Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ' Q . i ‘ “ee 4 i pines ny * = of a * . i ‘ ian q ¢ 5 j ‘ { ! H i if 1 - “ ) { ' ‘ i t } oh Rs ts , . - 5 y H ti : , ‘ , - = j \ : 2 J ie a se " ai ft Lani , 4 ‘ 2 1. ‘ ; a / a ; y ~ bs * Me Fee wee a | THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER ra Sa oe Rito a —_— ay Grau Bes 5 et > mi o Sai ew engl fare | Seca 3 oo. ae feo or si os w FRR—20 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE + U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE July 1974 FOREST RESOURCE REPORT NO. 20 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.70 Stock Number 0101-00375 Foreword This report on the Nation’s timber supply and demand situation and outlook relates primarily to the 500 million acres of commercial timberland in the United States that are suitable for production of timber crops. Although limited primarily to timber, the report recognizes that these lands must also provide recreation, water, wildlife, and other similar products for the American people. Achieving a balance between rapidly rising demands for timber and these other goods and services is a challenge for American forestry that must be met. The implications of comparisons of prospective timber supplies and demands presented in this report are clear—demands for lumber, plywood, woodpulp, and other products are increasing more rapidly than available timber supplies. This can only mean rising prices of timber and timber products. Growing needs for raw materials for housing and other economic development in the United States might be met in part by greater use of substitutes for timber such as steel, aluminum, and plastics. But this alternative involves problems of high energy requirements, pollution impacts, balance of payments problems, and accelerated depletion of nonrenewable resources. Timber imports also might be expanded but this option is limited by rising demands for timber throughout the world. The better alternative, in my view, is to improve the utilization of available timber supplies in the United States, and to increase timber growth and harvests in the longer run by accelerated tree planting, stand improvement, protection, and other forestry measures. This alternative will require substantial investments and _ balanced management of forest lands to assure adequate supplies of timber and other forest goods and services. But the opportunities are large and the prospective benefits to the Nation will be substantial. JoHn R. McGuire, Chief, Forest Service. im Preface Over the past several decades the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has periodi- cally reviewed the timber supply and demand situ- ation and outlook in the United States. The objectives of these reviews are expressed in the authorization for the nationwide Forest Survey, contained in Section 9 of the McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act of 1928, which directs the Secretary of Agriculture to cooperate with States and other agencies “". . in making and keeping current a comprehensive survey of the present and prospective requirements for timber and other forest praducts in the United States, and of timber supplies, including a determination of the present and potential productivity of forest land therein, and of such other facts as may be necessary in the determination of ways and means to balance the timber budget of the United States. . .” This report provides an analysis of the Nation’s timber situation as of 1970 and the outlook under a number of economic and management alterna- tives. It represents the latest in a series of similar timber appraisals prepared by the Forest Service in the past.! This new study includes statistical data as of 1970 on the current area and condition of the Nation’s forest land, inventories of standing timber, and timber growth and removals by in- dividual States. Information is also included on recent trends in forest land and timber re- sources, trends in utilization of the Nation’s forests for timber and other purposes, and trends in consumption of wood products. Data are also presented on foreign sources of timber and foreign markets for U.S. products. Projections of future demands for timber in the United States indicate market potentials under a range of economic and price assumptions. Projections of timber supplies point to prospective and potential availability of wood products with alternative levels of forest management and utilization, and alternative price trends. These projections of timber demand and supply potentials from domestic and foreign sources are compared to identify prospective developments in timber prices, the outlook for supply problems in the wood-using industries, and possible impacts of changes in forestry policies and programs. Many changes are taking place in the use of American forests. Demands for timber products have been increasing rapidly, but perhaps even more striking has been the growth in demand for recreational uses of forest areas and for manage- ment of forest cover to improve the quantity and quality of water yields, to improve wildlife habitat, and to preserve scenic values. More and more areas in both public and private ownerships are being used exclusively or in part for such nontimber purposes. A major expansion in multiple-use management of forest lands, particularly on public holdings, also has put new constraints on traditional timber production and harvesting practices. The Nation’s forests more than ever are being used for both com- modities and services. 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. The timber supply of the United States. USDA Forest Serv. Cir. 166, 24 p. 1909. Timber depletion, lumber prices, lumber exports, and concentration of timber ownership. Rep. on Senate Resolut. 311, 66th Congr., 2d sess. 71 p. (The Capper Report.) 1920. A national plan for American forestry. Senate Doe. 12, 73rd Congr., Ist sess 2v., 1677 p. (The Copeland Report.) 1933. Forests and national prosperity. USDA Misc. Publ. 668, 99 p. (The Reappraisal Report.) 1948. Timber resources for America’s future. USDA Forest Resource Rep. 14, 713 p. (The Timber Resources Review Report.) 1958. Timber trends in the United States. USDA Forest Resource Rep. 17, 235 p. 1965. A partial list of related reports concerned with the timber situation in the United States includes: U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bur. Corps. Summary of report of the Commissioner of Corporations on the lumber industry, Pt. I, Standing timber. 38 p. (The Bureau of Corporations Report.) 1911. Part I, Standing timber (including summary). 301 p. 1913. Part II, Concentration of timber ownership in important selected regions. 1914. Part III, Land holdings of large timber owners (with ownership maps). 264 p. 1914. .S. Congress Joint Committee on Forestry. Forest lands of the United States. Senate Doc. 32, 77th Congr., Ist sess. 44 p. (The JCC Report.) 1941. President’s Materials Policy Commission. Resources for freedom, selected reports to the Commission, Vol. V._ U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1952. Stanford Research Institute. America’s demand for wood, 1929-1975. 404 p. Stanford, Calif. 1954. Resources for the Future, Inc. Resources in America’s future, patterns of requirements and availabilities, 1960— 2000. 1017 p. Johns Hopkin Press, Baltimore, Md. 1962. Commission on Population Growth and the American Future. Population, resources, and the environment, Vol. II, Economic aspects of population change, Vol. ITI, Population, resources and the environment. 337 p. 1972. ve VI PREFACE In this study an effort consequently has been made to view timber supply and demand in re- lation to use of forest resources for nontimber urposes. Only limited evaluations of demands or and supplies of these related uses of forest resources and users are currently available. Nevertheless, rising demands for nontimber pur- poses are important considerations in evaluating the current and prospective timber situation. Thus on National Forest lands, for example, future availability of timber has been estimated within the context of multiple-use plans which provide for balanced programs of development and use of all resources. Some allowances have been made for continuing transfers of timber- producing lands to other uses. On much of the forest land in farm and miscellaneous private ownerships it has been recognized that owners’ objectives are primarily for purposes other than timber production and that timber harvests on such lands consequently may be limited. In view of the many changes in both economic and environmental factors that have been occur- ring, a new look at timber supply and demand prospects is considered essential. This appraisal is designed to provide some of the basic input required for appraising the effectiveness of existing forestry programs, to indicate opportunities for economic development of timber resources, and to help evaluate the desirability of new or different action relating to timber production. Specific recommendations for forestry programs —for forest development or for improving the economy of rural America, for example—lie beyond the scope of this study. This report is designed, rather, to identify and appraise changes occurring in the forest situation, and to provide some indication of the outlook for timber with and without changes in the way forests are man- aged and used. Information on the Nation’s timber situation and outlook is of far-reaching economic and envi- ronmental importance. Timber products make up nearly one-fifth of all industrial raw materials consumed in the United States. Processing of timber products supports thousands of establish- ments and millions of workers, many in rural areas and cities where timber is the principal support of the local economy. Growing concern over prospective depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, and the higher energy requirements and pollution impacts result- ing from use of nontimber resources in lieu of wood products, also emphasize the growing impor- tance of timber in the U.S. economy. Unlike most competitive products, wood is a renewable indus- trial raw material. The analysis of resource supplies and demands presented in this report pertains only to the next few decades. For the longer run, well within the span of time it takes to grow trees, shortages of natural resources could become an increasingly serious issue. In appraising today’s needs for for- estry programs, some consideration therefore needs to be given to the probable situation beyond the period covered by this report. Acknowledgments Many members of the Forest Service contrib- uted to the collection of data and preparation of this report. The help of all those who participated in planning, compiling material, and reviewing the preliminary report is gratefully acknowledged. Information on timber resources in Chapter I was compiled by Forest Survey staffs under the direction of Joe F. Christopher, Burton L. Essex, Carl E. Mayer, Joe P. McClure, Melvin E. Met- calf, Keith Hutchinson, Benjamin Spada, and John H. Wikstrom. Charles Van Sickle, James W. Thorne, and David J. Neebe prepared the original draft materials. Projections and analyses of timber supply potentials in Chapter II was prepared for the East by Robert W. Larson and Mark Goforth. John H. Wikstrom prepared the projections for the Rocky Mountains, and Donald R. Gedney and Daniel D. Oswald the projections for the Pacific Coast. Additional principal contributors to the evalua- tion of timber management opportunities presented in Chapter III, included Robert N. Stone, Thomas H. Ellis, T. A. McClay, Thomas J. Mills, Clark Row, Charles A. Wellner, Clarence Brown, David Tackle, and Walker P. Newman, plus a number of participants in the Regional Offices and Experiment Stations of the Forest Service who contributed information and judgments. Examples of local management opportunities were prepared largely by David A. Gansner, Joseph Barnard, and Samuel F. Gingrich for the Northeast; Joe P. McClure and Herbert A. Knight for the South- east; Sam Guttenberg and Walter M. Anderson for the South; Allen L. Lundgren and Rolfe A. Leary for the North Central Region; and Donald F. Flora, Roger D. Fight, Donald R. Gedney, and Daniel D. Oswald for the Pacific Northwest—in all cases assisted by cooperating staff members at these field locations. Information on utilization op- portunities prepared by Experiment Station staffs were compiled for the report by Dean N. Quinney. Material on foreign timber resources presented in Chapter IV was prepared largely be S. Blair Hutchison and Thomas E. Hamilton. Chapter V dealing with timber demand trends and projections was prepared under the direction of Dwight Hair, with contributions from Robert B. Phelps, James T. Micklewright, Thomas C. Marcin, Thomas G. Gill, William H. Reid, Maurice G. Wright, Charles W. Dane, Jerome F. Saeman, Clyde A. Fasick, Robert G. Knutson, A. Jeff Martin, David C. Baumgartner, and Gordon D. Lewis. Much appreciation is also due reviewers of an earlier draft, including particularly John Fedkiw and members of forest industries, conservation organizations, and forestry schools, for example, who contributed numerous suggestions that are reflected in this final report. Contributions of William P. Everard for editorial services, Lewis G. Glover for drafting of charts, and Miss Dorothy M. Hawkins and Mrs. Milly Otwell for checking and preparation of manuscripts are also acknowledged. The planning and general direction of this study and much of the final drafting was by H.R. Joseph- son, Director of the Division of Forest Economics and Marketing Research. vil Contents Page Gee ee Se eens tte CHAPTER I. RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIM- ere eee en a a eel) se eer hot 7 Percent ee ae eee ts A onal aed VE | 8 Pamemerci! tmiperiunte: te 297 = Vache Bs oor - 8 ESTERS sii Ss) Se ly es ie eas Eee eee ne ee ee 9 Trends in areas of commercial timberland_______________-_- 10 Ownership of commercial timberlands_________-_----_------- ti Mores: ligne croupsre = Sib ord weir ye 2d Ory epee heres _ - 12 Haren aie, oraguehiving. 2. 2 Aes ghee} Je hey 13 EOE SHACKHa = fo Serieets Re Pye eet ox gy! GT S| 14 Rp -nive ermes. eee Me Wire i Be eee. 14 Wenperereanmine. 2.) 8 = nee See Armed hs ni shen SW 15 Recent trends m timber growth). os - su 2e2) 20 20 ee -- = 15 Wek srewth by owner! op peti, del as oe lee at 7 Net growth and Boren Prowl, per MErezEL 2=whe * iW peer oF pectiucuye smemta ee fide wefe 18 Mitac on morinihy 52 7 arr epee ho ioNonne 18 Additional losses from destructive agents__________________- 19 Salyer ar mOrmiy “meh enerry etre) si 19 eremrremsy eit: > epee eb 17 ae apy ey ht et tL 19 Petal wniner tenipvais 2 | Seed pee ee oh. 19 Rosnamoce tmmper harvests. >. “ieroeres sete T.-... 19 Rigen ecuticd= 2. perry tocoe | ere fp vyl@an 2 _ _ 21 Oirer tompy als = - senna hye gh e? fe gree in 24 Rerccowil mr: reisiiom 10 reniogaister esr a) hee). 25 Softwood growth-removal balances_____-_____-___-_------- 25 Hardwood growth-removal balances__-_______-_----------- 25 Wraher atyentanes=) oie oy a tlev, Ae) odie Ete ie |. 27 Pail inner vounnes==A eee nyN) toe ote ely 27 Delnwood miverinemes ~via sy Biel ea Rai bese 27 iParimeoai im venhericn 205 pea bter ory errr ts is et 2 28 Ownership of timber mventories. 220 22-92 425-22 --4-22--- 29 ‘Prends a) pmeipeE MIVEHIGLCS 6 2. s Age eT LL 29 IADETO, Fateh Waa me Ses ee lis a eh of gas oes Leg eh. 30 Trends in utilization of plant byproducts_______________--_- 30 Deere aie BOSTANIES © ae a aren ee pe NS pop peers ot 31 Sccelaaby DMINLREHOUCS. 222 9 en ee 8a gee eee et -- 33 SES iS ee ee ees Ae ee ee 34 CHAPTER II. PROJECTED TRENDS IN TIMBER SUPPLIES WITH 1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT. ________-____________- 35 1970 level of forest management defined_______________________- 36 Dares are covbroltyat i mary tures pF sy 4 15 ie leek 36 Pusect anid misessceouiaplamcgn or i sHimiol ty eel 38 Eectotecmion-- - srerengiwnny aMieer a: cere) otis fs. 39 Munber siane, waprovemont..s0e) tye. wary ee eatin 1. 41 CCMA nt eet efi teeter tein) 41 Acmanianee, porforest lamdowners:y o2/) te) eb eoreal____ 4] Woresyey cosmic Ae te wate wind sbia.g beingyek 4] Sack Loreniny, mHCAnSNreein renee Babar HY wtictrisihi | _ 42 CONTENTS CHAPTER II.—Continued Forest area assumptions for projections. 22-2. — = oa ee A base projection of timber supplies with 1970 levels of poate naksve=) C02) Oye ee ee Bs Se Re eS ee Se seo SaaS Generaliprocedures’ coo." 2 ana eee ee Timber harvesting assumptions for base projections_________- Summary of base projections of supplies for the United States____ Trends:in:-timber removalse #9" See Soe Ce a ee Net crowthiand:mortalitye oe ee eee Supplies of roundwooduproductsas ss o2 2 = a= oa eae eee Timber anventories2 26 22.2. soc ees a Projections of timber supplies in the South______-_------------- Mrends inforest.aréalewst 25. ol ee ae ee Ee late poe eae timber removalse) 20. .22 2 ete. See eee ee ee ee Supplies’ of roundwood.products*40222 225 sya eee Removals in relation to net growth_________--------------- Trends imneticrowthipersacreii ts Neen ous te ee See e (rends, in) timberiinventories! 9ehsse suas ts Pewee eae Projections of timber supplies in the North___________---------- Trends,in:forestiarea.l2<.2e 5. ees See rs Ee Timber removals andinet erowth= 5 =. us sosee see eee ee Supplies of roundwood. products: 22229420 eta ee Trends insnet.erowth periackec 2.9. ee see een oe Mrendsin: timber, amventoriesst ea a2 aes eee Projections of timber supplies in the Rocky Mountains- - -- -__-_- Trends im foréstuarea. 125"): ti 2a wee ee ee aE ee Timber:removals 2.202 52-2 eee Eee ee ii eee Suppliesiof-roundwoode- 2. === eee ee eee en Net erowthyand aiortality<) 222 ae ee eee Trends}in’ timber inventories]__ 2 Paar ae eee Projections of timber supplies in the Pacific Coast section - _---_- ‘Trends in-forest, aréa. 2.2/5. 5. Me a ee Timber removals. «=. — cea ak ae ee peas ee PE Supplies of roundwood products.__2_ aaa eee eee Net growth in relation to removals___-_._-__-_-_---------- Trends in inventory volumes Economic projections of supply with 1970 levels of management-_- Recent supply-price relationships for timber products___-_--_- Projected supplies from National Forests_________________-- Projected supplies from other lands2s2 2) sees) eee Projected supplies from all ownerships_____________-__--_-- CHAPTER III. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES THROUGH INTENSIFIED MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION. 202.) 2 xe I ia) A i a oe General opportunities for management intensification The role of researcht 0-2 19Ne. Sei 30 DIOR erkoe 2 SU aE ae 2 Eis The importance oftforest ownership. es =e eee Environmental factors relating to intensification of forest manage- ment An example of potentials for increasing supplies of softwood saw- timber in the United States Area classification. --stieh JiR e ena: Saetiey Te eat INE oe Selection of areas for analyses of management alternatives____ Costs of intensified managements ae ey Se Yields from intensified management__-__________-----_----- Values of increased :yields= cee wei re rae ye Rankine opportunities’ 322 ee Increased yields from farm and miscellaneous private lands__ Increased yields from National Forest lands_-_--___________- Sensitivity, to price assumptions#e=as9 5. 4 4seue meee eee Possible succession of treatment programs________-_____-_-_- CONTENTS CHAPTER III.—Continued An example of potentials for increasing supplies of softwood sawtimber in the United States.—Continued Page Summary of potentials for intensification of management_____ 105 General comparison of alternatives studied__-____________-__~ 105 Additional management opportunities___________-__-----___- 106 An example of opportunities for intensifying forest management in ERED SEL TS Bie se a 2 ne eee Se ee eee 106 Identifylng areas suitable for intensified management- --_--_- 107 Pstonated meraases m-yields- 2! 2-22 se eset SS -- 108 Pee rrGhestny, PEaGlices. 2.2 oe ek Aah Se ts hate | 110 Valves Gf merensedWmarvesis=*- > ee etl 110 ress suriuole for treatments 2 43525498 Sogo ss 5 se 110 iiuces Gf rence on myesiments< 222-2 s Se 111 An example of potentials for intensified forest management in the Ue PES) ee ee ee eee eee 112 Designation of management classes_=-__-._-_-------------- 112 Projectt= siand development. 2 2 .02.228 seme 2a Seen so 113 Regional expansion of the oak-hickory pilot study____-_--___- 114 Maple-beech-birch pilot. study——- =... 2 2 2+ - 115 An example of potentials for intensified forest management in the herbie Sen tral repione See 22 oe ee oe Poteet dee ek 116 Selection of areas for analysis of treatments________________- 116 Direldwanriees. tid (POSth.-2 5 2 ee seeped Sh as 117 Regional estimates of management opportunities at 1970 prices. 117 Regional estimates of opportunities at higher prices_________- ial Ramiiainons el current spud yon 52 ea et ene 120 An example of intensified management potentials in Washington, Gresav sand) Californin=. 9-8 60623 120 LEO SSS a ee See oe a ee ae 120 Management practices considered ______________----------- 121 Rae lcl MSSUMIpRIONS Mae helen) 2 OR a 2 Nf se wi 121 SS ESS Ge Ey RS a ee en oe 121 Pe MSS 2 rn Se ee ea ee eee eres ee 121 [DPT ein bic: ee oo a or Oe oer 121 Intensification potentials with 1970 prices_______________--- 122 Management potentials with rising prices_____________-__-_- 122 Potential increases in timber supply from improved utilization______ 123 Assumed improvements in utilization in base projections_-__-_- 123 Additional opportunities for improved utilization______-___--- 124 PTGICCHOH SHCIDAMVESH 2 s-25. 4. oe of efi he aoe hE - = 125 CHAPTER IV. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER PPSOM EC Be war eee asert mi eee een Sotho cel ont 126 ‘Trends m'U:S. mpotts of fimbemproducts_2=: _~. 222. 2-2 222 126 ireadsin U5, exports of tunber producits.-..--..*...... 22x - 127 Trends in U.S. net imports of timber products_______________-_- 128 Wierlit tamiier demands. = fle GOV). Sues eel ba pore be Le 129 (lic arimation, 1h ite per 60es itr ea es rl oe ek. 129 lest noman sapane 9 ee 2 a epree oF ay oot 3d The situation in other countries and regions_______________- 132 World forest land and timber resources____________-____-_____-_- 132 RCS trend aes oo es Se eee iene ef oPae fee ihe ee yet er eo. 5 132 Winsor walnmiee WS ohare wae 2) tle ot bre ot 133 fmbergieduchon< = = 6: on thes jones ek seaman! 133 (Penber supply. porentigk, 2... 6. ee. bee ee 1-H 133 Potential timber supplies from Canada____________________-___- 134 PigieatrenOMnCesi ae eee tet net 2 Pete (are wer ctl) 134 Peeienewanbenpis 222 kD Pal i te ger 134 Braduchtongperemtials. <= 2k > mw See 8 ote 135 reasons eee ee ee eee 137 XI XII CONTENTS CHAPTER IV.—Continued Potentialisupplies of tropical woodssyse2 2o—2 a=. s— 55 2see eee Potential timber supplies from tropical and subtropical plantations__ Potential timber supplies from the USSR-__-_-_---- Die eps re ea A summary of prospective trends in U.S. timber imports and exports- CHAPTER V. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS. ----------- Basicvassump tions? £22) Sa tee aE AO Ae ee ee aera eae Populationassumptions=-+ 92. 2242225 52252 > eee ee Gross national product assumptions_.__---_--------------- Technological and institutional assumptions-_-_--_------------- Price assumptions =... == 2s =e 7. t outs WAS es ee eee ec 5 Effects of price increases on timber demands---_------------- Demand for timber products in new housing-_--_----------------- Household:formation== 2 «5/2 Sie TS PS es ee Housingreplacementst 2 a0. Ok) (ok Fie eS ee ee ee W SiGe Ces 2 Spee Sl wy eet a a ae Eee Hotal-demandvfionnewshousing= en eeees er ee eee Se Demand for new housing by type of unit______-_----------- Conversions 222s. Fae Meier ee COS E NL Seta TP SR Re ie Timber products use per dwelling unit_____-_-__----------- Projected demand for timber products in new housing__-_- - -_- Demand for timber products in residential upkeep and improve- THC TUS ES ies oh Ss ES ie SP ed OP a Expenditures for residential upkeep and improvements-_-_---- Timber products use and projected demand__-___----------- Demand for timber products in new nonresidential construction _ - - - Nonresidential construction expenditures_____-___----------- Timber products use in nonresidential construction ____-_---- Timber products use per dollar of construction expenditure - _- Projected demand for timber products in new nonresidential construction 2 <.= 28 2 Se ee eee ee Demand for timber products in railroad construction __--__------ Demand for timber products in manufacturing___________----_--- Timber products\use im-manufacturing. 29222522 ses see Shipments of manufactured products_______-_------------- Timber products use per dollar of shipments_-___-_--------- Projected demand for timber products in manufacturing - - - - - Demand for tunber ‘products imishippme= 2-2 2 ee eee Demand for timber products in pallets__________________--- Demand for timber products in wooden containers____-____-- Demand for timber products in dunnage-_-__________-_----- Projected demand for timber products in shipping_-__------_- Demand for timber products in miscellaneous uses________---_-_- ere of demand projections for lumber, plywood, and building OT 2 oe cls Sass a tent oe MO, oe Sn ee Tumber;consumptiontand! demand) =e" 228 2 ee eae Plywood. consumption and: demand’: = {ss seahh yale eee Building board consumption and demand_______________---- Demand for:pulpwoodh = i 2S ieee oes ie elena eh ee Demand for papersandaboard {220 28 hee se ene ee Demand for fibrous material for paper and board manufacture_- Pulpwood consumption and demand-_-_-__-_____-_-__-_-__--- Demand for miscellaneous timber products____________._-_---_- @ooperagelogs.anduboltss ee 52. = ee epee ee ee eee Poles and spilling 60 occyen ok ee a eee eee yn Hence: posts222 5). £00 a1 aeel ee piel sand eee eater Qthter ads titel wooo des ee gee aa ae Demiand-for fuelwood 22-22 22) Soo e oS ee eee ee CONTENTS CHAPTER V.—Continued Page Sumpiary of demund for timber: __.._--..--=.=--7-22--++-2... 204 Dmiprovements in utilization. ____.. = __ =... =~-2+----+- 204 Recent trends in roundwood consumption___--_--_--_-_____- 206 Projected-demand for roundwood___--___------------------ 206 Projected demand by species groups-_----_----------------- 207 Projected demand for sawtimber________________________-- 208 Projected export demand=" "7-22 -- - 52 -----=--_-.=+-+--- 208 Perenpeetre OE ee et 209 Ibeeieenee MOn Mi pOrts= 22 210 Projected demand for roundwood from U:S. forests_____-___- 211 Demand for industrial timber products in relation to other industrial] Espa ABIRG CIES triers se ee ws SPS Skt Meee 212 CHAPTER VI. TIMBER DEMAND-SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS... 214 Softwood demand-supply balances with 1970 levels of forest manage- TAGE Mean ak Sete es ee ee eee ee eee 215 Softwood sawtimber supply-demand balances with 1970 levels of POD SE STE ST eee eee Se be Se ere a 215 Softwood sawtimber supplies with intensified management and ET NS RE 2 ae me ee ae ga a 218 Hardwood demand-supply balances with 1970 levels of forest CEE Eo Gi) Rs Se aS ae ener ad aj et at” Ae eee ae 218 Hardwood sawtimber supply-demand balances with 1970 levels of CODES S POL ee eee Te ee ea bo ee 218 Hardwood supply-demand volumes with intensified management__ 219 inipitcations tor biiber industries... 2 -.* = 2 = 2 ee. 219 Dependence on net imports of timber______________------------ 220 Economic and environmental effects of rising timber prices_______ 220 Opportunities for intensified timber management and utilization____ 221 APPEN DEX EL POnES La tis hiCs,1970me_ 425. . 22022 020.4. 223 APPENDES IL GULOSSANY OF TERMS2 50060 fe 310 ALPE nek Mi Lib ben SUPE UY TABUMS22. 42-220. ee 2 UL 313 APPENDIX IV. TIMBER IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.__-_______--- 321 APPENDIX VY. TIMBER DEMAND TABLHS. .__ 2 - 2.2522. 22--- 330 XIII ey a a i reas Highlights This study relates primarily to the long-run outlook for timber supplies and demands in the United States under changing economic and environmental conditions. Timber availability will have a direct bearing on the economic develop- ment of the Nation as well as availability of forest lands for nontimber and environmental purposes. 1. Demands for industrial timber products in the United States have been increasing steadily, with a 65-percent rise in use of these products during the past three decades. Consumption of industrial wood products—such as lumber, woodpulp, plywood, etc.—increased 65 percent between 1942 and 1972 to an annual total of 125 million tons. In this period consump- tion of industrial roundwood (that is, all round- wood products except fuelwood) required to produce these wood products increased about 56 percent to 13.7 billion cubic feet in 1972. The differ- . ence in these trends for roundwood and industrial wood products consumption reflected more com- plete use of the timber harvested, with a resulting reduction of unused wood residues. In the 1942-72 period, lumber consumption rose 27 percent. Use of round pulpwood climbed 157 percent, and consumption of veneer and ply- wood over 438 percent. On the other hand, use of fuelwood and minor products such as poles and posts declined. 2. Further substantial increases in future demands for timber are expected. Projections of potential future demands for timber vary widely with such factors as economic growth and relative prices of timber products. A “‘medium”’ projection of possible future demand was based on the assumptions: (1) that the population of the United States will increase nearly 40 percent between 1970 and 2000 to 281 million people; (2) that real gross national product will grow at an average of 4.0 percent annually, or about 240 percent by 2000; and (3) that recent trends in technology and institutional factors will continue. With prices of timber products relative to other materials at 1970 levels, this medium projection of U.S. demand for roundwood rises from a 1970 level of 12.7 billion cubic feet to nearly 23 billion cubic feet by the year 2000. Potential demand for softwoods rises from 9.7 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 15.8 billion cubic feet by 2000. Demand for hardwoods is projected to rise from 3.0 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 7.0 billion cubic feet in 2000. With higher relative prices of timber products in the future—which timber demand-supply com- parisons indicate can be expected—projected demands for roundwood are correspondingly Jower. Thus, with rising relative prices of 1.5 percent per year above the 1970 trend level of lumber and somewhat smaller price increases for plywood, woodpulp, and other items, projected total timber demand by the year 2000 approximates 19 billion cubic feet. This latter projection includes increases in demand of 5 percent for saw logs between 1970 and 2000, 58 percent for veneer logs, and 130 percent for round pulpwood. In terms of softwood sawtimber—of primary importance for lumber and plywood used in housing and many other markets—projected demand at 1970 prices rises from 47.6 billion board feet in 1970 to 73 billion board feet by 2000. With the specified rising prices, however, projected demand reaches 55 billion board feet in 2000—a rise of 16 percent. Projected demand for hardwood sawtimber with rising prices increases from 12.3 billion board feet in 1970 to 19 billion board feet in 2000— a rise of 55 percent. 3. Timber growth in the United States has been increasing as a result of recent forestry programs. The condition of timberlands in the United States has improved materially in recent decades, primarily because of expanding fire protection and some increase in tree planting and other forestry activities. As a result, net growth of both softwoods and hardwoods increased about one- third between 1952 and 1970 to a total of 10.7 billion cubic feet of softwoods and 7.9 billion cubic feet of hardwoods. Roughly 60 percent of this total net growth of softwoods in 1970, or about 40 billion board feet, consisted of softwood sawtimber suitable for lumber and plywood. Hardwood sawtimber growth totaled 20 billion board feet in 1970. Removals of softwood sawtimber as a result of timber harvesting and other factors exceeded net growth in 1970 by 18 percent. In the East removals were less than net growth but this was 1 2 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES more then offset by an excess of removals over net growth in the West. Removals of hardwood sawtimber in 1970, on the other hand, were 24 percent less than net growth. 4. Projected supplies of softwood sawtimber prod- ucts potentially available from U.S. forests show limited increases with 1970 levels of management. Potential supplies of softwood timber from the Nation’s forests—assuming 1970 levels of manage- ment, timber cutting practices and policies similar to those in recent years and only minor reductions in areas of commercial timberland—are estimated to increase about 31 percent by 2000, from 8.8 billion cubic feet in 1970 to about 11.5 billion cubic feet. This is a technical potential which may not be fully realized, however, because of factors of operability and owners’ willingness to sell timber. Thus in the case of softwood sawtimber—of particular importance for lumber, plywood and various other products—projections of economi- cally available future supplies show limited changes from the 1970 level of output. Assuming relative prices of timber products remained at 1970 levels, for example, estimates of economically available supplies of softwood sawtimber are only slightly above the actual harvest of about 46.9 billion board feet in 1970. With increased prices of soft- wood Jumber and plywood averaging 50 percent above 1970, projected supplies increase to over 53 billion board feet over the next decade, but then decline below the 1970 level. 5. Supplies of hardwood timber are increasing al- though industrial use is limited by problems of quality and availability. The outlook for hardwoods is somewhat mixed in spite of the fact that removals of all sizes and species of hardwood timber in 1970 was some 25 percent less than total net growth. Projections of available supplies of hardwood sawtimber over the next few decades—assuming 1970 levels of forest management and specified cut- ting rates—increase 66-percent, from an actual harvest of 12.3 billion board feet in 1970 to over 20 billion board feet by 2000. This approximates the projection of demand associated with 1970 prices. Projected supplies of hardwood products, in cubic feet, under these same assumptions materi- ally exceed potential demands at 1970 prices. While these projections imply little or no in- crease in hardwood prices, there are practical limitations on amounts of timber available for sale and industrial use at any given time. To many owners of hardwood timberland use of the forest for recreation or other nontimber objectives is of primary importance. Problems of quality also are of special significance. Much of the growth and available supply of hardwoods are in small tree sizes or species for which markets are llimited; whereas the larger sizes of preferred species are in short supply in most areas. Other factors that could produce a tighter supply situation and higher prices include possible substitution of hardwoods for softwoods in production of woodpulp and cer- tain other timber items. 6. The outlook for timber supplies differs widely by ownerships and by regions. Nationwide, private holdings account for the major part of the commercial timberlands, includ- ing 14 percent ir forest industry and 59 percent in farm and miscellaneous private holdings. National Forests include about 18 percent of the total com- mercial timberlands and other public holdings 9 percent. Timber harvests in 1970 reflected this pattern of ownership, with 48 percent of the 12.2 billion cubic feet of total roundwood harvested from U.S. forests coming from farm and miscellaneous pri- vate holdings. Forests industry lands supplied 28 percent of the total, National Forests 17 percent, and other public lands 7 percent. In the projections of supply the major changes in these proportions include a drop for forest industries and a corres- ponding increase for farm and miscellaneous pri- vate owners. Southern forests provided about 45 percent of the Nation’s timber harvests in 1970, compared with 32 percent for the Pacific Coast, and 23 per- cent for other sections of the United States. In the South progress in fire control and other forestry activities has improved the timber situa- tion to the point where it appears that with 1970 levels of management, softwood timber harvests could be increased gradually cn both National Forests and other lands by roughly 50 percent over the next few decades. On the Pacific Coast, on the other hand, a marked decline in softwood sawtimber supplies of about 18 percent is projected in the 1970-2000 period as a result of reduced availability of timber from forest industry lands. Sustained harvests of timber from western National Forests and other public lands at levels close to 1970 estimates of allowable harvests appear possible for some decades, although only with timber prices significantly in excess of 1970 levels. Also, allowable harvests on National Forests can be expected to drop shortly after the projection period, if not before, unless forest management and utilization of timber on these lands is intensified. 7. Substantial increases in softwood timber prices appear necessary to balance potential timber de- mands with available timber supplies. With forest management continuing at 1970 levels, projected supplies of softwood sawtimber might balance the medium projection of timber HIGHLIGHTS 3 demand with relative prices of softwood lumber and plywood in 1980 possibly 20 to 25 percent above the 1970 level, and possibly 50 to 60 per- cent higher in the year 2000. Related equilibrium prices for paper and board by 2000 are estimated to average roughly 15 to 20 percent above 1970. Stumpage prices associated with these increases in prices of timber products, according to his- torical relationships, by 2000 could be expected to average more than double the level of prices in 1970. Such prospective increases in prices for soft- wood lumber would be consistent with an average rise of 1.7 percent annually in lumber prices relative to the general price level over the past century. Relative prices of lumber leveled off in the period 1950-67—years marked by rapid improvements in productivity in logging and processing and by development of new sources of timber in western National Forests and in British Columbia. Relative prices of softwood plywood declined dramatically during this recent period with adoption of new technology and equipment. Relative prices of pulp, paper, and board were quite stable. Nevertheless, the timber supply outlook with 1970 levels of management and utilization indicates new supply problems and shifts to higher price levels for all timber products. 8. Supply and price problems appear most critical for softwood lumber and plywood, but all forest industries will be affected. Comparisons of projected timber demands and supplies indicate that problems of timber availability are likely to be most critical for softwood sawtimber used for lumber and plywood in housing, other construction, and various other markets. The outlook for the pulp and paper industry is better than for lumber and plywood, largely because of the wide variety of species and qualities of timber that can be used for pulpwood, However, the tightening supply-demand situation for soft- woods, and new developments suck as installation of chipping headrigs, are leading to increased competition for available wood supplies and higher wood costs for all industries. Producers of hardwood lumber and plywood who depend on the higher qualities and sizes of pre- ferred species, such as white oak, walnut, maple, birch, and gum, also face serious supply prob- lems and _ prospective increases in timber prices. On the other hand, substantial supplies of timber are prospectively available for industries producing hardwood products such as pallets, 547-966 O- 74-2 construction timber, railroad ties, or hardwood pulps. 9. Demands for nontimber products and services and for environmental protection are of growing importance in the timber situation. Use of forest land for timber production is being increasingly affected by public desires for recrea- tion and other nontimber uses. Sizable areas of public forest lands have been withdrawn from timber use for wilderness and scenic areas, al- though many of these are of relatively low site productivity for timber. Extensive areas of both private and public forest lands have been shifted to nontimber uses such as reservoirs, highways, airports, urban expansion, and recreational de- velopments. Still other areas, particularly fertile bottomlands capable of producing quality hard- woods, have been cleared for crops and pasture. Until recently, reversion of abandoned agricul- tural lands to forests more than offset such losses. Between 1962 and 1970, however, areas classified as commercial timberland declined about 8.5 million acres to a total of 500 million acres. Some continuing net losses of commercial timberland, averaging possibly 5 million acres per decade, have been assumed in this analysis. Lands remaining in the commercial timberland category also are increasingly called on to supply nontimber goods and services as well as timber harvests. These demands, as well as new concern over protection of the natural environment, are leading to numerous modifications in timber harvesting and other forestry practices, particu- larly on public lands. It seems clear that manage- ment of forests for combinations of products and uses, especially those in public ownership, will be increasingly essential. Such constraints on land use and management on public lands and to some extent on private forests, together with unforeseen transfers of forest lands to nontimber uses, could reduce timber harvests below the projections developed in this report. Impacts on timber prices and supplies of wood products would be correspondingly in- tensified. It is also possible that raw material shortages could in time seriously constrain growth of the Nation’s economy or interfere with the achieve- ment of social goals such as improvement of housing. In such case forest recreation and other nontimber uses could also suffer as a result of efforts to alleviate materials shortages. Thus, success in supplying nontimber values and products may be influenced deeply by the effectiveness with which industrial raw material needs can be met. For such reasons, essentially all users of forest land have an interest in the timber outlook. 4 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 10. A partial alternative in meeting prospective timber supply problems is to increase timber imports from Canada and other wood surplus countries. Rising exports of timber products, however, have been offsetting a substantial part of the increase in timber imports. About half a century ago the United States ceased to be self-sufficient in timber products and since then has depended increasingly on net im- ports from other countries. Imports of timber products reached a total of 2.9 billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent, in 1972. This represented 19 percent of the total U.S. domestic and export demand for timber products. Timber imports obtained largely from Canada made up about 19 percent of total U.S. supplies of lumber and 25 percent of total U.S. pulp and paper supplies in 1972. More than 60 percent of the hardwood plywood and veneer consumed in the United States was obtained from Southeast Asia and other tropical areas. With rising prices of timber, imports from Canada and from tropical areas have been assumed to increase substantially over the next three decades, mainly in the form of softwood lumber, pulp and paper, and hardwood veneer and ply- wood. In time, however, rising world demands for timber and a general tightening of the world timber supply situation seem likely to limit such import potentials. Exports of forest products also have increased substantially in recent years, in large part as a result of large Japanese purchases of logs and pulp chips, expanding world markets for kraft pulp and liner board, and continued exports of lumber. In 1972, about 9 percent of the total U.S. supply of timber products, or 1.3 billion cubic feet round- wood equivalent, was exported to various parts of the world. Along with prospective increases in timber imports in future years, some further increases in exports from the United States have been assumed. Net imports in 1972 of 1.6 billion cubic feet made up nearly 11 percent of the total consump- tion of timber products in the United States. Net imports have been estimated to increase to around 2.8 billion cubic feet, roundwood equiva- lent, by 2000, with prices of lumber, for example, rising 1.5 percent per year. But such dependence on other countries, while important, appears to offer only a partial means of meeting the growing demands for timber products in the United States. 11. Greater use of nonwood materials is a possible alternative, although this appears to have un- desirable environmental and economic impacts. The relative importance of timber products in the U.S. economy has changed greatly over time as other raw materials such as steel, concrete, and aluminum have replaced or supplemented wood in various uses. With increased prices and insufficient supplies of timber, such continuing substitution can be expected. While there are no immediate threats of short- ages of wood substitutes, continued geometric erowth in materials use, such as experienced in the past and in prospect in coming decades, will require enormous quantities of materials and entail serious environmental problems. Most competing products such as steel, aluminum, and plastics are derived from depletable resources— in contrast to timber which is renewable. Thus it is possible that the historical stability in relative prices of competing materials may be replaced by rising real costs of these materials. Timber products can be produced with relatively low energy requirements for processing and low pollution impacts compared with most alter- natives. Energy requirements for processing steel for framing exterior walls of houses, for example, amount to more than three times the energy required for processing lumber for the same use. Production of competitive materials also ordi- narily results in more serious air, water, or land pollution problems than in the case of wood products—both directly and indirectly through the generation of energy required for processing different materials. Wood products that are not recycled also have an important characteristic of being biodegradable. If prices of timber products rise relative to prices of substitute materials, substitutes will, of course, be used. But in view of accelerating world use of raw materials, increased need for foreign exchange to finance imports of such materials, and higher energy requirements and pollution impacts than with use of timber prod- ucts, greater dependence on_ substitutes for timber may not be a desirable alternative. For such reasons long-run demands for wood, and related justifications of forestry programs, could increase considerably more than indicated by projections in this study. 12. Better utilization of available supplies is a partial answer to problems of timber supply. Major progress has been made in recent years in the use of slabs, edgings, veneer cores, and other similar material from lumber and plywood operations for pulp, particleboard, and other products. In 1970, nearly three-fourths of all such material produced at sawmills and other primary processing plants, plus some additional material from secondary manufacturing plants, was utilized in this way. Such byproducts com- prised 35 percent of the 72 million cords of pulp- wood used by U.S. pulpmills in 1972. Despite the progress made, unused plant resi- dues still represent a sizable resource. In 1970, unused chippable material at primary manufac- turing plants amounted to 0.4 billion cubic feet HIGHLIGHTS 5 and all residues about 1 billion cubic feet (12.4 million cords). With prospective trends in timber prices and utilization practices, it has been as- sumed that most chippable residues and much of the fines will be utilized for pulp or particleboard within the next decade or so. Large additional quantities of wood fiber, largely suitable for pulping, also are left in the woods each year as logging residues because of high costs of recovery and problems such as bark removal on limbs and fragmented material. In 1970, these residues included some 1.6 billion cubic feet of material from sound trees, plus at least this much material from other sources such as limbs, rough and rotten trees, and dead trees (a total of roughly 40 million cords). Environmental requirements and rising timber values can be expected to lead to better clean up and utilization of timber on har- vested areas. But accelerated efforts to improve utilization on logging areas—along with expanded efforts to grow more timber—appear essential if rising pulpwood demands in future decades are to be met. More of the timber killed by insects, fire, and other destructive agents, although widely scat- tered for the most part, also might be salvaged with higher prices and improved forest access. Such losses in 1970 included 11 billion board feet of softwood sawtimber. Improving efficiency of wood utilization in manufacturing plants also would help extend timber supplies. It has been assumed on the basis of past trends that modernization of sawmills, for example, through better production methods and installation of newly available equipment such as high-strain, thin-kerf saws will result in increased lumber recovery from available logs of possibly 2 to 4 percent per decade. But much larger increases in recovery rates should be possible with rising timber values and faster application of improved technology. Better sorting of logs to help insure use for the most valuable end product—lumber, plywood, or pulp—similarly could stretch available supplies of sawtimber for lumber and plywood. Development and use of improved structural particleboards and some substitution of hardwoods for softwoods could further extend softwood saw- timber supplies. Wood products also could be used more efficiently in construction by better design and construction methods. 13. Intensified forest management offers an im- portant means of increasing timber supplies in the long run, while maintaining an acceptable forest environment. Sizable increases in timber growth and future harvests could be achieved in U.S. forests by increased investments to expand tree planting, stand improvement, protection, and other for- estry practices. Most forest areas are not fully stocked with desirable timber and are growing at a much lower rate than is possible under intensified management. Fire, insects, and other destructive agents also cause losses that in effect nullify about one-fifth of total timber growth. Opportunities for increasing future timber supplies by intensified management exist in all sections of the country and all classes of owner- ship. In the South, for example, timber growth currently averages about 45 cubic feet per acre annually, including only 104 board feet of saw- timber sized material. Large areas of plantations are yielding more than double this amount of growth. And there are millions of other acres where conversion from poor hardwood stands to pine stands, especially with use of genetically improved planting stock, would in time greatly increase available supplies of timber. Similarly on the West Coast and other parts of the country there are large additional areas in Federal, State, industrial, and other private ownerships where timber supplies could be greatly increased by reforestation and by other practices such as precommercial thinnings and intermediate cutting in older age classes. On nonindustrial private ownerships held by farmers and a wide variety of miscellaneous owners, timber growing efforts other than fire protection have been limited. Yet several million of these owners hold 59 percent of the timberlands in the United States that are considered suitable and available for timber production. Most of these owners are unwilling to invest in timber growing and many are reluctant to sell timber because of conflicts with other purposes. Capturing a larger part of the very large potential for timber growing on these numerous holdings is technically sound and economically feasible, but will require substantial investments. On many ownerships public cost sharing and technical assistance appear necessary to achieve the increased growth that is estimated to be economically feasible to produce. An initial analysis to illustrate management opportunities on National Forests and farm and miscellaneous private holdings indicated that increased investments of about $69 million an- nually could increase annual harvests of softwood sawtimber about 1.6 billion board feet by 1980 and and as much as 13 billion board feet by 2020. This analysis used as a criterion a minimum rate of return of 5 percent on additional investments, with prices of lumber and plywood assumed to average 30 percent above 1970 levels. Additional promising opportunities for increased timber production also undoubtedly exist on other public and industrial ownerships, and in the use of genetically improved planting stock, fertilization, or other new technology. Environmental management to assure balanced production of nontimber uses and protection of the 6 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES environment as well as timber crops will be essen- tial, particularly on public forest lands and to an increasing degree on private lands as well. 14. A combination of efforts could help supply growing uemands for timber products while simultaneously providing for nontimber uses and protection of the environment. In summary, if increased supplies of timber for a growing Nation are desired, a number of things could be done to increase and extend timber sup- plies, including: @ More complete utilization of logging residues, plant residues, and trees lost by mortality, and greater use of recycled fibers. e@ Greater use of available equipment and manu- facturing processes to increase output of lum- ber and other products from available log supplies. e@ Better allocation of available timber to assure use for optimum end products. @ Some increase in dependence on imports of timber products. @ More intensive management of all classes of forestlands suitable for timber manage- ment, by road construction, commercial thinning and salvage, reforestation with ge- netically improved planting stock, timber stand improvement, use of fertilizers, and better pro- tection against fire, insects and other destruc- tive agents—while simultaneously managing lands to assure a balance with other uses and environmental protection. @ Continued development and application of new technology in timber growing, in process- ing of timber products, and in consumer use of wood products. Substantial public and private investments will be necessary for such measures to increase timber supplies significantly and to improve utilization of available timber supplies. Such measures are both technically and economically feasible. They can be carried out while maintaining a balance with environmental uses of the forest. CHAPTER | RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND a AND TIMBER RESOURCES nk, "4 Ih y 4 ‘ : ff 2S a ae 4 t ’ $ { Wop? 4 ne ‘ ye oh, Ow nen, 3 4 rm { yy fi ; i ARS : \ 4 salt isk fe hh Dia ge Nea WN Ya is ii fh on Mi fe ve : Ns w ib We axe Ae) M4 8 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES This chapter presents information on recent trends in the area and condition of commercial timberlands by classes of ownership; timber growth and mortality; the volume, quality, location, and ownership of standing timber; the output of roundwood timber products; and output and use of plant residues.1 This presentation is primarily concerned with national trends, although considerable information is also presented for the major sections of the country—North, South, Rocky Mountains, and Pacific Coast (fig. 1). Detailed regional and State statistics on forest land and timber resources as of 1970 are presented in Appendix I; these data have been updated from statistical information pub- lished by the Forest Service in Forest Survey reports for individual States. FOREST LAND AREAS Some 754 million acres, or one-third of the 2.3 billion acres of land in the United States, were classified as forest lands in 1970 (table 1). These vary from highly productive forest areas inten- sively managed for timber production to areas 1 For definitions of terms used in this report, see Glossary. incapable of yielding industrial wood because of adverse conditions of climate, soil, or elevation. Commercial Timberland Two-thirds of the Nation’s forest land in 1970, or about 500 million acres, was classed as com- mercial timberland—i.e., both available and suita- ble for growing continuous crops of saw logs or other industrial timber products (fig. 2). These areas also provide recreation, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and some forage for livestock. Areas classed as commercial timberland vary widely in timber producing potentials, but all are judged capable of growing at least 20 cubic feet of timber per year, and suitable now or prospec- tively for timber harvesting. Although landowner intentions have a major bearing on use of land for timber production, forest areas were excluded from the commercial category only when of low productivity or actually reserved or developed for nontimber uses. Nearly three-quarters of the commercial timber- land is located in the eastern half of the United States, about equally divided between the North and South sections (fig. 3). These forests cover 80 percent of the total land area in New England, and more than half of the area along the Atlantic Sections and Regions of the ALASKA “i United States ROCKY MOUNTAIN . ’ a Pp. \eeS Fes N ORTH Were PACIFIC COAST “o—~ PACIFIC OUTH Ww, Esr N. MEX i Ro ( ee HAWAII NORTH wise = Sis LAKE STATES Figure 1 RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES TasLeE 1.—Land area of the United States, by type of land and section, January 1, 1970 Total United States Type of land North South Rocky Pacific Mountains Coast Area Proportion Million acres Percent Million acres Million acres Million acres Million acres Commercial timberland_-______--_- 499. 7 22.0 177.9 192.5 61. 6 67. 6 Other forest land: Productive-reserved_.__-------- 17. 2 Si} 4.3 ey, 7.9 3.3 Worerrcd ete Lee eee 2:7 ppl) || pee BS a Se Sth se ge 2 74, 3} 4 Winproductives—.... 32222. 2282 233. 9 10. 3 4.2 17.6 66. 5 145. 6 Do See eS ee 253. 9 1 8 4 8.6 19. 3 76. 6 149. 3 Total forest land 2 2722. «+ 753. 5 3Ry 186. 5 211.9 138. 2 216.9 SRT LETS lS ee gs eee aes 427.0 18. 8 260. 2 103. 7 37.4 OAs Tf Mebcrianelses = rho Ses. 1, 089. 5 48. 0 181.4 197. 2 379. 7 331.3 Total land area___—.—— = = - 2 2LO 100. 0 628. 0 512. 8 ates 33 573. 9 Land Area of the United States cropland other nonforest land including range 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 MILLION ACRES Figure 2 Area of forest land in the United States by section other forest land | | commercial timberland 200 200 ite T 100 (0) January 1, 1970-million acres Figure 3 Coast. In the Central region, about 15 percent of the total land area is in the commerical timberland category. The one-quarter of the Nation’s commercial timberland located in the West is concentrated in the Pacific Coast States of Oregon, Washington, and California, and in the Rocky Mountain States of Montana, Idaho, and Colorado. Other Forest Lands Additional areas of productive timberland in public ownership on which timber harvesting is excluded have been classed as “reserved’’ areas. These totaled 17.2 million acres in 1970. Also, about 2.7 million acres of productive timberland in National Forests were classed as ‘‘deferred”’ in 1970 while under study for possible inclusion in the wilderness system. The remaining one-third of the total forest land—some 234 million acres—includes lands~ of low productivity for timber, that is, generally of less than 20 cubic feet per acre per year of timber growth capacity. These areas largely support stands of pinyon-juniper, woodland-grass, chapar- ral, subalpine forests, or forests in the interior of Alaska. As in the case of commercial timberlands, these other forests are of considerable importance for nontimber uses, such as recreation, watershed protection, wildlife habitat, and livestock produc- tion. The timber on these lands, as well as on ‘nontimber’’ lands, also supply limited quantities of roundwood products. The interior of Alaska contains an estimated 106 million acres of forest land, or about 32 percent. of Alaska’s total land area. An estimated 22.5 million acres of these forests have a growth potential in excess of 20 cubic feet per acre. However, because of geographic and economic remoteness, none of the forest land in the interior of Alaska has been included in the statistics for commercial timber- land, as in similar previous timber appraisals. 10 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES The better stands of timber in the interior of Alaska include cottonwood along major streams and areas of spruce and white birch. For the most part timber growth is limited by permafrost, poor drainage, and short growing seasons. Because of a history of frequent forest fires, most interior forests are also relatively young and occur in a patchwork of mixed age classes and types. Quaking aspen and paper birch usually seed in promptly after fires, but both are short-lived species and in time are usually succeeded by spruce. White spruce is the most important softwood species, accounting for 81 percent of the total sawtimber volume in interior forests and a major part of the volume of smaller pulpwood size timber. Total timber inventory volumes on the 22.5 million acres of the more productive forest lands was estimated at 14.3 billion cubic feet—roughly equivalent to 2.2 percent of timber inventories on commercial timberland in the United States. Development of forest industries in interior Alaska has been limited by lack of access, low timber volumes per acre, small size of trees, low product values, and difficult logging conditions. Divided ownership among the Federal Govern- ment, State of Alaska, natives, and other private individuals may be a constraint in some areas. Environmental factors and ecological stability also will represent highly important factors in the development of forests in interior Alaska. In the coastal portion of Alaska much of the allowable harvest on commercial timberlands has been committed for the support of pulp and lumber production. Trends in Areas of Commercial Timberland The 500 million acres of land classed as commer- cial timberland in 1970 was 8.4 million acres less than estimated for 1962 (table 2). These and other data suggest that the long rise in commercial timberland areas resulting from agricultural land abandonment in the eastern United States has now been reversed. Recent declines in commercial timberland were largely in the South and Rocky Mountains. Much of the reduction in the West, especially in the Rocky Mountains, reflected shifts of public lands in National Forests to reserved or deferred status in response to growing demands for public rec- reational uses. Some was the result of increased use of forest land for roads and urban expansion. In the South, much clearing of commercial timberland for soybean and other crop produc- tion took place in recent years, particularly in hardwood forest areas of the Mississippi River floodplain. In addition, extensive areas of forested uplands were converted to pasture for the South’s erowing cattle industry. In all regions, sizable areas of forest land also have been taken over for suburban development, highways, reservoirs, and other nontimber uses. The estimates of net changes in timberland area such as shown in table 2 do not measure directly impacts of land-use shifts on timber TABLE 2.—Area of commercial timberland, by region, 1952, 1962, and 1970 [Thousand acres] Region New. England. 3 Se tk eel ee eae bs ae eT Mid dle PAA TGC Ee = te een ae Lake States snc ee) Ui eer LL See AE (Ne evar se Centrally: 8 (Bs Je ee eS - CE ee ee SouthvAtlanticte: os So eee. sie A Re OMS ee Aes RY tye Gr fe te 2 ea Pi 1) hs ln a ea ee oe Pacific Northwest eiers seat shee rk She ie eae Pacific: Southwest sae ee Serer ease ee nee maa nes er NorthernpRocky. Mountain 2) )- 2s aes See ae SouthernvRockysMountain'= 555252 eee et eee ee Se NEO Ga WW OS tics ees ae rns rater NS OE a 2 AML Pegi ONS ec: Peed. LAr ae Tbe een Se a 1952 1962 1970 Change 1962-1970 ote 30, 935 31, 878 32, 367 +488 ae 42, 098 46, 737 49, 685 +2, 947 nie 52, 604 51, 530 50, 841 —690 om 44, 559 44, 942 45, 008 +66 us 170, 198 175, 089 177, 901 9. 812 ae 46, 962 47, 911 48, 463 +551 aie 42, 104 43, 128 | 41, 334 —1, 794 cae 49, 497 53, 361 51, 454 =i, 907 aes 53, 518 55, 504 51, 291 —4, 214 eat 192, 082 199, 905 192, 542 —7; 364 ae 50, 589 50, 407 49, 713 —694 any 18, 216 18, 132 17, 909 — 223 a) 38, 337 38, 792 36, 669 —2, 124 Se 25, 554 25, 810 24, 963 — 848 Ai 132, 696 133, 141 129, 254 E3uS88 2M 494, 978 508, 137 499, 697 — 8,440 Note: Data for 1952 and 1962 as published in early reports have been revised to insure comparability with 1970 definitions and local specifications of commercial timberland. RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES ja resources. Agricultural acreage that is abandoned and reverts to forest usually remains understocked for many years, except for areas planted to trees. Timberlands shifted to other uses, on the other hand, generally contain timber inventories that are either reserved or largely destroyed as a part of changes in land use. Net changes also are often much smaller than areas moving into and out of commercial status. Thus in Florida, for example, about 1.7 million acres of forested lands were shifted to agriculture, urban, and other uses during the 1959-70 period, while 0.7 million acres of farm land reverted to forest—a net loss of forest land of about a million acres. Ownership of Commercial Timberlands Largely as a result of historical policies which encouraged transfer of public domain lands to private ownership, about 73 percent of all com- mercial timberlands was privately owned in 1970. About 27 percent was in Federal, State, and other public holdings (table 3.) Farm and miscellaneous private lands—Com- mercial timberlands held by business and profes- sional people, wage and salary workers, house- wives, railroad, mining, and other corporations, and other nonfarm owners represent the largest class of forest ownership. In 1970, these owners held 165 million acres, or 33 percent of the total area of commercial timberland. Another 26 per- cent was classed as owned by farmers. Many of the farm and miscellaneous private holdings include highly productive timber sites, and most are close to markets for timber products. These ownerships consequently have long been of major importance as a source of timber supplies for the wood-using industries. Nearly half of these timberlands were in the South in 1970 and most of the remainder in the North. Since 1952 the combined area of farm and mis- cellaneous ownership has not shown much change (fig. 4; Appendix I, table 2). However, farm owner- ship dropped about 42.5 million acres between 1952 and 1970, while miscellaneous private ownerships increased about the same amount. Farm abandon- ment and a decline in rural populations has typi- cally been associated with sales of land to nonfarm or industrial owners. Forest industry ownerships—The 67 million acres of commercial timberland in forest industry holdings in 1970—about 14 percent of the total— included some of the Nation’s most productive timber growing areas. About 52 percent of these industrial lands were in the South, and 26 percent in the North. Most of the remaining areas were on the Pacific Coast, generally including the more productive lower elevation lands. In the 1952-70 period, areas of commercial timberland in forest industry ownerships increased 13 percent—close to 8 million acres. Much of the increase was in the South where wood-using com- panies have been actively acquiring forest lands. A substantial part of the added acreage was purchased from farm and miscellaneous owners. Forest industries have also turned to leasing and long-term cutting contracts to supplement fee ownership. Thus in the South, an estimated 9 million acres of commercial timberlands in non- industrial ownerships were managed by the forest industries in 1970. National Forest lands.—Some 92 million acres of commercial timberlands, or 18 percent of the U.S. total, were in National Forests in 1970. These forests are located largely in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast sections. Most are TaBLE 3.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by type of ownership and section, January 1, 1970 Total United States Type of ownership oa North South Rocky Pacific Mountains Coast Area Proportion Federal: Thousand acres Percent Thousand acres | Thousand acres | Thousand acres | Thousand acres National Forest — -2=2--—.--.-. 91, 924 , 458 eid , 91 Bureau of Land Management-_-_- 4, 762 1 75 11 2, 024 2, 652 Bureau of Indian Affairs________ 5, 888 1 815 220 2, 809 2, 044 Other Pederal ee 2 oA ss). oe 4, 534 1 963 3, 282 78 211 Total Federal____________- 107, 109 21 12, 311 14, 277 44, 699 35, 822 Sabai tee ee = Se 21, 423 4 13, 076 2, 321 2, 198 3, 828 County and municipal____________ 7, 589 Zz 6, 525 681 71 312 Horest industry =o. 2 67, 341 14 17, 563 30, 329 2, 234 12, 219 El get ol pre ii ID a 131, 135 26 51, 017 65, 137 8, 379 6, 602 Miscellaneous private___._______- 165, 101 33 77, 409 74, 801 4, 051 8, 840 All ownerships_____-_-_--- 499, 697 100 177, 901 192, 542 61, 632 67, 622 19 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Ownership of commercial timberlands, 1952-1970 600 500 400 300 MILLION ACRES 200 100 1952 1962 1970 Figure 4 of relatively low site quality and located at higher elevations, but these forests nevertheless contain a substantial part of the Nation’s timber inven- tory, as pointed out in a later section of this chapter. Since 1962 areas in National Forests classed as commercial timberland have been reduced about 3 million acres. These reductions were mainly in the Rocky Mountain section, and mainly included lands selected for study as possible inclusions in the wilderness system. Since 1970 some additional areas also have been added to this deferred classifi- cation. Some 5 million acres of the National Forest lands included in commercial timberland in 1970 were classed as “unregulated,” and were not in- cluded in projecting available timber supplies. On these lands the amount and timing of future harvests are uncertain because of economic con- siderations or a lack of acceptable and economic logging systems. ther public lands.—Federal lands other than National Forests made up 3 percent of all com- mercial timberlands in 1970. Lands in western Oregon administered by the Bureau of Land Management, and lands administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, were of particular im- portance in this group. State, county, and munic- ipal forests made up 6 percent of the total. Many of these latter holdings were located in the Lake States, largely consisting of lands that were cutover and reverted through tax delinquency to public ownership during the depression years of the 1930's. Forest Type Groups Over half of all commercial timberlands in the United States in 1970 was occupied by eastern hardwood forest types ? (table 4). Softwood types made up 42 percent, western hardwoods 8 percent, and nonstocked areas 4 percent, of all commercial timberlands. Eastern hardwood forests —Oak-hickory stands, stretching from southern New England to Texas, TasiLe 4.—Area of commercial timberlands in the United States, by forest type groups, 1970 Total Propor- Type group area tion of total EASTERN TYPE GROUPS Thousand Softwood types: acres Percent Loblolly-shortleaf pine______-_- 52, 832 I@,; 7 Longleaf-slash pine___-------- 18, 315 3. 7 Spruce=tin senate ee ere 18, 913 3. 8 White-red-jack pine__________- 12, 168 P), 5) Total-ets<.. Saas wee 102, 228 20. 7 Hardwood types: Oak=hickony =] see See eee 111, 861 22.6 Oak=pine’ 2 ee ae ae 35, 028 Wik Oak-gum-cypress-_------------ 30, 630 6. 2 Maple-beech-birch________---- 31, 140 6. 3 Elm-ash-cottonwood_-__------- 24, 728 5. 0 AIS DCN = O11 C Heese ers ae eee 20, 484 4.1 Dotal. 4 obs se es oes 253, 871 51.3 INonstockedE== sess. Sees ae 14, 343 2.9 Total@hasta sess see ee 370, 442 74.9 WESTERN TYPE GROUPS Softwood types: Douglas-fir =e = eee 30, 788 6. 2 Ponderosaipines2= 5-32 sas ee= 27, 964 5. 6 Mirespruce see ae a ee as ee 17, 830 3. 6 Lodgepoleipines=-=—2—=se=ees—— 18, 235 2 Hemlock-Sitka spruce_-_------- 10, 819 2.2 Tasir Cs ee a ae ee rere 2, 743 nit) White;pine= 22 2-22 ees See 829 .2 Redwoods 2224 +=524eeee as 803 .2 Total ee 2s ae messes Se 105, 011 21. 2 Hardwood! typese2-==2-4--5-cee= 12, 818 2.6 Nonstockedi222 2 = Sea awn sere 6, 379 13} Total; Westo.-2 S282 42552 124, 208 25, 1 Al For oUpseees eee eee see 1 494, 650 100. 0 1 Not including 5 million acres of “unregulated” commercial timberlands on National Forests in the Rocky Mountain States. 2 Forest types describe assocations of tree species, which in turn reflect factors of site, climate, and stand history. The forest type groups presented in this report are com- binations of more than 80 local forest types traditionally used for forest management purposes. A map showing location of major forest types is for sale ($1.50) by the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242, as Sheet No. 182. RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES 13 represent the most widespread timber type group, accounting for about 23 percent of all commercial timberlands in 1970 (fig. 5). Much of this type group now occurs on abandoned farm lands and in mountain areas. Many stands include large pro- portions of less desirable species such as post oak, black oak, chestnut oak, and blackjack oak. Some local types, however, are comprised of yel- low-poplar and other desirable species. The oak-pine type, which covered 14 percent of the eastern hardwood area in 1970, was mainly concentrated in the South. This type largely includes residual hardwoods left after cutting the merchantable pine trees from mixed pine-hard- wood forests. In the last few decades many oak-pine stands have been converted to pine stands by killing or cutting hardwoods, followed in many cases by planting pines. Oak-gum-cypress forests include such valuable species as sweetgum, cherrybark oak, tupelo, and baldcypress, as well as poorer species. These types occupied about 12 percent of the hardwood forest area in the East in 1970. Nearly all of this type occurs in the Mississippi Delta and other southern river bottoms where sites are of high productivity. Maple-beech-birch forests are found mainly on upland sites in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Lake States regions. Elm-ash- cottonwood types are largely concentrated in bottomlands in the Central and Lake States Forest type groups in the United States, 1970 sa WEST — a DRO? A ee gu 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 | | MILLION ACRES Figure 5 regions. Aspen-birch types are found chiefly in the Lake States region. This type is composed of relatively short-lived pioneer species that have taken over large areas following logging and fires. Eastern softwood forests—Southern pine type groups made up a little more than 14 percent of the Nation’s commercial timberlands in 1970. These types are concentrated on the Coastal Plain and Piedmont extending from New Jersey to Texas. In 1970 harvests of southern pine made up more than one-fourth of the total timber harvest in the United States. Spruce-fir and white-red-jack pine types in the Lake States and Northeast covered about 6 percent of all commercial timberlands in 1970. As in the case of southern pines, these forests also support substantial local industries. Western forests —In the West about 85 percent of the commercial timberland supports softwood types. Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine types each make up about 6 percent of the total com- mercial timberland in the United States, and other western softwood type groups 9 percent. Most Douglas-fir areas occur on the Pacific Coast west of the Cascade Range where sites generally are highly productive. Douglas-fir also occurs in California and the Rocky Mountains, frequently on moderatly productive sites and mixed with other coniferous species. The ponderosa pine type occupies a large acleage in eastern Oregon and Washington and in 1970 was also the most extensive commercial forest type in California and the Rocky Mountains. Recent trends in forest types —Shifts in land use patterns and natural succession have caused many important changes in forest type areas. Thus bottomland hardwood forests were reduced about 20 percent between 1962 and 1970 by clearing of forest land along the deltas of the Mississippi River and its tributaries for farm crops. For many years forests of the oak-gum-cypress group in this area have supplied a major share of the Nation’s quality hardwood sawtimber. Many changes have also been apparent in areas formerly supporting Douglas-fir. Red alder, other hardwoods, or western hemlock have taken over sizable areas after harvesting of the softwood stands. Western hardwood types thus increased almost 2 million acres between 1962 and 1970. Industry may be able to increase utilization of alder and other hardwoods, as in the case of aspen in the Lake States, but at present most alder stands offer little value compared to Douglas-fir. Forest Site Productivity Because of differences in such factors as soil fertility, moisture, slope, aspect, and elevation, there are considerable variations in timber-growing 14 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Tas_E 5.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by site productivity class and by section, Productivity class Total (cubic feet per United States North South Rocky Mountains} Pacific Coast acre per year) Million Million Million Million Million acres Percent acres Percent acres Percent acres Percent acres Percent L20\orsmores= a2 =e 52 10. 4 10 O15 13 7.0 5 8.4 24 34. 9 S5itovl20es Sees eee 116 23. 5 39 22. 1 53 27. 8 8 13. 8 16 23. 0 SOMOS os Soe eee 195 39.5 69 38. 8 90 46. 5 14 24.5 23 33. 9 20 toy5 0 See eee. eee 131 26. 6 60 33. 6 36 18. 7 30 53. 3 6 8. 2 All classes: 22-- == 1495 100. 0 178 100. 0 192 100. 0 57 100. 0 68 100. 0 1 Not including 5 million acres in National Forests in the Rocky Mountains classed as ‘“‘unregulated”’ commercial timberlands. potentials, and responses to cultural practices, on the Nation’s commercial timberlands. About 10 percent of all commercial timberlands were classed as site 120 or more, that is, capable of producing 120 cubic feet or more per acre per year in fully stocked natural stands (table 5). (Under intensive management more timber can be produced than indicated by such figures for natural stands.) Nearly half of this highly produc- tive land is in the Pacific Coast section, largely supporting Douglas-fir, hemlock-Sitka spruce, and western hardwoods. Each of the other sections also contain some of this high-site land. Nearly two-thirds of the total area of commercial timberland is in the 85 to 120 and the 50 to 85 cubic foot site classes. About balf of this acreage is in the South. The remaining area of 20 to 50 cubic foot growth potential makes up more than a quarter of all commercial timberlands. This class of land provides limited response to timber management activities but often yields important values for grazing, recreation, or other nontimber uses. These lower- site lands are mostly in eastern areas such as the Appalachians, and in the Rocky Mountains where this site class makes up about half of that section’s commercial timberland. A relatively large proportion of the better sites above 85 cubic feet are in forest industry owner- ships. The National Forests and other public ownerships have relatively high proportions of the poorer sites of less than 50 cubic feet potential. Timber Stocking The potential yields indicated by site produc- tivity classifications are generally not realized, even though practically all commercial timber- lands in 1970 were occupied to some extent by some type of tree cover, and many forests were fully stocked or even overstocked in terms of all live trees. Illustrative data for a number of sample hard- wood forest areas indicated, however, that only a fifth of the land supported desirable trees of good form, vigor, and preferred species. Growing stock of acceptable trees, and trees classed as rough and rotten, made up the 1emaining tree stocking. An estimated 90 percent of the land in these sample areas would require cultural treatments such as cull tree removal or thinnings to achieve a high level of output of merchantable timber and thus approach the yield potentials indicated by indexes of site productivity. Stand-Size Classes The distribution of forest areas by stand-size classes largely reflects the recency of timber har- vesting and other factors such as fires or reversion of farm land to forest. Stand size is also indicative of prospective supplies of industrial timber, and a basic factor in the planning of timber management. About 44 percent of all commercial timberlands supported sawtimber stands in 1970 (table 6). Poletimber stands made up 26 percent, and seed- ling and sapling stands 27 percent, with some 4 percent classed as nonstocked. Sawtimber stands made up a sizable part of the total area in the South and in the North, even though most forests in these sections have been cutover one or more times. Most of these eastern sawtimber stands are relatively young and com- posed of trees in the lower part of the sawtimber- size range. Much larger proportions of western forests supported sawtimber stands, including consider- able old-growth areas that have never been cut. Stands on the Pacific Coast contain most of the large-size, high-quality sawtimber remaining in the United States. Wide differences in timber volumes per acre are also illustrated by data in table 7. Nearly half of all commercial timberlands supported less than 1,500 board feet per acre in 1970. Only 23 percent had inventory volumes of more than 5,000 board feet per acre. RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES 15 TasLE 6.—Area of commercial timberland, by stand-size class and section, 1970 Stand-size class Sawtimber stands___._.__.------- Poletimber stands Seedling and sapling stands Mpnstocked areas-— "52 === === <== Total United States North South Rocky Pacific Mountains Coast Area Proportion Million Million Million Million Million acres Percent acres acres acres acres 215.9 43.6 59. 0 74. 0 36. 6 46. 3 Le fe Pewee glta! 4 L26:50 25. 6 60. 2 46. 2 ipAal 8.3 re ees 131. 4 26. 6 49. 2 67. 6 sO 9.3 20. 7 4.2 9.6 4.8 Paar 8+. 7/ ©9501 5.) See 1494. 7 100. 0 177.9 192.5 56. 6 67. 6 1 Not including 5 million acres of ‘‘unregulated’”’ commercial timberland on National Forests in the Rocky Mountain States TABLE 7.—Area of commercial timberland, by sawtimber volume classes and section, 1970 Sawtimber volume class (board feet United States ! North per acre) Million Million acres Percent acres Percent ess than 1,500.=.~ =. -- 243 49 114 64 1500; to.5:000—— - +... 138 28 49 28 More than 5,000_-_-_-_--_- 114 23 15 8 ATP classes! 22 495 100 178 100 Total Rocky South Mountains Pacific Coast Million Million Million acres Percent acres Percent acres Percent 103 53 14 25 12 18 62 32 16 29 11 16 28 15 26 46 45 66 193 100 57 100 68 100 1 Not including 5 million acres of “unregulated”? commercial timberland on National Forests in the Rocky Mountain States Somewhat more than half of all sawtimber stands were classed as softwood types (fig. 6). Poletimber and seedling and sapling stands, on the other hand, included much larger proportions of hardwood types. Stand-size classes and type groups, 1970 ISS softwood types sawtimber stands pole timber stands seedling and sapling stands nonstocked peas | [) hardwood types . eee . [ eae So 25 50 75 MILLION ACRES 100 125 Figure 6 Commercial timberlands classed as ‘non- stocked” in 1970 (that is, with Jess than 10 percent of the area occupied by growing stock trees) amounted to about 21 million acres. These were widely distributed in all sections. TIMBER GROWTH Net annual growth of timber (thatis, total annual growth less volumes of trees dying annually) is of major interest in areas with pre- dominantly young-growth forests as in the eastern United States as a general indication of the present or prospective capability of forest lands to supply wood products. In old-growth forests of the West, however, where net growth is usually negligible because of heavy mortality, available inventories of standing timber rather than net growth will determine allowable harvests for some time to come. Recent Trends in Timber Growth The rise in net annual growth of timber illus- trates a major success story in American forestry. In response to programs of forest fire control, tree planting, and other forestry measures, net annual growth of softwoods and hardwoods combined increased 18 percent between 1952 and 1962, and 16 a further 14 percent between 1962 and 1970 (table 8). This strong upward trend occurred in both softwoods and hardwoods, and for both sawtimber and all growing stock. Net growth has been rising in all regions, al- though softwood sawtimber in the South and hard- wood sawtimber in the North showed the largest increases (table 9). There is of course considerably ‘THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES more commercial timberland in the East than in the West, and eastern stands are essentially all young growth where mortality is relatively low. In the West, sizable areas still support old growth in which mortality nullifies much of the total growth. About two-thirds of the total sawtimber growth of nearly 60 billion board feet in 1970 was on TasLeE 8.—Net annual growth of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial timberland, by softwoods and hardwoods, and by section, 1952, 1962, and 1970 } GROWING STOCK—BILLION CUBIC FEET All species Softwoods Hardwoods Section a 1952 1962 1970 1952 1962 1970 1952 1962 1970 | INorthess. 28.22 ee eee See eer 4.1 4.9 5. 5 Loo 1.2 1.4 3. 0 3. 6 452) South#2s 202. = (2 Bars shee eae 6. 3 7.5 8. 6 3. 6 4.5 5.4 Pt 3.0 352 Rocky#Mountains’—— = -2282e=—— 1, 2 1.3 1.4 eal 1. 2 163 “il ail wall Pacitich Coaste 5-25 — ee ine 2.3 PANT hil 250) 2.3 2. 6 58} .4 5 5) TLotalies 22 eset es eee 13. 9 16. 4 18. 6 7.8 3 10. 7 6. 1 Ue il 7.9 SAWTIMBER—BILLION BOARD FEET Northes 2352225. bots i) Bae cs 9.4 11.5 13. 7 2. 4 2. 8 3. 6 7.0 8.6 10. 1 South == eee eee eee eee 21. 2 24. 3 28. 0 13. 6 16. 7 20. 1 7.6 7.6 7.9 Rocky Mountains’=2225---2---- 4.3 4.6 5. 1 4.2 4.5 4.9 Aa sell oi PaciiciCoast=sa eee =e 10. 3 11.9 13. 1 9. 4 10. 7 11.6 a9) 2 1.5 Totals “=. eo. a2 4s eS 45. 1 52. 3 59. 9 29. 5 34. 7 40. 3 15. 6 17.6 19. 7 ' Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Note: Data for 1952 and 1962 differ from data published in earlier reports because of adjustments based on newer information from remeasured Forest Survey plots. Data for all years are ‘‘trend level”’ estimates. TABLE 9.—Change in net annual growth of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial timberland, by softwoods and hardwoods, and by section, 1962 to 1970 GROWING STOCK Section All species Softwoods Hardwoods Million cu. ft. Percent Million cu. ft. Percent Million cu. ft. Percent IN ONG SS See Brats a out ae OS eA ee ery ea +664 +14 +144 +12 +519 14 South: #2Se =o Sins se oa ene ce ene eee eee +1, 155 +15 +920 +21 +235 +8 Rockyw Mountains es eee eae eee +50 +4 +44 +4 +6 +8 RacificuCoas ts hae ees et eee eaten, en Beta a +345 +13 +261 +11 +84 +22 TRO Gale eee arm = ee ae ete eee pee +2, 214 +14 +1, 369 +15 + 844 +12 SAWTIMBER Million bd. ft. Percent Million bd. ft. Percent Million bd. ft Percent INOFtn sta. Sopa ee Ns at hare +2, 218 +1 +787 + 1, 431 17 Souths Me ee abla ee Ole iB a Ea eee ie SER +3, 735 +15 +3, 428 +21 +307 +4 Rocky Mountains see ae ee +451 +10 +431 +9 +38 +35 Pacific: Coasts s-s2 entre ae ee ae a ee +1, 243 +10 +976 +9 +267 +22 Total!o fiat eke wey SS en Ee ope +7, 646 +15 +5, 603 +16 +2, 043 +12 RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES Ly! softwood species. Roughly half of the softwood growth was comprised of southern pines and 16 percent of Douglas-fir (Append. I, tables 23 and 24). The one-third of the total growth that was on hardwoods included growth of both preferred species such as select red and white oaks, sweet- gum, yellow-poplar, and ash, walnut and cherry (about two-fifths of total hardwood growth) and species of more limited demand by industry such as other oaks, hickory, beech, and cottonwood (about three-fifths of total hardwood growth). Net Growth by Ownership Around 48 percent of the total net growth of softwoods in 1970, and nearly three-fourths of hardwood net growth, was on lands in farm and miscellaneous private ownerships (Append. I, table 21). Another quarter of the total net growth of softwoods, and 12 percent of hardwood growth, was on forest industry ownerships. The National Forests and other public lands accounted for about 28 percent of all softwood net growth, and 17 percent of hardwood growth. Net Growth and Potential Growth Per Acre Average net annual growth in 1970 varied widely by section and by ownership from 23 to 65 cubic feet per acre (table 10). Net growth of the sawtimber portion of total growing stock also varied from an average of 77 board feet per acre in the North to 194 board feet on the Pacific Coast (Append. I, tables 22 and 23). The relatively large average growth per acre in 1970 in the Pacific Coast section, in spite of the presence of much old-growth timber, largely reflects a high proportion of land in high site productivity classes and high rates of growth in young stands on private lands logged over in the past. In the South the presence of good sites and much thrifty young growth resulting from pro- tection and other forestry practices explain the relatively high growth figures. Average net growth in the North reflected a high proportion of land in lower productivity classes, predominance of slow-growing hardwood stands, and the presence of considerable rough and rotten timber. Averages for the Rocky Mountains reflected the presence of much old growth, frequent stagnation of stands, relatively low sites, and restocking problems following fire or logging. In spite of recent substantial increases, net growth of timber is stiJl much less than potential yields in fully stocked natural stands (table 10 and fig. 7). Even higher yields are attainable in stands under intensive management with use of genet- ically improved trees, fertilization, and spacing control. The relatively limited net growth of growing stock and sawtimber in 1970 in relation to poten- tials in part reflected partial stocking of trees on much of the forest area, mortality and growth losses from destructive agents, and the presence of brush and cull trees which limit regeneration and increment of growing stock trees. These and other factors such as restocking problems often make it difficult and costly to achieve “full” stocking. In old-growth stands in the West, mortality offsets much of the total growth and contributes to the relatively low net annual growth per acre, particularly on western National Forests. TaBLeE 10.—Average net annual and potential growth per acre, by owner, class and section, 1970 * [Cubic feet] National Forest Farm and Section All owners Forest Other public industry miscellaneous private North: Orig eee SOR ee eee 31 38 33 40 29 LG Se ar a eae 68 66 59 72 69 South: @arrent. 26s ths wee 45 55 45 53 42 Pp Lenunl Ss 2 . oh Af. - te Be 76 70 71 81 75 Rocky Mountains: MEET ee ene 24 23 23 47 25 otential+ os.) 22 2 oe RIP OE 60 65 54 70 50 Pacific Coast: ot haa an ee ree ae ee, 45 27 60 65 58 POLeHiiie Se ee eee 95 88 100 107 96 Total: Sel es EI, Ee RS Ee 38 30 39 52 36 Te ae ae nee 74 73 68 83 72 1 Potential growth is defined as the average net growth attainable in fully stocked natural stands. Higher growth rates can be attained in intensively managed stands. 18 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Potential and current net growth per acre growing stock in 1970. Mortality of sawtimber amounted to an estimated 15.3 billion board feet POTENTIAL CURRENT (that is, roughly 2.6 billion cubic feet in the saw-log — portion of sawtimber trees) (table 11). Mortality — thus nullified about one-fifth of the total annual growth of both growing stock and sawtimber. Softwood species accounted for the major part of mortality losses—that is, about three-fifths of growing stock mortality and three-quarters of sawtimber mortality. Most softwood mortality in 1970 was in the West, chiefly in the Pacific Coast section (fig. 8). This distribution is related to the concentration of rocky mountain pacific coast 5 FS Wea 7 ma ON >» ~-s0_~-—«sTimber mortality by section, 1970 CUBIC FEET PER YEAR GROWING STOCK SAWTIMBER Figure 7 IMPACTS OF DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS Fire, insects, disease, storms, and other destruc- tive natural agents have significant impacts on net annual growth. Such impacts are partially accounted for by the statistics on mortality (that is, volumes of growing stock trees above 5.0 inches in diameter dying from natural causes during a given period). Volume of Mortality Annual mortality losses from natural causes were estimated at about 4.5 billion cubic feet of Figure 8 [J softwoods hardwoods Tas.eE 11.—Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial timberland, by section and by softwoods and hardwoods, 1952, 1962, and 1970 3 GROWING STOCK—BILLION CUBIC FEET All species Softwoods Hardwoods Section 1952 1962 1970 1952 1962 1970 1952 1962 1970 INOrthee ese es See eater ee 0.8 1.0 13 0. 2 O38 0. 4 0. 6 0.7 0.9 SOuth ss ee ee ee 10 ile al 12 HO .4 5) .6 oath 3 Uf Rocky Mountains.______-_--__- .6 6 6 .6 .6 6 (?) (?) (?) ipacificiCodsty a see eee ee 16 15 15) 5) 1.4 1.4 li cal 1 Motels! See ehs eee oe 3.9 4.3 4.5 2.6 Pl 2. 8 i, 1.5 1 SAWTIMBER—BILLION BOARD FEET INGOT theses! Baan Laie 7a oe or meet 5 1.9 Paes 0. 4 0. 5 0. 7 eal 14 ise PSKO UTE) ate ea i A Re ea 2.6 3. 0 one .9 ils a i'a) Se 2.0 19 Rocky Mountainsa== 22 s—s= a= 2.5 2.6 2.6 25 Db 255) ood oil oii Raciticn Cons tama es eae 8.4 7.8 Coik 8. 2 7.6 6.9 2 .2 .3 Rota ees aaa eee ee 150 15. 3 523 11.9 11.6 1s} oy al 3. 6 4.0 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Note: Data for 1952 and 1962 differ from data published 2 Less than 0.1 billion. in earlier reports because of adjustments based on newer information from remeasured Forest Survey plots. Data for all years are ‘‘trend level’ estimates. RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES 19 timber volumes in the West, and the high propor- tion of overmature timber in old-growth stands. Much of the sawtimber lost included trees con- taining large proportions of high-quality material. But most mortality has occurred in inaccessible and unroaded areas, especially on the National Forests, where salvage has not been feasible. In many important softwood types, bark beetles have been a major cause of mortality, especially in old-growth stands of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and other western species. The mountain pine beetle, for example, has killed billions of board feet of lodgepole and ponderosa pine sawtimber in recent years. Occa- sional outbreaks of bark beetles in the South, as in 1972, have also caused significant mortality. Foremost among diseases causing mortality in forest trees are dwarf mistletoes, root rots, white pine blister rust, fusiform rust, hypoxylon canker, oak wilt, and dutch elm disease. So-called catastrophic losses from fire, insects, or blowdown, included with other forms of mor- tality in table 11, represent the most spectac- ular losses, but on the average do not account for a large part of total mortality and growth losses. Additional Losses From Destructive Agents Destructive agents also cause additional losses of timber by killing trees under 5 inches in diame- ter, delaying regeneration by destroying seed crops and seedlings, inhibiting diameter and height growth, reducing quality and _ usable inventory volumes through decay or other defects, and inducing changes in stand composition from preferred to less desirable species. The stunting of young trees by insects such as shoot and tip moths, or by diseases such as dwarf mistletoe, for example, frequently extends the time required to grow trees to merchantable size. Various defoliators such as the hemlock looper and spruce budworm often lower forest growth as well as kill trees. In other cases insects, diseases, or wind cause deformities which limit usable yields of timber, as in the case of white pine weevil in eastern white pine stands. Crooking and forking of hard- woods caused by insects or disease reduce usable tree volumes. Tree borers cause significant degrade and losses of value in some species and areas. Methods and data are not available to measure these varied impacts of destructive agents, but growth losses have been substantial and an im- portant contributing cause of relatively low current growth rates. Some causes of mortality and growth losses, such as outright destruction of trees by fires, blowdown, or flooding, are highly visible and measurable. But reasons for many losses are not obvious. Insects and diseases also interact in diverse ways with each other and with other agents such as fire and man- related activities. Salvage of Mortality An estimated 195 million cubic feet of dead softwood timber and 57 million cubic feet of dead hardwood timber was salvaged in 1970. This was equivalent to about 7 percent of the total estimated mortality of softwoods, and 3 percent of hardwood mortality. Much of the timber salvaged has been in concentrations of timber killed by destructive agents, as in the case of timber blown down in Mississippi by hurricane Camille in 1969, and salvage operations following major fires. Efforts to reduce mortality include increased thinning operations. Chemicals to control insects and disease have also been widely used, but recent opposition to the use of hard pesticides and delays in control programs related to environmental considerations are having adverse effects on the effectiveness of control. New technology from research programs, and increased forest accessibil- ity through expanding road systems, are help- ing reduce mortality and increase salvage opportunities. TIMBER REMOVALS Timber volumes removed from growing stock inventories on commercial timberland include: (a) harvests of roundwood products such as saw logs, veneer logs, and pulpwood; (b) logging res- idues; and (c) other removals from changes in land use such as clearing for agriculture or housing developments, and withdrawal of forest lands for parks or other nontimber uses. Total Timber Removals Timber removals in 1970 totaled about 14 bil- lion cubic feet of growing stock, including 62.8 billion board feet of sawtimber (table 12). These volumes were substantially above levels in the 1950’s and early 1960’s when removals averaged about 12 billion cubic feet, including 50 billion board feet of sawtimber. Softwoods made up some two-thirds of all grow- ing stock removals, and three-quarters of all saw- timber removals, in 1970. These removals were concentrated in the Pacific Coast and South. About a third of all softwood removals in 1970 came from forest industry ownerships (Append. I, table 21), nearly 40 percent from farm and mis- cellaneous private ownerships, and about 30 per- cent from public lands. Roundwood Timber Harvests By far the largest portion of timber removals from growing stock consists of roundwood timber products (fig. 9). In 1970, 87 percent of all soft- wood removals, and 63 percent of all hardwood removals, were used in this way. These products 20 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 12.—Timber removals from growing stock and sawtimber, by softwoods and hardwoods and by section, 1952, 1962, and 1970} GROWING STOCK—BILLION CUBIC FEET All species Softwoods Hardwoods Section eae 1952 1962 1970 1952 1962 1970 1952 1962 1970 Northi.84: cots eee Se 2.1 201 4 0. 6 0. 6 0. 6 15 15 1.8 South = 222 Se eee wees Oe ia oe Deal 5.4 5) 3. 1 2.8 4.0 2. 6 2.6 200 Rocky Mountains] === 22225202" 0 seh .9 nD 7 9 (?) (?) (?) Pacific! Coast eae saa 35) 3. 6 a2 35 BNO: 4.1 (2) yl sal Rotel ees ee ae ee 11. 8 11.8 14. 0 7.8 7.6 9. 6 Await 4,2 4.4 SAWTIMBER—BILLION BOARD FEET INionyt Yat eee ite eh ert 6. 7 6.5 .0 1.9 5, 2n1 4.8 5. 0 6. 8 Southwee eet o sen Ses Se 20. 2 Wfoa 22. 8 11.9 9. 8 15. 0 8.3 3 7. 8 Rocky Mountains2=-_-8222_ --72% 3202 4.3 .4 3:2 4.3 5. 4 (?) (?) (?) PaciticuCoast= seen ae 22. 4 22.3 25. 6 223 pd, i 25. 2 2a ae 4 ed No} 1) | ae aan = peep we 52. 5 50. 3 62. 8 39. 2 37.7 47.7 13. 3 12.6 15. 0 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. 2 Less than 0.1 billion. Note: Data for 1952 and 1962 differ from data published amounted to 11.1 billion cubic feet of roundwood, including 54.7 billion board feet of sawtimber (table 13). In addition to roundwood harvests from growing stock, significant quantities of roundwood—about 1 billion cubic feet in 1970—were produced from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and other nongrowing stock sources such as trees growing on low site forest lands and in fence rows and shelterbelts. Total harvests of roundwood timber products from all sources thus amounted to an estimated 1970 ‘‘trend level’ of output of 12.2 billion cubic feet. Harvests of sawtimber amounted to 54.7 billion board feet, and all sawtimber size material including logs from nongrowing stock sources Timber removals, 1970 SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS roundwood products logging residues other removals BILLION CUBIC FEET Figure 9 in earlier reports because of adjustments based on newer information from remeasured Forest Survey plots. Data for all years are ‘‘trend level’’ estimates. amounted to an estimated 59 billion board feet (including 46.9 billion board feet of softwoods and 12.3 billion board feet of hardwoods). Saw-log harvests—Saw logs were the most important single product produced: from U.S. forests in 1970, with output amounting to 6.2 billion cubic feet (table 13). This harvest repre- sented about 36.2 billion board feet of sawtimber plus about 3.0 billion board feet from other roundwood sources. Western forests supplied more than half of the total saw logs produced in 1970, and more than one-third of all roundwood products (table 14). Although the West has maintained this relatively high proportion of total output for more than two decades, production on the Pacific Coast has been increasingly supplemented by production in the Rocky Mountain States. All but 3 percent of the hardwood saw logs harvested in 1970 came from the eastern States, with the cut about equally divided between the North and South. Oaks made up a sizable part of the saw-log harvest in the East. In the South, yellow-poplar and gum were also important com- ponents of the timber harvested. In the North, maple, cottonwood, aspen, elm, and birch were the principal species cut. Production of alder for the furniture industry has also become of impor- tance in the Pacific Northwest. Saw-log production in the United States in 1970 was at about the same level as reported in 1952, but materially higher than in 1962 (fig. 10). Recent RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES 21 increases in saw-log production have come about artly because of rising log exports. More small ogs also are being used for a combination of lumber and pulp chips. Veneer log harvests.—Veneer logs made up about 9 percent of the total roundwood harvested in 1970. Production has risen rapidly in recent decades as a result of rising use of softwood ply- wood. Harvests of domestic hardwood logs for plywood and veneer, on the other hand, have declined in the face of major increases in imports of hardwood plywood and veneer. In the early years of softwood plywood manu- facture, large high-quality logs were required but by 1970 a high proportion of the production of softwood plywood was in lower quality sheathing grades. Moreover, with new equipment such as high-speed lathes with retractable chucks small logs can now be profitably processed. During the 1960’s a spectacular expansion of the softwood plywood industry occurred in the South, and by 1972 this region supplied roughly 30 percent of the U.S. output of softwood plywood. Hardwood veneer logs also have come primarily from the South. Pulpwood harvests.—Production of round pulp- wood rose from 1.8 billion cubic feet in 1952 to 3.8 billion cubic feet in 1970 (fig. 10). In this latter year an additional 1.8 billion cubic feet of wood used in pulping or exported as pulp chips was obtained as byproducts from lumber and veneer manufacture in such forms as slabs, edgings, and veneer cores (table 13). The South led the Nation in round pulpwood production in 1970, with more than two-thirds of the total harvest (table 14). The strength and versatility of woodpulp from southern pine, plus historic advantages of low production costs and ready access to eastern and foreign markets have helped increase the South’s dominance of the U.S. pulp and paper industry. Southern pee and other softwoods made up 72 percent of the round pulpwood harvest in 1970. Proportions of hardwoods in pulpwood harvests have risen steadily, however, from 15 percent in 1952 to 28 percent in 1970. Equally significant has been a shift away from almost total depend- ence on soft-textured hardwood species such as aspen and gum, to the more plentiful oaks and other species such as hard maple, beech, hickory, and paper birch. These hard hardwoods comprised about one-third of the hardwoods cut for pulp in 1970. Most of the round pulpwood produced has come from poletimber sized trees and upper stems of sawtimber trees. However, a substantial propor- tion—roughly one-third of the total cubic volume of roundwood used in 1970—or 9.5 billion board feet—came from sawtimber. Trends in U.S. roundwood harvests 1950 - 72 BILLION CUBIC FEET w 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Figure 10 Miscellaneous products harvests.—Production of utility poles, fence posts, mine timbers, piling, cooperage, and other miscellaneous industrial prod- ucts totaled an estimated 0.4 billion cubic feet of roundwood in 1970. This was somewhat below estimated harvests of these products in 1962, and about 40 percent below output in 1952. The largest drop since 1952 has been in posts, mine timbers, and cooperage logs. An additional 0.2 billion cubic feet of plant byproducts also was used in the manufacture of charcoal and other minor products. Harvests of round fuelwood in 1970 were estimated at 0.5 billion cubic feet. An additional 0.7 billion cubic feet of plant byproducts—sawdust, slabs, edgings, etc.—also were used for fuel. Nearly all of the round fuelwood was used for domestic heating and cooking, and nearly all of the plant byproducts for heat and power in wood processing plants. Fuelwood harvests have dropped rapidly in recent decades as a result of the sub- stitution of oil, gas, coal, and electricity in home cooking, heating, and industrial uses. Logging Residues Residues of trees left behind after logging operations constitute a fairly sizable part of re- movals of growing stock in 1970—some 10 percent of all softwood removals and 15 percent of all hardwood removals. These residues include ma- terial from growing stock trees such as broken sections, upper stems, and logs missed in yarding. Volumes of logging residues from growing stock in 1970 totaled 1.6 billion cubic feet, or approxi- mately 20 million cords, of solid wood fiber (table 15). About 58 percent of this volume was softwood, and 42 percent hardwood. More than half of the softwood residues were on recent logging operations on the Pacific Coast, and about one- fourth in the South. 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PUuvsnoY.L LIQUNAT puDsnoy,L LIQUINAT puvsnoyL LIQUNAT 1 S014 1 Sd01} soo1} 1 $90.1N0s peep u94jo1 4004S sjyonpoid poompunos JOQUIT] MBS I9yI1O a[QBAl[eg pue ysnoy BUIMOIN s90inos [LV yndjno sjiun dnoi3 s|/eAoulel wIOdJ sjonpoidfq jurld yndjno [B10 pispueyg satoedg [suonIppe 4qndyno pue sjonpolg sjonpoid poompunoi jo yndjno OLGL ‘Spoompsny puv spoomjfos fiq pun “yprsayou fo ao1nos fig ‘saynjg payugQ ay} Lof s7paowas saquiay puv sjonpoid saquiy fo jndjng—¢] ATAV I, 23 RECENT TRENDS IN FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES “ULIOJ POUTGULOD UY ydooxe Syonposd sNOoUBT[OOS}UL JOY UMOYS JOU OB SOOITIOS Y90}S FUyMoIsUOU WoIy qndyno + LLOOLENCO® feat Te alee le Baan ee Kg el (ea NG CoD beer Ge integral ene GCE ater CT || ae acl acemter ae a1) |i a bce Se) alleen ae Mee M|(P er see 18101 BORALQOMND® Puili-f cee. ieee ae oR ae Us oe ean | tae sie Sane So |e SER ate ancernbale capita Is seinen iment minima a carte |fo ese espe P| SPOOMpsBET |= od COUNSOIMLP > ball Gama ena nee | oo omni ee |e seen (40: A it Ha | alte abet babes aaa fa soa taht |b Sinking ite er ae ein |[ig Ge Pe || ae ee See spoomjjog |----~ S[BAOUIOL [8}0,1, VCOLAURED: A \) tae eee Rae Or es PPP 1 Gil | cee Eee ee ae (RO eee) a a a I ee || a ee oe ro TL es i) SF [BIOL Gia Plone 26 ||(eee er ete deo cees teal eM oo Oaotegs | Wesscari ssc er ae oe |e ee eh |e ie eel ek ae en ee “spoompieyy [~~~ od TOUS aD tae eb Gees lr eR on COLE T aa [ae eae ee ae ae ee eee Ee | ae | oe |e a ee (Fe SpoOMJOg |-~“S[BAourOI 10410 OCTAGON AI ie eng ee ee ee eee eel eea Som ue Se acces eee sae | as aan ae a RF oe Sees gen eae ee os ee e aea | | 1810.1 pfs 4 ne P= ich aia acai tie Sa F Wealsteet cee ieee ales 7 PY 91 maine || ateeecebebe cele eh Ieemectalgienes wit (etna ake ss) |e aa gall dare Moe 2 pe iL all> ane eal SHDOOMDIGH |r a eee 7 0) LOC e eit omae | aan Feo agora, = cao ae a a lee es ee al ee le ee | ee cee ee | SpooMpjog |-sonpysor dupsso0'T —s|VAouod [euoHIPPV BRO ‘RPL bo | gee ‘Oud 180 ‘29% L8b ‘822 DERE AT |My pra |e OROURTec Sige “seoe oe OCUEL00'PDin | nike eae eee es | sojoods [Ty |------ > oa 286 ‘9G IT | OBL ‘96T 088 ‘9 999 ‘201 aL AOL 6 || WOOeLT Be piipons nee CEC ae | alae ae Ck tea eee ae eel fe ceca ae ~spoompanyy |~--~-= od 190 109 €b 919 "y98 108 ‘961 126 ‘69 689 ‘998 'B (call CLM: Se) hee a a COGge ce Sele" ee ae STE GOS Thagad|f a: | Sal pocace oe me oa | Spooajjog | -sjonposd [[e ‘[8}O1, ¥68 ‘Ove 669 ‘0OT 802 ‘CB 189 Th 969 ‘992, WI ‘eh zeo‘so8'9 | 982 ‘22T ovo ‘too'T | exe ‘gg St ‘060, e |=" Boks | Reming ee od £68 ‘80 618 ‘BT 069 ‘9% #29 ‘2 689 ‘bg 180 “LOT 626 TLE ‘I 188 ‘669 202 ‘260 'L GIP ‘902 186 “699 ‘8 piepusyg |" ~pooayjog | --~ POOMONT TT i eee ee | eel vee'Zco'T | g6R'1Z | (000 “GT 820 ‘OL 090 ‘228 eto sep.) aera me. asa Re G.sal see Blas ee oes eee IO L6L ‘099 8bL ‘PL vey 'T 698 6 GIL ‘691 Ce an ae aay ie StL Ole Ses LOLNU wiles ees clo. ee ~spoompavyy | -- od if 5 “smoOoUBT[OOS;UL LE9 016 LLL 999 ‘eT 6IL pee ‘20% OUR ite eke eee OLOMOTRs Welter ns <7 ee TOQVORD, WOM [Pits te e Garten ee ae 2 | oe spooayjog | [[8 ‘Arwururng | | | | | | ee, | ee eee SSO OO OU Fee eee ee ee £0 ‘26 602 ‘BLT 602 ‘BLT Val CL VOL ‘BL £8 ‘O8T CO ne Pe aaa sts cs “spoompayyy | pom Yon eth Mets a toed vcshasyanex Bk Oc eat ensue Gad ‘TL por ‘98 vr ‘98 106 ‘991 106 ‘991 198 ‘192 198 ‘19z puvsnoyg, |--"spoomsjog |-------- -40N.0 12's 8 Tae = sal aM cb aaa cc 121 V% OIT ‘82 902 ‘68 0 0 OTT ‘8% i a Dea en lee oe ao ends 2 et peas ee ees. ; *$000] i a er ede a 2 Saas § a08 ‘be 808 ‘68 196 ‘29 80 vor 986 ‘68 120 ‘89 puvsnoyg, |---"spooayjog | pus punos) sysod GOBiOg. |b iinsea==-8* = lass besgonsb =e tap ndee ae SN See Beemer Lee 256 Oba sa we ee BEE Ee ee 1, 413 By ownership Thousand Ownership acres NaAsuIOnAIPOReSte 5 bets ee gk tcl 319 Stlerspauplices oe Serle Ie 100 RereNbInGasiny este: ete gas ip 604 Farm and miscellaneous_______________ 390 ASG IPT be ay Ee canary alee 1, 413 TSI costs—Timber stand improvement costs per acre on National Forests approximately doubled between 1960 and 1970, due primarily to rising labor costs and more intensive treat- ment. Costs have varied considerably according to method and degree of stand treatment. Assum- ing an average of $18 per acre in 1970, total annual investments in timber stand improve- ment for all ownerships in the United States are estimated to have approximated $25 million. 7 U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA Forestry Planning Committee Annual Accomplishment Reports. Processed. Additional cultural measures not classed as stand improvement include commercial thin- nings or other intermediate cuts that produce merchantable material, improved harvesting prac- tices, and prescribed burning. These measures are being increasingly adopted, especially on industrial and public holdings, but estimates of areas covered are not available. Fertilization Forest fertilization to date has been quite limited and there is still uncertainty about physi- cal gains that might be realized, environmental impacts, and the costs and financial benefits of fertilization. However, experience to date is highly promising. Forest fertilization by 1969 amounted to an estimated 60,000 acres of forest land on the Pacific Coast treated with nitrogen fertilizers. In the South areas fertilized through 1970 totaled an estimated 180,000 acres. By 1971 forest industries were reported to be applying fertilizer to nearly 150,000 acres annually. Good response has been reported in the South from addition of nitrogen in older stands and phosphorous in poorly drained pine flatwoods of the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal ain. Assistance to Forest Landowners Forestry accomplishments in on-the-ground measures, including planting, stand improvement, timber harvesting, improved utilization, and other practices can be attributed in considerable part to educational, technical assistance, and cost- sharing programs of public and private forestry agencies. Assumptions as to these programs con- sequently also influence supply projections. Technical assistance provided forest landowners and operators by Federal and State agencies in 1971 cost $24.1 million. In terms of constant dollars, this program more than doubled between 1950 and 1970, as shown in figure 19. Numbers of foresters providing service to forest landowners and timber operators steadily increased over the years to nearly 1,600 in 1970. Cost-sharing assistance provided under the Agricultural Conservation Program of the Federal Government amounted to about $6 million in 1970. As shown in figure 19, during the 1950’s and 1960’s cost-sharing assistance fluctuated widely from less than $3 million annually during the earlier years to a peak of nearly $23 million during the Soil Bank program of 1957-62. In this period tree planting set new records (fig. 18). Most cost- sharing assistance has been for tree planting, with smaller expenditures for timber stand improve- ment and other practices. Forestry Research Supporting the action programs of forest man- agement and protection described above is a pro- gram of public and private forestry research that 42 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Public expenditures to aid private forest land owners ‘ | ieee ae : Hi ib aie 25 20 MILLIONS OF 1967 DOLLARS a 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Figure 19 has steadily expanded in recent years. As shown in table 29, total expenditures for forestry research in 1970 amounted to an estimated $208 million. In terms of constant dollars, research expenditures increased about 65 percent during the decade of the 1960’s. TABLE 29.—Expenditures for forestry research, by agency, 1960-71 {Million dollars] Total Forest Forest Year |Service!| State ! | industry 2 Current | 1967 dollars | dollars 1960___ 16 2 66 84 103 1961___ 19 4 69 92 110 1962___ 19 3 75 97 114 1963___ 26 5 89 111 127 1964___ 28 4 83 115 124 1965___ 36 n.a. 89 3135 145 1966___ 34 8 101 143 148 1967___ 39 13 97 149 149 1968___ 40 12 115 167 159 1969___ 40 18 137 195 5 1970___ 49 16 143 208 170 19 fla 52 20 3170 3222 170 a ———————————————eeEee 1 Includes research on timber and nontimber uses of the forests and on utilization of timber products; other Federal and private university expenditures not included. * Includes mainly research and development in the forest industries. Related research on equipment, ad- hesives, ete., in other industries not included. 3 Estimated. Sources: National Science Foundation. Research and development in industry. Surveys of Science Resources Series, Annual; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Cooperative State Research Service. A major part of the public research effort is aimed at improving the technology of forest land management—for timber and for related resources such as water, range, wildlife, and recreation. Such research to date has led to substantial improve- ments in equipment and techniques relating, for example, to fire prevention, control, and prescribed burning. At least partial control of various insects and diseases is now being achieved as a result of past investigations. Studies of genetic improve- ment of forest planting stock has led to practical techniques of seed selection and other measures to obtain more productive plantations. Research on cultural measures and harvesting practices also is pointing the way to increased wood yields and incomes from forestry investments. Continuation of the programs of forestry re- search at the 1970 level can be expected to result in continued improvements in available technol- ogy. In developing the projections of timber supply presented in this chapter some allowances were, therefore, made for improved technology, as in the case of forest fire control where it was assumed that rising hazards would be offset by better techniques of prevention and control. However, all technological improvements that might result from on-going programs of research, such as genetic improvement for example, cannot be foreseen. To this extent the projections of prospective timber supplies in this analysis may be conservative. Part of the public research and most of the private research conducted by the forest industries and by related industries which produce equip- ment and supplies for the forest industries is directed toward problems of timber utilization. This research relates, for example, to improve- ments in technology for production of logs and other roundwood, improvements in processing roundwood into lumber, pulp, and other products, and more efficient use of wood materials in manu- factured products and in construction. In the analysis of timber demands presented in Chapter V of this report, estimates were made of possible impacts on timber demands of on-going research relating to use of timber products and competing materials. Estimates also were made of potential applications of improved technology that would extend timber supplies by closer utilization in the forest, and by increasing output of lumber, pulp, or other production per unit of roundwood used. Other Forestry Measures In addition to the forest protection, manage- ment and research activities described above, en- tailing expenditures of nearly $700 million in 1970, a number of other forestry and related activities also influence timber supply. Thus road construction and maintenance re- quire major expenditures both by public agencies PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT and by the forest industries for logging operations and forest administration. Expenditures for roads on National Forests in 1970, for example, totaled about $180 million (plus $112 million of timber purchaser construction and maintenance). Sub- stantial outlays for roads were also made on other Federal and State forest lands, on those portions of the Federal, State, and county highway systems that have local impacts on forestry activities, and on private forest holdings. General administration of forestry operations of both public and private forest owners and forestry agencies involve additional expenditures that have not been evaluated in this study. Tax provisions of the Federal and State Gov- ernments include certain financial benefits to owners of timber properties. Thus the Internal Revenue Code generally permits treatment of income from the sale and cutting of timber as capital gains rather than as ordinary income and this is believed to have been a significant induce- ment to invest in planting and other forestry practices. Some 35 States have enacted special forest tax laws to modify State and local property taxa- tion of forest lands and timber in order to encour- age improved forest management. However, most of these special laws have been of relatively limited application. FOREST AREA ASSUMPTIONS FOR PROJECTIONS Over the past several decades additions to the area of commercial timberland in the United States exceeded losses, with a resulting rise in the area of commercial timberland to about 508 million acres around the year 1962 (table 30). Gains in forest areas were largely the result of natural or artificial reseeding of abandoned farm lands. Losses of forest land stemmed from a wide variety 43 of changes in land use, including withdrawals of land for parks and other recreation areas, urban development, cropland expansion, highways, res- ervoirs, and other nontimber uses. During the 1960’s the upward trend in com- mercial timberland area was reversed. More and more private forest properties have been acquired and developed for second homes or other recrea- tional uses. Public lands have been withdrawn and other areas acquired from private owners for public recreation use. Throughout the country forest lands have been engulfed by urban sprawl. Extensive areas have also been cleared for agri- culture, whereas additions to forest land from abandoned crop and pasture lands have been declining. It has been assumed in developing the supply projections shown in this chapter that the area of commercial timberland will continue to de- cline over the 1970-2020 period by roughly 5 million acres per decade—or a 5 percent reduction for the 50-year period (table 30). Rates of area reductions were assumed to differ somewhat by region and by ownership. These projections of commercial timberland areas are intended only as reasonable possibilities of future changes. With different area assump- tions, projections of timber supplies could be roughly adjusted by applying the same percentage change to both area and supply projections. In the case of National Forests and other public lands, it is quite possible that some additional areas beyond a 5 percent reduction as shown in table 31 may be removed from the timber supply base in the future. After the 1970 compilation was completed certain areas were selected for study as possible additions to the wilderness sys- tem, and some or all of these could be perma- nently reserved from cutting. These include some 11 million acres of the 56 million acres of roadless areas in the National Forests. Environmental TasLE 30.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by section, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million acres] Section 1952 Liat ee ae ot ae Se eee 170 Sor hss Sy ache 2s ae SS eee ee 192. Geka Wout Gaile’ 2-0 = 228 2 63. gration sistsy ete ms ests viele, Saye feet Oe S20 nS 68. etcat LINILCO Shes = ee eee. 495 1 Includes 5 million acres of National Forest land in the Rocky Mountains not considered in projecting timber supplies. These include small patches and stringers of productive forest land isolated from markets, areas too Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 175. 1 177.9 176. 3 174.7 173. 1 169. 8 199. 9 192. 5 191.1 189. 7 188. 3 185. 5 64.6 | 161.6 60. 5 59. 3 58. 3 56. 0 68.5 | 2? 67.6 66. 5 65. 5 64. 7 63. 4 508.1] 499.7} 494.4 | 489.2] 4844 474.7 unstable to harvest with current technology, and lands where nontimber uses predominate. 2 Includes 1.1 million acres in Hawaii not considered in projecting timber supplies. 44 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 31.—Area of commercial timberland, by owner class, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million acres] Projections Owner class 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National bores tote eee ae eee 93. 1 94.9°| 191.9 91.2 90. 3 89. 2 87. 4 Otherpublics= aos SLE Gee as a ies 46. 1 44, 4 44. 2 43.5 43.1 42.7 41.9 Mores tin Gus bryos oe eee Oe 59. 5 62.5 67. 3 68. 4 69. 5 70. 7 72.9 Farm and miscellaneous private___________________ 296. 2 306. 4 | 2 296. 2 291. 2 286. 3 281. 8 272. 6 PATS O WETS sere oe eat ee, ete ee ee 495.0 | 508.1 499. 7 494.4 | 489.2] 484.4 474. 