and often at definite
points, exactly after the fashion of pollen-grains, and after a
time produce on their threads secondary and sometimes tcr-

E 2

52

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

tiary spores capable of germinating. It is by these that the
plant is really reproduced.

In the Bunt the process is easily observed. If a portion of
the spores be laid on a piece of damp flannel or on a slip of
glass_, and properly secured from evaporation, a white floccose
matter is soon seen upon them, and when examined by the
microscope it is found that the spore first gives out an obtuse
thread, which produces at the apex a coronet of curved deli-
cate appendages like the spores of a Fusisporium, to which
genus they were referred before their true character was as-
certained;* these soon become connected by lateral threads,
and ultimately produce little oblong somewhat oblique cells,
which germinate and reproduce the plant (Plate I, fig. 5).
The analogy between this and the development of pollen -
grains on the one hand, and the formation of the prothallus
in the higher cryptogams, is very curious. t

This mode of propagation is not unimportant as regards
these parasites. It was quite clear that their spores could not
enter by the stomates of the stem or leaves, or much less by
the tender tissue of the spongelets of the roots. Nor, to take
the case of Bunt as an illustration, was it more possible for
the large blunt germinating threads of the first order thus to
enter. By this mode of propagation, however, a far more de-
licate spawn is produced, and where the spores are not for
a long time adherent to the mother plant, but are entirely
blown away at an early period, as in the Smut, we have the
spawn in the field ready to attack the seed the moment it
is committed to the ground.

Besides these modes of propagation. Fungi are extensively
propagated by fragments of the spawn, as for instance the

* See ‘ Propagation of Bunt Berkeley, in Journ. of Hort. Soc. vol. ii. p. 107.

t These points are diseussed in the ‘ Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany,’
p. 10, but they involve abstruse matters which would be out of place here.

PROPAGATION OF FUNGI.

53

yeast Fungus^ which may be reproduced for centuries without
ever throwing up the true fructifying threads, exactly as among
Mosses, a species may exist age after age, though never bear-
ing fruit.

In some instances undoubtedly when a plant is once tho-
roughly traversed by the spawn, even though it dies or is cut
down by cold every year, a Fungus may be propagated for a cer-
tain time by that portion which remains in the perennial root.
Plants for instance of Achillea Ftarmica, which I brought
from Lille strongly infested with Labrella Ptarmicce, yielded
for a year or two scanty crops of the Fungus, till it ceased to
appear altogether, and the same circumstance took place in
my garden with Viola odorata, which was distorted with Poly-
cystis Violce, Similar instances have been observed at Paris.
It is curious that so few of these parasites appear in our
stoves. Graphiola Phoenicis, on one or two kinds of Palm, is
almost the only one which has been observed, but whether
imported or not it is difficult to say.

If those Moulds which infest fish or aquatic vegetables, as
Leptomitus, Saprolegnia, etc., when immersed in water, be
truly Fungi, we should have a more perfect type of impregna-
tion than is presented by the supposed antheridia — at least
one more nearly resembling that in animals ; but we are not
at liberty to assume their affinity to Fungi, and for the pre-
sent they must be left amongst the Algce, to which they ap-
proximate closely as regards their reproductive organs. For
a history of these I must again refer to the ^ Introduction to
Cryptogamic Botany.^

54

CHAPTER Vlll.

VARIATIONS OF FUNOT.

Real hybrids do not probably exist amongst Fungi, and if this
be true, one source of perplexity will be removed which renders
the task of discrimination of species difficult to the phseno-
gamic botanist. In organisms which depend so much upon
outward circumstances, considerable differences will indeed
occur, but most of these, after a little study and experience,
are easily estimated.

The same species will for instance present variations in size
and colour, in the condition of the outer surface, in the form
of the stem and pileus, in the breadth and attachment of
the gills ; and yet, amidst all, certain general features will be
preserved which preclude much difficulty, though they make
it extremely hard to draw up such characters as shall be ge-
nerally applicable. Notwithstanding all the experience which
the great Swedish Fungologist has had in the study of the
fleshy Fungi, and elever as his characters confessedly are, and
satisfactory taken as a whole, individual specimens constantly
occur, from local modifications, which cannot be comprised
within their limits. Nay, even generic and sectional charac-
ters are sometimes at fault. It is, for instance, frequently a
matter of difficulty to distinguish an Agaric of the subgenus

VARIATIONS OF FUNGI.

55

IVicholoma horn one of the subgenus Clitocybe, because, though
one is distinguished by having the gills emarginate or sinuated
behind before their attachment to the stem takes place, and
the other has the gills acutely adnate without any emargina-
tion, modifications occur on either side ; while in Clitocybe j
in an early stage, there may be a decided emargination, in
Tricholoma, from the depression of the pileus, the gills may
become decurrent. And vet these characters are founded in
nature, and are satisfactory enough when the variations to
which they are subject are properly appreciated. Still more,
changes of outward form may occasionally take place, incon-
sistent with the character of the species. Thus we may have
umbonate individuals where the pileus ought simply to be
obtuse, while a stemless Agaric may exhibit a stem or the
contrary. The fact, however, is, that as in phsenogamic
botany the sum of characters must be looked to, while it is
remembered that no definitions in natural history can be
strictly mathematical. Where species are very difficult to
distinguish, it is in general because forms are separated which
are too closely allied, an evil which is familiar enough to every
practical botanist, though apt to be overlooked or completely
ignored by the inexperienced or mere localists. The essential
characters are often the least superficial, and hence the young
botanist is apt to make mistakes, from confounding mere ana-
logies with affinities. Some Agarics of the subgenus Pratella,
for instance, would never be separated from others of the
subgenus Lepiota, without examining the nature of the spores.
These organs, moreover, sometimes difler in closely allied
species of such similar external characters, that it would be
impossible to distinguish them without having recourse to the
microscope.

If there is difficulty about species, there is often far more
about genera. The characters in so natural a group arc

56

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

necessarily founded on slight variations of structure^ and the
same species in different stages of growth might sometimes be
referred with equal propriety to three or four genera. The
transitions, for instance, from gills to folds, from sinuses
arising from the union and ramification of gills to regular
tubes or pores ; and again, when these are broken up, from
mere walls of pores, to teeth, warts, granules, etc., are almost
infinite. Undoubted Agarics, for instance, may be found
where the veins which connect the gills are so abundant and
prominent that it is scarcely possible for the tyro to believe
that he has an Agaric before him, looking merely to the
definition of the genus. Indeed, there is an abnormal condi-
tion of the gills of many Agarics, where an hymenium is pro-
duced on the top of the pileus as well as beneath, in which
the character of gills is quite lost. Such conditions have been
found in A. rubescens, A. odorm, A. cerussatus, A. campestris,
A. laccatuSy and some others, and very puzzling they are to
beginners.

Amongst the naked-seeded or sporiferous Fungi, the fruit
varies but little j but in the sporidiiferous species the modifi-
cations of the sporidia in size, form, number of septa, etc., is
often very great ; insomuch that there is a disposition amongst
many fungologists to undervalue microscopic characters.
They are, however, of very great value, if the changes which
they are liable to undergo in passing from infancy to full
growth are properly borne in mind : indeed, without them it
is utterly impossible to distinguish many species. It is not,
however, within my scope to advert more particularly to this
subject here.

Tliere is one more variation of which Fungi are capable, of
which it is necessary to add a few words. The hymenium, in
the greater part of the vast group of Hymenomycetes, is es-
sentially turned away from the light, and we have just seen in

VARIATIONS OF FUNGI.

57

those instances in wMcli it is accidentally formed on the upper
surface^ how much it is modified. There are, however, many
of the lower species in which it is superior, in which case the
hymenium is said to be resupinate. This character is not
however constant, for when the substance on which the
Fungus grows is placed in peculiar conditions, the edge of the
patch will become detached, and will follow the common law
of turning its hymenium away from the light, and thus from
a resupinate will have become a refiected, or even a dimidi-
ate Fungus. The contrary process sometimes takes place, by
which dimidiate species become resupinate, insomuch that a
vast quantity of resupinate Polypori are referable, when pro-
perly understood, to higher species. Even some Agarics are
resupinate, but these occasionally turn away their hymenium
from the light, or on the contrary the pileus which was at first
shortly stipitate becomes gradually excentric and turns over,
exposing the hymenium. The tendency amongst the higher
Hymenomycetes is so strong to produce the hymenium on the
lower side, that in some cases, especially in the genus Poly-
porus, if the plant be accidentally reversed, the hymenium is
gradually obliterated, and a new hymenium formed on the
other surface. In consequence, where Polypori are in very
vigorous growth, it is often difficult to preserve them in a
natural state. A little change of situation completely oblite-
rates the orifices of the pores, and if an hymenium be formed
above, the whole characters of the plant are altered.

Not only do many Fungi remain long in the state of spawn
without forming fruit, but they give rise occasionally to pro-
ductions quite at variance with the characters of the perfect
plant. Hence a number of spurious genera and species ori-
ginate which arc justly struck out of every scientific Flora.
The genus llhizomorpha, for instance (as mentioned above,
p. 42), where it is really fungoid, consists, except in a solitary

58

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

instance^ of the spawn of different Polypori and SphcericBi al-
tered by growing beneath the bark_, free from the influence
of light, in such a way as to form rootlike often anastomosing
bodies, with a dark separable cuticle, ^cltrotmm, on the con-
trary, is formed by the concentration of threads into solid
wartlike bodies or nuggets, entirely devoid of fruit, but which
on occasion give rise to various kinds of Fungi, as Agarics,
Pistillaricey PezizcB, etc. In one instance I was enabled, in
company with Mr. Hoffmann, to watch the progress of a thin
slice of the Sclerotium, which is so common in mildewed
onions, when placed in a drop of fluid in an air-tight cell, to
the development from its tissues of a perfect Mucor. In some
cases, the spawn merely collects earthy particles about it till
it forms a large solid mass, which, when placed in proper con-
ditions, produces fruit, as Polyporus tuber aster ^ a species com-
monly eaten in Italy. It is obvious that such productions
cannot be admitted into a system,* except so long as their
nature is unknown. It is however feared that some of the
Fungi which figure under different genera amongst Conio-
mycetes and Hyphomycetes, are in scarcely a better condition,
though they have this difference, that they do produce a sort
of fruit. Occasionally, under deficiency of light. Fungi pos-
sess a stem only, without any pile us, or only a very imper-
fect one ; and sometimes, where perfect pilei are produced in
one part, mere stems are formed in another, as if there were
not vigour enough for every demand. This latter is the case
to some extent with Marasmius Rotula (Plate 14, fig. 7), but
it is far more conspicuous in some foreign species, as also

* The best general rule is to admit nothing as a real species of Fungus
which does not bear fruit. It is possible that such formations as Sclerotium
durum may be due to half-a-dozen diiferent Fungi. Sclerotium complanatum
and S. scutellatum both give rise to the same species of Pistillaria. As, how-
ever, some persons may wish to know what species have been described, I shall
give them in an appendix.

VARIATIONS OF FUNGI.

59

in some exotic Polypori. As regards the former case, Len-
tinus lepideus and Polyporus squamosus sometimes produce
little more than stems, and in the latter the stem becomes
so branched as to resemble a stag^s-horn. Agaricus ostrea-
tus also, when grown in a vault, assumes sometimes a most
beautiful appearance, like that of a cauliflower, without any
definite pilei. Sometimes even in the open air the stem
swells above and forms a sort of club, without any pileus.
This is the case in Agaricus popinalis and the North Ameri-
can A. abortivus. In some cases, again, the pileus, though de-
veloped, is never perfected, as in a curious form of Lentinus
tigrinus not uncommon in the United States, where the
whole forms a firm mass, suggesting, with its intricate abor-
tive gills, some new genus, rather than that to which it really
belongs.

I may mention here that a strange transformation takes
place in a portion of the fruit of Agaricus racemosus. The
stem bears little pilei on its sides, as well as one which is
terminal. This latter has gills like a common Agaric, but
the lateral pilei are spurious, and have the structure of a
Stilbum, A somewhat analogous circumstance takes place
in some species of Ascophora, where the lower vesicles con-
tain very different sporidia from that which is terminal,
though in other respects the difference is not so striking as
in the Agaric just mentioned. Species of Nyctalis, when at-
tacked by AsterophorUj become nearly abortive, though there
is still some trace of gills.

The spores of Agarics, though apparently perfect, are
sometimes deficient as to their internal structure, and there-
fore abortive ; and I have observed the sporidia in Spheeria
to become diseased from the conversion of their contents
into a dark solid mass.

60

CHAPTER IX.

USES OF EUNai.

Fungi perform an important office in tlie economy of Na-
ture, though they do not tend, like other plants, to keep
up the balance between the animal and vegetable world as
regards the supply of oxygen, which they tend to diminish
rather than to replace. They, however, not only afford a sup-
ply of nutriment to hundreds of living beings, but by their
fermentative and putrefactive powers, as well as their living
so often at the expense of the hardest vegetable structures,
which they tend to decompose, they prepare a rich supply of
vegetable mould for future generations, besides destroying
those structures which have already performed their func-
tions, and are merely cumbering the surface of the earth.

As Fungi are in general highly nitrogenous vegetables, it is
probable, a priori, if they contain no poisonous or injurious
element, and are not disagreeable in taste, that they will form
an acceptable and nutritious article of food. Experience shows
this to be the case ; for not only do savage tribes like the
Fuegians adopt certain species as their staple food during
many months, but in a considerable part of Europe Fungi are
largely consumed when fresh, and preserved in casks for win-
ter use. It should seem that, for this latter purpose, such

USES OF FUNGI.

61

species as are firm and easily preserved are collected almost
indiscriminately, the vinegar in which they are kept in all
probability neutralizing the poisonous alkali which all of them
contain in a greater or less proportion. The use, however, of
fresh Fungi is not always unattended with danger. Some
species seem to be uniformly poisonous, while others, — and
amongst these even the common Mushroom, — though usually
safe, occasionally lead to mischief. This, in all probability,
depends upon the varying quantity of poisonous alkali which
enters into their composition. Incredible as it may seem to
us, who never scruple to eat the true Mushroom, that species
is most carefully excluded from Italian markets ; while, on
the contrary, with the exception of the Truffle and Morel, it is
almost the only one which is allowed to be exposed for sale
in Paris.

In countries where the consumption of Fungi is large, ac-
cidents constantly happen, notwithstanding the pains which
are taken to exclude doubtful species from the markets, in
consequence of mistakes as to species, though it is probable
that the peasantry are far better acquainted with their distinc-
tions than ourselves. In our own country, the prejudice
against the use of anything except the common Mushroom is
very strong. We are, however, surrounded by a great deal of
wholesome and pleasant food, of which we cannot avail our-
selves from mere ignorance. The common fairy-ring Cham-
pignon (Plate 14, fig. 5), for example, is the very best of all
our Fungi, and yet there is scarcely one person in a thousand
who dare venture to use it. With common observation, no
mistake need be made, though another species of Marasmhis,
M. urens (Plate 14, fig. 3), possessing highly acrid qualities,
sometimes accompanies it, and might pass muster, if attention
be not paid to the narrower gills and their darker colour.

:^2 OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

It is not, however,, my intention to enter at length upon
the eseulent properties of Fungi. To do so, would require
more space than I can command, and the work is done so
well in Dr. Badham^s treatise on the subject,"^ and Mrs. Hus-
sey^s ^ Illustrations of British Mycology,^ that there is no
necessity for saying more upon the subject here.f In the
latter especially will be found some excellent receipts and a
vast variety of information, the result of actual experiment.
I am not, indeed, such an enthusiast on this point as my
lamented friends, but I am quite ready to subscribe to their
views as to the advantage which might be derived from the
use of many species. The accidents which arise in this coun-
try are very few, and generally due to the grossest ignorance.
It should, however, be observed, that it is not always the
poisonous properties of species that are to be questioned. A
man after a long day^s fast, for instance, eats a pound or two
of Mushrooms badly cooked, and frequently without a proper
quantity of bread to secure their mastication, and is then
surprised that he has a frightful fit of indigestion. There
are, again, peculiarities of constitution, which will not admit
certain kinds of food, even of the most harmless description.
Some sorts of animal food — as pork, shell-fish, etc. — are ab-
solute poison to individuals ; and I have a friend who cannot
eat the smallest portion of an egg, however prepared, without
serious inconvenience.

I believe a great deal frequently depends upon the quantity
of bread which is eaten with them. In countries where coarse
bread is largely consumed, raw vegetable diet, such as would

* ‘ The Esculent Funguses of England,’ by the E-ev. Dr. Badham, with 20
coloured plates ; 8vo.

t ‘ Illustrations of British Mycology,’ by Mrs. Hussey, with 140 coloured
plates ; 4to.

USES OF FUNGI.

63

induce dysentery here^ is taken with impunity. Willdenow
informs us that for some weeks he lived on Fungi and coarse
bread_, and enjoyed during the time the most excellent health.
It is^ however, certain that if the species were consumed indis-
criminately, without the use of neutralizing condiments, there
would be many fatal accidents. Even with care and know-
ledge, disasters may occur. Dr. Badham once suffered vio-
lently from simply tasting some of the spores of one of the
milky Agarics which he had collected ; and a fatal accident
was nearly happening to one of his friends from eating acci-
dentally a small piece of some Fly Agarics which had been sent
by him with a view of making a decoction to poison flies. The
schoolmaster in his parish was extremely ill on one occasion
from mistaking the tarragon-scented Agaricus Euosmus for
A. ostreatus, a species, it may be observed, scarcely worthy of
being the subject of experiment.

Few species, however, have such virulent properties, and in
general the taste or texture of dangerous species is such as
render them unacceptable. The safest plan, where persons
venture on experiments, is never to try any which have a dis-
agreeable or forbidding smell, while those with a sweet or fa-
rinaceous odour are generally safe ; never to use any species
except when perfectly sound, and to take care that they are
cooked in such a way as to secure their being tender and easy
of digestion ; and, above all, be their qualities what they may,
always to partake of them with moderation. If these rules
are attended to, and plenty of bread is eaten, there will be no
fatal accidents ; for it is presumed that those persons will
abstain altogether from their use, with whose constitutions
they never agree.

The common Mushroom, the Truffle, and Morel, are im-
portant articles of commerce, but more especially the first.

64

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

whether in a fresh state or in the form of ketchup. The extent
to which this latter article is prepared is quite astonishing. A
single ketchup-merchant has, at the moment at which I write,
in consequence of the enormous produce of Mushrooms du-
ring the present season, no less than eight hundred gallons on
hand, and that collected within a radius of some three or four
miles. The price of Mushrooms for ketchup in country dis-
tricts varies very greatly in different years. In the present
year it has not reached, at least in the district in which I
write, one penny per pound, while in some years as much as
fivepence is readily given. In years of scarcity, almost any
species that will yield a dark juice is without scruple mixed
with the common Mushroom, and it should seem without any
bad consequence, except the deterioration of the ketchup.
The best ketchup, however, is made undoubtedly from the
common Mushroom {A. c amp es iris) , and especially from that
variety which changes to a bright red when bruised. That
from A, arvensis (Plate 10, fig. 4) is far inferior. Good ketch-
up may be made from A. procerus and some others, and that
from the Champignon is excellent, but so strong that it re-
quires to be used with caution. Morels also, when abundant,
yield, treated in the same way as Mushrooms for ketchup, an
admirable condiment.

An important use is made of a particular condition of cer-
tain species of Mould in the preparation of fermented liquors,
under the form of yeast. This consists, as is well known,
of more or less oval bodies, which continually give off joints,
so as to produce short, branched, necklace- like threads. These
joints soon fall off, and give rise rapidly to a new generation,
which is successively propagated till the substance is produced
known under the name of yeast. When placed under proper
conditions, the joints undergo a further change, and give rise

USES OF FUNGI.

65

to two or three species of Mould. The effect of yeast seems to
depend upon the fact that whenever there is an interchange
of fluids on two sides of a living membrane^ chemical change
takes place, and thus there are millions of points, when the
yeast-globules are diffused in the wort, at which fermentation
is carried on. The same observation applies to bread. The
different kinds of fermentation depend upon the degree of
temperature to which the fermenting body is exposed. The
globules of which yeast is composed retain their power of ve-
getation for months, and are capable of being preserved in a
dry state, in which form they are largely imported under the
name of German yeast. This compound is, however, some-
what capricious in its deportment. A sudden blow, for in-
stance, is said to destroy its powers of germination. The
spawn of Moulds assumes sometimes a fleecy form, and in-
stead of globules consists of matted threads. In this state
it is the well-known Vinegar-plant, which has an extraor-
dinary effect in promoting acetic fermentation under proper
conditions of temperature. Little at present is known of
putrefactive ferments, but there is reason to believe that a
third condition of Moulds, consisting of extremely minute
bodies endowed with molecular motion, is conducive to the
process.

The other uses to which Fungi are put are few, and mostly
of little importance. The German tinder, or Amadou of
commerce, so familiar to cigar-smokers, is made from the
pileus of Polyporus fomentarius, beaten out and steeped in
a solution of saltpetre. The pieces arc often of consider-
able size, and when sewn together arc sometimes fashioned
into coarse garments. It is also used for Moxa. Polyporus
officinalis was once extensively used in medicine as a purga-
tive, but it is seldom employed now. The Jcw’s-car (Plate

F

66

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

18^ fig. 7) and the false Truffle (Plate 23^ fig. 3) are still sold
in Covent Garden market^ in consequence of some supposed
healing properties^ but they belong to the times of the ancient
herbalists^ when the doctrine of signatures was prevalent, and
are rejected as useless by all respectable practitioners.

A few species of Fungi are used in Eastern Asia and
Western Africa as medicines, but their use is mostly pro-
blematical. Corcliceps sinensis, when administered as stuff-
ing to a roast duck, is said to have wonderful properties, but
the strengthening quality resides probably in the savoury
vehicle.

Ergoted grain, however, which owes its origin to a closely
allied Fungus, is a most valuable medicine in the hands of
the regular practitioner, though often grievously abused from
its specific action on the womb. The peculiar principle upon
which this depends is, I believe, unknown. Yeast is occa-
sionally used with advantage as a dressing to foul ulcers, but
whether it has any specific virtue, or whether benefit is de-
rived from the carbonic acid gas evolved from the flour with
which it is mixed, is perhaps uncertain. It has also been
prescribed as an internal remedy.

Polyporus igniarius, when pounded, is used as snuff by the
natives in the northern region of Asia. Polysaccwn crassipes
is employed in the south of Europe to produce a yellow dye.
The Bloodrain, of which an account is given elsewhere, yields
a vivid red, which is apparently permanent. Several species
of Puff-ball, but especially the large Bovista, have anaesthetic
properties when burnt, similar to those of chloroform. Ope-
rations have been successfully performed under its influence,
and it is used for taking hives without the destruction of the
bees. Agaricus muscarius is employed both in a fresh and dry
state to produce intoxication, and more profitably in a de-

USES OE FUNGI.

67

coction to destroy bugs and flies. Polyporus betulinus, when
dressed^ makes excellent razor-strops^ probably from contain-
ing minute crystals bard enough to act upon the steel. When
wood is impregnated with the spawn of Peziza aeruginosa, it
assumes a beautiful green tint. This is applied to various
ornamental uses by the turners at Tunbridge Wells. Few
people who admire it when manufactured^ are probably aware
to what it owes its attraction.

From the bright green produced in fairy-rings by the de-
cayed Fungi of the last yeaFs growth^ it has been suggested
that Fungi might form a valuable manure where they occur
in great abundance. If collected for this purpose^ they should -
be piled up with alternate layers of sand or light soil_, to
absorb their abundant moisture; exactly as is done in some
districts with seaweed. It iS; however; to be feared; that the
result would not pay the expense, as the solid parts bear so
small a proportion to the fluid. Water-weeds have been col-
lected as manure within my own experience; but the waste
was so great that they did not pay the expense of carting;
though; from the quantity of animal matter which accom-
panies them; they promised well ; and for the same reason it
is to be feared, notwithstanding their richness in fertilizing
matter, that Fungi may prove equally unprofitable.

* For a singular account of its application to the purposes of intoxication,
and the effects it produces, see Lindley’s ‘ Vegetable Kingdom,’ p. 38. A still
worse abuse is made by the people in West Africa of the magnificent Polyporus
sacer, who worship it, like some other natural objects, as a god.

1’ '.I

68

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES CAUSED BY EUNCI.

Fungi were long regarded as the mere ereatures of putres-
eence, and therefore as the eonsequenee, not the eause of
disease. A more intimate acquaintance with their structure
and habits has^ however, removed much of this prejudice, and
almost every one is now ready to acknowledge what a weighty
influence they have in inducing diseased condition, both in the
animal and vegetable world.

A large treatise* has been written by Robin, relative to
their effects on animals, and there are multitudes of scattered •
memoirs on the same subject; but, unfortunately, the Fungi
which occur in the diseases of man, or other members of the
animal kingdom, have seldom been examined by persons inti-
mately acquainted with these Fungi, so that the species, or
even genera in question, are often donbtful. It is, however,
certain that many of those which are found on difierent parts
of the mucous membrane of animals, in a more or less ad-
vanced stage of'growth, are, like the Fungi of yeast, referable
to common species of Mould. It is not probable that in

* ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Vegetaux Parasites qui croissent sur I’llomme et
sur les Animaux vivants.’ Paris, 8vo. 1853. Par Charles Robin.

DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI.

69

these cases Fungi originate disease, though it is pretty certain
that they frequently aggravate it. The spores of our common
Moulds float about everywhere, and, as they grow with great
rapidity, they are able to establish themselves on any surface
where the secretion is not sufficiently active or healthy to
throw off the intruder. Where the spores are very abundant,
they may sometimes, like other minute bodies, obstruct the
minute cells of the lungs, but there is no reason to believe
that they induce epidemic diseases, such as cholera or influ-
enza, according to an opinion once somewhat prevalent, what-
ever their abundance may be, or however easily they may
be collected, as some assert, at the mouths of sewers, or in
other situations likely to produce miasma.

One very curious production, known under the name of
Sarcina, from its resembling minute woolpacks, is a pretty
constant attendant on cancerous affections of the stomach,
though not confined to them. Not only has it been found
in certain secretions, but Dr. W. Tilbury Fox has discovered
bodies which he cannot distinguish in severe cases of the skin
affection called Tinea tonsurans. Dr. H. O. Stephens found
an organism of precisely the same structure, though of a
bright-orange, on imported bones, at Bristol; and Dr. Lowe
found Sarcina in profusion in water in which he had placed
some crystals of cholesterine. It is probable that this is a
mere condition of some common Mould, but every attempt to
make it germinate and produce its proper fruit has at present
failed.

The influence of Fungi in the production of certain cuta-
neous disorders is now placed beyond all doubt. A few spores
rubbed into the skin, or inserted in it, soon produce the dis-
ease known by the name of Torrujo lupinosa, and experiments
have lately been made which tend to show that this inimc-

70

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

diate influence is greater than has been generally suspected.
Dr. Lowe has induced shin-diseases by inoculation with the
granules of yeasty and he is inclined to attribute a great deal
more to the agency of Fungi than has hitherto been allowed."^'
An exact knowledge of their influence, whether externally or
internally, meanwhile, is producing a better mode of treat-
ment, such salts being administered with good effect as are
fatal to fungal growth.

Fungi, perhaps, are more destructive to insects than to
other members of the animal kingdom. Several species of
the genus Cordiceps, as (Plate 23, fig. 4, 5) C. militaris and
entomorrhiza, attack insects in the pupa or larva state, and,
as it should seem, while they are still living. The insect-
plant of New Zealand, which is so often brought home by
travellers, is a familiar example. One species, indeed, in the
West Indies, is developed on a perfect wasp, which flies about
with it, till it is weighed down by its Sindbad, and dies. The
fact was stated many years ago, and obtained but little cre-
dence ; but I am assured by one who has had an opportunity
of ascertaining the real state of the case, that it is strictly
true. Silkworms suffer from a disease called Muscardine,
from its converting them into a hard substance resembling a
particular kind of pastile, and at the time of their death have
their tissues completely traversed by the spawn of a Botrytis.
A few spores placed lightly on the skin are sufficient to pro-
pagate the disease. Bees also, it is believed, occasionally die
from a similar cause, but this requires confirmation.

It would be easy to multiply instances, were it necessary,
but these are sufficient for my purpose. The diseases pro-
duced by Fungi amongst vegetables are far more formidable
from the injury they cause in those plants which supply the

* See ‘ Lancet,’ Sept. 17, 1859.

DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI.

71

staple food of man. Most of the Fungi which attack living
vegetables belong to the lower Orders of the tribe. The
spawn_, however^ of higher species is often fatal to trees and
herbaceous plants, by running over the roots and inducing
decay. It has been long known that trees would not in ge-
neral flourish where others had grown before, and this was
attributed to exhaustion of the soil ; it is now, however, ascer-
tained that the evil arises from spawn attached to old decay-
ing roots. A most striking instance occurred lately in the
Gardens at Kew. Two Deodaras were planted before the di-
rectors house, within a few yards of each other, under appa-
rently similar circumstances. After a time, one of these
became unhealthy, and it was suggested that the roots should
be examined. A scrutiny in consequence took place, when it
was found that an old cherry-tree formerly stood on the
same spot, that its roots were covered with spawn, and that
this had extended to the roots of the Deodara. The remains
of the old cherry-tree were accordingly grubbed up, and the
diseased portions of the Deodara removed, and now it bids
fair to thrive without any further check. The efiect is some-
times apparently so sudden, that it is attributed to lightning,
the fact being that the exigencies of the plant have been sup-
plied by a small portion of the roots which remained in a
sufficiently healthy condition to convey nutriment. Herba-
ceous plants — as, for instance, strawberries — suffer from the
same cause, and it is now matter of certainty, that wher-
ever fragments of wood or sticks exist in manure, whether
in the garden or field, there is considerable danger. The
formidable Larch-rot, wdiich converts the trunks of larches
so frequently into hollow pipes, is often attributable to this
cause.

Several Fungi, as Pohjpoms squaniosus, and other species.

72

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

establisli themselves on the previously diseased stems of trees.
But though such Fungi do not attack healthy trees, their
spawn soon spreads, and speedily destroys the surrounding
healthy tissues. The evil can be stopped only by carefully
cutting out the diseased parts, and washing them with a
strong solution of corrosive sublimate, or other substance
which may destroy the spawn without injury to the tree.

Of those which attack timber when converted to the pur-
poses of marine and domestic building, the most formidable,
perhaps, is Dry-rot (Plate 2, tig. 1), which derives its name
from converting the wood into a dry powdery mass, though
both the Fungus and wood are often sprinkled with large
drops of moisture. This may, however, be prevented by pre-
viously impregnating the pores of the wood with gas- tar, sul-
phate of copper, or some other poisonous metallic salt; or,
when established, may be greatly modified by careful, and, if
needful, repeated washing with a saturated solution of corro-
sive sublimate. This treatment may not destroy the whole of
the spawn, but if not, it will at least greatly diminish its ve-
getative power.

It is still a question amongst shipbuilders, whether winter
or summer felled timber is most subject to be affected. It is
quite certain that, in dry situations, timber felled when the
trunk is most free from sap, is far more durable. There are
many ancient buildings in which the sap wood is still as free
from insects and decay as the firmest heartwood ; but where
there is not a free current of air, and Fungi can establish
themselves, the mischief is so inherent in either case that it is
only a question of time. In domestic buildings, where little
choice is exercised in the selection of timber so long as it be
of the proper size, and it has not to undergo the scrutinizing
eye of a dockyard surveyor, the wood is often deeply impreg-

DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI.

73

Dated with spawn before it is used. This, indeed, is almost
always the case where trees are grown from old stools, and
not from seed. The foxy oak, so common in some districts,
is almost entirely due to this cause ; and I have seen such
timber after a few years covered with Fungi to such an ex-
tent as to necessitate extensive repairs.

A large quantity of Fungi prey on the tissues of living
leaves ; the spawn of some of these runs over the surface ; of
some it creeps amongst the loose tissue of the under side of
leaves ; while in others it is more intimately incorporated with
the firmer cells.

It is not easy to describe the two first apart, as different
species of the same genus have different habits. The same,
indeed, may be said occasionally of different individuals of the
same species, but in either case they are capable of inflict-
ing great injury. The Hop Mould, the Hose Mildew, the
Vine Mildew, and a multitude of other allied Fungi, partly
by feeding on the proper juices of the plant, and partly by
clogging up the breathing pores, exhaust the plant and im-
pede its circulation and respiration. Most of these will yield
to sublimated sulphur, if timely and judiciously applied. The
conditions under which these Fungi appear is very different.
Some of them never perfect their true fruit, being propagated
by a secondary fruit analogous to the reproductive buds of
certain Phsenogams, as Begonice. In some there are four or
five distinct modes of propagation, and in consequence they
spread with frightful rapidity. The cultivation of the Vine in
Madeira has almost entirely ceased from this cause, and is
very precarious everywhere. It is curious that this Fungus
has never been found on the American Vines, or their nume-
rous varieties, even when cultivated in Furope. The Isabella,
for instance, a grape of American origin, has been always free

74

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

from Mildew. But tliougli the varieties which are strictly
American do not suffer^ European kinds imported into the
United States are frequently affected.

The Potato Murrain arises from a Mould of very different
affinities^ whose spawn attacks the tissues of the plant in
every direction^ being present in the tubers and sterns^ as well
as in the leaves. It has a peculiar property of causing speedy
decomposition of the tissues with which it comes in contact^
and hence induces rapid — sometimes inconceivably rapid ! —
decay.

The sulphur remedy is not applicable here^ because the
spawn is never super ficial_, as in the Grape and Hop Mildew ;
nor at present do we know of anything which effectually
checks its progress_, though numberless plans have been sug-
gested. Early planting, and destruction of the haulm as soon
as the Fungus makes its appearance, give the best prospect of
success.

The putrescence of Apples and other fruit is often pro-
moted by a similar cause, as first pointed out by Dr. Hassall,
who induced decay in perfectly healthy fruit by inoculation,
but never apparently without some external lesion. A multi-
tude of other Fungi, belonging to various genera, induce dis-
ease in leaves, as in the Mulberry, Vine and hundreds of
other plants ; but I cannot speak of these now, but must pass
on to those species with loose dustlike fruit, which prey upon
our cereals, and other objects of cultivation in the fields. The
diseases produced by these are known under the name of
Smut, Bunt, Mildew,"^ Bust, etc., and are often extremely in-

* It is unfortunate that the word Mildew (Mehl Thau, meal dew) should be
applied to any Fungi besides the white Leaf Moulds. Its application to a par-
ticular disease of wheat is universally diffused, and cannot be checked, though
constantly inducing error.

DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI.

75

jurious. Some of these^ as Smut and Bimt^ attack the tissues
of the seeds, their floral envelopes, or the receptacle in which
the flowers grow, or, in rarer instances, the leaves and stems,
converting them into a mass of loathsome, sometimes fetid
dust j others, as Mildew and Rust, attack the leaves and
stalks more especially, forming little rusty spots or streaks,
and exhausting the plant by the growth of their spores and
spawn at its expense. Sometimes they exercise a specific
action upon the tissues, and cause the plant to assume vari-
ous thickened or distorted forms analogous to those which
are produced by the punctures of insects. Some of these, as
Bunt, admit of easy extirpation,"^ as the spores will not grow
when treated by various chemical substances, and, as they are
lighter than water, are in great measure removed by simply
washing the seed. The others, as far as is at present known,
admit of no remedy, though several nostrums are exten-
sively sold under the pretence of preventing their growth.

There remains another Fungus productive of disease in the
grains of rye, barley, wheat, and many field grasses, under
the name of Ergot. The white substance of the seed is con-
verted by this Fungus into a firm mass, without any appear-
ance of meal, and when the Ergoted grain is sown, it produces
a small species of Cordiceps (Plate 23, fig. 7), not unlike the
species which attack insects.

* Steeping the wlieat in solutions of mineral salts, puddling it with quick-
lime stirred up in boiling water, and plain washing with water or brine, are
amongst the means employed. The most efficacious, perhaps, is one used in
France — viz. steeping the grain in a strong solution of Glauber’s salt (sul-
phate of soda), and then dusting it with quicklime, the cirect of whieli is to coat
the seeds with sulphate of hmc or gypsum, and to set free caustic soda for the
destruction of the Bunt spores. Where solutions are used, tlio Bunted grains
which have not been broken in threshing are skimmed oil', and it is probable
from the other practices, where the contents of the unbroken Bunts can seareelj'
be alTected, that those spores of the Bunt only are injurious wliich arc scattered
over the Wheat.

76

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Ergot, though useful from its medical properties, when pre-
valent in our fields causes cattle and sheep to slip their
young ; and when forming a large proportion in bread, es-
pecially in those districts where rye is much used, produces
a fatal gangrene. This effect has at present been observed
only in man, but it is probable that many diseases in cattle
arise from eating it in seasons when it is peculiarly abundant.
Though so powerful a drug in affections of the womb, it is at
times largely eaten by children on the Continent, under the
name of St. John^s bread, without producing any evil effects
whatever.* .It is observable that the same bad effects are
sometimes produced by mouldy provisions which are produced
by Ergot in bread. In countries where sausages are dried for
winter use, and badly kept, mischief often arises, and the
same effect has sometimes followed the use of a peculiar kind
of rolled bacon. Whether this is attributable to some decom-
position in the meat, or to the presence of Mould, is un-
certain. The fatal cases which have occurred lately from the
use of fresh sausages, induce one to believe rather in the
latter notion, though unfortunately the data and the results
of analysis have not been clear enough to enable one to form
a safe opinion.

* It should seem that gangrene is induced only where Ergot is used for
some time continuously. Dreadful cases arise occasionally from the continued
unauthorized use of solution of Ergot, to one of which I can myself bear
testimony.

77

CHAPTER XL

CULTIVATION OF FUNOI.

Were Fungi objects of more general interest^ there is little
doubt that in skilful hands a great many species would admit
of cultivation. At present, however, except under the care of
a few inquirers into their mode of growth and fructification,
attempts have been made to propagate a very few kinds only.

The three to which attention has been directed most are the
Truffle* (Plate 23, fig. 2), Boletus edulis (Plate 15, fig. 6),
and the common Mushroom (Plate 10, fig. 2) . A good deal
has been written respecting the cultivation of Truffles, and
one person even professed that he should soon have Truffle
spawn for sale ; but the treatises which have appeared have
been, for the most part, mere catchpenny productions, while
the experiments instituted have been generally ill- directed.
In one case which promised a good deal, and of which I was
invited to witness the result, it was found on inquiry that ex-
periments had been made with the refuse Truffles of one of
the Italian shops in London, which had been artificially dried,
and which had therefore for the most part lost their powers
of vegetation. But even in this case there were signs of the

* These attempts have been confined principally to Tnher melanosporum,
(estivum^ and perhaps mesentericum.

78

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

production of spawn_, and^ from what I saw of it^ I felt almost
assured that in better hands the cultivation would at last
succeed. The grand point is to have plenty of lime in the
soil, without which there is little, if any, hope of Truffles. A
sort of eultivation is practised in Poitou, which consists in
enclosing a tract of downs, and sowing it with acorns, and in
the course of a few years a plentiful crop is almost uniformly
the result. The Viseomte Noe, in the south of France, suc-
ceeded in raising Truffles in his woods by irrigating the
ground, after a certain degree of preparation, with water in
which the skins of Truffles had been rubbed. At present,
however, no progress has been made in the garden, nor do
gardeners seem inclined to persevere in their attempts, though
success would be sure to be highly remunerative.

As regards Boletus edulis, which is so highly esteemed in
many parts of the Continent, the only attempts which have
been made at cultivation are similar to those of Viseomte
Noe, and these have been attended, with success. In either
case pains were taken to fenee out the wild pigs, which are
the most deadly enemies to both Truffle and Boletus.

The cultivation of the common Mushroom is carried on to
a very great extent wherever scientific gardening is practised,
but nowhere to a greater than at Paris, where the Catacombs
present all the requisite conditions. Mushrooms are gene-
rally raised from artifieial spawn, which is purchased of the
seedsmen, and inserted in fragments amongst mould carefully
prepared and placed either on the ground or on convenient
shelves ; and, where proper attention is paid to the requisite
degree of temperature and moisture, care being taken to
exceed neither, the cultivation is almost always successful
and very profitable. Some of the best cultivators, however,
as Mr. Ingram at Belvoir, make use of nothing more than

CULTIVATION OF FUNGI.

79

straw which has been thoroughly trodden underfoot in the
stable or riding- school. When this is placed in a heap/ it is
soon penetrated in every direction with spawn^ and may be
used in several ways for the production of Mushrooms.
Splendid crops may be obtained from it, from Asparagus-
beds, from mould in spent Cucumber and Melon-frames,
either covered with green turf or exposed, as well as from
the ordinary Mushroom-shed.

It has been questioned whether Mushrooms might not be
raised successfully on lawns, and there is no doubt that
this sort of cultivation would succeed. But even supposing
it should, it must more or less interfere with the nice keeping
of the surface, a point of so much consequence to English
gardeners, which would inevitably exhibit here and there
dead patches, the effeets of the last yeaEs growth. And if
A. arvensis (Plate 10, fig. 4) should be chosen, which would
probably be more easy of cultivation in such situations than
any other species, the extent of dead surface would be consi-
derable. There is another very great objection to the culti-
vation of this species, which is that the spawn at times gives
out a most oppressive smell. During the last summer I was
astonished at the very powerful odour which arose from the
large rings of Agaricus arvensis, creating at once a sense of
nausea. This, indeed, was so annoying, that even the labour-
ers, whose perceptions of sueh matters are not in general
very delicate, observed it. This observation applies also to
the Champignon (Plate 14, fig. 5), which is one of the most
eligible in other respects for lawn cultivation. The spawn
of A. arvensis penetrates to a great depth, and Mrs. Ilusscy*
relates an instance where the scent was so overpowering,

* Tlie reader should refer to the article Fairy Rings, in Mrs. Hussey’s
‘ Illustrations of British Mycology,’ appended to her aceo\int of Agaricus
Oreades.

80

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

that it was with great difficulty that the labourers who had to
dig out a quantity of the spawn which had become a nui-
sance, could accomplish their task.

An esculent species of Agaric is raised at Naples by simply
depositing a quantity of coflPee-grounds in a warm cellar. No
spawn is used, but the Fungus seems very generally to make
its appearance after a certain time. Like most species which
grow in such habitats, it is probably a mere state of some
common form. A Polyporus used for food is raised in Italy
from hazel-stumps, by simply charring them partially, and
then supplying them with a proper quantity of water. Another
species, P. tuheraster, springs up in Italy from conglomerated
masses of earth and spawn, known by the name of Pietra
Fungaja, or Fungus-stone, when placed in the conservatory ;
and I have seen specimens raised in Lee^s garden, at Hammer-
smith, from imported spawn. Attempts have been made to
cultivate a fine variety of Mushroom from spawn imported
from the Swan River. It is to be hoped that this may be
tried again, and that Agaricus fabaceus, an American species,
may also have another trial. A few species of Fungi occa-
sionally make their appearance in the soil or on wood im-
ported with exotic plants. I have seen, for instance, Schizo-
phyllum commune in great abundance, accompanied by a
pretty white Marasmius. The lovely Marasmius hcematoce-
phalus lately made its appearance at Kew, in a pot with a
species of Carludovica ; the curious Aserde came up in the
same establishment on Australian mould, and other species
might be noticed of which I have specimens in my herbarium,
and amongst these Hypoxylon marginatum^ an American spe-
cies, which was observed in the conservatory at Chatsworth.
These, however, are mere accidents, but they tend to show
that many species might ornament our stoves from imported
spawn, if their introduction was desired.

CULTIVATION OF FUNGI.

81

As regards matters of science or curiosity, the reproductive
bodies of many Fungi can be made to germinate very readily
by placing them in fluid in an insulated cell, or by simply
putting them upon a slip of glass under an air-tight bell-glass.
In cases where they do not germinate, there is some fault in
general either in the temperature or degree of moisture ; or
sometimes because mere water is not sufficient, without an
admixture of sugar or some other organic matter. Maoy
species of Mould may be raised very easily upon paste made
with ground rice under a bell-glass, and some Fungi may be
brought to perfection on rotten wood in the same condition.
The well-known Ergot may be induced to produce its very
curious perfect form (Plate 23, fig. 7), by simply sowing the
infected grains in a garden-pot, and avoiding extremes of dry-
ness or moisture.* Even some of the species which are para-
sites on living leaves may be propagated either by direct sow-
ing of the spores on the young leaves, or watering the soil in
which the plant proposed to bear the parasite grows, as in the
case of the yellow Hose Eust, with water in which infected
leaves have been duly steeped.

It may be stated, in conclusion of this Chapter, that Poly-
porus igniarius has been artificially raised in Germany, by
merely collecting trunks impregnated with spawn, or likely to
be so, and keeping them properly irrigated. Several crops
have been obtained by this method in the course of the year.

* Mr, Currey has induced the Ergot of the common Reed to fructify by
keeping the stem immersed in water.

u

8.2

CHAPTER XIL

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF FUNOI.

The apparatus necessary for the collection of Fungi is neither
large nor expensive. A large^ oblong, shallow basket, without
a lid, but with the bottom hollowed out a little at either end,
a few tin boxes of various sizes, a stout, well-tempered knife,
which will readily cut a good slice off a prostrate log, and a
common magnifier, are all that is necessary. If Truffles are
the object of search, a little rake in a leather case, which will
screw into a handle, must also be provided. The basket
should be shallow, that the specimens may not crush each
other. Small and delicate species may be loosely wrapped in
paper and secured in the smaller boxes, while in some which
are very delicate, where it is necessary to avoid contact with
the sides of the box, it is a good plan, if the Fungus grows
on wood, to make the slice of wood very thin at one end, so
that when the specimen is placed in the box, it may be secured
by letting a portion of the thin end be grasped by the lid.
The most delicate species may be safely conveyed in this man-
ner, if a little tact is used.

Whoever wishes to arrive at an accurate knowledge of the
natural productions of a country, will find that it is necessary
to preserve specimens, that he may be able from time to time

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF FUNGI.

83

to compare one with another. One great drawback which
attends on the study of Fungi is the difficulty of preserving
most of the larger and more important species in a state fit
for examination. The difficulty is, however, not insurmount-
able, and with a little practice useful specimens may readily
be prepared.

The harder species, such as the Polypori, etc., according to
their size, may be dried between bibulous paper after the
fashion of other plants, care being taken that the papers are
changed with sufficient frequency. The larger species, which
do not admit of this treatment except in the form of sections,
may be simply placed in a warm, dry place, and when the
moisture is well evaporated, the larvae of any insects which
may remain in them may be destroyed by a few minutes^
submission to the heat of an oven, taking care, however, that
it is not so hot as to scorch the specimens.

As regards the fleshy Fungi, it is better generally to adopt
two plans : — first, to dry a few specimens between sheets of pa-
per, made principally of cloth, after a little of their moisture
has been evaporated by eontact with the air. This, however,
requires some care, to prevent decay from superabundant
moisture. The other is to form careful sections of the different
parts, so as to exhibit the several charaeters, removing from
the pileus and stem the greater part of the substance. If too
many species are not put together in the drying- papers, ex-
cellent specimens may be made in this way. The spores may
be collected on white or black paper by merely placing a por-
tion of the pileus with its hymenium upon it, and covering
the whole for a few hours with a bell-glass.

The specimens, when dry, must be washed carefully with a
solution of corrosive sublimate in pyroligneous naphtha, or
some other solvent, taking care tliat it is such as will not

G 2

84

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

discolour the plants. Turpentine and corrosive sublimate may
also be used^ but as the corrosive sublimate is not soluble in
it, the effect is uncertain. When the specimens are dry they
should be glued to paper, which, if of the size mostly used
for the herbarium, may be kept loose, but if of various sizes,
as is perhaps most convenient, each slip of paper may be
fastened with a small pin, so that several specimens may be
included in one sheet. The slip should always bear some
definite proportion to the sheet for convenience of arrange-
ment. No portion of the herbarium requires more frequent
inspection to prevent the ravages of mites and other insects ;
and, above all, the room in which the Fungi are placed must
be free from damp, or the specimens, especially those which
are dried without making sections, will be apt to mould. The
great ineonvenience about these is, that after a time, from the
presence of some soluble salt, they are apt to vary with the
weather as to their condition of dryness, and then the papers
on which they are placed will be stained. At present I am
not aware of any remedy for this inconvenience.

As, after all possible care, the colours, and many of the
minuter characters, will be more or less impaired, it is ad-
visable never to place a specimen within the papers for drying
without at the same time making an accompanying note,
giving such information about it as may serve to identify it.
Without this, mistakes and perplexities will often arise, and a
little care at first will grow into a habit, making it almost im-
possible to attempt to dry a specimen without a proper note.
The commonest species will thus have its proper value, and
will sometimes come into use, when it is least expected.

The Myxogasires are best preserved in the herbarium by
fastening the specimens to the base of a neat shallow box,
with a lid capable of being easily removed. If each box is

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF FUNGI.

85

gummed to a slip of paper, exactly as if it were a specimen,
and does not exceed a quarter of an inch in depth, no incon-
venience will be found in the herbarium from its presence,
and there will be no chance of the destruction of the plant,
which it will be almost impossible to avoid by any other
method.

86

CHAPTER XIIL

SYSTEMATIC AEEANCEMENT.

This has already been slightly sketched out^ and the details
may be reserved for the characters which follow of the genera
of Fungi which occur in Great Britain^ and the divisions under
which they are arranged. It is impossible here to discuss the
various arrangements which have been proposed. The one
adopted is that which was given in Dr. Lindley’s ^Vegetable
Kingdom/ and which^ as regards the principal groups, is almost
identical with that of Fries. It may be objected that it rests
on a single character, but in spite of this objection, I know
of no arrangement which gives the true affinities of Fungi
better, and if it be recollected that it is impossible to arrange
any quantity of natural productions in a straight line so as to
exhibit their relations, but that these may be illustrated rather
by groups ranged round a common centre, bearing relations
to the several groups which surround them, it will be seen, I
think, that the arrangement does place together those species
which are closely allied, though connected also with others in
a contiguous group. Thus the Uredines pass through Podisoma
into the Tremellm(B, and Botrytis, or Sporotriclium, through
Isaria to Clavati. When the sporidia in an ascus are reduced
to one, and the sac fits closely to the sporidium, the body so

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT.

87

formed is scarcely distinguishable from a spore, and we may
then have a passage from the ascigerous Eungi to the sporiferous.
It is thus that we have sometimes the two forms of fruit in the
same hymenium, as in Tympanis (Plate 1, fig. 13).

I do not enter into the question of the affinities of Eungi
with other groups, because it supposes a knowledge of those
groups. I must refer, therefore, to what is said upon the
subject in the Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.^

As regards the affinities which exist between one group and
another, we must take care that species are not placed together
merely from similarity of external form. Nothing can be more
close, for instance, than the external resemblance between a
simple Clavaria and a Geoglossum (Plate 22, fig. 23), and yet
no Eungi are more essentially distinct. So long as the true
structure of the hymenium in the higher Eungi was unknown,
they might be associated, but to associate them now would be
to substitute analogy for affinity. Again, under similar cir-
cumstances, a Psilopezia and Corticium might be placed in the
same genus, but the asci of the former indicate its alliance with
Peziza, and not with Auricularini. On the contrary, the re-
lation of Hysterangimn to Phallus, though apparently so distant
when the latter is expanded, is most evident if the young plant
in the egg state be examined. And in the same way the rela-
tions of Tremellini to Uredines are clear, if the large, often
lobed or septate cells from which the long threads whicli bear
the spores arc developed, be compared with the primary spores
of Po disoma, while it is remembered that these spores give
rise to little buds, whatever be their nature, from their sides,
which arc at the very least analogous with the tertiary spores
of some Uredinece. The transition from Tremella to Thele-
phora through such species as T. sebacea (Plate 17, fig. G) is
almost perfect.

88

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In conclusion_, it may be well to caution young students of
Eungology against confounding galls with Fungi. The simi-
larity of form which often exists between them is surprising,
as if Nature delighted in reproducing the same form under
circumstances so very different. Neither must he confound
with Fungi the diseased hairs of leaves, which assume such a
variety of forms and colours, with true epiphytes. These
forms, indeed, are all registered by botanists under the genus
Erineum, but they have no more pretence to be admitted
amongst Fungi than oak-apples or oak- spangles.*

* Since tlie above was written, I have seen De Bary’s paper on the produc-
tion of asci in little swellings which occur on the gills of Agaricus melleus^ after
the wdiite spores have fallen. This important observation requires further in-
vestigation ; but even though it should turn out, which I do not think probable,
that all Hymenomycetes have a secondary form of fruit, the arrangement which
follows would not cease to be natural, though the terms under which it is ex-
hibited would require to be altered. See ‘ Botanische Zeitung,’ 1859.

89

Family I.— HYMENOMYCETES.

Hymenium at length exposed, inferior in the higher spe-
cies, consisting of closely packed cells, of which the fertile
ones [sporophores) bear naked, mostly quaternate spores, on
distinct spicules. Vegetation centrifugal.

Oeder 1. AGABICINL

Hymenium inferior, spread over the surface of distinct
gill-like processes, which are easily divisible into two plates.

1. AGARICUS, L.

Gills membranaceous, persistent (not melting) ; trama fila-
mentous, continuous with the substance of the pileus ; edge
acute. Fleshy putrescent Fungi.

Series 1. Leucospori. — Spoi'es white.

Suhgenus 1. Amanita. — Veil universal, distinct from the cuticle
of the pileus. Hymenophorum distinct from the stem.

* Bing distinct.

1. A. (Amanita) vernus, Bull.; white; pileus at first ovate,
viscid, margin even; stem bulbous, closely embraced by the
free limb of the volva; gills free. — Bull. t. 108.

In woods, early in the summer. Poisonous.

2. A. (Amanita) Phalloides, Fr. ; pileus at first campaiiu-
late, viscid when moist; margin even, regular; volva free
above, bulbous; gills rounded, ventricose. (Plate 3, fig. 1.)

In woods. Variously coloured, often greenish.

90

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

3. A. (Amanita) muscarius, L. ; pileus convex, at length
expanded, clothed with scattered warts, the remains of the
adnate volva ; flesh beneath the viseid euticle yellow ; margin
striate ; stem bulbous, scaly at the tuberous base, stuffed with
cottony threads ; gills reaehing the stem and forming deeur-
rent lines upon it. — Grev. t. 54; Huss. i. t. 1.

In woods, espeeially of bireh. Mostly of a bright searlet,
but sometimes umber, ete. Warts white or yellow. Poisonous.

4. A. (Amanita) pantherinus, DC, ; pileus eon vex, then
expanded, margin striate ; flesh white beneath the viseid eu-
ticle ; stem nearly smooth, furnished at the base with a volva
the extreme entire obtuse margin of whieh alone is free. —
Kromb. t. 29. f. 10-13.

In woods or in pastures, near trees. Supposed to be poi-
sonous. Brownish, not red or reddish-brown like the last.

5. A. (Amanita) strobiliformis, Fr. ; pileus convex, then
expanded, studded with persistent warts ; flesh compact, white ;
margin even ; stem bulbous, the base subterraneous, rough
with the remains of the volva ; ring torn ; gills rounded be-
hind and free. (Plate 3, fig. 2.)

Borders of woods. Bare, attaining a large size. Eseulent.

6. A. (Amanita) Mappa, Batsch. ; pileus convex, at length
plane, without any separable cuticle ; margin nearly even ; flesh
white ; stem nearly smooth, bulbous below ; free edge of volva
acute and narrow; gills adnexed. — Vitt. ^.11.

Under trees. Colour various. Habit like that of a small
A. Phalloides ; edge of volva somewhat like that of A. pan-
therinus. Poisonous.

7. A. (Amanita) rubescens, P. ; pileus convex, then ex-
panded, at first clothed with scattered mealy warts; margin
striate ; whole plant becoming red when bruised ; ring entire ;
stem attenuated upwards, squamulose ; gills reaching the stem

AGAllICINI,

91

and forming decnrrent lines upon it ; volva obliterated. — Huss.
i. t. 23.

In woods^ very common. Known by its reddish colour
when rubbed. Quality doubtful.

8. A. (Amanita) exeelsus, Fr. ; pileus convex_, at length
plane^ at first innato-fibrillose^ clothed with irregular mealy
warts_, which soon vanish; margin nearly even; flesh white;
stem bulbous^ scaly below ; gills free^ rounded behind ; volva
evanescent. (Plate 3^ fig. 3.)

In woods. Supposed to be poisonous. Margin sometimes
sulcate. Brownish.

9. A. (Amanita) asper, P. ; pileus at first convex_, rough
with minute subpersistent warts; flesh brownish beneath the
cuticle; margin even; gills rounded behind, free. — Vitt. t. 43.

In woods. Resembling in many respects A, rubescens.

10. A. (Amanita) megalodactylus. Berk, and Br.; strong-
scented ; pileus soft, convex, smooth, reddish-grey ; cuticle en-
tire ; margin even ; stem somewhat bulbous, solid, fibrillose ;
ring very large, placed near the top of the stem ; gills mode-
rately broad, free, pallid, at length tinged with red.

In a wood at Wothorp, near Stamford. Pileus 3J inches
across, stem 5 inches high. Allied to A. lenticularis, but the
solid stem is not squamulose, and the gills do not assume an
olive tint.

** Bhig none.

11. A. (Amanita) vaginatus, Bull. ; pileus thin, at first
campanulate, then nearly plane ; margin deeply sulcate ; stem
flocculoso-squamose, fistulose ; volva sheathing, loose ; gills
free, at first white. (Plate 1, fig. 4.) — Huss. ii. t. 34.

In woods and under trees ; very common. Varying greatly
in colour, size, and l)rcadth of the volva. A. nivalis , Grcv.

92

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

t. 18j is a pure-white variety, with an expanded volva, and is
by no means confined to mountain pastures.

12. A. (Amanita) Ceeiliee, Berk, and Br. ; pileus at first
ovate, then campanulate, clothed with scattered suhpersistent
warts ; margin grooved ; stem stufiPed, silky above, squamulose
below; volva soon breaking up. (Plate 3, fig. 5.)

In woods. Mouse-grey. Distinguished by its less perfect
volva and stuffed stem, which does not simply contain a few
cottony fibres, as that of A. vaginatus.

Subgenus 2. Lepiota. — Veil universal, concrete with the cuticle
of the pdeus. Hymenophorum distinct from the stem.

* Cuticle dry.
a. Bing moveable.

13. A. (Lepiota) procerus, Scop. ; pileus fleshy, at first
ovate, then expanded and umbonate ; cuticle thick, torn up
into scales; stem tall, hollow, bulbous, variegated with close-
pressed scales ; ring moveable ; gills very remote. — Vitt. t. 24.
Huss. i. t. 88.

Pastures. Often several inches across. Esculent. Sold
in Covent Garden market.

14. A. (Lepiota) rachodes, Vitt. ; pileus fleshy, at first
globose, then expanded and depressed ; cuticle thin, broken
up into persistent scales ; stem hollow, not spotted ; bulb at
first abrupt, ring moveable ; gills remote. (Plate 3, fig. 6.) —
Huss. ii. t. 38.

In shady pastures. Flesh mostly red when bruised ; not so
good for food as the last, if really wholesome. Intermediate
forms occur, which it is difficult to refer to either species.

15. A. (Lepiota) excoriatus, Schceff. ; pileus fleshy, ob-
scurely umbonate; cuticle thin, breaking up into patches;
stem short, hollow, cylindrical, even, nearly white, slightly

AGARICINI.

93

bulbous; ring moveable; gills rather remote. — Schceff, t. 18,
19.

In pastures. Far smaller than the two foregoing.

16. A. (Lepiota) graeilentus, Kromb. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, obtusely umbonate ; cuticle thin, breaking up into
adpressed persistent patches ; stem hollow, elongated, slightly
bulbous ; ring thin, free, evanescent ; gills remote, at length
pallid. — Kromb, t. 24./. 13, 14.

In pastures, Laxton, Northamptonshire. Resembling A,
'procerus^ but more delicate.

1 7. A. (Lepiota) mastoideus, Fr. ; pileus somewhat fleshy,
strongly and acutely umbonate; cuticle thin, breaking up
into scattered papillae ; stem hollow, equally attenuated from
the bulb, weak ; ring evanescent, moveable ; gills very re-
mote, pallid. — Berk, in Mag. of Zool. and Bot. i. t. 2. /. 1.

In woods, King^s Clifle. In my plant the stem is minutely
villoso-squamose. Fries describes it as smooth and even.

h. Ming fixed.

18. A. (Lepiota) aeutesquamosus, Weinm.; pileus obtuse,
fleshy, rough with erect acute squarrose scales ; stem below
the ring rough like the pileus, or silky, bulbous, pruinose
above ; gills lanceolate, approximate. — Huss. ii. t. 5 ; Kromb.

1. /. 18, 20. A. Marise, Eng. FI. A. asper, Abbildungen
der Schw.

On soil in gardens. Generally of a tawny tint ; very beau-
tiful.

19. A. (Lepiota) Badhami, Berk, and Br. ; pileus at first
campanulate, obtuse, then expanded or depressed and umbo-
nate hispid, with minute velvety ermine-like scales ; stem
bulbous, white, silky, stuffed with cottony threads ; ring firm,
slightly moveable ; gills remote, ventricose ; whole plant,
when wounded, of a saffron -red.

94

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Under Yew-trees, Apethorpe, Northamptonshire. Pileus
2-4 inehes aeross ; allied to A. clypeolarius, but more robust.
Smell rather disagreeable.

20. A. (Lepiota) clypeolarius, Bull. ; sweet-scented ; pi-
leus fleshy, umbonate, at first clothed with an even crust, at
length broken up into floccose scales ; stem fistulose, with the
evanescent ring floccoso-squamose ; gills free, approximate. —
Bull. t. 405, 506./. 2.

In woods and in hothouses. Varying greatly in colour,
white, yellow, pink, rufous, brown, etc.

21. A. (Lepiota) eristatus, Fr.; strong-scented; pileus
slightly fleshy ; cuticle at first continuous, naked, then broken
up into scales ; stem slender, fistulose, even ; ring entire,
evanescent; gills free, at length remote. (Plate 3, fig. 7.) —
Huss. i. t. 48.

In fields, lawns, etc. Very common. Pretty, and remark-
able for its strong scent. Several varieties occur in hot-
houses.

22. A. (Lepiota) Vittadini, Moretti ; pileus fleshy, obtuse,
rough with strong wart-like scales, as is also the stout solid
stem; ring large; gills ventricose, thick, free. — Huss. i. t. 85.

In pastures. Rare. Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Hun-
tingdonshire, etc. A large species, of a pure white ; extremely
beautiful. .

23. A. (Lepiota) naucinus, Fr. ; pileus soft, fleshy ; cuticle
entire, or breaking up into granules, somewhat umbonate and
even in the centre; stem stufied, attenuated upwards; ring
large, at length evanescent ; gills pallid, free, approximate ;
spores very large. — Kromb. t. 24./. 20-23.

In fields. Tunbridge Wells, F. Currey, whose specimens
are of a delicate tan, the gills at length assuming a dirty-pink
hue. The large white spores are very characteristic. It may
be confounded very easily with A. cretaceus.

AGARTCINI.

95

24. A. (Lepiota) cepsestipes, Sow. ; pileus submembrana-
ceous, at first ovate, then expanded, mealy and scaly, widely
umbonate ; margin plicate ; stem hollow, floccose, thicker in
the middle or at the base ; ring evanescent ; gills at length
remote. — Grev. t. 333; Sow. t. 2.

On tan and leaves in hothouses. White or yellow; the
stem varies in form. Sowerby^s plant has white spores, like
Greville^s. The species is probably of exotic origin, as it
never grows in the open air. It is uncertain whether the
plant with an equal stem which often grows in similar situa-
tions is the same species.

25. A. (Lepiota) granulosus, Batsch. ; pileus fleshy, at
first convex, then expanded, mealy with innate granules ;
stem rough, like the pileus below the narrow ring ; gills
crowded, free, white. — Grev. t. 104; Huss. i. t. 45.

In woods and on heaths. White, pink, vermilion, yellow,
etc. Always easily distinguished by its mealy, granular
aspect.

26. A. (Lepiota) polystictus, Berk. ; inodorous, fleshy ;
cuticle continuous or broken into scales ; stem attenuated
downwards, stuffed with cottony threads, scaly below the fuga-
cious ring, silky above ; gills crowded, rounded before and be-
hind, free, white, with a pale-yellow tinge.

Amongst short grass, by roadsides. Northamptonshire and
Denbighshire. Stem pinkish above the ring ; pileus inch
across.

** Bileus viscid.

27. A. (Lepiota) gliodermus, Fr. ; pileus thin, soft, cam-
panulate, convex, smooth, even, rufous, viscid; stem whitish,
floccoso-squamosc, stufted with cottony threads ; ring torn ;
gills free, white, approximate.

96

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Rare. Wothorp, near Stamford. Pileus IJinch
across.

Subgenus 3. Aemillarta. — Veil partial, annular. Hymeno-
pborum confluent with tbe stem.

28. A. (ArmiUaria) ramentaeeus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, ob-
tuse, dry, villoso-squamose ; stem solid, unequal, scaly ; ring
inferior, made up of woven flocci; gills emarginate, crowded,
whitish, at length discoloured. — Bull. t. 595./. 3.

On the ground. Not common. King^s Cliffe. Whitish
or yellowish, scales brown, odour unpleasant. Known from
cognate Tricholomata by its ring.

29. A. (ArmiUaria) constrietus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, at first
convex, obtuse, even, dry, smooth, with an evanescent silky
lustre ; stem solid, nearly equal ; ring superior, evanescent ;
gills crowded, emarginate. — Balt. t. 7 B.

In pastures where the ground is bleached with urine. Rare.
Northamptonshire. Pure white ; odour very strong, like that
of fresh meal. The ring in my specimens is wanting. (See
Eng. El. vol. V. part 2, p. II.)

30. A. (ArmiUaria) melleus, Vahl; pileus fleshy, at length
plane, clothed with fibrous scales ; margin striate ; stem elas-
tic ; ring floccose ; gills ending in a decurrent tooth, pallid, at
length mealy from the white spores, and spotted with reddish-
brown. (Plate 4, fig. 1.)

On dead stumps. Very common. Pale-rufous, more or
less shaded with yellow, densely csespitose. Acrid when raw,
but eaten on the Continent. Sometimes, like the last, ring-
less. Agaricus laricinus, Bolton, is probably only a variety
of this species.

31. A. (ArmiUaria) mucidus, Fr. ; pileus thin, convex,
glutinous ; stem rigid, thickened at the base ; ring superior.

AGARTCINI.

97

deflexedj with the margin erect ; gills rounded, distant, striato-
decurrent, white.

On beech. Southern counties. Pure white, or with a ci-
nereous tinge. Very beautiful. Two inches or more across.

Subgenus 4. Teicholoma. — Stem fleshy ; gills with a sinus be-
hind. Veil obsolete, or, if present, floccose, and adhering to

the margin of the pileus.

* Pileus either viscid, squamulose,Jibrillose, or 'pubescent.

32. A. (Tricholoma) equestris, Linn. ; pileus yellow, in-
clining to reddish, fleshy, compact, obtuse, squamulose, viscid ;
stem solid, blunt, sulphur-coloured, as well as the free crowded
gills. (Plate 4, fig. 2.)

Amongst fir-leaves. Pare. East Bergholt, Dr. Badham.

33. A. (Tricholoma) sejunctus, Sow. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, at length expanded, umbonate, unequal, slightly viscid,
streaked with black fibres ; stem stout, solid, ventricose, sub-
squamulose ; gills emarginate, rather distant, broad, white. —
Sow. t. 126.

Pileus several inches across. I am not acquainted with
this species.

34. A. (Tricholoma) portentosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex at first, subumbonate, unequal, viscid, streaked with black
innate lines ; stem stout, solid, equal, striate ; gills very broad,
emarginate, white, at length distant and pallid.

In woods. King^s Cliffe. Closely resembling the last.

35. A. (Tricholoma) fucatus, Fr. ; pileus thin, at first co-
nical, then convex and expanded, viscid, streaked with innate
lines ; disc fleshy ; stem solid, somewhat bulbous, squamu-
lose ; gills emarginate, rather crowded, tinged with yellow.

In pine-groves. Closely allied to A, portentosus. Pileus
shining when dry, often dingy. The thin pilous, squamulose

ii

98

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

subbulbous stem, and yellowish gills, are its principal dif-
ferences»

36. A. (Tricholoma) spermaticus, Fr. ; white; pileus some-
what fleshy, at first convex, then expanded, smooth, viscid ;
margin membranaceous, naked; stem stuffed, at length hol-
low, twisted, even ; gills emarginate, rather distant, eroded. —
Paul. t. 45.

In fir-woods. Coed Coch, Denbighshire, October 13, 1859.
Smell strong, unpleasant. Pileus several inches across.

37. A. (Tricholoma) nictitans, i^r.; pileus fleshy, con vexo-
plane, obtuse, even, smooth, viscid ; stem stuffed, dry, elastic,
nearly equal, squamulose, yellow, as well as the crowded ob-
soletely spotted gills, which from the first are rounded behind
and free. — Bull. t. 574./. 1; Huss. ii. t. 46.

In woods. East Bergholt, Dr. Badham.

37*. A. (Tricholoma) fulvellus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, viscid, even, disc darker, punctato-rugose ; stem
stuffed, then hollow, fibrillose, at length rufous, tip naked;
gills crowded, white, at length rufous, rounded, then emar-
ginate.— Bull. t. 555. /. 2.

In woods. Coed Coch, October 1859. Fries considers this
merely a subspecies.

38. A. (Tricholoma) flavo-brunneus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy,
at first conical, at length expanded, viscid, clothed with little
streak dike scales; stem hollow, somewhat ventricose, fibrillose,
at first viscid, tip naked; gills emarginato-decurrent, crowded,
yellowish, becoming rufous.

In woods. Not uncommon. Smell like that of new meal.
Schaeffer’s t. 62, quoted under this by Fries, appears to be Ag.
melleus.

39. A. (Tricholoma) albo-brunneus, P. ; pileus fleshy, he-
mispherical, obtuse, viscid, streaked; stem solid, short, equal.

AGARICINl.

99

white^ and sqnamnlose above ; gills emarginate_, crowded_,
white^ at length tinged with brown. — Sow. t. 416.

In woods. Not uneommon. Smell like that of new meal.*

40. A. (Trieholoma) rutilans, Schceff. ; pilens fleshy, dry, va-
riegated as well as the stem with purple down ; gills rounded,
crowded, yellow, edge thickened, villous. — Sow. 31.

On pine-stumps. Very common. Easily distinguished by
its yellow gills and purple down. Often extremely beautiful.

41. A. (Trieholoma) luridus, Schceff.; pileus fleshy, dry,
smooth, undulated, at length breaking up into little fibres;
stem stout, stuffed, unequal, smooth; gills emarginate, crowd-
ed, dirty white. — Schceff. t. 69.

In woods. Common. Smell like that of new meal. (See
description in ^ English Elora.^) Distinguished from 34 and
35 by its dry pileus, and other notes.

42. A. (Trieholoma) Columbetta, Fr. ; white ; pileus fleshy,
at first ovate, moist, obtuse, rigid, at first smooth, then more
or less silky or squamulose ; margin involute, at first downy ;
stem stout, solid, unequal, striate, nearly smooth ; gills crowd-
ed, emarginate, thin, somewhat serrated. — Kromb. t.25.f. 6, 7.

In woods. Coed Coch, Oct. 1859. Edgbaston, Withering.
Very like A. albus, but that has a smooth pileus.

43. A. (Trieholoma) imbrieatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, com-
pact, at first convex, obtuse, dry, innato-squamulose ; margin
at first inflexed, pubescent ; stem stout, solid, pruinose above ;
gills emarginate, adnexcd, rather crowded, at length rufous.
(Plate 4, fig. 3.)

* Besides the above Nos. 38, 39, I find a species on the borders of fir-woods
without the scent of new meal, witli tlic following characters. Pileus umbo-
natc, dark red-brown, sometimes minutely s(puunulosc, but seai'cely streaked ;
stem solid at first, then hollow, mealy and white above, librillose below ; gills
emarginate, with a dccurront tooth. Further study will alone show whether
this is a distinct species.

II

100

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In fir-woods. Taste mild. Stem stuffed, at length hol-
low.

44. A. (Trieholoma) vaceinus, P. ; pileus fleshy, at first
campanulate, umbonate, dry, rough with fioccose seales;
margin involute, tomentose ; stem hollow, equal, fibrillose ;
gills fixed, rather distant, at length rufous.

In fir-woods. East Bergholt, Pr. Badham. Nassington,
Northamptonshire. Taste disagreeable.

45. A. (Trieholoma) erassifolius, Berk.; pileus fleshy,
waved, minutely adpresso-squamulose, umbonate, oehraceous ;
disc umber ; stem solid, nearly equal, pruinose ; gills thick,
moderately distant, nearly free, at length yellowish, stained
with brown.

In fir-woods. Winkbourn, Notts. Pileus 2-4 inches
across. Smell rather strong.

46. A. (Trieholoma) murinaeeus, Bull. ; pileus thin, firm,
brittle, at first campanulate, then expanded, cracked, streaked,
silky, dry; stem stout, cracked, and streaked with minute
black scales, solid ; gills very broad, undulated, distant, more
or less anastomosing, brittle, cinereous, often marked with
raised lines ; edge at length black. — Soiv. t. 106.

In woods. Not common. Taste bitter, unpleasant ; odour
not nitrous. Not an HygrophoruSj and very different from
H. murinaeeus, Fr.

47. A. (Trieholoma) terreus, Schceff. ; inodorous ; pileus
fleshy, soft, at first campanulate, dry, umbonate, clothed with
innate fioccose or scaly down ; stem stuffed, nearly equal,
dirty white, adpresso-fibrillose ; gills adnexed, with a decur-
rent tooth, crenulate, pale grey. — Sow. t. 76.

In woods, especially fir-woods. Common. This species
varies, with white and yellowish gills. A. millus, Sow., is a
form of this, or of one of the following species.

AGARICINI.

101

48. A. (Tricholoma) sealpturatus, Fr.; pileus fleshy^ at
first subconical_, broken up into floccose, umber or rufous
scales ; stem stuffed, unequal, white, fibrillose ; gills emargi-
nate, rather crowded, quite entire, white, becoming yellowish.
— A. argyraceus, Eng. FI. (pro 'part e.)

Fir plantations, borders of woods, etc.

49. A. (Tricholoma) saponaceus, Fr.; strong- scented,
firm; pileus rather compact, at first convex, obtuse, dry,
smooth, then rimoso-squamose or dotted ; margin from the
first naked j stem solid, unequal; gills uncinato-emarginate,
distant, thin, quite entire, changing from white to pallid,
sometimes greenish. — A. argyraceus, Eng. FI. in part ; Bull,
t. 602.

In woods. This species, A. sealpturatus, and A. ramentaceus,
which latter differs in the presence of a ring, are all included
in the ^ English Elora^ under the name of A. argyraceus.
A. graveolens, Sow., must be sought for under A. gambosus.

50. A. (Tricholoma) meleagris, Sow. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
convex, then plane ; cuticle broken up into black scales ; flesh
turning red; stem solid, squamulose, thickened downwards,
and black, solid ; root reticulated ; gills nearly free. — Sow. t.
171.

On hotbeds. Not sufficiently known. Intermediate in
characters between Lepnota and Tricholoma, but apparently
destitute of a veil.

51. A. (Tricholoma) cartilagineus, Bull.; cartilaginous,
elastic, rather brittle; pileus fleshy, convex, gibbous, undu-
lated, smooth ; cuticle rimulose, finely dotted with black ;
stem stuffed, equal, stout, lineato-striatc, somewhat mealy ;
gills slightly emargiiiate, adnexed, crowded, pallid. — Bull. t.
589. /. 2.

In grassy spots. East Bcrgholt, Dr. Badhani. Nov. 1855.
Smell like that of new Hour.

102

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

52. A. (Triclioloma) cuneifolius, Fr. ; extremely brittle ;
pilens smooth at firsts but soon cracked ; stem hollow, atte-
nuated downwards, pruinose above ; gills thin, crowded, white,
broad in front, obliquely truncate, attenuated behind, with a
decurrent tooth. — Bull. t. 580 A, B.

In pastures. Not uncommon. About one inch across.
Surface of the pileus rufous where not broken up; stem
white. Smell like that of new meal.

53. A. (Tricholoma) sulfureus, Bull. ; strong-scented ; pi-
leus fleshy, unequal, subumbonate, at first slightly silky, then
smooth and even ; stem stuffed, nearly equal, slightly striate,
sulphur-coloured, as well as the distant gills. (Plate 4, fig. 4.)
— Sow. t. 44.

In woods. Common. Smell like that of gas-tar, or Heme^
rocalUs flava.

54. A. (Tricholoma) bufonius, P. ; strong-scented ; pileus
fleshy, subumbonate, at first slightly silky, then smooth,
opaque, punctato-rugose ; stem stuffed, nearly equal, floccu-
lose ; gills arcuato-subdecurrent, rather distant, of a yellow-tan
colour. — Bull. t. 545./. 2, C.

In pine-woods. Coed Coch, Mrs. Wynne. Pileus purplish,
brownish, tan-coloured, etc.

55. A. (Tricholoma) lascivus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, obtuse,
somewhat depressed, at first silky, then smooth and even;
stem solid, equal, stifip, rooting and tomentose at the base,
white, as well as the close arcuate adnexed gills.

In woods. Canterbury. Smell like that of the two last.
Pileus pale-tan; flesh white.

56. A. (Tricholoma) inamoenus, Fr. ; strong-scented; pi-
leus fleshy, somewhat umbonate, slightly silky at first, then
smooth and even; stem solid, rooting, white, as well as the
very distant arcuato- affixed and decurrent gills.

AGARICINI.

103

In woods. Not uncommon. Pileus white,, with a slight
tinge of ochre, often minutely cracked. Stem not always
rooting. Smell like that of the last.

57. A. (Tricholoma) immundus, n, s. j csespitose, fleshy;
pileus at first convex, dirty white, stained with bistre, mi-
nutely silky ; margin indexed, silky or minutely scabrous and
squamulose ; stem fibrillose, of the same colour as the pileus ;
gills subcinereous, with a pinkish tinge, marked with trans-
verse lines, emarginate.

Amongst short grass, on sheep’s dung. On the top of
Moelfre-uchaf, Denbighshire, Oct. 1859. Pileus 2 inches or
more across. Every part blackish when bruised. Border
deflexed ; spores white. Pries, to whom specimens were sent,
compares this with A. gangrcenosus and A. graveolens, but it
seems distinct from either. The figure of A. fumosuSj Pers.
Ic., gives some notion of its outward appearance.

58. A. (Tricholoma) ionides, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, at first
campanulate, umbonate, even, nearly smooth, changing co-
lour ; margin at first flocculose ; stem stuffed, elastic, attenu-
ated, fibrillose; gills crowded, emarginate, with a decurrent
tooth, thin, eroded, white, at length discoloured. — Bull. t. 533.
/. 3. A. purpureas, Bolton, t. 41.

In woods. Not found since the time of Bolton.

59. A. (Tricholoma) carneus, Bull.; pileus slightly fleshy,
obtuse, even, nearly smooth, becoming pallid ; stem short,
stuffed, rigid, reddish like the pileus, thickened upwards, prui-
nose ; gills very wide behind, rounded, crowded, white. — Bull,
t. 533./. 1.

In pastures. Not uncommon. Pileus seldom exceeding
I inch, of a rufous pink. Stem minutely scpiamulosc, often
splitting, at length hollow.

104

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Moist or imtery (hygropTianous) . Veil, if 'present, fugitive,

pulverulent.

60. A. (Tricholoma) gambosus, Fr. ; pileus very thick and
fleshy, at first convex, obtuse, at length undulated, moist,
smooth, spotted, at length cracked; margin involute, at first
flocculose, as well as the tip of the stout solid stem; gills
emarginate, with a little adnexed tooth, crowded, ventricose,
yellowish-white. (Plate 4, fig. 5.) — Sow. t. 281 ; Huss. i.
t. 83.

In pastures. May, June. Pileus white, or slightly tinged
with ochre. Growing in rings. Eatable, and much approved by
many. Varying considerably in size. Smell strong, like that
of Polyporus squamosus. Sowerby^s A. graveolens is this spe-
cies, as appears from his private notes. The true A. Georgii.

61. A. (Tricholoma) monstrosus, Sow. ; pileus fleshy, at
first convex and umbonate, at length waved and lobed, opaque
as if whitewashed ; margin indexed ; stem compressed, solid,
streaked, opaque white, tomentoso-squamulose above, slightly
rooting; gills moderately distant, scarcely rounded behind,
but not truly decurrent, cream-coloured. — Sow. t. 283.

On the ground. Jedburgh, A. Jerdon, Esq. Near Nor-
wich, Sow. Often densely csespitose, and then not com-
pressed. This cannot be A. borealis, Er., as the pileus is
always white. In Sowerby’s figure it should be observed that
the gills are represented as distinctly rounded. Probably es-
culent.

62. A. (Tricholoma) albellus, T>C. ; pileus smooth, at
first conical, moist, spotted after the fashion of scales; disc
compact, subumbonate ; margin thin ; stem solid, ovato-bul-
bous, fibrilloso-striate ; gills crowded, entire, white, attenuated
behind and adnexed, without any tooth, broader in front. —
Sow. t. 122.

AGARICINI.

105

Not found in Great Britain since the time of Sowerby,
whose specimens — which are connato-csespitose and convex^
not conical — belong to the smaller variety. Esculent. The
specific character applies to the larger variety. Sowerby^s
plant is simply discoloured when bruised.

63. A. (Tricholoma) albus^ Fr. ; pileus fleshy, at first con-
vex, obtuse, smooth, even, dry ; margin at first involute, at
length repand ; stem firm, solid, elastic, equal, or attenuated
below, smooth ; gills rounded behind, fixed, thin, crow^ded,
broad, white. (Plate 4, fig. 6.) — Bull. t. 536.

In woods. White, or shaded with yellow. Variable in
size.

64. A. (Tricholoma) personatus, Fr. ; pileus at first com-
pact, then soft, convex, obtuse, even, smooth, moist ; margin at
first involute, villoso-pruinose ; stem solid, blunt, somewEat
bulbous, villous, stained with lilac ; gills rounded behind, at
length free, dirty white. (Plate 5, fig. 1.) — Huss. ii. t. 40.

In pastures. Common. Sold in Covent Garden as eat-
able, but has been supposed to be occasionally dangerous.
Varying a little in colour, but generally cinereous, and some-
times confounded carelessly with Cortinarius violaceus. Bright-
coloured specimens are sometimes difficult to distinguish from
the next.

65. A. (Tricholoma) nudus, Bull. ; pileus rather thin, ob-
tuse, smooth, moist, changing colour; margin inflexed, thin,
naked ; stem stuffed, clastic, rather mealy ; gills rounded be-
hind, then decurrent, crowded, narrow, violet, stained when
old with reddish-brown. (Plate 4, fig. 7.)

In plantations, woods, etc., especially amongst pines.
Smaller than the last, and brighter-coloured.

66. A. (Tricholoma) acerbus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, obtuse, smooth, rather spotted ; margin thin, strongly

106

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

involute, sulcate; stem solid, blunt, yellowish, squamulose
above ; gills crowded, emarginate, pale, then rather rufous. —
Bull. t. 571./. 2.

In woods. Not common. King^s CliflPe. Suffolk, Br. Bad-
ham. Pileus 3-4 inches across ; white, tinged with yellow, at
length stained. A very fine species.

67. A. (Trieholoma) cinerascens, Bull. ; pileus fleshy,
convex, obtuse, smooth, even; margin thin, naked, striate;
stem stuffed, elastic, nearly equal, smooth; gills crowded,
rounded behind, somewhat undulated, easily separating from
the pileus; white, then discoloured. — Bull. t. 428./. 2.

In woods. Not uncommon. Pour inches across, white,
slightljT- shaded; gills at length tinged with reddish-brown or
yellow; spores white. Smell unpleasant.

68. A. (Trieholoma) grammopodius, Bull. ; pileus fleshy,
at first campanulate, convex, then expanded and depressed,
umbonate, smooth, moist ; stem stuffed, elastic, sulcate,
smooth, attenuated upwards; gills arcuate, adnate, crowded,
white. — Bull. t. 548, 585./. 1; Huss. ii. t. 41.

In pastures, forming rings. Large, brownish-grey. Bol-
toAs t. 40 probably belongs to this species.

69. A. (Trieholoma) melaleucus, P. ; pileus thin, fleshy,
convex, at length plane, obsoletely umbonate, smooth, moist,
changing colour; stem stuffed, thin, elastic, nearly smooth,
dirty, sprinkled with a few fibrils, thickened at the base ; gills
emarginate, adnexed, ventricose, crowded, white.

On the ground. King’s Cliffe, on an asparagus-bed. In
my specimens the stem is sometimes thickened, sometimes
attenuated.

70. A. (Trieholoma) humilis, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, soft, um-
bonate, then convexo-plane or depressed, even, smooth or pul-
verulent, hygrophanous ; margin thin, reaching beyond the

AGARICINI.

107

gills ; stem stuffed, pale, villoso-pulverulent ; gills rounded,
with a decurrent tooth, crowded, ventricose, dirty white.

On the ground, and amongst grass. This is A. blandus,
Eng. El. The pileus is often pulverulent, and varies much in
colour, according to its condition ; stem 2 inches high, 2 lines
thick, brown within at the base. Frequently a very pretty
species, perhaps too closely allied to A, brevipes. Klotzsch’s
figure, El. Regn. Bor. t. 374, seems just intermediate.

71. A. (Trieholoma) subpulvemlentns, P. ; pileus fleshy,
at first convex, even, with an innate white pruinose lustre;
margin inflexed ; stem solid, equal, smooth, somewhat striate ;
gills rounded, without any tooth, crowded, white. — Huss. ii.
t. 39.

In pastures. Not uncommon. About 2 inches across.
Dirty white or greyish, with a white lustre.

Subgenus 5. Clitoctbe. — Stem elastic, with a fibrous outer coat ;
gills decurrent or acutely adnate.

* Pileus not cJianging colour when dry.

72. A. (Clitocybe) nebularis, Batsch ; pileus fleshy, com-
pact, obtuse, even, clouded with grey, at length naked ; stem
stuffed, firm, striate with little fibres ; gills arcuate, subdecur-
rent, crowded, white, becoming pallid. — Grev. t. 9; Huss. ii.
t. 9.

In woods. Common. The clouded cinereous pileus is cha-
racteristic. Pileus 3 inches across; stem stout. Esculent.

73. A. (Clitocybe) fumosus, P. ; subcartilaginous, rigid ;
pileus fleshy, at first convex, obtuse, even, naked, turning
pale; cuticle adnate ; stem stuffed, unequal, somewhat prui-
nose above, grey or dirty white, as arc the rather crowded
adnate gills.

In woods and waste ground. Not common. Solitary, or

108

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

densely esespitose. In the latter state it is the subspecies
A. polius. It occurred abundantly in October^ 1859, at Coed
Coch.

74. A. (Clitoeybe) inornatus, Sov). ; pileus fleshy, plane or
depressed, obtuse, even, smooth ; cuticle separable ; stem solid,
nearly equal, smooth. Arm, grey, as well as the adnate, plane,
at length decurrent, crowded gills. — Sow. t. 342.

Amongst grass. I have not met with this species. The
separable cuticle indicates A. prammopodius, but the gills are
not in the least arcuato-adnate.

75. A. (Clitoeybe) vernieosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, depress-
ed, obtuse, even, smooth, shining; stem stufied, equal, short,
yellow, as well as the adnate, slightly decurrent, rather distant
gills. — Sow. t. 366.

In fir-woods. Pileus 3 inches across. Not found in this
country since the time of Sowerby.

76. A. (Clitoeybe) odoTWE, Bull. ; dirty green, tough ; pi-
leus fleshy, at length plane, even, smooth ; stem stuffed, un-
equal, elastic, thickened at the base ; gills adnate, moderately
distant, broad, pallid. — Sow. t. 42.

In woods. Common. Easily known by its greenish colour
and strong smell of aniseed; stem smooth and downy. A. vi-
ridis, With. (Bolton, t. 12. n. 10), is too doubtful to insert.
Greville’s figure has much greater right to be considered the
same as Bull. 176, having narrow gills. The two supposed
species are probably not distinct.