7 ‘Includes 5 million acres of National Forest land in the Rocky Mountains not considered in projecting timber supplies. These include small isolated patches and stringers of productive forest land areas too unstable to harvest with current technology, and lands where nontimber uses predominate. statements also must be prepared before proceed- ing with development of the remaining unroaded areas. Legislation is pending, moreover, that would extend the wilderness system to eastern National Forests. In 1972 some half million acres of eastern National Forest land was identified for study of suitability as wilderness. Commercial timberlands in other Federal, State, and local public ownerships, amounting to 44 million acres in 1970, are also projected to de- crease somewhat as a result of continuing with- drawals from timber harvesting of areas important for nontimber uses. The upward trend in area of commercial timber- land owned by forest industries through acquisi- tions from other owners is projected to continue, with a modest increase over the 1970 figure of 67 million acres. In this initial base projection by far the biggest acreage change is estimated for nonindustrial private owners. Forest areas available for timber production on these holdings were assumed to drop from an estimated 296 million acres in 1970 to 273 million acres by 2020. A BASE PROJECTION OF TIMBER SUPPLIES WITH 1970 LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT This section presents a set of estimates of tim- ber supplies that might be available in future decades if the same level and type of timber management as in 1970 continued, and timber harvesting were based upon biological relation- ships between growth and harvests, for example, as suggested by recent trends. A summary of these base projections for the United States is first presented, followed by a description of supply potentials in each of the four major sections of the United States. ? Includes 1.1 million acres in Hawaii not considered in projecting timber supplies. A large part of this area (0.495 million acres) is in ‘other public’’ ownership. A later section of this chapter presents a set of alternative projections of economically avail- able timber supplies with alternative price levels, related in part to these base projections and in part to other factors bearing on timber operability and availability. General Procedures Projections of timber supply were developed by a stand table method utilizing rates of radial growth, mortality, harvesting, and sapling in- growth, together with growth constraint equations related to basal area and other factors, based upon data from remeasured Forest Survey plots. A computer program was developed to perform the calculations required to project variables by 2-inch tree diameter classes, with specified adjustments for area changes and schedules of timber harvest- ing.’ The same procedure was used in reconciling data from successive surveys, and in updating to 1970 Forest Survey data collected over the previous 12 years or so. Growth rates and other inputs used in this procedure reflect the effects of management practices during the 10- to 15-year period prior to 1970 when Survey field measure- ments were taken. Each projection also was evaluated to assure that supply estimates rep- resented reasonable biological possibilities. Timber Harvesting Assumptions for Base Projections In addition to the amount and kind of cultural measures and protection applied to the Nation’s commercial timberland, both timber harvesting practices and the timing, amount, and composition of timber harvests in relation to growth and inventories will have major impacts on future roundwood supplies. ’ Larson, Robert W., and Marcus H. Goforth. TRAS—A computer program for the projection of timber volume. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Handb. 377, 24 p. June 1970. PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 45 This initial base projection of roundwood timber supplies that might be biologically available over the 1970-2020 period was developed with the following assumptions: Eastern forests—In the East, total removals of both softwood and hardwood growing stock in cubic feet, and sawtimber in board feet, were assumed to rise from the 1970 trend level to a balance with net growth in all sizes of timber by the year 2000 and thereafter. The estimates of growth—which in this initial assumption constrains available removals and roundwood supplies— assume continuing biological relationships between variables such as radial growth and stand basal area similar to those prevailing in the 1950’s and 1960’s as indicated by remeasured Forest Survey lots. * These assumptions do not mean that land- owners would necessarily be willing and able to sell all of this “available” supply of roundwood, nor that plant capacity would actually be con- structed to use all of this projected supply, but rather that these volumes of removals would be physically possible under the management, area, and harvesting assumptions specified. It is readily apparent that there are many possible alternative trends in future removals determined by such factors as owner objectives and timber prices and market conditions, as indicated in the final part of this chapter. Western public lands—On public lands in the West, it was assumed that the allowable cut of timber as estimated in 1970 would be continued through the projection period—even though some reductions of allowable cuts might be re- quired after the projection period, or even before, unless management is intensified above 1970 levels. Extensive road construction by the public and by timber operators will be required to harvest the available timber on these public lands, much of which was still in unroaded areas in 1970. The rate of timber harvesting of National Forests and other public lands could be modified by changes in management policy, and/or by intensified management as pointed out in Chapter Ill, but for this analysis existing policies as of 1970 were accepted in evaluating the timber supply outlook. The harvesting of timber on National Forests and certain other public lands is influenced significantly by requirements for multiple-use management of forest areas. Such management is designed not only to produce timber on a sustained basis but also to maintain the quality of waterflows, protect aesthetic values and wildlife habitat, and accommodate rapidly grow- ing numbers of recreational visitors. Harvesting timber in such a way as to achieve such multiple-use goals can be expected to be of increasing importance on public lands and extend to some degree to privately owned lands as well. Such increases in emphasis on environmental considerations reflect the growing values placed on forest resources by an expanding population with more available time, money, and mobility. Although allowable harvests on public lands have been set with allowances for nontimber uses, it is possible that further adjustments in timber management may be required. Timber harvesting has been especially chal- lenged in the case of clearcutting, particularly on public lands, because of aesthetic and environ- mental impacts. From a timber growing stand- point, on the other hand, clearcutting is considered to be the most effective harvesting alternative in many forest areas to avoid problems such as ex- cessive blowdown of reserved trees and to obtain satisfactory regeneration of desirable species. Various studies have shown that even-aged silvi- culture with some form of clearcutting favors regeneration of the more desirable species such as Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest, southern pine, or Appalachian hardwoods such as yellow- poplar, walnut, black cherry, and preferred oaks. Such management also makes possible concen- tration of logging activities and stand improve- ment operations, with resulting savings in costs. Complete removal of existing stands followed by planting also permits reforestation with genetically improved stock, and may be the only practical way to convert hardwoods to more productive softwood stands. In spite of such biological and economic con- siderations, the need to balance environmental and commodity uses may require additional modi- fications of timber harvesting and regeneration practices, particularly on National Forest and other public lands.* Any substantial modifications of harvesting or other management practices to give greater emphasis to nontimber uses than assumed in this study would likely require a re- duction of the supply projections presented below. Western private lands.—On private lands in the West estimates were made of the prospective removals of timber that could reasonably be ex- pected with 1970 levels of management and oper- ating practices. These estimated removals decline rather sharply in the projection period to a rough balance with growth and removals by the year 2020. Roundwood supplies—The estimates of timber supplies presented in this section are in terms of roundwood products, including both products from growing stock and from nongrowing stock sources. Related information on logging residues and other removals are also included to show total removals from inventories, as well as net growth, ‘See, for example: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. National Forest management in a quality environment—timber productivity. 66 p. 1971. 46 mortality, and inventories. In estimating available supplies of roundwood, utilization standards were keyed primarily to practices of 1970 but with some allowance for increased use of logging residuals as a result of improvements in technology that appear likely with ongoing programs of research and development. These supply projections are believed to repre- sent reasonable biological possibilities with a con- tinuation of recent trends in forest conditions and management. They are also designed to provide a partial basis for judging possible changes in TaBLE 32.—Timber removals, net growth, mortality, (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES roundwood supplies in response to alternative price trends, as indicated in the final section of this chapter, and in response to alternative man- agement levels, as indicated in the following chapter. SUMMARY OF BASE PROJECTIONS OF SUPPLIES FOR THE UNITED STATES A summary of timber removals, net growth, mortality, roundwood supplies, and timber inven_ tories in the 1952-70 period, and projections for supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the United States, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) ! to 2020 [Billion cubic feet] Projections Item 1952 1962 1980 1990 2000 SOFTWOODS Removals from growing stock: Roundwood products S2Ciss i) (AS Oere Misa) 6. 6 6.5 9. 10. 1 bi) eal Logging residues SatpyerSaiin at eye anh eT ei ia .9 .8 3 .8 .8 7 Other removals 4 = Gi <2 Lae, a .3 .3 .4 4 4 oO) 1) Aad kg ie nee Sere ate Siar ott Mi 7.8 7. 6 10. 11.3 bi 02 Netgrowthatssa' Sire! tases heiel yy te Swe Ao 7.8 9.3 11. LEG .6 29 Morbalityi5o So 62h pi oF Bien pr bi a, ig wg 2. 6 2.7 2. 2.9 0 .0 Roundwood supplies: Fromsrowing stockat-2 9" Baik POR 20) Ga 6. 6 6.5 9. 10.1 . 9 pal iromsother sourcesi#i0. 3:8: iri are ant .8 tl : 26 .6 .5 105 159 a ae fi fo wer ar Me at ae ers tchees 7.4 7. 2 10. 10. 7 .5 AG Inventory’ of growing ‘stock 245" Sele GA Nee te 411.0 427. 2 436. 442.1 BC .8 HARDWOODS Removals from growing stock: Roundwood products! Seen: ae Soe ee ee 2.6 2.4 4, 5.9 .0 10) Logging irésiduesseet i455) yes en Foal y Bo ol yay. .8 . 6 , .9 .9 yh Other-removals. 2 ee eee ee St 1,2 .3 .3 .3 Total lay Cae Waele Se hee eS 4,1 4.2 Gy (pul .2 . 0 Net-growth.4 Rav cone Tae, Aas eee Ae 6. 1 Wed 8. 8. 2 .0 .8 INortality mesma te oan oe er nee te 1.3 16,0) 2 25a! 12 eal Roundwood supplies: Fromgrowing stockit 29. bile (sf) py ele Liga, 2. 6 2. 4 4, 5. 9 .0 10 Eromothernsourcess- Ao) ee ae ee ae .8 .6 : .4 .4 .4 Total? oS RANE AR BES ASE 7M | 3. 4 3.0 5. 6. 3 .4 .4 Inventory /of growing stock=o). 33 yl 4 vnc me ie 172. 1 196. 7 245. 262. 9 .6 ; 9 ' Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. ? Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, limbs, and trees on noncommercial and nonforest land. Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT TABLE 33.—Sawtimber removals, net 47 growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the United States, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) ' to 2020 [Billion board feet] Projections Item 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Houdwoed products. 22625.<4) mreu_ batucicss. 35. 34.1 43. 5 45. 6 47.6 50. 8 50. 1 ogring residues ~ 2! ste es see eed 2. 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 15 SIPS Sone Ce ee Oe 2 ee eee if 13 ey 15 1.6 1.6 1.6 OG Pe Ee Re RS ee ee 39. SLE 47.7 49. 4 ieee 54, 2 53. 2 CS ee ed ee 29. 34.7 40. 3 43. 3 45. 7 47. 2 48. 4 oe es eee eee eee 11 11.6 Lig 10. 8 10. 6 10. 4 10. 0 Roundwood supplies: i RHEE DIE ess 2eTes 2 eep aha eee! ey 5. 8 35. 34.1 43. 5 45. 6 47. 6 50. 8 50. 1 I roTmMEENOUIGGS Of eee SB. ee a Ses eh Bt 3.4 3. 4 3. 2 aes 3.4 3.8 JUVE T TIN ge ls a are naan den Rage epee 38. SAD 46.9 48.8 50. 9 54. 2 53. 9 ventory ol sawiam beri 2s = see 32. eet 1, 978 1, 955. 5 |1, 905. 3 |1, 823. 0 |1, 777.1 |1, 724.6 | 1, 621.9 HARDWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood products 2 — 5022 == oe foe seu oe 11 10. 0 11. 2 14.4 iWaa! 19.5 19. 4 lon C0 ee ee Se ee : 1.0 192 1.1 1.0 1.0 .8 CAPER T TGS Siete il eet eg a cee er a eee 12 1.6 2.6 Sif .8 .8 et Lisp Ste tsa oe aes Sie es eee ope eee ee 12.6 15. 0 16. 2 18.9 PAs: 20. 9 Ua Gi A ee ee eee, ae ee eee 15. 17. 6 19. 7 20 8 21.0 20. 9 2023 Wicteipiny eerie: a et aoe Be ee eed ke = 320 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.7 rae | Roundwood supplies: iret wad Der cs eh fe ee we ee 8 iO 10. 0 11.2 14.4 Gal 19. 5 19. 4 BEGUM OUICE SGHTCES = ot ne a ee .8 i 1 | 1 Bef 11 eT SP See en renee i heel 12. 10. 8 7A 15.5 18. 2 20. 6 20. 5 imveritongsourmewiimber== +28 25. oo ee ee 433. 474.8 515, 5 572. 8 608. 3 618. 8 611. 6 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. 2 Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, trees on noncommercial or nonforest 1980-2020, are presented in table 32 in cubic feet, and in table 33 in board feet.* These base pro- jections reflect management levels of 1970 and related area and cutting assumptions specified earlier. The estimates of removals, net growth, and inventories developed in this study refer to 5 As indicated in table footnotes in Chapter I, data shown for 1952 and 1962 may differ from figures in previous publications because of revisions to insure comparability with 1970 definitions and specifications, or because of adjustments based on new information from Forest Survey plots. Figures also are “trend level” estimates and may differ from actual figures for the specified years. land, and from trees of less than sawtimber size used as saw logs. Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. growing-stock trees, including sawtimber trees, on commercia] timberland, excluding rough and rotten trees, salvable dead trees, and trees on other types of land. Estimates of roundwood sup- plies available to forest industries, on the other hand, include material from both growing stock and these other sources. Trends in Timber Removals Annual removals of softwood growing stock increased about 23 percent between 1952 and 1970 to a total of 9.6 billion cubic feet (table 32 and fig. 20). Projections of available softwood removals 48 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Net growth and removals of growing stock in the United States 2 | softwoods A SSS eae oe — “ A iter —_ 10 nef log tes — "removals Ag = : hardwoods 8 = = — SS ~ Ie = pores eh a Bi 6 ae removals are eer 7a BILLION CUBIC FEET 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 20 rise a further 26 percent by 2000 to 12.1 billion cubic feet. This increase in removals is associated bier slight increase in inventories of growing stock. Recent removals of hardwood growing stock rose slowly from 1952 to 1970 but available re- movals in the future are projected to increase at a much more rapid rate than softwoods, that is, from 4.4 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 8.2 billion cubic feet in 2000—an increase of 86 percent. Sawtimber removals——Removals of softwood sawtimber rose some 22 percent between 1952 and 1970 to about 47.7 billion board feet (table 33 and fig. 21). Projected removals increase a further 14 percent by 2000 to 54.2 billion board feet. The smaller increase in projected supplies of available softwood sawtimber in contrast to the projected increase for softwood growing stock removals Net growth and removals of sawtimber in the United States softwoods | 50 + = ee —_— oor oe spremiovalss at ay fi np ee “net growth ra a [- 4 < ° 30 Bee - ao 5 hardwoods Fs _net growth “removals 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 21 reflects prospective changes in the distribution of timber harvesting by size class resulting in part from continuing depletion of western old-growth timber. These increases in removals reflect the cutting and other assumptions outlined earlier and differ from projections related to price shown in a later section of this chapter. ual removals of hardwood sawtimber in- creased about 13 percent between 1952 and 1970 (table 33). As in the case of softwoods, the pro- jection of a 42 percent increase in available re- movals of hardwood sawtimber is much less than the projected gain for growing stock. Components of removals—Roundwood products such as saw logs and pulpwood comprised some 87 percent of all softwood removals in 1970, but only 63 percent of total hardwood removals (table 34). Logging residues made up 10 percent of the softwood removals and other removals for land clearing, withdrawals, etc., accounted for 3 per- cent. For hardwoods, on the other hand, logging residues made up 15 percent of the total and other removals 22 percent. In the base projection assuming 1970 manage- ment levels it was assumed that residues from logging operations, as a percent of total removals, will decline in the years ahead for several reasons. Improvements in equipment for handling, trans- porting, and converting timber, for example, along with expanding markets makes possible various improvements in timber utilization. Technological developments stemming from current research and development efforts are expected to continue, along with growth in markets for fiber products. Also, environmental considerations appear likely to require closer utilization of timber on areas harvested, particularly on public lands. A further factor favoring closer utilization is the continuing increase in numbers of large integrated firms in the forest industries which have multiproduct options and facilities to utilize entire trees for optimum combinations of lumber, pulp, particleboard, or other products. Logging residues from softwood growing stock consequently are projected to drop from about 9 percent of total removals in 1970 to 6 percent by the year 2000, with roundwood products output increasing correspondingly (table 34). Complete use of logging residues is not considered economi- cally feasible even with higher prices because of the scattered location and poor quality of much of the material left after logging. Net Growth and Mortality Trends in net growth, which have a major bearing on the availability of timber removals, rose substantially in the 1952-70 period, and projections indicate further moderate increases. Net growth of softwood growing stock increased 37 percent between 1952 and 1970 to 10.7 billion cubic feet, and is projected to increase a further 8 PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 49 TABLE 34.—Components of growing stock removals in the United States, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent] Component SOFTWOODS Pisundwoed. progucis:] = 222222222202. 55, 115 HARDWOODS Removals from growing stock: Roumawond products... =. <= SSP ot et tk 1, 568 Mopeugesitetes => ee Se 8 EO _S 547 Lice wns Se a ea eso! oY Oe oe 448 ANG PE a pt SO a Se Be er a ee a 2, 563 Nb ey ee ee a ee 2 Bae eee es I 2, 730 be Gig 7 Aaa ee A ae ee a re ae 621 Roundwood supplies: ATTA RIN INDOOR se oe So, BNE el) 1, 568 PramldGnhernonrees 2s. J ee ee Ae ce 367 ats eee ae eee eee PT 1, 935 Inventory of growing stock_______________________| 75, 570 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. ? Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and non- On the other hand, very little change is pro- jected in available removals of hardwood saw- timber, in spite of a sizable projected increase in growing stock removals. This difference reflects the heavy cutting of larger diameters and the concentration of future volumes in smaller size trees. Removals size of material—About three- fourths of the softwood timber removed in 1970 was derived from trees above 9.0 inches in diameter (fig. 26). Trees 5-9 inches in diameter provided the remaining one-fourth of these removals (table 42). Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 2, 444 3): 4, 453 5, 049 5, 599 5, 619 165 263 260 231 189 tad 171 158 val 76 78 78 2, 780 3, 996 4, 784 5, 356 5, 866 5, 808 4, 481 5, 401 5, 801 5, 865 5, 799 5, 739 391 457 519 565 582 576 2, 444 3, 000 4, 453 5, 049 5, 599 5, 619 234 170 169 168 169 169 2, 678 3, 745 4, 622 Gale / 5, 768 5, 788 66, 787 | 78, 405 | 90, 453 | 98, 018 |100, 325 99, 396 1, 303 1, 437 2, 419 Pyar ithe) 3, 096 3, 185 421 420 447 456 441 290 921 630 92 95 97 97 2, 645 2, 487 2, 958 3, 329 3, 634 3) BYP 2, 974 3, 208 3, 457 3, 568 3, 561 3, 500 700 714 759 791 802 788 1, 303 1, 437 2, 419 2, 778 3, 096 3, 185 303 231 232 231 231 231 1, 606 1, 668 2, 651 3, 009 3, 028 3, 416 78, 256 | 81, 112 | 86, 888 | 90, 421 | 91,170 89, 671 forest land. Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. Material in the saw-log portion of softwood sawtimber trees—of key importance for lumber and plywood production—represented about 66 percent of the estimated total removals in 1970. This proportion of saw-log material is estimated to remain roughly the same in the projection period with the cutting rates assumed in this section. In the case of hardwoods, removals from the saw-log portion of sawtimber trees in 1970 rep- resented only about half the total removals (fig. 27). The principal change in projected removals is a sizable gain in volume and proportion of trees 56 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TasLE 41.—Sawtimber removals, net growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the South, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) } to 2020 [Million board feet] Projections Item 1952 1962 NOs Ye ee 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwoodsproductse-2. <4 Ses: 4. yeas 10, 879 8, 909 13, 868 17, 090 20, 384 23, 338 23, 421 ogzine residues s—!eee— 2 ee 2 eee 543 371 567 541 475 351 81 Othér‘removals= 3282 2. = 2 Pe ee 459 565 611 255 278 286 286 Lotaleee 25 eae 2.) Bae at ae 11, 881 9, 845 15, 046 17, 886 21, 137 23, 975 23, 788 Netigrowthoe®. 32. 2 sip a ne Se ee 13, 638 16, 668 20, 096 21, 967 23, 310 23, 745 23, 549 Mortality A232 tote oe ee ee eee 883 1, 053 1, 266 1, 563 1, 724 1, 783 1, 766 Roundwood supplies: Hrom. sawtimbers pes 2 See 5k ee 10, 879 8, 909 13, 868 17, 090 20, 384 | 23, 338 23, 421 Rrom-otherjsourcesit#e =" oss. soe wee 45 383 498 497 498 498 498 Totalees ses. Cet eo Ses ee _ a ee 11, 336 9, 292 14, 366 17, 587 20, 882 23, 836 23, 919 Inventory of sawtimber____________-_-____ 185, 571 | 230, 398 | 275, 876 | 323, 285 | 354, 751 | 365, 081 362, 093 HARDWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood\productsh-24_ 4.5 8.0 apes 7, 288 5, 743 5, 425 6, 877 Up walil 7, 261 7, 340 Logging residues® 4 5-5 @=s- = ee 433 561 692 621 573 520 315 Other removalsia 2. Sees: 5 eee 548 1, 042 1, 678 228 232 233 233 Total Sse 8-2) pees 6) Shrew ieee aah repere 8, 269 7, 346 7, 795 7, 726 7, 916 8, 014 7, 888 Net growthiea 2. 3 ae 2) eae ee see 7, 592 7, 625 7, 932 8, 025 7, 971 7, 852 7, 723 Mortality: SoS Bint SFGeeNe Bes 1, 743 1, 982 1, 943 1, 995 2,019 2, 013 1, 981 Roundwood supplies: Rromisaywitimber2 25. - eee eo eo 7, 288 5, 743 5, 425 6, 877 (Wala 7, 261 7, 340 rom otherssourcess2). 222 eee ee 402 396 489 491 491 491 490 Totales.3.- 2 ew) So 4 ae 2 eee 7, 690 6, 139 5, 914 7, 368 7, 602 7, 752 7, 830 Inventory of sawtimber__________________- 205, 496 | 204, 530 | 207, 975 | 212, 107 | 213, 691 | 212,951 | 209, 611 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. 2 Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and non- forest land. 5-11 inches in diameter, with little change in volumes of available saw-log material (table 42). Supplies of Roundwood Products Of the total removals of growing stock in 1970, 89 percent of the softwoods and 58 percent of the hardwoods were utilized as wood products (tables 40 and 43). About 7 percent of the softwood removals and 17 percent of the hardwood removals were left in the woods as logging residues. Other timber removals attributable to land clearing or other withdrawals of land and timber from the timber growing base accounted for 4 percent of Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. all softwood removals in 1970, and 25 percent of all hardwood removals. Partially offsetting nonproduct removals are products coming from timber that does not qualify as growing stock, such as rough and rotten trees and trees from land not considered commercial timberland. In 1970, about 5 percent of the soft- wood roundwood produced and 14 percent of hardwood roundwood products came from these nongrowing stock sources (table 40). The net result of these partially offsetting factors was that in 1970 total output of roundwood prod- ucts of 3.7 billion cubic feet of softwood growing PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 57 Net growth and removals of softwood growing stock in the South, by size of material BILLION CUBIC FEET w 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 26 Net growth and removals of hardwood growing stock in the South, by size of material BILLION CUBIC FEET 0 4 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 27 stock was 7 percent less than removals of 4.0 billion cubic feet. For hardwoods, however, total roundwood products, amounting to 1.7 billion cubic feet, were equivalent to only 67 percent of the 2.5 billion cubic feet of removals. It has been assumed that with expanding markets and improved technology resulting from ongoing research and development, the proportion of total removals going into logging residues and other removals will decline. The biggest change is projected for hardwoods where the proportion of removals going into timber products is projected to increase from 58 percent in 1970 to 89 percent by 2020. Roundwood supplies by owner class—Farm and miscellaneous private owners supplied more than two-thirds of the softwood timber products har- vested in the South in 1970 (table 44 and fig. 28). These owners also supplied 76 percent of all hard- wood products harvested (table 44 and fig. 29). Proportions of total output in board feet were quite similar (table 45). In future decades this owner class is projected to supply larger volumes but a diminishing percentage of all roundwood products. Though far less important in acreage than farm and miscellaneous private holdings, forest industry lands constituted the second leading source of timber products in the South, with 24 percent of the total output of roundwood in 1970. The pro- portion of the total products obtained from these Jands is projected to increase, particularly for softwoods. National Forests and other public ownerships provided about 5 percent of all roundwood products harvested in the South in 1970, but because of a large excess of growth over removals these lands are projected to supply up to 10 Supplies of softwood sawtimber products in the South, by owner class 20 BILLION BOARD FEET 0 See Bas 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ~—- 2020 Figure 28 Supplies of hardwood sawtimber products in the South, by owner class BILLION BOARD FEET 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 29 58 ‘THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 42.—Removals in the South, by size of material, 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Projections Item 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 SOFTWOODS Alljerowing stock 12- Sous aenceews x eee tee 2B ee eee 3,996 | 4,784] 5,356] 5,866 | 5, 836 5, 808 Sawtimberstrees a2 22 eee eee a eae i 3, 019 3, 598 4,119 4,609 | 4,590 4, 572 Ihargeysawtimber-treesiie._ 6-2 oe ke kee eee 1, 159 1, 506 1, 835 2, 135 2,127 2, 120 Sawelopaporti one pace eee are se eee a epee te eae ee, se 2, 626 3, 129 3, 583 | 4, 009 3, 992 3, 977 HARDWOODS FAUTE rO WAT 21S bOC Koss ae a ee ee Be 2,487 | 2,958] 3,329] 3,633] 3,602 Bowe, Sawtimberttrees ee eee ee ee eee ee ee en eee 1, 609 1, 722 1, 767 1, 787 1, 774 1, 759 hargersawtimberstrees| {a eae Se eee ae 934 986 1, 000 1, 012 1, 004 996 Saw-log iportion.<++. 2. hess eee ee ee ee 1, 279 1, 368 1, 404 1, 420 1, 409 1, 398 1 Trees more than 15.0 inches in diameter at breast height. TaBLE 43.—Components of removals of growing stock in the South, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent] Projections Component 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Roundwood productsse esas = seer eee eee 90 88 89 93 94 96 97 Logging residuets= 5 Sis se Ses a ee ee ee 6 6 7 5 4 3 2 Other removals=22222s Ss ae oes eee aes a 4 6 4 2 2 i 1 Totaliremovals=!- S522 52 oss a ese soe te 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 HARDWOODS Roundwood products#2=2=-- = =-seces sees oe eae 61 49 58 82 83 85 89 Logeinpiresiduess 226 esos Puss ease. See 21 16 17 15 14 12 8 Other‘removals= os 2 22a 22 eee ae eee 18 35 25 3 3 3 3 Total'removals: 225 oe one ee eee cee eee 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 percent of the total by 2020. On these publicly owned forests production of timber is only one of several management objectives. With the growing concern over the appearance and quality of the outdoor environment throughout the country, the public may call for further modifications in the management of these lands that would be in- consistent with the assumptions used in these projections. Also, a large proportion of the surplus growth on southern National Forests occurs in hardwood stands in the rugged southern Appalach- ians on sites of relatively low quality. Hence, projections of products output based on the assumption that removals will equal growth by 2000, may be overstated. Roundwood harvests per acre.—FProduction of roundwood varied widely by ownership in 1970. Output from forest industry lands averaged 37 cubic feet per acre, compared to 28 cubic feet for farm and miscellaneous private holdings, and 12 cubic feet for National Forests (table 46). Roundwood production for aJl owners combined is projected to increase from an average of 28 cubic feet per acre in 1970 to 50 cubic feet by 2020 under the assumption of 1970 management. Forest industry and National Forest lands are expected to support the largest available harvests per acre—approximately 56 cubic feet by 2020, compared to 47 cubic feet for farm and miscel- Janeous private ownerships. PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 59 TasLe 44.—Supplies of roundwood products in the South, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Owner class and species group 1952 Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forest: Softwoods Boo 2 ee ee eee eae Sennen yee 2 Oe ot ee eh ee ee evar re te 2 SD 9 BS 8g AE Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods Removals in Relation to Net Growth Net growth of growing stock in the South has risen rapidly in recent decades to about 5.4 billion cubic feet of softwood growing stock in 1970, and 3.2 billion cubic feet of hardwoods (table 40 and fig. 24). Growth of sawtimber has shown similar marked increases (table 41 and fig. 25). Net growth for aJ] ownerships combined ex- ceeded removals in 1970 by 33 percent, a much wider margin than in 1952. A _ peaking of growth in excess of removals in the early 1960’s was a result of unusually low removals combined with increasing growth on a rapidly expanding inventory base. Under the cutting assumptions underlying these projections, growth of softwoods is estimated to increase about 7 percent by 2000, while available removals rise by 47 percent (table 40). Hardwood net growth is projected to rise about 11 percent by 2000, and available removals 46 percent. Trends in Net Growth Per Acre Net growth of timber per acre averaged about 45 cubic feet in 1970—a substantial rise over the estimate of 33 cubic feet in 1952 (table 47). Under the assumptions of these base projections average net growth per acre would reach a level of close to 50 cubic feet per acre of growing stock by 2000. Additional growth of rough and rotten trees that occupy considerable area would add to this projection. It is also possible that growth will increase more than indicated even at 1970 levels of management as a result of wider use of genetically improved stock and other technological improvements. A factor on the other side is the possibility that growth and inventories on some properties may not be available because of nontimber objectives of forest owners. On farm and miscellaneous private lands net annual growth per acre in 1970 was somewhat less than the average for all lands, whereas relatively high levels of growth per acre were attained on forest industry and National Forest lands. The largest excess of growth over removals in 1970 was on public lands, especially on National Forests (tables 46 and 47). On these lands, Jand- management objectives aimed at building up stands to produce sawtimber were reflected in net growth four times greater than timber removals. 60 ‘THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 45,—Supplies of sawtimber products in the South, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million board feet] Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 485 452 1,008 | 1,651] 2, 284 2, 264 144 119 248 383 517 520 629 571 1,256 | 2,034] 2, 801 2, 784 261 311 513 722 922 918 109 148 239 291 333 340 370 459 752 1, 013 1, 255 1, 258 2,363 | 4, 263 5,158 | 6, 301 7, 339 7, 662 1, 303 1, 102 1, 183 1, 238 1, 273 1, 352 3, 666 5, 365 | 6, 341 7,539 | 8, 612 9, 014 6,183 | 9,340 | 10,907 | 12, 208 | 18, 291 13, 075 4,583 | 4,545 | 5,698 | 5,690] 5,629 5, 618 10, 766 | 13, 885 | 16, 605 | 17, 898 | 18, 920 18, 693 9, 292 | 14, 366 | 17, 586 | 20, 882 | 23, 836 | 23, 919 6,139 | 5,914] 7,368} 7,602} 7, 752 7, 830 15, 431 | 20, 280 | 24, 954 | 28, 484 | 31, 588 | 31, 749 Owner class and species group 1952 National Forest: Soft woodss.-— .. bse = ee eee ee 257 Hardwoods) vat spe s tee ee hae Lo ae 99 Totalas =. <2: Mee 22 hee eee ee 355 Other public: Softwoodseeuc: ) Mae eae ee eee 336 Wandwoods#es =. rete -2- 5 fee 2k ee ee 186 Lotalats =. 992. = NBS 22 pee 2 522 Forest industry: Softwoodsaui: ieee eee 2 ee: ae 3, 504 Hardwoods’. =5:2 2k*,-*. 4-388" 2b we se eee Dy Lizal Totales.9.-2 Ree. 4-88.22 5 ee fo Sea 4, 675 Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods2.42 #95 seas ie. 5 es Se ee as ee 7, 240 Hardwoods2.8. 2 2. 4h. 3 ates eee oe eee 6, 235 Totalas 9: <2 pee 52k eae e235 eee 13, 475 Total South: Softwoods#?_3--: 3ee 2) ore a2 22 Spe ae See 11, 337 Hardwoods! #. 2 ‘pus 2 tea. tee ea 7, 690 Totalas.9-2) See 6 4 ee ek Eee 19, 027 The heaviest cut in relation to net growth has been on private farm and miscellaneous lands, but in 1970 net growth exceeded removals by 22 per- cent even on these lands. Growth by forest types—Net annual growth per acre also varies widely by forest type, largely as a result of differences in site quality and stand composition. Thus pine stands averaged 61 cubic feet per acre of net growth in 1970, compared to 42 cubic feet for oak-pine, 34 cubic feet for oak- hickory, and 38 cubic feet for the lowland oak- gum-cypress type. About 35 percent of the total forest area in the South, or 68 million acres, qualified as pine type in 1970. These stands include natural pine lands of the Coastal Plain, about 15 million acres of pine plantations, and a substantial area of upland sites where pine became established following cropland abandonment. After harvesting, many of these stands are likely to become oak-pine stands, and without timber stand improvement most of these oak-pine stands will probably revert in time to the oak-hickory type. Most oak-hickory stands—amounting to nearly 56 million acres in 1970-—are capable of supporting pine but in many areas the natural propensity to grow hardwoods is so strong, notably in the southern Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau, that opportunities to grow pine are not favorable. Many of the oak-hickory seedJing and sapling stands are residuals following the removal of pine. With net growth substantially in excess of removals, a shift in stand size distribution from seedlings and saplings to poletimber and saw- timber can be expected. Hence the proportion of areas in seedlings and saplings is estimated to decline from 38 percent of the commercial timber- land in 1970 to 19 percent in 2000. With removals equal to net growth thereafter, a distribution of about 20 percent seedlings and saplings, 30 percent poletimber and 50 percent sawtimber probably could be maintained. Growth rates—Net annual growth rates in- creased from 4.8 percent of the growing stock inventory in 1952 to 5.4 percent in 1970 (table 48). Ingrowth of small trees into measurable size was of particular importance in this period. With a projected buildup of timber inventories in the future, net growth rates are estimated to decline to somewhat less than 5 percent by 2000. PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 61 TasBLe 46.—Roundwood harvests per acre in the South, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet] Owner class and species group 1952 National Forests: Pert twice <2 Oe kA Se 2 te Piarawogust.<- --8 2... Be + 1 Roe | Be fic) Ro See Se ee a ee ee ee Other public: SD (bt eS a ee oe rs i ae 14. iarelwoockee =o Ss. nb 8 eee 2 he Se s gr Cl oe oe eS oe ee 2 2 ees ae 21 Forest industry: 33 ch ae ee eee | ee 25, isreawoarss <1 SOF. ok ey ge a 10. gi ae ee ee | oe ee 2 ee ee 36. Farm and miscellaneous private: Bu es ee ee a ee ee 14, Pera woodses -4-8-Of -. -) 4 oe de 8 ee 10 i: oe ae ee ee 25 All owners: San 0 00 a a a eS ass 15 ardwneds + ~~ @- Ol. bg 04 . 4h ar. as 10 aij ) Se) a oe a es es es a ee 26. The relatively Jow percentage growth rates estimated for National Forest lands mainly reflect heavier volumes per acre. Another factor is the inclusion in natural] forests of many moun- tain areas of relatively low site and high propor- _ tions of hardwoods which have significantly lower growth rates than softwoods. Trends in Timber Inventories As a result of the sizable increases in timber growth relative to removals, timber inventory volumes increased from an average of 680 cubic feet per acre in 1952 to 829 cubic feet in 1970 (table 49). A further buildup of inventory volumes aver- aging about 23 percent by 2000 is estimated under the assumptions of these base projections. PROJECTIONS OF TIMBER SUPPLIES IN THE NORTH The North is of major importance as a source of hardwood timber, accounting for 44 percent of the total U.S. output of hardwood roundwood products in 1970. Softwood products from this section made up only 6 percent of the Nation’s total softwood harvest. Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 10. 9 9.6 19. 5 28. 9 38. 9 39. 5 2. 0 7.1 11.4 15. 8 16. 6 12.9 11.8 26. 6 40. 3 54.7 56. 1 11.3 13. 3 19. 8 26. 1 32. 1 32.4 4.9 6.5 12.5 15. 8 18.9 19.8 16. 2 19. 8 32. 3 41.9 51. 0 52, 2 17.:5 27.7 33. 2 37.9 42.4 43. 0 13. 3 9.3 10. 7 12.0 13. 2 13. 8 30. 8 37. 0 43.9 49.9 55. 6 56. 8 EZ: aT, 18. 4 22. 4 24. 7 26. 7 27.0 7.4 9.1 15. 3 17. 2 19. 0 19. 9 20. 1 27.5 30.7 41.9 45.7 46. 9 13. 4 19. 4 24. 2 27.5 30. 6 31. 2 8.0 &.7 13. 9 15. 9 17.7 18. 4 21.4 28.1 38. 1 43.4 48. 3 49.6 Trends in Forest Area For a number of decades the area of com- mercial timberland in the North has been increas- ing as a result of widespread abandonment of crop and pasture lands and reversion to forests. A reversal of this long upward trend is anticipated, however, with a continuing decling in forest area throughout the projection period (table 50).. The assumed area reductions are judged to be within the range of reasonable possibilities and are used as benchmarks in evaluating future timber supplies. Most projected area changes have been as- sumed to occur in the category of farm and miscel- laneous private ownerships. It is expected that urbanization, for example, especially along the Mid-Atlantic corridor, will continue to engulf extensive forested areas. Many areas adjoining lakes throughout the North and areas in the Appalachians are likewise expected to contribute very little to the timber supply. Timber Removals and Net Growth During the 1952-70 period both softwood and hardwood timber removals from growing stock 62 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TasLE 47.—Net growth of growing stock per acre in the South, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 j 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: Softwoodsse 3 en.22- Sere < Aa We eee 27.4 38. 4 37. 0 40. 9 40. 7 39. 8 39. 8 Miard Woods's. sce aoe a ee ee 11.9 16.5 17.6 18.6 18. 4 18. 0 18. 0 Motal tee 2) tie ae oa ae eee. ee ee ee 39. 3 54.9 54. 6 59. 5 59. 1 57. 8 57. 8 Other public: iN Softwoods#s. = G0). <5 ie ee eee 19. 2 20. 8 27.9 31.3 32.7 32. 6 32. 5 Hardwoods ees -m tie eae een oe eee eee Tals 55 14.1 17. 6 19.5 20. 2 20. 1 20. 2 Ota Se = 2 ako ee ee oe eee a 30. 7 34.9 45. 5 50. 8 52.9 52.7 BY). 7 Forest industry: Softwoodss-os 42000 22-2) See Soe ee eee SB 38. 9 39. 8 42.5 43.1 42.9 42.9 ard WOOGS stare tee ates ee a es Talal 12. 6 VRS 14, 2 14.7 14.7 14,7 ‘Totale == J 25. 3S= 2b Beer he ae eee 44.6 Od Soe ll 56. 7 57. 8 57. 6 57. 6 Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoodss.-~ <2s2 so.) Se eee ee ee 2 ee 14.7 17. 6 24. 4 26. 3 26. 8 26. 6 26. 6 Hardwoodsss: 52 one 2a eee a eae en or oe ee 15. 2 153 17. 4 19. 0 19.9 20. 1 20. 1 otale =) Stee ee NE AS 29. 9 32.9 41.8 45. 3 46. 7 46. 7 46. 7 All owners: Soft woods'er- 2855 see aha a SU oa 18.7 22. 4 28. 0 30. 4 30. 9 30. 8 30. 9 iMardwoodste =~ 4 2S. 2k aL Sod ae 14. 2 14.9 16. 7 18.1 18.8 18.9 18.9 Total * teen eee oe eee, ee 32.9 SYS 44.7 48. 4 49.7 49. 7 49.8 in the North averaged less than half the annual net growth (table 51 and fig. 30). Moreover, the margin of growth over removals increased during this period as a result of rapid increases in net growth. In 1970, growth of hardwoods was 2.3 Net growth and removals of growing stock in the North BILLION CUBIC FEET 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 30 times removals, and growth of softwoods was 2.2 times greater than removals. Rapid increases in net growth of sawtimber has similarly led to a substantial surplus of growth over removals of larger sizes of timber in recent years. Net growth of softwood sawtimber in 1970 was 1.7 times annual removals (table 52 and fig. 31). Net growth of hardwood sawtimber was 1.5 times more than removals. The substantial excess of net growth over removals in recent years represented a recovery of northern timber resources from an extremely low level of productivity, especially in terms of the sizes and quality of timber needed by forest industries. Past logging and repeated fires left vast areas poorly stocked, but with improved fire protection most forest areas are again growin timber. Also, large areas of former agricultur land which reverted to forest after abandonment are now contributing considerable “ingrowth” as trees pass 5.0 inches in diameter. In some areas ingrowth made up at least half of the total net annual growth in 1970. On public lands, net growth averaged about four times greater than timber removals in 1970 (Append. I, tables 21 and 22). This largely reflects PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 63 TABLE 48.—Net growth rates of growing stock in the South, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent of inventory] Owner class and species group National Forests: Other public: ST GR ie ee eee 2 ee ee ae RAGAN ai (2) ee . ERE Ss eS ee ae, Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods Net growth and removals of sawtimber in the North |) SSS ees Se ee es SS | BILLION BOARD FEET 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 31 age classes on those areas and a policy of building up timber inventories to emphasize sawtimber harvests under relatively long rotations. The heaviest cutting in relation to net growth has been on private lands. But on both forest 1952 Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 5. 8 4.6 3.9 3. 6 3. 6 3. 6 3. 0 2.7 2.5 2.5 4.8 4.0 3.4 3. 2 3. 2 5. 8 5. 2 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.0 3.8 3. 6 3.5 3.5 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.1 6. 8 6. 3 5. 8 5. 6 5. 6 3.7 3.8 3.7 3. 7 3. 7 5.4 5.1 7.2 6.9 6. 6 6.4 6.4 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 5. 4 5. 4 5. 3 5. 2 5. Z 6.9 6.4 6.0 5. 8 5. 8 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 5 5. 2 5. 0 4.9 4.9 industry and farm and miscellaneous holdings, removals of softwoods and hardwoods in 1970 amounted to about half the net annual growth. Under the area and harvesting assumptions used in developing these particular projections, that is, with projected removals rising to equal net growth by the year 2000, net growth of softwood growing stock is estimated to decrease about 18 percent from the 1970 level, whereas available removals of softwoods are projected to rise by 88 percent. Hardwood net growth in cubic feet is projected to increase somewhat then decline slightly by the year 2000 with rising stand density. Total re- movals, however, are projected to increase some 140 percent under the assumptions of these base projections. After 2000 growth and removals drop slightly beeause of the assumed drop in commer- cial timberland areas. A breakdown of the data for growth and removals reveals significant differences by tree size class and quality. Growth takes place over the entire timber inventory, whereas removals are more heavily concentrated on selected species, such as maple, birch, walnut, or white oak, for 64 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES! TaBLe 49.—Inventories of growing stock per acre in the South, by owner class and species group, 1952, | 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 | [Cubic feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: Softwoodseen. —- ewe = te 2 ee 466 623 643 885 1, 038 1, 092 1, 092 ard woodss60))) Wee. 2 ee ee eee 361 459 486 610 686 712 712 Totalise ss ee Sa 827 1, 081 1, 129 1, 495 1, 724 1, 804 1, 804 Other public: Softwoodsae. 2 4 2. JE A. ae ee 324 374 482 605 687 716 713 Hard woodsso soe 222s ee oe ee ee 296 364 439 510 556 573 575 Total 22.22) 2 2522 Pe oe 620 738 921 Tallis, 1, 243 1, 289 1, 288 Forest industry: Softwoods®#:. io) Sa" eae eee ae 494 576 584 679 741 762 761 i ardwoo0dse: eee ee ee ee 326 359 356 378 392 397 397 ‘Total®... ba. oad eo oe ae 820 936 940 1, 057 1, 133 1, 159 1, 158 Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods sess Suber ret Se 226 256 341 382 408 417 417 Hard woods?.- 2S ee eae th ee eee ee 415 395 432 460 479 486 487 Total. Re lk Sa a ee a ge 641 651 773 842 887 904 904 All owners: = Softwoods#. 3/0 es 2 Se ee 287 334 407 473 517 533 536 Ward woods! 0S ree ee aa 393 392 421 455 476 484 483 Totalot.. Boe 2 oR es eee eae 680 726 829 928 993 1, 017 1, 019 Note: May not add to totals because of rounding. TaBLE 50.—Area of commercial timberland in the North, by owner class, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million acres] Projections Owner class 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 Nationaljorests222 3-2. hots. eee eee ee 10. 3 10.3 10.5 10. 4 10. 3 101 9.9 Otherpublic™ 2242 2 kyee ahok aL PA ey eae ee 22. 0 2125 215 PA, 92 21. 0 20. 8 20. 4 Forestindus trys ee ee = ee 14. 0 14, 2 17. 6 18. 2 18. 8 19.5 20: 7 Farm and miscellaneous private_______------------ 123. 8 129. 1 128. 4 126. 5 124. 6 122. 7 118. 8 TE ed ee ene ae a eee ee ee 170. 2 iigAssy Al 177.9 176. 3 174. 7 173. 1 169. 8 example. Cutting also tends to be concentrated in the better quality stands and more accessible areas. Supplies of saw logs and veneer logs thus may be short in many areas, whereas supplies of hardwood pulpwood are more than adequate for industry’s needs. Changes in timber harvesting practices and development of markets for timber that is cur- rently unmerchantable will, therefore, be necessary to achieve the trend in available removals shown by these projections. Supplies of Roundwood Products In 1970, only 80 percent of the total softwood removals in the North, and 69 percent of all hardwood removals, consisted of roundwood PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 65 TABLE 51.—Timber removals, net growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the North, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) ' to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Projections Item 1952 1962 19707" = 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from growing stock: Round wood. products..4_. - =. 42+ +--+ 524 449 506 730 869 1, 036 1, 040 Mopome residues: * #2... 3 Yo SE 67 55 61 77 84 94 90 Other semovais = 25) os BA eS 50 50 62 49 52 53 53 AG to 0 Oe ee ee 641 554 629 856 1, 005 1, 183 1, 183 NMetrrowalie ©. oo ee A 2 eS 1, 074 1, 243 1, 387 1, 322 1, 194 1, 134 1, 134 Mortality: Sierss eR eb ee de 228 301 360 422 455 467 465 Roundwood supplies: irom: growmp stock}. 2 2 ot 524 449 506 730 869 1, 036 1, 040 iromre@sher sources *)-- = .-_ 4-24 === 85 79 64 73 73 73 73 73 Posies 2 wee ke eS 603 513 579 803 942 1, 109 1, 113 Inventory of growing stock_______________- 27,777 | 34,020} 39,114 | 45,869} 49,579 | 50, 851 50, 893 HARDWOODS Removals from growing stock: / Houndwoed products ?.-— _. .-= 7! =. __* = 1, 057 1, 069 1, 242 2, 261 2, 998 3, 678 3, 632 heppiie reeaics— sae Ss ee. 195 193 222 306 375 442 394 Wihersemovals > Boe = 1 ae 200 242 342 188 204 209 209 Papier set 5 BAS A) 1s 8 1, 452 1, 505 1, 806 2155 3, 577 4, 329 4, 235 Metipraywiie ss. eee 2 Pee ee 2 3, 046 3, 634 4, 153 4, 253 4,199 4,130 4, 036 Mioptahig ee Te a eS 570 732 897 1, 045 1, 123 1, 149 10137 Roundwood supplies: iBrom: prowing stocks +*- = _ . 2 =). 1, 057 1, 069 1, 242 2, 261 2, 998 3, 678 3, 632 Brom oinercourcess 5 ae. 322 230 167 167 167 167 167 opaies aes) SOR. 22 PAS) 2p 22 1, 379 1, 299 1, 409 2, 428 3, 165 3, 845 3, 799 Inventory of growing stock_________-_-__-- 82,178 | 101,178 | 116, 563 | 136, 414 | 147,555 | 150, 322 147, 238 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. 2 Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, limbs, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and nonforest land. products (table 53). Some 10 percent of the soft- wood removals and 12 percent of the hardwood removals were left in the woods as logging resi- dues—about the same proportion of economically unusable material as in earlier years. Other removals, including timber losses to urban and industrial development, strip mining, highways, etc., are estimated to have amounted to somewhat more than volumes of logging residues. Residues and other removals are expected to decrease over the projection period because of better utilization of available material. Estimated proportions of removals used for products increase, therefore, in future decades to 88 percent of all Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. removals for softwoods and 86 percent for hardwoods. Under the assumptions of these base projections, prospectively available supplies of softwood round- wood nearly double, from 0.6 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 1.1 billion cubic feet by 2000 (table 51). Projections for hardwoods increase nearly three- fold, from 1.4 billion cubic feet to about 3.8 billion cubic feet. Somewhat smaller increases are projected for sawtimber products (table 52). Roundwood supplies by owner class——As in the case of forest areas, farm and miscellaneous private ownerships represent by far the major source of roundwood in the North (tables 54 and 55, and 66 (HE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 52.—Sawtimber removals, net growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the North, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) * to 2020 [Million board feet] Projections Item 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood! productss-_--_= £2 _-=-__ se 1, 669 1, 322 1, 856 2, 132 2, 756 3, 535 3, 535 Toggingeresiduesi. S26 —— 32 — 2 ee 2 ee 62 48 65 64 74 8 78 Otheriremovals!2 2 eae ae eee 134 128 181 Tt2 122 125 126 FRO GaN e <5 heat gh jet Fes 2h 1, 865 1, 498 2, 102 2, 308 2, 952 3, 749 3, 739 INetrprowtheee 2 2 ce ame 2 2 See ca 2, 383 2, 807 3, 594 3, 509 3, oz 3, 615 3, 603 Mortality. ee 2222 2 Nae = as See ee he 380 503 661 775 852 882 883 Roundwood supplies: irom) sawtimber. = ss) —- 2 ee oe 1, 669 1, 322 1, 856 2; 1132 2, 756 3, 535 8, 535 Rromother sources 82220 2c eee ee ee 229 166 258 258 258 25 258 Totalhs 22 ony esd. 4 pee ek ae 1, 898 1, 488 2,115 2, 390 3, 014 3, 793 3, 793 Inventory. of:sawtimbers_ 25... 2-222 22. 2 34 58, 939 69, 203 80, 061 96, 897 | 106, 472 | 110, 103 109, 887 HARDWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood productss: 2222240 2 20 3, 913 4,014 5, 497 7, 062 9, 411 11, 553 11, 408 Lopgeine residues=) sae. 22-2 ee Lee 390 365 448 408 447 473 379 Other removals=.2 set == ee ee 530 575 903 416 455 468 470 Totalesc£s 2 2) Were se 5 = eee ney ry Ae 4, 833 4, 954 6, 848 7, 886 10, 313 12, 494 12, 257 INeticrow thse omnes fe aeeiine. | © tl pe Ey eae 6, 977 8, 645 10, 076 11, 337 11, 835 12, 006 11, 767 Mortalityies oes so = Sa 4 ee ee 1, 141 1, 362 1, 669 1, 949 2, 136 2, 209 2c Roundwood supplies: Krom: sawtimbero = ==) 2-2 2fe ee 3, 913 4,014 5, 497 7, 062 9, 411 11, 553 11, 408 Hromiother/sources'4a2 4. 5 ee See 387 415 586 586 586 58 586 Dotaleawtha cbs sae eee 8 lamin pile ee 4, 300 4, 430 6, 083 7, 648 9, 997 12, 139 11, 994 Inventory of sawtimber____-__--------__-- 187, 365 | 221, 484 | 251, 807 | 295, 876 | 323, 425 | 331, 211 325, 152 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. 2 Includes roundwood products from trees too small to qualify as sawtimber, rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and from trees on noncommercial and nonforest land. Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. figures 32 and 33). In 1970 these holdings supplied 73 percent of all roundwood products, while forest Trends in Net Growth Per Acre Average net growth per acre has risen 29 percent industry lands supplied 16 percent, and public lands 11 percent. Roundwood production per acre.—Output of tim- ber products per acre of commercial timberland in 1970 ranged from about 7 cubic feet on public lands other than National Forests, to 18 cubic feet on forest industry lands. Under the assump- tions of this section, available harvests are pro- jected to increase from an average cut of 11.2 cubic feet per acre in 1970 to about 29 cubic feet by 2000 (table 56). since 1952 to an average of about 31 cubic feet per acre (table 57). With the level of management and other conditions assumed in this section, average net growth of growing stock for all owners combined is expected to remain fairly constant at about 31 cubic feet per acre. Some additional growth would also occur on rough and rotten trees. On public and industry lands some decrease in net growth is projected as a result of industry PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 67 TasBLE 53.—Components of growing stock removals in the North, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent] Projections Component 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Rinne woarinroduGis= _--—- Se. Ae 82 81 80 85 87 88 88 PR EINS SOG GW On =r == oe eo en eee ease se coness 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 Siuer rontayeis. 2 Fea. F Oe ee 8 9 10 6 5 4 4 (Tr Ising Se Ee Ree ee 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 HARDWOODS mauncwoateprodnucis F _— tse =: See Fee 73 71 69 82 84 85 86 ein SSCA Greer eh OE 13 13 12 11 10 10 9 LORDS Per ee Se so eee eee ae = 14 16 19 i 6 5 5 Rataremovaid-. AUS. 2 eR =. 2 See 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Tas LE 54.—Supplies of roundwood products in the North, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: HelmGoGn eat biyic. Frrase _ ote mes) ah e ese 22 26 30 57 81 104 102 PEST er en or a are ae re 34 44 45 98 126 160 158 (PT ED Stee nce Sp eles alte a be ae eee 56 70 75 155 207 264 260 Other public: Sai ee ee ee ee eee 39 41 50 92 130 168 165 Rarely OOP Pee os ree nt er 72 87 94 227 318 411 406 Oe oe de Pe ee ee ae 111 128 144 319 448 579 571 Forest industry: Soe 0S es Se es Sen ees ae ae ee 138 123 168 213 260 324 344 Parc Soda 2 ee ee a eee Se ee. 132 118 148 187 228 278 296 MC Se a ip Sees, Aes 8 Re 270 241 316 400 488 602 640 Farm and miscellaneous private: Doriwdodne ses es See eee See TS 404 324 332 44] 471 514 502 Ei dwoodsee 9) ae) Teaver. ti tw Lone 7 ery 1,140} 1,048| 1,122] 1,917] 2,493] 2,996 2, 939 Ve ae 2. ne ne ae 1,545 | 1,372| 1,454] 2,358] 2,964] 3,510 3, 441 Total North: PURE TS Ss Orie Fe pe eo 603 513 579 803 942 | 1,109 1,113 Hardwoods: "2%. “PR ' Gisele mid My eh gin = 1,379 | 1,299] 1,410] 2,428] 3,165] 3, 845 3, 799 (2) 2 SS ey reer ae ee ere 1,982 | 1,812] 1,989] 3,231] 4,107 | 4,954 4, 912 547-966 O- 74-6 68 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES | ; | TasLE 55.—Supplies of sawtimber products in the North, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million board feet] oa Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: Softwoodsess Ukes =), aint oo uke) te ae ei 82 99 118 169 275 393 387 Hardwoodsi=2 2tes24 BR bie ey rae 104 162 186 259 386 529 521 Mo tale Ae REE ee ae 186 261 304 428 | 661 922 908 Other public: | Softwoo dss spe eee See ar acre ee nee 99 103 170 293 468 659 649 — Hardwoods: 4.422...400222. 215. ee 154 218 302 598 933 1, 286 1, 265 | Totale. .- 2-8. =.) Sy} ee 252 321 472 891 1, 401 1, 945 1, 914 | Forest industry: TN PRIS et ohne clltc. ko a MSOF DW 0 Gls ais Sm rr ae ey epee i 428 344 611 567 743 965 1, 023 Hardwoodse-4-/Mit | Sei. POE 2)” ae 329 337 530 595 748 924 980 MNO Ga 2 Sys Ss oe ee 757 681 1, 141 1,162 | 1,491 ‘ 889 2, 003 Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods!2- so 622 San ne 5. 1, 289 942 1, 216 1, 361 1,529 | 1,776 1, 734 Hardwoods: mer wera: Jo eee ee eee 3,713 | 3,713 | 5,064 | 6,196 | 7,929] 9, 400 9, 228 Total Beat ee Aas ene eel eaves. eas 5,002 | 4,655 | 6,280] 7,557] 9,458] 11,176 | 10, 962 Total North: Softwoodsst = 2) 2222-62 a 1,898 | 1,488 | 2,115] 2,390 | 3,014] 3,793 3, 793 SEV EAT GLW © 0 CLS esses ep sr fe pei 4,300 | 4,430 | 6,082 | 7,648 | 9,997 | 12,139 | 11, 994 ‘TLotale eee. oc sed oo ean 6,198 | 5,918 | 8,197 | 10, 038 | 13, 011 | 15, 932 15, 787 Supplies of softwood sawtimber products in Supplies of hardwood sawtimber products in the North, by owner class the North, by owner class 6 BILLION BOARD FEET BILLION BOARD FEET 1980 Figure 32 1962 1970 1990 2010 2000 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 33 2010 2020 buildup and resulting constraints on net growth. Projected net growth of timber by 2000, under On farm and miscellaneous private holdings, growth per acre is expected to increase somewhat with prospective improvements in stocking on these lands. the assumptions of this chapter, would still be less than half of the potential net growth that could be attained ultimately in natural stands fully stocked PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 69 TapLE 56.—Supplies of roundwood products per acre in the North, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet] Owner class and species group eee National Forests: Softwoods Hardwoods s!..... > 22+... § 28... 28 - Ss Other public: Seti waodd tbe ee. 48S te Se 3-8-8 Parniwanes se 5 7 Se ee Se Forest industry: Softwoods ee tl ee ee ee es ee SETS e US see ee eee eee on Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 2.5 2.8 5.5 7.9 10.3 10. 3 4.3 4.4 9. 4 12, 2 15. 8 16. 0 6.8 7.2 14.9 20. 1 26. 1 26. 3 1.9 2.3 4.3 6. 2 8.0 8.1 4.1 4.4 10.7 15. 1 19. 8 19. 9 6. 0 6.7 15. 0 213 27. 8 28. 0 8.7 9.6 i af 13. 8 16. 6 16. 6 8.3 8.4 10. 3 12. 1 14.3 14.3 £720 18. 0 22. 0 25. 9 30. 9 30. 9 2.5 2.6 3. 5 3. 8 4.2 4.2 8.1 8.7 15. 1 20. 0 24. 4 24.8 10. 6 11.3 18. 6 23. 8 28. 6 29. 0 2.9 3. 3 4.5 5. 4 6. 4 6.5 7.4 7.9 13. 8 18.1 22. 2 22. 4 10. 3 11. 2 18.3 23. 5 28. 6 28. 9 with growing-stock trees. This mainly reflects reductions in radial growth and increases in mortality resulting from increased stocking in younger stands, and the occupancy of much forest jand by rough and rotten trees or nontimber cover. Net annual growth rates as a percent of the growing stock inventory averaged about 3.6 per- cent in 1970. A moderate drop to an average of 2.6 percent by 2000 is estimated under the assump- tions of this section, largely to the projected buildup of both softwood and hardwood in- ventories. Many of the differences in growth and in stand conditions among ownership classes are the re- sult of differences in forest types and levels of management. Thus larger inventories per acre and higher levels of growth on National Forests and forest industry lands reflect in part higher pro- portions of the more productive types such as maple-birch-beech and spruce-fir. Farm and mis- cellaneous private lands, on the other hand, include relatively large proportions of the oak- hickory type which generally occupies the drier and less productive uplands. Proportions of stand-size classes in 1970 also differed considerably by ownership. On public lands poletimber stands predominated, whereas sawtimber stands were more important on forest industry lands. Trends in Timber Inventories Because of the substantial surplus of net growth over removals in recent years, volumes of growing stock in the North increased about 42 percent between 1952 and 1970 to an average of 875 cubic feet per acre (table 58). Forest industry lands and National Forests supported the heaviest inventory volumes per acre in 1970, and such differentials are projected to continue. For all owners combined, the average inventory per acre under the assumptions of this chapter is pro- jected to increase a further 33 percent by 2020. PROJECTIONS OF TIMBER SUPPLIES IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS The Rocky Mountain section contained 14.2 percent of the Nation’s timber inventory in 1970, and accounted for 7.1 percent of the total national output of roundwood products. Some 4 percent of the Nation’s lumber and wood products establish- ments were located in this area in 1967; these 70 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 57.—WNet growth of growing stock per acre in the North, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: Softwoods:24. 222 shu Pe ee ee ee 9. 10. 2 Di 10.9 10. 7 10. 3 10.3 Hardwoods!+<22% 22). t. O e 19. 24.9 27.3 21.8 18. 0 16. 9 17.0 Totals kot See ae Pee ak ed 28. 35/1 38. 4 32. 7 28. 7 27.02 2053 Other public: Softwoods#u = <=- 24 = ss SB. ce ae ee th 7.0 8.1 8.4 8.4 8. 2 8. 2 Hardwoods?2-- 22-284 =. 5.2405. 4 A ee eee 17. 19. 0 25:3 24. 5 22. 4 211 21.1 Totalvt2. sf thei vn MON ee eh 24. 26. 0 33. 4 32.9 30. 8 29. 3 29. 3 Forest industry: Softwoodsi¥ 2. = - 28 Wee. 2d add eee ae 16. 20. 1 22. 4 20. 1 18. 3 Wiad Neh Hardwoods! == 22% 4%... 2 Bos dee 2 Re. i ee 16. 19. 4 18. 1 17.3 16. 4 15.9 15. 9 TO tale w Bae. bok ie a de Nees — 4 BE fl 33. 39.5 40. 5 37. 4 34. 7 33. 6 33. 6 Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods=<<. 225 3 e240- sot ook ee de 4. 5. 4 On0 oS 4.5 4,2 4.2 Hardwoods! 22=<' S46 Sit .. ds Seb S eb es se ae 18. 20. 9 23. 4 25. 2 26. 0 26. 2 26. 2 Totale "822 + bus We a do hes BRE de eae 22. 26. 3 28.9 30. 5 30. 5 30. 4 30. 4 All owners: Softwoods#25=«=22) S644... 1° 385.2 Ui esas ad (3) Other removals (3) Net growth Mortality Roundwood supplies: From growing stock_____ From other sources 2 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. ? Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and non- movals between 1952 and 1970 (tables 60 and 61 and figs. 34 and 35). Acceptance of smaller tree sizes for roundwood products also is evidenced by a 75 percent increase in removals of trees 5.0 inches and larger; compared with a 68 percent increase for removals of sawtimber, that is, the saw-log portion of sound trees 9.0 inches and larger. Some of this expanded harvesting reflects cutting for pulpwood. Some is the result of using modern equipment for production of lumber from small timber. Hardwoods play a very minor role in the Rocky Mountains. In 1970 they comprised 4.9 percent of the inventory and 0.3 percent of total removals 3, 960 Projections 1962 197020) sobe te Ra ale OO eee 1980 1990 2000 2020 646 815 1, 008 1, 104 1, 241 1, 197 79 103 99 92 89 67 13 16 160 171 177 181 738 934 1, 267 1, 367 1, 507 1, 445 1, 245 1, 289 1, 404 1,476 1, 492 1, 520 600 564 587 595 601 604 646 815 1, 008 1, 104 1, 241 1, 197 38 38 36 35 34 34 684 853 1, 044 1, 139 1, 275 1, 231 91, 265 | 87,712 | 89, 244 | 90, 396 91, 179 91, 745 3 3 33 52 76 Ut (3) () 2 3 4 4 (3) 14 16 17 16 3 3 49 71 97 97 66 72 90 95 94 96 39 49 36 38 39 39 3 3 33 52 76 77 11 8 13 13 12 12 14 11 46 65 88 89 4,487 | 4,507] 5,043] 5,359] 5,495 5, 438 forest land. 3 Less than 0.5 million cubie feet. Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. (table 60). Only 4 percent of the net growth of hardwoods was removed in 1970. Under the assumptions concerning trends in commercial timberland areas and continuance of forest management at 1970 levels, available removals in this base projection have been esti- mated to increase substantially in cubic feet, and to rise moderately for sawtimber. These projections indicate the possibility of a 61 percent increase by 2000 in softwood growing stock removals above actual removals in 1970, and a 22 percent increase in sawtimber removals. More than half of the projected increase in re- movals occurs before 1980, based on the assump- PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT fie" TapLE 61.—Sawtimber removals, net growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the Rocky Mountains, 1952, 1962, 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) * to 2020 [Million board feet] 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. 2 Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and non- tion that National Forest removals could rise to equal the level of allowable cut estimated in 1970. It is recognized that forest acreages could vary from assumptions as a result of changing land management objectives. Allowable cut levels could be revised downward as a result of increases in nontimber uses. And economic analyses indi- cate that actual timber harvests could equal allowable cuts only with significantly higher stumpage price levels than existed in 1970. Projections also indicate that substantial volumes of hardwoods, particularly aspen, could be made available under the assumptions of these Projections Item 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood products------------------- 2, 940 3, 961 4, 948 5, 274 5, 349 5, 625 By 222 Logging residues _---------------------- 177 240 311 275 261 259 237 Other removals. _— _=- ---.=-- = -22=---=- 60 78 97 605 633 647 660 2) = ee ee eee Skat 4, 279 5, 356 6, 154 6, 243 6, 531 6, 119 Ty ee 4,153 4, 523 4, 936 5, 646 6, 034 6, 178 6, 328 mibortniiy =. see fo ee ee Ee ea 2, 470 Fea Ws 2, 546 2, 214 2, 185 2, 168 2, 150 Roundwood supplies: earn Ra wihiber ss = ee 2, 940 3, 961 4, 948 5, 274 5, 349 5, 625 5, 222 rom other SOUrCeS 2 -_ === 186 228 326 311 300 289 289 Totals ae eee aan tet 3, 126 4, 189 5, 274 5, 585 5, 649 5, 914 Gyn Inventory of sawtimber--_----------------- 369, 173 | 381, 344 | 355, 107 | 345, 984 | 342, 424 | 340, 949 339, 635 HARDWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood products -_------------------ 14 18 11 106 146 194 189 Tegping residues" = === - += -2-------- 1 1 1 4 5 6 Other removals’! 222 2) ss es 1 1 28 30 32 32 ae ee 16 20 13 138 181 232 227 Neb growbn > Sab ee 2 222 = ae 98 107 145 187 209 212 210 Mortality rol? St ae to 55) Petit! 03 Pose 71 73 102 63 63 68 63 Roundwood supplies: Broniiacwiniiere = + - 58-2 — Sl 2 22 14 18 11 106 146 194 189 rom other sources 2222 — = 2 = S-=-— f 1 2 2 2 "Toph © - 2 ens 8 orl oe fe 15 19 13 108 148 196 191 Inventory of sawtimber---_---------------- 8, 904 9, 580 9, 302 9, 955 10, 310 10, 386 9, 970 forest land. Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. base projections, but substantial changes in hard- wood values, plant capacity, and markets would be necessary before expanded use becomes feasible. Supplies of Roundwood Harvests of timber products for use by the tim- ber industries made up an estimated 87 percent of all softwood growing stock removals in 1970 (tables 60 and 62). Approximately 11 percent of the total volume removed from growing stock was left in the woods as logging residues. An estimated 2 percent—which probably was an underestimate of average annual withdrawals—represented re- 74. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES. Net growth and removals of growing stock in the Rocky Mountains 1500 jo 1200 — po] So °o MILLION CUBIC FEET a ° ro} 300 0 aS —_——_— ze - 3 7 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 34 Net growth and removals from sawtimber in the Rocky Mountains BILLION BOARD FEET 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 35 movals of timber volumes on lands shifted from timber to other uses. It has been assumed in these base projections that an increasing amount of the material now left as logging residue will be utilized for products in the Erato. Other removals are projected at a relatively high level in accordance with earlier assumptions on area trends. In addition to roundwood products from growing stock, some production of roundwood is obtained — from rough, rotten, and dead trees and from trees on areas not classified as commercial timber- land. Materials from these sources amounted to nearly 5 percent of all roundwood produced in 1970 (tables 60 and 61). Available supplies of softwood roundwood from all sources are projected to increase about 50 per- cent between 1970 and 2000 to nearly 1.3 billion cubic feet (tables 60 and 63). A large projected increase in available output from National Forests mainly reflects the fact that actual timber har- vests on National Forests in 1970 were about 27 percent below the estimated allowable cuts used as the basis for these supply projections. Achievement of the full allowable cut as assumed would require higher prices than in 1970. Also, it appears that new studies of multiple-use manage- ment requirements, and new studies of areas for possible wilderness designation, will result in somewhat lower levels of allowable cut than estimated in this section. Increased management and/or utilization efforts could serve to prevent or minimize such reductions in available supplies, as indicated in the following chapter. Sawtimber supplies.—Available output of soft- wood roundwood in board feet of sawtimber size material increases only moderately in these pro- jections in contrast to the projected rise of 50 percent in available output in cubic feet (table 64 and fig. 36). Projected harvests from National Forests represent nearly 59 percent of the total projected output of sawtimber products. Increases in sawtimber production also are pro- jected for other public lands and for farm and TaBLE 62.—Components of softwood growing stock removals in the Rocky Mountains, 1962, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent] Projections Component 1952 1962 1970 ott ie TR See 1980 1990 2000 2020 ee OE ee ee rey laa esd as idea il Round woodiproductesi4je eases tet te) SE Seen Py al 87 87 80 81 82 83 Logging residuew Ais uh Bae ee 11 11 8 7 6 5 Other'remavalse: 2 ote ee et ere ett eae Oe D 2 12 12 12 12 Notaltremovals_ 2s . Wee Sunes Oe ee ee 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—i970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 75 TasLE 63.—Supplies of roundwood products in the Rocky Mowntains, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Projections 1962 1970 : 1980 1990 2000 2020 387 519 702 697 692 685 10 9 23 28 32 38 397 528 725 725 724 723 78 78 82 120 177 174 2 (4) - a 10 10 80 78 86 127 187 184 118 170 146 127 100 102 i! (4) 6 6 5 5 119 170 152 133 105 107 101 86 113 196 306 270 2 1 12 24 41 36 103 87 125 220 347 306 684 852 1, 044 1, 139 1, 275 1, 231 14 11 46 65 89 698 863 1, 090 1, 204 1, 364 1, 320 Owner class and species group 1952 National Forests: SPST a ee ee eee se ee 218 Hardwoeds)...__. 2 __ ek Deeley Web RnR Se -¢ 2 7 ToenaWeae- Ss. ABT S22 LO 8 2 ie £3 ee 225 Other public: See To ee 2 2 SS ee ae eae os 72 SSvi th 1 Soe 2 See ee oe Eee Ae 1 ATT: ie Ss ee en as Ss eo 74 Forest industry STURT 7 ee eee Oe 90 STCPTTTs [ees S See 2 eS ved, | Ge (4) Totalnee— 2} 6 =) Re ee eS 91 Farm and miscellaneous private: peeoouss 2 Pee ee ee So ee 116 SET | See 2 ee, ae Se ee ae 2 uae 2! OSE 1 eee SS he 118 Total Rocky Mountains: Semendee 2. RE Faas SL eee 2 tee 495 Hardwoods='..._-) Sse. ae ee 11 ese) et ee eS eee ee a * Set 506 1 Value is less than 0.5 million cubic feet. miscellaneous ownerships. In the latter case, the projected change in roundwood output is based on the assumption that timber harvests will increase from the actual level of 1970 to a balance with growth on lands remaining in the commercial timberland category. On these farm and mis- cellaneous ownerships removals in 1970 amounted to only 31 percent of the net growth of growing stock and 56 percent of sawtimber growth. Forest industry ownerships display almost an opposite trend. As reserves of industrial timber are harvested, projected output declines to about 63 percent of the 1970 level. Projected roundwood production per acre declines from a relatively high level of about 76 cubic feet in 1970 to 49 cubic feet by 2020. Projection alternatives—A substantial increase in projected available supplies of roundwood products from the Rocky Mountains in the face of some decline in commercial timberland acreage and a drop in output on forest industry lands will be possible only if farm and miscellaneous private owners greatly increase removals and if harvests in National Forests actually rise to the allowable cut levels estimated in 1970. Furthermore, most of the projected increase in available timber supplies must come from smaller diameter trees. Available roundwood supplies from growing stock trees over 5 inches in diameter is estimated to increase 53 percent over 1970 levels. Available output of sawtimber, however, is projected to increase only 8 percent above the actual cut in 1970. The preponderance of trees below 9 inches in diameter in the projections of available timber supplies indicates that improved utilization of trees by new types of milling equip- ment or use for pulpwood will be necessary if these supplies are to be utilized. While these projections of potential supply indicate what is biologically available under the specified assumptions, the Rocky Mountain area is faced with problems of economic inaccessibility of much timber, lack of markets for small wood, and possible increases in management constraints to protect environmental values. Consequently, estimates of timber supplies economically availa- ble with alternative price levels have been devel- oped, as shown in the final section of this chapter. 76 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES . Taste 64.—Supplies of sawtimber products in the Rocky Mountains, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million board feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: Softwoods ees = 21 ereke 8 ys SE epee ee 1, 362 2,370 | 3,209 3, 884 | 3, 692 3, 528 3, 287 Hard woods#unt 22 Seo <2 cee Sch e oat ee 10 13 61 74 82 88 Totalas4 2 tie ed ee Le Bees 1, 372 2, 383 3,220 | 3, 945 3, 766 | 3,610 3, 375 Other public: Softwoods# 32 2i'e) oie oe ee eee ee 451 470 490 396 537 752 733 Hard woodsees 22 oe see i) ween oa Neato erm oe 1 2 1 11 17 26 25 Rotalyes 2b Sa sk SO 452 472 491 407 554 778 758 Forest industry: BS a Softwoods#¥s2-2 4 Ra. -.- SRS 1 AEBS e oe ee. 606 760 1, 047 $01 624 453 455 HardwoodSie cscs She ase eee let Se Oe eee 1 1 (1) 5 4 3 3 Totale¥!= +. t Se. 21 OSs a2 MER ee 607 761 1, 047 806 628 456 458 Farm and miscellaneous private: ive Softwoodstee =. 20 Stk. 2. awe ka Le a ee 707 589 527 504 796 1, 180 1, 037 Hardwoods’ =.= =,5 cy mepyn a Nena ml Ges oe CALE aerate 3 3 1 31 53 85 74 Total 5 Ra oe Serna Osea ea ee 710 592 528 535 849 1, 265 ily alti Total Rocky Mountains: Softwoodss# S22 Sie). J taee Se oe ee ee 3, 126 4, 189 5, 273 5, 585 5, 648 5, 914 Sy bylal Hardwoods! 23-370 ee a2) es Bes hy eee 15 19 13 108 148 196 191 Lo tel er SA oly, 5 ae ae he eee 3, 141 4, 208 5, 286 5, 693 5; A96N C6 10 5, 702 1 Less than 0.5 million board feet. Supplies of softwood sawtimber products in the Rocky Mountains, by owner class BILLION BOARD FEET 2020 2010 1962 1980 1990 2000 Figure 36 Net Growth and Mortality _Net growth of both growing stock and saw- timber are projected to increase somewhat under the management, cutting, and area assumptions adopted in this chapter. Projected growth of growing stock rises from 1.4 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 1.6 billion cubic feet in 2020—a rise of 19 percent (table 60 and fig. 34). Projected net growth of sawtimber rises about 29 percent (table 61 and fig. 35). In terms of per acre figures, net growth of growing stock under the specified assumptions rises from about 24 cubic feet in 1970 to 29 cubic feet by 2020 (table 65). Net growth figures vary rather widely for different classes of ownership, depending on site quality, relative proportions of old-growth timber, and intensity of management. A substantial part of the timber growth in the Rocky Mountains in the past has been offset by mortality, reflecting the large proportion of old- growth timber and major losses to insects such as bark beetles, diseases such as white pine blister rust, and frequent fires. In 1970, for example, estimated mortality amounted to more than 2.6 billion board feet, or more than one-third of the gross growth (tables 60 and 61). Mortality of sawtimber is expected to decline, however, with continued cutting of old-growth timber. PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 77 TaBLE 65.—Net growth and mortality of growing stock and sawtimber per acre in the Rocky Mountains, by owner class, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 GROWING STOCK—CUBIC FEET Projections Owner class and item 1952 1962 1970 uae 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: et ere wun ers a ae fe wks eee. 2 Be 17 19 23 21 23 24 27 for ialivy 4 1s he! ee oe OEE 10 10 12 10 10 11 11 Other public: Fury RTA Tie ape, ener a REP Rn Serre ty sear r 17 20 23 27 28 28 28 Mortaliuge +--+ wae) Ts ees se 2 Pe Ss 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 Forest industry: iG eee ee ee ee eee eee eee 35 41 47 47 48 49 49 GEREN ea ey ee ee 10 10 i! 10 9 8 8 Farm and miscellaneous private: LAG es ee ee ee ee ee 18 22 25 31 35 34 34 pricey ss - eee A 2 eee et. week eee 5 8 9 10 12 12 12 All owners: Net promibe 9 BAe 9. J pues = 4 at. lt 18 20 24 25 26 27 29 L STTs STi ise ee, ee a ee Sei I ee 9 10 11 10 11 11 11 SAWTIMBER—BOARD FEET @ National Forests: Nciisminwr Gh er ie pe oe os eS 62 66 89 87 95 101 112 iy Sa eee eee > 42 43 55 38 37 37 39 Other public: RCL Ree oe or ee eee 64 72 79 100 ital 110 110 LG EN ORS _ Sree Bee eae 42 40 39 39 42 44 Ad Forest industry: Memeuemnl ete ane ee ee ee ee 168 186 201 214 207 209 209 iceialiiyeens 2 Say 3 gee Ne 48 48 47 40 35 33 33 Farm and miscellaneous private: Newerewgie a 64 (i 77 103 119 121 121 Mortalitgees <2) = be 12 hye Ws ee 2) ee 30 29 29 35 38 40 40 All owners: Listas (iT aeee are eas Se eee eee ee 67 72 90 96 105 110 117 Miotialigys oie Syd ies) ss lie oe 40 40 47 38 38 38 40 Trends in Timber Inventories Average per acre inventories of timber increased about 17 percent on all ownerships combined in the Rocky Mountains between 1952 and 1970 (table 66). Under the management, cutting, and area assumptions specified in this section, cubic foot inventories per acre are projected to increase a further 6 percent by 2020. _ Estimated sawtimber inventories per acre have increased slightly in recent years to roughly 6,400 board feet per acre. Projected inventories of this class of material drop about 3 percent by 2020. PROJECTIONS OF TIMBER SUPPLIES IN THE PACIFIC COAST SECTION The Pacific Coast section provided over half the softwood sawtimber products cut in 1970, and one-third of all timber products. Although pro- portions of the national timber harvest are expected to decline somewhat, this section repre- sents a major part of the U.S. forest economy. Trends in Forest Area Recent trends indicate a continuing loss of commercial timberland in the Pacific Coast States of California, Washington, Oregon, and coastal Alaska. Thus between 1952 and 1970, commercial timberland areas decreased 1.2 million acres, or almost 2 percent (table 67). Changes in the timber growing base have oc- curred as a result of expanding populations and related development of urban areas, roads and powerlines, and recreational facilities. Trends in land use are especially critical for timber produc- tion in areas such as western Washington where forest lands are highly productive for timber. Communities in this area have been expandin rapidly into areas that were formerly commercia timberland. 78 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER TaBLE 66.—Inventory volumes per acre in the Rocky IN THE UNITED STATES Mountains, by owner class, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 GROWING STOCK—CUBIC FEET Owner class 1952 NationaltHorest=2 52243258265 22 ste ae ee ee oe 1, 426 Otherpublic. 22: 2-4 2 be ae ees 1, 432 Rorestindustry 4°55) 5-2 - hee. 2 ee Se pep 2, 123 Farm and miscellaneous private___--_.------------- 1, 128 All;owners*- 33-5 s2. lots sos Seo ooo eee oe 1, 393 National*Forest =. 8254 522s SARs feb aed * 6, 046 Other: public... 434 _ S22 ek ae Ba ee 6, 350 Forestundustry 3-6 =. = eases = ee ee eee 10, 564 Farm and miscellaneous private____.___-_---------- 4, 402 IAM OWNECT SE Sa. oo sea ee ee ee ee 5, 917 TABLE 67.—Area of commercial timberland on the Pacific Coast, by owner class, Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 1, 522 1, 732 1, 520 1, 545 1, 584 1, 702 1, 476 1, 520 1, 679 1, 799 1, 853 1, 853 2, 260 2, 367 2, 082 1, 889 1, 816 1, 816 1, 209 1275 1, 511 1, 687 1, 767 1, 767 1, 482 1, 630 1, 558 1, 614 1, 658 1, 735 6,243 | 6,912 5, 846 5, 780 | 5, 816 6, 135 6, 187 6, 107 6, 256 6, 653 6, 843 6, 843 10, 663 | 10, 673 8, 807 7, 677 7, 284 7, 284 4,486 | 4, 553 5,220 | 5, 741 5, 989 5, 989 6, 051 6,440 | 5, 881 5,947 | 6, 026 6, 242 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million acres] Owner class 1952 National. ‘Forest-22 ea oo See ee eee = ee 30. 5 Other public!- 22s a ee ee ee ee 10. 4 orestinGus trys soo: ae tee See ee eee 11. 2 Farm and miscellaneous private____-_-_-_---_---_- 16. 7 To tale ss = a2 en Se ee eae ener ine 68. 8 Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 31.3 30. 9 30. 7 30. 4 30. 1 29.5 9. 2 9.0 8.8 8.7 8. 6 8.5 11.9 12. 2 12.0 11.9 Lis 7 11.4 16. 1 15. 4 14.9 14. 6 14.3 14.1 68.5 | 1! 67.6 66. 5 65. 5 64. 7 63. 4 ! Includes 1.1 million acres in Hawaii not considered in projecting timber supplies. Considerable acreages of commercial timber- land also have been converted to farm and pasture land in the Douglas-fir region, for example, and in the coastal area of California. Although the rate of land clearing for agricultural use appears to have diminished, many owners have preferred more immediate income-producing pursuits such as the grazing of sheep and cattle to uncertain and de- ferred returns from timber growing. Road construction also has accounted for significant losses of commercial timberland on the Pacific Coast. The public highway system has been greatly extended and many existing highways have been widened. Also a major portion of public and private timberlands have been roaded with timber access roads, with consequent reduction of the commercial timberland base. Many electric and gas transmission lines also pass through commercial timberland, and numerous reservcirs have been constructed in forested areas of the Douglas-fir region and in California. Considerable shifts in commercial timberland acreage also have occurred within the four owner- ship groups considered. In eastern Oregon, a substantial increase in commercial timberland in National Forests was due to the 1960 transfer of almost one-half million acres from the Klamath Indian Reservation to the Winema National Forest. Commercial timberland in other public ownerships also decreased between 1952 and 1970 as a result of the return of tax deeded land in California to private ownerships, and sale of certain public domain and Indian trust lands. Forest industry increased its ownership of PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 79 commercial timberland during this same period, largely as a result of acquisition from other private ownerships. Farm and miscellaneous private ownership of commercial timberland has generally decreased, largely because of shifts to industrial ownership and conversion of substantial areas to nonforest uses such as urban development and pasture. The projected changes in commercial timber- land during the period 1970-2020 assume some continued losses of forest land to various non- timber uses such as indicated above. Thus, in coastal Alaska 326 thousand acres of commercial timber land was assumed to be withdrawn in the the 1970’s for recreational use. It is of course possible that growing needs for recreational and environmental uses of forest land will lead to further withdrawals of land from timber harvest- ing. Hence these projections of commercial timberland, and related projections of future timber supplies, must be considered as approxima- tions that appear reasonable at this time. Timber Removals A summary of trends in removals, and their relationship to other variables such us net growth, roundwood products, and inventories, is presented in tables 68 and 69. Removals of growing stock Tas Le 68.—Timber removals, net growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the Pacific Coast Section, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) ' to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Projections Item 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from growing stock: Roundwood products___________________ 2, 821 2,926 | 3, 469 3,337] 3,099] 3,058 3, 200 Rapeiig readmes= S820. ay! ot 568 511 496 461 417 404 409 Pieler reinow sain =! ee. 8 2 eee 98 95 99 106 108 111 116 OS i Se eee pee 3,487] 3,532| 4,064] 3,904] 3,624| 3,573 3, 725 ee wermte en CUR ALS Te “pe tency ee 1 Wg | 2 398) so 5g9 ||.) '798) |" | “3, 016 | 3) 211 3, 480 | | Si ee igs weed Galette ee 1,493 | 1484) 4, 378%:)\-1, 313" 1,300 1, 314 1, 375 Roundwood supplies: From prowme stock... 2, 821 2, 926 3, 469 3, oot 3, 099 3, 058 3, 200 rom: Ouner sources 2_2-- 2. 9-122 5 8_ 418 398 336 305 277 274 291 0 SE ee 2 eae 3,239 | 3,324| 3,805| 3,642 3 B7Gale Gass 3, 491 Inventory of growing stock________________ 243, 077 | 235, 150 | 226, 643 | 210, 861 | 204,072 | 200,374 | 195, 773 HARDWOODS Removals from growing stock: Roundwood products_-___-______________ 29 53 75 74 87 95 103 Pia et a 12 20 30 27 31 32 36 CL CR FCI SI eee ne ee eS 3 5 9 28 23 20 oa A a ee ee ee ae 78 114 129 141 147 143 Dee ee ee mm, «303 |) 407 hf, 8844/1) 294) 4. 2291 172 Mortahtge = a 8 ee 62 76 87 125 146 160 175 Roundwood supplies: | Co cae ST ee Ee (Front erowilig siocks 22 = ee) oe 2 ie 29 53 75 74 87 95 103 From other sources ?_____-__.-.-.__.-.- 6 9 10 8 9 10 11 gs) (0 1 tee ao ema einen ee a, a A oes 35 62 85 82 96 105 114 Inventory of growing stock________________ 10,427 | 12,749 | 14,822] 17,584] 19,526 20, 624 21, 530 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified forest land. in this chapter. ? Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten trees, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and non- Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. 80 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 69.—Sawtimber removals, net growth, mortality, supplies of roundwood products, and inventories in the Pacific Coast Section, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (1970 level of management) | to 2020 [Million board feet] Projections Item 2 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood products_________.-- 19, 905 19, 872 22, 849 21, 100 19, 115 18, 261 17, 394 ogeince residuesa.s_ seen seeas 8 1, 783 1, 632 1, 5382 1, 384 1, 233 1S 1, 159 Othermemovals = s2s2 2 ooo eae 603 575 855 552 545 534 514 RO tall eee are Fe a «Des PLN 22, 291 22, 079 25, 236 23, 036 20, 893 19, 970 19, 567 INGE Cath sso eee ae oe ee: 9, 354 10, 656 11, 631 12) 187 12, 832 13, 632 14, 922 Mortal tyes ee ee en pe ee 8, 172 7, 559 6, 576 6, 262 5, 831 5, 535 5, 169 Roundwood supplies: Hiromysawitimlb ery sale eo 19, 905 19, 872 22, 849 21, 100 19, 115 18, 261 17, 894 Eromotherisources 222.22 S52 2. 2, 534 2, 668 2, 334 2, 164 2, 208 2, 386 2, 828 Rotale ye. b J 22, 439 22, 540 25, 183 23, 264 21, 323 20, 647 20, 722 Inventory of sawtimber________-__-- 1, 365, 202 |1, 274, 583 |1, 194, 245 |1, 056, 855 973, 417 908, 460 810, 276 HARDWOODS Removals from sawtimber: Roundwood products__________-- 112 179 295 354 405 438 467 Liogginig residues=., 442 5_ =e ee 26 52 49 44 52 55 62 Otherremovals@ea so ee 10 18 32 88 72 59 11 Total ease = eee 148 249 376 486 029 552 540 Netrcrowth) Sa st 2s seat ee 923 1, 242 1, 510 1, 284 1, 003 800 604 Mortality = ees 192 225 267 339 390 426 458 Roundwood supplies: Bromisawtimber--.4-.25252.-. 52 112 179 295 354 405 438 467 Hromother!sources?-0 see 10 22 i, 26 30 31 36 ERG Gal] eee ee eee 122 201 322 380 435 469 503 Inventory of sawtimber_________- Sl eres S07 39, 209 46, 394 54, 840 60, 885 64, 231 66, 820 1 Plus other area and harvesting assumptions specified in this chapter. 2 Includes roundwood products from rough and rotten forest land. Also includes saw logs from trees less than sawtimber size. trees, dead trees, and trees on noncommercial and non- and sawtimber shown in these tables reflect both harvesting of timber and volumes withdrawn for other purposes. Timber removals on the Pacific Coast are dominated by softwoods; hardwoods account for a very small portion of the inventory and a negligible portion of removals. Not all timber removals are available to the forest industries in the form of roundwood prod- ucts such as saw logs, veneer logs, and pulpwood. In 1970 roundwood products made up only 85 percent of the softwood removals from growing stock on the Pacific Coast (table 70). Logging residues accounted for 12 percent, and other re- Note: Estimates are for trend levels and consequently may differ from actual figures for the specified years. movals of softwood timber on lands transferred to other uses an estimated 3 percent of the total. In these base projections, it was assumed that the proportion of timber harvests left as logging residue would drop to about 11 percent of re- movals. Other removals were assumed to remain close to the level of 1970. In addition to output from growing stock, sub- stantial quantities of roundwood products have been produced from dead and rough and rotten trees in old-growth stands. Decreasing amounts of small trees of less than sawtimber size as defined in 1970 also have been used as saw logs. Future PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 81 TasLE 70.—Components of growing stock removals on the Pacific Coast, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent] Projections Component 1952 1962 1970 19580 1990 2000 2020 SOFTWOODS REIN Wenien PLOUUCIN= =< Fo 8 See 81 83 85 85 85 86 86 BSP PESIGU CS 2 ope a ee EE ee oe 16 14 12 12 12 11 eh Mptierenerieatg oe a oe ete eee NE 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ASU So es a ares 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 HARDWOODS fare mei PAVIGRASEHA TOI Chess 66 68 66 57 61 65 72 LTE Tai TSG a Oe LE NE emma Seema? 27 26 26 21 22 22 25 Rilicnremeagais® eee of 5 8a oe ee 28 a 6 8 22 17 13 3 er CINOM ASS Fe tess ha be 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 output from these nongrowing stock sources is projected to decrease further from the 1970 level. Supplies of Roundwood Products Harvests of softwood roundwood on the Pacific Coast mcreased over 17 percent between 1952 and 1970 from 3.2 to 3.8 billion cubic feet (table 68). Output of softwood products in board feet increased about 12 percent from 22.4 to 25.2 billion board feet (table 69 and fig. 37). The Pacific Coast preeminence as a major source of timber products until recently was achieved by a high level of production from forest indus- try and other private lands. Almost all of the recent production gains, however, were attribut- able to increased timber harvests on National Supplies of softwood sawtimber products in the Pacific Coast, by owner class BILLION BOARD FEET ) 1952 2010 2020 Figure 37 Forests and other public ownerships, with the share of total output from these lands increasing from 23 percent in 1952 to 45 percent in 1970 (table 71). Increased production from public lands resulted both from increasing demands from the timber industry and from reappraisals of future growth and utilization potentials. The increase from public Jands not only offset decreases in production from private ownerships, but also pushed regional production to an all-time peak. With public lands dedicated to a sustained level of production, and with industry faced with deficiencies in harvestable age classes in the near future, somewhat different trends are anticipated (tables 71 and 72). By the year 2000, under the assumptions of these base projections softwood roundwood output is estimated to decrease about 12 percent to 3.3 billion cubic feet, including 20.6 billion board feet of sawtimber. This drop would be largely a result of a nearly 50 percent decrease in log production on forest industry lands. National Forests.—Projected output from Na- tional Forest lands, assuming 1970 levels of management and allowable cuts, remain at about .13 billion cubic feet over the projection period, including about 9 billion board feet of sawtimber (tables 71 and 72). Beyond 2020, however, results of recent pro- jections and a recent comprehensive study of National Forests in the Douglas-fir region ® point to an ultimate falldown in available harvests unless forest management is materially accelerated. For this reason these base projections may over- state supplies actually available with 1970 levels of management. 6 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Douglas-fir supply study. 53 p. 1969. 82 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 71.—Supplies of roundwood products in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class and species group , 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million cubic feet] Owner class and species group 1952 National Forest: Soft woods! c-ywvteets ats. oe ee Se 537 Hardwoods. 223. sess bas eons cee oe eee 2 GRO Galles Seas oo Se ee 2 ee eee 539 Other public: Softwoods.-5.5-225--—2 yo = Se eee 199 Hardwoods asec sate soe ceo ee ee eee eee 6 Motel. 2523252252 sth ae 23 tee eee ee 205 Forest industry: Softwood Sey see eee ee ee ee eee 1,644 Hard woodse! 22-42 22 = meg. ob tee ee ee eee 19 Totalnwso2scateescesooseettessceessdaseae 1,663 Farm and miscellaneous private: SOL; WOOGSHetss se 2) Aa ene eee ene 2 ee 859 Eisrdwoodsit iis Soeieet: uve). Furst Foe 8 Notale jo * eyo ee = ee ee ee 867 All owners: Softwoods fares rE. Ae. Sees Peet 3,239 Hardwoods] 1523 223 Ass. sya k wes hek ee pope eee 35 Rotella ase 2 Ste ss ae ae ee oh On 3,274 Other public lands——On public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and Bureau of Indian Affairs, and on land in State ownership, timber harvests are also based on allowable cut calculations. Although the area in these public ownerships decreased approximately 13 percent between 1952 and 1970, removals more than doubled as a result of the growth in local demands for timber that also resulted in increasing timber cutting on National Forests. Another major factor was greater investment in forest management practices provided directly or indirectly from timber receipts. On these public ownerships, pro- jections of roundwood timber harvests average about 3.5 billion board feet (table 72). Forest industry—Roundwood timber harvests on forest industry lands showed a slight downward trend in the 1952-70 period to 10.6 billion board feet. However, substantial changes occurred in- ternally within the Pacific Coast area. Most striking was an 85 percent increase in harvests, mainly in young-growth forests, on industry lands in western Washington, in contrast to a 25 percent reduction in western Oregon and a 30 percent reduction in California. The sharp drop in timber harvests in these latter areas reflected past heavy Projections 1962 | 1970 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 1,075 | 1,274] 1,341] 1,342] 1,348| 1,361 12 13 13 13 13 1,080 | 1,286| 1,354 | 1,355 | 1,361 | 1,374 355 471 510 525 542 602 4 12 8 8 8 8 359 483 518 533 550 610 1,400 | 1,601 | 1,207 862 801 888 25 36 40 51 59 68 1,425 | 1,637 | 1,247 913 860 956 492 459 583 646 641 639 29 25 22 24 24 26 521 484 605 670 665 665 3,324 | 3,805 | 3,642| 3,376 | 3,332| 3,491 62 85 8 96 105 114 cutting on industry lands and resulting depletion of inventory. Over the projection period roundwood harvests from industry lands were projected to decrease sharply as a result of reduction of old-growth forests to about 4.8 billion board feet by 2000 (table 72). Farm and miscellaneous private.—On nonindus- trial private timberlands in farmer and miscel- laneous private ownerships, roundwood harvests in board feet decreased one-half between 1952 and 1970, largely as a result of cutting residual old- growth stands on the remaining accessible forests in these ownerships (tables 71 and 72). In addition, approximately 8 percent of these lands were sold to industrial owners. The reduction in harvests on farm and miscel- laneous private ownerships was especially pro- nounced in California, with a drop of 69 percent between 1952 and 1970. On many of the cutover lands in this area, as in other parts of the North- west, hardwoods have taken over much of the land following timber harvesting.’ In other areas, 7 Oswald, Daniel D. Timber resources of Mendocino and Sonoma Counties, California. USDA Forest Service Re- source Bul]l. PNW-40, 76 p. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon 1972. PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 83 Tape 72.—Supplies of sawtimber products in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Million board feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 eee ee ee SS National Forest: Rati wone se: 2 eee ee eee 3, 864 7, 449 8, 769 9, 102 9,054 | 9, 023 8, 874 Misrdwosds. -- = 2-2 ee a - - - 4 13 43 66 67 66 65 Ronis ee ee eee ee - = 3, 868 7, 462 8, 812 9, 168 9, 121 9, 089 8, 939 Other public: Ringo Ce ee ee ee eee eS =- = 1,438 | 2,513 3, 264 | 3, 391 3, 414 3, 457 3, 607 frarcdwoodd = eo ees ae eee -- - 24 11 47 32 32 33 36 Tin en oe ee ee eee 1, 462 2, 524 3, 310 3, 423 3, 446 3, 490 3, 643 Forest industry: SF igi fuels pee oe eee eS ee ee 11, 464 | 9,496 | 10, 432 7,475 5, 229 4, 563 4, 726 Hardwoods ate 3 SOT at Poet sw ee = 12 8 141 183 223 256 280 TaN eT ee ee ee ra tn feet 11,536 | 9,580 | 10, 573 7, 658 5, 452 4, 819 5, 006 Farm and miscellaneous private: Solawoonse te ee eee Se Fe 5, 674 3, 082 2, 719 3, 295 3, 626 3, 604 3, 515 Hardwoods. ooo ee ee es ee 22 94 91 100 113 114 122 DE ee eS ee ee 5, 696 3,176 | 2,810 3, 395 3, 739 3, 718 3, 637 All owners: SGhinRD OOS rae 2 ee = a a= 22, 439 | 22, 540 | 25, 182 | 23, 264 | 21, 323 | 20, 647 20, 722 Te Oi at eee Le eee eee ee 2 201 322 380 435 469 503 OS ee oe nL 22, 561 | 22,741 | 25, 504 | 23, 644 | 21,758 | 21,116 | 21, 225 Tape 73.—Supplies of roundwood products per acre in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet per acre] Owner class 1952 (ig got ed See hy ae WE Ue i ee Wahiotnle POLenG ee ee WAG @iher publics tn te ee see re es TE Boresbanausteye se! SAGs i 55_ Ste Seer ee See Farm and miscellaneous private------------------- particularly in western Washington, early cutting on the relatively accessible forest lands in these ownerships, and subsequent fire control, resulted in establishment of extensive young-growth stands capable of supporting an increasing cut in the future. For all lands in farm and miscellaneous private ownerships, roundwood harvests were projected to rise about 37 percent by 2020 (table 71). 19. 6 148, 3 §2. 1 47. 6 Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 34. 5 41.6 44.1 44.6 45, 2 46. 6 39. 1 53. 4 65. 7 69. 1 72, 1 81. 2 119. 5 134. 0 104. 5 77.8 74. 4 83. 7 32. 3 31.3 42. 2 48. 1 48. 5 49. 4 49. 4 57. 5 57. 4 54. 4 54. 5 58. 3 Harvests of hardwood products amounted to only $5 million cubic feet in 1970, or 2.2 percent of the total timber harvest. Even with a projected increase in the hardwood cut, and a decrease in softwood output, hardwoods make up only 3 per- cent of projected supplies of roundwood in 2000. Roundwood production per acre.—Timber har- vests per acre in recent years have varied widely by ownership (table 73). For all ownerships com- bined, roundwood output in 1970 averaged 57.5 84 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES cubic feet per acre of commercial timberland, but this figure varied from a low of about 31 cubic feet on farm and miscellaneous private lands and 42 cubic feet on National Forests to a high of 134 cubic feet per acre on forest industry lands. The low cutting level on farm and miscellaneous lands in this period largely reflected low levels of inventory due to past heavy cutting. The limited harvesting of timber on public lands, despite large inventory volumes, has been a result of long rotations to achieve agency objectives, as well as lower inherent site productivity of many areas in public ownership. Projections of available roundwood supplies per acre increase ultimately for all ownerships com- bined, with a narrowing of the range in harvests per acre among the different owner classes. The highest projected output is for industry-owned lands, in spite of a rapidly shrinking inventory, largely due in part to the concentration of the most productive lands in these holdings and relatively intensive management. Net Growth in Relation to Removals Long-run trends in future timber harvests, after the conversion of most old-growth stands, will be determined essentially by trends in growth. Although net growth has been less than harvests, growth has been rising steadily and future sizable increases are projected, particularly in terms of cubic feet (tables 68 and 69, and figs. 38 and 39). For all owners combined, a continued excess of removals over net growth is expected for both growing stock and sawtimber over the projection period. Thereafter a prospective drop in National Forest sawtimber production—assuming 1970 management levels—would tend to bring removals and growth into balance at some reduced level. Net growth per acre-—Net growth per acre on the Pacific Coast has trended upward over the past 20 years as more old-growth timber with low growth rates has been replaced by faster growing young trees. For all forest owners com- bined, net growth averaged 45 cubic feet per acre in 1970 (table 74)—about 35 percent higher than in 1952. In future decades net growth for all owners is projected to increase to an average of 59 cubic feet per acre under the assumptions of this base projection. Net growth on National Forest Jands in 1970 was much below that on other ownerships, due to the heavy inventories of old-growth timber on these public lands of generally lower sites. Net growth rates of softwood growing stock averaged only 1.1 percent of the softwood inven- tory in 1970—a consequence of the predominance of old-growth timber with high volumes and high mortality rates. Net growth of softwood growing stock varied from 0.6 percent on National Forests to 2.5 percent on farm and miscellaneous private lands. Over the projection period growth rates Net growth and removals of growing stock in the Pacific Coast 4.0 BILLION CUBIC FEET o—— ~___—— — -—— — — sere on -—— 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 38 Net growth and removals of sawtimber in the Pacific Coast 26 » BILLION BOARD FEET a 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 39 increase on all categories of ownership except on farm and miscellaneous holdings to an estimated average of 1.8 percent by 2020 (table 75). Mortality.—Natural losses of softwood timber on all ownerships combined averaged about 20 cubic feet per acre in 1970, or about one-third of gross growth (tables 68, 69, and 76). This rela- tively high level of mortality was a result of the preponderance of old-growth timber in this sec- tion, and existing levels of forest protection and management. Mortality on farm and miscellane- ous ownerships was considerably below that on other lands in the 1952-70 period, one factor peing the comparatively young age of stands on these nonindustrial private lands. While the projected mortality figures for soft- wood sawtimber show a steady decline over the projection period (fig. 40), there are diverging trends amongst the various ownerships. Projec- PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 85 TasLE 74.—Net growth of growing stock per acre in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 = 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: SI GSTETS Tia. Tete Paes Se eee Cee eer oe 20. 5 23. 1 25. 5 28. 2 31.1 34. 1 41.0 (i? a oe es ae a a nS ee 1.4 14 1.5 1.3 1.2 Sah .9 “GT Wo, ean Steeped Ean Saeseee ere 21.9 24.5 27.0 29.5 32. 3 35. 2 41.9 Other public: SLES TT [eee ca Ee Se ee eee eee eee 31.9 43. 4 50. 0 62. 1 69. 0 74.8 82. 3 STS or: ae ae ae ee ee oe ee eee 3. 8 6.8 9.8 8. 6 5. 9 4.0 Plea | (2005 28 eee Bete See eee 35. 7 50. 2 59. 8 nT 74.9 78. 8 84.4 Forest industry: SIS Tt ied eel oe Sere Ses eee 43. 6 48.5 52 9 59. 5 66. 1 72.4 (Mer Raines es eee GT 9.5 11.6 10. 3 8.8 8. 0 7.4 LUT 2S ee See ee ee eee 51.3 58. 0 64.5 69. 8 74.9 80. 4 85.1 Farm and miscellaneous private: Se Eh ae Sen © ee ee Oe ee Oe ene 33. 1 39. 1 45. 4 51. 2 3458, |) - “5625 56. 9 (fyi ie ee eee et 10. 0 12. 4 10. 6 Caw 5. 4 3. 4 spe in. aha tory Seed te acess tinadio ht. } 40. 8 49.1 57. 8 61.8 62. 5 61.9 60. 3 All owners: erento Aah) Ae ey Pe eh ey Be 29. 1 34. 0 38. 3 43. 2 47.3 51.0 56. 2 irri hs ere ge bt Bs eee 4.3 5. 6 6.9 5. 9 4.6 3. 6 2.8 LOTR 2 AA ee WR be ea ie 33.4 39. 6 45. 2 49. 1 51.9 54. 6 59. 0 TasBLe 75.—WNet growth rates of growing stock by owner class in the Pacific Coast Section, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Percent of inventory] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: SUE LC: eS ee ee ee ee ee ee oe ea 0. 5 0. 5 0.6 0.7 0. 8 0.9 eal ar ar eee a ee eee 1.8 i hag i eg 1.4 1-2 1.0 ots Other public: Sis a OOCye eo See ee ne ee 1.0 L3 Tl 1.8 2. 0 2.2 2.3 ERAT MOG HS ee eee ye SE 2.7 3.3 3.7 2.3 1.3 KS 4 Forest industry: SUR 000 ce ce ee a ee eee ene nes eee 1.0 1.4 1.8 25 2.9 3. 2 3.3 Hardwoods-2.\5 a. 2 953. S55 fe ERO we 3. 9 ake SMYi 2.6 2.0 RZ 15 Farm and miscellaneous private: Doliwodds 2s esVerssaigey Lek ilt Me See. i 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2. 2 Earamoads ses!) eae oe A 3.0 Bae | ae 2. 2 1.4 9 5 All owners: Doltiwendsts it. reset te 28 [be ek tee fers .8 1.0 dei | 13 1 1G: 1.8 isrdweods 4 eer are ope. ihe tipsy. aout 2.9 3.0 3. 2 2, 2 5 ey =i] 86 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Tase 76.—Mortality of softwood growing stock and sawtimber per acre in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 Owner class Unit ee ee es Ne | National Forests: Growing stock#= 255.22 625) 2 a) Cubic feet________ Sawtimbers see: Cie Nip Board feet________ Other public: Growineistock-=/ 38. - Ee of) 4 Cubic feet=£_--.24 SE wanted oleae a | eee ees Board'feets 22> Forest industry: Growin oistoc set nee ae cee Cubie feet2222s2-: Sawtimber 5 = tee LO ea Board feet________ Farm and miscellaneous private: Growing stocks 85> Tis Cubic feet_.______ Sawtimber. = we hs ae Boardifeet= 22 eee All owners: Growin gisto.ccsesmeaas: teense nas Cubiciicet=esa= a= Sawtimbers 2-2 beat aio 05k Soe Board feet__.______ Projections 1952 1962 1970 a 1980 1990 | 2000 | 2020 25; 1 24.8 24, 2 23.5 22.9 22.5 22. 0 141 07) 13691) | 129) Sh 120N7 4 Toke o4eo 91.4 23.0 | 24.1 ZB YW Pah ts) | PYG OM “OFS Fe I. Sil PACA) 119153, (31) USE It |] TOR. |] 15. ©) PPE || PAL Y/ Pam). |) PASS} 19. 4 16. 5 16. 0 16.8 | 20.0 158; 35120735955 4a eran allerG Siz. GOT 62. 6 10. 7 10. 5 11.4 13. 4 14. 8 16. 4 19. 5 49. 7 44.1 44.9 49. 0 51.1 54. 4 62. 7 21/7; 20.9] 20.4] 20.2] 20.4] 209]| 229 118.8 | 110.3 | 101.7 | 96.6 | 91. 4 | Vie72gel/meser Net growth and mortality of sawtimber in the Pacific Coast 20 - -—- — a ™ ra aoe Se 7 BILLION BOARD FEET mortality fe v4 pee acid ee. a S 22 se “ — 5 Ree) Se Shardwoakis| Mie ba) Pear ppleat eagle] net growth Weses q CCEA FR (Sk mortality 5 3 - a a eS: 0 —_—— EOF MRD partes ape 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 40 tions for National Forests and forest industry lands decline substantially thereafter. Projections for farm and miscellaneous ands show an increase over the period as a result of projected increases in inventories. Estimates for other public lands indicate relatively constant mortality per acre. Trends in Inventory Volumes The excess of removals over growth that char- acterizes the old-growth timber economy of the Pacific Coast States has resulted in a downward trend in inventories of standing timber (tables 68 and 69). Growing stock volumes dropped about 5 percent in the 1952-70 period and saw- timber volumes about 11 percent. On a per-acre basis, volumes for all owners combined averaged 3,571 cubic feet and 18,347 board feet (tables 77 and 78). By the year 2020, average volumes are projected to decline further to 14.2 thousand board feet per acre, or 23 percent less than in 1970. These projections indicate that the smallest sawtimber inventories per acre in the year 2020 will be carried on industry lands, with the largest inventories still on public lands. Only on farm and miscellaneous private ownerships does the pro- jected average sawtimber volume per acre increase. The prospective replacement of old-growth forests by younger age classes with smaller trees is evident by comparing these trends in sawtimber volumes with trends in growing stock volumes. For all ownerships combined, projections of inventories in cubic feet drop only moderately in this base projection, in contrast to a sizable drop in board feet inventories. Although the Pacific Coast States will still contain most of the Nation’s large trees over the next few decades, a shift toward smaller tree sizes can be expected, as illustrated by the following tabulation of percentage distributions of growing stock inventories by tree sizes for selected areas: National Forests, Other public, Western Oregon Western Washington Tree diameter class 1970 2020 1970 2020 (inches) OS: tombe cease reer ee 8 18 16 26 Ueto Ones 25 32 35 61 20 and larger_______ 67 50 49 13 Rotel ae 100 100 100 100 PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 87 Taste 77.—Inventory of growing stock per acre in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Cubic feet] Owner class and species group 1952 National Forests: Sali woours 4... 188 Ut J) te bet St 4, 366 Hardwoods 2 Mere! cots els —. = Wel. =. 223. 79 frp at ee See ee ee ee ese 4, 445 Other public: Neuwooese ee, Pee Cel Ay Are Ft 4 Blt A 3, 115 Hardweads: 22a fe Seat te 141 AYTiRS. 2: OBL | Ne SOR ee Ss Se ee 3, 256 Forest industry: Naluwoods= 8 pereee @atrese tf) > 2 24 ee. 4, 278 uid (a. ee Ss ee eee 2 eee 1 uo) oe Tee eee eee 4, 477 Farm and miscellaneous private: percwaore mt Ol.) Se eB 1, 768 eiarermones ee RE 259 Jigics se" 2 ee eee a ie 2, 027 All owners Semwmucceses Uae 2h ee At Sa Sh ee 3, 533 LPS Li ae ee. ee ee See 151 Bote ae ee ems tt Bae. BEL ORE 3, 684 Farm and miscellaneous, Forest industry, North Coast, California Eastern Oregon Tree diameter class 1970 2020 1970 2020 (inches) ; 2% et SE ee 4 11 25 31 14S 7 ee 19 41 38 60 20 and larger_______ 77 48 37 9 ‘Eotalscser «2 100 100 100 100 ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS OF SUPPLY WITH 1970 LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT Supplies of timber products available in any period depend not only on factors of timber inven- tories, growth, and established harvesting prac- tices and trends, but also upon various economic, social, technical, and institutional factors that were only partially considered in the base pro- jections presented above.® 8 See for example: Morgan, James T. Three ways to look at Lake States timber supplies. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. Detroit, Michigan. p. 201- 203. 1965. Guttenberg, Sam. Converting forest resource statistics to timber supply. Proceedings of the 7th Conf. on Southern Industrial Forest Management. Duke Univ., Durham, N.C. p. 46-51. 1967. Projections 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 4, 348 4, 268 4,105 3,958 | 3, 836 3, 673 8 85 94 101 107 116 4,430 | 4, 353 4, 199 4, 059 3, 943 3, 789 3, 328 3, 319 3, 356 3, 403 3, 458 3, 534 206 269 379 446 487 525 3, 534 3, 588 | 3, 735 3, 849 3, 945 4, 059 3, 419 2, 953 2, 401 2,201 2, 292 2, 337 262 316 396 447 476 496 3, 681 3, 269 2, 797 2.7418 |_ 2) 768 2, 833 1,721 1, 850 2, 073 2, 213 2, 337 2, 541 319 383 488 557 596 633 2, 040 2, 233 2, 561 2, 770 2, 933 3, 174 3, 431 3, 352 3, 202 3, 199 3, 180 3, 164 186 219 271 306 327 348 3, 617 3, 571 3, 523 3, 505 3, 507 35 aL Prices of timber and timber products in par- ticular affect both the economic operability of existing timber resources and owners’ willingness to sell. With rising prices of timber products and stumpage, many timber owners and operators could be expected to increase timber sales, har- vests, and utilization, with resulting different relationships to timber growth than assumed in the base projections of timber supplies. Statistical information on supply responses to price changes is limited, however, and projections of econom- ically available timber supplies therefore depend to a major degree on judgment.°® ® See for example: Adams, D. M. The impact of changes on Federal timber sales policies on the Douglas-fir region forest economy: An econometric simulation. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley. 1972. McKillop, W. L. M. Supply and demand for forest products—an econometric study. Hilgardia 38:1-132. 1967 Mills, Thomas J. An econometric analysis of market factors determining supply and demand for softwood lum- ber. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 182 p. 1972. ol Sa Wall, Brian R. Relationship of log production in Oregon and Washington to economic conditions. USDA FS Res. Pap. PN W-147, 13 p. 1972. 88 ‘THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TasLE 78.—Inventory of sawtimber per acre in the Pacific Coast Section, by owner class and species group, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2020 [Board feet] Projections Owner class and species group 1952 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 National Forests: Softiwoodss=% 2 fee fee a 6 eee 2 24, 510 | 23, 892 | 23, 044 | 21, 405 | 19, 887 | 18, 489 16, 282 Hardwoodsh. 2) fees. eee 2 ee Ae a eee 248 274 289 314 331 346 366 Motaleese 2 ele. eS eS ee es ee 24, 758 | 24,166 | 23, 333 | 21, 719 | 20, 218 | 18, 835 16, 648 Other public: Soltwoodswe se. se te ee eee Se ee 17, 381 | 18,116 | 17,578 | 16, 842 | 16,106 | 15, 398 14, 070 ard woods! 2.2.2 ene 2 42 MaRS . oes ye ae 403 606 804 1, 131 1, 354 1, 499 1, 657 Totallee Sk. 2 SORE oar SS YES SR REE A ee 17, 784 | 18, 722 | 18, 382 | 17,973 | 17, 460 | 16, 897 aPC Forest industry: = Softwoodss2. U2 -t 2] = Si ee oe 25, 433 | 19, 270 | 15, 870 | 11, 674 9, 994 9, 207 8, 160 Hardwoodds=a2-=2-2 eas 242 0hSa- 2 Rn ee 636 812 973 1, 194 1, 325 1, 388 1, 400 Total 5S ee ee ek ee ee ee 26, 069 | 20, 082 | 16, 843 | 12, 868 | 11, 319 | 10, 595 9, 560 Farm and miscellaneous private: Softwoods#5_4) Bie St =o EN 2. 2 tent ese ee 9, O77 8, 108 8, 350 8, 907 9,136 | 9, 339 9, 745 Hardwoods...) -s+._-4 66S. 16 ae. 2 Se 744 953 1, 184 1, 5388 1, 780 1, 920 2, 052 Total 630 ieee Seek fe ae eee 9, 821 9, 061 9, 5384 | 10, 445 | 10,916 | 11, 259 IS es All owners: Softwoods=-5 =. 582 4-4 ae i eee = ees 19, 842 | 18, 597 | 17, 661 | 16, 297 | 15, 260 | 14, 418 13, 094 Hardwoods -sh = Sek ee ee ee ee 455 572 686 846 955 1, 020 1, 080 TO Calli tye 2 See PS Sees a Bee 20, 297 | 19, 169 | 18, 347 | 17, 143 | 16, 215 | 15, 438 14, 174 This section presents some estimates of supply- price relationships for softwood sawtimber, which represents a major and critical part of the total timber situation. No estimates of the economic availability of all softwood material or of hard- woods are available at this time. However, comparisons of the base projections with the following economic projections for softwood saw- timber may cast some light on possible trends in the economic availability of other material. Recent Supply-Price Relationships for Timber Products During 1971 and 1972 the reported index of wholesale prices of softwood lumber relative to the general price level increased about 40 percent, and for softwood plywood about 25 percent. Be- cause of changes in the pattern of prices of different grades and sizes of these products associated with price control programs, however, the industry average of all sales appears to have risen some- what more than these reported indexes. Reported prices of pulp and paper products showed little or no change in this short period. Total harvests of softwood sawtimber from the U.S. forests for Jumber, plywood, and other products rose some 4.6 billion board feet between 1970 and 1972, or a 10 percent increase (table 79). This included a 12 percent increase in domes- tic production of softwood lumber, a 29 percent increase in production of softwood plywood, and some decline in estimated production of pulp- wood from sawtimber resources. Imports of softwood lumber increased 55 percent in this period in response to price increases that were reportedly greater than those prevailing under U.S. price controls. : The short-run elasticity of supply of domestic softwood sawtimber products in the 1970-72 period—defined here as the ratio between the percentage increase in total supplies of softwood sawtimber products and the percentage increase in weighted average U.S. wholesale prices of softwood lumber and plywood—was apparently between 0.2 and 0.3. This was not greatly different from apparent short-run supply responses to price changes for softwood sawtimber products during cyclical changes in most years of the 1950’s and 1960’s. Longer run relationships between prices and supplies of timber products, however, have been quite different from short-run relationships in these recent decades. Factors such as the rise in PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 89 TaBLE 79.—Softwood sawtimber supplies at alternative price levels for lumber and plywood [Billion board feet] | Relative price index, softwood lumber and plywood_-~----- West—National Forests !__-_=------------------------- AG 1970 prices.) 5-22 -* ae-~-_--—--===2_=---=------=- At 1970 prices plus 30 percent - - ---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent - - ---------------------- Base peaiconan ; LOSS ee oe ee ee ee ther owners__--_-------------=---------------- Ag 4970 prices) - 2-~---_- ------=---------------- At 1970 prices plus 30 percent ------------------------ At 1970 prices plus 50 percent - ----------------------- Base projection _- ----------------------------------- West All owners’) = WG f970 pricaye se -- - At 1970 prices plus 30 percent - - ---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent - - ---------------------- Base projection -- ----------------------------------- East—National Forests_-_------------------------------ At 1970, prices_ = =) -- 52> 2-3 =- At 1970 prices plus 30 percent - - ---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent - - ---------------------- Base projection__----------------------------------- Wast—Other owners. 2... ~- 2222-8---=2=5+--==-=-=+----- At.1970)prices..- ---=-=-= ----=---=------------==------ At 1970 prices plus 30 percent -- ---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent - - ---------------------- Base projection _- ----------------------------------- East—All owners2..222.3-- -2-U---==22- -4=55---=-5=---- At 1970 prices. _=- ----- -+---+-=--+-+---=--+-=------- At 1970 prices plus 30 percent -_ ----------------------- At 197C prices plus 50 percent - ----------------------- Base projection _-_---------------------------------- U.S. total—_National Forests___ ------------------------ At 1970 prices. _--------------+--------------------- At 1970 prices plus 30 percent _- ---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent - - ---------------------- Base projection _- _---------------------------------- WaSitotal=—Otheriowners= 28) 2 2242 -===-22=5-=Sh-----= At. 1070 prices) 222 = 4-482 5-4-- 4 28 - -S-=-- <= =--- == At 1970 prices plus 30 percent _- ---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent _ - - --------------------- Base projection _ ------------------------------------ WtSa total — All ownels tee ee ee SS iS ApiGmOlerGrs 6 222. a oe b= --- - == == - == === At 1970 prices plus 30 percent __---------------------- At 1970 prices plus 50 percent------------------------ Base projection_------------------------------------ West— Actual Projections 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 2. Weee 100 118 135, | aceenet ole. See. ee ee ee eee ORO ale Os 2ialiel TO BES 2 =|) ae | — See | ee pee Se Ne ee se, 2 ee TODS Sal MNOS A MLOnOs|ps-S2 ees Pi we. | ie ee ee eee Tie | al On 109) | Sea "a a: SS LOMO MLO OR Wie Se eae =. 88 12 ee | ISON ALANSH M225 PF aal see DOEGa eal Olmos Wel a alae ea PR So || ei Bs | Be ae jee lizevay ||) Tiss Onl MIP ee oe =. |S JE ee aaeees 1OPOM elon. pian | eee Se. en (es ee. ae ae TOPSwil6 won| lO ease <., res TSU ee | ee Sa) 4a eo 14. 0 - 2 Se SYP ay | Ci OnS Be Be otee pian ee | seers ser ace Be SOS || ees eee eel ES ee Def evirl ASP} | \eP-P ae See se a 54) 4 ees ee Eee BOMim | Lose laze. OF ae ae See eee eee Se Ree ae SER e2Se onl P2248) aaa yee. ae: SORGaE OS Le|eeeie|| D8icSre 272.0 (0 2626 26. 2 . Sere On5 0.5 O8 Gua el ae asi ee see I ee Se ee 0.8 1.4 OF |= Oe sce |t b= ee le S| ee algal 16 i hg ae | Se ee lee 1.2 1.8 PS Ras (= See ee Gia | i | eel lel 1.9 2a 2 eee Te Deal Oervanly lidep 2a mea |e Se Seer — SUG) pf on||.2 = Seles 2S eee TSS | MOO NES SM || 2s S| MS SEK CR ee |e ee eee ase 1OMGH Polke (el gore |aes——— _ ee ee Eee | oe SY) 74 Oil, |] PASO) | eee ee 1509 | een eee ST Sa P2200 2520) PAM ee Sze |G. Qu ter S) eee es | Saeeee | Sea ee Se ell At cee Pee 11). (Dinl| SLED |b GESMayal|e aes = =, a A |e aE 2 eee Sea lomo | 20nd leew === Le SE he ene eA eee 2 OM, GOR 76 I Pa), Gy |e 22 = SE Lox5 oa beseleelee| 2ONON| 23:9) ie 2TH6 Pathe Uf _. tae 110 Dial TOS 70 |e Se eee ee ee PAP ROM1|| ss | ee Ae ileete Pita ken) aa 5 | eee eee = 1, De | Os Opell tleh Sha eke ee es ee See TELS) also || ZS oye Ree 5.5 eee DIN) || eee ee ee eee Spal Ail LAS 7, 15. 2 14.8 So ee Sve Vi Si) PA SENS) Eso ee alaas eee |— => >= == 2s Be sal |e Se = JS BT |) Bos Sal) Shas? |Pssoas 2 ee |e SE bee ere (ee SQUGnl oie poo. eo |= === _. eee ESS = AN | etek GE || Sz) Ns eo 2. ee 54. AUleeus | belt |84..60/\586.2 390 39. 1 ape eyes AG. 2 | 4724 | SONS seen eae |] = | a ee oh ly a ee | es ee oe AGUS El AVA4 4c. OF po oee— PMS, «+ ate, |p 2s en | ee SE ROMS DOsOM4eeOuee=—— = 0 eS ee oe) 2 |e ROMA 5262) NAS. on jee es == 2. ee AG RGSS 28. ese! 4808; | 50299) 5402 53. 9 1 Projections assume 1970 proportions of operator-financed and federally financed roads as well as other practices at 1970 levels. relative prices of lumber and stumpage prior to 1950, for example, made it economically feasible to develop the timber resources in previously un- developed areas in National Forests in the West and in British Columbia. This was also a period when recovery of forests in the South permitted increased timber harvesting, and when new tech- nology broadened the raw material base and led to more efficient and expanded production in the plywood and lumber industries. As a result of these developments more supplies of timber products became available at a given price level. This shift in supply-price relationships for softwood sawtimber was equivalent to an ap- parent long-run supply function of much greater elasticity than for short periods. It is anticipated that timber supply-price rela- tionships will continue to shift from decade to decade in the future as a result of prospective changes in timber resource conditions. Some antic- ipated changes represent a reversal of past trends, as in the Pacific Coast States where a continued shrinkage of timber harvests on indus- trial ownerships must be expected, particularly 90 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES): with 1970 management levels and policies. In other cases, as in the South, continuing increases in timber supplies from an expanding resource are anticipated. Supply prospects also differ by owner- ships, as pointed out below. Projected Supplies From National Forests Estimates of, potential supplies of softwood sawtimber from National Forests at alternative price levels, shown in table 79, were based on esti- mates of allowable harvests as established in 1970, modified by judgment as to timber operability, utilization potentials, and recent reevaluations of allowable harvests in some areas resulting from new environmental constraints. Allowable harvest limitations —On National For- ests and on certain other Federal and State owner- ships sales of timber are limited to the allowable harvests set by sustained yield policies and mul- tiple-use standards and guidelines. Timber sales and harvests on public lands also may be re- stricted, at least temporarily as in the 1970-72 period, by such factors as environmental studies, law suits to halt timber cutting, and availability of funds and manpower. Except for temporary increases in harvesting of timber already under contract, timber sales and harvests on these public lands cannot be increased significantly above allowable amounts, even with much higher demands and prices. Nevertheless, with increased prices timber on public lands can be utilized more closely, resulting in an increase in roundwood output and a corresponding reduction of residues on logging areas. Much of the material that could be made available in this way is suitable only for products such as pulp or particleboard, but some material can be utilized for lumber or plywood. Also, increased sales and harvesting of timber that may not be in the allowable harvest, such as certain thinnings, timber in remote areas, and increased salvage of dead timber, become more feasible with higher prices. The amount of such possible increases in supplies of roundwood with higher prices varies in different areas, depending on such factors as amounts and types of materials left after logging, accessibility of areas logged, attitudes of loggers, equipment available, methods of pricing low-valued timber, and size and nature of available markets. Supplies from western National Forests.—At 1970 prices and 1970 level of management, projected supplies of softwood sawtimber products from western National Forests total about 10 billion board feet annually—close to the actual harvest in 1970 and 1971 (table 79 and fig. 41). With prices 50 percent higher than in 1970, harvests are estimated to reach about 12 billion board feet annually. These estimates of potential timber harvests with higher prices largely reflect an anticipated increase in utilization on logging operations, Softwood sawtimber supplies [ 1970 level of management } total Western United States BILLION BOARD FEET 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 41 increased thinnings and salvage, and—in the Rocky Mountains and Alaska—greater economic accessibility of some timber that would be in- operable at 1970 prices. Supplies from eastern National Forests.— Harvests of softwood sawtimber from National Forests in the eastern United States, at 1970 prices and level of management, were estimated to increase from about 0.5 billion board feet in 1970-72 to 2.2 billion board feet by the year 2000 (fig. 42). This substantial rise in output reflects a continuing buildup of timber inventories that is expected on these lands and resulting rises in allowable harvests. With higher prices somewhat closer utilization also can be expected to lead to some additional modest increases in log supplies. Total supplies from National Forests.—At 1970 prices and level of management, these projections for all National Forests in the United States sho w Softwood sawtimber supplies | [1970 level of management } total Eastern United States BILLION BOARD FEET 2020 Figure 42 PROJECTED TIMBER SUPPLIES—1970 LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT 91 ittle change from the average of 11.2 billion board eet of softwood sawtimber actually cut in the yeriod 1970-72 (table 79 and fig. 43). With price ncreases for lumber and plywood averaging 30 yercent above 1970 levels, potential harvests of softwood sawtimber in 1980, for example, were sstimated at 10 percent more than with 1970 yrice assumptions. With assumed price increases of 50 percent over 1970, potential harvests in 1980 — projected to 19 percent above the actual cut £ 1970. These economic projections of available soft- vood sawtimber supplies are lower than the base yrojections presented earlier in this chapter, vhich represented allowable harvests on National Yorest lands as established in 1970. These lower stimates reflect in part new classifications of commercial timberlands, new environmental con- traints on timber management, and particularly he fact that substantial inventories of National Vorest timber in the Rocky Mountains and \laska would not be economically operable ‘xcept with timber product and stumpage prices substantially above 1970 levels. rojected Supplies From Other Lands Procedures for estimating prospectively avail- ible supplies of softwood sawtimber products rom other lands varied somewhat by region and wnership. Supplies from western areas.—Potential harvests f timber from public lands in the West were stimated on the basis of reported allowable arvests and possible increases in timber utili- ation in much the same way as for Nationa] ‘orests. Estimates for private lands in the West were tade on the basis of judgment as to (1) pro- vective economic operability of timber inventories , different price levels, and (2) consideration oftwood sawtimber supplies \970 level of management } tal United States 60 50 40 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 43 of owners’ willingness to sell their timber. These judgments in turn were based on such factors as past responses to price increases, studies of owner attitudes toward selling timber, and possible impacts of changing technology on timber oper- ability and utilization. The base projections of timber inventories and growth presented in the previous part of this chapter and several related projections using different cutting assumptions also provided some guides for these estimates. Timber harvesting responses to increased prices appear to vary widely among different owners. Some farm and miscellaneous private owners, for example, willingly increase timber sales as prices rise, whereas other private owners hold forest land and timber primarily for nontimber puposes, and have little or no interest in selling timber even at relatively high prices. On industrial forest lands, cutting is often related to plant capacity or related long-term objectives that tend to limit increases in harvesting in response to rising prices. The time required to install new plant capacity or recruit additional workers also has a short-run influence on the rate at which supplies of lumber or other finished products can be increased in response to higher demands and prices. With prices and management at 1970 levels, it is estimated that harvests of softwood sawtimber on other ownerships in the West would decline steadily from about 21 billion board feet of actual harvests in 1970 to possibly 12.5 billion board a by 2000—a drop of 40 percent (table 79 and g. 41). With higher prices than in 1970, it is estimated that additional harvests of roundwood could be obtained by closer utilization of timber felled or formerly passed up in logging operations, by increased salvage of dead or dying timber, and by increased harvesting of other nongrowing stock. Supplies could also be increased by accel erated sale and harvesting of standing timber inventories. At these higher prices, estimates based mainly on judgment show a more sustained trend in harvesting over the next couple of decades, but a sharp decline thereafter to lower levels than expected with 1970 prices. Holding cutting at higher levels during the 1970’s and 1980’s in response to relatively high prices would thus mean an accelerated reduction of supplies by 2000 and thereafter. Supplies from eastern areas.—Projections of softwood sawtimber supplies from other owner- ships in the East, with prices and management at 1970 levels, were based on the assumption that these owners would continue to sell or cut about the same percentage of standing timber inventories as in 1970. (Timber harvests on other ownerships in that year averaged 4.8 percent of softwood sawtimber inventories in eastern forests, compared to 3.5 percent in the West.) Because of the upward 92 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES trend in timber inventories and growth on these lands! resulting from past and current forestry programs, this procedure resulted in a projected increase of 47 percent in harvests of eastern softwood sawtimber between 1970 and 2000 (fig. 42). With higher prices it was estimated, as in the West, that rates of harvesting would be further increased. A coefficient of supply-price elasticity of 0.5 was assumed in estimating initial responses to price increases for softwood lumber and plywood averaging 30 percent and 50 percent above 1970 Jevels. This meant an increase of 15 and 25 percent respectively in percentages of softwood sawtimber inventories harvested. These higher cutting rates were then used in the projection system to estimate annual changes in future harvests, net growth, and inventories. Use of this procedure resulted in a significant in- crease in harvests of softwood sawtimber products above output estimated with 1970 prices through- out the period from the 1970’s to the year 2000. These higher projections also are somewhat above the base projection for the 1970-1990 period. Total supplies from other ownerships.— Under the assumption of 1970 prices and level of forest man- agement, it is estimated that supplies of softwood sawtimber products from other ownerships in the United States would drop slightly from the actual harvest of 36.0 billion board feet in 1970 (table 79 and fig. 43). With price increases of 50 percent over 1970, on the other hand, supplies in the year 1980 might be roughly 5 billion board feet greater than could be expected at 1970 prices. By the year 2000, however, all projections for these ownerships show somewhat less timber available than was harvested in 1970. Projected Supplies From All Ownerships Projections of economically available supplies of softwood sawtimber products from all owner- ships in the United States, at 1970 prices and management level, remain fairly close to the 1970 harvest of 46.5 billion board feet. (fig. 43). Pro- jected decreases in supplies in the West just about offset increases in the Kast. With an assumed increase of 50 percent in soft- wood lumber and plywood prices over 1970 levels, projected harvests in 1980 total about 53 billion board feet, but then gradually drop to less than 50 billion board feet by 2000, and to somewhat lower levels thereafter. Projections assuming a 30 percent rise in prices are intermediate between these two projections. These price-related projections indicate that with increased prices roundwood supplies could exceed the base projections of timber supply developed earlier in this chapter at least for the next couple of decades. It is readily apparent, however, that with no increases over 1970 levels of management, accelerated timber harvesting would, in time, result in a reduction in both the quantity and quality of available roundwood supplies below 1970 levels of output. It must be recognized that these estimates necessarily involve a large measure of judgment. The time paths of future harvests appear consist- ent with supply-price relationships in recent dec- ades but could be quite different with major changes in prices, a tighter timber supply situation, or other factors. All the projections developed, however, indicate that if forest management and forestry investments are maintained at 1970 levels prospects for increased supplies of softwood saw- timber products are limited. Available supplies of softwood sawtimber in the past have been used for both solid wood products such as lumber and plywood and for woodpulp. With higher timber prices there may be increased incentives to reallocate logs used for pulp to saw- mills and plywood plants, with a shift of pulpwood procurement to residues and small or low-quality timber. Whether this occurs depends on numerous factors affecting competition for wood in many local areas. In addition to increased timber harvesting and closer utilization of available supplies expected with rising prices of timber products and stumpage, it seems likely that many industrial and some other forest owners would intensify timber management programs above 1970 levels. The biological potential for future timber growth and harvests is considerably greater than the projections of potential supplies that could be anticipated with 1970 levels of management on National Forests and other ownerships. More of this potential could be captured by intensified management and utilization. Some intensified management and utilization practices could have early impacts on timber supplies, particularly in areas with old-growth timber. Because of the time required to grow merchantable sizes of trees, however, such poten- tial increases in timber supplies—though of major importance in the long run—would largely be realized beyond the projection period used in this analysis. Some information on possible opportuni- ties for such intensification of forest management is presented in the following chapter. CHAPTER III SUPPLIES THROUGH INTENSIFIED MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION 94 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES In this chapter estimates are presented of potential increases in timber supplies, over and above projected supplies with 1970 management levels as described in Chapter II, that might be achieved in coming decades by an acceleration of certain cultural measures and by closer timber utilization. The amount of such increases economi- cally attainable will depend to a large degree on trends in timber prices, hence some price alterna- tives were considered in this analysis. The following material includes a general in- dication of opportunities for intensified manage- ment of the Nation’s forests. This is followed by a summary of an initial study of opportunities for intensified forestry on National Forests and farm and miscellaneous ownerships throughout the United States. More detailed case studies are then presented for the Southeast, Northeast, North Central, and Pacific Northwest regions to illustrate procedures for analysis and preliminary findings of intensification opportunities. It is not possible with the data available at this time to estimate with a high degree of accuracy how much future timber growth and harvests might be increased as a result of higher levels of investment in forestry practices, nor related impacts on nontimber costs and benefits. The increases in timber supplies resulting from in- tensified management as described in this chapter are believed to be reasonable approximations, but much additional study will be necessary for more complete evaluations of potentials. GENERAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANAGE- MENT INTENSIFICATION With 1970 levels of forest management and re- lated harvesting and area assumptions, available supplies of timber from U.S. forests were projected to increase moderately over the next few decades. These projections, shown in Chapter II, are con- siderably below yields attained in fully stocked natural stands, and much less than yields attain- able with intensive practices. Both technical opportunities for increasing yields and economic returns from investments in intensified management vary widely from stand to stand and from place to place depending on a variety of factors. The examples of intensification opportunities described in later sections of this chapter indicate some of the variations in quan- tity, quality, and value of increased growth and harvests that might be obtained from selected treatments. Differences in treatment opportunities stem in part from site and stand conditions. Thus the timber-growing capacity of commercial timber- lands ranges from as little as 20 cubic feet per acre per year on the poorest sites included in the ‘“‘com- mercial timberland” category to highly productive areas—mainly on the West Coast—that have the capability of producing more than 200 cubic feet of timber annually. Stocking, species composition, tree diameter distribution, and regeneration requirements also vary widely in different stands and directly affect management opportunities. Additional factors of accessibility and operability of forest areas and nature of available markets also influence the economic feasibility of intensified management. In many cases the necessity of modifying timber management to enhance environmental protection and to maintain recreation, wildlife, and aesthetic values increases management costs or reduces amounts of timber growth available for harvest. Areas such as roadside zones and scenic areas on the National Forests, for example, may provide some timber but only incidental to management for other uses. Increased timber production on areas suitable for treatment, supplementing harvests prospec- tively available with 1970 management, can be achieved by a variety of measures, including accelerated regeneration, stand conversion, stand improvement, commercial thinning, fertilization, water control, improved harvesting practices, and intensified protection. Regeneration.—Much has been done to improve regeneration following logging, both by modifying harvesting practices to obtain natural regeneration and by establishment of planted stands through site preparation and planting, or seeding. Es- tablishment of plantations on abandoned farm- land or other open areas has also been of large importance in the South and elsewhere. As pointed out in Chapter II, planting at the ‘1970 level” of management covered about 1.5 million acres annually. Large additional gains in timber supplies can be achieved both by expansion of planting efforts and by greater use of genetically improved plant- ing stock. Considerable progress has been made already in use of improved stock, particularly in the South where an estimated quarter of the planting stock seed used by the timber industry in 1970 came from selected superior trees. About 15 percent of the 700 million seedlings produced by State and Federal nurseries in recent years has been grown with seeds derived from superior trees. Programs underway will steadily expand this proportion in the years ahead. Re- duction of the regeneration period after logging also is of large importance, particularly in a number of western forest types. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 95 Accelerated planting efforts, as in the case of much current planting, will often require such measures as clearing areas of economic size; piling, chipping, disking, or burning logging debris; bedding prior to planting to improve drainage; chemical destruction of competing vegetation; or combinations of such measures. Stand conversion—Many areas in both the East and the West Coast support poorly stocked stands of hardwood trees of inferior species or quality that can be expected to produce little volume or value growth. Clearing of such stands and planting to softwood is being done success- fully on a rather wide scale on industrial and certain other lands, and numerous opportunities exist for expansion of such stand conversion programs, especially in the South. Also, in the case of certain stagnated stands of species such as lodgepole pine in the West, removal of the present trees and replacement by new stands of the same or different species is the only way to achieve full use of the site potential. Such con- version in some areas, however, may be limited by low sites or because of wildlife or other non- timber considerations. Stand improvement.——Precommercial thinning in the early years of the life of timber stands in Iany cases has major impacts on timber yields. Such thinning produces no immediate usable wood but has its payoff in faster growth, shorter rotations, more growth in usable trees and higher quality wood. In most timber types individual trees assert dominance over the others and stands develop efficiently. In other cases, crowding becomes progressively more serious and long rotations are required to produce merchantable wood. At its worst this crowding results in stagnation, especially on poor sites, with resulting spindly stands of small trees that never become merchant- able—at least by prospective standards. Precommercial thinning of heavily stocked stands is one of the major technical opportunities for increasing yields in many forests. Other measures that require out-of-pocket investments to increase timber volumes and values include removal of undesirable overstory trees in young stands having sufficient ‘crop’ trees to utilize the site. Commercial thinning.—Cutting of merchantable trees to improve spacing and stimulate growth of crop trees is still a relatively limited practice in the United States. Nevertheless, numerous re- search studies indicate that commercial thinning often can provide early returns, utilize material otherwise lost as mortality, and concentrate growth on the more valuable trees. This is particu- Jarly the case on lands where production of saw- timber is the objective of management. In reaching decisions as to thinning opportunities, land managers in some cases must also consider certain adverse factors, such as possible logging damage to residual stands, increased fire hazards from thinning slash, problems of access in moun- tainous country, and problems of windthrow in some areas. Salvage.—Harvesting of a larger portion of the 2.8 billion cubic feet of softwood timber killed annually by fire, insects, or other causes also represents an important potential for increasing log supplies in some areas. Fertilization.—As indicated in the previous chapter, there has been increasing experience in recent years in the use of forest fertilizers to accelerate and improve tree growth. Most of the activity in this regard has been in the Pacific Northwest and in the South—practically all by industrial owners. Experience suggests that timber yields can be increased rather substantially with applications of nitrogen and in some cases with other nutrients such as phosphorus. While adequate information is not yet available on costs and benefits of increased fertilizer application, it seems likely that fertilization will prove to be economically attrac- tive on millions of acres of productive forest lands, particularly with increases in timber prices. Protection against insects and diseases.—As indi- cated earlier, insects and diseases take a heavy toll of timber by killing trees and by reducing timber growth. The annual mortality and growth reduction attributable to only three pests, for example—western dwarf mistletoes, western bark beetles, and southern pine beetles—alone are estimated to equal about 13 percent of the current timber harvest. A number of major protection programs against forest pests have been undertaken in past years. For the most part these have been only partially successful, presumably because not enough has been known about how to deal with these pests. More effective research and action programs could have the effect of materially increasing future wood supplies. Timber yields could be enhanced, for example, through control of dwarf mistletoe, bark beetles, larch case bearer, and other insects and diseases through development and use of attractants, repellants, feeding deterrents, hormones, sterilants, and parasites, as well as use of pesticides and im- proved cultural measures. Protection against fire—The largest and most effective forestry effort in the United States, as pointed out in Chapter II, has been in the control of forest fires. The results have been remarkable, with a decline in area burned from 30 to 40 million acres annually at the beginning of the century to about 5 million acres annually, in the late 1960's. 96 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES There still appear to be important opportunities, however, to further reduce fire losses and costs through development and use of improved technol- ogy in fire prevention, presuppression, and sup- pression—including better understanding of ways to reduce numbers of fires, development of im- proved fire detection systems using airborne infrared equipment, for example, and develop- ment of techniques for more effective control of fires. Through such means fire suppression, particularly of large fires that characteristically result in most fire damage, could be more efficient and losses correspondingly reduced. Fire losses also might be cut by reducing fuel accumulation on cutover areas through develop- ment of markets for logging residues and/or improved cleanup of cutover areas. Further improvement of techniques for use of prescribed fire in hazard reduction could also help reduce the intensity of and losses to wildfires. The focus of improved protection efforts by fire control agencies is also suggested by data on areas burned annually, by cause. During the period 1966-70 the largest areas of forest land burned in the United States resulted from in- cendiary fires, followed by debris burning, light- ning, and smokers. THE ROLE OF RESEARCH Much can be done to increase timber growth and harvests by utilizing existing technology. But investments in intensified management and utilization could be made more effective by im- proving the technological base for such efforts. More information is needed, for example, about the responses of forest stands of different types, ages, and sites to treatments such as thinning. Before the most effective tree fertilizing programs can be achieved more knowledge must be obtained on the response of trees on various soils, and effects of fertilizers on the environment. Research on genetic improvements in timber growing should include improved methods of progeny testing to detect natural resistance to insects and diseases. There are substantial areas of poorly stocked forests, and areas where planting costs are high, where lower cost techniques for site preparation and planting would improve returns from forest investments. Better knowledge of spacing control in precommercial thinning and subsequent inter- mediate cutting could help increase output of both timber and nontimber values. In many forest types development of more effective methods of timber harvesting that will insure natural regeneration of desirable timber species is of key significance in order to assure prompt and Jow-cost establishment of new stands and to protect aesthetic or other nontimber values. Improvement of aerial logging techniques using skyline systems, or helicopters, for example, could increase timber harvests as well as enhance environmental values. It is not possible to quantify the impacts of accelerated research efforts, nor rates of subsequent extension and application of new technologies. However, it is believed there are substantial potentials for increasing timber growth and for extending timber supplies beyond projections in this chapter by development and application of improved technology. THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST OWNERSHIP While there are many technical and economic opportunities for increasing timber growth and harvests in the various regions of the United States, a number of ownership constraints tend to limit practical increases in timber supply. The long investment period for most forestry practices is a significant barrier to intensified management by most private owners. Rates of return from timber growing investments usually are relatively low. And land use objectives and other factors also have a marked influence on the actions of forest owners. Farm and miscellaneous private owners.—About 59 percent of the Nation’s forest lands are owned by several million nonindustrial private owners— farmers, businessmen, housewives, power com- panies, mining companies, and numerous other occupational groups. A number of studies have shown that these owners have many objectives in owning forest lands, widely differing characteris- tics and attitudes, and varying willingness and capacity to invest funds in timber growing.’ In reporting on their objectives in owning forest lands, a minority of the nonindustrial private owners sampled stated that timber growing was their principal objective. Most of these owners, rather, held forest land for various nontimber goals such as recreation, wildlife protection, aesthetics, or speculation, with timber production a secondary goal at best. Most had little interest in making sizable investments in timber growing, and many owners were reluctant to harvest timber for environmental or other reasons. In the latter case, however, changing circumstances, such as need for income or change in tenure at time of death, have tended at some time in the life of most stands to result in willingness to harvest the timber that nature has provided. Growing concern about future timber supply has led to adoption of a variety of institutional 1McClay, T. A. Rating private nonindustrial owner- ships for increased timber productivity and supply. U.S. Forest Service. (Processed.) 1971. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 97 measures to encourage more intensive forestry on private lands, including general forest protection from fire and other destructive agents, public technical assistance and educational efforts, pub- lic cost-sharing of forestry practices on private lands, leasing of forest land by forest industries, pooling arrangements for management of small forest holdings, use of consultants, and legislative controls on timber cutting practices and forest protection. In view of the attitudes of forest owners re- vealed by various studies, it is not surprising that only a small portion of nonindustrial private owners with a small part of the private forest land have participated in these assistance programs of Federal, State, and private agencies. It was esti- mated as of 1970, for example, that only a quarter of the several million farm and miscellaneous private owners have sought marketing advice or other technical services. Where owners have invested in forestry prac- tices such as planting or stand improvement, financial standing and size of forest holdings have been most generally correlated with adoption of such practices. People with higher incomes appear more willing to make long-term invest- ments as well as better able to take advantage of cost-sharing or technical assistance programs. Investors in timber production also tend to include people classed as “innovators” and owners with better than average knowledge of forestry. Such factors as occupation, length of tenure, age of owner, distance to residence from forest property, or method of acquiring property were not found to be strongly related to adoption of forestry measures. The population of nonindustrial private owners also is constantly changing in terms of individuals, types of owners, and size of holdings. Thus in the southern States, forest land owned by farmers dropped from 48 percent of the total forest area in 1952 to 34 percent in 1970. In the same period the proportion of forest land held by a variety of miscellaneous owners rose from 27 percent to 39 percent of the total. A very rough classification of the 296 million acres of the Nation’s commercial timberland in farm and miscellaneous private ownerships, based upon interpretation of several ownership studies, suggests a breakdown about as follows: a. Perhaps 5 percent of the land in these ownerships is intensively managed on a continuing basis. Tree crops are grown for harvesting and manufacture, with owners using all or most practices considered prac- ticable. Most lands leased to industry fall in this category. This group is estimated to vary from as little as 2 percent of the total acreage of these ownerships in the North to as much as 8 percent in the South. b. About a third of the farm and miscellaneous owners have some interest in forestry and manage their lands under extensive forestry practices that are usually unplanned or accomplished at random. This category includes most lands under long-term cutting contracts. This group varies from as little as 20 percent in the North to an estimated 45 percent in the South. c. Owners of nearly half of these holdings display no interest in intensified forestry practices. From time to time owners sell timber grown by nature. d. Possibly 15 percent of these ownerships are held by owners essentially for nontimber ge This includes land held for specu- ation as well as land held for recreation or other nontimber values. Most forest owners have appeared to be more interested in simply obtaining periodic income from selling timber than in making forest manage- ment investments to increase future growth and re- turns. Participants in the Federal-State cooperative forest, management programs, for example, reported a 40 percent increase in area of forest land har- vested during the period 1960 to 1970, but both timber stand improvement and planting activity on such ownerships decreased during this period. A general conclusion reached in these investi- gations is that most forest owners do not consider timber growing investments to be sufficiently profitable to take priority over other investment or consumption opportunities. Many holdings are too small for efficient timber production. Also, in some cases, woodland owners must devote what time and money they have to obtain- ing other sources of income. Increases in prices of timber could change this picture somewhat and lead to more investment in intensified management practices. New infor- mation on timber growing opportunities and more assistance also may be necessary to change landowner attitudes and willingness to invest in timber production. Bringing additional owners into forestry pro- grams would undoubtedly involve increasing expenditures per person assisted as programs reach less interested owners. But without such public and/or private action to persuade- and assist forest owners intensify timber management, most holders of nonindustrial private lands cannot be expected to recognize and act upon opportu- nities for more intensive use of their timber resources. Indifference of forest owners to management opportunities, and anticipated diminishing returns in expanding programs of “persuasion” thus suggests that all opportunities for timber manage- 98 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES ment intensification, based upon a criterion such as 5 percent or more rate of return, are not likely to be realized. This likelihood has been considered, necessarily on a judgment basis, in the studies described below by adjusting estimates of areas “available” for intensified management in non- industrial private ownerships. Under these circumstances future timber harvests will depend largely on public programs of fire protection and control of insects and diseases, and natural regeneration of volunteer stands. Because of their widespread importance—59 percent of the total commercial timberland in the United States—future timber supplies will depend to a major degree on what is done on these lands. Forest industry ownerships.—There still is a wide range in management intensity on forest industry lands, but the forest industries have made substantial advances in reforestation and other cultural and protection activities in recent decades. Surveys of forest industry holdings in the South, for example, indicated that if recent trends are continued most industry lands in that region will be under relatively intensive management by 1980.? Continued upward trends in forest manage- ment on industry lands would mean somewhat higher projections for these owners than shown in Chapter II, particularly after the year 2000. Public owners.—National Forests and other puphe forest lands have been managed at variable levels of intensity. These agencies also must increasingly manage forest land with a variety of objectives, including not only timber but recrea- tion, watershed protection, and other uses. The policy of sustained yield under which National Forest and many other public and some private ownerships are managed also limits the rate at which forest areas can be cutover, but management intensification nevertheless will often permit substantial increases in timber harvests on these lands. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RELATING TO INTENSIFICATION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT Environmental considerations are having in- creasing impacts on costs of forest management and processing of timber products. They also affect acceptance of timber-growing and harvest- ing practices by the general public. Intensification of forest management by such measures as thinning, timber stand improvement, reforestation, prescribed burning, fertilization, etc., and associated timber cutting, road con- 2 Guttenberg, Sam. Forestry goals and practices on large ownerships in the South. J. of Forestry 67 (7) :456-461. July 1969. struction, slash burning, or other disturbances, have varying impacts on forest resources and uses. It is difficult to generalize about the net impacts of intensified forestry practices on nontimber values. Conditions often vary widely, knowledge of specific impacts is generally lacking, and plus and minus factors may be offsetting. Water yields, for example, will probably in- crease somewhat if a substantial portion of the timber in a drainage is removed. Excessive stream sedimentation, with a reduction in water quality, also could occur if roads and landings are not carefully planned and constructed. Forest fertil- ization will require careful application to minimize nutrient input to streams and lakes. Habitat for some kinds of wildlife is generally improved with thinnings and other measures which open the forest canopy and increase supplies of food plants for game animals such as deer and elk. Conversion of brush fields or poor-quality stands by site preparation and planting, on the other hand, may damage habitat for other species of wildlife, ertibriliat in plantations where complete forest canopies develop. Recreational access for hunting and fishing and some other recreation travel is usually improved with road construction for logging and other forestry operations. Adverse recreational impacts are also common, however, as in cases where aesthetic qualities of forest areas for recreational viewing, hiking, or camping are reduced by log- ging operations. Consequently, management of “visual resources,” particularly in mountainous areas in public ownership, may limit the extent to which timber management can be acceptably intensified. Costs of land management must include careful design and location of roads and cutting areas if erosion or other environmental impacts are to be minimized. Fire control problems and costs like- wise are likely to be increased with greater access to the forest and increases in production of slash or debris from expanded harvesting operations. Conventional slash burning and prescribed burn- ing may be limited by opposition to resulting air pollution effects or other impacts. Such environmental impacts from accelerated reforestation, stand improvement, or other forestry operation are likely to be limited at any given time to a small percentage of the total forest area. Thus an accelerated regime of accelerated management practices in the southeastern United States de- scribed below would cover less than 2 million agres annually, or roughly 1 percent of total commercial timberland in that region. In West Coast stands under intensive manage- ment, it is estimated that entries into a forest will normally be made with some type of equipment every 10 years or so for such purposes as planting, OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 99 precommercial thinning, commercial thinning, pre- logging, and final harvest. It may also be necessary to enter the forests on other occasions for fire control or salvage of blowdown or insect-killed timber. The type of soils and terrain and the type of equipment used are major considerations in de- termining the amount and consequences of such activities. Studies on National Forests in the Douglas-fir region, for example, showed that costs of road construction with adequate drainage, seeding of cuts and fills, and other desirable practices would require at least a 26 percent in- crease in road costs over construction formerly consideerd normal.’ In some areas of difficult terrain, road construction also may be unaccept- able in view of the need to protect scenic resources, prevent soil movement, or protect water values. Under such conditions timber harvesting may be feasible only with systems involving skylines, balloons, or helicopters. In view of the growing importance of environ- mental factors, various modifications of forestry practices will be essential, particularly on public lands, to insure that intensification of timber management does not seriously impair the en- vironment or damage nontimber uses. These may include treatment of relatively small areas, for example, and clean up of thinning and logging slash. Protection of stream channels for wildlife and water values will require that cutting be restricted along streams. Leaving uncut areas for animal escape and cover may be necessary to maintain desired animal populations. Programs for salvage of dead and dying trees may have to be avoided in some areas, and patches of other timber left to protect food supplies and nesting sites for certain animals and birds. Such practices may have appreciable effects on allowable cuts, particularly on public lands. In evaluating opportunities in this chapter for intensification of timber management on public lands, estimates were made of the extra costs to protect environmental values. It is of course pos- sible that still further emphasis on environmental factors may limit yields of timber more than as- sumed in this and the preceding chapter. AN EXAMPLE OF POTENTIALS FOR INCREAS- ING SUPPLIES OF SOFTWOOD SAWTIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES In 1972 the Forest Service prepared a set of estimates of some possible nationwide increases * USDA Forest Service. Douglas-fir supply study— alternative programs for increasing timber supplies from National Forest lands. 52 p. 1969. in supplies of softwood sawtimber that might be realized through certain management intensi- fication, using as a criterion economic returns on additional investments. This initial analysis neces- sarily involved numerous judgment estimates by field personnel as well as information from timber management plans, yield studies, and related available sources. Continuing studies to improve the data base and analytical procedures could result in considerable adjustment of the resulting estimates which are presented below. The analysis of management alternatives in this initial study included only National Forests and farm and miscellaneous private holdings. No national estimates are available at this time for other public lands, which comprise 9 percent of all commercial timberlands, nor for forest industry lands which make up 13 percent of the total commercial timberland. Forest industry owners already implement forestry programs for softwood production at, relatively high levels compared with other owners. In 1971, for example, over half of all forest plant- ing was on industrial land, although planting has covered only a small portion of the total areas harvested in recent years. It was assumed in Chapter II that industrial forest owners will continue planting and other timber management practices as in recent years. But there are un- doubtedly additional opportunities for manage- ment intensification on industrial~ holdings, as well as on public lands, that are not included in this initial analysis. It is likely that many of these opportunities on industrial lands, and on other public lands, will be acted upon, particularly with the expectation of higher timber prices in the future. Management practices considered in this study included reforestation, stand release, precom- mercial thinning, and commercial thinning and salvage. Other measures such as fertilization and ac- celerated use of improved genetic planting stock, and increased utilization, were not specifically considered in this study. These also will presum- ably be feasible in some areas, and could of course supplement output beyond amounts estimated below. The analytical process used to estimate potential increases in timber harvests from intensified management involved (a) a classification of areas in terms of physical conditions and related manage- ment options, (b) estimation of costs of intensified timber growing practices, including costs of environmental protection, on each class of forest land, (c) estimation of amounts, timing, and values of increased timber harvests over and above outputs with 1970 levels of management 100 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES) and the “base” projection of harvests shown in the first part of Chapter II, and (d) calculation of rates of return on increased investments and an economic ranking of investment opportunities. In this study it was not possible to develop specific measures of relationships between treat- ments and nontimber uses and environmental factors. As indicated earlier, silvicultural activities influence the ouality and quantity of water, recreation, grazing, and wildlife habitat, but whether these effects represent a net benefit or a net cost in given situations has been difficult to determine. Area Classification A classification of forest areas in each region was first made to group areas of more or less homo- geneous conditions, treatment options, and po- tentials for management. This classification for most regions was based on factors of type, site, and stand-size class, such as indicated in tables 45-48 of Appendix I. In other areas stand age was also used in this classification. In the case of National Forests on the Pacific Coast, estimates were based on “‘project work inventories.’”’ Acreage figures developed in this way applied essentially to conditions existing in 1970, and did not include changes to be expected from future harvesting, for example, or shifts in land uses. The second step was to classify each of the “cells” indicated above in accordance with general opportunities for intensified management, in- cluding the following general categories: a. Areas on which economic opportunities for intensification of management are apparently limited because forests are already in good shape for timber growing. Yields may be in- increased in some cases, however, by com- mercial thinning, fertilization, or drainage. Where management objectives can be met with short rotations such as 25 to 30 years, as in certain plantations in the South, no treatment may be feasible because volume yields appear to be about the same with or without thinning. In other cases with longer rotations, as in the West, thinnings were con- sidered appropriate to increase both volume and value growth. b. Areas on which stands have passed the age where they would benefit appreciably from thinning or other cultural measures. It was assumed that such stands should merely be allowed to grow until ready for final harvests, although in some cases there may be oppor- tunities for investments in protection, salvage of dying trees, or fertilization. c. Areas of poor site quality which will not re- spond sufficiently to cultural treatment to make investments worthwhile. d. Areas with existing stands that would yield substantial increases in timber volumes and/or values as a result of cultural practices such as precommercial or commercial thin- ning, or other measures such as fertilization or drainage. e. Areas having little or no present or prospec- tive timber values, but suitable for reforesta- tion. These included areas of low stocking and poor hardwood stands that might be replaced with softwoods through stand con- version. Selection of Areas for Analyses of Management Alter- natives From stands listed in subparagraphs above, estimates were made of acreages considered eco- nomically suitable for intensification of manage- ment. This selection, and estimation of acreages available, depended on such criteria as stand con- dition, accessibility, size of forest tracts, and preliminary estimates of potential: returns from intensification. Estimates were also made of the areas being treated under on-going programs in deriving estimates of potential intensification. In the case of farm and miscellaneous private lands an additional critical judgment was also made as to the area of commercial timberland held by owners considered likely to make invest- ments in response to cost-sharing or other in- centives. Without this assumption of technical assistance, areas “available” for intensification would undoubtedly be less than shown by the following estimates. In this process 278 of the ‘‘most promising’ classes of Jand were selected for detailed analysis of intensification potentials. These included some 4.5 million acres of National Forest lands, in contrast to a reported backlog of about 17 million acres considered silviculturally suitable for treat- ment, plus 12.7 million acres of farm and miscel- laneous private lands. Since these selections of areas to be studied were based in part on judgment, some econom- ically promising areas undoubtedly were not included. On the other hand, some areas were included that may yield less than the indicated average rate of return for a given class of land. Additional areas of farm and miscellaneous private land beyond those included in this analysis also might be managed more intensively if “per- suasion” costs could be lowered by finding more efficient ways of persuading owners to be re- sponsive to management opportunities. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 101 Costs of Intensified Management Additional costs of intensified management for each of the strata selected for evaluation of m wnagement opportunities were based upon 1970- 71 cost experience in the case of National Forest lands, and on reported costs for private forestry operations updated to 1970-71. Costs included both direct on-the-ground costs of treatment such as reforestation, together with certain costs of environmental protection and Jocal overhead costs. Road construction costs were not included, nor were indirect costs of National Forest general overhead. For farm and miscellaneous private lands, in addition to direct costs, technical assistance from public agencies was included as an overhead cost corresponding to technical supervision by National Forest field staff personne]. Federal costs for assisting owners of private land also were estimated assuming a 75-percent share of direct treatment costs, plus technical assistance. It was also assumed for this analysis that property tax levies or general administrative costs would not be changed appreciably by intensification of management. Costs per acre of management intensification are influenced by many factors and vary widely from place to place and over time. Examples of ranges in costs assumed for National Forest lands are shown in table 80. An example of costs used for analysis of opportunities on farm and miscellaneous private lands in the South is pre- sented in table 81. Other specific costs per acre appropriate to each situation studied wereeapplied in analyzing local investment opportunities. Yields From Intensified Management Yields from accelerated management activities were estimated for each of the selected treatment situations in terms of the amounts of increased harvests that might be obtained, by decade, over and above yields to be expected with 1970 manage- ment levels. Yields from plantations, for example, were estimated from available plantation yield tables or through adjustment of normal yield tables, with the growth anticipated without re- forestation subtracted therefrom. Estimates of expected responses to treatments such as precommercial thinning, involving esti- mates both with and without treatment, were based upon local studies or local judgments as to responses to be expected. Information on response to different management activities is quite limited and it was consequently necessary to depend to a considerable degree on judgment of forest re- search and management personnel familiar with local conditions. TABLE 80.—Range of direct costs per acre for intensified management on National Forests, 1970-71} [Dollars] Region Reforest- | Precommercial} Stand ation ? thinning release North] 23-948. = = 30-806 15-25 15-25 Souune- eee oe 25-60 10-20 15-25 Rocky Mountain-___ 40-70 25-40 15-20 Pacific Coast _ _-_--- 60-70 25-40 15-20 1 Total costs on National Forests are approximately double these estimates due to indirect costs charged against a project but not incurred ‘‘on-the-job.”’ 2 Includes planting and varying degrees of site preparation. TABLE 81.—Estimated treatment costs of accelerated management on nonindustrial forest lands in the East, 1970-71 [Dollars per acre] Items Aver-| Range age Site preparaulols-- eee 20 5-40 Natural regeneration: Pineitypessi sie ee. erehsee! sae 5 Oakepinesty pes ---<."% .=. = i= 15 Hardwood type -——- 2-2 = =* 15 Artificial regeneration: PING CY PG= sane = 2 a ee eS 15 Oal=pine types2s 2). SSeeees eos 20 Hardwood typesr====-2 =. =22—- 25 Sian Gl ConuversiOn 92. ey eee 25 10-50 Average stand d.b.h. under 10 inches or basal area under 50 Square feels: se eset set 20 All other conditions__-_------.---- 30 Planting: Pine by machine. -3 eee 15 10-25 Pine bys band) = Seeee. 2 ee 20 15-35 Hardwood by thand 22> -s4ass4 _ + 35 25-50 Direct seeding ypimes=—_ =. S355. - 253 s2= 10 5-20 CTIA ea See ee eee 7 CYGUN Cee ae ee ee eS 13 Timber stand improvement: Cull tree’removal=: - 22522222225 22- 10 2-15 Precommercial thinning and clean- HES cs eels SR aia ears preaetiadt Liss 5-30 Marking: Commercial thinning and cull tree FEIMIO VALLE Men YT ey. 92S Sh 4 2-10 Precommercial thinning and clean- Se mie Oke ae oll Uti blade ie 8 5-15 Erescribed burnings.) as. = se skeen 1. 50 | 0. 25-3. 50 Bertilizationee eee Soe eal ae 20 10-30 Source: Based on data in McClay, T. A. Treatment costs—southern supply study. USDA Forest Serv., Div. Forest Econ. and Mark. Res. office report. 1969. Values of Increased Yields In the initial analysis of management oppor- tunities, values of the increased timber harvests resulting from intensification of management on 102 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 82.—Sawtimber stumpage prices on National Forests, by region, 1970-71 [Dollars per MBM, Scribner scale] Northern Southern Species Rocky Rocky Mountain Mountain Doulas-fire ss2 2-5 2-2 ees ee ees 5-12 2-8 Ponderosa ‘pine! . <2 == See Sees 12-17 5-20 Eodgepole pines- 2-52. - sue Sues 8. 50 3 Mir=spruce S2Ses eb Se ok eee 7-9. 50 3-7 Larch-western white pine_--_--- + oe PA eee ae =) Mixed conitersi 222 sessee se == Se Beis eee Southern pinewe sas. 2G Sete a eee eee ee eg tee Redipine=whiterpines —cysca se ee ee eee eee ae | ee Pacific California Northwest South North 120 LEDIGs PS eta a se Ey | 124 TUG ly feces Se lll) Re 3 Fg | ie ak ey 2 a 14 A: a nee aa PU RU Leer TN 7 ERA | en eee ay Df: Sal nl eee Sha ale apaele S\0 DRS Gm oe cae tates 52 | hanes sail x tS pes 0 ae [a a ee Uk 30 25 1 Reduced to 65 percent of reported rate based on R-6 study comparing current old-growth and second- growth timber prices. National Forest lands were based upon 1970-71 stumpage prices, as shown in table 82. These ranged from negligible values for some hardwoods removed in conversion programs, for example, to as much as $52 per thousand board feet for in- creased output of southern pine sawtimber and $27 for Douglas-fir sawtimber. The latter figure, derived by adjustments from old-growth timber sales, may be conservative. Stumpage prices used in calculations of values of increased harvests on farm and miscellaneous private ownerships in the South, for example, are shown in table 838. These were derived from various local price reports and local studies of value differentials by tree diameter class. A second set of estimates of values of potential harvest increases also was developed assuming a higher level of timber products and stumpage prices. These assumed a 30 percent rise in soft- wood Jumber and plywood prices over 1970, and an assumed $20 per M board feet increase in stumpage values, except for lodgepole pine for which price increases were assumed to average $12 per M board feet. No adjustments were made for changes in relative costs of intensi- fication, partly because these occur early in the investment period. Both price assumptions were used in evaluations of rates of return on investments in intensified management in order to provide some measure of sensitivity to price. Because of the general outlook for increasing prices of timber in future years indicated in Chapter VI, the analysis with the higher price assumption is believed to provide a more realistic view of potential investment returns. Ranking Opportunities Several indicators of economic ranking of in- vestment opportunities were calculated in this analysis from the schedules of treatment costs and increased yields and values. These included rate of 2 Weighted average of all conifers except lodgepole pine—based on CY 1971 timber sales in R-1. TABLE 83.—Stumpage prices for timber from farm and miscellaneous ownerships, 1970-71 Average d.b.h. Southern Eastern white of timber pine pine 6 Inches Cents per cubic ion Cents per cubic foot Seek sis Bane ited a ete 11 5 0 ae ao eg a ad 12 8 [Dee ae Oe eens cae es 14 12 1: REA ES Se lee 15 16 Gas rs felaepe cos ped. 2 17 18 Sir = tee Sat Pe eee 18 20 202: 222 ee Eee ee 20 22 s return on increased investments before income taxes, increases in present net worth, and benefit- cost ratios. For the summaries presented below opportuni- ties were evaluated and ranked in terms of rate of return. Most estimates were related to a mini- mum rate of return of 5 percent—an_ arbitrary rate that might be considered reasonable to illus- trate this type of investment analysis. The oppor- tunities for intensification indicated by this criterion have been designated ‘“‘most promising,” in recognition of the selection process used. Increased Yields From Farm and Miscellaneous Private Lands Areas.—At 1970-71 average prices and costs, these estimates indicated that about 9 million acres of the 12.7 million acres studied in detail would return more than 5 percent on additional costs of accelerated management (Append. III, table 1). Nearly half of the 9 million acres would yield returns of more than 7.5 percent. An esti- mated 3.7 million acres of the area studied would yield from 2.5 to 5 percent return at 1970-71 prices. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 103 Costs.—Costs of accelerated practices on the 9 million acres with returns in excess of 5 percent at 1970-71 prices were estimated at $346 million, or an average of somewhat more than $38 per acre. A major share of this cost was assumed to be provided by public agencies. Out-of-pocket costs per unit of increased out- put over the next 50 years, excluding interest on investments, were estimated at about $6 per M board feet. Additional harvests —The estimated additional harvests resulting from intensified practices on 9 million acres total nearly 56 billion board feet spread over the next 50 years, or an average of somewhat more than 1.0billion board feet annually. However, harvest increases are relatively small until year 25 or so, after which harvests increase rapidly. In thefirst two decades some limited volumes are available from commercial thinning and from removal of softwoods on areas converted to plan- tations. The major portion of increased yields become available after 2 or 3 decades, reaching 2.5 billion board feet per year in the fifth decade (fig. 44 and Append. III, table 1). This timing reflects the predominance in these figures of reforestation opportunities in the South, and an assumption of short rotations. With a one-time intensified 10-year program as assumed in this example, harvest increases rise to a peak then drop off after the fiftieth year. However, it is anticipated that a series of intensified programs would be economically feas- ible in future periods as a result of changing forest conditions following harvesting or other forest disturbances. Thus increases in timber harvests could be maintained or increased over longer periods by such a series of programs, as illustrated later. Increased annual harvests of softwood sawtimber on nonindustrial private lands resulting from intensified management of 12.7 million acres, by rate of return at 1970 prices BILLION BOARD FEET ° 5 15 25 35 45 YEAR FROM BEGINNING OF INTENSIFIED MANAGEMENT Figure 44 Harvest schedules shown in figure 44 represent a summation of harvest schedules for individual situations without adjustments for factors such as maintenance of a given flow of timber harvests over time. It was also assumed that the entire acreage listed would be treated over the next decade if funds were available. Areas considered suitable and available for treatment already have been scaled down for economic and ownership reasons, as indicated earlier, but it is of course possible that intensification might have to be spread over a longer period. Increased Yields From National Forest Lands A similar analysis of opportunities for acceler- ated reforestation and stand improvement on National Forest lands was developed, including evaluations both with and without an “allowable cut effect,” that is, an almost immediate increase in harvesting of overmature stands following intensification of management in anticipation of a higher level of timber availability in future years.* Potential increases in harvests resulting from intensified management on western National Forests are shown in table 2 of Appendix III with an allowable cut effect, but calculations of rates of returns were based initially upon harvests from individual treatments without allowable cut effects. This procedure was followed partly because of uncertainties as to allowable cut effects, and partly to have direct comparisons with returns from alternative investments and alternative areas.® If allowable cut effects are utilized in the rate of return analysis, returns are increased substantially, as illustrated by the following example: Rate of return Without With allow- Treatment able cut allowable effect cut effect Reforest spruce fir, site 3-_______- dae ie 7 Release mixed conifer, site 3___-__- 21.6 5. 9 Area treated.—The resulting estimates—that is, calculating rate of return from individual treat- ments without credit for allowable cut effects— indicate that at 1970-71 prices and costs, roughly 1.7 million acres of the 4.5 million acres studied in this analysis would produce more than 5 percent return on accelerated investments (Append. III, table 2). If returns were calculated with the allow- able cut effect, most of the 4.5 million acres 4See, for example: Schweitzer, Dennis L., Robert N. Sassaman, and Con H. Schallau. Allowable cut _effect— some physical and economic implications. J. of Forestry 70(7) : 415-418. 1972. ae 5 Haley, David. The economic analysis of activities designed to accelerate stand growth in the context of the managed forest. Paper presented at Western Forestry and Conservation Association. Seattle, Washington. December 6, 1972. 104 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES) studied would return more than 5 percent on in- creased management investments. Costs.—Additional costs required for intensifica- tion on these 1.7 million acres were estimated at $82 million—an average of $50 per acre. This in- cluded $41 million of direct costs for on-the- ground activities. Estimated costs for. intensifica- tion on 4.5 million acres total $356 million—an average of $79 per acre. Harvest increases.—Increased harvest yields over the next 50 years on the most promising 1.7 million acres of National Forest land are estimated at about 25 billion board feet of softwood sawtimber, or an average increase of 0.5 billion board feet per year. Projected yield increases total an esti- mated 350 million board feet annually by the fifteenth year and 780 million board feet by the forty-fifth year. Increased harvests from the entire 4.5 million acres of National Forest land included in this analysis would amount to an estimated 68 billion board feet over the next 5 decades or an average of 1.4 billion board feet per year. These increased yields would peak at about 1.8 billion board feet annually in the fifth decade. It is possible that the allowable cut effect in- volved in these estimates of increased timber harvests may be overstated somewhat. One reason relates to time lags in accomplishing accelerated programs. Another relates to delays before effects are allowed for in revised timber management plans. Also, allowable cut effects in this example were based upon reserves of merchantable timber by geographic sections, rather than by specific management units such as used in management plans. If allowable cut effects are not considered, and increases in harvests become available only after timber from treated areas matures, the pro- jected increased cuts resulting from intensification of management would be deferred much further into the future than shown in Appendix III, table 2. Sensitivity to Price Assumptions The effect of using alternative assumptions as to future relative prices of timber has also been illustrated by assuming a 30-percent increase in relative lumber and plywood prices over 1970-71 levels and related stumpage prices as shown in tables 82 and 83. Farm and miscellaneous private lands.—At these higher price levels, all 12.7 million acres of farm and miscellaneous private lands studied in this analysis would return more than 5 percent on investments in intensified management—in con- trast to 9 million acres at 1970 prices (Append. III, table 3). By far the major part of these investment opportunities were for reforestation, with lesser areas meeting criteria for commercial thinning and timber stand improvement. More than 90 percent of the acreage of these estimated opportunities for intensification were located in the South. Intensified management of the 12.7 million acres studied would require an estimated $546 million, or about $43 per acre, and about $8, excluding interest, per M board feet of increased output over the next 50 years (1970-71 prices). Estimated increases in timber harvests from 12.7 million acres reach an estimated peak of 2.9 billion board feet in the fiftieth year, in contrast to about 2.5 billion board feet from 9 million acres, and a total of 69 billion board feet over the 50 year period. National Forest areas.—With the higher price assumption, some 3.2 million acres of National Forest land would return more than 5 percent on increased reforestation and stand improve- ment, compared with 1.7 million acres at 1970-71 prices (Append. III, table 4). Timber stand improvement accounted for the major part of the indicated investment opportunities on National Forest lands, followed by reforesta- tion of nonstocked Jands in old cutovers and burns. Reforestation of newly harvested areas was assumed to be provided for as part of 1970 levels of management. Intensified management on 3.2 million acres was estimated to cost $191 million—about $60 per acre. The 3.2 million acres of National Forest land on which returns of more than 5 percent could be expected at the higher prices would yield an estimated additional harvest of 480 million board feet annually in the first decade, and 1.3 billion board feet per year by the fifth decade. These estimates of yields assume significant allowable cut effects on timing of harvests in western regions. Inclusion of the entire 4.5 million acres analyzed would produce increases in future harvests reach- ing 1.8 billion board feet per year in the fifth decade (Append. III, table 4). With the allowable cut effect included in calculating rate of return, most of this area would return more than 5 percent on additional investments. Additional yields from commercial thinnings on National Forests—Opportunities for commercial thinning on National Forest lands were not evaluated in comparable detail in this initial study of investment opportunities. However, preliminary estimates based on judgments of field personnel indicate that increased harvests from commercial thinning and salvage operations on Nationa] Forests might total about 1.1 billion board feet annually (International Y-inch rule) by 1980, increasing to 2.3 billion board feet annually by 2000. These largely represent “‘silvi- cultural” operations that would be possible on accessible areas of ‘‘standard” timber growing lands, excluding eastern forests, Alaska, and O.. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES lodgepole pine stands, assuming some increases in prices over 1970 levels. Substantial road construction and increased expenditures for timber sales would be necessary to achieve these increases, hence these opportuni- ties were not included in Chapter II under 1970 levels of management. Somewhat more than half of these estimated thinning potentials are in the Rocky Mountain area and the remainder on the Pacific Coast. Possible Succession of Treatment Programs The estimates developed as described above assumed one 10-year program of intensification. In some areas such as the South, it seems likely that programs of similar magnitude could be re- peated in subsequent decades, with reasonably similar increases in yields. The area involved in this preliminary analysis of ‘‘most promising” opportunities is a relatively small part of the total commercial timberland. In other areas such as the Pacific Coast the ex- tent and mixture of treatment opportunities might be quite different. In assuming ‘‘continued’’ pro- grams it is recognized that errors may be in the direction of overstating opportunities since re- peated programs should in time exhaust the best opportunities, with resulting smaller additions to yields and poorer investment opportunities. Increased harvests within the projection period 1970-2020 would be obtained from intensification programs conducted in the 1970’s and 1980’s. A sequence of programs would provide additional harvests but most of these would become ayvail- able beyond the 50-year projection period of this study. Increases from farm and miscellaneous private lands.—An example of continuing programs of intensified reforestation, stand improvement, and commercial thinnings assumed treatment of an estimated 1.3 million acres annually over the next three decades at a cost of $54.6 million per year— an average of $43 per acre (Append. III, table 5). Estimates developed as described above indicate this level of activity would return more than 5 percent on investments at 1970 prices plus 30 percent. Projected increases in annual harvests of soft- wood sawtimber with this regime reach 1 billion board feet by the twenty-fifth year and 6.8 billion board feet by the forty-fifth year, as illustrated in figure 45. Increases from National Forest lands——A con- tinuing program of intensification, including stand improvement at the same rate as in the 10-year program and reforestation of 0.84 million acres over a 20-year period, would cover an estimated 275 thousand acres annually, at a total cost of $14.5 million per year (Append. III, table 6). Increased harvests of softwood sawtimber re- sulting from such continuing efforts are estimated 105 Softwood sawtimber supply alternatives BILLION BOARD FEET 2000 2010 “952 1962 1970 1980 1990 Figure 45 at 1.1 billion board feet by the fifteenth year, in- creasing to over 4 billion board feet per year by the forty-fifth year (fig. 45). Summary of Potentials for Intensification of Manage- ment Possible increases in harvests from a continuing series of programs of intensified management on lands estimated to represent the ‘‘most promising” opportunities for intensification are summarized in figure 45 and table 84. These estimates assume a criterion of 5 percent or more return on invest- ments, prices of softwood lumber and plywood 30 percent above 1970 levels, and an allowable cut effect in estimating increases in yields on National Forest lands. These selected opportunities would provide an additional 1.6 billion board feet by 1980 and as much as 13 billion board feet by 2020. Estimated annual costs (1970-71 dollars) total $73.7 million for reforestation and stand improvement. Funds for road construction, timber sale administration, and general agency overhead are not included in these figures. The estimated increases in harvests from such a program amount to 3 percent more than projected supplies with 1970 levels of manage- ment by 1980 and 25 percent more by 2020. These estimates of potential increases are néces- sarily preliminary. They could be extensively revised as a result of continuing research underway on timber yields and other factors bearing on re- sponse to management. General Comparison of Alternatives Studied The data summarized in this analysis of the “most promising’ available opportunities for intensification beyond 1970 forest management levels indicate that additional program expendi- tures can be made only with progressively lower cost effectiveness. Thus inclusion in the National 106 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 84.—Projected increases in softwood sawtimber supplies from continuing programs of intensified management of selected areas Area Ownership treated annu- ally Million acres Nonindustrial! private: 222 2- = ae =e aa eee = 1, 270 National Forests: Reforestation and stand improvement___________- 275 Commiercialsthinnin pepe eae ee eee nia Increased harvests, by year Annual costs ms 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Million Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion dollars bd. ft. od. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. od. ft. 54. 6 0.1 0. 2 1.0 3.9 6. 14.5 4 Vee 2.0 3. 0 4.1 (1) geal 1.4 alerts 2.0 9), 94 1.6 PAN 4.7 8.9 13:1 1 Requires substantial costs for road construction and timber sale administration. Forest analysis of reforestation opportunities that fail to yield 5 percent at 1970 prices plus 30 percent would raise annual costs by over 55 percent, while increasing harvests by an estimated 12 percent in year 45 after program initiation (Append. III, table 6). This analysis also indicates that estimated future harvest increases from the ‘‘most promis- ing’? opportunities studied on farm and miscel- laneous private lands come mainly from reforesta- tion. Almost the opposite occurs on National Forests where most of the estimated harvest increases possible with the specified economic criteria are derived from increased timber stand improvement. Both a higher general level of profitability on farm and miscellaneous private lands, and the preponderance of reforestation opportunities on these ownerships, are as one would expect. Farm and miscellaneous private lands generally have a higher inherent productivity, especially in the South where over 75 percent of the “‘most promis- ing” private opportunities occur. Also, National Forest lands are already operated at higher levels of intensification than most farm and miscella- neous private ownerships. Additional Management Opportunities There are undoubtedly additional opportunities for intensified timber management beyond those indicated in this initial study that would yield more than 5 percent on additional investments. The judgment process of screening promising situations no doubt excluded some areas where intensification would be profitable. With a multi- tude of situations, however, some screening process is essential. Prices higher than assumed in this study would also increase the attractiveness of management intensification. In addition, increases in timber growth and harvests are surely obtainable from intensified management on many industrial and other public lands that were not covered in this analysis. Further additions to timber supplies might be obtained from such measures as increased forest fertilization, more intensive forest pro- tection against fire, insects, and diseases, and accelerated genetic improvement of planting stock. The use of criteria other than the conventional rate-of-return concept used in this illustration of the ‘most promising’? opportunities could also lead to adoption of different programs of forest management than illustrated in this chapter. These might include such economic and social criteria as indirect and secondary benefits from maintenance of a viable forest economy in areas where forest industries are established. Other criteria might include a goal of avoiding adverse economic and environmental impacts resulting from higher timber prices and shifts to competitive materials. Stil) another goal could aim to assure ample timber supplies than would otherwise exist as a hedge against the long-range future when scarcities of raw materials may be more general. Other opportunities for extending timber sup- plies through closer utilization also are outlined in a later section of this chapter. AN EXAMPLE OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTEN- SIFYING FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTHEAST Results of this analysis of timber management investment opportunities in the Southeast were included in the national summary just described, but are presented here in greater detail to illus- trate some of the procedures that may be used in investment analyses. The Southeast, including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, is one of the Nation’s primary timber producing regions, with forests occupying some 93 million acres, or almost 63 percent of the land area. Be- cause of differences in species composition, site OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES Taste 85.—Timber supplies in the Southeast, assuming 1970 level of management Projections Species group 1970 1980 | 2000 | 2020 eee Million Million Million Million cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet |cubic feet Softwoods. .. ..—.--- 1, 799 2, 132 2,774 | 2,788 Hardwoods. _ ------- 1, 059 1, 317 17S el 79 oo 2, 858 3, 449 4,510 | 4, 507 oo Million Million Million Million board feet | board feet | board feet board feet Bott woods. _ —~——- = === 5, 833 6, 989 9, 258 | 9, 417 Hardwoods_-____---- 2,942 | 3,380 3,429 | 3, 440 ‘otal ~— == 8,775 | 10, 369 | 12, 687 |12, 857 capability, land ownership patterns, and other forest characteristics, opportunities for altering prospective timber supplies vary widely. Estimates of possible increases in timber supplies from intensified management were calcu- lated by taking as a base the projections of pro- spective timber supplies assuming 1970 levels of management and the cutting and area assumptions specified in Chapter II. In brief, these projections showed prospective increases in available timber removals amounting to 58 percent by 2000 in the case of growing stock material and about 45 per- cent in the case of sawtimber (table 85). Identifying Areas Suitable for Intensified Manage- ment 1. The first step in identifying opportunities for intensified management over and above that provided at 1970 levels was to break down the total forest area into meaningful management classes. These involved some 89.8 million acres 107 classified as commercial timberland, plus an estimated 2.4 million acres of idle cropland which was included under the presumption that part of these lands would represent an opportunity for increasing future timber supplies. Although a detailed breakdown of these lands by manage- ment condition would be desirable, practicality required focusing on a limited number of “‘treat- ment opportunity” classes. as shown in table 86. 2. The second step involved the elimination from detailed analyses of areas not considered suitable for intensification of management. These included: a. Areas of low timber potential because of poor or adverse sites; in this initial effort areas incapable of producing more than 50 cubic feet of timber per acre when fully stocked with trees were eliminated. This involved some 26.4 million acres. This procedure reduced National Forest areas to 43 percent of the total acreages listed in table 86, compared to 76 percent for forest industries, and 73 percent for farm and miscellaneous private lands. b. Areas already in good condition from the standpoint of timber culture. Standards of good condition were based on forest char- acteristics such as type, stand size, stand age, volume, and growth, and available re- sults of management research and experi- ence. This procedure eliminated 19.3 million acres. c. Areas occupied by mature stands ready for harvest and regeneration, amounting to 9.2 million acres. In some cases production on these areas could be increased by fertiliza- tion or by use of improved genetic stock for regeneration following logging, but these op- portunities were not evaluated. The areas remaining after this process included 10.7 million acres of young stands judged to be TasLE 86.—Area of commercial timberland in the Southeast, by ownership and treatment class, 1970 [Million acres] Farm and Class Total National Other Forest miscel- Forest public industry laneous private ESE TS ee ene 26. 4 2.6 1.4 4.3 18. 1 Stands in good condition__-------------------- 19.3 .5 .6 5. 3 | 12. 9 Piariesting 9S Jorsa t. gn ths ee eb 9.2 55 .3 1.8 6. 6 intermediate icutling==-— -<-45052==5222-=.36-- 10. 7 AS 4 Zul: (Ae, Conversion or regeneration_-_------------------ 26. 5 7 ad) 4.3 2 20.8 Pata a Oe th ae eS SS 92.1 4.6 3. 4 17. 8 66. 3 1 Includes lands under long-term lease. 2 Includes 2.4 million acres of idle cropland. 108 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES overstocked, plus 26.5 million acres on which a manageable stand was lacking and which would contribute very little to the timber supply until converted, planted, or regenerated (table 86). Re- sults of this analysis clearly indicated that within each ownership class there is a large accumulation of idle, nonstocked or poorly stocked acres where planting, conversion, or regeneration will be necessary if the large differences between pro- spective and potential timber yields from the lands are to be eliminated or reduced. Of the 10.7 million acres of young immature stands identified as overstocked, a commercial thinning opportunity was estimated to exist on 7.8 million acres. On the remaining 2.9 million acres, it was judged that precommercial thinning wae be required to correct overstocking prob- ems. 3. The third step involved a breakdown by broad management classes and by ownership of the 26.5 million acres considered suitable for inten- sive management but where there is an absence of a management stand (table 87). These included a range of types and stocking conditions. The category of farm and miscellaneous private ownerships accounted for a major part. of the total, with 20.8 million acres where conversion or regeneration will be necessary to obtain satisfac- tory yields. 4. The fourth step involved an estimate of current levels of forestry activities to aid in determining additional areas where management might be intensified. These data, based upon estimates of past treatment and disturbance on measured field plots, showed an estimated level of forestry activities in 1970 as follows: Million Practice acres arvestin piiiye ae Oley el ate eh oe Ev Intermediate cutting. 223/22 se eee 1.6 Planting. 1c $6 thee oe ees 0.5 Do talleta) Stes hy ts Lee 3. 8 These data suggest that for the category of farm and miscellaneous ownerships expected accomplishments over the next decade with cur- rent management would leave about 19.6 million acres untreated. The make-up of this area is shown in table 88 and figure 46. In this detailed analysis for the farm and mis- cellaneous category of ownership, some 5 million acres of hardwood types were eliminated from detailed study, not because of the unimportance of hardwoods, but rather because of primary concern at this time over supplies of softwood sawtimber. Estimated Increases in Yields The potential yields of pine plantations that might be established on areas converted or regen- erated vary widely depending upon site, species, density, and age. Forest areas were, therefore, Forest conditions in the southeast, 1970 MILLION ACRES Figure 46 divided into good and medium sites in order to take account of the considerable differences in potential yields attributable to site differences. Areas by site were estimated from Forest Survey plot data, except for idle cropland where it was assumed that half of the acreage available would occur on good sites and half on medium sites. Available yield tables for slash pine and loblolly pine were utilized in estimating potential increases in harvests after allowances for understocking and losses to destructive agents. Evaluation of thinning opportunities required taking into account the product objectives of forest landowners. Thus, for pulpwood production many owners select spacings that do not require thinning during the rotation. Others insist that thinning must be financially advantageous, even for pulpwood rotations. On the other hand, in all-purpose management that includes both small and large product objectives, thinnings will of necessity play a role in maintaining stand struc- ture and diameter growth. Also in overstocked stands precommercial thinning may be an impor- tant management opportunity. Estimates of increased future harvests obtain- able from thinning treatment were developed by a stand table projection method. In such growth projections, it was assumed that the current program of prescribed burning would be continued along with other protection activities. Estimated yields necessarily included a substantial allowance for probable losses in plantations and in natural stands from destructive agents such as fire, insects, and disease. Forest Survey findings in this region indicate that mortality losses have been reducing gross growth by an estimated 10 to 12 percent, while other growth losses resulted in additional differences between current growth and potential growth. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 109 TABLE 87.—Areas in the Southeast suitable for intensive timber management but without manageable stands, by managemen t and ownership classes, 1970 [Thousand acres] Ownership class {lal ker iat Se Sen EE a All Management class ownerships Farm and National Other Forest miscel- Forest public industry laneous private Ss Idle cropland_------------------------------- PSS fay (Oe re 2,353. 7 Nonstocked forest---------------------------- 946. 1 21.8 45. 8 262. 4 616. 1 Pine plantations !-_--------------------------- 927. 1 40. 9 20. 3 543. 6 322. 3 Natural pine stands-------------------------- 4,710. 2 191. 4 162. 2 885. 3 3,471. 3 Oak-pine stands_----------------------------- 4,165. 5 95. 0 157. 4 636. 6 3,276. 5 Upland hardwood stands-- ------------------- 7,544. 0 322. 3 187. 3 706. 2 6,328. 2 Bottomland hardwood stands--_---------------- 5,834. 9 37. 0 BYES) 259.8 4,420. 6 Motaliareas. eb) J 28 et Sok == 26, 481.5 708.4 710.5 4, 273.9 20, 788. 7 eee Pd in cable Sere 28.7 15.3 21.0 24. 0 31.3 1 Estimated acreage in pine plantations with poor survival and plantations severely etc. damaged by fire, insects, disease, TapLeE 88.—Area of farm and miscellaneous private ownerships in the Southeast suitable for more intensive timber culture, by management and condition class, 1970 [Thousand acres] Assumed Total area reduction Additional Management class Condition class available over next opportunity in 1970 10 years DIS _26Uene) by viet 2 2 eS Idle cropland -------------------------- Oyen ee a 2, 353. 7 882. 6 ie ala Nonstocked forest __--------------------|-7--- doe = 201.7 74.9 126. 8 1 0) 7 el a a eS Occupied=—2----==--==== 414. 4 153. 8 260. 6 Pine plantations-__---------------------- Matureaes= =. - == 27. 6 2746; || 28 = Se 10) ee ee ee ee eee Overstocked= —--====---= 460. 4 396. 3 64.1 Tha: OM SOR Beate ae Poorly stocked -_--------- 322. 3 117.5 204. 8 Natural pine stands_-------------------- Mattes --------.- 2, 180. 6 2 1S0Gn sae eea ice eae aes eS Sees} See Sse Overstocked - _---------- 4, 058. 5 3, 493. 8 564. 7 Dio ees. Sei neee ee. Stes - eas Poorly stocked ---------- 3, 471. 3 1, 265. 9 2, 205. 4 Oak-pine stands-_-_--_-------------------- Mature - == 3-2-5 -—— 999. 2 §99..23\_.. =e eee ie Set RS Se ees ee Overstocked - - ---------- 1, 548. 2 iol. 2 317. 0 pe le BS Soot A eh a Poorly stocked ---------- 3, 276. 5 164. 7 Balai loss Upland hardwood stands ---------------- Mature = 2- === = 1, 882. 1 1SS2s0a |! eee eee see. 55. Siutete bow erie 225s Overstocked _ _---------- 1, 348. 3 1, 149. 7 198. 6 Ap et eee ee ee Poorly stocked ---------- 6, 328. 2 23. 6 6, 304. 6 Bottomland hardwood stands ------------ Matire=-2.- =~ +-==== === 1, 532. 0 1 GEy); Oy pees S22 Se5 TIN cae a re ‘Overstocked= .-==--==-_- 534. 6 148. 0 386. 6 DO ee ee ee ae Poorly stocked ---------- AV ADOWG@ arson aes 4, 420. 6 Allsclaasesi= tte se Se ee a - - e S 35, 360. 2 15, 723. 5 19, 636. 7 In the case of fusiform rust, which is one of the major damaging agents for both loblolly pine and slash pine, the most promising control measure appears to be the development of more resistant planting stock through genetic improvement. Better control of reproduction weevils in pine plantations will also require planting delays or treatment of seedlings with insecticides. Preven- tion of losses from fomes annosus root rot will require control measures such as chemical treat- ment of stump surfaces after felling. For the many bark beetles that plague the southern pine, salvage currently appears to be the most practical form of control. 110 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES In this initial study it was not possible to ade- quately evaluate opportunities for control of insects and disease nor of opportunities for intensi- fied fire protection. Impact studies will be needed for each major cause of mortality before it will be possible to measure the economic efficiency of adding to prospective timber supplies through more intensified protection. In addition to the potential increases in yields through cultural measures as estimated in this study, additonal increases in future timber supplies also might be obtained through more complete utilization of the available timber. Recent Survey findings indicate that up to 12 percent of the total softwoods and 43 percent of the total hardwoods removed from growing stock are not used for products. If only half this wood fiber could be channelled into use, the annual output of timber products could be in- creased over 5 percent without any increase in timber removals. Additional volumes might be obtained from rough and rotten trees that are now typically left standing in harvesting operations and even from trees in urban areas. Other possible actions to improve timber yields beyond the estimates in this analysis include the development of genetically improved planting stock, and application of fertilizer to enhance soil fertility. It is estimated, for example, that genetic gains from first generation stock will average 15 to 20 percent higher volume growth than obtain- able with seed from existing stands. Management to put the right species on the right site also could substantially increase future timber harvests. Costs of Forestry Practices Average costs of forestry practices assumed in this study for the Southeast are summarized in table 89. On some idle and open areas where extensive site preparation is not required, pine plantations can be established at perhaps half the costs shown in this table. However, a large share of these easy planting opportunities have been exhausted and attention now must be focused lurgely on those lands that can only be restored through site preparation or type conversion. For most of the area considered in the study it is believed that these costs were fairly representative as of 1970. Values of Increased Harvests In addition to the estimates of increased yields possible with intensified management practices and estimated costs of such measures, estimates were developed of the values of increased softwood timber output at 1970 prices, as follows: Tree diameter Cents per cubic foot 6 U 8 11 10 12 14 15 18 18 TABLE 89.—Estimated average costs of forestry practices in the Southeast, 1970 Practice or item Cost Establishment of pine plantation on cutover lands: | Dollars Stes prepara bio Tie eee eee ee per acre__| 28. 25 Pinejseedlingewas= jase eee per thousand__| 5. 25 Insecticide treatment of seedlings for protection against weevils_____-_----- dole== . 50 Pl anitin'o eee Sk se eee ae per seedling__ . 02 Total average establishment cost-per acre__| 44. 75 Other practices: Prescribediburnin gases se see ener aee per acre__-| 2.05 Poisoning undesirable trees_________---- CO ee) il ax) Girdling undesirable trees_________-_--- dozees|) 9565 Release cutting of young growth__-____- do22 22) 15550 Timber cruising (10 percent)______--_-- dou . 90 Marking trees for harvesting_____-_-_---- do___-| 3.60 Areas Suitable for Treatment On farm and miscellaneous private ownerships investment opportunities were identified on some 14.5 million acres. Although amounting to only 20 percent of all forest lands in this ownership category, this estimate may overstate the area on which landowners would be both able and willing to intensify management. There are over 700 thousand private farm and miscellaneous private landowners who collectively own over 70 percent of the land included in this study. For the most part these lands are in small tracts. Tenure is generally short in comparison with the period required for forestry investments to pay out. Lands are owned for a variety of reasons, and responses to forestry programs have been limited. For such reasons adjustments of “available” areas were made in the national study reported earlier to allow for landowners’ indifference to investment opportunities. It is likely that new approaches will have to be devised, and substantial financial incentives made available, before intensi- fied management can be expected on all of the acreage where more intensive forestry practices would yield significant returns. On forest industry lands in the Southeast, the backlog of poorly stocked stands for conversion, regeneration, or intermediate cutting is much smaller than for farm and miscellaneous private lands. Nevertheless, more than 6 million acres of industrial lands were in these categories in 1970 (table 87). One might assume that management on industrial holdings will be further intensified over time in view of the major progress made to date, but economic considerations may well prevent realization of all investment opportunities. National Forests and other publicly owned lands are of much smaller importance in the South- east and areas suitable for intensification are correspondingly limited. Also, the primary objec- tive of management of these lands is not to maxi- OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES mize volumes of timber or timber-growing profits but rather to produce a variety of outputs under multiple-use management. On other public lands in military installations or in local government holdings, some intensive timber management is found but a diversity of land management objec- tives limits efforts to accelerate timber culture. In this initial study public lands as well as industry lands were excluded from detailed analysis. Rates of Return on Investments Rates of return from specified practices were calculated in turn from data on costs, yields, and values. A listing of treatment opportunities ranked in order of rates of return 1s presented in table 90 for farm and miscellaneous private lands in the Southeast. Results of this study indicated that of the 8 million acres of land in farm and miscellaneous holdings classified as having intermediate cutting opportunities and the 19.6 million acres where regeneration is needed to increase productivity, investments in intensified management would return more than 5.0 percent on some 8.1 million acres suitable for growing pine. With a 4-percent minimum rate of return, an estimated 14.5 million acres would be suitable for intensification. Short rotations of 30 years were assumed in this analysis in calculating yields and rates of return. Increases in mean annual increment of pine resulting from added forestry investments and 30-year rotations were estimated at about 1.3 billion cubic feet, including 1.6 billion board 111 feet of sawtimber (table 90). The cost of such a program at 1970 price levels was estimated at $724 million, or an average of about $50 per acre. If such a program were spread over a 10-year period it would involve more than a doubling of the 1970 rate of timber cultural practices within the farm and miscellaneous private ownership class. The higher the goal the more likely that available labor, equipment, planting stock, or number of cooperating landowners would become limiting factors. Implementation of any major program for this owner category also would undoubtedly require some form of cost-sharing arrangement or other incentives to help motivate the landowners involved. Because timing of yields is of critical importance, potential increases in softwood timber harvests from the farm and miscellaneous private class are shown in table 91 by the decade when such in- creased cuts are estimated to occur. These projections indicate very limited opportunity for increasing cuts during the first decade or two. In the third decade increases in yield are estimated at 1.3 billion cubic feet, including 1.6 billion board feet of sawtimber. This would represent an increase of 48 percent above the projection of available softwood harvests under 1970 levels of management shown in table 85. It is apparent from this analysis that identifying opportunities for increasing prospective timber supplies requires a wide range of input data that involves most forestry disciplines. Essential inputs include a reasonably accurate measure of the TABLE 90.—Areas, costs, and. increased yields from intensified management on farm and miscellaneous private lands in the Southeast, by estimated rate of return on investments Rate Management class Treatment return ! Percent Pine plantations - - - --- Commercial thin - - - - © Natural pine stands---| | do------------- © Pine plantations _ - - --- Precommercial thin__ 7. 8 Nonstocked forest ----- Planting --222=-- == 7. 8 Idle cropland --------- “ (yE ee Peeee 7.3 Natural pine stands---_| Conversion - - ------- ie! Pine plantations - - - --- do. 2= =. 6.9 Oak-pine stands-__------ StS Deteesye pap ene ate 6.7 Natural pine stands---| Precommercial thin__ 6. 3 Oak-pine stands__----- Conversion. == —-=— 6. 3 Nonstocked forest__- - -- (0 (6 a Sel par 5.7 Upland hardwood stands 22 2. - agi. 2225522 4.0 Oak-pine stands-_-_---- Commercial thin___-| Negative Cumulative increase in Area Cumu- annual volume of pine lative harvests cost =a totals By Cumu- Growing Sawtimber class lative stock Thousand | Thousand Million Million Million acres acres dollars cu. ft. od. ft. 27 7416 0. 2 1 429 456 4.6 20 53 37 493 5. 0 21 56 127 620 8.4 32 we, 1,471 2,091 39. 6 141 252 2, 205 4,297 153. 4 323 469 205 4,501 158. 8 340 476 139 4,640 161. 7 345 483 136 4,776 164. 9 349 497 3,112 7,887 334. 8 655 768 261 8,148 348. 2 681 801 6,305 | 14,453 723.9 1,319 1,552 178 | 14,631 124. 2 1,320 1,564 1 Within each management class rates of return vary above or below these averages, depending on local factors influencing costs or yields. 112 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 91.—Projected softwood timber supplies from farm and miscellaneous private ownerships in the Southeast, with different levels of management TOTAL GROWING STOCK (MILLION CUBIC FEET) Projected annual removals Level of management 1970 First Second | Third decade | decade | decade LOTO level. sf-4 = 1,348 1 OLS IAL 1,866 Intensified 1_______ 1,348 1,533 Teo 3,185 SAWTIMBER (MILLION BOARD FEET) 4,262 4,262 4,847 4,899 5,464 | 5 5,540 | 7 1 Includes treatment of an additional 14.5 million acres over the next 10 years where the treatment opportunities promise a 4.0 percent or better rate of return on the investments. Annual costs of treating these additional acres are estimated to total $72.4 million. extent, condition, and productive capability of the land, together with prospective yields of tim- ber and related forest values—under both current and intensified management. Procedures must pro- vide for development of criteria for identifying and ranking opportunities for increasing yields, including specific treatment opportunities, esti- mated costs of implementing treatments and the likely response in terms of added volume and value. Although the procedures as presented herein suggest a ranking of opportunities on the basis of economic efficiency, policy makers also may need to interject social, environmental, or other con- siderations in developing management and utilization programs. AN EXAMPLE OF POTENTIALS FOR INTEN- SIFIED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTHEAST REGION Approximately 28 percent of the commercial timberland in the Northeast is in the oak-hickory type, and 23 percent in the maple-beech-birch type. Because of the substantial acreage covered by these two hardwood types, 42 million acres, they were selected for detailed evaluation of in- tensified management. This does not imply, how- ever, that other forest types in the Northeast present no opportunities for intensified manage- ment. Farm and miscellaneous private owners hold about 85 percent of the oak-hickory type and over 70 percent of the maple-beech-birch type. Specific areas within the region where recent data were available were first selected for detailed analysis and case study results then extrapolated to the region. Opportunities in the oak-hickory type were analyzed in southeastern Ohio. The maple-beech-birch type was studied in Maine. Evaluation procedures are outlined below in some detail for the oak-hickory case. The same general approach was used in the maple-beech-birch case study. Designation of Management Classes Since the 2.3 million acres of oak-hickory type in southeastern Ohio contain a broad continuum of stand conditions, the area was first divided into relatively homogenous cells, based upon a classi- fication of 680 Forest Survey plots measured in 1968. Each plot was placed in a matrix according to six basal area classes, three tree stocking levels, two average diameter classes, and five site produc- tivity classes. Based upon this classification, 77 distinct “management classes’ were identified. Individual management classes entailing less than 15 thousand acres were excluded from further analysis because of large sampling errors. Manage- ment classes of site productivity below 50 cubic feet per acre per year of potential growth also were dropped because of low potential returns. These exclusions left 36 management classes for detailed study, aggregating approximately 1.8 million acres. Stand profiles.—As a basis for in-depth evalua- tion of intensified treatments, more detailed stand profiles than used for management class identifi- cation were then developed for the 36 management classes retained for study. Information was com- piled on numbers of trees per acre by species eroup, tree quality and diameter class, using Forest Survey plot records. Stocking classes—The 36 management classes were all classified into one of three stocking classes specified in a “1972 Timber Management Guide for Upland Central Hardwoods.” ° Stocking classes in each management class were based on stocking of ‘‘acceptable’”’ trees according to the formula: S=—0.00507N+ 0.01698 >) D+ 0.003 V7 g2 where S=level of stocking with acceptable trees N=number of acceptable trees D=diameter acceptable trees. Management strategies.—Strategies for stands in each of the 36 management classes were based 6 USDA Forest Service, Central States Forest Experi- ment Station and North Central Region. 1972 Timber management guide for upland central hardwoods. 33 p. 1972. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES upon the objective of growing the most high- quality sawtimber the site could produce in the shortest reasonable time. Given this objective two broad treatment regimes were assigned to 23 of the 36 management classes, based upon the - acceptable tree stocking levels. Nine of these 23 management classes had in- sufficient stocking levels to fully utilize their sites for several years to come. The intensified manage- ment regimes prescribed for these areas entailed an immediate regeneration harvest, stand re- establishment to oak-hickory, stand cleaning at an early age, periodic thinning to promote rapid sawtimber growth, and final harvest. About 24 percent of the 1.8 million acres analyzed in the case study area, or 424 thousand acres, fell into this stocking class and treatment regime. Fourteen management classes had excess stock- ing. The intensified management regime specified for these stands entailed an improvement cut to get stocking down to a desirable level, followed by periodic thinnings and final harvest. These classes contained 46 percent of the 1.8 million study acres, or 827 thousand acres. Thirteen management classes we1e judged to have sufficient stocking of acceptable trees for the next 10 years, and were not assigned an in- tensified management regime. These covered 31 percent of the study group, or 551 thousand acres. Projecting Stand Development Increased yields from intensification of manage- ment were estimated by simulating stand develop- ment under both current and intensified manage- ment, using growth models developed by Timber Management Research. Projected growth and harvests under intensified management were es- timated by applying the prescriptions described above. Projected harvests under current manage- ment were estimated by applying 1970 removal rates by diameter class to the inventory in Ohio and holding this constant over the projection period (table 92). These were average removal rates and did not provide for specific treatment schedules as in the intensified regimes, but are believed to provide a good proxy for results of current management. Average diameters were employed as measures of stand maturity in the analysis of intensified management. These varied according to site class (potential cubic feet per acre per year) as follows: Average diameter at maturity (inches) Site class 50-59 12 60-69 15 70-79 18 80 plus 21 In the simulation of stand development residual stands of trees were Jeft after thinnings in both management regimes. The current management 113 TaBLE 92.—Projected inventories, growth, and removals with continuation of 1970 management and cutting practices in oak-hickory stands of the Northeast, and values at alternative price levels Inventory | Decadal removals Decade at be- Decadal | re ginning growth of decade Volume Value Million Million Million Million cords cords cords dollars istiees ae 481.0 159. 2 109. 6 11007 21856 20k 530. 6 208. 9 109. 6 11007 21856 ts ee 629. 9 190. 9 109. 6 11007 21856 Zt 7 Nea Mya 711.2 227. 6 109. 6 11007 21856 Shire igs 829. 2 115.9 109. 6 11007 21856 Gun" 835. 5 1 With 1970 prices and costs. 2 With a 30% increase in prices of lumber and allocation of 75% of the increase to stumpage, a $5 per cord increase in prices of pulpwood stumpage, and 1970 management costs. regime left stands with more small diameter trees than in the case of intensified management. Treatment costs—Estimated costs of intensified management included costs of removing non- merchantable trees in regeneration cuts, improve- ment cuts, and precommercial cleanings. Any cut producing less than 5 cords per acre was assumed to be unmerchantable. Costs for removing trees in stand conversions and cost of improvement cuts were based upon an equation using numbers and diameter of trees removed, along with other input costs. Costs of stand conversion ranged from $10-$20 and averaged about $15 per acre. Costs of improve- ment cutting ranged from $14-$28 and averaged about $19 per acre. Costs of precommercial cleanings averaged $21.50 per acre. Stumpage values.—Values of timber harvested in future thinnings and final harvest cuts were calculated by a conversicn surplus procedure similar to that employed on National Forests in timber appraisals. The saw-log portions of growing stock trees were valued by diameter class based on the price of 4/4 lumber that could be produced, minus all costs necessary to convert stumpage to lumber. These timber values were adjusted to account for variations in lumber quality and costs resulting from differences in species mix, site productivity, and management intensity. Timber sale price differences have been demonstrated to be associated with such stand characteristics. 7 See, for example: Anderson, Walter C. Pine sawtimber price behavior in South Carolina. USDA Forest Serv., Res. Pap. SO-42, 12 p. 1969. 114 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Saw-log values in the oak-hickory study ranged from $6 to $160 per thousand board feet. Typical examples of how prices varied by diameter, stocking class, and site index are as follows: Dollars per thousand Diameter Species 1 Site index board feet 12a ae ae A 55 15 1Gs2 Cae ee ee B 65 27 13 ees ee eee C 75 35 PAD Niepessl A 80+ 95 24 Beate ae B 55 74 2S ee a ee C 65 92 1 A= Yellow-poplar and black walnut B= Red oak and ash C= Other species. An alternative value assumption was _ also employed in evaluating the economic feasibility of intensified management. Cordwood prices were raised $5.00 per cord and saw-log prices were raised 75 percent. This adjustment roughly cor- responded to a 30-percent increase in final product prices. Increases in timber values from management intensification included both the value of increased intermediate thinnings and increased values of residual stands at the end of 50 years. The total increases in value were compared with costs of intensified management in evaluating the economic potentials for intensification. Economic evaluation of intensification.—The eco- nomic feasibility of undertaking intensified man- agement was evaluated using present net worth and benefit/cost calculations, both of which gave the same results. Benefits and cost schedules over time were discounted at 5 percent. Any oppor- tunity which had a positive present net worth thus had an internal rate of return in excess of 5 percent and a benefit/cost ratio in excess of 1.0. The 5 percent rate provides comparability between this and other case studies. This is not implied that 5 percent is necessarily the most appropriate selection-rejection level. Opportunities with 1970 stumpage prices.— Under the 1970 price assumption, investments in 9 of the 23 management classes for intensified manage- ment would return over 5 percent. Six of these entailed treatments starting with immediate stand replacement. Three involved initial improvement cutting to change stand composition. The increase in present net worth per acre due to intensification averaged $34.14 for the regenera- tion treatment on 219,000 acres in the pilot area, at an average cost of $27.32 per acre. For the stand improvement opportunities, the average increase in present net worth was $12.56 on 168,000 acres. The average cost was $17.22 per acre. Opportunities with the higher price assumption.— Use of higher price levels resulted in the addition of only two management classes, both entailing regeneration treatments. Use of the higher price levels raised the acreage economically treatable in the pilot area by 37 percent, or 145 thousand | acres. | Present net worth per acre was more sensitive to price changes. With the higher price assumption, present net worth for regeneration treatments was $62.91 per acre, or 84 percent higher than with 1970 prices. The average increase in present net worth from stand improvement treatment was $31.84 per acre, or 153 percent higher than with 1970 prices. Regional Expansion of the Oak-Hickory Pilot Study The results of the southeastern Ohio case study were expanded to the Northeast region by the ratio between the oak-hickory acreage in the pilot area (2.3 million acres) and the oak- hickory acreage in the region (35.3 million acres). Such extrapolations must be used with caution, however, because they assume costs, prices, yield increases, and other factors applying in the pilot areas are also applicable regionwide. They also assume that the region contains the same proportions of area in the various ‘‘management classes” found in the pilot area. It is believed, however, that they provide a reasonable initial indication of management opportunities. _ Opportunities with 1970 stumpage prices.— Accomplishment of intensified management in oak-hickory types in the Northeast, including opportunities that return 5 percent or more at 1970 prices, would cover roughly 6.0 million acres at a cost of $165 million, or $27.40 per acre (table 93). This intensification would lower timber inventories at the beginning of the sixth decade by 36 million cords, or 4 percent, below the inventory expected with current management as shown in table 92. The stumpage value of this residual inventory would be increased a_sub- stantial 34 percent through management inten- sification by concentrating growth on larger and higher quality trees of desirable species. Projected decadal growth with intensified man- agement fluctuates about the current growth level. In the fourth decade projected growth is 27 percent lower than with current management, but in the fifth decade is 40 percent higher. Increases in timber removals over the five decade period due to intensification total 56.3 million cords, or 10 percent more than. expected with current management. Just as with inventory estimates, however, a greater impact registers in the value of removals, which would be $991 million, or 20 percent higher under intensified management. Physical volumes are increased by intensification but an even greater effect arises from harvesting of larger and higher quality trees. Opportunities with higher stumpage price as- sumptions.—Similar results occur when oppor- tunities are undertaken which return 5 percent under the assumed higher price levels. Intensified OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES. 115 TABLE 93.—Net changes in inventories, growth, and removals with intensified management of oak-hickory stands in the Northeast (1970 product prices)’ Change in Decade inventory at Change in beginning of decade decadal growth Million cords Million cords (ite Se a ee ee 13. 3 At Se ee eee 2.5 5: I 30 eee 14.7 17.16 AG niet See oe 31. 8 — 62. 5 7 hoe — 28.4 46. 7 Sikhs = o> 4. (Ne) ly |e See eee Change in decadal removals Increase in decadal treatment cost Volume Value Million cords Million dollars Million dollars 10. 8 52 92. 2 =% I — Ot 72, 4 0.5 —=98) | eso5 sso -mmec-es=s —2. 93 EP )6| haat ee Soe e OR Soe 54, 4 UUS6 | Seat sees 1 Including 9 intensified management opportunities on 6.0 million acres that would return more than 5 percent on investments in intensified management. treatment would be economic on 8.8 million acres, at a cost of $258 million, or $29 per acre (table 94). Inventory volumes at the beginning of the sixth decade would be reduced below the current management level by 29 million cords, or slightly less than the reduction under the 1970 price assumption. The value of the inventory, however, would be 40 percent greater. Growth under intensified management would be slightly higher, 7.3 percent, than with current management. The total increase in available removals with intensified management would be 95 million cords over five decades, or a 17 percent increase. The value of removals would exceed values with current management by $2110 million, or 23 percent. This would be slightly more than the 20 percent increase in values with intensified management under the 1970 price assumptions. Maple-Beech-Birch Pilot Study The procedural steps involved in the Maine pilot study of maple-beech-birch were essentially the same as those for the oak-hickory case. Selection of management classes for economic evaluation was based upon a comparison of current conditions with a desirable stocking guide. This led to identification of four opportunities covering 957 thousand acres, or 27 percent of the maple-beech- birch type in Maine. The site index was above 55 for all four situations; the average diameter of all four situations was from 3 to 5 inches. Basal areas fell into two classes, 80-99 and 100-119 square feet. Percentage stocking of yellow birch was identified as either above or below 10 percent. The intensified management strategy for all classes included an immediate stand improvement cut, subsequent thinnings, and final harvest 80-87 years from initial treatment. All four opportunities would return over 5 percent on treatment costs under both price assumptions. The average in- crease in present net worth per acre due to intensification was estimated at $54 at 1970 prices, and $110 at the higher price Jevel. Results from the Maine pilot area were ex- panded to the entire Northeast region on the basis of the maple-beech-birch acreages in the two areas. Estimated impacts on regional inventories, net growth, and removals were very similar to TasLe 94.—Net changes in inventories, growth, and removals with intensified management of oak-hickory stands in the Northeast (1970 prices plus 30 percent)‘ ? Change in inventory at beginning of decade Change in decadal growth Decade Million cords Million cords TG setae Sa ee age ee B37 glee nee oF —10. 4 ileal 5G gee aes eee Caen 13. 4 35. 0 433 Ee See 44,4 —49. 6 2475 as Ea ey tay — 25. 0 59. 7 6thes =: SP — 29 alls | 2 ee oss _ SS Change in decadal removals Increase in decadal treatment cost Volume Value Million dollars Million cords Million aa 14.1 66 38. 2 £67 7 120. 2 4.0 Pato: ey ieternd © vs Peake 19.8 “(cit ta eS 63. 8 ETH) | Se eet: “ee ‘ Including 12 intensified management opportunities on 8.8 million acres that would return more than 5 percent on investments in intensified management. 2 Sawtimber prices raised 75 percent of a 30 percent increase in lumber prices; and pulpwood prices raised $5 per cord over 1970 levels. 116 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 95.—Net change in inventories, growth, and removals with intensified management of maple-beech stands in the Northeast (1970 prices)! Change in Decade inventory at Change in beginning of decade} decadal growth Million cords Million cords DS bE Ser ee es ee DCs Sa ses ee — 32.4 22. 1 Rao Lea eee ope 6. 0 25. 0 Athi jaca see —18, 2 25. 7 5 thee eee ee 22. 8 13. 6 Othe eaecnes CBS in| ere en eS eee ct Change in decadal removals Increase in decadal treatment cost Volume Value Million cords Million dollars Million dollars 50. 2123 74, 3 231 —16.3 = 280) leo doce eee —421 50. 2 790 46. 1 1, 414 —16.3 280 \noca soe ee —421 28. 6 9694S 22S 2 eee 1, 724 1 Includes 4 intensified management opportunities on 5.7 million acres. 2 With 1970 prices and costs. 3 With a 30 percent increase in the base price of lumber those resulting from management intensification in oak-hickory stands. An estimated 5.7 million acres of maple-beech- birch in the region were identified as economically suitable for stand improvement treatments at an average cost of $21.20 per acre (table’95). With intensification, inventories at the beginning of the sixth decade would be almost 8 million cords ereater than with current management, and values of the residual inventory would be $1.7 billion more than with current management. Growth would be over 100 million cords greater with intensified management than with current man- agement. Estimated increases in removals with intensified management total 96.6 million cords over five decades, valued at $1.4 billion at 1970 prices. AN EXAMPLE OF POTENTIALS FOR INTENSI- FIED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION Detailed per acre evaluation of intensified man- agement opportunities were undertaken for three pilot areas: northeastern Wisconsin, southern Indiana and Illinois, and southern Missouri. These areas contain forest situations believed typical of the predominantly hardwood forests of this region. The case study areas collectively covered 11 million acres, or 12 percent of the total area of 96 million acres of commercial timberland in the region. Estimates of opportunities for intensified forest management presented below indicate that with a 5 percent rate of return criterion, and 1970 price levels plus 30 percent, about 6.2 million acres in the region would be economically suitable for and allocation of 75 percent of the increase to stumpage, a $5 per cord increase in prices of pulpwood stumpage, and 1970 management costs. intensified silvicultural treatment. Increased harvests resulting from intensified management of these acres would total about 13.9 billion board feet of sawtimber, including 12.3 billion board feet of softwood, plus 4.4 billion cubic feet of pulpwood, over the next 50 years. Selection of Areas for Analysis of Treatments Inclusion of individual areas for detailed evalua- tion of potentials for intensification was based primarily upon current stocking, current species dominance, suitability for planting alternative species, site class, and size of area in the oppor- tunity class. Based upon these screening factors, a number of possible situations were excluded from analysis. Thus options on low sites were not considered, e.g., planting red pine on nonstocked forest land on site classes less than 50. Commercial thinning of pine plantations was excluded because of the Jimited area involved. Similarly, maple-beech- birch stands which already had desirable stocking levels § were excluded from this evaluation. This screening process left for analysis areas where management intensification appeared likely to have major impacts upon timber supplies in the pilot areas and return more than 5 percent on treatment costs. These included: (1) Situations having relatively high site productivity but poor or nonexistent stocking and apparently suitable for reforestation with softwoods such as red pine and white pine. These included both areas of idle cropland indicated 8 Arbogast, Carl, Jr. Marking guides for northern hard- woods under the selection system. USDA Forest Serv., Lake States Forest Exp. Sta., Sta. Pap. 56, 20 p., illus. St. Paul, Minn. 1957. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES iLit?/ by the USDA Conservation Needs Inventory and areas of nonstocked land in Wisconsin of site class 50 and better. These softwood planting situations all entailed a schedule of thinnings prior to fina] harvest. (2) Situations in northern hardwood stands on productive sites where stand characteristics in- dicated favorable responses to cull tree removal or improvement cutting, and a source of thinnings in poletimber and sawtimber stands. These were designed to adjust stocking to an “‘ideal’” of 87 square feet per acre. (3) Site preparation for natural regeneration of aspen in recently harvested stands. Yields, Prices, and Costs Yields of natural forests to be expected with current management, as in other regions, were assumed to be represented by Forest Survey plot information. Yield estimates for more in- tensively managed stands were derived from Forest Survey plot information and published yield tables, or in the case of hardwood treat- ments from a growth simulator.? Documented yield information for both current and intensified management is scanty and had to be augmented by generous applications of judgment. No esti- mates were prepared regarding the net impact upon nontimber resources and uses. Stumpage prices were derived from reports of recent timber sales adjusted to approximate 1970 price levels. Estimates of National Forest stumpage prices were used for shortleaf pine. A second set of stumpage prices employed in this analysis assumed timber product prices 30 percent above 1970 levels, with an estimated 75 percent of the increase in products prices assumed to go to stumpage. This roughly doubled most 1970 stumpage prices. Estimated treatment costs were based largely on Forest Service contract experience *° and special local studies. The estimates of yields, costs, and stumpage returns with current and intensified management of the selected situations were then evaluated to sort out those that promised to return more than 5 percent on increased investments, both at 1970 timber product prices and at 1970 prices plus 30 percent. It is recognized that the forest situations selected for detailed study were not necessarily the only management intensification opportunities which would return 5 percent or more. Some may have been omitted in the screening process. Also, the input data used in this analysis are subject to considerable uncertainty. 9Skog, K. E., and R. A. Leary. A computer simu- lator of northern hardwood forest stand growth and management. 10 Row, Clark. Silvicultural service contract cost study; FY 1970. USDA Forest Serv., Econ. and Mark. Res., Washington, D.C., preliminary report. August 8, 1971. Regional Estimates of Management Opportunities at 1970 Prices Once the evaluations of opportunities in the pilot areas were analyzed on a per-acre basis, results were generalized to the North Central Region on the basis of total estimated areas of each type of situation. This area expansion, although based on area stratifications such as shown in table 45 of Appendix I, involved con- siderable judgment. It was assumed that the yield, price, and cost estimates used in the analysis for pilot areas, and therefore present net worths at a 5-percent discount rate, would apply across the entire region. These regionwide extrapolations also assumed that all areas meeting the 5-percent criterion would be available for intensification, rezardless of tract size or owner objectives. Plantations—At 1970 prices and costs, about 160 thousand acres of softwood planting in the next decade would yield 5-percent or more return on planting and thinning investments (table 96). Estimated costs of intensified management were estimated at $7.3 million, or $45.60 per acre. The softwood sawtimber harvest increases resulting from a 10-year program of accelerated planting would be minimal until the 4th decade when projected increases in available harvests reach 53 million board feet annually. In the 8th decade a single 10-year program would produce estimated final harvest increases of 567 million board feet annually. This would provide a harvest double the 1970 level of softwood sawtimber output of 539 million board feet from all owner- ships in the North Central Region. Site preparation.