77. A. (Clitoeybe) cerussatus, Fr. ; white ; pileus fleshy,
at first convex, obtuse, even, moist, soon smooth ; stem spon-
gy, solid, tough, elastic, naked ; gills adnate, very crowded,
thin, then decurrent, and unchanged in colour. — FI. Dan.
t. 1796.

In fir-woods. Not umbonate as A. opacus. Probably es-
culent.

AGARICINl.

109

78. A. (Clitoeybe) phyllophiluSj JPr. ; white; pileus fleshy^
soon depressed and umbilieate_, even_, dry, marked with a white
lustre round the margin ; stem stuffed, then hollow, spongy,
fibrous ; gills adnate, decurrent, moderately distant, white,
then yellowish. — I'l. Dan. 1847.

Amongst leaves, in woods. Distinguished from the last by its
umbilicate pileus, and the gills changing at length to yellow.

79. A. (Clitocybe) eandicans, P. ; white ; pileus subcar-
nose, at first convex, then plane or depressed, even, shining,
with a thin dead- white film ; stem subfistulose, waxy, shining,
even ; gills adnate, crowded, thin, at length decurrent.

Amongst leaves in woods. When moist white, when dry
dead-white. About 1 inch across. In the nature of the stem
it approaches Omphalia.

80. A. (Clitocybe) dealbatus, P. ; white ; pileus rather
fleshy, at first convex, even, smooth, rather shining ; stem
stuffed, fibrous, thin, equal, pruinose above ; gills adnate,
crowded, thin, white. — Sow. t. 123.

In fir plantations. Short, about an inch across, sometimes
cup-shaped, innato-prninose under a lens.

81. A. (Clitocybe) gallinacens, Scop.; white, slightly
acrid ; pileus rather fleshy, convex, then depressed, very ob-
tuse, even, dry, opaque; stem solid, equal, thin, even; gills
subdecurrent, crowded, thin. — Huss. i. t. 39.

In pastures. Very common. Distinguished from the last
by its opaque pileus and strong fungoid smell. The opacity
arises from minute pubescence. About an inch across. —
Bolton, t. 4, f. 2, is very do\d)tful.

82. A. (Clitocybe) elixus, Sow. ; pileus uinbonate, at first
convex, at length variously depressed, dingy, minutely tomcn-
tose and streaked ; stem even, nearly of the same colour as
the pileus; gills dccurrcnt, distant, white. — Soio, t. 172.

110

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Pileus 3 inclies across, very bibulous; flesh
dirty- white, soft. Formerly referred by Fries to Hygrophorus
caprinus,

83. A. (Clitocybe) opacus, With, ; white ; pileus fleshy,
convex, expanded or depressed, umbonate, even, covered with
a floceose shining film; stem stufied, subfibrillose, unequal,
flexuous; gills adnate, decurrent, very crowded, white. — Sow.
t. 142.

In woods. Too nearlv related to A. ceriissatus. Remark-

«/

able for the silvery glaire with which it is clothed, which
sometimes admits of being rubbed off.

84. A. (Clitocybe) giganteus, Sow. ; pileus thin, fleshy,
splitting, clothed with minute matted down, at length squa-
mulose, funnel-shaped; dise always depressed; stem solid,
hard, blunt, equal, even ; gills very erowded, slightly deeur-
rent, changing from white to yellowish. — Sow. t. 244 ; Huss.
i. t. 79.

In woods. Forming large rings. Not very eommon. Nearly
a foot across.

85. A. (Clitocybe) infundibuliformis, ; pileus thin,

fleshy, at first eonvex, umbonate, clothed with minute innate
down, at length funnel-shaped, flaccid; stem stuffed, soft,
elastic; gills decurrent, moderately distant, white. (Plate 5,

fig. 3.)

On the sides of woods, amongst moss, etc. Extremely
common. Pileus mostly of a pale reddish-tan, 2-3 inches
across, often retaining traees of the umbo ; its edges oceasion-
ally plieate, at length soft.

86. A. (Clitocybe) geotrupus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, convex,
then broadly funnel-shaped, strongly umbonate, compact,
even, smooth ; stem solid, compact, fibrillose, attenuated up-
wards; flesh white; gills crowded, deeurreiit, unbranched.

AGAKICINI.

Ill

white, at length of the same colour as the pileus. — Grev. t, 41 ;
Huss. i. t. 66.

In woods and on their borders. Not uncommon, often
forming rings. Pileus white, tan-coloured, etc. A. subin-
volutus, Batsch, is a thicker, firmer, less funnel-shaped form,
with the margin generally grooved, and the surface spotted
from rain or dew. It is very good when dressed, and is ge-
nerally found near fir-trees. Bolton^s t. 22, with distant gills,
is very doubtful.

87. A*. (Clitoeybe) inversus, Scop. ; pileus fleshy, brittle,
convex, then funnel-shaped, smooth; margin thin, involute;
stem stuffed, thin, hollow, rather rigid, smooth ; flesh pallid ;
gills decurrent, unbranched, pallid, at length of the same
colour as the pileus. — Sow. t. 186.

In fir-woods. Not common. Pileus 2 inches across, not
flaccid like the next ; brownish-red at first, then tan-coloured.
Often csespitose. Sowerby^s plant is unusually lobed.

88. A. (Clitoeybe) flaccidus, Sow. ; pileus thin, rather
fleshy, flaccid, umbilicate, then funnel-shaped, even ; stem
stuffed, unequal, rather flexuous, villous at the base ; gills de-
current, crowded, arched, yellowish. — Sow. t. 185.

In fir-woods. Not uncommon. Often densely csespitose,
and very handsome. Pileus bright in colour, sometimes
streaked, flaccid when young.

** JPileus hygropTianoiis.

89. A. (Clitoeybe) cyathiformis, Fr. ; pileus thin, de-
pressed, then funnel-shaped, even, nearly smooth, moist, hy-
grophanous; margin even, for a long time involute; stem
stuffed, elastic, attenuated upwards, flbrillosc, more or less re-
ticulated ; gills adnatc, then dccurrent, joined behind, dingy.
— Sow. t. 363; Huss. ii. t. 1.

112

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In meadows^ etc. Very common late in the year. Pileus
2 inches across, variable in colour, as are the gills, generally
of a dark brown or bistre.

90. A. (Clitocybe) brumalis, Fr.; inodorous; pileus rather
fleshy, thin towards the margin, umbilicate, funnel-shaped,
smooth, flaccid, hygrophanous ; margin reflexed, even ; stem
equal, somewhat incurved, smooth, dirty white ; gills distinct,
decurrent, pallid. — Bull. t. 248 A, B.

In woods. Canterbury. This is A. metachrous, Engl. EL,
whose characters agree rather with Bulliard^s figure quoted
above than with Fries’s character. Livid grey when moist,
nearly white when dry.

91. A. (Clitocybe) metachrous, Fr. ; inodorous; pileus
somewhat fleshy, convex, then plane and depressed, hygro-
phanous; stem stuffed, then hollow, equal, tough, pruinose
above ; gills adnate, crowded, pale, cinereous.

In woods amongst leaves. King’s Cliffe. Pileus 1^-2 inches
across ; gills not truly decurrent.

92. A. (Clitocybe) fragrans, ; sweet-scented; pileus
rather fleshy, convex, then plane or depressed, hygrophanous ;
stem stuffed, then hollow, elastic, smooth ; gills rather crowd-
ed, subdecurrent, distinct, dirty white. — Sow. t. 10.

In woods. Common. Known by its sweet, anise-scent,
which resembles that of A. odorus. Pileus IJ inch across,
ochraceous, white.

93. A. (Clitocybe) difformis, P.; pileus submembranace-
ous, convex, then plane, subumbilicate, smooth, hygrophanous,
striate when moist, even when dry, at length subsquamuloso-
rimose ; stem hollow, equal, smooth, shining ; gills adnate,
distant, dirty white. — Bolt. t.\7 (dry state).

In fir plantations. Near Halifax. Livid when moist.

94. A. (Clitocybe) ectypus, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy, flat-

AGARICINI.

113

tened out, at length depressed and revolute, hygrophanous,
finely streaked with little close-pressed sooty fibres ; margin
slightly striate; stem rather hollow, elastic, fibrillose; gills
adnate, rather distant, becoming pallid, at length stained with
red.

In meadows. Mossburnford, near Jedburgh, A. Jerdon,
Esq. Pileus honey-coloured ; gills mealy with the spores.
Specimens sent from Scotland exactly accord with a figure
forwarded to me by Fries.

95. A. (Clitocybe) bellus, P. ; pileus rather fleshy, con-
vex, then depressed, dull-orange, sprinkled with minute darker
scales ; stem stuffed, equal, tough, rivulose, dull yellow, as
well as the rather distant adnate gills, which are connected by
veins, at length reddish-brown.

In flr plantations. East Morden, Dorsetshire. Pileus
inches broad, deep orange-brown, becoming gradually pale.
Gills incarnato-ferruginous. Stem inches high. Fries’s
plant has dirty -yellow gills, and so far differs from mine. It
is at once distinguished from A. laccatus by its fetid smell.

93. A. (Clitocybe) laccatus, Scop. ; pileus convex, then
mostly umbilicate, variable in form, hygrophanous, mealy,
subsquamulose ; stem stuffed, equal, tough, fibrous, bright-
coloured, as well as the thick, broad, distant gills. (Plate 5,
fig. 3.) — Grev. t. 249; Huss. i. t. 47.

In woods, etc. Extremely common. Varying much in
size, colour, etc. Sometimes of a bright amethyst-blue, more
frequently of a reddish-brown or grey (Sow. t. 187), some-
times yellowish. Spores globose : a very uncommon character
amongst Agarics. Bolton, t. 41, f. A, is at present doubtful,
but its peculiar habitat, on the perpendicular sides of turf-
pits, must some day make it easy to recognize.

I

114

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Subgenus 6. Colltbia. — Stem cartilaginous externally. Margin
of pileus at first involute. Grills not decurrent.

* Gills white, or of a pure colour.

97. A. (Collybia) radicatus, Helh. ; pileus thinj fleshy, ob-
tuse, at length plane, wrinkled, glutinous ; stem tall, attenu-
ated upwards, rooting ; gills adnexed, distant, white. (Plate 5,
fig. 4.) — Huss. i. t. 15.

On old stumps, or on sticks covered with soil. Very com-
mon. The long tap-root, wrinkled pileus, and distant white
gills, at once distinguish this species. Pileus 3-4 inches
across ; stem 6 inches high. I once gathered a white variety
of this, with the pileus scarcely an inch across, though per-
fectly developed. The colour is generally greyish-brown.

98. A. (Collybia) longipes, Bull.; pileus thin, fleshy, co-
nical, then expanded, umbonate, dry, slightly velvety; stem
attenuated upwards, rooting, velvety; gills distant, rounded
behind, white. — Bull. t. 232 ; Huss. i. t. 80.

In the same situations as the last, but not so common.
When well grown, one of the most beautiful of our Agarics.
Pileus and stem often tinted with yellow.

99. A. (Collybia) platyphyllus, Fr. ; pileus thin towards
the margin, expanded, obtuse, moist, streaked with little
fibres ; stem stuffed, equal, soft, striate, naked, pallid, ending
abruptly; gills distant, truncate behind, adnexed, white. —
Bull. t. 594.

In woods, amongst leaves. Pare. King’s Cliffe. Pileus
several inches across, umber or brownish. The form with a
stout, creeping, string-like mycelium, named A. repens by
Fries, has been found by Mr. Broome in the south of Eng-
land, and by myself in Denbighshire. Stem not so distinctly
cartilaginous as in other Collybice.

AGARICINI.

115

100. A. (Collybia) fusipes, Bull. ; pileus fleshy^ convex,
smooth, at first even, then frequently craeked ; stem more or
less twisted and split, swollen, sulcate, rooting below, and
spindle-shaped; gills adnexed, nearly free, at length separa-
ting behind, connected by veins, white, then nearly of the
same colour as the pileus. (Plate 5, fig. 5.) — Huss. ii. t. 48.

On stumps. Very common. Pileus 3 inches across. Often
densely csespitose, more or less rufous. Gills often spotted.
Very variable in size and form. An early species. A. mde-
matopus, as far as the English Flora is concerned, rests upon
an imperfeet plant of Dickson. If distinct, the decurrent gills
must be the prineipal eharacter, in whieh case it could not be
a Collybia. This cireumstance may, however, arise from some
peeuliar condition of the pileus.

101. A. (Collybia) maculatus, A. and S. ; pileus fleshy,
compaet, convex, then plane, obtuse, even, smooth ; stem
stout, ventricose, striate, attenuated below, white, as well as
the free gills. — Sow. t. 246; Huss. ii. t. 60.

In fir-woods. Not common. Pileus 2-3 inches across, at
first white, then, like the stem, spotted with reddish-brown.

102. A. (Collybia) butyraceus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, eon-
vex, at length expanded, moist, changing colour ; flesh turn-
ing white ; stem slightly stuffed, externally eartilaginous, eo-
nical, striate, reddish brown ; gills nearly free, erowded, cre-
nulate, white. — Bull. t. ^72.

In woods, especially fir-woods. Extremely common. Easily
distinguished by its greasy-looking pileus and cartilaginous
stem. The pileus is at first dark-bay, but as it dies exhibits
various pallid tints. Stem often eompressed. A. compressus,
Sow. t. 66, is very doubtful, but I believe it to be Hyyro-
phorus ovinus. A. concinnus, Bolt. t. 15, is described as
clothed with a viscid slippery fluid, and therefore cannot

I

116

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

be A. pullus, to which Fries refers it. It is probably Hygro-
phorus unguinosus.

103. A. (Collybia) velutipes, ; pileus thin, fleshy,
convex, then plane, obtuse, smooth, viscid ; stem stufied, vel-
vety, rooting, dark-bay ; gills adnexed, distant, yellowish. —
FI. Lond. t. 70 ; Huss. i. i. 56.

On logs and trunks of trees. Extremely common during
the greater part of the year, and even resisting considerable
frost. One of our most beautiful species, from its tawny
pileus and dark velvety stem. Often densely tufted.

104. A. (CoUybia) stipitarius, Fr. ; small; pileus thin, um-
bilicate, plane, clothed with little velvet-like scales ; stem at
length fistulose, bright brown, more or less hairy ; gills se-
parating, at length free, ventricose, rather distant, white.
(Plate 5, fig. 6.) — Huss. i. t. 68.

On grass, old thatch, twigs, etc. A very pretty little spe-
cies, with the habit of a Marasmius, but the gills of an Agaric.
Pileus clothed with tawny or brown hairs or fibres, which
sometimes form scales.

105. A. (Collybia) confl.nens, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convex, at length expanded, obtuse, flaccid, smooth, hygro-
phanous ; stem fistulose, somewhat compressed, rufous, clothed
with white pulverulent down ; gills free, remote, linear, very
crowded, dirty- white. — Fers. Ic. Piet. t. 5./. 1.

Amongst leaves, in woods, forming rings or confluent masses.
Common. Pileus about an inch across, reddish-brown. Gills
leaving a distinct area round the top of the stem. Stems ad-
hering to each other.

106. A. (Collybia) ingratus, pileus slightly fleshy,

at first globose, then campanulate, convex, umbonate, even;
stem fistulose, long, twisted, somewhat compressed, between
pulverulent and downy, especially above, umber below ; gills
free, linear, very crowded, pale.

AGARTCINI.

117

Var. pileus convex, obtuse; stem villoso-pulverulent.

In woods. Differs principally from the foregoing in the
gills not leaving a free space round the top of the stem. My
species agrees more closely with the figure in the Stockholm
collection than with Frieses character, as the whole stem is
more or less pulverulent. The pileus, moreover, is not so
truly campanulate. I have set it down, therefore, as a
variety.

107. A. (Collybia) undatus, Berk.; pileus tough, thin,
radiato-rugose, minutely pulverulent, campanulate, then con-
vex, at length plane; stem minutely velvety, strigose at the
base, fistulose; gills adnate, white, with a yellowish tinge,
connected with veins.

On dead fern-roots. Northamptonshire. Pileus not ex-
ceeding an inch across, dull brown or cinereous. Gills mo-
derately distant.

108. A. (Collybia) conigenus, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
nearly plane, unequal, somewhat umbonate, smooth ; stem
minutely fistulose, tough, pulverulent, becoming pallid; root
strigose ; gills free, linear, very crowded, pallid.

On fir-cones. Not very uncommon. Pileus about 1 inch
across, reddish-brown at first, pallid when dry; gills white at
first. This must not be confounded with A. tenacellus.

109. A. (Collybia) cirrliatus, Schum.; white; pileus slight-
ly fleshy, plane, minutely silky, at length umbilicate ; stem
slightly fistulose, flexuose, equal, pallid, pulverulent; root
twisted, fibrillose; gills adnate, crowded, narrow.

Amongst leaves, etc. ; often attached to a little, yellowish,
nodular Sclerotium. Very nearly allied to the next.

110. A. (Collybia) tuberosus, Ball. ; white, slightly fleshy,
convex, then expanded, umbonate, even, shining with a silky
lustre; stem slightly fistulose, obsoletely pulverulent; root

118

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

tuberiform, smooth, shining, chestnut-brown ; gills adnate,
crowded, thin. — Grev. t. 23.

On dead Russula, and on the ground, probably where
Fungi have decayed. The dark tuberiform base easily dis-
tinguishes this species.

111. A. (Collybia) racemosus, P. ; pileus convex, grey;
stem grey, sprinkled with racemose abortive pilei; gills ad-
nate, crowded, white. — Sow. t. 287.

On the ground. Extremely rare. It has occurred once or
twice at King’s Cliffe. I am convinced now that it is not a
mere form of the last, as it turns black in drying.

112. A. (Collybia) xanthopus, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
convex, then expanded, somewhat umbonate, smooth, dull
yellow, and even, as well as the flstulose, equal stem ; base
equal, rooting, strigose ; gills truncate behind and free, broad,
thin, loose, crowded, dirty-white.

About the stumps of trees, furze-bushes, etc. Not uncom-
mon. Very near to A. dryophilus.

113. A. (Collybia) esculentus, pileus slightly fleshy,
nearly plane, obtuse, quite smooth, clay- coloured, as well as
the obsoletely flstulose, equal, straight, tough, rooting stem ;
gills adnate, loose, whitish. — Bull. t. 422./. 2.

In pastures, in spring. Common in Scotland, in flr planta-
tions. Varies with a dark and light pileus, about an inch
across. Eatable, but not much esteemed, on account of its
bitter flavour. It is called at Vienna, where large baskets
appear in the market in spring, Nagelschwdmme, or Nail-
Mushroom.*

1 14. A. (Collybia) tenacellns, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
nearly plane, somewhat umbonate, even, smooth ; stem ob-

* This is an exception to the general rule that Schwamm indicates one of the
harder, corky Fungi.

AGARICINI.

119

scurely fistulose^ toughs naked^ tawny ; root strigose ; gills
emarginatOj broad_, loose, rather distant, snow-white. — Sow.
t. 206.

On fir-cones. Not uncommon. Pileus about an inch
across, tinged with brown ; stem tawny below, white above.
Easily known by its broad, emarginate gills.

115. A. (CoUybia) acervatus, Fr.; csespitose; pileus con-
vex, expanded, at length umbonate, smooth, hygrophanous ;
margin slightly striate ; stem fistulose, smooth, deep red-
brown, rooting and tomentose at the base ; gills free,
crowded.

At the base of old fir-stems. Not uncommon. In the Bri-
tish plant the inner walls of the fistulose stem are strigose.
Besembling the next. Pileus at first reddish.

116. A. (CoUybia) dryophilus, Bull.; pileus rather fleshy,
nearly plane, obtuse, somewhat depressed, even, turning pale ;
stem fistulose, smooth, reddish-brown or yellowish ; gills sinu-
ated, adnexed (at length with a decurrent tooth), nearly free,
crowded, narrow, white, or pallid. — Sow. 1. 127; Huss. i. t. 39.

Amongst leaves, in woods. Extremely common, but va-
riable in colour, form, etc. Pileus 1-2 inches across.

117. A. (CoUybia) exsculptus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
tough; convex, then expanded, umbilicate, not changing co-
lour, smooth, as well as the fistulose, thin, curved, short
stem ; gills nearly free, with a decurrent tooth, arched, much
crowded, narrow, sulphur-coloured.

On decayed oak. Suffolk, Dr. Badham, from whom I have
specimens. Size that of the last.

118. A. (CoUybia) clavus, Bull.; pileus slightly fleshy,
nearly plane, obtuse, even ; stem stiifled, thin, smooth,
straight, white, as well as the free crowded gills, which sepa-
rate slightly at the base. — Fyull. t. 118 A-C, 569 F.

120

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On twigs, leaves, etc. This is a minute species, differing
from A. acicula in its white stem and gills, but agreeing
somewhat in the orange-red pileus. It is introduced on the
faith of Bolton^s figure and description, t. 39 B, which, how-
ever, may possibly be A. acicula. I have not met with it
myself.* The ^ English Flora’ plant is A. acicula.

119. A. (Collybia) oeellatus, FV. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
nearly plane, even ; disc depressed, darker, umbonate ; stem
minutely fistulose, filiform, smooth, brownish -white, rooting
and fibrillose at the base; gills crowded, white, adnexed, at
length separating. — Bull. t. 569./. 1 H-P.

On the ground, amongst leaves. Not common. Kinnordy,
Klolzsch.

** Gills at length cinereous.

120. A. (Collybia) laceratus, Lasch ; pileus between
fleshy and membranaceous, campanulate, rather blunt, moist,
streaked with brown ; stem stuffed, then hollow, firm, twisted,
fibroso-striate, floccoso-pruinose above, at length compressed ;
gills distant, adnexed, broad, thick, greyish- white.

In pine-woods. Bristol, Dr. H. O. Stephens. Pileus dingy,
pallid when dry, 1^ inch across. Allied to A. platyphyllus.

121. A. (Collybia) atratus, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
piano-depressed, umbilicate, very even, smooth, shining; mar-
gin convex ; stem stuffed, short, even, smooth, brown without
and within ; gills adnate, rather broad, dirty-white.

On burnt soil, in woods. King’s Cliffe. Pileus 1 inch
across, dark brown at first. Stem 1 inch high, 1-2 lines
thick. I have a figure of this from the Swedish Museum,
which represents the stem as nearly white.

* I have a specimen from Dr. Stephens, gathered at Bristol, marked by him
A. clavus, Bull., which is apparently Bulliard’s plant.

AGARICINI.

121

Subgenus 7. Mtcena. — Stem externally cartilaginous. Margin

of pileus (which is mostly campanulate) at first straight and

pressed to the stem.

* Margin of gills different in colour from their surface.

122. A. (Mycena) pelianthinus, Fi'. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, convex, nearly plane, moist, hygrophanous ; margin
striate; stem firm, fibrilloso-striate ; gills emarginate, ad-
nexed, beautifully connected by veins, edge darker, somewhat
toothed. (Plate 6, fig. 1.)

Amongst dead leaves, in woods. Not very common. Pileus
at first lilac or rose-coloured, 1^-2 inches across; gills pur-
plish, with a darker toothed edge, a character which at once
distinguishes it from A. purus.

123. A. (Mycena) balaninus, B. ; pileus somewhat fleshy,
convex, umbonate, dry, minutely pulverulent, striate when
moist ; stem rooting, villous and dark below, white and prui-
nose above ; gills connected by veins, pale, with a purple
edge. — Mag. of Zool. and Bot. i. t. 15./. 2.

Amongst oak-leaves, beech-mast, etc. E-are. King’s Cliffe.
An exquisite species. Stem bright brown below, spongy at
the base. Gills sprinkled with purple spicules. Pileus ochra-
ceous, 1 inch or more across.

124. A. (Mycena) elegans, P. ; pileus submembranaceous,
campanulate, striate, umbonate; stem even, equal, rigid, to-
mentose at the base, floccoso-fibrillose ; gills linear, adnatc,
dirty-white ; edge yellow, entire.

In woods. Not uncommon. Pileus half an inch or more
across, greyish or livid-yellow. I have given Fries’s cha-
racter, but find the gills rather broad, though scarcely vcntri-
cose. The dark tint is often confined to the part nearest the
pileus.

122

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

125. A. (Mycena) mbro-marginatus, Fr.; pileus submem -
branaceouSj campanulate, obtuse^ striate, hygrophanous ; stem
rigid, even, juiceless ; gills adnate, distant, dirty- white, edged
with purple or purple-brown.

On pine-stumps. Nassington, Northamptonshire. Nov.
1859. A small species, resembling somewhat A. sanguino-
lentuSj but distinguished at once by the absence of red juice
in the stem.

126. A. (Mycena) strobilinus, Sow. ; scarlet ; pileus slight-
ly fleshy, bell-shaped ; umbo acute, even ; margin striate ; stem
stiff*, juiceless, even, clothed at the base with white strigose
hairs ; gills adnate, edge dark blood-colour. — Sow. t. 197.

On fir-cones. Rare.

127. A. (Mycena) rosellus, Fr. ; rose-coloured ; pileus
membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, umbonate, striate ;
stem slender, soft, juiceless, clothed with white fibrillose hairs
at the base ; gills adnate, edge darker.

Amongst fir-leaves. Rare. West of England, C. E. Broome,
An extremely pretty little species.

Stem not dilated into a disc at the hase ; gills self-coloured.

128. A. (Mycena) purus, P. ; strong- scented; pileus slightly
fleshy, bell-shaped, then expanded, obtusely umbonate, smooth,
turning pallid ; margin striate ; stem rigid, even, nearly na-
ked, villous at the base ; gills very broad, widely sinuated, ad-
nexed, connected by veins, paler than the pileus. — Huss. ii.
t. 49.

Amongst leaves, in woods. Extremely common. Known
at once by its strong scent and pretty colour, which changes
as the pileus becomes dry. A. pelianthinus , which it some-
what resembles, is distinguished by the discoloured edge of
the gills, and other characters.

AGARICINI.

123

129. A. (Mycena) Iris, Be7'k. ; pileus hemispherical, ob-
tuse, striate, subviscid, adorned with blue fibrillse ; stem fasci-
culate, pilose; gills almost free. (Plate 6, fig. 3.)

On fir-stumps. Rare. Clifton, Notts. The little fibrils
glued down to the cuticle are very characteristic. When the
stem is extremely elongated, it is sometimes nearly smooth.

130. A. (Mycena) Adonis, Bull. ; pileus membranaceous,
conico-campanulate, smooth, nearly even ; stem slender, even,
smooth; gills uncinate, adnexed, linear, narrow, white, or
tinged with rose-colour. — Bull. t. 560. /. 2.

In woods. Rare. Kirriemuir, Klotzsch. King’s Clifie.
White, yellowish, orange, or green.

131. A. (Mycena) luteo-albus. Bolt.; pileus membrana-
ceous, bell-shaped, umbonate, slightly striate, dry, yellowish,
as well as the smooth shining stem ; gills adnate, somewhat
uncinate, broad, white. — Bolt. t. 38./. 2.

Amongst moss, in woods. Rare. Halifax.

132. A. (Mycena) lactens, P. ; pileus membranaceous, bell-
shaped or convex, subumbonate, striate when moist, even when
dry ; stem equal, filiform, rather tough, flexible, smooth ; gills
adnate, ascending, narrow, milk-white. — Bull. t. 563 N, O.

In fir-woods, attached to the leaves, or on the naked soil.
Often very abundant. Milk-white, or sometimes yellowish in
in the centre.

*** Stem firm, rigid ; gills changing colour ; pileus not

hggrophanous.

133. A. (Mycena) proliferus, Sow. ; pileus rather fleshy,
broadly bell-shaped, dry, darker in the centre ; margin at
length sulcate ; stem firm, rigid, smooth, shining, minutely
striate, rooting ; gills adnexed, more or less distinct, at length
pallid. — Sow. t. 169.

124

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On soil^ in gardens^ near wood. Not common. Densely
csespitose. Stem frequently proliferous, as in some species of
Coprinus. Inodorous.

134. A. (Mycena) galerieulatus, Bcop. ; pileus submem-
branaceous, between conical and bell- shaped, then expanded,
striate as far as the umbo, dry, smooth ; stem rigid, polished,
even, smooth, rooting at the base ; gills adnate, with a decur-
rent tooth, connected by veins, dirty-white or flesh-coloured.

On trunks of trees. Extremely common. Often densely
csespitose, but sometimes scattered. Variable in colour, and
sometimes stained with the ulmates and humates of the de-
caying wood. Inodorous and tasteless.

135. A. (Mycena) polygrammns, Bull. ; pileus submem-
branaceous, conico-campanulate, somewhat umbonate, dry,
striate ; stem rigid, shining, deeply and continuously sulcato-
striate ; gills attenuated behind. — Sow. t. 222.

On trunks of trees. Common. Easily distinguished by its
shining, silvery, grooved stem.

136. A. (Mycena) parabolicus, A. and S.; pileus submem-
branaceous, at first oval, then parabolic, obtuse, discoid, turn-
ing pale, striate halfway ; margin entire, turniug white ; stem
rigid, even, smooth, of the same colour as the pileus, strigose
at the base, swollen, abrupt, rooting ; gills adnate, ascending,
nearly distinct, whitish. — Sow. t. 165.

On trunks, especially of fir. Pileus dark in the centre,
then of a livid-blue, then whitish. Sowerby^s plant is on
willow-stumps.

*### Stem brittle ; gills changing colour. Strong-scented.

137. A. (Mycena) atro-albus, Bolt. ; rather firm ; pileus
somewhat fleshy, obtusely bell-shaped, even, smooth, opaque,
brown, whitish and striate towards the margin ; stem straight.

AGARICINI.

125

shining, two-coloured; root hairy, bulbous; gills attenuated,
nearly free, ventricose, white. — Bolt. t. 137.

Amongst moss, about the roots of trees. Not common.

138. A. (Mycena) dissiliens, Fr.; very brittle; pileus sub-
membranaceous, conico-campanulate, obtuse, lineato-plicate
halfway up ; stem attenuated, somewhat incurved, finely stri-
ate, cinereous, dark, strigose at the base; gills rounded, se-
ceding, at length free, broad, soft, dirty-white, grey at the
base. — Bolt. t. 154.

On trunks of trees. About Halifax. The species takes its
name from the stem, when compressed, breaking up into re-
volute lacinise. Strong-scented.

139. A. (Mycena) alcalinus, Fr.; rigid, but brittle, strong-
scented; pileus submembranaceous, bell- shaped, obtuse, na-
ked, deeply striate, moist, shining when dry ; stem smooth,
slightly sticky, shining, villous at the base ; gills adnate, rather
distinct, white, at length tinged with blue.

On trunks of trees. Common. Easily distinguished by its
strong nitrous scent, like that of fermented walnuts. Often
tinged everywhere with yellow or pink. Solitary or caespitose.

140. A. (Mycena) pauperculus, 5erA:.; strong-scented; pi-
leus obtusely conical or hemispherical, minutely innato-fibril-
lose, submembranaceous ; stem smooth, rooting, villous at the
base; gills at first free, then adnexed, white.

Inside of decayed stumps. Not common. Minute, ochra-
ceous- white, at length stained from the wood. Odour fari-
naceous. Gills adnexed, from the growth of the pileus, which
is sometimes striate from translucencc. This, perha^Ds, would
be better placed before No. 137.

141. A. (Mycena) tenuis, Bolt.; very brittle; pileus mem-
branaceous, bell-shaped, convex, obtuse, lincato-striate; mar-
gin crenate, appendiculate ; stem straight, pellucid, membra-

126

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

naceous ; gills adnate_, distant, distinct, thin, watery, dirty-
white. — Bolt. t. 37.

In shady, moist woods. Rare. Halifax. Almost as deli-
cate as Bolbitius titubans. Stem quite membranaceous.

142. A. (Myeena) tenellus, Schum. ; tufted ; pileus mem-
branaceous, bell- shaped, convex, obtuse, pellucid, margin
slightly striate ; stem slender, soft, smooth, villous at the
base ; gills uncinate, very thin, crowded, white or flesh-co-
loured.— Rail Syn. t. l.f. 2.

On decayed trees. This species has not been found in
England since the time of Ray, and it is very rare on the
Continent. It is either entirely white, or tinged with rose-
colour.

**### Stem Jiliform, Jlaccid ; gills distinct^ changing colour.

JSfot ccesgitose.

143. A. (Myeena) filopes, Bull. ; pileus membranaceous,
obtusely campanulate, expanded, striate ; stem filiform, flac-
cid, rather brittle, smooth, pilose at the base, rooting; gills
free, lanceolate, crowded, white. — Bull. t. 320.

In woods, among leaves. Not uncommon. Pileus livid-
brown or umber, tinged with pink. Gills sometimes adnexed.
Odour not nitrous.

144. A. (Myeena) vitilis, Fr.; pileus membranaceous, co-
nical, then expanded, moist, deeply striate, growing pallid ;
stem straight, filiform, flexible, smooth, juiceless, shining,
rooting; gills attenuato-adnate, rather distant, greyish -white.
— Sow. t. 385./. 5.

Amongst leaves, etc. Not uncommon. The gills vary a
good deal in colour, and are sometimes very dark.

145. A. (Myeena) speireus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous,
conical, then convex, unpolished, striate; disc darker, at

AGARICINI.

127

length depressed ; stem filiform, tough, shining, fibrillose at
the base ; gills horizontal, then deeurrent, distant, white.

On mossy trunks.

146. A. (Mycena) acicnla, Schoiff.; pileus membranaceous,
hell-shaped, convex, smooth, scarlet ; margin striate ; stem
thread-shaped, rooting, tough, shining, yellow, as well as the
rounded, adnexed, ventricose, distant gills.

On leaves, twigs, etc., in woods. Not uncommon. A very
delicate and pretty little species. Stem pruinose above. The
gills are sometimes white, sometimes yellow^, with a whitish
edge.

###*#* Gills and stem milky, or containing coloured fluid.

147. A. (Mycena) cruentus, Ft. ; pileus submembranace-
ous, conico-campanulate, striate ; margin quite entire ; stem
straight, smooth, villous at the base, and rooting, yielding a
dull-red juice ; gills dirty-white. — Sow. t. 385./. 2, 3.

In pine-groves. Not observed in this country since the
time of Sowerby.

148. A. (Mycena) sanguinolentus, A. and S.; vinous-red;
pileus membranaceous, obtusely campanulate, striate ; stem
containing red juice ; gills adnate, edge darker.

Amongst leaves, in woods.. Not uncommon. The vinous-
red colour of the dark margin of the gills, and the dark juice,
readily distinguish this species.

149. A. (Mycena) crocatus, Schrad. ; pileus submembra-
naccous, expanded, slightly striate ; stem tall, attenuated,
with a villous rooting base, filled with safiroii-colourcd juice;
gills adnexed, attenuated behind, ventricose in front.

Amongst leaves. West of England, Mr. Knapp, Figured
in the second edition of the ^ Journal of a Naturalist.^

150. A. (Mycena) chelidonius, Fr. ; pileus membranace-
ous, campanulato -convex, nearly even ; stem even, smooth.

128

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

rooting, compressed, filled with yellow juice ; gills adnate,
dirty-white, at length yellowish. — Sow. t. 385./. 4.

On stumps of beech. This also depends upon Sowerby’s
figure. No one else seems to have observed it. The yellowish
gills and pileus are distinctive.

151. A. (Mycena) galopus, Schrad.; pileus membranace-
ous, campanulate, somewhat striate ; stem slender, fibrillose
and rooting below, filled with white milk ; gills attenuated
behind, white, then glaucous. (Plate 6, fig. 2.)

Amongst leaves, under trees. Generally diflfused, but sel-
dom abundant. Pileus brownish or cinereous, sometimes
white. When withered, the white milk is occasionally want-
ing.

###**** Stem distinctly glutinous^ not milky.

152. A. (Mycena) epipterygius, Scop. ; pileus membrana-
ceous, campanulate, expanded, covered with a viscid separable
skin ; stem elongated, tough, rooting, viscid, yellowish ; gills
adnate, with a decurrent tooth. — Sow. t. 92.

Amongst fern-leaves, etc., in woods. Extremely common.
Very variable in colour, but always easily recognized.

153. A. (Mycena) pelliculosus, Fr. ; pileus membranace-
ous, campanulate, obtuse, deeply striate; disc at length de-
pressed ; stem tough, viscid, dirty-white ; gills adnate, white.

On heaths. Mossburnford, A.Jerdon, Esq. October, 1858.
Cinereous. Pesembling A. galericulatus rather than the last.

154. A. (Mycena) vulgaris, P. ; pileus convex, then de-
pressed, viscid; stem tough, rooting, fibrillose at the base,
cinereous ; gills decurrent, thin, white. (Plate 6, fig. 4.)

On plantations, espeeially of larch. Sometimes very abun-
dant. The viscid cinereous pileus, tough stem, and decurrent
gills, readily indicate this species.

155. A. (Mycena) roridus, Fr ; very delicate; pileus at

AGARTCINI.

129

length depressed_, sulcate^ dry; stem dripping with gluten;
gills deeurrent^ rather distant^ white.

On dead bramhle-twigs, ete. Not eommon. Nottingham-
shire. Springing at onee from the twig. Various in eolour_,
but generally white, with a slight cinereous tinge. After
abundant rain the dripping stem is very striking.

#*####*# Stem dry^ dilated at the hase into a little disc.

156. A. (Mycena) stylobates, P. ; pileus obtuse, campa-
nulate or convex, striate, slightly pilose; stem smooth, di-
lated into a radiato-striate villous disc; gills free, distinct,
ventricose. (Plate 6, fig. 5.)

On fern, twigs, etc. Not common. Generally pure white.
Pileus 2 lines across. Very delicate.

157. A. (Mycena) tenerrimus, B. ; white, very delicate;
pileus convex, pruinose ; stem pilose, adhering by a minute,
pubescent disc ; gills free, ventricose. (Plate 6, fig. 6.)

On fir-cones, sticks, etc. Smaller than the last. Pileus
frosted with minute granules ; disc not striate. The affinities
of A. pilipes, Sow., are so doubtful, that it is omitted.

158. A. (Mycena) pterigenus, Pr. ; very delicate, rose-
coloured ; pileus campanulate, obtuse, striate, smooth, as well
as the thread-like stem, which springs from a little strigose
bulb ; gills few, broad, adnate, entire. (Plate 6, fig. 7.)

On dead fern-stems. Pare. A minute, but most elegant
Agaric. The edge of the gills is often of a deeper tint than the
disc. The normal form is found also on dead leaves. A variety
of this occurred at Canterbury on oak-leaves, with a lemon-
coloured stem and more crowded gills. Sec ^ English Flora.^

********* Stem very slender, dry, yrowing on other plants icithout
any root ; gills adnate, loith a decurrent tooth.

159. A. (Mycena) corticola, ScJmm. ; pileus thin, hcmi-

K

130

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

spherical, at length obsoletely umhilicate, sulcato-striate ; stem
slightly scurfy ; gills broadly aduate, broad, somewhat ovate,
paler.

Amongst moss, on bark. Extremely common. Very va-
riable in colour, white, lilac, cinereous, etc. Withering when
dry, but often reviving when moistened.

160. A. (Mycena) setosus, Sow.; very delicate ; pileus he-
mispherical, smooth ; stem thread-like, covered with spreading
hairs ; gills distant, white. — Sow. t. 302.

On dead leaves, in woods. Nearly allied to the next.

161. A. (Mycena) eapillaris, Schum. ; very delicate; pi-
leus campanulate, at length umbilicate, smooth ; stem thread-
like, smooth; gills adnate, ascending, distant.

On dead leaves, in woods. Not uncommon. Slightly
tinged with cinereous. So delicate as to be transported with
difficulty. Stem often much elongated.

162. A. (Mycena) juncieola, Fr. ; very delicate; pileus
convex, sometimes minutely umbonate, at length slightly de-
pressed, even, red, striate ; stem of the same colour, smooth ;
gills adnate, distant, white.

On dead rushes, in bogs. Rare. Resembling the foreign
Marasmius hcematocephalus. Pileus in my specimens of a
deep blood-red, inclining to tawny. Gills few, yellowish-
white. Stem brown, paler above, smooth.

Subgenus 8. Omphalia. — Stem cartilaginous. Gills truly

decurrent.

* Gills moderately distant, rather narrow; margin at first

incurred.

163. A. (Omphalia) pyxidatus, Bull. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, at first umbilicate, then infundibuliform, hygropha-
nous ; margin striate ; stem stuffed, at length fistulose, even ;

AGARICINI.

131

gills decurrent^ rather distant, narrow, reddish-grey. (Plate 6,

%• 8.)

Amongst short grass on lawns, etc. Not uncommon. When
moist of a deep red-grey. Gills at first flesh-coloured. A
small species.

164. A. (Omphalia) hepatieus, Batsch ; tough, rigid ; pi-
lous smooth, rather shining, even ; stem at length compressed,
flesh-coloured, inclining to rufous ; gills distant, connected by
veins and forked, rather thick, pallid. — Batsch, f. 211.

On lawns. Coed Coch, Denbighshire. Of the same colour
as the last, but rather diflerent in habit, and approaching
A. umhelliferus.

165. A. (Omphalia) sphagnicola, B. ; tough; pileus infun-
dibuliform, subcarnose, minutely squamulose, moist ; stem
fistulose ; gills narrow, dirty-ochraceous.

On Sphagnum acutifolium, Chartley Moss, Staffordshire.
Pileus 1-1 4 inch across, of a dirty pale-ochre, obscurely stri-
ate ; gills thick ; edge flattish. Stem at first minutely squa-
mulose above, distinguished from A. Philonotis by its tough,
elastic substance, and other points.

166. A. (Omphalia) Oniscus, Fr.; pileus submembrana-
ceous, convex, piano-depressed, remotely radiato - striate ;
smooth, hygrophanous, smooth when dry ; stem subfistulose.
Arm, equal, livid or dirty-white, as well as the adnate, decur-
rent, straight, somewhat distant gills. — Bolt. t. 41.

In swamps. Not observed since the time of Bolton.

** Gills very distant, hroad, and generally tliiclc ; margin at first

incurved.

167. A. (Omphalia) muralis, Sow. ; pileus submembrana-
ccous, umbilicatc, radiato-striatc, smooth ; brownish-rufous,
as well as the short tough stem ; margin crcnulatc ; gills dc-
current, distant, paler. — Sow. t. 322.

K 2

4

132

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On old walls, amongst moss. Not uncommon.

168. A. (Omphalia) umbelliferus, L. ; pileus membrana-
ceous, convexo-plane, obconic, brittle, radiato-striate, when
dry pallid, even, slightly silky ; margin at first indexed, cre-
nate ; stem equal, downy at the base ; gills decurrent, thick,
and very distant, extremely broad behind.

In swamps, exposed pastures, etc. Very common. Varying
extremely in colour. A yellow variety, inclining to orange
when growing on high mountains, is generally diffused in
alpine countries, and is very beautiful. Pileus 2-10 lines
across.

169. A. (Omphalia) Helvelloides, Bull. ; pileus obconic,
nmbonate, at length depressed, somewhat funnel-shaped, re-
motely radiato-sulcate ; stem elongated ; gills thick, forked,
decurrent, broad in front. — Bull. t. 601. /. 3.

On the ground. Navigation House, Monmouthshire. Oct.
27, 1847, C. E. Broome. Ear more delicate and graceful
than any form of A. umbelliferus. Fries considers this the
same with his A. setipes.

170. A. (Omphalia) rufnlus, Berk, and Br. ; pileus umbi-
licate, reddish-grey, growing pale, somewhat mealy; stem of
the same eolour, shining ; gills decurrent, rather thick, forked,
flesh-coloured. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. Oct. 1848, p. 260.

On an exposed eommon, amongst Polytrichum aloides.
Hanham, near Bristol. This little species has the habit and
nearly the eolours of minute A. laccatus.

171. A. (Omphalia) stellatus, Sow.; white; pileus slight-
ly fleshy or membranaceous, convex, umbilicate, smooth, stri-
ate, diaphanous; stem equal, brittle, stuffed, floccoso -radiate
at the base ; gills thin, broad, decurrent, very distant. — Sow.
t. 107.

On sticks, decayed stems of herbaceous plants, etc. Not

AGARJCINI.

133

common. Distinguished by its thin gills from every state of
A. umbelliferus.

jit -first campanulate, with the margin straight.

172. A. (Omphalia) Campanella, Batsch ; pileus mem-
branaceous, convex^ umbilicate, striate, bygropbanous ; stem
fistulose, dark-brown, attenuated at the base, and clothed
with tawny spongy down or hair; gills decurrent, arcuate,
connected by veins, yellow. — Sow. t. 163.

In fir-woods. Not uncommon. Often csespitose. Pileus
ferruginous, yellow. A beautiful species, which occurs also in
tropical America. The form of the cap is variable, but the
dark stem and tawny pubescence at the base readily distin-
guish the species.

173. A. (Omphalia) camptophyllus, B.; pileus convexo-
plane, deeply striate; stem minutely pubescent, radiato-stri-
gose at the base, minutely fistulose; gills white, ascending,
then suddenly decurrent. ^ — Eng. FI. 1. c. p. 62.

On sticks, etc. Pare. Margate. Pileus brown, with a
grey margin, half an inch across. Stem 2 inches high.

174. A. (Omphalia) griseus, Fr. ; pileus submembranace-
ous, campanulate, then convex, smooth, striate, hygrophanous ;
stem fistulose, rather firm, smooth, self-coloured whitish-grey,
as well as the slightly decurrent, arcuate, thickish, somewhat
distant gills.

In pine- woods. Sherwood Forest, Notts. A small species.

175. A. (Omphalia) Fibula, Bull.; pileus membranaceous,
turbinate, at first convex, at length somewhat umbilicatc,
striate, growing pale, even, dry, orange as well as the slender
stem; gills deeply decurrent, paler. — Soiv. t. 45.

Amongst moss. Very common, ddierc is a variety with a
brown pileus and white gills. It is always a neat and pretty
species.

134

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

176. A. (OmphaUa) Bellise, Johnst. ; pileus dry^ membra-
naceous,, cup-shaped,, of a pale wood-colour ; stem thin, fistu-
lose, cartilaginous, pale above, brownish below, adhering by a
floccose base ; gills thick, paler than the pileus, decurrent,
interstices veiny. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vol. vi. t. 10.
/• 1-

On dead stems of the common reed. Berwickshire, Lord
Home. See description in the place cited above.

177. A. (Omphalia) integrellus, P.; white, brittle ; pileus
membranaceous, hemispherical, expanded, pellucid, conse-
quently striate; stem very slender, short, pubescent below;
gills distant, decurrent, rather branched, edge acute.

On decayed sticks, etc. Bare. King^s Clilfe.

Subgenus 9. Pleueotus. — Stem excentric, lateral, or wanting.

Mostly growing on wood.

I. Pileus entire.

* JPurnislied with a veil.

178. A. (Pleurotus) dryinus, P. ; pileus hard, compact,
oblique, variegated with dark spot-like scales; veil white,
torn, fugacious ; stem lateral, blunt ; gills decurrent, narrow,
nearly simple. — Huss. ii. t. 29, 33.

On trunks of ash, willow, etc. A beautiful species. Scat-
tered here and there, but never in any abundance.

Gills emarginate.

179. A. (Pleurotus) ulmarius, Bull.; pileus fleshy, com-
pact, convexo-plane, smooth, moist, somewhat spotted ; stem
rather excentric, stout, thickened below, subtomentose ; gills
adnexed, emarginate or rounded, rather close, broad, dirty-
white. — Sow. t. 67.

On elm-trunks, generally many feet from the ground. Not

AGARICINI.

135

very common. A large and magnificent species when well
grown. I suspect there is a closely allied species^ with a veil
varnished beneath^ of which I once had an imperfect specimen
from Mrs. Hussey.

180. A. (Pleurotus) subpalmatus, Fr. ; pileus soft, fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse, smooth, wrinkled and gelatinous, es-
pecially when young ; stem excentric, incurved, equal ; gills
adnate, crowded, broad, reddish. — Sow. t. 62.

On squared timber, old trunks, etc. In several parts of
England. Pileus orange-buff, pruinose; flesh mottled, like
that of Fistulina hepatica ; stem fibrous within, smooth,
white; gills joined behind, so as to form an obsolete collar.
A beautiful and interesting species.

181. A. (Pleurotus) fimbriatus, Bolt.; pileus thin, fleshy,
plane, then infundibuliform, even, hygrophanous ; margin at
length lobed and waved ; stem subexcentric, compressed, firm,
short, rootless, villous ; gills thin, adnate, very crowded, some-
what forked, white. — Bolt. t. 61.

On trunks of trees. Rare. East Bergholi, Dr. Badham.
Nearly white. Pileus 3 inches across.

*## Qills decidedly decurrent.

182. A. (Pleurotus) euosmus, B. ; imbricated, strong-
scented ; pileus depressed, shining and satiny when dry ; stem
short or obsolete, confluent ; gills ventricose, very decurrent,
dingy-white; spores pinkish. — Huss. i. t. 75.

On elm-posts. Spring. Hayes, Kent. East Bergholt.
Pileus 3 inches across. Somewhat resembling the next, but
distinguished by a peeuliar scent like that of tarragon, and
by its pale lilac spores, blot escidcnt.

183. A. (Pleurotus) ostreatus, .Jacq. ; pileus soft, fleshy,
subdimidiate, conchate, ascending, turning pale; stem short

136

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

or obsolete, firm, elastic, strigose at the base ; gills decurrent,
rather distant, anastomosing behind, dirty-white. — Huss. ii.
t. 19.

On trees, especially laburnum. Late in the autumn, or
winter. Pileus cinereous. A. glandulosus is only a form of
this. At least, I have seen decided A. ostreatus with glan-
dular gills.

184. A. (Pleurotus) salignus, Hoffm.; pileus at first com-
pact, then spongy, subdimidiate, horizontal, at first pulvinate,
even, then depressed, substrigose; stem short, white, tomen-
tose ; gills decurrent, somewhat branched, eroded, distinct at
the base, nearly of the same colour.

On trunks of trees. Not common. Mostly solitary, or at
least not densely imbricated. Ochraceous when old.

IT. Dimidiate^ hut not resupinate.

185. A. (Pleurotus) petaloides, Bull.; ascending; pileus
fleshy, entire, spathulate; disc depressed, villous, as well as
the compressed stem ; gills decurrent, crowded, linear, dirty-
white. — Bull. t. 226, 557.

On the ground, amongst grass. Pare. Purton.

186. A. (Pleurotus) serotinus, Schrad. ; pileus fleshy, com-
pact, viscid ; stem thick, lateral, squamulose, with dingy spots ;
gills determinate, crowded, yellow or pallid.

On trunks of trees. Rare. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon, Esq.
Pileus 2-3 inches across. Easily known by its decided stem.
Pileus yellowish or dingy-olive.

187. A. (Pleurotus) mitis, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
tough, reniform, even, smooth ; stem lateral, compressed, di-
lated above, clothed with little white scales; gills crowded,
determinate, distinct, white. (Plate 6, fig. 9.)

On dead larch. Scotland, Klotzsch. Nottinghamshire,

AGARICINI.

137

abundant, but I have not found it elsewhere. About 1 inch
across. My specimens are pure w^hite, but it is said to be
sometimes rufous, growing pallid as it loses its moisture.

188. A. (Pleurotus) tremulus, Schceff. ; pileus slightly
fleshy, reniform, depressed, tough, even; stem marginal, dis-
tinct, nearly round, ascending, villous ; gills adnate, determi-
nate, linear, distant, grey. — Sow. t. 242.

Amongst moss, on Fungi, etc. Rare. Malvern Hills.
Purton. Scotland, Hooker. Denbighshire, on Moelfre-uchaf.
About 1 inch across. Grey. Stem attached to the matrix
by a woolly mass.

189. A. (Pleurotus) acerosus, Fr.; pileus membranaceous,
reniform, plane, striate, somewhat lobed, hygrophanous; stem
very short or obsolete, lateral, somewhat strigose at the base ;
gills determinate, linear, crowded, simple, grey. — Bolt, t. 72.

/. 3.

On gravel, lawns, wood, etc. Rare. Hitcham, Sufiblk,
Prof. Henslow. A small grey species.

III. Pileus at first resupinate.

* Pileus fiesliy, uniform.

190. A. (Pleurotus) porrigens, P. ; white ; pileus fleshy,
tough, at first resupinate, then ascending from the extended
base, ear-shaped, smooth above; gills very narrow, linear.

On old pine-trunks. Rare. Inverary, Klotzsch.

191. A. (Pleurotus) septicus, P.; white; pileus thin,
slightly fleshy, resupinate, then reflected, even, pubescent ;
stem slender, incurved, pubescent, at length evanescent ;
springing from byssoid rootlets; gills distant. — Sow. t. 321.

On twigs, decayed Fungi, dung, etc. Not uncommon.
Pure white, very variable in size and form, but always
small.

138

OUTLINES OE BRITISH PUNGOLOGY.

PileusJlesJiy, with a gelatinous coat.

192. A. (Pleurotus) mastrueatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy^ upper
stratum gelatinous, at first resupinate, then expanded, sessile,
lobed, sealy ; gills greyish- white. — P>ow. t. 99.

On old trunks of trees. Rare. Pileus 1-4 inches across.
Imbricated.

193. A. (Pleurotus) atro-cseruleus, Fr, ; pileus fleshy,
upper stratum gelatinous, at first resupinate, then obovato-
reniform, tomentose; gills crowded, white, changing to yel-
low.

On trunks of trees. Rare. Penzance, /. Falfs, Esq.

1 94. A. (Pleurotus) algidus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, with a
thin gelatinous coat, at first resupinate, then expanded, reni-
form, smooth ; gills rather wide, crowded, pale yellowish.

On trunks of trees. Linlithgowshire, J. C. Bauchop. About
an inch across. Pileus reddish-umber or cinereous.

195. A. (Pleurotus) Leightoni, B. ; pileus at first ob-
liquely conical, umber, then lead-coloured, furfuraceous, with
short scattered bristles intermixed ; upper stratum gelatinous ;
gills rather thick, tan-coloured, distant, somewhat forked at
the base, slightly undulated ; interstices scarcely reticulated.

On wood. Montford- bridge, near Shrewsbury, Rev. W. A.
Leighton. Pileus 5 lines broad. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. xiii. t. 9./. 1.

196. A. (Pleurotus) cyphellseformis, B. ; pileus cup-
shaped, then dependent ; upper stratum gelatinous, cinereous,
very minutely strigose, especially at the base ; margin paler
sprinkled with a few meal- like scales ; gills pure white, rather
distant, narrow, linear. — Mag. of Zool. and Bot. i. t. 15. /. 3.

On dead stems of herbaceous plants. Minute. Allied to
A. applicatus.

### Pileus membranaceous.

197. A. (Pleurotus) Hobsoni, B. ; pileus membranaceous.

AGARICINI.

139

reniform or dimidiate^ stemlessj pale grey_, minutely downy ;
gills rather distant, pallid.

On larch-stumps. Apethorpe. Sept. 1859. Pileus 1-4
lines across ; margin involute. Named after Lieut. Julian C.
Hobson, who has sent several interesting Fungi from the
neighbourhood of Poona.

198. A. (Pleurotus) applicatus, Batsch ; dark, cinereous;
pileus rattier firm, somewhat membranaceous, resupinate, then
refiected, somewhat striate, subpruinose, strigose behind ; gills
loose, paler. — Sow. t. 301.

On dead fallen branches in woods. Extremely common.
About one-third of an inch across.

199. A. (Pleurotus) striatulus, Fr. ; pale cinereous ; pi- '
leus very delicate, striate, flaccid, smooth ; gills few, distant.

On fir-wood, hazel-twigs, etc. Scotland, Capt. Carmichael.

200. A. (Pleurotus) hypnophilus, P. ; resupinate, flat,
white ; pileus subreniform, nearly smooth ; gills simple. —
Pers. Myc. Eur. iii. t. 24./. 5 a.

On the larger mosses and fallen leaves. Appin, Capt. Car-
michael.

201. A. (Pleurotus) chioneus, P. ; snow-white, subresupi-
nate, minute ; pileus very thin, villous ; gills rather broad ;
stem very short, villous, at length obsolete. — Pers. 1. c. t. 26.

/. 10, 11.

On wood or dung. Rare. Lytchett, Dorsetshire. Allied
to A. septicus, and differing in its very thin pileus.

Series 2. Hyporiiodii. — Spores salmon-coloured.

Suhgenus 10. Yolvaria. — Veil universal, forming avolva distinct
from the cuticle, llymeiiophoruin distinct from tlic stem.

* Silky or fibrillose.

202. A. (Volvaria) bombycinus, Schceff.; pileus soft, fleshy.

140

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

campanulate^ then expanded^ self-coloured^ clothed with silky
threads ; stem solid^ attenuated^ smooth ; volva very large, dark
externally; gills free, flesh-coloured. (Plate 7, fig. 1.)

On decayed wood. Rare. Pileus 3-4 inches across; volva
lobed.

203. A. (Volvaria) volvaeeus, Bull. ; pileus soft, fleshy, cam-
panulate, then expanded, obtuse, virgate, with little close-
pressed, black fibres ; stem solid, nearly equal ; volva loose
gills free, flesh-coloured. — Sow. t. 1.

In stoves, on the sides of roads, etc. Rare in the latter
situation. Pileus 3-4 inches across.

204. A. (Volvaria) Loveianus, B. ; pileus thin, fleshy, sub-
truncate, globose, then convex, obtuse, white, silky ; stem solid,
attenuated upwards; volva loose, lobed; gills free, rose-coloured.
(Plate 7, fig. 2.)

Parasitic on Ag. nebularis. Very rare. Csespitose. Pileus
2| inches across. This is A. surrectus, Knapp in Journ. of a Nat.

205. A. (Volvaria) Taylori, B. ; pileus thin, conical, obtuse,
livid, striato-rimose from the apex; stem pale, solid, nearly
equal ; volva lobed, brown, small ; gills uneven, broad in front,
attenuated behind, rose-coloured.

On the ground. Jersey, Michael Angelo Taylor, Esq. Re-
markable for its attenuated, unequal gills.

206. A. (Volvaria) pusillus, Fr. ; pileus subcampanulate,
submembranaceous, silky, slightly viscid; stem nearly equal,
solid ; volva small, lobed ; gills free, rose-coloured. — Bull,
t. 330.

In pastures after stormy weather. Common. Very variable
in size, from a few lines to 2 inches; white, sometimes tinged
with yellow or brown. Stem smooth or squamulose. Exactly
the plant of Bulliard. Whether it is the same with A. parvulus,
Fr., is not so clear. Slightly viscid when moist.

AGARICTNI.

141

Aliens smooth, viscid.

207. A. (Volvaria) speciosus, Fr. ; pileus soft, flesliy, cam-
panulate, then expanded, obtuse, smooth, even, viscid; disc
grey; stem solid, somewhat bulbous, attenuated upwards,
villous as well as the loose volva. (Plate 7, fig. 3.)

On dunghills, roadsides, etc. Pare. Pileus 2-3 inches
across.

Suhgenus 11. Pluteus. — Hymenophorum distinct from the stem.

Veil none.

208. A. (Pluteus) cervinus, Schaff. ; pileus fleshy, campa-
nulate, then expanded, smooth, then breaking up into little
fibres or scales ; margin naked ; stem solid, rough with black
fibrillse ; gills crowded, free, white, then flesh-coloured. — Sow.
t. 108.

On trunks of trees. Not uncommon. Pileus 2-3 inches
across.

209. A. (Pluteus) umbrinus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, campanu-
late, then expanded, lacunose at first ; margin ciliato-fimbriate ;
stem solid, villoso-squamose ; gills free; margin fimbriate. —
Pers. Ic. et descr. t. 2. /. 5, 6.

On dead trunks. Coed Coch. My form is just that of
Per soon.

210. A. (Pluteus) nanus, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy, convexo-
plane, rugulose, sprinkled with dingy meal ; stem solid, rigid,
short, striate, white; gills free, white, then flesh-coloured. —
Bull. t. 547. /. 3.

On fallen sticks. Wothorpc, Norths. Pileus about 1 inch
across.

211. A. (Pluteus) petasatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy in the centre,
campanulate, then expanded, umbonatc, quite smooth, viscid,
with a separable cuticle, membranaceous half-way up, and at

142

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

length striate ; stem tall, solid, rigid, fibrilloso-striate, atte-
nuated upwards; gills very broad, free, erowded, drying up,
white, then reddish. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. xiii. pi. 9. f. 2.

On sawdust, in England, Scotland [Lady Oi'de), and Wales,
but not common.

212. A. (Pluteus) leoninus, Schceff. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, campanulate, then expanded, smooth, naked, margin
striate; stem solid, smooth, striate; gills free, yellow, then
flesh-coloured. (Plate 7, fig. 4.)

On wood. Rare. Pileus often of the most brilliant orange.

213. (A. Pluteus) chrysophaeus, Schcsjf. ; pileus submem-
branaceous, campanulate, then expanded, naked, nearly even,
smooth or somewhat virgate, margin striate ; stem smooth ;
gills free, white, then flesh-coloured. (Plate 7, fig. 5.)

On wood, hollow trees, etc. Not uncommon. Pileus dingy,
2 inches or more across. Stem white or yellowish, solid in
my specimens, but hollow according to Fries.

214. A. (Pluteus) phlebophorus, Dittm. ; pileus slightly
fleshy, convex, expanded, marked with prominent veins, naked,
margin even ; stem fistulose, smooth, incurved, shining ; gills
free, white, then flesh-coloured.

On fallen sticks. Rare. Pileus about an inch broad. A
very beautiful species.

Subgenus 12. Entoloma. — Hymenophorum continuous with the

fleshy or fibrous stem ; gills sinuato-adnexed, or parting from

the stem.

215. A. (Entoloma) fertilis, P.; pileus smooth, pulverulento-
squamulose, dry, fleshy, obtuse ; stem fibrillose, subsquamulose,
somewhat bulbous ; gills flesh-coloured, adnexed. — Bull. t. 590,
547./. 1.

In woods. Smell like that of fresh meal. Pileus 4 inches

AGARICINl.

143

or more across, of a pinkish-buflp. Exactly the plant of Bul-
liard. A, sinuatus, Er., under which Bulliard^s figures are
quoted, must be difierent.

216. A. (Entoloma) prunuloides, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, cam-
panulate, then expanded, umbonate, even, smooth, slightly
viscid; stem solid, unequal, smooth, somewhat striate, white;
gills free, white, then flesh-coloured, ventricose.

On the ground. Bare. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon^ Esq.
Gills emarginate. Smell farinaceous,

217. A. (Entoloma) Placenta, Batsch ; pileus fleshy, convex
expanded, umbonate, regular, smooth, brown as well as the
solid, equal, fibroso-striate stem; gills emarginate, adnexed,
crowded, rather thick, pallid flesh-colour. — Batsch, /. 18.

On the ground. Swanage, C. E. Broome.

218. A. (Entoloma) Elodes, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, somewhat umbonate, moist, becoming smooth ;
stem hollow, pallid, flbrillose, thickened at the base ; gills
emarginate, adnexed, rather distant, white, then flesh-coloured.

On moors. Coed Coch. Smell like that of new meal.
Pileus purple, dingy -brown, etc.

219. A. (Entoloma) repandus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, conical,
umbonate, indistinctly silky ; margin lohed ; stem short, solid,
minutely silky, white ; gills dull rose-coloured, broad in front.
— Bull. t. 423. /. 2.

Amongst grass. Bare. Pileus 1-2 inches across. Smell
like that of fresh meal. Certainly not the plant of Fries.

220. A. (Entoloma) Bloxami, B. and Br. ; pileus compact,
campanulate, obtuse, somewhat lobcd, moist, blackish-blue,
somewhat silky; flesh white; stem slightly attenuated up-
wards, obtuse at the base ; gills rather broad, attenuated, ad-
nexed.

In open, exposed pastures. Not uncommon. Pileus 1 inch

or more across.

144

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

221. A. (Entoloma) ardosiacus, Bull.; brittle ; pileus slightly
fleshy, convex, then expanded and depressed, even, smooth,
moist ; stem hollow, elongated, steel-blue, attenuated from the
white base; gills nearly free, crowded, greyish flesh-coloured.
Bull. t. 348.

In moist meadows. A doubtful native, introduced on the
authority of Sibthorpe.

222. A. (Entoloma) frumentaceus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy. Arm,
rather brittle, nearly plane, dry, finely streaked ; stem streaked
and slightly cracked, obtuse at the base ; gills broad, emargi-
nate or rounded behind, cinereous, with a reddish-yellow tinge.
—Bull. t. 571. /. 1.

On the ground, under a hedge. Rare. Woodnewton, Nor-
thamptonshire. Pileus 34 inches across, buflP, tinged with red
as well as the stem.

223. A. (Entoloma) serieellus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane or depressed, silky, at length squamulose ; stem
subfistulose, fibrillose, white, becoming pallid ; gills adnate, se-
ceding, slightly distant, white, then flesh-coloured.

In woods. Not uncommon. Resembling Persoon’s figure,
Ic. t. 6. f. 2, quoted doubtfully by Fries, but not exceeding
an inch in diameter. Pileus and stem white. Stem solid or
densely stuffed, never fistulose in the British plant.

** Pileus Tiygrophanous.

224. A. (Entoloma) clypeatns, L. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulate, then expanded, umbonate, somewhat virgate,
smooth, hygrophanous ; stem stuffed, attenuated, fibrillose,
becoming pallid ; gills rounded behind, adnexed, seceding,
serrulate, of a dirty flesh- colour. — Huss. ii. t. 42.

In gardens, etc. Not uncommon. Pileus 4 inches or more

across.

AGARICINI.

145

225. A. (Entoloma) rhodopolius, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulate, then expanded, at length slightly depressed, hy-
grophanous ; margin flexuons ; stem hollow, nearly equal,
smooth, white, prninose above; gills sinuated, adnate, white,
then rose-coloured. (Plate 7, fig. 6.)

In woods, etc. Not uncommon. Pileus about 3 inches
across. Smell like that of fresh meal.

226. A. (Entoloma) costatus, Nr. ; pileus thin, convexo-
bullate, then nearly flat, subumhilicate, undulated, smooth,
hygrophanous ; stem hollow, short, irregular, somewhat striate,
grey, with a few little white scales above ; gills quite entire,
nearly free, transversely ribbed, pallid.

In meadows. Very common. Pileus 2 inches or more across.

227. A. (Entoloma) sericeus, Bull. ; pileus carnoso-mem-
branaceous, convex, expanded, smooth, hygrophanous, silky
when dry ; margin inflected, waved, slightly striate ; stem
short, fistulose, fibrillose ; gills emarginate, plane, rather dis-
tant, greyish. — Bull. t. 413. /. 1.

In meadows. Not uncommon. Smell like that of meal.
In part A. pascuus^ Eng. FI.

228. A. (Entoloma) nidorosus, Fr. ; pileus carnoso-mem-
branaceous, convex, expanded, somewhat depressed, smooth,
hygrophanous, when dry shining with a silky lustre; stem
equal, smooth, white, becoming pallid, pruinose above; gills
emarginate, separating from the stem, broad, somewhat dis-
tant, flexuous, slightly discoloured.

In woods. Common. Pileus from IJ to 3 inches across.
Smell strong, nitrous. This is A. rhodopolius of Eng. El.

Suhgenus 13. Clitopilus. — ITymcnopliorum confluent with the
fleshy or fibrous stem ; gills decurrent.

229. A. (Clitopilus) prunulus, Scoj). ; pileus fleshy, com-

146

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

pact^ at first convex, regular, at length depressed, waved,
pruinose, dry; stem solid, ventricose, naked, striate; gills
deeply decurrent, rather distant, white, then flesh-eoloured. —
(Plate 7, fig. 7.) — Huss. ii. t. 47.

In woods. White, or slightly einereous. Smell like that
of new meal. Eseulent.

230. A. (Clitopilus) mundulus, Lasch ; pileus fleshy, thin,
tough, piano-depressed, unequal, polished, dry; stem stuffed,
slender, flocculose, thiekened at either end, at length black
within ; gills deeply deeurrent, very erowded, narrow, pallid.
— A. nigreseens, Lasch, n. 521.

In woods. Seotland, Klotzsch. King^s CliflPe. A. carneo-
albus, With., is very doubtful.

Subgenus 14. Leptonia. — Stem with a cartilaginous bark.

Margin of pileus at first incurved ; gills separating from the

stem.

231. A. (Leptonia) lampropus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
obtuse, convex, flattened, not striate, at length depressed,
squamulose, broken up into floeei; stem subfistulose, even,
unspotted, steel- violet ; gills adnate, ventricose, at first dirty -
white.

In pastures. Not uncommon. Pileus 1^ inch across.

232. A. (Leptonia) serrulatus, P. ; pileus carnoso-mem-
branaceous, hemispherieal, then expanded, umbilieate, sub-
squamose, stem fistulose, smooth, blaek, dotted above, gills
adnate, separating, broad at first, bluish, then greyish flesh-
coloured, edge black, finely notehed.

In woods. Rare. Wothorpe, etc. Stem sometimes grey.
Easily distinguished by the serrate edge of the gills.

233. A. (Leptonia) euchrous, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulate, then convex, obtuse, squamuloso-fibrillose ; stem

AGARICINI.

147

stuffed, smooth, violet ; gills adnexed, veiitricose, violet, edge
entire, darker. — Pers. Syn. p. 343.

On alder- trunks. Rare. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon. Gills
smalt-blue when young. Csespitose, not an inch across.

234. A. (Leptonia) ehalybseus, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convex, subumbonate, not striate, at first flocculose, then squa-
mulose ; stem stuffed, smooth, blue ; gills emarginate, adnexed,
broad, ventricose, at first of a glaucous dirty-white, edge darker.
P>ow. t. 161.

In pastures. Not uncommon. Pileus |-1 inch broad.

235. A. (Leptonia) ineanus, Pr.; pileus submembranaceous,
convexo-plane, umbilicate, smooth, with a silky lustre, or vir-
gate, margin striate ; stem fistulose, shining, smooth, brownish-
green ; gills adnate, separating from the stem, broad, rather
distant, white, then greenish. — Sow. t. 162.

In pastures. Not uncommon. Smell exactly like that of
mice. Stem often with beautiful verdigris- coloured down at
the base. — A. Sowerbeii, Eng. PL

236. A. (Leptonia) asprellus, Fr. ; pileus submembranace-
ous, convex, flattened, striate, hygrophanous, umbilicus darker,
squamuloso-fibrillose ; stem fistulose, slender, smooth ; gills
adnate, separating from the stem, rather distant, equally at-
tenuated, whitish-grey.

In open pastures. Rare. Bristol, H. O. Stephens. Wans-
ford.

Subgenus 15. Nolanea. — Stem cartilaginous. Margin of pileus
at first straight, pressed to the stem.

237. A. (Nolanea) pascuus, P. ; pileus membranaceous, co-
nical, expanded, subumbonate, smooth, striate, hygrophanous,
when dry shining like silk ; stem fistulose, brittle, striate,

1 ^

Xj

148

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

fibrous; gills attenuated behind, nearly free, ventricose, crowded,
dirty-greyish. — Bolt. t. 35.

In pastures. Not uncommon. Inodorous. Stem com-
pressed, splitting.

238. A. (Nolanea) rufo-carneus, B. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, hemispherical, umbilicate, indistinctly fibrilloso-squa-
mulose, red-brown ; margin striate ; stem elongated, pale
rufous, rather incrassated at the base ; gills adnate, ventricose,
attenuated behind, slightly connected and traversed by veins.
— Eng. FI. v. pt. 2. p. 82.

On heaths. Dorset. Pileus 1 inch across ; stem 2^ inches
high. Taste rather bitter.

239. A. (Nolanea) rubidus, B. ; pileus membranaceous, con-
vex, at length umbilicate, finely silky; stem short, thickest
above, solid, minutely silky; gills broad, ventricose, adnate,
attenuated behind, sometimes subdecurrent, whitish, then rose-
coloured. — Mag. Zool. and Bot. i. t. 2. f. 2.

In stoves. Milton. Pileus one-third of an inch across ;
stem 1^-2 lines high, white or greyish. Smell like that of
new flour.

240. A. (Nolanea) Babingtonii, Blox. ; pileus conico-cam-
panulate, cinereous, shining like silk, adorned with dark brown
subfasciculate fibres, which are free at one end; stem equal,
fistulose, clothed with dark brown down, substrigose ; gills
ventricose, distant, cinereous, darker at the base, adnate, glit-
tering with little points. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. v. xiii. ser. ii.
p. 400.

Rare. Twycross, Bev. A. Bloxam. Occurs also in Penn-
sylvania. Pileus scarcely half an inch across.

No species of the subgenus Eccilia has yet occurred in
Great Britain.

AGARICINI.

149

Series 3. — Dermini. Spores ferruginous, sometimes tawny or

brownish.^

Subgenus 16. Pholiota. — Stem furnished with a ring.

241 . A. (Pholiota) aureus, Mathusk. ; pileus fleshy, convex,
obtuse, sprinkled with innate hairy scales ; stem solid, nearly
equal; ring narrow, spreading; gills emarginate, olivaceous,
then ferruginous. — Sow. t. 77; Huss. i. t. 71.

On dead stumps. Not uncommon. Spores ferruginous.
Pileus 4 inches across, of a golden-tawny ; gills rounded be-
hind, and decurrent in the same group of specimens ; stem
minutely squamulose above, fibrillose below, not smooth as
in the character of Pries. Taste bitter. — See Observations in
Eng. FI.

242. A. (Pholiota) durus, Bolt. ; pileus somewhat compact,
convexo-plane, smooth, at length cracked into little arese;
margin even ; stem stuffed, hard, fibrous externally, rather
thickened above and mealy ; ring more or less torn ; gills
adnate, ventricose, livid, then of a brown-rust colour. — Bolt,
t. 67. f. 1.

In gardens, Bolton. Brighton, Dr. Badham. Pileus pale
tawny, or brownish-tan.

243. A. (Pholiota) prsecox, P. ; pileus soft, fleshy, convexo-
plane, obtuse, even, at length smooth ; stem stuffed, then hol-
low, cylindric, farinoso-pubescent, at length smooth, white, as
well as the entire ring; gills emarginate, adnexed, crowded,
white, at length brownish. (Plate 8, fig. 1.)

In gardens and pastures. Spring. Common. About two
inches across. Bing striate above. Paler than the last, but
it is very doubtful whether it is really distinct.

* The Cortinarii have rcd-ocliraccous spores (peroxide ol‘ iron), and a veil
consisting of spider-web threads.

150

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

244. A. (Pholiota) radicosus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy^ equal,
obtuse, at first sbining spotted with adpressed scales ; stem
solid, rooting, mealy above the distant ring, concentrically
scaly below ; gills ventricose, pallid, then reddish-brown. —
Bull. t. 160.

In woods. Not uncommon. Pileus 3 inches or more
across, of a dirty pale- ochre ; gills adnate, but free according
to Fries, whose character is perhaps taken from Bulliard.
Smell like that of prussic acid.

245. A. (Pholiota) pudicus, Bull. ; pileus fleshy, convex,
then expanded, obtuse, dry, smooth ; stem solid, nearly equal,
even ; ring spreading, persistent ; gills rounded behind, ad-
nexed, ventricose, whitish, then tawny. — Huss. ii. t. 31.

On elder- trunks, etc. Not common. Canterbury, etc.
Pileus sometimes rivulose, dirty- white. Esculent.

246. A. (Pholiota) comosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convex, ob-
tuse, viscid, sprinkled with evanescent, superficial, floccose
scales ; stem solid, somewhat bulbous, white, as well as the
evanescent floccose ring ; gills quite entire, subdecurrent,
white, then of a brownish clay-colour. — Bolt. t. 42.

On trunks. I know nothing of this species.

247. A. (Pholiota) aurivellus, Batsch ; pileus fleshy, cam-
panulate at first, then convex, gibbous, slightly viscid, variegated
with close- pressed darker scales ; stem stuffed, nearly equal,
curved, sprinkled with brownish, ferruginous, close-pressed
scales ; ring rather distant ; gills sinuated behind, fixed,
white, then straw-coloured, and finally ferruginous. — Batsch,
f. 115.

On trunks of trees. Pare. Pileus tawny, 3 inches across.

248. A. (Pholiota) squarrosus, Milll. ; pileus fleshy, cam-
panulate, then convex, expanded, dry, rough with squarrose,
crowded, innate, dark, revolute scales, as well as the attenuated

AGARICINI.

151

stem ; gills subdecurrent^ crowded, narrow, pale olive, then
ferruginous. — Soiv. t. 284; Huss. i. t. 8.

On trunks of trees. Very common. Csespitose. Pileus
brownish-tawny, 3 inches across. Very handsome. There
are one or two varieties with less squarrose scales.

249. A. (Pholiota) adiposus, Fr. ; pileus compact, convexo-
plane, obtuse, yellow, glutinous, and rough with superficial,
evanescent, concentric, darker scales, as well as the stuffed,
somewhat bulbous stem ; gills adnate. broad, yellow, then fer-
ruginous. (Plate 8, fig. 2.)

On beech and ash trunks. Extremely beautiful, growing in
large tufts ; coloured like a ripe pine-apple.

250. A. (Pholiota) flammans, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convexo-
plane, somewhat umbonate, dry, clothed with superficial, hairy,
paler scales; stem stuffed, then hollow, equal, somewhat flex-
uous, rough with scales; ring entire, yellow, as well as the
fixed, crowded, very entire gills.

In pine-woods. Scotland. Pileus tawny, scales yellow.
A very pretty species.

251. A. (Pholiota) mutabilis, SchcBff. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, then flattened out, turning pale ; margin thin ; stem rigid,
stuffed, then hollow, rough with scales, dark brown at the
base; gills adnato-dccurrent, crowded, pale, then cinnamon.
(Plate 8, fig. 3.) — Huss. ii. t. 27.

On trunks of trees, especially lime-stumps, or on the ground.
Not uncommon. The changeable, smooth, cinnamon- coloured
pileus easily distinguishes this species, which varies much in
size.

252. A. (Pholiota) marginatns, Batsch ; pileus slightly
fleshy, convex, expanded, smooth, moist, liygrophanous ; mar-
gin striate ; stem fistidose, soft, not scaly, pruinose above the
fugitive ring, darker at the base, and clothed with white

152

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

velvety down ; gills adnate^ crowded^ watery cinnamon. —
Batsch, /. 207.

On the ground, especially amongst firs. Common.

253. A. (Pholiota) pumilus, Fr. ; pile us slightly fleshy, he-
mispherical, obtuse, even; stem fistulose, thin, subfibrillose,
ring rather fugacious ; gills adnate, crowded, broad, yellowish.

In woods. Rare. Wothorpe, October 1859. Pileus only a

few lines broad, vellowish.

^ «/

254. A. (Pholiota) mycenoides, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous,
campanulate, then convex, deeply striate, hygrophanous,
smooth, as well as the fistulose, slender, ferruginous stem;
ring membranaceous, white; gills adnate, rather distant, fer-
ruginous.— Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. vol. ii. p. 261. t. 9. /. 1
{A. mesodactylius).

On the ground, in damp dells. Rare. My plant has a white
stem, but, as Fries considers it the same with his A. mycenoides^
I am content to follow his vievv^s.

255. A. (Pholiota) Leveillianus, Hoz. and Molk. ; hard,
fleshy, thin, convex, umbonate, clothed with a glutinous, dark
brown, opaque pellicle, at length wrinkled and paler when
dry; stem hollow, nearly equal, fibrilloso-squamose below the
ring, white, with a reddish tinge ; gills broad, adnate, decur-
rent, white, then pink, at length rufous. — A. jecorinus, B. and
Br. 1. c. p. 260.

On soil. Rare. Rushton, Northamptonshire. About 1^-2
inches across.

Subgenus 17. Hebeloma. — Veil, if present, floccose, not inter-
woven. Stem fleshy; gills sinuated.

1. Cuticle Jihrous, dry.

* Pileus squarrose ; stem scaly ^ darh.

256. A. (Hebeloma) relicinus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin, co-

AGARICINI.

153

nical, then expanded^ obtuse, rough with tomentose scales;
stem solid, soft, equal, floccoso-squamose ; gills adnexed,
crowded, yellow, then dingy-olive.

In marshy fir- woods, amongst Kinnordy, Klotzsch.

Pileus 1 inch across. >

257. A. (Hebeloma) lanuginosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, hemi-
spherical, expanded, obtuse, floccoso-squamose, the scales of
the disc erect and sharp ; stem thin, solid, squamoso-fibrillose,
clothed with white dust above ; gills thin, separating, toothed,
of a pallid clay-colour. Pileus umber, inclining to yellow. —
Bull. t. 370.

On the ground. Not common. The gills in Bulliard^s
plate are represented as reddish, but in the text they are de-
scribed as fuligineo-ferrugineee.^’

258. A. (Hebeloma) plnmosus, Bolt. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane ; disc squarrose, with erect, fasciculate hairs;
margin fibrillose ; stem stuffed, then hollow, slender, flexuous,
flocculoso-squarrose, naked above ; gills subadnate, scarcely
crowded, ventricose, quite entire, dingy. — Bolt. t. 33.

In moist pine-woods. I have not met with this species.

Pileus scaly ; stem fibrillose^ paler than the pileus.

259. A. (Hebeloma) pyriodorus, P. ; pileus fleshy, conical,
then expanded, umbonate, clothed with adpressed, fibrous
scales; stem stufled, firm, equal, fibrillose from the remains
of the veil ; pruinose and pale above ; gills emarginate, rather
distant, dirty-white, then reddish-brown.

In woods. Not uncommon. Smell like that of decaying
pears. Pileus 2 inches across, pale brownish-ochre.

260. A. (Hebeloma) scaber, Mull. ; pileus fleshy, conical,
then obtusely gibbous, sprinkled with close-pressed fibrous
scales; stem thick, solid, equal, clothed with silky threads,
veiled ; gills adnexed, crowded, dingy. — Souk f. 207.

151

OUTLINES OF BRITISH EUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Not common. Pileus inch across, dingy.

261. A. (Hebeloma) lacerus, Fr. ; pileus somewhat fleshy,
convex, expanded, obtusely umbonate, clothed with little
fibril! ose scales ; stem stufied, thin, short, fibrillose, naked
above, red within ; gills adnexed, broad, ventricose, white,
tinged with red, then mouse-coloured.

On the naked ground, in woods. Not uncommon.

262. A. (Hebeloma) floeculosus, B. ; pileus subcarnose,
convex, subcampanulate, umbonate, sericeo-squamulose ; stem
fibrillose, squamuloso-pulverulent above ; gills pale fawn-
coloured, then obscurely ferruginous, ventricose, adnate. —
Eng. FI. 1. c. p. 97.

On the naked soil, and amongst grass. Pare. Smell like
that of new meal. Pileus 1 inch across, brownish-fawn.
Amongst grass the pileus is smoother, more tawny, and the
gills broadly adnate.

263. A. (Hebeloma) Hookeri, Klotzsch ; pileus submem-
branaceous, obtuse, umbonate, clothed with branny scales;
stem shining, purple, pruinose with fawn-coloured meal ; gills
purple, at length cinnamon, adnexed. — Eng. FI. 1. c.

In garden-pots. Glasgow, Dr. J. D. Hooker. Pileus 5-8
lines across, fawn-coloured.

264. A. (Hebeloma) obscurus, P. ; pileus somewhat fleshy,
flatly campanulate, umbonate, longitudinally fibrillose; disc
scaly ; stem stufied, somewhat flexuous, fibrillose, violet-brown ;
gills adnexed, uncinate, crowded, ventricose, olive, then brown.

On the naked ground. East Bergholt, Dr. Badham. Pileus
scarcely an inch across.

Pileus rimose ; stem ivTiitish, slightly tinged with the colour of
the pileus, fibrillose.

265. A. (Hebeloma) fibrosus, Sow. ; pileus fleshy, thin, ob-

AGARTCINI.

15 5

tusely campanulate, silky^ even_, at length cracked; margin
flexnous_, broken ; stem long, solid, striate, sqnamoso-flocculose
above; gills free, crowded, linear-lanceolate, dirty -white. —
Sow, t. 414.

In fir-woods. Keynston, Dorsetshire, Miss Rackett. Fries
refers A. repandus, Bull., to this species. Pileus 4 inches
across. Stem 1 incli thick.

266. A. (Hebeloma) fastigiatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
conico-campanulate, longitudinally fibrous, cracked ; stem
solid, stout, rather twisted, finely fibrillose; gills crowded,
free, yellow, then brownish-olive ; spores rough. (Plate 8,
fig. 4.)

In woods. Bare. King’s Cliffe. June. Pileus 2 inches
across, yellow-brown. Stem attenuated upwards. Spores
rough with little nodules.

267. A. (Hebeloma) Curreyi, B.; pileus convex, expanded
longitudinally, fibrous, slightly cracked, not umbonate ; stem
straight, attenuated upwards, finely fibrillose ; gills yellowish,
then brownish-olive, free ; spores perfectly even.

In woods. Fineshade, Northamptonshire, Aug. 8. Closely
resembling the last, but by no means umbonate. The stem is
dark, and the spores, which are subcymbiform, perfectly even.

268. A. (Hebeloma) rimosus, Bull. ; pileus thin, fleshy,
campanulate, fibrous, expanded longitudinally;, rimose ; stem
solid, firm, nearly smooth, bulbous, mealy above; gills free,
somewhat ventricose, brownish clay-coloured. (Plate 8, fig. 5.)

On the ground, in woods. Extremely common. Pileus
brownish, with a yellow tint. There arc several varieties, in
some of which the stem is white, in others coloured like the
pileus.

269. A. (Hebeloma) auricomus, Balsch ; small, thin ;
pileus yellowish, striate, miicli cracked; stem flstulosc; gills

156

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

fixed^ ventricosOj dirty-white^ changing to brown. — Batsch,

/ 21.

In woods. Not nncommon.

270. A. (Hebeloma) trechisporus, B. ; pileus snbmembra-
naceous^ convex, strongly umbonate, at first viscid, but soon
dry and silky ; stem slightly striate and mealy ; gills ventri-
cose, emarginate, scarcely adnate, pinkish-grey ; spores rough.
(Plate 8, fig. 6.)

In woods, amongst fern. Not common. About 1 inch
across, tawny. The spores are like those of A. fastigiatus
and lacerus.

###* Bileus not rimose ; disc even ; stem polished, white,

271. A. (Hebeloma) sindonius, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
conico-convex, gibbous, obtuse, clothed with velvety down;
veil more or less appendiculate ; stem with a distinct pith, at
length hollow and smooth; gills attenuated, adnexed, lanceo-
late, dirty-white, becoming brown. — Sow. t. 365 [a large
form) .

In moist shady places. Rare. Pileus at length smooth.

272. A. (Hebeloma) geophyllus, Sow. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, conical, then expanded, umbonate, even, silky; stem
stuffed, equal, rather firm, white ; veil fibrillose ; gills crowd-
ed, adnexed, white, then dingy, then earth -coloured. — Sow.
L 124.

On the ground, in woods. Extremely common. About an
inch across. Pileus white, lilac, etc.

273. A. (Hebeloma) lueifugus, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy,
convexo-plane, somewhat umbonate, clothed with little close-
pressed fibres or scales; stem firm, solid, equal, smooth, some-
what pruinose above; gills nearly free, crowded, plane, of a
dirty yellowish- white, then olive. — Pers. Ic. Piet. t. 15./. 2.

AGARICINI.

157

On the ground^ in woods. Not uncommon. Pileus about
an inch across^ brownish or olive.

2. Cuticle smooth, forming a distinct pellicle.

274. A. (Hebeloma) testaceus, Batsch ; pileus fleshy,
campanulato-convex, obtuse, even, slightly viscid ; stems hol-
low, somewhat bulbous, flocculoso-fibrillose, pale, mealy above;
gills attenuated, nearly free, lanceolate, crowded, pale, then
ferruginous, ascending. — Batsch, /. 198.

In woods. Coed Coch, Mrs. Wynne. Pileus 2-3 inches
across, reddish. Smell very strong. This is the only species
of the veiled Fastibiles which has occurred in this country.

275. A. (Hebeloma) erustuliniformis, Bull.; pileus fleshy,
convex, at length plane, rather waved, smooth, somewhat
viscid ; stem stuffed, firm, somewhat bulbous, dirty-white,
clothed more or less with little floccose scales ; gills crowded,
thin, annexed, dirty-white, then of a watery cinnamon ; edge
crenulate, guttate. (Plate 9, fig. 1.) — Bull. t. 308, 546.

In woods. Extremely common. Forming large rings.
Smell like that of the flowers of the common laurel. A.
planus, Sow., is apparently a small form of this species.

276. A. (Hebeloma) longieaudus, P. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, expanded, even, smooth, viscid ; stem rather hollow,
brittle, nearly equal, white, mealy above; gills emarginate,
crowded, serrulate, dry, of a pale clay-colour. (Plate 9,
fig. 2.)

In woods. Not common. Pileus pale.

Subgenus 18. Flammula. — Stem flesliy ; gills adnate or

decurreut.

277. A. (Flammula) scambus, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy,
convexo-plane and slightly depressed, floccoso-villous, viscid

158

OUTLINES OF BRITISH EUNGOLOGY.

in moist weather ; stem shorty ineurved^ white^ floceulose, and
veiled, attenuated below ; gills subdecurrent, of a yellowish
clay-colour.

On larch. Flintham, Notts. Pileus about inch across.
Stem at length ferruginous. Boiton^s t. 55 is referred by
Fries to A. vinosus, but it is surely Paxillus involutus.

278. A. (Flammula) lentus, P. ; pileus fleshy, convexo-
plane, even, viscid, at ■ first clothed with a few evanescent
scales ; stem long, equal, scaly ; gills adnate, dirty-white,
then clay-coloured.

On stumps. Not uncommon in the north. Pileus and
stem dirty- white.

279. A. (Flammula) flavidus, Schaeff. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, equal, smooth, moist ; stem somewhat hollow, fi-
brillose, yellow, then ferruginous ; gills adnate, yellow, then
ferruginous. — Schaff. t, 35.

On trunks of fir-trees, etc. Abundant on lime. Northamp-
tonshire. Bemarkable for its fine yellow tints. Spores bright
ferruginous.

280. A. (Flammula) inopus, Fr. ; pileus thin, fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, moist, smooth ; stem fistulose, thin, flexuous,
closely fibrillose, at length brick-red below; gills adnate,
crowded, linear, of a dingy whitish-yellow. — Bolt, t. 148.

On pine-trunks. Introduced on the authority of Fries’s
quotation of Bolton. He also thinks that A. hybridiis, Sow.,
may be the same species.

281. A. (Flammula) hybridus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, hemi-
spherical, expanded, obtuse, smooth, even, moist ; stem stuffed
with soft tissue, attenuated above, tawny, clothed with a whit-
ish veil which forms a ring; gills adnate, rather crowded,
pale yellow, inclining to tawny.

On fir-stumps. Gopsall, Rev. A. Bloxam. This does not

AGARICINI.

159

seem to be A. hybridus, Sow., whose affinities are doubtful.
It is tbe only species of the pine-borne Flammulce that has
been sent me as British, but it is probable that one or two
occur in Scotland.

Subgenus 19. Natjcoeia. — Stem cartilaginous externally ; margin
more or less convex ; pileus inflexed.

* F ileus smooth ; spores of a bright ferruginous tint.

282. A. (Naucoria) Cueumis, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
broadly campanulate, smooth, turning pale; stem slender,
firm, smooth, dark-brown, thickened at the tip, subpruinose ;
gills slightly annexed, ventricose, pallid, saffron-yellow. —
Sow. t. 344.

Amongst sawdust, etc. Not very uncommon. The dark-
brown stem, buff gills, and fishy smell, easily distinguish this
curious species.

283. A. (Naucoria) Centunculus, Pr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane, dingy-greenish, then yellowish, turning pale;
stem fistulose, clothed with white down at the base, sprinkled
with white meal above, cinereous-yellow, as well as the broad,
thick, adnate, seceding gills.

On rotten wood. Bare. Apethorpe. Pileus only a few
lines across. Gregarious.

281. A. (Naucoria) horizontalis, Bull.; pileus slightly
fleshy, plano-convex, obtuse, even, smootli, watery-cinnamon,
as well as the very short, incurved, naked stem, and rounded,
free, plane gills. — Soiv. t. 341.

On trunks of elms. Bare. Burghlcy Park, etc. Pileus
only a few lines broad. Habit like that of A. corficola.

285. A. (Naucoria) nuceus, Bolt. ; pileus submembrana-
ccous, globoso-campanulatc, umbilicatc, dotted ; margin in-
curved, somewhat lobed ; stem slender, fistulose, silky, white ;

160

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

gills attenuated, adnate, aseending, somewhat lobed, einna-
mon. — Bolt. t. 70.

On the ground, amongst fir-trees, Bolton. I have never seen
this speeies. Pileus seareely an ineh across, pale chestnut.

286. A. (Naucoria) melinoides, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtusely umbonate, smooth, moist; stem hol-
low, rather thick, pruinose above, white at the base ; gills ad-
nate, broad, triangular, toothed, honey -coloured. (Plate 9,
fig. 3.)

On lawns. Very common. Pileus about an inch across,
yellowish.

Bileus smooth ; spores hrownish-ferruginous.

287. A. (Naucoria) vervacti, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convexo-
plane or umbonate, smooth, viscid, shining when dry ; stem
stuffed, then hollow, attenuated, smooth, stiflP, dirty-white,
rootless ; gills adnate, with a decurrent tooth, crowded, then
ventricose, pallid, then ferruginous-brown.

In meadows, gardens, etc. Bromley, Mr. Sparkes. Pro-
bably not uncommon. Pileus yellowish.

288. A. (Naucoria) pediades, Fr. ; pileus slightly ffeshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse or depressed, dry, at length opaque; stem
containiug a distinct pith, somewhat ffexuous, slightly silky,
yellowish, somewhat bulbous at the base ; gills adnexed, broad,
somewhat distant, brownish, then dirty-cinnamon.

In pastures. Cranford, Middlesex, Mr. J. Graham. Pro-
bably not uncommon.

289. A. (Naucoria) semiorbicularis, Bull. ; pileus slightly
fleshy, hemispherical, expanded, even, smooth, somewhat vis-
cid ; stem slender, tough, nearly straight, pale ferruginous,
shining, containing a distinct separable pith ; gills adnate,
very broad, crowded, pallid, then ferruginous. (Plate 9, fig. 4.)

AGARICINI.

161

On lawns and pastures. Summer and early autumn. Ex-
tremely eommon. Often eonfounded with A. semiglobatus.

290. A, (I^aucoria) inquilinus, Fr, ; pileus submembrana-
ceous^ convexo-plane, smooth^ slightly striate, hygrophanous,
somewhat fleshy in the centre; stem short, fistulose, tough,
dark-brown, attenuated downwards ; gills triangular, convex,
adnato-decurrent, scarcely crowded, brownish-ferruginous.

On chips, in woods, gardens, etc. Royal Botanic Gardens,
Regenbs Park, etc. Pileus a few lines across, yellowish or
tan-coloured.

### Pileus Jlocculose or squamulose.

291. A. (Tiaueoria) furfuraeens, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse and depressed, moist, hygrophanous, at
first clothed with silky evanescent scales ; stem fistulose, floc-
culose, rigid, pale ; gills adnate, decurrent, rather distant, cin-
namon.

On chips, etc. Extremely common. Pileus reddish-brown,
often nearly white when dry.

292. A. (Naucoria) erinaceus, Pr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convex, somewhat umbilicate, clothed with scales consisting
of fasciculate hairs; stem slender, fistulose, short, incurved,
hairy; gills adnate, rather crowded, entire. — ^ow. t, 417.

On dead sticks. Rare. Southwick, Northamptonshire, etc.
Pileus half an inch across, bright brown, as well as the stem.

293. A. (Naucoria) siparius, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
obtuse, clothed with downy scales, as well as the stuffed stem,
which is pruinose above ; gills broad, adnate, somewhat dis-
tant, floccose at the edge.

On soil and caddis-cases at the edge of a pond. East
Bcrgholt, Dr. Badham. Resembling the last, but not so
bright in colour.

M

162

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Subgenus 20. Gtalera. — Stem externally subcartilaginous ; pileus
more or less campanulate ; margin straight.

294. A. (G-alera) reticulatus, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulato-expanded, viscid, rough with a network of veins;
margin striate ; stem brittle, fibrillose, white ; gills free, ven-
tricose, crowded, of a yellow-ferruginous tint. (Plate 9,
fig. 5.)

On dead wood. Rare. Northamptonshire. Pileus pale
violet. Care must be taken to distinguish this from such
species as A. phlehophorus. The afiinities of A. pilipeSj Sow.,
are altogether doubtful.

295. A. (Galera) lateritius, Fr. ; pileus submembranace-
ous, acorn-shaped, then conical, even, hygrophanous ; stem
tall, brittle, straight, attenuated upwards, and frosted with
white meal ; gills linear, nearly free, very narrow, tawny-
ferruginous. — FI. Dan. t. 1846./. 2.

In rich pastures. Rare. Pineshade, Northamptonshire.
Pileus and stem more ferruginous than in the next.

296. A. (Galera) tener, Schceff. ; pileus submembranace-
ous, conico-campanulate, obtuse, hygrophanous; stem straight,
brittle, shining, nearly of the same colour; gills adnate,
crowded, ascending, rather broad, cinnamon. — Sow. t. 33.

Rich pastures, dungy ground, etc. Extremely common.
Pileus nearly white when dry, tawny when moist. There is
another distinct species with a more conical pileus, which is
minutely rivulose, with a sulcate margin, and smaller spores,
which for the present I refrain from naming.

297. A. (Galera) ovalis, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous,
ovali-campanulate, even, hygrophanous; stem straight, equal,
slightly striate, nearly of the same colour ; ring fugitive ; gills
nearly free, ventricose, very broad, ferruginous. — Bull. t. 552.
/• 1-

AGARICINI.

163

On dung. Rare. A larger species than the last. Pileus
dusky-ferruginous.

298. A. (Galera) confertus, Bolt, ; pileus suhmembranace-
ous_, acutely conico-campanulate^ smooth, hygrophanous ; stem
slender, silky, shining, naked; base equal, deeply rooting;
gills slightly adnexed, rather distant, white, then brownish-
ochraceous. — Bolt. t. 18.

In stoves. Rare. I have not met with this species.
Densely crowded.

299. A. (Galera) sparteus, Fr.; pileus membranaceous,
campanulato- convex, then expanded, hygrophanous, dry, even,
smooth ; stem thin, flexible, smooth ; gills adnate, crowded,
plane, cinnamon. — Bolt. t. 51./. 1.

Amongst moss, in meadows. Rare. Pileus about half an
inch across, cinnamon, tan-coloured when dry.

300. A. (Galera) embolus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous,
campanulate, obtuse, radiato-striate, hygrophanous; stem quite
smooth, shining, thickened upwards ; gills thick, very distant,
adnate, triangular.

Amongst heath. On Moelfre-uchaf, Denbighshire. Pileus
tawny when moist, ochraceous when dry. Tufted.

301. A. (Galera) Hypnorum, BatscTi ; pileus membrana-
ceous, campanulate, with frequently a central papilla, smooth,
striate, hygrophanous ; stem thin, flexuous, of the same co-
lour, pruinose above; gills adnate, rather distant, broad, at
length plane, cinnamon-yellow. — Bow. t. 282.

Amongst moss. Extremely common. Yellowish in every
part. Requires to be cautiously distinguished from small A.
melinoides. Attend to the difference of the margin.

Subgenus 21. Ciiepidotus. — Pileus excentric ; spores not white.

302. A. (Crepidotus) alveolus, Lasch ; pileus fleshy, soft,

M 2

164

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

lateral^ obovate, and waved, opaque, eontraeted and tomentoso-
villous behind ; gills erowded, determinate, broad, elay-brown.

On old stumps. King^s Cliffe. Pileus brownish-oehraeeous.
Nearly allied to the next, but not so soft and watery.

303. A. (Crepidotus) mollis, Schaff.; pileus subgelatinous,
flaceid, even, smooth, turning pale ; stem obsolete ; gills
crowded, linear, dirty-white, then watery-cinnamon. (Plate 9,
fig. 6.) — Huss. i. t. 74.

On old stumps. Common. Pileus lJ-3 inches across,
pale.

304. A. (Crepidotus) haustellaris, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
reniform, even, slightly villous ; stem lateral, attenuated up-
wards, villous, white ; gills rounded, nearly free, brownish-
cinnamon. — Batsch,f. 121.

On dead trunks. Rare. Not observed since the time of
Withering.

305. A. (Crepidotus) Rubi, B. ; pileus fleshy, clothed with
very minute crystalline meal ; stem short, incurved, solid, stri-
gose at the base ; gills adnato-decurrent, greyish, then umber,
slightly ventricose. (Plate 9, fig. 7.)

On dead bramble, etc. Rare. Pileus half an inch across,
yellowish or livid-grey. Spores umber.

306. A. (Crepidotus) chimonophilus, B. and Br. ; white ;
pileus convex, rather thick, villous ; stem very short or obso-
lete j gills distant, attenuated behind.

On small dead branches of Pyrus torminalis. Benefield,
Northamptonshire. Spores pale yellow-brown. Pileus a
quarter of an inch across. Margin indexed.

307. A. (Crepidotus) variabilis, P.; pileus submembrana-
ceous, resupinate, then reflexed, clothed with white down ;
gills rather close, white, then rusty-red, at length pale-cinna-
mon. (Plate 10, fig. 1.) — Huss. i. t. 50.

AGAllICINI.

165

On sticks^ dead furze^ etc. Extremely common. Easily
known by its reddish gills^ which resemble in colour those of
Hyporhodii.

308. A. (Crepidotus) depluens, Batsch ; pilens submem-
branaceous^ resnpinate_, then reflexed^ somewhat conchate^
clothed with white down behind ; gills broad, crowded, grey,
then reddish. — Batsch, /. 122.

On the ground, in stoves, etc. Not common. Whitish
when dry.

309. A. (Crepidotus) byssisedus, P. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, resupinate, then reflexed, nearly plane, pruinose
with greyish down ; stem incurved ; gills broad, dirty-white,
inclining to cinereous. — Pers. Ic. and Desc. t. 14. /. 4.

On the ground. Rare. Spores irregular, as in many of
smaller Hyporhodii.

310. A. (Crepidotus) Pezizoides, ; pileus sessile, thin,
cup-shaped, then reflexed, mealy, subtomentose ; gills meeting
in the centre, rather distant, olive-brown, then tawny.

On rotten branches. Rare. Found only in Warwickshire,
by Mr. Ruffbrd.

Series 4. PiiATELLiE. — Bpores hrownish-purple or hrown.

Subgenus 22. Psalliota.— Veil fixed to the stem,
forming a ring.

311. A. (Pratella) campestris, L. ; pileus fleshy, convexo-
plane, dry, flocculosc or squamulose ; stem stuffed, even,
white ; ring placed about the middle of the stem, somewhat
torn; gills free, approximate, ventricose, subdeliqucscent,
flesh-coloured, then brown. (Plate 10, fig. 2.) — Huss. i. t. 90.

In rich pastures. Common in most parts of the world, and
extremely variable. Some of the forms arc as follows : —

166

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

A. PRATENsis^ Vitt. ; distinguished by the small rufous
scales of the pileus, and the flesh having a slight pink
tinge. King^s Cliffe. East Bergholt.

A. viLLATicus_, Brond.j acquires a large size, and is very
scaly.

This has been found by Dr. Badham in Suffolk.

A. siLVicoLA, Vitt., has a shining, smooth pileus, and an
elongated bulbous stem, and is not uncommon in woods.

The Mushroom of our gardens is also a distinct form, re-
markable for its brownish hue and fibrillose or squamulose
pileus. Mr. Buchanan has sent a very distinct bed-Mushroom,
which has the merit of being excellent in quality, and ex-
tremely prolific. It has a white, opaque, nearly smooth,
depressed pileus. He also sent at the same time a variety
with a tall stem and somewhat bulbous base, approaching A.
silvicola, Vitt.

A. vAPORARius, Otto, has a broad, entire ring, while A.
vaporarius, Vitt., has a brown pilose coat, which covei’s the
stem as well as the pileus, and leaves transverse fragments on
the stem as it elongates. Finally, a very distinct variety is
represented in our Plate 10, fig. 3, which is rufous, like A.
vaccinus, and whose flesh turns of a bright red when bruised.
In this the gills are at first perfectly white, as in A, cretaceus.
All of these might be proposed as distinct species, with al-
most as much justice as the two or three which follow.

312. A. (Psalliota) arvensis, Schcejf. ; pileus fleshy, ob-
tusely conico-campanulate, then expanded, at first floccose,
then smooth, even, or rivulose ; stem hollow, with a floccose
pith ; ring broad, pendulous, double, the outer split in rays ;
gills free, wider in front, at first dirty-w'hite, then brown,
tinged with pink. (Plate 10, fig. 4.) — Huss. i. t. 76, 77.

In meadows, forming large rings, and attaining an enor-

AGARIC INI.

167

mous size. A coarse^ but wholesome species, often turning
yellow when bruised. There is also a scaly tawny form.

313. A. (Psalliota) cretaceus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, campa-
nulate, then convex o-plane, even, nearly smooth or rivulose ;
stem hollow, equally attenuated, even, white; ring simple,
reflexed, and again ascending ; gills remote, broader in front,
for a long time white. (Plate 10, fig. 5.)

In meadows and stoves. Not common. Generally pure
white. The stem is sunk into the substance of the pileus so
as to make the gills remote. At first sight looks much like a
Lepiota, as, for example, A. naucinus.

314. A. (Psalliota) silvaticus, Schaff. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
campanulate, then expanded, gibbous, fibrillose or squamose;
stem hollow, at first stuffed with delicate threads, unequal,
dirty- white ; gills free, crowded, thin, dry, reddish, then
brown. — Schceff. t. 242.

In woods. Not uncommon. Pileus brownish. Smell
strong.

315. A. (Psalliota) echinatus, ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulate, then expanded, obtuse, at first densely pulveru-
lent, then scaly; stem fistulose, equal, floccoso-pulverulent
below the ring ; gills free, crowded, blood-red.

On peat-beds, in gardens. Pare. Milton, Northampton-
shire, etc. Pileus about 1^ inch across, of a dingy smoky
purple, as is also the stem. Spores sometimes colourless. A
most curious species.

316. A. (Psalliota) versicolor, With. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, scurfy, scales of the disc crowded ; stem spongy,
bulbous, dirty-white, inclining to brown ; ring persistent ;
gills decurrent, pallid, then reddish-brown.

Edgbaston. Pileus greenish-brown. Tliis has not been
recognized since tlic time of Withering.

168

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

317. A. (Psalliota) seruginosus, Curt. ; pilens fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, somewhat umbonate, clothed with green evanes-
cent mucus ; stem hollow, equal, scaly and fibrillose below
the ring, tinged with blue; gills adnate, soft, brown, tinged
with purple. — FI. Lond. t. 309; Hass. i. t. 35.

In meadows, etc. Very common. Pileus 3 inches across,
at first scaly with fragments of the veil, dingy-yellow when
the green slime has vanished.

318. A. (Psalliota) albo-oyaneus, Desm. ; pileus fleshy,
thin, umbonate, even, viscid, livid, then whitish ; stem slen-
der, hollow, flexuous, even, whitish ; ring incomplete ; gills
attenuato-affixed, whitish flesh-colour, then brownish-purple.
— Pers. Myc. Fur. t. 29. f. 2, 3.

In meadows, and on dung. Not uncommon. Sometimes
with A. (Bruginosus, of which it is possibly only a variety.

319. A. (Psalliota) melaspermus, 5w//. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vexo-plane, obtuse, soft, even, smooth, slightly viscid ; stem
hollow, equal, smooth, white, as well as the membranaceous
ring; gills slightly adnexed, ventricose, crowded, pallid, then
violet-black. — Bull. t. 540./. 1.

In meadows and woods. Rare. Coed Coch. Resembling
A. prcscox, but with different- coloured spores and gills.

320. A. (Psalliota) squamosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
convexo-plane, somewhat viscid, sprinkled with superficial
concentric scales ; stem long, slender, subfistulose, villoso-
squamose below the distant ring; gills adnate, crowded, at
length black, edge whitish. (Plate 10, fig. 6.)

In woods. Not common. Varying in the nature and
number of the scales on the stem and pileus. A beautiful
species when well- grown.

321. A. (Psalliota) stereorarius, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
hemispherical, then expanded, smooth, even, somewhat viscid.

AGARICINI.

169

as well as the elongated stem, which is at first flocculose, and
contains a distinct pith ; gills adnate, broad, white, then
umber or olive-black.

On dung. Northamptonshire. Probably not uncommon.
Pileus yellowish. Often confounded with the following, which
has a fistulose stem.

322. A. (Psalliota) semiglobatus, Batsch ; pileus slightly
fleshy, hemispherical, even, glutinous, and yellowish, as well
as the fistulose, slender, smooth, straight stem ; gills broad,
adnate, plane, clouded with black. — Grev, t, 344; Huss. i.
t. 39.

On dung. Extremely common. Said to be poisonous.

Subgenus 23. Hypholoma. — Veil w^oven into a fugacious web,
which adheres to the margin of the pileus.

323. A. (Hypholoma) sublateritius, Fr. ; pileus fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse, discoid, dry, at length smooth ; flesh
compact, dirty-white; stem stuffed, fibrillose, attenuated
downwards, ferruginous; gills adnate, crowded, white, then
dingy-olive. — Huss. i. t. 60.

On old stumps, in woods. Common. Pileus 3 inches
across, brick-red, variegated with yellow.

324. A. (Hypholoma) fascicularis, Buds. ; pileus fleshy,
thin, subumbonate, smooth ; stem hollow, thin, ffexuous, fl-
brillose, yellow, as well as the flesh of the pileus ; gills adnate,
very crowded, linear, subdcliquescent, sulphur-coloured, then
greenish. (Plate 11, fig. 1.) — Huss. ii. t. 15.

On old stumps, fallen trees, etc. Extremely common. Per-
haps confounded occasionally with A. conissans. Taste bitter.

325. A. (Hypholoma) dispersus, Vr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulate, expanded, obtuse, even, silky near the margin
from the veil ; stem thin, tough, subfistulosc, silky, brown at the

170

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

base ; gills tbin^ adnate^ somewbat ventricose_, crowded^ pallid
straw-colour, then clouded.

On stumps and on the ground, in pine- woods. Mossburn-
ford, Jerdon. Coed Cocb. Either scattered or fasciculate.
Pileus \\ inch across, tawny.

326. A. (Hypholoma) lacrymabundus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy,
campanulato-convex, obtuse, spotted with innate hairy scales ;
flesh white, as well as the hollow, fibrilloso-squamose stem,
which is slightly thickened at the base ; gills adnate, seceding,
white, then brown-purple.

On trunks of trees, and on the ground. Pileus not hygro-
phanous, as in the next.

327. A. (Hypholoma) velutinus, P. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, ovate, then expanded, gibbous, fibrillose, hygropha-
nous, at length nearly smooth, fleshy and hollow, equal, fibril-
lose, striate ; stem yellow-brown ; gills truncato-adnexed, ven-
tricose, scarcely crowded, brown, then umber, studded with
drops of moisture. (Plate 11, fig. 2.)

On stumps of trees. Extremely common. Very variable
in size, but generally larger than the foregoing.

328. A. (Hypholoma) appendiculatus, Bull. ; pileus car-
noso-membranaceous, ovate, expanded, smooth, hygrophanous,
when dry wrinkled and sparkling with atoms ; stem fistulose,
equal, smooth, white, pruinose above ; gills somewhat adnate,
crowded, dirty-white, then rosy-brown. (Plate 11, fig. 3, 4.)

On dead stumps. Extremely common. Veil attached in
patches to the margin.

329. A. (Hypholoma) Candollianus, Pr. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, campanulate then convex, expanded, obtuse, smooth,
hygrophanous ; stem hollow, brittle, subfibrillose, white,
striate above ; gills rounded, adnexed, crowded, violet, then
brownish-cinnamon. — FI. Dan. t. 774.

AGARICINI.

171

On dead stumps. Rare. King^s Cliffe. I have not seen
it elsewhere.

Suhgenus 24. Psiloctbe. — Yeil, if present, not forming a ring.

Margin of pileus at first incurved.

330. A. (Psiloeybe) spadiceus, Schceff. ; rigid ; pileus
fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, even, moist, hygrophanous ;
stem hollow, tough, pallid, even above ; gills rounded behind,
adnexed, dry, crowded, white, then rosy-brown.

On dead stumps, on the ground, etc., in woods. Very com-
mon. A variable species.

331. A. (Psiloeybe) cernuus, AfwZ/.; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulato-convex, expanded, smooth, hygrophanous, mi-
nutely wrinkled when dry ; stem flexuous, smooth, white,
pruinose above, fistulose ; gills adnate, slightly ventricose,
scarcely crowded, cinereous, white at first, then brownish-
black. — FI. Dan. t. 1008.

On chips, decayed wood, etc. Apethorpe. Pileus pallid.
This has no veil.

332. A. (Psiloeybe) Feeniseeii, P. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulate, expanded, obtuse, pallid when dry, even, smooth,
as well as the fistulose, rootless, pallid-rufous stem ; gills ad-
nate, ventricose, widely emarginate, scarcely crowded, brown-
ish-umber. (Plate 11, fig. 5.) — Huss. i. t. 39.

Amongst grass, in fields and gardens. Extremely common.
Pileus when moist dark-brown. Attention must be paid to
the colour of the spores, or this species will be sought for
amongst the Fanmoli.

333. A. (Psiloeybe) coprophilus, Bull. ; pileus slightly
fleshy, hemispherical, expanded, then umbonate, at length
smooth, as well as the somewhat fistulose stem, which is

172

OUTLINES OP BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

attenuated above and pruinose; gills broad^ arcnato-subde-
current^ livid-brown. — Bull. t. 566./. 3.

On dung. Rare. Northamptonshire. Pileus at first white
^and downy, clothed with little white superficial scales, brown,
at length smooth and umber.

334. A. (Psilocybe) bullaceus, pileus slightly fleshy,

hemispherical, expanded, smooth, at length umbonate, striate
halfway up ; stem short, fistulose, equal, fibrillose ; gills ad-
nate, triangular, plane, crowded, ferruginous-brown. — Bull,
t. 566./. 2.

On horse-dung. Not uncommon. Pileus three-quarters
of an inch across, bay when moist, tan-coloured when dry.
This is probably A. stercorarius, Engl. FI.

335. A. (Psilocybe) physaloides, Bull. ; pileus slightly
fleshy, campanulate, expanded, even, rather viscid ; stem
fistulose, flexible, closely fibrillose, bright brown at the base;
gills crowded, decurrent, subferruginous. — Bull. t. 566./. 1.

On the walls of the, sewage-filtering apparatus, Croydon.

336. A. (Psilocybe) areolatus, Klotzsch ; pileus subcar-
nose, convex, clothed with minute fibrillse; cuticle cracking
into nearly square patches; stem fistulose, fibrillose, dirty-
white ; gills adnate, umber, at length black ; edge white.

In gardens. Glasgow, Klotzsch. This is nearly allied to
A. tegularis, Schum. Pileus ochraceous or brown.

337. A. (Psilocybe) semilanceolatus, i^r. ; pileus submem-
branaceous, acutely conical, almost cuspidate, moist, viscid,
slightly striate ; stem tough, flexuous, pallid, smooth, con-
taining a pith ; gills adnexed, ascending, purple-black. — Bow.
t. 240./. 1-3.

In rich pastures. Common. This is A. callosus, Eng. Fh,
a species now divided into two.

AGARICINI.

173

Subgenus 25. Psathyra. — Veil none, or not forming a ring.

Pileus conical or campanulate ; margin at first straight.

338. A. (Psathyra) conopilus, P. ; pileus submembra-
iiaceous, campanulate, umbonate, slightly wrinkled, turning
pale; stem tall, attenuated upwards, smooth, shining with a
silvery lustre; gills slightly adnexed, crowded, brownish-purple.
— Jungli. in Linn. v. t. 6. /. 11.

In gardens. Rare. King^s ClilFe. Pileus at first dirty-
white, 2 inches across; stem 4-6 inches high.

339. A. (Psathyra) corrugis, P. ; pileus submembranaceous,
campanulate, umbonate, slightly wrinkled, smooth, turning
pale; stem elongated, equal, smooth, white; gills sinuated,
adnate, ventricose, violet-black. — Bull. t. 561. /. 1.

In pastures. Coed Coch. Pileus tinged with pink.

340. A. (Psathyra) bifrons, B. ; pileus submembranaceous,
campanulate, obtuse, ochraceous-brown, tinged with red, turn-
ing pale-tan ; stem straight, naked ; gills pinkish-cinereous,
adnate ; margin white. — Engl. FI. 1. c. p. 1 14.

In ditches. Rare. Northamptonshire. Pileus | of an inch
across, clothed, when young, with a delicate, evanescent veil.

341. A. (Psathyra) spadiceo-griseus, Schaff. ; pileus sub-
membranaceous, conico-campanulate, then expanded, slightly
umbonate, smooth, striate, hygrophanous ; stem firm, atte-
nuated upwards, shining, white, striate above; gills adiiexed,
rather crowded, brown. — Schceff. t. 237.

On chips, etc. Beeston, Notts. Pileus bright brown ; gills
pale umber at first; stem umber within.

342. A. (Psathyra) fibrillosus, P. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, campanulato-convcx, then expanded, slightly striate,
at first fibrillosc ; stem elongated, very brittle, white, fibril-

174

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

loso-squamose ; gills adnate, plane, very broad behind, purple-
black.

On the ground, in woods. Rare. Pileus livid, white when
dry. The gills in my specimens are 3 lines broad, and nearly
equal throughout, so that they must be considered as belong-
ing to a distinct variety.

343. A. (Psathyra) gossypinus, Fr. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, campanulato- expanded, tomentose, even, smooth ;
margin striate; stem tomentose, dirty-white; gills adnexed,
ventricose, white, then brown-black. — Bolt. t. 71. f. 1.

In woods, on the ground. Rare. Pileus of a pallid ochre.
I believe A. xylophilus. Sow., which Pries refers to A. noli-
tangere, is merely a state of A. furfuraceus.

Series 5. Coprinarius. — Spores black; gills never becoming

purple or brown.

Subgenus 26. Pan^eolus. — Veil, when present, interwoven. Pileus
rather fleshy, without striae ; margin at first extending beyond
the gills, which are clouded.

* Pileus viscid when moist, shining when dry.

344. A. (Panseolus) separatus, L. ; pileus somewhat fleshy,
campanulate, obtuse, even, viscid; stem straight, shining,
white, thickened downwards, ring distant; gills fixed, cine-
reous-black. (Plate 11, fig. 7.)

On dung. Extremely common. Pileus varying a good
deal in size, semiovate, pale tan-coloured; stem soiled with
the black spores.

345. A. (Panseolus) flmiputris, Bull. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, conico-expanded, somewhat gibbous, even, viscid ;
stem slender, equal, smooth, pallid ; gills livid-black. (Plate

11, fig. 6.)

AGARICINI.

175

On dung_, and in pastures. Very common. Pileus lead-
coloured^ generally beaded with the veil.

346. A. (Panseolus) Phaig&narum, Fr. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy^ campanulato- convex^ obtuse, even, smooth, viscid ; veil
appendiculate, fugacious ; stem equal, rather firm, nearly
naked, at length pale rufous ; gills adnexed, broad, cinereous.-
black. — Bull. t. 58.

On dung. Apethorpe, Northamptonshire. Probably not
uncommon. Pileus pale tan-coloured.

347. A. (Panseolus) retirugis, Batsch ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, at first subglobose, at length subumbonate, reticulated
with raised ribs, and sparkling; veil torn, appendiculate; stem
equal, pruinose, of a pinkish purple; gills ascending, fixed,
cinereous-black. — Batsch^ /. 91.

On dung. Coed Coch. Distinguished from A. corrugis by
its black spores.

348. A. (Panseolus) campanulatus, L. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, campanulate, dry, even, smooth, somewhat shining ;
stem equal, straight, rufous, striate above ; gills fixed, ascend-
ing, variegated with grey and black. — Bull. t. 561. /. 2 L.

On rich soil, dung, etc. Common. Pileus brownish, tinged
with rufous.

349. A. (Panseolus) papilionaceus, Bull. ; pileus somewhat
fleshy, hemispherical, smooth, when dry rimoso-squamose ;
stem equal, even, dirty-white, pruinose above; gills broadly
adnate, very wide, at length plane, blackish. — Bull. t. 561.
/. 2 N, M.

On rich soil, dung, etc. Common. Pileus whitish- grey.

350. A. (Panseolus) fimicola, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulato-convcx, obtuse, smooth, opaque, marked near the
margin with a narrow zone; stem brittle, elongated, equal,
pallid, pruinose above ; gills broad, adnate, variegated with
grey and dingy-brown. — Bolt. t. 66./. 1.

176

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On dung, ricli pastures, etc. Not gathered since Bolton^s
time.

Subgenus 27. Psathteella. — Veil not interwoven. Pileus mem-
branaceous ; margin not reaching beyond the gills.

351. A. (Psathyrella) gracilis, Fr.; pileus submembrana-
ceous, conical, slightly striate when moist, bygropbanous ;
stem slender, straight, naked, pallid; gills broadly adnate,
rather distant, cinereous-black, edged with pale-rose.

On hedge-borders. Very common. Pileus brownish, at
length often tinged with pink.

352. A. (Psathyrella) hiascens, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous,
campanulate, deeply sulcate ; disc even ; stem straight, rigid,
brittle, smooth, white ; gills adnate, linear, rather distant,
acute in front, pallid, then black. — Bull. t. 552. /. 2 F.

Under hedges. Woodnewton. Pileus 1 inch high, 1^
inch across, sulcate up to the disc, pale dirty-ochraceous.

353. A. (Psathyrella) aratus, n. s. ; pileus membranaceous,
campanulato-conic, rather acute, deeply sulcate ; stem tall,
thickened at the base, white, smooth, fistulose ; gills lanceolate,
quite free, purplish-black.

Under hedges. Woodnewton. Pileus 1 inch high, ^ across,
bright brown ; flesh of the disc of the same colour ; stem 5
inches high. Allied to A. hydrophorus. Bull., but clearly
distinct.

354. A. (Psathyrella) atomatus, Fr. ; pileus submembra-
naceous, campanulate, obtuse, slightly striate, hygrophanous,
when dry rugulose, sparkling; stem brittle, white, mealy above;
gills broad, adnate, cinereous-black.

About hedge-borders, etc. Very common. Pileus at first
brownish, then tinged with pink.

355. A. (Psathyrella) disseminatus, P. ; pileus membra-

AGARICINI.

177

naceous^ ovato-campanulate^ furfuraceous^ then naked, snlcato-
plicate, changing colour ; stem somewhat flexuous, brittle,
furfuraceous, then smooth ; gills adnate, broadly linear, dirty-
white, then black.— t, 166.

About the trunks of trees, and on the ground. Forming
large tufts. Extremely common. Pileus a few lines only
across. Approaching very near to Coprinus. A. membra-
naceuSj Bolt., is too doubtful as to its affinities to admit of
its being registered.

2. COPRINUS, Fr.

Gills membranaceous, deliquescent. Spores black.

1. Fileus not plicato-sulcate.

1. C. eomatus, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy, cylindrical, obtuse,
then expanded, soon torn up into broad, scattered scales ;
stem hollow, fibrillose, stuffed with a cottony web ; bulb solid,
rooting ; ring moveable ; gills free, linear, white, then tinged
with red. — Grev. t. 119.

Sides of roads, pastures, etc. Common. Extremely variable
in size. Esculent when young. I believe that Bolt. t. 142
is a mere variety. I have found C. eomatus at Abergele equally
dwarf, and with a precisely similar volvate ring.

2. C. sterquilinus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, conical,
expanded, sulcate, at first villous; disc rather fleshy, rough
with scales ; stem attenuated, fibrillose, solid, rootless, having
a ring; gills free, ventricose, purplish. — Mich. t. 83. /. 3.

On dung. Bare. King^s Cliffe. About Ih inch across.

3. C. atramentarius, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy, ovate, at
first irregular, spotted above with innate scales; stem firm,
hollow, zoned within; ring abrupt, fugacious; gills free, ven-
tricose, white, then purplish -black. (Plate 12, fig. 1.)

N

178

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

About old stumps and on the naked soil in gardens. Very-
common. Often densely csespitose. Pileus of a dull^ dingy
white or ochre, slightly rugose, sometimes sparkling.

4. C. luridus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, ovato-conical,
irregular, smooth, viscid, even ; stem firm, solid, equal, brown ;
gills free, ventricose, blue-black. — Bolt. t. 25.

On the ground. Not found since the time of Bolton.
Perhaps a mere state of the last.

5. C. fuseescens, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, ovato-
expanded, polished ; disc slightly fieshy, even or cracked, scaly ;
stem hollow, brittle, curved, slightly fibrillose, scarcely annu-
late ; gills fixed ; umber-black.

On dead stumps. Bare. Kilmory, Argyllshire, Lady Orde.

6. C. picaeeus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, ovato-campa-
nulate, striate, variegated with broad, white, superficial scales ;
stem hollow down to the rootless bulb, brittle, smooth ; gills
free, ventricose, cinereous-black. — Sow. t. 170.

On roadsides. Bare. Smell often extremely disagreeable.
Pileus 2 inches or more across, pied.

7. C. aphthosus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, ovato-campa-
nulate, free from strise, sprinkled with superficial, fioccose
scales, then naked; stem hollow, equal, twisted, fibrillose;
gills adnate, linear, white, then black. — Bolt. t. 26.

In hollow trees, cellars, etc. Not common.

8. C. extinctorius, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, clavato-
campanulate, straight, margin striate, at first sprinkled with
fioccose scales ; stem hollow, smooth, attenuated from the
rooting base ; gills reaching the stem, lanceolate, white, then
brownish-black. — Bolt. t. 24.

On the ground. Bolton’s plant has not exactly the same
habit as Bulliard’s, t. 437. f. 1, but Fries considers it identical,
and it is perhaps a csespitose variety.

AGARICINI.

179

9. C. flmetarius, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous_, clavato-
conic_, soon tom and revolute^ at first rough with white
floccose scales, then naked, longitudinally rimoso-sulcate, even
at the apex ; stem squamulose, thickened at the base, solid ;
gills free, black, lanceolate, then linear and flexuous.

On dungheaps. Extremely common. A variable species.
Sow. t. 262 represents one of the varieties. Sometimes there
is a root as long as the stem. I have this state and a beautiful
drawing from Mr. Browne, of Hitchin.

10. C. tomentosus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, cylin-
drical, then conic flocculoso-tomentose, at length longitudi-
nally rimose ; stem hollow, rather short, equal, velvety ; gills
free, linear, brownish-black. — Bolt. t. 156.

On dung and in rich pastures. Not uncommon. The
coating sometimes peels oflP in broad patches.

11. C. niveus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, oval, then
campanulate, floccoso-squamulose, and densely furfuraceous ;
stem fistulose, equal, villous, white; gills somewhat adnate,
narrow, black. — Sow. t. 262.

On horse-dung, etc. Very common. Known at once by
the white, mealy coat. Sometimes appearing with the first
summer rains.

12. C. micaceus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, oval, then
campanulate, rather irregular, striate, sparkling, at length
naked, rimoso-sulcate; stem hollow, finely silky, dirty-white;
gills adnexed, lanceolate, dirty- white, then partially shaded
with brown. — Sow. t. 261.

About old stumps. Extremely common. Remarkable for
the sparkling particles with which it is sprinkled. Pileus
tawny, often densely CcCspitose.

13. C. radians, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, ovato-campa-
nulate, sparkling, disc granuloso-squamose, margin striate ;

N 2

180

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

stem equal, naked, sliort, springing from radiating floeci ; gills
reaehing the stem, nearly linear, white, then violet-black. —
Sow, t. 145. Desm. Ann. d. Sc. Nat. xiii. t. 10. /. 1.

On plaster-walls. Sometimes very abundant. When young
it looks like a little Lycoperdon.

14. C. deliquescens, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, ovato-
campanulate, then expanded, rather irregular, broadly striate,
smooth, top studded with innate papillse ; stem hollow, smooth,
veiled ; gills at length remote, linear, dingy -black. — Bull. t.
558. /. 1.

On old stumps. Not common. Sometimes confounded
with C. atr ament arms.

2. Bileus gaping in the direction of the trama, hence plicato-

sulcate.

15. C. Hendersonii, Fr. ; pileus minute, at first cylindrical,
then ovali-campanulate, at length plane, smooth, striate half-
way up j stem filiform, at length smooth, with a small, erect,
entire ring; gills narrow, black. (Plate 24, fig. 8.)

On hotbeds. Very rare. Milton, Norths. Looks like a
small, annulate A. disseminatus. Pileus minutely granulated
under a lens.

16. C. macrocephalus, B. ; pileus at first cylindrical, then
cylindrico-campanulate, sprinkled with pointed scales; stem
dirty-white, fistulose, clothed with short, cottony down and
loose fibres, strigose at the base ; gills linear, perfectly
free.

On putrid dung. Cotterstock, Norths. Pileus rather more
than 4 an inch across ; scales adpressed or patent ; fibrils of
stem deflexed.

17. C. lagopus, Fr. ; pileus very thin, cylindrical, then cam-
panulate, clothed with white flocci, at length split, radiato-

AGARICINl.

181

sulcate^ and revolute; stem very brittle_, white_, woolly; gills
free, linear, at length remote, distant.

On dung. Not uncommon. Remarkable for the dense,
cottony coat of the stem.

18. C. nyehthemerns, Fr. ; pileus very thin, soon rimose,
expanded, fiocculoso-furfuraceous, then naked, furcato- striate;
stem equal, flaccid, smooth, dirty-white ; gills free, narrow, at
length black, at first crowded, then distant, remote. — Bull. t.
542. /. D. I.

On dung. King’s Clifie. Pileus grey, a few lines across.

19. C. radiatus, Fr. ; very delicate; pileus clavato-campa-
nulate, tomentose, soon split, flattened, naked, plicato-radiate ;
stem filiform; gills free, distant, few in number. — Bull. 452.
L. E.-H.

On dung, in meadows. Very common. Minute.

20. C. domesticus, Fr. ; pileus thin, ovato-campanulate,
obtuse, split, undulato-sulcate, furfuraceo-squamulose ; stem
attenuated, silky, white ; gills fixed, crowded, linear, white,
with a reddish tint, then brown-black. — Huss.

On damp carpets, etc. Not uncommon.

21. C. ephemerus, Fr. ; pileus very delicate, ovali-clavate,
then campanulate, split, radiato-sulcate, somewhat furfuraceous;
disc raised, even ; stem slender, equal, pellucid, smooth ; gills
reaching the stem, distant, dirty-white, then brown and black.
— Bull. t. 128.

On dunghills. Common.

22. C. plieatilis, Fr. ; pileus very delicate, ovali-cylindrical,
soon expanded, split, sulcato-plicatc, nearly smooth; disc broad,
at length de}>resscd, even; stem equal, smooth, white; gills
adhering to a distinct collar, grcyish-black. — Curt. Land. t. 200.

In pastures. Very common. Spores broadly elliptic, -o-()'-oTr
inch long.

182

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

23. C. Spragueii, B. and C. ; very delicate ; pileus campa-
nulate_, then conical, tomentose, plicate ; stern fistulose, pale-
cinnamon; gills few, narrow. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. Oct. 1859.

In gardens. King^s Cliffe, July 2, 1859. Spores narrow,
snbcymbiform, inch long. I received this originally from
New England. The difference between it and the last as
regards the spores is very striking.

24. C. hemerobius, Fr. ; pileus very delicate, ovate, nearly
even, expanded, campanulate, split, smooth, at length plicato-
sulcate; top rather prominent; stem elongated, attenuated,
smooth, pallid ; gills linear, pallid, then black, adnexed to an
obscure collar. — Bolt. t. 31.

On roadsides. Rare.

3. BOLBITIUS, Fr.

Gills becoming moist ; trama obsolete ; spores coloured. ~

1. B. Boltonii, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy, viscid, mem-
branaceous at the margin, at length sulcate ; disc darker,
somewhat depressed ; stem attenuated, yellowish ; ring fuga-
cious, at first flocculose; gills somewhat adnate, livid-yellow,
then brown. — Bolt. t. 149.

On dung. Pileus yellow, turning pale. Spores brownish.
I am not acquainted with this species.

2. B. fragilis, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, viscid, pel-
lucid ; margin striate ; disc subumbonate ; stem attenuated,
naked, smooth, yellow; gills attenuate- adnexed, yellow, then
pale-cinnamon. — Sow. t. 96.

On dung. Common. Pileus yellow, then whitish.

3. B. titubans, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, flattened out,
pellucid, striate halfway up; stem slender, straight, shining,
yellow; gills slightly adnexed, pallid, salmon-coloured. — Sow,
t. 128.

AGARTCINI.

183

Amongst grass. Common. Pilous yellow^ but soon pre-
senting the salmon- tint of the gills.

4. B. tener, B. ; very delicate; pileus white, moist, conical,
elongated ; stem white, bulbous at the base ; gills attenuated
behind, nearly free, salmon-coloured. (Plate 12, fig. 2.)

Amongst short grass on a lawn. Apethorpe. At first
looking like a dry specimen of A. tener.

4. COBTII^ARIUS, Fr.

Gills membranaceous, persistent; trama floccose. Veil con-
sisting of arachnoid threads. Spores rusty-ochre."^

Subgenus 1. Phlegmacium. — Pellicle of pileus viscid w^hen moist.

Veil, and consequently the stem from which it springs, dry.

1. C. (Phlegmacium) caperatus, Fr.; pileus fleshy, ovate,
then expanded, obtuse, moist, incrusted with superficial white
fiocci ; stem stout, smooth, squamulose at the top from the
reflected, membranaceous ring ; gills adfixed, separating, ser-
rate, crowded, clay-coloured. — Bot. of East. Borders, with a fig.

In woods. Very rare. Berwickshire. Lancashire, i7.

Higgins. A large and noble species, of a beautiful yellow.

2. C. (Phlegmacium) varius, Fr. ; pileus compact, hemi-
spherical, flattened, even, viscid ; margin smooth ; flesh white ;
stem short, solid, closely flocculose, dirty- white ; gills crowded,
emarginate, quite entire, purplish, then pallid -cinnamon. —
Bchcejj'. t. 42.

In woods. Not common. King’s Cliffe.

* The colours of Cortinarii are not only very fugitive, but they change greatly
according to the condition of the atmosphere. Those, thei’cfore, which are
mentioned, except something is said to the contrary, belong only to the young
plant before it has been exposed to weather. The colour of the spores in most
of the species is that of peroxide of iron ; in a very few exceptional cases it
is of a bright tawny.

184

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

3. C. (Phlegmacium) cyanopus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, hemi-
spherical, flattened, even, viscid ; margin thin, smooth, of the
same colour ; flesh dirty-white ; stem solid, violet, then white,
naked above the thin veil ; bulb depressed, oblique ; gills ad-
nate, emarginate, broad, rather crowded, violet, turning pallid.
— Sow. t. 223.

In woods. Pileus livid-brown, then tan.

4. C. (Phlegmacium) anfractus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, unequal,
deeply plicate and ' undulated, viscid, shining when dry; stem
stuffed, unequal, closely fibrillose, violet above and veiled ; gills
arcuate, affixed, crisped, rather distant, dingy-olive, then cin-
namon.

In woods. Pare. King^s Cliffe. Pileus several inches
across, deep-bay in my specimens, which I have named after
a drawing sent me by Fries. The gills, however, are rather
emarginate than arcuato-affixed, and the whole plant, wdien
young, is covered with a white volva. Stem very thick and
bulbous at the base. In outward form the two are identical.

5. C. (Phlegmacium) multiformis, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, expanded, equal, smooth, viscid; flesh and fugacious veil
white ; stem solid, attenuated, closely fibrillose, white, changing
to yellow ; bulb somewhat margined ; gills emarginate, crowded,
serrated, dirty-white, then clay- coloured, inclining to cinna-
mon.— Sow. t. 102.

In woods. Pare. Pileus yellowish. I have seen the bulb
so margined as to give the impression of a volva like that of
Ag. pantherinus.

6. C. (Phlegmacium) glaucopus, Fr. ; pileus compact, ex-
panded, subrepand, viscid, then floccoso-squamose or fibril-
lose ; flesh at length yellowish ; stem stout, solid, striate,
bluish, then yellowish, margined below; gills emarginate,
broad, blue, then clay-coloured, inclining to cinnamon. — Huss.

AGARICINI.

185

In pinewoods. Eare. Pileus remarkable for a brown^
raised zone near the margin^ at length turning pale.

7. C. (Phlegmacium) eallochrons, Fr. ; pileus fleshy^ con-
vex, flattened, smooth, viscid, unchangeable; flesh compact,
white; stem solid, equal, fibrillose, white, changing to yellow ;
bulb distinct, margined ; gills emarginate, crowded, serrate,
blue, changing to purple. (Plate 12, flg. 3.)

In woods. Not uncommon. Pileus tawny.

8. C. (Phlegmacium) eseruleseens, Fr.; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, expanded, even, viscid; flesh soft, blue, turning white as
well as the solid, attenuated, naked stem ; bulb margined ; gills
adnexed, crowded, quite entire, at first of a pure dark blue.

In woods. King^s Cliffe. Bristol, Dr. Stephens. Very
beautiful, pileus at first blue, spotted in my specimens from
the presence of minute fibrils. Stem not always marginate,
rough above with the threads of the veil.

9. C. (Phlegmacium) purpurascens, Fr.; pileus compact,
dilated, somewhat waved, virgate, viscid ; flesh bluish ; stem
solid, blunt, fibrillose ; bulb margined, evanescent ; gills crowd-
ed, broadly emarginate, blue, then clay-coloured, inclining to
cinnamon-purple when bruised.

Woods. Common. Pileus about 3 inches across, not
turning pale, bright brown, at length tawny. This species
has sometimes, but not constantly, a marginal zone.

10. C. (Phlegmacium) turbinatus, jFV.; pileus fleshy, plane,
then depressed, viscid, self-coloured, smooth, turning pale;
flesh soft, white ; stem stuffed, nearly equal, shining, dirty-
white, marginato-bulbous ; gills attenuato-adnate, crowded,
quite entire, reddish-grey, then ferruginous.

In woods. King^s Cliffe. My specimens have the margin
of the bulb so strongly developed as to appear volvate, like
Ag. pantherinus. Pileus yellow when dry, variable in width.

186

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

11. C. (Phlegmacmm) scaurus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, equal,
smooth, virgate or spotted, viscid, turning pale ; margin thin,
at length slightly striate ; stem solid, marginato-bulbous, at-
tenuated, striate, turning pale; gills attenuato-adnate, thin,
crowded, purplish, then olive.

In woods. King’s Cliffe. Pileus 3-4 inches across, dingy-
tawny. Stem purplish in my specimens, with a red tinge on
the edge of the bulb.

12. C. (Phlegmacium) prasinus, Fr.; pileus compact, equal,
viscid, variegated with scale-like spots ; stem solid, short, firm,
marginato-bulbous, greenish, as well as the veil ; gills rounded,
rather distant, yellow-olive. — Schceff. t. 218.

In beech-woods. King’s Cliffe. Pileus 3 inches across,
greenish.

Subgenus 2. Mtxacium. — Universal veil, and consequently the
stem, viscid and polished when dry.

13. C. (Myxacium) coUinitus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convex,
subplicate, flattened, obtuse, even, glutinous, shining; stem
firm, cylindrical, transversely scaly from the splitting of the
floccose glutinous veil ; gills adnate, clay -coloured and blue,
then cinnamon. — Sow. t. 9.

In woods. Common. Pileus bright tawny, 3-4 inches
across. Sometimes the veil of the stem does not crack.

14. C. (Myxacium) eiatior, Fr. ; pileus cylindrical, then
expanded, viscid ; disc even, fleshy, otherwise membranaceous
and plicato-rugose ; stem elongated, soft, stout, attenuated at
either end, scaly from the torn veil ; gills adnate, very broad,
connected by veins, and rugose, brownish-ferruginous.

»

In woods. Common. Pileus 3-4 inches across, varying in
colour, yellowish when dry.

15. C. (Myxacium) lividLo-ochraceus, B. ; pileus plane.

AGARICINI.

187

submembranaceous, viscid, margin not striate ; stem attenu-
ated at either end, subsquamose, striate above the fugitive
veil, stuffed with cottony fibres ; gills cinnamon, subadnexed,
broad in front.

In woods. King^s Cliffe. Coed Coch. Pileus 1 inch
across, livid-ochre. Nearest to the smooth-stemmed form of
C. collinitus.

Subgenus 3. Iistoloma. — Pileus fleshy, dry, at first silky with
scales or innate fibres, not hygrophanous ; stem bulbous.

16. C. (Inoloma) violaeeus, Fr. ; dark- violet ; pileus fleshy,
obtuse, villoso-squamose ; stem bulbous, spongy, villous, cine-
reous-violet within ; gills broad, fixed, thick, distant. — Huss.
i. t. 13.

In woods. England and Scotland. Not common. Pileus
4 inches or more across.

17. C. (Inoloma) eallisteus, Fr. ; yellow-tawny; pileus
fleshy, convexo-plane, at length smooth, even, innato-squa-
mulose ; margin rather silky ; flesh whitish-yellow ; stem
elongated, bulbous, clothed with tawny fibres; gills adnate,
floccose, connected behind.

In woods. Rare. My Ag. validus (see Engl. El.) appears
certainly to be this species, agreeing with it not only in
other respects, but in the minute character of the gills ad-
hering to the stem after they separate by a few flocci. The
colours are nearly those of Ag. aureus.

18. C. (Inoloma) Bulliardi, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, campanu-
lato-convex, even or squamulosc, rufcsccnt ; stem short, firm,
bulbous, vermilion below and adorned with similarly coloured
fibres, white above ; gills broad, adnexed, purplish, then ferru-
ginous.— Bull. t. 431. f. 3.

Ill woods. Not common. Bristol, Dr. Stephens. This

188

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

species is remarkable for the vermilion or brick-red base of
the stem.

19. C. (Inoloma) bolaris, Fr.; pileus fleshy, obsoletely
umbonate, growing pale, variegated with innate pilose safiron-
red adpressed scales; stem stuffed, then hollow, nearly equal,
squamulose, of the same colour as the pileus ; gills crowded,
subdecurrent, watery-cinnamon. (Plate 19, fig. 1.)

Woods. Pare. King’s Cliffe. Argyllshire, Mrs. Wynne.
Varying in intensity of colour, sometimes merely tinged with
red, sometimes bright-red.

20. C. (Inoloma) pholideus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, expanded,
obtusely umbonate, fawn-coloured, densely clothed with in-
nate fasciculate blackish hairs ; stem attenuated, rough trans-
versely with dingy-brown scales, even and violet above the
veil ; gills subemarginate, crowded, violet, then clay-coloured,
inclining to cinnamon.

In woods. King’s Cliffe. Not common.

21. C. (Inoloma) sublanatns, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, campa-
nulate, expanded, umbonate, tan-coloured, inclining to brown,
clothed with little innate scales; stem bulbous, attenuated,
smooth above, pallid, clothed below with brown scaly down ;
gills subadnate, scarcely crowded, olivaceous-yellow. — Sow.
t. 224; Huss. ii. t. 22.

In woods. Rare. Pileus variable in colour, sometimes
shaded with olive.

22. C. (Inoloma) arenatus, P. ; pileus fleshy, convex, at
first gibbous, granulated with little floccose scales, light red,
changing to brown ; stem clavato- attenuated, clothed beyond
the middle with little brown scales, even and pale above ; gills
emarginate, ventricose, rather crowded, yellowish -cinnamon. —
Huss. i. t. 72.

In woods. Not common. Coed Coch, Mrs. Wynne. This

AGARICINl.

189

cannot be distinguished safely from C. pholideus, except when
the specimens are young, in which state the colour of the gills
is distinctive.

Subgenus 4. Deemoctbe. — Pileus thin, silky with innate down,
dry, not hygrophanous ; stem equal or attenuated, not bulbous.

23. C. (Dermocybe) ochroleucus, Fr, ; pileus fleshy, con-
vex, obtuse, even, nearly smooth, pallid-white; stem solid,
firm, ventricose, white, fibrillose above, veiled ; gills adnexed,
nearly free, crowded, dirty-white, then clayey-oehre. — Schcejf.
t. 34.

In woods. Rare. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon^ Esq. Pileus
about 2 inches across.

24. C. (Dermocybe) tabularis, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, equal,
soon flattened, flocculose, then sniooth, brownish -clay, be-
coming pale ; stem stuffed, tough, elastic, white, closely fibril-
loso-squamose or smooth ; gills emarginate, crowded, dirty-
white, then clay-coloured. — Bull. t. 431. /. 5.

In woods. A common species. Distinguished best from
C. anomalus by the differently coloured gills.

25. C. (Dermocybe) diabolicus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
hemispherical, obtuse, then gibbous, brownish, elothed with
grey threads, at length smooth, yellow-tawny ; stem stuffed,
rather slender, smooth, pallid, bluish above ; gills somewhat
emarginate, adnexed, crowded, dirty-white or evanescent pale
blue, then ochraceous-cinnamon.

In woods. South of England, C. E. Broome.

26. C. (Dermocybe) caninus, Fr. ; pileus flcshj^, convex,
flattened out, obtuse, at length smooth, bright-rufous, chang-
ing colour; stem clavato-bulbous, elastic, closely fibrillose,
pallid violet above ; gills emarginate, broad, rather distant,
purplish, then cinnamon.

190

OUTLINES or BRITISH EUNGOLOGY.

In woods. King’s Cliffe. Pileus variable in colour.

27. C. (Dermocybe) anomalus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
convex, obtuse, then gibbous, dingy -rufous, whitish with
evanescent fibrils ; stem somewhat stuffed, slender, attenu-
ated, fibrillose, slightly scaly, palli d -violet ; gills crowded,
dente-decurrent, bluish or purple, then cinnamon. (Plate 12,
fig. 4^.)— Bull. t. 431. /. 2.

In woods. Very common. Pileus 2^ inches across. A.
araneosus, Sow. t. 384. f. 1, belongs to this, probably, and not
to the next.

28. C. (Dermocybe) spilomeus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
gibbous, dry, at length smooth, brownish, and changing co-
lour ; stem rather hollow, slender, white, inclining to lilac,
variegated with rufous or tawny scales ; gills crowded, emar-
ginate, narrow, bluish-lilac, at length cinnamon.

In woods. Not common. King’s Cliffe. Bristol, Dr.
Stephens. A. violaceus, Sow., is undoubtedly A. personatus.

29. C. (Dermocybe) sanguineus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin,
obtuse, innato -sericeous or squamulose, dark blood-red, as
well as the veil and thin, equal, at length bulbous stem ; gills
crowded, rather broad, darker. — Sow. t. 43.

In woods. Not uncommon. Bemarkable for its brilliant
colour.

30. C. (Dermocybe) cinnamomeus, Fr.; pileus fleshy, thin,
obtusely umbonate, cinnamon-brown, silky with innate yel-
lowish fibrils, or squamulose; stem equal, slender, stuffed, then
hollow, yellowish, as well as the flesh and veil ; gills adnate,
broad, crowded, shining.

In woods. A very common but variable species. Some-
times the gills are red.

31. C. (Dermocybe) uliginosus, n. s. ; pileus campanulato-
conical, then expanded, bright red-brown, very strongly um-

AGARICINI.

191

bonate^ silky, sometimes streaked; flesh yellow-olive, then
cinnamon ; stem flexuous, paler than the pileus ; gills distant,
adnate, with a tooth, yellow, then olive, then cinnamon.

In boggy woods, amongst Sphagnum, etc. King’s Cliffe.
Pileus not exceeding 2 inches in diameter, of a beautiful red-
brown (almost brick-red), and remarkable for its very strong
but scarcely acute umbo.

32. C. (Dermocybe) raphanoides, Fr. ; olive, then chang-
ing colour; pileus fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, gib-
bous, silky with innate fibrils; stem stuffed, firm, fibrillose,
opaque, paler than the pileus, as well as the veil; gills ad-
nato-ventricose, rather crowded, olive, then cinnamon.

In beech- and fir-woods. Highlands of Scotland, Klotzsch.

Suhgenus 5. Telamonia. — Pileus moist, hygrophanous, smooth,

or clothed only with evanescent threads ; stem peronate

(sheathed with the interwoven veil).

33. C. (Telamonia) bulbosus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
campanulato-expanded, smooth, bright-brown ; disc fleshy,
somewhat gibbous ; stem stout, bulbous, pallid or paler than
the pileus, sheathed with a white veil ; ring imperfect ; gills
adnate, rather distant, opaque, cinnamon. — Sow. t. 130.

In woods. Pare. Stem saffron-coloured within.

34. C. (Telamonia) torosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convex, ex-
panded, obtuse, pale red-brown, whitish with squamules or
fibrils, at length pierced, smooth ; stem stout, sheathed w ith
the white persistent veil, and furnished with a ring ; veil at the
apex violet; gills thick, distant, very broad, purplish-umber,
then cinnamon. — Bull. t. GOO. Q. li. S.

In woods. Not uncommon.

35. C. (Telamonia) evernius, Fr.; pileus carnoso-membra-
naceous, conico-campanulatc, expanded, smooth, purplish-bay.

192

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

changing to reddish-white, at length fibrillose and torn ; stem
stout, cylindrical, soft, violet, scaly from the remains of the
white veil ; gills adnate, very broad, distant, violet, inclining
to purple. — Sow. t. 125.

In woods. Not uncommon.

36. C. (Telamonia) armillatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, campa-
nulate, then expanded, innato-fibrillose and scaly, torn, bright
red-brown; margin thin; stem solid, elongated, bulbous, fi-
hrillose, reddish, girt with a red zone ; gills fixed, very broad,
distant, pallid, then dark-cinnamon. — Huss. i. t. 19; Bull,
t. 527./. 1.

In woods. Uncommon. A large species, remarkable for
the blood-red zone on the stem. Mrs. Hussey^s plant is the
same with Bulliard^s, and both seem to me to belong to this
species.

37. C. (Telamonia) limonius, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convexo-
plane, obtuse, smooth, tawny, at length rimuloso-squamulose ;
stem solid, firm, equal, of the same colour, as well as the
floccoso-squamose veil ; gills adnate and emarginate, rather
distant, yellow, then tawny-cinnamon. — Holmsk. ii. t 40.

In pine-woods. Scottish Highlands, Klotzsch.

38. C. (Telamonia) hinnuleus, Fr. ; pileus carnoso-mem-
branaceous, conico-campanulate, then expanded, suhumhonate,
smooth, pale tawny-cinnamon, at length pierced ; stem stuffed,
rigid, tawny, attenuated downwards, girt above with the white
silky veil; gills subemarginate, distant, broad, then tawny-
cinnamon, quite entire. — Sow. t. 173.

In woods. Extremely common. This is said to be distin-
guished from C. gentilis by its white veil, but I fear this
character is not constant.

39. C. (Telamonia) brunneus, Fr. ; pileus campanulate,
flattened out, umber, naked, broken up into innate fibrils near

AGARICINI.

193

the margin ; umbo fleshy obtuse ; stem stufied, elongated^
attenuated upwards, elastic, brownish, marked with white
streaks, girt with the brownish- white veil ; gills adnate, thick,
distant, purplish, then cinnamon-umber.

In woods. Not observed since the time of Withering.

40. C. (Telamonia) periseelis, Weinm. ; pileus campanu-
late, then convex, lilac and white, silky ; umbo fleshy, mem-
branaceous elsewhere ; stem equal, fibrillose, of the same co-
lour ; veil woven, brownish, forming an imperfect ring ; gills
adnate, crowded, narrow, pallid, then obscurely ferruginous.

In bogs or under beech-trees. Bowood, C. E. Broome.

41. C. (Telamonia) psammocephalus, i^r. ; tawny- cinna-
mon ; pileus slightly fleshy, convexo- expanded, at length um-
bonate, furfuraceo-squamulose ; stem stuffed, attenuated,
squamulose, and sheathed with the continuous veil ; gills ad-
nate, arcuate, crowded. — Bull, t. 531. /. 2.

In woods. Not uncommon. King^s Clifie. Pileus about
an inch across.

42. C. (Telamonia) ileopodius, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
convex, subumbonate, at first clothed with silky white threads,
light reddish-yellow, then smooth and tan-coloured, at length
even and rimose; stem equal, slender, tawny without and
within, sheathed with the pallid veil, naked above, fibrilloso-
striate ; gills adnate, rather crowded, thin, inclining to cin-
namon.— Bull. t. 586. f. 2 A, B.

In woods. Not uncommon. Very variable. Pileus 1-1 ^
inch across.

Subgenus 6. Htoiiocyee. — Pilous hygi’ophauous ; stem distinct

from the fibrillose veil, hence neither annulate nor floccoso-

squamose.

43. C. (Hygrocybe) Armeniacus, Ft\ ; pileus subcarnosc.

o

194

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

convexo-plane, gibbous^ even, smooth, tawny-cinnamon, at
length tan-coloured, shining; stem stuffed, conico-attenuated,
rigid, soft within, white, as well as the subperonate veil ; gills
adnate, crowded, pallid, then tawny-cinnamon. — Schcejf. t. 81.

In pine-woods. Bristol, Dr. Stephens.

44. C. (Hygrocybe) dilutus, Fr. ; pileus somewhat fleshy,
convexo-plane, subumbonate, smooth, even, opaque, light-
red ; stem stuffed, then hollow, soft, pallid, thickened at the
base ; veil fibrillose ; gills emarginate, adnexed, broad, crowd-
ed, pale-cinnamon. — Bolt, t. 10.

In woods, Bolton. Not found since his time. Pileus about
2 inches across.

45. C. (Hygrocybe) castaneus, Fr.; pileus slightly fleshy,
firm, campanulato-convex, flattened out or gibbous, even,
chestnut; stem cartilaginous, stuffed, then hollow, even, violet
or pale rufous ; veil white, fibrillose ; gills fixed, ventricose,
rather crowded, violet, then ferruginous. — Bull. t. 268.

In woods and gardens, on the naked ground. Common. A
small species.

46. C. (Hygrocybe) Heedii, B. ; pileus conical, then ex-
panded and strongly umbonate, smooth, shining, persistently
brown ; disc areolate ; margin splitting ; stem white, solid,
fibrilloso-striate, slightly bulbous ; veil fibrillose, evanescent ;
gills broad, ventricose, ascending, attenuated behind, free,
white or pallid, then cinnamon. — Huss. ii. t. 45.

Amongst moss and beech-mast. May. Hayes, Surrey.
Pileus one inch across. Stem 1^-2 inches high. Tasteless
and scentless. Plesh pallid. Allied to C. leucopus and C.
Kromhholzii.

47. C. (Hygrocybe) leucopus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy,
conical, then expanded, at length umbonate, even, smooth,
light-red ; stem stuffed, then hollow, equal, white ; gills

AGARICINI.

195

slightly adnexed_, ventricose^ crowded, pallid, then cinnamon.
— Bull. t. 553./. 2.

In woods. Not uncommon.

48. C. (Hygrocybe) acntus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous,
conical, acutely umbonate, striate, light reddish-yellow, at
length tan-coloured, shining with a silky lustre; stem fistu-
lose, equal, slender, flexuous, pallid ; veil fugacious, white ;
gills adnate, rather crowded, slender, narrow, ochraceous,
quite entire.

On moist spots in woods. Not uncommon. Mr. Jerdon
has sent me a csespitose, obtuse form, with a slightly viscid
pileus, approaching C. pluvius. I have the same form from
the United States. The species comes near to Galera.

5. PAXILLUS, Fr.

Gills persistent, distinct from and easily separating from
the hymenophorum, which is confluent with the stem ; tram a
obsolete.

1 . P. involutus, Fr. ; stained when bruised ; pileus com-
pact, convexo-plane, then depressed, moist, at length smooth,
tomentose about the involute margin ; stem solid, fleshy,
firm, naked, incrassated upwards, paler, as well as the branched
broad gills, which are porous, and anastomose behind. (Plate
13, fig. 5.)

On the ground, amongst grass, and on sandy banks. Very
common, sometimes attaining a considerable size. Pileus
olive-brown, sometimes tinged with purple.

2. P. atro-tomentosus, Fr. ; pileus convexo- plane, then
depressed or funnel-shaped, granulated, rivulosc ; margin thin,
involute; stem solid, spongy, firm, velvety; gills straight,
crowded, branched behind. — Batsch, f. 32.

() 2

196

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On stumps of pines, Woodnewton, Northamptonshire.
Compton Basset, Wiltshire, Miss Dalby. Pileus several
inches across, olivaceous-brown; stem sometimes obsolete,
when present densely velvety. Withering’s A. aurantio-fer-
rugineus is referred to this species, but a figure sent to me by
Fries shows me that Secretan’s quotation must be wrong.

3. P. Panuoides, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, conchate, at length
smooth, dirty-yellow, elongated behind, sessile or stipitate;
gills crowded, decurrent, branched, dirty-yellow. (Plate 12,
fig. 6.) — Sow. t. 403.

In cellars, on sawdust, etc. Not common. In profusion
at a sawmill. Coed Coch, 1858 and 1859. Closely resembling
the last.

6. GOMPHIDIUS, Fr.

Pileus top-shaped. Hymenophorum confluent with the
stem. Gills slightly branched, formed of a mucilaginous
membrane, edge acute. Spores fusiform.

1 . G. glutinosus, Fr. ; pileus obtuse, glutinous, purple-
brown ; gills dirty-white, then cinereous ; trama none. — Sow.
t. 7.

In fir-woods. Not uncommon. Pileus 3 inches across.
Stem yellow within, and frequently at the base.

2. G. viscidus, Fr. ; pileus at length umbonate, viscid,
brownish-red ; gills purple-umber, truly branched ; trama like
the substance of the pileus. — Sow. t. 105.

Under Scotch firs. Larger than the last. Stem deep
rhubarb-colour within.

3. G. gracilis, B. and Br. ; pileus conico-hemispherical,
clothed with dingy gluten, at length spotted with black ; gills
of a watery dingy-white, forked ; stem slender, sprinkled
with minute scales above, virgate below. (Plate 12, fig. 7.)

AGARTCTNI.

197

In fir-woods. Not uncommon. The specimen figured was
gathered in Sir C. Anderson^ s plantations at Lea^ near
Gainsborough. Pileus scareely exceeding 2 inehes^ generally
smaller.

7. HYGKOPHORUS, Fr.

Plymenophorum continuous with the stem, and descending
without ehange into the sharp-edged gills; hymenium waxy.

* Veil universal, viscid,

1. H. chrysodon, Fr. ; white; pileus fleshy, eonvexo-plane,
viscid ; margin involute, elothed with little yellow floccose
seales, as well as the stuffed, nearly equal stem ; gills rather
thin, distant, at length crisped.

In woods. Not eommon. Pileus 2-3 inehes broad ; gills
often edged with yellow glandular flocci. Extremely elegant.

2. H. eburneus, Fr. ; white ; pileus fleshy, even, smooth,
glutinous, as well as the stuffed, then hollow, unequal stem,
which is dotted above with glandular scales ; gills firm, dis-
tant, straight. (Plate 15, fig. I.)

In woods. Not uncommon. Turning a foxy-red in parts,
as it decays. Easily distinguished from H. virgineus, with
which it is often confounded by the glandular scales at the
top of the stem.

3. H. cossus, Fr. ; strong-scented, white ; pileus fleshy,
even, smooth, viscid, assuming at length a yellowish tinge ;
stem stuffed, nearly equal, glandular above; gills thin, dis-
tant, straight. — Sow. t. 121.

In woods. Extremely like the last, but not turning red,
and always distinguished l)y its smell, which is like that of the
larva of the goat-moth. When bruised it is sometimes yelloAv.

d. H. cerasinus, B. ; pileus fleshy, convex, broadly umbo-
nate, pale umber, then grey, viscid ; margin minutely tomcn-

198

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

tose ; stem white, solid, attenuated below, punctato-squamu-
lose above ; gills broad, decurrent, white, tinged with pink,
sometimes forked, very distant.

In fir-plantations. Rare. Winkbourn, Notts. Smell like
that of laurel -leaves. Pileus 1^-24 inches across, sometimes
depressed. This does not seem to be the same species with
H. agathosmus, Fr.

5. H. aromaticus, B. ; very tender; pileus fleshy, smooth,
cinnamon, glutinous ; stem stuffed, then hollow, reticulated ;
gills pinkish, decurrent when young. — Sow. t. 144.

Not found since the time of Sowerby. Smell agreeable,
spicy. Turns black when bruised.

6. H. mesotephrus, B. and Br. ; pileus convex, subhemi-
spherical, hygrophanous, white, with a brown disc, striate,
viscid, as well as the slender stuffed stem, which is floccoso-
granulated above ; gills decurrent, pure white. — Ann. of Nat.
Hist. ser. 2. vol. xiii. t. 15. /. 2.

In woods. Rare. Bowood, C. E. Broome. Pileus about
1 inch across. Allied to H. fusco-albus.

7. H. hypothejus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, clothed with thin
olive evanescent gluten, somewhat virgate ; stem stuffed,
equal, viscid, somewhat spotted ; gills distant, yellow. — Sow.
t. 8.

In pine-woods, especially where the soil is sandy. Not un-
common. Pileus yellowish, often tinged with red. Flesh
yellow. Gills sometimes tinged with pink.

8. H. olivaceo-albus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, even, clothed with
evanescent olive gluten ; umbo brown ; stem solid, equal, vis-
cid, at first furnished with a floccose ring, spotted with dark
scales, even above ; gills white.

In woods and woodland pastures. Not common. North-
amptonshire. By no means yellow like the last.

AGARICINI.

199

** Yell none ; jpileus Jiesliy , moist, scarcely viscid.

9. H. leporinus, Fr. ; pileus equally fleshy, eonvex, gib-
bous, equal, fibrilloso-floecose, opaque; stem short, stuffed,
firm, attenuated, fibrillose, pallid ; gills deeurrent, reddish-
grey. — Schaff. t. 313.

On downs. Durdham Downs, C. E. Broome. Kent, Mrs.
Hussey. Spores pale umber. Pileus yellowish-red, about 2
inehes aeross.

10. H. pratensis, Fr. ; pileus convexo-plane, then turbi-
nate, smooth, moist ; dise compact, gibbous ; margin thin ;
stem stuffed, even, attenuated downwards ; gills deeply decur-
rent, arcuate, thick, distant. — Grev. t. 91. Huss. ii. t. 40.

On downs and short pastures. Very common. Pileus
tawny or deep buff, sometimes nearly white, as in the next.
Probably esculent.

11. H. virgineus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, ob-
tuse, moist, at length areolato-rimose ,* stem stuffed, firm,
short, attenuated at the base ; gills decurrent, distant, rather
thick. — Grev. t. 166.

On downs and short pastures. Extremely common. Mostly
pure ivory-white.

12. H. niveus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, campanu-
lato-convex, then umbilicate, smooth, moist, striate, viscid ;
stem slender, fistulose, equal ; gills decurrent, then arcuate,
distant. — Kromb. t. 25. /. 1-3.

In mossy pastures. Very common. White, hygropha-
nous. Smaller than the last. Disc not truly fleshy, and
hence umbilicate, not rimosc.^^ I am not prepared to sa}^
whether this is truly distinct from the last. Sometimes it is
only a few lines across.

13. H. russo-coriaceus, B. and Mill. ; swcct-sccntcd ; pi-
lous ivory-white, slightly viscid, convex, fleshy ; stem slender.

200

OUTLINES DE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

smooth^ solid ; gills broad, thick, arched, decurrent, very few,
and distant.

In exposed pastures. Rare. Walkeringham, Notts, Rev.
T. K. Miller. Known at once by its persistent delightful
odour, like that of Russian leather or Poteyitilla atro-sangui-
nea. Pileus scarcely exceeding half an inch in diameter.

14. H. ovinus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin, conico-convex,
then expanded, gibbous, viscid, squamulose, brown; stem
somewhat stuffed, smooth, shining, thickened at either end ;
gills arcuato- decurrent, connected by veins, white, then dingy;
edge thin. — Bull. t. 580 ; Huss. ii. t. 50.

In pastures. Not common. Northamptonshire. Coed
Coch. Ag. compressus, Sow., probably represents this species.
Pileus about inehes across.

Whole fungus of a watery, suceulent substance ; veil none.

15. H. distans, B. ; pileus somewhat fleshy, plane or de-
pressed, viscid, white with a silky lustre, here and there stained
with brown; stem white above, cinereous below, and atte-
nuated, not spotted ; gills few, very distant, subventricose, de-
current, pure white at flrst, then tinged with cinereous ; inter-
stices obscurely rugose. (Plate 13, fig. 1.)

In woods. Rare. King’s Cliffe. June 30, 1859. A.bout
2 inches across. Often umbilieate.

16. H. Colemannianus, pileus subcarnose, umbonate,

umber, turning pale except in the centre, even, striate when
moist and slightly viscid ; stem nearly equal, somewhat silky,
whitish ; gills rather broad, of the same colour as the pileus,
distant, deeply decurrent ; interstices venoso-rugose.

In grassy pasture. Twy cross, Warwickshire, Rev. A. Bloxam.
Pileus 1-2 inches across, reddish-umber.

17. H. Isetus, Ft. ; pileus thin, con vexo -plane, nearly even.

AGARICINI.

201

viscid^ somewhat shining, tawny, as well as the tough, equal
stem ; gills subdecurrent, thin, distant, paler.

On open pastures. Not uncommon. Scotland, England,
and Wales. Pileus about an inch across, brightly coloured,
not turning pale like the last.

18. H. ceraceus, ¥r.; brittle; pileus thin, convexo-plane,
obtuse, slightly striate, waxy, yellow as well as the fistulose,
unequal, shining stem ; gills adnato-decurrent, distant, yellow.
— Sow. t. 20.

In pastures. Common. Easily known from the other yellow
species by the gills.

19. H. coceineus, Fr. ; brittle ; pileus thin, convex, obtuse,
viscid, scarlet, turning pale, smooth ; stem hollow, compressed,
yellowish, scarlet above ; gills adnate, decurrent with a tooth,
connected by veins variously shaded. — Schaiff. t. 302; Huss.
i. t. 61.

In open pastures. Extremely common. Nearly allied to
the next, but larger.

20. H. miniatus, Fr. ; brittle ; pileus thin, convex, then
umbilicate, vermilion, soon changing colour and becoming
opaque and squamulose ; stem somewhat stuffed, equal, polished
scarlet; gills adnate, distant, yellow or yellowish- vermilion.
— Kromb. t. 1. /. 21.

In moist places, on heaths, etc. Common. Requires to be
carefully distinguished from the last.

21. H. puniceus, ; brittle; pileus thin, fleshy, cam pa-
nulate, obtuse, waved, even, viscid, blood-scarlet, then turning
pale ; stem thick, hollow, ventricosc, striate, white at the base ;
gills adnexed, tliick, distant, yellow. — Bolt. t. 67. /. 2. t. 13.

In meadows. Not common. I have a golden-yellow form
with an umbilicate pileus and adnate gills, intermediate be-
tween this and the next.

202

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

22. H. obrusseus, Fr. ; brittle^ bright golden-yellow ; pileus
fleshy, thin, conico -convex, obtuse, waved, nearly dry, even,
as well as the hollow, somewhat compressed, smooth stem ;
gills adnato-ventricose, thick, distant.

In woods. Rare. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon.

23. H. eonicus, Fr. ; brittle ; pileus submembranaceous,
conical, acute, smooth, somewhat lobed, at length expanded,
rimose, black when bruised or decaying; stem hollow, cylin-
drical, fibroso-striate ; gills attenuated, free, ventricose, then
rather crowded. — Sow. t. 381.

In pastures. Extremely common. Always known by its
turning black. Pileus yellow, scarlet ; gills yellow, or shaded
with red.

24. H. psittacinus, Fr. ; pileus thin, campanulate, expanded,
umbonate, more or less striate, clothed, as well as the tough,
even, hollow stem, with green, evanescent gluten ; gills adnato-
ventricose, thick, distant. — Soiv. t. 82. Huss. i. t. 41.

In fields. Extremely common. Pileus lilac, yellow, white,
etc., when the green gluten vanishes. Stem generally green
above.

25. H. calyptrseformis, B. and Br. ; pileus thin, acutely
conical, lobed below, minutely innato-fibrillose ; stem white,
smooth, slightly striate, hollow ; gills rose-coloured, at length
pallid, very narrow, acutely attenuated behind. — A. eonicus,
7 amoenus, Lasch. in Linn. iii. p. 380.

On the borders of woods and in open pastures. Probably
not uncommon. Pileus pink, becoming pallid. Very distinct
from H. eonicus. It does not turn black when bruised.

26. H. unguinosus, Fr. ; brittle ; pileus thin, campanulato-
convex, obtuse, even, clothed with dingy gluten as well as the
hollow, unequal stem ; gills adnato-ventricose, plane, thick,
white, becoming glaucous.

AGARICINI.

203

In woods and pastures. Not uncommon. Persistently
dingy.

27. H. murinaceus, Fr. ; brittle^ strong-scented ; pileus
tliin_, campannlate, flattened ont_, irregular, viscid, soon dry,
rimuloso-squamose ; stem rather hollow, unequal, somewhat
compressed, even ; gills adnate, separating, broad, distant,
somewhat undulated, white, then glaucous.

In pastures. Not common, C.jEJ.jBroome. Smell strong, nitrous.
This is quite different from A.murmaceus,yi\ach. is a Tricholoma.

8. LACTARIUS, Fr.

Hymenophorum confluent with the stem and vesiculose
trama. Gills milky, edge acute.

* Gills not decidedly changing colour ; milk at first white ^ acrid.

1. L. torminosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, depressed, somewhat
zoned, pallid as well as the equal, stuffed, at length hollow
stem ; margin involute, bearded ; gills thin, dirty-white ; milk
acrid, white, unchangeable. — Sow. t. 103.

In woods, fields, etc. Common. Pileus 3 inches or more
across, sometimes tinged with reddish-grey, or flesh-coloured.

2. L. cilicioides, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, soft, depressed, tomen-
tose, zoneless, turning pallid, margin fibrilloso-lanuginous ;
stem stuffed, even, pruinose, silky, spotless, pallid ; gills
crowded, branched, white, becoming yellowish as well as the
milk.

In pine-woods. Edinburgh, Greville. Pare.

3. L. turpis, Fr. ; pileus compact, plane, olive-umber, zone-
less, margin at first clothed with yellowish down ; stem stufled,
short, viscid, attenuated downwards, olive; gills thin, pallid,
milk-white, acrid. — Kromb. t. G9. /. 1-G.

In fir-woods. Coed Coch. East Bergholt, where Dr. Pad-

204

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

ham has shown it to me in great abundance. Pileus several
inches across. A. necator, is merely a form of L. tor-

minosus.

4. L. insulsus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, umbilicate, then funnel-
shaped, viscid, yellowish, zoned, margin naked ; stem stuffed,
then hollow, firm, pallid, as well as the crowded, forked gills.
(Plate 13, fig. 2.) — Huss. i. t. 59.

In woods, and on their borders. Very common. Some-
times attaining a large size. Flesh not compact as in the
next. Spores yellowish.

5. L. zonarius, Fr. ; pileus compact, umhilicate, even, viscid,
marked with yellowish zones ; margin involute, naked ; stem
short, solid, elastic, even, yellowish ; gills thin, crowded, dirty-
white ; milk white, acrid, unchangeable. — Bull. t. 104.

On the borders of woods. Bare. Cotterstock, Northamn-
tonshire. I have not, however, seen it for a great many
years. Harsh and woody.

6. L. blennius, Fr.; pileus fleshy, depressed, glutinous, often
concentrically guttate, greenish-grey; margin from the first
even, slightly pubescent ; stem stuffed, then hollow, viscid, of
the same colour; gills crowded, white, as well as the acrid
milk. — Kromb. t. 69. /. 7-9.

In woods. Extremely common. Pileus about SJ inches
across ; gills cinereous when wounded.

7. L. hysginus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, rigid, umhilicate, even,
viscid, flesh-coloured, inclining to red ; margin thin, indexed ;
stem stuffed, then hollow, smooth, somewhat spotted ; gills
crowded, white, as well as the acrid milk. — Kromb. t. 14.
/. 15, 16.

In woods. Edgbaston, Withering.

8. L. circellatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, convex, then plane,
waved, viscid, zoned ; zones and ferruginous disc, which is

AGARICINI.

205

from the first umbilicate, darker ; stem solid, firm, attenuated
downwards ; gills crowded, dirty-white ; milk white, acrid. —
JSow. t. 203.

In woods. Rare. It w^ould seem from Sowerby^s drawing
that the milk in his plant is white, and if so. Fries is right
in referring it to this species. Pileus brownish or rufous,
turning pale, darker under the separable cuticle.^^

9. L. uvidus, Fr, ; pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then de-
pressed, zoneless, viscid, dingy ; margin at first involute, naked ;
stem soon hollow, viscid, pale ; gills thin, crowded, when
wounded becoming lilac, as well as the white milk. — Batsch,
/. 202.

In woods. Not uncommon. Pileus about 2| inches across.

10. L. pyrogalus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, flattened, depressed,
somewhat zoned, smooth, even, rather moist, livid- cinereous ;
stem stuffed, then hollow, pallid, attenuated downwards ; gills
thin, rather distant, yellowish; milk abundant, white, extremely
acrid. — Kromb. t. 14. /. 1-9.

In woods and meadows. King’s Clifie. Coed Coch.

11. L. plumbeus, Fr. ; pileus compact, convex, then in-
fundibuliform, dry, not polished, dingy, then blackish-brown ;
stem solid, equal, blunt ; gills crowded, yellowish ; milk acrid,
white, unchangeable. — Sotv. t. 245.

In woods. Rare. Edinburgh, Dr. Greville. Several inches
across. Sowerby’s plate represents the gills as broad and
dingy like the pileus, as well as the milk, but in the original
drawing they are pallid, and the milk white.

12. L. piperatus, Fr. ; white; pileus compact, umbilicatc,
then infundibuliform, rather regular, zonclcss, even, smooth ;
stem solid, thick, very short; gills decurrent, crowded, nar-
row, dichotomous; milk abundant, acrid, white. — Kromb. t. ^7 .
f. 1-3.

206

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Common. Much neater than L. vellereus^ with
narrow gills^ which resemble ivory, and sometimes assume a
yellowish tint. (Plate 13, fig. 3.)

13. L. vellereus, Fr.; white; pileus compact, umbilicato-
convex, tomentose, zoneless, margin reflexed; stem solid, blunt,
pubescent ; gills distant, areuate, dirty-white ; milk aerid,
white. — Sow. t. 204 ; Huss. i. t. 63.

In woods. Extremely common. Attaining a large size. A
form oceurs whieh is quite juiceless, and is almost as common
(A. exsuccusy Auct.).

Aromatic ; gills heco7ning pallid ; milk always coloured.

14. L. deliciosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, umbilicate, viscid,
zoned, smooth, rufous-orange, turning pallid, margin smooth ;
stem stuffed, then hollow, somewhat spotted ; gills and milk
at first saffron-red, at length greenish. — Sow. t. 202; Huss. i.
t. 67.

In fir-woods. Often very abundant, but rare in some lo-
calities. Esculent. The gills, when wounded, turn a dull green,
like the milk. Pileus 4-5 inehes aeross. Slightly acrid.

#** Q-ills changing colour, dusted with the white spores; milk at

first white, mostly 7nild.

15. L. theiogalus, Er. ; pileus fleshy, convex, then depressed,
viscid, smooth ; stem stuffed, even, of the same colour ; gills
thin, crowded, yellowish ; milk white, then sulphur- coloured.
— Kromb. t. 1. /. 23, 24.

In woods. Very common. Pileus ochraceous or tawny,
zoned or zoneless, 2-3 inches across. Smell spicy.

16. L. clirysorrheus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy, umbilicate,
then funnel-shaped, pinkish -yellow, with darker zones or spots ;
stem stuffed, then hollow, equal, even, white; gills thin, de-

AGARICINI.

207

current_, crowded,, yellowish ; milk very acrid^ white^ then
golden-yellow. — Kromb. t. 12. /. 7-14; Bolt. t. 144.

In woods. Not common. Scotland, Klotzsch. Pileus 2-3
inches across.