—Investments in site prepara- tion of aspen areas would return 5 percent on an estimated 654 thousand acres in the region at a cost of $3.4 million, or $5.20 per acre. The pulp- wood harvest increase due to this treatment was estimated at 130 million cubic feet per year in the 5th decade. Stand improvement.—Improvement of northern hardwood stands would return 5 percent at 1970 prices on an estimated 701 thousand acres at a cost of $9.1 million, or $13 per acre. The net effect upon hardwood sawtimber output would be small until the 6th decade when projected increases in harvests average 344 million board feet annually. This would be an increase of approximately 10 percent above the 1970 regional output of hard- wood roundwood of 3.28 billion board feet. Regional Estimates of Opportunities at Higher Prices Under the assumption that future stumpage prices would be about double the 1970 level, the estimate of areas that could be treated with a criterion of 5 percent return on investment rose sharply from 1.5 million to 6.3 million acres (table 97). Four additional softwood planting situations were added, including planting nonstocked forest THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 118 T9— £2 ‘T 6I- i= 19— og— 8e— LI- — Ke i €Z— ce— 1I= tr 0 ee ae | eee een ee i= 9— 0z— 9 = eee es 61 oS as ee ae | oe 6 BS ee Pee ceae e ‘yma | afena | af-na | -af-no wou | von | von | wounw L¥g O9T LL LP “UPd uounW 8P aa $9490 pUuDsnoy.L Joquryj9[od Uy UT) [BpoI9UIUIODIIg Saami! 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Site prepara- tion and stand improvement areas also were expanded. Planting.—Softwood planting opportunities at the higher price level were estimated to cover nearly five times more area than with 1970 prices. Projected harvest increases due to intensification include over 1.0 billion board feet annually of soft- wood sawtimber by the fifth decade, and 6.3 billion board feet annually during the eighth decade, plus additional volumes of pulpwood size material. These estimated increases in softwood harvests over the next eight decades are 11 times greater with the higher price assumption than with 1970 prices. However, estimated costs of the larger pro- gram with the higher price assumption are 30 times greater than the program included with 1970 prices. Site preparation.—Aspen site preparation was estimated to be feasible on almost three times more area than with 1970 prices. Projected harvest increases totaled about 300 million cubic feet per year in the fifth decade. Marginal sites for such treatments as aspen site preparation proved to -be sensitive to stumpage price and treatment cost assumptions. Thus an increase of a dollar a cord in aspen stumpage prices had the effect of nearly doubling treatable areas. On the other hand, a rise in treatment costs from about $5 to $10 per acre would largely eliminate aspen site preparation at 1970 prices and a 5-percent discount rate. Stand improvement.—Estimates of increased harvests of hardwood sawtimber reach 525 million board feet annually by the sixth decade, or 56 percent above increases estimated to be economi- cally possible with 1970 price levels. Limitations of Current Study Additional research will] be necessary to refine these initial estimates of management opportuni- ties and reduce uncertainties. Projected increases in timber harvests due to treatment were estimated from limited growth and yield data based upon individual plot studies rather than large-scale treatments. Although yields were reduced to allow for this, the reduction factor used (generally about 20 percent) was necessarily based on judgment. Prices and costs were available only from local sources and may not be applicable to all areas and ownerships in the region. Estimates of acres suitable for treatment also must be regarded as preliminary. In addition, rates of adoption of economically feasible treatments by various owner classes are unknown, and all the acres economically suitable for treatment are not likely to be treated. In addition to problems of financing forestry improve- THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER. IN THE UNITED STATES) ments, treatments such as site preparation or | elimination of rough and rotten trees in northern hardwood stands may conflict with other objec- tives such as wildlife management. For this reason the estimates in this case study _ show considerably larger areas economically suit- | able for treatment than were included in the national study described earlier; in that analysis acreages were reduced for such factors as size and location of tracts, availability of forestry labor and facilities, and willingness of owners to respond to forestry assistance programs. AN EXAMPLE OF INTENS!FIED MANAGEMENT POTENTIALS IN WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND CALIFORNIA In this analysis economic potentials for intensi- fied management were analyzed for public owner- ships other than National Forests, for forest industry lands, and for other private lands in the States of Washington, Oregon, and California. These 3 classes of forest ownerships included some 35.1 million acres of commercial timberland in 1970, including 8.1 million acres in other public ownerships, 12.2 million acres in forest industry holdings, and 14.8 million acres in other private holdings. Timber harvests on these lands in 1970 amounted to 16.6 billion board feet, or 65 percent of the total sawtimber output on the Pacific Coast. The ‘‘base”’ projections of future timber harvests with 1970 levels of management, sum- marized in Chapter II, indicate a drop in pros- pective sawtimber harvests on these lands to 14.7 billion board feet by 1980, and to 11.8 billion board feet by the year 2000. The estimates devel- oped in this study indicate that with higher timber prices substantial increases in these harvests would be economically feasible. Area Classification Forest types considered in this analysis included: (1) Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce in western Oregon and Washington and northwest California, (2) ponderosa pine in eastern Oregon and Washington and the interior of California, and (3) lodgepole pine in eastern Washington, Oregon, and California. It was not considered possible to make a reasonable analysis of oppor- tunities for management intensification in other types because of absence of yield tables or limited acreages of conditions suitable for management intensification. Westside conifer stands were first stratified in terms of site productivity classes, stand age, stocking, and numbers of trees per acre. In order for westside conifer stands to be con- OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 121 sidered suitable for treatment they had to meet certain requirements as follows: Treatment Stand age Stocking Trees per acre Commercial thin- 35-75 Morethan70 ~~ ------ ning percent Precommercial thin- 15-25 More than 30 450 ning percent Fertilization _----_--- Stands qualifying for precommercial or commercial thinning For ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands, the area classification shown in table 48 of Ap- pendix I was evaluated on a judgment basis to determine areas most suitable for management. Management Practices Considered For each of the areas selected as indicated above, management regimes were evaluated to determine practices and areas that would produce at least 5 percent return on investments in intensified management. These included: 1. Westside conifer stands a. Commercial thinning of stands at ages 30 through 70 b. Precommercial thinning of 15-year-old stands, followed by commercial thinning c. Fertilization and commercial thinning of stands of ages 30 through 70 d. Precommercial thinning of 15-year-old stands, followed with fertilization and commercial thinning e. Conversion of hardwood stands_ to Douglas-fir f. Planting of nonstocked areas following harvest g. Planting of nonstocked areas with genet- ically superior stock following harvest 2. Ponderosa pine a. Commercial thinnings of small sawtimber stands b. Precommercial thinnings of 15-year-old and stagnated stands, followed with com- mercial thinnings 3. Lodgepole pine a. Precommercial thinning of 15-year-old stands and stagnated stands, followed with commercial thinnings. In some cases current management was limited to protection from fire, insects, and disease. In other cases significant areas were already being treated according to these management prescrip- tions. These acres already being treated were sub- tracted in estimating areas available for manage- ment intensification. Yield Assumptions The yield estimates used in this analysis in- cluded data for expected harvests with 1970 levels of management, and increases in harvests possible with intensified management. These yield esti- mates were based upon available yield tables and judgments of timber management research spe- cialists. Allowances were made for anticipated impacts of insects and diseases in both managed and unmanaged stands. Estimated yields of west- side conifers also were reduced to reflect discon- tinuities in forest cover that exist within the com- mercial forest land area. This reduction was assumed to be 15 percent for all sites and areas. Increases in future harvests were determined by subtracting per-acre yields with ongoing programs from per-acre yields with intensified management and multiplying the increase by the appropriate number of acres. For public owners it was also assumed that allowable cut procedures will result in scheduling harvests in approximate line with increases in growth. This allowable cut effect was used to portray harvest increases but was not considered in calculating rate of return. The harvest available from individual treated acres was used in rate of return calculations. Cost Assumptions Costs of intensified management as of 1970 were derived from a number of public and private sources in the Pacific Northwest. Assumed per-acre costs averaged as follows: a. Planting westside conifers following harvest—$35 Precommercial thinning—$50 Commercial thinning (netted out of price) Fertilization—$22 Site preparation for conversion of hardwood stands less than 45 years of age—$40 cao ot Price Assumptions Two price assumptions were used in evaluation of the increased yields obtainable with intensified management—one based on National Forest timber sales in 1970, with the second assuming a steady rise to 2020 at a compound rate of 1.5 per- cent annually in product prices, with 75 percent of the increase going to stumpage. Data in terms of Scribner log scale, primarily for old-growth timber, were converted to prices for second-growth timber in terms of International \-inch log rule. This resulted in the following prices: 1970 prices 2020 prices per MBF per MBF Westside conifer harvest cuts—-------- $23.20 $97. 50 Westside conifer thinnings------------ 17. 90 92. 50 Ponderosa piles =e = Lodgepole pine-_-_-------------------- Economic Analysis The estimates of yields, values, and costs developed for selected areas where management intensification appeared most promising were used in developing estimates of areas that would yield at least a 5-percent rate of return on mar- ginal costs of intensification at both 1970 prices 122 and the specified price increases. These calcu- lations were on a “‘before taxes” basis. They were also made with consideration given to the timing of costs and yields for specific stands. Conse- quently, factors such as the need to sustain a given flow of timber harvest from an entire forest were not included. Intensification Potentials With 1970 Prices Under this price assumption the following practices promised to return more than 5 percent on increased expenditures for timber manage- ment in westside conifer areas. The acreages are for opportunities in addition to those assumed in the current trends of management: a. Planting on high sites. This involved a total of 481,000 acres for the first decade. b. Precommercial thinning followed by com- mercial thinning on medium and high sites, with short rotations of less than 50 years. This involved a total of 6,000 acres. c. Commercial thinning in virtually all situa- tions. This involved an estimated 166,000 acres. d. Fertilization in stands to be thinned and given final harvest within 20 years. This involved an estimated 115,000 acres. (All but 23,000 of these acres are included in the 166,000 acres reported above in item c.) e. Investments to develop and use genetically supelior stock. This appeared justified only on high site lands managed under short rotations. In eastside ponderosa pine stands commercial thinning of stands approximately 55 years old and having sufficient volume to support commer- cial operations also was found to be feasible.” However, judgment of local foresters indicated that only about 5 percent of the stands in the eastside ponderosa pine region reach this con- dition naturally. This would represent about 183 thousand acres in the ponderosa pine region of Oregon, Washington, and interior California. Increases in timber cut from intensified practices that passed the 5 percent ‘investment screen”’ with 1970 prices are shown in table 98. On the three classes of ownerships studied in this analysis for the Pacific Coast States, increases in harvests resulting from increased investments, assuming 1970 prices, averaged only about 1 percent for the first three decades, and 3 percent for the fourth and fifth decades. In decade six—beyond the projection period of this study—a jump in the harvest would occur as stands that were 1! See also: Sassaman, R. W., J. W. Barrett, and J. G. Smith. Economies of thinning stagnated ponderosa pine sapling stands in the pine-grass areas of central Wash- ington. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-144, 17p. 1972. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES planted in decade one became available for harvest. However, the increased cut would drop off again unless a succession of management programs were continued. This modest showing is a result of a combina- tion of factors. With 1970 prices there were not many practices with substantial growth increases that passed the 5 percent screen. For those prac- tices that did pass there were relatively few acres in appropriate age—stocking classes that were susceptible to treatment. And finally, the invest- ments involved in 1970 levels of management, which had to be subtracted from a total program of intensification, already account for a significant portion of the feasible economic opportunities. Management Potentials with Rising Prices With the higher prices for timber products specified earlier, additional practices that would pass a 5 percent investment screen in westside conifer stands included: (a) planting of all sites, with general use of genetic stock, except on low sites with long rotations (85 years)—a total of 1,287,000 acres, and (b) conversion to softwoods of mature hardwood stands of more than 45 years of age on medium sites, and conversion of all hard- wood stands on high sites—1,384,000 acres. In eastside types (a) precommercial thinning of ponderosa pine on all sites, and (b) precom- mercial thinning of lodgepole pine on the higher sites also passed the 5 percent investment screen. Even with the assumption of increasing prices, the potential rise in total timber harvests from the ownerships studied with intensification of the most promising management opportunities would still be modest, i.e., 3 to 4 percent during the first three decades. However, projected harvest increases in decades four and five reach 15 percent, and in decade six 40 percent more than anticipated with 1970 management levels. With a single 10-year program, increases in harvests after decade six would drop to a level roughly comparable to that achieved in the first three decades. The major part of the increase—70 percent—would come from forest industry lands and 78 percent would be in the Douglas-fir region (table 98). The investment costs of planting and other measures indicated in this example of intensified management are estimated at $168 million as shown in table 98, an average of $50 per acre. It appears from this analysis that the only investment practices on these ownerships that would have a substantial impact on timber supplies in the Pacific Coast States within 50 years are planting of nonstocked areas and con- version of hardwoods to conifer stands on private lands where short rotations are assumed. These practices would be justified with a 5 percent cost of capital only with substantial price increases over 1970 levels. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 123 TABLE 98.—Costs and responses to intensified forest management in Washington, Oregon, and California * TABLE 98.— Costs and responses rrr aoe Change in annual harvest Item Area Cost |} First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh | Eighth Ninth ASSUMING 1970 PRICE LEVELS . ; ae ; = = : ; Thousand | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million Million | Million | Million | Million Douglas-fir region: | acres dollars bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 bd. ft.2 Other public__------_---------------- 183 5.2 41.2 41.2 35.9 32. 2 27.1 21.7 19.9 LS OY | ae ea MGmresh INGER Y 95 a oa 351 iD fe ee (ee eee 189.5 224. 6 491.4 21.9 87.7 112.1 Other private---~-----=----=_- ==" | 80 3.4 16.3 13.7 3.8 11 21.6 49.1 11.9 47.5 60.8 iQ) 614 20. 8 57.5 54.9 39.7 222. 8 273. 3 562. 2 53.7 155.1 172.9 California: Other public____-.--- 5 =k -5 -3 WO lee en ee Rese opel neeceeeod BoceSneno Pre eeenaee| Sener maaan Forest industry - -- 80 2.0 7.3 1.4 5.8 36.5 23. 4 80. 6 2k 8.3 10.6 J GIES EE See ee Ee 53 @) 16.3 25.7 13.1 12.3 29. 7 1.3 9 3.6 4.5 iD ae a ee 138 2.2 24.1 7.4 19.1 48.8 53.1 81.9 3.0 11.9 15.1 Ponderosa pine region: Pipher publ ee aman 25 |---------- 4.2 4.2 4.2 rack intiests y= = — 5-522 5-22. Es | Gos ee 9.6 15.1 r Pe | Pihernrignies. > 22>. a oo one oi) Sessressa5 14.0 22. 2 11.3 eet) 0 ee ne ae Se eS ee itt) Ee eee 27.8 41.5 23. 2 Pacific Coast States: Giharpahlie="-2 =~ = 2 =.--=----2-- 212 5.3 45.9 45.7 40.3 36. 4 27.1 21.7 19.9 19: Or |e seee ee LS eee 464 14.3 16.9 26.5 13.5 232. 9 230.5 572.0 24.0 96.0 122.7 Other privates 22053 es 2. ===: 182 3.4 46.6 61.6 28. 2 23.4 25.2 50. 4 12.8 51.1 65.3 aii: pag Jee RE eee 859 23.0 109. 4 133. 8 82.0 292. 7 282.8 644.1 56. 7 167.0 188.0 ASSUMING RISING PRICE LEVELS‘ Douglas-fir region: Siher papne. =). 535 38.9 349.9 349.9 344. 6 338. 4 320.0 300. 2 298. 4 20540) ie seensac~ Moret industry — =~ = 2-6: 25-2252: 1, 098 es Ce ee Se | ee ee ae 493. 6 704.2 | 1,900.8 34. 0 139.7 177.6 oo en } 717 48.5 38.1 —4.8 at 328. 3 437.6 1,542.8 22.4 92.9 117.6 hi 2 Eee et oles nee 2, 350 139.3 388. 0 345.1 352.3 1, 160.3 1, 461.8 3, 743. 8 354. 8 568. 5 295. 2 California: Other public ee ee eee 32 1.3 18.0 18.0 17.9 ay Ba 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 (ra Bu): i eS 406 14.3 73 11.4 5.8 163.1 210.5 538. 9 5.9 13.0 32.3 Sihier pelvase- — .. 2325 $22 s22--5- 24.5. 289 13.0 16.3 25.7 13.1 106.9 126. 6 474.6 7.2 8.1 41.6 ht eae ee eee 727 28. 6 41.6 55.1 36. 8 287.7 354.5 | 1,030.9 30.5 38.5 91.3 Ponderosa pine region: Other public tb ie, Seer een te eee AS* |< 2a 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 Leif Soha Forest industry ee Ss bee eee ib b il eases 9.6 15.1 (iyi 17.6 —2.6 15.4 14.6 2.8 87.9 Ofhieniprivnte 22522. 22 tase iggy beets 23 14.0 22.3 11.3 26.0 —5.4 23.7 25.2 3.3 105. 2 gt | Ee ee oe eee yl Eee 32. 6 46.4 28.0 52. 6 —3.3 43. 8 44.5 10.8 193. 1 Pacific Coast States: Other public =2- == 2 222-3 610 40.2 376.9 376.9 371.5 365.1 342.1 322.3 320. 5 318. 0 17.4 Forest industry ee eee 1,615 66. 2 16.9 26.5 13.5 674.3 912.1 2, 455. 1 54.5 155. 5 297.8 Other private =---- = 222 2= ----5--- 1,150 61.6 68.4 43.2 32.1 461. 2 558.8 | 2,041.1 54.8 104.3 264. 4 Jit ee a ae ee oe 3, 375 168. 0 462. 2 446.6 417.1 1, 500. 6 1,813.0 | 4,818.5 429. 8 577. 8 579. 6 1 Includes intensified management opportunities returning 5 percent or more on forest industry, farm and miscellaneous, and public lands other than National Forests. POTENTIAL INCREASES IN TIMBER SUPPLY FROM IMPROVED UTILIZATION In addition to increased timber output from cultural measures as illustrated above, there appear to be substantial opportunities for extend- ing timber supplies by improvements in timber utilization. Assumed Improvements in Utilization in Base Pro- jections As indicated in Chapters I and II, substantial progress has been made in improving utilization of 2 International 44-inch rule. 3 Less than 0.1 million. 4 Assumes stumpage prices rising 1.5 percent annually. timber on logging operations and in the processing of timber products. Nevertheless, in 1970—a rather poor year for the timber industries—nearly 1 billion cubic feet of plant residues was burned or discarded. On logging operations an additional 1.6 billion cubic feet of logging residues from growing stock, plus sizable volumes of limbs and other material from cull and dead trees, was left in the woods unutilized. Residual rough and rotten trees passed by in logging also represented a major potential source of fiber. Unsalvaged mortality of widely scattered trees lost to fire and other des- tructive agents totaled an estimated additional 4.2 billion cubic feet. 124 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES With higher prices and strong markets in 1971-72, volumes of residues are estimated to have declined somewhat. AlJso, it has been estimated in Chapter V that prospective expansion of the pulp and particleboard industries will lead in a rela- tively few years to essentially complete utilization of coarse plant residues and much of the fine plant residues produced. It was also estimated in Chapter II that with rising timber prices much of the roundwood now left on Jogging opera‘ions would also be utilized in future years primarily for woodpulp. Salvage of dead timber for both solid wood and fiber products is also expected to increase with higher prices and expansion of forest road systems. Similar technical progress also was assumed in converting projected product demands to round- wood requirements in Chapter V. In the produc- tion of lumber, for example, it was estimated that with 1970 levels of research and development, prospective improvements in technology in the lumber industry would lead to increases in product output from a given volume of roundwood of 2 to 4 percent per decade. This would be in addition to the assumed 5 percent increase in recovery result- ing from adoption in 1970 of new standards for softwood lumber. Increases in product recovery from such developments could be expected to increase stumpage values and the attractiveness of forestry investments, as well as extend timber supplies. In addition to these developments in processing timber products, other technological changes were considered in Chapter V in estimating demands for lumber and other end products, such as in- creased efficiency in the use of timber products in construction, and use of plastics in lieu of lum- ber in the manufacture of furniture. Additional Opportunities for Improved Utilization There are nevertheless many additional oppor- tunities for extending timber supplies beyond those assumed—particularly with increased relative prices of timber products. In the forest these include further increases in use of logging residues, use of wood fiber from nongrowing stock sources, and more complete salvage of mortality than is in prospect with 1970 management levels. In the mills these include greater use of modern equip- ment to increase output of lumber and other timber products from available log supplies. Further improvements are also possible in the use of wood products in construction and other end_ uses. These possibilities for extending timber supplies might be captured by a combination of accelerated research and development efforts to gain new knowledge, increased efforts to inform possible users and to test new discoveries, subsequent industrial investments in plant and equipment, and in some cases changes in marketing practices in the forest industries. The timing and extent of such further increases in timber utilization will of course depend on such factors as the rate of expansion of research and development, prospective rates of return from application of new technology, and the ability and willingness of forest industries to invest the required capital. In contrast to measures to in- crease timber growth which take considerable time to fully pay off, improved utilization of timber on areas currently harvested and in processing plants could have immediate as well as long-run results in extending timber supplies. These potentials for further improvement of timber utilization may be illustrated by the following examples: 1. Timber sale practices, particularly on public lands, could be further modified to obtain more complete use of wood materials now wasted. 2. Research and development of methods of log extraction that will permit less road construction and minimize adverse environmental impacts could make timber management feasible on areas where timber harvesting is now uneconomic or unacceptable. Major advances are considered possible in use of aerial systems of logging, includ- ing use of cables, balloons, and helicopters, and in development of roads suitable for thinning operations. 3. Accelerated development and adoption of new processing technology in lumber and ply- wood manufacture could have the effect of ex- tending available timber supplies. Much addi- tional progress appears possible in adoption of thin kerf saws to increase lumber yields, for example, and in reducing or eliminating errors of judgment in cutting logs for maximum yield and optimum grade recovery. Lumber might also be sawed with greater precision and smoother sur- faces and used “rough sawn’’ as is the custom in some foreign countries. Improved equipment for more accurate grading of structural lumber also could make possible greater efficiency in use of wood in construction. 4. Substitution of hardwoods for softwoods in construction, pulp, and possibly other uses would also help extend available softwood timber supplies. 5. Development of particleboards from residues or underutilized roundwood could serve in lieu of softwood plywood in various uses. Particle- board is now being produced in limited quantities for construction uses and current research indi- cates that various types of board could be made from a wide variety of materials of both softwood and hardwood species.” F 6. In the pulp and paper industry continued development of higher yielding pulping processes 12 Heebink, B. G., and Ray Dominick. Forest residues: A future source of particleboard? Wood & Wood Prod. 76 (11) :26-28. 1971. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING TIMBER SUPPLIES 125 could lead to reduced wood use and a broadening of the resource base for pulping. Greater use of waste paper and board beyond that assumed in Chapter V may be possible through improved technology and/or changes in economic conditions or programs to increase consumer acceptance of paper with significant proportions of recycled fibers. Development and adoption of efficient methods of whole-tree harvesting and bark-chip separation also could greatly expand the raw material base for pulpwood, and thus improve the supply situation for other timber products. 7. Improved construction designs for housing and other structures, and the development and adoption of improved construction methods, could aid in conserving wood materials and re- ducing costs of end products. These might in- clude stress skin panel construction systems, for example, or other improvements in design of structures or components. Many wooden structures are overdesigned and use more wood than necessary because of tradition, building codes, inadequate grading, or lack of knowledge. It is estimated that use of more efficient construc- tion methods in residential building, for example, could reduce wood use as much as 10 to 20 percent with no significant sacrifice of performance. Also, increased use of wood preservative treatments in some construction uses would extend wood supplies. 8. Expansion of technical assistance to provide advice on adoption of new technology is also an important phase of accelerated efforts to improve timber utilization. Many examples can be found of poor log bucking practices, for example, or inefficiencies in lumber sawing and drying. Im- plementation of new technical discoveries is often a slow process, in part because of the slow spread of knowledge of new technology throughout producing industries. It is of course difficult to quantify the costs, timing, and benefits of accelerated efforts to develop and apply new technology. Some pro- grams, such as adoption of improved technology in lumber manufacture, could result in prompt increases in supply of wood products. Some other efforts are likely to require more time for ac- ceptance and investment of capital in new plants. In any case it is apparent that there are many opportunities for extending available timber sup- plies by improved utilization over and above prospective trends. PROJECTION ALTERNATIVES The examples of timber management and utili- zation alternatives presented in this chapter should be regarded as preliminary. The major objective of these initial studies was to develop procedures that might be used in evaluating alternatives on given forest properties or in local regions, and provide some general indication of the costs and benefits of intensifying forestry practices. Much additional work will be required to improve estimates of yield responses to forest management and the costs and values of increasing outputs of timber and related goods and services. In addition to the illustrations cited, many opportunities for intensification of management undoubtedly exist on lands of the forest industries and on public ownerships other than National Forests. New technology such as fertilization also represents potentials that were not speci- fically included at this time. Use of criteria other than the specific economic conditions assumed in this analysis also could warrant much larger forestry efforts than indicated. Higher relative prices of timber products than assumed herein could have the effect of sub- stantially increasing areas economically suitable for intensification. The acceptance of lower rates of return would have similar effects. The rates of return used in the above analysis are measured in constant dollars. If inflation continues, the rates of return measured in current dollars would be substantially higher. For example, if inflation continues at the rate prevailing in the past couple of decades a 5-percent return in constant dollars would repre- sent an 8- or 9-percent return in current dollars. CHAPTER IV AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES © This chapter presents information on recent trends in U.S. imports and exports of timber products together with an appraisal of the timber demand and supply situation in the major im- porting and exporting countries or regions of the world. This appraisal, along with the anaylsis of the domestic timber situation contained in other chapters of this report, provides the basis for the projections of timber product imports and ex- ports summarized at the end of this chapter and shown in detail in Chapter V. In view of the projected growth in demand for timber products in the United States, and the economic and en- vironmental constraints on increasing domestic timber supplies, potentials for future timber imports and exports are matters of major signifi- cance in evaluating the U.S. timber situation. TRENDS IN U.S. IMPORTS OF TIMBER PRODUCTS As consumption of industrial timber products has risen to higher levels in the United States, this country has purchased increasing amounts of lumber, newsprint, woodpulp, plywood, and other products from other parts of the world. In 1972, U.S. imports of timber products reached an all- time high of 2.9 billion cubic feet, roundwood 126 equivalent.! This was nearly two times the level of 1950 (fig. 47 and Append. IV, table 1). Timber imports in 1972 represented one-fifth of the total supply of timber products available to the United States. The value of imports of timber products has also climbed rapidly, reaching $3.6 billion in 1972, or nearly double the value of exports (table 99). This represented about 6.5 percent of the value of all U.S. imports of merchandise. Lumber.—Prior to 1941 the United States was a net lumber exporter but since then lumber imports have climbed steadily and rapidly. Between 1950 and 1972 lumber imports rose from 0.5 billion cubic feet (3.4 billion board feet) to 1.5 billion cubic feet (9.4 billion board feet) (fig. 47 and Append. IV, table 2)—a rise that accounted for over half of the total growth in imports during this period. 1 “Roundwood equivalent” represents the volume of logs or other round products required to produce woodpulp, paper, plywood, or other processed materials. It is rec- ognized that portions of imports and exports of products such as woodpulp are produced from plant residues and thus do not actually represent roundwood production in addition to the logs used primarily for lumber or plywood. Figures for roundwood equivalent are used to indicate relative volumes of processed products. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES Any Imports and exports of forest products EXPORTS IMPORTS BILLION CUBIC FEET (roundwood equivalent) 1970 1940 1950 1960 1970 1940 1950 1960 Figure 47 Nearly all of the growth in lumber imports has been composed of softwoods from Canada, chiefly from British Columbia. Hardwood lumber imports, mostly from the tropical regions of the world and Canada, have fluctuated between 0.2 and 0.4 billion board feet per year during the past couple of decades. Pulp products—Imports of woodpulp, news- print, and other grades of paper and board have also increased since 1950. In earlier years much of the imported pulp and paper came from Scan- dinavia but recently by far the largest part of these imports have originated in Canada (Append. V, tables 29 and 33). About 7 percent of the imports of pulp products in 1972 was composed of round pulpwood and chips (Append. IV, table 3). In the past two decades, volumes of pulpwood imports have fluctuated between 1.0 and 2.5 million cords. Most pulpwood imports have come from Canada, although some imports have originated in the Bahamas in recent years. Plywood and veneer—Although not large in terms of cubic volume, hardwood plywood and veneer imports have shown very rapid growth since 1950, rising from 5 million to over 200 million cubic feet, roundwood equivalent (Append. IV, tables 1, 4, and 5). Over nine-tenths of these imports have come from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and the Philip- pines. Most of the timber used in the manufacture of these products, however, has originated in tropical hardwood forests in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Other —Small volumes of logs, softwood ply- wood, particleboard, and miscellaneous roundwood products such as posts and poles also have been imported. Most of these imports have been cross- border trade with Canada. The rise in imports of timber products over the past three decades is attributed to: @rising consumption of industrial timber products in the United States, @ 2 tightening domestic timber supply situation and economic development of timber resources in Canada and the Western Pacific Area, @ effective marketing efforts by timber pro- ducers in exporting countries. TRENDS IN U.S. EXPORTS OF TIMBER PRODUCTS Exports of timber products in recent years have followed about the same upward trend as imports, rising from 0.1 billion cubic feet in 1950 to 1.3 billion in 1972 (fig. 47, and Append. IV, table 6). Value of timber exports also climbed sharply to $2.0 billion in 1972, or about 4.2 percent of the total volume of all U.S. merchandise exports in that year (table 99). Lumber.—Exports of lumber, chiefly softwoods, have roughly tripled since the early 1950’s, rising from 0.1 billion cubic feet roundwood equivalent (0.5 billion board feet) to 0.2 billion cubic feet in 1972 (1.5 billion board feet) (Append. IV, table 7). Most of the increased shipments in recent years have gone to Japan, with smaller amounts to Europe, Latin America, and other countries. Pulp products.—Exports of pulp products also increased rapidly in the 1950-72 period moving up from less than 0.1 to 0.6 billion cubic feet, round- wood equivalent. Western Europe has taken sub- stantial amounts of pulp and liner board, for example, while large quantities of woodpulp have been shipped to the Far East, largely to Japan (Append. V, tables 28 and 32). Pulp chips produced from slabs and other residues of primary timber processing have made up a growing part of the shipments of pulp products to Japan since the mid-1960’s (Append. IV, table 8). In 1972, some 2.5 million tons of chips (142 million cubic feet roundwood equivalent) were exported to Japan from the Pacific Coast. Small volumes of round pulpwood were exported to Canada. Logs.—Exports of logs have also increased rapidly since the late 1950’s to about 0.5 billion cubic feet in 1972 (3.1 billion board feet local log scale or roughly 4.1 billion board feet lumber tally). By far the largest part of these exports consisted of softwood logs (3.0 billion board feet), with nearly 90 percent of these going to Japan (Append. IV, tables 9 and 10). Log exports to Canada also have increased to a little over a half billion board feet in 1972. Other —Exports of items such as plywood and veneer, poles, piling, etc., have grown, but the volumes involved have represented a very small part of the harvest of roundwood from USS. forests. 128 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES) TABLE 99.—Imports and exports of timber products, volume and value, 1972 Imports ! Exports ! Item Unit of measure Volume Value Volume Value Million Million Logs: dollars dollars Softwoods.=.-2 -25 52 ee eee ae ee Million board feet______-_ ers } 3, 049. 4 392. 5 Hardwoods: 2825624 Sear er eae eee nea es d6_22252-0eeeeeee 28. 0 3. 4 93. 9 42. 1 Totale so Se ee ee eee eee ne doe soe Soe ae 39. 3 4.1 3, 143. 3 434. 5 Lumber: a Soft woods ae oes oe eee ee ee a ae eee | ee doss:...: eee 8, 976. 9 1, 010.0 alee} 2) 201. 9 Hardwoods. 222s se ee ee eee | eee dorsi sso eee 445. 2 88. 8 249. 7 72. 6 Railroasdsties-as oe. 2 <= a8 2 Se ee | eee domes 5 eee 7.9 8 29. 2 5. 0 Dray shear oe Nala ee a oh Nate ove fo oo UNE fe 9, 430. 1 1, 099. 5 1452: 1 279. 5 Veneer: Softwoodss aa sae. Sea ee = a Million square feet____-- 365. 4 5. 8 287. 4 9. 2 Hardwoods eess) — Sem: sey eae seo |e Come ee Skee oad 2, 786. 0 63. 7 204. 3 WP a To tare ar Seas Ee eae doses. 5. = Seen ae 3, 151. 4 69. 4 491.8 21.9 Plywood: Soltwoodssies se. oj heels ee So doses) eben 9 utd) 220. 4 31.5 Hardwoodssss- 20. sean ee Sk es 2 ea dO S35 Fhe ae 6, 427. 3 336. 9 30. 7 5, Totals earn ee 2B Leh Ts een ed ene doer ee eres 6, 433. 2 337. 3 25 ileel! 36. 9 Pulpwood Round! = Se ees ee 2 eee ie Thousand cords____-___-_- 307 10. 0 142 3.3 Chipsse as. ees ae ee. eee Sarena a Seca doses Joo a eee 699 10. 4 1, 825 57. 1 Total sel sunset mee we ea (0 Po ener pee mint aA er 1, 005 20. 4 1, 966 60. 4 Woodpulpess. vets Bi Alene Thousand tons = eeee 3,728 | 494.2| 2,253 357.7 Paper and board: ie iy Newsprhintee. = ssc o sees, one ee Nn i eee dGs#s see eee 7,101 1, 056. 1 145 20. 4 Otheripaperjand | boardsss- =. =s— = ne alee dose). J wee eae 893 125. 6 2, 856 570. 6 Paper and: board’ products#= 25-22-25 S228 een om dost: a: See se 39 32. 8 167 135. 4 TRG eRe SE BS YES = Bate ee ee es d6s2.:2 3. Seen ee 8, 033 1, 214.6 3, 168 726. 4 Other wood'products 42s eee ee | eee (0 (Oe ae Re dl ee RIG Pen boeesee 120. 4 Total, alll timberhproductswss secs s = eee eters oe erga meer |p ape 316063 Saleen eee 2, 037. 8 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Includes poles and piling, fuelwood, particleboard, wood charcoal, cork, wastepaper, wood containers, wood doors, and other miscellaneous products. Does not include wood furniture nor printed materials. The recent rise in exports of timber products from the United States is attributed to: @rapid growth in world timber demands, particularly in Japan and Western Europe, @ availability of high-quality kraft pulp and liner board from the southern United States, and high-grade lumber, softwood logs, and chips from the Pacific Northwest, @ 2 special situation in Alaska favoring pulp and lumber exports to Japan. Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. imports, commodity by country, December 1972. FT 135; and U.S. exports, commodity by country, December 1972. FT 410. Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C TRENDS IN U.S. NET IMPORTS OF TIMBER PRODUCTS During the first five decades of this century the United States gradually changed from a net exporting country to a net importer (fig. 48). By 1950, the United States was dependent on foreign sources for about a tenth of all timber products consumed. Between 1950 and 1970, net imports remained (AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES 129 U.S. timber import - export balances 400 800 1200 MILLION CUBIC FEET, ROUNDWOOD EQUIVALENT 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Figure 48 at about 1.3 billion cubic feet a year, but in 1972 net imports reached a new peak of 1.6 billion cubic feet (Append. IV, table 11). This repre- sented about 11 percent of the timber products consumed in the United States. The balance of trade in timber products measured in dollars has been very similar to bal- ances of physical volumes (table 99). In most recent years values of imports exceeded values of exports by about $1 billion a year. LIumber.——Net imports of lumber amounted to 8 billion board feet in 1972, or 1.2 billion cubic feet roundwood equivalent. This repre- sented 17 percent of the lumber consumed in the United States—a figure materially above 1950 when net imports accounted for only 7 percent of U.S. lumber use. Pulp products—Net imports of pulp products in 1972 totaled about 0.6 billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent—about a third below the early 1950’s. Net imports as a proportion of U.S. consumption of pulp products also showed a sharp decline from 37 percent of total con- sumption in 1950 to 15 percent in 1972. Plywood and veneer.—Net imports of plywood and veneer in 1972 amounted to 0.2 billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent—or 16 percent of total U.S. plywood and veneer consumption. Imports accounted for about 62 percent of the hardwood plywood and veneer consumed, but only a negligible part of softwood plywood con- sumption. Logs.—In the early 1950’s there was a small net import of logs, but this changed rapidly in the 1960’s to a net export volume of about 0.5 billion cubic feet in 1972—a volume equal to 4 percent of U.S. roundwood production. Future trends in imports and exports of timber products will largely depend on the economic availability of timber in the major forested regions of the world, and on the timber demand-supply- price situation in the major consuming areas. The timber situation in Canada, the predominant source of U.S. imports, and to a lesser extent in the tropical hardwood areas, is of primary importance for timber supplies. Export markets in western Europe and Japan are of particular significance to U.S. exporters. WORLD TIMBER DEMANDS Consumption of industrial timber products has been growing rapidly in all parts cf the world, with a rise of some 70 percent between 1950 and 1969. Projections prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other organizations point to substantial increases in demands in the decades ahead.” The United States, Europe, and Japan consume over half of all the industrial wood produced in the world, and are dependent on other regions for a significant part of this supply (table 100). The studies referred to above indicate that this dependency on imports is likely to increase. The Situation in Europe In 1970 an estimated 11.9 billion cubic feet of industrial wood—about a quarter of world pro- duction—was consumed in Europe, excluding the Soviet Union. About two-thirds of this volume was used in the European Economic Community (the Common Market), the British Isles, and northern Europe. Another fifth was consumed in eastern Europe, with the remaining volume about equally divided between central and southern Europe. 2 Examples of relevant studies include: Algvere, Karl Viktor. Forest economy in the USSR. Studia Forestalia Suecica, No. 39, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden. 1966. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Wood: World trends and prospects. FFHC Basic Study 16, 131 p. Rome. 1967. Outlook for pulp and paper consumption, pro- duction and trade to 1985. Second Consultation on World Pulp and Paper Demand, Supply and Trade. Rome. 1971. and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. European timber trends and prospects, 1950— 1980, an interim review. 2 V. (182 p. and 139 p.) Geneva. 1969. Japan Lumber Journal, Inc. Timber demand forecast for 1975. Japan Lumber J. 10(9):1, 4. May 31, 1969. Solecki, J. S. Russia-China-Japan, economic growth, aos and forest industries. British Columbia Univ. 1967. Takeuchi, Kenji. The market potential for tropical hardwood with emphasis on the Asia Pacific region. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Office Rpt. September 1971. United Nations Centre for Housing, Building and Planning. Housing needs, trends and prospects. Unasylva Vol. 25(2-3-4), nos. 101-102-103, p. 7-25. 1971. United Nations Economic and Social Council, Economic Commission for Europe Timber Committee. TIM/ Working Paper No. 173/Add. 1, 19 p. July 12, 1972. 130 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES As indicated in the tabulation below, the 1970 level of timber consumption in Europe was nearly double the annual average of 1949-51. 1949-51 1959-61 1970 1 Product (Billion cubic feet wood raw material equivalent) Sawnwoodsses sss eae 35 4.6 5. 6 Wood-based panels______ 0. 2 0. 6 1.4 Paper, paperboard, and dissolving pulp_______- 1.2 2. 4 4.1 Pitprops and miscellane- ous roundwood___-_-_-_-_- 13 1.2 0. 8 Total industrial roundwood_----- 6. 2 8.8 11.9 1 Preliminary estimate. Source: United Nations Economic and Social Council, Economic Com- mission for Europe Timber Committee. TIM/Working Paper No. 173/Add. 1, 19 p. July 1z, 1972. TaBLeE 100.—World production and consumption of timber products, 1969 [Billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent] ALL PRODUCTS Appar- Produc- Net Net ent Country tion im- ex- con- ports ports sump- tion United States_____ Te 3 That Tae EP a ay 12.9 HUTOp esses sane 1G al er A: ae eee one 1205 Japan Sees Seale 1.8 AL: | eee EN 3. 2 WAS HSH) Sha ie sks is 44g es SS 1.0 12. 4 Rest of world__-__- BY sie" Sees ne 3:2 34. 6 Totalesaa= 75. 6 4,2 4.2 75. 6 INDUSTRIAL WOOD United States_____ 10. 9 14) |S ee oe 1253, Huropes se. eaeeee 8.8 A | ee 10. 2 Japaneses eee 1.6 1 Er: Sat ee 3. 0 OASIS Rene eee LO S25) 2 SSE, 1.0 9. 2 Rest of world_-___- aU et hare ee Bd 3.2 8.0 Motale sss 42. 7 4.2 4. 2 42.7 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Yearbook of forest products, 1969-70. Rome. 1971. Most of the growth in consumption in the 1950- 70 period was in pulp products, although there were also substantial increases in sawnwood and wood-based panel products. During the 1960’s Europe changed from a net exporter of pulp and panel products to a net importer of these items, including substantial quantities of kraft pulp and liner board and some imports of softwood ply- wood from the United States. The major part of the other industrial wood products consumed in Europe was derived from European forests. Much of the consumption de- rived from net imports consisted of softwood lumber from the USSR, Canada, and the United States, and hardwood lumber from other countries such as West Africa and the Asia-Pacific area. In general the dependence of Europe on im- ports from the Soviet Union and North America showed a marked rise in the 1950’s and 1960’s. There was also a significant increase in imports from Africa. The trade balance with the Asia- Pacific region and Latin America was essentially unchanged. Projections indicate that consumption of in- dustrial timber products is likely to continue to rise with continued expansion of European econo- mies. Estimated demands for industrial timber products increase by about 27 percent between 1970 and 1980 (table 101), and roughly double by 2000.3 Most of the projected growth is for pulp and paper products and wood-based panels. De- mands for sawnwood are expected to grow only a little faster than population, while demands for miscellaneous roundwood are expected to decline. Studies of the prospective European timber supply situation indicate that timber supplies from European forests could be expanded. How- ever, the increase in supplies is much below the anticipated growth in demands. As a result timber deficits are projected to 2.3 billion cubic feet by 1980, some 60 percent above 1970 (table 101). Longer run assessments indicate that by 2000 the deficit may be somewhere between 4.2 and 7.9 billion cubic feet.’ Recent developments in Europe suggest the deficit may be in the higher part of this range. For example, rapid increases in labor costs in Europe and the need to protect the environment may constrain intensified timber management, as suggested by the following quotation from a report of the Timber Committee of the Economic Commission for Europe: * ‘The rapid increase in the importance attached to environmental problems in Europe may have far-reaching repercussions on the management of existing forest resources, to the extent that environmental requirements may impose certain limitations on forestry’s traditional role of sup- plying wood. These repercussions may be of different types: they may lead to certain forest areas being declared protection, conservation or recreation areas, with severe restrictions on their commercial exploitation, or they may con- stitute hindrances to normal management and exploitation because of landscaping and similar constraints and thus affect the economics of production.” ; Although future European timber deficits are uncertain, it seems reasonably clear that import 3 United Nations Economic and Social Council, Eco- nomic Commission for Europe, Timber Committee. TIM/ Working Paper No. 173/Add. 1, 19 p. July 12, 1972. 4 Op. cit., p. 15, footnote 3. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES 131 Taste 101.—Consumption and domestic supplies of industrial wood in Europe in 1965 and 1970, with projections to 1980 [Million cubic feet, roundwood equivalent] Item EEE EE nel Consumption of sawn wood, plywood and veneers --------- European removals of saw logs, veneer logs, enc =-=— == Apparent shortfall__-_-_-------------------------- Consumption of other industrial forest products —---------- European removals of pulpwood, pitprops, and miscellaneous roundwood, and transfer of residues_-__------------------------------- Apparent shortfall___---------------------------- Consumption of all products ---------------------------- Total European removals and residues transfer_--_-------- Total apparent shortfall -------------------------- Sources: 1965, 1975 and 1980—Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. European timber trends and prospects, 1950-1980, an interim review. Vol. 1, 182 p. Geneva. May 1969. demands will continue to increase. These expec- tations in part underlie the projections of USS. exports of pulp and paper products shown in Chapter V. In the case of lumber and logs, it seems likely that nearly all of the growth in European demands for these products will be met by imports from the Soviet Union, Canada, and tropical hardwood regions. The Situation in Japan The phenomenal economic growth of Japan in the last couple of decades resulted in a sixfold increase in industrial wood consumption between 1950 and 1972 to 3.6 billion cubic feet, round- wood equivalent (table 102). Although Japan is heavily forested, its timber resources are relatively limited in relation to population. Japanese forests were also severely depleted by heavy cutting during World War II. To meet the rapidly increasing domestic and export demands for timber products, imports of logs and other products into Japan have in- creased sharply to 56 percent of total supplies in 1972. For many years imports were mainly tropical hardwood logs for use in production of plywood, but since the early 1960’s imports of softwood logs for the manufacture of lumber, and imports of chips for pulp manufacture, also have risen sharply. Most of the softwood log imports have originated in the United States and the Soviet Union. By far the largest part of the chip imports have come from the United States. Canada Projections 1965 1970 1975 1980 fe A eee gs 5, 579 6, 073 6, 179 6, 426 Le ee ee ee 4, 661 5, 049 5, 155 5, 438 L, eee: See 918 1, 024 1, 024 988 Pe. 2. SRR SS 4,696 | 5, 897 7, 133 8, 757 8 eee es ae 4, 449 5, 473 6, 285 7, 415 - en eee 247 424 848 1, 342 . 10, 275 | 11,970 | 13, 312 15, 183 pe eee SS ee 9,110 | 10,522 | 11, 440 12, 853 2 eee eee 1, 165 1, 448 1, 872 2, 330 1970—United Nations Economic and Social Council, Economic Commission for Europe, Timber Committee. TIM/Working Paper No. 173/Add. 1, 19 p. July 12, 1972. and the United States have supplied most of the imported pulp and paper. Estimates of the Japanese Forestry Agency indicate that demand for timber products wi continue to grow rapidly to an estimated 4.8 billion cubic feet by 1981 (table 103). Imports are expected to play an increasingly important role, rismg to about 3 billion cubic feet by 1981, or 63 percent of total projected demands. In time Japanese forests are expected to be capable of supplying an increasing share of total demands. By the year 2021, for example, domestic wood production is projected to reach 3.3 billion cubic feet—double the 1972 level of domestic timber harvests. This outlook could, of course, be changed by shortfalls in forestry programs, diversions of forest land to other uses, or constraints on timber production associated with protection of the environment. In any event, it seems clear that Japan is likely to continue to be a major importer of timber products from North America, Siberia, Southeast Asia, and perhaps other areas during the next few decades.° The projections of U.S. exports, summarized at the end of this chapter, assume that without U'S. export controls shipments to Japan of logs, chips, woodpulp, and Jumber will continue to rise somewhat. However, it was also assumed 5 Crawford, G. S. The Japanese lumber market, some trends in factors of significance for British Columbia. British Columbia Res. Counc., Vancouver, B.C. 1965. 132 THE QUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES! TaBLE 102.—Timber products consumed in Japan, 1970-72, by source of supply [Million cubic feet, roundwood equivalent] Item and source 1970 1971 1972 Domestic supply___-_--__-- 1,632. 7 1,589.0 | 1,585. 4 Foreign supply: Logs: United States__________ 336. 5 25 1c! 366. 2 WES SSRs are teee oes are 247. 2 247. 2 280. 0 Canagdatee tees os obs 19.1 23. 0 9.5 South Seas Lauan_____- 614. 4 649. 7 635. 9 New Zealand________-- 59. 3 62. 5 63. 6 Otherlate ea eae Dl se3 116. 5 121.5 otalilogss.* 322s" 1,389. 8 /1,350. 0 | 1,476. 7 Lumber: United States__._..___- 44. 4 39. 6 Ose, WESISHR es ee tea es 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 Canadas a s22 eee 102. 6 54. 6 55. 8 South Sea Lauan_____-_- 14. 4 12. 6 8.4 New Zealand________-- 4.8 5. 4 6. 0 OCH ers ieee ee 9. 0 6. 6 1540 Total lumber? 22 2.—- 181. 2 124, 8 144. 0 Wood chips: United States__._.____- 205. 0 116. 7 161. 1 New Zealand________-- 10. 5 5. 6 6. 8 Other sapere nay OH wd 47. 5 61.1 Total wood chips_____ 242. 6 169. 8 229. 0 Woodpulp: WnitedtStatess:- 285-52 — 60. 6 46. 1 58. 0 UR SiSSR see = See ae 3. 8 DAL 2.4 Canadaieeiae one 85. 2 61. 2 66. 0 New Zealand_________- 0. 4 0. 3 0. 8 Others 2s es. xaos ae 8.9 5.9 LOMA: Total woodpulp__-____ 158. 9 115. 7 137. 3 Paper and board: a United’ Statesz2_-..-_2_ NA 0. 8 1.4 Canadaueaee ey NA 5. 0 Sell Othertensts 2 See oe NA 3 Saal Total paper and [orn Ro ba eC 10. 1 eel 14. 6 Total foreign supply__|1,982. 6 |1,767. 4 | 2,001. 6 Total supply__-_-___ 3,615. 3 13,357. 4 | 3,587. 0 Sources: Derived from data published by Japan For- estry Agency. Timber demand and supply for 1971-1972. Japan Lumber Journal, 13(1), January 10, 1972; and Ministry of Finance, Japan Tariff Association, Japan exports and imports, commodity by country. Tokyo, Decem- ber 1971 and November 1972. that increases in exports will be limited by increas- ing competition and rising prices for logs on the Pacific Coast, anticipated expansion in use of wood by the U.S. pulp and paper industry, and possible increases in timber supplies from Siberia and tropical sources. TaBLE 103.—Consumption, domestic production, — and imports of industrial timber products in Japan, 1969-71, with projections to 20211) [Million cubic feet, roundwood equivalent] 1969-71 Projections Item annual average 1981 1991 | 2021 Consumption of indus- trial timber for: umber ee 223325 528) eee ae Pulp products==-.==— 830) || 1 4G3|S22S220 | ae Plywood and mis- cellaneous _ prod- UictsS see eet yee 561 816 | 22 S| eee | All products.___| 3, 527 | 4, 760 | 5, 201 | 5,399. Domestic production___}| 1,635 | 1, 755 | 2,073 | 3, 330 Imports soso see 1, 893 | 3,005 | 3,128 | 2, 069 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: Japan Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Basic plan relating to forest resources and long-term forecasts relating to the demand for and supply of important forest products. Cabinet Decision. February 16, 1973. The Situation in Other Countries and Regions Although most of the U.S. export trade in timber products has been with Europe and Japan, there have been significant exports of woodpulp, paper and board, lumber, logs, veneer, and ply- wood to Canada and other countries of the world and these exports have been rising slowly (Append. IV). In the projections shown in Chapter V some allowances have been made for increased ship- ments to U.S. export markets around the world. WORLD FOREST LAND AND TIMBER RESOURCES A large part of the forest resources of the world has never been surveyed, and the available data on forest areas and timber volumes for many forested areas undoubtedly contain substantial errors of estimate. Nonetheless, it seems apparent that there are a number of potentials for expanding production and exports of timber products in various forested regions. Forest Areas Forests cover an estimated 9,172 million acres, or about 28 percent of the world’s land area (table 104). About two-thirds of these forest lands support hardwood species; only one-third is classed as softwood forests. The world’s softwood acreage is concentrated in the USSR (1,366 mil- lion acres) and in North America (1,087 million acres), with only 525 million acres in all other countries. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES 133 Taste 104.—Land and forest areas in the world [Million acres] Forest land Forest land Area Total available land area for wood Total Softwood Hardwood | production eee eee == North America-_-__--------------------------- 4, 633 1, 754 1, 087 642 1, 013 Batin America__...-------------=---=-------- 5, 019 1, 962 86 1, 831 862 a ea 1, 129 366 213 153 312 eee === 7, 339 1, 757 10 1, 700 729 Asia (except Japan and U.S.S.R.)-------------- 6, 580 1, 233 183 1, 016 815 _ ee ee ae 247 59 25 32 57 O8 Soy ae 5, 297 1, 824 1, 366 432 1, 730 Beicific area __ = ---=---=2===----===-=--=-== 2, 081 227 7 210 118 World 3 ee oe === 32, 205 9, 172 2, 978 6, 017 5, 636 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Supply of wood materials for housing. World Con- sultation on the Use of Wood in Housing, Secretariat Pap., Sect. 2. 1971. A large part of the total forest area is not avail- able for timber harvest—that is, it is reserved for other uses or is not productive enough to produce commercial crops of timber. However, some 5.6 billion acres, or 61 percent of the world’s forest area, may be sufficiently productive and available for commercial timber production. ° Timber Volumes The forests of the world contain an estimated 12.6 trillion cubic feet of timber (table 105). Softwoods make up only one-third of this timber inventory. North America and the USSR con- tain the largest volumes of softwood growing stock, while Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia have most of the hardwood volumes. TasLe 105.—Forest growing stock in the world, by area and species group [Billion cubic feet] Area Total Soft- Hard- woods | woods North America--_--------- 2, 083 1, 395 689 eatin Ameries "225 =-22- = 4, 340 99 4, 241 Europe-_-_---------------- 473 290 184 Mirica ) = 20 se eee 8 1, 232 11 1, 222 Asia (except Japan and ISSN.) oe See 2 1, 444 212 1, 232 ipso eee Sees eee 67 35 32 eS 2,807 | 2,345 463 PACHICHATEH Se — = oes 177 11 166 World's) so 12,623 | 4, 396 8, 227 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Supply of wood materials for housing. World Consultation on the Use of Wood Housing, Secretariat Pap., Sect. 2. 1971. Timber Production Total timber inventory volumes are not neces- sarily indicators of an area’s importance as a timber producer. Other factors such as species and quality of timber, physical and economic accessi- bility, and institutional or political limitations also affect. timber harvests and manufacturing. Thus about three-fourths of all timber cut for industrial use in 1967-69 was produced from softwood forests in North America, the USSR, Europe, and other countries (table 106). In recent decades growth in softwood production has been most rapid in the USSR, which has the greatest volume of untapped softwood forest resources. Production of industrial wood products from hardwoods amounted to nearly one-fourth of the world harvest of roundwood in 1967-69. About two-thirds of this industrial hardwood timber pro- duction came from North America, Asia, and Europe—even though these areas contain only 25 percent of the world’s hardwood growing stock inventory. Latin America contains over half the total world hardwood resources, but has accounted for less than 10 percent of world production of hardwood products. Timber Supply Potential Prospects for significant additions to softwood timber production and exports from existing but unutilized resources seem limited to the northern parts of Canada and Siberia. Both Canada and the USSR have indicated a desire to develop their forest resources. Unused timber in both countries is under government control and hence government policies, as well as trends in prices and market and availability of investment capital, will be significant factors in determining how rapidly expansion of timber industries take place. 134 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER: IN THE UNITED STATES) TaBLeE 106.—Average annual harvest of industrial roundwood in the world, by area, 1950-62 and 1967-69 [Million cubic feet] Area Total INoTtbe Americas =e ae ase ee oe aye ee 11017 atinvAmMericawes so (sso ae ee ee eA 1,095 SURO PC Lee ee ae Se soe ee eee ee See 6,391 PATTI Costa ene ee eater ee Re ans eae ae 530 Asia (except Japan and U.S.S.R.)__.-_-------- 1,942 Bpanisas. es eee ac ae oes eee wea 953 (WES SUR eas sere ec ase ee ce Aa ene ees 6, 250 iPaciticpArca= sara. aa a eee eee 2 eee 388 Worlds 202 Sea oe ea. oe ee 28,566 1950-1952 1967-1969 Soft- woods 21,680 6,885 42,266 30,508 11,758 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forest Industries and Trade Division, Supply of wood materials for housing. Unasylva 25(2—3-4) ; 28-52, 1971. Hardwood forests in most of the hardwood regions of the world, including the United States, also could support higher levels of harvest in the next several decades. Most of this potential is in the hardwood forests of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In many areas availability of capital and the rate of economic development’ will be important factors in determining future in- creases in hardwood timber supplies. POTENTIAL TIMBER SUPPLIES FROM CANADA The timber resources of Canada are of special significance to the United States, for both geo- graphic and economic ties make Canada a primary timber supply region for this country. Canada is the leading timber exporting nation in the world, with three-fourths of her exports going to the United States. Forest Resources Canadian forests include some 588 million acres of forest land suitable and available for timber production (table 107), or 18 percent more area than the commercial timberlands of the United States. Timber volumes on Canada’s inventoried nonreserved forest land totaled an estimated 503 billion cubic feet of softwoods in 1968 (table 108), some 71 billion cubic feet more than softwood inventories on commercial timberlands in the United States. Canadian forests also included an additional 127 billion cubic feet of hardwoods, ae 90 billion cubic feet less than in the United tates. Production Trends Output of both the lumber and pulp and paper industries in Canada has climbed steadily in recent TABLE 107.—Forest land areas in Canada, by Province, 1967 [Thousand acres] Province Suitable Not suitable Total for regular for regular Reserved harvest harvest 56,685 47,723 8,311 651 171,827 121,845 49 ,920 62 120,534 115,471 105 4,958 132,712 119,608 4,979 8,125 138,076 LAP S38. | aaeer ee ees 3, 238 176,512 48,808 127/704 |22252 22285" 796,346 588, 293 191,019 17,034 1 Includes Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. 2 Includes Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Source: Manning, Glenn H., and H. Rae Grinnell. Forest resources and utilization in Canada to the year 2000. Canadian Forestry Serv. Publ. 1304, 80 p. Ottawa, Ont. 1971. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES Taste 108.—Merchantable timber in Canada on inventoried nonreserved forest land, by Province and by softwoods and hardwoods, 1968 * {Million cubic feet] a ______ Province Total Soft- Hard- woods | woods eee British Columbia ?_- ------- 268, 635 |261, 313 1, o22 Prairie Provinces-_---------- 89, 331 | 55, 923 33, 408 TUTE Pes Saree eee 111, 423 | 66, 593 44, 830 Beebee. ._--=----==--=--- 130, 397 | 96, 954 33, 443 Atlantic Provinces --------- 29, 612 | 22, 100 7, 512 Totals = = Ss? 629, 398 (502, 883 | 126,515 1 Includes 445 million acres of inventoried forest land. Excludes Labrador, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. 2 Mature timber volumes only. Source: Manning, Glenn H., and H. Rae Grinnell. Forest resources and utilization in Canada to the year 2000. Dept. of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Serv. Publ. 1304, 80 p. Ottawa, Ont. 1971. decades, particularly following World War II. Between 1950 and 1971 annual production of lumber and paper and board roughly doubled (table 109). Output of plywood and veneer and of woodpulp climbed even more rapidly. These increases in output of industrial timber products have been achieved with a much smaller rise in timber cut. Partly this has been due to a decline in fuelwood production. Partly it reflects 135 a substantial improvement in timber utilization practices. In 1968, for example, 26 percent of the raw material used in Canadian pulp mills was wood chips and other residues, compared with only 2 percent in 1950.° Production Potentials The 1970 timber cut of about 4.3 billion cubic feet in Canada was well below the calculated sustainable allowable cut of 10.7 billion cubic feet (table 110). Most of the unused Canadian timber is in the undeveloped northern parts of the Canadian provinces where utilization will necessarily involve high development costs. Thus it appears unlikely that a significant portion of the unused allowable cut would be placed on the market at 1970 prices. However, with June 1972 cost-price relationships for lumber and plywood, and somewhat higher prices for pulp and paper, the British Columbia Council of the Forest Indus- tries has estimated that about 8 billion cubic feet of allowable cut would be economically avail- able (table 110). These and related projections of the Canadian Forestry Service indicated that by 2000 production of lumber, pulp, paper, and plywood coulc be substantially increased over 1970 levels (table 111). These Canadian studies also indicate that 6 Manning, Glenn H. The utilization of wood residue in Canada. Canadian Forestry Serv., Forest Econ. Res. Inst. Ottawa. 1972. Tapue 109.—Timber harvest and production of timber products in Canada, by major product, 1950-71 ' Lumber Plywood (34-inch basis) Veneer (}o-inch basis) Paper and board Total is Pe aS ee eee Wood- timber pulp harvest | Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total News- Other wood wood wood wood wood wood priot Billion | Billion | Billion | Billion | Billion | Billion Billion | Billion | Billion &3 ie : ’ Billion board board board square square square square square square Million | Million | Million | Million cu. ft. feat feet fea feet feet feet feet feet feet tons tons tons _ tons 3.0 6.6 6.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0. 2 6.8 5.3 1.5 8.5 3.4 6.9 6.4 5 -6 -3 ok a) 3 1.2 7.2 Dass 7 9.3 3.2 6.8 6.3 -5 -6 -o ak 4 2 2 7.2 5.7 1.5 9.0 3.1 7.3 6.8 -5 -8 -6 -2 .6 .3 .3 7.4 5.8 1.6 9.1 3.1 7.2 6.8 4 -9 on 2 5 2 3 coal 6.0 ey / Ou 3.3 7.9 7.5 4 12 1.0 .2 .6 3 3 8.0 6.2 1.8 10.2 3.5 alk 7.3 4 1.3 1.1 oe 13 11 PY) 8.5 6.5 2.0 10.7 3.2 vA! 6.7 4 1.2 11 ak af) 5 ay? 8.3 6.4 1.9 10.4 2.9 7.2 6.8 .4 1.5 1.3 «2 .8 .6 om 8.1 6.0 2.1 10.1 3.2 7.6 72 4 1.5 1.2 .3 .8 -6 Py? 8.5 6.3 2.2 10.8 3.3 8.0 7.6 4 1.6 14 2 aid: -5 «2 8.9 6.7 2.2 11.5 3.2 8.2 7.8 4 1.9 1.6 .3 al Pr) ~2 9.1 6.7 2.4 11.8 3.3 8.8 8.4 4 2.0 Le 3 -9 6 .3 9.2 6.7 2.5 12.1 3.5 9.8 9.4 4 2.5 21 4 i Wa -8 .3 9.3 6.6 2.7 12.5 3.6 10.3 9.8 5 2.6 22 se 9 -6 -3 10.2 7.4 2.8 13.7 3.7 10.8 10.3 5 2.7 2.3 .4 14 1.0 4 10.9 7.8 3.1 14.6 3.8 10.6 10.0 -6 3.0 2.6 4 1.9 1.5 4 11.9 8.5 3.4 16.0 3.8 10.3 9.7 .6 3.1 2.7 4 1.8 1.4 t! 11.6 8.2 3.4 15.9 4.0 11.4 10.8 -6 3.3 2.9 -4 1.9 1.5 4 11.8 8.2 3.6 16.8 43 11.5 1L0 -5 3.4 3.0 4 2.3 1.9 4 12.9 8.9 4.0 18.6 4.3 1.3 10.8 -3 3.1 2.8 3 2,2 1.9 3 12.8 8.8 4.0 18.3 NA 12.8 12.3 5 3.5 3.2 .3 NA NA NA 12.4 8.3 4.1 17.9 1 Excluding Labrador, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. Sources: 1950-68 (except woodpulp). Manning, Glenn H., and H. Rae Grin- nell. Forest resources and utilization in Canada to the year 2000. Dept. of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Serv. Publ. 1304, 80 p. Ottawa, Ont. 1971. 1969-71 (except woodpulp). Statistics—Canada, Annual Census of Manu- factures. Woodpulp—American Paper Institute, Inc. Wood pulp statistics. 136 TABLE 110.—Timber harvest in Canada, 1970, and estimated allowable annual timber cut, by Province} | THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES) [Million cubic feet] Annual allowable cut 2 Actual 1970 production ah a Region Gross physical Economic 3 Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- wood wood wood wood wood wood BritishyColumbiaee 222-22 52ee 1,933 1,922 12 3,351 3,321 30 2,950 2,935 15 PrairievProvincess= +22). Se) ces 275 247 28 1,650 1,040 610 155 728 427 Ontarion se sie eee ae eee 593 468 125 2,626 1,333 1,293 1,534 718 816 WOVE) OYE eine ss A Ring AD 2 ak Cee ad 1,021 854 167 2,249 1,837 412 1,592 1,350 242 Atlantic Provinces__...-_..._.__ 464 416 48 866 649 217 760 570 190 Bo} 21) ne ae 4,285 3,905 380 | 10,742 8,180 2,562 7,991 6,301 1,690 ‘Excluding Labrador, Yukon, and Northwest cost ‘price levels for lumber and plywood and somewhat Territories. improved prices for pulp and newsprint. ?On nonreserved inventoried public and private forest land (506.9 million acres). Some 272.4 million acres had not been inventoried in 1968. Three-quarters of this noninventoried acreage is located in Labrador, and Northwest Territories. Includes timber on i acreage in British Columbia. ’The annual allowable cut on acres physically accessi- ble or becoming so which could be utilized under June 1972 mmature Yukon, Sources: British Colum Canada’s forest resources and Vancouver, B.C. 1972. Manning, Glenn H., and H. Rae Grinnell. Forest resources and utilization in Canad of the Environment, Canadian F 80 p. Ottawa, Ont. 1971. bia Council of Forest Industries. forest products potentials. a to the year 2000. Dept. orestry Serv. Publ. 1304, TABLE 111.—Production of selected timber products in Canada, 1970, with projections to 2000 Year Lumber Plywood (3-inch basis) Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- wood wood wood wood Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion board board board square square square feet feet feet feet feet feet 11.3 10. 0.5 2.1 1.9 0. 14.5 13.8 AU 4.3 3.2 1; 17.4 16.6 8 6.4 4.4 1. 20.1 19.3 9 8.8 6.1 2. 1 (24. 0) 1 (3.8) Paper and board Other Million tons NO emno _ Wood- Total pulp timber cut Million Billion tons cu. fe. 18. 4.3 21.9 5.4 28.5 6,2 35. 2 9.1 1 Numbers in parentheses are wood production in 2000 prepare British Columbia. June 1972. exports to the United States could be increased substantially. Attainment of the total allowable cut in Canada, along with related exports of timber products to the United States will of course depend upon a number of economic and related factors. The remoteness and low-yield capability of some forest in areas not yet allocated to , May make it uneconomical to operate without substantial price increases. The fact that roughly a fourth of the allowable cut is aspen and other har marketable as softwoods, land, particularly timber production ment. Nevertheless, situation becomes ti less desirable resourc cally available. projections of softwood lumber and ply- d by the Council of Forest Industries of Canada’s forest services and forest product pontentials. dwoods, not as readily may also slow develop- as the world timber supply ghter, as seems likely, these es may also become economi- Source: Manning utilization in Canada Forestry Serv. Publ. Glenn H., and H. Rae Grinnell. Forest resources and to the year 2009, Dept. of the Environment, Canadian 1304, 80 p. Ottawa, Ont. 1971. It is also possible that additional areas of forest may be set aside in wilderness-type areas in E-X-5. 1969. Canada as in the United States. Many private lands in Canada, although of limited importance compared with public ownerships, may be held for nontimber purposes. A study in southwest Quebec, for example, showed that about a quarter of the owners did not reside on the land and were more interested in recreation and land speculation than in timber growing.’ U.S. experience also suggests that the acreage considered loggable may shrink to some degree in the years ahead as un- stable lands and areas with difficult and costly 7 Jones, A. R. C., and R. H. Lord. The private woodlot of southwest Quebec. Canadian Forestry Serv. Inf. Rpt. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES 137 regeneration problems or low productivity are identified and withdrawn from cutting. Whether allowable cuts can be sustained in the longrun after virgin forests are liquidated also is an unanswered question that depends in large part on the level of forest management and protection in the coming decades. Utilization Trends As an offset to possible constraints on timber harvesting, improvements in_ utilization may tend to increase availability of timber products. British Columbia, for example, has been particu- larly successful in obtaining close utilization of much of the timber harvested, thus providing a basis for major expansion and sustained production of both lumber and pulp products.® New developments such as_ installation of chipping headrigs also appear likely to lead to increased production of lumber from eastern Canadian forests that have long been considered suitable and available only for pulpwood. Exports to the United States Since World War II, the United States has been Canada’s principal timber export_market. In 1972 nearly 9 billion board feet of Canadian lumber, or more than half of Canada’s total lumber production, was shipped to the United States. The 10.4 million tons of pulp, paper, and paperboard exported to the United States in 1971 represented about six-tenths of Canada’s total production. Demands for timber products are growing rapidly in al] countries of the world, however, including the major consuming and timber deficit countries of western Europe and Japan. Thus, competition for Canadian timber products could increase significantly in future years. Nonetheless, projections based on available studies and judg- ment point to a substantial increase in Canadian timber product exports to the United States. For example, with relative prices of lumber averaging 30 percent above 1970, U.S. imports of softwood lumber have been estimated to rise to 12 billion board feet by 2000. With relative prices of paper and board 10 percent above 1970, U.S. imports of pulpwood, pulp, paper and board—essentially all from Canada—are projected to rise to 2.2 billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent, by 2000. POTENTIAL SUPPLIES OF TROPICAL WOODS Tropical hardwood forests are important to the United States as sources of hardwood plywood, veneer, lumber, and logs, and as potential sources of pulp products. In the past about 70 percent of world timber trade in these hardwood timber products has originated in southeast Asia, with 8 British Columbia Forest Service. Annual report, 1969. Victoria, B.C. 1970. lesser amounts from Africa and from Canada and Latin America. This is in sharp contrast to the distribution of tropical timber resources. Tropical forests are extensive and have a large capacity for timber growing but there are serious questions as to the ability of these forests to continue to supply high-quality timber products to world markets.°® Much of the tropical forest area is relatively inaccessible and development of timber resources is slow and expensive. Utilization of timber is also complicated by the great numbers of species of widely different characteristics. In just one Amazon type, for example, 50 percent of the volume was found to be in 35 species, with the other 50 percent in more than 100 additional species. Such problems of heterogeneity are less severe in Africa and least in southeast Asia but occur in all regions. Determining the characteristics of the many dif- ferent tropical hardwood species, and developing markets for them, are formidable tasks that have not yet been accomplished. The problems of tropical forests are further complicated by the continuing search for agricul- tural land to accommodate rapidly expanding populations. In the Far East an estimated 21 million acres of tropical forest are reported to be cleared annually. In the Philippines, it was found that land clearing was destroying three times as much wood as was being logged for timber products.!° Similar expansion of agriculture is occurring in forest areas in Africa and Latin America. Studies in Indonesia also indicate that after allowances for agricultural development and reservations for watersheds, only 24 percent of the total forest area was considered suitable for permanent forest production.” Much of the tropical forest, moreover, consists of low-quality stands with limited utility for timber production, and much land logged or cleared for agriculture reverts to such stands. It is possible that many presently commercial species will disappear in this process, and some ecologists are in fact describing the natural tropical rain forest as a nonrenewable resource. ®Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Wood: World trends and prospects. Unasylva, Vol. 20(1-2), nos. 80-81, 136 p. 1966. Timber trends and prospects in Africa. -90 p. Rome. 1967. Latin American timber trends and prospects. 117 p. New York. 1963. Timber trends and prospects in the Asia-Pacific Region. 224 p. Geneva. 1961. 10 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Wood: World trends and prospects. Unasylva, Vol. 20(1-2), nos. 80-81, 136 p. 1966. 11 Payne, Burnett H., and David Nordwall. A review of certain aspects of the forestry program and organization in Indonesia. USDA Foreign Econ. Dev. Serv. and Forest Serv. cooperating with U.S. Agency for Int. Dev. 1971. 138 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER .IN THE UNITED STATES Timber management of tropical forests also is limited, partly because of custom, lack of capital for forest replacement, and lack of knowledge concerning regenerative’ processes and cultural requirements of timber species in the tropical rain forest.” Thus in the longer run there are serious ques- tions as to whether the world can continue to draw heavily on the tropics for fine, high-quality logs. Utilization has tended to be highly selective, both as to species and sizes of trees cut, and supplies of such preferred timber are diminishing. In West Malaysia, for example, four-fifths of the forest resource available to wood-based plants which do not have timber concessions has been logged over at least once, and supplies of high-grade logs on the open market are in seriously short supply.” The tropical wood industries are nevertheless still expanding and it seems likely that the output of hardwood logs, plywood, veneer, and lumber from natural forests of the Tropics will increase over the next few decades, particularly in South- east Asia. Pringle, for example, has estimated that exports of hardwood products from the Tropics in 1985 will be about twice as high as in 1967." The projections for hardwood timber products therefore show sizable increases in imports of ply- wood and veneer, and some increases for lumber. The United States has been importing small volumes of tropical hardwood timber products from Mexico, along with some softwood. Although these imports have been declining, Mexico has sufficient timber resources of both hardwoods and softwoods to support an increase in timber har- vests and exports. POTENTIAL TIMBER SUPPLIES FROM TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL PLANTATIONS Plantations of softwoods and some hardwoods in tropical and subtropical areas can be expected to become increasingly important in the next few decades, particularly in supplying pulping and construction materials. Very high growth rates are being achieved by planting and cultivating fast-growing species of pines, eucalyptus, and other species. Both softwood pulpwood and saw logs of acceptable size can be produced in relatively short rotations. Plantations in New Zealand, South Africa, and Latin America, for example, are supporting sub- stantial production of pulp and lumber for local 12 Lamb, Bruce. Tropical American forest resources. Conference on Tropical Hardwoods Proc. New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse. 1969. 13 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The wood based industries of West Malaysia. FOD: SF/MAL 68/516, Tech. Rpt. 4. 1971. 14 Pringle, S.L. World supply and demand of hardwoods. Conference on Tropical Hardwoods Proc. New York State College of Forestry, Syrcause, N.Y. 1969. markets and for export, and planting programs are being expanded in these and other countries. Availablility of capital has been a limiting factor in such expansion and major impacts on the world timber demand-supply situation, therefore, may not be felt for some time to come. Teak plantations also are important in Indonesia and Burma, with a reported area in 1967 of about 2.5 million acres. Plantations offer no easy answer to increasing supplies of most preferred hardwood species as there is much yet to be learned about the establishment and manage- ment of such stands. But expansion of plantations could help offset declines in supplies of choice species from natural hardwood forests. POTENTIAL TIMBER SUPPLIES FROM THE USSR The Soviet Union has about one-third of the productive forests in the world—a greater forest area than North America and Europe combined. Also, most of the forest land in the USSR supports softwood timber. Harvests of industrial roundwood in the USSR in 1967-69 amounted to 10.2 billion cubic feet— about 18 percent of the total world output (table 106). Exports of timber products in the same year amounted to some 1.1 billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent. Lumber accounted for nearly half of these exports. Substantial volumes of logs also were exported to Japan and some pulpwood to European countries. An estimated 737 million acres of forest land in the USSR have been classed as unsuitable for commercial use because of low sites or inoperable conditions.’® On approximately 800 million acres cutting has not reached harvest potentials. These are the acres that hold promise for achieving an estimated allowable harvest of roughly 18 billion cubic feet annually. Population and timber industries are primarily concentrated in the southern and western parts of the USSR, and forests in these regions, amount- ing to an estimated 157 million acres. have been heavily overcut as a consequence.’ The bulk of unexploited forest resources now lies in northern Russia and Siberia. The USSR has been engaged in a major effort to transfer timber harvests to timber surplus areas and to establish pulp, paper, lumber, and plywood plants close to new supply sources. 5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Wood: World trends and prospects. FFHC Basic Study 16, 131 p. Rome. 1967. 16 Solecki, J. S. Russia-China-Japan, economic growth, resources and forest industries. British Columbia Univ. Victoria, B. C. 1967. i 17Algvere, Karl Viktor. Forest economy in the USSR. Studia Forestalia Suecica, Nr. 39. Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden. 1966. AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES 139 This program has faced varied difficulties such as the long distances between forests and markets. In spite of remoteness of much forest land, low productivity of many sites, and newly recognized environmental questions, there are undoubtedly opportunities for large increases in timber harvests in the next several decades. Exports of lumber. and logs are expected to continue to increase, although growing domestic needs and declining resource availability in European Russia may constrain this trade in the longer run. Pulp and paper production in_ the Soviet Union has also grown rapidly during the past two decades, with almost all of this production being used domestically. The current low per capita consumption of paper products, and difficulties experienced in meeting planned _pro- duction increases suggest that the Soviet Union is not likely to become a major supplier of pulp products to foreign markets for some time to come. A SUMMARY OF PROSPECTIVE TRENDS IN U.S. TIMBER IMPORTS AND EXPORTS In spite of growing world demands for timber products, it has been estimated in this study that potentials for increased harvests, especially in Canada and the tropical hardwood regions, are sufficient to provide significant increases in U.S. imports of timber products in the years immedi- ately ahead. With prices averaging 30 percent above the 1970 level, for example, total projected imports rise from 2.9 billion cubic feet, round- wood equivalent, in 1972 to 4.7 billion cubic feet by the year 2000 (tables 112 and 113). The largest increases in imports are expected in lumber and pulp and paper products from Canada. It also seems likely that the United States will draw somewhat more heavily on tropical forests for some time to come in spite of the uncertainties surrounding the long-term outlook. Along with rising imports it also appears likely that exports of some U.S. timber products will increase somewhat as a result of expanding world markets (tables 112 and 113). Kraft pulp and paper products are expected to represent the bulk of increased exports. Some increases in exports of logs and chips also have been assumed, although it is of course possible that nonmarket factors outside the basic assumptions of this study might lead to restrictions on exports of these raw materials. Looking some decades into the future, there are two possibilities that appear to be of partic- ular importance in the long-run timber outlook: @ With the tightening of the timber supply situation that is in prospect, the United States will surely find it increasingly diffi- cult to supply wood products to other nations. @ Output of wood products in timber surplus countries may drop following the liquidation of accessible old-growth. In such case the United States may not be able to maintain the levels of timber imports temporarily achieved. Such possibilities could be de- ferred by development of forests in the USSR to supply more of the world timber market, by major expansion of plantations, and by greater use of the less desirable timber species in tropical forests. For the long run a question still remains, whether anticipated timber demands of the world can be supplied in the absence of a substantial improvement in forest management. Projections of net timber imports developed under the assumptions of this study continue to rise over the next several decades and offer a partial solution to U.S. timber supply-demand problems. Other alternatives for increasing tim- ber supplies from U.S. forests, and for obtaining closer utilization of available timber, also are of large importance in improving the timber out- look as indicated in other chapters of this report. 140 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER' IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 112.—Imports and exports of selected timber products, 1970-72, with projections under alternate price assumptions (medium projections of growth in population and economic activity) to 2000 Price assumption and year RELATIVE PRICES ABOVE 1970 AVERAGES 4 1970 RELATIVE PRICES L980 oe eee oak 199022 esse Soest = Sa PAD] OL jee Seep eg RISING RELATIVE PRICES 3 LOSO RSS sees sae DAS Se ae eer a 2U00 Se Sao See ee RELATIVE PRICES ABOVE 1970 AVERAGES 4 19 802s Saree se eee on ai 1990 Bee eae eee ema omee 2000 SHS See AEE eee Lumber Softwoods | Hardwoods Paper and board Logs Softwoods | Hardwoods Billion board feet, | Billion board feet, lumber tally lumber tally 5 : Billion board feet, | Billion board feet, International International Y4-inch log rule se Ne rule 1 : 0.3 7. 2 .4 9. 0 .4 7. 0 4 7. 0 4 7. 0 4 9. 5 5 12.0 U 13. 0 9 10.5 6 12.0 6 12.0 6 1.2 1 Site) 2 1.2 3 1.2 onl 1,2 aul 1.2 Sil 1,2 1 1, 2 1 1. 2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1,2 1 1 Less than 50 million board feet. 2 Preliminary. 3 Relative prices rising from 1970 trend levels as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood—1.0 percent per year; and paper and board—0.5 percent per year. 4 Relative prices of lumber and plywood—30 percent, and paper and board—10 percent above their 1970 averages. IMPORTS Hardwood Pulp plywood Billion square feet, 34-inch basis | Million tons 2. 0 3.5 2.5 3.5 3. 2 20 3.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.3 6. 0 3.9 7. 5 4,2 8.5 4.1 6. 0 4.2 7.0 4.3 7.5 EXPORTS ae 3.1 (5) 2. 2 (5) 2.2 (°) 3.5 (5) 3.5 (5) 3.5 (5) 3.5 (5) 3. 5 (5) 315 (5) 3. 5 (5) 3. 5 (5) 3.5 90 90 90 ooo _ bo Ororcr _— _— Ook oo Croan crore 99 99 99 Orvdsror . i () (*) (+) cull OF soll o oil 6, 1 -1 1 ol 1 a gil oil ou ail gal coll 3. 4 2. 8 1 3. 8 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 5 Less than 500 million square feet. Service. Sources: 1970, 1971, and 1972—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Exports—schedule B, commodity and country. FT 410 (monthly); and U.S. imports—general and consumption, schedule A, commodity and country. FT 135 (monthly). Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 141 AVAILABILITY OF WORLD TIMBER RESOURCES ‘ODTAIOG 4so10,g ‘oIN[NoAZy Jo JUou4sVdeq “g*yQ :suOTo0fo1g *SOSTIOAR “(A[UOW) OTF Lot “A4ywnoo pun Anpowwos OLG6T JOY} CAOGB JUedI0d OT —p1v0q pue Joded pus juened Oe -poomard Rue RUT ae 9 4 ‘ ‘ wove ‘ c (or ‘ s “IB9A Jod 7U9010d g*9—p1v0q puB Joded ‘189A sod yuUadI01 q iapaie Syodza ‘S') pus ‘(A[UIUOW) Set La Aijunos pup AAR OUAES, Vv aynpayos hf tat al ad 0'I—PoomAyd ‘180K sod yuodI10d g*]—soquINy :sMOT[Oy Sv S[OAO| PUOI} OZGT WO Buys|I Soolsd OATIELOY » wah *sdodunt “S°Q) “SNSUdD OY} JO NeoiIng ‘odJeUILIOD Jo JUoUTIBdEC *S*Q—ZL6I IZ61 ‘OL61 ‘soommog “AIBUTUIT[OI ¢ “BUIPUNOI JO asnHdeq s[B}O} 0} PpB Jou ABUT BIB :ALON “409 O1QNO UOTTIIUI OG UY) Sso'T z “pavoq pus ‘1oded ‘dind jo uojeaynbo poomdyind oy} pues poomdind Sepnypouy 7; L L* (z) £1 6° 2% Ge (2) €° 9'T (So SET Pe ee ee aes eet g% 8'T Oni > ar | Ga uae ia oe NER eR ge a 0002 Ls Lis (2) Ler OT 1% £° (2) ie 9° (oa Tw | ae eee ene £% 61 ONY) sammie || perce a Son a tka Mee ee Be 0661 L* L° (z) 6° OT 61 e° i) ‘Ss bil a" OPT MRP (all (7 teen anata 61 61 SOc a Nay mig na ae we ean caesar Se ae 7 O86T s SHO VUAAYV OL6I HAOGV SHOIMd GAALLVIAU hy Le (¢) 9'T 6° 9% e: (2) (ye By (ae i) ee le eeepc cs 6% 8'T Ly L L° (2) ta OT £% z" (2) (ae tT Za" OE «| vteeen weed 2% 61 I? L* L (x) 6° OT 61 (a (2) (a ear (ae UR aac => te mele LT 6'T 9'¢ L° L° (z) oF 6° PT (a (2) (a 6° o" eye 8'T LZ L* Le (2) ¥ OT bt (am 1) (on 6° G" jee 61 L% L* L° (z) v OT v'T z° (¢ (a 6° Ge yey 61 L% SHOIUd WAILVTAY 0261 SNOILOULOUd g° 9° (z) 9° 9° a1 z" (z) 8: al z" ont 911 91 £1 6% £ he 3 L° 9° bya § (ae (c) (a O'l (an o'T 9'IT 91 oT L% v0 v0 (¢ 90 L'0 Cay z°0 (2) 20 80 z°0 60 8 IT PT bz OL6T qaaf ayqna | qaaf a4QN9 | gaaf n1qna | yaaf nqna | qaaf a1qna qaaf 94QN9 | qaaf 1qnd | qaaf o1qQn~9 | qaaf a1qno | yaaf o4qQna | gaaf arqna qyaafngnd | yuwarsa qaaf 19nd | Jaaf 21Qna | yaaf 21qQno UOT | WOE | woul uo | Uo | wore uote | wong | worn UOT UolnEe UONne uo | wold UOlneT uoyjdurnsuo0o *8'n Jo OUNTOA $}10d x90 sjiod wy S}iod wy syiod uy 4Uu0019 JON Syodxi | sjzodury IN SjJodxi | sjzoduy ION syiodxq | sjaodury JON syodxy | sjzodury S}odxgy | s}1odury BOX Sod wy JON sdory 18jyonpoid ding poomAld Joquin’y 1810,.L [jue[BArnbe poompunoy] 0006 07 (Ajrarjon IWOULOI pun UoYDndod ur yjnosb fo suorjpalosd wnrpaw) suondwnsso aoad aypusayDy sapun suorpalosd ynm ‘BL-OL6T sponposd saqur fo sjsodxa pun sjsodwy—'eT] WAVY, CHAPTER V DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS == / == 7 a] = sed a Z AZ g > Zax SS& | | I} es TA : | | In CLA NET rT il il i DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 143 This chapter presents information on recent trends in consumption of timber products, to- gether with projections of potential demands to the year 2000. The projections of demand indicate the volumes of timber products likely to be consumed under specified or implied assumptions on population and economic growth, technological and institu- tional changes, and trends in prices of timber products relative to the general price level and to most competitive materials.! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS In partial recognition of uncertainty, pro- jections of timber demand have been prepared using three alternative assumptions on population and economic growth. The medium projections of demand have also been presented under three alternative price assumptions. Development of these alternative projections was designed to aid in the evaluation of timber demand-supply- price relationships in the last chapter of this report. Population Assumptions Changes in population have an important effect on the demand for many products such as houses, furniture, and paper. Population changes also influence the size of the labor force, a major determinant of the level of economic activity and related materials usage. During the five decades 1920-70, the popu- lation of the United States increased by nearly 100 million persons, rising at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent (table 114, fig. 49; Append. V, table 1). Recent projections of the Bureau of the Census ” indicate that population is likely to continue to grow fairly rapidly through the projection period. The medium projection used in this study shows population rising to 281 million in 2000 (table 114, fig. 49)—-slightly above the median of the series of projections published by the Bureau of the Census in its 1972 report. The annual rate 1 For a more complete discussion of the nature and meaning of longrun projections of demand for timber products, problems involved in making projections, principal determinants of demand, models for making projections, and uses of projections, see Folia Forestalis 101. Forecasting in forestry and timber economy, prelimi- nary report. IUFRO, Section 31, Working Group 4. 49 p. Metsantukimullaitos, Institutum Forestale Fenniae, Helsinki, Finland. 1971. 2 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Projections of the population of the United States, by age and sex (interim revisions): 1970 to 2020. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P—25, No. 448, 50 p. 1970. Projections of the population of the United States, by age and sex: 1970 to 2020. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 470, 56 p. 1971. Projections of the population of the United States, by age and sex: 1972 to 2020. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 493, 26 p. 1972. Population 1920 - 70, with projections to 2000 350 ee 250 200 ee ar : | cokstoalas aa ed IS RN SS Ee , eee a A ee 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 49 MILLIONS of population growth represented by this projec- tion gradually declines from 1.1 percent in the 1970’s to 1.0 percent in the 1990’s. Projections of population shown in table 114 are substantially lower than similar Census pro- jections made in 1964 * and used in the preceding appraisal of the timber situation made by the Forest Service.* The medium projection in the 1964 Census report, for example, indicated a population of 326 million in 2000. Fertility rates—The revised population series used in this study reflect significant reductions in Census Bureau assumptions regarding future fertility rates. There have been large fluctuations in fertility rates in recent decades, as illustrate d in figure 50, but since the late 1950’s the trend 3 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Projections of the population of the United States, by age and sex: 1964 to 1985 with extensions to 2010. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 286. 1964. 4U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Timber trends in the United States. Forest Resource Rep. 17, 235 p. 1965. ; Total fertility rates 1920 - 68, with projections to 2000 BIRTHS PER 1,000 WOMEN Figure 50 144 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 114.—Measures of population and economic growth, selected years 1920-72, with projections to 2000 Gross national Per capita gross Disposable personal Per capita disposable | Index of manufacturing Year Population product ! national product income! personal income production Annual Billions Annual Annual Billions Annual Annual Annual rate of of 1967 rate of 1967 rate of of 1967 rate of 1967 rate of rate of increase dollars increase dollars increase dollars increase dollars increase 1967 =100 increase oleae oe 160553) eee 1007 | Soceee eee |S see eee Se, See 1652702 eee EY 201.8 3.2 1, 743 3.(0/)| So eoet eee ee a ee eae 19.8 4.1 1.2 215.8 1.4 1, 752 out ph Seco cee 6 Meee ROoky| eens 18.7 -1.1 off 199.3 —1.6 1, 564 —2.3 ) 3 -1.7 18.0 —.8 8 267.1 3.3 2, 014 5.2 190.3 4.8 1, 435 3.9 25.4 Tou 1945.2 -2222 140.5 1,2 417.6 3.5 2, 972 8.1 262. 8 6.7 1, 870 5.4 42.6 10.9 1950__....= 152.3 1.6 417.8 ok 2, 743 —1.6 285. 6 1.7 1,875 jul 45.0 11 1955-2 oc 165.9 1.7 515. 0 4.3 3, 104 2.5 339. 4 3.5 2, 046 1.8 58. 2 5.3 19602222 180.7 1 Bry 573. 4 2.2 3, 173 4 389, 2 2.8 2, 154 1.0 65. 4 2.4 1965222 <-> 194.3 1.5 726. 4 4.8 3, 739 3.3 497.7 5.0 2, 562 3.5 89.1 6.4 19662222223 196.6 1.2 773.8 6.5 3, 936 5.3 525.0 6.5 2,670 4.3 98. 3 10.3 196722 222-* 198.7 aI 793.9 2.6 3,995 1.5 546. 3 4.0 2,749 3.0 100. 0 1.7 1968 he see 200. 7 1.0 830. 8 4.7 4,140 3.6 570. 8 4.5 2, 844 3.4 105. 7 5.7 LOG) Sete 202. 7 1.0 853. 2 PA 4, 209 17 587. 6 2.9 2, 899 1.9 110.5 4.5 1970SSees 204. 9 nba 849. 0 —.5 4,143 15 610. 0 3.8 2,977 2.7 106. 6 —3.7 OFS <2 207.0 nat 872.1 PB. 4, 213 1.6 634. 6 4.0 3, 066 2.9 106. 8 2 197 22eooc2e 208. 8 9 928. 3 6.4 4, 446 5.5 662. 0 4.3 3,170 3.4 114. 4 {oul Low projections 19800. S22... 226 1.0 1, 240 3.5 5, 500 2.5 850 3.6 3,740 2.5 150 3.5 1990-22. -s- 248 9 1, 750 3.5 7, 080 2.5 1,190 3.5 4,810 2.6 210 3.4 20000 222 266 7 + 2, 480 3.5 9, 310 2.8 1, 680 3.5 6, 330 2.8 290 3.3 Medium projections 1ORO se ese- 228 algal 1,310 4.0 5, 730 2.9 890 4.0 3, 890 2.9 160 4.1 1990: <2... 255 al 1, 930 4.0 7, 580 2.8 1,310 4.0 5, 160 2.8 230 4.0 erate 281 1.0 2, 860 4.0 10, 180 3.0 1, 950 4.0 6, 930 3.0 340 3.9 High projections TORSO Ss- == 232 1.3 1, 370 4.5 5, 910 3. 2 930 4.5 4,020 3. 2 170 4.7 1990%e se 266 1.4 2,130 4.5 8, 000 3.1 1, 450 4.5 5, 440 3.1 260 4.6 2000 Saas: 301 1,2 3, 300 4.5 10, 970 3. 2 2, 250 4.5 7,470 3. 2 410 4.5 1 The 1970 trend level for the gross national product ($882 billion) and dis- posable personal income ($600 billion) were used as the base for calculating the projected values. NOTE: Annual rates of increase are calculated for 5-year periods from 1920 through 1965, for 1-year periods 1965 through 1972, and for 10-year periods 1970 through 2000. Sources: Population, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1920-45—Population estimates and projections. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 442. 1970; 1950-70—Estimates of the population of the United States to December 1, 1971. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 474. 1972; 1971-72— Estimates of the population of the United States to January 1, 1973. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 496. 1973; 1980-2000—Profections of the population of the United States, by age and sex (interim revisions): 1970 to 2020. Cur. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 448. 1970. has fallen sharply.’ The prevailing fertility rate in the period 1968-70 would result in a popula- tion close to the medium projection used in this study. The much lower fertility rates of 1971 and 1972, would result in a population less than the low projection shown in figure 49. Immigration.—The allowance for immigration, in the Census Bureau projections of future popu- lation growth averages 400,000 net immigrants 5 These fertility rates indicate the number of births per 1000 women during their child bearing years. For a more detailed technical definition, see U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service. Natality Statistics Analysis United States, 1965-67. National Center for Health Statistics, Ser. 21, No. 19, 38 p. 1970. Gross national product and per capita gross national product derived from data published in the following sources: 1920-25— U.S. Congress, Joint Com- mittee on the Economic Report. Potential economic growth of the United States during the next decade. 88rd Cong., 2d sess. 1954; 1930-67 and 1968-71— U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of current business. 52(7). July 1972; 1930-72— Council of Economic Advisers. Economic report of the President. January 1973. Disposable personal income and per capita disposable personal income derived from data published in the following source: 1930-72—Council of Economic Advisers. Economic report of the President. January 1973. Index of manufacturing production derived from data published in the following sources: 1920-25—Federal Reserve System. Industrial production 1957-1959 base. 1962; 1930-70—Council of Economic Advisers. Economic report of the President. January 1972; 1971-72—U.S Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics. Burean of Mennomic Analysis. Survey of current business. 53(3). March 1973. per year between 1970 and 2000—a significant part of the total population growth in the medium projection. Reductions in immigration, and thus in projected population growth, could result from mounting national concern about popula- tion size and environmental impacts. Gross National Product Assumptions Changes in the consumption of many timber products, as well as other industrial materials, have been closely associated in recent decades with changes in the Nation’s gross national product, i.e., the value of all goods and services produced. In developing a number of the timber product projections shown in this chapter, pro- DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 145 Gross national product 1920 - 70, with projections to 2000 6,000 BILLIONS OF 1967 DOLLARS o 8 100 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 51 jected changes in the gross national product have been used as a principal indicator of changes in demand. Between 1920 and 1970, the gross national prod- uct, measured in constant 1967 dollars, increased more than five times—rising at an average annual rate of 3.4 percent (table 114, fig. 51; Append. V, table 1). Annual changes have fluctuated widely, from as much as +16.1 percent to —14.8 percent (fig. 52). The highest sustained rates of growth in gross national product occurred in the 1960’s, when growth averaged 4.5 percent per year. _ The wide fluctuations in annual rates of growth in the gross national product have reflected such factors as differences in the rates of change in labor force, rates of unemployment, hours worked per year, and productivity. Cyclical factors will presumably continue to cause fluctuations In gross national product in the years ahead. But for this study only trends in growth were considered, using three different rates of growth: 3.5 percent, 4.0 percent, and 4.5 percent. Annual percentage change in gross national product 1920 - 70 PERCENT ° a, : i : : H H 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Figure 52 Basis for gross national product projections.— These differences in assumed growth rates for gross national product partly reflect the different assumptions on population growth and the related size of the labor force. Thus, the highest rate of growth in gross national product is associated with the high projection of population. However, most of the difference in projected rates is due to underlying assumptions on trends in productivity of the labor force. Given a continuation of recent trends in labor force participation rates and hours worked per year, and an unemployment rate of 4 percent, the implied rates of increase in productivity in the private economy underlying the gross national product projections are about 3.0 percent, 3.4 percent, and 3.8 percent respectively. In the 1960’s productivity in the private economy increased about 3.6 percent per year. The medium assumed rate of growth would re- sult in a gross national product of $1,310 billion in 1980—some 54 percent above that of 1970 (table 114). By 2000 this projection would reach $2,860 billion—some 3.4 times that of 1970. The associated projection of per capita gross national product in 2000 rises to $10,180—nearly 2.5 times the 1970 average. The projections of gross national product used in this study are substantially higher than those used in earlier appraisals of the timber situation by the Forest Service. For example, the medium projection of gross national product in 1980 is about 15 percent above that used in the preceding timber appraisal published in 1965.° However, it is close to recent projections made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,’ the National Planning Associ- ation,® and the National Industrial Conference Board.® Disposable personal income.—This measure of income available for spending or saving by the Nation’s population is another important indi- cator of the demand for certain products such as furniture and various grades of paper and board. It also has a significant influence on household formation and size of dwellings. Since 1950, disposable personal income has equaled about 68 percent of the gross national product. This historical and rather constant relationship was assumed to continue through the projection period (table 114). 6 Op. cit. Timber trends in the United States. 7 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Patterns of U.S. economic growth. Bull. 1672. 1970. 8 National Planning Association. The technique of long-range economic projections. Projection Highlights, Vol. 1, No. 5. Washington, D.C. 1970. The U.S. economy in the coming decade. Pro- jection Highlights, Vol. 2, No. 10. Washington, D.C. 1972. 9 National Industrial Conference Board. Economic growth in the seventies. Washington, D.C. 1970. 146 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Manufacturing activity—Future changes in man- ufacturing—a major wood-using sector of the U.S. economy—will also be important in deter- mining the demand for some timber products. In the past several decades the index of manu- facturing production published by the Federal Reserve Board,’ has shown a fairly consistent upward trend, and close relationship to changes in the gross national product (figs. 53 and 54). The medium projections based on the historical trends and relationships show an increase in manu- facturing production by 2000 to about 3.2 times the 1970 level. Rates of growth in projections of manufacturing production, and in construction activity dis- cussed later in this chapter, decline over the projection period. Transportation, trade, and other services account for a growing share of the projected gross national product, as in the past. In the period 1950-68, for example, the portion of the gross national product originating in these sectors rose from 46.5 to 49.6 percent. The projections of manufacturing activity and construction adopted in this study rest on the assumption that the U.S. economy will continue to be oriented largely to production of economic goods, and that adequate supplies of raw materials and energy sources will be available to support such sustained growth over the next three decades. Both of these assumptions are being increasingly challenged," and for the longrun it is difficult to conceive of an indefinite continuation of high geometric growth rates. Also, concern over environmental factors could affect the types of goods produced, rates of productivity in manu- facturing, and rates of increase in gross national product. For the projection period used in this study, however, it was assumed that the economic growth assumptions adopted provide an acceptable basis for evaluation of potential timber demands. Technological and Institutional Assumptions Institutional and technological changes in the U.S. economy have substantially influenced use of different raw materials. Some of these changes such as increasing urbanization, with resulting impacts on building heights and fire codes, for example, have led to partial displacement of timber products in construction. Technological developments in 10 Federal Reserve Board. Federal Reserve Bulletin. Washington, D.C. Monthly. This index measures changes in the physical volume or quantity of output in manu- facturing industries. See for example: Commoner, Barry. The closing circle. Alfred A. Knopf. 1971; Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randus, and William W. Behrens. The limits of growth. Universe Books, New York. 1972. Index of manufacturing production 1920 - 70, with projections to 2000 INDEX OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION (1967 = 100) 10 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 53 Index of manufacturing production in relation to gross national product, 1920 - 70 INDEX OF MANUFACTURING = 100) PRODUCTION (1967 te) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (BILLIONS OF 1967 DOLLARS) Figure 54 industries producing metals and plastics have also resulted in displacement of lumber and plywood in products such as furniture and containers. On the other hand, new technology has simul- taneously led to large increases in the use of lumber in pallets, greater use of plywood in con- struction, and use of pulp and paper, plywood, hardboard, and particleboard in a wide assortment of end uses. In the following sections of this chapter, projec- tions of demand for some products such as furni- ture have been adjusted for specific technological changes that appear to be in prospect. For other products, such as pulp and paper, use of historical data as a base for projections implicitly assumes a continuing stream of technological and institu- tional changes such as have occurred in the past, as well as other variables such as educational levels, capital availability, and military activities. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS Price Assumptions Past increases in timber product prices have undoubtedly played an important role in deter- mining levels of comsumption of timber products, both in actual terms and relative to competing materials. A number of closely related factors such as installation and maintenance costs, perform- ance, useful life, and market promotion efforts have likewise affected actual and relative use. To determine potential effects of alternative price levels, the medium projections of demand for major timber products were developed using three price assumptions, as follows: (1) One set of projections was developed on the assumption that 1970 prices of timber products relative to average wholesale prices of all com- modities and to most competing materials would not change significantly during the projection period. These were the price relationships prevail- ing during most of the 1950’s and 1960’s when most of the basic data on timber products use were compiled for this study. The 1970 prices were also intended as a base level for judging the size of price changes resulting from potential imbalances between timber demand and supply. The 1970 price relationships could be expected to prevail only if supplies of stumpage meet de- mands at 1970 prices through the projection period—which later analyses indicate is not likely—and if productivity in the timber process- ing industries keeps pace with that in other industries. In the past these conditions have not held for periods longer than a decade or two, and prices of most timber products have shown persistent long- run upward trends relative to the general price level (figs. 55, 56, and 57; Append. V, tables 2, 3, and 4). Timber product prices have also shown longrun upward trends relative to important com- Relative wholesale price index of lumber 1800 - 1972, with projections to 2000 100) RELATIVE WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (1967 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 200( Figure 55 147 Relative wholesale price indexes of selected timber products 1940-72, and price assumptions 1970-2000 100) RELATIVE WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (1967 =100) RELATIVE WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (1967 100) RELATIVE WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (1967 2000 1940 1950 1960 1970 i980 1990 Figure 56 peting raw materials such as iron, aluminum, and nonmetallic minerals.’” 12 Potter, Neal, and Francis T. Christy, Jr. Trends in natural resource commodities—statistics of prices, output, consumption, foreign trade, and employment in the United a 1870-1957. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Fisher, Joseph L., and Neal Potter. World prospects for national resources. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. 1964. 148 Stumpage prices for Douglas-fir and southern pine 1910 - 72, with projections to 2000 200 trend at 2.5 percent annual increase 100 PRICE PER THOUSAND BOARD FEET (1967 dollars) ] = 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 57 (2) In recognition of the likelihood of future price increases, a second set of demand projec- tions was based on the assumption that through the projection period relative wholesale prices of lumber and plywood would be 30 percent, mis- cellaneous products and fuelwood 15 percent, and paper and board 10 percent above 1970 average prices. The assumed level for lumber and plywood approximates the actual increases in relative soft- wood lumber and plywood prices between 1970 and 1972. (3) A third set of projections was developed under the assumption that relative wholesale prices of timber products would rise from the 1970 trend level through the projection period much as in the past. For lumber the assumed average annual increase for these “Tising’’ prices was 1.5 percent. For plywood, miscellaneous prod- ucts, and fuelwood a 1.0 percent rise per year was assumed, and for paper and board 0.5 percent. Since 1800 the relative wholesale price index for lumber increased at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent. There have been periods when this index showed little change, as in the period 1950-67 (fig. 55), but the longrun rising trend has been fairly steady. Relative prices of pulp, paper, and board also leveled off in the 1952-70 period, but during the longer period from 1926 to 1970, price increases averaged about 0.5 percent annually. Relative prices of softwood and hardwood plywood declined sharply after 1950 in response to major improve- ments in technology in these rapidly growing THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES) industries but it was assumed for this projection, largely on the basis of prospective timber demand- supply balances, that future prices would rise as indicated above. These three sets of price assumptions are sum- marized for the major timber products below: Relative wholesale price indexes Product and price assumptions 1970 1980 1990 2000 Lumber: (GDRIOTO IGE Ss ee 100 100 = #100 100 (2) 30 percent inerease_____ 1005 130" 130 130 (3) Rising priceseau el eae 110)" 128" “148 172 lywood: @) 197 0nlev.elesa eee 100 100 #100 100 (2) 30 percent increase_____ 100° 130 130 130 (3)ieRisine* prices! a= as onan TOR 122 eae 148 Paper and board: QD eos Be ae 100 100 = #100 100 (2) 10 percent increase_____ 100 110 110 110 (3) Rising prices__________ 105 110 116 122 Variables affecting prices of timber products.— Past increases in relative prices of timber products presumably have resulted from a combination of factors such as increasing competition for the available timber, and in some cases, rising costs of timber harvesting and manufacturing due to slower rates of technological progress than in other economic sectors. Variation in price trends among timber products are attributed in part to different trends in pro- ductivity. The differences also reflect the relative importance of stumpage costs. In recent years, stumpage costs have made up roughly 35 to 45 percent of the f.o.b. mill prices of softwood lumber, for example, compared to 5 to 10 percent of the mill price of the lower grades of paper and board. Stumpage price trends—Stumpage prices have risen more rapidly in recent decades than prices of lumber and other processed timber products. For example, between 1910 and 1970 relative prices of Douglas-fir stumpage rose an average of 3.5 percent annually, while southern pine stumpage increased about 3.2 percent annually (fig. 57; Append. V, table 2). The faster percentage increase in stumpage prices in comparison to product prices suggests that growing economic scarcity of timber has been of greater importance than increases in costs of harvesting and manufacturing in determining product prices. Also, in recent years closer utiliza- tion of timber for a combination of products such as lumber, plywood, and pulp chips, and better allocation of timber for highest value products, have tended to increase stumpage values, as well as increase recovery of timber per acre logged. Regardless of the cause, the differential rates of growth in stumpage and product prices mean that much of the increase in product prices has been passed on to stumpage owners. Based in part on past trends in relationships between stumpage and product prices shown by a number DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS of recent studies,!* it has been assumed that an average of about 75 percent of future increases in timber product prices would go to stumpage. The remaining 25 percent of product price increases would be available to cover higher costs of harvest- ing and manufacture. General approximations of the percentage in- creases in stumpage prices associated with the above assumptiors, and the assumptions on prod- uct prices, are shown in the tabulation below: Relative stumpage price indexes 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Product and price assumptions Sawtimber stumpage: OY EERE Sl et le Se ae epee 100 100 109 100 100 100 (2) 30 percent increase_--_.------------ 100 161 161 161 += 161 161 (3) Rising prices----.---..------------ 100 134 #4175 221 275 337 Pulpwood stumpage: BRIO A nyelee ee ee 100 100 100 100 100 100 (2) 10 percent increase-_-_-.----------- 100 318 318 318 318 318 (3) Risinp prices" = =..==- .2-=-+--=.--- 100 212 329 453 582 720 There would, of course, be widely varying rates of increase in stumpage prices for different species and kinds of timber. Where stumpage prices are low and account for only a small percentage of the price of processed timber products, rising product prices would result in very large percentage ‘Increases in stumpage prices."* On the other hand, where stumpage prices comprise a substantial part of the price of the product, rates of growth in stumpage prices would be relatively low. For example, estimated increases in Douglas-fir and southern pine stump- age prices associated with the third price assump- tion average about 2.7 percent per year—somewhat below the average rate between 1910 and 1970. The assumed relationships between product and stumpage prices also mean that stumpage in the future would account for an increasing proportion of product prices. For example, under the third price assumption, Douglas-fir and southern pine stumpage prices would rise to about 50 percent of the price of lumber by 2000— compared to roughly one-third in the 1965-70 13 Anderson, Walter C. Determinants of southern pine pulpwood prices. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. SO-44, 10 p. 1969. Guttenberg, Sam. Economics of southern pine pulpwood pricing. For. Prod. J. 20(4) :15-18. 1970. and Clyde A. Fasick. What decides southern pine stumpage prices? For. Ind. 92(13) :45—47. 1965. Holley, Daniel L., Jr. Factors in 1959-69 price rise in ouhern pine sawtimber analyzed. For. Ind. 97(4) : 40-41. 14 This can be illustrated as follows: In 1970 the stump- age price of lodgepole pine sold from the National Forests averaged about $4 per thousand board feet while lodge- pole pine 2X4’s sold for about $70 per thousand board feet. Given the assumptions on rates of increase in the price of lumber (e.g., 1.5 percent per year) and the pro- portion passed on to stumpage, the projected price of lodgepole pine stumpage and 2 %4’s in 2000 would be $33 and $109 respectively. The annual rate of increase in stumpage prices would average 7.8 percent in the 1970's, with a fall to 3.3 percent in the 1990's. 149 Stumpage prices as a percent of lumber prices 60 Percent 20 0) Sea 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 58 period, and 10-15 percent in the early 1900’s (fig. 58). Pulpwood stumpage prices under the third price assumption specified earlier would rise from around 5-10 percent of the price of the lowest priced grades of paper and board in 1970 to over 20 percent by 2000. Effects of Price Increases on Timber Demands In preparing projections of demand for lumber and other timber products under these alternative price assumptions it has been necessary to make certain assumptions about the quantitative effects of price increases on projected demands. General observation of timber markets indicates that in the shortrun price changes may have only limited effects on quantities of timber products that consumers will buy. For example, the spec- tacular rise of lumber and plywood prices in 1968— 69, and a similar rise in 1971-72, appears to have had very limited initial impacts on consumption of these products in most end uses. Over the longer run, however, sustained upward shifts in prices of timber products relative to the wholesale price Jevel and to competing products would un- doubtedly lead to reduced demands for. timber. Longrun trends in lumber consumption and relative prices appear to illustrate this effect. Despite the very large expansion of major markets in construction, manufacturing, and shipping during the present century, lumber consumption in 1970 approximated the consumption level of the early 1900’s. Presumably the increase In relative lumber prices—averaging 1.6 percent per year in this period—was an important factor leading to increased use of substitutes and other changes affecting lumber uses. In contrast to lumber, the demand for paper seems to be rather insensitive to price changes. This is believed to reflect the lack of acceptable 150 low-cost substitutes for paper and board in most end uses. Also, for many items such as books, tissue paper, and various kinds of containers the cost of paper or board to the final consumer is so small in relation to the total] price of the product, or to consumer income, that even fairly large percentage changes in paper and board prices appear unlikely to have much impact on consumption. Although such general relationships between timber product prices and demand seem reasonably clear, there are no valid quantitative measures of the Jongrun impacts of price increases on demand." Estimates were therefore developed on a judgment basis to indicate the changes in demand expected to result from changes in product prices, as follows: Change in demand resulting from a sustained 1 percent rise in relative prices Lumber, plywood, and mis- Paper and board Years after price increase cellaneous products (percent) (percent) 1S RRL ee aes eee —0. 