17. L. acris, Ft. ; pileus fleshy, irregular, at length funnel-
shaped, viseid, dingy-cinereous; stem stuffed, then hollow,
subexeentric, pallid, attenuated downwards; gills rather crowd-
ed, pale yellow, turning red as well as the white milk. — Bolt,
t. 60.

In woods. Rare. Scotland, Dorsetshire, etc. Not always
excentric, nor does the milk always change its colour with
equal intensity.

18. L. pallidus, Fr.; pileus fleshy, depressed, obtuse, smooth,
viscid, zoneless, pallid, as well as the stuffed, then hollow, stout,
firm stem; margin thin, inflexed; gills erowded, white, then
pallid, pruinose ; milk mild, white. — Kromb. t. 56. f. 10-14.

In woods. Bowood, C, E. Broome. A large species.

19. L. quietus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, depressed, obtuse, at first
viscid, soon dry, turning pale, somewhat zoned, opaque, ru-
fescent, as well as the stuffed, smooth stem ; gills white, then
reddish ; milk mild, white. — Kromb. t. 40. /. 1-9.

In woods. Known by its at first pinkish, somewhat
silky, pileus, which is darker in the centre and obsoletely
zoned, its spongy, at length rubiginous stem, and the eva-
nescent slime.^^

20. L. volemum, Fr. ; pileus compact, rigid, plano-dcprcsscd,
obtuse, dry, of a golden tawny, at length rimoso-rivulosc ;
stem solid, hard, blunt, pruinose ; gills crowded, white, be-
coming yellowish ; milk abundant, mild, white. — Hass. i. t. 87.

In woods. Not common. King’s Cliffc, etc. Pileus 4
inches across. Esculent.

21. L. serifluus, ; pileus fleshy, plane, then depressed.

208

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

subflexuous^ dry, smooth, zoneless, brownish -tawny, margin
indexed ; stem solid, equal, somewhat ineurved, paler, turning
yellowish, as well as the erowded gills ; milk sparing, of the
colour of serum. (Plate 13, fig. 4.)

In woods. Common. Milk of a watery -white.

22. L. mitissimus, Fr. ; pileus thin, fleshy, convex and
smooth, then depressed, papillate, dry, zoneless, even, orange,
as well as the stuffed, then hollow stem ; gills crowded, paler ;
milk mild, white.

In woods and on hedge-banks. Not uncommon. Very
abundant about Coed Coch, and extremely beautiful.

23. L. subdulcis, Fr. ; pileus thin, fleshy, papillate, at length
depressed, polished, even, zoneless, rufous-cinnamon ; stem
stuffed, then hollow, equal, subpruinose, becoming rufous, as
well as the brittle, crowded gills ; milk scarcely acrid, white.
— Sow. t. 204.

In w^oods. Very common.

24. L. camphoratus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, thin, depressed,
dry, somewhat zoned, smooth, brownish-red, as well as the
stuffed, somewhat undulated stem ; gills crowded, yellow-red ;
milk mild, white. — Bull. t. 567. /. I.

In woods. Not very common. Bristol, Dr. Stephens, C.
E. B? 'oome. Known by its powerful smell of Melilot, which
it retains for a long time in the herbarium. Pileus IJ inch
across.

25. L. rufus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, umbonate, at length funnel-
shaped, dry, flocculose, then smooth and shining, zoneless, dark
rufous; stem stuffed, rufous; gills crowded, ochraceous and
rufous; milk white, extremely acrid. — Huss. i. t. 15.

In fir-woods. In most districts very common. The um-
bonate pileus and acrid milk at once distinguish this dangerous
fungus from the five preceding species.

AGARICINI.

209

26. L. glyciosmus, Fr. ; pileus thin, fleshy, convexo-plane,
somewhat umbonate, dry, squamulose, lurid, opaque ; stem
stuffed, slender, pubescent, pallid ; gills crowded, yellowish-
ochre; milk acrid, white.

In fir-woods. Scotland, Dr. J. C. BaucJiop, etc. Kemarkahle
for its peculiar, sweet, but oppressive smell.

27. L. fuliginosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, soft, depressed, ob-
tuse, quite dry, zoneless, at first clouded with a dingy bloom,
then naked and cinereous-tan, as well as the spongy, stuffed
stem ; gills crowded, tan- coloured ; flesh and acrid milk white,
then saffron-coloured. — Bull. t. 667. f. 3.

In woods. Very common. Spores yellowish. The change
of colour in the flesh is often more striking than in the milk.

9. RUSSULA, Fr.

Hymenophorum continuous with the vesiculose trama. Gills
rigid, not milky ; edge acute. Veil none.

* Bileus Heshy all over ; margin consequently even and without
strive ; not clothed with a distinct^ viscid pellicle.

1. R. nigricans, Fr.; pileus fleshy all over, compact, um-
bilicate, depressed, dingy- olive ; margin indexed, even, charred
as well as the solid, blunt stem ; gills rounded, thick, distant,
unequal. — Sow. t. 30; Huss. t. 73.

In woods. Extremely common. Turning quite black in
decay. Flesh reddish when cut. Pileus several inches across.

2. R. adusta, Fr. ; pileus fleshy all over, compact, depressed,
then somewhat funnel-shaped ; margin at first indexed, smooth,
then erect, even, dingy, cinereous as w'cll as the blunt, solid
stem ; gills adnate, then decurrent, thin, crowded, unequal. —
Kromh. t. 70. /. 7-13.

In woods. Not common. Coed Coch. Smaller than the
last.

p

210

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

3. E,. delica, ; pileus fleshy all over, firm, umbilicate,
even, shining; margin involute, smooth, even, white, as well
as the solid, compact stem ; gills thin, decurrent, distant,
white.

In woods. Not common. King’s Cliffe. Resembling Lac-
tarius vellereus, from the juiceless state of which it requires to
be carefully distinguished. Bolt. t. 28 is referred by Fries
doubtfully to R. elephantina. He evidently confused it with
Russula foetens.

** Rileus opaque^ clothed iciili a thin, closely adnate pellicle, viscid

when moist, hut which disappears when the plant is old ; margin

at length striate, hut never tuherculate.

4. R. sanguinea, Fr. ; acrid ; pileus firm, fleshy, convex,
then depressed and gibbous, at length even, moist; margin
thin, acute, even; stem solid, spongy, slightly striate, white
or pinkish ; gills thin, decurrent, very crowded, somewhat
forked, connected, white. — Bull. t. 42.

In woods. Not common. King’s Cliffe, etc. Gills nar-
row ; flesh very firm. Pileus generally hlood-red.

5. R. rosacea, FV. ; at length acrid; pileus compact, con-
vexo-plane, unequal, viscid, then dry, variegated with spots;
margin acute, even ; stem solid, spongy, even, white or pinkish ;
gills adnate, rather crowded, plane, unequal, white, divided
behind. — Bull. t. 509. f. Z.

In woods. Not common. Fineshade, Northamptonshire.
Pileus generally deep red.

6. R. furcata, Fr. ; mild, at length hitter; pileus fleshy, ri-
gid, at length depressed, funnel-shaped, even, partially shining,
with a silky lustre, at length smooth ; margin even, acute ;
stem stout, firm, even, attenuated downwards, white as well
as the adnato-decurrent, rather thick, somewhat distant,
forked gills. — Kromb. t. 62./. 1, 2,

AGARICINI.

211

In woods. Common. Generally greenish^ but variable in
colour.

7. R. vesca, Fr, ; mild, sweet to the taste ; pileus firm,
fleshy, urnbilicate, convex, then expanded, funnel-shaped,
venoso-rugose ; flesh reddish under the viscid pellicle ; margin
even, or at length remotely striate ; stem firm, unequal, rivu-
loso-rugose, white, as well as the adnate, rather erowded,
unequal, forked gills. — Bolt. t. 1. [Huss. i. t. 89.)

In woods. Not common. Esculent. Kent, Mi'S. Hussey.

8. R. heterophylla, Fr. ; mild ; pileus firm, fleshy, convexo-
plane, then depressed, even, polished j pellicle very thin, eva-
nescent; margin thin, even, or densely striate; flesh white;
stem solid, firm, nearly equal, even, white, as well as the at-
tenuated, nearly free, very crowded, forked, and dimidiate gills.
(Plate 13, fig. 5.) — Huss. i. t. 84.

In woods. Common. Esculent. Very variable in colour.

9. R. depallens, Fr. ; mild ; pileus firm, fleshy, undulated,
irregular, even, opaque ; pellicle thin, viscid, adnate, turning
pale ; margin even, at length slightly striate ; stem firm, atte-
nuated downwards, white, becoming cinereous ; gills adnexed,
crowded, brittle, forked behind, dirty-white. — Kromb. t. 66.
/. 12, 13.

In pastures. Laxton, Northamptonshire. Stem in my spe-
cimens spongy, and not attenuated. Pileus red, changing to
white.

10. R. sardonia, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, firm, convexo-plane,
then depressed, smooth ; pelliele thin, adnate, viscid, changing
colour; margin even; stem solid, spongy, short, wliitc or red-
dish; gills adnate, very crowded, somewhat forked, yellow. —
Kromb. t. 68./. 1-4.

Near paths in fir-woods, as at Coed Coch. A small species.
Pileus dull yellow.

212

OUTLINES OF BRITISH EUNGOLOGY.

*## Pileiis without any viscid 'pellicle ^ dry^ commonly hreahing up
into Jiocci and granules ; margin straight^ not striate.

11. R. rubra, Fr. ; acrid ; pileus fleshy, rigid, convex, then
flattened or depressed, dry, polished, at length even; margin
patent, obtuse, even ; stem hard, solid, stout, white or red ;
gills obtusely adnate, rather crowded, dirty-white, often forked
and dimidiate. — Kromb. t. 65.

In woods. Not uncommon. A splendid species. Pileus
generally intensely red. Plesh grumous.

12. R. lepida, jFr. ; mild; pileus fleshy,, compact, convex,
then depressed, unpolished, slightly silky or rimoso-squamose,
turning pale; margin patent, obtuse, even; stem solid, com-
pact, even, white or pink ; gills rounded, rather thick and
crowded, many of them forked, white. — Huss. ii. t. 32.

In woods. Kent, Mr. Hussey. Esculent.

13. R. virescens, Er. ; mild; pileus firm, fleshy, globose,
then expanded and umbilicate, innato-flocculose or areolate
and warty ; margin straight, obtuse, even ; stem solid, spongy,
stout, subrivulose, whitish as well as the free, rather crowded,
unequal, and forked gills. (Plate 13, fig. 6.) — Huss. ii. 11.

In woods. Not very common. Esculent. Pileus greenish.
Easily known by the rough surface of the pileus.

*### Pileus brittle, clothed with a viscid cuticle ; margin connivent,
but not involute, generally sulcate and tuberculate.

14. R. emetica, Fr.; acrid; pileus fleshy, flattened out or
depressed, polished, shining; margin patent, at length sul-
cate ; flesh white under the separable red cuticle ; stem solid,
spongy, firm, elastic, even, white or pink ; gills free, equal,
broad, rather distant, white. — Kromb. t. 66. /. 4-7.

In woods, but not common. A large and fine species.

15. R. ochroleuca, Fr. ; acrid; pileus fleshy, flattened out

AGARICINI.

213

or depressed, polished, adnato- pelliculose, turning pale ; mar-
gin patent, even; stem spongy, stuffed, firm, reticulato-rugu-
lose, white, then cinereous ; gills rounded behind, connected,
broad, nearly equal, white, becoming pallid. — Kromb. t. 64.
/. 7-9.

In fir-woods. Apethorpe, Northamptonshire. Pileus bright
pale ochre.

16. R. foetens, Fr.; acrid, fetid; pileus bullate, then ex-
panded or depressed, rigid, viscid from the adnate pellicle ;
disc fleshy ; margin widely membranaceous, tuberculoso-sul-
cate ; stem stout, stuffed, then hollow, dirty-white, as well as
very unequal and forked, venoso-anastomosing, and at first
guttate gills. — Sow. t. 415.

In woods. Extremely common. Known at once by its
disagreeable smell. Much eaten by slugs.

17. R. fragilis, Fr. ; very acrid; pileus fleshy, thin, plane,
depressed, unequal, polished, viscid from the thin bleaching
pellicle; margin tuberculoso-striate ; stem stuffed, then hol-
low, shining; gills fixed, thin, crowded, ventricose, white. —
Kromb. t. 64./. 12-18.

In woods. The most common species. Generally red, but
assuming a variety of other hues.

18. R. Integra, Fr. ; mild ; pileus fleshy, expanded or de-
pressed, viscoso-pelliculose, changing colour; margin thin, at
length sulcate and tuberculate ; flesh white ; stem stuffed,
spongy, even, ventricose, white; gills almost free, very broad,
equal, distant, white, then pallid, dusted with yellow. — Vitt.
t. 21.

In woods. Bristol, C. E. Broome.

19. R. aurata, Fr.; at length acrid; pileus fleshy, rigid,
convexo-plane, shining; margin at length striate; flesh under
the viscid pellicle lemon-coloured ; stem compact, spongy.

214

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

slightly striate^ white or yellowish ; gills rounded, free, broad,
equal, shining, with the edge bright yellow. — Kromb. t, 66.
/. 8-11.

In woods. Bristol, C. E. Broome. One of the handsomest
of the genus. Pileus bright-orange, etc.

20. R. decolorans, Fr. ; mild ; pileus fleshy, firm, spheri-
cal, then expanded or depressed, polished, thin, pelliculose,
turning pale ; margin thin, even, fleshy and spongy ; stem
solid, elongated, rugoso-striate, cylindrical, white, changing to
cinereous ; gills furcato-adnexed, thin, crowded, white, then
yellowish.

In woods. Northamptonshire. September 16, 1837. Pi-
leus scarlet above, 5 inches across; stem 4^ inches high, 1^
thick.

21. B. nitida, Fr.; nauseous, rather fetid ; pileus slightly
fleshy, at length rigid, convexo-plane, then depressed, shining;
margin thin, from the first striate and tuberculate ; flesh white ;
stem stuffed, soft, white, becoming pallid; gills adnexed and
seceding, thin, crowded, shining, white, then yellow. (Plate
13, fig. 7.) — Kromb. t. 66. /. 1-3.

In woods. King’s Cliffe. Small. Pileus variable in colour.

22. B. alutacea, Fr. ; mild ; pileus fleshy, obtuse, ex-
panded or depressed, viscoso-pelliculose, changing colour ;
margin thin, at length striate, tuber culated ; flesh white ;
stem stout, spongy, solid, white or red, even; gills at first
free, thick, equal, rather distant, tan-coloured from the first.
(Plate 13, fig. 8.)

In woods. Very common. Esculent. Easily known by
its large size, mild taste, and gills, which are yellow in every
stage of growth.

23. B. lutea, Fr. ; mild ; pileus rather firm, piano-de-
pressed, pelliculoso-viscid, turning pale; flesh white; margin

AGARICINI.

215

even ; stem stuffed^ then hollow^ soft^ white ; gills free^
crowded, connected by veins, egg-yellow. — A. luteus, Huds.

In woods. Scotland, Klotzsch, Small. Pileus yellow.

24. R. vitellina, Fr. ; strong-scented, mild ; pileus sub-
membranaceous, self-coloured, at length tuberculato-striate ;
disc minute, slightly fleshy; stem slender; gills distant, con-
nected by veins, nearly free, equal, saffron -yellow. — Batsch,
/ 72.

In fir-woods, etc. Not uncommon. A small species, scarcely
exceeding an inch in diameter, with a short slender stem.
Pileus mostly yellow, occasionally tinged with purple. Not,
I think, always strong- scented.

10. CANTHARELLUS, Fr.

Hymenophorum inferior, confluent with the floccose trama.
Gills thick, swollen, somewhat branched. Edge obtuse.

1. C. eibarius, Fr.; egg-yellow; pileus fleshy, at first
curved, smooth, at length turbinate ; stem solid, attenuated
downwards ; gills thick, distant, of the same colour. — Grev.
t. 258.

In woods. Common. Esculent. Smell like that of ripe
apricots. Taste agreeable, but pungent. There is a white va-
riety of this, as also of the next.

2. C. aurantiacus, Fr. ; of a more or less decided orange ;
pileus fleshy, soft, depressed, tomentose, unequal, as well as
the stuffed stem ; gills crowded, straight, darker than the
pileus. (Plate 14, fig. 1.)

In fir-woods and on heaths. Common. Smaller than the
last, often extremely beautiful. Stem frequently black at the
base. Scarcely esculent.

3. C. Brownii, B. and Br. ; ocliraccous-whitc or cream-

216

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

coloured ; pileus thin, convex, subumbonate ; stem slender,
tough, stuffed ; folds rather distant, linear, extremely narrow,
sometimes forked, obtusely decurrent. — Ann, of Nat. Hist,
ser. 2. vol. ii. p. 262.

Amongst grass. In the park at Hitchin, Mr. J. Brown.
Pileus about ^ an inch across; stem slender, lJ-2 inches high.
A very interesting and distinct species.

4. C. umbonatus, P. ; pileus fleshy, thin, umbonate, then
depressed, flocculose, cinereous- black ; stem stuffed, equal,
paler; gills straight, crowded, white.

Amongst moss. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon, Esq. Resembles
closely an Agaric, but the forked, obtuse gills, if properly
observed, are decisive as to its affinities.

5. C. tubseformis, Fr. ; pileus carnoso- membranaceous,
funnel-shaped, curved and lobed, flocculose, brownish, turning
pale; stem smooth, hollow, orange-tawny, at length com-
pressed and lacunose ; gills thick, distant, branched, yellow or
dingy, naked. — Ditm. in Sturm, i. ^. 30.

In woods. Not uncommon. Remarkable for the bright
tint of the stem. C. lutescens, Fr., Bull. t. 473. f. 3, has a
paler yellow stem, and the gills less divided ; the pileus,
moreover, is merely umbilicate. It is scarcely to be deemed
a species. It occurs in the same localities with C. tubceformis.

6. C. infundibuliformis, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous,
umbilicate, then funnel-shaped, floccoso-rugose, dingy-yellow,
turning pale ; stem fistulose, even, smooth, yellow ; gills thick,
distant, dichotomous, yellow or cinereous, at length pruinose.
— Sow. t. 47.

In woods. Not uncommon, but difficult to distinguish
from the last.

7. C. einereus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, infundibu-
liform, pervious to the base, villoso-squamulose, dingy-black.

AGARICINI.

217

as well as the hollow stem ; gills thiek_, distant^ cinereous. —
Kromb. t. 45. /. 12; Bolt. t. 34.

In woods. Kare. Not found since the days of Bolton.

8. C. museigenus, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous, spa-
thulate^ horizontal^, smooth, zoned, brown, then cinereous-
white ; stem even, lateral, villous at the base ; gills swollen,
distant, branched, of the same colour. — Bull. t. 288, 498./. 1.

On the larger mosses. Not common. Berwick, Br. John-
ston, on Tortula ruralis. Bristol, C. E. Broome.

9. C. retirugus, Fr. ; thin - membranaceous, expanded,
lobed, curved, fixed behind with little threads, pale cinereous-
white; gills radiating from the centre, very delicate, reticu-
late. (Plate 14, fig. 2.)

On mosses, in swamps. King^s Cliffe, in tolerable abun-
dance.

10. C. lobatus, Fr. ; membranaceous, sessile, horizontal,
lobed, brown ; gills fold-like, distinct, banded, diverging. —
Bolt. t. 177.

On mosses, in swamps. Not common. Very nearly allied
to the last.

11. NYCTALIS, Fr.

Hymenophorum confluent with the stem and trama. Gills
fleshy, juicy, or subgelatinous, obtuse, unequal. Often para-
sitic on other Fungi. Veil universal.

1 . N. asterophora, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy, hemispheri-
cal, breaking up into a pulverulent fawn-coloured stratum ;
stem stuffed, pruinosc, white, then brownish, twisted ; gills
adnate, distant, somewhat forked, straight, dingy. — Ditm. in
Sturm, t. 26.

On dead dried Agarics. Common. The meal which covers
the pileus when full-grown consists of stellate bodies, which

218

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

appear to be a second form of fruit. See De Bary^ in Bot.
Zeit. 1859.

2. N. parasitica, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy, conical, ex-
panded, unequal, pellicle persistent, grey, pruinose ; stem mi-
nutely fistulose, flocculoso-villous, whitish ; gills adnate, thick,
distant, at length contorted and anastomosing, brownish.
(Plate 19, fig. 2.)

On Russula adusta. Common. In this species also De
Bary finds a second form of fruit, though different from the
last, and confined to the gills.

12. MARASMIUS, Fr.

Hymenophorum confluent with the stem, though different
in texture, descending into the floccose trama. Hymenium
dry, covering the interstices as well as the gills. Gills or
folds thick, tough, and subcoriaceous. Edge acute.

* Fileus tough^ hut fleshy ; margin at first involute ;
mycelium floccose.

1. M. urens, Fr. ; acrid ; pileus fleshy, then coriaceous,
convexo-explanate, smooth, even, at length wrinkled or rivu-
lose ; stem solid, fibrous, rigid, pallid, mealy all over with
little white fibrils, and clothed with white down at the base ;
gills free, united behind, pallid and yellowish, at length
brownish, firm, distant, finally remote. (Plate 14, fig. 3.)

In woods and pastures. Not uncommon. Abundant in
the Kew Gardens, mixed with M. oreades. Very nearly re-
lated to the next.

2. M. peronatus, Fr. ; acrid ; pileus thin, coriaceous, con-
vexo-plane, obtuse, opaque, at length lacunose ; margin striate;
stem stuffed with fibres, outer coat villous, yellowish, then ru-

AGARICINT.

219

fescent, peronate and strigose at the base ; gills adnexed^ se-
eeding, rather thin and crowded, pallid, at length rufons.
(Plate 14, fig. 4.)

In woods, amongst leaves. Common. Rather larger than
the last, thinner, and far more wrinkled when old. Stem
clothed at the base with dense yellow strigse.

3. M. porreus, Fr. ; garlic-scented ; pilens coriaceo-mem-
branaceous, convexo-explanate, striate, flaccid; disc even, of
the same colour ; stem stuffed, then hollow, tough, juiceless,
thickened at either end, reddish-brown, pubescent ; gills nearly
free, distant, firm, yellowish, then pallid. — Sow. t. 81.

In woods, amongst leaves, generally growing on their mid-
ribs. Not common. Smell extremely strong, sometimes
persistent for years in dried specimens. Pileus dirty-white,
shaded with brown.

4. M. oreades, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, tough, convexo-plane,
then somewhat umbonate, smooth, turning pale ; stem solid,
equal, covered with a woven villous coat, pallid, naked at the
base ; gills free, broad, distant, cream-coloured. (Plate 14,
fig. 5.)

In exposed pastures, forming rings. Very common. Es-
culent. Pileus at first rufous-ochre, nearly cream-coloured
when old or dry.

5. M. fusco-purpureus, Fr.; scentless; pileus rather fleshy,
convexo-plane, subumbilicate, turning pale ; stem smooth, fis-
tulose, juiccless, brown-purple, with rubiginous strigose hairs
at the base ; gills annulato-adncxed, at length free, distant,
rufescent. — Pers. Ic. et Descr. t. 4.. f. 1, 3.

In woods. Common. Pileus at first brown-purple, pallid
when dry.

G. M. Wynnei, B. and Br. ; inodorous, ciespitose ; pileus
fleshy, convexo-plane, subunibonatc, lilac-brown, tardily

220

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

changing colour; stem fistulose, of the same colour^ furfura-
eeous ; gills thick^ distant, adnexed, bright-coloured. (Plate
19, fig. 3.)

Amongst leaves, twigs, etc. Coed Coch, abundant. Pileus
1-1^ inch across, variously tinged with brown and lilac.
Very beautiful.

7. M. Stephensii, B. and Br. ; esespitose ; pileus depressed,
rugose in the centre, eream-coloured, stained with vinous-red,
especially when bruised; stem hollow, twisted, white and
mealy above, shining and nut-brown below ; gills distant,
dirty-white. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. xiii. p. 403.

Amongst dead beech-leaves. Dursley, Dr. Stephens. Pileus
^-1 inch across. Taste and smell like that of M. oreades.

8. M. erythropus, Fr. ; inodorous ; pileus slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane, then obtuse, even, turning pale, at length
wrinkled ; stem fistulose, striate, smooth, dark-red, somewhat
pruinose when dry, clothed with white strigose hairs at the
base ; gills nearly free, broad, connected by veins, quite
entire, dirty-white.

Amongst leaves, near stumps. Not uneommon. Gills not
crowded. Pileus pallid, sometimes shaded with pink. Walls
of cavity of stem fibrillose.

9. M. archyropus, Fr. ; inodorous, fasciculate ; pileus
slightly fleshy, eonvexo-plane or depressed, smooth, turning
pale ; stem stuffed, then hollow, rigid, straight, pale-rufous
beneath the white pruinoso-tomentose bark ; gills adnexed,
seceding, crowded, linear, pallid. — Pers. Myc.Eur. t. 25./. 4.

Amongst leaves. Rare. Rristol, H. O. Stephens. Pileus
about 1 inch across, tan-coloured. A small but elegant
species.

10. M. scorodonius, Fr. ; garlic-scented ; pileus slightly
fleshy, tough, even, soon plane, rugulose and crisped ; stem

AGAKICINI.

221

fistulose^ equal,, quite smooth^ everywhere shining, rufous ;
gills adnate, crisped, dirty-white. — Lenz, f. 17.

Heaths and dry pastures, on twigs, etc. Hare. Bungay,
Mr. Stock. Esculent. Pileus rufous, changing to white.

11. M. Vaillantii, Fr. ; inodorous; pileus submembrana-
ceous, tough, soon expanded, depressed, plicato-rugose, be-
coming white; stem stuflPed, smooth, bright-brown down-
wards, paler and thickened above; gills broad, adnate, thick,
distant, white. — Vaill. t. 11. /. 21-23.

On dead wood. Abundant in a stove at the Hoyal Botanic
Gardens, BegenPs Park.

12. M. foetidus, Fr.; garlic-scented; pileus submembra-
naceous, tough, convex, then expanded and umbilicate, striato-
plicate when dry, turning pale, somewhat pruinose; stem fis-
tulose, bright-brown, pruinose or velvety; base flocculose,
inserted into the matrix ; gills annulato-adnexed, distant, ru-
fous-yellow.— Sow. t. 21.

On decayed twigs, etc. Bare. Warwickshire, Rev. A.
Bloxam. Bristol, etc. Pileus not exceeding an inch in dia-
meter, at first tawny -bay or rufous.

13. M. amadelphus, Fr.; inodorous; pileus carnoso-mem-
branaceous, obtuse, convex, then plane or depressed ; margin
at length striate; stem short, stuffed, pallid, bright-brown
below, somewhat mealy ; gills broadly adnate, distant, broad,
pallid. — Bull. t. 550. /. 3.

On dead branches. Bare. Bristol, Dr. Stephens. Bath,
C. E. Broome, etc. Pileus reddish or yellowish. Looks like
minute specimens of Ayaricus fascicularis.

14. M. ramealis, Fr.; inodorous; pileus slightly fleshy,
plane or depressed, obtuse, without strirc opaque, rngulosc ;
stem short, stuffed, mealy, white, rufous l)clow ; gills adnate,
rather distant, narrow, white. — Bull. t. 33G.

222

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On dry dead branches in woods. Extremely common. Pi-
leus silky under a lens, paler rufous, darker in the centre ;
gills pallid when old.

15. M. candidus, Fr. ; white ; pileus submembranaceous,
hemispherical, then plane and depressed, pellucid, naked, at
length sulcato-rugulose j stem stuffed, thin, incurved, mi-
nutely pruinose, floccose at the base, and at length brownish ;
gills adnexed, ventricose, distant. — Bolt. t. 39. /. D.

On twigs, etc. This species, as a native of Britain, rests on
the quotation by Fries of Bolton^s figure.

Stem horny, tough, dry ; mycelium rhizomorphoid ; pileus sub-
membranaceous ; edge at first straight.
a. Stem smooth.

16. M. androsaceus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, convex,
subumbilicate, striate, smooth ; stem horny, fistulose, quite
smooth, black ; gills adnate, distinct, simple, whitish. — Sow.
t. 94.

On leaves, etc., in woods. Extremely common. Pileus
pale-rufous, darker in the centre, minutely silky under a lens.

17. M. rotula, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, convex, umbi-
licate, plicate ; stem horny, shining, quite smooth, black ; gills
broad, few, distant, attached to a collar, distinct from the stem.
(Plate 14, fig. 7.)

On fallen twigs, decaying chips, etc., in gardens and woods.
Extremely common. Pileus nearly white.

18. M. graminum, B. and Br.; pileus nearly plane, um-
bonate, sulcate, very pale rufous, the furrows paler, umbo
brown; stem quite smooth, shining, black, white above; gills
few, subventricose, cream-coloured, attached to a free collar.
(Plate 14, fig. 8.) — Agaricus graminum, Libert, n. 119.

On leaves of grass. Eineshade, Northamptonshire, Aug. 8,

AGARICINI.

223

1859^ M. J. B, and Mr. Currey. South of England, C. E.
Broome. Scarcely exceeding 3 lines in breadth. Gills even,
with veiny interstiees. A most elegant species, and quite
distinct from M. rotula.

19. M. alliaceus, Fr. ; garlic-scented ; pileus submemhra-
naceous, campanulate, then expanded, somewhat umbonate,
even, then sulcate, turning pale ; stem horny, tall, rigid,
black, between velvety and pruinose, base rooting, naked;
gills free, brownish-white. — Jacq. Amt. t. 82.

In woods. Rare. Edinburgh, Capt. Wauch. Not at all
allied to the species which follow.

b. Stem velvety and pilose.

20. M. perforans, Fr. ; fetid ; pileus submembranaceous,
nearly plane, not striate, rugulose, smooth ; stem equal, vel
vety, dark-bay, inserted at the base ; gills adnate, simple,
dirty-white, frequently dimidiate. — Batsch, f. 10.

On fir-leaves. Not common. Scotland.

21. M. insititius, jFr. ; inodorous; pileus membranaceous,
tough, convexo-plane, subumbilieate, unpolished, at length
plicato-sulcate ; stem horny, fioccoso-furfuraceous, reddish-
brown, attenuated downwards into the simple inserted base ;
gills broadly adnate, attenuated in front, distant, simple, un-
equal, pallid, white. (Plate 14, fig. 6.)

On leaves, decayed grass, etc. Northamptonshire. In
several localities. This is a variable plant. Some specimens
agree exactly with a figure sent to me by Fries, and with the
character ; in others the stem is paler and the pileus less
plicate. The stem, however, is not attenuated downwards.
Sometimes the disc is reticulated. The pileus is generally
nearly white. I have one specimen with a rliizomorplioid my-
celium. My plant is exactly Ayaricus culopus, Libert.

22. M. Hudsoni, Fr. ; inodorous ; pileus membranaceous.

224

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

hemispherical^ rugulose, beset with scattered purple bristles,
as well as the horny, dark purple stem ; gills adnexed, nar-
row, simple, white. — Sow. t. 164.

On fallen holly-leaves. Southern counties and Wales.
Not uncommon. One of the most exquisite of Fungi.

23. M. saecharinus, Fr.; pileus membranaceous, convex,
subpapillate, smooth, sulcate and plicate ; stem very slender,
flocculose, then smooth, reddish, inserted obliquely; gills
broadly adnate, thick, narrow, very distant, connected by
veins, dirty-white.

On dead twigs. Eare. King’s Cliffe.

24. M. epiphyllus, Fr. ; pileus membranaceous, nearly
plane, at length umbilicate, smooth, plicato-rugose ; stem
rather horny, finely velvety, bright brown below, inserted ;
gills adnate, few, distant, entire, veiny, white. — Sow. t. 93.

On fallen leaves, twigs, etc., especially ash-petioles. Ex-
tremely common. Pileus white. Sometimes almost destitute
of gills.

#** Stemless.

25. M. spodoleucus, B. and Br. ; conchiform, resupinate;
margin at length free, cinereous above, pulverulent or slightly
furfuraceous; stem wanting; gills few, white; interstices even.
— Ann. of Nat. Hist. May 1859.

On dead elm-twigs. Batheaston, C. E. Broome. Gills
narrow, entire, leaving a naked space at the base.

13. LENTINUS, Fr.

Coriaceous, fleshy, and tough, at length hard, tough, dry.
Gills tough. Edge acute, toothed. Hymenophorum homo-
geneous with the stem.

1. L. tigrinus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, subcoriaceous, thin, or-

AGARICINI.

225

bicular, umbilicate; dirty -white^ adorned with innate black
seales ; stem slender, squamnlose, with a decided veil ; gills
attennato-decurrent, very narrow, white, tinged with yellow.
— Sow. t. 68.

On old stumps. Rare. King^s Cliffe, on an oak-stem.
Smell strong, acrid, like that of some Lactarii. Gills forming
little villous pores above the filmy ring.

2. L. Eunalii, Fr. ; small ; pileus fleshy-coriaceous, thin,
umbilicate, often excentric, pallid, clothed with adpressed
spot-like scales ; stem short, rough towards the base with
little black scales; gills decurrent, crowded, pallid. (Plate 15,
fig. 2.)

On ash-trees. Rare. Dorsetshire. Smaller than the lask
and harder. Perhaps merely a variety. The character given
by Fries does not accord with De Candolle’s description, still
less with Bull. t. 36. It is perhaps too near L. tigrinus.
Odour subacid, farinaceous.

3. L. lepideus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, compact, tough, convex,
then depressed, unequal, pallid-ochraceous, broken up into
darker spot-like scales ; stem stout, rooting, tomentoso-squa-
mose ; gills sinuate, decurrent, broad, torn, transversely striate,
dirty-white. — Sow. t. 382.

On stumps of firs. Rare. Pileus 2-4 inches across. Often
producing stems without pilei, and variously branched.

4. L. adhserens, Fr. ; pileus rather fleshy, tough, irregular,
lacunose, subpulverulent, dingy, pallid, glutinoso-laccatc, as
well as the somewhat hollow, rooting stem; gills decurrent,
forming lines on the stem, very thin, torn, white. — With. iv.
p. 160.

In pine-woods. The citation of Withering is doubtful, as
he says nothing as to the substance on which his plant grows,
though bis description corresponds.

226

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

5. L. coehleatus, Fr,; annual, tough, flaccid ; pileus fleshy,
but tough, irregular, more or less lohed or twisted, rufous,
turning pallid, as well as the solid, firm, suleate stem ; gills
erowded, serrated, pinkish- white. (Plate 19, fig. 4.)

On trunks of trees, and on the ground. Rare, but found
occasionally in most parts of England. Stem often divided,
so as to produee many spurious pilei.

6. L. vulpinus, Fr.; sessile, imbricated ; pilei fleshy, tough,
con eh ate, eonnate behind, longitudinally rough with rigid
points, tan-coloured; margin incurved, entire; gills torn,
white. — Soiv. t. 361.

On stumps of trees. Rare. On an elm-stump, Margate.
Pileus very rough. Spores white.

7. L. flabelliformis, Fr. ; subsessile ; pileus thin, tough,
reniform, plane, smooth, fawn-eoloured ; margin crenato-fim-
briate; gills broad, torn, pallid. — Bolt. t. 157.

On stumps. Rare. I have never seen this species. Per-
haps Boltoifls plant may be only Agaricus salignus.

14. PANUS, Fr.

Pileus fleshy, but tough, at length drying up. Gills tough.
Edge acute, entire. Hymenophorum homogeneous with the
stem.

1 . P. torulosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, then tough, eoriaceous,
funnel-shaped, flattened, sometimes dimidiate, even, pale-
ochre, frequently shaded with pink ; stem short, oblique,
clothed with grey down ; gills decurrent, rather distant, dis-
tinet behind, ruddy, then tan-coloured. — Batsch,f. 33; Bolt,
t. 146.

On old stumps of various trees. Not uncommon. Very
variable in point of eolour, sometimes quite as bright as in

AGARICINI.

227

Batsch^s figure^ sometimes shaded very slightly_, if at all^ with
pink.

2. P. conchatus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy^ but tough^ thin^ un-
equal^ excentric and dimidiate^ cinnamon^ then turning pale^
at length squamulose ; stem short_, unequal,, pubescent at the
base; gills decurrent, forming lines on the stem, somewhat
branched, pinkish- white, then ochraceous. — Bull. t. 298, 517
O, P.

On trunks of trees. Bare. Margate, etc. Not always so
much coloured, or so much inclined to be scaly, as is inti-
mated by the specific character, or by Bulliard^s plate. Al-
ways, however, easily known, by its conchate form and tougher
substance, from similar species of the genus Agaricus. A. in-
constans, P., is merely a form of this species.

3. P. stypticus, Fr. ; pileus kidney-shaped, coriaceous,
cinnamon, turning pale ; cuticle breaking up into mealy
scales ; stem short, lateral, dilated upwards ; gills determi-
nate, thin, crowded, connected by veins, cinnamon. — Sow.
t. 109.

On slumps, dead trees, etc. Extremely common.

15. XEROTUS, Fr.

Hymenophorum confluent with the stem. Gills tough or
coriaceous, dichotomous. Edge obtuse, entire.

1. X. degener, Fr.; pileus coriacco-membranaceous, piano-
depressed, flocculose, hygrophanous, striate when moist; stem
slender, solid, velvety ; gills fold-like, branched, very distant,
pale. — Sow. t. 210.

In peat- mosses. I am not acquainted with this plant.

Q

228

OUTLINES or BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

16. SCHIZOPHYLLUM, Fr.

Gills coriaceous, split longitudinally, with the two divisions
revolute, or spreading.

1. S. commune, Fr.; pileus adnate behind, simple, and
lobed; gills grey, then brownish-purple, the divided surface
villous, the edge revolute. — Sow. t. 183.

On dead wood, mostly such as has been imported. I have
seen this beautiful plant in profusion on foreign wood, hut I
have never gathered truly British specimens, which are ex-
tremely rare.

17. LENZITES, Fr.

Corky or coriaceous. Gills firm, often anastomosing, and
forming spurious pores. Edge entire.

1 . L. betulina, Fr. ; pileus between corky and coriaceous,
firm, somewhat zoned, tomentose, turning pale; margin of
the same colour; gills straight, somewhat branched, anasto-
mosing, pallid. (Plate 15, fig. 3.)

On stumps, old rails, etc. Very common. Varying greatly
in colour, in the degree of hardness, and in the anastomosing
of the gills. Often quite resupinate, and then very deceptive.

2. L. flaccida, Fr. ; pileus thin, coriaceous, flaccid, unequal,
zoned, hairy, turning pale ; margin of the same colour; gills
broad, crowded, unequal, and branched, white, then pallid. —
Bull. t. 394; Bolt. t. 158.

On stumps. Not uncommon. Punning by almost imper-
ceptible gradations into the last.

3. L. sepiaria, Fr. ; pileus hard, coriaceous, zoned, stri-
goso-tomentose, rough, bright brown ; margin and the thick-
ish branched anastomosing gills tawny. — Sow. t. 418.

POLYPOREI.

229

On fir-wood_, mostly imported. Occurring sometimes in
great quantities on fir-poles^ on railway platforms^ etc.

4. L. abietina, Fr. ; pileus tliin^ coriaceous, effuso-reflexed,
umber, clothed with umber- coloured down, at length smooth
and whitish ; gills simple, decurrent, unequal, brownish, with
a glaucous bloom. — Bull. t. 442. /. 2.

On deals. Glasgow, Klotzsch. Very distinct from the
last. Not at all tawny.

Order 2. POLTPOBFL

Hymenium lining the cavity of tubes or pores, which are
sometimes broken up into teeth or concentric plates.

18. BOLETUS, Fr.

Hymenophorum quite distinet from the hymenium. Trama
obsolete. Hymenium lining the cavity of tubes separable
from one another and from the hymenophorum.

1. Spores ocJiraceous.

* Pileus covered with a viscid pellicle ; stem solid^ neither
reticulated nor hulhous.

1. B. luteus, L. ; pileus gibbous, then pulvinate, smeared
with a brown evanescent gluten; stem dirty-yellow, equal,
firm, dirty-white, rough with dots above the broad, membra-
naceous, whitish-brown ring; tubes adnate, minute, simple,
yellow. — Schceff. t. 114; Kromb. t. 33.

In fir-woods. Fries says that this has been found once
only in Great Britain, but it is our commonest species.

2. B. elegans, pileus convexo-plane, viscid, golden-

230

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

yellow, and slightly ferruginous ; stem firm, unequal, golden-
yellow, at length rufous, dotted above the fugacious, white,
then yellowish ring; pores decurrent, shining, minute, simple,
golden-sulphur. — Grev. t. 183 ; Kromb. t. 34./. 1-10; Huss.
ii. t. 12.

In mixed woods. Far less common, and more beautifully
coloured than the last.

3. B. flavus, With.; firm; pileus clothed with yellow eva-
nescent gluten ; stem yellow, then brown, cribrose at the tip
with the decurrent tubes, which are rather large, angular, and
yellow. — Sow. t. 265.

In woods. Common. Bequires to be carefully distin-
guished from B. luteus.

4. B. laricinus, B. ; pileus dirty-white, with livid stains,
covered at first with dirty-yellow or brownish evanescent
slime, subsquamose; stem cribrose above the ring, scrobicu-
late belovf, dirty-white ; tubes adnate, subdecurrent, com-
pound, at first nearly white. — Huss. i. t. 25.

Amongst larch -trees. Common. Flesh white, very slightly
tinged with yellow.

5. B. granulatus, L. ; pileus convex, expanded, glutinous,
brown-ferruginous, and when the gluten vanishes yellowish ;
stem without any ring, yellowish, punctato-granulose above ;
tubes adnate, short, simple, yellow, orifice granulated. — Sow.
t. 420.

In grass, amongst firs. Not common. Dorsetshire, etc.
Often densely gregarious. Orifices of tubes at first dripping
with a milky fluid. Spores ochraceo-ferruginous.

6. B. bovinns, L. ; pileus nearly plane, smooth, viscid,
reddish-grey ; stem equal, even, self-coloured ; tubes subde-
current, angular, compound, greyish-yellow, then ferruginous.
— Kromb. t. 75. /. 1-6; Huss. i. t. 34.

POLYPOREI.

231

Heathy fir-woods. Dorsetshire, etc. Gregarious. Pileus
often tinged with purple. Spores nearly yellow. Stem of
the same colour as the pileus, but streaked with watery lines.

7. B. badius, i^r. ; pileus soft, pulvinate, viscid, bay-tawny ;
stem solid, nearly equal, even, paler, pruinose with brown
meal ; flesh turning partially blue ; tubes adnate or sinuato-
depressed, rather large, angular, dingy-yellow, white, then
green. — Kromb. t. 36. /. 15.

In pine-woods. Bare. Birmingham, Mr. H. Matthews.
Pileus viscid in wet, shining in dry weather.

8. B. sanguineus, With. ; pileus convexo-plane, even,
smooth, viscid, blood-red ; stem equal, even, variegated with
yellow, and blood-red; tubes adnate, broad, unequal, yellow-
orange. — With. iv. p. 319 ; Sow. t. 225.

In woods. Bare. I have never found this species. With-
ering says nothing about the viscid pileus.

9. B. piperatus, Bull. ; pileus convexo-plane, smooth,
slightly viscid, yellow, inclining to reddish-grey; stem slen-
der, even, brittle, yellow within and at the base ; tubes sub-
decurrent, large, angular, ferruginous. — Sow. t. 31.

In woods. Not very common. Smaller than any of the
foregoing. Taste hot and peppery.

Pileus more or less tomentose.

10. B. parasiticus, Bull. ; parasitic ; pileus hemispherical,
slightly silky, dirty-yellow, as well as the incurved, rigid
stem ; tubes dccurrcnt, middle-sized, rounded, compound,
golden-yellow. (Plate 15, fig. 4.)

On species of Elaphomyces. Bare. Clifton, C. E. B. Abun-
dant in Kew Gardens, 1859. Pileus often cracked. Flesh
yellow, becoming ruddy when dry. Not at all viscid.

11. B. variegatus, Fr. ; pileus convexo-plane, obtuse.

232

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

moistj tawny-yellow, sprinkled with superficial fasciculato-
pilose scales ; margin acute, at first flocculose ; stem ringless,
equal, even ; tubes adnate, unequal, minute, brownish- cinna-
mon, then pallid. — Kromb. t. 34. /. 15-18.

In pine-woods. Not common. Helensburgh, Klotzsch.
Dorsetshire. Sometimes nearly smooth.

12. B. strisepes, Sec. ; pileus convex, then plane, soft,
silky, olive; cuticle ferruginous within; stem curved, firm,
yellow, with brownish-black striae, brownish-rufous at the
base; tubes minute, angular, at length green; orifice yellow.

In woods. Bare. Coed Coch. Stem dirty-yellow, dotted
under a lens with broad bay lines. Flesh white, red near the
cuticle, sparingly changing to blue.

13. B. chrysenteron, Fr. ; pileus convexo-plane, soft, floc-
coso-squamose, brownish, inclining to brick-red ; flesh yellow,
red near the cuticle ; stem nearly equal, rigid, fibroso-striate,
scarlet or yellow ; tubes subadnate, rather large, angular, un-
equal, yellowish-green. — Bull. t. 490. /. 3 ; Huss. i. if. 5.

In meadows, woods, etc. Extremely common.

14. B. subtomentosns, L. ; pileus pulvinate, expanded, soft,
dry, villoso-tomentose, somewhat olive, not red under the
cuticle; stem stout, unequal, sulcate, and ribbed minutely
dotted and rough, yellow, as w’ell as the broad angular ad-
nate tubes. — Kromb. t. 37. f. 8-11.

In woods. Not so common as the last. Abundant at
Coed Coch. In the former, wBen the pileus is cracked, the
cracks are red, in this yellow.

Stem reticulated ; tubes adnate or merely dejyressed, not
rounded; orifice of tubes yelloiu.

15. B. calopus, Fr.; pileus globose, then pulvinate, not
polished, subtomentose, olive ; stem firm, at first conical, then

POLYPOREI.

233

nearly equal, partially or wholly scarlet, reticulated ; tubes
minute, adnate, angular, yellow. — Kromb. t. 37. /. 1-7.

In mixed woods. King^s ClifFe. Extremely beautiful.

16. B. olivaceus, Schceff. ; pileus convex, even, at length
smooth, olive-brown ; margin at first infiexed ; stem firm,
clavato-bulbous, yellowish at the top, blood-coloured below,
reticulate and punctate ; tubes adnate, short, minute, unequal,
brown-olive. — Schceff. t. 105.

In woods. Bare. Purton, in the ^ Midland Flora.^

17. B. pachypus, Fr. ; pileus pulvinate, dry, subtomen-
tose, brownish, then pallid-tan ; stem thick, firm, reticulated,
variegated with yellow and red; tubes somewhat elongated,
shorter near the stem, almost free, yellow; orifice of the same
colour.

In woods. Not common. Scotland, Klotzsch. Fleshy,
changing partially to blue.

Orifice of tubes red.

18. B. Satanas, Lenz. ; pileus pulvinate, smooth, slightly
viscid, brownish-tan, then nearly white; stem blunt, ovato-
ventricose, reticulated above, blood-red; tubes free, minute,
yellow ; orifice from the beginning blood-red. — Lenz. f. 33 ;
Huss. i. t. 7.

In woods. Not common. King’s Cliffe, 1848, 1858. A
large, poisonous species.

19. B. luridus, Fr, ; pileus pulvinate, tomcntosc, umber-
olive, then somewhat viscid, dingy ; stem stout, vermilion,
either netted or dotted ; tubes free, round, yellow, then
green; mouth vermilion, then orange. (Plate 15, fig. 5.)

In woods and woodland pastures. Very common. Poison-
ous. Changes rapidly to blue when cut or bruised.

20. B. erythropus, P. ; pileus tomcntosc, almost velvety.

234

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

tawny; stem elongated, dotted with red, not reticulate, red
within at the base and partially elsewhere ; tubes free.

In woods. King^s Cliffe, etc. Flesh yellow here and there,
blue when cut, but partially red. Far more beautiful than
the last.

21. B. purpnreus, Fr.; pileus pulvinate, somewhat velvety,
opaque, dry, purple-red ; stem stout, variegated with purple
veins or dots ; tubes minute, nearly free, yellow, changing to
green, orifice purple-orange. — Kromb, t. 87. /. 12-15.

In woods. Bare. King’s Cliffe, 1845. Extremely beau-
tiful. All the above four species are found occasionally in the
same wood, which consists principally of Tilia parvifolia.

##### Msculent ; tubes rounded behind ; mouth of the same colour.

22. B. edulis, Bull.; pileus pulvinate, smooth, moist, brown-
ish; stem stout, reticulated, pale brown; tubes half-free, elon-
gated, minute, at first white, then yellow and green. (Plate
15, fig. 6.) — Huss. i. /. 81.

In woods. More frequent in the south of England than
the north. Esculent. The large size, truly netted stem,
smooth pileus, and agreeable nutty flavour, easily distinguish
this species.

23. B. impolitus, Fr. ; pileus pulvinate, dilated, floceulose,
dingy, pallid, at length granuloso-rivulose ; margin obtuse;
stem short, stout, compaet, even, pallid; tubes nearly free,
very long, yellow, not reticulated. — Kromb. t. 74. /. 10, 11.

On woodsides, etc. Not common. Under oaks. King’s
Cliffe. Grows to a large size. Flesh more or less changing
to blue when cut. Fries speaks of his plant as sweet to the
taste ; mine has the taste of sprouting walnuts, and is exactly
the plant of Krombholz.

24. B. sestivalis, Fr. ; pileus pulvinate, silky, soft, at length

POLYPORET.

235

rivulose^ opaque, minutely granulated and silky, pallid-tan;
stem stout, firm, somewhat conical, even, pallid, white, as well
as the minute, elongated, equal tubes. — Huss. ii. t. 25.

In woodland pastures. King^s Cliffe. Kent, Mrs. Hussey.
A large species. The flesh, I believe, never becomes blue.

2. Spores suhferruginous.

25. B. viscidus, L. ; pileus pulvinate, soft, smooth, viscid,
dirty-yellow ; veil subannulate, torn, white, appendiculate ;
stem reticulate above ; tubes wide, adnate, unequal, livid.

In woods. Rare. Bristol, Dr. Stephens.

26. B. versipellis, Fr.; pileus pulvinate, dry, at flrst closely
tomentose, then scaly, and smooth in the interstices; veil
membranaceous, annular, indexed, appendiculate; stem solid,
attenuated upwards, rugoso-squamose ; tubes free, plane, mi-
nute, dirty-white. — Sow. t. 1 10.

In w'oods. Not uncommon. Pileus of a beautiful orange.
Too nearly, perhaps, allied to the next.

27. B. scaber, Fr. ; pileus pulvinate, smooth, viscid when
moist, at length rugulose or rivulose; margin veiled; stem
solid, attenuated upwards, rough with fibrous scales; tubes
free, convex, round, minute, white, then dingy. — Vitt. t. 28.
Huss. i. t. 57.

In woods. Extremely common. Generally smaller than
the last.

3. Spores rose-coloured.

28. B. alutarius, Fr. ; pileus pulvinate, expanded, soft,
velvety, then smooth, brownish-tan ; flesh white ; stem solid,
bulbous, nearly even, white, together with the pitted apex
and round plane short tubes, whieh arc depressed round the
stem, and become brown when bruised. — Kromh. t. 71./. 8, 9.

In woodland pastures. Rare. Kent, Mrs. Hussey.

236

OUTLINES OP BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

29. B. felleus, Bull. ; pileus soft^ pulvinate^ smooth^ even,
brown, inclining to reddish-grey ; stem solid above, attenuated,
reticulated; tubes adnate, convex, elongated, angular, flesh-
coloured, as well as the substance of the pileus when broken.
—Bull. t. 379.

In woods. Eare. King’s Cliffe. Taste bitter.

4. Spores white.

30. B. cyanescens, Bull. ; pileus convexo-expanded, closely
tomentose or floccoso-squamose, opaque, tan, becoming brown-
ish ; flesh compact, white, dark blue when broken ; stem
stufied, then hollow, ventricose, villoso-pruinose, of the same
colour, constricted above, even, white; tubes free, minute,
round, white, then yellow. — Bull. t. 369.

In woods. Not found since the time of Sibthorpe.

31. B. castaneus, Bull. ; pileus convex, expanded or de-
pressed, opaque, velvety, cinnamon as well as the stem, which
is stuffed, then hollow, attenuated from the somewhat bulbous
base ; flesh white, unchangeable ; tubes free, short, round,
white, then dull-yellow. — Bull. t. 328 ; Huss. ii. t. 17.

In woods. Eare. A small species.

19. STEOBILOMYCES, B.

Hymenophorum quite distinct from the hymenium. Pileus
fleshy, at length tough. Spores globose or broadly elliptic,
minutely rough.

1. Strobilomyees strobilaceus, B. ; blackish-umber; pileus
pulvinate, rough with thick floccose scales ; stem equal, veiled,
sulcate above ; tubes adnate, white, angular, whitish-brown. —
Dicks. Cr. i. t. 3. /. 2.

In fir-woods. Very rare. Bullstrode, Lightfoot. Spores
very dark.

POLYPOllEI.

237

20. POLYPORUS, Fr.

Hymenophorum descending into tlie trama of the pores,
which are not easily, if at all, separable, and changed with
them into a distinct substance.

1. Stem central ; jyileus entire,

1. P. brumalis, ; pileus fleshy, then coriaceous, some-
what umbilicate, zoneless, in the first season dingy-villous, in
the second squamulose, becoming smooth, pallid ; stem slender,
hirsute -squamulose, pallid j pores oblong and angular, slender,
acute, denticulate, white. — Host, t, 8.

On dead trunks and branches. Rare. Scotland. Portburj^,
near Bristol, C. E. B.

2. P. fuscidulus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, then tough, subcori-
aceous, convexo-plane, zoneless, even, brown, tinged with yel-
low ; stem rather slender, equal, smooth, attenuated, pallid ;
pores adnate, angular, somewhat rounded, obtuse, quite entire,
yellowish. — Bolt. t. 170.

Amongst chips, etc. Extremely rare. Darlington, Mr.
Robson. Pileus about 2 inches across.

3. P. leptocephalus, Fr. ; pileus tough, coriaceous, convexo-
plane, thin, smooth, zoneless, even, pallid, then fawn-coloured ;
stem short, smooth, pallid; pores minute, rounded, obtuse,
adnate, whitish. — Jacq. Misc. i. t. 12.

On trunks of trees. Bare. Scotland, Klotzsch. Also
found by Mr. Dickson.

4. P. lentus, B. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, umbilicate, mi-
nutely scaly, especially at first ; stem hispid, furfuraccous,
rather slender, incurved, central or cxccntric ; pores irregular,
decurrent, white. (Plate 16, fig. 1.)

On old stems of Ulex. Northamptonshire and Notting-
hamshire. Not uuconunon. Allied to R. squaniosus.

238

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

5. P. Schweinitzii, Fr. ; pileus thick_, spongy, then corky,
strigoso-tomentose, rough, bright-brown ; stem thick, very
short or obsolete, ferruginous ; pores large, often torn and
irregular, sulphur-green. — Sv. Bot. t. 720.

Amongst the roots of pines. Very rare. Dorsetshire,
C. E. B. The first specimens found, which exactly agree
with P. Schweinitzii, var. dimidiatus, were referred, because
of the total absence of a stem, to P. Herbergii, Rostk.

6. P. rufescens, Fr. ; flesh-coloured ; pileus spongy, then
corky, soft, unequal, hairy ; stem short, irregular ; pores large,
sinuated and torn, white, tinged with flesh -colour. — Sow. 190.

On the ground, about stumps. Not uncommon. Sometimes
very beautiful. Stem often lateral, and in densely imbricated
specimens sometimes obsolete.

7. P. perennis, Fr. ; cinnamon, then bright-brown ; pileus
coriaceous, then plano-infundibuliform, velvety, at length
smooth, zoned ; stem firm, thickened below, velvety ; pores
minute, angular, acute, at first veiled with a white substance,
then naked and torn. — Sow. t. 192 ; Huss. i. t. 51.

On the ground and on stumps, mostly in subalpine countries.
Not uncommon.

2. Stem lateral.

8. P. squamosus, Fr.; pileus fleshy, but tough, flabelliform,
expanded, pallid, variegated with broad, ad pressed, spot-like,
centrifugal scales; stem excentric and lateral, blunt, reticu-
lated above, black at the base ; pores thin, irregular, at length
broad, angular, and torn, pallid. — Grev. t. 207. Huss. i. t. 33.

On trunks of trees, especially Ash. Extremely common.

9. P. Postkovii, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, dimidiate,
somewhat infundibuliform, smooth, even, dingy; stem long,
excentric, reticulated, abruptly black, thickened at the base ;

POLYPOREI.

239

pores decurrentj broad, pentagonal, acute, toothed, white, then
dirty-yellowish. — Rosth. t. 17.

On old stumps. Rare. Apethorpe, Northamptonshire.
Much thinner than the last.

10. P. picipes, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but coriaceous, rigid,
tough, even, smooth, depressed behind and in the centre ; stem
excentric and lateral, equal, firm, at first velvety, then naked,
dotted black up to the round, small, tender, white, then red-
dish-grey tubes. — Grev, t. 202.

On trunks of trees. Not uncommon. Pileus ochraceous
or rufous.

11. P. varius, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, thin, soon
woody, smooth, somewhat virgate, irregular, depressed behind
or in the centre; stem excentric and lateral, even, smooth,
becoming gradually cinereous downwards; pores decurrent,
minute, short, round, unequal, whitish, then watery-cinna-
mon.— Bolt. t. 168.

On trunks of trees. Not uncommon.

12. P. elegans, Fr. ; pileus equally fleshy, soon hard and
woody, flattened out, even, smooth, self-coloured; stem ex-
centric or lateral, even, smooth, pallid, from the first abruptly
black at the base, rooting ; pores plane, minute, nearly round,
whitish-yellow, becoming pallid. — Bolt. t. 83.

On trunks of trees. Not uncommon. The limits of these
three species are, however, very difficult to seize. P. num-
mularius, whose pileus scarcely exceeds an inch in diameter,
and is occasionally almost velvety when young, though quite
smooth when old, has, perhaps, quite as great pretensions to
be separated as a species.

13. P. quercinus, Fr. ; pileus soft, corky, tonguc-sliapcd,
very thick, convcxo-planc, even, at first flocculoso-granulatcd,
tan-coloured, becoming pallid, narrowed behind into a thick.

240

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

horizontal stem ; pores short, minute, dirty-white. — Huss. i.
t. 52.

On old oaks, with Fistulina hepatica. Rare. Apethorpe,
Norths. Kent, Mrs, Hussey. A most distinct species.

14. P. lucidus, Fr. ; pileus corky, flabelliform, sulcato-
rugose, yellow, then sanguineous, chestnut, varnished and
shining, as well as the lateral stem ; pores determinate, long,
minute, white, then cinnamon. (Plate 16, fig. 2.)

On the ground, about old stumps. Not uncommon. Ex-
tremely beautiful when well grown. Very common in the
tropics. Stem very variable in length and position.

3. Pilei numerous, springing from a common trunk, and arising
from the subdivision of the primary pileus.

15. P. intybaceus, Fr. ; very much branched, fleshy, rather
brittle ; pileoli very numerous, dimidiate, stretched out, sinuate,
at length spatbulate and nearly even, greyish-brown ; stems
united into a short trunk ; pores firm, obtuse, white, becoming
brown. — Huss. i. t. 6.

On trunks of trees. Very rare. Inverary, Rev. C. Smith,
Kent, Mrs. Hussey, etc. Esculent.

16. P. cristatus, Fr.; branched, fleshy, firm, brittle; pileoli
entire and dimidiate, imbricated, depressed, between villous
and pulverulent, then rimoso-squamose,^ brown, tinged with
green ; stems connate, irregular, white ; pores minute, angular
and torn, dirty-white. — Rostk. t. 16.

In beech- woods. Very rare, Dickson.

17. P. giganteus, Fr. ; imbricated, fleshy, but tough, then
subcoriaceous ; pilei dimidiate, very broad, somewhat zoned,
rivulose, bright-brown, depressed behind ; stems branched,
connate from a common tuber; pores minute, nearly round,
pallid, at length torn. — Huss. i. t. 82.

POLYPOREl.

241

On trunks of trees^ etc. Rare. Kew. Coed Coch^ etc.
Surface of the pileus rough with little granules or scales.
Extremely handsome.

18. P. sulfureus, Fr. ; imbricated, of a cheesy consistence,
soon growing pale and cracking; pilei very broad, undulated,
nearly smooth, ruddy yellow ; pores minute, plane, sulphur-
coloured, at length torn. (Plate 16, fig. 3.) — Huss, i. t. 46.

On trunks of various trees. Common. Stem generally
obsolete. When dry, often covered with little crystals.

19. P. alligatus, Fr. ; csespitose, of a fibrous, cheesy con-
sistence, rigid, but brittle ; pilei imbricated, unequal, zoneless,
villous, tan-coloured, inclining to red ; pores minute, soft,
white, easily obliterated by fiocci. — Sow. t. 422.

At the base of trunks. Rare. I am not convinced that
Fries and Sowerby have the same species in view.

20. P. heteroclitus, Fr.; csespitose, coriaceous; pilei sessile,
expanded on all sides from a common radical tubercle, lobed,
villous, zoneless, orange; pores irregular and elongated, dull
golden-yellow. — Bolt. t. 164.

On the ground, under oaks. I am not acquainted with this
species.

21. P. salignus, Fr. ; imbricato-caespitose, coriaceous, but
soft; pilei dimidiate, dilated, kidney-shaped, dirty-white,
clothed with depressed down, swollen, sulcato-depressed about
the somewhat lobed margin ; pores thin, crowded, elongated,
flexuous, intricate, white. — Bolt. t. 78.

On willows. Not uncommon. Edinburgh, Dr. Greville, etc.

4. Stemless.

* Anodermei. — Pileus at first juicy. Cuticle none.

22. P. chioneus, Fr. ; white ; pileus fleshy, soft, zonclcss,
at length even and smooth, somewhat stretched out behind ;

11

242

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

margin acute, inflexed ; pores short, round, equal, quite
entire.

On trunks. Scotland, A. Jerdon. Bath, C. E. B. Thin,
about an inch across.

23. P. fragilis, Fr. ; dirty-white, spotted with brown when
touched ; pileus fleshy, flbrous, brittle, piano- depressed or ver-
siform, rough with flbres, convex below ; pores thin, elongato-
flexuous, intricate.

On flr. Cornwall, Mr. Ralfs.

24. P. csesius, Fr. ; white, here and there tinged with blue ;
pileus fleshy, soft, tough, unequal, silky ; pores small, unequal,
elongato-flexuous, torn and toothed. — Sow. t. 226.

On fallen sticks, etc. Not uncommon. About an inch
across, sometimes resupinate. Spores green.

25. P. destructor, Fr.; pileus fleshy, watery, brittle, effaso-
reflexed, wrinkled, dirty-white, tinged with brown, zoned
within ; pores long, rounded, toothed and torn, dirty-white.

On larch and Scotch flr. Scotland, Mrs. Wynne. North-
amptonshire, in several localities. Sometimes almost resu-
pinate or effuse, with scarcely any free margin.

26. P. nidulans, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, very soft,
somewhat pulvinate, villous, then nearly even, zoneless, red-
dish-grey, of the same colour within; pores long, middle-
sized, unequal, angular, tawny, inclining to tile-red.

On fallen sticks. Not common. Sherwood Forest, on
mountain ash. A resupinate form was sent from Scotland
by Dr. Bauchop.

27. P. rutilans, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, thin, soft, at
first villous, then smooth, zoneless, tawny-cinnamon, turning
pale, of the same colour within; pores short, minute, thin,
equal, acute, cinnamon. — Pers. Ic. et Descr. t. 6. f. 4.

On fallen branches. Not common. Wynnstay. Denbigh-
shire. When fresh, has a sweet scent, like that of anise.

POLYPOREI.

243

28. P. fumosus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, then rather corky, firm,
zoneless, silky, at length smooth, nndnlated, dingy, pale umber,
dilated and adnate behind ; fibrous within and zoned ; pores
short, round, minute, dirty-white, darker when bruised.

On stumps of trees. Very common. Smell oppressive.

29. P. adustus, Fr.; pileus fleshy, tough, firm, thin, villous,
cinereous, pallid; margin straight, at length black, effuso-
reflexed behind ; pores short, minute, round, obtuse, dirty-
white and pruinose, then cinereous-brown. — Sow. t. 231.

On stumps of trees. Not uncommon, P. carpineus is a
thin, yellowish variety.

30. P. crispus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, coriaceous,
rugose, cinereous, efFuso-reflexed behind ; margin thin, crisped,
at length black ; pores rather large, unequal, at length laby-
rinthiform, silvery-cinereous. — Batsch, f. 227.

On stumps. Less common than the last. Very nearly
allied to it.

31. P. adiposus, B. and Br. ; white, here and there acquiring
a foxy tinge; pileus soft, waxy, shortly reflexed, obscurely
tomentose; hymenium rather thick; pores small; edge ob-
tuse.

On the ground. Warwickshire, Rev. A. Bloxam. Coed
Coch. Turns brownish in drying. Pores not stratose.

32. P. amorphus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, but tough, thin, ge-
nerally efifuso-reflexed ; pores minute, unequal, golden-yellow,
at first dusted with white. — Sow. t. 423.

On the ground, amongst pine-leaves. A most beautiful, but
small species. Sowerby^s plant is not so bright in colour as
the more usual form.

33. P. hispidus, Fr. ; pileus compact, fleshy, but spongy,
dimidiate, pulvinatc, hispid, ferruginous, fibrous within, the
fibres diverging ; pores minute, rounded, inclined to sepa-

II 2

244

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

rate, fimbriated, paler than the pileus. — Sow. t. 345. Huss. i.
t. 29, 31.

On trunks of living trees. Very common. Very dark when
old. Spores yellow.

34. P. spumeus, Fr.; dirty- white; pileus fleshy, but spongy,
compact, pulvinate or convexo-plane, wrinkled, hispid, flesh
white; pores seceding, minute, round, acute, entire. (Plate
16, fig. 4.) — Sow. t. 211.

On trunks of various trees. Not common. Very variable
in form. Slightly zoned within.

** Placodermei. — JPileus indurated^ clothed with a more or less

decided erust.

35. P. dryadeus, Fr. ; pileus rather soft, spongy, then corky,
thick, pulvinate, subferruginous, turning brown ; cuticle thin,
soft, pitted, then even and smooth;' flesh fibrous, somewhat
zoned, ferruginous as well as the very long, slender, round,
soft pores; orifice at first paler. — Bull. t. 458. Huss. i. t. 21.

At the foot of old oaks. Not uncommon. Often studded
with drops of moisture. Spores white. Cuticle not so manifest
as in several allied species.

36. P. betulinus, Fr. ; pileus fleshy, then corky, ungulate,
obtuse, smooth, zoneless, covered with a thin, even, brownish,
minutely scabrous cuticle ; vertex oblique, forming a sort of
umbo ; pores short, minute, round, unequal, white, at length
seceding. — Grev. t. 246.

On birch-trees. Not uncommon. Makes excellent razor-
strops.

37. P. pallescens, Fr. ; pileus fleshy and spongy, at length
corky, thin, zoneless, even, smooth, yellowish; margin acute,
of the same colour ; pores short, minute, roundish, white, at
length yellowish. — Sow. t. 230.

POLYPOREI.

245

On old stumps. Not common. A small species, resembling
some states of P. fumosus.

38. P. vegetus, Fr. ; pileus broad, dilated, smooth, opaque-
brown ; annual zone broad, concentrically sulcate ; substance
floccose, loose, very thin ; cuticle of the second season thick,
separable; pores minute, seceding, umber, the stratum of
eaeh year being separated by a floccose mass.

On lime-trees. Scotland, Klotzsch.

39. P. applanatus, Fr. ; pileus flattened, tuberculate, obso-
letely zoned, pulverulent or smooth, cinnamon, become whitish,
clothed with a rigid, crustaceous, and at length brittle skin,
very soft within, loosely floccose ; margin swollen, white, then
cinnamon ; pores very small, subferruginous ; orifice dirty-
white, brownish when bruised.

On trunks of trees. Scotland, Klotzsch. Bristol, Oxford,
etc. A large plant, with abundant ferruginous pores, and
very soft, often pale, silky flesh.

40. P. fomentarius, Fr. ; pileus ungulate, dilated, thick,
remotely zoned concentrically, smooth, opaque, dingy, then
whitish, soft and floccose within, of a tawny-ferruginous ;
cuticle thiek, very hard, persistent ; margin and very long
minute pores distinctly stratose, at first pruinose, then ferru-
ginous.— Sow. t. 133.

On trunks of trees. Common. Spores dark.

41. P. nigricans, Fr.; pileus pulvinatc, very thick, closely
and eoncentrically sulcate, smooth, shining, black ; crust very
hard, laceate, persistent; substance ferruginous, extremely
hard ; margin very obtuse, ferruginous, as well as the very
small, plane, confluenti-stratose, naked pores.

On birch-trees. Scotland, Klotzsch. Not found, I believe,
by any one else. A neater and more shining plant than the
following.

246

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

42. P. igniarius, Fr. ; pileus even, clothed with a thin
flocculent coat, which soon becomes white, at length ungu-
late, ferruginous, changing to brownish- black, opaque; skin
close ; surface uneven, very hard, as well as the zoned ferru-
ginous flesh ; margin rounded ; pores very minute, convex,
stratose, cinnamon, at first whitish. — Sow. t. 132.

On willows, poplars, plums, etc. Extremely common. My-
celium and spores white, by which latter circumstance, as well
as by other characters, it is clearly distinguished from P. fo-
mentarms. Often resupinate.

43. P. Pibis, Fr. ; pileus corky, coriaceous, rather soft,
flattened, velvety, nearly even, ferruginous, then umber, tawny
within, as well as the sharp margin, and short, small, naked
pores.

At the base of currant- and gooseberry-trees. Very com-
mon, lasting several years.

44. P. conehatus, Fr. ; pileus corky, hard, thin, eflused,
subconchiform, reflexed, concentrically sulcate, tomentose,
bright brown; margin acute; pores short, small, cinnamon.

On trunks of various trees. Not uncommon.

45. P. salicinus, Fr.; pileus woody, very hard, undulated,
smooth, in great part resupinate ; margin short, obtuse, pa-
tent, cinnamon, then brown ; pores very small, round, ferrugi-
nous, cinnamon.

On willows. Common. Very difficult to distinguish from
the last, which also grows on willows. Both are frequently
resupinate. Crust black.

46. P. ulmarius, Fr. ; pileus corky, hard, undulated and
tuberculate, crustaceous or pileate, smooth, at first white with-
out and within ; pores decurrent, minute, round, stratose, yel-
lowish salmon-coloured. (Plate 16, fig. 5 : plant of the second
season.) — Huss. i. t. 64.

POLYPOREI.

247

In old elm-trunks. Common. Very variable as regards
the colour of the pileus when old. Pores always coloured.

47. P. fraxineus, Fr. ; pileus corky, hard, smooth, flat-
tened, white, then rubiginous and brown, at first even, then
concentrically sulcato-plicate, pallid within; pores minute,
short, rufous, at first clothed with white sebaceous villosity, as
is also the margin.

At the base of ash -trees. Not uncommon. I have seen
this species a yard in diameter, and marked with concentric
furrows, indicating the periods of growth.

48. P. cytisinus, B, ; large, imbricated ; pileus coarsely
tuberculated, hard, woody ; margin subacute ; substance nearly
white, as well as the minute pores. — Sow. t. 288.

At the foot of a laburnum. London. Quite smooth, at
least when dry. A foot or more across. Allied to the last.

49. P. variegatus, Fr. ; pileus corky, hard, smooth, flat-
tened, even, zoneless, shining, variegated with orange and bay,
pallid within ; pores round, minute, short, unequal and torn,
yellowish. — Sow. t. 368.

On trunks of trees. I am not acquainted with this species.

50. P. cervinus, P. ; effused, very broad ; pileus somewhat
reflexed, zoned, cinereous-umber, clothed with spongy down ;
pores large, various, greyish ; dissepiments rigid. — Myc. Fur.
ii. p. 87.

On fallen branches of beech. Not uncommon. Oswestry,
Rev. T. Salwey. King’s Clifie, etc. Not properly fawn-
coloured.

51. P. annosus, Fr. ; pileus woody, convex, then flattened,
rough with tubercles, in the first season brown, silky, in the
second and when old covered with a rigid, smooth, black
crust; substance white; margin obtuse, whitish, as well as
the middle-sized, obtuse pores.

248

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On stumps of larch^ etc. Very common in some districts.
Extremely variable. Often resupinate ; and then P. medulla-
panis of some authors. P. scoiicus and P. subpileatus, Kh,
are both forms of this species.

52. P. connatus, Fr. ; pilei corky^ hard, effuso-reflexed,
imbricated, somewhat zoned, confluent, velvety, white with-
out and within ; pores minute, roundish, white.

On old trunks of crab-trees, etc., running up them for one
or two feet. Often amongst moss. Not uncommon. The
pilei are sometimes almost obliterated by the moss.

*#* Inodermei. — Fileus at first dry, clothed with a thin fibrous

cuticle.

53. P. radiatus, Fr.; pileus corky, coriaceous, rigid, ra-
diato-rugose, at first velvety, tawny, then smooth, ferruginous-
brown; margin patent, waved; pores minute, pallid, with a
silvery lustre, at length ferruginous. — Sow. t. 190.

On hazel-stems, etc. Not verv uncommon. Scotland, A.
Jerdon. It has the colour of some of the Placodermei.

54. P. fibula, Fr.; white; pileus coriaceous, tough, hairj^,
substrigose, zoneless ; margin entire, acute ; pores rather
small, round, acute, at length pallid. — Sow. t. 387. /. 8.

On the door of a wine-cellar. Sower by. I am not ac-
quainted with this species.

55. P. velutinus, Fr.; pileus corky, coriaceous, plane on
either side, velvety, slightly zoned, white, at length yellowish ;
margin acute, attenuated ; pores round, minute, then white.

On branches. Not common. Edinburgh, Dr. Greville.

56. P. versicolor, Fr. ; pileus thin, coriaceous, rigid, flat-
tened, depressed behind, velvety, shining in parts, variegated
with different coloured zones ; pores minute, round, acute and
torn, white, at length pallid. — Huss.i. t. 24,

POLYPORET.

249

On stumps, branches, etc. One of the most common spe-
cies, and as variable as it is common. Some specimens are
perfectly white, others yellowish, others cinereous-blue, etc.
Some individuals approach near to P. zonatus, which has not,
I believe, been found in this country. It is a far thicker and
coarser plant. Sow. t. 367 is probably a pale form of this.

57. P. abietinus, Fr. ; pileus coriaceous, thin, effuso-re-
flexed, villous, obsoletely zoned, cinereous-white; pores un-
equal, torn, lilac, at length pale. — Grev. t. 221.

On trunks of ConifercB. Almost as common as the last in
fir-woods, and sometimes very pretty. Extremely variable in
form, but always easily recognized.

58. P. Wynnei, B.andBr. ; confiuent, various in form ; pi-
leus adnate behind, effuso-reflexed, then tan-coloured, marked
with silky raised lines ; pores small, angular, white.

Running over twigs, grass, etc. Rare. Cheshire. Coed
Coch. Pores becoming pallid in drying. This species has
somewhat the habit of P. amorphus, but is very different in
substance.

5. Resupmate.

* Pores coloured.

59. P. contiguus, Fr. ; effused, firm, at first obscurely cin-
namon ; circumference villous or fibrous, then smooth, ferru-
ginous ; pores middle-sized, equal, obtuse, entire.

On rotten wood and sticks. Not common. East Bcrgholt,
Dr. Badham. P. cellaris, Desm., is probably the same spe-
cies. It has been found at Oswestry by Mr. Salwey.

60. P. ferruginosus, Fr. ; efiused, firm, tawny, when old
ferruginous, bright brown ; circumference barren ; pores elon-
gated, roundish, middle-sized, cinnamon. — Grev. t. 155.

On gate-posts, fallen sticks, etc. Common. Mycelium

250

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

ochraceous. In resupinate forms of P. igniarius the mycelium
is white.

61 . P. nitidus, Fr, ; effused, thin, yellow ; circumference
paler, formed of the interwoven mycelium ; pores minute,
roundish, short, saffron-yellow. — Pars. Obs. ii. t. 4i. f. 1.

On dead wood. Rare. Bristol, Dr. Stephens.

62. P. Armeniacus, B.; suborbicular, confluent, extremely
thin ; circumference minutely downy ; pores at first white,
then deep buff.

On the bark of fir-trees. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Pores
often confined to the centre.

63. P. bombycinus, Fr.; effused, membranaceous, of a silky
texture, dirty-yellow ; circumference byssoid ; below velvety,
arachnoid; pores large, angular. — Sow. t. ^^7. f. 5.

On dead wood. Not common. Portbury, C. E. Broome,
Northamptonshire, etc. The pores vary a good deal in size.

64. P. incarnatus, Fr. ; effused, coriaceous, firm, smooth,
flesh-coloured ; pores rather long, unequal. — Pers. Myc. Fur.
t. 16. /. 4.

On decaying trunks of fir-trees. Rare. Edinburgh, Dr.
Greville. Pores of a fine flesh-colour, approaching in some
cases to orange.

65. P. purpureus, Fr. ; broadly and widely effused ; myce-
lium mucedinous, flocculose, white, creeping on the surface of
the decayed wood ; pores short, minute, unequal, obtuse,
scattered here and there or conglomerate, purple-lilac.

On a decayed willow. Very rare. Cotterstock, Northamp-
tonshire. P. undatus, Eng. EL, is not the plant of Pers., but
probably a state of P. igniarius.

** Pores white, or only becoming pallid.

66. P. cinctus, B. ; white, turning pallid, forming little
scattered patches, each surrounded by radiating strigose fibres ;

POLYPOREI.

251

pores extremely minute^ angular; dissepiments extremely
thin; edge ragged. — Mag. Zool. and Bot. i. t. 2. /. 3.

On old deal boards. Very rare. King^s Cliffe. Some of
the patches are barren_, and some at length become confluent.

67. P. medulla-panis, Fr. ; efiused^ determinate^ subun-
dulated; flrm^ smooth^ white ; circumference naked, immargi-
nate, composed almost entirely of middle-sized, rather long,
entire pores.

On decaying wood. Not uncommon if Sow. t. 387. f. 7
be the plant of Fries, as it certainly is of Persoon.

68. P. vitreus, Fr. ; effused, subundulated, indeterminate,
dirty- white, somewhat hyaline; mycelium thin, separable,
matted together into a mass like kid leather; pores very
small, round, long, obtuse, entire.

On decayed wood. Rare. West of England, C. E. B.

69. P. obducens, Fr. ; effused, incrusting, innate, firm,
white, composed entirety of very small, crowded, equal pores,
distinctly stratose; annual strata pallid-tan.

On rotten trunks. Not common. Bristol, C. E. B. Not
to be confounded with resupinate P. connatus.

70. P. vulgaris, Fr. ; widely effused, thin, dry, closely ad-
nate, even, white ; eircumferenee soon smooth, entirety formed
of firm, crowded, nearly equal pores. (Plate 16, fig. 6.)

On dead wood and fallen branches. Not uncommon.
Sometimes yellowish.

71. P. molluscus, Fr. ; effused, thin, soft, white; circum-
ference byssoid, composed of radiating fibrils ; pores central
or collected in patehes, small, round, unequal and torn, turn-
ing pale. — Sow. t. 387. /. 9.

On dead wood. Hare. Known by its radiating, byssoid
margin. I have found it, however, abundantly on larch, with
the margin sometimes radiating, sometimes abrupt.

252

OLILINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

72. P. terrestris, F7\ ; effused, arachnoid, byssoid, delicate,
fugacious, white ; pores central, very small, at length rufous.

On the naked soil, or on rotten wood. Rare. Linlithgow-
shire, Dr. Bauchop.

73. P. vaporarius, Fr. ; effused, innate ; mycelium creep-
ing amongst the tissue of the wood, floccose, white ; pores
large, angular, white, turning pallid, crowded into a close,
firm, persistent stratum.

On fallen branches Everywhere in woods.

74. P. aneirinus, Fr. ; effused, thin, subinnate ; circum-
ference byssoid, white ; pores large, cellular, waxy, angular,
smooth, white, then tawny.

On fallen twigs. Rare. Edinburgh, Dr. Bauchop.

75. P. Stephensii, Fr. ; orbicular, white, at length con-
fluent ; margin sometimes slightly reflexed, tomentose ; pores
broad, nearly equal, angular ; dissepiments rather thick ; edge
villous.

On twigs of privet. West of England, Dr. Stephens ^
C. E. B. A very fine species, resembling a resupinate Hexa-
gonia. Pores one-twentieth of an inch across.

76. P. Vaillantii, Fr. ; white, thin ; mycelium free, form-
ing distinct strings, sometimes joined together by a mem-
brane; pores crowded here and there, short,^ rather large,
thin, unequal. — Sow. t. 326.

On dead wood. Very rare. Glasgow, Klotzsch. Easily
known by its very peculiar mycelium.

21. TRAMETES, Fr.

Hymenophorum descending into the tram a of the pores
without any change, which are permanently concrete with the
pileus. Pores entire.*

* Some of the Polypor% as P. versicolor^ for example, have the trama, though

POLYPOREI.

253

1. T. pini, Fr. ; pileus corky, hard, pulvinate, concentri-
cally sulcate, cracked and pitted, rough, ferruginous-brown,
then black, tawny-ferruginous within; pores large, roundish
or oblong, yellow, inclining to red-brown.

On pine-trunks. Rare. Scotland, Klotzsch.

2. T. suaveolens, Fr. ; pileus corky, rather soft, pulvinate,
villous, zoneless, white ; pores round, rather large, obtuse,
white, inclining to brown. — Huss. i. t. 43.

On willows, limes, etc. Not common. Bristol, Dr, Ste-
phens, etc. King’s Cliffe. Smell like that of aniseed.

3. T. odora, Fr. ; pileus corky, elastic, uneven, gradually
becoming smooth, zoneless, pallid ; pores minute, round, equal,
dirty- white, inclining to ochre. — Bolt. t. 162.

On willows. Rare. Bv\^to\, Dr. Stephens. Very nearly re-
lated to the last. It has the same smell.

N

4. T. gibbosa, Fr. ; dirty-white ; pileus corky, villous, ob-
soletely zoned, extended behind and gibbous; pores linear,
straight, equal. — Sow. t. 194 ; Huss. ii. t. 4.

On gate-posts, stumps, etc. Rare. Bristol, C. E. B, Re-
sembles somewhat thick specimens of Lenzites betulina. Very
variable, however, in thickness. Always truly porous, though
the pores are elongated. Sowerby’s plant grew at the foot of
a poplar.

thin, of the same structure with the hymenophorum. These, however, are not
closely allied to Trametes, and have been separated by Fries under the generic
name of Polystictus, the technical character being derived from the fact that
the pores, which are developed in a centrifugal direction, are perpendicular to
the fibrillose stratum above the hymenophorum, whereas in Trametes the
hymenophorum is not distinct from the rest of the pileus. I have retained for
the present the arrangement proposed by Fries in the ‘Epicrisis,’ though the
genus Polystictus will, in all probability, be ultimately adopted. No incon-
venience is hkely to arise, as the genus Trametes includes so few British
species.

254

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

22. D^DALEA, P.

Hymenopliorum descending into the trama without any
change. Pores, when fully formed, torn, toothed, or lahy-
rinthiform.

1. D. quercina, P. ; pileus corky, rugged, unequal, nearly
smooth, of the same colour within; hymenium at first po-
rous, then broken up into waved or gill-like, lahyrinthiform
sinuses; edge obtuse. (Plate 19, fig. 5.)

On oak-stumps, rails, etc. Not uncommon. Sometimes
resupinate. Very near some states of Lenzites, but evidently be-
longing to the pore-bearing, rather than the gill-bearing series.

2. D. confragosa, P. ; pileus corky, coriaceous, rather con-
vex, scabrous, somewhat zoned, self-coloured, brownish-red,
subferruginous or wood-coloured within; hymenium porous,
then lahyrinthiform and torn, at length reddish-brown. — Bolt,
t. 160 ; Sow. t. 193.

On willows, service, etc. Rare. Bristol, C. E. B. King’s
Cliffe, etc. Sowerby’s plant is the same with Bolton’s.

3. D. unicolor, Fr. ; pileus coriaceous, corky, villoso-stri-
gose, cinereous, with zones of the same colour ; sinuses laby-
rinthiform, fiexuous, intricate, acute, then torn and toothed. —
Sow. t. 325.

On stumps, etc. Very common.

4. D. latissima, Fr. ; corky, hard, thick, undulated, red-
dish-brown or pallid wood-colour ; pores thin, distant, very
obtuse, roundish and elongated, fiexuous. — Sow. t. 424.

On dead branches, or on the ground. Rare.

23. MERULIUS, Fr.

Hymenium soft, waxy, forming porous, reticulate, or si-
nuous, toothed folds.

POLYPOREI.

255

1. M. tremellosus, Schrad. ; resupinate, then free or re-
flexedj of a tremelloid fleshy eonsistence^ white ; margin den-
tato-radiate ; folds porous, various, pinkish. — Huss. i. t, 10.
Boletus arboreus. Sow. t. 346.

At the base of decayed trees. Bare. Apethorpe, etc.
Sometimes the edge is beautifully tinged with pink, as in
Mrs. Hussey^s plant.

2. M. corium, Fr. ; resupinate, effused, soft, thin, like
paper ; circumference at length free and reflexed, white and
villous below ; hymenium reticulato-porous, flesh-coloured or
pallid- tan. — Grev. i. 147.

On dead trunks, etc. Extremely common. Very variable.

3. M. molluscus, Fr. ; effused, thin, soft, membranaceous ;
margin byssoid, white ; folds flesh-coloured, gyrated, and form-
ing pores. — Pers. Myc. Fur. t. 14. /. 1, 2.

On dead wood. Bare. Penzance, Mr. Ralfs. Hymenium
dark-brown when old.

4. M. Porinoides, Fr. ; crustaceous, adnate, thin ; circum-
ference byssoid, white; folds poriform, distant, dirty-yellow. —
Pers. Myc. Fur. t. 14. /. 7.

On dead wood, chips, etc., or on the ground. Very rare.
Bristol, C. F. B.

5. M. rufus, P. ; crustaceo-adnate, smooth, red-brown;
circumference nearly naked, of the same colour, as also the
uniformly porous hymenium. — Pers. Myc. Fur. t. 16. /. 1, 2.

On fallen oak-boughs. Bristol, C. F. B., etc. This has a
very Polyporoid appearance, and I am not certain that it is
anything more than a state of Dcedalea confragosa, of which,
I believe, Trametes rubescens is a synonym.

6. M. serpens, Fr. ; crustaceo-adnate, thin, at length
smooth, pallid, then reddish ; circumference byssoid, white ;
folds at first mere wrinkles, then forming entire angular
pores.

256

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On dead wood. Rare. Twycross, Rev. A. Bloxam. Not
separable^ like M. corium.

7. M. pallens, B. ; adnate^ thin^ inseparable, pale-reddish,
fleshy, subgelatinous ; folds poriform ; margin indeterminate.
— Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vol. vi. p. 358.

On fir-wood. Rare. Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire.
Pores minute.

8. M. Carmichaelianus, B. ; white, extremely thin, form-
ing efiused, entirely resupinate, irregular, interrupted, con-
fluent patches; folds forming regular angular reticulations;
dull brown when dry. — Grev. t. 224.

On bark. Very rare. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Forming
a mere pellicle, with minute, often hexagonal, extremely shal-
low pores.

9. M. lacrymans, Fr. ; large, fleshy but spongy, moist,
ferruginous-yellow, arachnoid and velvety beneath; margin
tomentose, white; folds ample, porous, and gyroso-dentate.
(Plate 2, fig. 1.) — Huss. i. t. 3.

In cellars and hollow trees. Too common. Often dripping
with moisture. Sometimes several feet in width. I do not
consider M. pulverulentus more than a mere form of the same
thing. Dry Rot is caused mainly by this fungus.

10. M. aurantiaeus, Klotzsch ; pileus tough, carnoso-co-
riaceous, effuso-reflexed, zoned, tomentose, between yellow and
dirty-white, here and there cinereous ; folds minute, subpori-
form, dull-orange.

On dead beech-trees. Rare. Scotland, Klotzsch. Allied
to the last.

24. POROTHELIUM, Fr.

Hymenophorum mycelioid, covered with distinct papillae, at
first closed, then open like pores.

HYDNEI.

257

1. P. Friesii, Mont.; eflPused, confluent, flocculoso-mem-
branaceous, white, inclining to tan-colour ; circumference
simple ; papillae immersed, yellowish, at length open, pitcher-
shaped.— Ann. de Sc. Nat. sir. 2. vol. v. p. 339.

On pine- wood. Very rare. Castle Semple, Klotzsch.
Wraxall, Somersetshire, C. E. B. Wothorpe, Northampton-
shire. Pores often crowned with a pellucid drop.

25. PISTTJLINA, Bull.

Hymenophorum fleshy. Hymenium inferior, at first pa-
pillose ; the papillae at length elongated, and forming distinct
tubes.

1. P. hepatica, Fr. ; fleshy and juicy, rootless; pileus un-
divided, blood-red. (Plate 17, fig. 1.) — Huss. i. t. 65.

On trunks of old oaks. Common. Esculent. Sometimes
attaining an enormous size. Tubes flesh-coloured or yel-
lowish.

Oedeb 3. HYDNEI.

Hymenium spread over the surface of spines, teeth, persis-
tent papillae, etc., and not lining impressed pores or tubes.

26. HYDHUM, L.

Spines awl-shaped or compressed, distinct at the base.

* Stem central.

1. H. imbricatum, L. ; pileus fleshy, nearly plane, some-
what umbilicate, rough with tessellated scales, floccose, zone-
less, umber ; stem short, even ; spines decurrent, palc-cincrc-
ous. — Grev. t. 71.

s

258

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On the ground, in pine-woods. Not common. Of the two
forms, the one with thick persistent scales alone has been at
present found in Great Britain.

2. H. repandum, L, ; pileus fleshy, compact, rather waved,
nearly smooth, pallid, as well as the irregular stem ; spines
unequal, of the same colour. (Plate 17, fig. 2.) — Huss. i. 1. 16.

On the ground, in woods. Common. Esculent. H. ru~
fescens is a variety with a redder colour. — Bolt. t. 89.

3. H. compactum, Fr. ; pileus corky, compact, waved and
tuberculate, zoneless, olivaceous, cinereous, or brown, com-
monly involved in white down, variegated with blue within ;
stem very short, irregular, tawny-brown ; spines brownish,
pale at the tips. — Batsch, /. 221.

On the ground, on heaths, and in fir-woods. Bare. Bun-
gay. Woodward. Aviemore, Klotzsch.

4. H. zonatum, Batsch ; ferruginous ; pileus coriaceous,
thin, expanded, somewhat funnel-shaped, zoned, at length
smooth, radiato-rugose ; margin pale, sterile; stem slender,
nearly equal, floccose, tuberous at the base; spines slender,
pallid, then of the same colour as the pileus. — Batsch, f. 224.

In woods. Bare. Cork, Mr. Denis Murray.

5. H. graveolens, Delastre ; pileus coriaceous, thin, soft,
zoneless, wrinkled, dark brown, cinereous when dry, brown
within ; margin whitish ; stem slender ; spines short, grey.

In woods. Bare. Wales, Mr. Ralfs. Worcestershire.
Has a strong and persistent smell of melilot.

** Stem lateral.

6. H. auriscalpium, L. ; pileus dimidiate, kidney-shaped,
coriaceous, hairy, bright brown, inclining to black ; stem slen-
der, rooting, hairy, of the same colour; spines tough, bright
brown. — Grev. t. 196.

HYDNEI.

259

On fir-cones. Common. Extremely pretty.

JBranched or tuber culiform, immarginate,

7. H. eoralloides, Scop. ; very much branched^ white, at
length yellowish, broken up into intricate attenuated branches ;
spines unilateral, awl-shaped, entire. — Sow. t. 252.

On decayed fir, beech, ash, etc. Eare. Young plant re-
sembling a cauliflower. Esculent.

8. H. Erinaceus, Bull.; flesh tough, elastic, pendulous,
tuberculate, immarginate, white, aequiring a yellow tinge
above, torn into fibres ; spines very long, straight, equal, pen-
dulous.— Bull. t. 34.

On trunks of oak, beech, etc. Eare.

9. H. Caput-Medusse, Bull. ; fleshy, tuberculiform, some-
what stipitate, white, then cinereous; upper spines distorted,
lower fertile, long, straight. — Bull. t. 412.

On trunks of trees. Eare. Oxfordshire, C. P. Berkeley.

^temless, dimidiate.

10. H. gelatinosum, Scop. ; pileus gelatinous, tremulous,
dimidiate, substipitate, glaucous, turning brown, papillate;
spines soft, pyramidal, glaucous. — Kromb. t. 50. /. 18, 22.

On trunks of firs. Very rare. Weybridge, Mr. F. Currey.

11. H. ochraceum, P. ; pileus effuso-reflexed, thin, coria-
ceous, zoned, ochraceous ; spines very small, pinkish-ochre. —
Sow. t. 15.

On fallen sticks, etc. Common. Easily removed from the
matrix. Often resupinate.

Resupinate.

12. H. squalinum, Fr. ; subiculum firm, coriaceous, ad-
nate, wood-coloured ; spines long, crowded, stout, compressed,
entire, at length brownish. — Bolt. t. 74.

s 2

260

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On trunks of trees, espeeially beeeh. Admitted on the
authority of the figures of Ray and Bolton.

13. H. membranaceum, Bull.; subiculum effused, waxy,
membranaeeous, agglutinate, smooth, tawny -ferruginous ;
spines awl-shaped, erowded, equal, aeute, of the same colour.
— Sow. t. 827.

On fallen sticks. Not uncommon. Spines often collected
in bundles.

14. H. Weinmanni, Fr.; subiculum effused, waxy, mem-
branaceous, agglutinate, smooth, greyish fawn-colour j spines
minute, sharp, rather distant, equal. — Pers. Myc. Fur. t. 22.

/. 2.

On fallen branches. Bristol, Dr. Stephens.

15. H. fuseum, P. ; effused, rufous-brown ; circumference
paler, coarsely byssoid; spines long, quite entire, close, very
acute, shining, as if varnished. — Pers. Myc. Fur. ii. t. 17.

/. 3.

On dead wood. Very rare. Wrabness, Essex, Rev. R. T.
Lowe. Differs from H. fusco-atrum^ Fr., in its long spines.

16. H. ferruginosum, Fr. ; subiculum effused, tomentose,
tawny-ferruginous, as well as the crowded, conico-subulate,
acute spines. — Nees, Syst. /. 248.

On decaying wood. Not uncommon. Separable from the
matrix, almost mucedinous when not fully developed.

17. H. variecolor, P. ; subiculum effused, adnate, furfu-
raceo-crustaceous ; spines crowded, short, conical, unequal,
minute, brownish.

On dead stumps. Bare. Clifton, Nottinghamshire. Com-
pared with an authentic specimen from Fries.

18. H. alutaceum, Fr. ; subiculum longitudinally eftused,
crustaceous, adnate, smooth, pale-ochre ; circumference naked;
spines minute, crowded, equal, acute.

HYDNEI.

261

On dead wood. Rare. Colleyweston, Northamptonshire.
My plant is not on fir-wood, like that of Fries.

19. H. spathulatum, Fr,; subieulum effused, membrana-
ceous, seeeding, dirty-white, verging on yellow ; circumference
fimbriate; spines spathulate, oblique, orange.

On decaying wood. Very rare. Apethorpe, Northampton-
shire. Spines, however, scarcely orange, yet agreeing with
authentic specimens from Schweinitz. Separable.

20. H. udum, Fr. ; subieulum effused, thin, subgelatinous,
agglutinate, smooth, flesh-coloured, then watery-yellow; spines
crowded, unequal, forked and fimbriate, of the same colour.
(Plate 17, fig. 3.)

On fallen branches. Not uncommon. So nearly allied to
H. membranaceum, that it is difficult to draw the line between
them.

21. H. niveum, P. ; white; subieulum effused, thin, mem-
branaceous, adnate ; circumference byssoid ; spines short,
crowded, equal, smooth. — Pers. Disp. t. 4. /. 6, 7.

On dead wood, leaves, etc. Rare. Bristol, C. E. B.

22. H. farinaceum, P. ; white ; subieulum effused, inde-
terminate, crustaceous, mealy; circumference slightly floccu-
lose ; spines slender, rather distant, very acute, quite entire.

On decayed wood. Not uncommon. Varies a little in
tint.

23. H. plumosum, ; downy, snow-white; subieulum

very delicate ; spines divided, feathered at the apex. — Bot.
Gall. ii. p. 778.

On dead wood. Rare. Lambley, Nottinghamshire.

27. SISTOTREMA, P.

Ilymenium spread over gill-like teeth, irregularly distri-
buted, distinct from the pileus, and easily separable.

262

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1 . S. eonfluens, P. ; simple^ confluent, white ; pileus fleshy,
irregular, horizontal, villous; stem somewhat excentric; teeth
flexuous. — Grev. t. 248.

On the ground. Not common. At length yellowish, or
tinged with brown. Teeth entire, or jagged.

28. IRPEX, Fr.

Teeth formed at an early stage of the growth of the subi-
culum, concrete with it, and disposed in rows or like net-
work, and connected together.

1 . I. pendulus, Fr. ; pilei membranaceous, plicate, clothed
with adpressed, pilose scales, yellow, extended behind, pen-
dulous ; margin and large, seriate, incised teeth white. — Alb.
and Schw. t. 6. /. 7.

On pine-wood. Rare. Scotland, Klotzsch. There is a
strong analogy between this curious plant and Lentinus coch~
leatus. No one now knows what Hydnum crispum, SchseflP.,
is. It probably belongs to this genus, and is said to have
been found by Sib thorp and others.

2. I. Johnstoni, 7^. 5.; pure white, coriaceo-membranaceous,
separable from the matrix ; circumference naked ; teeth com-
pressed, unequal, disposed in rows.

On dead branches. Berwick, Dr. Johnston. This was re-
ferred to I. lacteus in the ^ English Flora,^ but that is a far
thicker and very difierent species. The separable subiculum,
and pure, unchangeable white, distinguish it from /. candiduSy
Weinm.

3. I. obliquus, Fr. ; effused, crustaceous, adnate, white, be-
coming pallid ; circumference byssoid ; teeth springing from
a porous base, compressed, unequal, incised, oblique. — Bolt. t.
167. /. 1.

HYDNEI.

263

On fallen branches. Not common. Berwick, Dr. Johnston.
Linlithgowshire, Dr. Bauchop.

29. RADULUM, Fr.

Tubercles rude, irregular, commonly elongated and cylin-
drical, obtuse, waxy.

1 . R. orbiculare, Fr. ; in the autumn effused, orbicular,
confluent, white, then yellowish; circumference byssoid; tu-
bercles elongated, irregular, roundish, scattered or fasciculate ;
in the spring waxy, smooth, flesh-coloured ; tubercles shorter
and broader. — Grev. t. 278.

On dead branches of birch. Not uncommon in some dis-
tricts.

2. R. quercinum, Fr. ; roundish, then widely confluent,
innate, crustaceous, becoming smooth, white, then pallid ; tu-
bercles roundish, elongated, stout, obtuse, scattered or fasci-
culate, irregular, floccoso-villous at the tips. — Raii Syn. t. 1.

/•4.

On branches of oak. Rare. Chester, A. B. Hill. East
Bergholt, etc. Hydnum Barba-Joms, Sow., belongs to this
species.

30. PHLEBIA, Fr.

Hymenium soft and waxy (subgelatinous) , spread over per-
sistent crest-like wrinkles or veins, whose edge is entire.

1. P. merismoides, Fr. ; effused, flesh-coloured, then livid,
white and villous beneath ; circumference orange, strigose ;
wrinkles simple, straight, crowded. — Grev. t. 280; Huss. ii.
t. 44.

On old stumps and decayed branches, often running over
mosses. Rare. Thin, almost tremelloid when fresh.

2. P. radiata, Fr. ; suborbicular, equal, smooth on either

264

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

side, bright red, flesh-coloured ; circumference radiato-den-
tate ; folds straight, radiating in rows. — Sow. t. 291 !

On bark. Very rare. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Twy cross,
B.ev. A, Bloxam. Bright in colour, almost orange. Thicker
than the last.

3. P. contorta, Fr.; effused, rather firm, rufous, then brown,
smooth on either side ; circumference indeterminate ; folds
collected in little patches or ramulose, somewhat flexuous, dis-
posed irregularly. — Pers. Myc. Fur. t. 18. /. 5.

On decayed wood, etc. Bare. Linlithgowshire, Dr. Bauchop.
This is the only species of which I have not authentic speci-
mens.

4. P. vaga, Fr. ; effused, adnate ; circumference byssoid,
fibrillose, dirty-yellow; hymenium yellowish-grey, formed of
creeping, intricate veins, which at length coalesce.

On decayed wood. Common. Arachnoid at first, then tra-
versed with intricate, fructifying veins rather than wrinkles,
which multiply rapidly, and form an intricate mass.

31. GBANDINIA, Fr.

Hymenium waxy, granulated ; granules obtuse, entire, equal,
crowded, smooth, persistent.

1. G. granulosa, Fr. ; waxy, widely effused, agglutinate,
tan-coloured ; circumference determinate, smooth ; hymenium
equal ; granules hemispherical, equal, crowded.

On fallen branches. Common.

32. ODONTIA, Fr.

Subiculum formed of interwoven fibres, clothed with papil-
lose or spine -shaped warts, which are crested at the apex.

1 . O. fimbriata, Fr. ; effused, membranaceous, separating

AUlllCULARINT.

265

from the matrix^ traversed by rhizomorphoid threads ; circum-
ferenee fibrilloso-fimbriate ; warts minute^ granular ; apex mul-
tifid, reddish.

On fallen branches. Not uncommon. Frequently tinged
with lilac. Very pretty.

33. KNEIFFIA, Fr.

Soft, loosely fleshy, flocculose and collapsing when dry,
hymenium rough with rigid, scattered, and fasciculate bristles.

1, K. setigera, Fr.

On fallen branches. Not common. Wraxall, Somerset-
shire, C. E. B. White, somewhat resembling Grandinia gra-
nulosa in general appearance.

Order 4. AUBIGULABIJSfl.

Hymenium confluent with the hymenophorum, at first
even or rarely veined, and commonly remaining even.*

34. CRATEIIELLUS, Fr.

Fleshy. Hymenium unchangeable, carnoso-membranaceous,
distinct, smooth, even, or at length rugose. Putrescent when
old.

1. C. lutescens, FV. ; pileus submembranaccous, tubseform,
soon pervious, brown, flocculose ; stem hollow,- yellow ; hyme-

* In some Auricularini there are spurious papilla) wliicli are wholly acci-
dental, and not essential, like the granules of Grandinia. CraterelUis is, confluent
with Caniharellus,^ and Thelephora witli Grandinia^ but the veins of the one
and the papillae of the other are less determinate. The folds in Auricnlana are
still less essential, and depend upon the nature of the texture. Natural, how-
ever, as the whole group is, it is difllcult to define it in words.

266

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

nium remotely costate, even, then rough with interwoven
veins. — Bolt. t. 105. /. 2.

In woods. Very rare. Edinburgh, Dr. Greville.

2. C. cornucopioides, Fr. ; pileus submembranaceous,
trumpet-shaped, pervious, minutely squamulose, dingy-black;
stem hollow, black, even, then obscurely wrinkled, cinereous.
(Plate 19, fig. 6.) — Huss. ii. t. 37.

In woods, on the ground. Local.

3. C. sinuosus, Fr. ; pileus slightly fleshy, funnel-shaped,
undulated, flocculoso-villous, brownish-grey ; stem stuffed,
pallid-cinereous, as well as the hymenium, which is at length
implexo-rugose. — Vaill. Par. t. 11. /. 11-13.

In woods. Scotland, Mrs. Wynne.

4. C. crispus, Fr. ; pileus crisped, dingy, somewhat tawny ;
stem stuffed below ; hymenium nearly even. — Sow. t. 75 ;
Huss. ii. t. 18.

In woods. Not uncommon. Hymenium sometimes white,
sometimes dingy.

35. THELEPHORA, Fr.

Pileus destitute of cuticle, consisting of interwoven fibres.
Hymenium costato-striate or papillose, of a tough, fleshy
consistence, at length rigid, and finally collapsing and floc-
culent.

* Not resupinate.

1. T. Sowerbeii, RerA:.; coriaceous, somewhat funnel-shaped,
reddish-brown, zoned ; margin subplicate, dirty flesh-coloured
beneath, smooth ; substance of the same colour as the pileus.
— Sow. t. 155.

On the ground, in woods. Rare. Cotterstock, Northamp-
tonshire. In Sowerby^s original specimens there is not the
least trace of hairs on the hymenium : they cannot, therefore.

AUlllCULARINI.

267

be the same with the plant of Fries and Persoon. The same
species occurs in Australia.

2. T. tuberosa, Grev. ; subcoriaceous, smooth^ pallid^ be-
coming rufous; pileus cut down to the bulbous stem into
compressed branches^ disposed so as to assume the form of
funnels; hymenium inferior, smooth. — Grev. t. 178.

On the ground. Extremely rare. Edinburgh, Dr. Greville.

3. T. anthocephala, Ft. ; soft, but coriaceous, subferru-
ginous ; pileus cut down, as far as the simple, equal, villous
stem, into suberect lacinise, which are dilated and fimbriate
above; hym’enium inferior, even. (Plate 17, fig. 4.) — ^ow.
t. 156.

On the ground, in woods. Not uncommon. Scentless.
Very variable as to the form of the bleached lacinise. Some-
times regular, as in Bulliard^s fig. t. 452. f. 1, sometimes
irregular, as in the figures quoted above.

4. T. earyophyllsea, Fr. ; subcoriaceous, brown, purple ;
pileus depressed, fibrous, torn; margin sometimes incised,
sometimes cut into linear divisions ; hymenium nearly even,
smooth.

On the ground, in woods. Rare. Bungay, Mr. Stock,
abundantly. Sometimes regularly infundibuliform.

5. T. palmata, Fr. ; soft, but coriaceous, erect, very much
branched, pubescent, brown-purple ; base simple, stem-shaped ;
branches flat, even, dilated above, palmate, somewhat fasti-
giate; tips fimbriate, whitish. — Grev. t. 46.

On the ground. Not common. Very fetid.

6. T. terrestris, Fr. ; csespitose, soft, brown, at lengtli
blackish ; pileoli imbricate, flattened, fibroso-strigose, zone-
less, elongated into a somewhat lateral stem ; hymenium in-
ferior, radiato-rugose. — Nees, f. 251.

On the ground. Not common. T. laciniata is often con-
founded with this.

268

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

7. T. eristata, Fr. ; incrusting, rather tough, pallid, tufted,
passing into branches or ascending tufted lacinise; subulate
and fimbriate at the apex; hymenium papillose on even
patches or the sides of the branches. — Sow, t. 158.

On mosses, etc. Not uncommon.

8. T. fastidiosa, Fr, ; very fetid, effused, soft, shapeless,
white, passing into plate-like branches ; hymenium inferior, at
length rufous, papillose.

On the ground. Not common. Bristol, Dr, Stephens, etc.
Smell disgusting. Looks at first sight like some Mycelium,

9. T. mollissima, P. ; soft, fleshy, incrusting; 'pile! effuso-
reflexed, laciniate, subtomentose, dirty-white; hymenium in-
ferior, even, brown-purple. (Plate 17, fig. 5.)

On the ground, in woods. Not uncommon. Extremely
variable. Sometimes quite effused, sometimes assuming the
form of T, palmata. The form in the figured specimen arises
partly from incrusting the old stumps of large grasses.

10. T. laciniata, P.; soft, coriaceous, incrusting, ferruginous-
brown ; pilei somewhat imbricated, effuso-reflexed, fibroso-
squamose; margin fibrous, fimbriated, at first dirty- white;
hymenium inferior, papillose, flocculose. — Sow, t, 213.

On branches, heathy ground, etc. Common. Sometimes
quite resupinate, sometimes almost dimidiate, but effused
behind.

11. T. biennis, Fr, ; coriaceous, soft, broadly incrusting,
cinereous-brown ; pilei at length reflexed, but narrow, tomen-
tose ; circumference fimbriated ; hymenium subresupinate,
smooth, subsetulose, plicate at the base. — Bull, t, 436.

On the ground, incrusting stones, stumps, etc. Very rare.
Kew Gardens. Bowood, Wiltshire, C. E, B,

** Besupinate,

12. T. esesia, P. ; effused, determinate, soft, glaucous-ash-
coloured ; hymenium nearly even.

AURICULARINI.

269

On the ground, in woods. Not uncommon. Bristol.
Northamptonshire. The hymenium, with its quaternate
spores, is a pretty, opaque object under the microscope.

13. T. byssoides, P. ; irregularly effused, at first byssoid,
ochraceous-white, then compact and fleshy, pulverulent, fer-
ruginous-yellow ; circumference byssoid, nearly white.

On the ground, especially amongst fir-leaves, making patches
a foot broad. Not uncommon. The ferruginous spores at
once separate this from every form of T. mollissima.

14. T. puteana, Schum.; roundish and effused, fleshy, rather
thick, brittle, yellowish, then tawny-olive, at last brownisli-
olive, dusted with the spores; circumference mucedinous, white;
hymenium somewhat undulated.

On stumps, wood in cellars, etc. Not uncommon. Some-
times dripping with moisture. Occasionally large, globular,
solid or hollow lumps, are formed upon the hymenium, giving
the plant a very singular appearance.

15. T. laxa, Fr. ; membranaceous, soft, loosely adherent,
arachnoid beneath, white as well as the byssoid circumference ;
hymenium papillose, pallid, then ferruginous- olive, dusted with
the ferruginous spores.

On lichens, moss, etc. Rare. King’s Cliffe. Oswestry,
Rev. T. Salwey.

16. T. arida, Fr. ; membranaceous, soft, arachnoid beneath,
and white as well as the byssoid circumference; hymenium
papillose, pallid, then ferruginous-olive.

On decayed pine- wood, in cellars and woods. Common.
Not so thick as T. puteana.

17. T. olivacea, Fr. ; membranaceous, effused, adnate; cir-
cumference white, fimbriated ; hymenium dull-olive, setuloso-
tomentose.

On pine-wood. Northamptonshire, etc. Probably common.
I have authentic specimens of this species from Fries.

270

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

18. T. anthoehroa, P. ; effused, subadnate; circumference
byssoid, paler ; hymenium even, brownish-rose, at length pal-
lid, floccose and velvety.

Var. versicolor.

On sycamore twigs. Rare. Wothorpe. My plant, when
dry, resembles authentic specimens from Fries, but when fresh
is variously tinted with fugitive shades of lilac and brown.

36. STEREUM, Fr.

Hymenium coriaceous, rather thick, concrete with the in-
termediate stratum of the pileus, which has a cuticle, always
even and veinless, unchangeable, not beset with bristles.

1. S. purpureum, Pr. ; soft, but coriaceous; pileus effuso-
reflexed, obsoletely zoned, villoso-tomentose, pallid or dirty-
white; hymenium naked, even, smooth, purplish or lilac. —
Sow. t. 388. /. 1 ; Huss. i. t. 20.

On trunks of fallen trees, especially poplars. Extremely
common, and often very beautiful. Auricularia elegans, Sow.
t. 412. f. 1, is merely a state of this.

2. S. hirsutum, Fr.; coriaceous; pileus effused and reflexed,
strigoso-hirsute, somewhat zoned, turning pallid ; margin
rather obtuse, yellow; hymenium even, smooth, naked, juice-
less, bright tawny-yellow, unchanged when bruised. (Plate
17, flg. 7.) — Huss. i. t. 58.

On stumps of trees, etc. Everywhere. Found also in sub-
tropical countries.

3. S. spadieeum, Fr.; coriaceous; pilei effuso-reflexed, vil-
lous, subferruginous ; margin rather obtuse, white, even be-
neath, smooth, brownish, when fresh bleeding if bruised. —
Sow. t. 28.

On sticks, especially oak. Common. Often very pretty;
variable in colour, but easily distinguished from every species

AUIIICULARINI.

271

except S. rugosum and the following, which is confined to
Conifers, by its turning red when scratched or bruised.

4. S. sanguinolentum, Fr. ; thin, coriaceous ; pileus effused
and refiexed, silky, somewhat striate, pallid; margin acute,
white; hymenium even, smooth, cinereous -brown, bleeding
when wounded. — Grev. t. 225.

On wood of Conifers. Very common. Colour far less bright
than that of the last. A. hepatica, Sow. t. 388. f. 2, is
merely a washed state of one of the foregoing species, pro-
bably >8. purpureum.

5. S. rugosum, Fr. ; corky, rigid ; pileus effused and shortly
reflexed, obtusely margined, at length smooth, bright brown ;
hymenium dull, pruinose, bloodstained when wounded.

On stumps, especially hazel. Extremely common. Some-
times surviving one or more seasons, and then thick and zoned
within. T. Laurocerasi, Berk, in Eng. EL, is, I believe, a
thin, resupinate form of this species. A. cinereaj Sow. t. 388,
f. 3, is, I think, merely Corticium quercinum.

6. S. acerinum, Fr.; crustaceo-adnate, even, smooth, white.

On trunks of living maples. Very common.

37. HYMENOCHJETE, Lev.

Coriaceous, dry. Hymenium even, beset with short, stiff,
coloured bristles.

1. H. rubiginosa, Lev.; coriaceous, rigid; pileus effuso-
reflexed, somewhat fasciate, velvety, rust-coloured, then smooth,
bright brown; intermediate stratum tawny-ferruginous; hyme-
nium ferruginous. — Sow. t. 26.

On gate-posts, etc. Very common.

2. H. tabacina, Lev.; coriaceous, then flaccid ; pileus effused,
reflexed, silky, at length smooth, subferruginous ; margin and
intermediate filamentous stratum golden-yellow ; hymenium
paler.

272

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On fallen branches. Rare. Gracedieu_, Leicestershire, etc.
Sow. t. 25, belongs to Stereum spadiceum,

3. H. corrugata, B. ; effused, closely adnate, indeterminate,
cinnamon, cracked when dry. — Grev. t. 234.

On sticks, in woods. Very common. Varying in colour,
ferruginous, copper-coloured, etc. It certainly ought not to
he placed in a distinct genus from the two preceding, of one of
which it is possibly only a resupinate condition.

38. AURICULARIA, Fr.

Hymenium irregularly and distantly folded, gelatinous
when wet, different in substance from the pileus.

1. A. mesenterica, Bull.; pilei resupinate, thin, reflexed,
entire, villous, zoned, and fasciate, brownish-cinereous ; hyme-
nium costato-plicate, brownish-violet. — Bow. t. 290 ; Huss. ii.

t. 6.

On stems of trees, etc. Not uncommon. In dry weather
very thin, but reviving with wet.

2. A. lobata, Som?n. ; pileus effuso-reflexed, variegated with
strigoso-tomentose, velvety and smooth zones, tawny, inclining
to dirty- white; hymenium livid-tawny; folds distant, forming
a loose network. (Plate 18, fig. 1.)

On bark of trees. Not common. Staunton, Nottingham-
shire. Very nearly allied to the last.

39. CORTICIUM, Fr.

Hymenium soft and fleshy, swollen when moist, collapsing
and becoming even when dry, often rimose.

* Circumference hyssoid, fhrillose, etc.

1 . C. giganteum, Fr. ; widely effused, when moist swelling,
waxy, hyaline, white, when dry thin, but cartilaginous, free,
milk-white ; circumference strigoso-radiate ; hymenium even.

AURICULARINI.

273

On pine-stems_, and from thence running over twigs, etc.
Common. Sow. t. 349, is Merulius corium. Bolt. t. 166,
f. d, is probably Stereum rugosum,

2. C. lacteum, Fr. ; effused, membranaceous, milk-white
beneath, with the circumference loosely fibrillose ; hymenium,
when perfect, waxy, darker, rimoso-partite when dry.

On trunks of trees, etc. Not uncommon. The mycelium
sometimes forms white strings, which run about like those of
Clavaria stricta, Agaricus platyphyllus , etc.

3. C. arachnoideum, B. ; effused, delicately byssoid, as is
the circumference ; hymenium white, very thin, patchy.

In woods. Not uncommon, running over lichens, etc. The
mycelium is as delicate as a spider’s web.

4. C. Igeve, i^r.; effused, membranaceous, separating, villoso-
fibrillose beneath ; circumference byssoid, not radiating ) hy-
menium even, smooth, pinkish, and livid.

On decaying wood, sticks, etc. This is the commonest of
all the species, and assumes a variety of forms. Sometimes it
remains closely attached, sometimes the margin is broadly
reflexed. The hymenium also varies in colour, being some-
times pure white. The circumference is occasionally almost
naked.

5. C. roseum, P. ; effused, adnate, rose-coloured ; circum-
ference fringed, whitish ; hymenium pruinose, becoming pale,
at length much cracked and rugose, hardened.

On poplar. Not common.

6. C. velutinum, Fr. ; effused, adnate, white, slightly tinged
with pink ; circumference ornamented with straight, strigose,
diverging fibres, of the same colour; hymenium soft and
fleshy, thick, even, velvety, with dense hyaline bristles.

On logs. Not uncommon. Very beautiful and distinct.

7. C. sanguineum, Fr. ; bright scarlet, broadly eflused, of

T

274

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

a soft cottony substance, at first thin, membranaceous, then
thicker ; circumferenee fibrillose.

On dead larch, etc. Rare. Abundant in Sherwood Forest.
This is C. mmiatum^ Berk., whose differences vanish on the
discovery of abundant specimens. Sow. t. 291 is Phlebia
radiata.

8. C. sulfureum, Fr. ; effused, fibrilloso-byssoid, bright
sulphur-coloured j hymenium when perfect thick, waxy, some-
what tawny, rimose when dry.

On fallen sticks, etc. Not uncommon, but seldom perfeet.

9. C. cseruleum, Fr. ; roundish, then effused, adnate, at
first bright blue ; eireumference byssoid, of the same colour,
whitish ; hymenium soft, waxy, papillose, at length smooth.
— Huss. i. t. 20.

On rails, dead wood, etc. Extremely common. Said to be
luminous in the dark.

10. C. atro-virens, Fr. ; irregularly effused, black-green, of
the same eolour beneath, downy, as well as the circumference.

On sticks, in woods. Not common. Like Fries, I have
never found a perfect hymenium.

11. C. laetescens, B. ; agglutinate, soft, waxy, undulated,
flesh-coloured, milky ; margin shortly byssoid, at length
cracked ; interstices silky.

On deeayed wood of willows, etc. Not uncommon. Smell
like that of Lactarius quietus. Milk white, watery. Hyme-
nium flesh-coloured or pale salmon-coloured.

Circumference not distinctly byssoid, etc. ; or if so, only at the

very first.

12. C. calceum, Fr. ; effused, agglutinate, waxy, quite
smooth, white ; circumference like the rest of the plant ; hy-
menium even, smooth, cracked when dry.

AURTCULARINI.

275

On pine- wood. Common. Varying in colour from white and
tan-coloured to dingy. One or two Corticia not easily defined
occur on oak-branches^ etc._, resembling this and C. Sambuci.
They require further study before proposing them as species.
Thelephora cretacea, P., and T. dryina, P., belong to these in-
determinate species^ and are both found in this country ; the
former on deal in hothouses^ the latter on oak-branches.

13. C. lividum, P.; efiused, agglutinate, waxy, soft, smooth,
changing colour ; circumference like the rest of the plant ;
hymenium naked, even, somewhat viscid, cracked when dry.

On wood. Not common. Appin, Capt. Carmichael.

14. C. ocliraceum, Fr. ; effused, agglutinate, soft, waxy, at
length smooth ; circumference white, somewhat radiating,
evanescent; hymenium pallid, then ochraceous, pruinose, at
length naked, tuberculated or papillose.

On piiie-wood, etc. Not common.

15. C. quercinum, P. ; membranaceous, waxy, at first ag-
glutinate, indeterminate, then fixed in the centre, with the
border free and involute, rigid, smooth and black below ; hy-
menium tinged with pink. — Grev. t. 182.

On oak-branches. Extremely common.

16. C. cinereum, Fr. ; waxy, at length rigid, confluent,
agglutinate, lurid ; hymenium cinereous from a very delicate
bloom.

On dead wood, sticks, etc. Extremely common, and very
variable. Frequently very thick on ash-twigs.

17. C. incarnatum, Fr. j waxy, at length rigid, confluent,
agglutinate ; circumference radiating ; hymenium bright red
or orange, sprinkled with a delicate flesh-coloured bloom.

On timber, rails, etc. Very common. Sometimes without
any radiating circumference. Varying much in the depth of
the tint.

T 2

276

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

18. C. nudum, Fr. ; waxy, at length rigid, agglutinate,
flesh-coloured, then pallid; circumference determinate, smooth;
hymenium sprinkled with fugacious, dirty- white meal.

On twigs, in woods. Not uncommon.

19. C. confl.uens, Fr.; waxy, membranaceous, agglutinate ;
circumference radiating; hymenium naked, hyaline, then
brightly coloured, somewhat shining.

On twigs of ash, etc. Not uncommon. Wothorpe, North-
amptonshire, with the last. Often slight papillose.

20. C. polygonium, P. ; determinate, adnate, grumoso-
cartilaginous, hard, flesh-coloured ; circumference of the same
colour ; hymenium continuous, red, coated with meal.

On poplar-branches, growing in little, round, detached
patches, from the ostiola of Sphcerice. Not uncommon.

21. C. comedens, Fr.; effused, exposed by the splitting of
the cuticle of the matrix, thin, innate, flesh-coloured, at length
pallid ; hymenium even, smooth.

On branches of various trees. Extremely com^mon. Hy-
menium variable in colour, sometimes white.

22. C. Sambuci, P. ; effused, subinnate, variously incrust-
ing, white, continuous when growing, cracked or collapsing
when dry. — Grev. t. 242.

On elder-stumps. Extremely common. Very difficult to
separate from C. calceum by a strict definition.

23. C. Aurora, B. and Br. ; very thin, effused, aggluti-
nate, rose-coloured, turning pallid ; circumference indetermi-
nate.

On dead leaves of Carices. Batheaston. Eesembles Athelia
Typh(B and A. epiphylla, P. The latter is, I believe, only a
state of C. arachnoideum, and has been found by Mr. Leighton
at Shrewsbury.

AURICULARINI.

277

40. CYPHELLA, Fr,

Submembranaceous, cup-sbaped, elongated behind and fre-
quently pendulous. Hymenium distinctly inferior, completely
confluent with the pileus.

1. C. griseo-pallida, Fr. ; submembranaceous, globose, then
campanulate, sessile, pallid-grey, floccose externally ; hyme-
nium even, smooth.

On dead Car ex paniculata. Spye Park, Wiltshire, C. E. B,

2. C. muscigena, Fr. ; membranaceous, soft, nearly sessile,
dimidiate, flattened, white, externally minutely silky ; hyme-
nium rugulose. — Myc. Eur. t. 7. f. 6.

On mosses. Not common. Hanham, near Bristol, C. E. B.
Looks at first sight like a little Cantharellus.

3. C. galeata, Fr. ; membranaceous, soft, nearly sessile,
cup-shaped, then dimidiate, helmet-shaped, even, dirty- white ;
margin quite entire ; hymenium at length somewhat rufous,
rugulose.

On mosses. Not uncommon. Differs from the last in its
dingy hue and bullate pileus.

4. C. oehroleuca, B. and Br.; membranaceous, cup-shaped,
villous and ochroleucous above ; margin at length split ; hy-
menium even, pale ochre, brighter than the pileus.

On decayed bramble-twigs. Batheaston, C. E. B.

5. C. muscicola, Fr.; membranaceous, nearly sessile, per-
sistently cup-shaped, cinereous, dirty-white, turning pale, fi-
brilloso-striate externally ; margin slightly downy, uneven,
torn ; hymenium even.

On mosses. Apethorpe, Northamptonshire, etc.

6. C. lacera, Fr.; membranaceous, cup-shaped, pendulous,
then multifid; vertex stretched out, stem-shaped; striate above

278

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

with little black hairs ; hymenium slightly wrinkled, dirty-
white. — Alh. and Schw. t. 1. /. 5.

On dead stalks, twigs, etc. Not common. Apethorpe,
Northamptonshire.

7. C. capula, Fr. ; membranaceous, obliquely campanulate,
stretched out into a curved stem, smooth, dirty- white ; margin
sinuated, irregular; hymenium even. — Holmsk. ii. t. 22.

On dead stems of herbaceous plants. Not uncommon.
Looks like a Peziza. Sometimes yellow.

8. C. Goldbaehii, Fr. ; membranaceous, cup-shaped, ur-
ceolato-concave, sessile, externally white, villous ; hymenium
even, pallid.

On dead leaves of Aira ccespitosa. Spye Park, Wiltshire,

C. E. B.

9. C. cuticulosa, Fr. ; membranaceous, white, diaphanous,
at first oblong, then cup-shaped, elongated into a stem, smooth
externally. — Dicks, iii. t. 9. /. 11.

On dried grass-stems. Not found since the time of Dickson.

Order 5. CL AV ARIEL

Hymenium scarcely distinct from the hymenophorum, ver-
tical, amphigenous, reaching to the very apex, even, or at
length wrinkled. Never incrusting or coriaceous.

41. CLAVARIA, L.

Fleshy, branched or simple without any stem of a distinct
substance ; hymenium dry.

1. Branched.

* White-spored.

1. C. Botrytis, P. ; brittle; trunk thick, fleshy, unequal,

CLAVARIEI.

279

very much branched ; branches swollen, unequal, rather wrin-
kled; tips red. — Kromb. t. 53. /. 1, 4.

In woods. Very rare. Inverary, Lady Orde, Bowood,
C. E, B.

2. C. amethystina, BulL ; brittle, very much branched,
violet; branches round, even, obtuse. (Plate 18, fig. 2 : small
variety.) — Bull. t. 496. /. 2.

In mossy places. Bare. Bristol, H. O. Stephens. Coed
Coch. Most variable in size. Sometimes 3 inches or more
high, and very much branched ; sometimes a few lines, and
nearly simple.

3. C. fastigiata, i).C. ; tough, csespitose, yellow, slender-
stemmed, very much branched ; branches short, divaricate ;
branchlets fastigiate. — Holmsk. i. p. 90, with a figure.

In pastures. Extremely common.

4. C. museoides, L. ; rather tough, graceful, yellow, slen-
der-stemmed, twice or thrice forked ; ramuli lunate, acute. —
Holmsk. i. p. 87, with a figure.

In pastures. Not so common as the last.

5. C. coralloides, L. ; rather brittle, white, hollow within ;
stem rather thick, repeatedly and irregularly branched; branch-
lets unequal, dilated above, very numerous, crowded, acute. —
Sow. t. 278.

In woods. Not common. Kent, Mrs. Hussey.

G. C. umbrina, B.; pale- umber, slightly branched; branches
and branchlets cylindrical, obtuse, forked. (Plate 18, fig. 4.)

On mossy lawns. Coed Coch. I find nothing at all agree-
ing with this. The habit is that of C. fastigiata. It has
not, however, the slightest tinge of yellow.

7. C. cinerea, Bull. ; brittle, stufied, at length cinereous,
very much branched ; stalk short, thick ; ])ranchcs and branch-
lets thickened, irregular, somcwdiat wrinkled, obtuse. — Grev.
t. 64.

280

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Common in some districts.

8. C. cristata, Holmsk. ; tougli^ even, stuffed, white or
dingy; branches dilated above, acutely incised, crested. —
Grev. t. 190.

In woods. Not uncommon.

9. C. rugosa, Bull.; tough, simple or branched, thickened
above, wrinkled, white or dingy ; branches few, irregular, ob-
tuse. (Plate 18, fig. 3.) — Grev. t. 328.

In woods. Common. The dingy form requires to be care-
fully distinguished from C. cinerea.

10. C. Kunzei, Fr. ; rather brittle, very much branched
from the slender tufted base, white ; branches elongated,
crowded, repeatedly forked, somewhat fastigiate, even, equal ;
axils compressed. — Bull. t. 358. f. 1 C.

In woods. Very rare. Sherwood Porest.

** Spores yellowish or coloured.

11. C. aurea, Scheeff. ; trunk thick, elastic, pallid, divided
into numerous stout, straight, dichotomous, round, obtuse,
rather toothed, yellow branches. — Scheeff. t. 287.

In woods. Hare, Bristol, T)r. Stephens.

12. C. ataietina, Schum. ; very much branched, ochraceous ;
trunk rather thick, clothed with white down; branches straight,
crowded when dry, longitudinally wrinkled ; branchlets straight.
— Grev. /. 117.

In fir-woods. Common. Sometimes turning green when
bruised.

13. C. flaccida, Fr. ; slender, very much branched, flaccid,
ochraceous ; trunk slender, smooth ; branchlets crowded, un-
equal, converging, acute.

Amongst moss, in woods. Not common. King’s Cliffe.

14. C. crocea, P. ; minute, slender, saffron-yellow ; trunk

CLAVARIEI.

281

nakedj pale ; branches crowded, somewhat forked, as well as
the similar branchlets. — Pers. Ic. et Descr. t. 11. f. 6.

On the ground. Very rare. Wraxall, Somersetshire,
C, E. B.

15. C. grisea, P.; firm; trunk thick, dirty-white; branches
attenuated, rather wrinkled, obtuse, dingy -cinereous, as well
as the unequal, obtuse branchlets. — Kromb. t. 53. /. 9, 10.

In woods. Rare. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Known by
its brownish spores.

16. C. strieta, P. ; very much branched, pallid, brown when
bruised ; trunk rather thick ; branches and branchlets straight,
even, adpressed, acute. (Plate 18, fig. 5.) — Bow. t. 157.

In gardens, springing from rotten woods. Rare. Kew, etc.
Mycelium forming long creeping strings.

17. C. crispula, Fr. ; very much branched, tan-coloured,
then ochraceous ; trunk slender, villous, sending out roots ;
branches flexuous, multifid ; branchlets of the same colour, di-
varicate.— Bull. t. 358. /. 1 a, b.

At the base of trees. Rare. Woodnewton, in great quan-
tities, in a hollow ash.

2. Simple.

* Clubs more or less connate at the base.

18. C. purpurea, Mull.; tufted, purple; clubs elongated,
hollow, then compressed, simple, acute. — FI. Dan. t. SS7.f. 2.

Amongst grass, in pastures. Tansor, Northamptonshire.
Coed Coch. Of a dingy purple.

19. C. rosea, Fr. ; subfasciculate, brittle, rose-coloured ;
clubs stuffed, at length yellowish at the apex.

In pastures. Rare. Leicestershire, Rev. C. Bahington,

20. C. fusiformis. Bow. ; caespitoso-connatc, rather firm,
yellow, soon hollow ; clubs somewhat fusiform, simple and

282

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

toothed j everij attenuated into a base of the same colour. —
Sow. t. 234.

Common in woods.

21. C. ceranoides, P. ; fasciculate^ unequal_, slightly di-
vided above, yellow ; apex brown. — P. Syn. p. 594 ; Sow.
t. 235.

In woods. Not common. Bagley Wood, Oxfordshire,
Pev. T. Hugo, Nov. 1841. Distinct, I think, from the last.

22. C. insequalis, Mull. ; gregarious, subfasciculate, brittle,
stuffed, yellow j clubs various, simple or forked, of the same
colour below, continuous. — FI. Dan. 836. f. 1 ; Sow. t. 253,
lower figures ; Huss. i. t. 18.

In woods, amongst grass. Common. A very variable
plant. Grev. t. 37 is smaller, scarcely fasciculate, and much
brighter in colour. C. helvola, P., on the contrary, is of a
dirty-yellow, with the tips cinnamon.

23. C. argillacea, Fr. ; fasciculate, brittle, pallid clay-
colour ; clubs simple, variable ; stem yellow, shining.

In heathy ground. Not uncommon. There is a variety
with a white stem. The plant, moreover, is either dilated or
cylindrical. The stem in this species is more distinct from
the pileus than is consistent with the generic character.

24. C. tenuipes, B. and Br. ; small, gregarious ; club in-
flated, wrinkled, pallid clay-colour ; stem slender, flexuous,
somewhat distinct from the club. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2.
vol. ii. t. 9. /. 2.

On bare heathy ground. Sherwood Forest. About half an
inch high, rarely confluent with the stem.

25. C. vermieulata, Scop. ; csespitose, brittle, white; clubs
stuffed, simple, cylindrical, subulate.

On lawns, and in short pastures. Extremely common.
Looks like a little bundle of candles.

CLAVARIEl.

283

26. C. fragilis, Holmsk.; fasciculate or gregarious; very-
brittle; club hollow, obtuse, variable, attenuated and white
below. — Holmsh. i. p. 1 yWith a figure ; Sow. t. 90, 232.

In meadows, gardens, etc. Not so common as the last.
Sowerby’s plant, t. 90, is inflated ; t. 232 is slender and more
cylindrical, while Bolt. t. Ill represents a subulate form.
Occasionally the plant is yellow, but always remarkable for its
extreme brittleness.

** Gluhs distinct at the hase.

27. C. pistillaris, L. ; large, simple, fleshy, stuffed, every-
where smooth, obovato-clavate, obtuse, at length rufous. —
Huss. i. t, 62.

In woods. Not common. Kent, Mrs. Hussey. King^s
Clifie, etc. At first white or yellowish.

28. C. contorta, Fr. ; simple, bursting through the bark,
stufied, between spongy and fleshy, somewhat twisted, wrin-
kled, obtuse, pruinose, watery-yellow or dirty- white.

On fallen branches. Bare. Gracedieu, etc. The erum-
pent habit easily distinguishes this curious species.

29. C. Ardenia, Sow. ; simple, very long, incrassated up-
wards, hollow; apex obtuse and excavated, ferruginous, then
bright brown, tomentose at the base, rootless. — Sow. t. 215.

On fallen branches. Very rare. Principally in the southern
counties.

30. C. juncea, Fr. ; gregarious, slender, filiform, flaccid,
nearly equal, fistulose, acute, pallid, then reddish-brown,
creeping at the base and fibrillose. — Bull. t. 463. /. H.

Amongst leaves, in woods. Sometimes very abundant.

31. C. acuta, Sow.; quite simple, straight, white; club
distinct, acuminate, pruinose ; stem cylindrical, equal.

On soil, in garden-pots. Not common. Sometimes rather
obtuse.

284

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

32. C. uncialis, Grev.; quite simple^ tough, straight, stuflPed,
obtuse, smooth, continuous below, attenuated. — Grev. t. 98.

On moist dead stems of Umhellifera. Not uncommon.

42. CALOCERA, Fr.

Gelatinous, subcar tilaginous when moist, horny when dry.
Hymenium viscid.

1 . C. viseosa, Fr. ; branched, tough, rooting, even, linear,
golden-yellow; branches straight, repeatedly dichotomous. —
Sch(Bff. t. 174.

On stumps, in fir-woods. Not uncommon. A beautiful
species.

2. C. tuberosa, Fr. ; csespitose, simple, tough, even, linear,
yellowish, tuberous and rooting at the base. — Sow. t. 199.

On stumps. Not found since the time of Sowerby.

3. C. cornea, Fr.; csespitose, rooting, even, viscid, orange ;
clubs short, subulate, connate at the base.

On stumps of trees, especially oak. Common.

4. C. glossoides, Fr. ; simple, solitary, subtremelloid, yel-
low ; club incrassated, obtuse, compressed ; stem round.

On decayed oak-stumps. Very rare. Leigh Wood, Bristol.

43. TYPHULA, Fr.

Stem filiform, flaccid. Club cylindrical, perfectly distinct.
Hymenium thin, waxy.

1. T. erythropns, Fr. ; simple ; club cylindrical, smooth,
white ; stem nearly straight, dark-red, inclining to black. —
Grev. t. 43.

On dead stems of herbaceous plants, etc. Very common.
Always attached to a Sclerotium.

2. T. phacorrhiza, Fr. ; simple ; club cylindrical, smooth,
pallid ; stem flexuous, smooth, brownish. — Sow. t. 233.

CLAVARIEI.

285

On dead herbaceous plants^ leaves, etc. Attached to Sole-
rotium complanatum and S. scutellatum.

3. T. incarnata, Fr. ; simple ; club cylindrical, elongated,
smooth, flesh-coloured, attenuated into the simple, subpilose,
continuous stem. — Grev. t. 93.

On dead herbaceous plants, etc. Not common.

4. T. muscieola, Fr.; simple, subfiliform, smooth, slightly
incrassated upwards, white; stem confluent or obsolete. — Pers.
Obs. ii. t. S. f. 2.

On the larger mosses. Not common. Perhaps more pro-
perly a Pistillaria. Sometimes not a line high.

5. T. Grevillei, Fr. ; simple, white ; club incrassated, ob-
tuse ; stem capillary, pilose. — Grev. t. 49.

On dead leaves, etc. Not uncommon.

6. T. filiformis, Fr. ; club incrassated, dirty-white ; stem
decumbent, somewhat branched, bright brown. — Sow. t. 387.
/• 4.

Amongst dead leaves. I am not acquainted with this
species.

7. T. gracilis, Berk, and Desm. ; club simple or forked,
pallid, acute; stem short, distinct.

On putrid leaves. Not common. Head rough with spores
and little prominent bristles. Very near to Isaria.

44. PISTILLARIA, Fr.

Club-shaped, waxy, then horny. Structure cellular.

1. P. micans, i^r. ; obovatc, obtuse, rose-coloured; stem
short, attenuated, whitish. — Hojfm. Germ. t. 7 . f. 2.

On dead thistles. Rare. Cambridge, etc.

2. P. culmigena, Mont, and Fr. ; ovato-clavatc, obtuse, hj^-
alinc, pellucid ; stem distinct, very short. — Mont, in Ann. des
Sc. Nat. ser. 2. vol. v. t. 12. /. 2.

286

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY,

On stalks of grass. Not uncommon. Fotheringay^ Deene,
etc., Northamptonshire.

3. P. quisquiliaris, FV. ; incrassated above, somewhat com-
pressed, dirty-white, soft when growing, attenuated at the
base, substipitate. — Sow. t. 334. /. 1.

On fern-stems. Common. Often attached to a Sclerotium.

4. P. puberula, Berk. ; obovate, ventricose, white ; stem
short, distinct, pellucid, tomentose. — Sow, t. 334. /. 2. P.
ovata, Fr.

On dead Pteris aquilina. Rare. King^s Clitfe. The stem
in this is composed of fibres ; therefore I fear that Frieses
character will hardly stand.

5. P. pusilla, Fr.; small, smooth, even, linear, white ; stem
not distinct at the base. — Pers. Comm. t. 3. /. 6.

On Equisetum. Weymouth.

Order 6. TBEMELLINL

Whole plant gelatinous, with the exception occasionally of
the nucleus. Sporophores large, simple or divided. Spicules
elongated into threads.

45. TREMELLA, Fr.

Gelatinous, tremulous, immarginate. Hymenium not pa-
pillate, surrounding the whole of the Fungus.

1. T. fimbriata, P. ; csespitose, erect, corrugated, olive-
black j lobes flaccid, incised, undulato- fimbriate. — Bull. t. 272.

On dead branches. Very rare. Sowerby^s herbarium.

2. T. frondosa, Fr. ; csespitose, very large, even, pallid, pli-
cate at the base ; lobes waved and sinuated. — Bull. t. 499 T.

TREMELLINI.

287

At the base of living trees. Very rare. On oak, Wothorpe,
Northamptonshire. A very curious and distinct species.
Colour a peculiar pale pinkish-yellow.

3. T. foliacea; P. ; csespitose, flaccid, even, diaphanous,
undulated, cinnamon, inclining to flesh-coloured, plicate at the
base. — Bull. t. 406./. A.

On old stumps. Not uncommon. Varying much in colour,
sometimes deep red-brown (P. ferruginea, E. B. t. 1452),
sometimes violet. All the three forms occur occasionally in
this country.

4. T. lutescens, Fr. ; csespitose, tremulous, undulato-
gyrose, white, at length yellow ; lobes crowded, entire. — Bull,
t. 406 C, D.

On old stumps. Not uncommon.

5. T. mesenterica, Betz; ascending, rather tough, plicato-
undulate, smooth, bright orange. — Eng. Bot. t. 709 ; Huss. i.
t. 27.

On sticks in woods, hedges, etc. Extremely common.

6. T. vesicaria, Bull. ; firm, bladdery, much waved and
wrinkled, erect, pallid, very viscid within. — Eng. Bot. 2451.

On the ground. Very rare. I have seen no British speci-
mens, but in some from the United States I find the structure
of a 7'remella. It is certainly no Alga, as stated by Fries.

7. T. moriformis, B. ; conglobated, sinuated, mulberry-
black, opaque, firm. — Eng. Bot. 2446.

On elm-branches. Rare. Batheaston, C. E. B. This
beautiful species is, I think, a true Tremella, approaching,
however, to Ncematelia. The sporophores do not at all re-
semble those of Dacnjmyces.

8. T. albida, Huds. ; eflused, adpresscd, even or gyroso-
plicate, pruinose, dirty-whitc, at length brownish. — Eng. Bot.
t. 2117.

On dead branches. Common.

288

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

9. T. intumescens, Sm, ; subcsespitose, rounded or conglo-
merate, soft, brown, when dry nearly black, obsoletely dotted,
lobed, somewhat tortuous. — Eng. Bot. t. 1870.

On trunks of fallen trees. Not common. Apethorpe,
Northamptonshire. Resembles very closely some Eocidia.

10. T. indecorata, Somm. ; sessile, rounded, moist, con-
vex, plicate, opaque, brown, nearly black, dingy.

On willows, etc. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon.

11. T. sarcoides, Sm. ; csespitose, soft, viscid, flesh-co-
loured, inclining to purple, at first club-shaped, then com-
pressed, lobed and plicate. (Plate 2, fig. 7.) — Eng. Bot.
t. 2450.

On old stumps. Very common.

12. T. clavata, P. ; solitary, simple, incrassated, flesh-co-
loured, blackish at the base. — Pers. Ic. Piet. t. 10. f. 1.

On stumps. Rare. Appin, Capt. Carmichael.

13. T. tubercularia, B.; erumpent ; stem short, cylindri-
cal ; head pileate, dirty- white, nearly black when dry. —
Tubercularia albida, B. in Eng. FI. 1. c. p. 354.

On fallen branches. Not uncommon.

14. T. torta, Willd. ; minute, round, depressed, gyroso-
tuberculate, yellow or orange.

On decorticated oak-branches. Very common. Two or
three lines across,

15. T. versicolor, B. and Br. ; minute, orbicular, orange,
at length brown. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. xiii. p. 406.

On Corticiwn nudum. In several localities. Minute, tear-
like, pale when young.

16. T. viscosa, P. ; effused, resupinate, hyaline, at first
white, undulated. — Pers. Obs. ii. 18. Corticium viscosum, Fr.

On dead wood. Not uncommon. This has the structure
of Tremella, as will be seen by the figure in Ann. of Nat.
Hist. xiii. t. 15. f. 4.

TREMELLINI.

289

17. T. epig80a, B. and Br. ; effused, gelatinous, gyroso-pli-
cate, white. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. ii. p. 266, with fig.

On the ground. Eare. Leigh Wood, Bristol. Spreading
over the naked soil, on which it forms a thin, white, gelatinous
stratum.

46. EXIDIA, Fr.

Tremulous, margined, fertile above and glandular, barren
below.

1. E. recisa, Fr. ; very soft, truncate, plane, costate, some-
what waved, brown amber-colour, rough with little specks
below; stem very short, excentric, oblique. — Eng. Bot. 1. 1819.

On dead branches of willows, often before they fall. Very
common.

2. E. glandulosa, Fr. ; effused, flattened, thick, undulated,
nearly black, rough with conical papillse, cinereous, and some-
what tomentose beneath. — Eng. Bot. t. 2448, 2452 ; Huss. i.
t. 42.

On dead branches of oak, etc. Common. The under side
feels like black crape. Sometimes truncate, sometimes pen-
dulous.

3. E. saccharina, Fr.; tubercular, gyroso-undulate, thick,
tawny-cinnamon, sprinkled with scattered papillae.

On larch. Bare. Mossburnford, A. Jerdon.

47. HIRNEOLA, Fr.

Gelatinous, cup-shaped, horny when dry. Hymenium often
more or less wrinkled ; interstices even, without papillae ; outer
surface velvety.

1. H. auricula- Judae, B.; thin, concave, flexuous, at length
black, venoso-plicate without and within, tomentose beneath.
(Plate 18, fig. 7.) — Huss. i. t. 53.

u

290

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On elder and elms. Very common. Our figure is from
specimens on elms which have the surface of the hymenium
freer from folds. I do not, however, consider it a distinct
species.

48. ISTJEMATELIA, Fr.

Nucleus solid, heterogeneous, covered with a gelatinous
stratum, which is everywhere clothed with the hymenium.

1 . N. encephala, Fr. ; nearly sessile, pulvinate, plicato-
rugose, pale flesh-coloured, then brownish. — Willd. Bot. Mag.
i. t. 4. /. 14.

On pine-rails. Rare. Loch Lomond. Wales, Mr. Ralfs.
Looks like the brain of some animal. Nucleus large, opaque,
white.

2. N. nucleata, Fr. ; sessile, flat, somewhat gyrose, white,
then brownish-yellow.

On rotten wood. Rare. Sometimes confounded with
Tremella albida, from which it differs in the presence of a
small white nucleus. I see no difference between British and
American specimens.

3. N. vireseens, Cd. ; small, roundish, depressed, gyroso-
tuberculate, or quite even, green. — FI. Dan. t. 1857, /. 1.

On furze-branches. Common.

49. DACRYMYCES, Nees.

Homogeneous, gelatinous. Conidia disposed in moniliform
rows. Sporophores clavate, at length bifurcate.

1. D. violaeeus, i^r.; small, compact, somewhat compressed,
gyrose, violet.

On trunks of pear-trees. Rare. Relhan.

2. D. deliquescens, Duby ; pulvinate, slightly waved and
plicate, yellow.

CLAVATI.

291

On fallen pine-branches. Not uncommon. From a quarter
to half an inch across. Spores triseptate.

3. D. stillatus, Nees ; roundish, convex, at first nearly even,
at length often concave, deep orange ; colour persistent. (Plate
18, fig. 8.) — Grev. t. 159.

On pine-rails. Very common. Smaller than the last.
Spores multiseptate. Generally barren. Ditiola nuda, B. and
Br. Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. ii. p. 267. t. 9. f. 4, is pro-
bably the fertile state of D. deliquescens, not of D. stillatus.

4. D. chrysoeomus, Tut. ; small, yellow, gelatinous, cup-
shaped.— Peziza chrysocoma, Bull. t. 376. /. 2.

On fir-branches. Not common.

50. APYRENIUM, Fr.

Stroma gelatinoso-carnose, fibroso-floccose, hollow, inflated.
Hymenium smooth, when dry collapso-pubescent.

1. A. lignatile, Fr. — Grev. t. 276.

51. HYMENULA, Fr.

Effused, very thin, maculseform, agglutinate, between waxy
and gelatinous.

1. H. punctiformis, B. and Br. ; gelatinous, punctiform,
pallid, somewhat undulated j spores elliptic.

On decorticated fir-poles. Batheaston, C. E. B. Dirty-
white or very pale umber, slightly tinged with yellow.

52. DITIOLA, Fr.

Orbicular, margined, patellaeform. Hymenium discoid,
gelatinous, at first veiled.

1. D. radicata, Fr. ; disc nearly plane, golden-yellow ; stem
thick, villous, white, rooting. — A. and S. 1. 8./. 6.

IT 2

292

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On pine-wood. Not common. East Bergholt, Dr. Badham.
I have never been able to find asci in this plant, which I be-
lieve belongs to the Order Tremellini.

Eam. II.— gasteromycetes.

Hymeninm more or less permanently concealed, consisting
in most cases of closely-packed cells, of which the fertile ones
bear naked spores on distinct spicules, exposed only by the
rupture or decay of the investing coat or peridium.

Order 7. HTPOGjEL

Hymenium permanent, not becoming dusty or deliquescent
except when decayed. Subterranean.

53. OCTAVIANIA, Vitt.

Peridium continuous or cracked, cottony, .running down
into the sterile base. Trama byssoid, easily divisible. Fruit-
bearing cavities or cells at first empty. Spores rough.

1. O. asterosperma, Vitt.; globose, dirty-white, then in
parts seruginous-blue and black ; sterile base rather thick ;
spores spherical, deep ferruginous, echinate. — Tut. t.W.f.l*

Underground, adhering by the mycelium to twigs, etc.
Rare. West of England, C. E. B.

2. O. Stephensii, Tut. ; irregular, oblong, externally ru-
fous, plicato-rugose at the base, cribrose, white within, milky,
at length, when exposed to the air, rufous; spores globose,
at length echinulate. — Hydnangium Stephensii, Berk. Ann. of
Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 352.

Underground, or half-buried. Bristol, C. E. B. Smell
like that of Lactarius theiogalus. Adhering by branched
fibrous roots.

HYPOG^I.

293

54. MELANOGASTEH, Cd.

Peridium adhering to creeping branched fibres which tra-
verse its surface_, without any proper or distinct base. Cells
at first filled with pulp. Spores smooth, mostly dark.

1. M. variegatus, Tul. ; at first ochraceous, then reddish-
ferruginous, minutely downy ; walls of the cells dirty-white,
yellowish, or orange ; pulp black ; spores minute. — Sow. t. 426.

Under beech-trees, Lombardy poplars, etc. South-west of
England. Not common. Sold in the market at Bath under
the name of the Bed Truffle. British specimens never have
the walls of the cells decidedly yellow or orange. M.
Broomeianiis, B., seems, however, to be a mere variety of
M. variegatus.

2. M. ambiguus, Tul. ; very fetid, globose, dirty-olive
nearly even ; walls of cells white, reddish when exposed to the
air; pulp black; spores large, obovate. — Tul. t. 2. /. 5, and
t. 12. f. 5.

Under fir-trees, etc. West of England, C. E. B. Ape-
thorpe, Northamptonshire. Smell like that of asafoetida.
Spores slightly acute, or more commonly with a terminal
papilla. A variety or distinct species, as large as the last, and
having its bright rust-colour, occurred at Spye Park, in which
the spores have very rarely any papillary apex. This is M,
ambiguus j (3 intermedins , B.

55. HYDNANGIUM, Wallr.

Peridium fleshy or membranaceous. Sterile base none.
Trama vesicular. Cells at first empty, then filled with spores.
Spores echinatc.

1. H. carotsecolor, 7f6T/r. ; oblong, rootless ; i)cri(linm thin,
rngulosc, brick-red, orange within ; spores subclliptic, pale,
cchinulatc. (Plate 20, fig. 1 .) — Ann. of Nat. Hist. xiii. p.351.

294

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Under trees. Bristol,, Dr. Stephens. Sometimes half ex-
posed, as pointed out to me at Bristol by Mr. Broome and
Mr. Thwaites. Colour exactly that of a carrot. Communi-
cating to paper a lemon-coloured stain.

56. HYSTEBANG-IUM, Vitt.

Peridium indehiscent, distinct, separable. Cavities at first
empty. Substance cartilagineo-glutinous. Spores minute.

1. H. nepliriticum, B.; depressed, springing from a white,
flat, branched, membranous mycelium ; peridium firm, elastic,
distinct, tomentose ; substance pale blue or grey, here and
there greenish ; cavities radiating from the base ; spores mi-
nute, oblong, pale clay-colour. — Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 350.

Under trees. Clifton, C. E. B. Smell at first like that of
some Hypericum, then exactly that of a decaying PuflP-ball.
The spores in the closely allied H. Pompholyx, Tub, are rose-
coloured.

2. H. Thwaitesii, B. and Br. , subglobose, white, rufous
when bruised ; peridium membranaceous ; spores oblong api-
culate. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. p. 267.

Under trees. Bristol, C. E. B. Mycelium white, fibril-
lose. Seldom flattened. Cavities brownish- olive. The hy-
menium of Hysterangium is very like that of a young Phallus.

57. BHIZOPOGON, Tul.

Peridium continuous or cracked, adhering to creeping
branched fibres, which traverse its surface. Cavities distinct,
at first empty. Spores smooth, oblong-elliptic.

1. R. rubescens, Tul. ; white, then reddish, and at length
livid-olive, furnished with a few fibrillse ; substance very lacu-
nose, dirty-white, then olive ; cavities always empty.

HYPOGiEI.

295

In sandy fir-woods. Chndleigh^ C. E. B. At first nearly
transparent_, with white roots_, and pink when touched. Smell
something like that of Melanogaster ambiguus when old,
when young like that of sour ham.

58. HYMENOGASTEK, Tul.

Peridium fleshy or thin, running down into an absorbing
base. Cavities at first empty, radiating or irregular. Trama
composed of elongated cells, but not of byssoid flocci, and
therefore not easily separable. Spores various.

1. H. Klotzschii, Tul.; obovate, fibrillose at the base,
dirty-white, within dull rufous-ochre ; spores small, elliptic,
obtuse at either extremity, nearly even. — FI. Regn. Bor.
t. 466.

Amongst soil. Very rare. In the Glasgow Botanic Garden,
Klotzsch.

2. H. muticus, B. and Br. ; globose, quite white when
young, then tinged with brown and cracked, pale yellow-
brown within; spores obovate, oblong, very obtuse. — Ann. of
Nat. Hist. ser. 2. ii. p. 267.

Under trees. Stapleton Grove, Bristol, C. E. B. Smell
very slight. Spores quite blunt.

3. H. luteus, Vitt. ; peridium very thin, soft and silky,
wliitc, then brownish, bright yellow within; spores even,
ovate or elliptic, oblong, yellow. — Tul. t. l.f. 3.

In woods. Not uncommon.

4. H. decorus, Tul. ; roundish, dirty-white, here and there
yellow, rather firm, within lilac-brown and at length blackish-
violet ; absorbing base obsolete ; sporophorcs long, somewhat
filiform ; spores elliptic, obtuse or obtusely apiculatc, rugu-
losc, ochraccous, then brown. — Tul. t. 10. /. 9.

296

OUTLINES OE BRITISH EUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Not uncommon. Distinguished readily by the
filiform sporophores^ which project into the cavities.

5. H. vulgaris, Tul. ; roundish, irregular, dirty- white, soon
soiled, softish, within dirty-white, then dark-brown ; sterile
base minute ; spores oblong or lanceolate, oblong-acute, atte-
nuated at the base, dark-brown when mature ; surface uneven.

In woods. Bristol, C. E. B. Apethorpe.

6. H. pallidus, B. and Br. ; smaller, rounded, depressed,
nearly smooth, white, then dirty tan-colour, rather soft, within
white, then yellow, then pale brown ; sterile base obsolete ;
spores laneeolate, acute, shortly pedicellate, rather rough. —
Ann. of Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 74.

In a dry fir-plantation. Cotterstoek, Northamptonshire.
About size of horse-bean. Resembling somewhat H. luteus.

7. H. citrinus, Vitt. ; rounded, gibbous, shining as if silky,
lemon-coloured or golden-yellow, then rufous-black, of the
same colour within ; substance firm ; spores lanceolate, apicu-
late, rugulose, reddish-brown, opaque. (Plate 20, fig. 2.)

In woods. Not uncommon. Smell strong, cheese-like.
Sporophores often deeply eoloured.

8. H. olivaceus, Fitt. ; globose, but angular; peridium
whitish, then tinged with yellow, rufous when bruised ; sub-
stance white, then of a dull buff, then rufous-olive, variegated
with the white trama; spores pedicellate, mucronate, gene-
rally smooth. — Vitt. t. 5. /. 9.

In woods. Common in the west of England. Smell like
that of Lactarius theiogalus, and in some specimens of Ag.
gambosus.

9. H. tener, B. ; small, globose, soft, white, silky; sub-
stance pale pink, then greyish-umber; sterile base conspi-
cuous, white ; spores broadly elliptic, with a papillary apex,
minutely warty. — Ann. of. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 349.

PHALLOIDET.

297

In woods. Not uncommon. Hazlebeech, Northampton-
shirCj C. E. B. Common in the West of England. Smell
strong, pungent.

10. H. Tliwaitesii, B. and Br, ; small, globose, firm, dirty-
white, here and there stained ; substance brown ; spores glo-
bose, rather rough, papillary. — Ann. of Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 349.

In woods. Very rare. Portbury, near Bristol, G. H. K.
Thwaites. Spores more globose than in any other species,
mixed however with a few which are oblong, larger than in
H. tener, but smaller than in H. decorus. Interior membrane
often contracted.

11. H. pusillus, B. and Br.; very small, obovate or sub-
depressed, white ; sterile base large ; substance dirty-white ;
cells large; spores pallid-rubiginous, short, broadly elliptic,
with a papillary apex, at length rough. — Ann. of Nat. Hist.
xviii. p. 75.

On mossy ground, in woods. Bushton, Northamptonshire.
About 2 lines high. Almost scentless, not turning black like
the last when dry. Cavities larger.

Oedee 8. FIIALLOIBEI.

Volva universal, the intermediate stratum gelatinous. Hy-
menium deliquescent.

59. PHALLUS, L.

Pileus perforated at the apex, free all round, reticulate.
Veil none.

1. P. impudicus, L. ; pileus conical, reticulated; borders
of the reticulations nearly entire ; stem wliitc. (Plate 20,
fig. 3.) — Grev. t. 213.

298

OUTLINES OF BIUTISH FUNGOLOGY.

In woods. Extremely common in some districts^ but local.
Smell very fetid.

2. P. iosmos, B. ; pale reddish-grey ; pileus conical, reti-
culated ; borders of the reticulations strongly toothed. — Curt.
Brit. Ent. x. t. 469.

Sandhills. Lowestoft. I have seen no fresh specimens.
Scent somewhat like violets at a distance, but very offensive
when the plant is dried.

60. CYNOPHALLUS, Fr.

Pileus adnate, imperforate, uneven. Veil none.

1. C. caninus, Fr. — Sow. t. 330.

Amongst decayed leaves, in woods. Local. Stem white
or pinkish. Root filiform, branched, creeping in every di-
rection.

61. CLATHRUS, Mich.

Stem none. Receptacle forming an ovate or globose net-
work; branches of the network cellular within.

1. C. cancellatus, L. ; obovate, branches of the receptacle
anastomosing obliquely. — Huss. i. t. 86.

In woods. South of England and Ireland, as at the Isle
of Wight, Torquay, etc. Very beautiful, but extremely fetid.
Branches resembling sealing-wax, covered here and. therewith
an olive sporiferous mass.

Order 9. TBICHOGASTRES.

Peridium single or double. Hymenium at length drying
up into a dusty mass of threads and spores.

TllICHOGASTRES.

299

62. BATARREA, P.

Volva universal^ central stratum gelatinous. Receptacle
pileiform, bursting through the volva, seated at the top of a
tall stem.

1. B. phalloides, P. ; stem equal, spores brownish.

On sandhills, or in the hollow of old trees at the base.
Rare. New Brighton, Rev. T. Higgins. Dropmore, etc. In
habit resembling Phallus, in structure Tulostoma. — Sow. t. 390.

63. TULOSTOMA, P.

Peridium thin, papyraceous, the outer coat separating, dis-
tinct from the elongated stem.

1. T. mammosum, Fr. ; stem equal, somewhat scaly;
mouth of the peridium prominent, mammseform, entire. —
Sow. t. 406.

On old walls, amongst moss. Local. Not uncommon
about London. The base of the receptaele is free all round.
Stem nearly of the same texture as in Batarrea.

64. GEASTER, Mich.

Peridium double, outer distinct, persistent, bursting, and
divided into several stellate lobes.

1. G. coliformis, P. ; outer peridium multifid, expanded;
inner supported by many slender short stems ; apertures nu-
merous, eiliated. — Soio. t. 313.

On the ground. Loeal. Scarcely found except in Norfolk
and Suffolk. One of the largest of the genus.

2. G. fornicatus, Fr. ; outer peridium subquadrifid, sepa-
rating into two coats, connected at the tips of the divisions,
and vaulted; mouth conieal, plicato-suleate. — Sow. t. 198.

300

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

On the ground, and in the cavity of hollow trees. Not
common, though found occasionally in as high a latitude as
N ottinghamshire.

3. G. striatus, DC. ; outer peridium multifid, simple, ex-
panded ; inner subpedicellate ; mouth prominent, conical, sul-
cato-striate.

Amongst sand. Abundant at Yarmouth.

4. G. Bryantii, B. ; outer peridium, coriaceous, expanded,
multifid ; inner pedicellate, with a groove round the top of
the peduncle ; ’ mouth sulcato-plicate.

Under yew-trees, and on exposed fen-banks. Not common.
Apethorpe, Northamptonshire. Thorney, Cambridgeshire.

5. G. limbatus, i^r. ; outer peridium coriaceous, expanded,
multifid j inner pedicellate ; mouth fimbriato- pilose, depressed,
rather acute. — Sow. t. 312; Huss. i. t. 2.

On the ground. Not common. There is no groove round
the top of the stem, as in the last.

6. G. fimbriatus, Fr. ; outer peridium multifid, expanded,
flaccid ; inner sessile ; mouth indeterminate, piloso -fimbriate.
(Plate 20, fig. 4^.)— Sow. t. 80.

In fir-plantations. Not uncommon. Sowerby^s plant is
certainly the same as this, the mouth not being simply
toothed, as in G. rufescens. The figure in Plate 20 does not
sufficiently show the true character of the aperture.

7. G. mammosus, Chev. ; outer peridium multipartite,
rigid, hygrometric ; lacinise equal ; inner sessile ; mouth ci-
liate, acutely conic, in a circular disc. — Sow. t. 401.

On the ground. Extremely rare. I have seen only the
specimen figured by Sowerby.

8. G. rufescens, P. ; outer peridium multifid, at length
re volute ; inner sessile, naked ; mouth toothed.

In pastures. Bardon Hills, Leicestershire. Northampton-

TRICHOGASTRES.

301

shire. My plant has an irregular toothed mouth. An au-
thentie speeimen of Persoon is G. fimbriatus, and so perhaps
are some of SehmidePs figures.

9. G-. hygrometricus, P. ; outer peridium multipartite,,
thick, rigidly indexed when dry ; inner sessile, subreticulate,
bursting irregularly. — Bolt. t. 179.

On the ground. Very rare. Swain^s Moor, near Halifax.
The hard, horny outer peridium, and scurfy or reticulate,
irregularly bursting inner peridium, readily distinguish this
species, which, though so rare here, is common on the Con-
tinent.

65. BOVISTA, Dill.

Peridium like paper (or pasteboard), persistent. Bark dis-
tinct, at length shelling off. Capillitium equal, attached on
all sides to the peridium. Spores pedicellate.

1. B. nigrescens, P. ; subglobose; peridium tough, paper-
like, at length , blackish-umber ; bark even, entirely evanes-
cent ; capillitium thick, purple-brown, as well as the spores.
(Plate 20, fig. 5.)

In pastures. Very common. Larger than the next.

2. B. plumbea, P. ; globose ; peridium paper-like, flexible,
lead-coloured ; bark persistent at the base ; mouth narrow ;
capillitium and spores brown. (Plate 20, fig. 6.)

In pastures. Even more common than the last.

66. LYCOPEBDOlsr, Tourn.

Peridium membranaceous, vanishing above or becoming
flaccid. Bark adnate, subpersistent, breaking up into scales
or warts. Capillitium adnate to the peridium and to the
sterile base.

302

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1 . L. giganteum, Batsch ; peridium very brittle above and
obtuse, cracking into arese, evanescent, very widely open ;
bark floccose, rather distinct ; capillitium vanishing, together
with the dingy-olive spores. — Grev. t. 336; Him. i. t. 26.

In pastures. Local. Esculent when young. Attaining
sometimes a very large size. Used as an anaesthetic.

2. L. caelatum, Fi'. ; peridium flaccid above, collapsing,
obtuse, dehiscent at the apex, at length open and cup-shaped ;
barren stratum cellular ; inner peridium distinct all round ;
spores dingy-yellow. (Plate 20, flg. 7.) — Huss. ii. t. 23.

In pastures, etc., often forming rings. Very common and
variable.

3. L. atro-purpureum, Vitt. ; peridium flaccid, dingy-ru-
fous, opening by a minute obtuse mouth ; bark at first rough
with minute spines ; sterile base cellular, continuous with the
capillitium ; spores largish, pedicellate, brown-purple, echinu-
late. — Vitt. Mon. t. 2. /. 6.

On downs. West of England, C. E. B.

4. L. pusiUum, Fr. ; peridium entirely flaccid, persistent,
obtuse, always bursting by a narrow mouth ; bark even, then
rimose with adpressed scales ; sterile stratum obsolete, con-
tinuous with the capillitium; spores olive. — Bolt. t.\\7. f. C.

In pastures. Not common. Lea, Lincolnshire, etc. A
small species.

5. L. saccatum, Vahl ; peridium lens-shaped, scurfy, ob-
tuse, cracking into arese, fugacious, very thin, as well as the
adnate bark; capillitium compact, persistent; spores dingy-
umber. — Huss. i. t. 14.

In thickets, or on their borders. Rare. Kent. Bath.
Laxton, Northamptonshire.. Peridium plicate beneath.

6. L. gemmatum, Fr. ; peridium membranaceous, persis-
tent, narrowed at the base, opening with an umbonate mouth

TRICHOGASTRES.

303

bark farinaceous, adnate, covered with more or less spiniilose
warts ; flocci forming a sort of columella ; spores yellow, in-
clined to green. — Huss. i. t. 54.

In meadows, etc. The commonest species of the genus, and
very variable.

7. L. pyriforme, Schceff. ; peridium membranaceous, per-
sistent, somewhat pyriform, umbonate ; bark innate, covered
with minute fugacious scales; columella conical, greenish-
yellow, as well as the spores. — Huss. i. t. 70 ; Grev. t. 304.

On decayed stumps, etc. Common. Root white, branched,
creeping.

67. SCLERODERMA, P.

Peridium firm, with an innate bark, bursting irregularly.
Plocci adhering on all sides to the peridium, and forming dis-
tinct veins in the central mass. Spores large, granulated.

1 . S. vulgare, Fr. ; nearly sessile, irregular ; peridium
hard, corky, bursting by an indefinite aperture ; inner mass
bluish-black; spores dingy. (Plate 15, fig. 4, in part.) —
Huss. i. t. 17.

On the borders of woods, etc. Common. Peridium va-
riously areolate, warty or scaly, sometimes nearly even.

2. S. Bovista, Fr. ; nearly sessile, irregular; peridium thin,
soft, bursting irregularly ; bark inclining to peel off'; floeci
yellow; spores dingy-olive.

On sandy ground. Not common. Known by its thinner
peridium and yellow flocci.

3. S. verrucosum, P. ; somewhat stipitate ; peridium
rounded, somewhat warty, thin above and brittle ; central
mass purple-black ; spores and flocci brown. — Grev. t. 48 ;
Huss. i. t. 17.

On sandy ground, etc. Not uncommon. Care must be

304

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

taken not to confound this with stipitate forms of the two
foregoing species.

68. POLYSACCUM, DC.

Common peridium simple^ rigid, bursting irregularly; in-
ternal mass divided into distinct cells, filled with peridiola.
Spores mixed with threads.

1. P. olivaceum, Fr.; peridium roundish, olive, as well as
the regular minute peridiola ; stem short, abrupt, almost root-
less.— Sow. t. 425 «, b.

f

On the ground (not on sandhills) . Extremely rare. High-
gate. I have seen no specimen, and am therefore uncertain
whether it is really distinct from P. pisocarpium.

69. CENOCOCCUM, Fr.

Peridium naked, thick, carbonaceous, indehiscent, at length
hollow, with the walls dotted with dust-like spores.

1 . C. geopliilum, Fr. ; black ; spores of the same colour. —
Sow. t. 270.

In woods, where the soil is peaty. Common. About the
size of a vetch. The proper situation of this genus is very
doubtful.

Order 10. MYXOGASTBFS.

At first pulpy, at length filled with flocci and dust-like
spores.

70. LYCOGALA, Mich.

Peridium composed of a double membrane, papyraceous.

MYXOGASTRES.

305

persistent, bursting irregularly at the apex, externally warty
or furfuraceous. Flocci delicate, adnate to the peridium.

1. epidendrum, Fr.; Grev. ^.38. On decayed wood.*'

2. parietinum, Fr.; Schrad. Nov. Gen.t. 6./. 1; (no. 381). On damp

paper, basket-work, etc.

71. RETICULAHIA, Bull

Peridium indeterminate, simple, thin, naked, bursting irre-
gularly, fugitive. Flocci attached to the peridium, flat,
branched, subreticulate.

1. maxima, Fr. On felled trees.

2. atra, Fr. ; Sow. t. 257. On felled pines.

3. nmbrina, Fr. (Plate 20, fig, 5.) Sow. t. 272. On old rails, etc.

* Specific characters are given of those species only which can be readily
made out with nothing more than a common lens. A mere list is appended of
the smaller species, a full account of which, or a reference to where such an
account exists, will be found either in the ‘English Flora’ or in Taylor’s
Journal, the number in that Journal being indicated where the plant is not
contained in the first-mentioned work. The place of each number in the
Journal may be found from the following schedule : —

Mag. of

Zool.

and Bot. vol. i.

P-

42 :

no.

1- 37.

55

55

vol. i.

p.

507:

no.

38- 58.

Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser.

1. vol. i.

P-

198:

no.

59-107.

55

55

55

vol. i.

p.

257:

no.

108-137.

55

55

55

vol. vi.

P-

355:

no.

138-207.

55

55

55

vol. vi.

p.

430:

no.

208-256.

55

55

55

vol. xiii.

P-

340 ;

no.

257-322.

55

55

ser.

2. vol. ii.

P-

259:

no.

323-379.

55

55

55

vol. V.

P-

365 :

no.

380-437.

55

55

55

vol. V.

P-

455 :

no.

438-501.

55

55

55

vol. vii.

P-

95:

no.

502-537.

55

55

55

vol. vii.

P-

176:

no.

538-614.

55

55

55

vol. ix.

p.

317 :

no.

615-639.

55

55

55

vol. ix.

P-

377 :

no.

640-661.

55

55

55

vol. xiii.

P-

396 :

no.

662-729.

55

55

55

vol. xiii.

P-

. 458 :

no.

730-784.

55

55

ser.

3. vol. iii.

P'

. 35(; ;

: no.

785-900.

X

306

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

72. ^THALIUM, Lk.

Peridium indeterminate_, externally covered by a floccose
evanescent bark_, cellular within from the confluent interwoven
flocci.

1. septiciim, Fr. In woods, on various substances.

2. vaporarium, F?'. ; Grev. t. 272. In stoves, on bark.

73. SPUMARIA, P.

Peridium indeterminate, simple, crustaceous, flocculoso-
cellular. Spores surrounded by membranaceous, ascending,
often sinuous folds.

1. alba, DC.; Grev. t. 267. On living culms of grass, etc.

74. DIDERMA, P.

Peridium double; external, distinct, crustaceous, smooth;
internal delicate, evanescent, attached to the straggling flocci,
with or without a columella.

1. floriforme, P. Byyi.p. 165 ; Bull. t. 371. On decayed wood, etc.

2. umbilicatum, P. 1. c.; FI. Ban. 1972. f. 1. On dead bark, etc.

8. citrinum, Fr.; FI. Ban. 1312./. 1. On Sphagnum.

4. vernicosum, P. Ohs. t. 3./. 7; Grev. t. 111. On dead leaves, etc.

5. spumarioides, Fr. ; FI. Ban. 1798. /. 2. On moss, dead leaves, etc.

6. Trevelyani, Fr. ; Grev. ^.132. On mosses.

7. Carmichaelianum, B. in Engl. FI. Z. c. jo. 31 1. On mosses.

8. nitens, Klotzsch ; Engl. FI. 1. c. On bark.

9. globosum, Fr.; Grev. t. 122. On dead leaves.

10. cyanescens, Fr. On dead and living leaves.

11. deplanatum, Fr. On dead oak-leaves, etc.

12. contextum, P. Ohs. \. p. 89; Bitm. in Sturm^ i. t. 39; {no. 109). On

dead grass, fern, etc.

MYXOGASTRES.

307

75. DIDYMIUM, Schrad.

Peridium scaly or floccose^ bursting irregularly.

1. melanopus,i^ir.(?^o.382),and/5clavus(?^o.ll0). On various substances.

2. hemisphaericum, Fr.; Sow. t. 12. On dead twigs, etc.

3. furfuraceum, Fr. {no. 734). On dead leaves.

4. tigrinum, Fr.; Schrad. t. 6./. 2, 3 ; {no. 383). On decayed wood.

5. squamulosum, A. and S. 4./. 5. On dead leaves, etc.

6. farinaceum, Fr.; Schrad. 6. On dead leaves, etc.

7. nigripes, Fr. ; Film. ^.42. On rotten wood.

8. pertusum, B. Fng. FI. 1. c. p. 313. On dead herbaceous stems.

9. xanthopus, Fr. ; Ditm. t. 43 ; {no. 111). On dead leaves.

10. leucopus, Fr. ; Lk. Biss. i. p. 27. On dead leaves, etc.

11. Sowerbeii, B.; Sow. t. 412./. 3. On a decaying bulb.

12. lobatum, Nees^ Syst.f. 104. On mosses.

13. congestum, B. and Br. {no. 384). On dead leaves, grass, etc.

14. daedaleum, B. and Br. {no. 385). In a cucumber-frame.

15. physaroides, Fr. On dead wood, mosses, etc.

16. cinereum, Fr. ; Batsch,f. 169. On various decaying substances.

17. serpula, Fr. On dead leaves.

76. PHYSARUM, P.

Peridium simple_, membranaceous^ very delieate, naked_,
quite smooth, bursting irregularly. Columella none.

1. nutans, P., and y aureum, Grev. t. 124. On decayed wood.

2. bulbiforme, Schum.; FI. Ban. t. 1974./. 3. On rotten wood.

3. mbiginosum, Chev.; FI. Par. p. 338. On bark, amongst moss.

4. lilacinum, Fr. {no. 215). On decayed wood.

5. metallicum, B. {no. 29, with a figure). On elder-sticks.

6. album, Fr. ; Gi'ev. t. 40. On dead leaves, etc.

7. atmm, Fr. {no. 216). On fallen oak-branches, etc.

77. ANGIORIDIUM, Grev.

Peridium membranaceous, opening by a longitudinal fis-

o.

X

308

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

sure. Flocci adhering to the peridium on all sides, reticulate,
flat, ending above in the inner peridium.

1. sinuosum, Grev. t. 310. On dead leaves, etc.

78. BADHAMIA, B.

Peridium naked or furfuraceous. Spores in groups, en-
closed at first in a hyaline sac.

1. hyalina, B. Physarum hyalinum, P. Disp. t. 2./. 4. On decayed wood.

2. utricularis, B. Physarum utriculare, P?'. ; Bull. t. 417./. 1.

3. nitens, B. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 153 {no. 731). On decayedwood.

4. pallida, B. 1. c. {no. 732). On decayed wood.

5. fulvella, B. l.c.p. 154 {no. 733). On decayed wood.

79. CBATEmUM, Trent.

Peridium simple, papyraceous, rigid, persistent, closed at
first with a deciduous operculum. Flocci congested, erect.

1. pednnculatum, Trent; Bitm. l.c. t. 9. On dead, twigs, etc.

2. pyriforme, Bitm. l.c. t. 10. On dead leaves, etc.

3. minutnm, Fr.; Sow. t. 239. On dead leaves, etc.

4. leucocephalum, Bitm.. Z. c. 1. 11 ; Grev. t. 65. On dead leaves, etc.

5. rautabile, Fr. On bark, moss, etc.

80. DIACHEA, Fr.

Peridium very delicate, simple, falling off in fragments.
Capillitium subreticulate, springing from a grumous, pallid
columella.

1. elegans, Fr.; Bull. t. 502./. 2; {no. 112). On dead leaves, etc.

81. STEMOmTIS, Gled.

Peridium very delicate, simple, evanescent. Capillitium
reticulate, springing from the dark, penetrating stem.

MYXOGASTllES.

309

1. fusca, Roth ; Grev. t. 170. On old stumps, etc.