1 —0. 05 OL ere a Sis es ja — (003 (0a LO thie sss ene — (OF 5 —=0: 2 These assumptions mean, for example, that a 10 percent increase in Jumber prices would result in a 1 percent decrease in demand in the first year after the price increase. At the end of the fifth year, if the price increase were sus tained, demand would decrease 3 percent, with a further fal] to 5 percent in the tenth year and thereafter, This sequence recognizes that it takes time to change to alternative materials and ways of producing products. Actua] changes in future consumption and in equilibrium prices of timber products and stump- age—in contrast to the selected price assumptions presented in this chapter—will be determined both by future trends in demands for timber products and by availability of timber supplies. 18 Several studies have examined demand-price relation- ships of timber products. Examples of recent studies of this kind include: Gregory, G. Robinson. A statistical investigation of factors affecting the market for hardwood flooring. Forest Science 11 (2): 200-203. 1965. Holland, I. Irving. Some factors affecting the consump- tion of lumber in the United States with emphasis on demand. Ph.D. dissertation. Sch. For., Univ: ’ Calif., Berkeley. 1955. An explanation of changing lumber consumption and price. Forest Science 6(2):171-192. 1960. McKillop, W. L. M. Supply and demand for forest products—an econometric study. Hilgardia 38(1). Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 1967. Mead, Walter J. Competition and oligopsony in the Douglas-fir lumber industry. Univ. Calif., Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1966. Mills, Thomas J. An econometric analysis of market factors determining supply and demand for softwood lumber. Ph.D. dissertation Dept. For., Mich. State Univ., Lansing. 1972. Zivnuska, J. A. Supply, demand and the lumber market. J. Forest. 53:547-553. 1955. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES) Such comparisons of timber demands and supplies, and related price implications, are presented in the final chapter of this report. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN NEW HOUSING In 1970 roughly a third of the softwood lumber and plywood, plus substantial volumes of other timber products such as hardwood plywood, particleboard, and insulation board, were used in the production of new housing. Future demand for housing is also expected to be of great importance in determining demand for timber products. This section begins with an analysis of the de- mand for housing by source of demand, that is, new households, vacancies, and replacements. Because of the large variation in the average use of lumber and other wood products per housing unit, trends in the types of units produced, that is, single-family, multifamily, and mobile units, have also been evaluated.’ This is followed by an analysis of the use of various timber products per unit produced, and by projections of total demand for timber products in the housing sector. Household Formation New household formations have long consti- tuted the major source of demand for housing. Although showing considerable fluctuation over the years, household formations have increased from an average of about 556 thousand annually in the 1920’s to around 1 million in the 1960's (table 115). Headship rates—Household formations depend both on total growth in population and on the number of individuals willing and able to occupy separate dwelling units. The latter in turn is determined largely by the age structure of the population and level of income, and is expressed by headship rates, that is, the proportion of the population in each age group that heads separate households. There is a well defined relationship between age and headship (table 116, fig. 59). Typically head- ship rates rise abruptly from the 15-19 year age class to the 25-29 year age class. Rates continue to rise slowly until after ages 70-75 when individ- uals reach the point where they can no longer maintain separate households. Between 1940 and 1970, headship rates increased significantly in every age class. The sizable in- crease in headships among older and younger age persons who have traditionally lived with relatives 18 The material on demand fer housing in this section has been based largely on a detailed study by Thomas E. Marcin (Projections of demand for housing by type of unit and region. U.S. Dept. Agri., Agri. Handb. 428, 76 p. 1972). Marcin’s study also presents a computer model for estimating future demand for housing by type of unit and region. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 151 TaBLeE 115.—Households and household formations, by decade, 1920-70, with projections to 2000 Total Average annual Persons Year house- household increase ! per holds household sands Thousands Percent Number 9920... -- 7. ei ee 4.3 Ls 30, 002 556. 6 2.1 4.1 PO4Q. 2. 4, 964 496. 2 LS 3. 8 Jia 42, 969 800. 5 2.1 sts 7 ae 53,024 | 1,005.5 2a, 3. 4 ly eee 63,417 | 1,039.3 1.8 3. 2 Low projections HOSO. — ..- 76,400 | 1, 330.0 1.9 3.0 1990. __-. 88,500 | 1,210.0 as 2.8 21 97, 700 920. 0 1.0 2.7 Medium projections i 76,800 | 1,370.0 2.0 3. 0 1990_____ 89,600 | 1, 280.0 1.6 2. 8 20002. 52: 99,3800 | 1,030.0 i a! 2.8 High projections i 77,200 | 1,410.0 2.1 3.0 1990" ===. 90,400 | 1,320.0 1.6 2.9 2000 _ _ --- 102,700 | 1,230.0 1.3 2.9 1 Average annual increase for decade ending on Decem- ber 31 of preceding year for projections (see note below). Decade average for 1970-80 is calculated for 10-year period based on 9.75 years. Note: Historical data on households are for decennial census dates, generally April 1. Projected number of households are estimates as of January 1 of given year. Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1920-60—United States census cf housing, 1960. Bo ier 1870—1970 Census of housing. Ser. HC Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. largely reflects a substantial increase in per capita disposable personal income and social changes in this period.” Projections of headship rates, based on past relationships with per capita income and expecta- tions about further social changes, show a con- tinuing rise for all age classes through the projection period (table 116, fig. 60). ” For a more complete discussion of the factors affecting saws in beoeelup re ae Campbell, Burnham O. opulation change an ilding cycles. Univ. Ill. Bull. 64(27) :46-49. 1966. Sire : Headship rates by age class, 1950 and 1970, with projections for 2000 POPULATION HEADING HOUSEHOLDS (PERCENT) 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 and over AGE CLASSES Figure 59 Projected household _formations.—Projected household formations—based on the assumed headship rates and Census projections of popula- tion by age class—rise in the 1970’s to a peak in the early 1980’s, then decline through the rest of the 1980’s and early 1990’s. After that, projections depend increasingly on the population and eco- nomic assumptions adopted. Under the medium and high assumptions on population and economic growth, there would be a substantial rise in house- hold formations after 1990. The relatively limited differences between the high, medium, and low projections of household formations in the 1970’s and 1980’s largely reflect effects on headship rates of economic growth assumptions. After 1990, however, alternative projections diverge more and more as effects of different rates of population growth become increasingly important. Numbers of persons per household, which are inversely related to headship rates, have declined from 4.3 in 1920 to about 3.2 in 1970. The pro- jected headship rates indicate a further decline to 2.8 (medium level) in 2000 (table 115). Household formations continue to be a major source of demand for housing through the pro- jection period (table 117, fig. 61). However, they decline in importance, relative to replacements, falling from 59 percent of total projected demand in the 1960’s to about 39 percent in the 1990-2000 decade. Households by age class——The distribution of households by age class is an important deter- minant of demand for the various types of 152 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER -IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 116.—Headship rates by age class, 1940-70, with projections to 2000 [Percent] Age class Year 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 and over NO A Qe cen aye eyewear 0.6 11.3 28. 2 37.7 44.6 50. 7 54. 0 56. 8 LOO Ree hm ea ee a2, 16eH 32.9 39. 9 44.8 49.2 52. 2 5258 TOG OPS. ies tie eee ee 1.8 22. 1 39. 6 45.0 48. 4 52. 6 56. 2 56. 1 UO Oe Sees eee: Meee ge 1.8 23. 1 44.6 48. 4 50. 4 52. 8 58. 3 62. 9 Low projections LOS Opn = ee aes Fae 1.9 24. 4 46. 2 49. 3 49. 3 50. 9 58. 5 64. 0 OOO Rae =. 2 aaa eee 2. 0 25. 7 47.5 49. 6 51.1 53. 2 58. 7 64. 9 PAU OE See i eee 2. 1 26. 5 48. 2 49.8 51.3 53. 4 58. 9 65. 4 Medium projections OS Oe eer 8 So Ee oe ke 2. 0 25. 0 46. 7 49.8 51.5 53. 1 59. 0 64. 5 1.99) SRe eerie oat ae tony saad 2. 2 26. 5 48. 2 50. 7 52. 2 53. 3 59. 3 65. 8 ZOO QE are a Sey ae 2.4 27. 6 49. 3 51. 2 52. 5 £3. 5 59. 5 66. 7 High projections OS OBR Sey ea ayes rey es cee 2.1 25.9 47.1 50. 1 51.7, 53. 3 59. 2 64. 9 D9 OS meaner ete ne 2.4 27.9 49.0 Bil) 52. 6 53. 6 59. 6 66. 3 2000S Sear ee Cea aes 27 29. 1 50. 2 51. 9 53. 1 53. 8 59. 8 67. 3 Note: Headship rate is the percentage of persons in 49. 1966; 1960-2000—Marcin, Thomas C. Projections of each age class that heads a household. Sources: 1940-50—Campbell, Burnham 0. Population change and building cycles. Univ. Ill. Bull. 64(27): 46— Headship in relation to per capita disposable personal income (in 1967 dollars) for population 18 years of age and older 50 Seeeieens pn Sl Seen eR os Saree = 1950 oo nett : ues 1940 \yet Supe | : : 40) See \ foe Se [oo —— Weare: HEADSHIP ( PERCENT ) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 PER CAPITA DISPOSABLE PERSONAL INCOME ( DOLLARS } Figure 60 housing units, such as single-family and multi- family units. Past fluctuations in the number of births result in fluctuations in projected numbers of demand for housing by type of unit and region. U.S. Dep. Agr., Agr. Handbk. 428, 76 p. 1972. households by age class and related changes in types of housing units demanded. As a result of the large number of births in the 1950’s, for example, nearly 58 percent of the projected increase in households in the 1970’s will have heads under 35 years old. Over four-fifths of these will be in ages 25-34. In contrast, the number of households with heads 35-44 years old will remain virtually unchanged. After 1990, on the other hand, most of the growth in the projected Ae of households will be in the older age classes. Housing Replacements A second major component of housing demand is the replacement of units lost from the housing inventory. During the 1960’s replacements ac- counted for about 40 percent of the total number of housing units provided. In the past four decades, gross replacements have increased from an average of about 100,000 units to nearly 700,000 (table 118). This rise DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 153 Tae 117.—Average annual demand for housing, by source of demand, 1920-70, with projections to 2000 [Thousand units] Net replacements Mobiles not Period Total Household | Vacancies— used as emand formations | conventional Conven- Mobiles used primary units Total tional as primary residences units residences 1920-29____ 803. 4 556. 6 239. 0 Te ee fee ie ll eS ee | ee 1930-39____ 365. 1 496. 2 —22.9 = TOS) |e Seen ee | eS ee ee | ee ek ee ee 1940-49____ 809. 0 800. 5 80. 7 Os | aes |e ee ee es se = 1950-59___- 1,522. 4 1,005. 2 227. 6 PA Ty Pec: "ol |e Se See eee) a ee ee 22. 2 1960-69___- 1,648. 7 1,039. 3 — 23.0 5Ot or | eee 2 ee EN eee eee 41.1 Low projections 1970-79___- 2,400. 0 | 1,330. 0 170.0 | 800. 0 | 659. 0 150. 0 | 100. 0 1980-89____ 2,450. 0 1,210. 0 | 180. 0 960. 0 720. 0 240. 0 100. 0 1990-99____ 2,290. 0 920. 0 160. 0 1,120. 0 Sou. 0 290. 0 90. 0 Medium projections i 1970-79___- 2,500. 0 1,370. 0 200. 0 | $20. 0 660. 0 160. 0 | 110. 0 1980-89____ 2,620. 0 1,280. 0 220. 0 1,020. 0 770. 0 250. 0 | 100. 0 1990-99____ 2,560. 0 1,030. 0 220. 0 | 1,210.0 920. 0 290. 0 | 100. 0 High projections 1970-79____| 2,580. 0 1,410. 0 220. 0 840. 0 680. 0 160. 0 | 110. 0 1980-89_--_- 2,780. 0 1,320. 0 | 260. 0 1,090. 0 | 830. 0 260. 0 110. 0 1930-99____ 2,930. 0 1,230. 0 280.0 | 1,310.0 990. 0 | 320. 0 110. 0 Sources: Household formations: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1920-60—United Stztes census of housing, 1960. HC(1)-1. 1963; 1970— 1970 Census of housing. Ser. HC(VI)-1. 1971. Vacancies, conventional units—Forest Service estimates derived from data in the following sources: U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Historical sta- tistics of the United States, colonial times to 1957. 1960; 1970—Census of housing. Ser. HC(VI)-1. 1971. Replacements—Forest Service estimates derived from data in the following sources: U.S. Department of Com- reflected such factors as shifts of population from farms and small towns to urban areas, which in turn required replacement of large numbers of abandoned dwellings. Urban renewal and highway construction programs have led to removal of many housing units. Dwellings have been lost through fire, flood, and other disasters. Some dwellings have been converted to other uses. Rising levels of income and public housing programs have also made possible an upgrading of the housing stock by replacing dilapidated units earlier than would have been possible otherwise. _ In view of the growing numbers of older units in the Nation’s housing stock, projected in- creases in per capita income, and a rising propor- tion of mobile homes with relatively short average merce, Bureau of the Census. Historical statistics of the United States, colonial times to 1957. 1960; United States census of housing, 1960. Vol. IV, Pt. 1-A. 1962. Mobiles not used as primary residences—Forest Service estimates derived from data in U.S. Department of Com- merce, Bureau of the Census. United States census of hous- ing, 1960. Vol. IV, Pt. 1—A. 1962. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. life, it has been assumed that replacements will continue to rise during the projection period. With the assumed replacement rates, demand for replacement units becomes the major item of projected housing production by the last decade of the century (table 117, fig. 61). By the 1990’s projected net replacements average about 1.2 million units a year—almost twice the average of the 1960’s, and about half of the projected total demand for housing in that decade. About a quarter of the projected replacement demand in the next three decades is for mobile homes. This reflects in large part the compara- tively short life of mobile homes. Little reliable data are available on this matter and estimates of probable life vary widely. In this analysis an 154 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER -IN THE UNITED STATES Demand for new housing by source of demand 1920-72 with projections (medium level] to 2000 2,500 2,000 1,500 THOUSAND UNITS 1,000 500 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 61 average life of about 12 years for mobile homes was assumed for the decade of the 1970’s, in- creasing to about 20 years by 2000. This upward trend in average life in effect assumes a general upgrading in the quality of the units built. Vacancies The third major component of housing demand is vacancies. For the purposes of this report, vacancies have been divided into (1) units for sale or rent, (2) second homes and other units not for sale or rent, and (3) dilapidated units. The first category includes units intended for year-round occupancy and on the market for sale or rent, and units sold or rented and awaiting occupancy. Vacancy rates for this category have shown a wide range (table 119). Because the 3.5 percent rate of 1970 was apparently below normal, an increase to 4.1 percent—about the average of the late 1960’s—was assumed for the projection period. The second category of vacancies includes units intended for seasonal occupancy, plus units held for occasional use, units temporarily occupied by persons who have a usual place of residence elsewhere, and units held for personal reasons of the owner. In recent years, such vacancies have composed between 3.5 and 5.8 percent of the housing inventory. With the increased income, leisure time, and mobility that has been assumed, it was estimated that demand for seasonal units would rise, so that this vacancy rate would increase from 3.5 percent in 1970 to about 4.6 percent by 1980 (medium projection), with a subsequent rise to about 6.3 percent in 2000 (table 119). Demand for seasonal units is closely related to per capita disposable personal income and to numbers of TABLE 118.—Housing unit replacements, 1920-70, — with projections to 2000 | —— SS eee ee Replacements 2 Period inven- Net tory ! Gross ! Number!] Rate Thousands Thousands Thousands Percent 1920—-29_ _ __ 28, 614 115. 0 7.8 (3) 1930-5395 2 = 34, 958 105. 0 — 10852 (3) 1940-49____ 41, 731 210. 0 —72. 2 (3) 1950-59_ _ __ §2, 302 453. 1 267. 4 0. 51 1960-69_ -_- 63, 550 691. 3 591.3 - 93 Low projections a 1970-79_ _ _- 75, 800 900. 0 800. 0 1. 06 1980—-S9_ _ __ 90,200 | 1, 060.0 960. 0 1. 07 1990-99____| 102,600 | 1,120.0] 1,120.0 1. 09 ee Ea ee | Medium projections ——————— EE EE eee 1970-79. _ _- 76, 200 $20. 0 820. 0 1. 08 1980-89. _ __ 91, 500 1, 120. 0 1, 020. 0 1 1990-99____| 105, 200 1, 310. 0 1, 210.0 1.15 ee a ee | ee High projections po tt | a 1970-79522 76, 400 940. 0 840. 0 1. 10 1980-89 _ _ _- 92, 500 1, 190. 0 1, 090. 0 1. 18 1990-99__-_| 107, 900 1, 410. 0 1, 310. 0 1. 21 1 Average annual number for the period. ; ? Gross replacement is the total number of units lost from the housing inventory. Net replacement is gross replacement less the number of units added by_ means other than new housing unit construction (that is, con- version of one unit to two or more units, conversion of nonresidential space to housing units, etc.). 3 Less than 0.05 percent. Sources: Housing unit inventory, 1920-30—Forest Service estimated average for the decade derived by adding estimated vacancies (table 119) to reported number of households (table 115). ; ; Replacements, 1920-49—Forest Service estimates de- rived from demolition data published by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Historical statistics of the United States, calcnial times to 1957. 1960; 1950-59— United States census of housing, 1960. Vol. IV, Pt. 1-A 1962; 1960-69—Forest Service estimates derived from housing start vacancy change and housing inventory data. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. people in the middle to older age classes. Hence, there are significant differences between pro- jected high and low rates of second home de- mand, especially toward the end of the century. Projected total vacancy rates rise from the 1970 level of 7.6 percent to 10.4 percent in 2000 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 155 TasBLE 119.—Housing vacancies, 1920-70, with projections to 2000 Proportion of housing inventory Year | Vacant units Total For sale or Not for sale Dilapidated rent ! or rent ? | Thousands | Percent Percent Percent Percent 1920222 200 0.8 NA A NA 2S) ae Sees 2,590 7.9 NA NA NA Co ae ee 2,361 6. 3 4.1 262 Noes. eee i eS eee 3,168 6.9 1.6 | 4.2 5a (a ee 5,444 | 9.3 3.5 4.9 .9 | 5,214 7.6 3.5 3.5 Ba) DE eee eee Low projections POR Roe 6,900 8.3 4.0 ANOa Loe te 1990". ee 8,700 9. 0 4.1 AO |e ea ees 2000 23 10,300 9.5 4.1 A beeps erent es nee Medium projections ee 7,200 8. 6 4.0 ANGAt 35 ee eee ge T= 9,400 9.5 4.1 Drag |. coe ok. eee Li) 11,600 10. 4 4.1 G35 1| Saas See ees High projections Do a ee ee 7,400 8.7 4.0 Apes 23 | 5 aw Se ORG 2 = = 10,000 10. 0 4.1 FO a| ee a ee Se aN eee ee 12,800 sib! 4.1 Oe eae a ee ee 1 Data for 1960, 1970, and projections include units available for sale or rent and and units sold or rented awaiting occupancy. For 1940 and 1950 units sold or rented awaiting occupancy not included. For 1940 includes dilapidated units. 2 Data for 1960, 1970, and projections include seasonal units, units held for occasional use, temporarily occupied units, and units held for personal reasons of the owner. For 1940 and 1950 also includes units sold or awaiting occupancy. (medium level). The associated demand for new housing unit production is estimated at 200 thousand units annually in the 1970’s (medium level), rising to 220 thousand units in the 1980’s and 1990’s (table 117, fig. 61). These vacancy rates, and associated housing demand, do not include vacant mobile homes. The estimates of mobile home demand (table 120), however, do include allowances for mobile home vacancies, as well as for mobile home units used for nonhousing purposes. Total Demand for New Housing The total number of housing units produced in the United States during the 1960’s averaged 1.65 million units per year (table 120). This was slightly above the average for the 1950’s and about double the numbers produced in the 1920’s and 1940’s. Note: Does not include vacant mobile homes. Sources: Forest Service estimates derived from data in the following sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Historical statistics of the United States, colonial times to 1957. 1960; 1970 census of housing. Ser. HC(V1)-1, 1971. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Production of housing units jumped to 2.4 million units in 1971, and to 2.9 million units in 1972—materially above the trend level pro- jected in this study for the early 1970’s. However, housing has been highly cyclical (fig. 61), and production in peak years can be expected to sub- stantially exceed trend values. The trend level projections shown in this study and similar projections prepared by the National Association of Homebuilders,’® show a sharply rising trend in housing demand in the 1970's. By the early 1980’s the medium projection of this study reaches more than 2.7 million units annually (fig. 62). Starting in the late 1980's there is some decline in projected housing demand— 18National Association of Home Builders. Housing requirements for the ’70’s. Econ. News Notes 18(7). Washington. July 1972. 156 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 120.—Average annual production of new housing units, by type of unit, 1920-72, with projections to 2000 [Thousand units] Conventional units Mobiles Period Total demand One- and Multi- Used as Not used as Total two- family Total primary primary family residences residences 1920-29 803. 4 803. 4 636. 2 B67..2.|.2 2 SE Re een 1930=39 2) eee 365. 1 365. 1 319. 7 Ce eee i oe Mk NO Oe eo 1940-49________ 809. 0 780. 5 LeD 69. 3 28704 |b se eee Ee 2 ha ee ei 1950-5 92e as wee 1,522, 4 1,460. 1 1,318. 0 142.1 62. 6 40. 4 22. 2 1960—6 9a 1,648. 7 1,443. 2 981.9 461.3 205. 5 164. 4 41.1 1970 a a re oe 1,870. 2 1,469. 0 863. 1 605. 8 ALOT sD [hha da ey ath on ca i | acta ae 119 (ile eee ae ed 2,581. 1 2,084. 5 1,216.5 868. 1 Ce al eee eMe rae ROE TTI ES 1972 tee eee ie 2,954. 4 2,378. 5 1,383. 0 995. 4 STOHON Se SoS DET | ie ede cea Low projections UOMO {Ones ah 2,400. 0 1,880. 0 1,110.0 770. 0 520. 0 420. 0 100. 0 LO8O—8 92a Vee 2,450. 0 1,960. 0 1,330. 0 630. 0 490. 0 390. 0 100. 0 1990=9ORE earn 2,290. 0 1,850. 0 1,350. 0 500. 0 440. 0 350. 0 90. 0 Medium projections LOZO=719 sees 2,500. 0 1,970. 0 1,160. 0 810. 0 530. 0 420. 0 110. 0 1OSOSSORe as 2,620. 0 2,100. 0 1,410. 0 690. 0 520. 0 420. 0 100. 0 1990=99s as 2,560. 0 , 070. 0 1,460. 0 610. 0 490. 0 400. 0 90. 0 High projections IS7OR79saea2 Soe 2,580. 0 2,040. 0 1,190. 0 850. 0 540. 0 430. 0 110. 0 1980=89- ane os 2,780. 0 2,230. 0 1,490. 0 740. 0 550. 0 440. 0 110. 0 1990-9982 ae 2,930. 0 2,370. 0 1,590. 0 780. 0 560. 0 450. 0 110. 0 Sources: Housing starts, 1929-49 and 1960-62—Forest Service estimates derived from data in the following sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census: Housing construction statistics, 1889 to 1964. 1966; 1960 census of housing. Vol. I, Pt. 2, 1953; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nonfarm housing starts, 1889-1958. Bull. 1260, 1959; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1950-59—U nited States census of housing, 1960. Vol. IV, Pt. 1—A, 1962; 1963-69— Housing starts. Cons. Rep. Ser. C29-71-6, 1971; 1970-72— Housing starts. Cons. Rep. Ser. C20-73-3, 1973. Total mobile homes, 1940-49—Forest Service estimates derived from data in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1950 census of housing. Vol. I, Pt. 1, 1953; 1950-59—Forest Service estimates derived from data in U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and a reflection of the decline in birth rates in the 1960’s. By 2000, however, projected housing demand rises again to about 2.8 million units. The high and low projections follow similar trends. The projections of housing demand in the 1970’s used in this study are somewhat below National Defense Services Administration. Construction Review. 7(3), 1961; Construction Review. 12(8), 1966; Mobile Home/ Recreational Dealer Magazine. Market Study, 1967-1968, 1969; 1960-63—U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration. Constructicn Review 5 1964-1969—Bureau of the Census. Housing starts. Cons. Rep. Ser. C20-71-6, 1971; 1970-72—-Housing starts. Cons. Rep. Ser. C20-73-3. 1973. Mobiles used as primary residences, Forest Service estimates derived from data published by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. United States census of housing, 1960. Vol. IV, Pt. 1-A. 1962. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. housing goals.!° Differences between these goals and the high projection of this study, for example, amount to 0.8 million units over the 1973-78 period. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Housing and Currency. 2nd Annual report on national housing goals. U.S. Cong., 91st, 2nd sess., Hous. Doc. 91-292. 1970. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS sre New housing unit production by type of unit, 1920-72, with projections (medium level] to 2000 THOUSAND UNITS 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 62 Demand for New Housing by Type of Unit Because of large differences in quantities of timber products used per unit, type of housing units demanded is of major importance in projecting demands for timber products. In the 1920-72 period 1- and 2-family units were the dominant types of new units produced (table 120, fig. 62). There has, however, been a substantial amount of variation in the relative importance of these units. During the 1920’s, proportions of 1- and 2-family units reached a low of about 73 percent of all new units produced. By the mid- 1950’s such units accounted for over 90 percent of all new units. In the late 1950’s the trend changed again and by 1972 1- and 2-family units accounted for only 47 percent of total housing production. From the 1920’s through most of the 1950’s multifamily units accounted for the remaining housing output but by the late 1950’s the mobile home had emerged as a significant source of new housing. In 1972 mobiles composed over 19 percent of total new housing production. Single-family housing units have typically been occupied by middle age classes, a response to family size and income. Occupancy of multi- family units and mobile homes, on the other hand, has been highest among the younger age classes, which typically have small families and relatively lower incomes and among older age classes. In this study, occupancy rates by age class and type of unit prevailing in the late 1960’s were assumed to continue through the projection period. Prospective shifts in age distribution of the population indicated earlier in this section result in substantial changes in projected demands for the various types of units (table 120, fig. 62). Projected demand for 1- and 2-family units continues to increase in the 1970-2000 period and constitutes the major element of housing demand. Projected demand for multifamily units is relatively high in the 1970’s, because of the large number of young households, but drops in the 1980’s and early 1990’s. Projected demand for mobile units used as primary residences remains relatively constant during the projection period. Additional produc- tion of mobile homes is expected for part-time use as vacation homes, offices, and other non- dwelling purposes. An estimated 20 percent of all mobile units produced in 1970 was used in this way and this percentage is assumed to continue. Projected total demand for mobile homes thus averages about 500,000 units a year (medium level). Conversions Conversions of existing housing units into two or more units, and conversion of nonresidential structures to housing units, has at times met a substantial part of the Nation’s housing demands. In the 1930’s, for example, more than one-third of all units provided came from such conver- sions. Projected housing replacement demands include an allowance of 100,000 net conversions per year—about the same number as in the late 1960’s (table 118). Timber Products Use Per Dwelling Unit Since the beginning of the 1960’s there have been significant changes in average unit use of timber products in housing (table 121). Use of plywood and building boards, per unit, has risen substantially, while use of lumber has declined. These trends reflect factors such as changes in unit size, structural and architectural charac- teristics, and materials substitution. Trends in unit size—In the 1960’s there was a fairly steady increase in size of single-family units constructed, with the average rising from 1,340 square feet in 1962 to 1,500 square feet in 1970.2° This growth in size of units contributed to the rise in use of plywood per single-family unit and partially offset a downward trend in lum- ber use per square foot of floor area. There also has been an increase in the average size of multifamily units. In 1965—the first year such data became available—5 percent of the new units in privately owned apartment buildings had three or more bedrooms, 44 percent had two bed- rooms, and the remainder were one bedroom or efficiency units. By 1970, units with three or more 20 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Characteristics of new one-family homes: 1970. C25-70-13. 1971. 158 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 121.—Timber products consumed per housing unit, by type ~f unit, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 * Lumber Plywood (%-inch basis) Building board 2 (34-inch basis) Year One- and Multi- Mobile One- and Multi- Mobile One- and Multi- Mobile two-family| family homes |two-family| family homes |two-family| family homes Board feet Board feet Board feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet | 96222 ae 11, 190 4, 500 1, 510 3, 010 1, 800 1 S40 ie Bao aaa Cee | See ee 197O0zs 2 S= 10, 840 3, 700 1, 680 5, 385 1, 910 1, 300 1, 570 125 1, 590 Projections NOSOE= eee ae 10, 660 3, 400 C95 6, 140 1, 950 1, 510 1, 860 140 1, 625 1990 eS eee 10, 500 3, 100 1, 895 6, 470 1, 975 1, 620 2, 100 155 1, 680 2000222205. 10, 260 2, 900 2, 000 6, 670 1, 985 1, 720 2, 310 170 1, 775 1Tncludes both hardwoods and softwoods. Includes allowance for on-site and manufacturing waste. bedrooms had increased to 11 percent and two bedroom units to 47 percent of the total.”! Mobile homes have shown the largest increase in average size. In 1962, only a fourth of the mobile homes produced were more than 10 feet wide, compared to over 90 percent in 1968. By 1970 an estimated 8 percent of the mobile homes produced were 14 feet wide and nearly 10 percent were double-wide sectional units. The double-wides are not only relatively large units but many utilize heavier framing members and pitched roofs. Lengths of mobile homes also increased sub- stantially from typical lengths of 29 to 45 feet in the early 1960’s to units as long as 70 feet. For the future it was assumed that the rise in family incomes and preferences of home buyers will lead to further growth in average size of all types of housing units produced. Structural and architectural characteristics.— Along with growth in average size of units, the percentage of new single-family houses built with garages grew from 50 to 65 percent between 1950 and 1969.” Given the growing affluence assumed in this study, the trend to more and larger garages appears likely to continue. Other changes have led to the virtual dis- appearance of porches that were once a feature of nearly all one-family houses. Recently, however, many houses have been built with wooden decks which serve many of the purposes of the earlier porches. 21U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Housing starts. C20-71-5. 1971. 22 Characteristics of new one-family houses: 1970. op. cit.; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics. New housing and its materials, 1940-56. Bull. 1231. 1968. 2 Hardboard, insulation board, and particleboard. See Append V, table 5, for projections of demand for these products. Average unit use of timber products, especially lumber, has been reduced with the rapid growth in proportions of housing units built with concrete slab foundations. Between 1956 and 1970, the proportion of single-family units constructed in this way rose from 16 percent to 36 percent.” Construction of houses on slab foundations seems likely to continue to grow, although at a slower rate than in the past, in response to continued population shifts to the South and Southwestern sections of the Nation where slab construction is used in a large proportion of single-family houses. A new construction innovation that may offset losses in timber products due to increased slab construction is the all-weather wood foundation system which uses substantial amounts of iumber and plywood instead of concrete or block construction. Another change that has significantly reduced timber products use per unit has been the increased importance of two-story houses. In 1956 less than 10 percent of the new, one-family houses had two stories, in contrast to 17 percent a decade and a half later.* This type of construction reduces substantially the roof area and roofing materials required to cover a given floor area. Two-story construction permits enlarging house size without increasing the size of the building lot, a factor that should become increasingly important in the future with rising land values. Rising land values have apparently also been an important factor in the rapid growth in construc- tion of townhouses or row houses in recent years. Most of these units have common masonry side 2 Ibid. 4 Tbid. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 159 walls with consequent savings in the materials used for framing, sheathing and exterior walls. It was assumed in this analysis that proportions of townhouses will continue to increase. Prefabrication of structural members such as roof trusses and increased factory fabrication of housing components and units have tended to lower average unit use of some wood products, primarily through reduction of waste and improved design. This trend toward use of prefabricated housing components and some increase in factory fabrication is expected to continue through the projection period, although problems of building codes, consumer tastes, transportation costs, and fragmentation of the building industry may act as constraints on a major shift to industrialized housing. In conventional on-site construction, more efficient use of wood, such as wider spacing of studs and other structural members, has tended to bring about somewhat lower use of timber products per unit. There are also opportunities for additional savings in use of materials by changes in design and specifications. Materials substitution—The rising trends in use of plywood and building board per housing unit and the concomitant drop in lumber use has reflected extensive substitution of plywood and building board for lumber in such uses as sheathing and subflooring. For example, between 1959 and 1968, average lumber use for sheathing and sub- flooring in single-family houses inspected by FHA declined from 1,667. board feet per unit to 975 board feet.” Plywood use for these components in this period rose from an average of 1,314 square feet to 3,086 square feet (%-inch basis). : In addition to such wood-for-wood substitution, wood products have been displaced in a number of applications by metal siding, by plastic trim, and by nonwood flooring materials. Substitution of carpeting for oak flooring has had a particularly marked effect on wood use in apartment construc- tion. Metal framing systems—steel and aluminum— have been used in single-family house construction as well as in multifamily structures. Although use of such systems in single-family construction has been quite limited, one recent study concluded that substantial displacement could occur with a 30 to 50 percent increase in relative prices of lumber over the 1970 level. Another study % Phelps, Robert B. Wood products used in single- family houses inspected by the Federal Housing Adminis- i. 1959, 1962, and 1968. USDA Stat. Bull. 452, 29 p. 6 Kroll, Seymour and Associates, Inc. A comparative research study of wood and metal framing systems. Western Wood Products Association Report WWP-1, Copy 1. Portland, Oregon. 1971. indicated that with 1972 prices of materials and labor, that is, with relative lumber prices 35 percent above 1970, lumber retained a slight cost advantage over steel for exterior studs and for floor framing for most builders, but had a substantial disadvantage for interior studs.” Projected timber products use factors —The pro- jections of lumber and other timber products used per housing unit shown in table 121 have been based upon a judgment evaluation of the various factors discussed above. For the initial projection, with 1970 relative prices of timber products, it was assumed that total use of timber products per square foot of floor area in 1- and 2-family housing, would decline slightly, as shown by the following tabulation: Floor area Lumber Plywood (square Building board (square (board feet, %-inch (square feet, All timber products (board Year feet) feet) basis) 1%-inch basis) feet equivalent) 1GAD-ee~ 1,335 8. 38 2. 25 0.99 11. 30 1970=. = 1, 475 7.35 3. 65 1.06 11. 54 Projections 1980_ - 1,615 6. 60 3. 80 1.15 11.01 1990_- 1,680 6. 25 3. 85 1. 25 10. 80 2000- - 1,710 6.00 3.90 1.35 10. 69 Projected lumber use continues to drop while use of plywood and panel products is expected to rise. The projections assume substantial increases in the per unit use of building board in all types of units. Use of particleboard is expected to rise fairly rapidly, with moderate increases in use of hardboard, and a decline in use of insulation board per unit. There may be a much larger rise in the use of particleboard if structural grades are developed which can be substituted for ply- wood in roof sheathing and subflooring. Projected Demand for Timber Products in New Housing Total consumption of lumber in new residential construction amounted to an estimated 12.3 bil- lion board feet in 1970 (table 122). This was somewhat below the average for the 1962-70 period and much below consumption of 19.5 billion board feet in 1972. The medium projection of lumber demand— derived. from the medium projection of demand for housing, the wood use factors shown in table 121, and 1970 price relationships—rises substan- tially during the 1970’s and early 1980’s to more than 18 billion board feet by 1990 (table 122). Demand for plywood and building board roughly doubles in the projection period to about 12 billion square feet of plywood and 4.4 billion square feet of building board. : Under the higher price assumptions specified earlier, projected demand for timber products 27 Koeningshof, Gerald A. Comparative in-place cost between wood and steel residential floor and wall framing. Unpublished. U.S. Forest Serv. Washington. Dec. 1972. 160 TaBLE 122.—Timber products consumed in new housing, 1962 and 1970, with projections of demand (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Plywood Building Year Lumber (%-inch basis) board 2 (14-inch basis) Million board feet Million square feet Million square feet 1962____ 13, 940 5 . 1970 5-—— 12, 270 6, 330 2, 070 Low projections 1980____ 16, 160 9, 560 3, 170 1990____ 17, 310 10, 900 3, 800 2000____ 16, 000 10, 680 3, 980 Medium projections 1980____ 17, 180 10, 150 3, 360 1990s 18, 650 11, 750 4, 080 2000__- 17, 950 11, 990 4, 440 High projections 1980____ 18, 240 10, 770 3, 550 1990____ 20, 000 12, 600 4, 370 2000-___- 20, 770 13, 910 5, 130 ‘Includes both hardwoods and softwoods. Includes allowance for on-site and manufacturing waste. * Hardboard, insulation board, and particleboard. in new housing would be significantly lower than the estimates shown in table 122. The summary section of this chapter includes estimates of the effect of alternative price assumptions on total demand for lumber, plywood, and building board in all uses. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN RESI- ~DENTIAL UPKEEP AND IMPROVEMENTS In addition to the timber products used in construction of new residential units, substantial volumes are used annually for the upkeep and improvement of units in the existing housing inventory. Expenditures for Residential Upkeep and Improve- ments In the period 1960-72, the years for which the most reliable data are available, expenditures for upkeep and improvements generally fluctuated between $12 and $13. billion annually (1967 dollars). For the purposes of this study it was assumed that in the projection period expenditures would grow at about the same rate as the housing inventory. Under this assumption, projected THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 123.—Erpenditures and timber products use per thousand dollars of expenditure, resi- dential upkeep and improvements, 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Use per thousand dollars of expenditures Year Total Plywood | Building expenditures | Lumber (36-inch board ! basis) (14-inch basis) Millions of Board feet Square feet Square feet 1967 dollars 1970252 12, 067 390 210 90 Low projections 1980___ 14, 300 350 215 95 1990___ 16, 740 330 220 105 2000_ __ 18, 640 320 225 110 Medium projections 1980___ 14, 470 350 215 95 1990___ Il Tal) 330 220 105 2000_ _ - 19, 320 320 225 110 High projections 1980___ 14, 610 350 215 95 1990_ == 17, 390 330 220 105 2000__- 20, 040 320 225 110 ‘Includes hardboard, insulation board, and _ particle- board. Sources: Expenditures: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Residential alterations and repairs. C50-67A, Pt. 1, 1968, and C50-70A, 1971. Timber products use: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. annual expenditures rise to about $19.3 billion (medium level) by 2000 (table 123). This involves a slight increase in annual expenditures per household. Timber Products Use and Projected Demand Lumber consumption per thousand dollars of expenditure for upkeep and improvements of residential structures, based upon surveys in sample cities, was estimated at about 390 board feet in 1970 (table 123). It was assumed that future lumber use per dollar would decline at about the same rate as per unit use in new 1- and 2-family construction. With the assumed increases in expenditures, total lumber demand rises from 4.7 billion board feet in 1970 to about 5.1 billion board feet by 1980 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 161 TaBLE 124.—Timber products consumed in residential upkeep and improvements, 1970, with projections of demand (1970 relative prices) to 2000 * Year Lumber Plywood Building board ? (%-inch basis) (44-inch basis) Million board feet Million square feet Million square feet BOZO Se See 4, 690 2, 510 ; Projections Year Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High 1980: ==> Fe: 5, 000 5, 060 5, 110 3, 060 3, 100 3, 130 1, 360 1, 370 1, 390 $990.23 = ==. 5, 560 5, 680 5, 770 3, 720 3, 800 3, 860 1, 720 1, 760 1, 790 2OU0. <== == 2 5, 930 6, 140 6, 370 4,190 4, 350 4,510 2, 070 2, 140 2, 220 1Includes both hardwoods and softwoods. Includes allowance for on-site and manufacturing waste. (medium projection at 1970 relative prices), with a further increase to 6.1 billion board feet by 2000 (table 124). Plywood use per thousand dollars of expenditures in 1970 was estimated to be about 210 square feet. It was assumed that this average would rise slowly to about 225 square feet in 2000, with the associated total demand (medium projection) over 4.3 billion square feet—about 70 percent above the level of use in 1970. Building board use averaged about 90 square feet per thousand dollars of expenditures in 1970 and is assumed to increase to about. 110 square feet by 2000. Given this average use and pro- jected expenditures, projected demand for build- ing board in 2000 is 2.1 billion square feet—nearly double the level of use in 1970. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN NEW NONRESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION Nearly 10 percent of the lumber and plywood used in the United States in 1970—plus substantial volumes of building board—was consumed in a wide variety of nonresidential buildings and structures. In this study, nonresidential construction was divided into five classes: (1) private commercial buildings (offices, stores, warehouses, etc.); (2) other buildings (public and private nonhouse- keeping, industrial, educational, religious, hospital and institutional buildings) ; (3) utility, water, and sewer systems; (4) highways; and (5) all other (military facilities, conservation and development projects, railroad construction except track con- struction, and construction not included in other categories). Nonresidential Construction Expenditures Expenditures in these classes of construction in recent decades have fluctuated rather widely in ? Hardboard, insulation board, and particleboard. response to changing economic conditions (table 125, fig. 63). The longrun trend has been strongly upward, however, with expenditures in most classes rising between three and five times in the 50 years 1920 to 1970. Expenditures for highway construction have shown even larger increases, a reflection of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 which authorized the interstate highway system. Per capita expenditures also increased in the 1920-70 period, roughly doubling for most classes of nonresidential construction (Append. V, table Although growth rates for some classes are dropping, substantial increases are projected for each class of construction, ranging from around 2 times for highways to around 3 times for com- mercial buildings. Per capita expenditures almost double (medium projection) for all classes com- bined (Append. V, table 6). Total projected ex- penditures for new nonresidential construction rise from $49 billion (1967 dollars) in 1970 to $145 billion in 2000 (medium projection). Timber Products Use in Nonresidential Construction There have been divergent trends in the use of different timber products in nonresidential con- struction in recent years (table 126, fig. 64; Append. V, tables 7-9). Between 1962 and 1970, for example, estimated consumption of lumber dropped from 3.0 to 2.6 billion board feet. Plywood use, on the other hand, rose from 1.3 to 1.7 billion square feet (%-inch basis) and building board increased from 0.4 to 0.7 billion square feet (44-inch basis). In the post World War II years total expendi- tures for nonresidential construction rose an aver- age of 5.0 percent annually. During this period there were close statistical relationships between changes in expenditures for most classes of con- struction and changes in gross national product (fig. 63). 162 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER -IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLe 125.—Expenditures for new nonresidential construction! by construction class 1920-70, with projections to 2000 Buildings All classes Utilities, water and Highways All other 5 sewer systems 4 Commercial 2 Other 3 Year |) ha ea Ee ee eee a ee ee eee | ee Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of change change change change change change Billions Billions Billions Billions Billions Billions of 1967 of 1967 of 1967 of 1967 of 1967 of 1967 dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent ollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent 1920__- 1156322 cee ss DON Reasons se by) 1 es ren QD Sa eee 09; | -ae ee ees be ae 1925_.- 20. 2 11.7 3.7 12.8 8.0 9.5 4.3 14.0 1.9 16.5 2.3 10.8 1930__- 23.5) 3.1 3.4 —1.6 8.5 1.3 4.9 2.8 3.5 12.0 3.2 6.9 1935__- 11.6 —13.1 nal —20.8 3.2 —17.6 1.6 —20.1 2.0 —10.7 3.7 3.4 1940__ 17.9 8.9 1.5 6.4 5.4 10.7 3.1 14.3 3.3 10.7 4.6 4.1 1945___ 11.4 —8.6 -6 —15.1 51 —1.2 2.0 —9.1 aif —26.2 3.0 —7.9 1950__- 24.0 16.0 255 31.6 8.9 11.9 6.2 26.1 3.2 34.8 3.2 .9 1955__- 33. 4 6.9 4.8 13. 4 13.0 7.9 6.4 -8 Del 10.1 4.1 5.1 1960_- 38. 0 2.6 iP) WY 14.1 1.9 6.9 1.3 6.7 5.6 5.0 3.7 1965__- 49.2 5.3 6.7 5.4 20.3 7.3 8.5 4.4 8.4 4.3 5.3 IBY 1966__- 51.9 5.6 6.6 -1.9 22.1 9.1 9.1 7.2 8.7 4.2 5.4 1.6 1967__- 51.3 —1.0 6.4 —2.6 21.3 —3.6 9.6 4.9 8.6 -1.3 5.4 4 1968__- 52.7 DE 7.3 13.8 20.0 —6.0 1b Bal 15.2 8.9 3.7 5.4 4 1969__ 52.2 -1.1 8.1 10.8 20. 2 8 10.5 —5.4 &.2 —7.8 5.2 —4.3 1970_- 49.5 —5.1 Tat —4.7 18.0 10.6 11.1 5.6 7.9 —4.1 4.8 —7.0 Low projections 1980-_-- 73.9 63.0 11.4 63.2 30.1 63.2 14.0 63.4 11.4 62.4 7.0 62.3 1990___ 98. 2 2.9 15.4 3.1 40.5 3.0 19.7 3.5 13.9 2.0 8.7 2.2 2000-_- 129.4 2.8 20. 8 3.0 53. 4 2.8 28.1 3.6 16.3 1.6 10.8 2:1 Medium projections 1980--- 76.8 63.4 11.8 63.6 31.3 63.6 14.5 63.8 11.9 62.8 7.3 62.7 1990___ 106. 2 3.3 16.7 3.5 43.8 3.4 21.3 3.9 15.0 2.4 9.4 2.6 2000-.-- 145. 2 3.2 23.3 3.4 60.0 3.2 31.5 4.0 18.3 2.0 12.1 25 High projection 1980__- 79.9 63.8 12.3 64.0 32.6 64.0 15.1 64.2 12.3 63.2 7.6 63.1 1990___ 114.8 3.7 18.0 3.9 47.3 3.8 23.0 4.3 16.3 2.8 10.2 3.0 2000--- 163.1 3.6 26. 2 3.8 67 3 3.6 35. 4 4.4 20. 6 2.4 13.6 2.9 1 Excludes farm construction. 2 Includes private commercial buildings such as offices, stores, warehouses, and restaurants. 3 Includes public and private nonhousekeeping, industrial, educational, religious, hospital and institutional, and similar miscellaneous buildings. 4 Includes telephone and telegraph, other public utilities, sewer systems, and water supply facilities. 5 Includes military facilities, conservation and development, railroad construction except track construction, and all other public and private construction not included in other categories. 6 Rates of increase calculated from the following 1970 trend values: All classes, $54.9 billion; commercial buildings, $8.3 billion; noncommercial buildings, $22.0 billion; utilities, water and sewer systems, $10.0 billion; highways, $9.0 billion; and all other, $5.6 billion. Projections based on those relationships, and the assumed increases in the gross national product, indicate a continuing strong rise in expenditures for new nonresidential construction through the 1970-2000 period but at a declining rate in most classes. The drop in projected growth rates is largest for highways—a reflection of the expectation that the big increases in expenditures in the late 1950’s and 1960’s associated with funding of the interstate highway system will not be repeated. On the other hand, assumed in- creases in rates of growth in expenditures for utili- ties, and water and sewer systems are based on the expectation that increases will be necessary to maintain or improve the environment. Note: Construction expenditures converted to 1967 dollars by U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service. Annual rates of increase are calculated for 5-year periods from 1920 through 1965, for 1-year periods 1965 through 1970, and for 10-year periods through 2000. Sources: Construction expenditures, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1920-61—A supplement to construction review, construction statistics 1915-1964. Business and Defense Services Administration, 1966; 1962—70—Value of new construction put in place 1958-1970. Bureau of the Census, Constr. Rept. C-30-70S, 1971. Projections—U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. The major part ot the lumber consumed in nonresidential construction in 1970 was used in connection with concrete forming or other facili- tating uses. The remainder went into structural uses such as decking, joists, rafters, beams, and prefabricated trusses and arches. Most of the plywood consumed in 1970 also was used for facilitating purposes, primarily for the forming of concrete. The largest part of the build- ing board consumed, was used for structural purposes such as decking, subflooring, and sheathing. Timber Products Use Per Dollar of Construction Expenditure The drop in consumption of lumber in the 1962— 70 period reflected a general decline in the use of 163 oa a expenditures 1980 1960 ° S ° ” 5 se S ono + aa ge3 eg S onmo «+ a se = ra) = i a, suv11ogd NOI118 Sav110gd NOIT19 Suv1100 NOITNI9 N sO Oo net ek ae Oe | 900 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 800 Expenditures for new nonresidential construction Relationships 600 Gross national product (billion dollars) 5 Gross national product (billion dollars) 400 Faia ES ch SB PS RS . (SYv1100 NOI1II8) SAYNLIGNadxa (SYv1100 NOI118) SAYNLIGNadXa (SYv110d NOITIHA) SAYNLIGNAdXa Figure 63 Gross national product (billion dollars) THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES! Expenditures for new nonresidential construction n” ® RS = = [is ® [ox x ® 2 ie) —_ ” L ae) xe) me) NS sO Oo Relationships ° fo} ° rs} ro} S So So S aq nN nN ul So fo} & & & | o s s LE ‘s) 2 ° o o a 5 n io Os = ss KR K K ee ; ; : lo} So fo} EB Se} So So) B oa a oa | a ° ° wo wo ie) el es : ‘ i 0 a) x ~~ aa oO Oo RS coo ° ono = = eo Som oO a = Gross national product (billion dollars) sav110d NOI11/9. Gross national product (billion dollars) suv110d NOI1I9 Gross national product (billion dollars) Figure 63—Continued 164 SS S a ao nN o wo Ps o N oO Pod wo St; oO N (= Oo (=) (SYv1100 NOI119) SSYNLIGN3dx3 (SYv11Od NOMI) S3YNLIGN3dx4 (SYv11O0d NOI11I8) S3YNLIGN3dX3 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 165 Taste 126.—Timber products consumed in new nonresidential construction, by major product, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Lumber Plywood (%-inch basis) | Building board ! (!4-inch basis) Year | “a Use per $1,000 of Use per $1,000 of Use per $1,000 of Total expenditures ? Total | expenditures ? Total | expenditures ? | ie Million board Board feet Million square Square feet Million square | Square feet ‘eet feet feet eee 3, 040 75 1, 280 28 430 11 mo. -* eee 2, 610 53 1, 700 | 34 | 720 14.5 Low projections a 2, 920 39 2, 580 35 1, 030 14 I oS Se 3, 360 34 3, 260 | 33 1, 280 13 2 Lee 3, 880 30 4, 050 31 1, 420 11 | Medium projections So 3, 030 39 2, 680 35 1, 080 14 i eee 3, 630 34 3, 530 33 1, 380 13 2.) eee 4, 360 30 4, 550 31 1, 600 11 High projections ‘ol eee 3, 150 39 2, 800 35 1, 120 14 T190.- =e 3, 920 34 3, 800 33 1, 490 13 PAM)! = ee 4, 890 30 5, 100 31 1, 790 ro 1Includes hardboard, particleboard, insulation board. 21967 dollars. Use per $1,000 of construction expenditure for 1962 and 1970 computed by _ Forest Service. (See table 125 for construction expenditures.) Source: Timber products use, 1962 and 1970, estimates lumber per dollar of expenditure in most classes of construction, and some fall-off in construction activity in 1970. Plywood consumption per dollar also dropped in some classes, but there were sub- stantial increases in noncommercial buildings, highways, and the ‘all other’ class. Use of building board per dollar of construction expendi- ture rose in all classes. These trends in use of timber products per dollar of expenditures reflect many technological and institutional forces. For example, boards and dimension lumber were formerly used for nearly all concrete form work. When plywood with syn- thetic glues came into wide use in the 1950's, plywood was substituted to an increasing degree for form lumber. Increased durability of plywood panels, which perm‘tted a larger number of reuses, has more recently had important effects on the consumption of plywood. Growing use of rented metal forms in concrete form work has likewise become important. With development of steel frames and connecting devices some supporting dimension lumber also has been eliminated. based on Forest Service surveys except highways, which were adapted from data provided by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Public Roads. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Growing use of metal studs, joists, and decking has also contributed to the decline in lumber use per dollar. Increased off-site forming of precast and prestressed concrete beams and decking in heu of on-site forming have further reduced use of forming lumber and plywood per unit of non- residential construction. And finally, use of timber products in nonresidential construction has been strongly influenced by building code restrictions and growing urbanization, with an associated growth in demand for large high-rise structures, constructed almost entirely of steel and concrete. In contrast to the above forces, which have acted to reduce the demand for timber products there have been other developments which have tended to increase use. Use of structural wood items such as beams, trusses, and arches has been growing, especially in churches, supermarkets, schools, and warehouses. Certain architectural styles, such as the recent revival of the mansard roof, have also increased use of framing lumber and plywood. 166 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER ‘IN THE UNITED STATES Projected Demand for Timber Products in New Non- residential Construction With respect to the future, it has been assumed that the forces affecting demand will continue to reduce use of timber products per dollar of ex- penditures (table 126, fig. 64; Append. V, tables 7-9). The projected declines are not enough to offset expected increases in expenditure, however, and as a result projected demands for timber products at 1970 relative prices increase through the projection period. Projected demand for lum- ber by 2000 reaches 4.4 billion board feet (medium projection and 1970 prices)—some 67 percent above 1970. Projected demand for plywood under these assumptions rises about 2.7 times in the 30-year period, and demand for building board more than doubles. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION In 1970 close to a billion board feet of lumber, nearly all in the form of ties, and about 25 million square feet (%-inch basis) of plywood were used by the railroad industry in the maintenance and construction of tracks and freight cars. Substantial volumes of lumber and plywood were also used in the construction and main- tenance of nonresidential structures used by railroads and in the manufacture of freight cars. Information on past use and projected demands for timber products in these uses is included in other sections of this report dealing with non- residential construction and manufacturing. Between the 1920’s and the early 1960’s, the number of railway crossties used annually dropped from an average of about 96 million to less than 15 million (table 127). The downward trend in use reflected a major reduction in construction of new track, a drop in railroad track mileage, increased average life of ties resulting from use of wood preservatives, use of various devices to reduce mechanical wear and splitting of wood ties, use of welded track, and a shift to diesel locomotives with reduced track wear. Since the early 1960’s the long downward trend in crosstie use has reversed and the number consumed has been rising slowly. This rise is expected to continue because of the growing need for improved track maintenance and some decline in average tie life resulting from the trend toward heavier wheel loads, higher speed trains, and the growing volume of rail traffic. Replacement demand for crossties has there- fore been projected to rise to 31 million (medium projection at 1970 relative prices) by 1980 and remain at or slightly below this level through 2000. This rate of replacement implies an average tie life of about 30 years. It also assumes there will be no substantive reduction in the mileage of track operated. Total demand for both crossties and switch and bridge ties is projected to rise to 1.4 billion board feet by 2000—some 1.6 times consumption in 1970. In addition to ties, an estimated 200 million board feet of lumber and 25 million square feet %-inch basis) of plywood was used annually in the 1960’s in the construction and repair of railroad cars in industry owned facilities. Such factors as growing numbers of freight cars, in- creasing size of cars, and the use of heavier decking, will tend to increase demands for lumber and plywood in car repair. Changes in the types of cars, however, and use of other materials in car construction appear likely to limit demands for lumber and plywood. In view of these considera- tions demand for lumber for car construction and repair within the railroad industry has been projected at 300 million board feet, and demand for plywood at 50 million square feet, in all projection years. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN MANUFACTURING About a tenth of the lumber, veneer and ply- wood, and a third of the hardboard and particle- board, consumed in 1970 was used in_ the manufacture of a wide range of products such as furniture, truck bodies and other items listed in footnotes to table 128. These products have been divided into five groups, including: (1) household furniture, (2) commercial and institutional furniture, (3) con- sumer goods, (4) commercial and_ industrial equipment, and (5) other products. Products in each group have more or less similar characteristics in relation to timber products use, and similar relationships to basic determinants of demand such as gross national product or per capita disposable personal income. In addition to these specified manufactured items, substantial volumes of timber products are used in other manufactured goods such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings and structural members, containers, mobile homes, millwork, and flooring. Information on use and projected demands for timber products in the manufacture of these items is included in other sections of this report dealing with construction and shipping. Timber Products Use in Manufacturing Consumption of timber products in the manu- facture of goods included in this section increased substantially in the 1960’s (table 128).”* The most 28 The data for 1948, 1960, and 1965 shown in table 128 were obtained from Forest Service surveys of wood used in manufacturing industries. The 1970 estimates were up- dated from 1965 on the basis of changes in value of ship- ments and trends in wood use per dollar of shipments. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS Timber products consumed in new nonresidential construction 1962 and 1970, with projections to 2000 Lumber 80 70 60 50 40 | 30 BILLION BOARD FEET te) 1962 1970 1980 1962 1970 1980 1990 Plywood 80 70 60 50 40 30 SQUARE FEET (3/8-INCH BASIS) a a < ) x= UV Zz o ~~ = - w we “ w a < = Co 7 Zz Q = = oa 0 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 1962 1970 1980 1990 Building board 80 gee ; oe ee 50 — 30 20 BILLION SQUARE FEET (1/2-INCH BASIS) SQUARE FEET (1/2-INCH BASIS) 10 te) 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 1962 1970 Figure 64 168 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLe 127.—Railway mileage, and ties consumed, 1920-70, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Tie consumption Mileage of ane ee track operated Crossties Crossties Year ee | perimile of track Total Switch and volume Total In replacement In new track bridge ties, Total Laid on —__| volume crossties Number Volume Number Volume Number Volume Thousand | Thousand Million Million Million Million Million miles miles Number board feet | Thowsands| board feet | Thousands | board feet | Thousands | board feet | board feet 1920-20)15 sete es 400. 4 312544 | Goa 3, 598 96, 400 3, 278 90, 000 3, 060 6, 400 218 320 1930-39) lee eae Seas 399.9 371.9 2, 986 2, 085 52, 506 1, 890 50, 552 1, 820 1, 954 70 195 1940-40)1 Sse 378.3 351.8 3, 000 2, 000 48, 353 1, 837 45, 111 1,714 3, 242 123 163 1950=59)1Seaees ea Se 369.8 343.9 3, 015 1, 262 29, 523 1, 151 26, 431 1, 031 3, 092 121 lll 19608 - cee oe nese 360. 6 335. 3 3, 017 745 17, 370 677 15, 150 591 2, 220 86 68 196122 eee 357.9 332.9 3, 017 622 14, 210 554 12, 719 496 1, 489 58 68 196220 eee 354.5 329.6 3, 018 693 16, 090 628 14, 209 555 1, 881 73 65 Ue a ee 352.3 327.7 3, 019 687 16, 000 624 14, 463 564 1, 537 60 63 196432 2 cera 350. 0 325.5 3, 079 750 17, 544 684 15, 629 609 1,915 75 66 1965S Sette 2. foe 348. 0 323.6 3, 016 776 18, 198 710 15, 817 617 2, 381 93 66 19066 Ease See 346.6 322.3 3, 021 807 18, 979 740 16, 436 641 2, 543 99 67 196722 ee 344.9 320.8 3, 032 832 18, 652 765 16, 093 660 2, 559 105 67 19682 Sea Se ee 343.1 319.1 3, 031 899 20, 322 833 18, 323 751 1, 999 82 66 1960S eee 341.5 317.6 3, 031 899 21, 363 833 18, 556 724 2, 807 109 66 1970: cu oseeceeo=c 340.0 316.2 3, 030 880 20, 915 816 19, 336 754 1,579 62 64 SS Low projections 330. 0 307.0 3, 030 1, 250 29, 550 1,180 28, 190 1, 130 1, 360 50 70 325.0 302.0 3, 025 1, 260 29, 590 1,190 27, 680 1,110 1,910 80 70 322.0 299.0 3, 020 1, 270 30, 050 1, 200 27, 360 1, 090 2, 690 110 70 Medium projections 330. 0 307.0 3, 030 1, 370 32, 450 1, 300 31, 010 1, 240 1, 440 60 70 325.0 302.0 3, 025 1, 380 32, 570 1,310 30, 450 1, 220 2,120 90 70 322.0 299.0 3, 020 1, 400 33, 240 A 30, 100 1, 200 3, 140 130 70 High projections 1980 5 Se Soo ace 330. 0 307.0 3, 030 1,510 35, 960 1, 440 34, 450 1, 380 1,510 60 70 199082 Sass ern a 325.0 302. 0 3, 025 1,520 36, 170 1, 450 33, 840 1, 350 2, 330 100 70 20005 22s ae 322.0 299.0 3, 020 1, 550 37, 060 1, 480 33, 440 1, 340 3, 620 140 70 1 Data shown are annual averages for the decade. Note: Data on tie consumption by class I railroads as reported by the ICC have been adjusted to include consumption by all railroads. rapid growth was for particleboard, with consump- tion rising from 106 to 669 million square feet (%/- inch basis), and for hardboard, with use growing from 760 to 1,361 million square feet (%-inch basis). Lumber consumption also increased from 3.9 to 4.7 billion board feet in the 1960’s, but veneer and plywood use remained close to 1.7 billion square feet (%-inch basis). These recent trends reflect both growth in the volume of pro- duction of manufactured products, and technologi- cal changes which have affected the kinds and amounts of materials consumed. Manufacture of household furniture has been by far the largest end use of timber products, account- ing for more than 60 percent of the total lumber and particleboard used in manufacturing in 1970 and about half the veneer and plywood and hard- board consumed. Moreover, use of timber products in household furniture manufacture has grown substantially in the past two decades. Wood use Sources: U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Transport Economics and Statistics. 1920-53—Statistics of railways in the United States; 1954-1970— Transportation Statistics in the United States. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. by other product groups listed above has increased only moderately or has declined in recent years. Shipments of Manufactured Products Between 1960 and 1970, the value of shipments of the household furniture industry, measured in constant 1967 dollars and based on trend values, rose by an average of 4.5 percent annually (table 129, fig. 65). Value of shipments on a per capita basis also increased during this decade, rising by 3.3 percent per year (Append. V, table 10). Changes in the per capita value of household furniture shipments during recent years have been closely correlated with changes in per capita disposable personal income (fig. 65). Projections of the value of shipments of the household furniture industry based on this re- lationship, and on the population and income assumptions presented earlier in this chapter, increase threefold by 2000 (medium projection). DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 169 Tassie 128.—Timber products consumed in manufacturing, by product group, 1948, 1960, 1965 and 1970 Year and product group Particleboard (34-inch basis) Hardboard (44-inch basis) Veneer and plywood (3%-inch basis) 1948: lonusahola sorniture. = Commercial and institutional furniture__---------- Consumer goods !____-------------------------- Commercial and industrial machinery and equip- 1960: HBouscheld torniierc = Commercial and institutional furniture_-_---------- Consumer goods !________----------------------- Commercial and industrial machinery and equip- MTT t) a Be ee ee as Se 1965: Eienschelda) turmitire— = ee Commercial and institutional furniture__-_-------- Consumer goods !_-__--------------------------- Commercial and industrial machinery and equip- 1970: Eouscholda nriiLore een oe ie oe aa Commercial and institutional furniture_-_-_---------- Gonsumer goods 1__ 28-5. S25 = - = ----- Commercial and industrial machinery and equip- Million square feet 592 321 274 NA NA 723 57 NA NA 518 73 NA NA 392 130 NA NA 3 924 1, 126 NA NA 2, 116 877 231 58 289 342 145 34 643 246 30 5 414 75 58 7 403 282 296 2 3, 865 1, 822 760 106 2, 987 789 526 312 280 230 138 119 518 273 43 10 619 170 41 16 205 100 387 19 4, 609 1, 562 1, 135 476 2, 961 838 663 427 271 227 127 179 621 303 48 14 620 179 49 19 197 109 A474 30 4, 670 1, 656 1, 361 639 1 Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, wood pencils, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. - 2 Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, truck bodies and trailers, general ma- chinery, agricultural implements, electrical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden build- ings and structural members, containers, mobile homes, Annual rates of growth show a substantial decline over the projection period from 4.5 percent in the 1960’s to 3.4 percent in the 1990’s. Shipments of the other manufactured products included in this section also rose substantially in the 1948-70 period, although there were signifi- cant differences in rates of growth (table 129, fig. 65). Despite such differences, there was a close relationship between changes in the value of shipments of each group of products and changes in gross national product or disposable personal income. millwork, flooring, and other similar goods included in the construction and shipping sections of this study. Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv- ice. 1948—Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Re- source Rep. 2. 1951; 1960—Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. 1965; 1965—Wood used in navufacturing industries, 1965. Stat. Bull. 440. 1969; 1970—Based on preliminary estimates of value of ship- ments (table 129) and trends in timber products use per douar of shipments (table 130). Projections to 2000 based on these past relation- ships vary from less than a threefold increase for “other products” to over a fivefold increase for commercial and industrial equipment (medium projection at 1970 prices).** As in the case of household furniture, assumed rates of increase n 29 Separate projections of value of shipments were prepared for each of the important wood-using products listed in footnotes to table 129, based upon recent relation- ships between changes in the value of shipments and changes in gross national product or disposable personal income. These separate projections were then added together to obtain totals for major categories. 170 PER CAPITA VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (DOLLARS) 2600 VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (BILLION DOLLARS) VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (BILLION DOLLARS) 2200 1800 1400 1000 600 (HE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Value of shipments of manufactured products 1967 dollars Relationships wo o i) Oo 8 4 SPS SES) LSE] nN a VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (BILLION DOLLARS) an 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Per capita disposable personal income (dollars) VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (BILLION DOLLARS) oO 400 500 600 700 800 OF OE SSS BO eh OF ae Ole = OF SO eat OO 2 ne a VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (BILLION DOLLARS) i a 0 200 300 400 500 600 Disposable personal income (billion dollars) Figure 65 Total value of shipments 30 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1960 1970 1980 1940 1950 1990 2000 2000 2000 171 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS Value of shipments of manufactured products Total value of shipments 1967 dollars Relationships 95 1950 1960 1970 1980 1940 800 a ra gs N 3 c 19 es ot > me) ° - a 3° ble 2 ° c a (~ aR on 10) Mo °o ® 8 8 ° & (suv1100 NOI1198) SLNIWdIHS 4O ANIVA ee ia 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1950 ° x o ° eels Us ° ° = 3° CeSine So ° ° ° ee) x a N - (syv110d NOI119) SLNAWdIHS JO aNIVA ° fe) cs) 600 700 Gross national product (billion dollars) 500 400 eee AM ATR a PI I AL » > ~ ” nN (suv110G NOIN18) SLNIWdIHS JO ANIWA ee ° ° fo} ° ono 7 ° =) =) o ~~ (suv1100 NOI11I8) SLNAWdIHS JO ANIVA (SYv110G NOIT1I8) SLNAWdIHS JO INIVA 200 : 1950 1960 1970 1980 1940 600 700 800 Gross national product (billion dollars) 500 400 Figure 65—Continued 172 (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TasBLe 129.—Value of manufacturing shipments by product growp, specified years 1948-70, with projections to 2000 Commercial and insti- Commercial and in- All products Household furniture tional furniture Consumer goods 1 dustrial equipment 2 Other products 3 Year Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of increase increase increase increase increase increase Billions Billions Billions Billions Billions Billions of 1967 Percent oF 1967 Percent of 1967 Percent of 1967 Percent of 1967 Percent of 1967 | Percent dollars ollars dollars ollars dollars dollars 1948: 72282 24AN OL oe 7 ee OF Gu)2= 2 22cae 8 PO Ey Semen aoe Payee eee ie Ue PARAL ye ee 195022 22228 265. 2 4.3 BRE 6.1 -8 13.3 2.8 7.8 28.0 4.9 230.9 4.1 19552-222-"! 352. 7 5.9 3.5 5.4 16 aL 8.3 3.0 1.0 39.0 6.9 306.1 5.8 960°: Se 380. 8 1.6 3.8 1.3 1.4 4.9 3.7 4.2 47.8 4.2 324.1 bY) 1965222328 498.1 5.5 4.9 5.2 2.0 6.4 4.6 4.9 70.5 8.1 416.1 5.1 19662222225 528. 0 6.0 5.0 3.8 PRY) 12.3 4.9 5.6 80. 0 13.4 435.9 4.7 19672222 545. 2 3.3 5.1 1.2 2.3 5.3 5.0 LEY 84.1 5.1 448.7 3.0 1968: -.2-2> 577.0 5.8 5.6 8.9 213 Jat 5.2 5.0 86. 0 2.3 477.9 6.5 1969222522 601.5 4.2 5.7 2.2 2.6 10.1 5.7 9.0 89.7 4.4 497.8 4.15 1970) -222c2 591. 6 —1.6 5.3 —6.5 2.4 —7.1 5.4 —4.6 85.0 —5.3 493.5 —. 87 1948-702 224 aac nes ee AO) | Seen eae S316) | Seeoct sees 6:5) | eo se eee SHON (eee es 5: Oy | aera 3.9 Low projections 1980 ss Ses 856. 4 43.5 8.3 43.4 4.0 44.3 8.0 43.8 152.7 44.9 683. 4 43.2 1990 1, 197.7 3.4 11.4 3.2 5.9 4.0 LL 2 3.9 241.8 4.7 927.4 3.1 2000 he aesse 1, 661. 4 3.3 15.3 3.0 8.4 3.7 15.4 3.3 375.9 4.5 1, 246.4 3.0 Medium projections 1980=-52=- 907.0 44.1 8.6 43.8 4.2 44.8 8.3 44.2 161.7 45.5 724, 2 413.8 1990 1, 343.3 4.0 12.3 3.6 6.5 4.5 12.0 3.8 271.0 5.3 1,041.5 3.7 2000) 22 1, 964. 0 3.9 MY Er? 3.4 9.9 4.3 17.3 3.7 445.7 5.1 1, 473.9 3.5 High projections 198022-22-5 62.1 44.7 9.1 44.4 4.5 416.5 8.6 414.6 172.8 16.2 767.1 44.4 1990: ae 1,512.1 4.6 13.5 4.0 7.4 5.2 13.0 4,2 309. 4 6.0 1, 168.8 4.3 20002 2a 58. 5 4.5 19.5 3.8 12.1 5.0 19.5 4.1 543.7 5.8 1, 763.7 4.2 ! Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, wood pencils, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. 2 Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, truck bodies and trailers, general machinery, agricultural implements, electrical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings and_ structural members, containers, mobile homes, millwork, flooring, and other similar goods in- cluded in the construction and shipping sections of this study. 4 Rates of increase calculated from the following 1970 trend values: all products, $606.9 billion; household furniture, $5.9 billion; commercial and institutional furniture, $2.63 billion; consumer goods, $5.5 billion; commercial and industrial equipment, $94.2 billion; other products, $498.7 billion. value of shipments drop significantly over the projection period for all product groups. Timber Products Use Per Dollar of Shipments There have been divergent trends in use of lumber and other timber products per dollar of shipments of manufactured products (table 130). Use of lumber and veneer and plywood dropped substantially in most product groups, while there were fairly large increases in the use of hardboard and particleboard (Append. V, tables 11-14). Part of the decline in use of lumber and plywood per dollar of shipments reflects inroads of alterna- tive materials. Plastics have become particularly important substitutes in furniture manufacture. In this industry use of plastic resins has grown Note: Conversion to 1967 dollars by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Annual rates of increase are calculated for 5-year periods from 1950 through 1965, for 1-year periods 1965 through 1970, and for 10-year periods 1970 through 2000. Sources: Values of shipments, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1948 and 1950—Value of shipments of selected classes of products, for the United States. Bureau of the Census, MAS-53 (Final). 1955; 1955—Value o shipments of se- lected classes of products, for the United States. Bureau of the ensus, MA-57-2. 1959; 1960-69— Growth in shipments by classes of man loctured products. Bureau of Domestic Commerce. 1971; 1970—Preliminary Forest Service estimates based on data published in General statistics for industry groups and industries. Bureau of the Census, M-70 (AS)-1. 1972. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. from a reported 317 million pounds in 1965,3° to 702 million pounds in 1970." In the latter year plastics composed roughly 12 percent of the combined volume of wood and plastics used in the furniture industry. This rapid growth in use of plastics in furniture manufacture was a result of a number of forces.® Production costs of mass-produced plastic furni- 30 Wood, Stuart. How are furniture people faring in the strange world of plastics? Here’s how in their own words. Modern Plastics 45(11):176-197. 1968. 31 ——__ Furniture, Phase II. Modern Plastics 47 (8) :56- 60. 1970. 32 Anonymous. A plastic trend in furniture’s future. Business Week 2144:112-113. Sept. 26, 1970. ; Clark, Edward L. Plastics and the future of the furniture industry in the United States. Forest Prod. J. 21(8) :14-16. 1971. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 173 TaBLeE 130.—Timber products consumed in manufacturing, specified years 1948-70, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Lumber Veneer and plywood Hardboard Particleboard (%-inch basis) (-inch basis) (%4-inch basis) Year Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Total of Total of Total of Total of shipments ! shipments ! shipments ! shipments ! Million Million Million Million board feet Board feet square feet Square feet square feet Square feet square feet Square feet 1948___ 3,9 0. 016 1, 126 0. INTE | tea cee Seg | RE NVAT S| is cre ae 1960___ 3, 865 . 010 1, 822 . 005 760 0. 0020 106 0. 0003 1965___ 4, 609 . 009 1, 562 . 003 35 . 0023 476 . 0010 1970__-_ 4, 670 008 1, 656 . 003 1, 361 0023 669 . 0011 Low projections | 1980___ 5, 480 006 2, 290 2, 140 | . 0025 1, 330 . 0016 1990___| 6, 290 005 2, 950 3, 050 . 0025 2, 100 . 0018 2000___ 7, 140 004 3, 760 4, 230 | . 0025 3, 090 0019 Medium projections 1980___ 5, 720 006 2, 400 . 003 2, 240 . 0025 1, 400 0015 1990___| 6, 850 005 3, 220 . 002 3, 350 . 0025 2, 300 0017 2000___| 8, 130 004 4, 300 . 002 4, 850 . 0025 3, 540 0018 | High projections 1980...| 6, 040 . 006 | 2, 530 . 003 Dato) | . 0025 1, 480 . 0015 1990___| 7, 560 . 005 | 3, 570 . 002 3, 720 . 0025 2, 560 . 0017 eee 9, 360 . 004 | 5, 010 . 002 5, 650 . 0025 4, 140 . 0018 1 1967 dollars. Use per dollar of shipments in the 1948-70 period computed by Forest Service (see table 129 for value of shipments). Sources: Timber products use, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1948—Wood used in manufac- ture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2. 1951; 1960—Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. ture parts, especially the ornate highly detailed parts used in the manufacture of Spanish and Mediterranean styles of furniture, were reportedly below the costs of comparable parts made from lumber. In addition, plastics permit great freedom in design, and special effects not possible with lumber or other wood products, they have dimen- sional stability and resistance to damage from scratches and liquids. Shortages of skilled wood workers and rising costs of some fine hardwoods have also been contributing factors. _On the other hand, some forces favor use of timber products over plastics. Perhaps the most important of these is a deep seated consumer preference for wood furniture. In addition, timber products have some superior performance char- acteristics such as ease of refinishing and repair, greater fracture resistance, and higher load- bearing strength. Timber products also have a 1965; 1965—Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1965. Stat. Bull. 440. 1969; 1970—Based on preliminary esti- mates of value of shipments (table 129) and trends in timber products use per dollar of shipments. Projections, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. cost advantage over plastics for many furniture parts, especially those that are not produced in large numbers. In the case of other manufactured products such as commercial and institutional furniture, boats, toys and handles, lumber and plywood have also been partially displaced by other nonwood materials such as steel or fiberglass having lower costs or preferred performance characteristics. Particleboard and hardboard have also partially displaced lumber and plywood in some manu- factured products. This has been particularly important in furniture manufacture where par- ticleboard is extensively used as core stock, and hardboard is used as facing material or components in such items as desks, bureaus, and cabinets. Part of the decline in the use of lumber and plywood per dollar of shipments also reflects a 174 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES general reduction in use of all raw materials per dollar of product value resulting from increases in the degree of processing of materials and rising relative costs of labor and capital per unit of production. Projected Demand for Timber Products in Manu- facturing Projections of timber products use per dollar of shipments—shown in table 130 and Append. V, tables 11-14—have been based on (1) recent changes in materials use, (2) judgment as to the influence of technological and economic factors in future decades, and (3) 1970 relative prices of materials and production costs. In general, these projections indicate a continuation of recent trends, including further declines in the use of lumber and plywood and increased use of hardboard and particleboard. In spite of the projected decreases in use of lumber and veneer and plywood per dollar of shipments, total demands rise for all products because of the major increases projected in total value of shipments (table 130, fig. 66; Append. V, table 11-14). Projections of demand for lumber, for example, rise nearly 75 percent by 2000 (medium projection at 1970 prices) from 4.7 to 8.1 billion board feet. Related demands for veneer and plywood are projected to more than double. Projected demands are up about 3.6 times for hardboard, and incre..se about five times for particleboard. The lumber and plywood used in manufactured products covered in this section consist largely of hardwoods. In the furniture industry, for example, 80 percent of the lumber, and three-fourths of the veneer and plywood, used in 1965 were hardwoods. Most of the hardwood lumber con- sumed has been produced from domestic species, and this is expected to continue through the projection period. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN SHIPPING In 1970 nearly 6 billion board feet of lumber and 600 million square feet of veneer and plywood (%-inch basis) were used in shipping, that is, for the manufacture of pallets, boxes, crates, hampers, baskets, and other wood containers; and for dunnage, blocking, and bracing required for the transportation, handling, and storage of industrial, agricultural, and military products (table 131). The 1970 level of lumber consumption was about 36 percent above that of 1960. Use of veneer and plywood in 1970, on the other hand, was 48 percent below the 1960 level of use. Demand for Timber Products in Pallets Increased lumber use in shipping in the 1960’s was entirely attributable to a major rise in pallet TaBLE 131.—Timber products consumed in shipping by end use 1948, 1960, 1965, and 1970 Veneer Year and product Lumber| and Hard- ply- board wood Baiion Million Million 1948: fee | “feet | “feet Containers, wood_______- 3, 997 1, 672 NA Palletg = Sauter Aimy yee 220 1 NA Dunnage, blocking, and bracing: 72---2 3-2 o2 ee 740 (’) NA Motels: se eae 4, 957 1, 673 NA 1960: ge Containers, wood________ 1, 864 25 13 Pallets: 2) cae) eee 1, 550 18 2 Dunnage, blocking, and bracing2--2--=aeeeso 800 1 1 Total 422 fo-6 Sees” 4,214 1, 144 16 1965: Containers, wood________ 1, 829 595 20 Pallets esata es Seen eran 2, 200 75 16 Dunnage, blocking, and bracitg=. = =e senna 856 12 3 Motalt...2 ease 4, 885 682 39 1970: ui 7B ah Containers, wood______-__ L150 437 26 Pallets= so = oases eee ee 3, 150 140 28 Dunnage, blocking, and bracing ss == == sone ae 820 14 4 otal sas neret oe 520 591 58 1 Negligible. Sources: Lumber for pallets: Forest Service estimates based on data published in: U.S. Department of Com- merce, Business and Defense Administration. Wooden pallets. 1963; Pallet industry growing by leaps and bounds. Wood Construction and Building Materialist 56(11) :26-27; The Appalachian pallet industry. The Northern Logger and Timber Processor 20(2) :22—23, 60-61; Pallets from low grade hardwoods. Forest Prod. J. 13(3):11-13; U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service. Wood used in manufac- turing industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. 1965. All other: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv- ice. 1948— Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2. 1951; 1960— Wood used inman fscturing industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. 1965; 1965—Wood used in manu- facturing industries, 1965. Stat. Bull. 440. 1969; 1970— Forest Service estimates based on pallet production, value of shipments of containers, and trends in timber procu>ts use in dunnage, blocking, and bracing. production. As new methods of materials handling were introduced, and new facilities geared to the use of pallets were constructed, pallet producticn doubled in the 1960’s from 62 to 126 million units (table 132). Since the mid-1950’s there has been a close relationship between pallet output and manu- facturing production (fig. 67). Projections based DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS i775 Timber products consumed in manufacturing 1948 - 70, with projections to 2000 7 BILLION BOARD FEET BILLION SQUARE FEET ( 3/8 - INCH BASIS )} 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 1990 BILLION SQUARE FEET ( 3/4 - INCH BASIS ) 2 Pr) < 2 =x UV Zz © = = uw w nu uw a < > So a Zz Q = a 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1960 1970 1980 1990 Figure 66 176 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES’ TaBLeE 132.—Timber products consumed in the manufacture of pallets by product, specified years 1960-70, with projections of demand (1970 relatiwe prices) to 2000 ‘Sates Lumber Plywood (%-inch basis) Hardboard ('%-inch basis) alle Year production Use per Total Use per Total Use per Total pallet pallet pallet GW Millions be Board coe Million sua feet Square ae 99 Million square ie Square Fe Million square feet 19652ce8s5— 88 25 2, 200 . 85 75 . 18 16 1970S Seee = 126 25 3, 150 Talal 140 122 28 Low projections 19804 es 195 25 4, 880 1. 40 270 . 28 50 11990le2=222 250 25 6, 250 1. 68 420 33 80 2000225222 295 25 7, 370 1. 90 560 . 38 110 Medium projections 19 80E=ssse= 209 25 5, 220 1. 40 290 . 28 60 1990=2e Fe 278+ 25 6, 950 1. 68 470 . 33 90 20007eNes ae 340 25 8, 500 1. 90 650 . 38 130 High projections 19802 sane 225 25 5, 600 1. 40 310 . 28 60 19905222552 310 25 7, 750 1. 68 520 3 OP 100 2000M2Se=e 390 25 9, 750 1. 90 740 . 88 150 Sources: Pallet production, 1960, 1965, and 1970— Based on data supplied by the National Wooden Pallet and Container Association. Relationship of pallet production to index of manufacturing production (1967 = 100 ) MILLIONS OF PALLETS 30 Index of manufacturing production _ Figure 67 Wood use, see source note table 131. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. on this relationship and assumed growth in indus- trial production show continuing large increases in demand for pallets (table 132). The medium pro- jection at 1970 relative prices, for example, rises nearly threefold by 2000. Rates of growth in projected pallet demand, however, drop rapidly from an average of 7.3 percent annually in the 1960’s to 2.0 percent in the 1990’s. Such a fall means that growth in demand for pallets associated with use in new materials handling systems gradually ends, and that the projected increases in demand depend to a greater and greater degree on growth in industrial and agricultural produc- tion. Lumber use per pallet has averaged about 25 board feet in the last decade or so.** This average 33 Anonymous. Pallet industry growing by leaps and bounds. Wood Construction and Building Materialist 56(11) :26-27. 1970. The Appalachian pallet industry. Northern Logger and Timber Processor 20(2):22—23, 60-61. 1971. Baldwin, W. C. Pallets from low grade hardwoods. Forest Prod. J. 18(3):11-13. 1968. U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Administration. Wooden pallets. 1963. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS: 177 is assumed to continue, even though plywood, slice-wood, or other materials may be used to an increasing degree. Lumber use for pallets has, therefore, been projected to rise to some 8.5 billion board feet by 2000 (medium projection and 1970 prices)—some 2.7 times consumption in 1970 (table 132, fig. 68). Small but increasing quantities of plywood and hardboard have been used in pallet manufacture. It was assumed that demand for these products would also rise in line with the projected demand for pallets. Demand for Timber Products in Wooden Containers Between 1948 and 1960, the value of shipments (in 1967 dollars) of wooden containers, that is, boxes and crates, wirebound boxes and crates, and veneer and plywood containers, dropped more than 38 percent (table 133). This fall off largely re- flected continuing displacement of wooden con- tainers by fiber and plastic containers, metal and fiber barrels and pails, and multiwall bags. Several factors contributed to this displace- ment, including lower costs of substitute con- tainers, lower shipping weights and associated freight costs, and adaptability to automated packaging and shipping operations. However, in packaging some items, such as large bulky products, delicate instruments, glass, ceramics, and certain fruits and vegetables, these advantages Lumber consumed in shipping, 1948-70, with projections of demand to 2000 BILLION BOARD FEET 1948 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 68 have been outweighed by the need for special protection. Since 1960, growing shipments of these latter items have led to a small rise in demand for wooden containers, as measured by value of shipments. In view of anticipated growth in manufacturing and agricultural production, continuing modest increases in the value of shipments of wooden containers have been projected. The use of lumber and veneer and plywood per dollar of shipments of wooden containers has shown a consistent downward trend (table 133), reflecting such factors as greater use of paperboard and plastic containers and increases in containerized and bulk shipments. It seems likely that such trends will continue and use of lumber and veneer and plywood per dollar of aoe has therefore been projected to decline slowly. These projected decreases in use per dollar of shipments roughly offset projected increases in total shipments. As a result, the medium projections of demand for lumber and veneer and plywood in wooden containers, at 1970 prices, remain close to recent levels through the 1970-2000 period. Demand for Timber Products in Dunnage In the past two decades use of lumber for dunnage, blocking, and bracing in railroad cars, trucks, and ships has amounted to an estimated 800 million board feet a year (table 131). This stability, in a period of rapid increases in the volume of goods transported, apparently reflects effects of growth in palletized, containerized, and bulk shipments. Growth in such shipments is expected to continue. The medium projection of demand for lumber for dunnage, blocking, and bracing at 1970 prices has therefore been projected to remain at about 800 million feet a year. Projected Demand for Timber Products in Shipping Projected total demand for lumber in shipping, that is pallets, containers, and dunnage rises rather sharply because of the projected growth in demand for pallets and by 2000 reaches 10.9 billion board feet (medium _projection—1970 relative prices), nearly double consumption in 1970 (table 134, fig. 68). Projected demand for plywood and veneer rises to 1.1 billion square feet (%-inch basis) in 2000—about 1.8 times consumption in 1970. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS IN MISCEL- LANEOUS USES In addition to the major end uses covered above, an estimated 8.5 billion board feet of lumber and substantial quantities of plywood and building board were used in 1970 for other purposes (table 135). These included upkeep and 178 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 133.—Value of shipments and timber products consumed in the manufacture of wood ccntainers by product, specified years 1948-70, with projections of demand (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Veneer and plywood (%-inch Lumber basis) Hardboard (%-inch basis) Value of Kee ea Year shipments Use per Use per Use per dollar of Total dollar of Total dollar of Total shipments ! shipments! shipments ! Millions of 1967 dollars Board feet Million board feet Square feet Million square feet Square feet Million square feet ity. Fs a 579 6. } 2. 89 , 672 NA N V9GQS2 Oe 2 358 5. 20 1, 864 3. 14 1,125 0. 036 13 19655. .21_. 382 4. 80 1, 829 1. 56 595 . 052 20 1LO7Os2= 2244 390 4. 50 1755 aly) 437 . 067 26 Low projections LOSO= ee 22 402 . 00 1, 610 . 94 380 . 079 30 1990 ==. eae 416 3. 63 1, 510 . 88 370 . 086 40 2000222222" 424 3. 35 1, 420 . 84 360 . 091 40 Medium projections 1O80R2e- == 422 4. 00 1, 690 . 94 400 . 079 30 1990222 = 452 3. 63 1, 640 . 88 400 . 086 40 200022 ses = 480 3.35 1, 610 . 84 400 . 091 40 High projections 19802 =e= = 439 4.00 1, 760 . 94 410 . 079 30 1990 Mass a= 490 3. 63 1, 780 . 88 430 . 086 40 2000 =3ese22 541 3. 35 1, 810 . 84 450 . 091 50 1 1967 dollars. Use per dollar of shipments computed by Forest Service. Sources: Value of shipments, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1948—Value of ship- ments of selected classes of products. Ser. MAS—53 (final). 1955; 1960 and 1965—Growth in shipments by classes of manufactured products. 1971; 1970—Forest Service estimate based on data published in Annual survey of manufactures, 1970. M-70 (AS)-1. 1972. improvement of nonresidential structures; farm construction except housing; structures and roof supports in mines; made-at-home products such as furniture, boats, and picnic tables; and made- on-the-job products such as advertising and display structures. There are no statistical data available showing actual consumption of timber products in these various uses. Accordingly, timber products use for these purposes was estimated by subtracting volumes of timber products consumed in the specific end uses discussed above from estimated total consumption of each product. This residual probably includes some volumes which may prop- erly belong in the construction, manufacturing, Timber products use, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1948—Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2. 1951; 1960—Wood used in manu- facturing industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. 1965; 1965— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1966. Stat. Bull. 440. 1969; 1970—Forest Service estimates. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. or shipping sectors. The figures also include any statistical discrepancies associated with the esti- mates of production, imports, and exports used in estimating total consumption. Because of the lack of a statistical base for projections of demand for these residual uses, it was assumed that demands for these uses would rise in line with projected demands for the total of all other items. Under this assumption, the medium level of demand for lumber in these “other”? uses at 1970 prices rises to 12.9 billion board feet in 2000, some 53 percent above 1970. Projected demands nearly double for plywood and triple for building board. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 179 TaBLeE 134.—Timber products consumed in shipping by products, specified years 1948-70, with pro- jections of demand (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Veneer and Hardboard Year Lumber plywood (%- (44-inch inch basis) basis) Million Million Million board feet square feet square feet 1948____ 4,957 1,674 1960____ 4,214 1,144 16 a965-- 4,885 682 39 49702 ere 591 58 Low projections 1980___- 7,090 670 80 1990____ 8,360 810 120 2000---- 9,390 940 150 Medium projections 1986--=* 7,710 710 90 1990____ 9,390 890 130 2000__-_- 10,910 1,070 170 High projections 1980___- 8,360 740 90 1990____}. 10,530 980 140 2002-5 12,560 1,220 200 Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1948—Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2. 1951; 1960— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. 1965; 1965—Wood used in manu- facturing industries, 1965. Stat. Bull. 440. 1969; 1970— Forest Service estimates based on pallet production, value of shipments of containers, and trends in timber products use in dunnage, blocking, and bracing. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. SUMMARY OF DEMAND PROJECTIONS FOR LUMBER, PLYWOOD, AND BUILDING BOARD Lumber Consumption and Demand Lumber consumption in all uses in 1970 was 39.5 billion board feet (tables 136 and 137, fig. 69; Append. V, table 15). This was about the same as the average annual consumption in the 1950’s and 1960’s. In 1972 lumber consumption rose to 47.4 billion board feet—20 percent more than in 1970 and above the record levels attained in the early 1900’s when lumber was the chief raw material used in the U.S. for construction, manu- factured products, and shipping materials. Per capita consumption of lumber in the 1960’s fluctuated around 200 board feet a year (Append. V, table 15). This was far below figures for the early 1900’s when per capita use reached a high 547-966 O - 74 - 13 TaBLE 135.—Timber products consumed in mis- cellaneous uses,’ 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Plywood (%- Building Year Lumber inch basis) board (%- inch basis) million board feet million square feet million square feet 1962-22 6,450 SOOO M ae ee 2 ae 197OL2 8,460 5,626 2,683 Low projections 1980___- 10,040 8,080 4,615 1990____ 11,160 9,625 6,125 2000___-_ 11,540 10,480 7,520 Medium projections 198022 = 10,610 8,470 4,840 199022 =- 12,060 10,305 6,575 2000___- 12,930 11,640 8,400 High projections 1980____ 11,230 8,885 5,065 1990____ 13,040 11,010 7,100 2000_-_- 14,670 13,185 9,575 1 Includes upkeep and improvement of nonresidential buildings and structures; farm construction except housing; mining; made-at-home projects such as furniture, boats, and picnic tables; made-on-the-job products like advertising and display structures; and a wide variety of other miscellaneous products and uses. of over 500 board feet, and substantially under the average of 250 board feet in the early 1950’s. Nearly a third of the lumber consumed in 1970 went into the production of new housing (table 136). Residential upkeep and improvements ac- counted for 12 percent and nonresidential con- struction 9 percent of the total. Of the remainder, 14 percent was used in shipping, 12 percent in manufacturing, and 21 percent in all other uses. Projected demand for lumber with alternative growth assumptions.—Projected demand for lumber at 1970 relative prices shows a rather sharp rise to a 1980 level of 51 billion board feet (medium level), or 224 board feet per capita. This growth is attributable largely to the projected rise in demands for housing and for pallets. After 1980, and mostly because of the leveling off in the demand for housing, projected demand at 1970 prices increases more slowly to about 62 billion board feet in 2000 (medium level)—a volume some 1.6 times that of 1970. In recent decades softwoods have composed around four-fifths of the lumber consumed. This proportion is expected to be maintained without much change. 180 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Lumber consumption and projected Lumber consumption and projected demand under alternative assumptions demand (medium level] of population and economic growth under alternative price assumptions 70 60 - - w w uw w a a a a < < 2 Q Zz ae z Q Q — — = — a 30 a 20 10 ns SS SSE SS SS SS 0 G/T EE ee] EE) Ee ee EE 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 60 50 ir G 2 t 40 ) 2 a < ° ° 4 a 30 Zz Zz Q Q = _— = = = ie an 20 10 10) 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 60 50 G i Pe 40 irs a : 5 2 30 = Z 6 E = = a 20 co 10 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 69 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 181 Taste 136.—Lumber consumption, by major end use, species group, and per capita use, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Low projections ! Medium projections ! High projections ! Ttem 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 1980 1999 2000 1980 1990 2000 ee ee ES Se ae naa Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million Million | Million | Million | Million | Million board board board board board board board board board board board By end use: feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet New housing-------------------------- 13, 940 12, 270 16, 160 17,310 16, 000 17, 180 18, 650 17, 950 18, 240 20, 20, 770 Residential upkeep and improvements- 4, 400 4, 690 5, 090 5, 560 5, 930 5, 060 , 680 6, 140 5, 110 5,770 6, 370 New nonresidential construction ?-- --- 3, 930 3, 690 4,470 4, 920 5, 450 4,700 5, 310 6, 060 4, 960 5, 740 6, 740 VS, ee ee 4, 240 4, 670 5, 480 6, 290 7, 140 5, 720 6, 850 8, 130 6, 040 7, 560 9, 360 hipping-----.------------------------ 4,340 5, 720 7, 090 8, 360 9, 390 7,710 9, 390 10, 910 , 360 10, 530 12, 560 AT other uses ©. = ~~ 22 -- =e 6, 450 8, 460 10, 040 11, 160 11, 540 10, 610 12, 060 12, 930 11, 230 13, 040 14, 670 Wotul mao ee 37, 300 39, 500 48, 240 53, 600 55, 450 50, 980 57, 940 62, 120 53, 940 62, 640 70, 470 By species group: (ee 2 ee ee 30, 800 32, 100 39, 560 43, 420 44, 360 41, 800 46, 930 49, 700 44, 230 50, 740 56, 380 POD 1 = ee 6, 500 7, 300 8, 680 10, 180 11, 090 9, 180 11, 010 12, 420 9,710 11, 900 14, 090 ots) tise= =) => t= == <---- = ----=- 37, 300 39, 500 48, 240 600 55, 450 50, 980 57, 940 62, 120 53, 940 62, 640 70, 470 Board Board Board Board Board Board Board Board Board Board Board feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet Per capita average use--.---------------- 200 193 213 216 208 224 227 221 232 235 234 1 Projections based on alternate assumptions about growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 In addition to new construction includes railroad ties laid as replacements in existing : 3 Includes upkeep and improvement of nonresidential buildings and struc- The alternative assumptions on population and economic growth discussed in the mtroductory section of this chapter have substantial impacts on the demand for lumber in all end uses (table 136, fig. 69). As a result, by 2000 projected total demand at 1970 relative prices ranges from 55.5 billion board feet to 70.5 billion board feet. Projected demand for lumber with alternative price assumptions.—The alternative assumptions on prices specified in the introductory section also have substantial impacts on projections of demand (table 137, fig. 69). Thus, with relative prices rising at 1.5 percent per year, projected demands for lumber (medium level) remain fairly constant over the projection period at about 45 billion board feet. With prices of softwood lumber 30 percent above the 1970 average, projected demands for lumber in 1980 would be about the same as consumption in 1971. After 1980, however, pro- jected demand under this price assumption rises rapidly to 53 billion board feet in 2000. This would be some 9 billion board feet below the projected level at 1970 relative prices—a measure of the possible loss of market share to competing materials as a result of higher lumber prices. Lumber exports and imports.—In addition to domestic demand there has been a modest export demand for lumber for many decades (table 137; Append. V, table 15). Lumber exports average around 1.1 billion feet a year in the 1960’s, and this level, adjusted slightly for alternative price assumptions, was assumed to continue through the projection period. tures; farm construction except housing; mining; made-at-home projects such as furniture, boats, and picnic tables; made-on-the-job products like ad vertising and display structures; and a wide variety of other miscellaneous products and uses. Between the late 1940’s and the late 1960’s softwood lumber imports, nearly all from Canada, rose from less than a billion board feet to nearly 6 billion feet in 1970 and 9 billion board feet in 1972 (table 137). In years of reduced demand for lumber in the United States, Canadian imports have not dropped appreciably while production in U.S. mills has declined. Findings of recent Canadian studies, sum- marized in Chapter IV of this study, show that Canada has the resources to support continued expansion of lumber production and shipments to the United States. However, in view of the higher harvesting, manufacturing and transporta- tion costs associated with the development of the available resources, it appears that significant increases in imports could not be attained without a rise in relative prices of softwood lumber, as occurred in 1971 and 1972. Accordingly, it was estimated that at 1970 relative prices, softwood lumber imports would remain close to the 1970 level. With relative lumber prices 30 percent above those of 1970, and with prices rising at annual rates of 1.5 percent, softwood lumber imports by 2000 were projected to reach 12 and 13 billion board feet, respectively. These estimates are believed to be consistent with projections of softwood lumber production and exports contained in Canadian reports referred to in Chapter IV. Small volumes of hardwood lumber also have been imported, mainly from Canada and various tropical countries. These imports are projected to range from 0.4 to 0.9 billion board feet by 2000 under the alternative price assumptions. 182 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER-IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLe 137.—Lumber consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production, selected years 1920-72, with projections under alternate price assumptions (medium projections of growth in population and economic activity) to 2000 a Domestic consumption Exports Imports Domestic production ear Total | Per capita Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- woods woods woods! woods woods! woods woods woods Billion | Board feet | Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion board feet board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet | board feet 19208. 2238 34.6 325 27.4 7.2 ie Wd 0.2 1.4 1.3 (2) 35.0 7.6 7.4 1925. == 40. 2 347 32.8 7.5 2.6 2.2 4 1.8 iS¢i 0.1 41.0 33.3 7.7 LOO. 2252 28. 2 229 22.5 5.8 2.4 1.9 4 1.2 i159) (?) 29.4 23. 2 6.1 1935. 22 22.1 173 17.6 4.5 1.3 1.0 3 4 4 -l 22.9 18. 2 4.7 19405 .5- 22 31.0 234 25, 4 5.5 1.0 -8 -2 eit .6 al 31.2 25.6 5.5 1945222525 28.8 205 21.7 7.0 .4 .3 nal ial .9 a 28.1 21.1 7.0 19502 -__-3 40.9 269 33.4 7.5 .5 4 se! 3.4 3.1 .3 38.0 30.6 7.4 LOSS EeseRS 40.1 242 32.5 7.6 8 ott 574 3.6 3.3 .3 37.4 29.8 7.6 1960-- 2 36.0 199 29.6 6.4 9 atl oe 3.9 3.6 .3 32.9 26.7 6.3 965s. 2 41.1 212 33.4 Uae! -9 8 oll 5.2 4.9 .3 36.8 29.3 7.5 1966-5. 52 40.8 207 32.8 8.0 1.0 9 oa 5.2 4.8 4 36.6 28.8 thet L9G 7/ee= 28 38.8 195 31.1 7.6 1.1 1.0 ~2 5.1 4.8 3 34.7 27.3 7.4 1968 Saas 41.5 207 34.0 7.4 1,2 1.0 mul 6.2 5.8 <3 36.5 29.3 7.2 1969228 23% 41.0 202 33. 2 7.8 ileal 1.0 ol 6.3 5.9 4 35.8 28.3 7.5 1970 286-22 39.5 193 32.1 7.3 1.3 1.12 OL 6.1 5.8 .3 34.7 27.5 hil 1971 8.2028 43.5 210 36.4 (ial lea .9 «2 7.6 1e2 4 37.0 30.3 6.9 LOT 2:32 47.4 227 40.0 7.4 15 152 3 9.4 9.0 4 39.4 32. 2 7.2 I Projections—1970 relative prices Year Domestic demand Exports Imports Demand on U.S. mills 19802. 22 51.0 224 41.8 9.2 1.3 SZ, 0.1 7.4 7.0 0.4 44.9 36.0 8.9 1990.52 57.9 227 46.9 11.0 1.3 1.2 ol 7.4 7.0 4 51.8 41.1 10.7 ZO00RZE <2 62.1 221 49.7 12.4 1.3 1,2 at 7.4 7.0 4 56. 0 43.9 12; 1 Projections—rising relative prices 4 1980______ 44.5 195 36.5 8.0 1.3 1.2 1 10.0 9.5 5 35.8 28. 2 7.6 1990. JI 46.6 183 37.7 8.9 1.3 1.2 1 12.7 12.0 7 35. 2 26.9 8.3 2000. ..... 45.7 163 36.6 9.1 1.3 1.2 1 13.9 13.0 9 33.1 24.8 8.3 Projections—relative prices 30 percent above 1970 average 5 198Qsen es 43.3 190 35.5 7.8 1.3 12 1 LIS 10.5 6 33.5 26.2 7.3 19902). se 49.3 193 39.9 9.4 1.3 12 1 12.6 12.0 6 38.0 29.1 8.9 20002 2 22 52.8 188 42.2 10.6 1.3 1.2 1 12.6 12.0 6 41.5 31.4 10.1 1 Includes small volumes of mixed species (not classified as hardwoods or softwoods). 2 Less than 50 million board feet. 3 Preliminary Forest Service estimates. 4 With relative prices rising at an annual rate of 1.5 percent from the 1970 trend level. 5 This approximates softwood lumber prices in early 1972. Demand on U.S. mills for lumber—Domestic lumber production was 34.7 billion board feet in 1970, and 39.4 billion board feet in 1972—some- what above the average of 36 billion board feet produced annually over the 1950’s and 1960’s (table 137; Append. V, table 15). Given the projections of total U.S. demand, imports and exports discussed above, projected demand for domestic lumber at 1970 relative prices rises to some 56 billion board feet by 2000 (medium projection). With relative prices rising at 1.5 percent per year, demand on U\S. mills in 1980 would be close to the average of the 1950’s and 1960’s (36 billion board feet), but would fall thereafter to about 33 billion board feet in 2000. Under the third assumptions with relative prices 30 percent above the 1970 average, projected Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: 1920-71—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Production—Lumber production and mill stocks. Curr. Ind. Reps. Ser. MA~-24T (annual); Exports—U.S. exports—schedule B commodity and country. FT 410 (monthly); Imports—U.S. imports—general consumption, schedule A commodity and country. FT 135 (monthly). Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. demands for domestically produced lumber would approximate 33.5 billion board feet in 1980 and 41.5 billion board feet in 2000. Since the early 1900’s softwoods have accounted for about 80 percent of the domestic cut. In response to differences in the projected rates of growth in demands in the major end uses, such as residential construction and furniture and pallet manufacture, the proportion of domestic production composed of softwoods, is projected to decline slightly over the projection period, par- ticularly under rising prices which would act to stimulate softwood lumber imports. Plywood Consumption and Demand Plywood consumption reached 17.8 billion square feet (%-inch basis) in 1970 and 23.5 billion DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 183 TaBLeE 138.—Plywood consumption, by major end use, species group, and per capita use, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 (3-inch basis] Low projections ! Medium projections ! High projections ! Item 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million square square square square square square square square square square square By end use: feet feet Jeet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet ‘eet Newphousivg— = --- = 8 st 4, 180 6, 330 9, 560 10, 900 10, 680 10, 150 11, 750 11, 990 10, 770 12, 600 13,910 Residential upkeep and improvements_ 1, 030 2,510 3, 060 3,720 4,190 3, 100 3, 800 4, 350 3, 130 3, 860 4,510 New nonresidential construction-__-_-- 1, 280 : 2, 580 3, 260 4, 050 2, 680 3, 530 4, 550 2, 800 3, 800 5, 100 Manufacturing => 5 2-222 =. 5. 1, 870 1, 656 2, 290 2,950 3, 760 2, 400 3, 220 4, 300 2, 530 3,570 5, 010 HT other nsex2S eS Eee 3, 356 5, 626 8, 080 9, 625 10, 480 8, 470 10, 305 11, 640 8, 885 11, 010 13, 185 Total mae a ees 2 ee ee 11,716 17, 822 25, 570 30, 455 33, 160 26, 800 32, 605 36, 830 28,115 34, 840 41,715 By species group: : pertwouds.. S33 255 Ses 9, 311 14, 038 19, 945 23, 755 25, 865 20, 905 25, 430 28,725 21, 930 27,175 32, 540 ard woods 3S oe ee 2, 3, 784 5, 625 6, 700 7, 295 5, 895 eM: 8,1 6,185 7,665 9,175 Total wets 3 ee 11, 716 17, 822 25, 570 30, 455 33, 160 26, 800 32, 605 36, 830 28, 115 34, 840 41,715 Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square feet feet feet Jeet feet feet feet feet feet Jeet Jeet Per capita average mse..---.=.-.-=-=-...- 1 1 11 128 131 121 1 139 1 Projections based on alternate assumptions about growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Includes shipping; upkeep and improvement of nonresidential buildings and structures; farm construction except housing; mining; made-at-home projects such as furniture and boats; made-on-the-job products like adver- square feet in 1972 (tables 138 and 139; fig. 70; Append. V, table 16). Consumption in 1972 was about 6 times the volume consumed in 1950— and the peak in a trend that has been rising at annual rate of 8.5 percent for more than two decades. Per capita consumption in this period also showed a sharp upward trend from around 25 square feet in 1950 to 112 square feet in 1972. About 36 percent of the plywood consumed in 1970 went into the production of new housing, and 24 percent into other types of construction including residential upkeep and improvements. The remainder was used in manufacturing and other unclassified uses. Data for the early 1960’s indicate that several billion square feet of veneer was also used at that time in the manufacture of products such as furni- ture and matches and in shipping containers. Although separate estimates of veneer consump- tion and production are not shown here because of the lack of recent data, these items are included in the estimates of veneer log consumption and production shown later in this chapter. The rapid rise in plywood consumption in 1950’s and early 1960’s was caused in large part by widespread substitution of softwood plywood for lumber in sheathing and subflooring in resi- dential construction and in concrete formwork, and by the growing use of hardwood plywood for paneling in residential construction and the manufacture of furniture. Trends in use in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s and data obtained from studies of wood use in construction suggest that most of the potential substitution of soft- bs plywood for lumber in construction has taken place. tising and display structures; and a wide variety of other miscellaneous products and uses. Note: Veneer is included in the estimates for manufacturing and shipping. Projected demand for plywood.—Nonetheless, projected growth in construction and manufac- turing is large enough to result in very substantial increases in projected demands for plywood. At 1970 relatiye prices, the medium projection of demand in 2000 is 36.8 billion square feet (%-inch basis)—slightly more than double consumption in 1970. Per capita demand is projected to increase by 1.5 times to 131 square feet. As in the case of lumber, the alternative assump- tions on growth in population and economic activity, and on prices, have substantial impacts on projected demand (tables 138 and 139, fig. 70). For example, if relative prices rise 1 percent per year, projected demand (medium level) in 2000 would be some 20 percent under the projected level assuming 1970 relative prices. Since the late 1950’s softwood plywood has com- posed about four-fifths of total plywood consump- tion. An analysis of prospective growth in demand by major end uses indicated that this percentage is likely to remain about the same through the projection period. Plywood exports and imports.—Softwood ply- wood exports have been of minor importance, reaching a peak of about 200 mi'lion square feet (%-inch basis) in the late 1960’s (table 139; Append. V, table 16). Although some further modest increases in exports are likely, the volume is not expected to be significant in relation to production or consumption. Exports of hardwood plywood have amounted to less than 100 million square feet in recent decades. Such exports are also expected to remain small during the projection period. 184 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER*IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 139.—Plywood consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production, selected years 1950-72, with projections under alternate price assumptions (medium projections of growth in population and economic activity) to 2000 [8-inch basis] Domestic consumption Exports Imports Domestic production 1 Year ims Total | Per capita Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- Total Soft- Hard- woods woods woods woods? woods woods woods woods Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion | Billion Billion Billion | Billion Billion square Square square square square square square square square square square square square feet feet Feet eet Jeet feet feet feet Jeet Feet Feet Jeet Jeet LOGOS 522 ESSE | EC eS PEEL mia ee (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (8) / oem Ce eee 247 |S TORS ae seas 7.1 43 5.3 1.8 (3) (3) (3) () (3) (3) 6.6 5.3 1.4 19R0 Sao 9.6 53 7.8 1.8 (3) (3) (3) 0.7 (3) 0.7 8.9 7.8 ileal 19652222 15.5 80 12.4 3.1 (3) (3) (3) 1.1 (3) 1.0 14.5 12.4 2.0 IN66=e= 16.1 82 12.8 3.3 0.1 (3) @) 1.3 (3) 1.3 14.9 12.8 PAL 196s 15.9 80 12.8 3.2 gil 0.1 (3) 12 (3) 1.2 14.8 12.8 1.9 19682 =e 18.2 91 14.3 3.9 nul ay! (3) 1.9 (3) 1.9 16.4 14.4 2.0 1969_____ 17.3 85 13.4 4.0 .2 .2 (3) 2.1 (3) 21 15.4 13.5 1.9 1970 Meee 17.8 87 14.0 3.8 nD oll 0.1 2.0 (3) 2.0 15.9 14.1 1.8 107s 20.7 100 16.3 4.5 ail 1 (3) 2.5 (3) 2.5 18.3 16.4 1.9 1972 4eoeee 23.5 112 18.1 5.4 .2 2 (3) 3.2 (3) 3.2 20. 5 18.3 2.2 Projections—1970 relative prices Year Domestic demand Exports Imports Demand on U.S. mills T9SO Sess 26.8 118 20.9 5.9 (3) (3) (3) 3.5 (3) 3.5 23.3 20.9 2.4 1990 Resa 32.6 128 25.4 7.2 (3) (3) (3) 3.5 (3) 3.5 29.1 25.4 3.7 2000822222) 36.8 131 28.7 8.1 (3) (8) (3) 3.5 (3) 3.5 3.3 28.7 4.6 Projections—rising relative prices 5 S080 nee 23.9 105 18.6 5.3 (3) (3) (3) 3.3 (3) 3.3 20. 6 18.6 2.0 1990 sea ueS 27.6 108 21.5 6.1 (3) (3) (3) 3.9 (3) 3.9 23.7 21.5 24,0) 2000neaes 29.5 105 23.0 6.5 (8) (8) (3) 4.2 (3) 4.2 25.3 23.0 2.3 Projections—relative prices 30 percent above 1970 average 6 22.8 100 17.8 5.0 (3) (3) (3) 4.1 (3) 4.1 18.7 17.8 0.9 27.7 109 21.6 6.1 (3) (3) (3) 4.2 (3) 4.2 23.5 21.6 1.9 31.3 lll 24.4 6.9 (8) (3) (3) 4.3 (3) 4.3 27.0 24.4 2.6 1 Includes production from both domestic and imported species. 2 Includes mixed species (not classified as hardwoods and softwoods). 3 Less than 50 million square feet in the years 1950-72 and 500 million square feet in 1980, 1990, and 2000. 4 Preliminary. 5 With relative prices rising at an annual rate of 1.0 percent from the 1970 trend level. 6 This approximates prices of softwood plywood in early 1972. Veneer exports (not included in table 139) in 1972 totaled 492 million square feet (surface measure) roughly eight times the volume shipped in the early 1960’s. Despite this increase veneer exports are not expected to become a significant sous of demand for domestically produced veneer ogs. In contrast to limited exports, imports of hard- wood plywood have risen rapidly in the last two decades to a total of 3.2 billion square feet (%-inch basis) in 1972 (table 139). Imports of softwood plywood, on the other hand, have not been significant and no change is assumed in the next few decades. Over four-fifths of all plywood imports in 1972 were composed of lauan from the forests of insular Southeast Asia. Most of the remainder consisted of other tropical species such as sen, mahogany, and shiva. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: 1950-72—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Production—Softwood plywood. Curr. Ind. Reps. Ser. MA24H (annual); Hardwood plywood. Curr. Ind. Reps. Ser. MA24H (annual); Exports—U.S. exports—schedule B commodity and country. FT 410 (monthly); Lnports— U.S. imports—general and consumption, schedule A commodity and country. FT 135 (monthly). Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Assuming 1970 relative prices, hardwood ply- wood imports have been projected to rise to 3.5 billion square feet by 1980 and remain at this level through the rest of the projection period. Under the alternative higher price assumptions, plywood imports are projected to go as high as 4.3 billion square feet by 2000. Veneer imports have also increased rapidly, mov- ing up from around 400 million square feet (surface measure) in the early 1950’s to 3.2 billion square feet in 1972. Hardwood veneer imports are ex- pected to continue to rise for use in domestic production of plywood. Demand on U.S. mills for plywood.—Domestic plywood production in 1972 reached 20.5 billion square feet (%-inch basis)—more than 4 times the level of output in the early 1950’s (table 139). Softwoods accounted for nearly all of the growth in this period. BILLION SQUARE FEET BILLION SQUARE FEET BILLION SQUARE FEET DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS Plywood [3/8-inch basis] consumption and projected demand under alternative assumptions on population and economic growth 1950 1) Dota: ees LS Bad 30 ce ag ee 20 Be 10 1950 1950 1960 1960 1960 1970 1970 1970 1980 1980 1990 BILLION SQUARE FEET BILLION SQUARE FEET BILLION SQUARE FEET 2000 Figure 70 185 Plywood (3/8-inch basis] consumption and projected demand [medium level] under alternative price assumptions ee 30 Diack hee cl 20 eyes 1950 30 20 10 1950 1960 1960 1970 1970 1980 1980 1990 1990 2000 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 186 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Projected demand for plywood produced by domestic industries show continued and rapid growth under all price assumptions. By 2000 pro- jected demands range from 25.3 billion square feet (with prices rising at 1 percent per year) to 33.3 billion square feet (at 1970 relative prices). Most of the projected increases are for softwood ply- wood. Building Board Consumption and Demand Building board consumption including insulation board, hardboard, and particleboard reached 14.1 billion square feet (%-inch basis) in 1972—over 4 times the volume consumed in 1950 (tables 140 and 141). Per capita consumption more than tripled in this period, rising from 22 to 68 square feet. In the 1950’s and 1960’s particleboard consump- tion showed the largest increase, rising from less than 50 million square feet in 1950 to 6.3 billion square feet in 1972—an average annual rate of about 25 percent. Hardboard use also rose rapidly, with an average annual increase of 9.5 percent. Although use of insulation board has been rela- tively stable, this product still accounted for 40 percent of all building board consumed in 1972. The fast growth in use of particleboard largely reflects the substitution of this product for lumber and plywood used as core stock in the manu- facture of furniture, doors, and cabinets. Much of the growth in use since the late 1950’s reflects similar substitution for floor underlayment. Pres- ent work on the development of structural grades of particleboard also suggests the likelihood of further substitution for softwood plywood used as subflooring and roof sheathing in construction. Much of the recent increase in the use of hardboard also reflects substitution for lumber and plywood, especially in the furniture industry. Use of insulation board, on the other hand, has been closely related to construction activity. Projected demand for building board.