3. feiTuginea, Ehrh. Silv. Ber.f. 6 B. On old stumps, etc.

3. typhoides, DC. ; Batsch,f. 176 ; {no. 113). On dead leaves, etc.

4. ovata, P. ; PI. Dan. t. 3091./. 1 ; Sow. t. 359. On old wainscot-

ing, etc.

5. obtnsata, Pr.; PI. Dan. t. 3091./. 3. On dead wood.

6. pulcliella. Bah. {no. 317, vnth a figure). On dead Pteris aquilina.

7. Physaroides, A. and S. t. 3./. 8 {no. 386). On mossy stumps.

8. violacea, Pr. {no. 387). On moss.

9. arcyrioides, Somm. {no. 114). On dead laurel-leaves.

82. ENERTHENEMA, Bowm,

Peridiura very delicate^ simple, evanescent, except at the
apex, where it is adnate wdth the dilated top of the pene-
trating dark stem. Capillitium dependent, attached to the
dilated disc. Spores surrounded by a cyst.

1. elegans, Bowm. in Linn. Tr. xvi. t. 16. (Plate 1, fig. 6 c.) Stemo-
nitis papillata, P. On decayed wood.

83. DICTYDIUM, Schrad.

Peridium simple, very delicate, reticulated or veined from
the innate capillitium.

1. umbilicatum, Schrad.; Grev. t. 153. On pine-stumps.

84. CRIBRARIA, Schrad.

Peridium simple, persistent below, vanishing above. Flocci
innate, forming a free network in the upper half of the
peridium.

1. intermedia, B. ; Sow. t. 400./. 5. On rotten wood.

310

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

85. ARCYRIA, Hill.

Peridium simple^ upper portion very fugacious. Capillitium
elastic. Flocci not spiral.

1. punicea, P. ; Sow. t. 49 ; Grev. t. 130. On decayed wood.

2. incarnata, P. ; Ohs. t. 5./. 4, 5. On decayed wood.

3. cinerea, ScJmm. ; Bull. t. 477./. 3. On decayed wood.

4. nutans, Fr.; Sow. t. 260 ; Grev. t. 309. On decayed wood.

5. umbrina, Schum.; FI. Ban. 1975./. 1 ; (wo. 389). On decayed wood.

6. ochroleuca, Fr. ; Bitm. 1. c. t. S,; (no. 115). On decayed wood.

86. OPHIOTHECA, Curr.

Peridium simple, bursting longitudinally. Capillitium two-
fold, one consisting of delicate hyaline threads, to which the
spores are attached ; the other of echinulate, thicker, branched
filaments.

1. cbrysosperma, Curr. Micr. Journ. ]i. p. 240. t. 9.

87. TRICHIA, Hall.

Peridium simple, persistent, membranaceous, bursting irre-
gularly above. Threads spiral.

1. rubiformis, P. ; Bisp. t. 4./. 3. T. Neesiana, Cd.; (no. 218). On

dead wood.

2. pyriformis, Hoffm. Veg. Crypt, t. 1./. 1. On decayed wood.

3. Ayresii, B. and Br. (no. 390). On decayed wood.

4. Lorinseriana, Cd. Fasc. i. /. 288; Currey^ inMic. Journ. Y.p. 129.

5. serotina, Schrad. ; Jou7'n. Bot. 1799. 3. /. 2; {no. 391). On de-

cayed wood.

6. fallax, P. ; Ohs. t. 3./. 45. On decayed wood.

7. clavata, P. ; Sow. t. 400./. 6. On decayed wood.

8. cerina, Bitm. 1. c. t. 25 ; Cw'rey., l.c. p. 127. On decayed wood.

9. nigripes, P. ; Currey^ l.c. p. 128.

10. turbinata, With.; Sow. t. 85. On decayed wood.

NIDULARIACEl.

311

11. clirysosperma, DC.; Grev. t. 281. On decayed wood.

12. varia, P. ; Batsch^f. 171. On decayed wood.

13. serpula, P. ; Grev. t. 266. On dead leaves, etc.

88. PERICH^NA, Fr.

Peridium simple, submembranaceous, persistent, naked,
often splitting horizontally in the middle. Flocci few, not
spiral.

1. abietina, Fr. ; Sow. t. 258. On decaying fir-wood.

2. populina, Fr. ; Grev. t. 252. On decaying poplar.

89. LICEA, Schrad.

Peridinm thin, membranaceous, even, bursting irregularly.
Spores not mixed with flocci.

1. cylindrica, Fr.; Sow. t. 199. On soft rotten wood.

2. fragiformis, Fr. ; Grev. t. 308. On soft rotten wood.

3. applanata, B. (jio. 292). On sticks.

4. perreptans, B.; Sow. t. 400./. 1; (wo. 392). On hotbeds.

90. PHELONITIS, Chev.

Peridium paper-like, persistent, commonly splitting hori-
zontally in the centre. Spores large, rough.

1. strobilina, Fr.; Grev. t. 275. On fallen fir-cones.

Order 11. NIDTILABIAGFI.

Spores produced on sporophorcs compacted into one or
more globose or disciform bodies, contained within a distinct
peridium.

91. CYATHUS, P.

Peridium composed of three closely connected membranes.

312

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

at length bursting at the apex, and closed by a white mem-
brane. Sporangia plane, umbilicate, attached to the walls by
an elastic cord.

1. striatus, Hoffm. ; obconic, truncate above' and below, externally fer-

ruginous, hairy, within lead-coloured, smooth, striate. (Plate 2,
fig. 3.) On sticks, fir-cones, etc. Not uncommon.

2. vernicosus, JDC. ; bell-shaped, narrow at the base, nearly sessile,

quite even, externally ochraceous or cinereous, minutely downy, at
length smooth, within lead-coloured or brown. (Plate 21, fig. 1.)
On the ground, especially in stubble-fields. Common.

92. CRUCIBTJLUM, Tul.

Peridium consisting of a uniform, spongy, fibrous felt,
closed by a flat furfuraceous cover of the same colour. Spo-
rangia plane, attached by a long cord, springing from a little
nipple-like tubercle.

1. vulgare. Till. (Plate 2, fig. 1.) On fern, sticks, etc. Not uncommon.

93. SPHJEROBOLUS, Tode.

Peridium double ; the inner at length inverted elastically,
and ejecting a solitary subglobose sporangium.

1. stellatus, Tode ; globose, pale yellow; mouth regular, stellato-den-
tate. (Plate 21, fig. 2.) On sawdust, twigs, etc. Not uncommon.

94. POLYANGIUM, Lk.

Peridium subhemispherical, hyaline. Sporangia large in
proportion, grumous within.

1. vitellinum, l.c. t. 27. On fallen trunks. Very rare. King’s
Cliffe.

Atractobolus ubiqiiitarius is simply the eggs of some Rbi~
jngnathus ; Myriococcum and Thelebokis were introduced into

SPHiERONEMEI.

313

the ^English Flora^ on the authority of Loudon, but it is not
certain that they were ever found in Great Britain.

Fam. III.— CONIOMYCETES.

Spores either solitary or concatenate, produced on the tips
of generally short threads, which are either naked or contained
in a perithecium, rarely compacted into a gelatinous mass.'^

Order 12. SPHjEBONEMEI.

Perithecium more or less distinct.

95. CONIOTHYRIUM, Cd.

Perithecium membranaceous, bursting irregularly or trans-
versely. Spores simple, at length free.

1. glomeratum, Cd. Fasc. 4./. 108 {no. 752). On elm planks.

96. LEPTOSTROMA, Fr,

Perithecium membranaceous, flat, breaking ofi* at the base.
Spores simple, minute.

1. caricinum, Fr. ; Obs. ii. t. l.f. 4. On dead sedges.

2. juncinum, Fr. {no. 108). On dead rushes.

3. fllicinum, Fr. ; Sow. t. 394./. 10. On dead Pteris aquilina.

4. litigiosum, Besin. On dead Pteris aquilina.

5. Spira33e, Fr. On dead Spircea Ulmaria.

6. vulgare, Fr. {no. 205). On various dead herbaceous plants.

97. PHOMA, Fr.

Perithecium punctiform or subglobose, often spurious or

* Tlie spores are the prominent feature of this family, and not the threads,
as in the following.

314

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

incorporated with the matrix^ discharging the minute simple
spores by a small orifiee at the apex. Spores mostly hyaline.

* Spo7'es slightly coloured.

1. concentricum, JDesm. {no. 197). On leaves of Yucca and Agave.

2. Hederae, Desm. {no. 350). On dead ivy-stems.

Syores hyaline.

3. asteriscus, B. and Br. {no. 394). On dead stems of Heracleum.

4. nothum, B. and Br. {no. 395). On dead plane-twigs.

5. lingam, Desm. no. 1877 {no. 395). On old cabbage-stalks.

6. radula, B. and Br. {no. 396). On dead plane-twigs.

7. depressum, B. and Br. {no. 397). On twigs of Robinia Pseudacacia .

8. eriopborum, B. and Br.{no. 812). On decaying chestnuts.

9. samarorum, JDesm. no. 349 {no. 398). On dead ash samara.

10. piceum, B. and Br. {no. 399). On rose-leaves.

11. sticticum, B. and Br, {no. 400). On dead box-twigs.

12. exiguum, JDesm. {no. 1869). On dead elder-shoots.

13. devastatrix, B. and Br. {no. 813). On Lobelia.

14. microscopicnmj B. and Br. {no. 401). On Potainogeton.

15. nebulosum, B. = Sp. nebulosa, P. On dead herbaceous stems.

16. longissimum, B. = Sp. longissima, P. On dead stems, Umbel-

lifera, etc.

*## 0^2, bleached wood.

17. inophilura, B. {no. 735). On maple planks.

18. muciferum, B. {no. 736). On elm planks.

19. ulmicola, B. {no. 737). On elm planks.

20. epileucum, B. {no. 7 38). On pine planks.

21. fibricola, B. {no. 739). On pine planks.

22. bicuspidatum, B. {no. 740). On pine planks.

98. LEPTOTHYRIUM, Kze.

Perithecium flat, irregular, at length breaking off at the
base. Spores cylindrical -oblong or irregular.

SPHJ5R0NEMEI.

315

1. Juglandis, Lib. no. 164 (no. 402). On walnut-leaves.

2. Fragarise, Lib. (no. 162). On strawberry and Potentilla.

3. Eibis, Lib. (no. 258). On leaves of red eurrant.

99. ACTIWOTHYRIUM, Kze.

Perithecia orbicular_, radiato-fibrous. Spores fusiform^ slen-
der, simple.

1. graminis, Kze. ; Grev. ^.218. On dead grass.

100. CRYPTOSPORIUM, Kze.

Perithecium always covered by the cuticle, carnoso-mem-
branaceous, at length pierced. Spores fusiform, simple.

1. Carieis, Cd. (no. 403). On sedge-leaves.

2. Neesii, Cd. (no. 404). On bireb-twigs.

101. SPHiEROlTEMA, Tode.

Perithecia free, opaque or hyaline. Spores minute, at
length oozing out by the ostiolum, and forming a globule.

1. subulatum, Tode ; Grev. t. 189. On dead Lactarii.

2. vitreum, Cd. S. blepbaristoma, B. (no. 57, with a Jig., 196). On dead

Lactarii and nettles.

3. leucoeonium, B. and Br. (no. 405). On decayed beet.

4. epimyces, B. Sphaeria epimyces, Ehb. (no. 187). On Corticia.

102. APOSPHiERIA, B.

Perithecia at length free, distinct from the matrix, fur-
nished with a papillaiform ostiolum. Spores minute.

1. acuta, B. Spha3ria acuta, IToJpin. On dead nettles.

2. complanata, B. S. coniplanata, Er. in part. On dead stems.

316

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

103. SPHJEROPSIS, Lev.

Perithecia distinctj carbonaceous. Spores various, simple,
escaping by a perforation at the apex.

1. atro-virens, Lev. On dead mistletoe-twigs.

2. Candollii, B. and Br. Sphseria Biixi, DC. On dead box-leaves.

3. leueostigma, Lev. {no. 420). S. Hederse, Sow. On dead ivy-leaves.

4. cylindrospora, Deem. {no. 418). On dead ivy -leaves.

5. Balfsii, B. and Br. {no. 419). On dead ivy -leaves.

6. parca, B. and Br. {no. 420^). On dead leaves of Abies excelsa.

7. Strobi, B. and Br. {no. 421). On dead leaves of Pinus St7'obus.

8. geniculata, B. and Br. {no. 422). With the last.

9. epitricha, B. and Br. {no. 423). On Equisetum palustre.

10. mutiea, B. and Br. {no. 424). On elder.

11. menispora, B. and Br. {no. 425). On Typlia latifolia.

12. malorum, B Sphseria malonim, B. in Eng. El. On decaying apples.

13. arundinacea, Lev. = Sph. arundinacea, Sow. On dead leaves.

14. Taxi, B. On dead yew-leaves.

15. Alismatis, Cnrr.; Linn. Tr. xxii. jt?. 334. On Alisma Plantago.

104. DOTHIORA, Fr.

Nucleus slowly developed, gelatinoso-grumous, black, im-
mersed in an erumpent stroma, subcarbonaceous externally,
fleshy wuthin, always astomous. Spores pedicellate, obovate,
simple.

1. pyrenophora, Er. {fto. 199). On twigs of apple.

2. sphseroides, Er. {no. 198). On ash-twigs.

105. CLINTERIUM, Fr.

Perithecium erumpent, free, carbonaceous, bursting by fis-
sures at the apex. Nucleus gelatinoso-floccose. Spores
simple.

1. obturatum, Er. On leaves of ling.

SPH^RONEMEI.

317

106. ACROSPERMUM, Tode.

Perithecia cylindrical^ free. Spores long, asciform, flexuous,
erect.

1. compressum, Tode ; G-rev. t. 182. On various dead herbaceous plants,

old ropes, etc. Must not be confounded with the very similar eggs
of Crioceris Asjparagi.

2. graminum, Lib. {no. 164). On dead grasses.

107. DIPLODIA, Fr,

Perithecia distinct, carbonaceous. Spores uniseptate, es-
caping by a perforation at the apex.

1. mutila, Fr. {no. 407). On dead poplar- twigs.

2. confluens, B. and Br. {no. 408). On dead twigs of Daphne Laureola.

3. csespitosa, B. and Br. (;2o. 409). On dead ivy-twigs.

4. vulgaris, Leo. {no. 410). On dead twigs of various trees.

5. ilicicola, Desm. 988 {no. 206). On dead holly-twigs.

6. viticola, Desm. no. 989 {no. 207). On dead pine-shoots.

7. paupercula, B. and Br. {no. 406‘^). On dead plane-twigs.

8. Cowdellii, B. and Br. {no. 406). On damp cotton.

9. fibricola, B. {no. 741). On planks of Lombardy poplar.^'

10. oospora, B. {no. 742). On bleached willow.

11. tecta, B. and Br. {no. 411). On dead laurel-leaves.

12. censors, B. and Br. {no. 412). On dead laurel-leaves.

13. arbuticola, Fr. {no. 188). On dead leaves of Arbutus Uva-ursi.

14. llicis, Curr. 1. c. g. 329. Spli. Ilicis, Fr. On holly-leaves.

108. HENDERSONIA, B.

Perithecia distinct. Spores 2-multiseptatc, escaping by a
terminal pore.

1. elegans, B. {710. 208, 7oifh a fig.). On dead reeds.

2. rnacrospora, B. a7id Br. {710. 413). On twigs of Vhlladelplius.

* This species occurred also ou an elm plank, picked up by Captain Penny
in lat. 76° 2' N., long. 96° VV

318

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

3. arcus, B. and Br. {no. 413^). On dead box-twigs.

4. mutabilis, B. and Br. {no. 414). On dead plane-twigs.

5. polycystis, B. and Br. {no. 415). On dead birch-twigs.

6. oreades, Dur. and Mont.; Desm. {no. 1268). On half-dead oak-leaves.

7. Stephensii, B. and Br. {no. 502). On dead Pteris aquilina.

8. fibriseda, B. {no. 743). On birch planks.

109. DARLUCA, Cast.

Perithecia delicate. Spores containing a row of sporidiola,
oozing out and forming a tendril.

1 . hlum. Cast. On various Uredines.

2. typhoidearum, B. and Br. {no. 417). On dead leaves of Typha.

3. macropus, B. and Br. {no. 416). On dead leaves of Carices.

110. VERMICULARIA, Tode.

Perithecium thin, mouthless, generally bristly. Spores
vermiculate.

1. dematium, Fr. On dead herbaceous stems.

2. trichella, Grev. t. 345. On dead ivy-leaves.

3. atramentaria, B. and Br. {no. 430). On dead potato-stems.

4. circinans,.5.m Gard. Chron.l^hl . On skins of the white Nocera onion.

111. DISCOSIA, Lib.

Perithecium flat, opening at the base. Spores septate, ob-
liquely aristate at either end.

1. alnea. Lib. Sp. artocreas, Tode. On dead leaves.

112. PILIDIUM, Kze.

Perithecium scutellseform, smooth, shining, opening irre-
gularly. Spores curved, without any appendages.

1. acerinum, Kze. On dead sycamore-leaves.

SPIIiERONEMEI.

319

2. cai-bonaceum, Lib. {no. 442). Cenangium fuliginosura, F?'. Not,
however, a good Pilidiim. On dead willow-twigs,

113. MELASMIA, Lev,

Perithecium membranaceous, dehiscent above, rather swol-
len, at length depressed and rugose, growing in a thin, spot-
like, effused receptacle. Spores minute.

1. acerina. Lev. {no. 443). On living sycamore-leaves.

2. alnea. Lev.; Grev. t. 146./. 2. On living alder-leaves.

114. PIGGOTIA, B. and Br,

Perithecia irregular, very thin, obsolete below, forming by
confluence a wrinkled mass, bursting by a lacerated Assure.
Spores rather large, obovate, at length tomiparous.

1. astroidea, B. and Br. {no. 503). On living elm-leaves.

115. SEPTOBIA, Fr,

Perithecia minute, more or less incorporated with the ma-
trix. Spores oblong and septate, or thread-shaped and conti-
nuous, discharged in little tendrils.

* Spores septate.

1. Ulmi, ILze. ; Grev'. t. 112. On living elm-leaves.

2. Oxyacanthse, Kze. On living hawthorn-leaves.

3. Aceris, B. and Br. {no. 432). On living sycamore-leaves.

4. salicella, B. and Br. {no. 746). On willow-twigs.

* Spores not septate.

5. iEgopodii, Ldesm. On living leaves of JEg. Bodagraria.

6. Lepidii, Desm. {no. 431). On living leaves Ljepidhm Smithii.

7. nodorum, B. {no. 433). On joints of nearly ripe wheat-stalks.

8. Hippocastani, B. and Ar.(wo.434). On living leaves of horse-chestnut.

320

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

9. lituus, B. and Br. {no. 744). On twigs.

10. Ealfsii, B. and Br. (;^o. 745). On apples.

11. insularis, B. and Br. {no. 747). On ivy-leaves.

12. Badhami, B. and Br. {no. 748). On living vine-leaves.

13. polygonomm, Besm. {no. 749). On living Bolygona.

14. Convolvuli, Besm. {no. 195). On living bindweed.

15. cornicola, Besm. {no. 54). On living cornel. (Hendersonia, Curr.)

16. heterocbroa, Besm. no. 1720 {no. 105). Sp. vagans, Fr.

17. graminum, Besm. {no. 103). On grass.

18. stemmatea, B. {no. 192). On living leaves of Vaccinium Vitis-idcea.

19. Hederee, Besm. {no. 341). Sp. hedersecola, Fr. On ivy.

20. Populi, Besm. {no. 1731). Sp. frondicola, Fr. On poplar.

21. thecicola, B. and Br. {no. 424). On capsules of Polytrichurn.

116. ASCOCHYTA, Lib.

Perithecia distinct_, delicate. Spores oozing out_, uniseptate
or simple.

1. Pisi, Lib. = Depazea concava, B. {no. 194, with a Jig.). On pea-pods.

2. pallor, B. {no. 193, with a Jig.). On living bramble- stems.

3. Diantbi, B. {no. 104, with a Jig.). On living pink-leaves.

4. rufomaculans, E.(Septoria, m Gard. Chron. 1854,/?. 676). On grasses.

117. CYSTOTRICHA, B. and Br.

Perithecia bursting longitudinally. Sporophores branched_,
articulated, beset here and there with oblong, uniseptate
spores,

1. striola, B. and Br. {no. 448, with a JigJ On naked wood.

118. NEOTTIOSPORIA, Desm.

Perithecia concealed, with a central perforation. Spores
hyaline, crested.

1. caricura, Besm. (»o. 435). On dead sedge-leaves.

SPHiERONEMEI.

321

119. EXCIPTJLA, Fr.

Perithecia delicate, hispid, open above (excipuliform) .
Spores hyaline, attenuated, but not appendiculate.

1. strigosa, Fr. On dead leaves of grass.

2. macrotriclia, B. and Br. {tio. 444). On dead furze.

3. chaetostroma, B. and Br. {no. 445, with a fig). On old ash-keys.

4. fnsispora, B. and Br. {no. 814, with a fig). On Clematis Vitalha.

120. DINEMASPORIUM, Lev.

Perithecia open above (excipuliform), delicate, hispid.
Spores hyaline, aristate at either extremity.

1. graminum, Lev. {no. 446). On dead grass.

121. MYXORMIA, B. and Br.

Perithecium composed of flocci with free apices, open above.
Spores concatenate, involved in gelatine.

1. atro-viridis, B. and Br. {no. 447, with a fig). On grass.

122. PROSTHEMIUM, Kze.

Perithecia carbonaceous. Spores fasciculate, fusiform, sep-
tate, attached to articulated threads.

1 . betulinurn, Kze. On dead birch-twigs.

123. ASTEROMA, BC.

Perithecia flat, with no determinate orifice, attached to
creeping branched threads. Spores simple or uniseptate.

1. reticulatum, B. On half dead Convallaria majatis.

2. Ulmi, Kl. On living elm-leaves.

3. Prunellse, Burt. On living Prunella vulgaris.

Y

322

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

4. Padi, Grev. {no. 201). On living leaves of Frunus Padus.

5. Posse, DC. {no. 202). On living rose-leaves.

6. Veronicse, Desm. no. 778 {no. 55). On living V. officinalis.

124. RABENHOBSTIA, Fr.

Conceptacle tliin, subcarbonaceous, cup-sbaped, dimidiate,
above covered with the adnate cuticle, celluloso-loculose
within. Ostiolum simple. ISIucleus gelatinous.

1. rudis, Fr. On dead twigs of laburnum.

2. Tilise, Fr. On dead twigs of lime.

125. CYTISPORA, Fr.

Perithecia irregular, or compound and radiating. Spores
minute, mostly curved, oozing out from a common apex in
the form of globules or tendrils.

1. rubescens, Fr. On dead twigs of Rosacece.

2. cbrysosperma, Fr. On dead poplar.

3. carpbosperma, Fr. On dead twigs of Rosacece.

4. leucosperma, F. On various trees.

5. fugax, Fr. On dead willows.

6. Hendersonii, B. and Br. {no. 436). On twigs of Rosa arvensis.

7. Pinastri, Fr. On fallen pine-leaves.

8. guttifera, Fr. On dead willow-twigs.

126. MICROPERA, Lev.

Perithecia innate, membranaceous, gaping above, without
any common ostiolum. Spores simple, linear.

1. drupacearum, Lev. {no. 437). On dead branches of cherry.

127. DISCELLA, R. and Br.

Perithecium spurious, nearly simple, sometimes obsolete

MELANCONIEl.

323

above or entirely wanting, and hence excipuliform. Spores
elongated, simple or uniseptate.

1. carbonacea, B. and Br. {no. 426, with a fig^. On dead sallow twigs.

2. Desmazierii, B. andBr. {no. 427, with a fig.). On dead lime-twigs.

3. platyspora, B. and Br. {no. 428). On dead plane-twigs.

4. microsperma, B. and Br. {no. 429, with a fig.). On dead sallow-twigs.

5. abnormis, B. and Br. (wo. 429*). On dead elder shoots.

128. PHLYCTiENA, Besm.

Perithecium spurious, simple, never deficient above. Spores
elongated.

1. vagabunda, Desm. {no. 753). On dead teazle-stems.

2. Jolinstonii, B. and Br. {no. 639*). On dead Senecio Jacohcea.

129. CEUTHOSPORA, Ft.

Perithecium spurious, innate, stromatiform, multicellular.
Spores ejected from one or more orifices.

1. phacidioides, Grer. t. 253. On holly.

b. Besm. {no. \^'^^).=Cytispora pulveracea, B.

2. Lanri, Grev. ^.254. On the common laurel.

130. ERIOSPORA, B. and Br.

Stroma multicellular. Spores ejected by a common orifice,
quaternate, filiform, seated on short sporophores.

1. leucostoma, B. and Br. {no. 438, with a fig.). On Tgpha.

Oeder 13. MELANCONIEL
Perithecium obsolete, or altogether wanting.

Y

2

131. MELANCONIUM, Lk.
Spores simple, oozing out in a dark mass.

324

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. bicolor, Nees, including M. sp]i(B7'oideum, Lk. {no. 250). On

birch.

2. magnum, B.; Grev. t. 345. On walnut and hornbeam.

3. sphaerospermum, Jjk. {no. 251). On dead reeds.

132. STEGONOSPORIUM, Cd.

Spores unilocular^ the endochrome transversely septate or
cellulose, oozing out in a black mass.

1. cellulosnm, Cd. On dead branches.

133. STILBOSPORA, P.

Spores septate, oozing out in a black mass.

1. ovata, P. On dead twigs.

2. angustata, P. {no. 36). On cornel.

134. ASTEPOSPORIUM, Kze.

Spores stellate, septate, oozing out in a black mass.

1. Hoffmanni, M. and N. {no. 669). On dead birch.

135. CORYNEUM,

Spores septate, seated on a cushion-like stroma.

1. pnlvinatum, Kze. On dead sycamore.

2. diseiforme, Kze. {no. 450). On dead birch.

3. compactum, B. and Br. {no. 449). On dead elm-twigs.

4. Kunzei, Cd. On dead oak-twigs.

5. microstichum, B. afid Br. {no. 451). On dead twigs of rose,

vine, etc.

136. PESTALOZZIA, Be Not.

Spores septate, seated on a long peduncle, crested above.
1. Guepini, Desm. {no. 1084). On Ca^nellia leaves.

TORULACEI.

325

137. CHEIROSPORA, Fr.

Spores collected in bundles at the tip of hyaline,, filiform
sporophoresj forming moniliform threads.

1. botryospora, Fr. {no. 441^). On beech-twigs.

138. NEMASPORA, P.

Spores coloured^ oozing out in large tendrils. Spores of
two kinds^ some minute^ others filiform^ with a strong cur-
vature.

1. crocea, P. On dead beech.

2. Rosee, JDesm. On dead rose.

139. MYXOSPORIUM, De Not.

Spores coloured, minute, of one kind, forming tendrils.

1. paradoxum, B. N. {no. 439). On ivy-leaves.

2. orbiculare, B.=Cytisp. orbicularis, B. {no. 106, with a Jig.). On

gourds.

3. colliculosum, B.; Sow. t. 409. On peiir-leaves.

140. GLCEOSPORIUM, Mont.

Spores hyaline, simple, of one kind, oozing out in the form
of tendrils.

1. concentricum, B. and Br.=Cylindrosporium concentricam, Grev. {no,

451). On living cabbage-leaves.

2. labes, B. and Br. {no. 450). On living poplar-leaves.

3. laeticolor, B. (Gard. Cliron. 1859, p. 604). On poaches and nec-

tarines.

4. fructigenum, B. (Gard. Cliron. 1856, p. 245). On ajiplcs.

Order 14. TORULACEI.

Perithcciiun altogether wanting, kruetilying surlaec naked.

326

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Spores compound^ or arising from repeated division (tomi-
parous), very rarely reduced to a single cell.

141. TORULA, P.

Spores tomiparons, simple.

1. monilioides, Cd. On sticks.

2. ovalispora, B.— Conoplea cinerea, P. On stumps.

3. pnl villus, B. and Br. {no. 463). On bark.

4. abbreviata, Cd.=p, splicericeformis^ B. and Br. {no. 464). On de-

corticated Binus sylvestris.

5. basieola, B. and Br. (wo.* 465, with a Jig.). On dead Nemophila.

6. Hysterioides, Cd. Fasc. i.f. 139 {no. 751). On poles.

7. cylindriea, B. On stieks.

8. Eriopliori, B. On dead E. angustifolium.

9. herbarum, Lk. On dead herbaceous stems.

10. Grraminis, Desm. {no. 134). On Carices.

11. Plantaginis, Cd. {no. 252). On living Flantogines.

12. Sporendonema, B. and Br. {no. ^^'F)=Sporendonema casein Desm.

On elieese and rats’-dung.

142. BACTRIDIUM, Kze.

Spores radiating, coloured or hyaline, oblong, multiseptate.

1. flavum, Kze. On elm-stumps.

2. Helvellse, B. and Br. {no. 816, with a JigJ On Feziza testacea.

3. atrovirens, B. On stumps. Anomalous.

143. HELICOSPOmUM, Nees.

Parasitical. Spores filiform, articulated, spirally involute.

1. vegetum, Nees {no. 229). On stieks.

2. pulvinatum, Fr. On old chips.

144. BISPORA, Cd.

Flocci tomiparous, moniliform, composed of didyraous
spores.

TORULACEI.

327

1. monilioides, Cd.=Torula antennata, P. ; Grev, t. 255. On old
. stumps.

145. SEPTONEMA, Cd.

Flocci tomiparous, moniliform^ composed of multiseptate
spores.

1. spilomeum, B. (wo. 466). On rails.

146. SPOBOSCHISMA, B, and Br.

Flocci erect^ simple. Outer membrane tough, inarticulate.
Endochrome at length emergent, breaking up into quadrisep-
tate spores.

1. mirabile, B. and Br. {no. 467). On beech.

147. SPORIDESMIUM, Lk,

Spores mostly irregular, pluricellular, springing immediately
from the obscure mycelium, rarely borne upon a distinct pe-
duncle, more rarely uniseptate.

1. polymorphum, Cd. (no. 452). On decaying oak.

2. antiquum, Cd., h. compactum, B. and Br. (wo. 453), On hard wood.

3. pyriforme, Cd. (no. 454). On boards.

4. melanopum, B. and Br. (no. 455), Spiloma melanopmn, Eng. Pot.

t. 2358. On apple-bark.

5. scutellare, B. and Br. (wo. 456). On larch-bark.

6. Lepraria, B. and Br. (no. 750). Lepraria nigra, Eng. Bot. t. 2409.

Coniotliecium effasimi, Cd, (wo. 459).

7. furigorum, B. — Epochnium fungorum, Er. On Corticia, etc., Grev.

t. 194.

8. imiseptatum, B. and Br. (no. 815, Clematis.

148. CONIOTHECIUM, Cd.

At length naked. Spores multicellular, irregular, conglu-
tinate.

328

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. amentaceamm, Cd. {no. 460). On willow-twigs.

2. betulinum, Cd. {no. 461). On birch-twigs.

149. DICTYOSPORIUM, Cd.

Spores linguseform, erect, plane, cellular. Cells subcon-
centric.

1. elegans, Cd. {no. 458). On naked oak.

150. TETRAPLOA, B. and Br.

Spores mostly quadriarticulate, growing together in fours,
and each crowned with a jointed bristle.

1. aristata, B. and Br. {no. 457, with a Jig.). On grass.

151. ECHINOBOTRYUM, Cd.

Parasitical. Spores unicellular, stellato-fasciculate, ovato-
acuminate, rough.

1. atmm, Cd. {no. 457^). On black moulds.

152. GYMNOSPORIUM, Cd.

Mycelium very obscure. Spores unicellular, arising appa-
rently from the matrix.

1. Arundinis, Cd. On reeds. The white Gymnosporia will be found
under Ascoinyces.

Order 15. BUOOimJEI.

Parasitic on living plants. Peridium none. Spores pro-
ducing on germination secondary spores.

153. XENODOCHUS, Schlecht.

Spores multiseptate, moniliform, breaking up into many
distinct articulations.

PUCCINIiEr.

329

1. carbonarius, SchlecM. {no. 133). On living burnet-leaves.

154. AREGMA, Fr.

Spores cylindrical, multiseptate, scarcely moniliform, borne
on a long peduncle.

1. bulbosnm, Fr. On bramble-leaves.^

2. gracile, B. Puccinia gracilis, Grev. On raspberry-leaves.

3. mucronatum, Fr. Girev, t. 15. On rose-leaves.

4. acuminatum, Fr. On leaves of Poterium Sanguisorba.

5. obtusatum, Fr. Grev. t. 57. On leaves of FotentillaFragariadrum.

155. TRIPHRAGMIUM, Lk.

Spores trilocular; septa mostly vertical and horizontal.

1. Ulmariae, Lk. On leaves and stem of Spircea Ulmaria.

156. PUCCINIA, P.

Spores uniseptate, supported on a distinct peduncle.

1. Graminis, P. On wheat, reeds, etc.

2. striola, Lk. On Garices, Junci, Allia, etc.

3. coronata, Cd. {no. 473). On grasses.

4. truncata, B. and Br. {no. 754). On Lris foetidissima.

5. Asparagi, DC. On stems and leaves of Asparagus officinalis.

6. Polygonoj’um, Lk. On Polygona.

7. Vaginaliiim, Lk. On Polygonum aviculare.

8. Primula3, Gr'cv. On common primrose.

9. Veronicarum, DC. On Feronicce.

10. Glechomatis, DC. On ground-ivy.

11. Mentliae, P. On mints.

12. Scorodoniac, X/r. On Tcucrimn Scorodouia.

* All the species of this Order and tlie next are developed at first on living
]>lants. It is not, therefore, (houglit nt'cessary in every ease to state that their
place of growtli is on living leaves, stems, e(e.

330

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

13. Scrophularise, Lih. (no. 471). On Scro^hularia aquatica.

14. Betonicae, DC. On Betonica officinalis.

15. Yincae, B. On Vinca majo7'.

16. campanulae, Carm. (;20. 473). On Campanulae and Jasione.

17. clandestina, Caiin. On Scabiosa succisa.

18. compositarum, ScJilecht. On various Centaur ecc.

19. syngenesiarum, Lie. On thistles.

20. glomerata, Crev. On Senecio Jacob aea.

21. variabilis, G^'cv. ^.75. On Leontodon Taraxacum.

22. Valantiae, B. On Galium cruciatum.

23. galiorum, Lk. (no. 253). On Galia and Asperula odorata.

24. umbelliferarum, DC.; Grev. i^. 42. On various Tlmbelliferce.

25. ^gopodii, Lk. On .Mg. Bodagrai'ia.

26. Saniculae, Grev. On Sanicula Europcea.

27. Bullaria, Lk. On stems of hemlock, etc.

28. Smyrnii, Cd. (wo. 469). On Smyrnmm Olusatrurn.

29. Anemones, P. On various species of Anemone.

30. Calthae, Lk. On Caltlia palustris.

31. Yiolarum, Lk. On violets.

32. Lychnideamm, Lk. On various Caypopliyllacece.

33. Umbilici, Guep. (710. 470). On Cotyledon Umbilicus.

34. Ehodiolae, B. and Br. (wo. 468). On Bedim RJiodiola.

35. Saxifragarum, ScJilecht. On Adoxa moscliatellina.

36. Chrysosplenii, Grev. On C. oppositifolium.

37. Epilobii, Z)C. Ovl Epilobium palustre.

38. pulverulenta, G7'ev. On Epilobium montanum and hh'sutim.

39. Circaeae, P. On Circcece.

40. Prunorum, Lk. On plum-leaves.

41. Pabae, Lk.; Grev. t. 22. On bean-leaves.

42. Buxi, DC.; Grev. t. \1. On box-leaves.

157. GYMNOSPORANGIUM, DC.

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into
tremelloid, expanded mass. Spores uniseptate.

PUCCINIiEI.

331

1. Jumped, Lie, (Plate 3, fig. 5.) On common jumper.

158. PODISOMA, Lk.

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a
common stem, spreading out above into a Clavariceioxm mass.
Spores mostly uniseptate.

1. Juniperi-communis, Fr. On stems of common juniper.

3. foliicolurn, B. On leaves of common juniper.

3. Juniperi-Sabinse, F?'. (Plate 3, fig. 4.) On stems of savine.

159. UPEDO, Lev.

Stroma composed of little irregular cells, forming a lenti-
form disc, whose surface is covered with many layers of cells,
each of which encloses a spore. Spores simple, always without
any appendage.

* Spores more or less yellow.

I. Potentillarum, DC. On Potentillre.

3. Saxifragarum, DC. On Saxifrages.

3. Filicum, Desin. On Cystopteris^ etc.

4. pustulata, P. On Epilohia.

5. Hypericorum, DC. On Hyperica.

6. Caryopbyllacearum, JoJinst. On StellaricB.

7. Quercus, Brond. On oak.

8. Vacciniorum, P. On V. Vitis-Idcea.

9. corifluens, P. On Mercurialis.

10. Alliomm, BC. On Allia.

Spores brown.

II. Statices, Besm,. On (liffcrent species of Slatice.

13. Circujse, A. and S. On Circrea.

13. bifrons, Grev. On dock.

332

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

160. TRICHOBASIS, Lev.*

Spores freGj attached at first to a short peduncle_, caducous.

* Yellow.

1. Eubigo-vera, Lh. On cereals and grasses.

2. linearis, Lev. On cereals and grasses.

3. glumarum, Lev. On glumes of cereals.

4. Symphyti, Lev. On comfrey.

5. Pyrolse, B. On By voice.

6. Petroselini, B. On Umbelliferce.

7. Senecionis, B. On groundsel.

8. Caricina, B. On Carices.

Spores hroivn.

9. oblongata, B.; Grev. t.\2. On Luzula.

10. Scillarum, B. On Scillce.

11. Cichoracearum, Lev. On thistles.

1 2. Artemisiae, B. On Artemisia.

13. Labiatarum, Lev. On Labiates.

14. Lychnidearum, iJv. On Caryopliyllacece.

15. Umbellatarum, IJv. On Umbelliferce.

16. Heraclei, B. On Heracleum.

17. Betse, Lev. On beet.

18. Pabse, Lev.; Grev. t. 95. On beans.

19. Galii, Lm. On Galia.

20. suaveolens. Lev. On thistles.

21. Polygonorum, B.; Grev. t. 80. On Bolygona.

22. Vincse, B. On Vinca major.

* Tulasne believes that all the species of this genus, as well as Lecythea^ are
mere conditions of Aregma., Puccinia^ and Melampsora ; and it is very pro-
bable that he is correct. In some cases, as in T. linearis, the spores seem to be
merely transitional forms ; in other cases, they are a different form of fruit.
All the supposed species which have been recorded as British, however, are
enumerated here, as in the case of the other doubtful Coniomycetes.

PUCCINTiEI.

333

23. Geranii, B. ; Grev. t. 8. On geraniums.

24. Violarum, B. On violets.

25. Epilobii, B. On Epilohia.

161. UROMYCES, Lev.

Spores unilocular^ attached permanently to a decided pe-
duncle of greater or less length.

1. Alliorum, DC.

2. Ulmarim, Lev.; Grev. 19. On Spircea TJlmaria.

3. appendiculata, Lev. On various plants.

4. apieulata, Lev. On various plants.

5. Limoniij Lev. On Limonia.

6. Eiearim, Lev. On Ranunculus Ficaria.

7. Primulse, Lev. On primroses.

8. intrusa, Lev. On AlcTiemilla.

9. Iridis, LJv. On Lrls foetidissima.

162. COLEOSPORIUM, Lev.

Spores cylindrical^, septate, some separating at the joints,
some of a different nature, persistent.

1. Tussilaginis, Lev. On coltsfoot.

2. pingue, Lh. On roses.

3. Petasitis, Lev. On coltsfoot.

4. Campanulse, Lev. On Campanulve .

5. Sonclii-arvensis, Lev. On sow-thistle.

6. Rliinanthacearum, Lev. On Euphrasia^ etc.

163. MELAMPSORA, Cast.

Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense compact mass,
with or without a covering, wedge-shaped.

1. Euphorbim, Cast. On spurge.

334

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

2. populina. Lev. On Populus nigra.

3. Tremulse, Tul. On Populus tremula.

4. betulina, Besm. On bircb.

5. salicina, Lev. On sallow.

164. LECYTHEA, Lev.

Stroma surrounded or sprinkled with elongated abortive
spores. Spores free, invested with their mother-cell, or con-
catenate.

* Spores free.

1. Eubomm, Lh. On brambles.

2. Eosse, Lev. On rose.

3. popnlina, Lev. On poplar.

4. Euphorbise, Lh. On spurge.

5. epitea, Lev. On willows.

6. mixta, Lev. On willows.

7. saliceti, Lh. On willows.

8. Baryi, B. {no. 755). On grass.

9. Valerianae, B. On Valeriana officinalis.

** Spores invested with another cell (Physonema, Lev.').

10. gyrosa, Lev. On raspberry.

Spores concatenate (Podosporium, Lev.).

11. capraearum. Lev. On sallow.

12. Lini, Lev. On Linum catharticum.

165. CYSTOPUS, Lev.

Eeceptacle consisting of thick branched threads. Spores
concatenate, at length separating.

1. candidus. Lev.; Grev. t. 251. On Capsella^ Sisymbrium, etc.

166. POLYCYSTIS, Lh.

Spores irregular, consisting of several cells.

PUCCINIiEI.

335

1. Colchici, Tul. (;^o. 485). On colchiciun.

2. Violse, B. and Br. {no. 487). On violet.

3. parallela, B. and Br. {no. 486). On rye, etc.

167. TILLETIA, Tul.

Spores spherical, springing from delicate branched threads.
Epispore reticulated.

1. Caries, Tul. On grains of wheat, etc.

168. USTILAGO, Lk.

Plant deeply seated. Spores simple, springing from deli-
cate threads, or produced in the form of closely packed cells,
which ultimately break up into a powdery mass.

1. segetum, B'lttm. On seeds of cereals and other Graminece.

2. urceolorum, Tul. On seeds of Carices,

3. longissima, Tul. On leaves of Boa aquatica.

4. olivacea, Tul. On seeds of Carices.

5. hypodytes, Tr. {no. 481). On stems of various grasses.

6. Maydis, Cd. On stems, etc., of Indian corn.

7. Montagnei, Tul. {no. 479). On seeds of Rhyncospora alba,

8. typhoides, B. and Br. {no. 480). On stems of reeds.

9. Salveii, B. and Br. {no. 482). On leaves of Bactylis glomerata.

10. gTammica, B. and Br. {no. 483). On stems of Aira aquatica.

11. vinosa, Tul. {no. 484). On seeds of Oxyria reniformis.

12. utiiculosa, Tul. On seeds of Rolyyona.

13. flosculorum, Tul. On flowers of scabious.

14. receptaculorum, Tr. On receptacles of goatsbeard.

15. antheramm, Tul. On anthers of Silene.

169. TUBURCINIA, Fr.

Plant deeply seated. Spores multicellular, subglobosc, or
conchiform. Allied to Sj)07'idesmium.

33G

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. scabies, B. {no. 489). On potatoes.

2. Trientalis, B. and Br. On leaves of T. Europcea.

Order 16. JECIDIACEI.

Peridium distinctly cellular.

170. RCESTELIA, Reb.

Peridium elongated, the component cells at length sepa-
rating or lacerated.

1. cancellata, Reh. On pear-leaves.

2. comnta, TmI. ; Gt'ev. t. 180. On mountain- ash.

3. lacerata, Tul. ; Grev. t. 209. On hawthorn.

171. PERIDERMIUM, Chev.

Peridium elongated, at length ruptured irregularly.

1. Pini, Chev.; Grev. t.l. On Scotch fir.

2. elatinnm, Tul. On silver fir, altering both the foliage and ramification.

172. ^CIDIUM, P.

Peridium rarely elongated, opening by radiating refleeted
teeth, or very short and bursting irregularly. Spores con-
catenate.

1. Allii, G7'ev. On A. ursinum.

2. Ari, B. On A. maculatmn.

3. rubellum, P. On docks.

4. Primnlae, DC. On primrose.

5. Soldanellse, Hornsc. On Soldanella alpina.

6. Pedicularis, Lohoschutz {no. 254). On Pedicularis.

7. Menthae, BC. On mints.

^CIDIACEI.

337

8. Asperifolii, F. {no. 255). On Boraginece.

9. Tragopogonis, F. On goatsbeard.

10. Compositamm, Mart. On daisy, etc.

11. Yalerianacearum, Bub. On V. officinalis.

12. Periclymeni, BC. On woodbine.

13. Bunii, BC. On earthnut.

14. Gralii, F. (^o.490). On Galium verum.

15. Eanuncnlaceamm, BC. On buttercups.

16. Calthse, Grev. On C. palustris.

17. lencospermum, BC. On wood anemone.

18. quadrifidum, BC. On garden anemone.

19. Thalictri, Grev. t. 4. On T. alpinum.

20. Geranii, BC. On Gerania.

21. Berberidis, F.; Grev. t. 97. On berberry.

22. Yiolse, Sclmm. On violets.

23. Belienis, BC. On Silene injiata.

24. albescens, Grev. On Adoxa moscliatelllna.

25. Epilobii, BC. On E. montanum^ etc.

26. Grossularim, i)(7. ; Grev. t. 62. On gooseberry.

27. crassum, F. On buckthorn.

28. Orobi, BC. On Orohus tuberosus.

29. Euphorbise, F. On spurge.

30. Urticse, BC. On nettles.

173. EWDOPHYLLUM, Lev.
Peridium enclosed in the leaf, bursting irregularly.
1. Sempervivi, Lev. (wo. 476). On liouseleek.

Fam. IV.— iiypiiomycetes.

Filamentous. Fertile tlircads naked, for the most part
free, especially above, or loosely compacted, simple or

z

338

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

branched^ bearing the spores at their apices, rarely more
closely packed, so as to form a distinct common stem.

Order 17. I8ABIAGEL

Threads more or less compacted, plants assuming Hymeno-
mycetous forms.

174. ISARIA, Hill.

Receptacle elongated, floccose, without any distinct heads.
Tips of threads only free.

1. farinosa, Er.; Sow. t. 308. On dead pupae.

2. araclmophila, BiUn. (tio. 117). On dead spiders.

3. braehiata, Sclium. {no. 30). On dead herbaceous stems.

4. citrina, P. {no. 31). On decaying Fungi.

5. intricata, Er. {no. 118). On decaying Fungi.

6. Friesii, Mont. {no. 491). On dead twigs.

7. puberula, Berk. {no. 221, with a fig.). On dead flowers of dahlia.

175. ANTHINA, Fr.

Receptacle elongated, vertical, confluent with the stem,
dilated above. Tips of threads only free.

1. flammea, Fr.{no. 119). (Plate 21, fig. 3.)

A. flavo-virens and hrunnea are both probably mere condi-
tions of the mycelium of Hypoxylon coccineum. Bull.

176. CEBATIUM, A. and S.

Receptacle branched, cylindrical, membranous, reticulated,
subgelatinous, clothed with short fertile flocci, one in the
centre of each reticulation.

1. hydnoides, A. and S. ; Grev. t. 168.

STILBACEI.

339

177. PACHNOCYBE, Berk.

Stem solid, filiform below, elavate above, dusted with the
minute spores.

1. subulata, Berk. Eng. El. 1. c. p. 333 ; JSow. t. 386. /. 5. On dead

herbaceous plants.

2. grisea, B. Eng. El. Z. c. jo. 334. On dead herbaceous stems.

3. acicula, B. 1. c. On dead herbaceous stems.

4. albida, B. 1. c. p. 335. On rotten wood.

Okder 18. BTILBACEI.

Receptaele subglobose, often stipitate, elotbed with mostly
minute, diffluent, subgelatinous spores.

178. STILBUM, Tode.

Stem firm, elongated. Head nearly globose. Spores mi-
nute or elongated, involved in gluten.

* Stem fanned of interwoven flocci, more or less villous.

1. tomentosum, Sclirad.; Grev. t. 281, and t. % junior. On Trichive, etc.

2. aurantiacuin, B. {no. 223). On dead elm-branches.

3. vaporarium, B. and Br. {no. 493). On wood, in stoves. Scarcely

indigenous.

4. fasciculatum, B. and Br. (wo. 492). On decayed wood.

5. fimetarium, R. Rr. {no. 494). On dung. {Ilelotium fimeta7'inm, P.)
0. eiythrocephalum, Bitm. l.c. t. 45. On dung.

Stem rigid, mostly black.

7. rigidum, B. {no. 32). On decayed wood.

8. pililbrmc, B. {no. 33). On decayed wood.

9. bicolor, B. On decayed wood.

z 2

340

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

10. aiiomalum, B. {no. SI, with a fig.). On dead twigs.

11. nigrum, B. On dead Briopliorum pubescens. Spores subcylindric.

12. pellucidum, ScJirad. On wood and decayed Fungi.

Stem soft, pellucid.

13. turbinatum, Tode. On soft decayed wood.

14. vulgare, Tode. On decayed wood.

179. ATRACTIUM, Fr.

Stem firm. Head subglobose. Spores fusiform, elon-
gated.

1 . flammeum, B. and Ravenel, MSS. {no. 757). On bark of living willows.

180. VOLUTELLA, Tode.

Reeeptaele fringed or studded with long hyaline bristles.
Spores diffluent, gelatinous.

1. ciliata, Fr. Psilonia rosea, Be7'k. in Eng. FI. 1. c. p. 353 {no. 495).

On potatoes, etc.

2. setosa, B. iEgerita setosa, Grev. t. 268./. 2. On wood, etc.

3. liyacintliorum, B. Psilonia hyacinthorum, Eng. FI. 1. c. On dead

bulbs.

4. Buxi, B. and B. Fusisporium Buxi, iPr. {no. 495). On box-leaves.

5. melaloma, B. and B. {no. 496). On Carices.^

181. TUBERCULARIA, Tode.

Reeeptacle verrueseform, innate, clothed with a dense
stratum of gelatinous, minute spores.

1. vulgaris, Tode ; Sow. t. 294. On twigs, as currant.

* There is reason to believe that these two last, as also Atractium flammeum,
are mere conditions of ascigerous Pungi. All the species of the following genus
are probably subject to a similar remark.

STILBACET.

341

2. granulata, P. ; Grev. ^.187. On fallen branches.

3. nigricans, Lk. On fallen branches, etc.

4. persicina, Ditm. l.c. t. 49. On pustules of jPcidia.

182. FUSARIUM, Lk,

Receptacle discoid, innato-ernmpent, immarginate, clothed
with diffluent subgelatinous spores.

1. lateritiura, Nees {no. 249). On dead twigs.

2. tremelloides, Grev. t. 10. On dead nettle-sterns.

3. roseum, Lk. On dead stems of mallows, etc.

183. MYROTHECIUM, Tode.

Receptacle at length marginate. Spores diffluent, oblong,
forming a flat or slightly convex, dark-green stratum.

1. roridum, Tode ; Grev. t. 140. On decaying plants.

As the disc is at first covered, this is usually associated
with Tricho derma, but its affinities seem to be with Stilbacei.

184. EPICOCCUM, Lk.

Receptacle subglobose, vesicular, studded with large, some-
times stipitate spores.

1. neglectum, Demi. {no. 500). On various decaying plants.

2. Equiseti, L. (Uredo Equiseti, Eng. FI.) The affinities of this genus

are doubtful.

185. ILLOSPOPIUM, Mart.

Receptacle obscure. Spores irregular, falling away like
meal.

1. roseum, Fr. ; Grev. i. 51. On tlic larger trcc-licliciis.

2. carncum, Fr. {no. 497). On Fellidea caulna.

342

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

3. corallinum, Roherge ; {no. 498). On Borrera tenella.

4. coccineum, Fr. {no. 499). On Pertusaria communis.

186. .^GERITA, P.

Receptacle obscure^ Spores irregular^ disposed in short
moniliform threads at the apices of flexuous, branched, ra-
diating, compacted peduncles.

1. Candida, P. {no. 823, with a Jig.). On branches of willow, etc.

Periola iomentosa is simply a condition of Fusisporium
Solani. There is no peridium in uFgerita.

Order 19. DFMATIFL

Threads free, rarely collected into stipitiform bundles, more
or less corticated and carbonized, as are frequently the simple
or septate spores.*

187. ARTHROBOTRYUM, Cesati.

Common stem composed of jointed threads. Spores large,
radiating so as to form a little head, dark, septate.

1. atrum, B. andBr. {no. 822, with a Jig.). On dead nettles.

188. DENDRYPHIUM, Cd.

Threads free, jointed, simple below, branched above.
Branches and branchlets often monilioid. Spores septate,
acrogenous, concatenated.

1. comosum, Walr. {no. 520). On dead stems.

* In the more typical species, there is a distinct membrane, which shells off ;
and where this does not exist, the threads are dark and dingy, but never wliite,
or of pure tints.

DEMATIEI.

343

2. curtum, B. and Br. {no. a fy.). On dead nettles.

3. laxiun, B. and Br. {no. 539, with a fig.). On Inula viscosa.

4. griseiim, B. and Br. {no. h^^.with a fig.)- On nettle-stems, Ourrey.

Aberrant.

5. fumosum, B. (Dactylium fumosum, Cd?^. On dead UmbellifercB.

189. PEHICONIA, Cd.

Stem composed of fasciculate, compacted threads. Head
globose. Spores fixed to the free apices of the threads.

1. glaucocephala, Cd. {no. 495). On decaying linen.

2. calicioides, B. Sporocybe calicioides, Br. On dead herbaceous stems.

190. SPOBOCYBE, Fr.

Flocci septate, free. Heads globose, studded with spores,

1. byssoidesj Fr. On dead herbaceous stems, etc.

2. nigrella, B. {no. 227, with a fig.). On dead grass.

3. alternata, B. {no. 227*, 126, with a fig.). On damp paper.

191. STACHYBOTRYS, Cd.

Flocci septate, free. Branches bearing short, verticillate
ramuli at their apices, forming a little head, and each termi-
nated by a spore.

1. atra, Cd. {no. 817). On damp mill-board.

2. lobulata, B. {no. 228, loith a fig.). On damp linen.

192. HAPLOGRAPHIUM, B. and Br.

Flocci septate, free, black. Spores concatenate, hyaline.

1. delicatum, B.and Br. {no. 818). On dead stumps.

344

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

193. MONOTOSPORA, Cd.

Flocci septate, free, black, bearing one or rarely two (by
division) large, black, subglobose spores at their apex.

1. megalospora, B. and Br. {no. a fig.). On bark of yew.

2. sphserocephala, B. and Br. {no. 819, with a fig.). On dead stumps.

194. CEPHALOTRICHUM, Lk.

Flocci free, septate, branched at the apex, and forming
there a little globose tuft of hairs, on which are seated the
spherical spores.

1. curtum, B. {no. 222, with a fig.). On dead Carices.

195. CEDEMIUM, Fr.

Flocci free, dark, flexuous. Spores seated on sporangiiform
bodies towards their base.

1. atrum, Fr. {no. 501). On fallen branches.

196. HELMINTHOSPORIUM, Lk.

Flocci irregular, simple or slightly branched, bearing here
and there multisept ate spores.

1. Smithii, B. and Br. {no. 507, with a fig.). On holly.

2. folliculatum, Cd. {no. 231). On dead wood.

3. macrocarpum, Grev. t. 148./. 1. On fallen sticks.

4. subulatum, Nees. On oak-branches.

5. velutinum, Lk.; Grev. t. 148./. 2. On rotten sticks.

6. fusisporium, B. Fng. FI. 1. c. p. 336. On rotten sticks.

7. nanum, Nees. On dead herbaceous plants.

8. simplex, Kze. On rotten branches.

9. Tilim, Fr. {no. 230). On lime.

10. Eousselianum, Mont. (^o. 509). With Sporoschisma mirabile.

DEMATIEI.

345

11. turbinatum, B. and Br. {no. 508,^^J^YA a Jig.). On dead wood.

12. obovatum, B. {no. 232, with a Jig.). On dead wood.

13. delicatulum, B. {no. 233, with a Jig.). On dead wood.

14. sticticum, B. and Br. {no. 758, with a Jig.). On dead grasses.

15. Clavariarum, Desm. {no. 123). On Clavarice.

197. MACROSPOmUM, Fr.

Flocci obscure or delicate. Spores erect, basal, pedicellate,
with at length transverse and vertical septa.

1. Cheiranthi, Fr. On damp paper, decaying plants, etc.

2. sarcinula, B. {no. 125, with a fgj On decaying gourds.

3. concinnum, B. {no. 235, with a fig.). On old willow-twigs.

4. Brassicae, B. Fng. FI. l.c.p. 339. On dead cabbage-leaves.

198. TRIPOSPORIUM, Cd.

Flocci erect, jointed, bearing at their apices tri-radiate,
articulated spores.

1. elegans, Cd. 509). On decorticated oak.

199. HELICOMA, Cd.

Flocci erect, dark, jointed, bearing on their sides pale, flat,
spiral spores.

1. Mulleri, Cd. {no. 510). On dead wood.

200. CLADOTRICHUM, Cd.

Flocci erect, thick, branched. Upper joints cup-shaped or
inflated. Spores large, septate.

1. triseptatum, B. and Br. (wo. 511, with a Jig.). On old stumps.

346

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

201. POLYTHUmCIUM, Kze.

Flocci moniliform. Spores springing from the midst of
the floeci^ didymous.

1. trifolii, Kze. ; Grev. t. 216. On living clover-leaves.

202. CLADOSPORIUM, Lk.

Flocei flexuous, more or less branehed, jointed^ flexible.
Spores short, at length uniseptate, springing from the sides or
terminal.

1 . herbarum, Lk. On all kinds of decaying matter.

2. dendriticum, Walr. {no. 512). On pear-leaves.^

/8. orbicnlatum, Desm. {no. 513). On leaves of Pyracantlia. A va-
riety of the last.

3. depressnm, B. and Br. {no. 514, with Jig.). On leaves of Angelica

sylvest7'is.

4. brachorminm, B. and Br. {no. 515). On leaves of Fumaria officinalis.

5. lignicolum, Cd. {no. 516). On dead wood.

6. nodulosum, Cd. {no. 517). On dead herbaceous stems.

Clad, fumago is not a distinct species, but consists of C.
herbarum mixed up with species of several other genera.

203. ARTHRINIUM, Kze.-\

Flocci erect, septate, dark, and slightly thickened at the
septa. Spores straight, swollen in the middle, and pointed at
either extremity (fusiform).

1. sporophleum, Kze. {no. 519). On Carices.

204. GONATOSPORIUM, Cd.

Flocci erect, septate, thickened at the septa. Spores irre-

* Actinonema Cratmgi is merely a form of this species,
t The threads in this and the two following genera are carbonized only at
the joints.

MUCEDINES.

347

gularly biconical^ and in consequence somewhat angular, at-
tached in whorls.

1. puccinioides, Cd. {no. 236, 519). Tomla Eriophori, B. in Eng. El.
On Carices and Eriopliorum.

205. CAMPTOUM, Lk,

Flocci erect, septate, thickened at the septa, and black.
Spores curved, dark, fixed in clusters at the apices.

1. curvatum, Lk. {no. 518). On Scirpus sylvaticus.

206. SPORODUM, Cd.

Flocci erect, septate. Threads of inarticulate spores moni-
liform, seated towards their base.

1. conopleoides, Cd. {no. 543). On dead grasses.

Ordee 20. MUCEDINEB.

Threads never coated with a distinct membrane, mostly
white or coloured, more rarely dingy.*

207. ASPERGILLUS, Mich.

Threads erect, articulate, crowned with a globose head,
producing necklaces of spores.

1. glaucus, Lk. On various deeaying substanees.

2. dubiiis, Cd. {no. 520). On rabbits’-dung.

3. eandidus, Lk. On various decaying sid)stanccs.

* Perhaps Dematiei should be restricted to such genera as Ilelminthosporntm^
(Edernia^ etc., and Mucedinei to the white and coloured species, a distinct order,
including the aberrant forms of cither order.

348

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

4. roseus, Lh. On damp paper, carpets, etc.

5. mollis, B. ; Eng. EL 1. c. p. 340. On dead leaves.

6. virens, Lh. On Agarics.

208. NEMATOG-ONUM, T>esm.

Threads clavate at the apices, and bearing necklaces of
spores on distinct scattered spicules.

1. aurantiacnm, Desrn. {no. 237, with a fig.). On bark, etc.

2. aurenm, B. Aspergillus aureus, B. in Eng. El. On bark.

209. RHINOTEICHUM, Cd.

Threads erect, articulate, clavate above, and bearing spores
attached to spicules.

1. Bloxami, B. and Br. {no. 541, with a fig.). On dead wood.

2. Thwaitesii, B. and Br. {no. 542, with a fig.). On the naked ground.

3. Opuntia, B. and Br. {no. 761, with a fig.).

210. BOTKYTIS, Mich.

Threads septate, irregularly or dichotomously branched,
hyaline or coloured. Spores terminal.

1. Tilletii, Desm. {no. 529). On leaves, naked soil, etc.

2. citrina, B. (no. 27, with a fig.). On dead twigs.

3. Jonesii, B. and Br. {no. 760, with a fig.). On dung.

4. terrestris, F. {no. 240) ; Grev. t. 257- On the naked ground.

211. PEROlSrOSPOIlA, Cd.fi^ Gasp.

Parasitic threads mostly inarticulate. Spores of two kinds :

* Since the discovery of the second form of fruit, of which Corda knew
nothing, it is expedient to adopt his generic name, which I do with reluctance,
as P. parasitica seems more entitled to the name of Botrytis than other allies,
after Polyactis is removed. Corda’s Peronospora, moreover, included only
such species as have non-septate threads.

MUCEDINES.

349

1, on the tips of the branehlet ; 2, large,, globose^ on the
ereeping spawn. {ArtotroguSj Mont.)

1. parasitica, Cd. ; Sow. t. 400. /. 7. On Cruciferce.

2. destructor, Casj). {no. 239, with a fig.). On leaves of onions.

3. infestans, Casp. {no. 521). On potatoes, producing the well-known

potato murrain.

4. ganglioniformis. Cusp. {no. 526). On lettuces.

5. arborescens, Casp. {no. 525). On poppy.

6. Yicias, Casp. {no. 524). On peas, tares, etc.

7. TJrticas, Casp. {no. 522). On nettles.

8. Arenarise, Casp. {no. 523). On Arenaria trinervis.

9. macrospora, Casp. {no. 527). Botrytis crustosa, A'/’. On Umbellifers.

10. grisea, Unger {no. 5 28). On Veronica Beccahunga.

11. etfusa, Casp. On spinach.

12. violacea, B. On petals of Scabiosa arvensis.

13. curta, Casp. {no. 128, with a fig.). On anemone.

212. VERTICILLIUM, Lk.

Floeei septate, hyaline or eoloured. Branehes verticillate.
Spores apieal.

1. apicale, B. and Br. {no. 531, with a fig.). On fallen oak-branches.

2. nanum, B. and Br. {no. 532, with a fig.). On pears.

3. epimyces, B. and Br. {no. 533, with a fig.). On Blaphomyces.

4. distans, B. and Br. {no. 534, with a fig.). On dead herbaceous stems.

V, lateritium appears to be only a eondition of Acrosta-
lagmus.

213. HAPLARIA, Lk.

Floeei simple or forked, jointed. Spores seattered over the
tips of the threads.

1. grisea, Lk. On decaying herbs.

350

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

214. POLYACTIS, Lk.

Flocci septate, brownish, branehed above. Spores hyaline,
in terminal clusters.

1. vulgaris, Lk. On decayed herbs.

2. cana, B. On decayed herbs.

3. vera, B. On decayed herbs.

4. cinerea, B. On decayed herbs.

5. fasciculata, Cd. On decayed vegetables.

215. PENICILLIUM, Lk.

Flocci divided above in a fasciculate manner septate, as well
as the branchlets, which are terminated by necklaces of spores,
collected into tassel-like heads.

1. crustaceum, Fr. On all kinds of decaying substances.

2. sparsum, Grev. t. 58./. 2. On stalks of plants.

/8. coremium, Grev. t. 301. On fruit, gum, etc.

3. bicolor, Fr. On decaying substances.

4. candidum, Lk. On various decaying substances.

5. roseum, Lk. {no. 535). On box, etc.

6. subtile, B. {no. a fig.). Inside of decayed willow.

P. fasciculatiim {no. 129) is omitted as uncertain.

216. OIDIUM, Lk.

Flocci very short, producing a moniliform string of spores
by tomiparous division.

1. chartarum, Lk. {no. 130). On damp paper.

2. aureum, Lk. On dead wood, etc.

3. fulvum, Lk. On dead wood.

4. fructigenum, Schrad. On decayed fruit.

5. fasciculatum, B. On decayed oranges.

6. Porriginis, Mont. {no. 546). On Porrigo lupinosa.

MUCEDINES.

351

7. favorum, B. and Br, {no. 762, with a fig.). On honeycomb.

8. aequivocnm, B. and Br. {no. 821). On Polyporus Schweinitzii.^

9. concentricnm, B. and Br. {no. 547). Cylindrosporium, Unger. On

nettles, ground ivy, etc.

10. abortifaciens, B. (Ergotetia, Quekett). On plants infested with Er-

got. Possibly a conidiiferous condition of Cordiceps purpurea, etc.

217. MONILIA, Hill.

Flocci erect, jointed ; head none ; bearing fasciculate neck-
laces of spores at their apices.

1. fasciculata, Cd. ; Grev. t. 32. On dead grass.

2. racemosa. Part ; Bolt. t. 132. /. 2. On decaying substances.

218. DACTYLIUM, Nees.

Flocci erect, jointed, branched, bearing at the tips of the
branchlets, either scattered or in tufts, septate spores.

1 . pyriferum, Fr. On decayed herbaceous stems.

2. tenellum, Fr. {no. 536). On moss.

3. macrosporum, Fr. On dead leaves, etc.

4. sphserocephalum, B. {no. 243, with a fig.). On dead ivy.

5. dendroides, Fr.; Grev. t. 126. f. 1. On Agaricini.

6. obovatum, B. {no. 242, with a fig.). On willow-twigs.

7. roseum, B. Tricotliecium roseum, Fr. On decaying plants.

8. tenuissirnum, B. {no. 537). On potatoes. Perhaps only a state of

Fmariuni Solani-tuberosi.

219. FUSIDIUM, Lk.

Flocci coloured, very delicate, evanescent. Spores straight,
filiform.

* I have omitted O. TaeJeeri, 0. Balsamii, O. ery-nphoides, 0. Leucoconium,
and O, monilioides, as they are all mere states of dillbrent species of Prisyphe.

352

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. griseum, Lh. ; Grev. t. 102./. 1. On dead leaves.

2. flavo-virens, Fr. ; Grev. 102. /. 2. On dead leaves, etc.

3. album, Desm. {no. 248). On dry but green oak-leaves.

220. SPOROTRICHUM, Lk,^

Plocci ascending^ tufted^ septate. Spores simple, scattered,
at first concealed.

1. cblorinum, Lk. On dead leaves.

2. aurantiacum, Grev. On dung.

3. sulpbureum, Grev. t. 108./. 2. On corks, etc., in cellars.

4. laxum, Grev. t. 108./. 1. On various decaying substances.

S. geochroum is the conidiiferons state of some Hypoocylon.

5. inosculans, B. in Fnyl. FI. 1. c. p. 346. On Thelephorce.

6. fenestrale, Ditm. l.c. t. 1. On dirty glass.

221. ZYGODESMUS, Ccl

Flocci short, erect, springing from the creeping sterile
threads ; joints here and there cut halfway through.

1. fuscus, Cd. On decayed wood.

222. VIRGARIA, Nees.

• '

Flocci erect, dichotomous, virgate, black, septate. Spores
minute, scattered over the branches.

1. nigra, Fr.; Grev. t. 274. On fallen branches.

223. BOLACOTRICHA, B. and Br.

Flocci unbranched, jointed, curled at the top. Spores

* It may be doubted whether there are any genuine species of tliis genus,
whose characters are very uncertain. They are mostly conidiiferous states of
other plants.

MUCEDINES.

353

large, globose, shortly pedicellate, conglomerated towards
their base.

1. grisea, B, and Br. {no. 506, with a Jig.). On dead cabbage-stalks.

224. MYXOTRICHUM, JCsre.

Flocci branched, bearing towards their base little conglo-
merated masses of spores.

1. chartarum, Kze. {no. 121). On damp straw,

2. deflexum, B. {no. 122, with a Jg). On damp paper and wood.

225. GONYTRICHUM, 'Nees.

Flocci branched, here and there bearing knots, from which
spring the verticillate, fertile, septate threads, crowned at
their tips with a globose mass of spores.

1. csesium, Nees ; Cd. Ic. ii, /. 51. On fallen branches, in woods.

226. MENISPORA, P.

Flocci erect, jointed. Spores heterogeneous, acrogenous,
fusiform or cylindrical, simple, at first joined together in
bundles, then irregularly scattered over the flocci.

1. lucida, Cd. Ic. i. /. 223 {no. 533). On decayed wood.

227. OHIETOPSIS, Grev.

Flocci erect, jointed, subulate, below branched and verticil-
late, above simple and flagelliform. Spores cylindrical, spring-
ing from the tips of the branchlets.

1. Wauchii, Grev. t. 236. On decayed wood.

228. ACREMONIUM, Lk.

Flocci creeping, jointed, beset with short patent branches,
each of which bears a spore.

A

B54

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. verticillatum, Lk. ; Grev. t, 124./. 2. On dead wood.

2. alternatiim, LJc. On dead leaves.

3. fuscum, Schm.; Grev. t. 124./. 1. On dead wood.

229. GONATOBOTRYS, Cd.

Threads erect^ jointed ; artieulations swollen in the middle,
and bearing ohovate spores on little spicules.

1. simplex, Cd. Prachti t. 5. On fruit of Tamnus niger.

230. CLONOSTACHYS, Cd.

Flocci jointed above. Branches and branchlets quaternate,
subcapitate, clothed with spores, forming distinct spikes.

1. Araucaria, Cd. ; Carr. Mic. Journ. v. p. 126. On dead bark.

231. BOTRYOSPOmUM, Cd.

Flocci slightly branched, bearing patent branchlets, each of
which is surmounted by a few spicules bearing a head of
spores.

1. pulclirum, Cd. PracTit. ^.15. On decaying herbs.

2. diffusum, Cd. ; Grev. t. 126./. 2. On decaying herbs.

232. PAPIJLASPORA, Preuss.

Flocci decumbent, jointed, producing short erect branches,
each of which produces a cellular head studded with erect
spores, the endochrome of which is bipartite or quadri-
partite.

1. sepedonioides, Preuss. {no. 761^). On rice paste.

233. RHOPALOMYCES, Cd.

Flocci free, septate, swelling at the tip into an areolate

SEPEDONIEI.

355

head, each cell of which bears a spicule, surmounted by a
spore.

1. pallidus, B. and Br. {no, 504, with a fig.'). On Eussian matting.

2. Candidas, B. and Br. {no. 505, with a fig.). On decayed hops.

Order 21. BUPBDOmUL

Mycelium floccose. Fertile flocci obscure, and in conse-
quence the spores rest upon the matrix.'^

234. SEPEDONIUM, Lk.

Spores large, simple and globose, or appendiculate.

1. chrysospermum, Lk.; Grev. 1. 198. On Boleti.

2. rosenm, Fr. {no. 132). On Agaricus vellereus^ etc.

235. PUSISPOmUM, Lk.

Spores elongated, fusiform, curved, at length septate, form-
ing a gelatinous mass.

1. Betae, Besm. {no. 246), On beet-root.

2. Georginae, Berk. On tubers of dahlia.

3. udum, B. {no. 245, with a fig). On trees, in spring.

4. roseolum, Steph. {no. 549). On decayed potatoes.

5. foeni, B. and Br. {no. 550). On hay.

6. baciUigerum, B.andBr. {no. 548). On leaves of Alatei'nus.

7. atro-virens, B. in Fmg. FI. 1. c.p. 351. On onions.

8. aurantiacum, Lk. On decayed gourds, etc.

9. insidiosum, B. in Gard. Chr. 1860. On ylgroAis pulchella.

This species has threads very like those of Mger it a.

* The spores are the prineipal element in this Order, whieli approaehes
Coniomycetes.

2 A 2

356

OUTLINES OP BRITISH PUNGOLOGY.

10. Solani-tuberosi, Mart. On decaying potatoes.

This is Periola tomentosa, Fr., or at least the perfect condi-
tion of it. As in the last, the flocci are too much developed
to be consistent with the characters of the Order.

236. EPOCHNIUM, Lk,

Sterile flocci creeping, fertile obsolete. Spores septate, at-
tached apparently to the matrix.

1. macrosporoideum, B. {no. 131, with a Jig.). On dead Ribes.

237. PSILONIA, Fr.

Flocci persistent, joined into an erumpent mass, at first
covering the simple spores.

1. nivea, jFr. {710. 832). On beech-trunks.

3. gilva, Fr. On dead herbaceous stems.

3. Arundinis, Desm. {no. 35 and 551). On dead leaves and stems of reeds.

Order 22. TEIGHODFBMAGFI.

Flocci covering the spores, and forming a kind of peridium,
which at length vanishes in the centre.

238. PILACRE, Fr.

Stem solid, cylindrical. Head globose, composed of flexu-
ous, branched, radiating threads. Spores produced near the
tips, forming a dusty mass.

1. faginea, B. and Br. {no. 380, with a fig.). On beech-sticks.

3. Petersii, B. and Curt. {no. 834). On hornbeam. Smell like that of
Hypericum Androsamwn.

TRICHODERMACEI.

357

239. INSTITALE, Fr.

Stem none ; common mass containing many cavities filled
with spores.

1. effusa, Fr. {no. 756). At roots of Scotch fir.

I. acariformis is merely a state of Hy poxy Ion coccmemn^ and
I. radiata of Coprinus radiatus.

240. TEICHODERMA, P.

Peridinm spnrious_, indeterminate, roundish, composed of
interwoven even flocci, at length vanishing in the centre.
Spores spread over the disc.

1. viride, P.; Grev. t. 271. On dead wood, etc. Probably not au-
tonomous.

241. ARTHRODERMA, Curr.

Peridium spurious, indeterminate, roundish, composed of
interwoven, strongly constricted, jointed flocci. Spores col-
lected in the centre.

1. Curreyi, B.; Micr. Journ. ii. p. 240. On dead leaves and sticks.

Reasons have been given above for not placing Myxothe-
cium here. Myxormia has too compact an excipulum to be
placed with Myxotheciunij or in this place.

Fam. V.— ASCOMYCETES.

Fruit consisting of sporidia, mostly definite, contained in
asci, springing from a naked or enclosed stratum of fructifying
cells, and forming an hymcnium or nucleus.

358

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Order 23. ELVELLAGEI.

Hymenium at length more or less exposed. Substanee soft.

242. MORCHELLA, Dill,

Reeeptacle clavate or pileate_, impervious in the centre, sti-
pitate, covered with the hymenium, which is deeply folded
and pitted.

1. M. esculenta, P. ; pileus ovate, adnate at the base; ribs
firm, anastomosing, and forming deep pits; stem even. (Plate
21, fig. 5.) — Grev. t. 68; Huss. i. t. 13.

In woods, gardens, etc. Esculent. Varying much in
breadth and height, sometimes conical [no. 553), sometimes
almost cylindrical.

2. M. patula, P. ; pileus obtuse, free halfway up ; pits
rhomboid; stem even. — Sow. t. 51, in part.

In woods, etc. Rare.

3. M. semilibera, DC.; pileus conical, free halfway up;
ribs longitudinal, forming oblong pits, which are veined with-
in ; stem even. — Grev. t. 89.

Under hedges, etc. Not uncommon.

243. GYROMITRA, Fr.

Receptacle inflated, bullate, rough with raised gyrose ribs.

1. G. esculenta, Fr.; pileus inflated, irregular, undulated,
gyroso-rugose, brown ; margin united with the even villous
stem: [no. 825.)

In pine-woods. Rare. Weybridge, F. Currey.

244. HELVELLA, L.

Receptacle pileate, hanging down over the stem, concave
and barren below. Hymenium even.

ELVELLACEI.

359

1. H. erispa, Fr. ; pileus deflexed, lobed, at length free,
crisped, pallid ; stem fistulose, costato-lacunose. (Plate 21,
fig. 4.) — Grev. t, 143; Sow. t. 39.

In woods. Common. Esculent.

2. H. laeunosa, Afz. ; pileus inflated, lobed, cinereous-
black ; lobes deflexed, adnate ; stem fistulose, costato-lacu-
nose.— Grev. t, 36.

In woods. Common. Esculent. H. sulcata [no. 764) is,
I believe, only a form of this.

3. H. elastica, Bull. ; pileus free, even, inflated, at length
acutely lobed ; stem elongated, slender, attenuated, pruinose.
— Sow. t. 154 : [no. 86.)

In woods. Not uncommon. Approaches very near to
Peziza macropus*

4. H. ephippium, Lev. ; small ; pileus deflexed, lobed, de-
cidedly velvety beneath ; [no. 552.)

On the ground, in woods. Not uncommon. Scarcely one
inch high.

245. VEBPA, Swartz.

Receptacle clavato-pileate, hollow below and inflated, or
conical and adpressed, equally deflexed all round ; hymenium
rugulose, but not costate, or nearly even.

1 . V. digitaliformis, P. ; pileus campanulate, finger-
shaped, rugulose, umber; stem equal, minutely squamulosc
transversely. (Plate 21, fig. 6.)

Under hedges. Rare. King^s Clifie. Suffolk, Skepper.

2. V. conica, Sow. ; pileus campanulate, nearly even,
brown ; margin slightly sinuated, yellow beneath, as is also
the equal stem. — Sow. t. 11.

On the ground. Very rare.

360

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

246. MITRULA, Fr,

Soft and fleshy, simple, eapitate. Stem distinct, Hyme-
nium surrounding the inflated club.

1. M. cucullata, Fr.; head ovate, hood-shaped, even, sub-
ferruginous; stem thread-shaped. — Grev. t, 81.

Amongst fir-leaves. Often overlooked from its small size.

2. M. paludosa, Fr. ; head ovate, obtuse, inflated, even,
orange ; stem pale, hollow. — Grev. t. 312 ; Huss. i. t. 9.

On leaves, in ditches, etc. Local. Capel Curig, in great
abundance. Extremely pretty.

247. SPATHULARIA, P.

Disc capitate, compressed, running down into the stem on
either side.

1. S. flavida, P. ; head spathulate, compressed, even, yel-
low ; stem whitish. (Plate 21, fig. 7.) — Grev. t. 165.

In fir-woods. Not uncommon.

248. LEOTIA, Hill.

Receptacle pileate, supported in the centre by the stem ;
margin revolute, covered everywhere with the smooth, some-
what viscid hymenium.

1 . L. lubrica, P. ; tremelloid ; pileus swollen, waved or
slightly lobed, yellow-green ; stem hollow, nearly equal, yel-
low. (Plate 22, fig. l.)—Grev. t. 56.

In woods. Common. L. infundibuliformis is merely some
Agaric attacked by an Hypocrea.

2. L. nana, Fr.; small; pileus lobed, rugose, white, even

ELVELLACEI.

361

beneath and brown ; stem stuffed, cylindrieal, white. — Witlu
iv. jo. 296.

Amongst moss. Pendarvis. Not observed sinee the time
of Withering.

249. VIBRISSEA, Fr.

Receptaele eapitate, supported in the centre by the stem,
covered above with the hymenium. Margin adnate to the
stem. Asci and filiform sporidia bursting forth, and rendering
the hymenium velvety.

1 . V. truncorum, Fr. ; simple ; head orbicular, golden-
yellow; stem cylindrical, glaucous, turning black : {no, 305.)

On wood, in water. Rare. Llyn Howel, Rev, T, Salwey,
Scottish Highlands.

250. GEOGLOSSUM, P.

Receptacle clavate, simple, confluent with the stem. Hy-
menium surrounding the club.

* Stem distinct.

1. G. viride, P. ; verdigris-green; stem squamulose.—
Grev. /. 211.

In woods. Not common.

2. G. olivaceum, P. ; smooth, dry, dingy-olive ; club com-
pressed, distinct: {no. 765.) b. Dingy-purple. (Plate 21,
fig. 3.)

On lawns. Not common. Bath. Coed Coch. The plant
figured agrees with Persoon^s plate in form and general cha-
racter, but is rather dingy-purple than olive. G. atro-'pur'pureum
has a more distinct head, and has a scaly stem. Mr. Broome’s
plant diflers slightly in colour from mine, and is nearer to G.
viride.

362

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

, 3. G. . glutinosum, P. ; smooth, viscid, at length blackish;
stem distinct, glutinous, even.

Grassy places. Rare. Appin, Capt. Carmichael,

4. G. glabrum, P. ; smooth, dry, at length black ; stem
squamulose.

Grassy places. Not common.

** Stem confluent.

5. G. hirsutum, P. ; black, hairy. (Plate 22, fig. 2.)
Amongst grass. Common.

6. G. dififorme, Fr. ; black, smooth, dry ; head confluent
with the stem.

Amongst grass. Common.

251. PEZIZA, L.

Cup-shaped ; cup more or less concave, soon open. Disc
naked. Asci fixed.

Series 1. Aleuria, Fr. — Fleshy, or between fleshy and mem-
branaceous, externally pruinose or floccoso-furfuraceous.
Mostly growing on the ground.

Suhgenus 1. Discina, Fr. — Cup always open, or connivent when

young. Veil superficial.

1 . P. (Discina) acetabulum, L. ; cyathiform, dingy, adorned
externally with ribs, which run up from the short lacunose
stem. — Sow. t. 59.

On the ground, in spring. Not eommon. Very elegant.

2. P. (Discina) venosa, P. ; sessile, more or less twisted,
dark umber-brown, white beneath ; disc coarsely wrinkled.
(Plate 22, fig. 6.) — Grev. t. 156; Huss. ii. t. 7.

. On the ground, in spring. Not uncommon. A curious
form is represented in the Plate.

ELVELLACEI.

363

3. P. (Discina) badia, P. ; nearly sessile^ entire, flexuous,
brown ; margin at first involute, paler, and inclining to olive,
externally pruinose. (Plate 22, fig. 4.) — Huss. ii. t. 13.

Margins of ponds, etc. Summer. Very variable in colour.

4. P. (Discina) leporina, Batsch ; somewhat stipitate, elon-
gated at one side, ear-sbaped, subferruginous, externally
mealy ; hymenium and base mostly even.

On the ground, in woods. Not common. Sometimes ci-
nereous or yellowish.

5. P. (Discina) onotica, P. ; somewhat stipitate, elongated
at one side, ear- shaped, mealy externally, rose-coloured or
orange within, and at length rugose.- — Sow, t. 79.

On the ground, in woods. Rare. Coed Coch. Very
beautiful.

6. P. (Discina) aurantia, Fr. ; nearly sessile, irregular, ob-
lique, orange, whitish externally and somewhat pruinose. —
Sow. t. 78 ; Huss. i. t. 37.

On the ground, in woods, generally near old stumps.
Common. Sporidia rough.

7. P. (Discina) cochleata, Huds. ; sessile, caespitose, large,
twisted, umber, externally pruinose. — Sow. t. 5.

Amongst grass. Not common.

8. P. (Discina) succosa, B. ; cup nearly regular, entire,
pale waxy-brown, externally white and pruinose; juice bright-
yellow : [no. 156, with fig.)

On the ground, in gardens. Northamptonshire.

9. P. (Discina) repanda, Wahl. ; large, incised, waved,
brown, and somewhat wrinkled within, whitish and mealy
without; base elongated, rooting. — Grev. t. 59.

On the ground and on stumps. Not common. Variable
in size.

10. P. (Discina) cerea, Sow. ; large, infuiidibuliform, waved.

364

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

yellowish, externally dirty-white, as well as the villous, stem-
like base. — Sow. t. 3.

On tan-beds, etc. Very rare.

11. P. (Discina) vesiculosa, Bull.; large, entire, sessile, at
first globose, inelining to top-shaped, connivent, then campa-
nulate; mouth subcrenate, pallid-brown, externally furfura-
eeous. — Grev. t. 107 ; Sow. t. 4.

On dunghills and hotbeds, extremely eommon. Bolt. t. 175
is probably this species.

12. P. (Discina) micropus, P. ; middle-sized, oblique, pal-
lid, squamulose, furfuraceous externally ; base stem-like.
(Plate 22, fig. 5.)

On beech-stumps. Very rare. Fineshade, Northampton-
shire.

13. P. (Discina) pustulata, P. ; sessile, subglobose, pal-
lid, somewhat dingy, furfuraceous, and dirty-white externally ;
margin entire. — Hedw. Muse. Fr. ii. t. 6 A : {no. 307.)

On the ground. Very rare.

14. P. (Discina) radula, B. and Br. ; large, eup-shaped,
sessile, at length depressed, externally black, rough with
nearly equal warts, within vinous-brown ; sporidia globose,
tuberculate. — Ann. of Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 77.

On the ground, in woods. Very rare. Bristol. Analogous
to Genea verrucosa.

15. P. (Discina) viridaria, B. and Br.; middle-sized; my-
celium floeeose, expanded, white ; eups at first globose, then
hemispherical, at length expanded, watery-grey, externally
rough with brown furfuraceous particles : [no. 555.)

On damp walls and water-butts. Bare. King’s Cliffe.

16. P. (Discina) lutco-nitcns, P. Pr.; crowded, bright-
yellow ; cups concave, nearly regular, at length flexuous : [no.
556.)

ELVELLACHI.

365

On the bare ground. Rare. King^s ClifFe. At first sight
apparently a variety of P. aurantia, but the sporidia are not
rough.

Subgenus 2. Geopyxis, Ft. — Veil innate. Cup when young

subglobose, closed, then open and orbicular. Substance fleshy,

rarely fibrous.

17. P. (Geopyxis) maeropus, P. ; cup hemispherical, cine-
reous, hirto-verrucose ; disc mouse-coloured, turning pale ;
stem very long, attenuated. — Grev. t. 70.

On the ground, in woods. Common.

18. P. (Geopyxis) tuberosa, Bull. ; thin ; cup funnel-
shaped, bright brown, turning pale ; stem elongated, spring-
ing from an irregular black tuber. — Sow. t. 63 ; Huss. ii.
t. 10.

On the ground, in woods. Spring. Not uncommon.
Tuber exactly resembling some Sclerotium.

19. P. (Geopyxis) Rapulum, Bull. ; thin, yellow-brown ;
cup funnel-shaped, nearly smooth ; stem twisted ; root elon-
gated, fibrillose. — Bull. t. 485. /. 2.

On the ground. Observed only by Dickson.

20. P. (Geopyxis) cupularis, L. ; nearly sessile, thin, glo-
boso-campanulate, fawn-coloured or pallid, mealy externally ;
margin crenate : [no. 308.)

On the ground, in gardens, etc. Not common. Sometimes
yellowish.

21. P. (Geopyxis) sepulta, Fr.; hypogseous, globose, clothed
with dense woolly fibres ; hymenium at length exposed by
rupture of the upper portion : [no. 766.)

On the ground. East Bcrgholt. A coarse, unsiglitly species.

22. P. (Geopyxis) Cornubiensis, 7i. middle-sized,

sessile, fixed by down ; margin alone free, somcwliat flat-

366

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

tened^ minutely villous externally ; hymenium orange ; spo-
ridia oblong, rather rough.

On manured ground. Penzance.

23. P. (Geopyxis) saniosa, Schrad. ; sessile, concave,
milky, brown-purple externally, pulverulent, umber : [no. 87,
with a fig.)

On the ground, overrun with Thelephora sehacea. King^s
Cliffe.

24. P. (Geopyxis) argillaeea, Sow. ; sessile, white, at
length yellowish, even, at first urceolate, at length split and
tom, rooting at the base, and hairy. — Sow. t. 148.

On modelling-clay. Observed only by Sowerby.

25. P. (Geopyxis) granulata, Bull. ; sessile, minute, nearly
plane, orange-red, externally granulated with papillse.

On cow-dung. Very common. Quite destitute of bristles.

Subgeniis 3. Humaria, F?'. — Veil thin, submarginal, flocculose, fuga-
cious. Cup sessile, entire, hemispherical, flattened. Colour bright.
Terrestrial.

26. rutilans, Fr. On soil.

27. melaloma, A. ayid S. [no. 88). On charcoal.

28. erecta. Sow. t. 369. /. 10, 11. On shaded ground.

29. Polytrichi, ScJmm. [no. 768, with a fig.). On heaths.

30. leucoloma, Reb. [no. 768). On the ground.

31. humosa, Fr. [no. 768). On the ground.

32. glumarum, Besm. [no. 768). On chaff, rotting on the ground.

33. omphalodes. Bull. Thelephora carbonaria, Bertero. On burnt soil.

Subgenus 4. Encgelia, Fr.

34. fascicularis, and S.j Sow. t. 425./. 1, 2. On branches, burst-

ing through the bark.

35. furfuracea, Fr. {rio. 157). On alder-branches.

ELVELLACEI.

367

Series 2. Lachnea, Fr. — Veil distinct ^ decidedly villous , or

'pilose, persistent. Cup in consequence bristly or hairy,

always closed when young. Substance waxy, firm, rarely

fleshy.

Subgenus 4. Saeoosctpha, Fr. — Fleshy. Veil villous.

36. P. (Sareoscypha) eoccinea, ,Tacq. ; cup funnel-shaped,
whitish externally, and clothed with short adpressed down;
disc scarlet. — Huss. i. t. 44 ; Grev. t. 171.

On sticks. Spring. Local. Extremely beautiful. A cu-
rious variety has been sent by Lady Orde from Kilmory,
orange externally, quite smooth, and nearly sessile.

37. P. (Sareoscypha) melastoma, Sow. ; cup fleshy ; disc
urceolate, black, clothed externally with red flocci ; stem
short, attached by dense strigose hairs. — Sow. t. 149 ; Grev»
t. 315.

On sticks lying on the ground. Rare.

38. P. (Sareoscypha) radiculata, Sow. ; suhesespitose,
fleshy, sessile, hemispherical, then flattened ; disc sulphur-
coloured, externally white, villous, as well as the thick root. —
Sow. t. 124.

On the ground. Very rare.

39. P. (Sareoscypha) hemispherica, Wigg ; sessile, hemi-
spherical, waxy, externally brownish, thickly covered with
fasciculate hairs ; disc white, with a glaucous tinge. — Sow.
t. 147.

On the ground. Common.

40. P. (Sareoscypha) brunnea, A. and S. ; sessile, hemi-
spherico-depressccl, subflexuous, brown, rough externally with
short fasciculate hairs : {no. 309.)

On the ground. Not common.

41. liirta, Schum. {no. 7G8). On the grouiul. Not uiicoiniiioii.

368

OUTLIiXES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

42. trechispora, B. and Br. ; Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 77. On the

ground, in woods. Common. Scarcely to be distinguished from
the last without the microscope.

43. vitellina, P. On the ground. Very rare.

44. scutellata, L. ; Sow. t. 24. On stumps of trees. Common.

45. cserulea, Bolt. t. 108./. 2. On trunks of firs.

46. livida, Schum. {no. 558). On chips.

47. stercorea, P.; Sow. t. 352. On cow-dung.

48. albo-spadicea, Grev. On the ground.

Subgenus 6. Dasyscypha, Fr. — Cup thin, waxy, dry. Disc smooth,
externally pilose or villous. Hymenium thin. Substance sub-
floccose. ■

49. ciliaris, Schrad. {no. 559). On dead leaves.

50. virginea, Batsc/i. On stumps, twigs, etc.

51. nivea, Fr. On stumps, etc.

52. calycina, Schum. On twigs and bark of conifers.

53. bicolor, Bull. On dead twigs.

54. cerinea, P. On old rails, branches, etc.

55. clandestina. Bull. On dead bramble.

56. caulicola, Fr. {no. 310). On dead herbaceous stems.

57. acuum, Fr. On dead pine-leaves. Scotland, Jcrdon.

58. albo-violascens, A. and S. On lilac, etc.^

59. corticalis, P. {no. 311, 562). On dead bark.

60. tricolor. Sow. t. 369./. 6. On bark.

61. Grodroniana, Mont. Syll. p. 185. On bark.

62. melaxantha, Fr. On fallen branches.

63. hispidula, Schrad. On dead wood.

64. Schumacheri, Fr.; Grev. ^.11. On dead wood.

65. rufo-olivacea, A. and S. t. 11. /. 4. On dead bramble,

66. variecolor, Fr.; Sow. t. 178. On rotten wood.

67. episphseria. Mart. On Hypoxylon multiforme.

* Mr. Jerdon finds a plant very closely resembling this on Ulex^ with the
fruit of a Cyphella. It is probably a sporiferous condition.

ELVELLACEl.

369

68. Pineti, Batsch. On fir-cones.

69. papillaris, Bull.; Sow. t. 177. On dead wood.

70. hyalina, P. On stumps of trees.

71. sulphiirea, P.; Grev. t. 83. On dead nettles, etc.

73. plano-umbilicata, Grev. On dead nettles.

73. villosa, P. On large dead Herbacea, as burdock.

74. Grevillei, B. Bngl. FI. 1. c. p. 198. On dead Umbellifera.

75. Berkeleii, Blox. {no. 770). On dead Umbellifercs.

76. aspidiicola, B. and Br. {no. 771). On Filix-mas.

77. albo-testacea, Desm. On dead grass-leaves.

78. apala, B. and Br. {no. 561). On dead rushes.

79. Clavariarum, Desm. {no. 563). On decaying ClavaricB.

80. straminum, B. and Br. {no. 561). On wheat, etc.^

Subgenus 7. Tapesia, Fr. — Cups waxy or subcoriaceous, crowded
into a sort of crust-like stratum, or sitting on a tomentose subiculum.

81. anomala, P. On rails, etc.

83. aurelia, P.; Grev. t. 139. On dead leaves, etc.

83. domestica. Sow. t. 351. On whitewashed walls.

84. Piggotii, B. and Br. {no. 769). On plaster ceilings.

85. csesia, P. On chips.

86. Chavetise, Lib. {no. 565). On chips.

87. eriobasis, B. {no. 313). On dead bark.

88. Bloxami, B. and Br. {no. 566). On chips, etc.

89. mutabilis, B. and Br. {no. 564). On Aira ccespilosa.

90. Bosse, P. {no. 10). On rose, sycamore, etc.

91. fusca, P. ; Grev. t. 193. On branches of various trees.

93. Johnstoni, B. {no. 313). On fallen branches.

93. sanguinea, P. {no. 11). On fir.

* Peziza amorpha, P., is referred by Fries to Corticium^ but it has perfect
asci. As I have not seen fresh specimens, I cannot determine to what genus
it belongs.

370

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Subgenus 8. Fibrina, Fr. — Waxy or subcoriaceous, dry, at length
smooth, at first marked with adpressed hairs. Margin tom or
toothed.

94). rudis, B. {no. 574). On shallow gravel and peat.

95. bolaris, Batsch ; Sow. t. 369. /. 5. On willow.

96. siparia, B. and Br. {no. 772). On elm.

97. Ledi, A. and S. t. 10./. 7 {no. 160). On Arbutus Uva-ursi.

Series 3. Phialea, Fr. — Veil none. Cups waccy or membra-
naceous, quite smooth (or very rarely mealy or suhtomen-
tose), soon open. Subiculum none.

Subgenus 9. Hymenoscypha, Fr. — Cup submembranaceous, dis-
tinctly stipitate. Hymenium distinct, thicker than the walls of the
cup.

98. firma, P.; Sow. t. 115. On sticks.

99. ciborioides, Fr. {no. 158). On dead leaves.

100. echinophila, t. 500. /. 11 {no. 567). On chestnut-husks.

101. coronata, Bull. t. 416./. 4. On stalks of plants.

102. inflexa, Bolt. t. 106./. 2 ; Sow. t. 306. On dead nettles.

103. striata, Fr. {no. 568). On dead stems.

104. Cacalise, Fr. {no. 569). On the common stock.

105. nitidula, B. and Br. {no. 570). On Aira crespiiosa.

106. cyathoidea. Bull. ; Sow. t. 369. /. ]. On dead herbaceous stems.

107. caucus, Reb. t. 4./. 17 {no. 572). On fallen catkins.

108. Curreyi, B.; Journ. Linn. Soc. \. p. 147. On dead Juncus.

Subgenus 10. Mollisia, Fr. — Freely evolved, smooth. Cups
turbinato-stipitate or sessile, soft and waxy.

109. clavus, A. and S. {no. 575). On leaves, etc., in swamps.

110. vinosa, A. and S. On fallen branches.

111. atro-virens, P. On decaying wood.

112. cinerea, Batsch. On decaying wood, etc.

ELVELLACEI.

371

113. ChaiHetii, P. On dead herbaceous stems.

114. sphserioides, P. {no. 577). On Lychnis dioica.

115. axillaris, Nees. On Splachnum mnioides.

116. xanthostigma, Pr. On fir-wood.

117. leucostigma, Fr. On soft rotten wood.

118. vulgaris, Fr. On fallen branches.

119. erumpens, Grev. t. 99. On sycamore-petioles.

120. atrata, P. On dead herbaceous stems.

121. cornea, B. and' Br. {no. 578). On Carex paniculata.

122. fusarioides, B. {no. 12). P. neglecta. Lib. On dead nettle-stems.

123. micrometra, B. and Br. {no. 773). On dead rushes.

Subgenus 11. Patellea, Fr. — Cup sessile, at first subinnate, but
scarcely erumpent, waxy but tough, flattened, open, orbicular, mar-
ginate, dry, lichenoid.

124. melanotheja, Fr. Ind. Alpli. On oak-branches.

125. compressa, A. and S. On dead wood.

126. lignyota, Fr. {no. 579). On dead wood.

127. flexella, Fr. On dead wood.

128. lecideola, Fr. On dead wood.

252. HELOTIITM, Fr.

Disc always open, at first punctiform, then dilated, convex
or coneave, naked. Exeipulum waxy, free, marginate, exter-
nally naked.

Subgenus 1. Pelastea, Fr. — Disc convex. Eeceptacle hollow

beneath or flattened,

1. fibuliforme, Fr. ; Bolt. t. 176. On elm.

2. agaricinum, B. On decayed wood.

3. sclerotioides, B. On decayed wood.

4. aciculare, Fr. Ou old stumps.

5. subtile, Fr. On dead fir-lcavcs.

2 n 2

372

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

6. seruginosum, Fr.; Sow.t. 347; Gi'ev. t. 241. On fallen oak-bran clies.

7. serotinum, Fr. ; Bolt. 98. On sticks, etc., in watery places.

8. virgultorum, Fr. (P. fructigena. Bull.') ; Sow. t. 117. On twigs,

acorns, etc.

b. flavescens, Hohmk. ^.11. On willow.

9. lutescens, Fr. {no. 826). On pine-branches.

10. testaceum, B. {no. 576). On decaying linen.

11. conigenum, Fr. On cones of Scotch fir.

12. phascoides, Fr. On mosses.

13. acuum, Fr. On dead fir-leaves.

Subgenus 2. Calycella, Fr. — At first turbinate. Disc concave.

Stem firm when present.

14. tuba, Fr. ; Bolt. t. 106. /. 1. On fallen branches.

15. Buccina, Fr. On fallen pine-branches.

16. caly cuius, Fr.; Sow. t. 116. On fallen branches.

17. Aspegrenii, Fr. ; Sow. t. 369. f. 7. On wood.

18. citrinum, Fr. ; Sow. t. 150. On old stumps.

19. pallescens, Fr. On old stumps.

20. lenticulare, Fr. On old stumps.

21. ochraceum, 5. ; Grev. t. 5. On old stumps.

22. cribrosum, B. P. cribrosa, Grev. On sandy or gravelly ground.

23. claro-flavum, B. (Peziza, Grev.) On decayed wood.

24. salicellum, Fr. {no. 573). On willow.

25. versiforme, Fr. {no. 159). (Plate 2, fig. 6.) On ash-stumps.

26. subsessile, Schum. (Pez. helotioides, Fr.) {no. 573). On wood.

27. herbarura, Fr. On dead leaves.

28. epiphyllum, Fr. On dead leaves.

29. fagineum, Fr. On decayed twigs, straws, etc.

30. punctatum, Fr. ; Grev. ^.63. On dead oak-leaves.

31. Marchantise, Fr. (Peziza, B.) On fading M. hemispharica.

ELVELLACEI.

373

253. PSILOPEZIA, B,

Indeterminate, immarginate, agglutinate. Hymenium al-
ways exposed.

1. Babingtonii, B. {no. 554). On rotten wood.

254. PATELLAPIA, Fr.

Receptaele patellseform, margined, always open. Hymenium
even, subpersistent, but dusty from the breaking up of the asci.
Asci fixed.

1. atrata, Fr. On dead wood.

2. rhabarbarina, B. {no. 89). On dead bramble.^

3. citrina, B. and Br. {no. 583). On rose-twigs, in a running stream.

4. clavispora, B. and Br. {no. 774). On privet.

5. livida, B. and Br. {no. 775). On fallen fir-trees.

6. discolor, Mont. On fallen branches,

255. SPHmCTEmA, Fr.

Excipulum almost horny, naked, pierced with a narrow,
quite entire mouth. Disc at length dusted with the sporidia.

1. turbinata, Fr.; Sow. 386./. 1. On Fertusatia.

256. LAQUEARIA, Fr,

Disc waxy, persistent, without any hypothecium, but covered
with a horny, coriaceous, dimidiate, superior, deciduous exci-
pulum. Mouth contracted.

1. sphaeralis, Fr. Stictis sphseralis, Syst. Myc. On ash.

257. TYMPANIS, Tode.

Receptacle margined, cyathiform, horny. Hymenium at
first veiled, then breaking up.

* Tills belongs to Fries’ genus Lachnella^ but as ho himself is uncertain as
to its immediate affinities, I think it better to leave it in Patellaria.

374

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. alnea, P. On alder.

2. Fraxini, Schwein, On ash.

3. conspersa, Fr.; Grev. t. 335. On apple, hawthorn, etc.

4. saligna, Tode {no. 584). On privet.

258. CENANGIUM, Fr.

Receptacle coriaceous, closed at first, then open, marginate,
covered with a thick cuticle. Hymenium persistent.

1. Ribis, Fr. {no. 585). On currant.

2. Cerasi, Fr. On wild cherry.

3. Prunastri, F'r. On sloe.

4. Aucuparise, Fr. On mountain ash.

5. pulveraceum, Fr. On wood.

6. fuliginosum, Fr. On sallow.

7. fen’uginosum, Fr. {no. 161). On pine-branches cut green.

8. quercinum, Fr. On oak-twigs.

9. Eubi, Fr. ; Grev. t. 334. On raspberry.

259. ASCOBOLUS, Tode.

Receptacle orbicular, marginate. Disc patellseform. Asci
exploded.

1. furfuraceus, P. ; Grev. t. 307. On cow-dung.

2. vinosus, B. (Plate 23, fig. 4.) On rabbit-dung.

3. ciliatus, Schm. On cow-dung.

4. glaber, P. On cow-dung.

5. Trifolii, BernJi. On half-dead clover-leaves.

6. carneiis, P. On cow-dung.

7. saccharinus, B. and Curr. On old leather.

260. BULGABIA, Fr.

Receptacle orbicular, then truncate, glutinous within, at first
closed. Hymenium even, persistent, smooth.

ELVELLACEl.

375

1. inquinans, Fr. (Plate 32, fig. 7.) On oak-trunks, etc.

2. sarcoides, Fi\ (Plate 18, fig. 6.) On old stumps.

361. AGYUIUM, Fr.

Receptacle compact, homogeneous, waxy, gelatinous when
moist, innate, sessile, sphserical, even, smooth, and fructifying
all round. Asci fixed.

1. rufum, P. ; Grev. t. 232. On old, dry fir-wood.

263. STICTIS, P.

Receptacle obsolete. Hymenium even, determinate, orbi-
cular and elliptic, immersed in the matrix, at first veiled.

Subgenus 1. Eustictis. — Often margined, suborbicular. Hymenium

persistent.

I. radiata, P. ; Grev. t. 227. On wood, twigs, etc.

3. pallida, P. On wood.

3. microstoma, Carm. On wood.

4. nivea, P. {no. 167). On fir-leaves.

5. lichenieola, Mont. {no. 163). On foliaceous Cenomyces.

6. hysterioides, JDesm. {no. 314). On Carices.

Subgenus 2. Xylographa. — Elliptic or elongated. Hymenium

deliquescent.

7. parallela, Fr. On dead fir-wood.

8. longa, Fr. On wood.

Subgenus 3. Propolis. — Waxy, firm, round or irregular. Hymenium

even, at length dusty.

9. versicolor, Fr. On pales, sticks, fir-cones, etc.

10. phacidioides, Fr. {no. 162). On Arbutus Uva-ursi.

II. Waucliii, B. ; Grev. t. 206. On willow-branches.

376

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY,

263. ASCOMYCES, Mont, and Desm.^

Parasitic. Receptacle none. Asei forming a thin^ pulve-
rulent stratum^ mixed with moniliform threads.

1. bullatus, B. On pear-leaves.

2. deformans, B. On peach-leaves, causing one form of blister.

3. Trientalis, B. On leaves of T. Europcea.

4. Juglandis, B. (Grymnosporium leucospermum, Mont.) On walnut-

leaves.

Order 24. TUBEBACEL

Hypogseous. Hymenium waved and sinuate, often intri-
cate and closely packed.

264. TUBER, Mich.

Asei short, saccate, disposed in sinuous veins. Sporidia
elliptie, retieulate, often echinulate. Peridium warty or tu-
bercled, rarely smooth, without any definite base.

1. brumale, Mich.; Ann. Nat. Hist. t. 18. p. 80 : {no. 320.)

2. sestivum, Vitt. (Plate 23, fig. 2.) The common truffle of our

markets.

3. macrosporum, Vitt. {no. 580).

4. bituminatum, B. and Br. {no. 586).

5. rufum, Pico {no. 322).

6. scleroneuron, B. and Br. {no. 582).

7. nitidum, Vitt. {no. 321).

8. puberulum, B. and Br. ; Ann. Nat. Hist, l.c.p. 81.

9. dryophilum, Tul. l.c.p. 80.

* This appears to be the lowest form under which Eiscomycetes can appear,
the way being made for it by Propolis. In outward aspect it has Httle resem-
blance to more typical genera.

TUBERACEI.

377

265. CHOIROMYCES, Vitt.

Common integument^ even. Base definite. Asci clavate.
Sporidia spherical.

1. meandriformis, Vitt.; Ann. Nat, Hist, xviii. 80; Sow. t. 310.

266. AMYLOCARPUS, Curr.

Common integument thick, convolute. Asci soon absorbed,
saccate. Sporidia globose, clothed with radiating threads,
amylaceous.

1. encephaloides, Curr, Pro. Roy. Soc. Jan. 1858. On chips, Swansea.

267. PACHYPHIiCEXJS, Tul.

Common integument warty, opening by a terminal aperture.
Base distinct. Asci clavate. Sporidia spherical.

1. melanoxanthus, Tul. {no. 319).

2. citrinus, B. and Br. ; Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 19.

3. conglomeratus, B. and Br, 1. c.

268. STEPHENSIA, Tul.

Common integument fleshy, cottony. Base distinct. Hy-
menium intricate. Asci cylindrical. Sporidia globose, even,
at length verrucose.

1. bombycina, Tul. {no. 316).

269. HYDNOTRYA, B. and Br.

Common integument minutely papillose, not distinct. Hy-
mcnium complicated with gyrose lacunae, leading to the sur-
face. Asci oblong. Sporidia globose, tuberculate.

1. Tulasnei, B. and Br.; Ann. of Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 78.

270. HYDNOBOLITES, Till.

Integument replaced by white, evanescent down, Hymcniiim

378

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

complicated with sinuous lacunae^ ending at the surface. Asci
elliptic. Sporidia globose.

1. cerebriformis, Tul. ; B. and Br. 1. c.

271. SPH^ROSOMA, Kl.

Common integument altogether wanting. Hymenium ex-
posedj even or rugose^ solid or lacunose. Asci linear. Sporidia
spherical.

1. ostiolatum, Tul.; Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 19.

272. BALSAMIA, Vitf.

Common integument warty. Hymenium eomplicated with
distinct lacunae not leading to the surface. Sporidia eylin-
drical or oblongo-elliptic, even^ pellucid.

1. platyspora, B. and Br. {no. 318).

273. GENEA, Vitt.

Common integument warty, with an aperture at the apex.
Hymenium waved and sinuated, but not forming an intricate
mass. Asci cylindrical. Sporidia globose.

1. verrucosa, Vitt.; Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. 78.

2. Klotzschii, B. and Br. 1. c.

3. papillosa, Vitt. l.c. p.1^.

274. ELAPHOMYCES, Nees.

Common integument thick, hard. Asci globose or obovate.
Sporidia consisting of several concentric utricles. Internal
mass of Fungus at length dusty.

1. anthracinus, Vitt. {no. 81).

2. variegatus, Vitt, {no. 212, E. muricatus). (Plate 23, fig. 3.)

3. granulatus, Fr. {no. 211).

PHACIDIACEI.

379

Order 25. PHACIDIACEI.

Receptacle more or less coriaceous or carbonaceous. Disc at
length exposed by the regular or irregular fissure of the outer
coat.

275. PHACIDIUM, Fr.

Perithecium bursting irregularly in the centre, by valvular
teeth.

1. Pini, Schm. Oh pine-branches.

2. carbonaceum, Fr. On willow.

3. Vaccinii, Fr. On Face. Vitis-idaa.

4. coronatum, Fr. (no. 58). On dead oak-leaves.

5. dentatura, Fr. On dead oak-leaves.

6. Pubi, Fr. (rio. 586). On dead bramble-stems.

7. repandnm, Fr. On various living herbs.

276. HETEPOSPH^mA, Grev.

Perithecium globoso-depressed, thin, black, at length open
above and irregularly torn. Disc thick, placentaeform.

1. patella, Grev. t. 103. On dead herbaceous stems.

277. PHYTISMA, Fr.

Perithecia forming a confluent mass, opening by flexuous
fissures.

1. maximum, Fr. ; Sow. t. 356. On willow.

2. Andromedfe, Fr. On Andromeda polifolia.

3. salicinum, Fr. ; Grev. t. 118./. 2. On willow-leaves.

4. acerinum, Fr ; Grev. t. 118./. 1. On sycamore- and maple-leaves.

5. pnnetatum, Fr. On sycamore-leaves.

6. Urtica3, Fr. On dead nettle-stems.

278. TRIBLIDIUM, Rch.

Perithecium labiate, splitting from the centre towards the
circumference.

380

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. caliciiforme, Ueh, (no. 775). On oak-wood.

279. HYSTERIUM, Tode.

Perithecium labiate ; border entire ; orifice narrow-linear.
Asci elongated.

1. pulicare, P. ; Grev. 167. /. 1. On dead wood.

2. elongatum, Wahl. On dead wood.

3. curvatiira, Fr. (no. 587). On dead rose and bramble.

4. lineare, Fr.; Grev. t. 167. /. 2. On dead wood.

5. Oarmichaelianum, ; Grev. t. 233. On smooth oak-bark.

6. Fraxini, P. ; Grev. t. 72. On dead ash- twigs.

7. eonigenum, Moug. and Nest. On eones of Seotch fir.

8. Vaceinii, Carm. On stems of Vacc. Myrtillus.

9. Rubi, P. ; Grev. t. 24. On dead bramble.

10. Pinastri, Schrad. ; Grev. t. 60, 26. On fir- and juniper-leaves.

11. melaleucum, Fr.; Grev. ^.88. On dead leaves of Vaccinium Vitis-

idcea.

12. commune, Fr. (no. 588). On dead herbaceous stems.

13. typhinum, Fr. (no. 589). On dead Typha latifolia.

14. arundinaceuni, Schrad. On dead reeds.

15. culmigenum, Fr. ; Grev. t. SI. On dead grasses.

16. maculare, Fr.; Grev. t. 129./. 2. On leaves of Vaccinium.

17. foliicola, Pr. ; Grev. 129./. 1. On oak and ivy-leaves.

280. AILOGRAPHUM, Lib.

Perithecia branched, opening with a narrow-linear fissure.
Asci subglobose.

1. amplum, B. and Br. (^o. 782).

281. ASTERIlSrA, Lev.

Perithecia semiorbicular, seated on a byssoid mycelium;
mouthless, at length splitting irregularly. Asci short, mostly
subglobose.

SPH^RIACEl.

381

1. Babingtonii, B. Strigula Babingtonii, Eng. Bot. t. 3957. On
living box-leaves.

282. LOPHIUM, Fr.

, Perithecia stipitate, wedge-shaped, opening with a narrow,
longitudinal fissure. Asci elongated.

1. datum, Grev. t, 177./. 3. On fir-wood.

3. mytilinum, Fr. ; Grev. t. 177./ 1. On fir-wood.

283. STEGIA, Fr.

Perithecium orbicular, splitting horizontally ; operculum
deciduous.*

1. llicis, Fr. On holly-leaves.

284. TROCHILA, Fr.

Disc innate, erumpent, placed upon a black hypothecium,
persistent.

1. Craterium, Fr. Sphseria Craterium, DC. On box-leaves.

3. Lauro-Cerasi, Fr. Phacidium, Desm. On leaves of the common
Portugal Laurel.

Order 26. BPHjEBIACEI.

Perithecia carbonaceous or membranaceous, sometimes con-
fluent with the stroma, pierced at the apex, and mostly papil-
late. Hymenium diffluent.

285. CORDICEPS, Fr.

Stroma vertical, fleshy. Fructifying head distinct, hyaline
or coloured. Sporidia repeatedly divided, submoniliform.

* As far as Steejia llicis is concerned, this genus is possibly not difrerent
from Trochila, Fr.

382

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

1. C. militaris, Fr.; clavate^ bright scarlet; head tubercu-
lated; stem equal. (Plate 23, fig. 6.)

On pupse of moths, buried in the ground. Not uncommon.

2. C. entomorrhiza, Fr. ; head subglobose, brown ; stem
slender. (Plate 23, fig. 5.)

On pupae and larvae of moths, buried in the ground. Rare.

3. C. capitata, Fr. ; head ovate, globose, bay-brown or yel-
lowish ; stem yellow, at length blackish, erumpent. — Sow.
t. 354.

In pine-woods, on Elaphomyces granulatus. Rare.

4. C. ophioglossoides, Fr. ; head clavate, brownish-black ;
stem olive, black, rooting.

In woods, on Elaphomyces muricatus. Not common.

5. C. gracilis, B. ; head roundish-ovate, even, brown; stem
rooting, elongated, cylindrical, somewhat flexuous. — Grev.t.^Q.

On the ground, in moist, mossy places. Shetland.

6. C. purpurea, Fr.; minute, pale purple ; head subglobose ;
stem short, straight, downy at the base. — Tul. Ann. d. Sc. Nat.
ser. hi. vol. xx. t. 3.

On grains of corn, which are converted by the mycelium
into ergot.

7. C. microcephala, Tul. ; minute ; head globose ; stem long,
slender, flexuous. — Tul. 1. c. f. 4, 5, etc.

On ergoted seeds of common reed. Sph. Hookeri probably
belongs to this species.

8. C. myrmecophila, B. ; ochraceous-white ; stem thread-
shaped, club ovoid, sterile below, ribbed above: [no. 591.) —
Cesati in Babenhorst, Eocsic. n. 1033.

On an Ichneumon. Leigh Wood, Bristol, C. E. B.

9. C. alutacea, Fr. ; clavate, tan-coloured, or nearly white ;
head confluent with the stem. (Plate 23, fig. 6.)

In fir-woods, amongst leaves and on furze. Local.

SPHiEKlACEI.

383

286. HYPOCREA, Fr.

Stroma horizontal. Perithecia tender^ hyaline or coloured.

1 . H. gelatinosa, Fi'. ; convex, equal, opaque, dirty-white
within; perithecia prominent, darker than the stroma.

On fir. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Variable in colour,
yellow, green, umber, pallid, etc.

2. H. rnfa, Fr. ; convex, irregular, red-brown, dirty-white
within, wrinkled when dry ; ostiola slightly prominent.

On oak, etc. Not uncommon.

3. H. riccioidea, B. ; large, fleshy, deeply lobed, orange :
{no. 95.) — Bolt. t. 182.

On willow. Very rare. I have French specimens from
Dr. Montagne.

4. H. Vitalba, B. and Br. ; brown, convex, sometimes
slightly lobed, confluent ; perithecia ovate ; ostiola obsolete ;
sporidia fusiform, triseptate, appendiculate : {710. 829, with a

fig-)

On Clematis Vitalba. Batheaston.

5. H. citrina, Fr. ; fleshy, forming a thin, lemon-coloured
stratum, dotted with the ostiola. — Grev. t. 215.

On leaves, wood, etc. Rare.

6. H. lateritia, Fr. — Merulius helvelloides, Sow. t. 402.

On Fungi. Rare.

7. H. luteo-virens, Fr. {no. 594) ; Grev. t. 78.

On Fungi. Rare.

8. H. farinosa, B. and Br. {no. 592) .

On fallen branches.

9. H. floccosa, Fr. {no. 593).

On Lactarius torminosus.

10. H. typhina, B. ; Grev. t. 204.

On living grasses.

384

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

287. ENDOTHIA, Fr,

Red or tawny. Perithecia irregular, pallid, cellular. Asci
diffluent.

1. E. gyrosa, Fr. [Sphceria fluens, Sow.); subrotund, con-
fluent, orange, vermilion ; stroma yellowish ; perithecia gyrose,
pulverulent, at length slightly prominent.

On bark. New Forest.

288. XYLARIA, Schrank.

Vertical, more or less stipitate. Stroma between fleshy and
corky, covered with a black or rufous bark.

1 . X. polymorpha, Grev, ; subcarnose, gregarious, turgid,
irregular, dirty-white, then black ; receptacle bearing perithecia
in every part. — Grev. t. 237.

On old stumps. Not uncommon.

2. X. digitata, Grev, ; between fleshy and corky, tufted ;
heads cylindrical, reddish-brown, then black ; tips barren,
acute; stem smooth. — Bull. t. 220.

On wooden structures and stumps. Not common.

3. X. corniformis, Mont.; corky, brittle, simple, cylindrical,
curved, black, covered on all sides with perithecia ; base sub-
tuberous, villous.

On fallen branches. Rare. Lancashire.

4. X. Hypoxylon, Grev. ; corky, simple or branched, com-
pressed, at first pulverulent with white meal, then naked ; stem
villous. (Plate 24, fig. 4.) — Sow. t. 55.

On stumps of trees, sticks, etc. Extremely common.

5. X. carpophila, Fr.; corky, slender, simple; head subu-
late, albido-pulverulent, at length black ; stem very long, root-
like.

On beech-mast. Very common.

SPHiERIACEI.

385

6. X. peduneulata, Fr. ; corky^ slender, simple, springing
from a sclerotioid base ; bead ovate or subglobose : {no. 93.) —
Sow. t. 437.

On soil, mostly attached to dung. Not common.

7. X, bulbosa, B. and Br. ; corky, simple or forked, brown,
then black ; stem cylindrical, bulbous at the base and spongy.
(Plate 24, fig. 2.) — Pers. Obs. ii. t. 1. fig. 1.

Amongst fir-leaves. Rare. Bath, C. E. B.

289. THAMNOMYCES,

Stem shrubby or simple. Perithecia formed of the same
substance as the stem.

1. T. hippotrichioides, Ehrb.; branched, thread-shaped ; pe-
rithecia scattered, papillate : {no. 94.) — Sow. t. 200.

On old sacks, matting, etc. Not common.

290. PORONIA, Fr.

Between fleshy and corky. Fructifying surface margined,
orbicular. Perithecia immersed, vertical.

1. P. punctata, Fr. ; stipitate, turbinate, externally black-
ish ; disc truncate, dotted with the black ostiola. — Grev. t.
327 ; Sow. t. 54.

On horse- and cow-dung. Not uncommon.

291. HYPOXYLON, Bull.

Stroma corky or brittle, convex or plane, immarginate, at
first clothed with a floccose veil, then with a black crust, dis-
tinct from the matrix. Perithecia vertical or divergent.

a. Globosae.

1. H. ustulatum, Bull. ; efiiiscd, thick, undulated, rugose,
pulverulent when young, whitish, cinereous in tlie centre, at

2 e

386

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

length rigid; perithecia ovate, furnished with a short neck.
(Plate 24, fig. 3.)

On rotten trunks. Common.

2. H. nummularium, BulL ; determinate, quite plane, ex-

ternally and internally black ; perithecia immersed, ovate ;
ostiola globose, slightly prominent. — Bull. t. 4.

On wood and bark. Not common.

3. H. luteum, Fr. ; orbicular, cup-shaped, black ; disc bor-
dered, wrinkled ; stroma yellow, pulverulent ; perithecia in
many rows, emergent: {no. 170.)

On elder. Rare.

4. H. sueeenturiatum, Fr.; oblongo-pulvinate, immarginate,
even, black, greyish -brown within ; perithecia ovate, scattered,
irregularly emergent : [no. 830.)

On oak-branches. Rare.

5. H. gastrinum, Fr.; ventricose, erumpent; stroma pallid;
perithecia scattered irregularly, necks included; disc nearly
plane, black: [no. 598.) — Sow. t. 374./. 9.

On elm. Not uncommon.

b. Pulvinatce.

6. H. concentricum, Grev. ; large, subglobose, brownish,
at length black, concentrically zoned within. — Bolt. t. 180;
Sow. t. 160; Grev. t. 324.

On old ash-trees. Common.

7. H. coccineum, Bull. ; globose, vermilion-brown, bright
black within ; perithecia ovate ; ostiola at length prominent. —
Grev. t. 136; Sow. t. 374.

On beech, etc. Very common.

8. H. multiforme, Fr. ; irregular, at first rugose, rusty-
brown, at length naked, black, cinereous-black within; peri-
thecia at length prominent, papillate. (Plate 24, fig. 4.) —
Sow. t. 355; Grev. t. 114.

SPH^RIACEl.

387

On bircli, etc. Very common. Sometimes elliptic.

9. H. marginatum, B. ; hemispherical, confluent, at length
hlack, of the same colour within; each ostiolum seated in a
little margined disc : [no. 595.) — Schwein. Journ, of Ac, t, 2.

/.8.

On decaying wood of British growth, in the conservatory at
Chatsworth.

10. H. cohoDrens, Fr. ; confluent, convexo-plane, at first
even, dirty-hrown, then hlack within ; perithecia at length
rather prominent, papillate.

On dead branches. Not common.

11. H. argillaceum, Fr,; subglobose, clay-coloured, brown-
black within; perithecia slightly prominent, papillate: (no,
169.) — Fr, Obs. i. t, 2. /. 5.

On dead ash-branches. Not uncommon.

12. H. fuscum, Fr,; convex, pulvinate, purple-brown, at
length naked, black, black-brown within ; ostiola umbilicate.
— Soiv, t, 373. /. 9.

On hawthorn, hazel, etc. Very common.

c. Effusa,

13. riibiginosum, Fr. On decorticated trunks, etc.

14. atro-purpureum, Fr, On rotten wood, rare.

15. serpens, Fr. ; Sow. t. 373./. 10; 373. /. 11. On dead wood,

16. copropliilum, Fr. (no. 596). On dung.

17. udum, Fr. On rotten branches.

292. DIATRYPE, Fr.

Stroma partly formed from the matrix, and not distinct
from it ; perithecia sunk, elongated above into a distinct neck,
and frequently rostrate.

a. Llfjnosa.

1. bullata, Fr.; Bolt. t. 133. f. 1. On willow.

2 c 2

388

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

2. undulata, Fr. (no. 831), (Grev. t. 223. f. 1, is doubtful.) On dead

branches.

3. stigma, Fr. ; G?'ev. t. 223./. 2 ; 8ow. t. 137. On dead sticks.

4. disciformis, Fr.; Grev. t. 314. On dead sticks, especially beech.

5. aspera, Fr. On oak.

6. favacea, Fr. (no. 17). On birch.

7. verruciformis, Fr. ; Sow. t. 374./. 4. On dead sticks.

8. lanciformis, Fr. ; Sow. t. 371./. 6. On birch.

9. quercina, Fr. (no. 839). On dead oak-branches.

10. dryophila, Curr. (no. 832). On oak-twigs.

11. nucleata, Curr. (no. 833). On furze.

12. varians, Cu7'r. (no. 834). On dead twigs.

13. denigrans, Curr. (no. 835).

14. Badhami, Curr. (no. 836).

15. insequalis, Curr. (fio. SSI). On furze.

b. Versatile^.

16. scabrosa, Fr. (no. 171). On maple.

17. Ulicis, B. (no. 599). On furze.

18. podoides, Fr. (no. 600). On dead branches.

19. ferruginea, -Fr. On hazel.

20. flavo-virens, Fr. ; Grev. t. 320. On bark or naked wood.

(i. multiceps. Sow. t. 394. /. 8.

21. sordida, B. and Br. (no. 838). On oak-twigs.

22. Hystrix, Fr. (no. 840). On sycamore, etc.

23. ceratosperma, Fr. On rose, oak, etc.

24. strumella, Fr. On gooseberry and currant.

25. pyrrhocystis, B. and Br. (no. 841, with a Jig.). On hazel.

c. Fffusre.

26. incarcerata, B. and Br. (no. 842). On rose.

27. stipata, Curr. (no. 843). On elm.

28. elevata, B. and Br. (no. 844). On Euonymus.

29. leioplaca, Fr.; Sow. t. 374./. 1. On wood and dry branches.

30. lata, Fr. On dead wood. Very variable.

SPH^RIACEI.

389

31. decipiens, Fr. ; Sow. t. 297. On hornbeam.

d. CircumscriptcB.

32. comiculata, B. and Br. {no. 845). On dead branches.

33. cincta, B. and Br. {no. 846). On dead twigs.

293. VALSA, Fr.

Perithecia carbonaceous^ perfect, circinating, elongated into
converging necks ; ostiola erumpent, joined together, or ending
in a common disc.

1. Prunastri, Fr. On dead sloe.

2. stellulata, Fr. On dead elm-branches.

3. enterolenca, Fr. On dead branches.

4. extensa, Fr. h. Rhamni. On dead Rhamnus catharticus.

5. syngenesia, Fr. {no. 847). On dead elder.

6. Crataegi, Curr. {no. 848). On dead hawthorn- twigs.

7. detrusa, Fr. {yio. 18). On dead berberry.

8. fibrosa, Fr. On dead blackthorn.

b. Incusa.

9. nivea, Fr. ; Sow. ^.372./. 7. On dead poplar, hawthorn, etc.

10. leucostoma, Fr. On dead sloe.

11. Kunzei, Fr. {no. 601). On dead fir.

12. angulata, Fr. {no. 848). On dead Cytisiis Lahurnum.

13. luteola, Fr. On dead oak-branches.

14. microstoma, Fr. {no. 20), On dead sloe.

15. profusa, Fr. On dead Robinia.

16. dissepta, Fr. {no. 173). On various dead branches.

17. controversa, Fr. {no. 602). (Sphseria, Besm.) On various dead

branches.

18. dryina, Curr. {no. 850). On dead oak-branches.

19. concamerata, Curr. {no. 867). On dead oak-twigs.

c. Ohvallatce.

20. coronata, Fr. On dead oak, rose, hawthorn, etc.

390

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

21. Abietis, Fr. On dead fir.

22. chrysostroma, Fr. {no. 22). (Sp. xantbostroma, Mont. no.

a fy.). On hazel.

23. sufFnsa, Fr. — Sp. Cryptosporii, Curr. Micr. Journ. iii. 271.

24. leiphsemia, Fr. On dead oak- twigs.

25. turgida, Fr. On dead beeeh-twigs.

26. salicina, Fr. On dead willow-twigs.

27. ambiens, Fr. On dead hawthorn, crab, etc.

28. stilbostoma, Fr. On various dead branches.

29. platanoides, B. S. platanoides, Auct. On sycamore.

30. platanigera, B. and Br. {no. 851, with a fig.). On dead plane.

31. tetratrupha, B. and Br. {no. 852, with a fig). On dead alder-twigs.

32. fenestrata, B. and Br. {no. 853, with a fig.). On dead oak-twigs.

33. tetraploa, B. and Curt. {no. 854). On dead sticks.

34. rhodophila, B. and Br. {no. 855). On dead rose-twigs.

35. quernea, Curr {no. 856). On dead oak-twigs.

36. biconica, Curr. {no. 857). On dead branches.

37. pulchra, Curr. {no. 858). On dead branches.

38. tetraspora, Curr. {no. 859). On dead willow.

39. intexta, Curr. {no. 860). On dead oak.

d. CircinatfB.

40. pulchella, Fr. ; Grev. t. 67. On dead cherry and birch.

41. quaternata, Fr. On dead beech.

42. furfuracea, Fr. On dead branches.

43. hypodermia, Fr. {no. 21 : no. 862^, with a fig.). On dead elm.

44. convergens, Fr. On smooth bark.

45. hapalocystis, B. and Br. {no. 615, with a fig.). On dead plane-twigs.

46. bitorulosa, B. and Br. {no. 861, with a fig.). On dead hornbeam.

47. aglmostoma, B. and Br. {no. 862, with a fig.). On dead elm-twigs.

48. Innesii, Curr. {no. 863). On dead branches.

49. faginea, Curr. {no. 864). On dead beech-twigs.

50. tiliaginea, Curr. {no. 865). On dead lime-twigs.

51. vestita, Fr. {no. 866). On dead twigs.

SPH^RIACEl.

391

294. MELOGRAMMA, Fr.

Perithecia confluent with the stroma, more or less free
above, destitute of any neck ; contents oozing out, and often
forming cirrhi.

1. mbro-notatum, B. and Br.{no. 894). On dead elm-bark.

2. oligosporum, B. and Br. {no. 895, with a Jig.). S. macrospora, Besm.

On dead bark.

3. fusisporum, Fr. {Moug. and Nest. 274). On dead bark.

4. liomaleum, Fr. Exs. 382. On dead bark.

295. DOTHIDEA, Fr,

Perithecia none. Nucleus contained in globose cavities,
immersed in the stroma, with a decided neck and papillseforni
ostiolum.

1. tetraspora, B. and Br. {no. 899, with a fig?). On dead Daphne Lau-

reola and Ulex.

2. ribesia, P. On dead currant- and gooseberry- branches.

3. Eosae, Fr. Sph. Dothidea, Fr. On living rose-stems.

4. Piggotii, B. and Br. {no. 660). On Parmelia saxatilis.

5. filicina, Fr. On dead Pteris aquilina.

6. striaeformis, Fr. On dead Umbellifera.

7. rubra, P. ; Grev. t. 120. On living sloe-leaves.

8. fulva. Holt, and Schm. On living leaves of Primus Padus.

9. Ulmi, Fr.; Grev. t. 200. /. 1. On half-dead elm-leaves.

10. betulina, Fr. ; Grev. t. 200. f. 2. On living birch-leaves.

11. Heraclei, Fr. On living leaves of II. Sphondglium.

12. Podagrariae, Fr. On living leaves of JEgopodium Podagraria.*

13. Trifolii, Fr. On living clover-leaves.

14. Junci, Fr. On half-dead stems and leaves of rushes.

15. Graminis, Fr. On half-dead leaves of grasses.

* A Sphceropsis, according to Currcy,

392

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

16. Caricis, Fr. {no. 604). On half-dead Carices.

17. Jobnstoni, B. and Br. {no. 661). On leaves of Epilobium.

296. ISOTHEA, Fr.

Nucleus without any peritheciunij coloured or black, co-
vered by the transformed substance of the matrix, or im-
mersed in it.

1. rhytismoides, Fr. {no. 178, with a fig.). On leaves of Dry as.

2. pustula, B. (Phoma, Fr^ On oak-leaves.

3. saligna, B. (Phoma, i^r.) On sallow-leaves.

297. HYPOSPILA, Fr.

Perithecia globose, black, mouthless, altogether innate,
concealed by the blackened substance of the leaves, and when
that falls away splitting across.

1. quereina, Er. (Sp. bifrons). On dead oak-leaves.

2. populina, Er. (Sp. ceuthocarpa) . On dead poplar-leaves.

298. STIGMATEA, Fr.

Parasitic. Perithecia globose, black, innate, slightly pro-
minent. Nucleus firm, at first mouthless, then bursting with
a roundish aperture.

1. conferta, Fr. {no. 177). On Vaccinmm uliginosum.

2. Geranii, Fr. (Dothidea). On Geranium sylmticum.

3. Eanunculi, Fr. (Dothidea). On Ranunculi.

4. Eobertiani, Fr. {Grev. t. 146. f. 1). On leaves of Geranium

Rohertianum.

5. Polygonorum, Fr. On leaves of Polygona.

6. Alchemillae, Grev. (Dothidea). On Alchemilla.

7. Chsetomium, jFV. {no. 200). Dothidea Chsetomium, On rasp-
• berry-leaves.

SPHJSRIACET.

393

299. OOMYCES, B. and Br.

Perithecia erect_, contained in a polished coloured sac,
which is free above. Ostiola punctiform, apical.

1. carneo-albus, B. and Br. (no. 590). Sphseria, Libert. On leaves of
Air a ccespitosa.

300. NECTRIA, Fr,

Stroma none ; or, if present, bearing the naked, coloured
perithecia on its surface.

1. Caspitosa.

1. ochracea, Fr. (Sphaeria, Grev.) On dead twigs.

2. cinnabarina, Fr.; Grev. t. 135. On dead twigs.

3. coccinea, Fr.; Sow. t. 255. On dead twigs.

4. cucurbitula, Fr. (no. 174, 609). On dead branches.

5. sinopica, Fr. (no. 97). On dead ivy.

6. aquifolia, B. On dead holly.

7. inaurata, B. and Br. (no. 781^). On dead holly.

8. Ealfsii, B. and Br. (no. 780). On dead branches.

2. ByssisedcE.

9. aurantia, Fr.; Grev. ^.47. On decayed Polypori.

10. rosella, Fr. ; Grev. t. 138. On decayed Fungi, etc.

There is a distinct species confounded with this, which has
not hitherto been published.

3. Villosce.

11. flavida, Fr. (no. 610). On decayed stumps.

12. funicola, B. and Br. (no. 611). On decayed rope.

4. Denudatve.

13. Pcxiza, Fr. (Plate 24, fig. 6.) On decayed stumps, etc.

14. Platasca, B. On touchwood.

394

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

15. sanguinea, ; Grev). t. 175./. 1. On sticks, wood, Hypoxyla,eiQ,.

16. epispliseria, Fr. ; Grev. t. 175./, 3. t, 50. On Hypoxyla.

17. Pnrtoni, Curr. {Grev. t, 50). On Valsa Abietis.

18. ochraceo-pallida, B.and Br. {no. 607). On dead elm-branches.

19. muscivora, B. and Br. {no. 608). On mosses, which it soon destroys.

20. arenula, B, and Br. {no, 623, vMh a fig.). On Aira c^espitosa.

21. graminicola, B. and Br. (no. 897, with a fig.). On Aira caspitosa.

22. Bloxami, B. and Br. {no. 781). On dead herbaceous stems.

23. Helminthicola, B, and Br. {no. 896). On Helminthosporia.

24. Eousseliana, Mont. {no. 898). On box-leaves,
h. viridis. On box-leaves,

c. fulva {no. 182). On box-leaves.

25. umbrina, Fr, On dead bean-stalks,

301. SPHJERIA, Hall,

Perithecia black, pierced at the apex, mostly papillate, su-
perfieial or erumpent, without any stroma.

Series 1. Superficiales.
a. Byssisedce,

1. thelena, Fr. On decayed wood.

2. aquila, Fr. {no. 180). On decayed wood and sticks.

3. Desmazierii, B, and Br. {no. 618, with a fig.). On the ground.

4. Dickiei, B. and Br, {no. 617, with a fig,). On living leaves of

Linncjea borealis,

5. tristis, Tode {no, 181, 618*). On dead sticks.

6. phaeostroma, Mont, {iio, 605). On dead sticks,

7. biformis, B, On decayed wood and on the ground.

8. Eacodium, P, On decayed wood.

b, VilloscB.

9. ovina, P. {Sow. t, 219). On decayed wood.

10. cmsia, Curr. Linn. Tr. xxii. p. 316. On wood.

SPHtERIACEI.

395

11. mutabilis, P. On decayed wood.

12. Brassicse, Klotzsch ; Curr. 1. c. with a fig. On dead cabbage-stalks.

13. scabra, Curr. 1. c. p. 315, with a fig. On furze.

14. canescens, P. On decayed wood.

15. strigosa, A. and S. On decayed wood,

16. birsuta, Fr. On decayed wood.

17. callimorpha, Mont. (no. 872). On dead bramble,

18. macrotricba, P. and Br. (no. 619, with a fig.). On dead Carex
panicutata and, beech-mast.

19. Chaetomium, Cd. (no. 620, with a fig.). On dead Carex pendula,

20. Eres, B. and Br. (no. 621, with a fig.). On dead Carices.

21. exilis, A. and S. (no. 606). On pine-twigs.

22. calva, Tode. On decayed wood and branches.

23. pilosa, P. On decayed wood.

24. hispida, Tode ; Grev. t. 82. On decayed wood,

25. pellita, Fr. On dead herbaceous stems.

26. superficialis, Curr. 1. c. p. 317, with a fig. On fir-wood.

27. capillifera, Curr. 1. c. with a fig. On Corticium and subjacent wood.

c. Benudatce.

28. Bombarda, Batsch. (Plate 24, fig, 5.) On decayed wood.

29. spermoides, Hqffrn. ; Grev. t. 6. On decayed wood.

30. papaverea, B. and Br. (no. 612, with a fig.). On old stumps.

31. moriformis, Tode ; Grev. t. 39. (Bertia, D. Not.)

32. innumera, B. and Br. On dead wood.

33. confluens, Tode (no. 597). On dead trees, etc.

34. botryosa, Fr. On old pales.

35. stercoraria, Sow. t. 357./. 1. On sheep- and horse-dung.

36. mammaeformis, B. On decayed sticks, etc,

37. pomiformis, B. On dead wood,

38. sordaria, Fr. On moist pine-wood,

39. obducens, Fr. (no. 100). On old rails.

40. pulvis-pyrius, P. ; Grev. t. 152. On old wood, bark, etc.

41. rhytidodes, B. and Br. (no. 873, with a fig.). On ash-pollards.

396

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

42. perexigua, Cnrr. M^S. S. pustula, Cmr. 1. c. p. 317. On wood.

43. pulveracea, Ehr. On dry wood.

44. moroides, Curr. 1. c. p. 318, with a fig. On wood.

45. myriocarpa, Er. On old wood.

46. vesticola, B. and Br. {no. 874). On old decayed linen.

47. rubicola, Curr. 1. c. with a fig. On bramble.

48. collabens, Curr. 1. c. p. 330, with a fig. On bark.

49. caudata, Curr. l.c. with a fig. On rotten wood.

50. Curreyii, Blox. ; Curr. 1. c. p. 330, with a fig.

51. pulviscnla, Curr. 1. c. with a fig. On wood.

d. PertuscB.

53. pertusa, P. {no. 878, with a fig.). On elm-boards.

53. callicarpa, Curr. l.c. p. 331, with a fig. On old palings.

54. Aspegrenii, Fr. {no. 879, with a fig). On dead blackthorn.

55. Jenynsii, B. and Br. {no. 875, with a fig.). On dead wood.

56. poecilostoma, B. and Br. {no. 876, with a fig.). On dead Ulex.

57. brachythele, B. and Br. {no. 877, with a fig). On decorticated elder.

58. vilis, Fr. {no. 184). On dead wood.

59. mastoidea, Fr. {no. 183). On dead ash- twigs, etc.

60. nucula, Fr. On dead bark.

Series 3. Erumpentes.
e. CcBspitoscB.

61. populina, P. {no. 96). On ash. See Mag. Zool. and Bot. iii. t. 7 a-c.

63. cupnlaris, P. On dead branches.

63. acervata, Fr. {no. 98). On dead branches.

64. dioica, Moug. — S. pulvis-pyris, Auct. Curr. On dead branches.

65. Berberidis, P. ; Grev. t. 84. (Gibberidea, Fr.) On berbeny.

66. Laburni, P. {no. 865). On laburnum.

67. nigerrima, Blox. {no. 869, with a fig.). On several species of

Diatrype.

68. barbula, B. andBr. {no. 870, with a fig.). On dead pine-bark.

69. apotheciorum, Mass. {no. 871). On Parmelia subfusca.

70. nidula. Sow. t. 394./. 3. On bean-stalks.

SPHvERIACEI.

397

f. ObturatfJB.

71. elongata, Fr. On dead laburnum, etc.^

72. Spartii. On dead broom.

73. scoriadea, Fr. {no. 176). On dead bircb.

74. Juglandis, Fr. On walnut-twigs.

75. Lonicerse, Sow. 393. /. 6. On honeysuekle.

76. obliterans, B. and Br. {no. 890, with a Jig.). On bare fir-poles.

77. Godini, I)es7n. ; Sow. t. 336 {no. 603). On dead reeds.

78. culmifraga, Fr. {no. 614). On dead grasses.

g. Lophiostoma.

79. excipuliformis, Fr. {no. 880, with a Jig.). On dead wood.

80. angustilabra, B. and Br. {no. 881, with a Jig.). On dead Ulex.

81. macrostoma, Tode {no. 881^). On dead bolly, etc.

82. fibritecta, B. {no. 777). On bleached larch planks.

83. Arundinis, Fr. {no. 27, 639*). On dead reeds and wheat.

h. CeratostomcB.

84. cirrhosa, P. On soft decayed wood.

85. pilifera, Fr. On fir.

86. ligneola, B. and Br. {no. 883, with a Jig.). On decayed oak.

87. lampadophora, B. and Br. {no. ’^'^%^with a Jig.). On decayed wood.

Series 3. Subtect^.

i. Immersa.

88. spinosa, P. On hard wood.

89. eutypa, Fr. On wood.

90. livida, Fr. On wood.

91. melanotes, B. and Br. {no. 623, with a Jig.). On oak palings.

92. hypotephra, B. and Br. {no. 624, with a fig.). On oak palings.

93. hemitapha, B. and Br. {no. 885, with a Jig.). On felled oak.

94. apiculata, Ourr. 1. c. p. 326, with a Jig. On railings.

* S. fuliginosa., Fr., is probably merely tlio young state of Cenaiigitou
fuliginosum.

398

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

95. anserina, P. {no. 888, with a Jig.). On wood.

Endophloece.

98. velata, P. (pio. 19). On lime-twigs.

97. ciliaris, Curr. Micr. Journ. vii. j??. 231.

98. celata, Curr. MS. (S. obtecta, Curr. 1. c. p. 232).

99. Xylostei, P. = S. semi-immersa, Grev. Auct. Curr. On woodbine.

100. decedens, Fr. {no. 24). On hazel.

101. discntiens, B. On elm.

Fndocaula.

102. spiculosa, P. On various herbaceous stems.

103. inqnilina, Fr. On dead Umhellifei'ce.

104. Berkeleii, Desm. (S. Angelica, ^.), {no. 25, with a fg-). On various
Umbelliferce.

105. scirpicola, DC. On Scirpus lacustris.

106. phomatospora, B. and Br. (no. 647, with a Jig.). On potato-stems.

j. Ohtectce.

^ Rameales.

107. lanata, Fr. {no. 185). On birch.

108. siparia, B. and Br. {no. 625, with a Jig.). On birch.

109. Glis, B. and Curr. {no. 884). On oak.

110. prninosa, Fr. On ash.

111. unicaudata, B. and Br. {no. 885, with a Jig.). On Clematis Vitalba.

112. vibratilis, Fr. On sloe.

113. millepunctata, Grer. t. 201. On ash.

114. salicella, Fr. On willow.

115. Argus, B. and Br. {no. 626, with a Jig.). On birch.

116. Gigaspora, Desm. ; Curr. 1. c. p. 326, with a Jig. On maple.

117. Corni, Mont. (Saccothecum, Mont.) On cornel.

118. aucta, B. and Br. {no. 628, with a Jig.). On alder.

119. bufonia, B. and Br. {no. 629, with a Jig.). On oak.

120. dochmia, B. and Br. {no. 630, with a Jig.). On elm.

121. farcta, B. and Br. {no. 631, with a fg.). On elm.

SPHiERIACEI.

399

123. trivialis, B. and Br. {no. 632, with a Jig.). On dead twigs.

123. revelata, B. and Br. {no. 634, with a jig>). On lilac.

124. quadrinucleata, Curr. 1. c. p. 325, with a Jig. On sticks.

125. conformis, B. and Br. {no. 635, with a Jig.). On alder.

126. Kubi, Curr. 1. c. with a Jig. On bramble.

127. fuscella, B. and Br. {no. 636, with a Jig.). On rose.

128. sepincola, Br. {no. 636, with ct^fig.). On various plants.

129. persistens, B. and Br. {no. 637, with a Jig.). On rose.

130. futilis, B. and Br. {no, 638, with a Jig.). On rose.

131. intermixta, B. and B. {no. 639, with a Jig.). On rose.

132. oblitescens, B. and Br. {no. 887, with a Jig.). On Cornus.

133. epidermidis, Br. {no. 186, 639'^). On privet, etc.

134. Tamaricis, Grev. t. 45. On tamarisk.

135. ocellata, Br. On ash. (Placed doubtfully by Pries in Halonia.)

136. melina, B. and Br. {no. 888, with a Jig.). On ash.

137. Ashwelliana, Curr. 1. c. t. 327, with a Jig. On fir.

138. clypeata, Nees. On bramble and Epilohium.

139. appendiculosa, B. and Br. {no. 613, with a Jig.). On bramble.

140. pusilla, Curr. MS. S. seriata, 1. c. p. 329. On wood.

141. Eusci, Waltr. {no. 639*) = S. glauco-punctata, Grev. On Ruscus
acideatus.

142. Pinastri, Br. ; Grev. t. 13. On fallen fir-leaves.

** Ilerhicolce .

143. tomicura. Lev. {no. 633, with a Jig.). On Ah'a cmpitosa and
Juncus.

144. herpotricha, Br. On dead grass-stems.

145. lirella, P. On Spiraea Ulmaria.

146. acus, Blox. ; Curr. 1. c. p. 325, with a Jig. On dock.

147. lineolata, Roh. {no. 616). On Ammophila arundinacea.

148. maculans, Sow. {no. 641). On Scirpus palustris.

149. pantherina, B. {no. 23). On Pteris aquilina.

150. pardalota, Mont. {no. 99). On Convallaria viuWJiora.

151. ccuthosporoidcs, Berk. {no. 179). On laurel.

400

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

. k. Caulicolce.

152. curvirostra, Soio. On dead umbelliferse.

153. rostellata, Fr. On shoots of bramble.

154. coniforrnis, Fr. {no. 190). On herbaceous stems.

155. acuminata, Sow. {no. 159). (S. carduorum, Wallr.) On thistles.

156. cruciferarum, Desm. {no. 191). On Crucifera.

157. herbarum, P. = S. Scrophularise, S. Pisi, etc. On various
Herbaceous plants, etc.

158. rubella, P. , On dead herbaceous stems.

159. Helenae, Curr. 1. c. with a Jig. On herbaceous stems.

160. Doliolum, P. On herbaceous stems.

161. complanata, Tode. On herbaceous stems.

162. nigrella, Fr. {no. 649). On Dipsacus.

163. Corni-Suecicm, P/*. (Sp. Corni, Sow.) “Not a true Sphseria,”
Curr. 1. c. p. 330.

164. derasa, B. and Br. {no. 639^, with a Jig.) — S. calva, Pote/. On
Senecio Jacob cea.

165. tritorulosa, B. and Br. {no. 778, with a fg.). On Epilohium.

166. Yectis, B. and Br. {no. 779, with a Jig.). On Iris foetidissima.

167. planiuscula, B.and Br. {no. 891, with a Jig.). On herbaceous stems.

168. Lunarise, B. and Br. {no. 892, with a Jig.). On Liinaria rediviva.

169. nigrans, Besm. {no. 640). On Bactglis glomerata.

170. semilibera, Besm. {no. 641). On reeds.

171. Ogilviensis, B. and Br. {no. 642, with a Jig.). On Senecio Jacobcea.

172. Clivensis, B. and Br. {no. 643, with a Jig.). On parsnip.

173. modesta, Besm. {no. 644, with a Jig.). On herbaceous stems.

174. commanipula, B. and Br. {no. 645, with a Jig.). On Scrophularice.

175. Thwaitesii, B. and Br. {no. 646, with a Jig.). On TJmbelliferce.

176. tosta, B. and Br. {no. 648, with a fg.). On Epilobium.

177. tenebrosa, B. and Br. {no. ^^^,with a fg.). On Arctium.

1. FoliicoldB.

* Rostellatce.

178. fimbriata, B. On living leaves of hornbeam.

SPHiERIACET.

401

179. Coryli, Botsch ; Grev. t. 330. On living hazel-leaves.

180. Avellanae, Sclim. (no. 101). On dead hazel-leaves.

181. tubseformis, Tode ; Gi'ev. t. 335./. 1. On dead alder-leaves.

182. Gnomon, Tode. On dead leaves.

183. setacea, B. On dead leaves.

Sph(S7'ostomce.

184. duplex, Sow. On grasses, etc. Var. Nardi not a true SpJi^ria,
Curr. 1. c. p. 332.

185. recutita, Fr. On grasses.

186. anarithma, B. and Br. (no. 893, with a fig.). On Aira caspitosa.

187. sabuletorum, B. and Br. (no. 650, with a Jig.). On Ammophila
arundinacea.

188. phaeosticta, B. (no. 651, with a jig.). On Carex pendula.

189. eucrypta, B. and Br. {no. 652, with a Jig.). On Carex pendula.

190. helicospora, B. and Br. {no. 653, with a Jig.). On Cyperacece.

191. palustris, B. and Br. {no. ^'()4f,with a fig.). On Iris, Carex, etc.

192. carpinea, Fr. {no. 655, with a fig.). On hornbeam,

193. Pteridis, Desm. {no. 656). On dead fronds of Fteris aqiiilina,

194. brassicaecola, B. and Br. {no. 656, with a Jig.) = Asteroma Bras-
sicae, Chev.

195. punctiformis, Fr. On dead leaves.

196. maculaeformis, P. On dead leaves. Not a true Spli(sria, Curr.
1. c. p. 332.

197. Eryngii, Fr. {no. 657). On Fryngiwn.

198. Eumicis, Desm. {no. 658). On living dock-leaves.

199. Leightoni, B. and Br. {no. 659, with a Jig.). On dead leaves of
Linncea borealis.

200. crysiphina, B. and Br. in Journ. Lond. Ilort. Soc. ix. y;. 67. On
living hop-leaves.

201. brunneola, Fr. On lily-of-thc- valley.

202. Ostruthii, Fr. {no. 102). On Angelica sylreAris.

203. Ligustri, Desm. {no. 1296). On dead privet-leaves.

I)

402

OUTLINES OE BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

302. CERATOSTOMA, Fr.

Perithecium soft, membranaceous. Ostiolum subulate, pen-
cilled at tlie tip, or simply papillseform. Asci soon disappear-
ing. Sporidia oozing out and forming a mass at the ostiolum.

1. capriniim, Fr. Amongst rubbish.

2. Zobelii, B. (S. Zobelii, Tul. Fung. Hyp. p. 186, with fig.). On

tmfiles.

303. MASS ARIA, De Not.

Perithecium subcarbonaceous. Ostiolum papillseform. Spo-
ridia septate or simple, oozing out and staining the matrix.

1. fcedans, Fr.=^. amblyospora, B. and Br. {no. 62, zoith a fg.). On

elm.

2. inquinans, Fr. On dead branches.

3. fimeti, Fr. On dung. {Hypocopra, Pr. Subgenus, spores simple.)

304. HERCOSPORA, Fr.

Perithecium subcarbonaceous, cup- shaped, open above, co-
vered by the bark, and differently coloured. Papilla hetero-
geneous, erumpent.

1. pupula, Fr. On PliiladelpJms coronarius.

305. PYRENOPHORA, Fr.

Nucleus slowly formed, immersed in a sclerotioid mass
which performs the office of a perithecium. Ostiolum at length
slightly prominent. Sporidia multiseptate.

1. phmocomes, Fr.; Grev. t. 69. On grass.

306. GIBBERA, Fr.

Perithecium between waxy and horny, at length free, radiato-
rimose from the centre. Always closed.

PERISPORIACEI.

403

1. Yaccinii, Fr. ; Sow. t. 373. /. 1. On living branches of Vaccinium

Vitis-idcea.

2. pulicaris, Fr. On various branches, as fig, alder, etc.

3. Saubinetii, Mont. {no. 865). On herbaceous stems.

307. DICH.®NA, Fr.

Perithecia subcarbonaceous^ elliptic^ closed, bursting by a
longitudinal fissure. Nucleus and asci diffluent, innato-
erumpent.

1. rugosa, Fr. On living bark of oak and beech.

2. strobilina, Fr. On fir-cones. Not ascigerous, Curr. l.c. p. 329.

308. CAPNODIUM, Mont.

Parasitic. Mycelium creeping, black, consisting of branched,
articulated, even or moniliform threads. Perithecia elongated,
frequently branched, composed of confluent threads, the tips of
which are often free at the apex.

1. elongatum, B. and Besm. {no. 900). On pear-leaves, and shoots.

Order 27. PFEISPOBIAOFI.

Perithecia subglobose, always closed, except by decay, mostly
membranaceous. Nucleus never diffluent.

309. PERISPORIUM, Fr.

Peridium subglobose, without any manifest thallus or ap-
pendages. Asci clavatc. Spores indefinite.

1. ])rinceps, B. On dead wood.

2. Arundinis, Fr. (no. 220), is a very doubtful production.

310. LASIOBOTRYS, Kze.

Erumpent. Ocntral peridium ])etwccn fleshy and horny,

2 I) 2

404-

outlines OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

proliferous^ collapsing above^ attached to radiating fibres. Se-
condary peridia ascigerous. Asci cylindrical.

1. Lonicei'se, ; Grev. t. 191 {no. 661, with a Jig.). On living

leaves of honeysuckle.

2. Linnese, B. On living leaves of Linnea.

311. SPHiEROTHECA, Lev.

Mycelium arachnoid. Perithecia globose, containing a single
globose ascus. Appendages numerous, floccose.

1. pannosa, Lev. ; Grev. t. 164./. 2. On rose-leaves.

2. Castagnei, Lev. On hops. The common Hop-Mildew.

312. PHYLLACTINIA, Lev.

Parasitic. Perithecia hemispherical, at length depressed,
seated on a persistent or evanescent membranaceo-granular
receptacle. Appendages straight, rigid, acicular, at length
bent back.

1. guttata, Fr. On leaves of oak, beech, etc.

313. UNCmULA, Lev.

Mycelium floccose. Perithecia globose. Appendages rigid,
simple, bifid or dichotomous, uncinate, at length bent up-
wards.

1. adunca. Lev.; Grev. t. 296. On leaves of poplar, willow, etc.

2. bicornis, Lev. On leaves of maple, sycamore, etc.

314. MICROSPHJERA, Lh.

Mycelium arachnoid. Appendages straight, dichotomous.
Branchlets swelling at the tip, or filiform.

1. Berberidis, Lev. On leaves of berberry, etc.

2. Grossularim, Lev. On gooseberry -leaves.

3. penicillata, Lev. On leaves of Viburnum Opulns.

PERISPORIACEI.

405

315. ERYSIPHE, Hedw.

Mycelium arachuoid. Appendages floccose^ simple or irre-
gularly branched.

Asci containing 2 sporidia.

1. Linkii, Lev. On leaves of Artemisia.

2. lamprocarpa. On leaves of Cichoraceee.

Asci containing 3-8 sporidia.

3. gramitiis. On leaves of cereals and grass.

4. Martii. On leaves of peas, etc.

5. Montagnei, Lev. On leaves of burdock.

6. tortilis, Lk. On leaves of cornel.

7. communis, ScJdeclit. On leaves of various plants.

316. CH7ETOMIUM, Kze.

Peritbecium tbin^ brittle^ moutliless. Asci linear, contain-
ing dark, lemon-shaped sporidia.

1. datum, Kze.; Grev. t. 230. On damp straw.

2. cliartarum, Ehh. On damp paper.

3. glabrum, B. On damp straw.

317. ASCOTRICHA, B.

Peritbecium thin, free, moutliless, seated on loose, branched,
conidiiferous threads. Asci linear, containing dark, elliptic
sporidia.

1. cliartarum, B. {no. IIG, with a fig?). On damp paper.

318. EUROTIUM, LA.

Pcritbccia reticulated, vcscicular, coloured, attached to inucc-
dinous threads. Asci delicate.

1. licrbarioruin, Lk. ; Grev. t. 101./. 1. On jilants in herbaria. It is
supposed that this is merely an aseigerous state of Aspergitlum .

406

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

Order 28. ONYGENEL

Peridium formed of closely-interwoven threads. Sporidia
at length forming a compact, dusty mass.

319. ONYGENA, P.

Parasitic on animal substances. Peridium stipitate or ses-
sile, paper-like, at length splitting. Asci delicate. Sporidia
at length forming a dusty mass.

1. equina, P. ; Grev. t. 343. On hoofs, horns, etc.

2. piligena, Fr. {no. 219). On decaying flannel, etc.

3. apns, B. and Br. {no. 582). On bones.

Fam. VI.— PHYSOMYCETES. '

Threads free, or only slightly felted, bearing vesicles which
contain indefinite sporidia.

Order 29. ANTENNAEIEI.

Threads black, more or less felted, moniliform and equal in
the same felt, bearing here and there irregular sporangia.

320. AISTTENNARIA, Lk.

Threads felted, black, articulated, often moniliform. Walls
of sporangia mostly cellular. Spores chained together, im-
mersed in gelatinous pulp.

1. semiovata, B. and Br. {no. 784, with a fig.). On Filix-mas.

321. ZASMIDIUM, Fr.

Sporangium thin, carbonaceous, but brittle, growing on a
septate, byssoid, equal mycelium. Mouth subumbilicate.
Spores simple.

MUCORINT.

407

1. cellare, Fr.; Grev. b. 259. In cellars.

Order 30. MJJCOBINI.

Threads free, bearing terminal or lateral sporangia.

322. ASCOPHOBA, Tode.

Sporangia collapsing, and at length hanging down over the
fructifying apices like a hood. Fruit sometimes of two kinds.

1. Mucedo, Tode; Grev. b. 269. On bread.

2. elegans, Cd. On fowls’ dung.

323. MUCOB, Mich.

Threads free. Sporangia at length bursting, but not de-
pendent.

1. Pliycomyces, B. Pliycomyces nitens, A(j. On greasy walls, fat, etc.

2. rainosus. Ball. b. 480. /. 3. On decaying Fungi.

3. Mucedo, L. On fruit, etc.

4. caninns, P. ; Grev. b. 305. On dogs’ dung.

5. fusiger, Lk. On decaying Agarics.

6. clavatus, Lk. On fruit, etc.

7. amethysteus, B. in Eng. FI. l.c.p. 332. On pears.

8. succosiis, B. {no. 225, wibh a. fg.). On stumps of Ancnba.

9. dclicatulus, B.; Eng. Fl. l.c. On rotting gourds.

10. tenerrimns, P. (Hydropliora tenerriina, B.; Hook. Journ.iii. j). 78,

wibh a fig.') On sticks, in woods.

11. subtilissiinus, B. in Jouru. J^ond. llorb. Soc. iil. p. 98. On mildewed

onions, developed from Sclerobium cepavoram.

324. HYDBOPHOBA, Tode.

Threads erect, tubular, sparingly articulate, equal above,
terminated by a vesicle which is at first watery and crystalline.

408

OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY.

then turbid, and at length indurated and persistent from the
conglomeration of the spores.

1. stercorea, Tode. On dung.

325. ENDODROMIA, B.

Vesicle very delicate, perforated by the stem, filled with
delicate, branched, radiating threads, and globose spores, with
a nucleus endowed with active motion.

1. vitrea, B. ; HooJx\ Jouy'n. 1. c. p. 79, with a fig. On sticks, in
woods.

326. SPORODINIA, Lk.

Stem dichotomously branched. Vesicles solitary, terminal,
at length splitting horizontally. Columella large. Spores
simple, growing on the columella.

1. dichotoma, Cd. On decaying Fungi.

327. ACROSTALAGMUS, Cd.

Flocci branched. Branches verticillate. Vesicles terminal,
pierced by the threads, from the tips of which the spores are
produced within the cells.

1 . cinnabarinus, Cd. On decaying plants. Verticilllnm hderitium is a
form of this with naked spores. Arloiwogus, Mont., is the secon-
dary fruit of Pe7'onospora.

328. SYZYGITSS, Ehb.

Threads branched above. Vesicles of separate branches,
conjugating, and forming a distinct sporangium.

1 . mcgalocarpus, Ehb. On decaying Agarics.

329. ENDOGONE, Lk.

Hypogaeous. Flocci collected into a globose, spongy mass.

MUCORINI.

409

Vesicles globose^ solitary, or collected in little fascicles at the
ends of the branches.

1. E. pisiformis, Lk. ; masses globose, dry; vesicles large,
visible to the naked eye. (Plate 24, fig. 7.) — Ann. of Nat.
Hist, xviii. p. 81.

On the ground, amongst moss. Bristol.

2. E. lactiflua, B. and Br. 1. c. ; irregular, depresso-globose,
white, then dirty flesh-coloured, fetid, filled with thick, red-
dish-grey milk; vesicles visible to the naked eye.

On the ground. Chudleigh, C. E. Broome.

410

APPENDIX.

> —

SCLEROTIUM, Tode.

Between cartilaginous and fleshy, with a thin, inseparable cuticle.
Fruit, if any, unknown.

1. complanatum, Tode; Sow. t. 276. On dead leaves, etc.

2. scutellatum, A. and S. ; Grev. t. 144. f. 1. On dead leaves, etc.

3. Semen, Tode; Grev. t. 144./! 2. On decayed cabbage-stalks, etc.

4. cepaevorum, JB. On onions {no. 168).

5. stercorarium, DC. On dry cowdung.

S. lotorum and Medicaginis are merely tuberiform swellings on the
roots of Leguminosce.

6. quercigenum, B. On decorticated oaks.

7. truncorum, Tode {no. 53). On old stumps, amongst moss.

8. fungorum, P. On gills of dead Agarics.

9. lacunosum, P. Amongst leaves, etc., on the ground.

10. muscorum, P. ; Grev. t. 101. Amongst moss.

11. roseum, Kneiff {no. 163). On Juncus conglomeratus.

12. varium, P. On decaying carrots, etc.

13. medullare, B. {no. 14). On Fern.

14. neglectum, B. {no. 91). On dead leaves.

15. pyrinum, Fr. On various fruits.

16. Bubi, Carm. On bramble -leaves.

17. bullatum, DC. On decaying gourds and cucumbers.

18. durum, P. ; Grev. t. 1. On various herbaceous stems.

19. Pustula, DC.; Grev. t. 77. On oak-leaves.

RHIZOCTOFTIA, DC.

Irregular, between cartilaginous and fleshy, with a thin, inseparable
cuticle, attached, root-like fibres. Fruit unknown.

1. Crocorum, DC. On roots of saffron, asparagus, potatoes, etc.

411

GLOSSARY.

Acrogenous, attached to the tips of
the threads or their branchlets.

Adnate^ firmly attached to the stem.

Adnexed, just reaching the stem.

Agglutinate, firmly glued to the
matrix.

Amjpliigenous, when the hymenium
is not confined to a particular
surface.

Anastomosing, spoken of threads
which become confluent with each
other, and form an irregular net-
work.

Apices, tips of threads or their divi-
sions.

Appendicidate, attached in fragments
to the border of the pileus ; some-
times applied to spores or sporidia
which have terminal appendages.

Approximate, approacliing the stem,
hut not quite reaching it.

Arachnoid, delicate, like a spider’s
web.

Areolate, divided into little area).

Aristate, bearded ; applied to spores
and sporidia.

Ascus, a delicate sac containing s])0-
ridia.

Astomous, without any aperture.

Attenuated, spoken of gills which are

gradually narrower at either ex-
tremity.

Auriform, shaped hke an ear.

Byssisedee, seated on fine, matted
threads.

Byssoid, resembling fine, matted
threads, which are often collected
in little bundles.

Ccespitose, growing in tufts.

Capillitium applies to the threads
of Puff-balls.

Carbonized, impregnated with dark
matter, so as to appear more or
less charred.

Gaulicolce, growing on herbaceous
stems.

Ceratostomce, spoken of perithecia in
which the neck is much elongated.

Circinatce, disposed in a circle.

Circumscriptat, surrounded by a thin,
black crust, and, consequently,
when the stroma is broken off, a
black ring is left on the matrix.

Concatenate, chained together,

Conchiform, slicll-shapcd,

Conglutinate, glued together, as when
the spores are collected in little
heaps which do not easily break
up.

Conklia, dust -like seeoiulary spores.

412

GLOSSARY.

Connate^ as when two or more pilei
become united.

Continuous^ as when one organ runs
into another witliout any decided
interruption. This is, I believe, sy-
nonymous with contiguus of Fries.

Crenulate, notched or scalloped.

Ci/st, a subglobose cell or cavity.

Decurrent^ when the gills are very
acute behind, and run down the
stem.

Benudatcs^ naked, exposed, not im-
mersed.

Determinate^ when a Fungus has a
distinctly-defined outline.

Dichotomous^ regularly forked.

Dimidiate^ semiorbicular ; when re-
lating to the gills, it intimates
that they reach only halfway from
tlie border of the pileus to the
stem.

Distant, far apart from each other,
whereas remote means that they do
not reach the stem.

Dchinate, beset with short, rigid
bristles.

JEchinulate, the same as the last, only
with shorter and more delicate
bristles.

Dffusce, spread out over the matrix.

Effused, spread out over the matrix.

Emarginate, when the gills are sud-
denly scooped out before they
reach the stem.

Emergent, springing from beneath
the surface of wood, bark, or
cuticle.

Endocaulee, growing in the substance
of herbaceous stems.

Endochrome, the contents of cells
where no sporidia are produced
before their production.

Endophloece, growing in bark.

Excipulum, a little saucer or recep-
tacle.

Farinose, mealy.

Fasciculate, growing in littlebundles.

Fihrillose, clothed with little, loose
fibres.

Fistulose, hollow, like a pipe.

Flood, threads, as those of a Mould.

Furfuraceous, branny.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Orumous, clotted, as the contents of
some cells.

Guttate, marked with tear-like spots.

Ggrose, folded and waved, or marked
w’ith wavy lines.

Herhicolce, growing on herbaceous
plants.

Heterogeneous, when adjacent parts
are different in structure.

Homogeneous, when they are similar
in structure.

Hyaline, transparent.

Hygrophanous, having a watery as-
pect when moist, but more or less
opaque when dry.

Hymeniurn, the fructifying surface.

Hymenophorum, the structure which
bears and gives rise to the hyme-
nium.

Hypogceous, subterraneous.

Hypothecium, the part beneath the
nucleus in Sphceriacei, etc,, espe-
cially when it is compact.

Immersee, sunk into the matrix.

Imperforate, without any terminal
aperture.

Incusce, sunk as jewels in a die.

I ndehiscent, not splitting, except by
decay.

Infiindihuliform, fu nnel- sliaped .

Inserted (insititius) ; growing imme-
diately from the matrix, like a graft
from its stock.

GLOSSARY.

413

Labiate^ aperture AAutli distinct, lip-
like borders.

Laccate, varnislied, or covered with
a coat like sealing-wax.

Lacunose, having little cavities, or
pitted.

LingucBform^ tongue- shaped.

LopMostonice^ aperture crested.

Marginate^ having a distinct, definite
border.

Matrix, anything on which a F ungus
grows.

Moniliform, necklace-like.

Mucedinous, like a Mould.

Mycelioid, like a mycelium.

Mycelium, spawn, which may be
either filamentous or vesicular.

NecTc, spoken of perithecia which re-
semble an india-rubber bottle with
a distinct neck.

Nucleus, the hymenium of perithecia,
which is generally more or less
gelatinous.

Obtecta, covered by the cuticle.

Obturates, literally bunged up, ap-
plied to certain Sphcerice.

Obvallatcs, literally walled up, ap-
plied to certain Spheeriee.

Ostiolum, mouth of perithecium, like
the mouth of a bottle.

Pallid, pale, but undecided in colour.

Papillate, covered with little pap-
like elevations, or ending in a
papilla.

Papyraceous, thin, like paper.

Patelleeform, saucer-shaped.

Pendulous, hanging down like the
flower of a foxglove.

Peridium, general covering, as in a
Puir-ball.

Perkliola, used wlicn a number of
smaller peridia are contained wit h-
in the general envelope.

Perorate, used when the stem has a
distinct, stocking-like coat.

Perithecia, the bottle-like, fruit-bear-
ing bodies in Spliceriacei, which
may be naked, sunk in a stroma,
or covered by a portion of the
matrix.

Pertusas, pierced at the apex of the
perithecium by the separation of
the ostiolum.

Pileoli, secondary pilei.

Pileus, the hat -shaped receptacle in
Mushrooms, etc.

Pruinose, frosted, or covered wdth
bloom like a plum.

Pulrinata, cushion-shaped.

Rameales, growing on twigs.

Remote, spoken of gills which are
free, and leave a considerable space
between them and the stem.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Resupinate, spread over the matrix,
and having the hymenium up-
wards, and not beneath, as in the
Mushroom.

Rhizomorphoid, like roots.

Rimose, cracked.

Ring, part of the veil adhering to
the stem, and forming a ring or
collar.

Rivulose, marked with lines like tlic
rivers in a map.

RostellatcB, having a little, elongated
neck, extending beyond the sur-
face of the matrix.

Rostrate, liaving a long, free neck.

Scrobiculute, marked with little pits.

Scutellaform, shield -like.

S(ptate, having partitions.

Sinuated, when tlie gills arc suddenly
waved just before they reach the
stem.

Spathulafe, shaped like a spatula.

414

GLOSSARY.

SphcBrostomce^ having a globular os-
tiolum.

Spicules, the points to which the
spores are attached, sometimes
called sterigmata.

Sporangia, large vesicular bodies
containing sporidia or distinct or-
ganisms, producing spores in the
centre.

Spores, reproductive cells, borne
freely on the sporophores,

Spon^Z^a, reproductive cells produced
within asci or sporangia, from a
transformation of their endo-
chrome.

SporogJiores, cells which are sur-
mounted by fertile spicules, some-
times called hasidia.

Squarrose, rough with projecting or
deflexed scales.

Strigose, rough with fascicles of hairs.

Stroma, the substance in which the
perithecia are immersed in the
compound Splicer iacece.

Stuffed, spoken of the stem when
filled with a cottony web, or a
spongy mass distinct from the
walls.

Suh, used in composition to denote
a slight degree of anything.

Suhiculum, the filamentous mycelium
of some Splicerice.

Suhtectce, more or less covered.

Subulate, awl-shaped.

Sulcate, furrowed.

Tan-coloured, the colour of wash-
leather.

Tomiparous, producing spores by
division.

Trama, the substance intermediate
between the hymenium in the gills
of Agarics or pores of Polgporus.

Tremelloid, shaking like jelly.

Umbilicate, with a somewhat definite
central depression.

TJmbonate, with a central boss.

Uncinate, hooked, or hook-shaped.

Ungulate, hoof-shaped.

Veil, a partial covering of the stem
or margin of the pileus.

Ventricose, swelling out in the middle.

Vermiculate, worm-shaped.

Verrucaform, wart-shaped.

Versat iles, various in form and nature.

Versiform, various in form.

Vesicular, having a bladder-hke
sporangium, or composed of cells.

Verticillate, whorled.

Villosce, covered with down.

Virgate, streaked, or with wand-like
branches.

Volva, a general wrapper, some-
times membranous, sometimes
gelatinous.

415

PRINCIPAL AUTHORS HUOTED UNDER THE
DESCRIBED SPECIES.

- -- -

Abbilclungeii der Schwamme, 4to,
figures partly from Bolton.

Afzelius in Vetensk Acad. Hand-
lungen, 1783.

Albertini and Scliweinitz, Conspec-
tus, 8vo, 1805.

Batscb, Elenclius Fungorum, 4to,
1783-1789.

Battarra, Fungorum Historia, etc.,
4to, 1759.

Berkeley, Fnglisli Flora, vol. v.,
part ii., 8vo, 1836.

in Taylor’s Journal. See

p. 305.

and Broome in ditto. See

p. 305.

— and Curtis in ditto. See

p. 305.

Bloxam in History of Lcicestersbirc,
ined.

Bolton, History of Funguses, 4to,
1788-1791.

Brondcau, Plantes Cryptogames dc
I’Agcnais, 8vo, 1828-1830.

Bulliard, Herbier dc la France, fob,
1780-1795.

Cesati in Babcnliorst’s Fxsiccata,
4to.

Chevalier, Flore dc Paris, 8vo, 1836.

Chevalier, Fungorum et Byssorum
Illustrationes, fob, 1837.

Curtis, Flora Londinensis, folio,
1817-1828.

, British Entomology, 8vo.

De Candolle, Flore Fran^aise, 8vo,
1815.

Delastre, Flore de la Vienne, 8vo,
1842.

Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogames
du Nord, 4to ; Exsiccatae, 1825,
etc.

Dickson, Plantarum Cryptogami-
carum Fasciculi, 4to, 1785-1801.

Dillenius, Catologus, 8vo, 1749.

Ditmar in Stm-in’s Deutschlands
Flora, 12mo, 1817.

Dozy and Molkenboer, Novao Fun-
gorum Species, 8vo, 1846.

Duby, Botanicon Gallicum, 8vo,
1828-1830.

Ehrcnberg, Sylvse Mycologies) Bc-
rolincnsis, 4to, 1818.

in Horao Physicao Bc-

rolincnses, fob, 1820.

Flirhart, Fxsiccata, fob, 1746.

English Flora, vol. v., part ii., 8vo,
1837.

Flora Danica, fob, 1761, etc.

416

PRINCIPAL AUTHORS QUOTFD.

F ries, Ob!?ervat iones Mycologico',
8vo, 1815-1818.

, Sy sterna Mycologicum, 8vo,

1821-1830.

, Epicrisis, 8vo, 1836.

, Summa Vegetabilium Seandi-

navise, 8vo, 1846.

, Hymenomycetes, 8vo.

Greville, Scottish Cryptogamic Flora,
8vo, 1823-1829.

, Flora Edinensis, 8vo, 1824.

Hedwig, Muscorum Frondosorum,
etc., fob, 1787-1797.

Hill, History of Plants, fob, 1751.

Hoffmann, Yegetabilia Cryptogaina,
4to, 1787-1790,

, Deutschlands Flora,

12mo, 1791.

Hohnskiold, Beatararis Otia Fnngis
impensa, fob, 1790-1799.

Hudson, Flora Anglica, 8vo, 1762,
1778, 1798.

Hussey, Illustrations of British My-
cology, 4to, 1847, etc.

Jacquin, Miscellanea Austriaca, 4to,
1778-1781.

, Collectanea, 4to, 1786-

1796.

Junghuhn in Linneea, vob v., 1830.

Klotzsch, Manuscript Observations
in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium.

Knapp, Journal of a Naturalist,
8vo.

Krombholz, Naturgetreue Abbil-
dungen, fob, 1831-1847.

Linnaeus, Flora Suecica, 8vo, 1755.

Lasch in Linnaea, vob iv., 1829.

Leveille in Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, 1846-1848.

klattuschka, Flora Silesiaca, 8vo,
1776, 1777.

Micheli, Nova Plantarum Genera,
fob, 1729.

Montagne, Sylloge, 8vo, 1856, where
a complete list of his various works
will be found.

Muller in Flora Danica, t. 601-900.

Neesvon Esenbeck, Das System der
Pilze und Schwamme, 4to, 1816.

Otto, Giftpflanzen, 8vo, 1834.

Persoon, Observationes Mycologicae,
8vo, 1796-1799.

, Commentatio, 8vo, 1797.

, Tentamen, 8vo, 1797.

, leones et Descriptiones,

4 to, 1798-1800.

, Synopsis, 8vo, 1801.

, leones Pictae, 4to, 1803-

1806.

, Mycologia Europaea, 8vo,

1822-1828.

Bay, Synopsis, 8vo, ed. 3, 1724.

Bellian, Flora Cantabrigiensis, 8vo,
ed. 2, 1802.

Betz in Yetensk Ac. Handlungen,
1769.

Bostkovius in Sturm’s Deutsch-
lands Flora.

Both, Catalecta Botanica, 8vo,
1797-1806.

Schaeifer, Fungorum leones, 4to,
1762-1774.

Schrader, Spicilegium, 8vo, 1794'.

Schumacher, Enumeratio Plantarum
Soellandiae, 8vo, 1801-1803.

Seopoli, Flora Carniolica, 8vo, 1772.

Secretan, Mycographie Suisse, 8vo,
1833.

Smith and Sowerby, Engl. Botany,
8vo, 1790, etc.

Sommerfelt, Supplementum Flora
Lapponicir, 8vo, 1836.

Sowerby, English Fungi, fob, 1797-
1809.

Svensk Botanik, 8vo, 1802, etc.

Tournefort, Institutiones, 4 to, 1700.

PRINCIPAL AUTHORS QUOTED.

417

Tulasne, Champignons Hypoges, fol.,
1851.

Various Memoirs in Annales des
Sciences Naturelles.

Vahl in Flora Danica, t. 901-1260.

Vaillant, Botanicon Parisiense, fol.,
1727.

Yittadini, Tentamen Mycologicum,
4to, 1826.

, Mouographia Tuberace-

arum, 4to, 1831.

, Funghi Mangarecci, 4to,

1835.

, Monograpbia Lycoper-

dineorum, 4to, 1842.

Wahlenberg, Flora Lapponica, 8vo,
1812.

, Flora Upsaliensis, 8vo,

1820.

, Flora Suecica, 8vo,

1824-1826.

Wallrotli, Flora Cryptogamica Ger-
manise, 12mo, 1831-1833.

Weinmann, Hymeno- et Gastero-
mycetes, 8vo, 1836.

Wiildenow, Flora Berolinensis, 8vo,
1787.

Withering, Botanical Arrangement,
8vo, ed. 3, 1796.

418

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

— ♦ —

.^Ethalium, 23.

Agaric of Holly, G.

Agaricini, 0, 20.

Agaricus, 51.

abortivus, 59.

Eeruginosus, 48.

arvensis, 64, 79.

campestris, 56, 64.

cerussatus, 56.

disseminatus, 28.

euosmos, 68.

fabaceus, 80.

fusipes, 43.

gliodermus, 25.

laccatus, 56.

melleus, 88.

muscarius, 66.

odorus, 66.

olearius, 48.

ostreatus, 59, 63.

popinalis, 59.

procerus, 61.

racemosus, 59.

rubescens, 56.

Algse, 30.

Amadou, 2, 65.

Annulus, 4.

Antennaria cellaris, 31.
Antennariei, 19, 21.

Asci, 10, 17, 49.

Ascomyces, 45.

Ascomycetes, 17, 21.
Ascobolus, 33.

Ascopliora, 59.

Aseroe, 80.

Asterophora, 59.

Auricularini, 9, 17, 20, 87.
Balanophora, 24, 39.

Batarrea, 12, 22.

Bloodrain, 32.

Blue-Mould, 16.

Boletus, 6, 7, 11, 51.

, change of colour in, 6.

leneus, 48.

edulis, 77.

Botrytis, 70, 86, 44.

curta, 46.

parasitica, 44.

Bulgaria inquinans, 51.

Bunt, 52, 75.

, cure of, 75.

Cseomaeei, 15, 21.

Cantharellus cibarius, 5.
Caterpillar Fungus, 18.
Champignon, 1, 2, 5, 61.
Chantarelle, 5.

Clathrus cancellatus, 12.
Clavaria, 19, 87.

fastigiata, 9.

vermiculata, 9.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

419

Clavati, 9, 20, 46, 86.

Conidia, 50.

Coniomycetes, 15, 21, 58.
Coprini, 28, 42.

Coprinus, 51.

, barren, 42.

radiatus, 28.

Cordiceps, 47, 75.

entomorrhiza, 70.

militaris, 70.

Sinensis, 66.

Coremium, 46.

Corticium, 87.

Cortina, 4.

Cyathus vernicosus, 14.
Dactylium rosenin, 31.

Dsedalea quercina, 5.

Dasyglsea, 26.

De Bary, 13, 26, 88.

Dematiei, 16, 21.

Dimidiate, 5.

Dry-rot, 7, 72.

Elvellacei, 18, 21.

Ergot, 66, 75, 76.

Erineum, 88.

Fairy Dings, 41, 67, 79.

False Truffle, 65.

Fermentation, 64.

Eistulina, 6.

Fungals, 2.

Fungi, name, 2.

, gill-bearing, 5.

, vein-bearing, 5.

, pore-bearing, 6.

, tootli-bcaring, 8.

, car-shaped, 9.

, club-shaped, 9.

j jelly-liltc, 10.

, underground, 11.

, Phalloid, 12.

, Puir-ball, 12.

, slimy-spawncd, 13.

, relations to animals, 13.

Fungi, bird’s-nest, 14.

, dust-seeded, 15.

, Blights and dark Mildews, 1

, Mould-like, 16.

, ascigerous, 17.

, tabular view of, 20.

, sporiferous, 20.

■ , sporidiiferous, 21.

, nature of, 22.

members of Yegetable King-
dom, 22.

absorb oxygen, 24.

, species definite, 24.

, drawings of, at Stockholm, 25.

not creatures of chance, 25.

, habitats of, 27.

suffer from excess of mois-
ture, 28.

, growth on poisonous sub-
stances, 30.

in closed cavities, 31.

in bread, 32.

on cooked provisions, 32.

on animal substances, 33.

, geographical distribution, 34.

in Europe, 36.

, fossil, 37.

, growth of, 39.

, spawn of, 39.

, centrifugal development, 40,

43.

, deep penetration of spawn, 41.

, power of overcoming resist-
ance, 42.

, duration of, 43.

— , structure of, 44.

, vessels of latex in, 47.

, colour of, 48.

, luminous, 48.

, heat generated by, 48.

, odours supposed fatal to, 48.

, propagation of, 49.

, parasitic (friictification in), 51.

2 E 2

420

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

Fungi, propagation by fragments of
spawn, 52.

, variations of, 54.

, no hybrids, 54.

, uses of, 60.

as nutriment, 60.

, accidents from, 63.

ansesthetic, 66.

as manure, 67.

, worship of, 67.

, diseases produced by, 68.

in animals, 68.

in vegetables, 70.

, insect-borne, 70.

on living plants, 73.

, cultivation of, 77.

, collection and. preservation

of, 83.

■ , systematic arrangement, 86.

Fungology, 2.

, objections to the term, 2.

Funguses, 2.

Fusisporium, 52.

Galls, 88.

Gasteromycetes, 11, 20.

Geaster, 12.

Geoglossum, 87.

German tinder, 65.

Germination, 50, 81.

Gill-bearing Fungi, 5.

Gills, variations of, 56.

Graphiola Phoenicis, 56.
Gymnosporium, 45.

Helvella, 18.

Ilericium, 8.

Hydnangium carotsecolor, 11.
ITydnei, 8, 20.

Ilydnum auriscalpium, 8.

repandum, 8.

Hymenangium, 13.

Ilymenium, 5, 7, 10, 56.

, variations of, 56.

Ilymenogaster, 13.

Hymenomycetes, 10, 20, 56.
Hyphomycetes, 16, 21, 46, 58.
Hypoggei, 11, 18, 20.

Hypoxylon marginatum, 80.
Hysterangium, 87.

Hysterium Rubi, 51.

Isaria, 86.

Isariei, 16, 21.

Jew’s-ear, 65.

Ketchup, 64.

Labrella Ptarmiese, 53.

Lactarii, 47.

Lamellse, 3.

Lecidea atro-alba, 40.

Lentinus lepideus, 59.

tigianus, 59.

Lenzites betulina, 5.

Leptomiti, 29, 53.

Lichen concentricus, 40.

Lycogala epidendrum, 26.

terrestris, 23.

Lycoperdon, 23.

Bo vista, 67.

Marasmius haematocephalus, 80.

oreades, 15.

rotula, 58.

urens, 61.

Melanconiei, 15, 21.

Melanogaster Broomeianus, 11.
Merulius lacrymans, 7.

Mitrula paludosa, 28.

Morel, 17, 63.

Moulds, 2, 16, 19.

Moxa, 65.

Mucedines, 16, 20.

Mucor nitens, 19, 29.

Mucorini, 21.

Muscardine, 70.

Mushroom, as a type, 3, 45.

cosmopolite, 36.

considered commercially.

, cultivation of, 78.

on lawns, 79.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

421

Mycology, 2.

Myxogastres, 14, 21, 26, 47, 84.

, doubtful nature of, 23,

26.

Nectria cinnabarina, 16, 18.

inaurata, 51.

Nidulariei, 14, 21.

Nostoc, 3.

Nyctalis, 59.

Oidium fructigenum, 40.

Onygenei, 19, 21.

Penicillium in amber, 38.

glaucum, 46.

, rose-coloured, 31.

Peridium, 12.

Perisporiacei, 19, 21.

Perisporium, 19.

Peritliecium, 14.

Peronospora, 44.

Peziza, 17, 18, 87.

aeruginosa, 48, 67.

venosa, 17.

Phacidiacei, 18, 21.

Phacidium, 18.

Phsenogams resembling Fungi, 24.
Phalli, 11, 12.

Phalloidei, 11, 21.

Phallus, 47, 87.

Phragmotrichacei, 15, 21.
Phycoinyccs, 30.

Physomycetes, 17, 21.

Pileus, 3.

Pilz, 2.

Pistillaria, 58.

Podaxinei, 11.

Podisoma, 86, 87.

Polyactis, 44.

Polyporci, 7, 20.

Polypori, 21, 36, 42, 57.

Polyporus of birch, 1.

of walnut and ash, 1.

betulinus, 67.

fomcntarius, 65.

Polyporus fraxineus, 43.

hispidus, 7, 43.

igniarius, 7, 66.

lucidus, 38.

officinalis, 65.

sacer, 67.

- Schweinitzii, 23.

squamosus, 7, 4.2, 59, 71.

tuberaster, 58, 80.

versicolor, 7.

Polycystis Violae, 53.

Polysaccum, 23.

crassipes, 66.

Psilopezia, 87.

Pucciniaei, 15, 21.

Puff-balls, 11, 12.

, starry, 12.

Pycnidia, 50.

Rafflesia, 39.

Raffiesiacei, 24.

Resupinate, 5.

Reticularia maxima, 13.

Rhytisma acerinum, 18.
Rhizomorpha, 57.

subcorticalis, 42.

Russulae, 47.

Rust, 74.

Sapballs, 2.

Saprolegnia, 53.

Sarcina, 69.

Sarcode, 23.

Schizophyllum commune, 80.
Schwaram, 2.

Scleroderma, 12.

Sclerotiuin, 58.

, development of, 58.

Scpodoniei, 16, 21.

Silkworms, diseased, 70.

Smut, 74.

Spawn, barren, 13, 52.

persistent in plants, 53.

productive of disease, 71.

Spormogonia, 51.

422

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

Sperraatozoids, 51.

Sphseria herbarum, 29.

Hypoxyloii, 18.

Sphseriacei, 18, 31, 42.
Sphaerobolus stellatvis, 14.
Spbaeronema, 15.

Spbaeronemei, 15, 21.

Spicules, 49.

Sporangium, 17, 19, 49.

Spores, 3, 4, 10, 45, 49.

sometimes abortive, 59.

Sporidia, 10, 17, 44, 49.

sometimes abortive, 59.

, variations of, 56.

Sporopbores, 10, 49.
Sporotricbum, 86.

Spumaria mucilago, 13.

Stereum, 9.

birsutum, 8.

pm’pureum, 8.

Stilbacei, 16, 21.

Stilbum, 46.

Stylospores, 50.

Tbelepbora, 9, 87.

sebacea, 87.

Tinea tonsurans, 69.

Torulaeei, 15, 21.

Tremella, 87.

Tremellini, 10, 20, 86, 87.
Tricbia, 26.

Tricbogastres, 12, 21.
Trieboscytale paradoxa, 36.
Truffles, 11, 18, 63.

, cultivation of, 77.

Tuber sestivum, 77.

melanosporum, 77.

mesentericum, 77.

Tuberacei, 18, 21.
Tubercularia, 16.

Tympanis, 87.

Uredines, 86, 87.

Vaucberia, 44.

Verticillium, 44.
Vesiculiferi, 49.

Vibrissea truncorum, 58.
Vinegar-plant, 68.

Volva, 4.

Yeast, 2, 64, 66.

, inoculation witb, 70.

plant, 45, 64.

Xylaria, 47, 42.

423

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acremomum, 353.
alternatum, 354.
fuscum, 354.
verticillatum, 354.
Acrostala^muSj 408.

cinnabarinus, 408.
Acrospermum, 317.
compressum, 317.
graminum, 317.

A ctinonema Cratcegi, 346.
Actinothyrium, 315.

graminis, 315.
^cidiacei, 336.
iEcidium, 336.
albescens, 337.

Allii, 336.

Ari, 336.

Asperifolii, 337.
Behcnis, 337.
Berberidis, 337.

Bunii, 337.

Caltbse, 337.
Compositarum, 337.
crassum, 337.

Epilobii, 337.
Euphorbia}, 337.

Galii, 337.

Geranii, 337.
Grossularige, 337.
leucospermum, 337.
Mentlia}, 336.

Orobi, 337.

Pcdioularis, 336.
Periclyrneni, 337.
Primula}, 336.
quadrifidum, 337.

Kan uu Cl da cea r u m , 3 37 .
rubclluin, 336.
Soldanella}, 336.

.i^cidium — continued.
Thalictri, 337.
Tragopogonis, 337.
Urticse, 337.
Valerianacearum, 337.
Yiolse, 337.

.^^erita, 342.

Candida, 342.
i^thalium^ 306.
septicum, 306.
vaporarium, 306.
Agaricini, 89.
Agaricus, 89.
acerbus, 105.
acerosus, 137.
acervatus, 119.
acicula, 127.
acicula^ 120.
acute-squamosus, 93.
adiposus, 151.

Adonis, 123.
a}ruginosus, 168.
oeruginosus, 168.
albellus, 104.
albo-brunneus, 98.
albo-cyaneus, 168.
albus, 105.
alcalinus, 125.
algidus, 138.
alveolus, 163.
appcndiculaius, 170.
applicatiis, 139.
cqgdicattis, 138.
aratus, 176.
ardosiacus, 144.
arcolatua, 172.
arvensis, 166.
asper, 91 .
a.'iper, 93.

Ag'aricus — continued.
asprellus, 147.
atomatus, 176.
atratus, 120.
atro -albus, 124.
atro-cseruleus, 138.
aurantio-ferrugineus^
196.

aureus, 149.
auricomus, 155.
aurivellus, 150.
Babingtonii, 148.
Badhami, 93.
balaninus, 121.
Belliae, 134.
bellus, 113.
bifrons, 173.
blandiis, 107.
Bloxami, 143.
bombycinus, 139.
borealis, 104.
breripes, 107.
brumalis, 112.
bufonius, 102.
bullaceus, 172.
butyraceus, 115.
byssisedus, 165.
callosus, 172.
calopus, 223.
campancllus, 133.
eampanidatus, 175.
carnpestris, 165.
camj)tophyllus, 133.
camiieans, 109.
cand icons, 109.
Caudolliauus, l7(b
capillaris, 130.
carneo-alhns, 146.
carneus, 103.

424

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

A^aricus — continued.
cartilagineus, 101.
Cecilise, 92.
Centunculus, 159.
cepsestipes, 95.
cernuus, 171.
cervinus, 141.
cerussatus, 108.
chalybseus, 147.
cheledonius, 127.
chimonophilus, 164.
chioneus, 139.
chrysophaeus, 142,
cinerascens, 106.
cirrhatus, 117.
clavus, 110.
clavvs^ 120.
clypeatus, 144.
clypeolarius, 94.
Columbetta, 99.
comosus, 150.
compressus^ 115, 200.
concinnus, 115.
confertus, 163.
confluens, 116.
conigenus, 117.
conissans, 169.
conopilus, 173.
constrictus, 96.
coprophilus, 172.
corrugis, 173.
corruffifi, 175.
corticola, 129.
corticola, 159.
costatus, 145.
cretaceus, 167.
cristatus, 94.
crocatus, 127.
cruentus, 127.
crustuliniformis, 157.
Cucumis, 159.
cuneifolius, 101.
Curreyi, 155.
cyathiformis, 111.
cyphellaeformis, 138.
dealbatus, 109.
depluens, 165.
difformis, 112.
dispersus, 169.
disseminatus, 176,
disseminatus, 180,
dissiliens, 125.
dryinus, 134.
dryophilus, 119.

Agaricus — continued,
dryophilus^ 118.
durus, 149.
ecliinatus, 167.
ectypus, 112.
elegans, 121.
elixus, 109.

Elodes, 143.
embolus, 163.
epipterygius, 128.
equestris, 97.
erinaceus, 161.
esculentus, 118.
euchrous, 146.
euosmus, 135.
excelsus, 91.
excoriatus, 92.
exsculptus, 119.
exsuccus, 206.
fascicularis, 169.
fastigiatus, 155.
fastigiatus, 156.
fertilis, 142.
fibrillosus, 173.
fibrosus, 154.

Eibula, 133.
filopes, 126.
fimbriatus, 174.
fimicola, 175.
fimiputris, 174.
flaccidus. 111.
flammans, 151.
flavidus, 158.
flavo-brunneus, 98.
flocculosus, 154.
Foenisecii, I7l.
frumentaceus, 144.
fucatus, 97.
fulvellus, 98.
fumosus, 107.
fumosus^ 103.
furfuraceus, 161.
furfur aceus^ 174.
fusipes, 115.
galericulatus, 124.
gallinaceus, 109.
galopus, 128.
gambosus, 104.
gambosus^ 101, 296.
gangroenosus, 103.
geophyllus, 156.
geotrupus, 110.
giganteus, 110.
glandidosus, 136.

Agar icus — continued.
gliodermus, 95.
gossypinus, 174.
gracilentus, 93.
gracilis, 176.
graminum^ 222.
grammopodius, 106.
grammopodius, 106.
granulosus, 95.
graveolens, 101, 103
104.

griseus, 183.
haustellaris, 164.
lielvelloides, 132.
hepaticus, 131.
hiascens, 176.

Hobsoni, 138.

Hookeri, 154.
horizontalis, 159.
humilis, 100.
hybridus, 158.
hyhridus, 158, 159.
hydrophorus, 176.
hypnophilus, 139.
Hypiiorum, 163.
imbricatus, 99.
immundus, 103.
inamcenus, 102.
incanus, 147.
inconstans^ 227.
infundibuliformis, 110.
ingratus, 116.
inopus, 158.
inornatus, 108.
inquilinus, 161.
integrellus, 134.
inversus, 111.
ionides, 103.

Iris, 123.
juncicola, 130.
laccatus, 113.
laccatus, 113, 132.
laceratus, 120.
lacerus, 154.
lacerus, 156.
lacteus, 123.
laerymabundus, 170.
lampropus, 146.
lanuginosus, 153.
laricinus, 96.
lascivus, 102.
lateritius, 162.
Leightoni, 138.
lentus, 158.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

425

Agaricus — continued.
leoninus, 142.
Leveiliianus, 152.
longicaudus, 157.
longipes, 114.
Loveianus, 140.
lucifagus, 156.
luridus, 99.
luteo-albus, 123.
luteus, 215.
macula tus, 115.
Mappa, 90.
marginatus, 151.
MaricB, 93.
mastoideus, 93.
mastrucatus, 138.
megalodactylus, 91.
melaleucus, 106.
melaspermus, 168.
meleagris, 101.
meliuoides, 160.
melinoides, 163.
melleus, 96.
melleus^ 98.
membranaceus, 177.
mesodactylius., 152.
raetaclirous, 112.
metachrous^ 112.
mitis, 136.
mollis, 164.
monstrosus, 104.
mucidus, 96.
mundulus, 146.
muralis, 131.
murinaceus, 100.
murinaceus, 203.
muscarius, 90.
mutabilis, 151.
mycenoides, 152.
nanus, 141.
naucinus, 94.
naucinus, 167.
nebularis, 187.
necator, 204.
nictitans, 98.
nidorosus, 145.
noli-tangere^ 174.
nuceus, 159.
nudus, 105.
obscurus, 154.
ocollatus, 120.
odorus, 108.

Oniscus, 131.
opacus, 110.

Ag-aricus — continued,
opacus, 108.
ostreatus, 135.
ostreatus, 136.
ovalis, 162.
pachyphyllus, 101.
pantherinus, 90.
pantJierinus, 185.
papilionaceus, 175.
parabolicus, 124.
parvulus, 140.
pascuus, 145.
pascuus, 147.
pauperculus, 125.
pediades, 160.
peliantliinus, 131.
pelianthinus, 122.
pelliculosus, 128.
personatus, 105.
personatus, 190.
petaloides, 136.
petasatus, 141.
Pezizoides, 165.
pbalsenarum, 175.

• Phalloides, 89.
philonotis, 131.
phlebophorus, 141.
phlebophorus, 162.
phyllopliilus, 109.
physaloides, 172.
pilipes, 129, 162.
Placenta, 143.
planus, 157.
platypliyllus, 114.
platyphyllus, 120, 273.
plumosus, 152.
polygrammus, 124.
polystictus, 95.
porrigens, 137.
portentosus, 97.
prjecox, 149.
prcccox, 168.
pratensis, 166.
procerus, 192.
proliferus, 123.
prunuloides, 143.
prumdus, 115.
pudicus, 150.
pullus, 116.
piunilus, 152.
piirpureus, 103.

))urus, 122.
pur us, 121.
pusillus, 140.

Agaricus — continued.
pyriodorus, 153.
pyxidatus, 130.
racemosus, 118.
rachodes, 92.
radicatus, 114.
radicosus, 150.
ramentaceus, 96.
ramentaceus, 101.
relicinus, 152.
repandus, 143.
repandus, 155.
repens, 114.
reticulatus, 152.
retirugis, 175.
rliodopolius, 145.
rhodopolius, 145.
rimosus, 155.
roridus, 128.
rosellus, 122.
rubescens, 90.

Rubi, 164.
rubidus, 148.
rubro-marginatus, 122.
rufo-carneus, 148.
rufulus, 132.
rutilans, 99.
salignus, 136.
salignus, 226.
saponaceus, 101.
scaber, 153.
scalpturatus, 101.
scalpturatus, 101.
scambus, 157.
sejunctus, 97.
semiglobatus, 169.
seniilanceolatus, 172.
semiorbicularis, 160.
separatus, 174.
septicus, 137.
septicus, 139.
sericellus, 144.
sericeus, 145.
serotinus, 136.
serrulatus, 146.
setipes, 132.
setosus, 130.
silvaticus, 167.
silvicola, 166.
sindonius, 156.
sinuatus, 1 13.
siparius, 161.
Sowerbeii, 1 1 7.
spadiceo-griscus, 173.

426

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Ag’aricus — continued.
spadiceus, 170.
sparteus, 163.
speciosus, 141.
speireus, 126.
spermaticus, 98.
sphagnicola, 131.
squamosus, 168.
squamosus, 156.
stellatus, 132.
stercorarius, 168.
stercorarius, 172.
stipitarius, 116
striatulus, 139.
strobiliformis, 90.
strobilinus, 122.
stylobates, 129.
suMnvolutus, 111.
sublateritius, 169.
subpalm atus, 135.
subpulverulentus, 107.
sulfureus, 102.
surrectus, 140.

Taylori, 140.
tenacellus, 118.
tenacellus, 117.
tenellus, 126.
tener, 162.
tenerrimus, 129.
tenuis, 125.
terreus, 100.
testaceus, 157.
trecliisporus, 156.
tremulus, 137.
tuberosus, 117.
ulmarius, 134.
umbelliferus, 132.
umhelliferuSy 132, 133.
umbrinus, 141.
undatus, 117.
vaccinus, 100.
vaccinus, 166.
vaginatus, 91.
vaporarius, 166.
variabilis, 164.
velutinus, 170.
velutipes, 116.
vernicosus, 108.
vernus, 89.
versicolor, 167.
vervacti, 160.
villaticus, 166.
vinosuS) 158.
viridis, 108.

Agaricus — continued.
vitilis, 126.

Vittadini, 94.
volvaceus, 140.
vulgaris, 128.
xanthopus, 118.
tophi lus, 174.

Agyrrasn^ 375.
rufum, 375.

Ailographixm, 380.
amplum, 380.

Alenria, 362.

Amanita, 80.

Amylocarpns, 377.
enceplialoides, 377.

Angioridium, 307.
sinuosum, 308.

Anodermei, 241.

Antennaria, 406.
semiovata, 406.

Antennariei, 403.

Anthina, 338.
hrunnea, 338.
llammea, 338.
fiavo-virens, 338.

Aposphseria, 315.
acuta, 315.
complanata, 315.

Apyreninm, 291.
lignatile, 291.

Aregma, 329.
acuminatum, 329.
bulbosum, 329.
gracile, 329.
mucronatum, 329.
obtusatum, 329.

Arcyria, 310.
cinerea, 310.
incarnata, 310.
punicea, 310.
nutans, 310.
oeliroleuca, 310.
umbrina, 310.

Armillaria, 96.

Arthrinium, 346.
sporoplileum, 346.

Arthrobotryum, 342.
atrum, 342.

Arthroderma, 357.
Curreyi, 357.

Artotrogus, 408.

Ascobolus, 374.
carneus, 374.
ciliatus, 374.

Ascobolns —continued.
furfuraceus, 374.
glaber, 374.
saccharinus, 374.
Trifolii, 374.
vinosus, 374.
Ascocbyta, 320.
Dianthi, 320.
pallor, 320.

Pisi, 320.

rufo-maculaus, 320.
Ascomyees, 376.
bullatus, 376.
deformans, 376.
Juglandis, 376.
Trientalis, 376.
Ascomycetes, 357.
Ascotrieba, 405.

cbartarum, 405.
Aspergillus, 347.
aureus.! 348.
candidus, 347.
dubius, 347.
glaucus, 347.
mollis, 348.
roseus, 348.
virens, 348.

Asterixia, 380.

Babingtonii, 381.
Asteroma, 321.
Brassicce., 401.

Padi, 322.

Prunellae, 321.
reticulatum, 321.

Posse, 322.

Ulmi, 321.

VeronicsB, Besm..^ 322.
Asterosporium, 324.

Iloffinanni, 324.
Athelia epiphylla, 276.

Typhce, 276.
Atractium, 340.
tlammeum, 34-0.
Jlammeum, 340.
Atractoholus uhiquita-
rkis, 312.

Auricularia, 272.
cinerea., 271.
elegans, 270.
hepatica, 271.
lobata, 272.
mesenterica, 272.
Auricularini, 265.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

427

Bactridium^ 326.
atrovireiis, 326.
flavuiti, 326.
Helvellse, 326.

Hadhamia, 308.
fulvella, 308.
liyaliDa, 308.
nitens, 308.
pallida, 308.
utricularis, 308.

Balsamia, 378.
platyspora, 378.

Batarrea, 299.
plialloides, 299.

Bispora^ 326.
monilioides, 327.

BolbitiuSj 182.
Boltonii, 182.
fragilis, 182.
tener, 183.
titubans, 182.
tituhans, 183.

Bolacotriclia, 352.
grisea, 353.

Boletus, 229.
sostivalis, 23 J'.
alutarius, 235.
badius, 231.
bovinus, 230.
calopus, 232.
castaneus, 236.
clirysenteroii, 232.
eyanescens, 236.
edulis, 234.
elegans, 229.
erythropus, 233.
felleus, 236.
flavus, 230.
granulatus, 230.
impolitus, 234.
laricinus, 230.
luridus, 233.
luteus, 229.
lutens^ 230.
olivaceus, 233.
pachypus, 233.
parasiticus, 231.
piperatus, 231.
purpurcus, 23-1'.
sanguineus, 231.
Satanas, 233.
scabcr, 235.
stricopes, 232.
subtonientosus, 232.

Boletus — continued.
variegatus, 231.
versipellis, 235.
viscidus, 235.

Botryosporium, 354.
diffusum, 354.
pulcbrum, 354,

Botrytis, 348.
citrina, 348.

Jonesii, 348.
terrestris, 348.

Tilletii, 348.

Hovista, 301.
nigrescens, 301.
plumbea, 301.

Bulgaria, 374.
inquinans, 375.
sarcoides, 375.

Calocera, 284.
cornea, 284.
glossoidcs, 284.
tuberosa, 284.
viscosa, 284.

Calycella, 372.

Gamptoum, 374.
curvatum, 374.

Cantharellus, 215.
aurantiacus, 215.
Brownii, 215.
cibarius, 215.
cinereus, 216.
infundibulifonnis, 216.
lobatus, 217.
lutescens, 216.
museigenus, 217.
retirugus, 217.
tubseforinis, 216.
tuhceformis^ 216.
umbonatus, 216.

Cenangium, 374.
Aucuparise, 374.
Ccrasi, 374.
ferrugi nosum, 374.
fuliginosum, 374.
Brunastri, 374.
pulvcraccum, 374.
qucrcimnn, 374.

Bibis, 374.

Bubi, 374'.

Capnodium, 403.
clorgatinn, 403.

Cenococcum, 301.
gcopliilmn, 304.

Cephalotrichum, 344.

curtum, 344.

Ceratium, 338.
hydnoides, 338.

Geratostoma, 402.
caprinum, 402.
Zobelii, 402.

Oeuthospora, 323.
Lauri, 323.
Phacidioides, 323.

Ghsetomium, 405.
cliartarum, 405.
elatum, 405.
glabrum, 405.

Chaetopsis, 353.
Wauchii, 353.

Oheirospora, 325.
botryospora, 325.

GBoiromyees, 377.
meandriformis, 377.

Cladotrichum, 345.
triseptatum, 345.

Gladosporium, 346.
brachormium, 346.
dendriticmn, 346.
depressum, 346.
fumago^ 346.
herbarum, 346.
herharwn, 346.
lignicolum, 346.
nodulosum, 346.
orbiculatmn, 346.

Clavaria, 278.
abietina, 280.
acuta, 283.
ametliystina, 279.
Ardenia, 283.
argillacca, 282.
aurea, 280.

Botrytis, 278.
ceranoides, 282.
cinerea, 279.
cinerea^ 280.
contorta, 283.
coralloides, 279.
crispula, 281.
cristata, 280,
crocca, 280.
fastigiata, 279.
fas/igiata, 279.
llaccida, 280.
fragilis, 283.
fusifonnis, 281.
grisea, 281.

428

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Clavaria — continued.
insequalis, 282.
juncea, 283.

Kunzei, 280.
muscoides, 279.
pistil! aris, 283.
purpurea, 281.
rosea, 281.
rugosa, 280.
stricta, 281.
strict a ^ 273.
tenuipes, 282.
umbriua, 279.
uncialis, 284.
vermiculata, 282.

Clavariei, 278.

Clmtermm, 316.
obturatum, 316.

Clitocybe, 107.

Clitopilus, 145.

Clonostachys, 354.
Araucaria, 354.

Coleosporium, 333.
Campanulae, 333.
Petasitis, 333.
piiigue, 333.
Rhinantliacearuiu, 333.
Soncbi-arvensis, 333.
Tussilaginis, 333.

Collybia, 114.

Coniomycetes, 313.

Coniomycetes, 355.

Coniothecium, 327.
araentacearuiu, 328.
betulinum, 328.
effusum^ ^217 .

Coniothyrium, 313.
glomeratum, 313.

Cono'plea cinerea., 326.

CoprinariuS; 174.

CoprinuSj 177.
aptliosus, 178.
atramentarius, 177.
atramentarius.^ 180.
comatus, 177.
comattis, 111.
deliqucscens, 180.
domesticus, 181.
ephemerus, 181.
extinctorius, 178.
fimetarius, 179.
fuscescens, 178.
hemerobius, 182.
Hendersonii, 180.

C oprinus — con tinned.
lagopus, 179.
luridus, 178.
macrocephalus, 180.
micaceus, 179.
niveus, 179.
nychthemerus, 181.
picaceus, 178.
plicatilis, 181.
radians, 179.
radiatus, 181,
radiatiis, 357.
Spraguei, 182.
sterquilinus, 177.
tomentosus, 179.

Cordiceps, 381.
alutacea, 382.
capitate, 382.
entomorrbiza, 382.
gracilis, 382.
ophioglossoides, 382.
purpurea, 382.
microcephala, 382.
militaris, 382.
myrmecopliila, 382.
purpurea^ 351.

Corticium, 272.
araclinoideum, 273.
arachnoideum, 276.
atrovirens, 274.
Aurora, 276.
cseruleum, 274.
calceum, 274.
calceum^ 276.
cinereurn, 275.
comedens, 276.
confluens, 276.
giganteum, 272.
incarnatum, 275.
lactescens, 274.
lacteum, 273.
lividum, 275.

Isere, 273.
miniatum, 274.
nudum, 276.
nudum.^ 288.
ocbraceum, 275.
polygonium, 276.
quercinum, 275.
roseum, 273.

Sambuci, 276.
Samhuci, 275.
sanguineum, 273.
sulfureum, 274.

Corticium — continued.
velutinum, 273.

Cortinarii^ 149, 183.

Cortinarius, 183.
acutus, 195.
anfractus, 184.
anomalus, 190.
araneosus, 190.
arenatus, 188.
armeniacus, 193.
armillatus, 192.
bolaris, 188.
brunneus, 192.
bulbosus, 191.
Pulliardi, 187.
cserulescens, 185.
callisteus, 187.
callochrous, 185.
caninus, 189.
caperatus, 183.
castaneus, 194.
cinnamomeus, 190.
collinitus, 186.
collinitus^ 187.
cyanopus, 184.
diabolicus, 189.
dilutus, 194.
elatus, 186.
evernius, 191.
gentilis, 192.
glaucopus, 184.
hinnuleus, 192.
ileopodius, 193.
Kromhholzii, 194.
leucopus, 194.
leucopus, 194.
limonius, 192.
livido-ochraceus, 186.
multiformis, 184.
ochroleucus, 189.
periscelis, 193.
pholideus, 188.
pluvius, 195.
prasinus, 186.
psammocephalus, 193.
purpura scens, 185.
raphanoides, 191.
Peedii, 194.
scaurus, 186.
spilomeus, 190.
sublanatus, 188.
tabularis, 189.
turbinatus, 185.
uliginosLis, 190.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

429

Cortinarius -continued.
varius, 183.
violaceus, 187.
violaceus, 190.

Coryneum, 324.
compactvim, 324.
disciforme, 324.
Kunzei, 324.
microstichuni, 324.
pulvinatum, 324.

Craterellus, 265.
cornucopioides, 266.
crispus, 266.
lutescens, 265.
sinuosus, 266.

Craterium, 308.
leucocephalum, 308.
minutum, 308.
mutabile, 308.
pedunculatum, 308.
pyriforme, 308.

Crepidotus, 163.

Cribraria, 309.
intermedia, 309.

Crucibulum^ 312.
vulgare, 312.

Cryptosporium, 315.
Caricis, 315.

Neesii, 315.

Cyathus, 311.
striatus, 312.
vernicosus, 312.

CynophalluSj 298.
caninns, 298.

Cypbella, 277.
capula, 278.
cuticulosa, 278.
galeata, 277.
Goldbatschii, 278.
griseo-pallida, 277.
lacera, 277.
muscioola, 277.
muscigena, 277.
oclirolcuca, 277.

Cijlindrosporium, 351.

Cystopus, 334.
Candidas, 331.

Cystotricha, 320.
striola, 320.

Cytispora, 322.
carpliospcnna, 322.
cbrysosperma, 322.
fugax, 322.
giiitilei’a, 322.

Cytispora — continued.
Hendersonii, 322.
Pinastri, 322.
rubcscens, 322.

lOacrymyces, 290.
chrysocomus, 291.
deliquescens, 291.
deliquescens, 291.
stillatus, 291.
stillatus, 291.
violaceus, 290.

Dactylium, 351.
dendroides, 351.
fumosum^ 343.
macrosporum, 351.
obovatum, 351.
pyriferiun, 351.
roseum, 351.
sphserocephalum, 351.
tenuissimum, 351.
tenellum, 351.

Daedalea^ 254.
confragosa, 254.
latissiina, 254.
quercina, 254.
unicolor, 254.

Darluca, 318.
filum, 318.
macropus, 318.
typhoidearum, 318.

Basyscypha, 368.

Dematiei, 342.

IJendryphium, 342.
comosum, 342.
cur turn, 343.
fumosum, 343.
griseum, 343.
laxum, 343.

Dermini, 149.

Dermocybe, 189.

Diachea^ 308.
elcgans, 308.

Diatrype, 387.
aspera, 388.

Badliami, 388.
bullata, 387.
ccratospcrma, 388.
cincta, 389.
corniculata, 389.
deci])iens, 389.
dcnigrans, 388.
disciformis, 388.
dryophila, 388.

Diatrype — continued.
elevata, 388.
favacea, 388.
ferruginea, 388.
flavovirens, 388.
Hystrix, 388.
insequalis, 388.
inearcerata, 388.
lanciformis, 388.
lata, 388.
leioplaca, 388.
nucleata, 388.
podoides, 388.
pyrrhocystis, 388.
quercina, 388.
scabrosa, 388.
sordida, 388.
stigma, 388.
stipata, 388.
strumella, 388.
varians, 388.
verrucseformis, 388.
Ulicis, 388.
undulata, 388.

Dichaena, 403.
rugosa, 403.
strobilina, 403.

Dictydium, 309.
umbilicatum, 309.

Dictyosporium, 328.
elegans, 328.

Diderma, 306.

Carmicbaelianum, 306.
citrinum, 306.
contextum, 306.
cyanescens, 306.
deplanatum, 306.
floriforme, 306.
globosum, 306.
nitens, 306.
spurn arioides, 306.
Ti’evelyani, 306.
umbilicatum, 306.
vernicosum, 306.

Didymium, 307.
ciiicrcum, 307.
congcstum, 307.
da)daleum, 307.
farinaccum, 307.
furfuraccum, 307.
licmispluuricum, 307.
Icucopus, 307.
lobatum, 307.
mclanopus, 307.

430

INDEX TO GENEIIA AND SPECIES.

ISidymium — continued.
nigripes, 307.
pertusum, 307.
physaroides, 307.
serpula, 307.
Sowerbeii, 307.
squamulosum, 307.
tigrinum, 307.
xantlioplius, 307.
Dinemasporium^ 321.

graminum, 321.
Biplodia, 317.
arbuticola, 317.
CEBspitosa, 317.
confluens, 317.
consors, 317.
Cowdellii, 317.
fibricola, 317.
ilicicola, 317.

Ilicis, 317.
mutila, 317.
oospora, 317.
paiipercula, 317.
tecta, 317.
viticola, 317.
vulgaris, 317.
Biscella^ 822.
abnormis, 323.
carbonacea, 323.
Desmazierii, 323.
microsperma, 323.
platyspora, 323.
Discina^ 362.
Discomycetes, 376.
Biscosia, 318.

alnea, 318.

Bitiola, 291.
radicata, 291.
nuda, 291.

Bothidea^ 391.
betulina, 391.

Caricis, 392.
filicina, 391.
fulva, 391.

Grraminis, 391.
Heraclei, 391.
Jobnstoni, 392.

Junci, 391.

Piggotii, 391.
Podagrarise, 391.
ribesia, 391.

Roseb, 391.
rubra, 391.
striEeformis, 391.

Bothidea — continued.
tetraspora, 391.
Trifolii, 391.

Ulmi, 391.

Bothiora, 316.
pyreuopliora, 316.
spliEeroides, 316.

JEccilia^ 148.

Echinobotryum, 328.
atrum, 328.

Elapbomyces, 378.
anthracinus, 378.
granulatus, 378.
muricatusy 378.
variegatus, 378.

Elvellacei, 358.

Enccelia^ 366.

Endodromia, 408.
vitrea, 408.

Endogone, 408.
lactiflua, 409.
pisiformis, 409.

Endopbyllum, 337.
Sempervivi, 337.

Enerthenema^ 309.
elegans, 309.

Endothia, 384.
gyrosa, 384.

Entoloma, 142.

Epicoccum, 341.
Equiseti, 341.
neglectum, 341.

Epoebmum, 356.
fungorumy 327.
macrosporoideum, 356.

JErgotetia, 351.

Eriospora, 323.
leucostoma, 323.

Erysipbe, 405.
communis, 405.
gramim’s, 405.
lamprocarpa, 405.
Linkii, 405.

Martii, 405.
Montagnei, 405.
tortilis, 405.

Eurotium, 405.
herbariorum, 405.

Eustictis, 375.

Excipula, 321.
chsetostroma, 321.
fusispora, 321.
macrotriclia, 321.

Excipula — continued.
strigosa, 321.

Exidia, 289.
glandulosa, 289.
recisa, 289.
saccliarina, 289.

Fibrina, 370.

Pistulina^ 257.
bepatica, 257.
Tiepaticay 135, 240.

Plammnla, 157.

Pusarium, 341.
lateritium, 341.
roseum, 341.
tremelloides, 341.

Pusidium, 351.
album, 352.
flavovirens, 352.
griseum, 352.

Fusisporium, 355.
atrovirens, 355.
aurantiacum, 355.
bacilligerum, 355.
Betse, 355.
fceni, 355.

Georginse, 355.
insidiosum, 355.
roseolum, 355.

Solani, 342, 351.
Solani-tuberosi, 356.
udum, 355.

Galera, 162.

Gasteromycetes, 292.

Geaster, 299.

Bryantii, 300.
coliformis, 299.
fimbriatus, 300.
jimbriatuSy 301.
fornicatus, 299.
hygrometricus, 301.
limbatus, 300.
mammosus, 300.
rufescens, 300.
rufescensy 300.
striatus, 300.

Genea, 378.

Klotzschii, 378.
papillosa, 378.
verrucosa, 378.

Geoglossum, 361.
atropurpureuMy 361.
difforme, 362.
glabrum, 362.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

431

Geoglossum — con-
timied.

glutinosura, 362.
hirsutum, 362.
olivaceum, 361.
viride, 361.
viride, 361.
Geopyxis, 365.
Gibbera, 402.
pulicaris, 403.
Saubinetii, 403.
Vaccinii, 403.
Gloeosporium, 325.
concentrioum, 325.
fructigenum, 325.
labes, 325.

Iseticolor, 325. •
Gompbidms .
glutinosus, 196.
gracilis, 196.

Tiscidus, 196.
Gonatobotrys, 354.

simplex, 354.
GoKatospormm, 346.

piiccinioides, 347.
Gonytrichum, 353.

csesium, 353.
Grandinia, 264.
granulosa, 264.
granulosa^ 265.
Gymnosporangium,
330.

Juniperi, 330.
Gymnospormm, 328.

Arundinis, 328.
Gyromitra, 358.

esculenta, 358.

£iSaplaria, 349.
grisea, 349.

Haplographium, 343.

dolicatum, 343.
Hebeloma, 152.
Helicoma, 345.

Mulleri, 345.
Helicosporium, 326.
pulvinatum, 326.
vegctum, 326.

H elmintho sp or ium,

344.

Clavariarum, 345.
dclicatuliim, 315.
folliculatum, 344.
fusisporium, 344.

Meliximthosporium —

continued.
macrocarpum, 344.
nanum, 344.
obovatum, 345.
Kousselianiim, 344.
simplex, 344.

Smitliii, 344.
sticticum, 345.
subulatum, 344.

Tiliae, 344.
turbinatum, 345.
velutinum, 344.

Helotinm, 371.
aeiculare, 371.
acuum, 372.
a3ruginosum, 372.
agaricinum, 371.
Aspegrenii, 372.
Buccina, 372.
calyculus, 372.
citrinum, 372.
claroflavum, 372.
conigenum, 372.
cribrosum, 372.
epipbyllum, 372.
fagineum, 372.
iibuliforme, 371.
flavescens, 372.
herb arum, 372.
leiiticulare, 372.
lutescens, 372.
Mareliantiae, 372.
ocliraceum, 372.
pallescens, 372.
phascoides, 372.
punctatum, 372.
salicellum, 372.
sclerotioicles, 372.
serotinum, 372.
subtile, 372.
subsessile, 372.
testaceum, 372.
tuba, 372.
versi forme, 372.
virgultorum, 372.

Helvella, 358.
crispa, 359.
clastica, 359.
cpbippium, 359.
lacunosa, 359.

.sulcata, 359.

Hendersonia, 317.
arcus, 318.

Oendersonia — con-
tinued.
elegans, 317.
fibriseda, 318.
macrospora, 317.
mutabilis, 318.
oreades, 318.
polycystis, 318.
Stephensii, 318.

Hercospora, 402.
pupula, 402.

Heterosphsaria, 379.
patella, 379.

Hirneola, 289.
auricula- Judse, 289.

Miuii's.aria, 366.

I'lydnasig'i'u.m, 293.

carotsecolor, 293.
ISydnei, 257.

I-lydnobolites, 377.
cerebriformis, 378.

Oydnotrya, 377.

Tulasuei, 377.
Hydnum, 257.
alutaceum, 260.
auriscalpium, 258.
harha-Jovis, 283.
caput-Medusse, 259.
compactmn, 258.
coralloides, 259.
crispum, 262.
erinaceum, 259.
farinaceum, 261.
feiTuginosum, 260.
fusciim, 260.
gelatinosum, 259.
graveolens, 258.
imbricatum, 257.
membranaceum, 260.
membranaceum, 261.
niveum, 261.
ocliraccum, 259.
plumosum, 261.
repandum, 258.
rufescens, 258.
spatliulatum, 261.
squalinum, 259.
udum, 261.
rariccolor, 269.
Woinmanni, 260.
zonntiim, 258.

Hydrophora, 407.
slercorca, 408.
tenerrima, 407.

432

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Kygrocybe, 193.

Hygrophorus, 197.

agathosmus, 198.
aromaticus, 198.
calyptrseformis, 202.
ceraceus, 201.
cerasinus, 197.
chrysodon, 197.
coccineus, 201.
Colemannianus, 200.
conicus, 202.
conicus^ 202.
distans, 200.
eburneus, 197.
fusco-albus, 198.
hypothejus, 198.
Isetus, 200.
leporinus, 199.
mesotepbms, 198.
miniatus, 201.
murinaceus, 203.
murinaceus, 100.
niveus, 199.
obrusseus, 202.
olivaceo-albus, 198.
ovinus, 200.
ovinus, 115.
pratensis, 199.
psittacinus, 202.
punioeus, 201.
russo-coriaceus, 202.
unguinosus, 202.
unguinosus^ 116.
virgiueus, 199.
virgineus, 197.

Hymenochsete, 271.
corrugata, 272.
rubiginosa, 271.
tabacina, 271.

Hymenogaster, 295.
citrinus, 295.
decorus, 295.
decorm, 297.
Klotzschii, 295.
luteus, 295.
muticus, 295.
olivaceusj 296.
pallidus, 296.
pusillus, 297.
tenor, 296.
tener, 297.

Tbwaitesii, 297.
vulgaris, 296.

Hymenomycetes, 89.

Hymenoscypha, 370.

Hymenula, 291.

punctiformis, 291.

Hypholoma^ 169.

Ilyphomycetes, 337.

Hypocrea, 383.
citrina, 383.
farinosa, 383.
floccosa, 383.
gelatinosa, 383.
lateritia, 383.
luteo-virens, 383.
rufa, 383.
riccioidea, 383.
typhina, 383.

Vitalba, 383.

Hypocopra, 402.

Hypogaei, 292.

ISyporhodii, 139.

KKypospila, 392.
populina, 392.
quercina, 392.

llypoxylon, 385.
argillaceum, 387.
atro-purpureum, 387.
coccineum, 386.
coccineum, 357.
coheerens, 387.
concentricum, 386.
coprophiluin, 386.
fuscum, 387.
gastrinum, 386.
luteum, 386.
marginatum, 387.
multiforme, 386.
nummularium, 386.
rubiginosum, 387.
serpens, 387.
succenturiatum, 386.
udum, 387.
ustulatum, 385.

Hysterangium, 294.
nepbriticum, 294.
Pompholgx, 294.
Thwaitesii, 294.

Hysterium, 380.
arundinaceum, 380.
Carmicliaelianum, 380.
commune, 380.
conigenum, 380.
culmigenum, 380.
curvatum, 380.
elongatum, 380.
foliicola, 380.

Mysterium — continued.
Fraxini, 380.
lineare, 380.
maculare, 380.
melaleucum, 380.
Pinastri, 380.
pulicare, 380.

Pubi, 380.
typliinum, 380.
Yaccinii, 380.

Illosporium, 341.

carneum, 341.
coccineum, 342.
corallinum, 342.
roseum, 341.

Inodermei; 248.

Inoloma, 187.

Instltale^ 357.
acarifo7'mis^ 357.
effusa, 357.
radiata, 357.

Irpex; 262.
candidus, 262.
Johnstoni, 262.
lacteus, 262.
obliquus, 262.
pendulus, 262.

Isaria, 338.

arach n ophila, 338.
brachiata, 338.
citrina, 338.
farinosa, 338.

Friesii, 338.
intricata, 338.
puberula, 338.

Isariacei; 338.

Isothea, 392.
pustula, 392.
rliytismoides, 392.
saligna, 392.

KneifiBa, 265.
setigera, 265.

liachnea, 367.

Lachnella, 373.

Ijactarius, 203.
acris, 207.
blennius, 204.
camplioratus, 208.
chrysorrheus, 206.
cilicioides, 203.
circellatus, 204.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

433

Lactarius — continued.
deliciosus, 206.
fuliginosus, 209.
glyciosmus, 209.
hysginus, 204.
insulsus, 204.
mitissimus, 208.
pallidns, 207.
piperatus, 205.
plumbelis, 205.
pyrogalus, 205.
quietus, 207.
quietus., 274.
rufus, 208.
serifluus, 207.
subdulcis, 208.
theiogalus, 206.
theiogaUis, 296.
torminosus, 203.
torminosus, 204.
turpis, 203.
uvidus, 205.
vellereus, 206.
vellereus^ 210.
volemura, 207.
zonarius, 204.

Laquearia, 373.
sphseralis, 373.

Iiasiobotrys, 403.
Linnese, 404.
Lonicerse, 404.

Iiecythea, 334.

Bai’yi, 334.
caprsearum, 334.
epitea, 334.
Euphorbiae, 334.
gyrosa, 334.

Lini, 334.
mixta, 334.
populina, 334.

Rosse, 334.

Ruborum, 334.
saliccti, 334.
Yaleriause, 334.

Lientinus, 224.
ad]ia)rens, 225.
cochleatus, 226.
cochleatus, 262.
Dunalii, 225.
flabclliforinis, 226.
lc])idous, 225.
ligrinus, 224.
tigrimis^ 225.
vulpiuus, 226.

Ijenzites, 228.

abietina, 229.
betulina, 228.
flaccida, 228.
scpiaria, 228.

Lseotia, 360.

infund/ihuliformis, 360.
lubrica, 360.
uana, 360.

Lepiota, 92.

Lepraria nigra., 327.
Leptonia^, 146.

Lepto stroma^ 313.
caricinum, 313.
filicinum, 313.
juncimim, 313.
litigiosum, 313.
Spir^ese, 313.
vulgare, 313.
Leptothyrium, 314.
Eragarise, 315.
Juglandis, 315.

Ribis, 315.
Leucospori^ 89.

Iiicea^ 311.
applanata, 311.
cylindrica, 311.
fragiformis, 311.
perreptans, 311.
Lopliium^ 381.
elatum, 381.
mytilinum, 381.
Lyco^ala, 304.
epidendrum, 305.
parietinum, 305.
Iiycoperdon, 301.
atro-purpui’eum, 302.
caelatum, 302.
gemmatum, 302.
gigauteum, 302.
pusillum, 302.
pyrifonne, 302.
saccatum, 302.

IVIacrosporium, 345.

Brassicse, 345.
Cheirantlii, 345.
coucinnum, 345.
sai’ciuula, 345.
lYIarasmius, 218.
alliacous, 223.
amadel])luis, 221.
androsacous, 222.
arcliyvopus, 220.

B^arasmius — con-
tinued.

caiididus, 222.
epiphyllus, 224.
erythropus, 220.
foetidus, 221.
fusco-purpureus, 219
graminum, 222.
Ticematocephalus., 130.
Hudsoni, 223.
insititius, 223.
oreades, 219.
oreades., 218-220.
perforans, 223.
peronatus, 218.
porreus, 219.
ramealis, 221.
rotula, 222.
rotula, 223.
saccbarinus, 224.
scorodonius, 220.
spodoleucus, 224.
Stepliensii, 220.
urens, 218.

Yaillantii, 221.
Wynnei, 219.

Massaria^ 402.
fimeti, 402.
foedans, 402.
iuquinans, 402.

Melampsora, 333.
betulina, 334.
Euphorbia©, 333.
populina, 334.
salicina, 334.
Tremulae, 334.

Melanconium^ 323.
bicolor, 324.
magnum, 324.
sphaerospermum,

324,

Melanogaster, 292.
ambiguus, 293.
ambiguns, 295.
Broomeianus, 293.
intermedius , 293.
varicgatus, 293.
variegatus, 293.

Melasmia, 319.
aoerinn, 319.
alnca, 319.

IVEelog^ramma, 391.
l'usis])Oi’uni, 391.
hoinaleum, 391.

434

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

M elogramma — con-
tinued.

oligosporum, 391.
rubro-notatum, 391.

Menispora, 353.
lucida, 353.

Merulius, 254.
aurantiacus, 256.
Carmichaelianus, 256.
corium, 255.
corium^ 273.
lacrymans, 256.
molliiscus, 255.
pallens, 256.
Porinoicles, 255.
rufus, 255.
serpens, 255.
tremellosus, 255.

Ty^icropera, 322.
drupacearum, 322.

KEicrosphsera, 404.
Berberidis, 404.
Grrossularise, 404.
penicillata, 404.

S^itrula, 360.
cucullata, 360.
paludosa, 360.

Mollisia, 370.

Monilia, 351.
fasciculata, 351.
ramosa, 351.

Monotospora, 344.
megalospora, 344.
sphserocephala, 344.

Morchella, 358.
esculenta, 358.
patula, 358.
semilibera, 358.

Mncedines, 347.

Mycena, 121.

Myrothecium, 341.
roridum, 341.

Myxacmm, 186.

Myxogastres, 304.

Myxormia, 321.

Myxormia., 357.
atro-viridis, 321.

Myxosporium, 325.
colliculosum, .325.
orbiculare, 325.
paradoxum, 325.

Myxotriclium, 353.
chart arum, 353.
deflexum, 353.

Mucor, 407.

amethysteus, 407.
can inns, 407.
clavatus, 407.
delicatulus, 407.
fusiger, 407.

Mucedo, 407.
Phycomyces, 407.
ramosus, 407.
subtilissimus, 407.
succosus, 407.
tenerrimus, 407.
Mucorini, 407.
Myxothecium^ 357.

Hsematelia, 290.
encephala, 290.
nucleata, 290.
virescens, 290.
IMaucoria, 159.
Wectria, 393.
aquifolia, 393.
arenula, 394.
aurantia, 393.
Bloxami, 394.
cinnabarina, 393.
coccinea, 393.
cucurbitula, 393.
epispliEcria, 394.
flayida, 393.
funicola, 393.
graminicola, 394.
Hehninthicola, 394.
inaurata, 393.
muscivora, 394.
ochracea, 393.
ochraceo-pallida, 394.
Peziza, 393.

Platasca, 393.
Purtoni, 394.

Balfsii, 395.
rosella, 395.
Bousseliana, 394.
sanguinea, 393.
sinopica, 393.
nmbrina, 394.
Nemaspora, 325.
crocea, 325.

Bosse, 325.

l^ematogonum, 348.

aurantiacum, 348.
aureum, 348.

Neottiosporia, 118.
Caricum, 118.

I Nidulariacei, 311.
M'olanea, 147.
ISlyctalis, 217.

asterophora, 217.
parasitica, 218.

Octaviania, 292.

asterosperma, 292.
Stephensii, 292.
Odontia, 264.

fimbriata, 264.
GEfdemium, 344.

atrum, 344.

Oidium, 350.
abortifaciens, 351.
sequivocuni, 351.
aureum, 350.
Balsamii, 351.
chartarum, 350.
concentricum, 351 .
erysiphoides, 351.
fasciculatum, 350.
favorum, 351.
fructigenum, 350.
fulvum, 350.
Leucoconium, 351.
monilioides, 351.
Porriginis, 350.
Tuclceri., 351.
Omphalia, 130.
Oomyces, 393.

carneo-albus, 393.
Onygena, 406.
apus, 406.
equina, 406.
piligena, 406.
Ophiotheca, 310.
chrysosperma, 310.

Pachnocybe, 339.
acicula, 339.
albida, 339.
grisea, 339.
subulata, 339.
PachyphlcBus, 377.
citrinus, 377.
conglomeratus, 377.
melanoxanthus, 377.
Panseolus, 174.
Panus, 226.
conchatus, 227.
stypticus, 227.
torulosus, 226.
Papulaspora, 354.

1 sepedonioides, 354.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

435

Patellaria^ 373.

atrata, 373.
citrina, 373.
clavispora, 373.
discolor, 373.
livida, 373.
rhabarbarina, 373.

Patellea, 371.

PaxilluSj 195.

atrotomentosus, 195.
involutus, 195.
involutus, 158.
parmoides, 196.

Pelastea, 371.

Penicillium, 350.
bicolor, 350.
candidum, 350.
coremium, 350.
crustaceum, 350.
fasciculatum, 350.
roseiim, 350.
sparsum, 350.
subtile, 350.

Perichsena, 311.
abietina, 311.
populina, 311.

Periconia, 343.
calicioides, 343.
glaucocephala, 343.

Peridermium, 336.
elatinum, 336.

Pini, 336.

Periola tomentosa^ 342,
356.

Perisporiacei, 403.

Perisporium, 403.
Arundinis, 403.
princeps, 403.

Peronospora, 348.

Peronospora, ^108.
arborcscons, 3 19.
Arenarisc, 349.
curta, 349.
dcsti'uctor, 349.
effusa, 349.
gangliouiforinis, 349.
grisea, 349.
infcstans, 349.
inacrospora, 3 19.
parasitica, 349.
parasitica^ 348.
Urtica3, 349.

Viciffi, 349.
violacca, 349.

Pestalozzia, 324.

Guepini, 324.
Peziza, 362.

acetabulum, 362.
acuum, 368.
albo-spadicea, 368.
albo-testacea, 369.
albo-violasceiis, 368.
amorpha^ 369.
anomala, 369.
apala, 369.
argillacea, 366.
aspidiicola, 369.
atrata, 371.
atro-virens, 370.
aurantia, 363.
aurelia, 369.
axillaris, 371.
badia, 363.
Berkeleii, 369.
bicolor, 368.
Bloxami, 369.
bolaris, 370.
brunnea, 367.
Cacalise, 370.
caerulea, 368.

C£8sia, 369.
calycina, 368.
caucus, 370.
caulicola, 368.
cerea, 363.
cerinea, 368.
Chailletii, 371.
Chavetiae, 369.
ciborioides, 370.
ciliaris, 368.
cinerca, 370.
claudestina, 368.
claro-jiava^ 372.
Clavariarum, 369.
clavus, 370.
coccinca, 367.
cocldeata, 363.
comprcssa, 371.
cornea, 371.
Cornubiensis, 365.
coronata, 370.
corticalis, 368.
cribrosa, 372.
cupularis, 365.
Currcyi, 370.
cyatlioidca, 370.
domcstica, 369.
echinopliila, 370.

Peziza — continued.
episphaeria, 368.
erecta, 366.
eriobasis, 369.
erumpcns, 371.
fascicularis, 366.
firma, 370.
flexella, 371.
fructigena, 372.
fusarioides, 371.
fuse a, 369.
furluracea, 366.
glumarum, 366.
Godroniana, 368.
granulata, 366.
Grevillei, 369.
helotioides, 372.
hemisplierica, 367.
hispidula, 368.
liumosa, 366.
hyalina, 369.
inflexa, 370.

Jolmstoni, 369.
lecidiola, 371.

Ledi, 370.
leporina, 363.
leucoloma, 366.
leucostigma, 371.
lignyota, 371.
livida, 368.
luteo-nitens, 364.
macropus, 365.
macropus., 358.
Marchantioi, 372.
melaloma, 366.
melanotlieja, 371.
melastoma, 367.
melaxantha, 368.
micrometra, 371.
micropus, 364.
mutabilis, 369.
nitidula, 370.
nivea, 368.
omplialodes, 366.
onotica, 363.
papillaris, 369.
Piggotii, 369.

Piiicti, 369.
]4auo-umbilicata, 369.
Polytrielii, 30().
pustulata, 361.
radiculala, 367.
radula, 36 1.

Rapulum, 365.

436

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIEo.

Feziza — continued.
repanda, 363.

E-osse, 369.
rudis, 370.
rufo-olivacea, 368.
rutilans, 366.
sanguinea, 369.
saniosa, 366.
Schumaclieri, 368.
scutellata, 368.
sepulta, 365.
siparia, 370.
sphserioides, 371.
stercorea, 368.
straminum, 369.
striata, 370.
succosa, 363.
sulpliurea, 369.
trechispora, 368.
tricolor, 368.
tuberosa, 365.
variecolor, 368.
venosa, 362.
villosa, 369.
vinosa, 370.
virginea, 368.
vitellina, 368.
viridaria, 36 1.
vesiculosa, 361.
vulgaris, 371.
xantbostigma, 371.

Phacidiacei, 379.

Pliacidmm, 379.
carbonaceum, 379.
coronatum, 379.
dentatum, 379.

Pini, 379.
repandum, 379.
Rubi, 379.

Yaccinii, 379.

Phalloidei, 297.

Phallvis, 297.
impudieus, 297.
iosmos, 298.

Phelonitis, 311.
strobilina, 311.

Phialea, 370.

Phlebia, 263.
contorta, 264.
merismoides, 263.
radiata, 263.
radiata, 274.
vaga, 264.

Phlegmacium, 183.

Phlyctaena, 323.
Jolinstonii, 323.
vagabunda, 323.

Pholiota, 149.

Fhoma, 313.
asteriscus, 314.
bicuspidatum, 314.
concentricum, 314.
depressum, 314.
devastatrix, 314.
epileucum, 314.
eriopliorum, 314.
exiguum, 314.
fibricola, 314.
Ilederse, 314.
inopliilum, 314.
Liiigain, 314.
longissimum, 314.
microscopicuni, 314.
muciferum, 314.
nebulosum, 314.
nothum, 314.
piceum, 314.
radula, 314.
Samarorum, 314.
sticticum, 314.
ulmicola, 314.

PJiy corny ces nitens^ 407.

Phyllactinia, 404.
guttata, 404.

Physarum, 307.
album, 307.
atrum, 307.
bulbiforme, 307.
liyalinum, 308.
lilacinum, 307.
metallicum, 307.
nutans, 307.
rubiginosum, 307.
utriculare, 308.

Physomycetes, 406.

Physonema, 334.

Pilacre, 356.
faginea, 356.

Petersii, 356.

Pilidium, 318.
acerinum, 318.
carbonacem, 319.

Pistillaria, 285.
culinigena, 285.
micans, 285.
puberula, 286.
pusilla, 286.
qidsquiliaris, 286.

Placodermei, 244.

Pleurotus, 134.

Pluteus, 141.

Fodisoma, 331.

foliicolum, 331.
Juniperi-communis,
331.

Juniperi-Sabinse, 331.

Podosporium, 334.

Polyangium, 312.
vitelbnum, 312.

Polyactis, 350.
cana, 350.
cinerea, 350.
fasoiculata, 350.
vera, 350.
vulgaris, 350.

Polyporei, 229.

Polyporus, 237.
abietinus, 249.
adiposus, 243.
adustus, 243.
alligatus, 241.
amorplius, 243.
aneirinus, 252.
annosus, 247.
applanatus, 245.
Armeniacus, 250.
betulinus, 244.
bombycinus, 250.
brumalis, 237.
csesius, 242.
carpineus, 243.
cervinus, 247.
chioneus, 241.
cinctus, 250.
conchatus, 245.
connatus, 248.
connatus, 251.
contiguus, 249.
crispus, 243.
cristatus, 240.
cytisinus, 247.
destructor, 243.
dryadeus, 244.
elegans, 239.
ferruginosus, 249.
fibula, 248.
fomentarius, 2-15.
fragids, 242.
fraxineus, 247.
fumosus, 245.
fuscidulus, 237.
gigantcus, 240.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

437

Polyporus — continued.
Herhergii., 238.
heteroclitus, 241.
hispidus, 243.
hybridus (see Adden-
da).

igniarius, 246.
incarnatus, 250.
intybaceus, 240.
lentus, 237.
leptocepbalus, 237.
lucidus, 240.
medulla-panis, 251.
medulla-panis, 248.
molluscus, 251.
nidulans, 242.
nigricans, 248.
nitidus, 250.
nummularius^ 239.
obducens, 251.
pallescens, 244.
perennis, 238.
picipes, 239.
purpureus, 250.
quercinus, 239.
radiatus, 248.

Ribis, 246.

Eostkovii, 238.
rufescens, 238.
rutilans, 242.
salicinns, 246.
salignus, 241.
Schweinitzii, 238.
scoticus, 248.
spumeus, 244.
squamosns, 238.
squamosus, 237.
Stephensii, 252.
subpileatus, 218.
sulfurcus, 241.
tcrrestris, 252.
ulraarius, 216.
Vaillantii, 252.
vaporarius, 252.
variegatus, 217.
varius, 239.
vcgctus, 245.
velutinns, 248.
vel'utinus, 252.
versicolor, 218.
vitreus, 251.
vulgaris, 251.

Wynnci, 249.
zonatus, 249.

Polycystis, 334.
Colcbici, 335.
parallela, 335.

Violse, 335.
PolysaccuiUj 304.
olivaceum, 304.
pisocarpium, 304.
Polgstictus, 253.
Polythrincium, 346.

Trifolii, 346.
Poronia, 385.

punctata, 385.
Porothelium, 556.

Friosii, 257.
Pratellse, 165.
Propolis, 375.
Propolis, 376.
Prosthemium, 321.

betulinum, 321.
Psalliota, 165.
Psathyra, 173.
Psathyrella, 176.
Psilocybe, l7l.
Psilonia, 356.
Arundinis, 356.
gilva, 356.
nivea, 356.
Psilopezia, 373.

Babingtonii, 373.
Puccinia, 329.
^gopodii, 330.
Anemones, 330.
Asparagi, 329.
Betonicse, 330.
bullaria, 330.

Buxi, 330.

Calthse, 330.
Campanula), 330.
Chrysosplenii, 330.
Circa)a), 330.
clandestina, 330.
com])ositarum, 330.
coi’onata, 329.
Epilobii, 330.

Faba;, 330.
galiorum, 330.
Glccliomatis, 329.
glomerata, 330.
gracilis, 329.
Grnmiiiis, 329.
Lyclinidcarum, 330.
Mentlia', 32i).
Folygouoruin, 329.
Friiuula', 329.

Puccinia — continued.
Prunorum, 330.
pulverulenta, 330.
Bhodiolae, 330.
Saniculse, 330.
Saxifragarum, 330.
Scorodonise, 330.
Scrophulariae, 330.
Smyrnii, 330.
striola, 330.
syngenesiarum, 330.
truncata, 329.
umbelliferarum, 330.
Umbilici, 330.
Vaginalium, 329.
Valantise, 330.
variabilis, 330.
Veronicarum, 329.
Vincse, 330.
Violarum, 330.
Pucciniaei, 328.
Pyrenophora, 402.
phaeocomes, 402.

Habenhorstia, 322.
rudis, 322.

Tiliee, 322.
Kadulum, 263.
orbiculare, 263.
quercinum, 263.
Reticularia, 305.
atra, 305.
maxima, 305.
umbrina, 305.
Rhinotrichum, 348.
Bloxami, 348.
Opuntia, 348.
Tliwaitesii, 348.
Rhizopogon, 294.

rubescens, 294.
Rhopalomyces, 354.
Candidas, 355.
pallidus, 355.
Rhytisma, 379.
accrinum, 379.
Audromedm, 379.
maximum, 379.
j)unctatum, 379.
salicimim, 379.
Urticu', 379.
Roestelia, 336.
cancc'llala, 336.
conmia, 33(5.
laccrala, 33(5.

438

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Russula, 209.
adusta, 209.
adusta, 218.
alutacea, 214.
aurata, 213.
decolorans, 211.
delica, 210.
depallens, 211.
elepJiantina, 210.
emetica, 212.
foetens, 213.
foetens, 210.
fragilis, 213.
furcata, 210.
lieterophylla, 211.
integra, 219.
lepida, 212.
lutea, 214.
nigricans, 209.
nitida, 214.
ocliroleuca, 212.
rosacea, 210.
rubra, 212.
sanguinea, 210.
sardonia, 211.
vesca, 211.
virescens, 212.
vitellina, 215.

Sarcoscypha, 367.
Schizophyllum, 228.

commune, 228.
Scleroderma, 303.
Bovista, 303.
verrucosum, 303.
vulgare, 303.
Sclerotium, 409.
Sepedoniei, 355.
Sepedonium, 355.
chrysospermum, 355.
roseum, 355.
Septonema, 327.

spilomeum, 327.
Septoria, 319.

Aceris, 319.
^Egopodii, 319.
Badhami, 320.
Convolvuli, 320.
cornicola, 320.
graminum, 320.
Hederse, 320.
heterochroa, 320.
Hippocastani, 319.
insularis, 320.

Septoria — continued.
Lepidii, 319.
lituus, 320.
nodorum, 319.
Oxyacanthse, 319.
Polygonorum, 320.
Populi, 320.
llalfsii, 320.
rufo-maculans.^ 320.
salicella, 319.
stemmatea, 320.
tliecicola, 320.

Ulmi, 319.
Sistotrema, 261.

confluens, 262.
Spathularia, 360.

flavida, 360.
Spliseria, 394.
acervata, 396.
acuminata, 400.
acus, 399.
amblyospora, 402.
anarithma, 401.
angustilabra, 397.
anserina, 398.
apiculata, 397.
apotbeciorum, 396.
appendiculosa, 399.
aquila, 394.

Argus, 398.
Arundinis, 397.
Ashwelliana, 399.
Aspegrenii, 396.
aucta, 398.
Avellanee, 401.
barbula, 396.
Berberidis, 396.
Berkeleii, 398.
biformis, 394.
Bombarda, 395.
botryosa, 395.
brachythele, 396.
Brassicse, 395.
brassicsecola, 401.
brunneola, 401.
bufonia, 398.
caesia, 394.
callicarpa, 396.
callimorpba, 395.
calva, 395.
canescens, 395.
capillifera, 395.
carpinea, 401.
caudata, 396.

Sphseria — continued.
celata, 398.
ceuthosporoides, 399
Chsetomium, 395.
ciliaris, 398.
cirrliosa, 397.
Clivensis, 400.
clypeata, 399.
collabens, 396.
commanipula, 400.
coniformis, 400.
confluens, 395.
conformis, 399.
Corni, 398.
Corni-Suecicae, 400.
Coryli, 401.
cruciferarum, 400.
cupularis, 396.
culmifraga, 397.
Curreyii, 396.
curvirostra, 400.
decedens, 398.
derasa, 400.
Desmazierii, 394.
Bickiei, 394.
dioica, 396.
discutiens, 398.
dochmia, 398.
Doliolum, 400.
duplex, 401.
elongata, 397.
epidermidis, 399.
episphaeria, 394.
Erysipliina, 401.
Eres, 395.

Eryngii, 401.
eucrypta, 401.
eutypa, 397.
excipuliformis, 397.
exilis, 395.
farcta, 398.
fibritecta, 397.
fimbriata, 400.
frondicola, 320.
fuscella, 399.
futilis, 399.
Grigaspora, 398.
aiis, 398.

G nomon, 401.
Godini, 397.
HedercEcola^ 320.
Helenae, 400.
hclicospora, 401.
hemitaplia, 397.

IxNDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

439

Sphseria — continued.
herbarum, 400.
herpotriclia, 399.
hirsuta, 395.
hispida, 395.
hypotephra, 397.
inquilina, 398.
innumera, 395.
intermixta, 399.
Jenynsii, 396.
Juglandis, 397.
Laburni, 396.
lampadopliora, 397.
lanata, 398.
Leigbtoni, 401.
ligneola, 397.
Ligustri, 401.
lineolata, 399.
lirella, 399.
livida, 397.
Lonicerse, 397.

Lun arise, 400.
macrostoma, 397.
macrotricba, 395.
maculseformis, 401.
maculans, 399.
mammseformis, 395.
mastoidea, 396.
raelanotes, 397.
melina, 399.
Millepunctata, 398.
modesta, 400.
moriformis, 395.
moroides, 396.
mutabilis, 394.
myriocarpa, 396.
nidrda, 396.
nigerrima, 396.
nigrans, 400.
nigrella, 400.
nucula, 396.
obducens, 395.
obliterans, 395.
oblitcsccns, 399.
ocellata, 399.
Ogilviensis, 400.
Ostrutliii, 401.
ovina, 395.
pahistris, 401.
papavorca, 395.
panthcrina, 399.
pardalota, 399.
pcllita, 395.
perexigua, 395.

Sphseria — continued .
pertusa, 396.
phseosticta, 401.
pliceostroma, 394.
phomatospora, 398.
pilifera, 397.
pilosa, 395.

Pinastri, 399.
planinscula, 400.
poecilostoma, 396.
pomiformis, 395.
popnlina, 396.
pruinosa, 398.
Pteridis, 401.
pulveracea, 396.
piilviscula, 396.
pulvis-pyrius, 395.
punctiformis, 401.
pusilla, 399.
quadrinucleata, 399.
Eacodiuin, 394.
recutita, 401.
revelata, 399.
rliytidodes, 395.
rostellata, 400.
rubella, 400.

Eubi, 399.
rubicola, 396.
Eumicis, 401.

Eusci, 399.
sabuletorum, 401.
salicella, 398.
scabra, 395.
scirpicola, 398.
scoriadea, 397.
semilibera, 400.
setacea, 401.
siparia, 398.
sordaria, 395.
Spartii, 397.
spermoides, 395.
spiculosa, 398.
spinosa, 397.
stercoraria, 395.
strigosa, 395.
superficialis, 395.
Tamaricis, 399.
teuebrosa, 400.
tbelcna, 394.
Tliwaitesii, 400.
tomicuin, 399.
tosta, 400.
iristis, 391.
tritorulosa, 400.

Sphseria — continued.
trivialis, 399.
tubseformis, 401.
unicaudata, 398.
Vectis, 400.
velata, 398.
vesticola, 396.
vibratilis, 398.

Tills, 396.

Xylostei, 398.

Zohelii, 402.
Sphseriacei, 381.
Sphserobolus, 312.

stellatus, 312.
Sphseronema, 315.
epimyces, 315.
leucoconium, 315,
subulatum, 315.
vitreum, 315.
Sphseronemei, 313.
Sphaeropsis, 316.
Alismatis, 316.
arundinacea, 316.
atro-virens, 316.
Candollei, 316,
cylindrospora, 316.
epitricha, 316.
geniculata, 316.
leucostigma, 316.
malorum, 316.
menispora, 316.
mutica, 316.
parca, 316.

Ealfsii, 316,

Strobi, 316,

Taxi, 316.

Sphaerosoma, 378.

ostiolatum, 378.
Sphaerotheca, 404.
Castagnei, 404.
pannosa, 404.
Sphinctrina, 373.

turbinata, 373.

Spitonm melanoptim, 327.
Sporendonema casei, 32().
Sporidesmium, 327.
antiquum, 327.
compnetuin, 327.
fungoi'um, 327.
niclanopum, 327.
liCpraria, 327.
polymorphum, 327.
pyrifonno, 327.
seutellare, 327.

440

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Sporidesmium — con-
tinued.

uniseptatum, 327.
Sporocybe, 348.
alternata, 348.
byssoides, 348.
nigrella, 348.
Sporodum, 347.

conopleoides, 347.
Sporoschisma, 327.
mirabile, 327.
mirabile., 345.
Sporodinia, 408.

dichotoma, 408.
Sporotricbum, 352.
aurantiacum, 352.
chloriiiiim, 352.
fenestrale, 352.
geochroum, 352.
inosculans, 352.
laxum, 352.
sulphureum, 352.
Spumaria, 306.
alba, 306.

Stachybotrys, 343.

atra, 343.
lobidata, 343.
Stegia, 381.

Ilicis, 381.

Ilicis^ 381.
Stemonitis, 308.
arcyrioides, 309.
ferruginea, 309.
fusca, 309.
obtusata, 309.
ovata, 309.
Pliysaroides, 309.
pulcliella, 309.
typlioides, 309.
violacea, 309.
Stegonospcrium,
324.

cellulosum, 324.
Stereum, 270.
acerinum, 271.
liirsutum, 270.
purpureum, 270.
'purpureum^ 271.
rugosum, 271.
rugosum, 273, 271.
sanguinolentum, 271.
spadiceum, 270.
Stepbensia^ 377.
bombycina, 377.

StictiS; 375.

hysterioides, 375.
lichenicola, 375.
longa, 375.
microstoma, 375.
nivea, 375.
parallela, 375.
pallida, 375.
Phacidioides, 375.
radiata, 375.
sphceralis, 373.
versicolor, 375.
Wauchii, 375.
Stigmatea, 392.
Alchemillse, 392.
CliEetomium, 392.
conferta, S92.

Geranii, 392.
Polygoiiorum, 392.
Ranunculi, 392.
Robertiani, 392.
Stilbacei, 339.
Stilbosphora, 324.
angustata, 324.
ovata, 324.

Stilbum, 339.
anomalum, 340.
aurantiacum, 339.
bicolor, 339.
erythrocephalum, 339.
fasciculatum, 339.
fimetarium, 339.
nigrum, 340.
pellucidum, 340.
piliforme, 339.
rigidum, 339.
tomentosum, 339.
turbinatum, 340.
vaporarium, 339.
vulgare, 340.

Strigula Bahingtonii^ 381.
Strobilomyces, 236.

strobilaceus, 236.
Syzygites, 408.
megalocarpus, 408.

Tapezia, 369.
Telamonia, 191.
Tetraploa, 328.

aristata, 328.
Thamnomyces, 385.

hippotrichioides, 385.
Thelephora, 266.
anthocephala, 267.

Thelephora — continued.
anthochroa, 270.
arida, 269.
biennis, 268.
byssoides, 269.
ceesia, 268.
caryophyllsea, 267.
cretacea, 275.
cristata, 268.
dryina, 275.
fastidiosa, 268.
laciniata, 268.
Laurocerasi, 271.
laxa, 269.
mollissima, 268.
mollissima^ 269.
olivacea, 269.
palmata, 267.
palmata^ 268.
puteana, 269.
puteana, 269.
sebacea (seeAddenda).
Sowerbeii, 266.
terrestris, 267.
tuberosa, 267.
versicolor, 270.

Tilletia, 335.

Caries, 335.

Torula, 326.
abbreviata, 326.
antennata, 327.
basicola, 326.
cylindrica, 326.
Eriopliori, 326.
iEriophori^ 347.
Graminis, 326.
herbarum, 326.
Hysterioides, 326.
monilioides, 326.
ovalispora, 326.
Plantaginis, 326.
pulvillus, 326.
sphaeriaeformis, 326.
Sporendonema, 326.

Torulacei, 325.

Trametes, 252, 253.

TrameteSj 252.
gibbosa, 253.
odora, 253.

Pini, 253.
suaveolens, 253.

Tremella, 286.
albida, 287.
albida^ 290.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

441

Tremella — contirmed.
clavata, 288.
epigsea, 289.
ferruginea^ 287.
fimbriata, 286.
foliacea, 287.
frondosa, 286.
indecorata, 288.
intumescens, 287.
lutescens, 287.
moriformis, 287.
sarcoides, 288.
tosta, 288.
tubercularia, 288.
versicolor, 288.
vesicaria, 287.
Tremellini, 286.
Trichia, 310.

Ayresii, 310.
cerina, 310.
chrysoperma, 311.
clavata, 310.
fallax, 310.
Lorinseriana, 310.
Neesiana, 310.
nigripes, 310.
pyriformis, 310.
rubiformis, 310.
serotina, 310.
serpiila, 311.
turbinata, 310.
varia, 311.
Trichobasis, 332.
Artemisise, 332.
Betfie, 332.
caricina, 332.
Cichoracearum, 332.
Epilobii, 333.

Fabae, 332.

Galii, 332.

Geranii, 333.
glumarum, 332.
Heraclei, 332.
Labiatarum, 332.
linearis, 332.
linearis, 332.
Lyclinidearum, 332.
oblongata, 332.
Petroselini, 332.
Polygonorum, 332.
Pyrola), 332.
liubigo-vera, 332.
Scillarum, 332.
Senecionis, 332.

Tricbobasis — con-
Symphiti, 332.
tinned.

suaveolens, 332.
Umbellatarum, 332.
Yincae, 332.

Violarum, 333.

Triblidium, 379.

caliciiforme, 380.

Trichoderma^ 357.
viride, 357.

Tricbodermacei, 356.
Tricbos^astres, 298.
Tricboloma^ 97.

Trichotheciumroseum, 135

Tripbrag^mium^ 329.

Ulmariae, 329.
Triposporium, 345.

elegans, 345.
Troebila, 381.

TrocMla, 381.

Craterium, 381.
Lauro-Cerasi, 381*
Tuber, 376.
aestivum, 376.
bituminatum, 376.
brumale, 376.
dryophilum, 376.
macrosporum, 376.
nitidum, 376.
pubertdum, 376.
rufum, 376.
scleroneuron, 376.
Tuber acei, 376.
Tubercularia, 340.
granulata, 341.
nigricans, 341.
persicina, 341.
vulgaris, 340.
Tuburciuia, 335.
scabies, 336.

Trientalis, 336.
Tulostoma, 299.

mainmosLim, 299.
Tympanis, 373.
alnoa, 374.
conspersa, 374.
Fraxini, 374.
saligna, 374.

Typbula, 289.
erytliropus, 284.
filiforinis, 285.
gracilis, 285.

Grevillci, 285.

Typbula — continued.
incarnata, 285.
muscicola, 285.
phacorrhiza, 284.

Uncinula, 404.

adunca, 404.
bicornis, 404.
Uredo, 331.

Alliorum, 331.
bifrons, 331.
Caryopliyllacearum,

331.

Circaeae, 331.
confluens, 331.
Equiseti, 341.
Filicum, 331.
Hypericorum, 331.
Potentillarum, 331.
pustulata, 331.
Q.uercus, 331.
Saxifragarum, 331.
Statices, 331.
Yacciniorum, 331.
Uromyces, 333.
Alliorum, 333.
apiculata, 333,
appendiculata, 333.
Ficariae, 333.
intrusa, 333.

Iridis, 333.

Limonii, 333.
Primulae, 333.
Ulmariae, 333.
Ustilago, 335.
antlierarum, 335.
flosculorum, 335.
grammica, 335.
liypodjdes, 335.
longissima, 335.
Maydis, 335.
Montagnei, 335.
olivacea, 335.
receptaculorum, 335.
Salveii, 335.
segetum, 335.
typlioides, 335.
urceolorum, 335.
utricidosa, 335.
vinosa, 335.

Valsa, 389.

Abietis, 390.
agla'ostoma, 390.

44-2

lx\DEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Valsa — continued.
ambiens, 390.
angulata, 389.
biconica, 390.
bitorulosa, 390.
clirysostroma, 390.
concamerata, 389.
controversa, 389.
convergens, 390.
coronata, 389.
Cratsegi, 389.
detrusa, 389.
dissepta, 389.
dryina, 389.
enteroleuca, 389.
extensa, 389.
faginea, 390.
fenestrata, 390.
fibrosa, 389.
furfuracea, 390.
liapalocystis, 390.
hypodermia, 390.
Innesii, 390.
intexta, 390.
Kunzei, 389.
leiphsemia, 390.
leucostoraa, 389.
luteola, 389.
microstoma, 389.
nivea, 389.
platanigera, 390.
platanoides, 390.

Valsa — continued.
profusa, 389.
Prunastri, 389.
pulcliella, 390.
piilchra, 390.
quaternata, 390.
quernea, 390.
rhodophila, 390.
salicina, 390.
stellata, 389.
stilbostoma, 390.
suiFusa, 390.
syngenesia, 389.
tetraploa, 390.
tetraspora, 390.
tetratrupba, 390.
tiliaginea, 390.
turgida, 390.
vestita, 390.

Vermicularia, 318.
atramentaria, 318.
circinans, 318.
dematium, 318.
tricbella, 318.

Verpa, 359.
conica, 359.
digitaHformis, 359.

Verticillium, 349.
apicale, 349.
distans, 349.
epimyces, 349.
lateritium^ 349-408.

V erticillium — con-
tinued.
nanum, 349.
Vibrissea, 361.

truncorum, 361.
Virgaria, 352.

nigra, 352.
Volutella, 340.
Buxi, 340.
ciliata, 340.
hyacintborum, 340.
melaloma, 340.
setosa, 340.
Volvaria, 139.

Xenodocbus, 328.

carbonarius, 329.
Xerotus, 227.

degener, 227.
Xylaria, 384.
bulbosa, 385.
carpopMla, 384.
corniformis, 384.
digitata, 394.
Hypoxylon, 384.
peduncalata, 385.
polymorpha, 384.
Xylo^apha, 375.

Zasmidium, 406.

cellare, 407.
Zy^odesmuS; 352.
fuscus, 352.

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Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geography. By

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8

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British Ferns; an Introduction to the- Study of

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Synopsis of British Mosses, containing Descrip-
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9

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FUNGI.

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The Esculent Funguses of England. Containing

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Testacea Atlantica ; or, the Land and Freshwater

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11

INSECTS.

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British Beetles ; an Introduction to the Study

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12

Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders ; Notes

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Curtis’s British Entomology. Illustrations and

Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain
and Ireland, containing Coloured Figures, from Nature, of the
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plants on which they are found. Eight Yols., Koyal 8vo, 770
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Or in Separate Monographs.

Orders.

Plates.

&

«.

d.

Orders.

Plates.

& 8.

d.

Aphakipteba . .

2

0

2

0

Htmenopxeea . .

125

6 6

0

COLEOPXEEA . . .

256

12 16

0

Lepidopxeea . .

193

9 13

0

Deemapteea . . .

1

0

1

0

Neueopxeea . . .

13

0 13

0

Dictyopteea . . .

1

0

1

0

Omalopieea . . .

6

0 6

0

Dipteea ....

103

6

3

0

Oeihopxeea . . .

6

0 6

0

Hemipxeea . . .

32

1

12

0

SXEEPSIPXEEA . .

3

0 3

0

Homopxeea . . .

21

1

1

0

Tbichopieea . .

9

0 9

0

“ Curtis’s Entomology,” which Cuvier pronounced to have “ reached
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Insecta Britannica ; Vol. III., Diptera. By

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ANTIQUARIAN.

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13

MISCELLANEOUS.

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Results.

Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire ;

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W est Yorkshire ; an Account of its Geology, Physical

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Natal ; a History and Description of the Colony,

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St. Helena. A Physical, Historical, and Topo-
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Maps, mostly coloured, 425.

Lahore to Yarkand. Incidents of the Route and

Natural History of the Countries traversed by the Expedition of

]4

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The Geologist. A Magazine of Geology, Palseont-

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Everybody’s Weather- Guide. The use of Meteoro-
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The Artificial Production of Fish. By Piscaeius.

Third Edition. I5.

The Gladiolus : its History, Cultivation, and Exhi-

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Meteors, Aerolites, and Falling Stars. By Dr. T.

L. Phipson, F.C.S. Crown 8vo, 25 Woodcuts and Lithographic
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15

Report on the Forest Resources of Western

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Plates, 125.

Handbook of the Freshwater Fishes of India;

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IO5. Qd,

The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,

under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., during
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On Intelligence. By H. Taine, D.O.L. Oxon.

Translated from the French by T. D. Hate, and revised, with
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Manual of Chemical Analysis, Qualitative and

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16

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FORTHCOMING WORKS.

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British Zoophytes. By Arthur S. Pennington.
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Part XIII.

Natural History of Plants. By Prof. Baillon.
Flora of Tropical Africa. By Prof. Oliver.

Flora Capensis. By Prof. Dyer.

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