—Projec- tions of demand for building board (medium level) at 1970 relative prices reach 28 billion square feet (%-inch basis) by 2000—some 3 times the volume consumed in 1970 (table 140). Pro- jected per capita demand roughly doubles rising from 47 to 100 square feet. Particleboard and hardboard are expected to show the largest increases as in recent years. The alternative assumptions on growth in population and economic activity have substan- tial impacts with projected total demands in 2000 ranging from about 25 to 32 billion square feet (table 140). Alternative assumptions on prices, on the other hand, have relatively little effect, largely because of the small size of the assumed price increases and the assumed inelas- ticity of demand (table 141). Demand on U.S. mills for building board.— Exports and imports of building board have been relatively small, and this situation is expected to continue through the projection period. By far the largest part of projected demands will thus have to be supplied by U.S. industries from domestic timber resources. A substantial part of this demand for wood is expected to be supplied by plant residues. Meeting the medium projection of demand in 2000, at all assumed price Jevels, would involve more than doubling the size of the particleboard and hardboard industries and expanding the insu- TaBLE 140.—Building board consumption, by major end use, type of board, and per capita use, 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 (34-inch basis] Low projection ! Medium projection ! High projection ! Item 1970 a 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million square square square square square square square square square square By end use: feet Jeet feet feet feet Jeet feet feet Jeet feet Newshousings=-- Sessa25- ees ee ee See ee 2, 760 4, 225 5, 065 5, 305 4, 480 5, 440 5, 920 4,730 5, 825 6, 840 Residential upkeep and improveiments-_--_-_______- 1,415 1,815 2,295 2,760 1,825 2, 345 2,855 1, 855 2, 385 2,960 New nonresidential construction_--_-------------- 960 1,375 1,705 1,890 1, 440 1,840 2, 130 1,495 1,985 2, 385 Monufacturingss 2 ses. a2. ee ee eee 1,790 3, 375 5, 215 7,590 3, 545 5,715 8, 695 3,750 6, 360 10, 165 ‘Allotheriuses'2. S285 sete Sse ee se eee 2, 683 4,615 6, 125 7,520 4,840 6,575 8, 400 5, 065 7, 100 9,575 TRO tals roo ae 3a Bee AER 8 ae ee 9, 608 15, 405 20, 405 25, 065 16, 130 21,915 28, 000 16, 895 23, 655 31, 925 By type of board: Mnsulationiboard sess o2 ease eee 4,552 4,975 5, 690 7,110 5, 330 6, 040 7,820 5, 690 6,755 8, 530 Hardboard 2222252 oe. he ee Ce eee 1,541 2,475 3, 430 4, 380 2,570 3,905 5, 430 2,760 4,570 7,145 Particloboard jee soe oo eo ae eee 3,515 7,955 11, 285 13, 575 8, 230 11,970 14, 750 8, 445 12, 330 16, 250 Motaliise | See 102. 5 2.7 522 2.4 45. 1 Bil! ae 2.6 DOOGOTES: SIL MI ANS 130. 4 2.4 64. 4 Za 59. 4 2.8 6.6 2.4 Medium projections 6 (| feepac ne at mua Cheap AA 83.1 2.5 43. 4 33 1 Bia) 4.0 4,2 3) POOR Ree era R SS ee 116.1 3. 4 59. 2 oe Eye el 5. 8 3.3 PRO eee a a 156. 5 3.0 78. 0 2.8 70. 7 38 7.9 nil High projections PE POURS SIT? oe 89. 0 4.2 46.5 a3 38. 0 Bre 4.5 ‘42 LS eee Oe LC Le 132: 7 4.1 67. 6 34 rs: 58. 4 4.4 6.7 4.0 BOO L IAS LEE . 218 FS. 190. 2 Ba) 94.1 3.4 86. 4 4.0 9.7 3.8 1 Projections based on alternative assumptions about paper. (Annual, 1960 ed. and 1972 sup.), and Monthly growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Includes wet machine board. 3 The average annual rate of change for 5-year periods ending in the specified years except for the years 1965-72 when annual changes are shown. * Preliminary. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: American Paper Institute. The statistics of statistical summary. New York; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Pulp, paper and board. Cur. Indus. Reps. Ser. M26A. (annual); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Domestic Commerce. Pulp, paper and board. Quart. Indus. Rep.; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 190 TaBLE 143.—Paper and board per capita consumption, selected years 1920-72, wi THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER .IN THE UNITED STATES (1970 relative prices) to 2000 } th projections of demand Total paper and Paper Paperboard 2 Building board and board Year Annual Annual Annual Annual Total rate of Total rate of Total rate of Total rate of change 3 change 3 change 3 change 3 Pounds Percent Pounds Percent Pounds Percent Pounds Percent TUS Os ee as ee nig TF TA Dee ee ee LOZ |i 2 eee AS i | O25 eee eee fen 1 eae 180 4.4 123 3. 8 56 5. 4 iL | Soe ea a NG SOR Sees iin Byes ee 201 2,2 137 22, 62 2 Al 2 14.9 OS 5S ae ee ele ee ae PAO) i le aes se 129 —1.:2 ra Pf 1 —12.9 WO AOS eres 6S 2 ee 254 4.8 161 4.5 91 By al 2 14.9 G45 Ss. Se ee ee es 283 2.2 157 —2.4 113 4.4 13 45. 4 OS) Cae a Sed 382 6. 2 221 eal 145 eplt 16 aun, UG 25 eae SA Cie 422 2.0 234 ali 167 2.9 20 4.6 9 6 OR Ses = ae Mere eo 435 6 244 5s) 170 .4 21 1.0 LOG SLES at Seer re oe 507 Bhd 276 2.4 205 Ot 26 4.4 iD GG ee Aarons a eae 537 5. 9 294 6.5 219 6.8 24 —7,.7 9 Glia et Nee oe 523 —2.6 290 —1.4 210 —4.1 24 Cre NE gO YG}. eae ners ce oe enn) *) 556 6.3 301 3. 8 227 8.1 28 N@s7 OG OM es ey 582 4.7 314 4.3 239 Due 30 tH il IS 7 0 Gt weet es Be Ns ee 567 —2.6 309 —L6 229 —4,2 P40 —10.0 SG TL oe, a Air eh Sa 577 1.8 313 3) 231 .9 33 22, 1ST (ei ena gene a | 616 6. 8 327 4.5 253 9.5 36 9.1 Low projections 1G 8 Oreo eee «uaa 692 1.9 363 1.6 294 253 35 1.6 OOO er oe erie LAE dee 827 1.8 421 1.5 364 22 42 1.8 ZA) O OR eet sae OP oe 981 ales 2/ 484 1.4 447 PA. 50 1.8 Medium projections NG SOE ae See ae ea 729 2.4 381 Pagal 311 2.8 37 P,1 LS OO byte eee ue ae 910 25:2 464 2.0 401 2516; 45 2.0 PAOLO [Os ce oe. Coes a ean Pa 2.0 555 1.8 503 2d 56 Qe High projections IG SOY Ae ce ewer dn oe 768 2.9 401 2.6 328 3. 4 39 PA ef TO TSTO et ast os pei Ue ey 997 2. 6 508 2.4 439 3.0 50 25, PAU ONS etree sere rp eater tere 1, 263 2.4 625 2. 1 574 P75 64 P45 ‘Projections based on alternative assumptions about growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. ? Includes wet machine board. * The average annual rate of change for 5-year periods ‘ Preliminary. ending in the specified years except for the years 1965-72 when annual changes are shown. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: See source note, table 142. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 191 disposal of nonbiodegradable products, will tend to limit inroads of competitive materials in most markets for paper and board. This appears espe- cially likely over the range in which the prices of paper and board can reasonably be expected to increase in the next two or three decades. While substitution may be limited in the pro- jection period, it nonetheless seems likely that the rate of growth in consumption, and especially per capita consumption, will continue to decline as consumption approaches some maximum or sat- uration level for different products and uses. Relationships between paper and board consump- tion and economic variables——In the past there have been large differences in rates of growth in consumption of the major grades of paper and — board. These have resulted from the development of new pulp-based products, inroads of substitutes, varying rates of growth in major sectors of the economy, and other factors such as changes in consumer tastes. In partial recognition of these differences the various types and grades of paper and board have been grouped into three categories—paper, paperboard, and building board (insulation board and hardboard)—which have a common relation- ship to one or more of the basic determinants of demand discussed in the introductory section of this chapter (see Append. V, tables 18-20 for historical statistics for these categories) .* Because most paper is consumed in one form or another by individuals, with the level of use a function of income, there has been a close statistical relationship between changes in per capita consumption of paper and changes in per 36 For a more complete discussion of the problems associated with the development and use of plastics in place of paper and board see: Copelman, Serge, and Guy Jacqueline. Synthetic paper: Japan leads the way in technological development. Pulp and Paper 45(5) :111-115. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Note on substitution by and for paper and paperboard. FO:PAP/DST/71/1.3 of the Second Consultation on World Pulp and Paper Demand, Supply and Trade. 1971. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Present status of development of synthetic paper in Japan. FP/PAP/DST/1.9 of the Second Consultation on World Pulp and Paper Demand, Supply and Trade. 1971. 37 In previous Forest Service reports presenting esti- mates of demand for paper and board, as in Use of regres- ston equations for projecting trends in demand for paper and board, Op. cit., separate projections were made for a number of major types of paper and board, such as news- print, printing papers, packaging papers, container board, ete. Such detailed projections are not presented in this study because of difficulties in developing statistical series as a result of extensive changes made in 1967 in the definitions and classifications of various grades of paper and board, and Jack of recent information on the kinds of fibrous materials used in the furnish of different types of paper and board. ’ Relationship between per capita paper consumption and per capita disposable personal income, 1929-70 350 300 250 200 150 PER CAPITA PAPER CONSUMPTION (POUNDS) 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Per capita disposable personal income (1967 dollars) Relationship between per capita paper board consumption and per capita gross national product, 1920-70 250 200 150 (POUNDS) 50 PER CAPITA PAPER BOARD CONSUMPTION Per capita gross national product (1967 dollars) Figure 72 capita disposable personal income ** (fig. 72). In the case of paperboard, which is used pri- marily for packaging industrial and agricultural commodities, per capita consumption has shown a close relationship to changes in the per capita gross national product. Most of the growth in the consumption of building board (insulation board and hardboard), which is used in construc- tion for such purposes as sheathing and under- layment and in manufacturing, has been associated with changes in these sectors of the economy. Projected demands for paper and _board.—On the basis of past relationships and trends in use, total demand for paper and board at 1970 38 The choice of independent variable, base time period, units of measurement, form of equation, and kind of equation used in this analysis for projecting demands for paper and paperboard were based on guides developed in the study Use of regression equations for projecting trends in demand for paper and board, Op. cit. 192 relative prices is projected to rise to 83 million tons (medium level) in 1980, and to 157 million tons in 2000—some 2.7 times consumption in 1970 (table 142, fig. 71). Projections of per capita demand also rise rapidly, reaching 729 pounds in 1980 and 1,114 pounds in 2000 (table 143, figeaval))s As indicated in the following tabulation, the medium projections of demand for paper and board in 1980 are close to projections shown in a preceding Forest Service study *® and to those developed by Slatin of the American Paper Institute *° and the Midwest Research Institute.‘! Total (million tons) Per capita (pounds) Paper and and board Paper Board board Paper Board This study ____ 83 43 40 729 381 348 Preceding FS Shidyis2 86 44 42 728 76 352 API study-_-_____ 87 45 fo = ry ne ea oe Le MRI study_____ 83 42 Cae eee epee SEY Me en Cee E Annual rates of growth in both total and per capita demands for paper and board show sub- stantial declines over the projection period. That for per capita demand, for example, falls from an average of 2.4 percent in the 1960’s to 2.0 percent in the 1990’s. Effects of the alternative assumptions on growth in population and gross national product are substantial, with projected total demand for paper and board ranging from 130 million tons to 190 million tons in 2000 (table 143). These pro- jections would, of course, be somewhat lower with higher prices, as indicated in the tabulation below showing the medium projections of demand under alternative price assumptions. Projections—1970 relative prices Year Total Paper Board (million (million (million tons) tons) tons) OS Om eeee 83. 1 43. 4 39. 7 1990S == 116. 1 59. 2 56. 9 200022 156. 6 78. 0 78. 6 Projections—relative prices rising 0.5 percent per year LOSORES = 82. 6 43. 1 39. 5 OOO Sa aem 114. 3 58. 3 56. 0 2000_____ 152.5 76. 0 76. 5 Projections—relative prices 10 percent above 1970 average LOSOtE es 81. 4 42.5 38.9 LO GOR 2 2S 113. 8 58. 0 55. 8 200022502 153. 5 76. 5 77. 0 _ With inelastic, demand, as assumed in the introductory section, projections would be lowered 39 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Use of regession equations for projecting trends in demand for paper and board. Op. cit. © Slatin, Benjamin. Timber requirements of the paper industry in the seventies and eighties. American Paper Thstitute. New York. 1971. *‘! Midwest Research Institute. Paper recycling the art od the possible 1970-1985. Kansas City. 1973. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER ‘IN THE UNITED STATES appreciably only with very large increases in relative prices. Exports of paper and board.—Exports of paper and board have been small in relation to U.S. consumption, but have risen rapidly in recent years to a 1972 total of 3 million tons (table 144; TABLE 144.—Paper and board consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production, selected years 1920-72, with projections! (1970 relative prices) to 2000 * [Million tons] Apparent Domestic Year consump- | Exports | Imports produc- tion tion 19202e == Ue 0. 2 0.8 te 2 1925 a ee 10. 4 aa 15 9.0 LO30eesa2 12.3 oe 2.3 10. 2 1935 eee 12. 8 moll 2. 4 10.5 1940220" 16.8 56 2.8 14.5 LOA 5 eee 19. 8 4 2. 8 Li. 4 L950es==— 29.1 23 5. 0 24. 4 UV 35. 0 5'tf 5: 5 30. 2 19602 =e3 39. 3 .9 by ¢ 34. 4 1965822 49. 2 1.6 6. 8 44.1 L9GGmees 52. 8 1.8 a) AT 1 NGC jee 52. 0 2. 0 Wail 46.9 19GS eee 55. 8 2.5 10 ai, 2 19692 Ses 59. 0 2. 6 7.4 54, 2 OOS = see 58. 1 Ps ee? 53: 5 LO (lie 59. 7 3. 0 (Ga, ia, al 19723 64. 3 3. 0 7.9 59. 3 Low projections Year Domestic | Exports | Imports| Demand on demand U.S. mills L980 nese = 78. 2 3. 5 8.0 (ey 1 LOGE Sees 102.5 30, 8. 0 98. 0 200022250 130. 4 Su0 8. 0 125. 9 _ Medium projections | I9S0n ee 83. 1 339 8.0 78. 6 1990_____ 116. 1 3:0 8. 0 111.6 200028252 156. 6 30 8.0 Lb 2aal High projections NO SOS se 89. 0 By it5) 8.0 84. 5 19 9 Oeaeeees 13257 300 8. 0 128. 2 20008 2222 190. 2 3. 5 8. 0 185. 7 ' Projections based on alternative assumptions about growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. * Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 3 Preliminary. Sources: See source note, table 142. | } DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 193 Append. V, tables 17-20). Exports of nearly all grades of paper and board have shown some increase, but kraft linerboard has accounted for by far the largest part of the recent growth. Exports of paper and board have moved to all regions of the world (Append. V, table 21). How- ever, in 1971 about 44 percent of the total went to Western Europe and another 23 percent to Latin America. Nearly all of the remainder was shipped to Japan, Canada, and Africa. Most of the growth in exports in the 1960’s was to Western Europe and Latin America. A recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations indicates that world demands for paper and board are likely to continue to grow rapidly, as indicated in the tabulation below: * Consum p- Projected demand tion in 1969 1975 1980 1985 (million (million (million (million tons) tons) tons) tons) Western Europe------------ 35. 0 49.4 63.0 81.4 DITO eee i ee 12.3 22.7 33.5 45.0 Latin America_-_---_--------- 5.0 7.5 10.6 14.4 Eastern Europe and USSR- 11.8 17.1 22.5 32.3 All other (except North Ye) a: aoe 11.0 15.9 22.4 30.5 EEE EEE Eee [| ee Seas ca ee 75.1 112.6 152.0 203.6 This, and other similar studies, conclude that forest resources in western Europe and Japan are not large enough to supply prospective demands for timber products.® (For a more detailed discussion of the timber demand and supply situation in western Europe and Japan see Chapter IV.) This means that more and more of the rapidly growing demands for paper and board in these countries must be supplied from timber resources in other parts of the world. In view of the prospective demand and resource situation in the major importing areas it appears likely that export demands for paper and board produced in the United States will continue to increase in the years immediately ahead. How- ever, the United States is faced with a tightening timber supply situation (see Chapter VI) and consequently exports have been assumed to level off at 3.5 million tons a year. Developments in other parts of the world could also change the outlook. For example, it may be technically and economically feasible to use increasing quantities of pulp made from tropical hardwoods, fast growing plantation 4 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Outlook for pulp and paper consumption, production, and trade to 1985. Second Consultation on World Pulp and Paper Demand Supply and Trade. Rome. 1971. % United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. European timber trends and prospects, 1950-1980 and interim review. Geneva. 1966. Jnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Wood—world trends and prospects. Rome. 1967. Japan Lumber Journal, Inc. Japan Lumber Journal. Tokyo. Biweekly. species, or nonwood fibers. These sources of fiber could support large increases in pulp production in Latin America, Africa, and the Far East, and expanded paper and board production in western Europe and Japan. Also development of the enormous softwood resources in the USSR could add to world supplies of market pulp. Imports of paper and board.—U.S. imports of paper and board have been substantially larger than exports and have increased fairly steadily to a level of 7.9 million tons in 1972 (table 144; Append. V, tables 17-20). Newsprint has composed 70 percent or more of the imports since before 1920. However, in recent years some other grades, especially building board, have increased in relative importance. Canada provided about 95 percent of the imports of newsprint in 1971 and most other grades as well (Append. V, table 22). Although imports have increased somewhat in the last few years, it appears unlikely that Canada could significantly increase recent levels of ship- ments to the United States unless prices rise enough to cover the higher costs of utilizing timber in the undeveloped northern parts of the Canadian provinces (see discussion Chapter IV). Thus, it was assumed that at 1970 relative prices imports of paper and board would remain at about the 1972 level. With higher prices Canada could provide much larger volumes of paper and board, with actual imports depending in part on U.S demand. In the 1947-70 period there was a close statis- tical relationship between paper and board imports and domestic consumption. Projections (medium level) based on this relationship, and the rising price assumption, rise to 13.5 million tons by 2000—some 5.6 million tons above the 1972 volume as shown in the following tabulation. Projections—1970 relative prices Total demand Exports Imports Demand on U.S. Year (million (million (million mills tons) tons) tons) (million tons) 1980_--_-- 83. 1 3. 5 8.0 78. 6 19902=- =" 116. 1 329 8. 0 111.6 Z20002=-_ = 156. 6 3.5 8. 0 Tey Projections—relative prices rising 0.5 percent per year L980 2== == 82. 6 3.5 10.5 75. 6 1990 -==2— 114. 3 3.5 12.5 105. 3 200022252 152. 5 3.5 13. 5 142. 5 Projections—relative prices 10 percent above 1970 average 198022 == 81. 4 3.5 10.5 74. 4 11 ee 113. 8 3. 5 11RD 105. 8 2000S == == 153. 5 3. 5 12.0 145. 0 Demand on U.S. mills for paper and board.— Production of paper and board in U.S. mills has increased rapidly in recent decades to 59.3 million tons in 1972 (table 144). Meeting projected domes- tic and export demands at 1970 prices after allow- 194 ances for imports, would require an increase in domestic production (demand on U.S. mills) to about 79 million tons by 1980 (medium projec- tion), and to about 152 million tons in 2000. Annual growth rates for domestic production of paper and board averaged about 4.4 percent in the 1960’s. Projected increases in demand on USS. mills (medium level—1970 relative prices) average only 3.9 percent annually in the 1970’s, and 3.1 percent in the 1990’s. Despite the drop in rates of growth, projected increases in demand on U.S. mills would require a very large expansion of the domestic paper and board industry in the next three decades. In the 1980’s the medium projection of demands, with rising relative prices, increases by about 3.0 mil- lion tons a year, with further growth to over 3.7 million tons annually in the 1990’s. In the 1960’s production increased about 1.9 million tons a year. Under the alternative and higher price assump- tions, demand on U.S. mills would be lowered somewhat (see tabulation above) because of a reduction in total demand and an increase in im- ports. Demands on U.S. mills would still involve a much larger expansion of the U.S. industry than anything experienced in the past. Demand for Fibrous Material for Paper and Board Manufacture The manufacture of 59.3 million tons of paper and board in the United States in 1972 required some 58.8 million tons of fibrous material, in- cluding some 46.6 million tons of woodpulp, 11.3 million tons of wastepaper, and 0.9 million tons of cotton, bagasse, and other fibers (table 145; fig. 73; Append. V, table 23). The trend in consumption of all fibrous material has closely paralleled the trend in paper and board production, more than THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES’ doubling since 1950 and increasing about 9 times since 1919. In contrast to this upward trend, average use of fibrous materials per ton of paper and board produced has been nearly constant in recent decades—varying between 0.992 and 1.092 tons since the late 1920’s (table 145, fig. 73; Append. V, table 23). It was assumed that average use would remain at a level of 1.03 tons through the projection period.‘ Although there has not been much change in the use of fibrous materials per ton of production, there have been large changes in the mix of fibers consumed. In the last two decades, for example, new woodpulp has risen from roughly 64 percent of the total fibrous materials used to around 80 percent of the total. Use of wastepaper, on the other hand, declined from 31 percent of the total fibers used in 1950 to around 19 percent in 1972. Use of other fibers dropped from about 5 percent to less than 2 percent. The sharp upward trend in use of new wood- pulp, and the concomitant decline in the pro- portion of wastepaper used, reflect many technical and economic factors. For example, use of new woodpulp results in relatively stronger and light- weight paper and board products. New woodpulps are relatively free of biological and other contami- nants. Integration of the industry with production of both pulp and paper concentrated in large complexes designed to fully utilize the timber harvested has tended to favor production of virgin pulps over \wastepaper reuse. Use of recycled ** The assumed increase in the use of wastepaper per ton of paper and board produced discussed below would tend to raise this average. However, it was assumed that this would be offset by increasing use of nonfiber additives and improvements in technology. Fibrous materials consumed in the manufacture of paper and board, 1920-71, with projections to 2000 MILLION TONS 2000 TONS 1940 Figure 73 TABLE 145.—Fibrous materials consu DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS (1970 relative prices) to 2000 * 195 med in the manufacture of paper and board 1919-72, with projections Consumption of fibrous materials Consumption of fibrous materials per ton of paper and board produced Year Total Wood- Waste- Other Total Wood- Waste- Other pulp paper pulp paper Million Million Million Million Tons Tons Tons Tons tons tons tons tons ENG Seat eee gk Se 6. 6 4. 0 9 0. 7 1. 110 0. 674 0. 311 0. 125 ee 11.6 6. 3 3. 8 1.4 1. 039 . 565 . 345 . 129 ii tee ee 11.0 6. 4 3. 6 1.0 1. 050 615 342 092 (SC pee ee eee 14. 2 8. 7 4.4 1.2 1. 049 640 BY 5) 086 HO4O TRS 22S ese 15. 5 9.8 ed 1.0 1. 070 675 322 072 I ae ee ee 19. 0 10. 8 6. 8 1.3 1. 092 623 . 391 . 077 EEE 25. 9 16. 5 8. 0 4 1. 062 677 326 059 ON 31.8 21.5 9. 0 1.3 1. 056 711 300 . 045 1G0e et Sake eee 35. 7 25. 7 9. 0 1.0 1. 036 746 262 028 le (fe BS eee 45.1 34. 0 10. 2 .&) 1. 024 772 232 020 OTe ee Sap ere es ee 48.5 36. 9 10. 6 ils @ 1. 029 784 224 021 RO ot ag eee = 47.7 37.0 9.9 .8 iL, Oily 788 211 018 OGRE ee ee 52. 4 41.3 10. 2 2 1. 023 806 199 018 190G90" Srraret= bree ests 55. 5 43.7 10. 9 9) 1. 024 806 202 016 117 (1) re ey ee et 54. 6 43. 2 10. 6 a3) 1. 021 . 807 198 015 11917 iBn cone alate pempmpein ie 56. 0 44.2 11.0 a8 1. 017 802 200 016 1720. & So eee ees 58. 8 46. 6 11.3 2) 991 . 786 190 015 Low projections Year Demand for fibrous materials Consumption of fibrous materials per by U.S. mills ton of paper and board produced TORO} Res eee ee 75.9 58. 2 17. 0 eri 1. 030 0. 790 0. 230 0. 010 1GOOQ reesei se. See 101. 0 70. 6 29. 4 1.0 1. 030 . 720 . 300 . 010 LI See ee eee 129. 7 84. 3 44. 1 ies) 1. 030 . 670 350 . 010 Medium projections RSIS is Loe eg ne a! 81.0 62. 1 18. 1 mS 1. 030 790 230 . 010 1OOOS Sa toe So ees 115. 0 80. 4 33. 5 if. 1 1. 030 720 300 . 010 2000S seems eee 156. 6 101.9 53. il 159 1. 030 670 350 . 010 High projections 1080) sei eee. zee 87. 0 66. 8 19. 4 56 1. 030 790 . 230 . 010 LOO (pee settee oe Spree 132. 1 92. 3 38. 5 1.3 1. 030 720 . 300 . 010 741 eee See rees Besta 191, 3 124. 4 65. 0 1.9 1. 030 670 . 350 . 010 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Preliminary. Sources: American Paper Institute. Wood pulp statis- tics. New York. 1972. (annual); U.S. Department of 547-966 O- 74-14 Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Pulp, paper and board. Cur. Indus. Reps. Ser. M26A. (annual); and U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, Forest Service. 196 fibers also has been inhibited by high costs of collecting, sorting, cleaning, and transporting wastepaper. Projected use of wastepaper.—New forces are developing, however, that appear likely to change the relative importance of new and _ recycled pulps.** Increasing concern over pollution of the environment, and the growing costs and diffi- culties of solid waste disposal, have stimulated much interest and action by Government and industry to increase recycling. For example, Federal and other agencies have modified purchase specifications to require mini- mum proportions of recycled fibers in some paper and board purchases. Research also is being stepped up to identify ways of increasing reuse of wastepaper. Various other forms of assistance or regulation are being considered. Although these things are underway announced expansion plans of the pulp and paper industry indicate that during the early 1970’s use of waste- paper as a proportion of total fibrous materials used is not likely to increase appreciably. In the longer run, however, factors favoring greater recycling such as mentioned above, together with increasing competition for available timber, point to the likelihood of substantial growth in recycling of wastepaper. Use of recycled fibers per ton of paper and board produced has therefore been assumed to rise from 0.19 ton in 1972 to 0.23 ton by 1980,‘ and to 0.35 ton by 2000 (table 145, fig. 73). The latter level is close to rates currently achieved in such countries as Japan and the Netherlands, and to use achieved for a time in the United States during World War II. Conversely, projected use of new woodpulp drops from 0.81 ton in 1970 to 0.67 ton in 2000. Estimated use of other fibrous materials remains unchanged at about 1 percent of the total. 45 See for example: American Paper Institute. 1970 a test of stamina. New York. 1971. Joseph E. Atchison Consultants, Inc. Report on a preliminary study of waste paper and prospects for its increased recycling. New York. 1970. Midwest Research Institute. Paper recycling, the art of the possible 1970-1985. Kansas City. 1973. Perry, Henry J. The economics of waste paper use: Part I. Pulp and Paper 45(4):83-84; and The economics of waste paper reuse: Part II. Pulp and Paper 45(5) :82-84. Tuchman, Samson G. The economics of the waste paper industry. Ph.D. dissertation. Dept. of Economics, New York Univ. New York. 1963. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Domestic Commerce. Pulp, paper and board. Industry Reps. XXVI (3). Quarterly. 1970. Williams, Ward C. CCA makes corrugating medium at 1,100 ft./min. from 100% waste paper. Pulp and Paper 44(12):112-116; and Use it/reuse it! political, economic pressures brighten future for waste. 44(10) :61-65. *© The Midwest Research Institute in its report ‘‘Paper recycling the art of the possible,” op. cit., estimated that the recycling rate would rise to 24 percent by 1990. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Total demands for wastepaper given the above rates would rise from about 11 million tons in 1970 to 18 million tons by 1980 and to 53 million tons by 2000. Such projected reuse in 2000 would prob- ably be close to a practical maximum considering availability and cost factors. Part of the paper and board consumed for such purposes as books and records is not available for recycling. Other parts are scattered or in locations remote from recy- cling plants, so badly contaminated as to prohibit reuse, or destroyed by the first use. Projected demand for woodpulp for paper and board.—Under the above assumptions on future fiber mix, the medium projection of demand for woodpulp for production of paper and board in ~ the United States at 1970 relative prices rises from 46.6 million tons in 1972 to 62.1 million tons by 1980, and to 101.9 million tons by 2000. This would require an average annual increase in wood- pulp consumption of 1.9 million tons in the 1970’s and 2.2 million tons in the 1990’s. As in the case of paper and board, rates of in- crease in projected demand for woodpulp for the domestic manufacture of paper and board caleu- lated from trend values fall rather sharply over the projection period, from 5.4 percent per year in the 1950-70 period to 3.1 percent in the 1970’s and to 2.4 percent in the 1990’s Demand for woodpulp in nonpaper products.— In addition to pulp used in the manufacture of paper and board, about 1.3 million tons of wood- pulp was used in 1972 for products such as rayon, cellulose acetate, and plastics. This was below the peak of 1.5 million tons attained in 1969, but some 4.6 times consumption in 1940 (table 146). Per capita use has also increased substantially since 1940. Since the late 1940’s there has been a fairly close statistical relationship between changes in the consumption of woodpulp in the manufacture of nonpaper products and changes in gross na- tional product. Primarily on the basis of this re- lationship, demand (medium level) was projected to grow to 2.2 million tons in 1980, with a further increase to 4.4 million tons in 2000. Average an- nual rates of growth drop from 4.2 percent in the 1960’s to 3.9 percent in the 1970’s and 3.5 percent in the 1990’s. Total projected U.S. demand for woodpulp.— Apparent consumption of woodpulp in the manu- facture of both paper and board and nonpaper products in the United States totaled 47.8 million tons in 1972 (table 147; Append. V, table 24). The medium projection of demand at 1970 prices reaches 106.3 million tons by 2000—a 2.4-fold in- crease over 1970. Annual rates of growth in wood- pulp demand decline from an average of 5.5 per- cent in the 1960’s to 4.0 percent in the 1970’s, and 2.4 percent in the 1990’s. Exports of woodpulp.—In addition to domestic demand, a significant export market for woodpulp DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 197 TABLE 146.—Woodpulp consumed in the manufac- ture of nonpaper products, selected years 1940-72, with projections of demand (1970 relative prices) to 2000 * Year Total Per capita Thousand tons Pounds owe 5 oe ee 27 DQ Syeyee Feyeey: PEND 527 8 bOn Oh = 25 Ff elas. 703 9 Lins SA eee 829 10 Ey ee ne 1, 025 11 ae ees es ae 1, 310 14 TOQGG* aoe Pee a no ee Be 1,370 14 JU ee ee 1, 201 12 fe eo a ee oe 1, 441 14 La a ees aamee & 1, 518 15 S702 Sees) eas 1, 238 12 (fit Gee ee ee ee 1, 234 12 PR ae ee es 1, 290 12 Low projections iki fot ee ee a eee | 2, 000 18 iS es! oe eee 2, 800 23 ys | i ee To ne | 3, 700 28 i Medium projections itis Dee 3 ee ee eee 2, 200 19 ii th ee eee 3, 100 24 711) i a ee 4, 400 31 High projections TORR ae Fs Ft Fe 8 ey ol 2, 300 20 iM 1S ee eS eee 3, 500 26 CAMO Mn Me ee 5, 200 35 1 Projections based on alternative assumptions about growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Preliminary. Source: American Paper Institute. Wood pulp statistics. New York. 1972. (Annual). has developed in recent years. Between 1950 and 1970, for example, woodpulp exports rose from 0.1 million to 3.1 million tons, but subsequently declined to 2.3 million tons in 1972 (table 147; Append. V, table 24). Most of the growth in exports in the 1960’s was in sulphate pulp and dissolving and special alpha pulps. Although woodpulp is shipped to all parts of the world, most exports go to western Europe, the Far East, and Latin America (Append. V, table 25). The increase in shipments to western Europe has been especially rapid, rising from 31,000 tons in 1950 to 1.1 millon in 1971. In the same period shipments to the Far East—chiefly to Japan, Korea, and India—rose from 6,000 tons TaBLE 147.—Woodpulp consumption, exports, im- ports, and domestic production, selected years 1920-72, with projections: (1970 relative prices) to 2000 * [Million tons] Year Apparent | Exports|Imports| Domestic consumption production 1920220 4.7 (3) 0. 9 3. 8 192552"— 4 5. 6 (3) 1 ea 4.0 19S0ae4 6. 4 (3) 1.8 4.6 LOS5 = 6. 7 0. 2 1.9 4.9 195025 22 9.7 =o 1 9. 0 1945205 2 11.8 eet 1.8 10. 2 19502 _<+= venl sal 2.4 14. 8 1955. ee 22. 3 a6 2. 2 20. 7 1960222 = 26. 6 1 Ve | 2.4 25. 3 [Go- = 35. 7 1.4 hal! 34. 0 1966224 == 38. 4 1.6 3.4 36. 6 196722 38. 1 ag 3. 2 36. 7 1968. = 42.5 159 3h 5} 40.9 19695—>" 44.8 ZA 4.0 42.8 1970402 -£ 44.1 3 3.15 43. 7 ji ee 45.3 2.2, 3.5 43.9 WO 2A. oe 47.8 2.3 3. 46.3 Low projections Domestic Demand Year demand Exports | Imports on U.S mills LOSOe ses 60. 2 3.5 4.0 59. 7 1990-2 =~ 73. 4 3.5 4.0 72.9 2000225 88. 0 3. 5 4.0 87. 5 | Medium projections 1980). _ = 64. 3 Bee 4.0 63. 8 1990e 83. 5 Su 4.0 | 83. 0 2000228 106. 3 37, 5 4.0 105. 8 High projections 1980) 4522 69. 1 3. 5 4.0 68. 6 1990 == 95. 8 3. 5 4.0 95. 3 2000 == 129. 6 3:5 4.0 129. 1 ! Projections based on alternative assumptions about growth in population and economic activity as specified in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 3 Less than 50,000 tons. 4 Preliminary. Sources: American Paper Institute. Wood pulp statistics. 1972. (Annual); and Monthly statistical summary. New * York; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. to 533,000 tons. Exports to Latin America have also shown substantial growth from 22,000 tons in 1950 to 277,000 tons in 1971. 198 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES As indicated in Chapter IV, various studies point to rapid and continuing increases in world demands for pulp and paper and board, as well as for other wood products. These studies also indicate that available timber supplies of acceptable quality may not be large enough to meet these expanding demands. Although expanded markets for pulp ex- ports from the United States can be expected, it was assumed that pulp exports will level off at 3.5 million tons in view of the major rise in projected U.S. demands for pulp, tightening timber supply situation in the United States as described in Chapter VI and prospective increases in fiber sup- plies from other regions of the world. Imports of woodpulp.—In contrast to the recent rise in pulp exports, the United States has long imported substantial volumes of woodpulp (table 147; Append. V, table 24). Pulp imports ap- proached 2 million tons in the 1920’s—a level that with some fluctuation was maintained through the 1950’s. In the 1960’s, however, pulp imports rose fairly rapidly, and in the late 60’s and early 70’s were ranging between 3.5 and 4.0 million tons a year. In earlier years Scandinavia provided much of the imports, but in 1971, 96 percent of the im- Fee pulp came from Canada (Append. V, table 26). In view of the higher costs that would presum- ably be associated with the use of unexploited timber resources in Canada (see discussion Chapter IV), Canadian pulp producers probably would not significantly increase shipments over recent vol- umes unless prices rise above 1970 levels. Hence, it was assumed that at 1970 relative prices imports would remain about 4 million tons annually. With higher prices it seems likely that Canadian producers would supply much larger quantities of woodpulp. Accordingly, woodpulp imports have been increased substantially under the higher price assumptions as shown in the following tabulation of medium projections of demand under alternative price assumptions: Projections—1970 relative prices Demand on Total demand Exports Imports U.S. mills Year (million tons) (million tons) (million tons) (million tons) LO SORe see 64. 3 3.5 4.0 63. 8 1990e22 2 83. 5 3. 5 4.0 83. 0 2000 ee 106. 3 3.5 4.0 105. 8 Projections—relative prices rising 0.5 percent per year ISS OSes 61.9 3.5 6. 0 59. 4 I9S02e=ae 78. 9 3.5 eS) 74. 9 2000222 == 99. 8 3. 5 8.5 94. 8 Projections—relative prices 10 percent above 1970 average LO8OQEsS 22 61. 0 3.5 6. 0 58. 5 19902 ses 192 3.5 7.0 75. 7 200032222 101. 5 3.5 0.5 Orie) Demand on U.S. mills for woodpulp.—When projected pulp imports are subtracted from total domestic and export demands, an estimated 64 million tons (medium projection) of woodpulp would be demanded from U.S. mills by 1980 at 1970 relative prices (table 147). A further rise to 106 million tons by 2000 is projected. Under the alternative higher prices demand on U.S. mills would be somewhat lower because of reductions in domestic demand and increased imports. Annual rates of growth in demand drop under all assumptions. For example, with the medium projection of population and economic growth and 1970 relative prices, rates drop from 3.8 percent in the 1970’s to 2.5 percent in the 1990’s. Part of the decline after the mid-1970’s reflects an anticipated fall-off in use of new woodpulp per ton of paper and board manufactured (fig. 73). Projected increases in domestic production (medium projection) at 1970 relative prices indi- cate it would be necessary to expand U.S. wood- pulp production by about 2 million tons a year in the 1970’s. This would be close to the average in- crease in the 1960’s. Under the rising price as- sumption the projected increase (medium projec- tion) would average 1.6 million tons per year. Pulpwood Consumption and Demand Consumption of pulpwood in U.S. mills to pro- duce the tonnage of pulp shown in table 147 in- creased from about 6 million cords in 1920 to more than 72 million cords in 1972 (table 148; Append. V, table 27). Pulpwood used per ton of pulp.—sSince 1920 average use of pulpwood per ton of pulp produced has not changed significantly, averaging about 1.6 cords per ton (fig. 74; Append. V, table 28). During this period some technological develop- ments have tended to increase yields of pulp per cord of wood consumed. These have included a major shift from sulfite and soda processes to higher yielding sulfate and semichemical processes. There has also been a large relative increase in use of hardwoods which yield more pulp per cord than softwoods. Offsetting these trends, however, has been an increase in proportions of semi- bleached and bleached grades of woodpulp which require more wood per ton than unbleached grades. It has been assumed that the net effect of technological developments in the future, together with further increases in use of hardwoods, will cause a slight decline in consumption of pulpwood per ton of pulp produced to an average of about 1.5 cords by 2000. Multiplying assumed wood requirements per ton of pulp by projected domestic production of woodpulp indicates a potential demand for pulp- wood in U.S. mills (medium projection at 1970 relative prices) of about 98 million cords by 1980, and 159 million cords by 2000 (table 148). Exports of pulpwood.—Prior to the late 1960’s pulpwood exports from the United States were 199 OOTAIOG Jsoloyy ‘oANQ[NOBy Jo JuouyAeded *g*y :suoooforg “OOTAMOG JSolog ‘OANQTMOWy yo yuourpredod, “S° *(ATYPUOUT) YIOX MON *89/78770)8 Poom -ding ‘uoyepossy poomding uvowoury *(ATWIUOU) YOR MON “Mupucuens 7091781)0)8 fijyjuopw ‘oynyysuy Jodvgq uvowoury {(7enuue) get La “Aajunooa pun Appouuos yw aynpayos ‘woydunsuo0s pun poL9UI)—s)Lod uu ‘so. {(qenuur) OTP Lot “A4zunoo pun fippowuoo 7 aynpayos—sj.odaa “g*Q t(yenuue) Voz “Og ‘sdoy “pul “LING ‘pavog pun ‘sadnd ‘dyn ‘snsuogd oy} JO NVoANg ‘o1OTUUO LD JO quouUrqIedacy “S*Q —ZL-OP6T ‘S00.1n0g “BUIPUNOL JO OSNBdIG S[BIO} OF PpB jou ABUT BIBT :O10N *SOJRULTISO DOTAIOG ISOLO iT AIVUPULT[OIT 5 “uUa[BAINDY POOMpPUNOY ¢ ‘djndpoom pur ‘pavog ‘1eded JO sjxodtuy you oy} Jo JuoTBATNDe poomadynd oy) pues sje g°y Uy poomdynd jo uoyjduinsuod sopnyouy ¢ “ToVdBYO SIY) JO UOTJO0s ATOJONpOsyUT oy} UL UMOYS OLB APTALPOV oftTOUOD puv UOyerNdod UT YIMOIT YOGEB SUOTJAUINSSE OATVEUIOI[E OUT 1 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 1 2!) @ 96 £ O91 £ 01 0°9 8'T G°LT c's o's 0'8 4 UL T 104 SUCiGe ee 000% L‘Ih 6°TL 9 SIT Oh @ 01 T'9 e0 9°LT 8'e £°¢ 08 ra I ‘ZST POT me 6 LOUK 1°13 GIS €'8Z £ amit 69 eT L°LT $'+ $'S 08 Ltt bare 6 OVS” ae licen O86L suoloofoad Yaty] 0°SE 0S G SL Pb ‘S2T b 'O9T @ Or 0°9 Sen o°Lt c's o'¢ 0'e JT L'8ST 6991 ORcc De” Se ee 000% 088 6 bE 0°09 6 'P6 6 ‘LET 6 OL T'9 (fe! 9°LT R'E 8's 0's Lal & 9ST Peer Cie is O66T 0°64 L'&8 8 ‘Lb OTL 0001 01 @9 | Ti! L°L1 ty pg 08 a | £°86 0°SOT Reel oe Sale & | O61 suoroofoad UN Ipoyy 0‘S8 889 6°16 @ 01 0°9 ag! o°Lt c's '¢ 0'e Lit Tel L’881 Pi00ts | sien. Co 000% 08 £'0¢ G62 @ 01 T'9 eT 9 °2T 8'S e°¢ 0's ara | 8 OI O'STT LOCI glia as O66T 0°66 £ GP 9°19 9°86 01 6'9 eT L°LT 8h %'S 0'8 | 6°16 9 "86 S°TIt “""" "0861 poompivyy | poomajos [BIOL . Sjonpoid ¢ pavoq ¢ DAvoq sya -Aq yuri |~ -— WO, puvaodeg |, djndpoo,y| poomdind PIOL pure wd |, djndpooq} poomding [PIL ‘o'n UT 2. [e10y, | sj10dxe puv §4So10yJ "g*(), ULO’y POOMPUNOY, purulop ITBOX —— , wey Be a a = —ae* x = a = ar osowod poomdyjnd OMSOULOp 1OJ PUBLUOCT sqiodury s}10dx ay PUBULOpP OTPSOULoOcy suoTooford Mory mat Z UE T'8P y'eL L'8 L’g 0'T b'ST Ov c's 0% G6 b'GL £°6L BSR Melon = » ZL6L £'e1 vee Lov £°89 ¢ ‘Or y's a'T TL L‘v P's o'l 9°6 0°89 6°SL NOR» We Meno y TL6L 9°81 L'08 z 09 GOL z°6 hh) pen £°91 3 L'g 8'T 601 8°69 6°SL 898 ~~» OL6T G81 9°88 I'L 6°99 £°6 89 0'T GL v's 68 HOM 0°6 @'99 ToL 1 ‘P8 ~~ 6961 1L@t TZ a 47 L’19 88 6°¢ P'T ‘OL a'e G'e a'T 6°L 6°19 0'0L 6°LL L‘il 1 ‘08 81 G'LS 68 bg 91 6°ST 9% rs 9° o'9 v'8¢ 6°99 PSL ara | 9 6% 81 199 v6 L’'g v1 ¢'9T vG 6% ¢" 9°¢ o°LS 0°L9 9°GL O'1T % 6G £ 0b £29 G'S £°¢ 8'T TST a% L% a" 0's "es 29 F149 0'8 ¥'G% Gee 0 0b GL av el Lal a'T BG za 9'8 oP 1 ‘6b L'eg Zo ¥ '8Z 9 "RZ 018 8'9 6k R'T 9% O'T G'T 8% Lee S'lb 9 "8b 8% L‘9t G'6r L'0% £9 fb Pay 081 2 & Z 18% 0-8 Lee 1% 8 G1 6 V1 £°S1 G'e (ae) 9'T £'8 9° g 6 8°91 L°te 9°84 o° e"L 8 OL erat ara 9'8 2% PT G'L 9° 6 L'8T T's Lor e 8° 9°9 £9 9°9 T's 9°8 O'T 8°L cw" g 9°L 8 "81 Pl 9° he G'? ag L’g 078 £8 9'T OL e* I GL T'8T 9°81 z g* Ov GD 9't 0% 08 Gc'l ¥'9 z" i! 19 L°01 Orr 20 g'0 a L' 6% o'r 9°T a | g'e i) T'9 a'R 9'8 map rankth ht poompavyy | poomyog [BIOL 4 Syonpoid a= ¢ pavoq ¢ dnd ¢ pavoq ¢ djnd sya s}iodxo Aq WUBI SS a ra eerie ola pure sodug -poom poomdnd toy, puv siodtd =poom poomdng WIL ‘s' UL s1RIOL puv uo; poompunoy -duwinsu0o WOK ie -_ | eee oNsoulop eer, a ak a ee al ' as ee one Me ee ae [BIOL poomdyind jo uopjonpoid oyysou0d sqaodury S}OdXGT UOTJAUINSUOD OFSOULOC, [Sp100 uoTT{TIN] 1 ums avuoUuoIa pun uovnjndod uo suordunssp IALYDULAIJD LOPUN YOO 07 (Sao1ad aarjojas OLGT) Suorpaload ynm ‘BL-O@6T Sivek pajaajes ‘uorjonpoid dijsowop pun sjiodun ‘sodxa ‘uorjdunsuoa poondng—SPpt CIAV TL, 200 Pulpwood consumed per ton of woodpulp produced, 1920-70 with projection to 2000 2.0 corps Ps 0.5 ; =) 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 74 usually below 100,000 cords and were of little significance (table 148). Beginning in 1965, however, exports rose rapidly to a level of 2.0 million cords in 1972. Most of the increased exports went to Japan and were composed of gape produced from residues at sawmills on the Pacific Coast. As discussed in Chapter IV, Japan is faced with growing timber deficits and rising demands for woodpulp and paper and board. It is thus likely to be in the market for larger and larger quantities of imported chips. Most of the presently avail- able slabs, edgings, and veneer cores on the Pacific Coast are being utilized, but there are still sub- stantial volumes of logging and fine mill residues in that area. With projected growth in demand for pulpwood by U.S. mills, limitations on USS. timber supplies, and expectations of higher timber prices necessary to permit utilization of material now left as logging residues, it seems likely that further increases in pulpwood exports will be limited as shown in table 148. Imports of pulpwood.—Imports of pulpwood for consumption in U.S. mills, nearly all from Canada, have fluctuated between 1 and 2 million cords a year for several decades (table 148). Because of Canadian constraints on shipments of unmanu- factured wood, and the relatively high trans- portation costs of shipping pulpwood, no growth is anticipated in pulpwood imports. Demand for domestic pulpwood—Domestic pro- duction of pulpwood in the United States rose from about 5 million cords in 1920 to 73 million cords in 1972 (table 148). Meeting projected increases in pulpwood demand at U.S. mills after allowing for exports and imports of pulpwood would require an increase in U.S. pulpwood production to 100 million cords by 1980 (medium projection—1970 relative prices) and to 160 million cords by 2000. Rates of growth in these projections of pulpwood demand decline rather rapidly—from an average of 5.8 percent per year in the 1960’s to 2.3 percent annually in the 1990’s. Pulpwood from plant residues—Part of the pulpwood consumed in U.S. mills and exported THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES has come from slabs, edgings, veneer cores, saw- dust, and other material produced at primary manufacturing plants. Between 1950 ‘and 1972 use of these materials increased from 1.2 million cords to 25.3 million cords (table 148, fig. 75). Although most of the economically available coarse material and some fines were utilized, un- used volumes of chippable residues in the United States still amounted to 5.2 million cords in 1970. Unused sawdust and other fine residues in 1970 composed an additional 7.6 million cords of potentially usable material. Some of the residues of primary manufacturing plants is so scattered geographically and in such small volumes that it will not be economically utilizable under foreseeable price increases. How- ever, in estimating future demand for round pulp- wood, it was assumed under all population, economic, and price assumptions that by 1980 most coarse plant residues, much of the fines, and some material formerly utilized as fuel would be used for pulp products or for particle board. It was also assumed that while greater use of smaller timber will tend to increase the total volume of residues, this would be offset by increased use of thinner saws and more precise manufacturing equipment which would reduce residue volumes. Under these assumptions volumes of plant byproducts used as pulpwood are projected to rise to 35 million cords by 2000. These estimates of byproducts use are based upon the projections of timber supplies likely to be available for lum- ber and plywood production (with 1970 levels of forest management). Demand for domestic roundwood.—Projected demands for domestic roundwood for pulpwood were derived by subtracting prospective supplies of plant byproducts from total projected demands for domestic pulpwood. The medium projection for roundwood at 1970 prices rises from 48.1 million cords in 1972 to 71 million cords in 1980, and to 125 million cords by 2000. Pulpwood production, by source of material, 1920-72, with projections to 2000 ni eae 160 - - - - 120 80 MILLION CORDS 40 0 eens i BSR: t ‘ 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 75 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 201 Softwoods have long been preferred for pulp and paper products because of such factors as relatively high strength properties and _ light color. In recent decades, however, use of hard- woods has increased rapidly in response to techno- logical improvements in pulping, availability of substantial volumes of hardwood at relatively lower costs per ton of fiber, improvements in properties of many grades of paper and board with the addition of hardwood pulps, and rising com- petition and prices for softwood timber. The trend toward increased use of hardwoods is likely to be encouraged by a comparatively favorable supply situation, as indicated by the timber demand- supply comparisons in Chapter VI. Based on recent trends and available technology, proportions of softwoods in the pulpwood harvest were assumed to continue to decline from 71 percent of the total roundwood used in 1972 to about 66 percent by 1980 and 60 percent by 2000, with corresponding increases in proportions of hardwood pulpwood. Although pulpwood generally is obtained from smaller sizes and lower grades of timber, sub- stantial volumes of sawtimber suitable for lumber and plywood also are consumed in the production of paper and board. In 1970, for example, an estimated 7 billion board feet of softwood saw- timber, and 2 billion board feet of hardwood sawtimber, were used in pulp manufacture. In many cases the saw-log material used for pulp was of relatively low grade. In other cases, where sawtimber trees are scattered, for example, or where pulp timber is harvested from small tracts by small producers, considerable volumes of sawtimber of high quality have been used. Other developments such as rising timber values and local shortages of wood have been encouraging greater use of small trees and ma- terial formerly left as logging residues. It also seems likely that new technological developments leading to practical methods of bark-chip separa- tion, and/or acceptance of bark in the furnishes of some grades of paper and board, will lead to greater use of small stems, limbs, and cull trees that have been previously unused. It has, therefore, been assumed that while the total quantity of sawtimber used for pulp will continue to increase, the proportion of the total pulpwood mix made up of sawtimber will decline moderately. Demand for pulpwood including the roundwood equivalent of net imports of paper, board, and wood- pulp.—In addition to pulpwood from U.S. forests, a substantial volume of wood is represented by imports of pulp, paper, and board. In 1972, for example, the roundwood equivalent of such net imports was 6.9 million cords. With this added to domestic production, the total volume of pulpwood required to manufacture the paper, board, and woodpulp consumed in the United States in 1972 was 79.3 million cords. Exports of pulpwood and pulpwood products (pulp, paper, and board) in 1972 were equivalent to 9.5 million cords. Thus, total domestic and export demand for pulpwood in 1972 amounted to 88.8 million cords. Projected demands for pulpwood for U.S. con- sumption, including the roundwood equivalent of net imports of woodpulp and paper and board, rise from 79.3 million cords in 1972 to 166 million cords by 2000 (meditim projection, 1970 relative prices). Total pulpwood demands for both U.S. con- sumption and exports—to be supplied from U.S. or foreign resources—are projected to increase to 178 million cords by 2000, or double the 1972 levels. Demand for pulpwood under alternative assump- tions—The alternative population and_ gross national product assumptions adopted in this study have a sizeable impact on demands for pulpwood at 1970 relative prices (table 148). For example, in 2000 projected demands for pulpwood for U.S. consumption vary between 139 million and 201 million cords. As indicated in the introductory section of this Chapter, it has been assumed that demands for paper and board are quite inelastic, that is, price changes have relatively little effect on demand. Thus, the alternative price assumptions used in this study have relatively little effect on projected demands for pulpwood (table 149). For example, a rise in relative prices of paper and board at the longrun historical rate—about 0.5 percent per year—would reduce the medium projection of pulpwood demand in the United States by only 1.7 percent in the year 2000 (table 149). If timber supplies are not adequate in future years to meet the projected increases in demands for both pulpwood and other timber products, as indicated by the data in Chapter VI, sizeable price increases for paper and board will be necessary to enable the pulp industry to compete for wood. Also other fibers—wastepaper, bark, limbs and tops, tropical hardwoods, kenaf, and plastics—would be used to a greater extent. DEMAND FOR MISCELLANEOUS TIMBER PRODUCTS As shown in the tabulation below, a variety of miscellaneous industrial roundwood products are consumed in the United States. Standard unit of Product measure 1952 1962 1970 @ooperage=— == 5. -=5=- <=. Million board feet_---- 355.3 216.0 214.7 Piling Seer ee SS beee Million linear feet --~-_-- 41.2 41.5 28. 8 GGG: =e Ral SS - Se Million pieces --------- 6.5 6.7 5.4 OStS =e ea a ee Million pieces - -------- 306.0 168.7 97.7 Mine timberss=s2-=52-2-==—= Million cubic feet-_--. 81.0 48.4 32. 1 Other industrial products!_ Million cubic feet----- 285.2 157.6 198.8 All miscellaneous products_- Million cubic feet__-.-- 698.8 465.4 424.0 1 Includes charcoal wood, roundwood used in the manufacture of particleboard; poles and rails used in fencing; bolts used for products such as shingles, wood turnings, and handles, and other miscellaneous items such as hop poles. eee THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 202 ‘QOIAIOg 4soIOg ‘aINQ{NIsy Jo JuoUIeded “g*Q :suoToefo1g “QdIAIag JselO,g ‘aINq[NoUdyY Jo JueuyIVdeq *S°Q *(ATYJUOU) HIOX MON *897787jD]8 poomdjiny ‘UOTRIDOSSW POOMA[NG uUvdIEUY “(ATYJUOU!) 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[spi09 suOTTTHA) 0002 97 (Ajarjon a1Uu0U0Isa pun uor1njindod ur yynoub fo suorjaaloud wnipau) ; suorjdwunssp aiid aarjpusayjy sapun suorjaloud ypm ‘BL-O@6] SLvali pazoajas ‘worjonposd ojsamop pun ‘sjsodwa ‘s,todxa ‘uo1jdwunsuos poondjng—'6F] ATAV J, DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS Total consumption of these products amounted to 424 million cubic feet in 1970. This was some- what below the general level of the 1960’s when estimated consumption averaged about 500 mil- lion cubic feet per year, and far below consumption of more than 2 billion cubic feet annually in the early 1900’s. Additional volumes of plant byproducts such as sawdust, slabs, and edgings used in the produc- tion of products such as charcoal and chemicals amounted to 185 million cubic feet in 1970. Thus, total wood consumption for miscellaneous products in that year amounted to a little over 600 million cubic feet. International trade in these products is small and consumption has been roughly equal to production. The downward trend in consumption of mis- cellaneous industrial roundwood products which began around 1910 appears to have leveled off in the past decade. For this report it was therefore assumed that demand for these products will remain close to 500 million cubic feet with all price assumptions. However, individual products = likely to show divergent trends as indicated elow. Cooperage Logs and Bolts In the early 1900’s roundwood used in manu- facture of barrels, kegs, pails, and tubs made of wood staves totaled about 1.8 billion board feet annually—about 40 percent in tight cooperage and 60 percent in slack cooperage. Since then new technology, changes in consumer buying habits, and new packaging techniques have sharply reduced demands for cooperage. By the 1960’s consumption had dropped to about 200 million board feet, of which about 70 percent was for tight cooperage and 30 percent for slack cooperage. Over half of the tight coop- erage was used in bourbon barrels, with the remainder used for chemical and other containers. The slack cooperage was mainly used for barrels for food and hardware. Future demands for cooperage logs and bolts are expected to continue close to the level of recent years. Poles and Piling Use of wood poles in the construction and maintenance of utility lines and other structures has been relatively stable in recent years. In the period 1962-70, for example, volume of poles treated with preservatives averaged nearly 80 million cubic feet annually, or slightly more than in the previous decade. Although there is a trend away from use of poles in new residential areas, anticipated expansion of demands for electric and communication facilities, growing needs for pole replacements, and the expanding use of poles in construction are expected to result in some in- crease in demand for poles over the projection period. 203 Treated wood piling used in construction of docks, bridges, and buildings averaged about 17 million cubic feet a year in the period 1962-70. In addition, an estimated 10 million cubic feet of untreated piling was used annually in this period. In view of projected increases in construction, a modest increase in demand through the projection period is considered likely. Fence Posts Use of wood posts for farm fencing and other purposes such as highway barricades and yard enclosures dropped from an estimated 900 million posts in 1920 to about 170 million in 1962 and approximately 98 million (68 million cubic feet) in 1970. This decline was a result of several factors, including substitution of steel posts, increased use of preservative-treated wood posts, and changes in farm size and farming methods that involve less use of fencing. ‘hese forces are expected to result in further reduction in demands in future decades. Other Industrial Wood Use of round, split, and hewn mine timbers fell from an estimated 174 million cubic feet in 1923 to 48 million cubic feet in 1962, and 32 million cubic feet in 1970. Projected increases in production from underground mines, however, suggest that this trend may be reversed. Consumption of wood for a wide variety of products such as particleboard, charcoal and wood distillation products, shingles, excelsior, hewn ties, turnery products, and miscellaneous farm timbers amounted to about 200 million cubic feet of roundwood plus an estimated 184 million cubic feet of plant byproducts in 1970. Wood consump- tion for some of these products, especially particle- board, has been rising, but there have been offsetting declines in other uses. It has been assumed that future use will continue about at the 1970 level. DEMAND FOR FUELWOOD Fuelwood consumption in 1970 was estimated at 16 million cords. This included approximately 314 million cubic feet of roundwood from growing stock and 228 million cubic feet of roundwood from other sources such as dead and cull trees, plus 723 million cubic feet of primary plant residues. Fuelwood cut from roundwood was used almost entirely for domestic heating and cooking. Plant residues were used both for domestic purposes and for steam power in wood processing plants. Fuelwood consumption dropped sharply in the first five decades of the present century because of the substitution of oil, gas, coal, and electricity in home cooking, heating, and industrial uses. In recent years, however, substantial markets have 204 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES developed in metropolitan areas for fireplace wood. Expected increases in income, population, and residential construction indicate this market may continue to grow. In this study it has been assumed that demand for round fuelwood would continue at about the 1970 level through the projection period although new air pollution standards could reduce this demand. LOG EXPORTS AND IMPORTS The above discussion has been primarily con- cerned with demand for processed timber products. In addition, between the late 1950’s and 1972, exports of logs from the United States rose from around 100 million board feet (local log scale) to 3.1 billion board feet, shown by the following tabulation. Volume and destination (million board feet, local log rules) Year Total Japan Canada Other 95 Oe ae AS ies eee 43 5 NORE Ss Ses 166 18 138 10 L9GOL Ses 266 99 151 187, LOGS Bete ee 1,193 804 353 35 1970552 555 2,753 2,377 292 84 TOME aS a 2,292 1,847 343 102 (O72: se 13,143 2,530 519 95 1 Equivalent to about 4.1 billion board feet, lumber tally, and 3.9 billion board feet, International 14-inch log rule. Nearly all of the recent increase in log exports was composed of softwood logs produced in west- ern Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. The rapid growth in these exports was a result of large increases in demand in Japan—the destination of 96 percent of recent softwood log shipments. As indicated in Chapter IV, Japanese demands for wood are expected to continue to grow and continuing pressures to increase log im- ports can be expected. Part of increased Japanese timber demands in the next couple of decades could be met from the softwood forests of Siberia and from other sources such as New Zealand and tropical regions. Canada can be expected to supply larger quantities of softwood lumber to Japan but no significant ex- ports of softwood logs since the export of logs from that country is controlled. Although part of the Japanese import demand can be met from these sources, continuing growth in Japanese demand for logs from the Pacific Coast is likely, at least during the next two decades. However, the tightening timber supply situation in the United States is expected to eventually result in restrictions on log exports. It has, there- fore, been assumed that softwood log exports would not exceed 4.5 billion board feet annually (Inter- national ¥-inch log rule). Hardwood log exports have not been large—94 million board feet in 1972, for example—but these exports have consisted for the most part of scarce and highly valuable species like walnut. No sig- nificant change in such exports is projected. Log imports in 1972 were 39 million board feet, log scale. This was materially below imports of over 200 million feet a year in the early 1950’s and the annual average of about 100 million board feet in recent years. Over half of these log imports originated in Canada and consisted chiefly of softwood logs for pulp and lumber. Most other log imports were tropical hardwoods for manufacture of veneer. Not much change from the level of log imports in the 1960’s is expected during the pro- jection period. SUMMARY OF DEMAND FOR TIMBER The projections of demand for timber products presented above have been in standard units of measure, that is, board feet of lumber, square feet of plywood, cords of pulpwood and fuelwood, and cubic feet of miscellaneous industrial roundwood products. In this section these projections are converted to common units of measure—cubic feet of roundwood and board feet of sawtimber. After allowances for exports and imports, these figures provide a measure of demand upon domes- tic timber resources which are comparable to the projections of domestic timber supplies shown in Chapters IT and III. Improvements in Utilization An important factor in converting demands for timber products to roundwood is the prospective change in utilization practices. During the past couple of decades there have been substantial improvements in utilizing the timber harvested. This is illustrated in figure 76 which shows that during the period 1950-72 the tonnage of timber products consumed—lumber, plywood, woodpulp, etc.—increased 51 percent, while the cubic volume of roundwood utilized increased only 38 percent (Append. V, tables 29 and 30). Consumption of industrial wood 100) INDEX (1950 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Figure 76 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 205 Improvements in utilization have largely in- volved the growing use of slabs, edgings, sawdust, veneer cores, shavings, and other similar material for pulp and particleboard. Various technological changes have also led to increased product yield per unit of wood input although in the lumber industry this has apparently been offset by the use of smaller and lower quality material and the spreading use of chipping headrigs. Yields in the pulp industry have also been held down by a sharp rise in the production of bleached and semibleached pulps. In converting projected demands for lumber, plywood, and pulpwood to roundwood and saw- timber volumes, technological developments affect- ing product yields, and other factors such as changes in standards and prospective changes in the size and quality of timber, have been taken into account. For example, projected demands for softwood lumber have been converted to demands for sawtimber and roundwood with an allowance for new softwood lumber standards that became effective in September 1970. These standards specify reduced thicknesses and widths of most sizes of softwood lumber, with an estimated average increase in lumber yields of approximately 5 percent per thousand board feet of logs, In- ternational 4-inch log rule.* In addition to this adjustment, it was assumed that various other technological developments to be expected with 1970 levels of research and development, and prospective rates of adoption of new technology by the forest industries, would lead to increases in product output per unit of log input. The growing use of thin-kerf high-strain band- saws and thin-kerf circular saws is an example of technological developments affecting lumber yields.** An estimated 22 percent of saw-log volumes has typically been converted into sawdust, and reduction of saw kerf from improvements in milling equipment and quality control could result in significant increases in lumber yields. Another example of new technology is repre- sented by the ‘Best Opening Face” system that uses automated headrig control by a minicomputer to locate precisely the best initial cut to maximize lumber yields.** Calculations indicate that this BOF system, if universally applied, could increase lumber yields by an estimated average of 10 percent. 47 National Forest Products Association. Evaluation of ASTM standards to develop “‘E” values for structural lumber. Washington, D.C. 1970. 48 Mason, H. C. Wood industry technology: what’s new one what’s to come. Forest Industries 98(11):22-24. 4 Hallock, Hiram, and David W. Lewis. Increasing softwood dimension yield from small logs. USDA Forest Serv., Res. Pap. FPL-166, 12 p. 1971. Potential technological developments also include production of laminated lumber. This product is made by gluing together sliced sheets of veneer up to one-half inch in thickness and sub- sequently sawing these into structural lumber, pallet stock, or other products. Preliminary work indicates that product yields might be sub- stantially increased by this process.°° A somewhat related system of producing sawn products in- volves live sawing logs into 2-inch strips, posi- tioning these strips to minimize effects of defects, edge-gluing them into wide panels, and ripping the panels into desired widths of dimension lumber. The chipping headrig is a further example of new technology now coming into wide use for joint production of lumber and pulp chips.” Al- though lumber yields are relatively low, this equipment makes possible the profitable conver- sion of small logs into lumber and chips for pulping. The rate of development, acceptance, and ap- plication of new technology such as illustrated above is necessarily highly uncertain. The fi- nancing and effectiveness of research efforts will determine how rapidly new discoveries are made. Educational efforts will determine how rapidly new discoveries are made known. The attitude and financial resources of forest industries will deter- mine how rapidly new technology will be adopted. New technologies that promise to produce an existing product more efficiently or save on use of raw material may or may not be promptly put into use by the forest industries, depending on such factors as price-cost relationships, consumer acceptance, or institutional obstacles. Wood parti- cleboard, for instance, was patented in 1905 but large-scale commercial production did not get underway until a half century later. Adoption of new technology will also be in- fluenced by the availability of capital to the forest industries for modernization of plant and equipment and for changes in market strategy. The trend toward larger and more integrated firms in timber industries could be of help in obtaining financing for more rapid adoption of new technology than in the past. Based on consideration of the above factors, 1970 levels of research and development, prospec- tive rates of adoption of new technology, and projected changes in the size and quality of tim- ber available, it has been assumed that there would be significant increases in timber product yields over the projection period. The assumed 59 Bohlen, J. C. LVL—Laminated veneer lumber— development and economics. Forest Prod. J. 22(1) :18-26. 1972. ‘ 51 Koch, Peter. Technological developments in the southern pine industry. Forest Farmer 30(7) :16-20. 1971. 206 increases from the 1970 base for lumber are shown in the tabulation below: Percent increase in lumber yields per thousand board feet of logs, International 44-inch log rule Relative price assumptions. ——a Sa a Softwoods Hardwoods 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 1970 relative prices__-.------ 17 10 12 2 3 4 Rising relative prices_------ 18 12 15 3 4 5 Relative prices 30 percent abovel9702= ee te eee 111 12 13 4 4 4 1Includes a 5 percent increase resulting from the change in lumber standards in 1970. It was assumed that plywood yields would also increase by roughly the same amounts. As indicated in the above tabulation, higher relative prices of timber products would be ex- pected to accelerate improvements in utilization because of competition for timber and increased capability of manufacturers to finance new plant and equipment. Pulp yields, as indicated in the section on pulp- wood, have been projected to rise about 7 percent over the 30-year projection period in response to expected increases in the use of hardwoods and technological developments. It was also estimated that use of plant residues and wastepaper would approach the limits imposed by the amounts of such material economically and_ physically available. With more rapid advances in development and adoption of new technology, increases in product yields from available timber could, of course, be higher than estimated for these projections. Recent Trends in Roundwood Consumption In 1970 total U.S. consumption of timber products in terms of roundwood volume was 12.7 billion cubic feet (table 150; Append. V, tables 30-32). Roundwood consumption rose to 14.2 billion cubic feet in 1972, a peak in a trend that has risen from around 11 billion cubic feet in the early 1960’s. Roundwood consumption in 1972 was also materially above the levels attained in the early 1900’s when lumber use was at an all- time high and record volumes of fuelwood were consumed. A little over half of the roundwood consumed in 1972 consisted of saw logs used for lumber. About a third was used for pulp products. Eleven percent was used for veneer and plywood. The remaining 7 percent was about equally divided between miscellaneous industrial products and fuelwood. In the years from 1950 to 1972 there was a 16 percent rise in the volume of roundwood used for 52 Roundwood is derived both from the ‘‘growing stock’’ component of the forest (that is, live trees on commercial timberlands above 5.0 inches in diameter meeting certain standards of soundness and quality) and from other sources such as cull and dead trees and trees on noncom- mercial and nonforest lands. Projected supplies of round- wood from these sources are shown in Chapters II and IIT. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES lumber. Use of roundwood nearly doubled for pulp products, and quadrupled for veneer and plywood. Use of roundwood for miscel]Janeous industrial products and fuelwood declined during the 1950’s and most of the 1960’s. It has been assumed, however, that the decline in consumption of these products has bottomed out. Projected demand for Roundwood Projected roundwood demands are materially affected by the assumptions on population and economic activity specified in the introductory section of this chapter. The range in projected total demand for roundwood in 2000, for example, at 1970 prices is from 19.5 billion to 27.1 billion cubic feet (fig. 77). The medium projection of demand reaches 16.4 billion cubic feet in 1980, with a continuing rise to 22.8 billion cubic feet in 2000—some 1.6 times consumption in 1972. Most of the projected growth in demand is for pulp products, and pulp- wood consequently accounts for nearly half of the total demand for roundwood in 2000. Projected demands are also materially affected by the alternative price assumptions specified earlier. For example, the medium projections of demand by 2000 ranges between 22.8 billion cubic feet at 1970 price levels and 19.2 billion cubic feet with rising relative prices (that is, 1.5 percent per year for Jumber; 1.0 percent for plywood, miscel- laneous products and fuelwood; and 0.5 percent for paper and board). Nearly all of the growth in demand under the latter price assumption would be for pulpwood. With lumber and plywood prices 30 percent above the 1970 average, miscellaneous products and fuelwood up 15 percent, and paper and board prices 10 percent higher, the medium projection of demand rises relatively slowly in the 1970’s, Roundwood consumption 1950-72, with projected demand under alternative assumptions to 2000 BILLION CUBIC FEET Figure 77 DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 207 TaBLE 150.—Summary of roundwood consumption by species group and major product, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections of demand (medium level ') under alternative price assumptions to 2000 [Billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent] Projections Species group and product | 1952 | 1962 | 1970 1970 relative Rising relative | Relative prices above prices prices ? 1970 averages 3 1980 | i990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 SOFTWOODS Sawuleps= = 2 Be ee DGe oo leeo20 | 6. GB. ils tek O 5s Su ead |ehos 0 5. 0 56 5. 9 Venceritopr=. 2 oo -2 -6 29 if 1.7, 1S 1.3 1.4 15 1.2 1.4 1.5 Pulpwood'42 2 22 20 2 2 2 23 2.4 2. 6 3. 4 4. 5. 3 6.5 4.2 5. 4 6.7 4.2 5. 4 6. 6 Miscellaneous products °_______ ae. 3 42 2 a. .3 .3 .2 -2 2 By -2 Wactwaort 2a 2 eee 5 2 af a! =i ah all ill al 1 Al oth Ses ee ee 8.4 8.5 9.7 | 12 14.1) 15.8 | 11.2) 12.4 | 13.5. “10 Go| eg 14. 3 HARDWOODS Salo 2 ee ee 1 Bal 1.0 1 1. 18) 2:0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 5 1d Verieer saps =e se 3.2 .2 2 .3 ; .4 a) ae: 33) .4 4 .4 oO git he ee ae Bd £0 1 Zeek 3.9 1.8 2.4 3.4 1.7 2.4 3. 6 Miscellaneous products °_______ 4 2, 22 a2 22 oy 2 Al 74 a2 <2 Paekwoadaeses = te == 1.5 .9 .4 .4 .4 .4 4 .4 .4 .4 .4 2 an oe Saece SO | See FG M47 She! Ss94} al'g 6.4 ALL SPECIES Sawelopy 2s. Golan Ms Me), 6: 1 7 85920 GG 6: 7 G4P) BG6E2 io Veneeriggs Sho se = 4 .9 1. 2 it 2.1 2.4 iG WT 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.0 Pitipyood!* a 7a 3.3 4.4 6. 8.0 | 10.4 6. 0 de Sule LOE Hed, 7.8 10. 2 Miscellaneous products *_______ aH ao .4 : Eo ids. og: .4 .3 aad: .4 .4 Puchwand 2 ne a= 22 2 ee 2.0 hoa -9 5 ats, 5 - .o att .9 =) G5 *: a a peeene PES Ue Gite | 16.4 |) 19) 6 | 22.8) 15.2) 17%. 2 | 19.2 | Pave!) ermGel 9 2007 1 Based on the medium projections of growth in popula- tion and economic activity shown in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Relative prices rising from 1970 trend levels as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood, miscellaneous products, and fuelwood—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent per year. 3 Relative prices of lumber and plywood—30 percent, miscellaneous products and fuelwood—15 percent, and paper and board—10 percent, above the 1970 averages. * Includes both pulpwood and the pulpwood equivalent of the net imports of woodpulp, paper, and board. 5 Includes cooperage logs, poles, piling, fence posts, but fairly rapidly thereafter to over 20 billion cubic feet in 2000. Under this price assumption the demand for saw logs does not change in the 1970’s. By the 1980’s however, projected demands for saw logs rise along with growing demands for veneer Jogs and pulpwood in response to growth in population and economic activity. Projected Demand by Species Groups Growth in roundwood consumption in the 1950-71 period consisted entirely of timber hewn ties, round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, chemical wood, shingle bolts, and other miscellaneous items. 6 Includes imported logs not shown by major product use. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: 1952, 1962, and 1970—Based on data published by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. produced trom softwood species (Append. V, tables 30-32). Consumption of hardwood round- wood declined with a drop in use of miscellaneous industrial timber products and fuelwood. How- ever, this trend was reversed in 1972 largely in response to increased use of lumber in furniture and pallet manufacture. Projections show rather large increases for both softwoods and hardwoods. Assuming 1970 relative prices, for example, the medium pro- jection of demand for softwoods increases about 208 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 63 percent by 2000—from 9.7 to 15.8 billion cubic feet. Demand for hardwoods is projected to rise about 133 percent from 3.0 to 7.0 billion cubic feet. The faster rate of growth in demand for hardwoods, and the reversal of the downward trend of recent years, Jargely reflects the projected rise in demand for hardwood roundwood for pulp products, hardwood lumber for pallets, and hardwood plywood and veneer for furniture manufacture. Projected Demand for Sawtimber About 70 percent of the roundwood consumed in 1970 came from the saw-log portion of saw- timber trees (See Append. II). Trends in con- sumption of sawtimber in the past couple of decades have been very similar to the trends for total roundwood, that is not much rise in the 1950’s but a fairly rapid upward movement in the 1960’s and early 1970’s (table 151, fig. 78; Append. V, tables 33-35). With 1970 relative prices, projected demand (medium level) for softwood sawtimber rises from 47.6 billion board feet in 1970 to 72.6 billion board feet in 2000—an increase of 53 percent. Projected demand for hardwood sawtimber (medium level—1970 prices) also moves up from 12.3 billion board feet in 1970 to 24.3 billion feet by 2000, an increase of nearly 100 percent. The alternative assumptions on population and economic activity result in a substantial range in projected demand for sawtimber. By 2000, pro- jected demands at 1970 prices vary from about 63 billion to 84 billion board feet—levels that are respectively 13 percent below and 16 percent above the medium level. Since most sawtimber is used for lumber and plywood, where demand is relatively responsive to price changes, projected demands under higher price assumptions are materially lower than with the 1970 price assumptions. Thus, with rising prices (that is, with lumber prices rising at 1.5 percent, plywood prices rising by 1.0 percent, and paper and board prices rising by 0.5 percent) the medium projection of demand for softwood sawtimber in 2000 amounts to about 55 billion board feet—some 16 percent above 1970, but 24 percent below the projected level with 1970 relative prices. Projected hardwood sawtimber demand in 2000, under this rising price assumption, totals 19.1 billion board feet—55 percent above 1970. With prices of softwood lumber and plywood 30 percent above the 1970 average, paper and board prices 10 percent and other products 15 percent higher, projected demand for softwood sawtimber reaches 61.9 billion board feet by 2000, and hard- wood sawtimber about 21 billion board feet. Sawtimber consumption, 1950 -72 with projected demand [ medium level } to 2000 under alternative price assumptions 100 90 80 70 — 60} 50 40 BILLION BOARD FEET (INTERNATIONAL 4-INCH LOG RULE) 30 | 2 = 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 78 Projected Export Demand The roundwood equivalent of exports of timber products—lumber, pulp products, logs, ete.— increased from 0.1 billion cubic feet in 1950 to 1.4 billion cubic feet in 1970 (table 152, fig. 79; Append. V, tables 30-32). Most of the increase in exports in these two decades was for logs and pulp products produced mainly from softwood timber. Estimated volumes of sawtimber used for ex- ported products also showed a large increase DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 209 TABLE 151.—Summary of sawtimber consumption by species group and major product, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections of demand (medium level ') under alternative price assumptions to 2000 [Billion board feet, International 14-inch log rule} Projections Species group and product 1952 | 1962 | 1970 | 1970 relative prices Rising relative Relative prices above prices ? 1970 averages 3 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 SOFTWOODS Sawelo pra 6 ee en ek SION sso) la) a8s.0: | 425 2:1 4359) |) 3333 | 33.0 || ol. 49) 31.5 |) 35. 1 Bi A Vencerlopssi!= Sse = 5 2285554. PPO Petron etGsS | 1O2O) | PhS, |e 13:0 SEO) OF 8 OnON oad 9.4 10. 6 IPubiweod== >= 525-2 - 2. + = Ss. 4.3} 5.0] 8.0 9.2 | 11.6) 145 | 832'| 10:1) 12.6) 8.0) 10.2 13. 1 Miscellaneous products 4___--_- 1.2 ao 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9 .9 .8 54) .9 .9 Rockwood. 222= 5. = $900 tS .6 al Pei! aa +1 Ell bial | coll ani fil ll sil OSs ee solo) 4lof)| 47. 6)) 58: 9!) 66.5 | 7256 | 5125))| 5451) 55.0848. 7 55:8) | 61. HARDWOODS FZ SWORN a4 5 2 oe a) se aoe Gros erie en || 6o. 90) LOG) TINS) =7245| “824. | <8) 65) 74 | <920 10. 1 Meneentapsre.? je Se bya! 1.6 tT St |e 2s) |b ost Sh || PEA Pays easy | Pall 2.5 2.7 LEGIT Se ee See aes Sessoms ON|| Oo) 3a, o0| 9 4.8") 6.9) | 3.4)) “4.8 Un Miscellaneous products 4_-__---- 1.2 .6 oath aa raat | 1 ol 116 .6 Del Has St | uclwood = 6a 2 #8 oe 17 Bud a3 43 .3 .3 3 ao .3 3 .3 .3 SE Gb pl PA ome ge eZee =e oh. ATS Ge eile ia [oles Se 1623 |F205a) | 24 Bi | 1455) |) 165-7),| 19. 1) 14.108) 27.4.) 205 ALL SPECIES Dewi OPN =e =a 39.0 | 37.2 | 38.9 | 47.4 | 52.8 | 55.7 | 41.0] 41.5 | 40.0 | 38.9 | 441 47. 2 Mercertiggg =~ =. | Beles Fae 3. 0 Onoa eon on | 2.5 Ar ore 16.70) he tt 203 W246) | 10.27 bt 9 13. 3 Bulpweodies 950i ieee ah ASH ee eee | 1s: O) | ieee 2254. ott 714.9") 190 5 bias) 152.0 20. 3 Miscellaneous products ‘_ __-_--- 2.4 1.5 EY: 1, 7 heii Laz 1.6 iL & 1.4 1G 116 1.6 Piichwomeesers 5 Se fest) 9 lyse 2.3 .8 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 4 4 .4 Ritter eee 516 | 53.3 | 59.9 | 75.2 | 86.8) 96.9) 66.0 | 70.8 | 74.1) 62.7 | 73.2: | 83.0 1 Based on the medium projections of growth in popula- tion and economic activity shown in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Relative prices rising from 1970 trend levels as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood, miscellaneous product, and fuelwood—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent per year. 3 Relative prices of lumber and plywood—30 percent, miscellaneous products and fuelwood—15 percent, and paper and board—10 percent, above the 1970 averages. ‘Includes cooperage logs, poles, piling, fence posts, hewn ties, round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, between 1950 and 1970, from 0.7 to 4.7 billion board feet (table 153; Append. V, tables 33-35). _ Under the assumptions discussed above, pro- jected exports in terms of roundwood rise to 1.8 billion cubic feet in 2000, some 29 percent above the volume shipped in 1970. Projected sawtimber ex- ports show about the same trends as roundwood. Projected Imports _Total imports of timber products rose from 1.4 billion cubic feet roundwood equivalent in 1950 to 2.4 billion cubic feet in 1970 and to 2.9 billion chemical wood, shingle bolts, and other miscellaneous items. 5 Includes imported logs not shown by major product use. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: 1952, 1962, and 1970—Based on data pub- lished by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. in 1972 (table 152, fig. 79; Append. V, tables 30— 33). Most of these increased imports consisted of softwood lumber and pulp products from Canada. With 1970 relative prices, projected imports amount to 2.7 billion cubic feet of roundwood equivalent by 1980 (medium projection) and _re- main at this level through the projection period. With higher prices covering the costs of developing unused softwood resources in northern parts. of Canada, projected imports approximate 4.6 billion cubic feet by 2000—nearly double the 1970 level (fig. 79). 210 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES: TABLE 152.—Summary of roundwood consumption, exports, imports, and production from U.S. forests, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (medium level ') under alternative price assumptions to 2000 [Billion cubic feet, roundwood equivalent] Projections Relative prices Item 1952 | 1962 | 1970 1970 relative Rising relative above 1970 prices prices 2 averages 3 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 SOFTWOODS Ss consumption= 9-9 sss. 8.4) 8.5 SEC le ee al ale Sea tts] a) |) MOA Ih aI} Esl" S10), 77 Ih a1), 14. 3 EEXPOTtset? 3592 0hes EAN sy EA ol are .4 TZ eis 1.6 1.6 ee eG eG Ile 16 1.6 importsat 2 sabe sais Bs eee hei 13 ee 7/ 20 22 3t|eeoes 3 3. 1 3.7 | 4.0 Shi 3. 6 Shall Production from U.S. forests 5__] 7.3 7. 2 85.8) TS) |) 13824 bet OE Si |e Oma ieee CL 7 1252 HARDWOODS i U.-S.consumption..- =.=. =). 31044 Rose Oe OR) 243 3), OL On eels ea) AS Ta) Oncad mr Ssh On man 6. 4 Exports<2-o3 stu so 58.2 by PR (4) nil aes a2 $2, 5B a3 a2, .2 .2 RD, 52 Imports 4)... oe op Get ae Ses oat a2 8} .4 4 4 a) 0 a= 5 .6 .6 Production from U.S. forests 5__| 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.1 5:3 6. 8 3.7 4.4 5.3 35 Di) 4a) 6. 0 ALL SPECIES WS 7consumptions=e22 eee PUP DDO 27 64-19) Geer 8i 15.2) lize tel 92) || de Gull taGalemonneg Hxportsiteew Myris Van tee 98 ne 5 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 ile 1.8 Tm Ports Sep tered on ree oe 1.4 1.9 2.4 20 Qe eth SHG Zh BI ZG 3.8 | 4.2 4.3 Production from U.S. forests §__| 10.8 | 10.2 | 11.7 15.6 | 18.7] 21.9] 13.5 | 14.7] 16.4| 12.7 Ms), 2 18. 2 ' Based on the medium projections of growth in popula- tion and economic activity shown in the introductory section of this chapter. * Relative prices rising from 1970 trend level as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood, miscellaneous products, and fuelwood—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent per year. 3 Relative prices of lumber and plywood—30 percent, miscellaneous products and fuelwood—15 percent, and paper and board—10 percent above the 1970 averages. Imports and exports of timber products, 1940-72, with projections to 2000 Imports Z4{9)| ——— BILLION CUBIC FEET (ROUNDWOOD EQUIVALENT) 2000 1960 2000 1940 1980 1940 1960 1980 * Relative prices 30 percent above 1970 average for lumber, etc. Figure 79 4 Less than 50 million cubic feet. 5 The data for 1952, 1962, and 1970 are estimates of actual harvests and are not directly comparable with the trend level estimates of supply shown in Chapter II. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: 1952-70—Based on data published by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Projected imports in terms of sawtimber follow about the same trend as total roundwood, that is, show comparatively little change with 1970 relative prices but substantial increases under the higher assumptions. Projected Net Imports Between 1950 and 1970 growth in imports roughly equalled the rise in exports; as a result, net annual imports remained fairly stable at about 1.3 billion cubic feet and composed about 11 per- cent of consumption. Net imports rose to a peak of 1.6 billion cubic feet in 1972, but remain at about 11 percent of U.S. consumption. Net imports of products derived from sawtimber increased from around 2 billion board feet in the early 1950’s to over 4 billion feet in the early 1970’s. Most of this growth reflected the sharp rise DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 211 TaBLeE 153.—Summary of sawtimber consumption, exports, imports, and production from U.S. forests, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections (medium level ') under alternative price assumptions to 2000 [Billion board feet, International }4-inch log rule] Projections Relative prices Item 1952 | 1962 | 1970 1970 relative Rising relative above 1970 prices prices ? averages 3 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 SOFTWOODS eS) consumption.....-..=.-+2 39:9 | 41.7 | 47.6 | 58. 9 | 66. 5. |) 7256) | 51.5 |, 54. 1/) 55.0) |, 48.7 1-558 |) 61.9 Peepers st oa oe 5) tt 1 tik 1.2 4.6 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 ys) 5. 6 5. 6 a. (3) Biperes. te ae mg AA 2.4 4.6 5.9 6. 6 6.5 6. 4 Soo TOs! ele a 9.6 | 10.8 10. 8 Production form U.S. forests 4___| 38.2 | 38.3 | 46.2 | 57.9 | 65.6] 71.8 | 48.2 | 48.9 | 49.1 | 44.7 | 50.6 56. 7 HARDWOODS WeSsconsumption: _ 28202 1_ 222 NG |S TO AQZSSA eG. S || 2023 We 24s eae 5! |" WEF 7 19M 14204 S14 2 (pr et ee oe eee .2 s2, ey? R2 a2 Ee we 2, a2 {2 BY? 2 LECT; ae ee ae Se 3 1.0 13 2.0 2.0 2.0 20 eS 4, 7h 2.4 Dak aA Production from U.S. forests #.__| 11.5 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 145 | 18.5 DO dior Wl 6)) L696) )) DEES a itore2 18. 9 ALL SPECIES U.S. consumption_________-_-- 5i- 6 | 53. 3 | 59.'9'| 75. 2 |. 86. 8 | 96.9 | 66.0 | 70.8 | 74.1 | 62.7 | 73.2 83. 0 Rxporas! hire S40 1 pen tod etd 1.4 4.7 5. 8 Byars) 5. 8 5. 8 5. 8 Saye 7/ 5. 8 5. 8 5. 8 LPTs: ee a aren 7a 5. 6 (OES 8.6 8.5 SeAaA LON OF | S13) | MA e220" ase2 13. 2 Production from U.S. forests 4___| 49.6 | 49.1 | 57.3 | 72.4 | 84.1 | 94.3 | 60.9] 63.5 | 65.7 | 56.5 | 65.8 75. 6 1 Based on the medium projections of growth in popula- tion and economic activity shown in the introductory section of this chapter. 2 Relative prices rising from 1970 trend level as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood, miscellaneous products, and fuelwood—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent per year. 3 Relative prices of lumber and plywood—30 percent, miscellaneous products and fuelwood—15 percent, and paper and board—10 percent, above the 1970 averages. in imports of softwood lumber and hardwood plywood. Projected net imports of timber products in- crease moderately under the higher price assump- tions. But net imports under all price assumptions remain comparatively small in relation to total U.S. demands for timber products. Thus, it seems evident that the Nation must continue to depend largely on domestic forests to supply future timber markets. Projected Demand for Roundwood From U.S. Forests Production of softwood roundwood from U.S. forests showed little change in the 1950’s but a fairly fast imcrease in the 1960’s (table 152; Append. V, tables 30-32). Production of sawtimber from U.S. forests followed similar trends (table 153; Append. V, tables 33-35). In contrast, production of hardwood—round- wood and sawtimber—showed a slight downward trend during both decades. 547-966 O - 74-15 4The data for 1952, 1962, and 1970 are estimates of actual harvests and are not directly comparable with the trend level estimates of supply shown in Chapter II. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: 1952-70—Based on data published by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Projected demand for timber from U.S. forests— medium level and 1970 prices—rises from 11.7 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 21.9 billion cubic feet by 2000—a rise of 87 percent. Associated demands for sawtimber rise from 57.3 to 94.3 billion board feet. Most of the projected increases in demand is for softwoods. However, projected demand for hardwoods rises sharply—roughly doubling by 2000. As in the case of total demand, use of alternative economic and price assumptions has substantial impacts on projected demands for timber from US. forests. With relative prices 30 percent above the 1970 averages, for example, projected demands on U.S. forests by 2000 reach 18.2 billion cubic feet, including 75.6 billion board feet of sawtimber. These volumes are 56 percent and 32 percent, respectively, above 1970 production levels. Because of differences in the size of the assumed price increases by product, and differences in the sensitivity of demand for each product to rising 212 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES: prices, the impact of higher prices is primarily on demands for sawtimber products. For example, under the rising price assumption (1.5 percent per year for lumber; 1.0 percent for plywood, mis- cellaneous products, and fuelwood; and 0.5 percent for paper and board) demands for domestic saw- timber in 2000 would be 65.7 billion board feet— about 15 percent above production in 1970. In contrast, projected demands for softwood round- wood rise by about 40 percent, largely because of increases in demand for pulpwood. Although there are differences in the magnitudes of the increases, all projections indicate substan- tially larger demands on USS. forests. There are fundamental questions as to the ability of U.S. forests to supply projected demands and the size of price increases necessary to bring demands into equilibrium with supplies. These questions are considered in the following chapter. DEMAND FOR INDUSTRIAL TIMBER PRODUCTS IN RELATION TO OTHER INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIALS Timber is one of the basic industrial raw ma- terials used in the U.S. economy. An analysis of prospective demands for other materials is of interest in judging the validity of timber demand projections and of likely changes in the relative importance of the major industrial raw materials. Mineral products, including metals, sand, gravel, and cement, are of special importance in this connection. Some competition also exists between timber products and other agricultural and related products such as fibers and rubber. Between 1900 and 1969 consumption of all industrial raw materials increased from $4.5 billion (1967 dollars) to $17.1 billion (Append. V, table 36). Per capita use of materials in 1967 dollars rose from around $50 to about $85. Annual rates of growth in use of industrial raw materials in these seven decades averaged about 2 percent per year—substantially below the rate of increase in the gross national product. This differential resulted from such factors as refine- ments in manufacturing that added more value to given amounts of raw materials; more complete utilization of raw materials: increased recycling of scrap and used materials; and relative increases in the transportation, trade, and service compo- nents of the gross national product. During the first 5 decades of this century, there were some substantial shifts in the relative importance of various industrial raw materials (fig. 80). Industrial timber products declined in relative importance, falling from about 45 percent of all industrial raw materials consumed in 1900 to around 20 percent in 1950 while minerals showed an offsetting increase. Since the mid- Relative importance of industrial raw materials i 80 60 PERCENT 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 80 1950’s, there has been little change in the com- position of the raw materials used. The decline in relative importance of industrial timber products before 1950 was presumably related to the fact that prices of most timber products showed substantial increases relative to the general price level and relative to prices of minerals and farm products. On the other hand, there was little change in timber product prices relative to the general price level and to most competing materials between 1950 and 1967. There has been a close statistical relationship between changes in the consumption of industrial raw materials and changes in the gross national product in the past two decades. Projections based on this relationship indicate that demand (medium level) for industrial raw materials may reach $30.8 billion (1967 dollars) by 2000 (table 154). Rates of increase in this projection are about the same as projected rates of increase in demand for industrial roundwood at 1970 relative prices, as shown by the following tabulation of annual rates of increase. Timber products industrial} ———— — RSS Period raw 1970 Rising Higher materials relative relative relative prices prices 1 prices 2 1940-69__._ 32.4 S91 Oy awe ee a reihed “pe 1969-2000__ _____- 1.9 es 1.6 ! With relative prices rising at 1.5 percent per year for lumber, 1.0 percent for plywood and miscellaneous products, and 0.5 percent for paper and board. ; ? With relative prices of lumber and plywood 30 percent, miscellaneous products 15 percent, and paper and board 10 percent above the 1970 averages. P 3 Increase with actual prices. A rise in relative prices of timber products, how- ever, could be expected to reduce growth rates for timber products and shift demands to other industrial raw materials. 83 See Fisher, Joseph F., and Neal Potter. World pros- pects for national resources. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1964. DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 213 TasLe 154.—Consumption of industrial raw materials in the U.S. by broad product groups, selected years 1920-69, with projections of demand to 2000 [Billions of 1967 dollars] Nonwood materials All industrial Industrial timber raw materials products ! Minerals except Agriculture and Total fuels 2 fishery nonfoods and wildlife products 3 7.01 2. 27 4.74 211 2. 63 7. 91 2. 49 | 5. 42 2. 61 2. 81 6. 99 1. 93 5. 06 2. 32 2. 74 6. 10 1. 58 4. 52 1. 62 2. 90 8. 66 2. 14 6. 52 2. 94 3. 58 10. 14 2. 09 8.05 3. 99 4.06 12. 48 2. 81 9. 67 5. 30 4. 37 13. 25 2. 95 10. 30 6. 37 3. 93 13. 47 2. 83 10. 64 6. 83 3. 81 16. 40 3. 36 13. 04 8. 82 4, 22 17. 10 3. 39 13. 71 9. 35 4. 36 16. 45 3. 22 13. 23 9. 14 4.09 17. 16 3. 40 13. 76 9. 57 4.19 17. 14 3. 40 13. 74 9. 71 4.03 Projections—1970 relative prices T9802 = =e 2 22. 18 4. 40 17. 58 13. 78 |. 4.00 100 | a eS See 26. 62 5. 28 21. 06 17. 34 4. 00 Fe 1 Lae ene 30. 80 6. 11 24. 60 20. 69 4. 00 Projections—rising relative prices * Pi ee 22. 18 4.01 18.17 14, 17 4. 00 1990. 2-222 - 26. 62 4. 53 22. 09 18. 09 4. 00 72) | 30. 80 5. 06 25. 74 21. 74 4.00 Projections—telative prices above 1970 average ® TOSOs se Soe 22. 18 3. 84 18. 34 14, 34 4. 00 Gh Ses 26. 62 4. 67 21. 95 17. 95 4. 00 7211, | ae 30. 80 5. 56 25. 24 21. 24 4. 00 1 Includes saw logs; veneer logs; pulpwood; and mis- cellaneous products, such as poles, piling, and posts. 2 Includes mineral construction materials, such as dimen- sion stone, crushed and broken stone, sand and gravel, fire clay, common clay and shale, gypsum, and other similar construction materials; metal ores; chemical and fertilizer minerals; abrasives and other minerals. 3 Includes cotton and other fiber, oils, rubber, furs, hides, and other similar products. 4 With relative prices of timber products rising from 1970 trend levels as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood and miscellaneous products—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent paper year. 5 With relative prices of lumber and plywood 30 percent, miscellaneous products 15 percent, and paper and board 10 percent above the 1970 averages. Source: 1920-69—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of the Mines. Raw material in the United States economy; 1900-1969. Working Paper 35. 1972. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. CHAPTER VI TIMBER DEMAND/SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS rae oh rai hye Ih : ns ae 7 nee Bis Dee en aan | op ja > ak So wis it (s, i I \N’, ay) Ai i th sail yi" ay ) yt ts a rr my a Hh, Hath il iNahth a om yu atye BE haa hae hs ts ty i" ae AAR kaya ON a mM A ae iyi ms Witten \ 134 ara iif wil iy oat ‘As aa | ‘dst bi ha a & Ata hg ANAS | Aly fy! AY iy i. if | a "4 ig { | e ‘ sh nt \ MK \\ | + ll ( nah ah . oth Bt ( \ ! Ww \ ut at une \w ta hat , PM ATA re gh CAN Vee (MR EYE Ky TUR Set Mii ad it eile: y ie ‘ YG ht Ma cit Mi sditnt \ i) A AT 0 ae UF Ve THR: eee wy} Sey i Ae fe Wa. ‘, | i Ki ra i ih A A a Pe a \, ‘i I nQit lis | \ Vl ha ( RR ope | | MN hie We, ! ce (i, : wh 1, ae tlh Ai \h hi i i i" a e TIMBER DEMAND-SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS This chapter presents comparisons of (1) projected demands for timber in the United States under alternative price assumptions and (2) projected timber supplies under alternative prices and levels of forest management. Some implications of these comparisons in terms of possible price trends and impacts on the major timber industries also are included. Finally, mention is made of the kinds of forestry measures that could increase or extend timber supplies, and thus modify economic and environmental impacts of inadequate supplies and rising prices of timber products. Projections of demand and supplies developed in preceding chapters are summarized in tables 155 and 156 and in figures 81, 82, 83, and 84. SOFTWOOD DEMAND-SUPPLY BALANCES WITH 1970 LEVELS OF FOREST MANAGE- MENT Demands on U.S. forests for softwood timber products—after allowances for imports and ex- ports—have been projected to increase from 8.8 billion cubic feet in 1970 to a range of 11.1 to 15.1 billion cubic feet by the year 2000 with the specified price assumptions used in this study and the medium level of population and economic growth (table 155 and fig. 81). The base projection of softwood timber supplies from U.S. forests rises from an estimated 8.8 billion cubic feet in 1970 to 11.5 billion cubic feet by 2000, that is, to the lower part of the projected range in demand. Comparisons of these supply and demand pro- jections indicate that under the economic and other conditions assumed in this analysis fairly substantial increases in prices of timber products relative to the general price level will be necessary Softwood roundwood - demand on USS. forests and domestic supply BILLION CUBIC FEET Figure 81 215 to balance demands and available supplies of timber. This is illustrated below for the softwood sawtimber component of the timber resource. SOFTWOOD SAWTIMBER SUPPLY-DEMAND BALANCES WITH 1970 LEVELS OF MAN- AGEMENT Projected demands on U.S. forests for softwood sawtimber products—after allowances for imports and exports—trise from actual consumption of 46.2 billion board feet in 1970 to a range of 49.1 to 71.8 billion board feet by 2000 under the specified price assumptions used in this analysis (table 155 and fig. 82). The base projection of available supplies of softwood sawtimber from U.S. forests, assuming 1970 management levels and other conditions such as harvesting schedules specified in Chapter II, show moderate increases to 54.2 billion board feet by 2000. Economic projections of supply related to alternative price levels for the most part are below these base projections. These projections of economically available supplies of softwood sawtimber by 1980 range from 47 billion board feet annually at 1970 prices to about 53 billion board feet with prices of softwood lumber and plywood 50 percent above 1970 levels. In 2000 these economic projections of supply converge to nearly the same level. Dif- ferences in the time paths of timber supplies with alternative prices illustrate in part conse- quences of a faster increase in harvesting in the 1970’s than assumed in the base projections. Possible future price paths.—It is evident from these comparisons of demands and supplies that a significant rise in prices of softwood lumber and plywood over 1970 levels will be necessary to balance supply and demand in future decades under the economic and management conditions assumed in this analysis. Softwood sawtimber - demand on USS. forests and domestic supply BILLION BOARD FEET Figure 82 216 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 155.—Summary of softwood timber demand, exports, imports and demand on and supply from U.S. forests, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections to 2000 (medium level) under alternative price and man- agement assumptions BILLION CUBIC FEET Projections 1970 relative Rising relative Relative prices Item 19521} 19621!| 1970! prices prices 2 above 1970 averages 3 1980 1990 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 Total U.S. demand_________ 8.4] 8&5 9. 7 PAP 14.1 15. 8) 25 e204 Seoul Oss milond 14.3 EX POGtS sees ene ee eee gD .4 1-2 ile 2 1.6 1.6 LN 1.6 6 ilag/ 1.6 1.6 hm ports wie xglehe ly we ays 1s ye Peal 28 2.3 2:3 3: 37 ALON eS? 3. 6 ah 7 Demand on U.S. forests____| 7.3 te2 8.8 155 13. 4 Iss ak ONS TOs Sei lela Or2b || LON 12. 2 Supply from U.S. forests— base projections 4________ 7.3 7.2 8.8 10. 1 TON Sa) OI LON ele llr ss et sulin pall sez) 115 Supply-demand balance_|______]._____|______ —1.4]} —2.7 |) —3.6 |+0.3 |+0. 4 |+0.4 |+0.9 |______ Sareull BILLION BOARD FEET, INTERNATIONAL 14-INCH LOG RULE Total U.S. demand________- 39.9 | 41.7 | 47.6 58. 9 66. 5 T20n | Dleon| O4e 1 | bonO! | 48a cn oon s 61.9 PX POLS =oe so eee ee .6 sl 4.6 5.6 5. 6 B,C) 5. 6 OOM |PAtOr oO 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 Dmportsie ha eo ae eee 204° 9456 5.9 6. 6 6.5 6. 4 8.9] 10.8 | 11.4] 96] 10.8 10. 8 Demand on U.S. forests____| 38.1 | 38.2 | 46.2 57.9 65. 6 71.8 | 48.2 | 48.9 | 49.1 |] 44.7 | 50.6 56. 7 Supply from U.S. forests— base projections 4________ 38.1 | 38.2 | 46.2 48. 8 50. 9 54.2 | 48.8 | 50.9 | 54.2 | 48.8 | 50.9 54, 2 Supply-demand balance_]______]______]______ —9.1 |—14.7 |—17.6 |-+0: 6 |+1.0 [15.1 |44.1 |++0.3') —2)'5 Supply from U.S. forests— economicyprojections>= 2 Ber) 4, es eee 46. 8 47.4 470-4850) 4956) a0 5 ON Sale 500 48. 6 Supply-demand balance_|______|______|_____-_ —11.1 |—18.2 |—24.8 |—0.2 |—0.7 |+1.9 |+6.1 |—0.6 | —8.1 Increased supply from U.S. forests with intensified MANAGETEML CoakeRe PSE PREIS EA Speier t ee a/R RS RAO a we 2c | i A a +1.6|4+2.7) +47 Supplysdemand) balanced Pte Fa metal eae PEPE Lee ere ee Ns ee ees +7.7 |+2.1] —3.4 ' Data for 1952, 1962, and 1970 are estimates of actual consumption and harvests and differ somewhat from the “trend” estimates shown in Chapter II. ? Relative prices rising from their 1970 trend levels as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood, mis- cellaneous products and fuelwood—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent per year. This would mean a cumulative increase of 62 percent for lumber by the year 2000, and 17 percent for paper and board. 3 Relative prices of lumber and plywood 30 percent, miscellaneous products and fuelwood 15 percent, and paper and board 10 percent above their 1970 averages. 4 Base projections of supply are defined in Chapter II as the amounts of timber that would be available for harvesting if: (1) forestry programs continued at 1970 levels, (2) timber removals in the East changed on a straight line basis from actual removals in 1970 to a balance with growth in the year 2000 and thereafter, (3) removals on private lands in the West followed trends suggested by recent management and operating practices, ang callowable cuts on public lands remained at the 1970 evel. An equilibrium price path cannot be deter- mined with any exactness, but under the specific conditions assumed in Chapters II and V, trend level prices of softwood lumber’ and plywood (relative to the general price level) by 1980 might average roughly 20-25 percent above 1970, with 5 Projections of supply related to alternative price levels, and 1970 level of management, with some adjust- ments for recent environmental constraints on National Forests harvests. 6 Increases on supply from a program of $69 million annually for commercial thinnings, planting, and timber stand improvement on areas of nonindustrial private and National Forest lands that will yield more than 5 percent return on investments. Supplies could be further increased with other investment criteria, investments in other management or utilization opportunities, or investments on other ownerships. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: Data for 1952, 1962, and 1970 based on in- formation published by the U.S. Departments of Com- merce and Agriculture. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. an increase of roughly 50-60 percent by the year 2000. The indicated price path for softwood lumber that appears likely under these specific conditions would be generally consistent with price trends of prior decades when supplies and demands for TIMBER DEMAND-SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS 217 TaBLE 156.—Summary of hardwood timber demand, exports, imports and demand on and supply from U.S. forests, 1952, 1962, and 1970, with projections and 1970 level of management to 2000 (medium level) under alternative price assumptions BILLION CUBIC FEET Projections ae ee ee eee ee ee oe 1970 relative Rising relative Relative prices Item 19521 | 1962!| 1970! prices prices ? above 1970 averages 3 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 Total U.o..cemand-- — so 3. 5 3.1 3. 0 4.3 5. 5 7.0 4.0 4.7 Bad 3.9 4.9 6. 4 Bi portaces eee ae FEN (4) 1 bey a a 2 eae 2 ye 12, "2 oy ee. eee ee a5 92 3 A 4 i 5 5 6 6 6 6 Demand on U.S. forests- -- ---- 3.5 3. 0 2.9 4.1 5. 3 6.8 Bai 4.4 5. 3 3.5 4.5 6. 0 Supply from U.S. forests—base projections === = Sat 3.0 he 2.9 5. 2 6.3 7.4 | 5.2 6.3 7.4 5. 2 6. 3 7.4 Supply-demand balance__-_-|------|------|------ +1.1 {41.0 |+0.6 |+1.5 |4+1.9 bee: vd fen ay a [co cf BILLION BOARD FEET, INTERNATIONAL \%4-INCH LOG RULE | Total U.S. demand_-_-_--------- 16 VT? | 19. 3°1 16. 3 | 20. Be) 243-1 1425 | 16.71), 4021 (S14 0 Ses | 21. 1 Pxporise = Se ws ee es ae AZ 2 Ri 2 2 2 2 BY apes 2 .2 22 neporis®* 2.225 > eee ae -3 1.0 1.3 2. 0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 Zant 2.4 2.4 2. 4 Demand on U.S. forests-_- ~~ --- 11.5] 10.9] 11.2 | 145 | Pee 2PM 4G P16) o. | tle Selo. 2 18. 9 Supply from U.S. forests—base | projections == —-— 222 11.5 | 10 9) 11. 2:| 15:5 | 18.2.) 20.6 |.15..5 | 18. 2,) 20.6 15.5 | 18.2 20. 6 Supply-demand balance-__--|------|------|------ 4+1.0 |—0.3 |—1.9 |4+2.8 |+3.6 |+4.0 BERET ER (0h) SSuee 1 Data for 1952, 1962, and 1970 are estimates of actual consumption and harvests and differ somewhat from the “trend” estimates shown in Chapter II. 2 Relative prices rising from their 1970 trend levels as follows: lumber—1.5 percent per year; plywood, miscel- laneous products and fuelwood—1.0 percent per year; paper and board—0.5 percent per year. 3 Relative prices of lumber and plywood 30 percent, miscellaneous products and fuelwood 15 percent, and paper and board 10 percent above their 1970 averages. 4 Less than 50 million cubic feet. 5 Base projections of supply are defined in Chapter II as the amount of timber that would be available for harvesting if: (1) forestry programs continued at 1970 levels, (2) timber removals in the East changed on a softwood lumber were balanced at successively higher relative prices that increased an average of 1.7 percent annually. Projected trends in such equilibrium prices for different timber products also differ as in the past. Thus, in contrast to a possible increase of 50-60 percent in prices of softwood lumber and plywood by 2000, under the conditions specified in this analysis relative prices of paper and board might be no more than 15-20 percent above 1970 prices. Greater increases in prices may be necessary in the pulp and paper industry, however, to attract the capital required to meet projected demands. Stumpage price increases also could be expected to be considerably greater on a percentage basis than increases in equilibrium prices of processed products such as lumber. According to past straight-line basis from actual removals in 1970 to a balance with growth in the year 2000 and thereafter, (3) removals on private lands in the West followed trends suggested by recent management and operating practices, — allowable cuts on public lands remained at the 1970 evel. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: Data for 1952, 1962, and 1970 based on infor- mation published by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. relationships such as described in Chapter V, an increase of 50-60 percent in softwood lumber and plywood prices, for example, would result in an average increase of over 100 percent in relative average prices of softwood sawtimber stumpage. Projection alternatives—In_ view of the many uncertainties involved in both demand and supply projections, estimates of prices at which supply and demand might be balanced must be regarded as very general approximations that would only be realized under the assumed con- ditions underlying these specific projections. Many factors could, of course, lead to different price paths than indicated by this analysis. These include different rates of economic growth, different trends in technology, or different demand elasticities than specified mm Chapter V, with consequent changes in demand projections. 218 Supplies could be lower than projected as a result of various factors such as more diversion of forest lands to other uses than assumed, more constraints on timber management because of environmental factors, nontimber objectives of forest owners, or extraordinary mortality losses. Different supply responses to price changes than assumed in the economic supply projections also could result in higher or lower supply trends than shown by these projections. Intensification of forest management, or faster improvement in utilization in woods and mills than assumed, could add to these projections of supply. SOFTWOOD SAWTIMBER SUPPLIES WITH IN- TENSIFIED MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZA- TION An analysis of investment opportunities in reforestation, stand improvement, thinning, and other timber management practices, presented in Chapter III, illustrates numerous opportunities for increasing domestic timber supplies. An example of investment opportunities on National Forests and farm and miscellaneous private ownerships judged to be capable of return- ing at least 5 percent on additional investments indicated that intensification of management could provide increases in supplies of softwood saw- timber of 1.6 billion board feet in 1980, 4.7 billion board feet in 2000, and 13 billion board feet in 2020 (table 155). Such a program of intensification assumed softwood lumber and plywood prices averaging 30 percent above 1970 and an estimated cost of $69 million annually (at 1971 prices). Some increases in timber supply from closer utilization, thinnings, and salvage could be achieved promptly. The allowable cut effect also would permit other early increases in harvesting following intensification of management on many public lands. Much of the increase in supply from intensified management, however, would become available only after 2000. Biological limits of timber growth and potential harvests are estimated to be much in excess of these initial projections of intensification op- portunities. More of the growth potential of the Nation’s forests could be captured with similar intensification of forestry practices on industrial and other public lands, and with measures such as fertilization that were not included in the analysis in Chapter III. Use of investment criteria other than a minimum rate of return of 5 percent as used in this study could also permit intensifi- cation on more of the Nation’s timberlands. Timber supplies could be extended by improved technology, including adoption of processing equipment and methods that would increase recovery of usable products from available sup- plies of roundwood beyond amounts projected in this analysis. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES If timber supplies were increased by such added investments in timber management and utiliza- tion, prospective rises in equilibrium prices of timber products could be significantly moderated, particularly after the turn of the century. HARDWOOD DEMAND-SUPPLY BALANCES WITH 1970 LEVELS OF FOREST MANAGE- MENT Demands on U.S. forests for hardwood timber products—after allowances for imports and ex- ports—have been estimated to rise from about 2.9 billion cubic feet in 1970 to a range of 5.3 to 6.8 billion cubic feet by 2000 under the alternative price assumptions and the medium level of popu- lation and economic growth used in this analysis (table 156 and fig. 83). Potentially available supplies of hardwood tim- ber from U.S. forests, as indicated by the base projections developed in Chapter II, increase from 2.9 billion cubic feet in 1970 to about 7.4 billion cubic feet by 2000. Thus, total supplies of hard- wood potentially available in terms of cubic feet exceed projected demands throughout the 1970- 2000 period. While this implies that increases in relative prices are not likely, wide differences in timber quality and availability mdicate a variable outlook for supply-price relationships. HARDWOOD SAWTIMBER SUPPLY-DEMAND BALANCES WITH 1970 LEVELS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT In the case of hardwood sawtimber, projected demands on U.S. forests—after allowances for im- ports and exports—rise from 11.2 billion board feet in 1970 to a range of 16.6 to 22.5 billion board Hardwood roundwood - demand on US. forests and domestic supply BILLION CUBIC FEET 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 83 TIMBER DEMAND-SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS Hardwood sawtimber - demand on U.S. forests and domestic supply BILLION BOARD FEET Figure 84 feet in 2000, depending on the price assumption specified (table 156 and fig. 84). Potentially available supplies of hardwood saw- timber products, as indicated by the base projec- tion, rise from 11.2 billion board feet in 1970 to 20.6 billion board feet by 2000. These projections of supply also exceed projected demands, except in the case of the 1970 price assumption after 1980. In general these projections for hardwood saw- timber show a more favorable supply and price outlook than for softwoods. However, it is quite possible as in the case of softwoods that not all of the potentially available supplies indicated by the base projection will in fact be actually avail- able, particularly at 1970 price levels. Recent in- creases in relative prices of hardwood lumber, and sharp increases in prices for certain preferred species and higher grades of hardwood timber, indicate that statistics on total inventories, net growth, and available removals overstate volumes economically accessible and available for sale by the large numbers of private owners who own most hardwood timber resources. Hardwood timber inventories and growth are far from homogeneous and statistics on supply and consumption do not include the same mix of species and sizes of timber. Much of the growth and available supply of hardwoods is in small trees and in large numbers of species for which markets are limited. A major part of the harvest, on the other hand, is concentrated on larger sizes of preferred species such as white oak, sweetgum, yellow birch, hard maple, walnut, and black cherry. Removals of such higher grade material and species have been close to or above annual growth. It seems likely therefore, that relative prices of hardwood timber products may also continue to rise, particularly for the preferred species and | 219 larger sizes. For some time to come, however, hardwood price increases could be restrained by increased imports of tropical hardwood products, as indicated in Chapter IV. HARDWOOD SUPPLY-DEMAND VOLUMES WITH INTENSIFIED MANAGEMENT Supplies of hardwoods from domestic forests could be augmented in time by intensified forest management. As indicated by the case studies cited in Chapter III, hardwood supplies could be significantly increased in terms of value, and to lesser extent in terms of volume, by such practices as cleaning and precommercial thinning of young stands to improve species composition and spacing. Commercial thinning of older stands would con- centrate growth on the more desirable trees. In many cases protection against animals such as deer also is necessary to assure desirable stand composition. Because of the large variety of spe- cies present in many hardwood stands, such meas- ures are essential to capture value potentials. IMPLICATIONS FOR TIMBER INDUSTRIES The increases in timber prices and the supply problems that appear to be in prospect can be expected to have significant impacts on softwood lumber and plywood industries. Prospective limi- tations on timber supplies and increases in prices will limit expansion potentials for these products in housing and other markets, and necessitate greater dependence on competitive materials for many uses. Producers of high-quality hardwood lumber and hardwood plywood face a similar situation of limited and higher cost wood supplies. The out- look is better, however, for producers of hardwood construction timber, pallet lumber, railroad ties, and other products that can be manufactured from the lower quality hardwoods that are in relatively abundant supply. The outlook for the pulp and paper industry is relatively favorable to the extent that this in- dustry can use small and low-quality material, hardwoods, plant and logging residues, and re- cycled fibers as well as round softwood pulpwood. Nevertheless, price increases for timber used by the lumber and plywood industries can be expected to have direct impacts on pulpwood prices. All the forest industries compete to some extent for the same sizes and species of timber, and price rises for larger and higher quality trees can be expected to extend to some extent to the entire timber resource. The pulp and paper industry as well as other timber users thus has a major interest in intensifying forest management and improving utilization to meet potential timber demands. Higher prices for timber and timber products will of course improve the profitability of forest 220 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES managment and thus should encourage more investments in timber growing and expansion of public forestry programs. This would help increase timber supplies although, as pointed out in Chapter III, these are largely long-range solutions to problems of timber supply. Prospective trends in timber availability also point to changes in the geographic location of timber industries. A continuing drop in softwood timber supplies in the West can be expected, as shown in Chapter II, while a substantial expansion of timber supplies and wood-based industries is anticipated in the South. DEPENDENCE ON NET IMPORTS OF TIMBER The estimates of timber demands and supplies summarized in tables 155 and 156 include sig- nificant volumes of both imports and exports of timber products, both in 1970 and in the projection period. Net imports are assumed to increase from 8 percent of U.S. consumption in 1970 to about 15 percent of projected demands in 2000 under the assumption of ‘“‘rising’”’ timber prices. Potentials for increases in net imports of timber products beyond amounts assumed in this analysis appear to be limited, both by physical availability of timber supplies from other countries and by economic and political factors. Not the least of the potential problems involved in greater dependence on net imports would be the increased need for foreign exchange and resulting adverse impacts on the U.S. balance of payments position. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RISING TIMBER PRICES If timber supplies are insufficient to meet growing demands for lumber, plywood, and other wood products, builders and other users of these materials can shift many demands to competing materials such as metals, plastics, and concrete. Considerable substitution of this nature has, of course, occurred in the past with increasing relative prices of lumber. Mineral-based products and steel have made heavy inroads in many traditional wood uses in construction, for example, while plastics have been increasingly used for such items as boats, furniture, and packaging. Higher prices of timber products and a shift to greater use of competitive materials will lead, however, to increased costs of houses, furniture, and many other goods. Although total and per capita incomes are assumed to increase sub- stantially, higher materials costs would neces- sarily have some adverse impacts on volumes and quality of housing production, for example, and thus on consumer welfare. Continuing shifts to other raw materials neces- sitated by limited timber supplies could also increase adverse industrial impacts on the environ- ment. The air, water, and land pollution resulting from production of substitute materials such as steel, concrete products, and aluminum is of greater magnitude than in the case of timber products such as lumber and plywood. In many cases such impacts apparently can be reduced to acceptable levels but the expenditures neces- sary to control pollution will tend to increase costs of these materials. Energy requirements and costs of processing competing materials also are much higher than for timber products. It is estimated that use of steel framing for exterior walls in residential construction, for example, requires over three times the amount of processing energy needed to produce lumber for comparable installations.’ For aluminum and concrete blocks, energy requirements are estimated to average more than eight times the requirements for lumber. There are likewise substantial differences in typical heating and cooling costs with alternative materials that favor use of wood products in housing construction.” While such estimates cannot be viewed as exact measures of energy requirements because of varia- tions in structures, building practices, and other factors, differences in use of energy as well as relative pollution impacts are believed to be of considerable significance in evaluating the future situation and in developing programs to assure future raw material supplies.® 1 Dane, C. W. Energy requirements for wood and wood substitutes and the “energy crises.’? USDA Forest Serv., Forest Econ. and Market. Res., 17 p. Processed. 1972. 2 National Forest Products Association. The energy conservation issue—how wood helps reduce power con- sumption and home operating costs. Washington, D.C. 1972. 3 For further discussion of these points, see: Dane, C. W. The price outlook of steel products substi- tutable for wood. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Econ. and Market. Res., 38 p. Processed. 1972. The long-term price outlook for concrete products that are substitutable for wood. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Econ. and Market. Res., 39 p. Processed. 1972. The long-term price outlook for aluminum products substitutable for wood. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Econ. and Market. Res., 43 p. Processed. 1972. Energy requirements for wood and wood sub- stitutes and the “energy crises.’”” USDA Forest Serv., Forest Econ. and Market. Res., 17 p. Processed. 1972. The hidden environmental costs of alternative materials available for residential construction. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Econ. and Market. Res., 14 p. Proc- essed. 1972. Hayegreen, John G. Wood products an uncertain future. Minnesota Forest Products Marketing Bul. 15(2):1-3. June 1972. Saeman, Jerome F. The wood resource and the environ- ment—some national options and alternatives. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Prod. Lab. 1970. i Vaux, Henry J. Continuing education for a changing environment. Univ. of California, School of Forestry and Conservation. Berkeley. June 1972. Zivnuska, John A. Will wood products be cheap or ex- pensive? Seventh World Forestry Congress, Argentina. Oct. 1972. TIMBER DEMAND-SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS 221 Among other aspects of the question of substi- tution is the increasingly serious problem of waste disposal. Wood products that are not recycled for paper and board, for example, are highly biodegradable in contrast to most competitive materials. Another important consideration in a shift to greater use of nontimber materials is the long-run effect of accelerated use of nonrenewable stocks of ores and energy materials. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas once used are gone forever, and minerals can be extracted only at rising real costs. Forests, on the other hand, constitute a renewable resource that can continue to produce timber indefinitely. Substantial portions of the aluminum and steel consumed in the United States, moreover, are derived from foreign sources, and projections indicate the necessity of more and more USS. dependence on foreign supplies of metals, petro- leum, and other materials. Increased use of wood substitutes consequently could have adverse impacts on the U.S. balance of payments. For these various reasons, efforts to produce increased crops of timber, in lieu of increasing dependence on substitute materials, may have much more justification than indicated by con- ventional cost-benefit analyses. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTENSIFIED TIMBER MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION Additional supplies of timber beyond amounts available with 1970 levels of management and utilization could be obtained from domestic forests, particularly under the stimulus of higher prices and adoption of improved technology. As indicated in Chapter III, many opportunities for increasing supplies exist on both public and private lands, including measures such as the following: e@ Commercial thinning and salvage.—Intermedi- ate harvesting of timber stands could increase log supplies, especially on the Pacific Coast, and particularly with increased price levels and advance road construction to improve forest access. More salvage of the 11 billion board feet of annual mortality of softwood sawtimber scattered throughout the various regions also could help stretch available log supplies. @ Closer utilization of logging and plant resi- dues.—About 3 billion cubic feet of sound wood was left unused on logging operations and in primary processing plants in 1970. Much more progress in utilizing such material is possible, especially with rising prices and continued expansion of the pulp and paper industry. e Improved technology in wood processing and construction.—Many improvements in equip- ment and processing methods have been adopted by the forest industries in recent decades, and it has been assumed in this analysis that recovery of products from available log supplies will continue to increase. There are additional opportunities to further extend available log supplies, however, by use of new equipment such as high strain thin saws, for example, and modified pulping methods to produce higher pulp yields. Better design in construction of housing and other structures, including stress grading in some applications, also could save signifi- cant amounts of lumber and plywood. Increased recycling of wood fiber.—About 19 percent of the fibrous materials used for paper and board in the United States in 1970, or 10.5 million tons, was recycled wastepaper and board. Such use of recycled fiber has been assumed to rise to 34 percent of the total mix of fibers used in pulping by 2000, or somewhat below experience in some other countries. Increases in recycling of paper and board of at least the magnitude assumed in this study appears likely to be both environmentally essential and economi- cally desirable in meeting potential demands for fiber products. Tree planting—On many areas conversion of the existing cover to plantations will be necessary to capture the timber growth potential. Use of genetically improved trees also will require planting rather than natural regenerating. Tree planting, together with other measures such as site preparation and prescribed burning where necessary, could increase timber yields on many millions of acres in the South and in other regions. Prompt restocking to shorten regeneration periods after harvesting also could permit an almost immediate increase in allowable cuts on National Forests and certain other lands. Timber stand improvement.—Precommercial thinning and removal of cull trees offer many practical opportunities for enhancing future yields, especially with rising timber prices and particularly in hardwood stands and Rocky Mountain forests. Improved forest protection—Better control of destructive insects and diseases such as bark beetles, dwarf mistletoe, and major de- foliators, improved forest fire control, and prevention of animal damage could add to available timber supples by reducing the substantial continuing mortality and growth losses to those destructive agents. 222 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES e Forest fertilization.—Experience to date also indicates that forest fertilization will be a practical way to increase timber growth and yields in many situations. e Improvements in technology.—Continuing re- search to provide new knowledge is of large importance in improving management of forest lands for timber production while assuring balanced output of both timber and other forest goods and services such as recre- ation, water, and wildlife. Such measures to increase timber growth and harvests will require substantial public and private investments. Large expenditures also will be needed to provide the plant and equipment necessary to extend timber supplies by improved utilization in the harvesting, processing, and use of timber products. Potential imbalances between rising demands for timber and available supplies are part of a worldwide problem of assuring adequate raw materials for housing and a multitude of other uses and products. A shift from timber to greater dependence on substitute materials is possible, but entails problems of cost, pollution impacts, dependence on foreign suppliers, and additional balance of payments problems. Increasing timber supplies from domestic forests, while assuring a balance with other uses and environmental pro- tection, is an alternative that is technically and economically feasible even though time and sub- stantial expenditures will be necessary. The outlook for timber is thus a matter of far-reaching public and private concern. APPENDIX | Forest Statistics, 1970 — oO. 1 Land areas in the United States, by major 2 10 11 12 13 class of land, section, region, and State, Tonite Sly ( Sa e e aoe Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership, and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, SVG PRAT 1 1OG0) ek oe ee Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-size class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970__ Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-volume class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970__ Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and site class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 Net volume of softwood growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, BH aniaEy PLOT wey gee Se ee Net volume of hardwood growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 Net volume of softwood sawtimber on com- mercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and Sannaryet AG7O2= es ee Net volume of hardwood sawtimber on com- mercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and an Os {| ee oe Net volume of timber on commercial timber- land in the United States, by class of timber, softwoods and hardwoods, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970______________ Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by dia- meter class, softwoods and hardwoods, and timber supply region, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970______ Net volume of sawtimber on commercial tim- berland in the United States, by diameter class, softwoods and hardwoods, and timber supply region, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962 and January: 1) 1970.) 9. Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the East, by species, diameter ro and timber supply region, January 1, Page 237 240 242 244 246 248 Table No. 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the West, by species, diameter class, and timber supply region, January 1, Net volume of sawtimber on commercial tim- berland in the East by species, diameter aa and timber supply region, January 1, 197 Net volume of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the West, by species, diameter cas and timber supply region, January 1, 19 Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the East, by species and section, region, and State, January 1, 1970__ Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the West, by species and section, region, and State, January 1, 1970__ Net volume of sawtimber on commercial tim- berland in the East, by species and section, region, and State, as of January 1, 1970_____ Net volume of sawtimber on commercial tim- berland in the West, by species and section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 Net annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods, ownership and timber supply region, 1952, 19625¢and (19702. . 3 ee 2 eee Net annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods, owner- ship, and timber supply region, 1952, 1962, NSTOZe 2 es ae ee oe Net annual growth and removals of softwood growing stock and sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States by species and timber supply region, 1970___-_-_____- Net annual growth and removals of hardwood growing stock and sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by species and timber supply region, 1970__--_-_____- Net annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods, and section, region, and State, 1970____---- Net annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods, and section, region, and State, 1970_____---_--- Annual mortality of growing stock and saw- timber on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods, ownership, and timber supply region, 1952, 18626 ad Ol OOS ee ee Page 258 260 272 273 277 278 279 280 282 224 Table No. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Output of timber products and timber removals for the Northeast supply region, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970 Output of timber products and timber removals for the North Central supply region, by source of material and softwoods and hard- WOOGS; WO7 Oke See ee ee te ee Output of timber products and timber removals for the North, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970___--_-____ Output of timber products and timber removals for the Southeast supply region, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970 Output of timber products and timber removals for the South Central supply region, by source of material and softwoods and hard- SAXON kepada nae a el i) eR Output of timber products and timber removals for the South, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970____-__-____ Output of timber products and timber removals for the Douglas-fir supply region, by source of SN and softwoods and hardwoods, 1 Output of timber products and timber removals for the Ponderosa pine supply region, by source of material and softwoods and hard- WOOdS LOOM ue Oe wines Ree Sie Anes eee Output of timber products and timber removals for coastal Alaska, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970____-_____- Output of timber products and timber removals for California and Hawaii, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970 Output of timber products and timber removals for the Pacific Coast, by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970_____ Page 284 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Table No. 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 Output of timber products and timber removals for the Northern Rocky Mountain States, by source of material and softwoods and IneiRohdarerols; NCYM. 3 ee ee Output of timber products and timber removals for the Southern Rocky Mountain States, by source of material and softwoods and hard- WOOUS NLD 70'S ee Seta ee es ie ey ee Output of timber products and timber removals for the Rocky Mountain States, by source of se and softwoods and hardwoods, Output of timber products and timber removals for the United States by source of material and softwoods and hardwoods, 1970_______ Volume of unused residues at primary manufac- turing plants in the United States, by timber supply region, industrial source, type of material, softwoods and hardwoods, 1970___ Roundwood products, logging residues, and other removals from growing stock and saw- timber, by section, region, state and species STOUP LOT OSS Vee Le» een rae ee ee Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970— North Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970— Sloth i eee wee ee es Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, 1970—Rocky Moun- tains: . 40521 tee A a ee ee Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970— Pacific! @oast: ss ase. . See 2 sie Page 295 296 297 298 299 299 302 304 306 308 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 225 TaBLe 1.—Land areas in the United States, by major class of land, section, region, and State, January 1, 19701 [Thousand acres] Forest land Total land Section, region, and State area? Crop land 3 | Other land 4 Total Commercial | Productive Deferred Unproduc- reserved tive New England: GonnsrGent = =) ee 3, 116 2, 186 2, 169 11 0 6 225 705 i 19, 797 17, 748 16, 894 220 0 633 894 1,154 5, 013 3, 520 3,491 18 0 11 250 1, 243 5, 781 5, 131 5, 020 23 0 88 210 439 671 433 429 4 0 0 35 203 5, 935 4,391 4, 364 7 0 20 760 784 40, 314 33, 410 32, 367 284 0 759 2, 374 4, 530 1, 268 391 390 1 0 0 495 382 6, 369 2, 960 2, 882 35 0 43 1, 780 1,629 4, 820 2, 463 2, 354 67 0 42 660 1,697 30, 636 17, 377 14, 489 2, 480 0 407 5, 825 7, 433 28, 816 17, 832 17, 478 194 0 160 5, 575 5, 409 15, 413 12,172 12, 092 46 0 34 880 2, 361 87, 324 53, 196 49, 685 2, 824 0 687 15, 215 18, 913 36, 492 19, 273 18, 800 268 0 205 9, 454 7, 764 50, 745 18, 984 16, 875 562 0 1, 547 22, 243 9, 517 44, 339 421 406 3 0 12 27, 445 16, 471 41, 727 334 223 0 0 111 18, 129 , 262 34, 858 14, 945 14, 536 34 0 374 12, 043 7, 869 208, 162 53, 959 50, 840 867 0 2, 251 89, 316 64, 885 35, 761 3, 789 3, 680 44 0 65 23, 867 8, 103 23, 161 3, 908 3, 840 33 0 30 13, 317 5, 935 35, 867 2, 455 2, 430 25 0 0 26, 356 7, 056 52, 515 1,344 1, 187 0 0 157 29,421 21,750 25, 11, 968 11, 826 80 0 61 8, 725 4,811 44,189 14, 919 14, 600 91 0 228 17, 960 11, 310 48, 974 1,045 1, 023 13 0 8 22, 099 25, 829 26, 251 6, 498 6, 422 76 0 0 11, 525 5 292, 225 45, 928 45, 008 370 0 550 153, 272 93, 024 ‘Total, North... > =. /-=--.—=..=.-- 628, 026 186, 494 177, 901 4, 345 0 4, 247 260, 178 181, 353 South Atlantic: 31, 367 20, 613 20, 192 372 0 48 5, 274 5, 478 19, 366 12, 493 12, 410 70 0 12 , 033 2, 838 25, 496 16, 389 15, 859 313 0 216 3, 438 5, 669 76, 229 49, 496 48, 463 755 0 277 12, 746 * 13, 986 35, 179 17, 932 16, 231 94 0 1, 606 3, 692 13, 554 37, 295 25, 545 25, 102 339 0 54 6, 367 5, 382 72, 474 43, 478 41, 334 483 0 1, 661 10, 059 18, 936 32, 678 21, 770 21, 742 21 0 6 5, 118 5, 789 30, 290 16, 913 16, 891 21 0 0 6, 565 6, 812 26, 474 13, 136 12, 819 316 0 0 7, 855 5, 483 89, 444 51, 819 51, 453 359 0 6 19, 539 18, 085 33, 324 18, 277 18, 206 41 0 29 8, 525 6, 521 28, 867 15, 380 15, 342 38 0 0 5, 558 7, 928 44,149 9, 340 4,817 34 0 4, 488 13, 010 21, 799 168, 300 24, 091 12, 924 7 0 11, 160 34, 268 109, 940 274, 642 67, 090 51, 290 120 0 15, 678 61, 362 146, 189 512, 791 211, 884 192, 542 1,719 0 17, 623 103, 707 197, 198 See footnotes at end of table. 226 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN: THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 1.—Land areas in the United States, by major class of land, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 '\—Continued (Thousand acres] Section, region, and State Pacific Northwest: Alaska: Western Total, Rocky Mountain--_-_-_-__- Total vallirerions. === 22 e222 252 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 2 U.S. Bureau of Census, Land and Water Area of the United States, 1960. 3 Source: 1964 Census of Agriculture. Forest land Total land area 2 Crop land 3 | Other land 4 Total Commercial | Productive Deferred Unproduc- reserved tive 32, 926 13, 247 5, 639 194 74 7, 340 1 19, 678 332, 555 105, 804 0 6 0 5105, 798 22 226, 729 365, 481 119, 051 5, 639 200 74 113, 138 23 246, 407 19,171 15, 791 14, 635 271 3 882 1,690 1, 690 42, 403 14, 613 11, 038 376 55 3, 144 3, 592 24, 198 61, 574 30, 404 25, 673 647 58 4, 026 5, 282 25, 888 15, 843 12, 743 9, 991 1, 073 55 1, 624 769 2, 331 26, 822 10, 355 8, 410 373 88 1, 484 7, 296 9,171 42, 665 23, 098 18, 401 1, 446 143 3, 108 8, 065 11, 502 469, 720 172, 553 49, 713 2, 293 275 120, 272 13, 370 283, 797 100, 091 42, 408 16, 828 941 157 24, 482. 11, 815 45, 868 4, 106 1,974 1, 081 86 0 807 490 1, 641 104, 197 44, 382 17, 909 1, 027 157 25, 289 12, 305 47, 509 573, 917 216, 935 67, 622 3, 320 432 145, 561 25, 675 331, 306 52, 933 21, 591 15, 192 1, 837 735 3, 826 5, 181 26, 159 93, 258 22,777 15, 983 1, 390 641 4, 763 14, 357 56, 123 6, 878 1, 399 1, 310 15 0 73 535 4,943 62, 342 0, 085 4, 182 2,711 121 3, 069 2,199 50, 058 215, 413 55, 853 36, 668 5, 954 1, 498 11, 731 22, 274 137, 285 72, 688 18, 583 3, 689 546 10 14, 336 1, 447 52, 656 66, 485 22, 534 11, 583 537 702 9, 711 9, 620 34, 330 70, 264 7, 660 128 5 0 7, 526 568 62, 035 77, 766 18, 313 5, 736 584 48 11, 944 1, 886 57, 566 52, 697 15, 288 3, 824 232 22 11, 209 1, 627 35, 781 339, 901 82, 380 24, 963 1, 906 783 54, 727 15, 151 242, 369 555, 315 138, 234 61, 631 7, 861 2, 281 66, 459 37, 425 379, 655 2, 270, 050 753, 549 499, 697 17, 246 2, 713 233, 891 426, 986 1, 089, 513 other nonforest land. 4Includes pasture and range, Swampland, industrial and urban areas, 5 Some parts of this area in Interior Alaska meet standards for commercial forest land, but the detailed survey of the Interior is not complete. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 227 TABLE 2.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership, and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 19701 (Thousand acres] Section, region, tate and S New England: Connecticut_- New Hampshire__- Rhode Island____-- Vermont_____- Middle Atlantic: Delaware__--- New Jersey__- New York____ Lake States: Michigan_____ Public Private All Federal Year| owner- Total County Mise ships public State and Total Forest laneous Bureau Miscel- munic-| private | industry | Farmer | private Total | National | of Land | Indian |laneous ipal Federal | Forest | Manage- Federal ment 1970 2, 169 155 1 0 0 0 1 122 32 2,014 3 304 1,707 1962 2,105 155 1 0 0 0 1 122 32 1, 950 3 414 1,533 1952 1,973 155 1 0 0 0 1 122 32 1, 818 3 670 1, 145 1970 16, 894 311 73 37 0 0 35 163 75 16, 582 8, 255 1, 122 7, 205 1962 16,779 205 66 39 0 0 27 64 75 16, 574 6, 521 2, 146 7, 907 1952 16, 609 182 90 39 0 0 51 41 51 16, 427 6, 617 2, 923 6, 887 1970 3, 491 399 29 0 0 0 29 280 90 3, 092 259 442 2,391 1962 3,417 399 29 0 0 0 29 280 90 3, 018 259 602 2, 157 1952 3, 259 399 29 0 0 0 29 280 90 2, 860 259 887 1,714 1970 5, 020 696 578 568 0 0 9 65 52 4, 324 793 642 2, 889 1962 4, 937 697 579 569 0 0 10 66 52 4, 240 793 863 2, 584 1952 4,818 682 585 580 0 0 5 45 52 4, 136 771 1, 333 2, 032 1970 429 26 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 403 0 43 360 1962 429 26 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 403 0 67 336 1952 430 26 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 404 0 104 300 1970 4, 364 405 230 226 0 0 3 131 43 3, 958 678 1, 084 2, 196 1962 4,210 329 231 223 0 0 8 79 19 3, 881 528 1, 543 1, 810 1952 3, 845 297 199 191 0 0 8 79 19 3, 548 528 1, 925 1, 095 1970 32, 367 1, 993 911 832 0 0 79 775 306 30, 374 9, 988 3, 637 16, 748 1962 31, 878 1,811 906 831 0 0 75 624 281 30, 067 8, 104 5, 685 16, 328 1952 30, 935 1,741 904 810 0 0 94 580 257 29, 194 8, 178 7, 842 13, 174 1979 390 9 ul 0 0 0 1 8 0 381 29 142 209 1962 391 9 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 382 24 172 185 1952 392 13 1 0 0 0 1 10 2 379 20 213 145 1970 2, 882 189 13 0 0 0 13 144 31 2, 692 100 728 1, 863 1962 2, 845 214 54 0 0 0 54 128 32 2, 631 57 956 1,618 1952 2, 854 214 54 0 0 0 54 128 32 2, 640 Yi 1, 278 1,305 1970 2, 354 254 17 0 0 0 17 237 0 2, 100 4 195 1, 901 1962 2, 262 254 17 0 0 0 17 237 0 2, 008 4 298 1, 706 1952 2, 050 181 1 0 0 0 1 130 50 1, 869 4 443 1, 422 1970 14, 489 892 57 0 0 0 57 711 123 13, 597 1, 180 3, 583 8, 833 1962 13, 417 895 98 0 0 0 98 714 83 12, 522 VSI? 4, 158 7, 192 1952 11, 952 895 98 0 0 0 98 714 83 11, 057 1,172 4, 987 4, 898 1970 17, 478 3, 406 518 488 0 i) 30 | 2,646 242 14, 072 610 3, 188 10, 274 1962 16, 279 3, 300 485 450 0 0 35 | 2, 659 156 12, 979 442 3, 825 8, 712 1952 14, 574 3, 229 492 454 0 0 38 | 2,580 157 11, 345 442 4, 728 6,175 1970 12, 092 1, 046 893 879 0 0 14 144 9 11, 045 530 2,071 8, 444 1962 11, 543 1, 036 883 869 0 0 14 144 9 10, 507 530 2 7,314 1952 10, 276 982 895 881 0 0 14 83 4 9, 294 270 3, 465 5, 559 1970 | 49,685 | 5,796] 1,500| 1,367| oO o| 133] 3,800| 405| 43,888| 2,454 | 9,907 | 31,526 1962 46, 737 5, 708 1, 538 1,319 0 0 219 | 3,890 280 41, 029 2, 229 12, 072 26, 728 1952 , 098 5, 514 1, 541 1,335 0 0 206 | 3,645 328 36, 584 1, 965 15, 114 19, 505 1970 18, 800 6, 440 2, 494 2,422 8 17 45 | 3,838 108 12, 359 2, 256 3, 429 6, 672 1962 19, 121 6, 310 2, 530 2, 410 9 21 90 | 3,695 85 12, 811 1, 548 3, 841 7, 422 1952 19, 121 6, 310 2, 530 2, 410 9 21 90 | 3,695 85 12, 811 1, 548 3, 841 7, 422 1970 16, 875 9, 388 2, 784 2,127 64 500 92 | 3,304 | 3,300 7, 486 814 3, 236 3, 436 1962 17, 062 9, 539 2, 819 2,141 64 521 92 | 3,303 | 3,416 7, 522 714 3, 344 3, 463 1952 17, 368 10, 158 3, 055 2,195 49 717 94 | 3,484 | 3,619 7, 210 578 4,151 2,481 1970 406 124 114 0 1 61 52 10 0 281 0 161 119 1962 424 128 118 0 1 63 54 10 0 296 0 173 123 1952 451 138 128 0 0 71 56 10 0 312 0 182 130 1970 223 77 74 0 1 68 5 3 0 145 0 142 3 1962 230 77 74 0 1 68 5 5 0 152 0 149 3 1952 315 106 102 0 1 93 7 4 0 208 0 204 4 1970 14, 536 4, 525 1, 591 1,317 0 156 117 568 | 2,365 10, 011 1, 368 4, 723 3, 919 1962 14, 693 4, 882 1,910 1, 372 5 423 110 541 | 2,431 9, 811 933 5, 853 3, 025 1952 15, 348 , 099 2, 1,357 5 379 262 444 | 2,652 10, 249 942 6, 252 3, 055 1970 50, 840 20, 556 7, 059 5, 867 74 804 312 | 7,723 | 5,774 30, 284 4,438 11, 694 14, 151 1962 51, 530 20, 936 7,451 5, 923 80 | 1,096 351 | 7,553 | 5,932 30, 593 3,195 13, 360 14, 037 1952 52, 604 21, 812 7, 318 5, 962 65 | 1,281 509 | 7,637 | 6,356 30, 792 3, 14, 631 13, 092 See footnote at end of table. 547-966 O - 74 - 16 228 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 2.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership, and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 \—Continued [Thousand acres] Section, region, and State Central: Mlinoiss2s22 2-22 -c4 Total, North-- South Atlantic: North Carolina_--- South Carolina-_-_- East Gulf: Public Private All Federal Year} owner- Total Count Miscel- ships public State an Total Forest Janeous Bureau Miscel- munic-| private | industry | Farmer | private Total | National | of Land | Indian | laneous ipal Federal Forest | Manage- Federal ment 1970 3, 680 267 256 214 0 0 41 11 0 3,412 16 2,107 1, 288 1962 3, 761 240 229 187 0 0 41 ll 0 3, 521 16 2, 216 1, 288 1952 3, 830 226 216 184 0 0 32 10 0 3, 604 10 2, 961 633 1970 3, 840 360 213 136 0 0 77 146 1 3,479 21 2, 605 851 1962 3, 930 294 177 112 0 0 65 115 2 3, 636 9 2, 853 774 1952 4,015 283 172 112 0 0 60 109 2 3, 732 9 2, 848 875 1970 2, 430 34 10 0 0 1 9 22 1 2, 395 9 2, 129 257 1962 2, 480 36 12 2 0 1 9 22 1 2, 443 4 2,175 263 1952 2, 595 36 12 2 0 1 9 22 a! 2, 558 0 2, 282 276 1970 1, 187 36 26 0 0 0 26 8 1 1, 150 0 798 352 1962 1,194 36 26 0 0 0 26 8 1 1, 157 0 805 352 1952 1, 208 26 26 0 0 0 26 0 0 1,181 0 821 359 1970 11, 826 820 738 531 0 0 207 76 5 11, 005 227 5, 882 4, 895 1962 11, 651 652 575 438 0 0 137 77 0 10, 999 308 6, 420 4,271 4 1952 11, 497 725 672 455 0 0 217 53 0 10, 772 308 7, 226 3, 238 | 1970 14, 600 1, 586 1, 372 1, 321 0 0 51 188 25 13, 013 279 8, 850 3, 884 1962 14, 850 1, 586 1, 362 1,311 0 0 51 199 25 13, 264 276 9, 150 3,836 1952 14, 913 1,617 1, 461 1, 339 1 0 121 156 0 13, 296 460 8, 347 4,489 1970 1, 023 94 83 57 0 9 17 11 0 928 0 789 138 1962 1, 034 93 81 57 0 7 17 ll 0 940 0 802 138 1952 1, 050 62 50 28 0 5 17 ll 0 988 0 849 138 1970 6, 422 365 138 129 0 0 8 222 4 6, 056 126 2, 616 3, 314 1962 6, 041 360 88 88 0 0 0 231 41 5, 681 74 2, 882 2,725 1952 5, 450 297 88 88 0 0 0 168 41 5, 153 30 3, 512 1,611 | 1970 45, 008 3, 565 2, 840 2, 390 0 10 438 686 39 41, 442 681 25, 778 14,982 1962 44, 942 3, 299 2, 552 2,196 0 8 347 674 71 41, 642 688 27, 304 13, 649 1952 44, 559 3, 273 2, 699 2, 208 1 6 483 529 45 41, 285 817 28, 848 11, 620 1970 | 177,901 31, 911 12, 311 10, 458 74 815 963 | 13,075 | 6,524 | 145,989 17, 563 51, 017 77, 409 1962 | 175, 089 31, 755 12, 448 10, 270 80 | 1,105 992 | 12,741 | 6,565 | 143,334 14, 217 58, 372 70, 743 1952 | 170,198 32, 341 12, 962 10, 315 66 | 1,288] 1,292} 12,391 | 6,986 | 137,857 14, 028 66, 435 57, 393 1970 20, 192 1, 722 1, 349 1, 035 0 56 257 307 65 18, 470 2, 785 8, 602 7, 082 1962 19, 989 1, 720 1, 347 1, 033 0 56 257 307 65 18, 268 2, 495 9, 503 6,270 1952 19, 582 1,591 1, 303 1,019 0 52 231 253 35 17, 990 2, 584 13, 590 1,816 | 1970 12, 410 1, 073 840 550 0 0 289 205 26 11, 337 2, 047 4,995 4, 294 1962 12,170 1, 033 857 563 0 0 294 153 23 11, 136 2, 009 5, 637 3, 490 1952 11, 883 954 801 562 0 0 239 128 25 10, 929 1, 650 7, 530 1, 749 1970 15, 859 1, 671 1, 437 1, 202 0 0 233 181 53 14, 187 1, 634 6, 701 5, 851 1962 15, 752 1, 535 1, 395 1, 202 0 0 192 88 52 14, 216 1, 454 8, 000 4, 761 1952 15, 496 1, 492 1, 355 1,198 0 0 157 86 51 14, 003 1, 094 10, 817 2, 091 — —————S—S |_| | ——————— 1970 48, 463 4, 468 3, 627 2, 789 0 57 780 694 145 43, 995 6, 467 20, 299 17, 228 1962 47,911 4, 289 3, 600 2, 799 0 57 743 548 140 43, 622 5, 959 23, 140 14, 522 1952 46, 962 4, 039 3, 459 2, 780 0 52 627 467 112 42, 923 5, 328 31, 937 5, 657 1970 16, 231 2, 145 1, 653 1, 035 0 8 609 466 26 14, 086 5, 216 2,915 5, 953 1962 16, 830 2, 219 1, 640 1, 030 2 18 588 539 40 14, 610 4, 767 3, 593 6, 249 1952 18, 135 2, 251 1, 813 1, 035 14 36 728 382 56 15, 884 4, 369 7, 280 4, 235 1970 25, 102 1, 407 1,326 806 0 0 520 56 24 23, 695 4, 700 12, 110 6, 885 1962 26, 298 1, 813 1, 678 745 0 0 933 lll 24 24, 484 4, 686 14, 865 4, 933 1952 23, 969 1, 684 1, 560 643 0 0 916 101 23 22, 284 4, 246 15, 854 2, 184 1970 41, 334 3, 552 2, 980 1, 842 0 8| 1,129 522, 50 37, 781 9, 916 15, 026 12, 839 1962 43, 128 4,033 3, 318 1,775 2 18) |) 2521 650 64 39, 094 9, 453 18, 458 11, 183 1952 42, 104 3,935 3, 373 1, 678 14 36 | 1,644 483 7 38, 168 8, 615 28, 134 6, 419 See footnote at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 229 TABLE 2.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership, and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 \—Continued (Thousand acres] Public Private Section, region, Federal and State iTS ee ee ee County Miscel- public State and| Total Forest laneous Bureau Miscel- munic-}| private | industry | Farmer | private Total | National | of Land | Indian | laneous ipal Federal | Forest | Manage- Federal ment Central Gulf Alshama +... _- 997 795 625 2 0 166 156 45 20, 744 3, 818 7,628 9, 298 1, 001 799 629 2 0 166 156 45 20, 740 3, 818 7, 631 9, 291 968 791 616 10 0 165 150 27 19, 788 3, 138 8,114 8, 536 Mississippi ----..--- 1,770 1, 299 1 118 1 13 166 93 377 15, 121 2, 505 6, 204 6, 412 1,719 1, 267 1, 108 4 12 143 55 397 16, 257 2, 683 5, 849 7, 724 1,718 1, 245 1, 036 4 10 195 54 419 14, 722 2, 602 6, 958 5, 162 Tennessee -_-_____- 1, 286 940 599 0 0 340 324 22 11, 533 1,121 5, 079 5, 333 1,199 834 591 0 0 243 344 21 12, 444 946 5, 745 5, 753 1,172 833 566 0 0 267 329 10 11, 129 750 6, 126 4, 253 Oo 4, 053 3, 034 2, 344 3 13 673 574 445 47, 400 7, 444 18, 912 21, 043 3,919 2, 900 2, 328 6 12 552 555 463 49, 441 7, 447 19, 226 22, 768 3, 858 2, 869 2, 218 14 10 627 533 456 45, 639 6, 490 21, 198 17, 951 West Gulf. a j Avikansan =. 2, 938 2, 682 2, 378 1 0 302 236 19 15, 268 3, 950 4, 800 6, 517 2, 846 2, 641 2,373 3 0 265 194 11 18, 654 4, 028 5, 613 9, 013 2,910 2, 802 2, 326 122 0 354 106 2 16, 355 4,118 6, 733 5, 504 Louisiana______---- 860 692 551 6 0 134 163 4 14, 482 3, 180 2, 284 9, 017 885 7 575 ll 0 118 176 5 15, 627 3, 084 2, 813 9, 728 848 667 536 4 0 127 176 5 15, 190 3, 452 3, 189 8, 549 Oklahoma____---_- 577 481 233 0 136 lll 86 9 4, 240 868 1, 411 1, 959 451 391 219 3 140 29 60 0 4, 259 969 1, 134 2, 156 448 388 212 7 140 29 60 0 4, 595 ‘929 1, 586 2, 080 4s 828 778 625 0 3 149 42 6 12, 095 3, 496 2, 403 6, 195 753 719 618 0 1 100 32 2 12, 028 3, 128 2, 787 6, 112 767 736 655 0 4 77 29 2 12, 404 3, 123 3, 533 5, 748 Totals =~. == 2 5, 204 4, 634 3, 788 7 140 699 529 39 46, 086 11, 496 10, 899 23, 690 4,935 4, 455 3, 785 17 141 512 462 18 50, 569 11, 209 12, 349 27, 010 4, 973 4, 593 3, 729 133 144 587 371 9 48, 545 11, 622 15, 042 21, 881 Total, South ______- 17, 278 14, 277 10, 764 ll 219 3, 282 2, 321 680 175, 263 35, 325 65, 136 74, 801 17,177 14, 274 10, 689 26 229 3, 329 2, 217 686 182, 727 34, 069 73, 174 75, 484 16, 806 14, 295 10, 405 161 242 3, 486 1, 854 656 175, 276 32, 055 91, 311 51, 908 Pacific Northwest: Alaska: Coastal ___- 5, 609 5, 256 5, 144 83 25 4 353 0 30 0 0 30 5, 683 5, 505 5, 224 252 25 4 178 0 30 0 0 30 5, 683 5, 683 5, 224 430 25 4 0 0 30 0 0 30 Oregon: ' aie. SC ot 3 aS Si ee ae oe ee ee eee Westertts—= = --_. 7, 752 6, 884 4, 830 2, 046 8 0 735 133 6, 883 3, 624 1,620 1, 639 7,820 6, 949 4, 857 2, 084 8 0 733 138 6, 927 3, 548 1, 682 1, 697 7, 730 6, 748 4, 576 2, 150 22 0 732 250 6, 871 3, 128 1, 872 1, 871 Eastern......-___ 7, 767 7, 697 7,173 200 316 8 65 5 3, 271 1, 582 1, 230 459 7, 803 7, 733 7, 208 200 317 8 65 5 3, 1, 585 1, 236 463 8, 065 7,995 6, 720 200 1, 067 8 65 5 3, 022 1, 533 1, 238 251 Summary-.-_--__- 15, 519 14, 581 12, 003 2, 246 324 8 800 138 10, 154 5, 206 2, 850 2, 098 15, 623 14, 682 12, 065 2, 284 325 8 798 143 10, 211 5, 133 2, 918 2, 160 15, 795 14, 743 11, 296 2, 350 1, 089 8 797 255 9, 893 4, 661 3,110 2, 122 Washington: ae tale See > nn | ee | Western;.----==- 4,123 2, 581 2, 321 2 190 68 | 1,379 163 5, 868 3, 598 437 1, 833 4, 250 2, 662 2, 398 2 193 69 1, 410 178 6, 102 3, 505 1,911 4, 349 2, 701 2, 398 26 199 78 1, 442 206 6, 3, 748 537 1, 994 Eastern__....._.- 5, 395 4, 652 3, 103 46 | 1,403 100 737 6 3,015 750 1,429 836 5, 500 4,799 3, 196 91 1, 439 73 690 ll , 008 652 1, 697 659 5, 537 4, 876 3,197 148 1, 496 35 653 8 3, 023 637 1, 759 627 Summary --__-____ 9, 518 7, 233 5,424 48 1, 593 168 2,116 169 8, 883 4, 348 1, 866 2, 669 9, 750 7, 461 5, 594 93 1, 632 142 2,100 189 9,110 4, 338 2, 202 2, 570 9, 886 7, 577 5, 595 174 1,695 113 2, 095 214 9, 302 4, 385 2, 296 2, 621 Potala 352 —* 30, 646 27, 070 22, 571 2,377 1, 942 180 | 3, 269 307 19, 067 9, 554 4,716 4, 797 31, 056 27, 648 22, 883 2, 629 1, 982 154 3, 076 332 19, 351 9,471 5, 120 4, 760 31, 364 28, 003 22,115 2, 954 2, 809 125 2, 892 469 19, 225 9, 046 5, 406 4, 773 See footnote at end of table. 230 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TAaBLp 2.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership, and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 \—Continued (Thousand acres] Section, region, and State Pacific Southwest: California --------- Coast-.------ Mountain: Montana. -------.- South Dakota (West) Southern Rocky Mountain: “ATIzZ0Natscatee soso Total, Rocky Mountain---_- Total, all regions- ----- Public Private All Federal Year| owner- Total County Miscel- ships public State and Total Forest laneous Bureau Miscel- munic-| private | industry | Farmer | private Total | National} of Land | Indian | laneous ipal Federal Forest | Manage- Federal ment 970 16, 828 8, 820 8, 743 8, 344 275 102 22 72 5 8, 008 2, 665 1,524 3, 819 1962 17, 043 8, 924 8, 850 8, 393 303 114 40 71 3 8,119 2, 457 1,598 4, 064 1952 17,127 9, 075 8, 874 8, 372 318 144 40 193 8 8, 052 2, 167 1, 664 4, 221 1970 1, 081 495 8 0 0 0 8 487 0 585 0 361 223 1962 1, 089 496 9 0 0 0 9 487 0 593 0 366 227 1952 1, 089 496 9 0 0 0 9 487 0 593 0 366 227 1970 17, 909 9, 315 8, 751 8, 344 275 102 30 559 5 8, 593 2, 665 1, 885 4, 042 1962 18, 132 9, 420 8, 859 8, 393 303 114 49 558 3 8, 712 2, 457 1, 964 4, 291 1952 18, 216 9,571 8, 883 8, 372 318 144 49 680 8 8, 645 2, 167 2, 030 4, 448 1970 67, 622 39, 961 35, 821 30, 915 2,652 | 2,044 210 | 3,828 312 27, 660 12, 219 6, 601 8, 839 1962 68, 539 40, 476 36, 507 31, 276 2,932 | 2,096 203 | 3,634 335 28, 063 11, 928 7, 084 9, 051 1952 68, 805 40, 935 36, 886 30, 487 3,272 | 2,953 174 | 3,572 477 27, 870 11, 213 7,436 9, 221 1970 15, 192 12,171 11, 291 10, 731 501 51 7 861 18 3, 020 946 777 1, 297 1962 15, 881 12, 851 11, 968 11, 406 502 51 7 863 18 3, 030 949 779 1,301 1952 15, 539 12, 496 11,610 11, 045 504 52 7 867 19 3, 043 953 782 1, 306 1970 15, 983 11, 418 10, 883 9, 732 478 620 53 529 4 4, 565 1, 055 1, 952 1, 557 1962 16, 879 12, 300 11, 764 10, 610 479 621 53 531 4 4, 579 1, 058 1, 958 1, 562 1952 16, 753 12, 154 11,616 10, 456 481 624 53 533 4 4,599 1, 063 1, 966 1, 569 1970 1,310 1, 029 967 957 5 0 4 62 0 281 17 222 41 1962 1,310 1, 029 966 957 5 0 4 62 0 281 17 223 41 1952 1, 306 1, 023 960 951 5 0 4 62 0 283 17 224 41 1970 4, 182 3, 327 3, 216 2, 699 393 123 0 110 0 855 54 619 181 1962 4,720 3, 862 3,751 3, 232 394 124 0 lll 0 857 54 621 181 1952 4, 738 3, 876 3, 765 3, 243 396 124 0 lll 0 861 54 624 182 1970 36, 668 27, 946 26, 359 24, 120 1,378 795 64 | 1,563 23 8, 722 2, 073 3,572 3, 076 1962 38, 792 30, 043 28, 451 26, 206 1, 382 797 65 | 1,568 23 8, 748 2, 079 3, 583 3, 086 1952 38, 337 29, 551 27, 952 25, 697 1, 388 801 65 | 1,574 23 8, 786 2, 088 3, 598 3, 099 1970 3, 689 3, 523 3,490 2, 347 2) 1,140 0 32 1 166 0 81 84 1962 3, 692 3, 525 3, 492 2, 346 2) 1,148 0 32 1 166 0 82 84 1952 3, 620 3, 453 3, 419 2, 268 2) 1,148 0 32 1 167 0 82 85 1970 11, 583 8, 465 8, 231 7,710 413 102 4 188 45 3, 118 14 2, 635 467 1962 12, 358 9, 230 8, 996 8, 473 414 103 4 189 45 3, 127 14 2, 643 469 1952 12, 282 9,141 8, 905 8, 381 416 103 4 190 45 3, 141 14 2, 655 471 1970 128 60 55 55 0 0 0 3 1 68 8 1 58 1962 141 72 68 68 0 0 0 3 1 68 8 1 58 1952 142 72 68 68 0 0 0 3 1 69 8 1 58 1970 5, 736 3, 809 3, 638 2, 939 76 613 8 171 0 1, 927 137 1, 549 240 1962 5, 746 3, 813 3, 642 2, 940 76 615 8 171 0 1, 932 137 1, 554 240 1952 5, 626 3, 685 3, 513 2, 808 76 618 8 172 0 1, 941 138 1, 561 242 1970 3, 824 3, 163 2, 924 2, 613 154 157 0 239 0 660 0 537 123 1962 3, 871 3, 208 2, 968 2, 656 154 157 0 239 0 662 0 539 123 1952 3, 881 3, 216 2,975 2, 662 155 158 0 240 0 665 0 541 123 1970 24, 963 19, 022 18, 339 15, 666 645 | 2,013 13 634 47 5, 941 160 4, 807 974 1962 25, 810 19, 851 19, 167 16, 486 647 | 2,020 13 636 47 5, 959 160 4, 821 977 1952 25, 554 19, 569 18, 881 16, 189 650 | 2,028 13 639 48 5, 984 161 4, 842 981 1970 61, 631 46, 968 44, 699 39, 787 2,024 | 2,809 78 | 2,197 71 14, 663 2, 233 8, 379 4, 050 1962 64, 603 49, 895 47, 619 42, 692 2,030 | 2,817 78 | 2,204 71 14, 708 2, 240 8, 404 4, 063 1952 63, 891 49, 120 46, 834 41, 886 2,038 | 2,830 79 | 2,214 71 14,771 2, 250 8, 440 4, 080 1970 | 499,697 | 136,120 | 107,108 91, 924 4,761 | 5,888 | 4,534 | 21,422 | 7,588 | 363,576 67,341 | 131,134 165, 100 1962 | 508,137 | 139,304 | 110,849 94, 927 5,068 | 6,248 | 4,604 | 20,797 | 7,657 | 368, 833 62,455 | 147,035 159, 342 1952 | 494,978 | 189,202 | 110,978 93, 094 5,538 | 7,313 | 5,032 | 20,032 | 8,191 | 355,775 59,547 | 173,624 122, 604 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 231 TABLE 3.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-size class, section, region, and State, January 1, 19701 [Thousand acres] Total, all ownerships National forest Section, region, and State Total Sawtimber |Poletimber| Seedling |Nonstocked| Total Sawtimber |Poletimber| Seedling |Nonstocked stands stands sapling areas stands stands sapling areas 2,169 366 1,168 583 49 0 0 0 0 0 16, 894 6, 142 5, 339 5, 268 143 37 19 15 2 0 3,491 414 1, 669 1, 368 38 0 0 0 0 0 5, 020 1,787 2, 369 693 171 568 341 131 96 0 429 14 168 13 0 0 0 0 0 4, 364 1,796 1,524 1, 004 40 226 125 63 37 0 32, 367 10, 521 12, 304 9, 086 455 832 486 209 135 0 390 210 128 45 6 0 0 0 0 0 2, 882 1,791 753 297 40 0 0 0 0 0 2,354 599 794 803 157 0 0 0 0 0 14, 489 4, 283 2, 678 6, 201 1,325 0 0 0 0 0 17, 478 7, 665 6, 081 3, 399 333 488 265 209 Zi 6 5,951 3, 297 2, 596 248 879 543 312 23 0 49, 685 20, 500 13, 732 13, 341 2,110 1, 367 808 521 30 6 18, 800 4,645 8, 055 5, 506 592 2,422 378 1, 223 761 59 i 16, 875 2, 360 8,425 4, 247 1, 841 2,127 337 1, 335 295 159 North Dakota._--_----- 406 63 158 149 34 0 0 0 0 0 South Dakota (East) -- = 223 103 96 19 3 0 0 0 0 0 eisennniy ys 2 eee 14, 536 3, 098 6, 579 4, 489 369 1,317 84 749 420 64 50, 840 10, 272 23, 315 14, 412 2, 841 5, 867 800 3, 307 1,477 282 3, 680 2,101 934 599 44 214 94 73 29 18 3, 840 2, 065 795 899 79 136 84 23 22 6 2, 430 942 777 268 442 0 0 0 0 0 1, 187 681 229 134 141 0 0 0 0 0 11, 826 5, 633 2,798 3, 317 78 531 426 94 4 5 14, 600 4, 002 4, 258 3, 490 2, 848 1,321 318 681 311 10 1, 023 253 310 103 355 57 2 27 24 3 6,422 1,977 7 3, 569 176 129 65 12 32 18 45, 008 17, 656 10, 803 12, 383 4, 164 2,390 991 912 423 62 eel. North. --= 2 177, 901 58, 949 60, 156 49, 223 9,571 10, 458 3, 087 4, 951 2, 067 351 South Atlantic: Worth: Carling =~ ---—.--2.--- 20, 192 10, 556 4,255 5, 193 187 1, 035 743 186 102 3 South Carolina.~ = /- == 12, 410 4, 907 3,455 3, 649 398 5 368 136 46 0 eg 1: a a 15, 859 5, 308 5, 981 4,472 96 1, 202 619 492 75 15 i 48, 463 20, 772 13, 692 13, 315 682 2,789 1,730 815 224 18 East Gulf. ilgridia = 2 2 2 oe 16, 231 4, 987 4,150 4,529 2, 563 1, 035 419 305 244 66 Ge oS eee SS 25, 102 8, 354 4, 607 11, 426 714 492 168 145 0 Robale 3 2 See enn 41, 334 13, 342 8, 758 15, 955 3, 277 1,842 911 474 389 66 Central Gulf NTT TY eee ita eee! 21, 742 8, 885 5, 224 7, 468 164 625 428 115 81 0 VS a 16, 891 4,557 3, 772 8,427 133 1,118 528 149 440 0 TE ae 2 oe ee Soe 12, 819 3, 297 4, 893 4,595 32 599 257 230 112 0 PE a sense ee 51, 453 16, 741 13, 889 20, 492 330 2, 344 1, 213 496 634 0 West Gulf Ar ansas__.__.-_-_-------__-- 18, 206 5, 443 4,759 7,922 81 2, 378 732 863 782 0 LCT rr Saeed ens epee 15, 342 9, 459 1, 922 3,774 186 551 395 51 99 5 Okiationig 2s 2 Sane 4,817 1, 261 943 2,498 114 233 112 45 75 0 PU ONAS So ee eee 12, 924 7, 021 2, 184 3,620 97 625 517 37 69 0 LY, 7 a eae a Sak eed 51, 290 23, 185 9, 810 17, 815 480 3, 788 1, 758 998 1, 026 5 motel South: — =... => =_ = 192, 542 74, 041 46,151 67,575 4,771 10, 764 5, 614 2,784 2, 275 89 Pacific Northwest: ks; Coastal -- 5, 639 5, 112 180 300 47 5, 144 4, 651 173 273 474 Oregon rx WORE oe eae ee 14, 635 8, 923 1,370 3, 576 766 4, 830 3, 814 459 410 147 Paster ~~~ 573s 2 SS 11, 038 7, 230 2, 4 418 7,173 4, 731 1, 645 632 165 LOS 5 as ae Bla 26, 673 16, 153 3, 828 4, 508 1, 184 12, 003 8, 545 2, 104 1, 042 312 See footnotes at end of table. 232 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 3.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-size class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 \—Continued (Thousand acres] Total, all ownerships National forest Section, region, and State Total Sawtimber |Poletimber|} Seedling |Nonstocked Total Sawtimber |Poletimber| Seedling |Nonstocked stands stands sapling areas stands stands sapling areas Pacific Northwest—Con. Washington: Westernii 2 ee 9, 991 6, 217 1,495 2, 042 237 2, 321 1, 741 175 312 93 Masternaen as es saan aa ee 8, 410 4, 902 1,778 1, 240 490 3, 103 1, 875 679 514 35 Summarys" 2225 eee 18, 401 11,119 3, 273 3, 282 727 5, 424 3, 616 854 826 128 Motalbesn. sb kere we 49, 713 32, 384 7, 281 8, 090 1, 958 22, 571 16, 812 3, 131 2,141 487 Pacific Southwest: California ® seer ee ee 16, 828 13, 616 766 1,194 1, 252 8, 344 7, 240 325 352 427 Ha wall eres. ee See ee Se 1, 081 321 209 53 497 0 0 0 0 0 Potale=- S450. se pemee ese 17, 909 13, 937 975 1, 247 1, 749 8, 344 7, 240 325 352 427 Total, Pacific Coast__-._- 67, 622 46, 321 8, 256 9, 337 3, 707 30, 915 24, 052 3, 456 2, 493 914 Northern Rocky Mountain: Tdahoia 3 ses ee 15, 192 9, 835 1,775 1, 879 706 10, 731 6, 391 1, 479 1, 375 488 Montanaysce sano ek ees 15, 983 9, 186 4, 466 1,817 3380 9, 732 5, 133 2, 887 1, 320 258 South Dakota (West) ?_-_---- 1, 310 708 483 46 15 957 569 284 34 12 Wyoming ass.-:- 2 eee 4, 182 1, 990 962 174 128 2, 699 1, 005 580 116 70 Totali ewe 2 eee 36, 668 21, 720 7, 687 3, 917 1, 231 24, 120 13, 100 5, 232 2, 846 829 Southern Rocky Mountain: ‘Arizona. eee eS 3, 689 3, 164 182 157 133 2, 347 1, 882 146 136 129 Colorado ts eee 11, 583 4, 567 2, 884 564 1, 023 7, 710 2, 863 1, 142 408 752 INGVE0S teaser eo meet aa 128 110 3 i 7 55 41 3 5 4 New Mexico ?_____..-_------- 5, 736 4, 655 402 319 227 2, 939 2, 164 252 167 224 Utah 2a see ee reer ee 3, 824 2,337 969 263 48 2, 613 1, 568 686 125 27 Totals: -<-- ceemeee nse 24, 963 14, 834 4,441 1,311 1,440 15, 666 8, 519 2, 230 842 1, 138 Total, Rocky Mountain__ 61, 631 36, 555 12, 129 5, 229 2, 671 39, 787 21, 620 7, 462 3, 689 1, 967 Total, all regions. ________ 499, 697 215, 867 126, 693 131, 368 20, 721 91, 924 54, 374 18, 654 10, 525 3, 322 Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private Section, region, and State Saw- | Pole- | Seed- | Non- Saw- | Pole- | Seed- | non- Saw- | Pole- | Seed- | Non- Total | timber | timber} ling | stock- | Total | timber| timber] ling | stock- | Total | timber] timber| ling | stock- stands | stands |sapling} ed stands | stands | sapling| ed stands | stands | sapling ed areas areas areas New England: Connecticut- -.......---_- 155 27 103 20 5 3 2 1 0 0} 2,011 337 | 1, 064 563 44 Maine:22.s net eee 274 31 145 97 0| 8,255 | 3,684} 2,892] 1,678 0 , 327 | 2,407 | 2,286 | 3,490 142 Massachusetts_...-....._-- 399 34 218 143 4 259 140 3 0| 2,833 240 | 1,368 | 1,189 34 New Hampshire--_______- 127 44 59 17 5 793 268 397 93 33 | 3,531 | 1,132] 1,780 485 132 Rhode Island: --- 2-222 26 5 17 3 1 0 0 0 403 216 165 12 Vermont cs: ssa ee 179 63 75 38 0 678 365 218 94 0| 3,280] 1,241] 1,167 833 39 Motel bese cose -aseaiees 1,160; 205] 618| 320 16 | 9,988 | 4,460 | 3,502] 1,903 33 | 20,386| 5,369 | 7,883 | 6,727 405 Middle Atlantic: Delawares 222 --2_. 2.25 9 1 7 1 0 29 21 5 3 0 351 187 116 41 6 Maryland 200. . - 82 See 189 104 60 23 2 100 36 44 18 1] 2,691] 1,650 648 256 37 New Jersey-= 2) es 254 19 124 100 ll 4 1 2 1 0} 2,096 679 668 702 146 New: York 2-2 seas 892 278 272 269 71 | 1,180 594 238 323 23 | 12,416 | 3,410] 2,167 | 5,607] 1,230 Pennsylvania._____....__- 2,918 | 1,235] 1,326 334 23 610 241 238 131 0 | 13,462 | 5,924] 4,307] 2,926 303 West Virginia. _-_._.._____ 167 72 50 25 20 630 301 169 55 5 | 10,515 | 5,034] 2,765 2,492 223 Totale ss . = -25- 5 eae 4,429 | 1,709 | 1,839 752 127 | 2,454] 1,195 697 531 29 | 41,433) 16,786 | 10,674 | 12,026 1, 946 Lake States: Michigan=2222-28 ee 4, 018 892 | 2,031 980 112 | 2,256 | 1,000 693 553 9 | 10,102 | 2,373) 4,107 | 3,210 411 Minnesotase salen Soames 7, 261 537 | 3,412] 2,207] 1,103 814 110 430 234 38 | 6,672 | 1,374 | 3,247 | 1,510 540 NorthiDakotas=222 == 124 19 8 46 10 0 0 0 0 0 281 43 109 103 24 South Dakota (East) - --__ 77 31 41 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 145 72 54 15 Wisconsins=sse2 22s aee 3, 207 405 | 1,636 | 1,101 63 | 1,368 346 599 418 4| 8,643 | 2,262] 3,594 | 2,649 237 Totaliee 2 eee 14,688 | 1,886] 7,171 | 4,340] 1,290] 4,438 | 1,467] 1,722] 1,206 52 | 25,845 | 6,127 | 11,114 | 7,388 1, 216 Central: az Nlinoiss2sse= 5 ae 52 ll 10 3 16 16 0 0 0| 3,396 | 1,963 849 560 21 Indiana 22a se aes 224 132 49 42 0 21 12 6 2 0} 3,457 | 1,837 716 830 72 TOWas-ooesoe dee eee 34 13 11 3 6 9 3 2 1 1] 2,386 925 763 434 Kansas) ek areas 36 20 8 2 4 0 0 0 0 0} 1,150 660 221 132 136 Kentucky = seen ane 289 173 53 55 6 227 148 38 41 0 | 10,777 | 4,884 | 2,612} 3,215 65 Missouri2a2 ser ae 264 60 98 57 49 279 78 80 103 16 | 12,734 | 3,544] 3,398] 3,019 2,772 Nebraska ts sssuns sameeiee 37 10 16 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 266 1 QRIGSS a eae SRE 235 119 34 78 3 126 59 14 52 0| 5,930] 1,732 637 | 3,405 154 Totals sees nue 1,175 557 282 258 76 681 318 143 201 18 | 40,761 | 15,788 | 9,465 | 11,499} 4,007 TotaleNorthes= 222-2 21,453 | 4,360 | 9,911 | 5,672] 1,510 | 17,563 | 7,481 | 6,155 | 3,842 133 |128,426 | 44,071 | 39,187 | 37,641 7,576 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 233 TABLE 3.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-size class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 \—Continued (Thousand acres] Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private Section, region, and State Saw- | Pole- | Seed- | Non- Saw- | Pole- | Seed- | Non- Saw- | Pole- | Seed- | Non- Total | timber | timber! ling stock- | Total | timber | timber | _ ling stock- | Total | timber| timber) ling | stock- stands | stands |sapling| ed stands | stands | sapling ed stands | stands | sapling ed areas areas areas South Atlantic: North Carolina 43 | 15,684 | 8,075 | 3,398 | 4,082 127 = 880 42 9,290 | 3,446 | 2,674 | 2,836 333 6 | 12,553 | 3,974 | 4,785 | 3,718 75 92 | 37,527 | 15,496 | 10,858 | 10, 637 536 422 | 8,869 | 2,624 | 2,330 2,097 1,817 178 | 18,995 | 6,023 | 3,476 | 8,996 499 600 | 27, 865 8, 647 5, 806 | 11,093 2,317 4,215 | 6,110 147 2,976 | 6,591 117 3,959 | 3,910 32 2, 793 21 | 39,955 | 11,894 | 11,151 | 16,612 297 1, 322 19 | 11,317 2, 626 3,032 | 5,602 56 669 22 | 11,301 6, 655 1,557 2, 930 157 261 5 | 3,371 667 629 1, 969 104 647 17 8, 599 3, 889 1, 804 2, 824 80 2, 901 64 | 34,589 | 13, 893 7,024 | 13,327 398 ‘Total. Sonth=— = 6,514 2, 851 1,482 | 1,826 354 | 35,325 | 15, 697 7,044 | 11,805 778 |139, 938 | 49,877 | 34,840 | 51,670 3, 549 Pacific Northwest: Alaska: Coastal ------.--- 465 435 6 pz) 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 26 1 3 0 Oregon Wentern 222.5 22222232. 2,922 | 1,779 234 690 219 | 3,624 | 1,793 338 | 1,325 168 | 3,259} 1,537 339 | 1,151 232 Masters 225. 25. 232-252 594 129 32 26 1,582 1,077 299 131 75 1, 689 1,015 385 137 152 Siannsey ~~ 3, 516 2, 186 363 722 245 5, 206 2, 870 637 1, 456 243 | 4,948 2, 552 724 1, 288 384 Washington: Western. 1,802 | 1,130 302 340 30 | 3,598 | 2,049 540 942 67 | 2,270} 1,297 478 448 47 Meaieen oe soe 2, 292 1, 568 345 267 112 495 126 101 28 2; 628 358 315 SuMMaey "2 - - 5-2 -- 4, 094 2, 698 647 607 142) 4,348 2, 544 666 1, 043 95 | 4,535 2, 261 1, 106 806 362 0 8,075 | 5,319 1,016 1, 353 387 9,554 | 5,414 1, 303 2,499 338 | 9,513 | 4,839 1, 831 2, 097 746 Pacific Southwest: Caltiomia@ =" ----------~- 476 339 9 62 66 | 2,665} 2,132 27 318 188 | 5,343 | 3,905 405 462 571 i: Se 495 147 96 24 228 0 0 173 113 28 269 Ly 1,2) Me 2 ee 971 486 105 | 86 294 2, 665 2, 132 27 318 188 | 5,928 4, 078 518 490 840 Total, Pacific Coast_-| 9,046 | 5,805 1,121 1,439 681 | 12,219 7,546 1, 330 2, 817 526 | 15, 441 8,917 2, 349 2, 587 1, 586 Northern Rocky Mountain: ¥daho'2__---=.2-2.-----.-- 1,440 | 1,152 114 136 36 946 813 21 89 22 | 2,074! 1,477 160 278 158 Montana 4-225 2s. oe 1, 685 1, 090 408 152 34 1, 055 824 181 38 12 | 3,510 2, 138 989 305 76 South Dakota (West)?__-_- 71 39 30 1 0 17 6 9 0 0 263 92 158 9 3 Wing ne 623 409 144 30 44 54 38 13 1 0 800 537 223 26 13 140 oi ee 3,825 | 2,691 697 320 115 2, 073 1, 681 226 130 35 6,648 | 4, 246 1, 531 619 250 Southern Rocky Mountain: Arizona 4... = 2e~ 2 =---4-- 1,175 1, 146 21 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 166 135 14 17 0 Colorado 2> 2 "==. ==---=- 754 4 298 20 7 14 4 10 0 0} 3,103} 1,271 | 1,432 135 264 Wevnda +S sae 4 0 0 0 8 7 0 0 0 60 0 1 2 Npse, Snxico 2222 870 828 18 19 3 137 119 8 9 0} 1,790| 1,543 123 123 0 UT a oe 550 377 102 60 9 0 0 0 0 0 660 391 180 77 ll 210 SS eae 3, 355 2,786 441 105 v3 160 130 18 10 0 5, 781 3, 398 1,750 355 277 Total, Rocky Moun- es 7,181 5, 478 1,139 424 139 2,233 | 1,812 245 140 35 | 12,429 7,644 | 3,281 975 528 Total, all regions______ 44,196 | 18,494 | 13,653 | 9,362 | 2,685 | 67,341 | 32,486 | 14,775 | 18,605 1,473 |296, 235 |110,511 | 79,609 | 92,874 13, 239 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data for allowable cut because of such factors as unstable soils, small size of iso- or negligible amounts. lated patches and stringers, or special use constraints. Volume and growth 2 Estimates of area subclasses do not include 5.0 million acres of National data are also excluded for these areas. Forest lands in the Rocky Mountain States that are not included in the base 234 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 4,—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-volume class, section, region, and State January 1, 1970} [Thousand acres] ? Total, All Ownerships National Forest Section, region, and State (a oe Total Less than 1,500 to 5,000 | More than Total Less than | 1,500 to 5,000! More than ‘ts 5,000 bd. ft. 1,500 bd. ft. bd. ft. 5,000 bd. ft. 1,500 bd. ft. bd. f New England: Po talesustse- i eeesenw see 32, 367 18, 571 11, 239 2, 556 832 468 298 65 Middle Atlantic: Delaware. 2: se SO Se ee 390 179 107 102 0 0 0 0 Maryland__---- 2, 882 1, 404 1, 024 453 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 2, 354 1, 754 438 161 0 0 0 0 New York------- 14, 489 8, 885 4, 964 639 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania_ _- 17, 478 11, 328 5, 061 1, 089 488 257 192 37 West Virginia____ 12, 092 5, 316 4, 843 1, 933 879 290 413 175 Totalee: ewe, «Se Eo.s EES 49, 685 28, 867 16, 439 4, 378 1, 367 547 605 213 Lake States: Michipanssso iss eee eer 18, 800 11, 586 5, 065 2, 148 2, 422 1, 460 673 288 Minnesota ss2 222 ies ae 16, 875 14, 512 1, 535 826 2,127 1, 829 193 104 North Dakota_ = 222225) - 2 eas ee 406 341 37 28 0 0 0 0 South Dakota (East) --.-.------------- 223 148 64 10 0 0 0 0 Wisconsinse-s = 5 Mest Tait) Se Saeed 14, 536 12, 522 1, 162 852 1,317 1,135 105 77 Total user seer ee aaa en eeNTe 50, 840 39, 110 7, 864 3, 865 5, 867 4, 424 972 470 3, 680 1,810 1, 420 448 214 105 82 3, 840 1, 658 1, 405 775 136 46 74 14 2, 430 1, 488 598 343 0 ty) 0 0 1, 187 755 368 62 0 0 0 0 11, 826 5, 728 4,730 1,368 531 96 330 103 14, 600 12, 141 2, 349 1 1, 321 1,014 306 0 1, 023 317 53 2 0 6, 422 3,125 2, 355 942 129 51 40 38 45, 008 27, 359 13, 545 4, 103 2, 390 1, 369 837 183 MotalsNorthees--ssecee eee e eee 177,901 113, 909 49, 088 14, 903 10, 458 6, 810 2,714 933 South Atlantic: North Carolina e- so saseene se ene 20, 192 9, 872 6, 912 3, 407 1, 035 266 527 241 South Carolina___- 12, 410 6, 046 3, 864 2, 498 550 71 208 271 aVirel nla wee eee eee eee 15, 859 7, 818 5, 834 2, 205 1, 202 499 562 141 Motaleeren ne ecse en eee nea see eee 48, 463 23, 738 16, 612 8,112 2,789 836 1, 298 654 East Gulf: IMM ig (al ps Se ne ees ae kaa 16, 231 10, 135 4, 224 1,871 1, 035 554 333 147 Georgian Cee ee en eee 25, 102 15, 891 6, 370 2, 840 806 216 346 244 Motaliess 2 scenes eene re eos 41, 334 26, 026 10, 595 4, 712 1, 842 771 679 391 Central Gulf: j "Alabama Sic e seo. oa Soe oe tee eens 21, 742 12, 225 6, 897 2, 619 625 176 309 140 Mississippi 16, 891 8,417 6, 151 2, 323 1,118 288 378 452 Tennesseeee 22. 2 Sewn sn eS eewes se seee 12, 819 6, 953 4, 555 1,310 599 153 285 161 To tales ste Nene Tee Pee eee 51, 453 27, 595 17, 603 6, 254 2, 344 618 972 753 West Gulf: i Arkansas_.__.__- 18, 206 8, 760 6, 577 2, 868 2, 378 815 1,195 367 Louisiana__ 15, 342 6, 329 5, 769 3, 243 551 136 208 206 Oklahoma 4, 817 3, 901 755 160 233 144 75 14 Mexas! wets. Sel een 12, 924 6, 320 4, 329 2, 274 625 55 182 387 Totaloes 2. Steer ae eae 51, 290 25, 311 17, 432 8, 546 3, 788 1, 151 1, 661 974 Motale South sccsss aeaes nome 192, 542 102, 672 62, 243 27, 625 10, 764 3, 377 4, 612 2,773 Pacific Northwest: Allaska:} Coastall!. cs: =. - 22 =2- nee acee ee 5, 639 482 216 4,941 5, 144 446 198 4, 500 Oregon: i Western=se:. 2 02 eee eee 14, 635 3, 398 1, 865 9, 372 4, 830 610 316 3, 904 Bastern Soe ae att a ee 11, 038 2, 148 2, 749 6, 141 7,173 1, 241 1, 480 4, 452 Summaryoeeotsee) ee eee ee eae 25, 673 5, 546 4, 614 15, 613 12, 003 1, 851 1, 796 8, 356 Washington: ‘| a Western ete asi ay ne Oe Aer 9,991 2, 351 1, 155 6, 485 2, 321 424 120 . 1,777 LSSCCT eee eeoe oe ee ee Ee 8,410 1, 553 2, 279 4, 578 3, 103 467 625 2,011 Summary eessssna sucess eueeeneene 18, 401 3, 904 3, 434 11, 063 5, 424 891 745 __3, 788 Total set ne ene ae e 49, 713 | 9, 932 8, 264 31, 517 22, 571 3, 188 2, 739 16, 644 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 235 TABLE 4.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and stand-vo!ume class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970!—Continued [Thousand acres] Total, All Ownerships National Forest Section, region, and State ieee Total Less than 1,500 to 5,000 | More than Total Less than 1,500 to 5,000 | More than 1,500 bd. ft. bd. ft. 5,000 bd. ft. 1,500 bd. ft. bd. ft. 5,000 bd. ft. Pacific Southwest: Waliiorma- -- =~ oe sence 16, 828 1, 602 2,111 13,115 8, 344 583 470 7, 291 JL SS Se ee eee es 1, 081 757 107 216 0 0 0 0 ii a eee eee 17, 909 2, 359 2, 218 13, 331 8, 344 583 470 7, 291 Total, Pacific Coast__._._....___-- 67, 622 12, 291 10, 482 44, 848 30, 915 3, 771 3, 209 23, 935 Northern Rocky Mountain: pe a ae ee 15, 192 2, 592 2, 462 9,141 10, 731 1,631 1,652 6, 452 Co eee 15, 983 3,7 4, 767 7, 332 9, 732 2,410 2,410 4,778 South Dakota (West) ? 1,310 544 651 58 957 330 512 58 VV Rudi ee Ooo Sy 2 as BR ty 4, 182 934 1,431 889 2, 699 451 465 855 Le ee eee eee 36, 668 7, 821 9, 313 17, 422 24, 120 4, 823 5, 040 12, 144 Southern Rocky Mountain: fo eee eee se See 3, 689 467 1, 133 2, 035 2, 347 409 831 1, 054 11, 583 3, 897 1, 537 3, 605 7,710 1, 864 1, 076 2, 225 128 14 25 88 55 7 12 34 5, 736 1, 042 3, 262 1,300 2, 939 644 1, 202 960 3, 824 1, 053 957 1, 608 2,613 611 726 1, 069 24, 963 6,475 6, 915 8, 637 15, 666 3, 538 3, 849 5, 344 Total, Rocky Mountain______.____ 61,631 | 14, 296 16, 228 26, 059 39, 787 8, 361 8, 889 17, 488 shogs) | All VePqOMs ee | 499, 697 243, 170 138, 042 113, 437 91, 924 22, 321 19, 425 45, 130 Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private Section, region, and State Less 1,500 to More Less 1,500 to More Less 1,500 to More Total | than 5,000 than Total than 5,000 than Total than 5,000 than 1,500 bd. ft. 5,000 1,500 bd. ft. 5,000 1,500 bd. ft. 5,000 bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. New England: Connecticut 155 128 24 3 7) 0 2,011 1, 673 293 44 Maine... 274 165 97 ll 8, 255 2,779 4,375 1,100 8, 327 4, 631 2, 956 740 399 365 30 4 259 119 125 15 2, 833 2, 592 216 127 82 36 9 793 510 225 56 3, 531 2, 273 1, 005 251 26 21 5 0 0 0 0 403 3 0 179 110 8 678 300 327 50 3, 280 1, 956 1,151 172 1, 160 871 252 35 9, 988 3,710 5, 055 1, 222 20, 386 13, 520 5, 632 1, 232 9 i i 1 29 8 11 10 351 164 95 91 189 109 53 26 100 82 9 9 2, 591 1, 212 962 417 254 235 14 5 3 1 0 2, 096 1, 516 423 156 892 511 343 36 1, 180 525 606 48 12, 416 7, 848 4,014 553 2, 918 1, 943 799 176 610 426 150 34 13, 462 8, 701 3,919 841 67 82 62 23 530 198 234 98 10, 515 4, 745 4, 134 1, 636 4,429 2, 888 1, 272 268 2, 454 1, 242 1,011 200 41, 433 24, 188 13, 548 3, 696 1 4,018 2, 539 1, 048 430 2, 256 1, 232 696 327 10, 102 6, 354 2, 646 1,101 7, 261 6, 244 660 355 814 7 74 39 6, 672 5, 738 607 North Dakota 124 104 ll 8 0 0 0 0 281 236 25 19 South Dakota (East) --__-_- 77 50 23 3 0 0 0 0 145 98 40 6 Wiseonsines 222-22 sso =. 3, 207 2, 763 256 188 1, 368 1,178 109 80 8, 643 7,445 691 506 14, 688 11, 701 2, 000 986 4, 438 3,111 879 448 25, 845 19, 873 4,011 1, 961 52 25 20 6 16 8 6 2 3, 396 1, 670 1,310 414 224 94 84 44 21 8 8 4 3, 457 1, 508 1, 237 711 34 21 8 4 9 5 2 1 2, 386 1, 461 587 337 36 23 ll 2 0 0 0 0 1,150 732 357 60 239 106 140 42 227 73 118 36 10, 777 5, 450 4,140 1, 186 264 220 42 2 279 232 44 2 12, 734 10, 675 1,954 37 36 1 0 0 0 0 0 928 560 314 _53 235 72 64 98 126 34 55 37 5, 930 2, 967 2, 194 7 1,175 600 373 200 681 362 235 83 40, 761 25, 027 12, 098 3, 635 otal, Worthe=--*-=52 2 21, 453 16, 062 3, 900 ap 491 | 17, 563 8, 427 7,182 | 1,953 | 128,426 82, 610 35, 291 10, 525 South Atlantic: i E 504 15, 684 7, 701 5, 432 2, 550 546 9, 290 4, 786 2, 931 1, 572 303 12, 553 6, 343 4, 40 1, 669 1,35 37, 527 18, 831 12, 904 5, 792 See footnotes at end of table. 236 TABLE 4.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownershi THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES: January 1, 1970 \—Continued (Thousand acres] p and stand-volume class, section, region, and State, Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private Section, region, and State 7 Less 1,500 to More Less 1,500 to More Less 1,500 to More Total than 5,000 than Total than 5,000 than Total than 5,000 than 1,500 bd. ft 5,000 1,500 bd. ft. 5,000 1,500 bd. ft. 5,000 bd. ft. bd. ft bd. ft bd. ft bd. ft. bd. ft. 1,110 706 236 117 5, 216 3, 158 1,374 683 8, 869 5, 715 2, 230 923 600 337 162 101 4, 700 2, 825 1, 256 618 18, 995 12, 512 4, 605 1,877 1,710 1, 043 448 218 9, 916 5, 984 2, 630 1, 301 27, 865 18, 227 6, 836 2, 801 Central Gulf: Alsbamal) aie ee oes 371 178 130 61 3, 818 1,815 1, 255 747 16, 926 10, 055 5, 201 1, 669 Mississippi__- 651 206 299 145 24505) 1, 055 916 533 12, 616 6, 866 4, 556 1, 193 Tennessee 686 272 265 148 1,121 617 380 123 10, 412 5, 910 3, 624 877 Motel tessa eee 1, 709 658 695 355 7, 444 3, 487 2, 553 1, 403 39, 955 22, 832 13, 382 3, 741 West Gulf: TAT KANSAS Bek = sore eel 560 234 193 132 3, 950 959 1, 657 1, 334 11,317 6, 751 3, 531 1, 034 308 133 127 48 3, 180 893 1, 091 1,195 11, 301 5, 166 4, 341 1, 793 343 295 32 15 868 427 350 90 3, 371 3, 032 297 40 203 85 86 31 3, 496 834 1, 484 1,177 8, 599 5, 345 2, 576 677 1, 415 748 439 228 11, 496 3,115 4, 583 3, 798 34, 589 20, 296 10, 747 3, 545 Total Southees=- =e 6, 514 3, 269 2,131 1,113 35, 325 15, 838 11, 629 7, 857 139, 938 80, 186 43, 870 15, 880 Pacific Northwest: i Alaska: Coastal. _._.-_-_-.- 465 33 17 415 0 0 0 0 30 3 1 26 Oregon: Western == ss ss) seer eee 2, 922 756 431 1, 735 3, 624 1, 065 586 1, 973 3, 259 967 532 1, 760 Hasterneoeiss se kicnn ne 594 73 126 395 1, 582 252 539 791 1, 689 582 604 503 Summary. ees eee 3,516 829 557 2,130 5, 206 1,317 1,125 2, 764 4, 948 1,549 1, 136 2, 263 Washington: iWestern@abe l= sees e 1, 802 401 195 1, 206 3, 598 971 496 2,131 2, 270 555 344 1,371 Wastern=. ce) 220 ate Sara 2, 292 246 597 1, 449 7. 93 233 424 2, 265 747 824 694 SUMMary sesso een 4, 094 647 792 2, 655 4, 348 1, 064 729 2, 505 4, 535 1, 302 1, 168 2, 065 Totalieess— ee et sees 8, 075 1, 509 1, 366 5, 200 9, 554 2, 381 1, 854 5, 319 9, 513 2, 854 2, 305 4, 354 Pacific Southwest: eliforni dees o = Seeee we 476 41 73 362 2, 665 291 494 1, 880 5, 343 687 1, 074 3, 582 Haw allege sete es 495 347 49 99 0 0 0 585 410 58 117 Motalo=t 2 \- wea Res 971 388 122 461 2, 665 291 494 1, 880 5, 928 1, 097 1, 132 3, 699 Total, Pacific Coast____ 9, 046 1, 897 1, 488 5, 661 12, 219 2, 672 2, 348 7,199 15, 441 3, 951 3, 437 8, 053 Northern Rocky Mountain: Idahoeette. Slee ee 1, 440 249 269 920 946 113 124 708 2, 074 598 416 1, 060 Montanaassise a: Sema are se 1, 685 365 669 651 1, 055 92 296 666 3,510 881 1, 392 1) 235: South Dakota (West) 2______ 71 32 39 0 17 10 6 0 263 171 92 0 Wyoming)2s oo aoa sen ee 628 215 407 5 54 15 31 7 800 252 527 20 Totale 2 22 See ke 3, 825 862 1, 385 1,577 2, 073 232 457 1, 383 6, 648 1, 903 2, 429 2, 316 Southern Rocky Mountain: ATIZ0n aie eee ers 1,175 ll 182 981 0 0 0 0 166 46 119 0 Colorado 2_ “| 754 296 96 361 14 8 2 3 3, 103 1, 728 361 1, 013 Nevada 2____-__ = 4 0 0 3 8 1 1 5 60 4 10 45 New Mexico 2___ = 870 133 509 226 137 17 113 5 1, 790 246 1, 436 107 tahoe eae ers oe 550 172 83 294 0 0 0 0 660 269 148 243 otaltt25 2 eben ee 3, 355 613 872 1, 868 160 27 117 14 5, 781 2, 295 2,075 1, 409 Total, Rocky Mountain_ 7,181 1, 476 2, 258 3, 446 2, 233 259 575 1, 398 12, 429 4,198 4, 504 3, 726 Total, all regions._______ 44, 196 22, 705 9, 778 11, 712 67, 341 27,197 21, 735 18, 408 296, 235 i 170, 947 87, 103 38, 185 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 2 See footnote 2, table 3. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 237 TaBLe 5.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and site class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 1 [Thousand acres] Total, all ownerships National Forest Section, region, and State Total | 165cu. ft. | 120 to 165| 85 to 120} 50to85 |Less than] Total | 165cu. ft. | 120 to 165 | 85 to 120} 50 to 85 |Less than or more cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. | 50 cu. ft. ormore | cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. | 50 cu. ft. New England: 2,169 0 412 409 776 571 0 0 0 0 0 0 16, 894 0 2, 386 5, 165 5, 854 3, 487 37 0 4 4 13 11 3, 491 0 664 9 1, 250 917 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 5, 020 0 949 948 1,799 1,324 568 0 41 97 226 203 Rhode Island- 429 0 81 81 153 113 0 0 0 0 0 ype tht en es 4, 364 0 825 824 1, 564 1,151 226 0 16 38 90 81 32, 367 0 5,317 8, 087 11, 398 7, 564 832 0 62 142 330 296 390 0 16 188 157 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 2, 882 0 119 1,391 1, 164 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 2, 354 0 96 1,145 943 169 0 0 0 0 0 0 14, 489 0 892 1, 864 5, 632 6, 099 0 0 0 0 0 0 17, 478 0 723 8, 439 7, 060 1, 256 488 0 35 115 306 30 12, 092 0 500 ; 4, 885 869 879 0 65 207 551 54 49, 865 0 2, 347 18, 866 19, 842 8, 628 1, 367 0 100 322 858 85 18, 800 34 216 1, 453 6, 962 10, 133 2, 422 0 0 1 2,128 292 16, 875 0 4 906 7,670 8, 294 2,127 0 0 16 1, 564 545 406 0 0 0 81 324 0 0 0 0 0 0 223 0 0 0 26 196 0 0 0 0 14, 536 15 168 1, 489 5, 189 7, 674 1,317 il 17 206 733 358 50, 840 50 389 3, 848 19, 929 26, 622 5, 867 1 17 224 4,426 1,197 3, 680 0 400 924 1,729 626 214 0 0 ll 194 9 3, 840 9 22 149 2,395 1, 262 136 0 0 0 115 20 2, 430 4 14 102 1, 494 814 0 0 0 0 0 0 1, 187 0 0 0 542 644 0 0 0 0 0 0 11, 826 0 489 5,710 4,777 850 531 0 43 64 414 14, 600 0 116 4,175 9, 723 1,321 0 0 0 444 876 1, 023 0 0 81 941 57 0 0 0 0 57 6, 422 0 609 1,075 2, 652 2, 086 129 0 0 5 105 18 45, 008 14 1, 652 8, 544 17, 848 16, 947 2,390 0 43 ORG 1,275 989 otal, North... =< <--- 177, 901 64 9, 706 39, 347 69, 019 59, 763 10, 458 1 224 773 6, 890 2, 568 South Atlantic: North Carolina i my 20, 192 349 802 4,214 9, 923 4, 902 1, 035 17 40 144 502 329 South Carolina a = 12, 410 23 274 2,145 7, 429 2, 538 550 0 25 123 340 61 Vi 1, 202 0 7 38 608 549 PROLAL = 55. == t-c-ss—5 51, 290 798 2, 902 18, 280 18, 007 11, 301 3, 788 21 127 718 1, 758 1,161 Rotal, South._.--..2- 192, 542 2, 721 10, 757 58, 452 89, 626 35, 984 10, 764 112 456 2, 217 5, 228 2, 750 Pacific Northwest: me oastak. = -—s5=- 2 5, 639 144 1, 608 2, 609 1, 161 117 5, 144 131 1,535 2, 440 945 93 1,172 1, 413 226 1, 672 4,105 1, 128 2, 844 5, 518 1,354 517 721 97 686 1,513 496 1, 203 2, 234 593 6, 487 8, 697 2, 040 See footnotes at end of table. 938 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 5.—Area of commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and site class, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 \—Continued [Thousand acres] Total, all ownerships National Forest Section, region, and State 5 nee Total |165 cu. ft./120 to 165) 85 to 120 | 50 to 85 |Less than) Total | 165cu. ft.| 120 to 165| 85 to 120| 50to 85 |Less than | or more cu. ft. cu. ft. cu.ft. | 50 cu. ft. or more cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. | 50 cu. ft. Pacific Southwest: California: sate ee 16, 828 1, 789 3, 223 4,175 5, 976 1, 665 8, 344 459 889 2, 214 3, 821 961 Hawai oe oe 1, 081 1, 081 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totaliwes: cost ee 5 17, 909 2, 870 3, 223 4,175 5, 976 1, 665 8, 344 459 889 2, 214 3, 821 961 Total, Pacific Coast____- 67, 622 9, 636 13, 992 15;572 22, 904 5, 518 30, 915 1, 895 4, 890 8, 701 12, 518 3, 001 Northern Rocky Mountain: Adahos~ 2 -s2ncecbeeeeecs 15, 192 854 2, 027 2, 958 3, 939 4,417 10, 731 781 1, 450 1, 703 2,118 3, 683 ; Montanaiels 7.525222 sso us 15, 983 224 1, 496 3, 962 4, 801 5, 365 9, 732 197 1, 435 3, 632 2,773 1, 559 South Dakota (West) ?__-_--- 1,310 0 0 0 40 1, 213 957 0 0 0 35 865 IWiyommin gi2825 0 seek eee see 4, 182 0 0 77 468 2,710 2, 699 0 0 BE te 267 1,470 Totaler: 2+ = — 476 31 75 91 243 36 | 2,665 680 706 681 572 26 | 5,343 619 | 1,553 | 1,189 1, 340 642 HAw@AN CR Se. eS 495 | 495 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 585 | 585 0 0 0 0 Total qs 22-2 971 526 75 91 243 36 | 2,665 680 706 681 572 26 5, 928 |1, 204 | 1,5€3 | 1,189 1, 340 642 Total, Pacific Oast. 5. 324-5 =~ 9, 046 |1, 862 |2, 273 |1,569 | 2,856 486 |12,219 | 3,489 | 3,173 | 2,345 | 2,740 472 | 15,441 |2,479 | 3,656 | 2,957 4,790 | 1,559 Northern Rocky Mountain: Idaho 2______ _.| 1,440 6 177 | 455 541 259 946 30 179 243 396 97 2, 074 36 220 556 883 378 Montana ?_____ a1 35 6 15 81 522 | 1,059 | 1,055 8 18 122 473 433 3,510 11 26 126 1,031 | 2,313 South Dakota (Wess = Fass. 71 0 0 0 1 70 17 0 0 0 0 7, 263 0 0 0 3 260 Wyoming 2___________ 628 0 0 30 136 460 54 0 0 0 3 49 800 0 0 12 60 728 Ait | a oe 3, 825 13 | 192] 568 | 1,201 | 1,849 | 2,073 38 197 366 874 597 | 6,648 47 247 694 | 1,978 | 3,680 Southern Rocky Mountain: De i 1,175 0 0 101 511 562 0 0 0 0 0 0 166 0 0 2 80 Colorado ?_____ 754 0 i! 15 53 684 14 0 0 0 0 13 3, 103 0 4 57 166 | 2,874 Nevada 2______ 4 0 0 0 1 2 8 0 0 0 2 4 60 0 2 9 18 New Mexico 2_- 870 0 6 5 198 660 137 0 3 2 43 87 1, 790 0 41 54 575 | 1,119 italy 22ers ess 550 0 0 36 57 456 0 0 0 0 0 0 660 0 0 29 46 585 tale seat 3,355/ 0| 8| 158] 822 | 2,365| 160 0 3 3| 46| 106| 5,781/ of] 47] 154] 886 | 4,692 Total, Rocky Mountain__-_-___ 7,181 13 201 726 | 2,024 | 4,215 | 2, 233 38 200 370 920 703 | 12,429 47 294 848 2,865 | 8,373 Total all regions_|44, 196 |2,024 |3,506 |6, 005 |16, 607 |16, 052 |67,341 | 4,121 | 8,046 |18,825 |24, 923 |11, 424 |296, 235 |4, 456 |18, 030 |73, 794 |121, 192 |78, 761 ' Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zerus indicate no data 2 See footnote 2, table 3. or negligible amounts. 240 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLe 6.—Net volume of softwood growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970} {Million cubic feet] Section, region, and State Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 New England: 228 202 158 0 0 0 23 20 16 0 0 0 204 181 141 14, 763 | 12,562 | 10, 092 20 18 14 244 135 112 8, 383 5, 221 4,193 6, 115 7, 186 5, 772 769 732 631 0 0 0 95 90 78 60 52 611 58 0) 2,901 2, 534 2, 207 332 290 252 80 70 61 487 426 371 2, 000 1, 747 1,521 19 18 15 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 17 13 1,507 1,379 1, 250 42 38 34 45 41 37 221 203 184 1,197 1, 095 993 TLOtAl Sorc asc e cee eae: 20,190 | 17,428 | 14, 354 395 346 302 490 360 306 9, 157 5, 911 4, 800 | 10,147 | 10,810 8, 944 Middle Atlantic: Delawarels es lewects eco 229 229 236 0 0 0 4 4 5 15 16 14 209 208 217 Maryland = oS eatse ae 531 639 716 0 0 0 20 25 28 47 56 63 462 557 624 INGWAJErsC yen oe ene nee 385 319 249 0 0 0 39 32 25 0 0 0 344 IN OWEY OD Kifo cena 3,291 | 3,036 | 2,748 0 0 0 412 380 344 356 329 298 | 2,521 | 2,326 2, 106 Pennyslyaniaa 0. Sess 1, 600 1, 435 1, 229 49 44 38 191 172 147 63 57 49 1, 294 1, 161 994 West) Virginia: Saetaes ss 657 583 492 158 140 118 37 33 27 25 22 19 436 387 327 Total sa aes a ere 6,694 | 6,243 | 5,673 207 184 156 706 648 578 509 483 444 | 5,270] 4,927 4, 493 Lake States: IMichiganwee sess seen = 3,508 | 2,369 695 553 270 | 1,015 801 533 764 661 563 | 1,837] 1,491 1, 002 Minnesota 22s 3,607 | 2, 849 977 905 780 | 1,861} 1,723 | 1,285 306 283 232 749 6 551 North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 13 0 0 0 17 13 11 0 0 1 2 2, 067 1, 550 379 293 136 625 486 485 470 366 110 1, 188 922 818 9, 199 6, 782 2, 052 1, 752 1, 187 3,519 3, 024 2,316 1, 541 1,311 905 3,777 3, 110 2, 374 16 16 13 1l 5 0 0 1 1 0 4 3 10 49 27 10 5 3 16 14 14 0 0 0 42 29 9 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 554 492 175 156 139 78 70 62 12 ll 10 354 316 280 Missourian ee 384 316 259 199 163 132 7 7 5 10 9 7 167 137 115 Nebraska one sna 114 98 72 28 25 19 5 4 3 0 0 0 80 69 50 lO} Nae ese Serene 5 eee 123 108 94 8 if 6 lL 10 8 4 4 3 98 87 75 TOtaliet Sees Aes 1, 338 1, 148 967 436 368 304 120 107 94 29 26 21 751 646 546 otal North o-s22-e- 39,114 | 34,020 | 27,777 3, 091 2, 652 1, 951 4, 838 4,141 3; 295) |) 11, 237 7, 732 6,172 | 19,946 | 19, 494 16, 357 South Atlantic: North Carolina__...._-_-- 8,509 | 7,988} 7,421 317 295 274 301 281 219 | 1,181 | 1,102] 1,262) 6,708 | 6,258 5, 665 South Carolina__....-.._- 6,369 | 5,324 | 4,800 649 567 581 326 238 112} 1,304] 1,017 700 | 4,088 | 3,502 3, 406 Mirginig aes 4, 215 4, 343 4, 439 171 188 193 183 181 185 710 659 673 | 3,149 3, 314 3, 387 Rotale anes set eee 19,093 | 17,606 | 16, 661 1, 138 1, 051 1, 049 812 701 517 3, 196 2,778 2,635 | 13,946 | 13,075 12, 459 East Gulf =“ Mloridgssas-2>. Ae ee 6, 904 5, 870 5, 108 754 616 521 510 379 295 2, 219 1, 860 1, 602 3, 419 3, 013 2, 689 Georgia 2 Bese Sea 11, 839 | 10, 215 8, 924 395 341 297 724 625 545 2, 240 1, 932 1, 688 8, 479 7,316 6, 391 Tota laen ss twee een 18,743 | 16,086 | 14,032 1, 150 957 818 1, 234 1, 004 841 4, 459 3, 793 3, 291 | 11,898 | 10,330 9, 081 Central Gulf: ‘Allabamass2 = 5-0 S.c2 = Se 4,471 5, 543 5,260 | 3,077 4,233 | 4,074 576 541 490 60 57 51 757 711 643 4 a ae eae 41,791 | 44,768 | 41,060 6,442 | 6,174 5, 856 5,082 | 4,866 4, 585 9,790 9, 281 8, 609 Southern Rocky Mountain: 1a. ee ee ee 3, 028 3, O77 2, 888 1, 449 1,502 1, 596 0 0 0 105 109 116 Colorado___------- 7,222 | 8,823 8, 204 712 670 618 21 20 18 2, 403 2, 260 2, 083 Mpyvues, 28>. == = 74 86 9 8 8 15 15 14 138 134 132 New Mexico-_- 2,810 2, 836 2, 577 1, 346 1, 337 1, 352 112 112 113 1, 464 1, 454 1,470 seasekee sos 935 2, 937 2, 784 411 431 476 0 0 0 342 358 395 Total 16, 071 | 17,759 | 16,534 3, 929 3, 949 4, 051 149 147 146 | 4,455 4,316 4,198 Total, Rocky Mountain. 57,862 | 62,528 | 57,595 | 10,372 | 10,124 9, 907 5, 231 5,013 | 4,732 | 14,245 | 13,598 12, 808 Total, all regions___-__- 431, 873 |427, 221 |411,012 |199,835 |207,821 |197,511 | 48,380 | 47,314 | 47,824 | 73,166 | 73,165 | 74,720 |110,491 | 98,920 90, 957 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 242 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBie 7.—Net volume of hardwood growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970! (Million cubic feet] Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous rivate Section, region, and State P 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 New England: @onnecticut:_- 2_78s._- == 3 1, 670 1, 596 1, 146 0 0 0 176 168 121 2 2 1 1, 491 1, 425 1, 023 Maine) se see ves ees sake 6,490 | 6,047 | 5,378 45 21 18 86 59 50 | 3,284] 2,489) 2,215 | 3,073] 3,477 3, 094 Massachusetts___---------- 1,946 | 1,734} 1,240 0 0 0 258 229 164 150 133 95) 1,538 | 1,371 980 New Hampshire---------- 2, 245 2,021 1, 756 617 556 483 48 43 37 307 276 240 1,271 1, 144 994 Rhode Island_------.----- 246 205 146 0 0 0 18 15 10 0 0 0 228 190 135 Vermontsos=—- 222 eeee 2, 420 2,318 | 2,227 163 157 151 118 113 109 418 400 385 1, 720 1, 646 1, 582 (otal Sesses ees sesee es 15,019 | 13,923 | 11, 894 826 735 653 706 630 494 | 4,162 | 3,303 2,938 | 9,324] 9,254 7,809 Middle Atlantic: Delaware 318 219 0 0 0 8 6 4 29 23 13 390 288 202 Maryland---- 2,304 | 2,053 0 0 0 176 159 141 65 59 52) 2,301 2, 085 1, 858 New Jersey-- 1,139 916 0 0 0 68 58 46 2: 2 1 1, 272 1,079 867 New York 8,604 | 7,775 0 0 0 613 572 517 855 797 720 | 7,757 7, 234 6, 537 Pennsylvania-_------------ 18,670 | 15,602 | 11,716 707 591 444 | 3,604} 3,012] 2,262 816 681 512 | 13,542 | 11,316 8, 498 West Virginias®-222-2=--3 13,428 | 11,080 | 8, 621 1, 380 1, 139 886 524 432 336 781 645 502 | 10, 741 8 6, 896 Total ef.- we Ses 45, 639 | 39,049 | 31,302 | 2,088] 1,730 | 1,330 | 4,996 | 4,241 | 3,308] 2,550 | 2,209 1,803 | 36,004 | 30,868 | 24,860 Lake States: Michigan 2% =: *e2. 2-2 -- = 12, 245 | 10, 387 7,609 1, 189 948 578 | 2,492 2, 072 1,418 1, 604 1, 410 1,174 | 6,959 | 5,957 4, 488 Minnesotasses-se2-- case eee 7,830 | 6,194 | 4,399 1,021 808 570 | 3,012 | 2,382 1,652 373 295 213 | 3,423 | 2,708 1, 963 North Dakota_..--------- 276 265 257 0 0 0 85 82 79 0 0 0 191 182 178 South Dakota (East) -_----- 83 71 73 0 0 0 15 12 12 0 0 0 67 58 60 Wisconsin®.-=—- =o = 8,748 | 7,729 | 6,411 762 672 564 1, 654 1, 460 1, 192 841 742 423 | 5,490] 4,854 4, 231 29,184 | 24,648 | 18, 751 2,973 2,428 1,713 7, 259 6, 011 4, 355 2, 818 2, 447 1,811 | 16,131 | 13,761 10, 872 2,308 | 2,328 2, 386 108 109 69 43 44 35 6 6 15 | 2,149} 2,168 2, 266 ,636 | 3,319 | 2,876 150 116 50 241 222 185 20 21 20] 3,124] 2,959] 2,619 1, 803 1, 570 1, 356 1 1 1 24 19 18 6 5 5 1,771 1, 545 1, 331 533 478 476 0 0 0 22 19 16 0 0 0 511 458 460 7, 925 6,835 | 5,859 425 366 314 245 211 181 231 199 171 7,023 | 6,057 5, 192 6, 111 4,903 | 3,836 700 564 406 114 86 75 118 89 78 | 5,177 | 4,162 3, 277 391 361 284 0 0 0 9 8 6 0 0 0 382 352 277 4,109 | 3,760 | 3,152 93 85 72 243 222 186 113 103 86 | 3,658 | 3,348 2, 807 26,719 | 23,556 | 20, 228 1,479 1, 242 912 943 834 705 497 426 377 | 28,798 | 21,052 | 18, 233 TotalyNorth=ss-2-2-<- 116, 563 {101,177 | 82,177 7,368 | 6,137 | 4,608 | 13,906 | 11,717 | 8,863 | 10,028 | 8,386 | 6,929 | 85,260 | 74,936 | 61,775 South Atlantic: North Carolina_--.-------- 11,171 | 10,391 9, 547 960 893 730 253 235 153 1, 154 1, 073 1,363 | 8,803 | 8,188 7, 299 South Carolina_-_--------- 6,330 | 5,652 | 5,411 275 236 195 193 151 75 1,313 1, 062 650 | 4,547 | 4, 202 4, 489 WATE IN ae sees toon een 10,955 | 10,171 9,010 939 817 724 361 213 189 821 727 | 8,769 | 8,318 7, 369 Motale ov eee eee 28,456 | 26,215 | 23,968 | 2,175 1, 947 1, 649 808 601 418 | 3,352 | 2,957 | 2,742 | 22,120 |} 20, 709 19, 158 East Gulf: Mlorldaee =e sa eee 3,984 | 3,706 | 3,517 171 129 102 128 100 75 | 1,302 1, 120 1,053 | 2,382 | 2,357 2, 285 Georgiat ee ee ,855 | 7,624 | 7,467 560 544 533 228 220 216 | 1,075 | 1,043 | 1,022} 65,991 | 5,815 5, 695 Motaltsoses == te cases 11, 839 | 11,331 | 10, 984 731 673 636 356 320 292) 2,378 | 2,164 | 2,075 | 8,373} 8,173 7, 980 Central Gulf: Milabamas-2-2---2 22s 6, 777 6, 774 6, 476 190 190 146 123 123 82 1,071 1,071 887 | 5,392 | 5,390 5, 360 IMississinpit=oso-sss=- naa 6, 689 6, 281 6, 370 342 394 143 335 187 199 943 970 648 | 5,067 4, 728 5, 380 Mennessees=#-== = See oe 8,596 | 7,819 7, 023 475 387 275 526 402 377 733 563 436 | 6,860 | 6,465 5, 932 Motale sesh eae 22,062 | 20,875 | 19, 871 1, 007 972 566 986 714 659 2,748 | 2,604 1,972 | 17,319 | 16, 584 16, 673 West Gulf: PKAnsase.-- 4 a5 2see ees 8,826 | 9,256 | 9,468 1, 076 997 656 444 562 359 1,910} 2,197 1,366 | 5,395 5, 498 7, 085 Wouisianas--2 5-2 ees 6,006 | 6,395 6, 756 107 113 89 138 109 114 1,197 1,186 | 1,183} 4,563 | 4,986 5, 369 Oklshomase= 22 eeeeeea 798 827 839 20 55 42 70 30 30 135 130 128 671 610 637 MexaS¥2 Shoes soe 3,121 | 3,353 | 3, 680 106 145 115 53 23 18 851 1,001 969 | 2,109 | 2,183 2, 576 Notalt:s-2-2-225s22-"5 18,753 | 19,832 | 20, 745 1,311 1,310 903 706 726 523 | 4,095 | 4,516 | 3,647 | 12,639 | 13,279 15, 669 Total};Southe-2----- —- 81,112 | 78,255 | 75,569 | 5,226) 4,903 | 3,755 | 2,857 2, 363 1,894 | 12,574 | 12,243 | 10,487 | 60,453 | 58,745 | 59, 481 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 243 TABLE 7.—WNet volume of hardwood growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 \—Continued [Million cubic feet] Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private oT 207. SPURS GS Et Le EE et 3) eee ee eS ee eee eee Cee eee 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 | 1952 Pacific Northwest piGoastals< 2. 9S 2) 298 300 298 274 275 273 23 23 23 0 0 0 1 1 1 Oregon: Dl eS eee 5,994 | 5,119 4,192 925 859 714 1, 098 829 627 1,410 1,210 939 2, 561 2, 221 1, 912 VST See eee 38 31 ll 10 9 2 2 3 1 1 24 22 18 eee 6,032 | 5,154 4, 223 936 869 723 1,100 831 630 1,411 1,211 940 2, 585 2, 243 1, 930 Washington: eee | el ay a ao oa (a | ar (ane nae iat! on ee 4,987 | 3,944 2,716 128 113 90 932 697 453 1, 854 1, 453 950 2,073 1, 681 1, 223 einer. 275. |. 171 157 143 33 33 31 58 57 54 17 ll 10 63 56 48 Sn a ae 5,158 | 4,101 | 2,859 161 146 121 990 754 507 | 1,871 | 1,464 960 | 2,136 | 1,737 1,271 Fates tis Fee at 11,488 | 9,555 | 7,380] 1,371 | 1,290] 1,117] 2,113} 1,608] 1,160} 3,282] 2,675 | 1,900| 4,722] 3,981 3, 202 Pacific Southwest: Cali fae Se ey SS 3,099 | 2,975 2,828 | 1,255 | 1,286) 1,276 205 190 218 576 449 336 | 1,063 | 1,050 998 CS a 234 219° 219 0 0 0 lll 98 98 0 0 0 123 120 120 ee ee 3,333 | 3,194 | 3,047 1, 255 1, 286 1, 276 316 288 316 576 449 336 1, 186 1,170 1,118 Total, Pacific Coast___| 14,822 | 12,749 | 10,427 2,626 | 2,576 2, 393 2,429 1, 897 1,476 | 3,858 3, 124 2, 236 5, 909 5, 152 4,321 Northern Rocky Mountain: ae ee eee 239 224 199 & 85 76 48 45 41 27 24 21 78 68 59 CS a 273 265 244 33 32 Pri 61 59 55 6 6 5 172 166 155 South Dakota (West) ?_-_-- 6 7 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 Weyunting 4... -.----.-<3==- 201 207 187 51 67 61 57 53 48 3 3 2 89 83 74 3 ee — enn 721 701 634 168 185 165 169 159 145 37 34 30 346 322 292 Southern Rocky Mountain: DL a 226 206 173 139 126 102 47 44 39 0 0 0 39 36 32 Cokrate2.* = 2 > 1, 907 2, 030 1, 736 1, 132 1,315 1,147 149 138 123 0 0 0 624 576 515 Ui ¢ ee ee 12 14 12 12 14 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Mexico ?__________-_- 600 544 456 242 222 177 31 28 24 17 15 13 310 278 240 eee = Se See Se 1, 038 989 896 604 592 545 145 132 117 0 0 0 238 264 233 Zhi, eS 2 3,785 | 3,784 3, 325 2, 130 2, 269 1, 985 374 344 305 17 15 13 1, 262 1,155 1,021 Total, Rocky Moun- eid ries ef 4,507 | 4,486 | 3,960] 2,299 2,455 | 2,150 544 503 450 54 49 44 1,608] 1,478 1,314 Total, all regions______ 217,005 |196, 669 |172,134 | 17,520 | 16,072 | 12,908 | 19,736 | 16,481 | 12,686 | 26,516 | 23,803 | 19,647 |153, 231 |140,313 | 126,892 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 6a7aeRm OO. 74 -— 17 2 See footnote 2, table 3. 244 {HE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES: TaBLeE 8.—WNet volume of softwood sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownershi and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 } {Million board feet, International 14-inch log rule] p and section, region, Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and Section, region, miscellaneous private and State pees a eee | ee eae “i 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 New England: Connecticut _ --__ 345 304 263 0 0 0 30 27 23 0 0 315 276 239 Mainev ss. 2253 23, 455 20, 144 17, 233 40 38 36 279 234 228 | 12, 614 8, 474 7, 236 | 10, 521 | 11,396 9, 731 Massachusetts -_-- 1, 324 1, 309 1, 299 0 0 129 127 126 12 110 109 1, 083 1, 070 1, 062 New Hampshire_ 6, 861 5, 977 5, 381 749 653 588 194 169 152 1, 166 1,015 914 | 4,751 4,138 | 3,725 Rhode Island____ 25 27 29 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 23 25 WVermonte: = 25515 2, 800 2,775 3, 270 76 75 89 107 107 126 402 398 470 | 2,213 2,192 | 2, 584 Totalssess222 34, 813 30, 536 27,475 866 767 713 743 667 659 | 14,295 | 10,000 8,731 | 18,906 | 19,100 | 17,370 Middle Atlantic: Delaware_-_._._- 459 491 539 0 0 0 5 6 6 34 40 36 419 444 495 Maryland_____-_- 1, 281 1, 504 1,472 0 0 0 49 57 56 106 124 122 1,125 1, 321 1, 293 New Jersey 748 588 406 0 0 0 67 52 36 1 1 0 533 368 New York..__-_- 7, 273 6, 769 6, 310 0 0 0 617 574 535 800 745 694 5, 855 5, 449 5, 079 Pennsylvania____ 3, 433 3, 223 2, 988 133 125 116 512 481 446 133 125 116 | 2,654 | 2,491 | 2,309 West Virginia____ 1, 835 1, 646 1, 394 508 455 386 133 119 101 66 59 50 1,127 1,010 855 Totalse2- 2 15, 032 14, 221 13, 109 641 581 502 1, 386 1, 292 1, 183 1, 143 1, 096 ~ 4,021 11, 861 | 11, 250 | 10, 402 Lake States: ; Michigan___._____ 11, 025 8, 792 5, 929 1, 225 1,174 428 2, 672 2, 001 1, 334 2, 511 2, 154 1,836 | 4,617 | 3,461 2,329 Minnesota_-____- 8, 041 6, 559 4, 968 1, 511 1, 233 1, 006 4, 004 3, 266 2, 330 651 531 4 1, 874 1, 528 1,151 North Dakota___ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Dakota (Wast)= 22223 58 46 42 0 0 52 42 39 0 4 Wisconsin_______- 6, 963 5, 563 4,495 828 662 346 1, 496 1,196 1, 609 1, 503 1, 201 301 3, 135 2, 503 2, 238 Motale=--2==5 26, 088 20, 960 15, 434 3, 565 3, 069 1,781 8,225 | 6, 505 ‘5, 312 4, 665 3, 887 2, 617 9, 632 7, 497 5, 722 24 28 31 5 5 il 0 0 0 7 7 3 12 14 27 183 141 78 10 9 1 53 47 47 0 0 0 119 83 28 10 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1, 968 1, 765 1, 607 502 450 410 20 18 16 58 52 47 1, 387 1, 244 1, 132 IMissouriae 2: =2 84 1, 071 813 613 591 500 311 20 15 ll 28 21 17 432 277 2 Nebraska_-_____- 489 388 260 lll 79 64 24 18 13 0 0 0 353 290 181 Ohioe=* ee es 377 342 326 23 21 20 36 32 31 19 17 17 297 269 257 Motaletase-=s 4,126 3,485 2, 921 1, 244 1, 066 808 154 133 120 114 99 84 2, 613 2,185 1, 907 Total, North 80, 061 69, 202 58, 939 6, 318 5, 484 3,806 | 10, 510 8, 599 7,276 | 20,219 | 15,083 | 12,454 | 43,013 | 40,034 | 35, 402 South Atlantic: North Carolina__- 28, 611 25, 878 23, 715 1, 085 981 877 986 892 699 4, 439 4,014 | 4,031 | 22,100 | 19,989 | 18, 106 South Carolina-_- 20, 381 16, 811 15, 449 2, 399 2, 023 1, 455 1, 036 724 479 3,985 | 3,124 2,782 | 12,960 | 10,939 | 10, 731 Virginia’. ss-sose 11, 884 11, 691 11, 616 621 687 683 52. 566 562 2, 186 2, 022 2, 009 8, 551 8,415 8, 361 Motalivsua-—= 60, 877 54, 380 50, 780 4,106 3, 692 3, 015 2, 548 2, 182 1,741 | 10, 611 9, 161 8, 823 | 43,612 | 39,343 | 37,199 East Gulf: | i ISlorida peso ose oes 19, 966 16, 789 14, 707 2, 154 1,670 1 447 1, 694 1, 223 936 6, 280 5, 288 4,610 9, 836 8, 607 7, 712 Georgias=s= 2-2 33, 868 29, 873 26, 839 1, 404 1, 239 1,114 2, 636 2, 324 2, 087 6, 414 5, 658 5, 083 | 23,412 | 20,651 | 18, 553 Motale-——-=—— 53, 834 46, 662 41, 546 3, 559 2, 909 2, 561 4, 330 3, 547 3,024 | 12,694 | 10, 946 9,693 | 33, 249 | 29, 259 | 26, 266 Central Gulf: Alabama 2... _- 34, 874 28, 306 21, 273 1, 912 1, 552 1, 101 630 511 301 | 10,360 8, 409 6, 275 | 21,970 | 17, 832 | 13, 596 Mississippi------- 28, 079 20, 008 13, 832 5, 133 5, 030 2, 899 1, 474 760 1,180 5, 959 5, 254 6,413 | 15, 511 8,964 | 3,340 Tennessee. -__---_- 4,699 3, 996 3, 412 8 929 814 621 285 309 446 275 257 2, 767 2, 505 2, 030 Motales-=22 = 67, 652 52, 310 38, 517 7,910 7, 511 4,814 2, 726 1, 557 1,790 | 16,766 | 13,938 | 12,945 | 40, 248 | 29,302 | 18, 966 West Gulf: a Arkansas. -_-_____- 25, 251 22, 022 17, 408 4,378 4, 051 3, 346 374 195 158 | 11,686 | 13,638 | 11,676 8,812 | 4,138 2, 228 Louisiana_-_____- 35, 011 28, 271 19, 560 2, 781 2, 291 1, 292 475 452 325 | 11,902 | 13,023 | 10,048 | 19,852 | 12, 505 7, 895 Oklahoma-_-____- 2, 788 2, 295 1,771 503 307 101 8 7 1,715 1, 463 1, 241 587 321 216 Mexasree= oe se 30, 459 24, 457 15, 989 4, 632 5, 390 2, 759 516 272 149 | 14,673 | 11,578 8, 071 | 10, 637 7, 217 5, 010 Totalzeeees-= 93, 511 77, 045 54, 728 | 12,175 12, 235 7, 704 1, 467 927 636 | 39,977 | 39,702 | 31,036 | 39,890 | 24,181 | 15,349 Total, Souths} 275,875 | 230,397 | 185,571 | 27,751 26, 348 18,095 | 11,072 | 8, 214 195 | 80,050 | 73,748 | 62,499 |157, 001 112, 086. |. 97, 781 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 245 TaBLeE 8.—Net volume of softwood sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970'—Continued {Million board feet, International 34-inch log rule] Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and Section, region, miscellaneous private and State 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 Pacific Northwest: Alaska: Coastal__| 178,101 182, 224 183, 928 |163, 361 167,143 | 168,706 | 13,801 | 14,120 | 14, 252 0 0 0 928 960 969 356,072 | 391,046 |172,354 | 180,645 | 178,851 | 67,119 | 70,879 | 76,053 | 60,814 | 78,459 |105, 732 | 27,575 | 26, 089 30, 410 111,316 | 115,304 | 81, 211 83, 467 78,260 | 7,050} 7,813 | 14,320] 9,457 | 11,440 | 13,767 | 9,091 | 8,596 | 9,857 467,388 | 506,350 |253,565 | 264,112 | 257,111 | 74,169 | 78,692 | 9 ,373 | 70,271 | 89,899 |119, 499 | 36, 666 34, 685 | 39, 367 251,635 | 267,908 | 95,294 | 103,339 | 107,965 | 43,128 | 43,990 | 44,208 | 74,828 | 84, 264 | 97,340 | 21,229 20,042 | 18,395 76, 703 75, 855 | 38, 659 40, 496 39,444 | 21,110 | 22,014 | 21,957 | 5,406 | 5,145 | 6,161 | 10,148 | 9,048 | 8,293 328,338 | 343,763 |133,953 | 143,835 | . 147,409 | 64,238 | 66,004 | 66,165 | 80,234 | 89,409 |103, 501 | 31,377 | 29,090 | 26, 688 977, 950 |1, 034, 041 [550,879 | 575,090 | 573, 226 |152, 208 |158,816 |170, 790 |150, 505 |179,308 |223,000 | 68,981 | 64,735 | 67, 024 | 296,617 | 331,145 |161,514 | 172,155 | 173,999 | 6,786 | 7,844 | 10,799 | 43,405 | 50,539 | 62,185 | 59, 948 | 66,079 | 84, 162 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 6 5 5 296, 633 | 331,161 |161,514 | 172,155 | 173,999 | 6,797 | 7,854 | 10,809 | 43,405 | 50,539 | 62,185 | 59,954 | 66, 084 | 84, 167 Total, Pacif- ic Goast____|1, 194, 245 |1, 274,583 |1,365, 202 |712,393 | 747,245 | 747,225 |159,006 |166, 671 |181,600 |193, 910 |229, 847 /285, 185 |128, 935 |130,819 |151, 191 12,902 | 12,831 | 15,904 | 15,500 | 15,502 9,964 | 9,912 | 17,481 | 17,567 | 17,001 35 31 576 530 472 208 189 | 2,543 | 2,404 | 2,188 23,110 | 22, 964 | 36,456 | 36,002 | 35, 164 0 0 358 416 70 66 | 8,556 | 8,126] 7,640 &4 83 808 787 782 446 477 | 5,566 | 5,776 | 6,173 0 0} 1,413] 1,559) 1, 601 627 | 16,703 | 16,629 | 16, 847 Rocky Mountains.| 355,106 | 381,344 | 369,173 |235,581 261,548 | 248,677 | 42,699 | 43,452 | 44,892 | 23,666 | 23,711 23,592 | 53,159 | 52,632 | 52,011 regions. .___ 1, 905, 289 |1, 955,527 |1, 978,886 |982, 045 |1, 040, 625 |1, 017, 803 |223, 287 |226, 938 |240, 964 |317, 846 |342, 391 383,731 |382, 110 |345,572 |336, 387 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data =” See footnote 2, table 3. or negligible amounts. 246 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 9.—Net volume of hardwood sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970} (Million board feet, International '4-inch log rule] Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private Section, region, and State 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 1970 1962 1952 New England: Connecticut. .-_---------- 2,265 | 2,106 | 1,596 0 0 0 192 178 135 4 4 3] 2,068 | 1,923 1, 457 Maines eae eas 11, 063 | 10, 556 9, 807 104 41 41 104 97 98 6,450 | 4,420 4, 102 4, 404 5, 997 5, 564 Massachusetts------------ 1,803 | 1,660} 1,360 0 0 0 162 149 122 153 141 115 | 1,487 | 1,369 1,121 New Hampshire----.----- 3, 178 2, 995 3,075 1, 162 1, 095 1,124 61 58 59 383. 361 371 1, 571 1, 480 1,519 Rhodeilsland 2822. -22e 167 146 136 0 0 0 21 18 17 0 0 0 145 127 118 Wermont eens see eee 3,977 4,124 4, 626 403 421 473 189 196 220 730 760 852 2, 654 2,745 3, 080 Totaleess see 22,456 | 21,587 | 20,600 1, 670 1, 558 1, 639 731 698 653 7, 722 5, 687 5, 444 | 12,332 | 13, 643 12, 862 Middle Atlantic: $ Delaware: 25.5285. 900 734 573 0 0 0 10 8 6 68 60 39 822 665 527 Marylands- {32220222 se ee 5,680 | 5, 291 5, 042 0 0 0 306 284 271 57 53 51 5, 317 4, 952 4,719 New Jersey. ------------- 3,527 | 2,975 | 2,325 0 0 0 98 83 65 Vi 6 3,421 | 2,885 | 2,255 ING WiOL Kia eee ene 17,706 | 16,971 | 16,096 0 0 0 1, 216 1, 165 1,105 1, 994 1,911 1,813 | 14,495 | 13, 893 13,177 Pennsylvania.22.2s-= ee 26, 182 | 21,908 | 16,670 1, 096 917 697 5, 033 4, 211 3, 204 1,100 921 700 | 18,951 | 15, 857 12, 066 West Virginia___-.-.-_---- 33, 850 | 28,538 | 22,716 | 3,052} 2,573 | 2,048 | 1,193 | 1,005 800 | 1,945 | 1,639 | 1,305 | 27,660 | 23,319 | 18,561 Totals: ices eee eee 87, 848 | 76,417 | 63,422 4,148 3, 490 2, 746 7, 857 6, 759 5, 454 5,173 4,592 | 3,914 | 70,668 | 61,574 51,307 Lake States: Michiganee ns sees nee ee 27,061 | 22,339 | 16,764 | 1,864] 1,619 865 | 5,470 | 4,377 | 3,070 | 4,665 | 3,948 | 3,369 | 15,061 | 12,394 9, 458 IMinnesotas= se seeenen ae 12,025 | 8,958 | 6,354 815 607 312 | 3,803 | 2,833 | 1,782 516 385 6,889 | 5,132] 3,971 INorthDaikota ae) 208. os 563 524 509 0 0 0 173 162 156 0 0 0 390 361 352 South Dakota (East) - ---- 280 228 204 0 0 0 31 27 0 0 0 242 196 176 Wisconsin™ -aeseoc oe eeee” 15, 332 | 13,582 | 10, 260 806 706 687 1, 987 1, 765 1, 672 1, 683 1, 494 707 | 10, 855 9, 616 7,192 Total=----- 3-2 55, 263 | 45,631 | 34, 091 3, 486 2, 933 1, 864 | 11,473 9,170 6, 709 6, 865 5, 827 4, 366 | 33,438 | 27,700 21, 151 Central 1G) RE ae ee eo 8, 548 9, 488 328 359 245 139 152 133 22 24 61 7,319 8, 012 9, 049 Indiana 2- 22s se eee 10, 258 8, 754 354 300 165 809 733 606 65 67 64 9, 796 9, 157 7,918 NO Wate se eee Oe , 709 5, 053 5 5 4 86 73 66 24 21 19 6, 470 5, 608 4, 963 Kiansass—- nos ecosee ce 1, 760 1, 706 0 0 0 86 78 62 0 0 0 1,816 1, 682 1, 644 Kentuckyo. 22-2. 27 24, 382 | 21,311 972 839 734 1, 027 887 775 981 847 741 | 25,250 | 21, 807 19, 060 IMissouns2 2 sso eee eee 12, 600 | 10, 828 1,091 1,117 606 236 191 177 228 175 171 | 13,421 | 11,116 9, 873 Nebraska 2529-2) eee 1, 441 1, 070 0 0 0 41 40 29 0 0 0 1, 460 1,401 1,041 Ohio Bele are os ae 13, 148 | 11,039 343 318 267 882 817 686 407 377 316 | 12,567 | 11,635 9, 768 Totale-22 swe ees 77, 848 | 69,251 | 3,095 | 2,940 | 2,021 | 3,309 | 2,973 | 2,537} 1,730 | 1,513 | 1,373 | 78,102 | 70,421 | 63,319 Total, North 221,484 |187,364 | 12,400 | 10,921 8, 271 | 23,372 | 19,601 | 15,353 | 21,492 | 17,621 | 15,099 |194, 542 |173, 339 | 148, 640 South Atlantic: North Carolina__--._...-- 29,516 | 27,998 | 26,327 2, 808 2, 664 2,014 764 724 424 3,015 2, 860 3,762 | 22,927 | 21,748 20, 126 South Carolina _.| 16,051 | 14,305 | 14, 259 681 548 409 467 371 260 | 3,567 | 2,804) 2,375 | 11,336 | 10,581 | 11,213 Mirpiniae <2 = 2 eee 27, 342 | 25,480 | 22, 827 2, 494 1, 883 1, 687 873 507 453 2,074 2, 280 2,043 | 21,900 jy 18, 642 Otal ee 22 oceans 72,910 | 67,783 | 63, 413 5, 984 5, 095 4,110 2, 104 1, 602 1, 138 8, 657 7, 944 8,180 | 56,164 | 53, 139 49, 982 East Gulf: MlOriGa eect ee eee ee 10, 498 9, 541 9, 207 425° 308 249 311 232 192 3, 449 3, 174 3, 088 6,312 | 5,824 5, 676 Gborgias: 2-255 ee 18,893 | 19,519 | 20, 259 1, 625 1, 679 1,741 §22 540 561 2, 653 2, 740 2,844 | 14,092 | 14, 558 15,111 Totaliso S00 steer nw eo 29, 392 | 29,060 | 29, 466 2, 050 1, 987 1,991 834 733 754 6,103 | 5,915 5,932 | 20,404 | 20,383 20, 787 Central Gulf: INlabama@essses sees ane 17, 894 | 18,295 | 18,194 503 515 421 358 366 247 2, 921 2, 987 2,735 | 14,110 | 14, 426 14, 791 Mississippi __| 16,652 | 16,081 | 16,854 905 874 314 | 1,006 525 508 | 2,634 1,703 | 1,295 | 12,106 | 12,979] 14,737 Mennessee- = © 5c... Sfekee! 21, 641 | 19,431 | 18,128 1, 232 1,070 784 1, 545 1,075 975 1, 960 1, 293 1,018 | 16,902 | 15, 991 15, 350 Totales. 2 = ee 56,188 | 53,807 | 53,176 2, 642 2, 460 1,519 2, 909 1, 967 1,730 7,516 5, 983 5,048 | 43,119 | 43,396 44, 878 West Gulf: PAT KAnSASS= see none see 25, 031 2, 381 2, 509 1, 509 1, 430 1, 851 1, 086 5, 254 5, 982 3,729 | 12,067 | 12, 486 18, 707 Louisiana-_-- 22, 397 293 269 209 424 407 402 4, 168 3, 488 3,694 | 14,099 | 16, 430 18, 092 Oklahoma__ 1, 988 31 97 74 143 70 74 266 244 261 1, 259 1, 483 1,579 ROXAS Ste oe se one ee 10, 025 273 586 447 141 104 85 2, 233 2, 424 2,612 5, 013 5, 500 6, 981 Motalics2- eee eee 59, 441 2,980 | 3,461 2, 239 2,139 2, 432 1, 647 | 11,923 | 12,138 | 10,196 | 32,440 | 35, 849 45, 359 Total)Souths=ss2=- == 207,974 |204, 530 |205, 496 | 13,657 | 13, 004 9, 860 7, 988 6, 775 5, 270 | 34, 200 | 31,981 | 29,358 |152, 129 |152, 768 | 161, 007 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 247 TaBLeE 9.—Net volume of hardwood sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by ownership and section, region, and State, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970—Continued [Million board feet, International 14-inch log rule] Total, all ownerships National Forest Other public Forest industry Farm and miscellaneous private Pacific Northwest: >) eae 1,273 1,279 1, 268 1, 168 1,174 1, 163 98 99 98 0 0 0 6 6 6 Oregon: Western <> ->-==-224.<. 22,975 | 19,564 | 15,733 | 4,898 | 4,461 3,593 | 3,577 2, 670 2,000 | 5,612 | 5,023 4,093 8, 888 7,410 6, 047 io eae 9 16 Sin: _———— ae 23, 064 | 19,644 | 15,801 | 4,936 | 4,493 | 3,617 | 3,593 | 2,684 2,022] 5,612) 5,023 | 4,093 | 8,923] 7,444 6, 069 Washington: fae = ek | es a | ee ees es ee (ee oy 14,898 | 11,473 | 7,585 640 579 443 | 2,545 | 1,873] 1,110] 5,106 | 3,743] 2,289] 6,607] 5,278 3, 743 CO ee ee, 6 80 81 216 1 18: 7 | 15, 321 | 11,839 7, 941 720 663 524 | 2,761 2, 061 1, 292 5, 150 3,770 2,319 6, 690 5, 345 3, 806 Potal 29= - = 5s 39, 658 | 32,762 | 25,010 | 6,824 | 6,330 | 5,304 | 6,452 4,844 3,412 | 10,762 | 8,793 | 6,412 | 15,619 | 12,795 9, 881 Pacific Southwest: CS Se ee 5, 901 5, 725 5, 575 2,120 | 2,237 | 2,274 423 403 474 1,129 896 714 2, 229 2,189 2,113 ei eee Fae 0 399 326 326 0 0 435 395 395 Potsl tee <5. 3545-42 6, 735 6, 447 6, 297 2,120 2, 237 2, 274 822 729 800 1,129 896 714 2, 664 2, 584 2, 508 Total, Pacific Coast___| 46,394 | 39,209 | 31,307 8, 944 8, 567 7, 578 7, 275 5, 573 4,212 | 11,891 9, 689 7,126 | 18, 284 | 15,380 12, 390 ae Rocky Mountain: Gaho 29h o- = 2 See 679 698 700 216 225 209 164 164 159 97 99 105 201 209 226 ~ 81 84 76 270 262 247 20 21 20 719 701 661 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 33 46 43 110 104 94 2 2 2 177 167 151 454 376 99 94 87 0 0 0 124 117 108 2,206 | 2,677 | 2,465 280 261 238 0 0 0 955 892 812 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 464 448 385 95 90 84 52 49 46 962 916 856 1,052 | 1,054 | 1,000 133 132 130 0 0 0 290 288 285 4,202 | 4,640 4,250 608 578 540 53 50 47 | 2,332 | 2,215 2, 063 4,533 | 4,995 | 4,578 | 1,155 | 1,111 | 1,043 174 174 175 | 3,438 | 3,299 3, 107 515,477 |474, 804 |433,072 | 39,536 | 37,488 | 30,288 | 39,790 | 33,061 | 25,879 | 67,757 | 59,466 | 51,759 |368, 393 |344,787 | 325,145 iData may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data 2 See footnote 2, table 3. or negligible amounts. IAS THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLeE 10.—Net volume of timber on commercial timberland in the United States, by class of timber, softwoods and hardwoods, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 } [Million cubic feet] Total, all timber Growing-stock trees Section, region, and State Total Sawtimber trees Poletimber trees All Soft- Hard- species woods | woods All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- species woods woods species woods woods species woods woods New England: Connecticut 2,294 278 2,015 1, 898 228 1, 670 766 121 644 1, 132 106 1, 026 Maine: -22552- 24, 061 16, 125 7, 936 21, 253 14, 763 6, 490 9, 059 6, 356 2, 702 12, 193 8, 406 3, 787 Massachusetts 3, 408 883 2,524 2,716 769 1, 946 985 428 556 1, 731 340 1, 390 New Hampshire-_.-.-------- 5, 942 3, 287 2,655 5, 147 2, 901 2, 245 2, 481 1, 758 722 2, 665 1, 143 1, 522 Mhodepslandensesonse see 350 27 322 266 19 246 61 10 51 204 9 195 Wermont==-2- 83520 sara 4, 413 1, 636 2,777 3, 928 1, 507 2,420 1,790 787 1, 002 2, 138 720 1, 418 Motel: Soe oon 40, 471 22, 239 18, 232 35, 210 20, 190 15, 019 15, 144 9, 464 5, 680 20, 065 10, 726 9, 339 Middle Atlantic: Delaware-. 2. = 2 2c, oa oot 698 237 461 657 229 428 342 134 207 315 94 220 Marylandbese. 252 ee 3, 277 540 2, 737 3, 074 531 2, 543 1, 807 373 1, 433 1, 266 157 1,109 INGW: Jerseyne- on ccoee eee 1, 839 396 1, 442 1, 729 385 1, 343 1,051 219 832 678 166 New Work: 22-2) 2565 225 15, 135 3, 822 11, 312 12, 517 3, 291 9, 226 6, 220 1, 875 4,344 6, 296 1,415 4, 881 Rennsylvania=--2_----=-2-— 22, 702 1, 794 20, 908 20, 270 1, 600 18, 670 9, 126 900 8, 226 11, 143 699 10, 443 WestiVirginias =2.2 222-24" 15, 290 680 14, 609 14, 085 657 13, 428 8, 368 422 7, 946 5, 717 235 5, 482 MROtal ee are ee ena 58, 944 7,471 51, 472 52, 333 6, 694 45, 639 26, 916 3, 925 22, 991 25, 417 2,769 22, 648 Lake States: Michigan: 222 Seater eee 17, 909 4, 490 13, 419 16, 558 4, 313 12, 245 7,415 2,103 5, 312 9, 142 2, 209 6, 933 12, 387 3, 988 8, 399 11, 726 3, 896 7, 830 3, 635 1, 607 2, 028 8, 091 2, 289 5, 802 382 0 382 276 276 117 0 117 158 0 158 South Dakota (East) ----.-- 131 19 lil 102 18 83 64 10 54 37 8 29 Wisconsine== == 32222-2522 es 12, 188 2, 747 9, 441 11, 411 2, 662 8, 748 4, 547 1, 349 3,197 6, 863 1,313 5, 550 Dotale2esoue oss eke 43, 000 11, 245 31, 754 40, 075 10, 891 29, 184 15, 780 5, 071 10, 709 24, 294 5, 820 18, 474 Central Mlinoisicss2. csssesocecenen= 2,395 19 2, 375 2, 327 19 2, 308 1,391 5 1, 386 936 14 922 Indiana_- 4, 020 74 3, 946 3, 606 70 3, 536 2, 448 34 2, 413 1, 158 35 1,123 Jowa--. -. 2,180 3 2,176 1, 807 3 1, 803 1, 358 2 1, 356 449 1 447 Kansas - --- 899 1 897 5 0 533 387 0 387 147 0 146 Kentucky_ 8, 863 642 8, 221 8, 546 621 7,925 5, 295 412 4, 883 3, 251 209 3, 041 Missouri 8, 083 405 7,678 | ~ 6,495 384 6,111 2, 746 218 2,528 3, 749 166 3, 583 Nebraska_ - 651 126 525 506 114 391 390 302 115 26 89 Ohio eee aoe nee ee 4, 916 133 4, 782 4, 232 123 4,109 2, 678 67 2, 611 1, 554 56 1,497 Totala =~ 2 .49--9---e 32, 009 1, 405 30, 604 28, 057 1, 338 26, 719 16, 696 828 15, 867 11, 361 509 10, 852 Total, Northess-5s<--<-= 174, 425 42, 362 132, 063 | 155, 677 39, 114 116, 563 74, 537 19, 288 55, 248 81, 139 19, 825 61,314 South Atlantic: 22, 222 8, 743 13, 479 19, 680 8, 509 11,171 13, 156 6, 331 6, 824 6, 524 2,177 4, 346 14, 958 6, 614 8, 344 12, 699 6, 369 6, 330 9, 198 4, 813 4, 384 3, 501 1,555 1, 945 18, 797 4, 548 14, 248 15, 171 4, 215 10, 955 9, 604 2, 847 6, 757 5, 566 1, 368 4,198 MNotalt-<2u-ss2Ssss2eee52 55, 979 19, 906 36, 072 47, 550 19, 093 28, 456 31, 958 13, 992 17, 966 15, 592 5,101 10, 490 East Gulf: Bloridasess 222222 53-28 sahe- 12, 565 7, 099 5, 465 10, 888 6, 904 3, 984 6, 930 4,407 2, 523 3, 958 2,497 1, 461 Georgia-s==. 25 ee 21, 355 12, 139 9, 216 19, 695 11, 839 7, 855 11, 964 7,716 4, 248 7, 730 4,123 3, 606 (0): eee eee eae 33, 921 19, 239 14, 681 30, 583 18, 743 11, 839 18, 895 12, 123 6,771 11, 688 6, 620 5, 067 Central Gulf: he AMlabamel feos aes ee 17, 890 9, 400 8, 490 16, 009 9, 232 6,777 10, 845 6, 921 3, 923 5, 164 2,311 2, 853 Mississippi 15, 969 7, 280 8, 688 13, 878 7, 188 6, 689 8, 821 5, 252 3, 569 5, 056 1, 936 3, 120 Tennessees--s--eee- ese eae 12, 139 1, 870 10, 268 10, 395 1,799 8, 596 5, 904 1, 038 4, 866 4,491 761 3, 729 45, 999 18, 550 27, 448 40, 283 18, 220 22, 062 25, 571 13, 212 12, 359 14, 712 5, 008 9, 703 17, 848 6, 630 11, 217 15, 365 6, 539 8, 826 9, 764 4,970 4,793 5, 601 1, 568 4, 032 16, 279 7, 781 8, 497 13, 602 7, 595 6, 006 10, 424 6, 263 4,161 3,177 1, 332 1, 845 2,415 861 1, 554 1, 648 850 798 944 584 359 704 266 438 12, 093 7,412 4, 680 10, 482 7, 361 3, 121 7, 488 5, 823 1, 665 2,994 1, 538 1, 456 48, 636 22, 686 25, 950 41, 099 22, 346 18, 753 28, 621 17, 641 10, 980 12,477 4,705 7, 772 184, 535 80, 383 104, 152 159, 517 78, 404 81,112 105, 046 56, 968 48, 078 54, 470 21, 436 33, 034 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 249 TaBLe 10.—Net volume of timber on commercial timberland in the United States, by class of timber, softwoods and hardwoods, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970!—Continued {Million cubic feet] ea Total, all timber Growing-stock trees Section, region, and State Total Sawtimber trees Poletimber trees All Soft- Hard- = = species woods woods All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- species woods woods | species woods woods species woods woods Pacific Northwest: Alaska: Coastal__...----.-.- 35, 972 35, 668 304 34, 767 34, 468 298 32, 527 32, 294 233 2, 239 2,174 65 Oregon: Waster == <2 22 65, 898 59, 133 6,765 | 62,817 56, 823 5, 994 55,073 | 51,455 3, 618 7, 744 5, 368 2, 376 SCGED ae oe a an 24, 905 24, 845 60 24, 276 24, 238 | 38 18, 441 18, 431 10 5, 835 5, 807 28 BINMNMALY = ==-=-=-4--~-= 90, 803 83, 978 6, 825 87, 093 81, 061 6, 032 73, 514 69, 886 3, 628 13, 579 11,175 2, 404 Washington Westerns 2. ==. -.-4--2- 5 50, 023 44, 693 5, 330 47, 323 42, 336 4, 987 39, 675 36, 925 2, 750 7, 648 6, 411 2, 237 HRASCOT ee 55 53 18, 363 18, 119 244 17, 792 17, 621 171 12, 963 12, 883 80 4, 829 4, 738 91 Snimimary.s 2+ oe 68,386 | 62,812 5, 574 65, 115 59, 957 5,158 | 52,638 | 49, 808 2,830 | 12,477 10, 149 2, 328 0) + ee a 195, 161 182, 458 12, 703 186, 975 175, 486 11, 488 158,679 | 151, 988 6, 691 28, 295 23, 498 4, 797 Pacific Southwest: (California=.- - --=.=2--%--_-= 55, 716 52, 128 3, 588 54, 251 51, 152 3, 099 48, 452 46, 138 2,314 5, 799 5, 014 785 Hawail=— S255. :. ...2 2 2_-__ 470 5 464 238 4 234 194 3 190 44 0 44 Rotel een 56, 186 52, 133 4, 052 54, 489 51, 156 3, 333 48, 646 46, 141 2, 504 5, 843 5, 014 829 Total, Pacific Coast---_- 251, 347 234, 591 16, 756 241, 465 226, 643 14,822 | 207,326 198, 130 9,195 34, 139 28, 512 5, 627 Northern Rocky Mountain: Tdahow=t ees 2253 31,563 | 31, 234 329 | 29,497 29, 257 239 | 24,020] 23,897 122 5, 477 5, 360 117 ONL aan 33, 181 32, 861 320 28, 650 28, 376 273 19, 677 19, 465 211 8, 972 8, 910 62 South Dakota (West) ?__.-_- 1, 060 1, 052 7 1, 007 1, 001 6 695 693 1 311 307 4 Wyoming)? ooo.) 252--5-—--- 5, 412 5, 161 251 4, 673 4,471 201 3,173 3, 123 50 1, 499 1,347 151 Rotel ee ee 71,218 | 70,309 908 | 63,827 | 63, 106 721| 47,566 | 47,181 385 | 16,261 | 15, 925 336 Southern Rocky Mountain: ArivonaeS = 2 22) 38s 5, 218 4, 861 356 4, 809 4, 583 226 4, 323 4,190 132 486 393 93 Wolorado 42> == Fe. 14, 942 12, 059 2, 882 12, 267 10, 360 1, 907 8, 083 7, 392 691 4, 183 2, 968 1, 215 Nevadais = | 5 2k 22 278 254 24 250 237 12 232 227 5 17 10 7 Wew Mexico ?*--. =: -:---- =. 7, 183 6, 324 858 6, 336 5, 735 600 5, 158 4, 889 269 1,178 846 331 pants = eee o> ee 5, 397 4, 021 1,375 4, 727 3, 689 1, 038 3, 100 2,765 335 1, 627 923 703 U1) es ea 33, 019 27, 521 5, 497 28, 391 24, 605 3, 785 20, 898 19, 464 1, 434 7,492 5, 141 2, 351 Total, Rocky Mountain_| 104, 237 97, 830 6, 406 92, 218 87, 711 4, 507 68, 464 66, 645 1, 819 23, 753 21, 066 2, 687 Total, all regions________ 714,545 | 455,168 | 259,377 648, 879 431, 873 217,005 | 455,375 | 341,033 | 114,341 193, 503 90, 840 102, 663 | Rough trees Rotten trees Salvable dead trees Section, region, and State All species | Softwoods |Hardwoods| All species | Softwoods |Hardwoods| All species | Softwoods |Hardwoods New England: Connecticut 283 44 239 112 5 106 0 0 0 ine eee 1, 389 777 612 1, 418 585 833 0 0 0 Massachusetts. 535 108 427 155 4 150 0 0 0 New Hampshire-- 494 358 135 301 27 274 0 0 0 Rhode Island__-- 63 8 55 20 0 0 0 GRIN OM Gee ses ee ee 319 113 205 166 14 151 0 0 0 Ai Ls eager sentient rehearse ae 3, 086 1,411 1,674 2,175 637 1,537 0 0 0 Middle Atlantic: Welawsarests- 5-35 52 be es 2 24 6 18 17 2 15 0 0 0 Maryland_--_----_- 139 7 132 63 1 62 0 0 0 New Jersey------- 60 7 53 49 4 45 0 0 0 New York.___---- 1,524 445 1,078 1,093 85 1, 008 0 0 0 Pennsylvania 1, 766 173 1, 593 665 20 0 0 0 West Virginia 18 10 895 4 890 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 21 41 12 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 14 41 131 45 86 See footnotes at end of table. 250 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 10.—WNet volume of timber on commercial timberland in the United States, by class of timber, softwoods and hardwoods, section, region, and State, January 1, 1970 \—Continued (Million cubic feet] Rough trees Rotten trees Salvable dead trees Section, region, and State es aa All species | Softwoods |Hardwoods| All species | Softwoods|Hardwoods| All species | Softwoods |Hardwoods Centrai: TM inOis-s 2 Soe snore as ee ORS 61 0 51 8 0 8 8 0 8 Indiana 319 3 315 71 0 71 22 0 22 Towa cl eae 247 0 247 125 0 125 0 0 0 Kansas 338 0 337 21 0 21 4 0 4 Kentucky 197 17 180 95 1 98 24 1 23 Missouri 687 15 672 849 1 847 50 3 46 Nebraska 107 9 97 31 1 30 5 0 5 O Rls aeae tae es oe ASE ae Pare 396 Cf 388 286 1 285 0 0 0 Totals. sca- ce ee 2, 345 55 2, 290 1, 489 6 1, 483 115 5 110 Total North ies." (2s ee ten ee 11, 037 2,318 8, 718 7, 463 879 6, 554 247 60 196 South Atlantic: INorthi Carolina! s-so5) aoe nee oes 1,509 177 1,331 1,012 47 964 20 9 ll South Carolina 1, 750 197 1, 553 484 31 452 23 16 Y/ WV itpiniaee 2 2. . Sess. Ant RW ged 2,994 316 2,678 627 14 613 4 1 2 Mopalee neta: ase eer hee ee 6, 255 692 5, 563 2, 124 93 2, 030 48 27) East Gulf: in? ae Mlorid a een te oe ee Selec 1, 353 132 1, 221 308 52 256 15 10 4 Georgiatest 2) Bt et Sa ene 1, 160 240 920 487 47 439 12 12 0 No} 7) [SR ee RPS oh os Reta, BPS 2,514 372 2,142 795 100 695 27 23 4 Central Gulf: Alabameee a. ciss2 nee en ee 1, 304 111 1,192 506 20 486 70 35 34 1,491 55 1, 435 595 32 562 5 3 1 1,111 37 1, 074 605 20 584 26 12 14 hotalese oleae ee ee ee Ae 3, 906 204 3, 702 1, 706 73 1, 633 102 52 49 1, 602 54 1, 547 850 25 825 29 12 17 1, 743 84 1, 658 920 95 824 13 5 i 596 7 588 167 3 164 3 0 3 1,101 39 1, 062 506 10 496 2 1 1 5, 042 185 4, 856 2, 445 134 2,310 49 19 30 17, 718 1, 454 16, 264 7,071 401 6, 670 227 122 105 Pacific Northwest: Alaska Coastalece ce 52> eee ea an 112 110 2 735 731 3 357 357 0 Oregon: Westerns 52 ese eae us san ee 949 244 705 197 171 26 1,935 1, 895 40 Eastern _ 281 260 21 68 67 1 280 280 0 Summary- 1, 230 504 726 265 238 27 2, 215 2,175 40 Washington: Westerman ota ces? ss 5 cen ae pean 583 295 288 428 409 19 1, 689 1, 653 36 WASUCINS sateen tnt Soaks Sven Ua ye eked 113 46 67 83 77 6 375 375 0 Summary feces. oe 696 341 355 511 486 25 2, 064 2, 028 36 Motel yee. ee hk A 2, 038 955 1, 083 1,511 1, 455 55 4, 636 4, 560 76 Pacific Southwest: Califormliae: 22.8275 22 25 8 Sate ced 415 56 359 828 698 130 222 222 0 ELA W Sie eee 2 Ss Se eae Re 187 1 186 42 0 42 1 0 1 (ota esse sce datewey one ede Bate 602 57 545 870 698 172 223 222 1 Rota, Pacitic:Coast so == 29 oe 2, 640 1,012 1, 628 2, 381 2, 153 227 4, 860 4, 782 77 Northern Rocky Mtn.: ahojseee Sree OaN ER De ee eel 572 521 50 554 525 28 940 929 10 Mon tanaizea 2 Sai sce aot a De ey 846 823 23 684 672 12 3, 000 2, 990 10 South Dakota (West) 2_......__._._..______ 2 1 1 3 3 0 47 4 0 Wiyomingi2 222 =o ate Selo ae ere 86 82 4 75 55 20 577 552 25 Motels = fees atten. a eee ae eae 1,507 1, 428 78 1,318 1, 256 62 4, 564 4,518 46 Southern Rocky Mtn.: IATIZzOne ete ene 199 132 67 75 17 58 133 128 4 Colorado)22 222 Bi 317 246 71 1, 016 243 773 1, 340 1, 210 130 INGvadais 9 co msosnen 6 4 1 ll 3 7 10 9 1 New Mexico 2 351 253 97 148 36 112 346 299 47 Uitaly 220 0e eae Se ae ee ean 141 60 81 223 31 192 303 240 63 Totals a2 tee ee 21 le Koes 1, 016 696 319 1,476 331 1, 144 2, 134 1, 887 247 Total, Rocky Mountain. _____________ 2, 523 2,125 398 2, 794 1, 587 1, 206 6, 699 6, 405 293 Total “All Regions= = <--222..5- 1... 33, 920 6, 910 27,010 19, 711 5, 022 14, 688 12, 034 11, 361 673 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data 2 See footnote 2, table 3. or negligible amounts. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 251 TABLE 11.—WNet volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by diameter class, softwocds and hardwoods, and timber supply region, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970} [Million cubic feet] SOFTWOOD GROWING STOCK Diameter class (inches) Timber supply region Year| Total oh . ia 5.0 to 7.0|7.0to 9.0| 9.0 to 11.0 to 13.0 to 15.0 to 17.0 to 19.0 to 21.0to 29.0+ 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 29.0 UE Se ee ee 1970 26, 884 6, 936 6, 559 4,720 3, 235 2,111 1, 361 793 480 611 74 1962 23, 672 6, 065 5, 696 3, 996 2, 817 1, 913 1, 248 742 484 623 84 1952 20, 027 4, 627 4, 734 3, 146 2, 497 1,791 1,190 720 527 701 90 Semthccntral = —-- 5-5 _---<_ 1970 12, 229 3, 321 3, 008 1,919 1,320 873 632 420 300 376 55 1962 10, 347 2, 993 2,579 1, 588 1, 085 697 495 325 219 316 46 1952 7, 749 2, 207 1, 925 1,196 854 535 329 232 172 259 35 otal North ....£—2--_..-.- 1970 39, 114 10, 257 9, 567 6, 640 4, 556 2, 984 1, 994 1, 213 780 988 130 1962 34, 020 9, 058 8, 276 5, 585 3, 902 2, 611 1, 744 1, 067 703 939 130 1952 27,777 6, 835 6, 659 4, 343 3, 352 2, 326 1,520 953 699 961 126 USADOS ees ee eee 1970 37, 837 4, 905 6, 817 7, 422 6, 621 4, 883 3, 138 1, 869 1, 007 1, 023 149 1962 33, 692 4, 285 6, 292 6, 815 6, 056 4, 243 2, 646 1,536 826 864 127 1952 30, 694 3, 687 5, 805 6, 405 5, 669 3, 766 2, 289 1, 305 720 908 134 Semitncentrals--_ > .....-£2. 2... <5 1970 40, 567 3, 924 5, 789 6, 677 6, 814 5, 982 4, 498 2, 929 1, 869 1, 903 178 1962 33, 3,307 4, 845 5, 681 5, 611 4, 695 3, 622 2, 365 1, 422 1,415 126 1952 24, 421 2, 531 3, 740 4, 462 4, 254 3, 409 2,516 1, 622 874 9 119 Total South-..<-2 4-2 .....= 1970 78, 404 8, 829 12, 606 14, 100 13, 435 10, 865 7, 636 4,799 2, 876 2, 926 327 1962 66, 786 7, 593 11, 137 12, 496 11, 667 8, 938 6, 268 3, 901 2, 248 2, 280 254 1952 55,115 6, 219 9, 545 10, 868 9, 923 7,176 4, 806 2, 927 1,595 1,797 254 BNW Douplascir.__...222------.- E 1970 99, 159 2,479 3, 645 4, 655 5, 281 5, 722 5, 917 5, 840 5, 567 19, 716 40, 337 1962 | 104,410 2, 205 3, 345 4, 264 5, 049 5, 368 5, 674 5, 659 5, 571 19, 966 47, 309 1952 | 109,904 2,011 2, 858 3,718 4, 647 4,618 5, 416 5, 237 5, 507 20, 438 55, 454 PNW ponderosa pine------------- 1970 41, 859 3, 049 3, 679 3, 817 3, 701 3, 449 3, 229 3, 013 2, 661 8, 392 6, 869 1962 41, 301 2,777 3, 286 3, 336 3, 265 3, 092 2, 989 2, 879 2,577 8, 876 8, 224 1952 39, 670 2, 253 2, 735 2, 648 2, 723 2, 624 2, 674 2, 607 2, 460 9, 069 9, 877 inska—Coastal. .... == _._..--.4 1970 34, 468 404 691 1,078 1, 436 1,782 2, 026 2, 302 2, 357 9, 325 13, 064 1962 35, 485 674 674 674 958 2, 909 1, 987 M4 1, 951 9, 545 14, 229 1952 35, 493 674 674 674 958 2,910 1, 987 1, 88 1, 952 9, 547 14, 233 California and Hawaii_-_---------- 1970 51, 156 1, 088 1, 756 2,170 2,375 2, 465 2, 529 2, 535 2, 481 9, 829 23, 924 1962 53, 953 958 1,529 1, 920 2, 138 2, 276 2, 369 2,415 2,397 9, 998 27, 950 1952 58, 009 766 1, 245 1, 603 1, 835 2, 055 2,159 2, 268 2, 281 10, 140 3 Total, Pacific Coast____-_--- 1970 | 226, 643 7, 020 9,771 11, 720 12, 793 13, 419 13, 702 13, 691 13, 066 47, 262 84, 194 1962 | 235,150 6, 614 8, 834 10, 194 11, 410 13, 646 13, 019 12, 834 12, 497 48, 386 97, 712 1952 | 243,077 5, 704 7, 512 8, 643 10, 163 12, 207 12, 237 11, 993 12, 200 49,195 113, 218 Northern Rocky Mountain ?_____- 1970 63, 106 7, 084 8, 840 8, 509 7, 400 6, 260 5, 185 4, 245 3, 429 8, 308 3, 840 1962 65, 091 7, 760 7, 688 7, 863 7, 393 6, 696 5, 828 4, 865 3, 999 9, 437 3, 559 1952 60, 111 6, 371 6, 489 6, 789 6, 500 6, 007 5, 313 4, 551 3, 808 9, 497 4, 782 Southern Rocky Mountain ?_-_--__ 1970 24, 605 2, 722 2, 418 2, 484 2, 534 2, 464 2,441 2,193 1,819 4, 300 1, 226 1962 26, 173 2, 528 2, 252 2, 399 2, 689 2, 691 2, 641 2, 353 2,018 4, 924 1, 673 1952 24, 931 2, 108 1, 861 2, 036 2, 356 2, 437 2, 463 2, 260 2, 006 5, 226 2,174 Total, Rocky Mountain____- 1970 87,711 9, 806 11, 259 10, 994 9, 934 8, 725 7, 626 6, 439 5, 249 12, 608 5, 066 1962 91, 264 10, 288 9, 940 10, 262 10, 082 9, 387 8, 470 7,219 6, 018 14, 362 5, 232 1952 85, 043 8, 480 8, 351 8, 826 8, 856 8, 445 7, 776 6, 811 5, 814 14, 723 6, 956 Total, softwoods_-___-..--_- 1970 | 431,873 35, 914 43, 205 43, 455 40, 720 35, 995 30, 959 26, 144 21, 973 63, 786 89, 718 1962 | 427,221 33, 554 38, 188 38, 539 37, 063 34, 583 29, 503 25, 023 21, 467 65, 967 103, 330 1952 | 411,012 27, 239 32, 068 32, 681 32, 296 30, 156 26, 340 22, 686 20, 310 66, 677 120, 555 See footnotes at end of table. 252 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES. TABLE 11.—WNet volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by diameter class, softwoods and hardwoods, and timber supply region, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970 !\—Continued HARDWOOD GROWING STOCK Diameter class (inches) Timber supply region Year|} Total | 5.0to07.0|7.0to9.0|) 9.0 to 11.0 to 13.0 to 15.0 to 17.0 to 19.0 to 21.0 to 29.0+ 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 29.0 INortheast--22----osceeeee eee eee 1970 60, 659 9, 937 11, 168 10, 881 8, 696 6, 735 4, 755 3, 205 1,975 2, 845 456 1962 52, 973 8, 634 9, 735 9, 392 7, 392 5, 809 4,173 2, 874 1, 815 2,729 416 1952 43, 197 6, 925 7, 703 7,331 5, 712 4, 651 3, 577 2, 532 1, 659 2,708 394 Northcentral? 2222s. seossee ee ee 1970 55, 903 9, 363 10, 521 9, 441 7, 385 5, 955 4,475 3, 055 1,917 3, 234 553 1962 48, 204 8, 020 8, 825 8,135 6, 321 5, 094 3, 841 2, 658 1,735 3, 045 528 1952 38, 979 5, 810 6, 616 6, 717 4,950 4,219 3, 226 2, 367 1, 606 2,975 489 DotalsNorth sess scane ees 1970 116, 563 19, 300 21, 690 20, 323 16, 082 12, 691 9, 231 6, 260 3, 893 6, 079 1, 009 1962 101, 177 16, 654 18, 560 17, 527 13, 714 10, 904 8, 014 5, 532 3, 550 5, 775 945 1952 82,177 12, 736 14, 319 14, 048 10, 662 8, 871 6, 804 4, 900 3, 266 5, 684 883 Southeast.2.2 sa ane eee eens 1970 40, 296 4,114 5, 379 6, 064 6, 178 5, 509 4, 225 3,115 2, 026 2,999 683 1962 37, 547 3, 503 4, 880 5, 837 5, 748 5, 241 3, 952 2, 928 1, 939 2, 917 598 1952 34, 953 2, 899 4, 308 5, 481 5, 236 4, 937 3, 653 2, 834 1, 909 3, 066 626 Southcentralis—s 2. os ease eee 1970 40, 815 4, 655 6, 135 6, 685 6, 327 5, 477 4, 104 2, 648 1,779 2, 583 418 1962 40, 708 4, 413 5, 836 6, 636 6, 277 5, 493 4, 048 2, 818 1, 929 2,813 440 1952 40, 616 3, 999 5, 404 6, 420 6, 130 5, 509 4, 261 3, 089 2, 062 3, 206 532 MNotal SSouthis-s2--ee-seecee 1970 81, 112 8, 769 11, 515 12, 749 12, 505 10, 987 8, 330 5, 764 3, 805 5, 583 1, 102 1962 78, 255 7, 916 10, 717 12, 474 12, 026 10, 734 8, 001 5, 746 3, 869 5, 731 1, 038 1952 75, 569 6, 898 9, 712 11, 901 11, 366 10, 447 7,915 5, 924 3, 972 6, 272 1,158 PNW, Douglas-firs-=-2-=2=222- 55 1970 10, 981 1,539 1,549 1,525 1, 405 1, 249 976 758 547 1, 105 328 1962 9, 063 1, 270 1, 296 1, 294 1, 202 1, 059 777 604 434 894 233 1952 6, 908 999 1, 026 1, 026 938 800 526 449 314 648 182 PNW ponderosa pine-----.------- 1970 209 50 41 28 28 8 3 10 8 28 5 1962 192 44 37 26 27 8 3 9 7 26 5 1952 174 38 36 23 23 7 3 9 if 23 5 Alaska—Coastal-. ict ss-css-5---- 1970 298 12 20 32 34 31 33 32 31 43 26 1962 300 17 15 15 37 34 36 34 34 46 28 1952 298 17 15 15 36 33 36 34 33 46 28 California and Hawaii-_----------- 1970 3, 333 202 311 315 327 - 351 298 281 235 598 412 1962 3, 194 200 314 296 301 327 277 265 217 567 427 1952 3, 047 192 319 249 281 300 257 241 203 536 466 Total, Pacific Coast_---.--- 1970 14, 822 1, 803 1, 922 1,901 1, 794 1, 640 1,310 1, 081 821 1,774 771 1962 12, 749 1, 532 1, 663 1, 632 1, 567 1,428 1, 093 913 692 1,533 693 1952 10, 427 1, 247 1, 397 1,314 1, 278 1,141 822 734 557 1, 253 681 Northern Rocky Mountain 2___-_-_- 1970 721 115 118 102 92 73 53 39 31 83 11 1962 701 105 112 100 91 68 51 40 29 87 15 1952 634 87 95 87 80 61 46 38 28 86 23 Southern Rocky Mountain ?____- 1970 3, 785 657 942 751 575 385 223 131 63 54 0 1962 3, 784 444 836 839 649 440 267 155 85 66 0 1952 3, 325 355 705 728 579 404 250 148 84 68 0 Total, Rocky Mountain_--__- 1970 4, 907 772 1, 060 853 668 459 277 171 95 137 11 1962 4, 486 550 948 939 740 508 318 196 115 153 15 1952 3, 960 443 800 815 659 465 296 186 112 155 23 Total, hardwoods.___.---.-- 1970 217, 005 30, 646 36, 189 35, 828 31, 050 25, 778 19, 149 13, 277 8, 615 13, 575 2, 894 1962 196, 669 26, 653 31, 888 32, 573 28, 048 23, 576 17, 427 12, 388 8, 227 13, 194 2, 692 1952 172, 134 21, 324 26, 230 28, 080 23, 968 20, 925 15, 838 11, 745 7, 908 13, 366 2,746 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data 2 See footnote 2, table 3. or negligible amounts. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 253 TABLE 12.—Net volume of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by diameter class, softwoods and hardwoods, and timber supply region, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and January 1, 1970} [Million board feet, International }4-inch log rule] SOFTWOOD SAWTIMBER Diameter class (inches) Timber supply region Year Total 9.0 to 11.0 | 11.0 to 13.0 | 13.0 to 15.0 | 15.0 to 17.0 | 17.0 to 19.0 | 19.0 to 21.0 | 21.0 to 29.0 29.0+ OE eee eee ees 1970 49, 846 15, 809 11,799 8, 107 5, 532 3, 356 2,131 2, 763 346 1962 44, 757 13, 419 10, 303 7, 399 5, 102 3, 155 2, 160 2, 835 383 1952 40, 584 10, 676 9, 154 6, 897 4, 856 3, 036 2, 352 3, 204 409 To a = oS 1970 30, 215 8, 656 6, 373 4, 636 3, 521 2, 469 1, 742 2, 453 362 1962 24, 445 7,178 5, 254 3, 698 2, 758 1,920 ib 2, 023 305 1952 18, 355 5, 376 4,127 2, 829 1, 804 1,343 977 1,686 210 otal North." ~~ =e 1970 80, 061 24, 465 18, 172 12,7 9, 053 5, 826 3, 873 5, 217 708 1962 69, 202 20, 597 15, 557 11, 097 7, 860 5, 075 3, 467 4, 858 688 1952 58, 939 16, 052 13, 281 9, 726 6, 660 4, 379 3, 329 4, 890 619 LITLE ioe ae ee 1970 114, 712 27, 112 28, 622 22, 997 15, 447 9, 474 5, 068 5, 298 691 1962 101, 042 24, 844 26, 169 19, 994 13, 012 7, 776 4, 169 4, 486 591 1952 92, 326 23, 335 24, 488 17,726 11, 218 6, 583 3, 634 4,717 624 peeeersitee! os 1970 161, 163 26, 976 33, 932 32, 692 25, 981 17, 334 11, 309 11, 828 1, 108 1962 129, 355 22,911 27, 903 25, 607 20, 81S 13, 959 8, 592 8, 772 739 1952 93, 245 17, 997 21, 140 18, 585 14, 443 9, 563 5, 278 5, 498 738 otal: Sash 32>) = 1970 275, 875 088 62, 554 55, 690 41,429 26, 808 16, 378 17,127 1,799 1962 230, 397 47, 755 54, 072 45, 601 33, 831 21,735 12, 761 13, 259 1, 380 1952 185, 571 41, 332 45, 628 36, 311 25, 661 16, 146 8,912 10, 216 1, 362 ew Doupisetir = 22°. 22 ---S 1970 562, 341 0 24, 156 29, 193 32, 652 34, 052 33, 825 127, 948 280, 515 1962 607, 707 0 22, 676 27, 391 31, 320 32, 981 33, 822 131, 732 327, 785 1952 658, 954 0 20, 913 23, 500 29, 816 30, 407 | 33, 279 134, 996 386, 043 PNW ponderosa pine-.--------------- 1970 182, 132 0 16, 729 17,116 17,178 16, 832 15, 494 52, 235 46, 548 1962 188, 019 0 14, 800 15, 373 15, 897 16, 088 15, 047 51, 156 59, 658 1952 191, 159 0 12, 312 12, 970 14, 195 14, 565 14, 310 53, 900 68, 907 1) i Se eS Se prea 1970 178, 101 0 5, 657 8, 227 10, 326 12, 488 12, 875 52, 225 76, 301 1962 182, 224 0 9, 657 10, 386 10, 751 10, 386 18, 404 43, 369 79, 267 1952 183, 928 0 9, 748 10, 483 10, 851 10, 483 18, 576 43,775 80, 009 California and Hawaii---_..-.-------- 1970 271, 671 0 6, 409 9, 363 11, 063 11, 706 12, 733 57,715 162, 679 1962 296, 633 0 5, 828 8, 660 10, 359 11,149 12, 328 58, 784 189, 521 1952 331, 161 0 5, 105 7, 795 9, 423 10, 416 11, 750 59, 674 226, 994 Total, Pacific Coast__-__------- 1970 | 1,194,245 0 52, 951 63, 900 71, 219 75, 079 74, 928 290, 123 566, 044 1962 | 1,274,583 0 52, 962 61, 811 68, 327 70, 605 79, 601 285, 041 656, 232 1952 | 1,365, 202 0 48, 079 54, 749 64, 286 65, 872 77, 916 292, 345 761, 953 Northern Rocky Mountain ?____--_--- 1970 251, 387 39, 607 36, 753 32, 550 28, 140 23, 561 19, 485 48, 481 22, 805 1962 267, 307 37, 420 36, 692 34, 885 31, 480 27, 075 22,745 55, 381 21, 629 1952 256, 570 32, 297 32, 256 31, 341 28, 737 25, 354 21, 671 55, 704 29, 210 Southern Rocky Mountain 2_________- 1970 103, 719 12, 521 12, 157 12, 555 12, 794 11, 807 9, 974 24, 541 7, 366 1962 114, 037 13, 245 12, 056 13, 141 13, 635 12, 681 11, 228 28, 075 9,976 1952 112, 603 11, 361 10, 602 11, 918 12, 708 12, 161 11, 142 29, 757 12, 954 Total, Rocky Mountain___-_-_--_- 1970 355, 106 52,129 48,911 45, 106 40, 934 35, 369 29, 460 73, 023 30, 172 1962 381, 344 50, 665 48, 748 48, 026 45,115 39, 756 33, 973 83, 456 31, 1952 369, 173 43, 658 42, 858 43, 259 41, 445 37, 515 32, 813 85, 461 42,164 Potal, softwoods-—_-==---.._2== “1970 1, 905, 289 130, 682 182, 589 177, 440 162, 636 143, 083 124, 640 385, 490 598,725 1962 1, 955, 527 19, 017 171, 341 166, 536 155, 134 137,172 129, 803 386, 615 689, 906 1952 1, 978, 836 101, 042 149, 847 144, 046 138, 053 123, 913 122, 970 392, 913 806, 099 HARDWOOD SAWTIMBER Wortheast 25s 252-5 -e oe 1970 110, 305 0 29, 194 25, 236 18, 892 13, 415 8, 605 12, 841 2,118 1962 98, 004 0 , 972 21, 905 16, 686 12,120 7, 980 12, 400 1, 941 1952 84, 022 0 19, 480 17, 700 14, 443 10, 7: 7, 390 12, 404 1,861 I ce pineea ea a P -onas B 1970 141, 501 0 37, 262 31, 486 24, 184 16, 855 10, 636 17, 773 3, 303 1962 123, 480 0 31, 899 26, 880 20, 678 14, 613 9, 541 16, 739 3, 127 1952 103, 342 0 24, 059 21, 559 16, 983 12, 776 8, 808 16, 101 3, 053 ‘Fotal North! -s..-2- 2 22-228-_— 1970 251, 806 0 66, 456 56, 723 43, 076 30, 271 19, 242 30, 614 5, 421 1962 221, 484 0 56, 871 48,785 37, 364 26, 733 17, 521 29, 139 5, 068 1952 187, 364 0 43, 539 39, 259 31, 426 23, 520 16, 198 28, 505 4,914 See footnotes at end of table. 254 TaBLE 12.—WNet volume of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States and timber supply region, as of December 31, 1952 and 1962, and J THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES {Million board feet, International !4-inch log rule] HARDWOOD SAWTIMBE R—Continued , by diameter class, softwoods and hardwecds, anuary 1, 1970 '!—Continued Diameter class (inches) Timber supply region Year Total 9.0 to 11.0 | 11.0 to 13.0 | 13.0 to 15.0 | 15.0 to 17.0 | 17.0 to 19.0} 19.0 to 21.0 | 21.0 to 29.0 29.0+- Southeast. << 2¢2-- 22234 See 1970 102, 303 0 21,417 22, 236 18, 414 14, 024 9, 295 13, 808 3, 106 1962 96, 843 0 19, 934 21, 172 17, 262 13, 215 8, 932 13, 588 2,739 1952 92, 879 0 18, 168 19, 943 15, 957 12, 784 8, 809 14, 335 2, 882 Southcentralzes 22-222 ce ec ee 1970 105, 671 0 24, 409 24, 211 19, 433 13, 013 8, 974 13, 392 2, 236 1962 107, 687 0 24, 127 24, 169 19, 074 13,771 9, 686 14, 518 2, 339 1952 112, 617 0 23, 531 24, 214 20, 063 15, 078 10, 353 16, 540 2, 834 Motel;,;South=<- 22 a2 5-02 seen 1970 207, 974 0 45, 827 46, 447 37, 848 27, 037 18, 270 27, 200 5, 343 1962 204, 530 0 44, 061 45, 341 36, 336 26, 986 18, 618 28, 107 5, 078 1952 205, 496 0 41, 699 44,157 36, 020 27, 862 19, 162 30, 876 5, 717 IN WD ouglas-fir 22.2 ee ee 1970 37, 873 0 6, 414 6, 419 5, 574 4, 750 3, 636 8, 222 2, 858 1962 31, 037 0 5, 490 5, 469 4,477 3, 823 2, 923 6, 274 2, 581 1952 23, 318 0 4,317 4,171 3, 112 2, 881 2,141 4, 645 2, 051 PNW ponderosa pine.._.-.-...-.__-_- 1970 512 0 122 41 17 51 46 192 43 1962 446 0 107 36 16 44 38 163 42 1952 424 0 101 36 15 43 37 152 40 WMilasKas 2-4 fe Sen oe Co ee 1970 1, 273 0 164 171 164 173 156 305 137 1962 1, 279 0 165 172 165 174 157 307 138 1952 1, 268 0 163 171 163 172 156 304 137 California and Hawail___.___-________ 1970 6, 735 0 627 795 766 765 706 1,765 1,310 1962 6, 447 0 575 739 709 719 640 1,677 1, 386 1952 6, 297 0 533 679 660 667 606 1, 608 1, 542 Total, Pacific Coast__.__._____- 1970 46, 394 0 7, 327 7,427 6, 521 5, 739 4, 544 10, 484 4,349 1962 39, 209 0 6, 337 6, 417 5, 367 4, 760 3, 759 8, 421 4,147 1952 31, 307 0 5,114 5, 057 3, 950 3, 763 2,940 6, 709 3,770 Northern Rocky Mountain 2_________ 1970 2,105 0 485 411 295 209 169 458 75 1962 2,095 0 473 381 283 215 162 478 103 1952 2, 003 0 415 343 255 204 154 475 157 Southern Rocky Mountain 2__________ 1970 7,196 0 2, 787 1, 924 1, 163 703 335 281 0 1962 7, 485 0 2, 882 1, 964 1, 207 713 403 315 1 1952 6, 901 0 2, 563 1, 804 1,129 683 399 322 1 Total, Rocky Mountain________ 1970 9, 301 0 3, 272 2, 336 1,459 912 505 740 76 1962 9, 580 0 3, 355 2,345 1,490 928 565 793 104 1952 8, 904 0 2,978 2,147 1, 384 887 553 797 158 Total, hardwoods___..._______- 1970 515, 477 0 122, 883 112, 934 88, 905 63, 961 42, 561 69, 040 15, 190 1962 474, 804 0 110, 624 102, 889 80, 558 59, 407 40, 464 66, 460 14, 399 1952 433, 072 0 93, 331 90, 621 72, 782 56, 034 38, 854 66, 888 14, 560 ' Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 2 See footnote 2, table 3. TABLE 13.—Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the East by species, diameter class, and timber supply region, January 1, 1970} {Million cubic feet] Softwoods Total Timber supply region and all Longleaf | Shortleaf Eastern Spruce Other Pon- diameter class (inches) species Total and and Other white Jack and Eastern eastern | derosa soft- slash loblolly | yellow | and red pine balsam | hemlock | Cypress soft- and woods pines pines pines pines fir woods J ay) pin Northeast: 16, 873 6, 936 0 62 199 842 0 4, 573 854 0 403 0 17, 728 6, 559 0 109 268 976 0 3, 859 856 0 489 0 15, 602 4,720 0 127 235 837 0 2, 431 755 0 333 0 11, 932 3, 235 0 102 193 732 0 1, 334 643 0 229 0 gs HO)s oy a Eee 8, 847 2,111 0 64 97 686 0 671 476 0 114 0 15 {Ost ONTO Sse a eae ee 6, 117 1, 361 0 48 69 480 0 344 357 0 61 0 LO LON 90 aeeas ee 3, 998 793 0 23 16 303 0 176 244 0 29 0 LOLOitor1 Osea: eae 2, 456 480 0 10 4 258 0 75 122 0 10 0 PAT Ko Pa Oe oe ee eee 3, 457 611 0 14 6 395 0 49 133 0 ll 0 29:0 ees ee ea 530 74 0 0 0 64 0 0 ff 0 2 0 Motalinss2 S205 sea wee! 87, 544 26, 884 0 562 1, 092 5, 576 0 13, 517 4, 451 0 1, 684 0 See footnote at end of table. | | | APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 255 TABLE 13.—WNet volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the East by species, diameter class, and timber supply region, January 1, 1970'\—Continued (Million cubic feet] Softwoods Timber supply region and Total Pon- diameter class (inches) all Total | Longleaf | Shortleai Eastern Spruce Other | derosa species soft- and and Other | white Jack and | Eastern eastern and woods slash loblolly yellow | and red pine balsam | hemlock | Cypress soft- Jeffrey pines pines pines pines fir woods pine 12, 685 3, 321 0 96 59 229 548 1, 568 56 0 750 10 13, 530 3, 008 ) 135 82 236 563 1,195 97 0 678 19 11, 361 1,919 0 150 86 236 7 528 133 0 410 25 8,7 1,320 0 111 62 298 191 252 157 1 223 23 6, 828 873 0 70 41 285 69 109 147 1 131 17 5, 108 632 0 31 20 244 25 83 135 7 71 13 3, 475 420 0 13 8 211 4 31 101 2 40 7 2, 217 300 0 3 2 159 0 22 80 2 22 6 3, 610 376 0 2 1 188 0 4 134 11 31 3 609 55 0 0 0 36 0 0 10 6 1 0 68, 133 12, 229 0 615 363 2, 125 1,751 3,795 1, 054 32 2, 362 127 North: - 5.0 to 29, 558 10, 257 0 159 259 1,071 548 6, 142 911 0 1, 154 10 7.0 to 31, 258 9, 567 0 244 350 1, 212 563 5, 054 953 0 1, 168 19 9.0 to 26, 963 6, 640 0 277 321 1, 074 347 2, 960 888 0 744 25 11.0 to 20, 639 4, 556 0 214 255 1, 030 191 1, 586 801 1 452 23 13.0 to 15, 676 2, 984 i) 134 139 971 69 781 624 1 245 17 15.0 to : 1, 994 0 79 89 725 25 428 492 7 133 13 17.0 to 7, 474 1, 213 0 36 25 515 4 207 345 2 69 7 19.0 to 4, 674 730 0 14 6 417 1 98 202 2 32 6 21.0 to 7, 068 988 0 16 7 583 0 54 267 11 43 3 ee ee 1, 139 130 0 0 0 100 0 0 18 6 4 i) "Rotal, North S--*" 155,677 | 39,114 0 1,177 1, 455 7, 702 1,751 17, 313 5, 506 32 4, 047 127 Southeast: 905 1, 382 2, 266 784 37 0 0 12 351 68 0 6, 817 2, 004 3, 149 1,014 53 0 1 15 529 48 0 7, 422 2, 248 3, 537 944 57 0 1 19 560 53 0 6, 621 1, 831 3, 333 725 7 0 1 27 587 36 0 4, 883 1, 140 2, 699 455 70 0 ) 20 473 23 0 3, 138 584 1, 928 255 48 0 0 25 285 9 0 1, 869 245 1, 197 151 37 0 0 22 207 7 0 1, 007 103 671 57 36 0 0 15 118 3 0 1, 023 63 640 33 67 0 0 35 174 3 0 149 1 47 0 9 0 0 23 68 0 0 37, 837 9, 606 19, 472 4, 427 495 0 8 218 3, 355 254 0 : 3, 924 377 3, 203 202 5 0 0 2 45 87 0 7.0 5, 789 675 4, 670 241 13 0 0 7 114 67 0 9.0 to 6, 677 827 5, 403 229 20 0 0 7 157 32 0 11.0 to 6, 814 940 5, 410 220 19 0 0 7 194 21 0 13.0 to 5, 982 679 4,811 161 22 0 0 8 287 10 0 15.0 to 4, 498 420 3, 722 102 19 0 0 9 218 5 0 17.0 to 2, 929 204 2, 438 68 18 0 0 , 193 4 ft) 19.0 to 1, 869 71 1,599 41 9 0 0 4 141 1 0 21.0 to 1, 903 52 1,580 40 19 0 0 4 206 0 0 Spire secs ese ee a 178 0 80 5 3 0 0 0 87 0 0 Woah). ee 81,383 | 40,567 4,249 | 32,918 1,314 151 0 0 55 1, 646 231 0 South: : EO COUN so See eS 17, 598 8, 829 1,760 5, 470 987 43 0 1 15 396 155 0 Oto s Or 11a Oe 8 S 2 24,122 | 12, 606 2, 679 7, 819 1, 255 66 0 1 23 643 115 0 SO ton 0 ares 8 26,850 | 14,100 3, 076 8, 940 1, 173 77 0 1 26 717 86 A) LIM Nk Yoo eet oie 25, 941 13, 435 2,771 8, 744 97 0 1 34 781 58 0 18:0 to) Wi Obs om oe 28 21, 852 10, 865 1,819 7, 510 617 92 0 1 29 761 34 0 15.0 to'l7.08 ee Se 15, 966 7, 636 1, 005 5, 650 357 67 0 ) 34 503 15 0 PUAVEO 39.0522. eee 10, 563 4,799 450 3, 635 219 55 0 0 25 400 12 0 19-040) 21.02 2252-8 6, 682 2, 876 175 2, 270 98 45 0 1 20 260 4 0 Daa Pe a te ed 8, 509 2, 926 116 2, 220 79 86 0 0 39 381 3 0 Oe eS 1, 429 327 1 128 6 12 0 0 23 155 0 0 Total, South__.________. 159,517 | 78,404 | 13,855 | 52,391 5, 741 646 0 8 273 5, 002 485 0 Summary of the East: LU al i oe ata els ES 47,157 | 19, 087 1, 760 5, 629 1, 247 1, 114 548 6, 142 926 396 1, 309 10 7.0 to 9.0____ 55,380 | 22,174 2, 679 8, 064 1, 606 1, 279 563 5, 056 977 643 1, 284 19 9.0 to 11.0__ 53,813 | 20,740 3, 076 9, 218 1, 495 1, 152 347 2, 962 915 717 830 25 11.0 to 13.0___ 46,580 | 17,992 2,771 8, 958 1, 201 1, 128 191 1, 588 835 782 510 23 13.0 to 15.0__ 37,529 | 13, 850 1,819 7, 645 756 1) 063 69 782 653 762 279 17 15.0 to 17.0__ 27, 192 , 630 aL 5, 730 447 792 25 428 527 511 148 13 17.0 to 19.0__ 18, 038 6, 013 3, 671 244 570 4 207 371 81 7 11, 356 3, 657 175 2, 284 105 463 0 98 223 262 36 6 15, 578 3, 915 116 2, 236 87 669 0 54 307 392 46 3 1 128 6 113 0 0 42 161 4 0 315,194 | 117,519 13,855 | 53, 569 7, 197 8, 348 Gres 17, 321 5,779 5, 034 4, 533 127 See footnote at end of table. 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FOREST STATISTICS, “SJUNOUIe a[QISI[Jou 1O VIVp OU oJVOIpul So1OZ “FuyBouN, JO osnvdaq S[e}0} 0} ppB ou Avur eyed 1 Iz ‘Iz 98 ‘E 796 gs ‘8 Ger ‘e 160 ‘ZI 9e2‘L 818 ‘6 12S ‘OT £61‘ 020 ‘ST Te ‘IT 8h ‘8 789 ‘ZI | L8h‘b% | 608 ‘FI | Oz8 ‘FI | Z6L ‘LT | $29 ‘L6T 91z 81 Zz ¥6 II lll ze 9L 19 ¥S 16 +9 0g ZOT SOF £82 | OVE | 1S Tl % SILT 00T 8% 06S 191 Ih Ore 8S¢ Z6P FIs 68F 1S9 102 169 606‘T | 100‘T | Oge‘T | TS0‘T | 99 IT LOL 101 ce Z9F ZI ¥ST 6% t9F tag 062 cce &SP OST 8LP @L1‘T | 6g¢ T6L PIL | 869 “2 £21 ‘T 881 £9 682 181 60 688 LSL £69 Osh 029 902 C61 GPL ZE8‘T | 968, LEL‘T | S2r‘T | S20 ‘ar 666 ‘T 608 901 250 ‘T Sze LLE 929 €ST'T ¢£0 'T LE9 616 096 08 FOL‘T | GL9°% | TIG‘T | LOS*T | OZLiT | 19S 21 herd LvP OST V8 ‘T (ang PEL LER 20S ‘T 10S ‘T PEL 168 ‘T 862 ‘T 6LE GLG‘T | €12‘@ | G89‘T | 8L8‘T | OLP'% | 619 '&z LSL‘Z 109 SST 098 ‘I Zs¢ cee ‘T LST 'T 802 'T GEL ‘T O18 +6 ‘T 1S‘ Sch €16'T | 999‘ | 690° | 920'% | SOR'Z | 88S '8z 966 ‘¢ ZL9 col 0G2 ‘T £19 008 ‘Z 798 ‘T £96 ‘T ChL ‘T 868 668 ‘Z 906 ‘T Leg ZI'% =| 6hL‘e | 668° | 6Ez‘Z | 806'% | 20 ‘ee S10 ‘¢ S19 bas 266 96S 788 ‘E Osh ‘T OF ‘T $1 ‘T 882 LIZ‘ 690 ‘% 1e¢ y40'% | 69b'E | SE's | ¥60'% | THO’ | G00 (se 966 ‘8 8ZP IIT 669 1067 188 ‘Z P82 ‘T £6L £92 ‘T $99 O8T ‘E £380 °% 90 ¥S9‘T | 209% | 2H6‘T | 8IS‘T | S0T‘Z | 020 ‘8% 60S ‘L 861 91z 298 ‘b 408 iva CLS ‘SZ e116 ZR ‘6 968 012‘ ZIP #S 6869 | szo‘st | 889‘2 | S89‘e | IFL‘8 | ZIT‘I8 ZL 0 I (65 0 98 JA PL £9 vat 81 g I 9L 062 col ¥0T COT Z01 ‘T Ib Zz £ 108 £2 £01 Z81 10¢ 9S fiat ¥91 62 L GLY F9I‘T | 099 Shr ahr £86 ‘¢ Ove £ ji 29% €I Ww iat ¥Gr #68 GL 621 61 £ LIe 902 cle OF ¥e 608 ‘eg 82S G iat 6LE 8 Le £61 069 ge9 £01 ZIG Ké £ ocr 980‘T | 0S (daa 18S $9L ‘S TeL Il At 19S ce 09 092 690 ‘T 666 921 19% 88 9 102 eho ‘t | 989 rag 8e8 oge ‘8 616 | 81 8% Obl GP Lv 128 60% ‘T ST¥‘T LIL ZLE Gg S 026 ¥96‘T | 026 86h PSI ‘T | 286 ‘OT £60 ‘T 1% 68 608 oP 18 188 666 ‘T 029 ‘T 201 SP 9¢ P OOT‘T | 802‘2 | 160‘T | 06F gre‘T | So ‘zr 102 ‘1 98 eh £92 ov ae aug 19F ‘T 129 ‘I £6 61g 19 g OPE‘ | O18'% | 61‘ | 82h SIS‘ | GFL ‘ZI 6eL'T 6h 18 C6 oP SI oge 891 ‘T E8h ‘T 69 €L¢ 99 6 Geo‘T | 981'% | LLT‘T | ZOF cel ‘t | SIS ‘IT 010 ‘T eh &% P68 % Il 882 FIL SLI ‘T oP 86h (5 8 9S ZI9‘T | O16 18% 916 692 ‘8 £h9 'F AIT 0ZI $68 ‘T PIT ZS8 Lt ‘T 6608 ogt ‘S och 889 OF 8 19h ‘6 | 991‘8 | SLe‘h | OFG'T | TeL‘h | SI8 ‘OF Ge 0 0 SI 0 9% 9 SI ¥% 8 I if 0 cP £81 IP 18 9% SIP GOk it 0 £6 Or 26 Zl IST 01% PL 1% al z 662 GEG BLZ 161 GLI £89 ‘3 GIZ if if ¢ v 18 18 el 061 tp &1 It 0 06T ore LLI (aa el 6LL ‘T 128 £ Pie 96 rat 1e SOT 861 162 GP £8 rat 0 19% 896 6 ST 1S 8h9 ‘% £9 L Or 9LI rat 0g ial Ge LL OL 09 1% 0 SOF 868 PLE Gt Gor FOL ‘Pb €Lg Or SI p82 LI 68 PLT RSP 9ZL 85 OL £8 I Lvs 660‘T | 22S PLZ P19 LLY'S 219 02 G% LE% iat ze G61 #S¢ 298 1¢ 86 1g it OL £22 ‘T | 6S9 1a $89 128 ‘9 08L £2 ¥% Zz 81 £2 912 ¥2S 198 8b 821 It 0 G6L cee‘t | 7eL 692 ZOL 689 ‘9 OOL 62 % 2ST ST OL £12 68h 928 88 981 Iv if €IL R8I‘T | 6rL 8&2 P19 cel ‘9 919 1% gI O0L 6 L 6ST 8h 699 At £21 in ! 40 818 GBS GST L0¢ G99 “b G98 ‘Z 08 66 5 681 L SST ‘T £90 ‘9 269 ‘P 68h 22s IZT oP €z¢'2 | scg‘o | ere‘e | 6ez‘t | O10‘ | 962 ‘OF 18 0 I 98 0 6 Or 6S 68 6 91 b 0 1g 9ST £21 99 6L £89 SOT I £ L0z rat Il 09 ose ove tL £h1 Lt S OLT 629 Z8E Che 192 666 ‘% vel (< 9 OLT 6 v £9 162 102 0g SII 8 £ 921 098 861 LIt 161 920 ‘% L61 z Or £82 91 9 18 16P ore LS 6LI ST £ P61 81g $92 891 08% SII‘ 19% v 9 GRE £% Or 611 eh, ZLP GG 902 91 9 962 SRO 11g 002 SIP Ge‘ ove 8 ra 10g lz L L¥L 096 689 6 208 1% v GLE G98 £68 £22 OLS 60¢ ‘¢ tag L +1 OLS 82 g O81 SbO‘T L9L 1g coe G% z L6e G86 leh 81Z 299 BL ‘9 OLY rat 61 19g 8% 8 C61 186 092 ww 168 02 G ese GL6 vor 802 919 ¥90 ‘9 oy 0z Il aaa 1% S 991 8cL LS9 18 98h G@ L 128 8b6 LZP £91 81S 618 ‘S 68 rad 6 62, 91 £ 821 cor 60 ve GLE 81 ry bated PEL Ge rat 80P PII‘ asecns +0°62 ~~ ~0°6Z 91 01S ~~~" > 5 0'TS 07 0°61 7777" = 70°61 07 O'LT 777757 TONLT 07 O'ST 77~ ~~ O'ST 03 OST Tis ene ROvOIE canons OWL EOL 06: nine LOLOws Ore ine eee em OFA Ong seq ey} jo Areuruimg “yMog ‘[BIOL, pues; t ~+0°62 ~~~" 70°66 01 O'TS “7>"" > -O'TS 93 O'6T Tosne JOOLOLORT Min roar oe ae +0°6z 7777)” 7016S 07 O11 ““="" "OTS 04 O°6T “7577 > 1016 OF O'LT Tee > [OAT OF O'ST >) JO LOU OST > OST OL OTL eee SPU nies, ~~ 70°6 04 0°L Pe cnnn 2 LOPOuOrg 2[B.Quedy Nog eae +0762 “~~~ * -0°6Z 04 OTS “~~~ > -0°TS 07. 0°61 7. 06L OF OZT Pees LOM TRO! Cos LOIRE eames aaa haw ban ge ie el FID: Nataceeemorabt 1-4) fees atid THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 258 £80 ‘Z CFL‘T | 99 OF eee‘ | 968 666 €sg‘t | OT 0 g GP LeE‘h | ZSe L6h‘E 08 FEL ‘$I | €82‘6 QTO°ST | 99TSTS) | 68h #9 |imonnasnnea 1840L 16z 80T OL € rag iad G8E S6L g 0 G L zse‘% | SFT 98 ‘T 06 610 4) $9 A 1&6 id ¥C6, ‘8 9€€ ‘¥% i Coenen Ye +0°6z O88 906 Il I 869 g8 G0G 89€ z 0 z LT 98 +9 ZE9 62 160 € €96 1 8E9 3% 628 6 8ch OT 0°6Z 03 01% c9L L9 9 0 SEG 1 1g 66 T 0 I L 1ZZ LT OST 4 LOL O8F 119 I8h @ LVL Gi || geen on O°1% 04 0°61 é8I t6 g 0 18Z £@ tg 66 0 0 0 & GIG 61 OST 9 982 €0¢ 089 Seo % 91S) Gia | ean 0°61 04 O'LT 96T 98 8 8 866 SG 6S 6 0 0 0 £ 10Z 0G OFT z GI8 20g 099 669 % LCSh Coma | aang O'LT 0} OST 19% cal L Il IS€ GS 09 ZOr T 0 0 0 SLT 81 #1 Or 962 T1g¢ 929 S9F % POSING SEN EE ceiacae OST 03 OST G0G 611 g T LOE LZ 19 cOT 0 0 0 0 LET 14 Set a 962 €0¢ 16S SLES GO Lip Gian! | pain OST 03 OTT 98T SIT S 6 STé 0Z 9g £6 0 0 0 S LOT 61 aa g €€L 6Sh Ig¢ OLT'S 98h Zz Bb ieasste. 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Ayooy Uloyynog 621 0 0 26S Tel 968 869 ‘ST | 0 1S6‘T | $96‘ | PRF‘S | 0 0 OLE % 0 Iat'T 669 ‘8 GPS ‘9 POT ‘9T | 9OT'SO | L28"E9 |--~-~--- 77> [BIOL T 0 0 6 Il al I 0 88 908 99P 0 0 79% 0 OL eer £56 680 ‘T OPS ‘8 GR Oy as | ae ip Ramee nid L 0 0 GL £8 0g 88 0 Shh 1SL 980‘T | 0 0 119 0 11z $92 ‘T SEI ‘T 099 ‘% 808 ‘8 COB: 8int| Grup ecsa es 0°6Z 01 0°1% £ 0 0 l@ 1 lz SII 0 POL #82 zePr 0 0 62 0 GL 96P SIP S81 ‘I B2pa gen KOOP) Geen acme came 01% 01 0°61 (6 0 0 Le 68 (49 692, 0 9LI 688 16S 0 0 £22 0 86 £29 LES £68 ‘T Sta ‘FP Rai am |e srce aan 0°61 OF O'LT v 0 0 8b £9 9 GS | 0 PSI ele 919 0 0 L¥Z 0 £01 TLL 9s9 $29 'T GET ‘¢ SOC; Cin |nas a cee Sr OILOVOIOD 6 0 0 v9 €L 26 OPT | 0 O81 ZRe ORG 0 0 91 0 OIL 0S6 6S gs ‘T 092 ‘9 PROLOIe sake eae OST 01 OST Il 0 0 18 6 cel 060'% | 0 291 £00 186 0 0 LSz 0 681 £00 ‘T L6L 928 ‘T OOF ‘2 SOP LF me poms ey O'8T O1 OTL 02 0 0 18 201 6ST ZLe'8 | 0 8ST GOP ig 0 0 061 0 £81 Wi ‘T £19 £6L‘T 609 '8 119 ‘8 0106 l@ 0 0 06 8II VSI ZLt'y | 0 221 80 2SP 0 0 891 0 01 821 'T ¥9¢ P89 ‘T Ob8 ‘8 666 '8 OL Iv 0 0 PL SII 801 Lo8‘@ | 0 vol 662 Gee 0 0 £8 0 19 988 8c8 881 ‘T $80 ‘2 006 ‘L SUTByUNOY - a0 AYOoY UsloyWON U6F | 909'T | 889 199 G8 PI | 980" | 8L°9 | 069'% | HAT'D | 66L'% | ZBP'T | BOR ‘ZI | Rab‘P | TOg'T ere‘b | eIh‘or | eiz‘ee | eoe’se | 229‘22 | SFO ‘9% | GO‘TEZ |~--~---~ ~~ THIOL @ GIT VOT ay ee Le 888 OZ'T | PELs | 98% 811 6eb'9 | ZIb'% | 968 168 '2 | OL8‘PT | 299‘OT | 8OT'8 | B9c‘be | POT'PS | 906'FB |-~~~-~~~ +066 Red we 119 921 PLL‘T | 989 69% L119 R9I‘'T | 829 912 GLL'% | 198 R28 E82 POG‘TT | Z80‘L 918 ‘9 O1Z'FT | Z0Z‘LP | L80‘6P == 0'6Z 94 01% og 18 998 #9 108 We 981 el R08 £61 val 619 22a gor 181 VOLS 660'% 10g ‘T 160 ‘P QOOME Taal | pSe8)a 0 | ccm eee O'1% 01 061 we vi 1e9 19 180'T | ZIZ 997, vel 1g8 R1z PL £29 VIZ VIL GLI lee ‘8 rat) ar 208 ‘T Ila ‘'F 169‘8T | G22 ‘PT "= 0'6T 09 OLT ae 1 08L VL Oe 'T | 892 giv £e1 Z08 LZ ray 109 £02 gil £1 gol‘ Pit 068 'T 862 'P ZOL‘'ST | S10 ‘OT ~-"O'LT 09 O'ST 7 at D6 19 Ov9'T | Bh £99 R21 862 LOE ov1 819 OLI 921 Pol 096 ‘z PRI 'Z P82 ‘T 183‘ GLP RD KORO; ODen scone es OST OF OST i He 0f0‘T | 89 OL‘T | 89% 886 | £21 0ze 182 OPI RLP 681 ral Vol 199 ‘2, PIT ‘2 612 ‘1 6a RGL'ST | B82'PE |~~77 7777 OST 99 OTT rtd We ert ‘T | 09 106‘ | oe We'T | Gal 19%, 992 Ze eee 601 88 R81 292 ‘% 986 ‘1 201 'T Agb'8 OCL‘TT | 220'BE |7---7""* >" O'TT 09 0°6 ats oe % oten|eia 26 'T | 282 928'T | Or £97, 997, Til £92 iat} 19 801 809 'T 629 ‘T 086 RER 'Z TLL ‘6 raaqy [ose 06 OL O'T | ge £08 'T | O61 PUL Dh || 82 ZBI 291 REI 991 ae rag el Z10'T 902 ‘T 189 986 ‘T 0z0'L £28 '8 we ES ; : O° « 260 TABLE 15.—Net volume of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the East b THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES January 1, 1970} (Million board feet, International 14-inch log rule] y species, diameter class, and timber supply region, See footnote at end of table. Softwoods Timber supply region and Total diameter class (inches) all Total Longleaf | Shortleaf| Other Eastern Spruce Other Ponder- | species soft- and an yellow white Jack and Eastern | Cypress | eastern | osa and | woods slash loblolly pines and red pine balsam | hemlock soft- Jeffrey — pines pines pines fir woods pine Northeast: CHa doy she eee ee 15, 809 15, 809 0 399 802 2, 788 0 8, 349 2,391 0 1,079 0 LT 0iC oh 3 0b esate ee 40, 994 11,799 0 340 678 2, 675 0 5, 011 2, 272 0 820 0 ISI0;TOM SOEs ao see | Baie os 33, 344 8, 107 0 233 383 2, 669 0 2,610 1,773 0 436 0 SOON OSes 2 22 See ee 24, 424 5, 532 0 184 276 1,985 0 1, 424 1, 428 0 232 (1 LO tone Olt a eee 16, 772 3, 356 0 97 73 1, 330 0 727 1,010 0 117 0 19: O\toi2) 02 ee ees 10, 737 2,131 0 46 16 1, 164 0 328 530 0 45 0 ZO O}29: 05 See eee en 15, 604 2, 763 0 61 36 1, 801 0 219 590 0 54 0 2910 ee ae ee es os Ss 2, 464 346 0 0 0 296 0 0 37 0 12 0 Totali=: Spe eee aes 160, 151 49, 846 0 1, 362 2, 267 14,711 0 18, 670 10, 035 0 2,799 0 Northcentral: SOMO WMU ON eae eee 8, 656 8, 656 0 593 419 1, 293 1, 451 2, 367 675 1 1,748 106 TN OMCOpLSSO) = seat eee 43, 635 6, 373 0 525 327 1, 618 876 1,121 820 8 953 122 | IS{Ostoslb: Osa ssa es sees 36, 123 4, 636 0 405 229 1, 676 343 515 787 9 570 99 | 15:0; COpLiOS Su vee es 27, 705 3, 521 0 180 112 1, 442 153 408 762 38 337 84 DW Uk oy Net ie See ee ie 19, 325 2, 469 0 64 48 1, 273 19 193 587 15 214 528 LOO F012 Oe = eee enna 12, 378 1, 742 0 17 12 904 3 139 482 16 119 45 Z10'CO}29'0 2s See ee ie See 20, 226 2, 453 0 12 5 1, 225 0 25 870 83 201 28 29:0 we se ee 3, 665 362 0 2 0 229 0 0 74 42 13 0 Tota lsee aes os aia 171, 716 30, 215 0 1,800 1,155 9, 662 2, 847 4,772 5, 061 216 4, 159 539 North: O:0}toni0 set ce... see ee 24, 465 24, 465 0 992 1, 221 4, 081 1, 451 10, 716 3, 067 1 2, 827 106 11,0)to'13:02225.- 84, 629 18, 172 0 865 1,005 4, 293 876 6, 133 3, 092 8 1, 774 122 13:.0to 16:02 = 2- 69, 467 12, 744 0 638 613 4, 345 343 3,125 2, 561 9 1, 007 99 15:0;tow7:02 52252 25 52, 130 9, 053 0 365 388 3, 428 153 1, 833 2,191 38 570 84 L7-Oitol 19:02. ee 36, 097 5, 826 0 161 122 2, 603 19 920 1,598 15 331 52 19:0:tojZ103- = ee 23,115 3, 873 0 64 28 2, 069 3 467 1,012 16 165 45 21.0 to 29.0 35, 831 5, 217 0 73 42 3, 026 0 245 1, 461 83 256 28 29.0+ 6, 129 708 0 2 0 525 0 0 112 42 26 0 Lotaleeseaee stake ane 331, 868 80, 061 0 3, 163 3, 422 24, 374 2, 847 23, 442 15, 096 216 6, 959 539 Southeast: 9:0 toll Os ears eee eee 27, 112 27,112 8,972 12, 401 3, 297 214 0 10 67 1, 934 214 0 1 Otol sO ase2 eas = 50, 040 28, 622 8, 302 14, 303 2,949 336 0 11 115 2, 444 157 0 UH UA ova lh ee ee 45, 234 22,997 5, 555 12, 687 2,023 327 0 7 97 2,197 102 0 LOO OMi7A0 22 aks see ee 33, 861 15, 447 2,875 9, 557 1,190 236 0 2 122 1, 415 47 0 L720;CONL9: 0 See ees ee 23, 498 9, 474 1, 256 6,116 712 187 0 3 113 1, 048 35 0 19: Oto 20s eee ea 14, 364 5, 068 512 3, 400 271 179 0 6 79 607 12 0 21 OCOL29: 0 eee eae eee 19, 107 5, 298 340 3, 322 191 350 0 2 172 902 17 0 29,0: a oe aera eet 3, 797 691 5 233 1 43 0 0 100 305 0 0 Motalessan- + tees 217,015 114, 712 27, 821 62, 022 10, 638 1, 877 0 44 868 10, 854 586 0 Southcentral: 9.0 to 11.0 26, 976 26, 976 3,545 21, 758 882 71 0 0 27 594 96 0 11.0 to 13.0__ 58, 341 33, 932 4,765 27,019 1, 050 89 0 0 30 890 87 0 13.0 to 15.0___ 56, 903 32, 692 3, 734 26, 383 854 106 0 0 43 1, 519 50 0 15.0 to 17.0 45, 415 25, 981 2,420 21, 569 569 98 0 0 44 1, 252 27. 0 17.0 to 19.0_ 30, 348 17, 334 1, 201 14, 492 371 89 0 0 14 1137, 28 0 19.0 to 21.0_ 20, 283 11, 309 436 9,711 237 50 0 0 25 841 6 0 21.0 to 29.0_ 25, 220 11, 828 325 9, 873 241 98 0 0 22 1, 269 0 0 29.0+ 3, 344 1,108 0 508 39 19 0 0 4 536 0 0 161, 163 16, 428 131, 316 4, 246 622 0 0 211 8, 040 297 0 54, 088 12,517 34, 160 4,180 286 0 10 94 2, 529 310 0 62, 554 13, 067 41, 322 4, 000 426 0 11 146 3, 334 244 0 55, 690 9, 290 39, 070 2,877 434 0 7 140 3, 716 153 0 41, 429 5, 296 31, 126 1,759 334 0 2 166 2, 667 75 0 26, 808 2, 457 20, 609 1, 083 77 0 3 128 2, 185 64 0 16, 378 948 13, 112 508 229 0 6 104 1, 448 19 0 17,127 665 13, 195 432 449 0 2 194 veal Al ily 0 1,799 5 7 41 62 0 0 105 842 0 0 275, 875 44,249 | 193,338 14, 884 2, 499 0 44 1, 080 18, 895 883 0 Summary of the East: SO tol Of 78, 553 78, 553 12, 517 35, 152 5, 401 4, 367 1, 451 10, 726 3, 162 2, 530 3, 138 106 D0;t013:0b eae ees 193, 011 80, 727 13, 067 42,188 5, 006 4,719 876 6, 144 3, 238 3, 343 2,019 122 13:0;to31 5:05 eae otae eee 171, 605 68, 434 9, 290 39, 709 3, 491 4,779 343 3, 132 2,701 3, 725 1, 160 99 LOLOL OM HOLS SSe Se aes eee 131, 407 50, 482 5, 296 31, 491 2, 148 3, 763 153 1, 836 OER LEY/ 2,705 645 84 Lf O}CORLOLOREaeteee soe seen a 89, 944 32, 635 2, 457 20,771 1, 206 2, 880 19 923 1, 726 2, 201 395 52 ID OO OLe is oe ee eae 57, 763 20, 251 948 13, 176 537 2, 298 3 474 1,117 1, 465 184 45 ZNO OFZ 0 Se ee ok 80, 159 22, 344 665 13, 268 474 3, 475 0 247 1, 655 2, 254 273 28 VO eee Soe Re | 13, 272 2, 507 5 744 41 588 0 0 217 884 26 0 Totaly eee = eae eee 815,718 | 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aUNjOa JaNNR—'OT “TAY J, APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 TaBLeE 17.—Net volume of growing stock on commercial timberland in the East, by species January 1, 1970! {Million cubic feet] 265 and section, region, and State Softwoods Total Section, region, and State all Longleaf | Shortleaf| Other | Eastern Spruce Other | Ponder- species and and yellow white Jack and Eastern | Cypress | eastern | osa and pines and red pine balsam | hemlock soft- Jeffrey pines fir woods pine eee New England: Connecticut 1, 898 3 57 0 0 135 0 34 0 lr = 21, 253 0 1,517 0 10, 756 1,151 0 1,339 0 67 395 0 44 258 0 6 0 0 1, 267 0 1,159 460 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 5 0 ae eae We 0 314 0 796 337 0 61 0 | 70| 3,565 o| 12,755| 2,341 o| 1,460 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 0 0 0 20 0 11 0 0 300 23 0 0 28 0 28 0 0 21 1,321 0 673 1,121 0 155 0 0 184 584 0 ll 796 0 26 0 0 272 85 0 78 145 0 5 0 ‘ 0 1,023 2,013 0 762 2,110 0 225 0 0 724 412 1,399 642 0 1, 136 0 Minnesota - - -- 0 665 886 1,735 0 0 610 0 North Dakota-------------- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 698 452 662 360 0 491 0 0 2,087 1,750 3,796 | 1,002 0 2, 237 19 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 11 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 258 10 0 0 45 8 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ll 21 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 109 0 80 28 0 0 8 0 8 0 0 364 38 L 0 53 32 125 109 *Potal. Worth. -=----_—=- 0 1, 457 7,703 1,751 17,313 5, 506 32 4, 047 128 = South Atlantic: North Carolina --- 1, 565 254 0 8 114 296 80 0 South Carolina- -- 583 19 0 0 4 478 47 0 Warghuiae ss) —_ 1,349 157 0 1 92 48 48 0 ieee = a ee 430 0 9 210 822 175 0 ese eee = ee 0 0 0 0 1, 845 74 0 os Se 65 0 50 10 687 5 0 65 0 0 10 2, 532 79 0 0 0 0 0 114 35 0 0 0 0 0 161 24 0 151 0 0 55 29 104 0 151 0 0 55 304 163 0 0 0 0 0 187 49 0 0 0 0 0 1, 088 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 67 13 0 0 0 0 0 1,343 69 0 Rotal, Souths == <== =-- 159, 517 78, 404 5, 742 646 0 9 275 5, 001 486 0 Total, Eastern United Sinise ees 315, 193 117, 518 7,199 8, 349 1,751 17, 322 5,781 5, 033 4, 533 128 See footnote at end of table. 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Sas ees z (489M) e : j 3 : ejoyeqd yyNnog A 62 0 0 StS $12 eg tr ‘6 | 0 12z 926 '% | 6LE'% | 0 0 eS 0 eIe b98 % 118% 8EL ‘2 OLE58C 5 | 090: 8cin | anne z BURJUOW PP +6 0 0 OFT OF €L1 ell‘b | 0 189‘T | 8c9‘I | 8#I‘% | 0 0 821% 0 808 GHGS 992 ‘% 186 ‘L 892 6 | L6P ‘6z piers use sUTeyUNOTN e ANNOY UTOYIION a 116 ‘F 909‘T | 889°2 | 299 €z8 ‘FI | 960‘€ | e82‘9 | 069‘% | FST‘9 | 66L‘% | LZEF‘T | 898‘ZI | 82h‘ | 109'T ehe 'F PIb ‘OF | FIZ‘Ee | GEE‘Es | LZ9‘LL | €F9‘9%% | 9OF‘THZ |-----7 eo) oyed “[eIOL a A. 480% StI‘T | 99 OF Pees | 968 666 €88‘T | OT 0 g (ag Lbe‘b | 298 L6F'S 08 PPL‘FI | €82'6 S10‘St | 99T‘IG | O6h‘#S |7---------> 1810.L ma Gez 0 0 0 ez P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oss 0 0 Om 0 P GES o.0. |e ee He Me H i 6F8 ‘T GhI‘T | 99 OF 660‘€ | 268 666 €88‘T | OL 0 g (a7 Lee‘b | 398 16h‘ 08 PPL ‘FI | 8826 CHOPS AA lAG) NING. aa ss BIUIOJ TBO 3 [YSOMYINOS OYIOV | ay 828% 19 e192 | 209 68h ‘IT | 0F9'% | F8L‘S | LOL bFI‘9 | 662‘% | C8F‘T | 928 ‘ZI | 18 6PL'T 9FR pee ‘9b | OLP‘8T | 9T9‘€T | 609‘Z9 | ZBF‘SLZT | 926 ‘98T |-~-~--77 7-7 18I0OL foe] Itt 8 eLL‘€ | 992 8S1‘G | ZZ 829‘T | 0 GLL‘€ | PRL‘T | 299 Sz9 0 CCP 0 LO8 ‘91 | 862‘8 $08 'E O6F ‘TZ | 2496‘69 | STI‘s9 |---7777~- AIBUIUINS & 99 0 £ £01 ILI GL L6r‘T | 0 682 eeL‘T | 229 0 0 11€ 0 199 £6L'% ILL‘ 198 ‘¢ COAT | NG OLir 2 Toa | cian UL0}SB A 90 ‘T 8 OLL‘E | S91 186% | OFT 1eI 0 98F‘e | IT 0g 929 0 IIt 0 9FI‘9I | 0009 £e EZ0G9 Tees | POLE cha | heCeL Pen | peeseme emer 10489 i TUOPTUTYSE AA ie) r F F i i 5 P F F i i r F i Ban | ee ro) 604 ‘T eoh FOL‘ | 9OT ze0‘9 | TOT‘ | 9ST‘b | 20L #9E‘T | 990‘T | 28 e90‘T | 18 LoL 9F8 OFS ‘8 Z19 6 Z18 ‘6 611 ‘Ih | 190‘18 | g60°28 AIBN 3 emia’ pes te seals | zs =a a Pen 0 See 9% 8& 968 £98‘e@ | LOT 91 620‘T | OFL Oe 0 ial OL LIL, gs ‘F 790 ‘6 OLE ‘€ SECnE Gime OLCeEC || aoa Ul94SB a = GOL ‘T eoP 9c2‘€ | 08 #669 | 992 £6 009 gre‘T | 92 Z8 €90‘T | 18 6Lg QLL 62F ‘8 28L ‘F O9L GPLELE, | (NES899). sl PLTSscO |e on ase uretseA e u a 8 0 98 gz 662 192‘T | 0 0 so0‘T | 0 £ SFI‘IT | 0 0 0 186 ‘0 | 99 0 0 69F FE | 89L'PE | [ejsBoH -eVyxsely 14SOMYU}ION OYIOV ml Seas Spoom uadse | spoom | spoom eonids ould -piey pues -prey -4Jos ould Ivped | Ieped | yore, | 10Yy4O ould yoo Aolgor spoom ule Aro Jape | poom ule ula aod -asued | -pol ula pue | vonids | poom | 9oy14yM auld -wey siy pue Iy -yJos ~jSomM pew -u0y -JSOM | -JSOM | -adpOT -u] ude -ysoM | UUBUL | BHIIS -pey | Uloysom | sesng | ulojsom | on, eSOlop |-Sejsnod] |[e4IOL saweds 91819 19y10 -40D TR1IOL | 12430 -4SOM -jodu gq -u0d re pue ‘uodar ‘Uu0Toeg 4 =i 18301 SPpOOMPIB]T spoomyjog 268 (309) O1qnd LOTTA] 1 OL61 ‘T fiupnunp ‘ayn7g pun ‘uorbas ‘uorsas pun sataads fq sa 44 OY) UL puDdpLaquir) PoLdsaUUUOD UO YI0}S Bu_MosB fo aWNIOA JaANI—'ST ATAV], APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 January 1, 1970} [Million board feet, International 14-inch log rule] 269 TaBLe 19.—Net volume of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the East by species and section, region, and State, as of Softwoods Total Section, region, and State all Longleaf | Shortleaf} Other | Eastern Spruce Other |Ponderosa species Total and and yellow white Jack and Eastern | Cypress | eastern and softwoods| slash loblolly pines and red pine balsam | hemlock softwoods| Jeffrey pines pines pines fir pine _ New England: eagmnmectiout- _ ==. 3253 2,611 346 0 0 6 95 0 0 238 0 7 0 i 34, 520 23, 456 0 0 0 4, 568 0 13, 838 2, 666 0 2, 383 0 1,324 0 0 48 0 30 411 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 1,078 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 720 0 50 0 5, 113 0 2, 464 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 30 0 99 0 53 0 2,711 0 227 0 1,651 0 17 0 ' 441 0 8 0 4,923 0 335 0 3, 189 0 2,221 0 0 0 820 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 1, 688 0 920 0 26, 088 0 0 0 9, 572 2, 846 4, 772 4, 877 0 3,961 58 25 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 13 if 0 184 0 12 64 0 0 0 0 74 34 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1, 968 0 782 822 35 0 0 154 61 115 0 1,072 0 996 0 0 0 0 0 68 8 0 489 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 482 378 0 0 270 56 0 0 30 0 22 0 . 4,127 0 1, 800 1, 156 91 1 0 184 216 198 482 , ata Wrerkhe 3 331, 868 80, 062 0 3, 164 3, 421 24, 374 2, 847 23, 441 15, 097 216 6, 958 540 South Atlantic: North Carolina___------_--- 58, 128 28, 612 987 20, 630 3, 992 971 0 42 442 1,322 226 0 36, 434 20, 382 2, 800 13, 989 1,717 68 0 0 13 1, 732 62 0 39, 227 11, 885 0 8, 066 2,614 549 0 2 380 209 65 0 Motels. 2-8 2 133, 789 60, 879 3, 787 42, 685 8,323 1, 588 0 44 835 3, 263 353 0 30, 464 19, 966 11, 245 1, 983 1,055 0 0 0 0 5, 454 228 0 52, 762 33, 868 12, 788 17, 354 1, 260 290 0 0 34 2,138 5 0 83, 226 53, 834 24, 033 19, 337 2,315 290 0 0 34 7, 592 233 0 52, 769 34, 874 7,914 24,975 1,376 0 0 0 0 550 58 0 44,732 28, 079 4,825 21, 689 679 0 0 0 0 840 47 0 26, 340 4, 699 0 1,972 1, 668 622 0 0 212 130 95 0 Told. 3 Pa 5 aaa 123, 841 67, 652 12,739 48, 636 3, 723 622 0 0 212 1, 520 200 0 940 53 0 5, 268 6 0 3 9 0 310 29 0 0 0 6, 521 97 0 SLOLAl SOUbI == 483,850 | 275,877 44, 248 193, 338 14, 885 2, 500 0 44 f 1,081 18, 896 883 0 Total, Eastern United intense Fo 815,718 355, 939 44, 248 196, 502 18, 306 26, 874 2, 847 23, 485 16,178 19, 112 7, 841 540 See footnote at end of table. 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FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 279 TaBLeE 25.—Net annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods and section, region, and State, 1970 } (Thousand cubic feet] All species Softwoods Hardwoods Section, region, and State eee ae a Growth Removals Growth Removals Growth Removals New England: OD TROT CS ee es 45, 362 8, 553 6, 110 1,310 39, 252 7, 243 ToT ae ee eee 710, 800 408, 700 550, 000 275, 200 160, 800 133, 500 Massachusetts___......_.------ 80, 999 31, 329 22, 585 14, 709 58, 414 16, 620 New Hampshire 138, 136 60, 490 85, 818 24, 635 52, 318 35, 855 See Intnl ee 9, 758 2, 376 889 493 8, 869 1, 883 St ee ee a a eee eee 92, 850 50, 995 45, 416 22, 043 47, 434 28, 952 DTTP See See ees eee 1, 077, 905 562, 443 710, 818 338, 390 367, 087 224, 053 Middle Atlantic: Delaware _- 30, 959 11, 858 8, 076 8, 337 22, 883 3, 521 Maryland__-_ 106, 499 75, 572 16, 576 30, 774 89, 923 44,798 New Jersey __ 56, 911 12, 301 16, 082 5, 501 40, 829 6, 800 New York-__-__ 285, 857 114, 904 80, 247 21, 983 205, 610 92, 921 EE | ee eats 762, 820 231, 755 44, 375 16, 443 718, 445 215, 312 BRERE) Virginia sso. eee eo eee se ee 553, 665 155, 216 25, 542 12, 646 528, 123 142, 570 601, 606 190, 898 95, 684 1, 605, 813 505, 922 213, 078 176, 878 54,770 428, 233 158, 308 155, 198 114, 881 70, 227 340, 754 84, 971 3, 136 0 0 4, 973 3, 136 1, 859 928 409 3, 230 1, 450 308, 983 133, 039 39, 185 370, 598 269, 798 682, 254 425, 726 164, 591 1, 147, 788 517, 663 91, 096 1, 388 1, 009 91, 114 90, 087 65, 692 3, 886 484 102, 639 65, 208 50, 405 230 318 80, 951 50, 087 7,616 23 20 15,979 7, 596 141, 254 21, 222 11, 067 297, 992 130, 187 108, 835 24, 096 14, 086 278, 587 94, 749 10, 156 3, 831 1, 256 12, 887 8, 900 113, 120 5, 015 1, 883 152, 631 111, 237 21) <7 Git Sata a See Dene sei eee 1, 092, 471 588, 174 59, 691 30, 123 1, 032, 780 558, 051 UTD SCG aR SR ee ee 5, 540, 601 2, 434, 477 1, 387, 133 628, 788 4, 153, 468 1, 805, 689 South Atlantic: North Carolina 885, 140 690, 716 449, 010 376, 816 436, 130 313, 900 South Carolina - 691, 354 448, 977 440, 372 298, 758 250, 982 150, 219 LIT Tri Cusearat i Ne Gea oie epee arn meen 563, 478 442, 907 168, 518 165, 956 394, 960 276, 951 JC i | kr eine At o> 2s ae 2, 139, 972 1, 582, 600 1, 057, 900 841, 530 1, 082, 072 741,070 East Gulf: La LO Se I a sn 531, 800 347, 900 415, 500 278, 300 116, 300 69, 600 Orr Tyo ee: EN Ree ee Sees See eee a SSR 1, 356, 632 927, 939 993, 143 679, 535 363, 489 248, 404 LG] oF SER ee ee oe eee ease Ree eee 1, 888, 432 1, 275, 839 1, 408, 6438 957, 835 479, 789 318, 004 947, 149 807, 183 718, 691 521, 487 228, 458 285, 696 966, 261 745, 962 591, 665 461, 870 374, 596 284, 092 509, 100 216, 400 102, 900 33, 200 406, 200 183, 200 po tstle saa ss ae ere as ieee 2, 422, 510 1, 769, 545 1, 413, 256 1, 016, 557 1, 009, 254 752, 988 778, 511 620, 108 402, 972 299, 414 375, 539 320, 694 743, 842 721, 637 604, 804 522, 901 139, 038 198, 736 70, 066 52, 076 48, 421 22, 532 21, 645 29, 544 565, 972 461, 162 464, 828 335, 366 101, 144 125, 796 sRotal..-- 208 #ee £2 POS eS 2, 158, 391 1, 854, 983 1, 521, 025 1, 180, 213 637, 366 674, 770 AP ob Sotit hiss == se Saas eee so sae bebe coe 8, 609, 305 6, 482, 967 5, 400, 824 3, 996, 135 3, 208, 481 2, 486, 832 Pacific Northwest: WO CGT ee ee ee ee 31, 200 157, 090 30, 938 157, 090 262 0 Oregon Weatern 5: Se en ee 786, 000 1, 204, 000 633, 000 1, 183, 000 153, 000 21, 000 Waster 22 S98 een acorn ees ae ee 365, 000 352, 000 364, 500 352, 000 500 0 LUTE Bp See aie, Ruern op oe a EEE ee 1, 151, 000 1, 556, 000 997, 500 1, 535, 000 153, 500 21, 000 See footnotes at end of table. 280 TaBLeE 25.—Net annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES hardwoods and section, region, and State, 1970 \—Continued [Thousand cubic feet] Section, region, and State Pacific Northwest—Continued Washington: Western Total, Pacific Coast_ Northern Rocky Mountain: Td eho ets eee ee = ca ee ee een Montana: 225 eee ee South Dakota (West) 3 Wyoming!s! ec. 0e 2 Meee. ee eek See ees Southern Rocky Mountain: VATIZON 822-2 ee ee as oo ie ete ae eee ae Colorado 3- _- Uitah:3s2 3-3 oe Ee Be tae ee Cees Se Total;sRocky; Mountains see. a= Sen es ee Total, all regions 1 Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 2 Growth estimate for Hawaii is not available. 3 See footnote 2, table 3. All species Softwoods Hardwoods Growth Removals Growth Removals Growth Removals 945, 000 1, 300, 000 720, 000 1, 237, 000 225, 000 63, 000 299, 400 236, 070 296, 000 234, 000 3, 400 2,070 1, 244, 400 1, 536, 070 1, 016, 000 1, 471, 000 228, 400 65, 070 2, 426, 600 3, 249, 160 2, 044, 438 3, 163, 090 382, 162 86, 070 630, 000 927, 000 545, 000 901, 000 85, 000 26, 000 20 2, 157 20 17 20 2,140 630, 000 929, 157 545, 000 901, 017 85, 000 ie 28, 140 3, 056, 600 4, 178, 317 2, 589, 438 4, 064, 107 467, 162 114, 210 502, 963 357, 256 496, 981 357, 210 5, 982 46 443, 141 324, 411 439, 644 324, 379 3, 497 32 27,110 15, 655 26, 910 15, 655 200 0 45, 753 36, 155 42, 754 36, 155 2,999 0 1, 018, 967 733, 477 1, 006, 289 733, 399 12, 678 78 71, 275 87, 741 66, 239 87, 557 5, 036 184 157, 338 58, 993 123, 393 57, 489 33, 945 1, 504 2, 293 10 2, 052 10 241 0 75, 061 44, 086 65, 888 43, 600 9,173 486 36, 207 12, 740 25, 598 12, 260 10, 609 480 342, 174 203, 570 283, 170 200, 916 59, 004 2, 654 1, 361, 141 937, 047 1, 289, 459 934, 315 71, 682 2, 732 18, 567, 647 14, 032, 808 10, 666, 854 9, 623, 345 7, 900, 793 4, 409, 463 TaBLE 26.—Net annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods and section, region, and State, 1970 } Section, region, and State New England: Connecti cutter a eee aa ee cers eee ee Mainessse-se-- n= Massachusetts-----_ New Hampshire_-- Rhode Island-_----- Middle Atlantic: Delawares. 20 ee. Se Ne Maryland. -2-225_- New Jersey New York------- Pennsylvania West Virginia See footnotes at end of table. (Thousand board feet] All species Softwoods Hardwoods Growth Removals Growth Removals Growth Removals 81,519 28, 293 12, 611 3, 687 68, 908 24, 606 1, 622, 000 1, 299, 000 1, 224, 000 878, 000 398, 000 421, 000 111, 740 128, 219 47,192 59, 859 64, 548 68, 360 304, 892 219, 676 230, 885 98, 995 74, 007 120, 681 7, 686 6, 400 1, 395 1, 209 6, 291 5, 191 162, 727 162, 972 94, 828 69, 648 67, 899 93, 324 2, 290, 564 1, 844, 560 1, 610, 911 1, 111, 398 679, 653 733, 162 62, 641 32, 984 20, 456 21, 503 42,185 11, 481 268, 053 320, 585 43, 019 126, 837 225, 034 193, 748 141, 337 37, 059 37, 168 11, 569 104, 169 , 490 702, 595 415, 915 213, 213 66, 391 489, 382 349, 524 1, 274, 604 718, 630 96, 087 52, 619 1, 178, 517 666, O11 1, 343, 198 662, 826 73, 191 51, 002 1, 270, 007 611, 824 3, 792, 428 2, 187, 999 483, 134 329, 921 3, 309, 294 1, 858, 078 1, 588, 533 867, 017 545, 975 206, 816 1, 042, 558 660, 201 1, 057, 665 485, 168 353, 554 242, 855 704, 111 242, 313 18, 390 6, 785 0 0 18, 390 6, 785 15,719 4, 623 3, 459 770 12, 260 3, 853 1, 348, 068 795, 824 389, 547 127, 470 967, 521 668, 354 4, 028, 375 2, 159, 417 1, 283, 535 577, 911 2,744, 840 1, 581, 506 288, 587 396,942 1, 800 1, 983 286, 787 394, 959 288, 416 350, 851 8, 176 1, 030 280, 240 349, 821 338, 274 162, 530 805 864 337, 469 161, 666 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 281 Tas_Le 26.—Net annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial timberland in the United States, by softwoods and hardwoods and section, region, and State, 1970 \—Continued [Thousand board feet] : - All species Softwoods Hardwoods Section, region, and State : == ee Growth Removals Growth Removals Growth Removals Central—Continued Ka 48, 199 35, 691 0 0 48, 199 35, 691 1, 198, 381 728, 089 75, 768 39, 846 1, 122, 613 688, 243 832, 103 460, 450 91, 249 30, 168 740, 854 430, 282 80, 491 51, 630 21, 214 3, 085 59, 277 48, 545 483, 974 571, 829 17, 353 5, 489 466, 621 566, 340 yt SS ees 8 «a ee ee A oo ee a eS 3, 558, 425 2, 758, 012 216, 365 82, 465 3, 342, 060 2, 675, 547 inn UES Steg Se es Se ee ee 13, 669, 792 8, 949, 988 3, 593, 945 2,101, 695 10, 075, 847 6, 848, 293 South Atlantic: North Carolina 2, 718, 217 2, 028, 851 1, 668, 692 1, 208, 834 1, 049, 525 820, 017 2, 126, 688 1, 513, 088 1, 486, 581 999, 446 640, 107 518, 642 1,511, 156 1, 187, 050 542, 584 486, 952 968, 572 700, 098 6, 356, 061 4, 728, 989 3, 697, 857 2, 695, 232 2, 658, 204 2, 033, 757 1, 687, 500 1, 153, 700 1, 322, 500 934, 000 365, 000 219, 700 4, 051, 940 2, 892, 756 3, 209, 562 2, 204, 338 842, 378 688, 418 5, 739, 440 4, 046, 456 4, 532, 062 3, 138, 338 1, 207, 378 908, 118 3, 073, 164 2, 900, 450 2, 547, 610 2, 028, 440 525, 554 872, 010 3, 228, 384 2, 756, 830 2, 346, 722 1, 825, 233 881, 662 931, 597 1, 428, 200 819, 600 309, 000 124, 000 1, 119, 200 695, 600 7, 729, 748 6, 476, 880 5, 203, 332 3, 977, 673 2, 526, 416 2, 499, 207 2, 603, 740 2, 537, 270 1, 713, 949 1, 375, 816 889, 791 1, 161, 454 3, 153, 495 3, 024, 281 2, 737, 600 2, 350, 655 415, 895 673, 626 191, 965 188, 834 156, 684 101, 840 35, 281 86, 994 2, 253, 519 1, 837, 433 2, 054, 166 1, 406, 058 199, 353 431, 375 8, 202, 719 7, 587, 818 6, 662, 399 5, 234, 369 1, 540, 320 2, 353, 449 ‘Total, SOubie see es et See ee eS 28, 027, 968 22, 840, 143 20, 095, 650 15, 045, 612 7, 932, 318 7, 794, 531 Pacific Northwest: WWiaska: (Coastal = 255-2. ~ 225-5 se ss ee ae 164, 701 1, 079, 585 163, 317 1, 079, 585 1, 384 0 Oregon ES ee eee eee ee Pass eee 3, 628, 000 7, 678, 000 3, 035, 000 7,591, 000 593, 000 87, 000 (Ge A eee ek ee ee See 1, 367, 000 2, 098, 000 1, 365, 900 2, 098, 000 1,100 0 Rrinrinnyee. 29) 2 eee eee te eee) Fe 4, 995, 000 9, 776, 000 4, 400, 900 9, 689, 000 594, 100 87, 000 Washington Western’ 3): 22 3 es ee 8 es 4, 326, 000 7, 707, 000 3, 590, 000 7, 493, 000 736, 000 214, 000 LN oe. 2 eee Sb ee eS 1, 233, 100 1, 401, 440 1, 224, 000 1, 393, 000 9, 100 8, 440 DPR RIY! 2 2-2 ace aan en ee ee ee 5, 559, 100 9, 108, 440 4, 814, 000 8, 886, 000 745, 100 222, 440 Oa ep serps re arene ee hee rn 10, 718, 801 19, 964, 025 9, 378, 217 19, 654, 585 1, 340, 584 309, 440 2, 422, 000 5, 637, 000 2, 253, 000 5, 581, 000 169, 000 56, 000 20 10, 812 20 119 20 10, 693 Ait) eae = oe et a pe er eee 2, 422, 000 5, 647, 812 2, 258, 000 5, 581, 119 169, 000 66, 693 PDetal te aciic Const === em est ee 2 13, 140, 801 25, 611, 837 11, 631, 217 25, 235, 704 1, 509, 584 376, 133 Northern Rocky Mountain: SS eee 2 Saran ne ne 2, 005, 146 2, 105, 695 1, 992, 087 2, 105, 424 13, 059 271 WOT arin Shoe eee ee ee, 1, 486, 242 1, 814, 856 1, 473, 401 1, 814, 666 12, 841 190 South Dakota (West) 3 98, 815 87, 091 98, 815 87, 091 0 0 Wyoming 3 164, 282 195, 687 160, 345 195, 687 3, 937 0 Tyee BAR eee - ee = San! ag es ae 3, 754, 485 4, 203, 329 3, 724, 648 4, 202, 868 29, 837 461 Southern Rocky Mountain Mrizorinls Oe aoe siete). 28. fe s8 ie Bee dA ed 306, 295 491, 706 289, 445 491, 131 16, 850 575 @Polorddo sito) 2225 228 te os 2 ssi 2 671, 734 341, 219 609, 698 332, 813 62, 036 8, 406 Lh a SS eee 10, 412 63 10, 102 63 310 0 lew Mexico e! 226.2 880-2 b Bit 8 Se te Bt 252, 516 262, 103 226, 625 259, 314 25, 891 2,789 Wee ee eee ee ee 85, 122 69, 689 75, 409 69, 569 9, 713 120 Chi U2 2 es ee ee ee eee ae 1, 326, 079 1, 164, 780 1, 211, 279 1, 152, 890 114, 800 11, 890 Total, Rocky Mountain._.._________............. 5, 080, 564 5, 368, 109 4, 935, 927 5, 355, 758 144, 637 12, 851 otal, alltesions: 2% Seo Si 2 3 et Mes 59, 919, 125 62, 770, 077 40, 256, 739 47, 738, 769 19, 662, 386 15, 031, 308 1 Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 3 See footnote 2, table 3. 2 Growth estimate for Hawaii is not available. 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LIQUNAT puDsnoy,T, LaQuUinAT 1 Seal} 1 Seal} 1 Se01N0S prep u9}401 $901} 490s | sjonpoid pooMpunor JOqQUI} Mes IYIO aqeayeg | pues ysnoy | -dulmory sedMos |TV ynd4no dnoid S[BAOULOI ; ano i syonpoidAq que[d yndyno [e19.L sjmum piepueyg sotoedg [BuOIyIppe pus SjONpolg sjyonpoid pooMpunol Jo jndjno 284 OLEL ‘Spoompivy pun spoompfos pun jorsajow fo ao1nos fig ‘uorbas fyddns ysvayj40Ny 9Y) 40f sppaowas saquayy puv sjonpoid saquirj fo jndjng—' gz ATV J, 285 1970 APPENDIX I. 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SNOsUBI [OST SPI ‘26S £eo ‘og 106 820 ‘09 020 ‘822 ‘T | 889‘688‘T | O8¢‘Z69‘9T | 14z ‘LOF SEPACHOLQ aa LGSSnOvLale | SlORGeOmiGalhae- 0 ODEO | PSE Sa ee arian oe nneraieencacia [®IOL LS0 ‘219 ZL6 ‘PT 106 689 ‘Eo ZLG ‘E8Z 066 ‘Zoe 688 ‘ZI ‘b | PPh ‘e6 966‘L91‘T | beh ‘OFF CLS USO Al || Saas eee a OD RS 95 |fi os SDOOAN DIG tis | ieee eerie enapetn od 160 GL9 3% 19S ‘OF 0 689 ‘9 86P ‘686 869 ‘986 IGT ‘O81 ‘ZI | 228 ‘E1e Ler ‘bl8‘e | Sch ‘o0e ‘T | 8c9‘FS0‘9T |---~"~ ~Sp100 prepueqg |--~ ~spoomyjog |-- >>> >> poomding 168 ‘82 ‘T 162 ‘T 0 802 CGP ‘GEG Low ‘LEG 610 ‘00¢ ‘IT | 0 0 LOP ‘LEG GTOKOOG in Tull haps wus wae eater OD 2=d5 [PS Re re SS | eae reer eke ee 1210.L 96F ‘002 , OFT 0 OSF GL6 ‘88 IL9 ‘bE 680 ‘902 0 0 29 ‘FE GE0;90 Cie || aseees e ee OD sets s|[(s sSPOOM DIC ET nes veces ener eee aunty od 96€ 82Z 'T IST 'T 0 893 LbP ‘TIS 9&8 ‘Z1Z 086 ‘€6z‘T | 0 0 968 ‘ZI1Z OSGn86Ga0 |p re OD | SOO MATOS | eenrieameteeta Sj[Oq PUB sso] 1a0U9 A. 91g ‘$99 ‘9 OLF ‘FE 2G ‘8 189 ‘g Z8E‘TIT‘T | 199 ‘621‘T | ohO‘6E8‘9 | 290‘6 GPL ‘801 ECL EBEV alee |MOGLELVOLO ae OP RARE |e Sie Sie terete ap annie scien “[810.L 919 ‘186 ‘1 OI, 62S ‘8 049 ‘PF 69F ‘888 1#S ‘TSe 928 ‘801% | 0 0 TtS ‘TSE GZRERO LN Gia |iraeeny Laem a ODFses 5 |(- a SDOOM PIAGET | ag oy cee ac een eee od 096 ‘ZL9 ‘F 092 ‘F 0 L¥6 816 ‘ZLL OZT ‘BLL 022 ‘082 ‘b | 290 ‘6 GPL ‘801 GBI ‘L8L 996 ‘888 ‘ph |~~J80J pIvoq puBsnoYyy, {~~~ “SpooMajog J> ~~~ === S30] MBS yaaf psv0q qaaf 21qna qaaf 21qno qaaf 21qno qaaf n1qnd qaaf 21qna spun fo qaaf n1qnd spun fo qaaf o1qna spun fo pupsnoy,y,, | puvsnoyy, | pupsnoyy, | puvsnoyy, | pupsnoyy, | puvsnoyy LIQUINAT PUDsSNOY,T, AIQUINAT PUDSNOY,T, LIQUNAT 1 S901} 1 S001} 1 Somos peep u9}401 $901} YO0}S | sjonpoid poompunol JOqUITTMeS IYO gqeajeg | pueysnoy | -surmo1n sa0INos [TV qnd4no dnoia s[eAoulel ate, sjyonpoidAq Jue[d qnd4no [e410 sjun piepueys sajoedg [euoljIppe pue sjonpolg yndyno sjonpoid poompuno jo yndyno OLGT ‘Spoompivy puv spoompfos pun jprsaqoU fo aoinos fiq ‘uorbas fiyddns youuag yINog ay} 4of sypaowas saqury pun sjonpoid saquaj fo ndjngQ—'ZE ATAV, 289 1970 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, UNIO] POUTGUTOD UT Ydooxo SpoNpoAd sNOoUB][OOSTUT 1OJ UMOYS JOU ST S9dINOS 4904S AurMOosduOU UTOA yNdING { plore Zell: =. a. Sele eee ee RGB VCRPAGER| he bo coca aI wee cam wet icone aT mace | pee cert | Ramee pee | ane [BI07, Teompueene Alptscose als ye | REE sy ZOREOREG irs say lip Rctar 2 eee eee a il) On rn || eee i) “SDOOMDAREL ||. Sener ee eee eee) 9) ZIOLGPOVOD |" sake ome | Sean - Fea = (ofS) No(s tohet ea] agian aml |i gpnieSea || ARG ass ec? AR || eg CRGe 2? || Sano amen || PIN mtn eS aman ag aeiey| SpooMyjosS “"**S[BAOUIOI [B07 reo tee@orsesteeeea|oeeeeeeaea| eee] green mm Sail besneauataea| senssucncace easoseeacaaa searsuaorars| Sep sess ateee Jeeesa sadly. tomegedacdene| West -oecescoseseee re0e 198 ‘29 'T TA (a oa | Peabo p sear | aaa aap: || ease anes |e SEES Ree Co etc [age SoG ess | peacoat Af fafetoy i ohathun || awe ys 2 od PLS ‘O19 GEIS GOL. 4] Saas = a5 | oe ss ee 9s eter ~---|"--spoompaeyy peal! TIONGR) «i\fewnsacracss Sgr ncae meatal eassed 7 eabsT 920 ‘ZI 69 ‘21 689 ‘ZI PST ‘IZ PST ‘IG PCR ‘EE £28 ‘BE ~=q00J a1qno puvsnoyg, |---~ Spoompjog ~--1010 2£0 ‘91 Sashes sooo a pearson pecs |eeres spaces 108 ‘PI 166 ‘9 pe9 ‘92 0 0 16691 yo0tog. «sesame ae op--*--|-=-spoompavyy Saal BIST: Ulganaanacsce3|eencancseacn| pee oses nana: OOF ‘61 249 ‘1S POL ‘6E vb 08 989 ‘TZ PES ‘68 soood puvsnoy, |----~ spoom jog |-----~> (quds pur puno.) sysog PLL 609 609 0 0 609 G00) sips" saseene teea Ones |pes SpoompaRyy Sage oa 16 poe poe 0 0 poe poe ~-qooy oyqno puusnoyg, |---~ SPOOMIJOS (puno.) sr9quuy our LL9 aa 8 0 0 vir COLL fiancee nea ees Opens So REDOOM DION mecaess aeas cauk wae od Z08 ‘682 988 ‘99 ern 'p 0 0 988 ‘99 pe lessens soooqd pursnoy, |----"spoomajog |~---------- == === S010 (jini |pesaeasnecss|poosncersse=|prsesnenares 0 0 0 0 0 0 eee ee | ieait staan ae Oceans Estelle} call pea od MSRIOR) diceeae soto" Peper sae ear 929 ‘BI 069 ‘EI raat 0 0 069 ‘81 297 ‘6 ~-qo0J avouyy puesnoy, |- ~~ -spooayjog ~= "SUIT (TC) enn ela el te ace perenne ee O80 ‘01 Oot ‘Ol QPL ‘CL 0 0 O9T OT 2 (a Wl apie 9 op--~-|-- -spoompa yy Bagge ORG e ti lige soe ee a al eee a 898 ‘T PRE ‘T ery '8 0 0 PRET epp ‘8 ~"gooJ prvog puBsnoI,L, |-~"-"spoomajog | ~~~ ~- >> odvsedoo—) :[BLASNpUY sNooUL][oostW, v6 ‘oor'a | gog‘oer | e1z‘T yc9'L6 | zig ‘ove'z | oze‘sso'z lese‘zpe‘ee | 906‘899 | g80‘909'8 | gaz‘zez‘e | Tye zen ‘ap [oon | aaa immer ess |[ Acreage Ss [R10L 900 ‘820 *T O11 ‘28 org ‘% OL9 ‘TL 820 '16P 828 ‘L6G TLP‘TZL‘L | 18% ‘291 Tap ‘9e0'% | 69a ‘POL BOOGOOL ON Cr ces re cae anaes QDs o> ss (7 > e8POOMPIUET lon ck cae 0) a Deane od 606 ‘O88 'P 992 ‘86 £0L‘R 996 ‘92 6LE‘RG8‘T | Z6P‘T66'T | G88 ‘ez ‘oz | PLO‘TTG 409 ‘6999 | 991 09'S | G8b‘968'ZE }--~~ ~~“ Spa0d pawpuyg |--~~~ SpoOMyog |~~~~-~-~->=--- > >> ~~~ poomdnd Bei '990'% | LOL'Y 0 | gio‘ ozo'vee | ove‘ooe | ogp‘ogr'a | 0 0 UT taal | (hui uch | ere OD ve ens (> sateen | mtn eae POL qvi'sig | SIP 'T 0 992 ‘I 61406 | zoe‘es ~=— | seotueg, | 0 0 abd Tbohah | Beg r2e0) =a ipenneaeewonan =< Op=>2°s|p “ampquspatiey, ||ssSos5 25 -sse os cate “od £66 L191 689 '% 0 892, L06 ‘89% PgR ‘992 2g8 ‘299 | 0 0 PgR ‘992 31 Ba 4)" ta) || eco ODS lp SB DOO TOR [eee n ene §}1/0q puB SABO] 109Ul0 A. 09099601 | B21 ‘LI 2196 GLB “Ze z9z‘226'T | c86‘1L6‘t | ovp‘zog ‘It | cee’ zoe ‘eot | we'tee‘t | eve'Z.6'IL |-----7-"--77- 7 Opi>7°"|*siaaehan ae [co Soros aaa OL OL 'ROF'G | BLO'Y G06 8 VE9 ‘81 100 ‘019, | ofa ‘TV9 Lev 816" | 092 La1'T 062 ‘19 Reg BTONGMh oo Op--= = --=gpoompsreyy |--o od o28'96b'L | 00g ‘at O9b'T We 'v toe ‘zie't | op‘ore‘t | 600‘6r6'2 | 2906 QV ‘R01 pig ‘ore ‘tT | peZ‘z90'8 |~~y00y pavoq puvsnoyg, |>~~"spoomyjog |>--------- === sio] Meg poof psvog poaf aqna poaf an1qno pat aiqno qoafaiqno poaf nqna spun fo paf a1qno spun fo qoaf aiqna spun fo puvcnoy.L, | punsnoy., | punsnoy, | puvsnoy., | puvsnoyy, | puvsnoyy, LOQUINLAT pupsnoy.L 40QUUNAT punsnouy, LOQUUNRAT 1 8001) 1 80014 1 S00.1T108 pop 0}}O4 Soo.) 49098 | sjonposd poompunor JOquyy Mus LUO OIQBaleg | pus yAnoyy | -JuyMorpH SoOUNL0S [TV qndyno dnoas STBAOUIOI ; Ce ha 1 a syonpoidAq ued qnd4yno yeyoy, sjjun paspuryg sopoodg JeuOTTI ppv puvs sponpolg f oO iio can pana taalh pear SPOOM4 JOG | enaceaamecmiea sonpisel Zuiss0'T | {S[BAOUWII [BUOTIPPY A aati 7% 7 é 20S ‘886 ‘EI | S6L ‘FET TL9 ‘221 810 ‘ST OOL;FOL-G | FOL ZLE'%. \an ss C7G CEO ulin | een cums ODNGOP. Cina meee | nae aes 5 = ae es oT GaemSO1000S)1\Ve) | sana aaa od DQ 0k *HZ L9E T€8 ‘€ 0 OORCOR | S6hs00l: | «lineation s ae (1) Sea cee Sead S6,09%.” 1) | Snngare yey i|poca sates ss) oe ena |e SPOOMpseyy |= od a ZZ ‘PEL‘EL | Eh ‘HET OF8 ‘SIT 810 ‘ST OOF "20'S | 989OTe*G: |9 == CZGECEO ST | seemaeanaee COL ONS aoe Le | | aaa eee 7) [pia SPpOOM4JOg |------- syonpoid [[® ‘[@40.L A ose LSet Oe: 0 18 SEP £60‘ 0 0 8Eh C60\GPe at | Scas cee Eanes OD saan | Ges SPOOMPIGE: |=se552>555252s 5s cas a od ey G8 FL O&P 9ST ‘IT 4 £10 6£ ‘ST GLL‘LLI Z90 ‘FZ €1z‘bs6‘% | Ise ‘69% SSGEICIE CIN |G eaueanl spioo pepueys |----~ SpooMyjog |------ sacar cS eesas aoa pooajon gy, g 812 ‘LSE 282 ‘T 1¥9 ‘OL 0 SeL ‘es 890 CQ wes | Feeesaesaae OGY GG ae RSeecss t= s2 SCSLCZ aan | SaaanneSIaN | 7S cS ca eB bone oa al eT 1B10.L Eee 0 0 0 0 Ui S| osc eh Oe PRT Oe 3) esse -75| i ise eee bse ===SPpOOMPIS Et ||as-cs25 eases od *snoouel a 822 ‘LSE 282 ‘T T¥9 ‘OL 0 gel ‘Es 899,90" eee 00G99)> Fl Gesger a a SESc0CT; tilteesiee | estes een taigngerne |e ser SpooMyyjog -Joosttu TB ‘AIBUIUINS ¢ Ww 0 0 0 0 0 se ee So OD aaeien| en spoompyeyy |-------------- 7 oa a 6PI ‘LTE 199 ‘bh $85 ‘9G P8G ‘9G OC ‘g¢ 002 ‘S¢ P8L ‘TIT P82 ‘TIT ~~qooy O1QND puBsnoyL |---~~ SPOOM9)09)) | ==a55 aaa 1210 i oay 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSO eS Saag ODsahealeaa SPCOADIBE | == s-=5-oseaaee a eae oa pai 1268\'e 086 9F8 0 0 086 968 “7777 7seoa1d puesnoyy |---~ SPOOM4JOS |---~-~- (qyds pue punod) sysog lea : : ? f : ana ering en een amaereat Ir 1h 0 Ir IP ~~qooj Or u VARI SpooMyyjog |--------- punod) Ss19quIty eur thon gec'o | 0 0 Wess i cmge tl cccemid nntenons ebenennen (ee eres eg = ; {4 Gor FIRSEChMe 4 |l=aanes I ‘Ll eae SPOOMTIOC | eminent ae ean solod a 2 0 0 0 0 0 (5 deemain | eeaiecieeeterioerane ODisene lees SPOOMplepy |----=---=-----=-- od 486 '8 OF8 ‘T €8b 0 0 0F8 ‘T E8F ‘Z 77 900J IBEUT] PUBSNOYL |~~~“"SpooMgjog |-—— === Bull Ae 0 0 0 0 0 0 op ===§POOM PGE |-s22--2- samen gees anne oa iS) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~-qooj puvoq puesnoyy, |-~-~~ SPOO ANG TOG lta ar eer eerie eseiado00g ct 2[8LYSNPU! SNOVUBI[IOSTJA] i 688 ‘86S ‘T TLh ‘LP 800 ‘6 GIT‘ LE6 ‘F62 ces ‘oce QCL‘chI‘h | 618 ‘Sc9 08g ‘zv9‘. | ¥ce‘zto‘T | 9ee‘SeL‘IT |---~777-7 OP Fes, |57 53 epee > Sea | Fes po ero ere me ESS 18}0.L S STL‘L11 | Om 698 | 0 S19 ‘82 PLP ‘6% ZL ‘GbE 0 0 PLE ‘6 TCLS Chee | Sins sae ek OD sees lina SPOOAN DAS Fi | etree cane na od a PLT 9LP T TLb Lb 6P1'8 611 ‘¢ GE 99% 190 ‘LE ceo ‘08 ‘E | 618 ‘sco 08S ‘2$9'L | O88 ‘286 G19 ‘GPP TT 7-7-0 Spi00 prepuByg |----~ SPOOM4JORW | == 5s 55— sheen ian poomdng = S19 ‘SOE '€ | FFG ‘TF £62 ‘08 78S ‘b $90 ‘Och ¥89 ‘Zes Lop ‘0L8‘e | 0 0 ¥89 ‘es LOVAOLS: 693 | anne ete at ODS *=5§ |" “Gomceerecwee a |ia0 5 Soames 1830.1 i] 400'9 Om oo Ones POP ‘T OFS ‘T 898 ‘S 0 0 OFS ‘T SOC; 0 MeN Eo suse eae OD eres inns DOOAN DIU Fire | aaa ine cence od i T19 662 € Ft IP TTL ‘0€ G8 ‘F 102 'PSh SEI ‘Tes 680 ‘F98‘E | 0 0 SEL ‘TES 680 SE 08nS) a linet ter peak OO) a) Pe SPpooMyjog |-----77-77= S}[Oq PUB SZO[ IB2UB A a 820 ‘LIL ‘8 I10 ‘FF £10 ‘19 188 ‘Fb 609 ‘962 ‘T | O8¢‘90r‘T | 994 ‘zSh‘6 | SPr‘29 6LF ‘912 GZONPLY sb-| RSPGLSCL0 | sean > caer tae OP=5 777/57 gees tages |RSS a Se 1810L TEZ ‘021 | or 068 *Z One OFT ‘Ze OF0 ‘cE 168 ‘SZI 0 0 OF0 ‘cE LOGUGCI ee als aa ae OD seam | eaas SPOOMD1E Hie | eran na een od L6L ‘969 ‘8 100 ‘br E8T ‘8S 188 ‘ 69F ‘F9Z‘T | OFS‘TZE‘T | 690‘228‘6 | ShR‘L9 6LP ‘OLZ G86 ‘8eb‘T | 8hS‘E09°6 |°~Je0} prvoq puBsnoyy, | --~ SPOOM9JOSF enmns pone tea semcaener Sdo[ Meg qaa{ p1n0q qaaf o1qna qaaf n19no qaaf a1gna qaaf a1qna qaaf a1qno s71un fo qaaf a1gna spun fo qaaf a1qna syun fo puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy,, | puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy, | puvsnoyy, LIQULnAT puvsnoyy, LaQUnAy PUDSNOY,L, 4IQUNNT 1 S801} 1 $001} 1 Sd0IN0S peep u9}401 $901} YOO}s | sjonpoid poompunor JoquIy Mes 12W1O aqvaleg | pus ysnoy | -Jurmoiyn sa0Inos [[V qnd4yno dnoia S[BAOUIOI aang) sponpoidAq jue ynd4no [840 s}Iun piepursys satoadg JeuOIIpps pus sjonporg syonpoid poompunog jo yndyng 290 OLET ‘spoompsvy pup spoompfos pun jvrsajowu fo ao1nos fig ‘uorbas fhyddns «sf-spj6nog ay) 4of sjoaowas saquiay pup sjonpoid saquiry fo jndjng—FE AIAV 291 ‘APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 “WLIOJ PoUTqUIOD uy Jdooxo syoNposd SNOoUET[OOSTUX 10} UMOYS JOU Ss} SOOINOS 4904S SuJMOIBUOU VAOIJ INAING | ti) + alginate intake ““sonp|soi Jurado (Udi join eee eee gate |S soars RR =| (Ts ERR Py A | ns el Se eal | memo | a EB Ee 0v0 ‘ZOT aS is aa a 026 {00 new 2 | PEsiasencnes|Paa asa sss GeSScSn seo alegomn ss oath eal om aba | IS[VAOUIOL [VUOTIIPPV 090 ‘rz 'e | 200°8 908 ‘PI 699 'T oso ‘6zo | 89a ‘epg. [ BIOLOT [er ne WOLR GD [eeatemnnnas [emer steaales Remedy, | soot nn Tse Sacer as od OOL'L asp 91 One 009 ‘T O20 ite bea RTE aaes 0 fesscerc rasa od 096 ‘sez | 8098 062 ‘PT 99 ‘T 080 ‘82S C07 a |e 16 “LOT ~~-"syonpold [IB [BIOL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i) (EY 1 PA | saameeestchenee. 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OPrst>5| ie -SROOM DIG Es | st terne penne neon mnnenE & od BI LOT '¥E6 'T TL ‘LP PLE ‘6 GIT‘ LO ‘6EE 19% ‘TOP ose ‘Te9 ‘b | Se ‘9T8 ¥E6 ‘F096 | 9ER‘LZIS‘T | $8c‘9EL ‘FT | ---7 sp100 prepuvyg |---~~ C3] OLLI COTS | a poomdng i) 660 ‘81 ‘F O8T ‘OF P86 ‘ZE 789 ‘Fb OPP ‘98g 981 ‘0L9 gre ‘oes ‘b | 0 0 981 ‘OL9 OTE ‘088 ‘F jo} => | 1469 One (a3) 0 209 ‘T $89 ‘T cee ‘L 0 0 $89 ‘T TOY ie taay ||" Siar earn an ODF +273 | ae SSDOOM DIV 1s | See enncren ere ene od S 8c1 906 F | (OFT '9F G06 ‘CE 689 'b 8E8 ‘P89 ZS¥ ‘899 186 ‘Zz8'b | 0 0 GSP ‘899 TSGRCGS uF a8 | remem atm Ope Salrams SPOOMAJOS [---- S}]Oq pue sso] 1091 A = THE ‘LEP ‘9T | LL ‘L9 89 ‘28 BIZ ‘G FIL ‘919 ‘Z | get ‘929‘% | I6r ‘FOF ‘ZT | 99T ‘OL 90F ‘Oz TOSCO Cum | PLOGRESLaL Dal ae samen oq eenr ct OP Fy | ae asst nana an 12IOL 968 ‘9FT | Abe 906 ‘z Om 092 ‘68 O8T ‘ZF 699 ‘TST 0 One O8T ‘ZF GPOWIG cok | ntsc ec ears op 3p SSPOOMDIC EY |r 5s 5 5 ears een OGL GP8 ‘082 ‘9T | S91 'L9 9ZL ‘F8 ZIZ‘¢ ¥O8 ‘97'S | 9G6‘ee9‘% | ZHB‘ZTE‘LT | 99T ‘92 90F ‘OzE IZt ‘OIL'S | 8h2‘ee9 ‘LT |-~~4900J prvog puvsnoyy, |---~~ SPOOMIJOS J >> Sd0] ACS qaaf papog | jaafaiqna | jaafoiqna | jaafaiqna | jyaafaiqna | qaafaiqno spun fo qaaf a1qno snun fo qaaf a1qna spun fo puvsnoyyL | puvsnoyy, | pupsnoyy | pupsnoyy, | punsnoyy, | pupsnoryy, 4IQUUNAT PUDsNOY,T, LIQUNAT PUdDsnoy,T, 4IQULNAT 1 Soot} 1 Sool} 1 Sa0In0s prep u0}}01 $001} Yoo}s | sjonpoid poompunol JOQUITJMeS 1910 gqeajeg | pus ysnoy } -surmoiy Se0INOs |[V qud4no dnoi3 s[BAOUIeL aiaath sponpoidAq 4ueld qnd4no [e40., sjum piepueys satoedg [euol}Ippe pues syonpolg ndynog sjonpoid poompunoil jo jndjno OLET ‘spoompany puv spoompfos pup yorsajou fo aounos fig Gsvog oifrovg 2Y} 40f sJpaowas saquy puD spnpoLld Loquiny fo jndjnO—'8E ATAV I], 294 295 1970 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, “ULIO] POUIGUIOD UT 4d9oxe SpONPOAd SNOOUBT[OOSTUI 10J UMOYS JOU ST SedINOS YO4s ZuMOsdUOU WOIy yNdANG 1 (TAR Vane” || RCS meee oh ee eal eR ee SHEUS SS al bcos lamas foal aceaelaaani Sk) Calcoa omens | (ck? wal | hen = iy ie i cei ea | |G a iaepniinen elias debated \i Calabi eet | | Pra Ee OT P40. 19 FSi mine lhavags | beak aap teiiacees.|| (cal Sean CYA "ype Jt | Daa aS wy | aeeRR MEIN 3° |, See e Se (GMCS ali Wa GY x's es || Sikora Sere mere E | ADOOMDIBET|T wth ena od SORIZ0SeP elie ea* (iol|bs same LG Cae wag CTT a Sa ae ata a eta ere fr rn oe eae Til 7) a ee al ee a a IE ee SPOOMIJOG [~~~ == S[BAOULOL [840], CORPO: 2 of ae ee | eae | cee ODCi Olena teasheas hase ||P e Ree a ea “ll Bethke ERR GK Tae el Ee 1810.1 (7 eee 6) eis Wann! | paeene cee. an) ta aR ih. 2 eee al Comma esl eaten Sa in| DRS. te) GET 7 > sonp|sed duss0'T ‘S[BAOULOI [BUOTIPPY £12 ‘188s GZI ‘T “Ele ‘eI 6PL £18 ‘889 OSRESO | S e t Werle lie = oe TS0RGUS tae se |e a eee oe BOOOUSIINW |i ae eae ee od 9IP g 802 0 L9 06 | RS en eres 18Z Rs | rn ee ered ems POOS DUE fea eek Wo ee 2 od L6L ‘088 ‘E OZ1‘T coe ‘81 6PL 908 ‘889 OFOZES0) = “lire FoF OLE SeLC aes |r a OS ROS Roa (eo es a rela Spoomyjog | ---” sjonpoid [[® ‘[84OL, i ¥ L0Z 0 I (4 (4 FOF ‘Z I €1 £1z LLVeGaty 7 |e eg ae Op-~-~~]-~ -spoomp.eyy pic: od 9 1€ Lov ‘T 81 Il 18h ‘T G82 ‘LT £96 ‘OL G62 ‘696 0S0 ‘82 Oegresor |p see Sp109 pIBpUuBYs }----~ SPOOM}JOG [> --->™ PoomMyony 699 ‘8S oI 61h ‘T 01 Lor ‘el FOOKET - \P-Gaa eae GCP Dhew -|— aap ome 2 Clie tae Me Eo Oe ue ee lbet. oe | eee ee ee [BIOL 0 0 0 0 0 OF tsa oa y OME os Fleer a Ca Se ee er Se eaeos ak SPOGMPIB ET ease ake ae od “snoous][oos Tur 699 ‘89 or 61h 'T ZO LeP ‘81 i 4 Ge | a aaa 59 251) See Gil” cae OTH 9G: RSE aC sto? 32 FSS See ee praernS | sages Spoomyjog le ‘Areuuing 0 0 0 0 0 0 On OF. | (Perera SerOD Fre |/ SPSPOOMPIBWG | Sis ois ssereaissss ses eeOD 81h ‘IZ L6L'E Lia ‘¥ LIZ ‘t Gcp‘ItT + | Sch ‘TT ZL9 ‘ST ZL9 ‘ST ~~ qo0j OIQnd puBsnoyy, |----~ SPOOMIOG! 77 o Taine ies sesee 190 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OF. s- | 7S eS MO Drees | P4 RDOOM DUST ponacasteneananece od 216 ‘Il CLL'S 116 ‘8 928 ‘8 0 0 116 '€ 4 sooojd puvsnoyy, |--~~~ Spoomgjog |-~~--~~ (ads pue punod) sysog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 One Masse Sere S Oprss |p ee RDOOM DIG he |i >> oo: aan eee od £90'S L¥6‘T gre ‘z 918 ‘% 0 0 gre ‘% gre ‘% ~~ qo99J OIQnoO puBsnoyy, | -- ~~ SpOOMyOS | ~~ ~(puno.) SOQ UIT} OUTTA, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Opr ==" | sspoompreEy [>> - == “Se $ smOC POL ‘0Z 09F ‘'b 899 ‘P 1@ 0 0 89P ‘P bz r ~sooold puvsnoyy, |--~-"spoomayog 7777" s0]0d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ““Op- >>>") >> ~spoomp.ie yy “770d (aXe Ig es 69 0 0 as 69 ~-qooj rvouly puvsnoyy, |--~~ POOMNTOR! |Pa=~sss sas" enoorss pena Ud 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (| peeaamammenee oli oRre 7 al (ODi one en GROOM DICE ||P-~ assem sees eee od 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~"q09J pavoq puvsnoyy, |--~~~ spoom jog edvsodo0g t[BLYSNpurT snoouBy][oos |W ws'tor | ¥8 vb0'T 629 18h ‘81 802 ‘02 GL6 ‘bE% 269 ‘921 SGL‘ZbL‘T | 006 ‘OPT OBA A264 teN par tsarnsr-Foaey op----~ PRapeea PORBDAE «|| Yoorsomcop ice oe oese ae TROL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OS | Saker s reas SraeOD hes: |) > ASEDOOMPIGEN po ee aageeae i) 128 ‘TOT vg ¥P0'T 629 18h ‘81 802 ‘02 GLO ‘bE 269 ‘921 GGL‘zPL‘T | 006 ‘9PT ORZMLTG STE | pass aaes spi00 paspunyg |---~~ spoomyyjog |--~--~ SNORT GaTeS poomding 206 ‘81 18 620 ‘T 0 PRS ‘99 002 ‘L9 968 ‘SPP 0 0 002 ‘29 968 ‘ShP Orr, I 0 0 hie 8I Sul 0 0 8I SIT COL RIP 98 620 ‘T 0 299 99 789 ‘L9 182 ‘Gbb 0 0 289 ‘29 182 ‘Sb 818 ‘108 ‘8 £86 LvP'8 0 698 ‘OFS 6PL ‘6bS 180 ‘bz ‘@ | 0 0 GPL ‘OFS 180 ‘bzS ‘8 1 0 I 0 OF 0g vee 0 0 0g dks ore al eee eee be! 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JOQUIIMES 110 eqvaleg | pus yAnoy | -durmoip so0IN0s [TV qndqno dnoia S[BAOUIOI ' aN sponpoidAq que[d qnd4no |e407, s}yon paepueyg soyoodg [euol}I ppv pusB syonpold {nO =e sjonpoid poompunos jo yndjnoO OLBT ‘spoompsny puv spoompfos pun porsayou fo ao41no8 fig ‘sayig uvjunopy Ayv0y UsoyI4ONN 2Y) 4Of S]DAOWASL 4oQuiry puD sjonpoud saquiry fo ndjngo— GE AIAV], THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 296 “WIIOJ POUIQUIOD UI jdeoxe SJONPOId SNOGULI[OOSTUI JO} UMOYS JOU SI SeINOS ¥90}S SULAMOISUOU TOI yNdqNO ; OSU NEOUGT oad eo aa > ee | eee COKE Geen See ear = | aaa ae | paee ae | ece | S | e e Sienie S |S || ee | 1210L OBR AIIGR =. 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Mecmetneas oh (oie Spoomayjog |---~- ~~~ SSS S|BAOULOL 19430 OLoreci me 1) see see ly GOStRIE | || ecm car fa | eae ee ea ee el eee ll ee oe ieee lie ey Se ee a ee | eee 1R10L G7.C cael anmedel | ieiciamareieipcraal | eae mained | ns Geom (Cd pte ||TSa ORR ES || SRE ESS eS || ee EEE ere ORS ae me a | emir ae | hE ay ae te RN Nee ea | ae SP OO AND Tos | iano eran enaml od TOQUE Ge | iets a | eee | Be see tg TEOMS Te a. 2 leemaee came 5a | Se ae BES | Rc | ee chal cee OMG a Tb sa cee Pale BDOOMATON S| 5-5) cena oat sonpisel 3uisz0T “:S[BAOUIOI [BUOTIIPPY 281 ‘820 ‘T 90F ‘ET £68 ‘OT 66 286 ‘8LT AS a Pees UE ae |e or PIQUED GS og || eerie >

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Al ea aeawou Ra ligs dea eessrel |< == s ces 0g9 189 9 0 0 189 Cea laste saoord puvsnoyy |-~~— SPOOMITOS) |peanes ome arers iam enGammnse| Oc! Os Sl awe taeps neces das nes|..s-saeed 0 0 0 0 0 0 (ieee | lee eee 54 to faces OD main oe | pS DOOAND IS 1 Gi ine maces ty eames od Qa cede lira S55 SET ASS | oS cme 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~~qoaj Ivouy] puBsNOY, |~~~— SDOOAKQTOU | Gace asin nui ane Bull ((), St Se = ieeecaeee | ee pe ea ba Seana S| 0 0 0 0 0 0 (\Sngeieptaee 9'| btn eget nie Smee s OPiseam | ed S DOOAN DIG Fm | (prick oiaree ener od OMSeey) Walieessse552545|Seaoro aise sess a satay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~~qaaj pavoq puesnoyL |~--~~ SPOOMMTOR) |= = >= ices eee esviedoo9 :[BL1JSNPUI SNOVUR] [90ST 098 ‘92 0 0 0 198 ‘8 198 ‘8 260 ‘801 Z10 ‘Sz 90F ‘LEE 618 ‘88 09 00. sh | iamicuaeaameetion (1) pte | cee SPER Ne ore ee 1P10.L Ome 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (reas ee ee ee (\ongrsleae SDOOM DIG Tyg een nn ie tiee ee eeneOCT O9E (92 0 0 0 198 ‘8 198 ‘8 160 ‘801 ZI10 ‘GZ 90F ‘LbE 618 ‘ee SOGLOGh» a | namo spi00 piepueyg |--~ ~~ SDOOAM TO tll a ae conan poomding 096 ‘ee 0z 601 0 662 ‘G 842 ‘G eIL ‘se 0 0 8zb ‘¢ GUase « | eaiaienieeteeony oe () Unease sn |Ipeeremmnree ae ee 1e1OL Oe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (:) iene ll paeeeatee ees ODiaa=6| soe SDOOMPIG Ts | Gaaranc gence aaEee od 0S6 8 02 601 0 662 ‘¢ 8h ‘¢ £12 ‘ce 0 0 82h ‘G (ok LY Dies io Rep ain pete a OD sseecs | maaan spoomyog |-~7~ 7-77-77 s}joq pue sso] J00u0 A 61S “866 Lby SII ‘2 0 £92 ‘8ST 828 ‘O9T #96 ‘0g0‘T | 0 0 828 ‘O9T PCGLORON Teds | iia hase OD; | f= siees teen | 18}0.L 916 ‘¢ z Tle, 0 106 £96 PLT ‘9 0 0 £96 eae o lappa §5570D asa =a SPOO ADIGE! || im nasiy ae eam ROC £09 186 SbP FOL % 0 918 ‘LST G98 ‘6ST 082 ‘Fz0‘T | 0 0 G98 ‘6ST O82 ‘$z0‘T |"~J0eJ prvoq pussnoy,L |~--~~ SPOOMIJOR) || -as a snes SZ0[ Avg qaaf p1D0q qaaf a1qno qaaf a1qno qaaf 219na qaaf a1gno gaaf 219na spun fo qaaf n1qno spun fo qaaf a1qna spun fo pupsnoyy, | pupsnoyy, | puvsnoy,y, | puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy, 49QUUNAT puDsnoy,L LIQUUNAT puvsnoy,L, LIQUNAT 1 S001} 1 S901} 1 Sd01N0S peep u0}401 Seo1} YO0}s | sjonpold pooMpunol JoquIT} MBs 10410 alqvareg | pue ysnoy | -durmolyn SooINos [[V ynd4no dnoi3 s[eAOulel a syonpoidAq jurld qndjno 1840, sqqun paepuerys sopoeds [euo;jIppe pus sjonpoid yndyno sjyonpold pooMpunol jo yndjno OLGI ‘spoompivy puv spoompfos pup jprsayow fo ao4unos fiq ‘saqvjg urvjpunopy Ayooy usoyynog ay) sof sppaowas saquyy puv sponposd soquiry fo jndjnQ—' OF ATAVL 297 1970 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTIOS, “ULIO] POUTQUIOD UT dooxo SyoNpoOsd SNOOURT[OOSTUL 10) UMOYS JOU S| SEdAMOS YOO}s JUrMOsduOU WHOA YNAING |; TN) ede ee tl > ME ane cae | HM a | ae any , : ale +e [RIOL 1S¢ ‘21 eae |. ee see RCRA aes To oS la sem eileen Ils ek lece a Ree Say] 2 eek ae ee ee | SDOOMDG fiw pumenss: ann pean @ od SSL ‘oge ‘¢ a a a a | alr a rae a ee eg |e ee ae nd ee oe aS | eee ie oi” aa OE | aie ee BHOOMIIOR Ra on nm S[BAOULAL [BIOT, 06826 od an ‘96 S[BAOWUOL 100 VMI aeN Tt SaaTAREN || Sennett || Samba e | OLMROL er | "kaceweadT |P eaee | peewee tae 2" Fizmme tama ls © oe) ial is “eeenla = la 1PIOL soo fap we |\Fcacsoes | Sass a CEE SS SC ILQOC) Ob ® [Rass Soe lcs Soe Dele Se a 3 | ee Ik pee cee RAE ER SN |) eel deeds Bane |P f BDOOMOXGT) Ibo ono san i een naam od OLL InTCEW a | Faseedae | eek ae co lPaawecers: (08° COT @ ||" cacr eae SISO MOE |) ee FS ee tae OCT |) et 0 MR oe BUCOMIION | se og ) 0 ge sonptsol surss0'T S|[VAOULOI [BUOT}IPPY cee ‘eco’ | iec'ht | 99662 | rvs —«| gcs‘zi8 =| oor ‘gon zso'ese. | Fy iG lek Sinica ae ae al | sopoods [Ty |---7--777 7 od 180 ‘TT Obb ‘Z BIL‘ 68 JOG Ole. Aipwae meee 2 29 2 GOD.ODF limp see slices. 2g Sa lll EMCO RUB foro eae od P18 ‘86 'b 160 ‘ZI VS2 ‘VG GGL 669:\208 Beall lena bene eI S74 ee Pee ree er OSIMO0Usieliteweccenenl aa > 5 ee SPOOMIJOS ~syonpoad [[8 “7e1OL sor sé Gah’ | Gz‘ O21 ‘8 Bib ‘be | ez oop, | ehr's SIL ‘V6 Ey Se See a OR 12% 962 ‘OT 1896 966 ‘61 VIS ‘282 OZ ‘L8 geo POL‘T | 98% ‘LOT 290 “288 ‘T ~“spoomjjog |-~ poomjonyT 069 ‘28 69% UGS Cit neem cance Cory 7 ee a bes ketene: GR6 ‘98 : ZO 'Y OFF11- eae .|lpeoone mae ae 60g. aes omni | saa nameenan os GR ‘T PAGE Serie TS oe gies > ap eee a wel al BOOOAN 0 ry |e plat 8¥0 ‘SL BOS'0S ie en oro 7 Ne ee | Sa al nai COG SR Siete ome eri ne mello a SPOOM JOG | SNOGUB][OOSTUT [|B Areuiuing eC ieee oe ae | tga eet fleet |ee | ce | seer ie Wr ee op----=|->-spooapavyy Soivcame Weteko oe ib a all ee 990 'Y 990 'P Ovo ‘PT 9b9 ‘PT ZIT ‘61 11 ‘61 ~~“spooayjog 0 7 v 0 0 v v SpOOM PALL 808 ‘02 908 ‘¢ Tee ‘G 0 0 908 ‘¢ RGR loans soood puvsnoyL |~~~“spoomjog 6p £6 £6 0 0 £6 £6 Zv9 ‘IT Teh ‘G Ter ‘¢ 0 0 Ter ‘¢ Tey ‘¢ One, 0 0 0 0 0 0 899 86 660 ‘S 186 0 0 660‘ 182 = |>>- >" *seooyd puvsnoyy, |--~ ~~ SpooM jog 0 0 0 0 0 0 One lace Opie -sa|pex SpooMp.eyy] (a 2g 69 0 0 2g 69 ~~ qooj rvouyT puesnoyT |---~~ SPOOMIJOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ogee oes ee op ~~~ "]|- > “spoomp.eyy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 “-qooJ pavoq puvsnoyL |---~~ Spoomyyjog oesdvi0do0p ]/BLSNpUl snoouvy[oosTw 181 ‘821 ee ne eve'zz | guo‘oz | ezo‘nee | voz‘tct | ror‘oo0'z | 6z2‘0RT | Sea‘8ap'z rn op-==--[---- onesanee - Oise 0 Orme 0 0 0 1) 0 aceeGactek lio See sc eee ‘ODS alae SpOOMpIvyT IBL'82t_ | HG _| yw'r G10 “62 ZL0 ‘SEE POL ‘IST 191 ‘060°% | 622 ‘O8T QECrath Gs lice spi0o paspuryg |---> Spoomyyog 2gs ‘2h 101 8€1'T BCI ‘BL 6or'isy =| 0 lo 821 ‘BL Cina ss Opes |e een arse ate aeons 3 OIL, I Om 81 Sit 0 0 81 OU tow Ea ca Op>~~>"]-> “SspooMpaeyy ove oob | (901 8eL'T O11 ‘BL ¥66 ‘O8Y 0 0 OLL ‘BL POGOe 0) aaj taka Spoomyjog 188 ‘G60 'b ose ‘T 999 ‘OT 0 LLS ‘OTL 166 ‘pgo‘b | 0 0 LLG ‘OTL 166 ‘p99 “p 1229 Cie 1 0 £10 'T ROP ‘9 0 0 £10'T Cli!) Saal bose peers ODS saalics ~SpoOM piv ET OTL ‘682 ‘P 818 ‘T 099 ‘OT 0 99 ‘60L gop ‘RbS ‘b | 0 0 P99 ‘GOL R6b 8b‘ | ~}00J pavog puwsnoy,L |---~~ Spoomijog |-~ qaaf pavog | jaafaiqna | yaaf oaqno qaaf a1qno qaaf anqno spun fo qaaf nqno spun fo qaaf nqna spun fo punsnoyy, | puvenoyy, | punsnoyy, | punsnoyy, | puvsnoyy, | puvsnoyy 4aQUUNAy puDsnoy,L 4aqQUinny puDsnoy,L 1aQUinny 1 80014 1 800.14 1 Soon0s prop U0} Or $001) 40048 sjonpoid poompunolr Toquyy Mes 110 oqvaleg | pus yAnoy | -AupMoip se01N0s [TV qndyno dnoia S[BAOUTOI prov spon poidAq Jue} qndyno ey, sjTun paepuryg sojoodg [BuONIpPpe puv sponNpold syonpoid poompunol jo yndyng OLE ‘Spoompany pun spoompfos pur yorsojyou fo 924n08 fig ‘saynjig uojyunopy hyooy ay? 4of sppaowos soquiay pun sjonpoud soquay fo ndynQ— TH WAV J, THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 298 “HLIOJ POUIQUIOD UT 4da0xa sjONpOId SNOGURT[POSTUL 10J UMOYS JOU ST S90INOS YOUjS SUIMOIZUOU WOT INd4NO |; PEON css (aceanancanas Sees sa ceee es ear SoS eS CUIARD TAB Era coe cacccel|n Seo ore asl See ee oes ls aie raianges| |e tee aae ceceany ee RNa eon hey eee RR EEE Ie SRM EDEL aI mace Moms Seo ae ES ZOCOR DG 80€ ‘TE£0 ‘ST SDOOM DIB Full ea" oo vaigabon aee od COUNSEL We o5)| secc raceme op aac ea ame | Meee aoe Chey ECONO: h| awe cas mean mercetare 25 | aren ag Reese oon ya pens aah yee igeas se cal a ee a es spoomyjog |-~--~ ~~~ --~ S[BAOUTOI [BOT PCOMLGGRYE 15> Seabees | S| ects eer 1 |Rane cReEeE | ESISCLEa Jinx eee es al a ee I ee lee oo eee aS a a nt ae ls TR10.L SETAE C Cet Race ena | a8 ape eee ee (S70) Ta | Nas ae (rea stn | [eae | | ee ee [as Ss el [EE eo ETS | I Ee IE RECS oe! 5] LON Og | Sa eS od TOO. Chiles | eaeancaaoed |fraere conrad errs COURSE Gace | Genesee nares ee Fics |e Sea Se [eae ee |G So DRS |e eae | [ig ene cee eames || oa SDOOAY TOSS eaeniicnnmcnmias S[BAOUIOL 19430 OZIRPOONG: ol gezoamee © | oaneane oO al Tice SECRVOokN’ 1|axeaeek sa | ee | SE Tl eee | See | Mates se ee a | ae ee ee [210.L SGOKOGTRL:. || eek 4 | Nees ale eee GEORILO «|| Sees nee > - = || eee ena | ee | a ee | ee | eee See eo: SPOOR DIG iia | aie ieee eat od WZOSPLENC. Al Mae a |e |e eae COO CC6y ll aes ae = 4 eee Oa ET alee ieee lee os ees. a ae SPOOMIJOS |---~-- > sonpIsel Julsz07T iSTRAOWeI [BUOTIPpy ee0 ‘ers 't9 | sec‘o99 | t80‘zes | sgh '8ez | zee ‘eat ‘I | O8t ‘Pat ‘at | OG0sE18 ion es sees Rn lao Sosods yj oa 286 ‘922 ‘TT | OZL ‘S6T 088 ‘9g 999 ‘E9T SBL‘99L'% | P96 'CLE‘G | AM UZ | PT Ser ase ses SIOWGEONG ll Gaeers = | Des a ed a [DOO Oar | PS ee "od 190 ‘1z9 ‘er | ST9 ‘Fe 102 ‘S61 126 ‘69 689R998 FS). |\9aI SERS: || enemas COBLEGE Cid | akan SICHISC MTS |main| te a aga || amen Spoomyjog |----- ~~ syonpoad [Ie ‘[80., F6E ‘OFE 66S ‘OOT 822 ‘CE 189 ‘IF 96S ‘9Gz FOL ‘T&F ZE9 ‘F08‘G | 98% ‘221 QF ‘T69‘T | 688 ‘8g¢ S21 16 Palomas een OD sapere | fea SPOONS D0 Fit | ciate eee nee od €ZE ‘89 61E ‘8T 06S ‘9z £89 ‘2 689 ‘FS 180 ‘LOT 622 ‘1Le‘T | Tee ‘66¢ COL‘LEL‘L | ZIP ‘9OL REGRSOTNS.. || names sa spio0o prepuryg |---—~ E{OOLAWY (OS). | FS IES SS poomyjen yee ‘lz9‘T | 968 ‘Iz 000 ‘ST 820 ‘OT 9F0 ‘LLE OG? | CBD RSC Chee | annccenmanemenl STiTa CoO tec litem accel || uh oe ey oe a oe ieee a lade anes 1210.L L6L ‘999 SFI FT PPP ‘T 698 6 GIL ‘69T £99 ‘P61 | leh Cln Chis 2oil| anaes an LS ipO0 cent |sepeceaaeied| io oo" ~spoompie yy OOUNCOhe me |(Peumadassdce| ihaks Uisee ct |aren see Gog ‘FE 898 ‘68 196 ‘LS 89 FOL 986 ‘68 WIN ai esaaes seoo1d pussnoyy, |~~~~"spoomyyjog ECT). A RE RSE eae eer | [ee cee ee | EST ‘2% F636 ‘8% P62 ‘€% 0 0 ¥6a ‘8% EOCHEG. “iliweree ce eesoee ODiseene | nes spoompie yy ivaG \aieee | taeaseoeeas | aieaaaais | SS ees eee Eey 988 ‘2 F6L‘8 F6L‘8 0 0 F6L‘8 F6L'8 ~~-goay o1qnd puvsnoyy, | ~~ ~~ SpooMyjog 6r6 £1Z , £1Z 91 0 0 e1z 91 7777"7-"Op--"" "|" >“ spoompse yy Gaye oee |B SS Saree eee IL¢ ‘€2 402 ‘FL OP ‘g 0 0 106 ‘FL Oleg) Gene ssooid puesnoyy, | Spoomyjog eel ‘F 118 Z88 PL ‘T 0 0 Z88 OO Gamers (pa aeeagenan seat OD sapetea |e SpOOMpIe FT CAA) eat | RRs REESE Papas eres ae €8L ‘81 O16 ‘8T QLT ‘LZ 0 0 O16 ‘81 QLI ‘LZ ~~ 490} Ieaul[ puvsnoyy, |~~-~~ SpOoOAyjog (Aik!) (2) ges | Seana | Bese |e Perens GBI ‘92 G96 ‘8c LP6 ‘10% 0 0 G96 ‘8 DPANGWG | 2A OD mates | cab SpoomMpie yy (AG) ti) | Coen [aa aan faerie eet baie Sedat LOT ‘Z 981% €6L ‘CI 0 0 981% £6L ‘ZI ~-qo0J pivoq puvsnoyy, |-~-~~ spoomyjog 888 ‘ZES “6 102 ‘96 821 ‘OE 98 ‘OTT 060 ‘Sth ‘€ | P6c‘8E8‘E | OIG ‘LLG ‘8b | ES8‘ZL2‘T | 689 ‘688‘TZ | LEI‘II9‘S | 661 ‘29% ‘OL |-~~-~~--7 7-7 Op sae rae eee io tal eee ae eee OL0 ‘261 ‘2 | Sc8'99 919 ‘9 916 ‘LL 821 ‘226 | GbE ‘990'T | gla ‘seo ‘er | 6E ‘69z €F9'vIe's | OFL‘9E‘T | 816 ‘6h8 ‘OT |-~-7 7 op--~~-|" > “spoompaie yy Sle ‘Ore “2 928 ‘O61 ZIG ‘EZ 669 ‘68 G96 ‘LIS ‘Z | 6F6‘TLL‘Z | Sez ‘cho ‘ce | SaF‘eIS‘T | 9F0 ‘G29 ‘RT | LOP‘S8z‘b | 182 ‘L19‘e¢ ““spi00 prepuByg }--~~~ spoomyjog ESI ‘886 ‘9 996 ‘OS GCI FE 882 ‘9 ooe ‘Peo ‘I | 1€z‘9cI‘T | F06‘9L9‘L | 0 0 TEGHOG ested | SOR OL Orla | caterer s neets OD S495 |e Sake eg Ree aS a TLP ‘OhL £26 'T eB 8¥6 'T 1F9 ‘121 ¥¥9 ‘G21 696 ‘G64 0 0 ¥F9 ‘GST C06} 961 song | Caieennni naan ns Op" -~~"}" > "spoompie yy 789 ‘O6T ‘9 £66 ‘8P OF0 ‘FE OF8 ‘F PIL ‘Z16 189 ‘000‘T | Z6‘088‘9 | 0 0 ESOROOO acl |EGPGAORSRO Il sauce ann OD aaaaa|hemen SpOOMjJOS IPP ‘9FS‘9E =| GSz ‘ZIT £10 ‘FIT CEP ‘oh Tg ‘oc6‘g¢ | Igh‘2cz‘9 | €S0 ‘922 ‘6E | 88h ‘G8 808 ‘Of GSGNCTEROE SLQESOOLNGEM mvs on ce sas uae ae OD aie a|-cae= cena | Gas oa 092 ‘962 ‘2 GL9 ‘8% OTS ‘9T 208 ‘€€ IIL ‘T8Z‘T | 861 ‘sse‘t | 099‘2ze‘s8 | 092 LST ‘T SOPSQ9EUE HATS CCE iS | summa nae eens OD sara] ean Spoompie yy I6T ‘196 ‘8Z | 089 ‘88 £0 ‘26 O8T ‘ZT OF0‘bL9‘F | ES ‘ZZ8‘b | 68 ‘E96 ‘OE | 8zz ‘8 IST ‘62h 18h ‘L496 ‘b | Pro ‘Z8E ‘TE |~~ 302} pxeoq puwsnoyy, |--- ~~ spoomyjog qaaf p4v0q qaaf 21qnd qaaf 1qno qaaf a1gno qaaf 21qn9 qaaf a1qno spun fo qaaf a1qno spun fo qaaf a1qna spun fo puvsnoyy, | puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy, | pupsnoyy,, | puvsnoyy | puvsnoyy, 4IQUinAT pupsnoy,T, PEL LONG PUuDdDsnoY,T, LIQUnAT 1 S901} 1 S901} 1 Sd0INLOS prop ue}4}O1 Sa0l} 4003S | syonpoid poompunos JoquIIjMes 10430 eiqealeg | pues ysnoy | -durmoiyn S@0INOS [| V qudjno dnoia sjeAourel ray sjonpoidAq quel qnd4yno [e407 sjyqun piepueys seeds [CUOI}Ipps pus syonpolg qndyno syonpoid poomMpunoi jo yndyno OL6T ‘spoompsvy pun spoomjfos pun )pi1ajDU fo a94n0s fig saqDIG payuyy ay} LOf s]paowas aqua puv sjonposd saqury fo jndjng—ZP AAV |, APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 299 TaB.Le 43.—Volume of unused residues at primary manufacturing plants in the United States, by timber supply region, industrial source, type of material, softwoods and hardwoods, 1970 ! (Thousand cubic feet] All industries Lumber industry Veneer and plywood industry Other primary industries Species group and timber de ee supply region A Total Coarse Fine Total Coarse Fine Total Coarse Fine Total Coarse Fine SOFTWOODS 0 eee 23, 608 11, 483 12, 125 22, 504 11, 121 11, 383 0 0 0 1, 104 362 742 SS a ee 6, 942 4,153 2, 789 6, 942 4, 153 2, 789 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‘otal; North... =... .=- 30, 550 15, 636 14, 914 29, 446 15, 274 14, 172 0 0 0 1, 104 362 742 2 eee 89, 427 19, 586 69, 841 87,177 18, 315 68, 862 1,379 787 592 871 484 387 Te es 85, 998 31, 665 54, 333 74, 43 28, 375 46, 268 2, 071 213 1, 858 9, 284 3,077 6, 207 Fotal, South=. _ ... = 175, 425 51,251 | 124,174 | 161,820 46,690 | 115,130 3, 450 1, 000 2, 450 10, 155 3, 561 6, 594 PNW Douglas-fir____.._______ 131, 096 57, 414 73, 682 81, 575 26, 415 55, 160 25, 535 22, 812 2, 723 23, 986 8, 187 15, 799 PNW ponderosa pine_________ 45,711 21, 829 23, 882 , 244 19, 605 23, 639 2, 440 2, 211 229 27 13 14 —Constel: » 253 8, 371 6, 605 1, 766 8, 371 605 1, 766 0 0 0 0 0 0 California and Hawaii___._...| 152, 080 68, 782 83, 298 145, 840 62, 542 83, 298 6, 033 6, 033 0 207 207 0 Total, Pacific Coast____- 337, 258 154, 630 182, 628 279, 030 115, 167 163, 863 34, 008 31, 056 2, 952 24, 220 8, 407 15, 813 Northern Rocky Mountain_--| 92, 985 33, 117 59, 868 92, 666 32, 798 59, 868 319 319 0 0 0 0 Southern Rocky Mountain-_-__- 45, 631 15, 104 30, 527 45, 447 14, 920 30, 527 184 184 0 0 0 0 Total, Rocky Mountain_| 138, 616 48, 221 90, 395 138, 113 47,718 90, 395 503 503 0 0 0 0 Total, softwoods__-.__..- 681, 849 269,738 | 412,111 608, 409 224,849 | 383,560 37, 961 32, 559 5, 402 35, 479 12, 330 23, 149 HARDWOODS TEM a tee eee 71, 485 41, 206 30, 279 68, 114 39, 878 28, 236 436 94 342 2, 935 1, 234 1,701 _ ie eee nee 70, 034 30, 619 39, 417 63, 922 28, 839 35, 083 747 175 572 5, 365 1, 605 3, 760 a a or 141, 519 71, 825 69, 694 132, 036 68, 717 63, 319 1, 183 269 914 8, 300 2, 839 5, 461 ee ee eee ae eae 77, 791 23,779 54, 012 71, 637 20, 040 51, 597 3, 265 2,591 674 2, 889 1, 148 1, 741 Houtheentral. = - =... ._. 89, 772 35, 896 53, 876 75, 750 29, 996 45, 754 2, 415 2, 089 326 11, 607 3, 811 7, 796 Total, South.-_--_.._..- 167, 563 59, 675 107, 888 147, 387 50, 036 97, 351 5, 680 4, 680 1, 000 14, 496 4, 959 9, 537 PNW Douglas-fir___....____- 1, 637 582 1, 055 1, 561 512 1, 049 76 70 6 0 0 PNW ponderosa pine-______-__ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alaska—Coastal eee a ee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 California and Hawaii--__--___ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total, Pacific Coast____- 1, 637 582 1, 055 1,561 512 1, 049 76 70 6 0 0 0 Northern Rocky Mountain___ 10 5 5 10 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Southern Rocky Mountain___- 435 230 205 435 230 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total, Rocky Mountain_ 445 235 210 445 235 210 0 0 0 0 0 Total, hardwoods-__-_-._- 311, 164 132, 317 178, 847 281, 429 119, 500 161, 929 6, 939 5, 019 1, 920 22, 796 7,798 14, 998 1 Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. TaBLe 44.—Roundwood products, logging residues, and other removals from growing stcck and sawtimber, by section, region, State and species group, 1970 ; x Roundwood products Logging residues Other removals Section, region, and State Species 2s i — All Growing Saw- Growing Saw- Growing Saw- Sources stock timber stock timber stock timber Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand cubic feet | cubic feet board feet cubic feet board feet cubic feet board feet Softwoods_________ 1, 049 951 2, 715 59 139 300 833 Hardwoods-__--_-_- 6, 386 5, 028 17, 671 633 1, 563 1, 582 5, 372 Softwoods_._-_.--_- 284, 135 231, 703 826, 811 36, 188 26, 539 7, 309 24, 650 Hardwoods. _-__-_- 123,511 108, 469 377, 581 19, 618 28, 875 5, 413 14, 544 Softwoods_________ 12, 256 10, 862 45, 745 1, 276 3, 452 2, 571 10, 662 Hardwoods-__-__-_- 13, 530 12, 103 53, 301 2, 371 5, 669 2, 146 9, 390 Softwoods_.-_..-_- 21, 418 20, 474 86, 945 1, 198 135 2, 963 11, 915 Hardwoods-_--__-__ , 773 27,915 96, 118 3, 302 11, 165 4, 638 13, 398 Softwoods_.___.____ 490 429 1, 057 16 40 48 112 Hardwoods. _____- 1, 603 1, 238 3, 924 63 158 582 1, 109 Softwoods.__--_.-- 17, 143 15, 908 52, 260 1,818 2,773 4,317 14, 615 Hardwoods- ----_- 25, 035 21, 485 76, 368 4,778 7,975 2, 689 8, 981 Softwoods__-.-.__- 336, 491 280, 327 1, 015, 533 40, 555 33, 078 17, 508 62, 787 Hardwoods. --_--_- 199, 838 176, 238 24, 30, 765 55, 405 17, 050 52, 794 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 300 | | TABLE 44.—Roundwood products, logging residues, and other removals from growing stock and sawtimber, by section, region, | State and species group, 1970—Continued | Roundwood products Logging residues Other removals —_-- — All Growing Saw- Growing Saw- Growing Saw- Section, region, and State Species Sources stock timber stock timber stock timber Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand Middle Atlantic: cubic feet cubic feet board feet cubic feet board feet cubic feet board feet Delaware Softwoods__._____- 8, 844 7, 004 19, 604 387 33 946 1, 866 Dots Hardwoods- --_--_- 2, 964 2, 474 8, 936 585 677 462 1, 868 Maryland__.- Softwoods...--.._- 27, 449 25, 056 119, 263 5, 631 7, 144 87 430 Dore tsc Hardwoods. ------ 31, 986 29, 757 142, 739 9, 149 23, 760 5, 892 27, 249 New Jersey - Softwoods....._-_- 6, 866 4,550 10, 109 316 37 635 1, 423 OL swe Hardwoods. --__-_- 7, 608 5, 537 22, 158 593 689 670 2, 643 New York.-_- Softwoods..-_.__.- 19, 482 18, 000 61, 818 3, 696 3, 605 287 968 on. ae Hardwoods_--_-_-_- 80, 194 69, 493 305, 054 15, 976 11, 957 7, 452 32, 513 Pennsylvania_ Softwoods__._-___- 13, 002 12, 070 43, 434 1, 261 599 3, 112 8, 586 Ob: = eee Hardwoods-_--_-___- 145, 332 140, 768 542, 632 46, 887 16, 842 27, 657 106, 537 West Virginia__ Softwoods....-___- 12, 192 11, 168 47, 630 627 98 851 3, 274 1D Yo) tees ye a ie a a AS eee Hardwoods__---____ 117, 762 115, 202 569, 439 20, 602 9,179 6, 766 33, 206 Total Softwoods__..-___- 87, 835 77, 848 301, 858 11, 918 11, 516 5, 918 16, 547 Hardwoods---_---_- 385, 846 3638, 231 1, 590, 958 93, 792 63, 104 48, 899 204, 016 Lake States: Michigan’ {sen Sessen en ee ae nes Senne 47, 832 45, 598 175, 058 4, 309 14, 393 4, 863 17, 365 DoLossevss. 142, 867 129, 096 585, 354 11,579 31, 280 17, 633 43, 567 Minnesota 52, 487 50, 417 184, 045 2, 027 2, 418 17, 783 56, 392 Do 82, 982 73, 761 222, 830 6, 6, 820 5, 125 12, 663 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 1, 147 687 3, 027 36 138 2, 413 3, 620 308 151 320 1 0 257 450 1, 050 523 1,571 34 139 893 2,148 37, 463 36, 155 120, 259 1,591 2,110 1, 439 5, 101 166, 128 148, 436 535, 824 15, 405 24, 255 105, 957 108, 275 ee ae 138, 226 132, 321 479, 682 7, 928 18, 921 24, 342 79, 308 eas 394, 174 352, 503 1, 348, 606 33, 139 62, 632 132, 021 170, 268 185 149 746 15 17 845 1, 220 42, 879 35, 430 206, 292 5, 425 14, 281 49, 232 174, 386 131 126 523 8 11 350 496 52, 146 49, 308 280, 258 11, 237 54, 028 4, 663 15, 535 49 46 212 3 7 269 645 14, 723 11, 265 60, 138 1, 533 3,716 37, 289 97, 812 13 10 0 10 7, 899 6, 183 30, 709 579 2, 661 834 2, 321 9, 724 9, 309 35, 278 524 716 1, 234 3, 852 107, 040 95, 629 516, 802 19, 189 86, 579 15, 369 84, 862 4,117 3, 793 15, 679 182 223 10, 111 14, 266 103, 552 63, 054 350, 720 4, 428 21, 373 27, 267 58, 189 671 633 1,770 24 32 599 , 283 7, 442 6, 455 41, 587 796 3, 213 1, 649 3, 745 Softwoods--__- 1,811 1, 596 4, 882 90 57 197 550 Hardwoods- -_.--- 93, 817 83, 167 445, 765 20, 673 80, 863 7, 397 39, 712 Softwoods__-.-_-_- 16, 701 15, 662 59, 090 846 1, 063 13, 615 22, 312 Hardwoods. - ----- 429, 498 350,491 | 1,932, 271 63, 860 266, 714 143, 700 476, 562 Softwoods_--..._-- 579, 253 506, 158 1, 856, 163 61, 247 64, 578 61, 383 180, 954 Hardwoods. -..--- 1, 409,356 | 1,242,463 | 5, 496, 798 221, 556 447, 855 341, 670 903, 640 South Atlantic: North Carolina. os {ue See Se Softwoods.-------- 347, 137 321,822 | 1,117, 058 23, 689 33, 565 31, 305 58, 211 D Hardwoods---_-..- 199, 267 174, 615 652, 768 92, 958 99, 247 46, 327 68, 002 Softwoods_____-__- 283, 931 268, 228 927, 246 17, 030 30, 824 13, 500 41, 376 Hardwoods. ----.-- 121, 448 104, 829 395, 346 26, 522 81, 632 18, 868 36, 664 Softwoods_--._.--- 158, 038 148, 620 441, 296 6, 497 8,995 10, 839 36, 661 Hardwoods. ___--- 194, 748 173, 578 614, 168 67, 762 27, 806 35, 611 58, 124 Softwoods_-_.-.-._- 789, 106 738, 670 2, 485, 600 47, 216 73, 384 55, 644 136, 248 Hardwoods. -_---- 515, 463 453, 022 1, 662, 282 187, 242 208, 685 100, 806 162, 790 Softwoods__.-.--.- 246, 870 228, 397 778, 843 13, 736 31, 941 36, 167 123, 216 Hardwoods. ___--- 38, 363 31, 492 133, 902 10, 474 23, 197 27, 634 62, 601 Softwoods____.._-- 649, 778 610, 079 1, 810, 501 38, 741 191, 453 30, 715 202, 384 Hardwoods_-_-_--- 139, 230 122, 801 558, 410 40, 842 69, 960 84, 761 60, 048 Softwoods-_-_.-.-_.- 896, 648 838, 476 2, 589, 344 52, 477 223, 394 66, 882 325, 600 Hardwoods. -_-_-_--- 177, 593 154, 293 692, 312 51, 316 93, 157 112, 395 122, 649 Softwoods___---__- 506, 445 488, 287 1, 971, 548 31, 600 50, 942 1, 600 5, 950 Hardwoods_ _-__--_- 238, 384 197, 160 632, 696 31, 425 64, 692 57, 111 174, 622 Softwoods_-______- 443, 086 428, 354 1, 767, 682 33, 516 57, 551 0 Hardwoods_ 207, 805 175, 523 02, 320 35, 679 79, 120 72, 890 250, 157 Softwoods-- 28, 745 27, 744 112, 413 1, 958 3, 293 3, 498 8, 294 Onda eee deere Hardwoods 132, 598 118, 645 556, 092 35, 965 77, 803 28, 590 61, 705 Total: S2ec=s5--. 5am SR et ee aes Softwoods.._..---- 978, 276 944,385 | 3,851, 643 67, 074 111, 786 5, 098 14, 244 Hardwoods-_._---- 578, 787 491, 328 1, 791, 108 103, 069 221, 615 158, 591 486, 484 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 TaBLE 44.—Roundwood products, logging residues, and other r State and species group, 301 emovals from growing stock and sawtimber, by section, region, 1970—Continued Section, region, and State Species Softwoods--------- Hardwoods. ------ Softwoods-_------- Hardwoods. ------ Softwoods--------- Hardwoods. ------ Softwoods--------- Hardwoods. ------ Softwoods--------- Hardwoods- ------ Total, South. ----_------=--=------=-_--- Softwoods Hardwoods Pacific Northwest: Alaska: Coastal_ Oregon: WeRInEHe = 2 Saas = oe oo Softwoods----- pee a eee See == === Hardwoods- ToD De oe = eee cee ee Se Softwoods--------- TB anne Fs Bee Pe ee ee Hardwoods- ------ Summary. .--.--25--4--=--=--=-------------=- Softwoods--------- 10 Ta eee OL SE 2 ee Hardwoods- ------ Washington Dnt Pt yee eae nee Se eRe eae Softwoods--------- o. hoL Sl nats See Se Se Hardwoods- ------ Ty SR ee Softwoods---.------ Tw Cb ee a Se Hardwoods- ------ Serrgary Softwoods--------- TD 1 Dunoon at SATE * =. (eee ee Hardwoods- ------ a ayia oe ee ae Softwoods--------- poe ee = Hardwoods- ------ Pacific Southwest: CCS te a ee eee Seer ee eae Softwoods--------- TO ee ee ee eee eer eee Hardwoods- ------ To Lk sae 2s a ee Softwoods--------- ig ee eee a Hardwoods- ------ Sa) ee ee ore = ee eee ee ae Softwoods--------- 1D epee ane ae ee eae a eee tape pi Hardwoods- ------ Total, Pacific Coast = -----========------==— Softwoods--------- 13 ee ee ee Hardwoods- ------ Northern Rocky Mountain: Idahi Softwoods--------- Dos-* Hardwoods- ------ Montana- Softwoods--------- D Hardwoods- -_----- South Dakota (West)- Softwoods--------- D Hardwoods- ------ Wyoming Softwoods--------- D Hardwoods- ------ Softwoods--.------ Hardwoods- ------ Softwoods--- Hardwoods- Softwoods--------- Hardwoods- ------ Softwoods--------- Hardwoods--_----- -| Softwoods----.---- Hardwoods- ------ Softwoods-__------- Hardwoods- ------ Softwoods--------- Hardwoods- ------ Softwoods.-.------- Hardwoods- ------ Roundwood products Logging residues Other removals All Growing Saw- Growing Saw- Growing Saw- sources stock timber stock timber stock timber Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Tho sand | Thousand cubic feet cubic feet board feet cubic feet board feet cubic feet board feet 276, 126 270,068 | 1,313, 452 25, 955 46, 811 3, 391 15, 553 184, 781 162, 214 655, 181 43, 116 95, 880 115, 364 410, 393 467, 186 455, 883 | 2, 161, 230 40, 385 71, 116 . 118, 309 135, 167 112, 837 395, 420 24, 533 54, 427 61, 366 223, 779 20, 678 20, 202 97, 223 2,199 3, 997 TSi 620 18, 126 15, 172 47, 995 1, 932 3, 801 12, 440 35, 198 316, 600 307,981 | 1,369, 588 27, 385 36, 470 0 0 58, 135 47,707 179, 599 9, 017 14, 712 69, 072 237, 064 1,080,590 | 1,054,134 | 4, 941, 493 95, 924 158, 394 30, 155 134, 482 396, 209 337,930 | 1, 278,195 78, 598 168, 820 258, 242 906, 434 3,744,620 | 3,575,665 | 13, 868, 080 262, 691 566, 958 157, 779 610, 574 668,052 | 1,436,573 | 5, 423, 897 420, 225 692, 277 630, 034 1, 678, 357 118, 995 117,770 746, 213 39, 320 79, 881 0 253, 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 1, 166,746 | 1,006,000 | 7,006, 300 172, 000 551, 700 5, 000 33, 000 18, 032 16, 800 75, 600 4, 200 11, 400 0 0 344, 263 330, 880 | 2, 035, 060 21, 120 62, 940 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,511,009 | 1,336,880 | 9, 041, 360 193, 120 614, 640 5, 000 33, 000 18, 032 16, 75, 600 4, 200 11, 400 0 0 1, 143,940 | 1,036,400 | 6,737, 902 158, 600 512, 100 42, 000 242, 998 48, 466 | 45, 500 168, 700 11, 500 25, 300 6, 000 20, 000 203, 375 197,200 | 1, 203, 900 12, 800 39, 100 24, 000 150, 000 1, 620 i hf 400 1, 100 70 240 1, 347,315 | 1,233,600 | 7, 941, 802 171, 400 551, 200 66, 000 392, 998 50, 086 47, 100 75, 800 11, 900 26, 400 6, 070 ' 2,977,319 | 2,688,250 | 17,729,375 403,840 | 1,245,721 71, 000 679, 489 68, 118 63, 900 251, 400 16, 100 37, 800 6, 070 20, 240 827, 480 781,000 | 5,119,000 92, 000 286, 000 28, 000 176, 000 16, 248 10, 956 41, 113 13, 479 11, 607 1, 565 3, 280 17 17 119 0 0 0 0 588 540 2, 693 0 0 1, 600 8, 000 827, 497 781,017 | 5,119,119 92, 000 286, 000 28, 000 176, 000 16, 831 11, 496 43, 806 13, 479 11, 607 3, 165 11, 280 3,804,816 | 3, 469, 267 | 22, 848, 494 495,840 | 1,531,721 99, 000 855, 489 84, 949 75, 396 295, 206 29, 579 49, 407 9, 235 31, 520 325, 698 316,395 | 1, 965, 218 37,175 117, 283 3, 640 22, 923 253 41 252 5 15 0 4 279, 533 275,279 | 1,647,355 44, 009 135, 801 5, 091 31,510 27 26 164 5 14 1 12 15, 124 14, 888 85, 245 581 733 186 1,113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33, 685 32, 244 182, 979 2, 469 3, 862 1, 442 8, 846 0 0 0 0 0 0 040 638, 806 | 3, 880, 797 84, 234 257, 679 10, 359 64, 392 280 67 416 10 29 1 16 86, 985 78, 463 466, 278 8, 537 238, 372 557 1, 481 7, 194 170 546 14 0 7 52, 257 48, 629 294, 377 4, 623 12, 562 4, 237 25, 874 1, 885 1, 264 7,417 130 336 110 653 572 0 0 0 0 10 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46, 790 38, 556 241, 701 4, 689 15, 380 355 2, 233 802 430 , O91 50 164 6 34 11, 955 11, 045 65, 161 792 1,777 423 2, 631 425 111 31 3 24 6 198, 559 176, 693 | 1, 067,517 18, 641 53, 091 5, 582 32, 282 10, 317 2, 289 10, 665 225 525 140 700 852, 599 815,499 | 4,948, 314 102, 875 310, 770 15, 941 96, 674 10, 597 2, 356 11, 081 235 554 141 716 8,981,288 | 8,366,589 | 43,521, 051 922,653 | 2,474, 027 334, 103 1, 743, 691 3,172,954 | 2,756,788 | 11, 226, 982 671,595 | 1,190,093 981, 080 2, 614, 233 302 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 45 —Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 \—North [Thousand acres] NATIONAL FOREST White- | Spruce- | Longleaf-| Loblolly-| Oak- Oak- |Oak-gum-) Elm-ash-} Maple- | Aspen- Non- Stand size and site red-jack fir slash shortleaf pine hickory | cypress | cotton- beech- birch stocked Total pine pine pine wood birch Sawtimber: 120+ 7 17 0 19 ii 26 0 0 70 0 0 147 85 to 120 5 46 0 12 15 85 1 4 199 5 0 375 50 to 85__ 177 122 0 76 104 626 1 47 744 142 0 2, 042 20 to 50. 50 70 0 1 2 220 0 9 135 32 0 522 241 256 0 109 129 957 2 60 1, 150 180 0 3, 087 Poletimber: aa a N20 ee ete ears 2s ah ae 1 0 0 1 1 14 0 0 33 1 0 52 13 27 0 6 2 36 0 4 188 26 0 304 407 444 0 71 100 428 0 61 678 1, 076 0 3, 267 113 314 0 5 2 487 0 30 108 265 0 1,327 534 786 0 83 105 966 0 96 1, 009 1,369 0 4, 951 4 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 25 ll 15 0 2 0 2 0 ¥ 2 42 ll 5 93 389 206 0 86 28 92 0 13 225 303 235 1, 580 77 154 0 47 22 168 0 14 64 59 110 719 483 388 0 136 51 263 0 30 340 374 351 2, 418 13 30 0 20 8 40 0 1 lll 1 0 225 30 88 0 20 17 124 1 11 431 43 5 773 973 772 0 234 233 1, 146 1 122 1, 648 1, 522 235 6, 890 241 539 0 54 27 875 0 53 308 356 110 2, 568 1, 259 1, 431 0 329 286 2, 187 2 187 2,499 1, 923 351 10, 458 OTHER PUBLIC 44 23 0 0 9 152 1 9 41 2 0 284 72 42 0 23 30 255 4 47 110 37 0 624 168 79 0 19 39 708 24 268 465 190 0 1, 964 125 195 0 1 15 300 1 262 474 lll 0 1, 486 411 341 0 43 94 1, 417 30 587 1, 093 341 0 4, 360 62 86 0 2 5 65 0 20 33 7 0 281 76 208 0 43 14 297 2 69 144 267 0 1,121 198 690 0 38 71 779 16 305 489 1, 496 0 4, 084 448 960 0 3 24 531 1 503 657 1, 290 0 4, 423 785 1, 945 0 87 114 1, 673 20 898 1, 325 3, 060 0 9, 911 23 39 0 0 2 55 0 6 10 1 14 153 54 91 0 34 9 90 2 24 37 81 69 493 170 552 0 25 33 283 12 207 173 769 587 2, 814 284 875 0 1 14 270 0 304 292 838 839 3, 721 532 1, 558 0 60 58 699 14 542 514 1, 691 1,510 7, 182 130 149 0 2 16 273 1 35 86 10 14 719 85 to 120__ Sau 202 342 0 100 53 643 8 140 292 386 69 2, 239 D0) tON BS Leese whi 537 1, 321 0 82 144 1,771 52 781 1, 128 2, 456 587 8, 863 ZO0iEO' 50 Se 2 eas 858 2, 032 0 5 54 1,101 3 1, 070 1, 424 2, 239 839 9, 630 Totalaseees ees: 1, 729 3, 846 0 190 268 3,790 65 2, 028 2, 932 5, 092 1,510 21, 453 FOREST INDUSTRY 158 357 0 6 27 91 2 166 169 48 0 1, 029 150 566 0 32 22 248 11 158 202 127 0 1,518 262 607 0 11 26 241 7 415 567 208 0 2, 348 237 426 0 4 44 234 2 296 1, 215 72 0 2, 534 809 1, 958 0 54 120 816 22 1, 037 2, 154 456 0 7, 431 53 156 0 3 17 55 2 88 76 44 0 497 206 719 0 20 26 190 Bi 284 240 211 0 1, 905 260 503 0 10 31 171 3 220 369 442 0 2, 012 120 385 0 3 24 163 2 230 488 322 0 1, 740 640 1, 764 0 37 99 580 13 824 1,174 1, 020 0 6, 155 See footnote at end of table. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 303 TaBLE 45—Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 1— North—Continued [Thousand acres] White Spruce- | Longleaf- Loblolly-| Oak- Qak- |Oak-gum- | Elm-ash- Maple- | Aspen- Non- Stand size and site red-jack fir slash | shortleaf pine hickory | cypress | cotton- beech- birch stocked Total pine pine pine wood birch 122 0 3 0 15 0 36 31 38 1 269 339 0 12 26 81 6 133 120 63 6 888 343 0 6 14 83 3 219 175 290 35 1, 333 410 0 2 17 159 3 140 382 190 90 1, 485 1, 215 0 23 57 339 13 530 709 583 133 3, 976 636 0 12 45 162 4 291 276 131 1 1, 796 1, 625 0 65 74 520 23 577 563 402 6 4,311 1, 454 0 23 72 496 14 855 1,112 940 35 5, 694 1, 222 0 9 85 557 7 668 2, 086 585 90 5, 760 4, 938 0 115 277 1, 735 50 2, 391 4, 038 2, 060 133 17, 563 FARM AND MISCELLANEOUS PRIVATE ! Sawtimber ee 343 294 it) 30 112 710 10 247 578 30 0 2, 359 tp 800 --= 734 558 0 685 542 6, 611 225 1, 239 1, 759 292 0 12, 649 50 to 85___..---------------- 1,112 668 0 383 312 7, 555 7 3, 147 3, 505 494 0 17, 426 20 to 50. __...--------------- 663 493 0 69 265 5, 051 146 2, 243 2, 516 186 0 11, 635 Total 2, 854 2,014 0 1, 168 1, 233 19, 929 630 6, 877 8, 360 1, 004 0 44, 071 211 345 0 18 62 679 4 326 394 148 0 2,190 413 525 0 490 269 4, 126 116 997 1, 416 908 0 9, 265 952 916 0 278 396 5, 674 118 1, 889 2, 213 2, 342 0 14, 780 535 1, 229 0 50 242 4,701 60 1, 815 2, 654 1,610 0 12, 902 2, 113 3, 016 0 837 971 15, 182 299 5, 029 6, 678 5, 009 0 39, 137 176 482 0 a 79 742 1 250 432 160 130 2, 480 536 900 0 436 430 3, 388 142 967 1, 312 1, 297 697 10, 107 716 1, 041 0 274 254 4, 325 124 1,913 1, 978 2, 447 2, 288 15, 363 705 1, 230 0 45 284 4, 255 46 2, 325 2, 424 1, 489 4, 460 17, 265 2, 134 3, 653 0 780 1, 048 12, 711 314 5, 457 6, 148 5, 393 7, 576 45, 217 731 1,121 0 73 255 2, 133 16 824 1, 405 130 7, 029 1, 684 1, 984 0 1, 612 1, 242 14, 126 484 3, 204 4, 488 2, 498 697 32, 022 2, 781 2, 625 0 935 963 17, 554 489 6, 950 7, 697 5, 284 2, 288 47,570 1, 905 2, 952 0 165 792 14, 008 253 6, 384 7, 594 3, 286 4, 460 41, 803 7,101 8, 683 0 2, 787 3, 253 47, 823 1, 244 17, 364 21, 186 11, 407 7, 576 128, 426 ALL OWNERSHIPS Sawtimber 120+-_...------=------------- 554 tt) 56 156 981 13 423 860 81 0 3, 820 85 190. 2s. 228 553 SS 963 1, 213 0 753 610 7, 201 241 1, 449 2, 272 463 0 15, 167 50 to 85___------------------ 1, 720 1, 0 490 483 9, 131 280 3, 878 5, 283 1, 035 0 23, 781 Ces eS 1, 076 1,185 0 76 328 5, 807 150 2, 811 4, 341 402 0 16,179 otal). .... a 4,315 4,570 0 1,376 1,578 | 23,120 685 8, 562 12, 757 1, 982 0 58, 949 Poletimber ib, | = RS ee eee 328 587 0 25 85 814 6 435 537 200 0 3, 021 85 to 120___------------- 709 1, 480 0 559 311 4,651 124 1, 355 1,990 1, 413 0 12, 596 Vi ee eee 1,817 2, 553 0 398 599 7, 053 .138 2,477 3, 750 5, 357 0 24, 145 Fs on a 1, 218 2, 890 0 62 293 5, 884 64 z, 3, 909 3, 488 0 20, 392 Popals- 2 S--Ss--- a. 4, 073 7, 512 0 1, 046 1, 291 18, 403 333 6, 849 10, 186 10, 459 ) 60, 156 Seedlings and saplings: 120+ 226 656 0 27 81 813 1 293 481 200 146 2, 929 699 1, 346 0 485 465 3, 562 150 1,128 1,514 1, 453 777 11, 583 1, 439 2, 142 0 391 330 4, 784 139 2, 353 2, 3, 810 3, 146 21, 091 1, 156 2, 670 i) 96 339 4, 852 49 2, 785 3, 163 2, 577 5, 500 23, 191 3,521 6, 816 0 999 1, 216 14, 012 341 6, 559 7, 712 8, 041 9, 571 58, 795 1,109 1, 937 0 108 324 2, 609 2 1, 152 1, 879 481 146 9, 71 2, 371 4,040 0 1, 798 1,387 | 15,414 516 3, 933 5, 776 3, 329 777 39, 347 4,977 6, 174 0 1, 1,413 | 20, 558 8, 709 11, 586 10, 204 3, 146 69, 019 3, 452 6, 7 tt) 235 960 16, 543 265 8, 176 11, 414 6, 4 5, 500 59, 763 11,910 18, 899 0 3, 422 4,085 | 55,536 1, 361 21,971 7 77, 901 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 304 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 46.—Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 \—South [Thousand acres] NATIONAL FOREST SS SSS SS ee See footnote at end of table. White- | Spruce- | Longleaf-| Loblolly-| Oak- Oak- |Oak-gum-| Elm-ash-| Maple- Aspen- Non- Stand size and site red-jack fir slash shortleaf pine hickory | cypress | cotton- beech- birch stocked Total pine pine pine wood birch Sawtimber OS ES 2 oa lion Set 18 0 24 259 67 54 46 0 1 0 0 472 S57tOf120 SSeS ee oe Oe 7 0 144 736 224 309 84 8 15 0 0 1, 5380 5008S Ea ae oes a ee 30 2 262 781 440 908 87 12 44 0 0 2, 570 ZOO) SOLA ERE R U5 Lye ARRAN 5 1 88 194 185 481 69 0 15 0 0 1, 041 Total erent sce Mek 61 4 519 1,971 917 1, 754 287 21 76 0 0 5, 614 Poletimber: 1 0 0 32 16 16 ll 0 0 0 0 77 0 0 44 124 59 79 ll 0 3 0 0 323 0 0 108 386 266 746 30 ?) ll 0 0 1, 552 0 0 55 158 92 498 15 0 10 0 0 831 1 0 209 701 434 1, 339 69 2 25 0 0 2, 784 0 0 0 8 2 0 cl 0 0 0 0 18 1 0 54 109 97 85 15 0 0 0 0 363 0 0 128 226 230 429 42 0 5 0 41 1, 104 1 0 46 159 168 436 14 0 4 0 48 878 2 0 229 503 498 951 79 0 9 0 89 2, 365 19 0 24 300 85 70 66 0 1 0 0 568 8 0 244 970 380 474 lll 8 19 0 0 2, 217 30 2 499 1, 393 937 2, 083 160 15 61 0 41 5, 228 6 2 190 511 446 1, 416 98 0 30 0 48 2, 750 65 4 958 3,176 1, 850 4, 045 436 24 112 0 89 10, 764 OTHER PUBLIC 0 0 21 89 28 15 145 21 0 0 0 322 0 0 115 220 103 122 259 9 0 0 0 830 0 0 202 215 190 374 208 17 14 0 0 1, 224 0 0 113 76 101 89 89 5 0 0 0 474 0 0 452 601 424 602 702 53 14 0 0 2, 851 4 0 6 18 10 cf 32 10 0 0 0 89 0 0 41 117 42 56 40 6 0 0 0 304 0 0 88 131 130 223 76 10 0 0 0 660 0 0 57 89 64 168 43 4 0 0 0 427 4 0 193 356 ine 247 455 193 32 0 0 0 1, 482 0 0 4 0 2 0 33 8 0 0 0 49 0 0 41 88 64 48 81 0 0 0 11 335 50 to 85__ 0 0 176 128 160 312 81 ll 0 0 106 978 20 TODOS 2aeteS LIS eae 0 0 99 81 93 276 23 6 0 0 236 818 0 0 322 299 320 637 219 26 0 0 354 2,181 4 0 32 108 40 22 211 41 0 0 0 461 0 0 197 425 210 227 381 15 0 0 ll 1,470 0 0 468 475 481 911 366 39 14 0 106 2, 863 0 0 269 247 259 534 156 16 0 0 236 1, 720 4 0 968 1, 257 991 1, 695 1,115 112 14 0 354 6,514 FOREST INDUSTRY 4 0 142 1, 095 500 224 386 93 0 0 0 2, 447 0 0 688 2, 784 1, 096 629 1, 644 79 4 0 0 6, 926 4 0 704 1, 768 805 697 1,161 92 8 0 0 5, 242 3 0 229 290 113 203 231 9 0 0 0 1, 080 Rotel scaoa. eee 12 0 1, 764 5, 938 2, 515 1, 756 3, 422 274 12 0 0 15, 697 =, SF SSS 0 0 65 99 101 70 88 11 4 0 0 440 0 0 514 635 269 277 326 26 0 0 0 2, 049 0 0 653 1, 038 587 766 478 21 4 0 0 3, 549 0 0 213 220 145 316 108 0 0 0 0 1, 0 0 1, 447 1, 993 1, 103 1, 431 1, 001 59 8 0 0 7, 044 —SS SS _——— APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 305 TABLE 46.—Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 \—South—Continued (Thousand acres] FOREST INDUSTR Y—Continued ! ] White- | Spruce- Long- | Loblolly-; Oak- Oak- Oak- | Elm-ash-| Maple- | Aspen- Non- Stand size and site red-jack fir leaf-slash | shortleaf pine hickory gum- cotton- | beech- birch stocked Total pine pine pine eypress wood birch 0 0 55 219 94 68 84 34 ) 0 25 583 4 0 678 933 529 328 264 9 0 0 73 2, 821 0 0 1, 718 2, 056 1, 304 953 401 25 0 0 317 6, 776 0 0 450 591 470 164 3 0 0 362 2, 403 4 0 2, 903 3, 800 2, 288 1, 820 915 73 0 ft) 778 12, 583 4 0 262 1,414 696 364 559 139 4 0 25 3, 470 4 0 1, 881 4, 353 1, 896 1,235 | 2.234 115 4 0 73 11, 798 4 0 3, 076 4, 862 2, 697 2,417 2, O41 138 12 i) 317 15,568 3 0 894 1,101 617 991 503 13 0 0 362 4,488 16 0 6,115 | 11,731 5, 907 5, 008 5, 339 407 21 0 778 35,325 FARM AND MISCELLANEOUS PRIVATE | 43 0 290 1,940 1, 155 777 974 291 8 ft) 0 5, 482 14 0 939 4, 679 2, 635 3, 048 6, 659 529 27 0 0 18, 532 34 4 1, 434 4, 418 3, 029 6, 684 3, 937 312 125 ty) 0 19, 981 3 0 686 541 751 | 2, 702 1, 096 81 18 0 0 5, 881 U0 2 eee eee 96 4 3,350 | 11,579 7,572 | 13,212] 12,668 1, 214 179 0 0 49, 877 15 ft) 534 282 394 303 106 3 0 ft) 1, 734 3 0 795 2, 140 1, 300 2, 266 2, 043 181 13 0 0 8,745 0 4 1, 086 3, 913 2,634 | 7,322 2, 159 167 92 0 i) 17, 381 4 0 381 4,171 592 61 4 0 0 6,979 23 4 2, 357 7,450 | 5,121 14, 155 5, 097 | 517 114 0 ft) 34, 840 Seedings and saplings: 120+ ya 0 112 599 369 278 281 87 0 ft) 11 1, 762 0 1, 434 3, 698 1, 739 2, 027 1,375 185 ) 0 169 10, 688 19 0 2, 267 8, 002 5, 650 9, 051 2, 255 145 16 0 1,195 28, 604 0 0 700 1,914 1% 6, 850 699 62 A 0 2,173 14, 164 52 0 4,564 | 14,214 9, 499 18, 207 4,610 480 40 0 3, 549 55, 219 83 0 496 3, 074 1, 807 1, 449 1, 558 484 12 0 11 8, 978 26 0 3, 219 10, 518 5, 675 7, 341 10, 077 896 40 0 169 37, 966 53 8 4,788 | 16,334] 11,314 | 23,059 8, 352 625 234 0 1, 195 65, 967 7 0 1, 768 3,315 3, 394 13, 724 2, 388 205 47 0 2,173 27, 025 171 S| 10,272], 33,243 | 22;192 | 45,575 | 22, 377 2, 212 334 0 3,549 139, 938 0 8, 724 i) 27, 820 0 29, 018 ty) 8,477 0 74, 041 0 2, 340 0 11, 423 0 23, 144 0 A 0 46,151 Seedlings and saplings: 12 | oe yz 0 172 827 469 346 407 130 ) 0 36 2, 413 SUL ee eee 14 0 2, 259 4, 830 2, 431 2, 488 1, 736 195 ) 0 254 14, 209 Ue oS ee eee 19 0 4,292} 10,413 346 | 10, 747 2, 780 182 21 0 1, 660 37, 463 ZA 7 oe eee eee 1 0 1, 296 2,7 2, 360 8, 901 72 28 0 2, 820 18, 263 Le a ee 58 0 8,020| 18,817] 12,607] 21,617 5, 825 580 50 0} 4,771 72, 349 a size classes: (sia! (SPS) (cle eee ci iioen] Maes IR! CR s5 22522 22ses5 ss == 111 0 816 4, 898 2, 630 1, 906 2, 396 665 17 0 36 13, 478 lly, | see Sa 39 0 5,543 | 16, 268 8, 163 , 279 | 12, 804 1, 035 64 0 254 53, 452 Dilip SMEs eS eS 838 u 8,833 | 23,066} 15,430) 28.471] 10,920 820 323 0 1,660 | 89, 626 2) fi 7 ee 18 Z 3, 122 5,176 4, 718 16, 667 3, 146 235 7 0 2, 820 35, 984 0 ee ee ee 257 13} 18,314| 49,409] 30,942] 56,324] 29, 268 2, 756 482 0 4,771 | 192, 542 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 306 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES! TABLE 47.—Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 '\—Rocky Mountains 2 (Thousand acres] NATIONAL FOREST Douglas- | Ponder- | Western Fir- Hemlock- Lodge- Stand size and site fir osa pine white spruce Sitka Larch pole pine spruce pine Western Non- stocked Total Sawtimber: 20 See footnotes at end of table. 3 4 13 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 28 0 0 13 6 0 0 0 0 0 48 17 21 0 22 6 2 0 0 4 15 91 44 67 0 19 0 0 88 0 46 123 389 94 93 13 67 13 2 88 0 52 139 563 45 16 40 67 9 33 0 0 2 0 214 200 199 30 186 71 21 8 0 8 0 726 575 836 0 347 43 74 101 0 29 15 2, 024 819 1, 994 0 239 16 31 530 0 460 123 4,215 1, 641 3, 048 71 840 140 161 639 0 500 139 7,181 0 0 0 225 0 8 0 325 0 4 0 782 0 3 0 478 0 17 0 1,812 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 61 0 7 0 175 0 9 0 245 APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, 1970 307 TABLE 47.—Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, ard site, 1970 '\—Rocky Mountains —Con. [Thousand acres] FOREST INDUSTRY—Continued Douglas- | Ponder- | Western Fir- Hemlock- Lodge- Western Non- Stand size and site fir osa pine white spruce Bitka Lerch Pole Redwood hard- stocked | Total Pine spruce pine woods 1 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 9 0 0 26 0 6 0 0 0 0 35 19 4 0 16 7 3 0 0 a 24 77 2 14 0 0 0 0 18 0 1 11 49 32 21 0 54 7 3 18 0 2 35 176 70 11 30 47 27 45 6 0 0 0 239 67 72 20 131 31 36 1 0 8 0 370 242 270 12 190 52 95 24 0 7 24 920 198 294 0 21 30 22 112 0 12 il 703 579 648 64 390 142 199 144 0 28 35 2, 233 FARM AND MISCELLANEOUS PRIVATE r Eos 9 7 43 30 108 0 0 4 0 247 244 133 13 157 41 60 11 0 64 0 725 811 639 0 | 441 38 117 95 0 94 0 2,238 1,012 2,351 | 0 | 359 29 32 261 0 385 0 4, 431 2,112 3, 132 20 1, 000 140 318 368 0 549 0 7, 644 0 10 0 7 0 0 6 0 0 0 24 9 | 5 0 6 7 9 12 0 0 0 50 29 | 16 0 18 0 86 124 0 37 0 312 478 849 0 82 6 0 630 0 847 | 0 2, 894 517 881 0 114 13 96 774 0 884 | 0 | 3, 281 Seedling and saplings: 120+ 1 25 0 10 18 0 0 0 5 9 70 16 0 0 1 7 8 17 0 0 20 71 80 37 9 52 0 30 0 0 16 87 314 55 166 0 40 6 0 151 0 214 411 1, 047 154 229 | 9 105 32 39 169 0. 235 528| 1,503 45 45 7 | 60 49 108 6 0) 9 9 342 271 138 13 | 165 56 78 41 0) 64 20 848 921 692 9 | 511 38 234 220 0 148 87 2, 865 1,546 3, 366 0 482 42 32 1, 044 0} 1, 447 411 8, 373 2,785 4, 243 29 1, 220 186 454 1,312 0 1,670 528 | 12, 429 ALL OWNERSHIPS 807 189 291 598 162 524 262 0 24 0 2, 860 1,385 608 113 1,431 225 313 638 0 110 0 4, 826 3,101 2,941 | 31 2,617 182 396 943 0 280 0 10, 493 3,949 8, 056 1 3, 152 141 87 2, 005 0 980 0 18, 375 LT ee 2 3 eee 9, 243 11, 795 437 7,799 712 1,321 3, 850 0 1,395 0 36, 555 176 56 80 104 23 199 343 0 43 0 1, 025 321 31 20 183 34 107 869 0 130 0 1,698 239 103 10 230 13 158 971 0 239 0 1,965 988 1,689 0 505 18 14 2, 365 0 1, 858 0 7, 439 1,725 1, 880 110 1, 022 89 478 |~ 4, 549 0 2, 272 0 12,129 112 39 56 135 28 108 145 0 5 | 227 859 282 18 12 247 2 66 328 0 9 | 275 1, 265 248 127 13 245 24 46 189 0 87 | 453 1, 436 273 593 0 350 17 10 877 0 502 1,715 4, 338 916 778 83 978 94 232 1,540 0 604 2, 671 | 7,900 1, 096 284 428 837 214 832 751 0) 73 227 4,746 1, 989 146 1, 861 284 487 1, 836 0) 250 275 7, 789 3, 589 3,171 55 3, 093 221 600 2,104 0 606 453 13, 895 5, 211 10, 1 4, 007 177 lil 5, 248 0 3, 341 1,715 30, 153 11, 885 14, 454 631 9, 800 896 2, 032 9,940 0 4, 272 2, 671 56, 585 ! Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. 2 See footnote 2, table 3. 547-966 O- 74-21 308 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 48.—Area of commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 \—Pacific Coast [Thousand acres] NATIONAL FOREST Douglas- | Ponder- | Western Fir- Hemlock- Lodge- Western Non- Stand size and site fir osa pine white spruce Sitka Larch pole Redwood hard- stocked Total pine spruce pine woods Sawtimber: 1, 644 578 20 1,140 1, 827 39 9 1 233 0 5, 492 1,279 1,568 23 1, 309 2, 006 52 199 1 286 0 , 724 2,711 3,155 24 1, 940 960 115 361 2 293 0 9, 562 421 1, 078 45 492 129 33 41 0 33 0 2,273 6, 055 6, 379 112 4, 881 4, 924 239 610 4 846 0 24, 052 142 21 1 109 98 19 18 0 40 0 450 ill 123 1 114 82 29 483 0 34 0 979 330 362 0 239 52 35 575 0 67 0 1, 660 78 149 0 67 4 10 52 0 4 0 365, 661 655 2 531 238 93 1,128 0 ue} o| . 3,456 192 31 6 84 181 33 11 0 55 158 752 123 124 55 103 134 44 106 0 53 253 997 201 266 5 129 56 45 156 0 54 381 1, 294 43 86 2 38 13 19 21 0 18 120 362 559 507 68 356 386 141 294 0 181 914 3, 407 1,978 630 27 1, 334 2,107 91 38 1 329 158 6, 695 1,513 1,815 79 1,527 2, 224 125, 788 1 375 253 8, 701 50 to 85__. 3, 242 3, 783 29 2, 309 1, 069 195 1, 092 2 414 381 12, 518 QO Saetais aE Cee aed, 542 1, 313 47 598 147 62 114 0 55 120 3, 001 Totals sees SIMS oad 7, 275 7, 541 182 5, 769 5, 549 473 2, 032 4 1,175 914 30, 915 OTHER PUBLIC 1, 243 63 0 223 579 421 0 27 374 0 2,515 498 248 0 79 193 21 0 0 117 0 1,157 774 498 0 107 235 43 94 0 121 0 1, 873 83 102 0 25 4 20 0 17 0 259 2,598 911 0 418 1, 033 72 114 27 630 0 5, 805 Poletimber: 120-f225 te es eats sew oa 162 0 0 0 88 0 0 0 181 0 432 67 27 0 16 22 16 0 27 0 177 157 80 0 32 8 19 116 0 26 0 438 9 43 0 0 0 0 16 0 5 0 73 395 150 0 48 119 35 133 0 239 0 1,121 320 30 0 45 175 0 0 0 194 423 1, 188 99 40 0 16 17 5 3 0 12 42 234 183 43 0 19 37 0 52 0 61 147 543 32 18 0 1 1 0 16 0 16 69 153 634 131 0 83 231 5 71 0 283 681 2,120 1, 725 93 0 269 843 4 0 27 749 423 4,135 664 315 0 111 233 42 4 0 156 42 1, 569 1,114 621 0 160 281 62 262 0 208 147 2, 856 124 163 0 8 26 4 52 0 38 69 486 3, 627 1,192 0 550 1, 384 112 318 27 1, 153 681 9, 046 FOREST INDUSTRY Sawtimber: 120=}2= Pai oie ete 1, 625 318 0 275 969 0 0 382 655 0 4, 224 410 419 8 161 120 6 22 37 289 0 1,472 394 597 0 152 125 0 165 15 194 0 1, 642 23 105 0 12 20 0 30 0 18 0 208 2, 452 1, 439 8 600 1, 234 6 217 434 1, 156 0 7, 546 282 0 0 26 170 0 0 0 181 0 659 24 24 0 12 14 0 12 0 76 0 162 164 96 0 10 0 5 115 5 50 0 445 6 31 0 7 0 0 0 12 0 64 476 51 0 55 184 5 135 5 319 0 1, 330 See footnote at end of table. Douglas- fir Stand size and site 1 Data may not add to totals because of truncating. Zeros indicate no data or negligible amounts. APPENDIX I. FOREST STATISTICS, Ponder- osa pine [Thousand acres] FOREST INDUSTRY—Continued Western 1970 309 TaBLe 48.—Area cf commercial timberland by ownership, forest type, stand size, and site, 1970 \—FPacific Coast—Continued Fir- Hemlock- Lodge- Western Non- white spruce Sitka Larch pole Redwood hard- stocked Total pine spruce pine woods 0 38 555 0 0 36 322 251 1,779 0 38 96 0 0 0 140 120 711 0 32 73 25 39 0 169 125 653 0 0 0 0 10 0 51 30 200 0 108 724 25 49 36 682 526 3, 343 0 339 1, 694 0 0 418 1, 158 251 6, 662 8 211 230 6 34 37 505 120 2, 345 0 194 198 30 319 20 413 125 2, 740 0 19 20 0 48 0 81 30 472 8 763 2, 142 36 401 475 2,157 526 12, 219 FARM AND MISCELLANEOUS PRIVATE | } 0 | 286 320 10 1 239 1,154 0 | 3, 676 0 | 128 97 0 45 16 498 0 1, 799 0 | 254 | 58 15 205 5 434 0 2,612 0 90 | 17 0 43 | 0 108 | 0 829 0 759 493 25 294 | 260 2, 245 | 0| 8,917 0 57 62 0 0 16 306 | 0 728 0 19 16 13 16 1 132 | 0 | 361 0 19 17 14 139 0 157 0 | 948 0 9 0 0 10 0 63 0 | 312 0 104 95 27 165 17 658 | o| 2,349 8 62 132 0 8 15 485 638 1, 731 0 7 36 10 0 5 279 265 795 0 11 88 20 32 0 303 460 1,229 0 2 0 8 44 0 87 223 | 417 8 | 82 | 257 38 84 | 20 1,155 1,586 | 4,173 | 8 405 515 10 9 270 1, 947 638 6, 135 0 154 150 23 61 22 909 265 2, 957 0 284 163 49 376 5 944 460 4,790 0 | 101 17 8 97 0 258 | 223 1,559 8 945 847 90 543 297 4,059 | 1, 586 15, 441 16 709 0 2, 269 1 270 0 1, 5 300 0 3, 493 0 84 0 814 22 1, 363 0 8, 256 51 1, 057 1,470 5, 451 5 485 680 2, 738 0 587 1,113 3, 720 0 172 442 1, 133 56 2, 302 3, 707 13, 044 716 4, 184 1,470 23, 628 60 1,946 15, 572 27 1, 980 1,113 22, 904 0 434 442 5, 518 803 8, 545 3, 707 67, 622 APPENDIX {I Glossary of Terms Acceptable tree. Growing-stock tree of commercial species that meets specified standards of size and quality, but not qualifying as desirable tree. Allowable harvest. The volume of timber that would be cut on commercial timberland during a given period under specified management plans aimed at sustained production of timber products. Coarse residue. Plant residue that is suitable for chip- ping, such as slabs, edgings, and veneer cores. Commercial timberland. Forest land producing or capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber utilization. (Note: Areas quali- fying as commercial timberland have the capability of producing in excess of 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial wood in natural stands. Currently inaccessible and inoperable areas are included, except when the areas involved are small and unlikely to become suitable for production of industrial wood in the foreseeable future.) Cord. A pile of stacked wood containing 128 cubic feet within its outside surfaces. The standard dimensions are 4 by 4 by 8 feet. Cropland. Land under cultivation within the past 24 months, including cropland harvested, crop failures, culti- vated summer fallow, idle cropland used only for pasture, orchards, and land in soil improving crops, but excluding land cultivated in developing improved pasture. Deferred forest land. National Forest land that meets productivity standards for commercial timberland, but under study for possible inclusion in the Wilderness System. Desirable tree. Growing-stock tree (a) having no serious defects in quality limiting present or prospective use for timber products, (b) of relatively high vigor, and (c) containing no pathogens that may result in death or serious deterioration before rotation age. (Note: This is the type of tree forest managers try to grow; that is, the tree favored in cultural operations. In over-rotation-age stands, desirable trees are low-risk trees.) Diameter classes. A classification of trees based on diameter outside bark, measured at breast height (4-14 feet above the ground). (Note: D.b.h. is the common ab- breviation for diameter at breast height. Two-inch diam- eter classes are commonly used in Forest Survey, with the even inch the approximate midpoint for a class. For example, the 6-inch class includes trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches d.b.h., inclusive.) Farm. A place of 10 or more acres from which the sale of agricultural products totaled $50 or more annually, or a place of less than 10 acres from which the sale of agricul- tural products totaled $250 or more during the previous year. Farm and miscellaneous lands. Privately owned lands other than in forest industry ownership. Fine residues. Residues not suitable for chipping, such as sawdust, shavings, and veneer clippings. Forest land. Land at least 10 percent occupied by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, 310 and not currently developed for nonforest use. (Note: The minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, or other bodies of water or clearings in forest areas are classed as forest if less than 120 feet in width.) Also see definitions for land area, commercial timberland, noncommercial forest land, productive-reserved forest land, stocking, and unproductive forest land. Forest site productivity class. A classification of forest land in terms of potential cubic-foot volume growth per acre at culmination of mean annual increment in fully stocked natural stands. Forest type. A classification of forest land based upon the species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. Type is determined on the basis of species plurality of all live trees that contribute to stocking. Growing-stock trees. Live trees of commercial species qualifying as desirable or acceptable trees. Excludes rough, rotten, and dead trees. Growing-stock volume. Net volume in cubic feet of growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and over from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter outside bark of the central stem or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs. Growth impact. Mortality plus growth loss. Growth loss. Timber loss due to (a) delay in restocking or deficiencies in stocking resulting from damage by insects, disease, animals, fire, or adverse weather, and (b) the reduction in growth due to changes in timber type, defoliation, reduction of tree vigor, increase in cull percent, or deterioration of site due to destructive agents. Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved and deciduous. Indian lands. Tribal lands held in fee by the Federal Government, but administered for Indian tribal groups, and Indian trust allotments. Industrial wood. All roundwood products, except fuel- wood. Ingrowth. The number or net volume of trees that grow large enough during a specified year to qualify as saplings, poletimber, or sawtimber. Land area. a. Bureau of the Census. The area of dry land and land temporarily or partly covered by water, such as marshes, swamps and river flood plains (omitting tidal flats below mean high tide) ; streams, sloughs, estuaries and canals less than % of a statute mile in width; and lakes, reservoirs and ponds less than 40 acres in area. b. Forest Survey. Same as the Bureau of the Census except minimum width of streams, etc. is 120 feet and minimum size of lakes, etc. is 1 acre. ; Limbwood. That part of the tree above the stump which does not meet the requirement for saw logs and upper- stem portions, including all live, sound branches to a minimum of 4 inches outside bark. APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Log scale. A measure of the board-foot content of roundwood. Local scale may include Scribner, Doyle or other rules. The international 4-inch log rule is used as standard in the Forest Survey. Logging residues. Unused portions of trees cut or killed by logging. Mortality. Number or sound-wood volume of live trees dying from natural causes during a specified period. Multiple-use management. The management of land resources aimed at achieving optimum yields of products and services from a given area without impairing the productive capacity of the site. National Forest lands. Federal lands which have been legally designated as National Forests or purchase units, and other lands under the administration of the Forest Service, including experimental areas and Bankhead-Jones Title III lands. Net annual growth. The increase in volume of trees during a specified year. Components of net annual growth include the increment in net volume of trees at the begin- ning of the specified year surviving to its end, plus the net volume of trees reaching the minimum size class during the year, minus the volume of trees that died during the year, and minus the net volume of trees that became rough or rotten trees during the year. Net volume in board feet. The gross board-foot volume of trees less deductions for rot or other defect affecting use for lumber. Net volume in cubic feet. Gross volume in cubic feet less deductions for rot. Noncommercial forest land. (1) Unproductive forest land incapable of yielding crops of industrial wood, because of adverse site conditions and (2) productive forest land reserved for nontimber uses. Noncommercial species. Tree species of typically small size, poor form, or inferior quality which normally do not develop into trees suitable for industrial wood products. Nonforest land. Land that has never supported forests and lands formerly forested where use for timber manage- ment is precluded by development for other uses. (Note: Includes areas used for crops, improved pasture, residential areas, city parks, improved roads of any width and ad- joining clearings, powerline clearings of any width, and 1- to 40-acre areas of water classified by the Bureau of the Census as land. If intermingled in forest areas, unimproved roads and nonforest strips must be more than 120 feet wide, and clearings, etc., more than 1 acre in size, to qualify as nonforest land.) Nonstocked areas. Commercial timberland less than 10 percent occupied with growing-stock trees. Old-growth stands. Stands in which 50 percent or more of the area is occupied by old-growth timber. Old-growth timber. Trees that are at least 100 years old. Other removals. The net volume of growing-stock trees removed from the inventory by cultural operations such as timber-stand improvement, by land clearing and by changes in land use, and not utilized for timber products. Pasture and rangeland. Land which is currently im- proved for grazing by cultivation, seeding or irrigation, and natural grasslands. Plant byproducts. Wood products such as pulp chips obtained incidental to production of other manufactured products. Plant residues. Waste materials from the manufacture of lumber, plywood and other wood products. Includes slabs, edgings, trimmings, miscuts, sawdust, shavings, veneer cores and clippings, and pulp screenings. Poletimber stands. Stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing-stock trees of which half or more of this stocking is in poletimber and/or sawtimber trees, and with poletimber stocking exceeding that of sawtimber. Prescribed burning. The application of fire to land under such conditions of weather, soil moisture, and other factors as presumably will accomplish specific silvicultural, wildlife, grazing, or fire-hazard-reduction purposes. 311 Primary wood-processing plants. Plants using round wood products such as saw logs, pulpwood bolts, veneer logs, etc. Productive-reserved forest land. Forest land sufficiently productive to qualify as commercial timberland, but withdrawn from timber utilization through statute or administrative designation. Removals. Volumes of timber removed from the growing- stock inventory, including timber products, logging residues, and other removals such as land clearing. Rotation. The period of years between establishment of a stand of timber and the time when it is considered ready for final harvest and regeneration. Rotten tree. Live tree of commercial species that does not contain, now or prospectively, at least one 12-foot saw log or two noncontiguous saw logs each 8 feet or longer, and/or does not meet regional specifications for freedom from defect primarily because of rot; that is, when more than 50 percent of the cull volume in a tree is rotten. Rough tree. (1) Live tree of commercial species that does not contain, now or prospectively, at least one 12-foot saw log or two noncontiguous saw logs each 8 feet or longer, and/or does not meet regional specifications for freedom from defect primarily because of roughness or poor form, and (2) live tree of noncommercial species. Roundwood products. Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees for industrial or consumer use. Roundwood equivalent. The volume of logs or other round products required to produce woodpulp, lumber, or other processed products. Salvable dead trees. Standing or down dead trees that are considered merchantable by regional standards. Sampling error. The probable error of an estimated total or average that arises from taking a sample rather than making a complete inventory or measurement. Saplings. Live trees 1.0 inch to 5.0 inches in diameter at breast height. Saw-log portion. That part of the bole of sawtimber trees between the stump and the saw-log top. Saw logs. Logs meeting minimum regional standards of diameter, length, and defect. Logs must be at least 8 feet long, have a minimum diameter inside bark of 6 inches for softwoods and 8 inches for hardwoods and maximum defect as specified by regional standards. Sawtimber stands. Stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing-stock trees, with half or more of total stocking in sawtimber or poletimber trees, and with sawtimber stocking at least equal to poletimber stocking. Sawtimber trees. Live trees of commercial species containing at least one 12-foot saw log or two noncontigu- ous 8-foot logs, and meeting regional specifications for freedom from defect. Softwood trees must be at least 9.0 inches in diameter breast height, except in California, Oregon, Washington, and coastal Alaska where the minimum diameter is 11.0 inches. Hardwood trees must be at least 11.0 inches in diameter in all States. Secondary wood-processing plants. Plants using pri- mary manufactured products such as lumber, wood- pulp, veneer, or plywood. Seedling and sapling stands. Stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing-stock trees of which more than half of the stocking is saplings and/or seedlings. Seedlings. Live trees less than 1.0 inch in diameter at breast height that are expected to survive according to regional standards. Site preparation. Removal or deadening of unwanted vegetation prior to planting trees, including prescribed burning, use of herbicides, and disking and other mechani- cal means of removing vegetative cover. : Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen having needles or scalelike leaves. Stand improvement. Measures such as thinning, release cutting, girdling, weeding, or poisoning of unwanted trees aimed at improving growing conditions. 312 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Stand-size class. A classification of forest land based on the size class of growing-stock trees on the area; that is, sawtimber, poletimber, or seedlings and saplings. Stocking. The degree of occupancy of land by trees, measured by basal area and/or number of trees by size or age and spacing, compared to a stocking standard, i.e., the basal area and/or number of trees required to fully utilize the growth potential of the land. Timber demand. The volume of timber that would be purchased at specified prices at a specified point in time under specified or implied assumptions relating to popula- tion, income, and other technological or institutional factors. Timber supply (or timber harvest). Net volume of round- wood products available to forest industries from all sources at specified or implied price levels. Tree size class. A classification of trees based on diameter at breast height, including sawtimber trees, poletimber trees, saplings and seedlings. Trend level. Estimate based on a curve or regression equation constructed from observed values over time. Unproductive forest land. Forest land incapable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre of industrial wood under natural conditions because of adverse site conditions such -as sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation, steepness, or rockiness. Unregulated forest land. Commercial timberland in National Forests not organized for timber production under sustained-yield principles, including experimental forests, recreation and administrative sites, and tracts of commercial timberland so remote from manufacturing centers that scheduling sustained periodic harvest is impractical. Upper stems. That part of the bole of sawtimber trees above the saw-log top to a minimum top diameter of 4.0 inches outside bark or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs. Wilderness area. An area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve natural conditions. Young-growth stands. Stands in which 50 percent or more of the stand is occupied by sawtimber trees less than 100 years old. APPENDIX III Timber Supply Tables Table No. 1 Estimated costs and softwood harvest change with intensified forest management on farm and miscel- laneous private lands, by rate of return grouping at 1970 prices. 2 Estimated costs and softwood harvest change with intensified forest management on National Forests, by rate of return grouping at 1970 prices. 3 Estimated costs and softwood harvest change with intensified forest management on farm and miscel- laneous private lands, by rate of return and alterna- tive prices. Table No. 4 Estimated costs and softwood harvest change with intensified forest management of National Forest lands, by rate of return and price alternatives. 5 Estimated costs and softwood harvest change on farm and miscellaneous private lands with continuing programs of intensification. 6 Estimated costs and softwood harvest change on Na- tional Forest lands with continuing programs of intensification. 313 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 314 ‘dnoid sty4 ul porpnys suoyenyis ON 1 189 ‘2 £86 ‘82 QOT ‘81 89F ‘82 019 ‘9 Go ‘8 61Z 8h9 £8 ‘2 961 ‘T 0 ‘90% bose 9 ‘PLP S80.Cb vt = aeeeeseoie Porpnys [e4O.L 996 890 ‘b v1 9 06 ‘2 IS, «Rg ae > Se” cas | Br meg fit oe ee (Gee, + ¢ et || ea reer aie LIST L402 g “P81 090; Cin = 1 |paien ees aercie SeNeeaND LG 4 246 TLy £26 ‘3 OL6 ‘L G40 “IT 616 | CS, Saal eae sae (i Sarena Te | peers aa 6 O81 G'LLI 00ST OlONG = Cullen ie Soempgrmaeits WAL 0G He '9 ZOL ‘ZS (a 910 ‘OT £80 ‘9 200 ‘8 612 8P9 GLP ‘T 961 ‘T P&I ¢ ‘891 1 ‘OvT CAA A ee ol license stuceer see +H%L :suoldel [[V Sans TE PES Les te ee 1% 04 342 Il 89 LI 101 9 Grae GON a emir regs | GST OP es ac lec een eee a eT 90 10 90 (:) Gn (Mates rc eee oe VAL FG or H9o— 91 86 81 OIL 98 91Z 682 281 z0 SLOS8 = Pl gassa coe Pee acatiea ee ecg +%%L 14sB0D dyed a he ee |e eee GEL ‘9 008 ‘2 gun 837g foe ES EEO SEES ea ee ee [as ee a ES AT Z6I1 0 ‘901 000 ‘% fl ar eae See OLaec Serle Regie |Sipra abt. 199 ‘2 986 ‘6 Bile Ska | Saebee geal ce cae fas eae oa LEZ A Smale ue | gers: ie Z°S0L ira at O'l2t WEVSSEy | So5" Set oe are HAL FG 982 ‘9 996 ‘2% 008 ‘8 800 ‘OT 90 ‘9 £68 2 €81 cer €eL 6¢0 ‘T £821 £891 imate (335 Aen [ee eaens Shetice = Se ee +%%L :yynog 996 890 ‘P Ceo) Malmee 5 252 S082 oe. ilaes >: > sae | aoe ensam [esas ees (\ Sapa aed ax Saree £89 g"¢g G82 O90NS AlFerSserd Gases Sr oceeayee NG 04 4 C7 Sol ‘Z £62 9o6 £1 OG oJ. aa Rees = vee lll dak | a | Se ec Z'SZ 1‘ ¥'8z Lf) Gel Cc bec ere ae es PE g ICTR irae |e eerie chee a a | cg ec | ee cen re ar we emg nae (geen mee rl at mane Oa a ag em a |e De ae nae cae tL yf na “Wt °Pq “af na “Wt Pq “yf na “UPd yf-na “Wt Pq wna “Wf PQ si0]]0p 81010) sivjjop | spuvsnoy,y YQION, Uo uounn uorunn Uo Uounyw uo won uounn uounN Uounyn TOTTI AN uouNnW woul ereys 4soo 4so00 sie0A 0¢-1P sivoh OF-1E siv0h Of-1Z sivod 0Z-I1 siv0h OI-1 [e19poaq 1810. qoolld sol0y dnoiz umyoel puv uolo0g OEpBodep 9} UIYYLM osuUBYD YSaAIBY POOMAOS S}sop saovd OL6] 70 burdnos6 usnja.s fo azo4 fig ‘spun) ayoarsd snoauvjjassim pun wivf uo yuawabouvu ysaLof parfisuajur yn abuvyo ysaasDy poomifos pun s}809 pajowmasiy—"| ATAV I, APPENDIX III. TIMBER SUPPLY TABLES 315 TaBLe 2.—Estimated costs and softwood harvest change with intensified forest management on National Forests, by rate of return grouping at 1970 prices Costs Softwood harvest change within the decade! Section and return group Acres —_ Se et pees Direct | Total 1-10 years 11-20 years 21-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years Million | Million | Million | Million| Million| Million| Million| Million| Million| Million\ Million | Million Seceth Thousands | dollars | dollars | bd. ft. | cu.ft. | bd. ft. | cu.ft. | bd. ft. | cu.ft. | bd. ft. | cu.ft. | bd. ft. | cu. ft. orth: (hy See eee ae eee 2 ee 304 5.3 40 1,747 53 1, 396 —74 5) eee ee ee > eee 145 6.8 79 143 5 GI Se - Ch, eee eee ee 127 6.1 7 |S 42 301 39 South: Na hg i BE See Se 223 3.8 153 856 5 | 1,714 9 Soy t+: Aa ee eee Eee 137 7.9 2 334 105 634 18 yt TC a ee a 410 Zntet 6 CY CBS Eee EOL Se 8 ee See eae ae 233 396 61 Rocky Mountains 2 A, ee Se ee 2 eee 241 4.3 UTS | RRESS 9 Ee) MR! i ees 1, 023 1.080 )|= 2s 0D ee ee 2 Ny A ee eee 860 23.0 4B | 1,740 |e --..| 2,833 |_---=--- 3, 347 BGO) [See sens 6 eS ae Os eS es eee eee 804 49.7 ee ae ey eee ee: a 2, 663 2; 680) fo. = ese S680) (os Pacific Coast: p25 eS ee 276 5.1 10.5 ie eee) |. SAD) |. =. -=-- Uh eee i eee oe S70) ee SES. eS ee See ee Soe Ee 327 7.9 $538 [ak O13 [22253 __| 1, 350) }- ------- i ie 1) eee ik B00) ||!2- 32-2 gE | |e rh Thy Aa ee ae ORS SS) ee AZT 20-9) 4083) 1-613) |e |) 19-150) | 25150) | sets DISO enemas Dat 50) eens fy Sees. ee eee 231 15.1 22S | 6 6S Ee) OC SD) = - 680.52 5 co! ( Saeeene, SOO sso eee All regions: ies es - 803 14.2 29. 2 106 2, 305 193 3, 573 58 4, 080 —65 Ley: | ee See eee 26.9 Ge Se er ee ee eee 2, 461 81 2, 907 110 | 3,675 50 ie Glee se 2 1, 824 74.8 14558 ||| 2, a00 |-----| 4,983 |-_.--.-- 5, 497 32 6, 010 275 6, 707 100 Oi ee 15035; |) G458)|| 22729" |) 2 64 |S |) 3,587 [2 --=- Ber ee eee 35570) |e eee B1570 | aoe ‘Total studied= =. *—2~- 5-2-2253 4,512 | 180.7 | 356.1 106 | 13,816 306 | 16, 060 443 | 18, 032 85 1 An allowable cut effect from intensified management was assumed in estimating future increases in harvests, but not in calculating rates of return on increased costs of management. THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 316 982 ‘9 996 ‘22 86I ‘LT £68 ‘22 £90 ‘9 68 ‘2 est ceh £90 ‘1 660‘ 6 OIE 0 “08h T°L98 OISiGier oilers en scene %0E+OL6T ‘+%s 98z ‘9 966 ‘2% 99F ‘IT £66 ‘61 ¢90 ‘9 268 ‘L €81 cer £9P ‘I 690 ‘T G 82% 8 ‘OIE T 192 OLS | Faa-estacpenmens seoud 0261 ‘+%¢ 1810.1 ae eee cose | eae cient faut ae ss es | laeea = ae 7 OL €81 ZeP 01Z 291 1’ Ls (arg COGEe 2 eaweresseeeeees %0E+oL6r ‘+%s 2 OE | | eas cial ota Scan came | are paar pa P OL €81 ZEP 01z 291 EFS Lg (5X6 Z9S So ae 7 nena nam SOOLIGOZ6T <-- 956 :BUIUUIY) [BOIeUIWIOD 192 009) Sh] Soa ees | eae Pe ts Cane cvs |S opera ten peer or grey 0'r gg 3°P 6S2s Sh | eae Seeman %OE+OL6T ‘+%S ie nae eae ee 5 19 009 Fee T | Pe A ems 0 | RT 2 sal | ae Se | Ce ea ae | mo en OSP g's oP 696 aaa aman SO LIC\() 6 [aent=o4G ISL 982 ‘9 966 ‘22 286 ‘OT £6L ‘93 190 ‘9 COS LEN 8 || piwese sere sa |b ona mies £96 ‘I 168 8 608 8'8Ih £098 6868 es |e ce ms aca %0E+OLET ‘+-%ye 982 ‘9 966 ‘2% 602 ‘TI £68 ‘61 190 ‘9 COR Lee ea ae er ere aa £92 ‘T 168 ¥ 12a 9°662 £°0SS 68659) 2 nico aac ee seotid 0261 ‘+%¢ [UO19V4SIIOJO AY HLONOS 9Gt ‘T £12 ‘9 918 Sc6 1zS Ais a Self ie eaeremee | bese tee Sal ieee ee ar | Poe tae a ¥°S8 GSI ¥ E01 TBC iste oe | (Rica ea Y%OE+OLEI ‘-+%S 09% Sct S £62 oc6 £1Z Ase ta] |e seas Nea Mee hea |e ZZ Ire ¥'8z Cott) A Caecum Ie eae ee Sa seotid 0261 ‘+%S 1[810O.L Sie eis | |r Ste cer eet 09T ZSZ 2 aE se | SSR Oe ae Fs eo [a IES | [ae ELS GZ (are as SS ATOR! PaGAS ie Baise | rag cae ie a 09T GSS See mer a | eee cnet | Beer coc ew epee pihee ape | kT OPT 9 SERS eae [MONE Gs (ard a ee RCIA 4 VAS ISL 9G ‘T £12 ‘9 9IL £02 12g onal | ec RES RES ERE ERE ENSS| ap eee Pe See eee ¢"€8 O'S @ ‘101 S697 0° “| eaceen a aaemeor « YOE+OLEL '+%S 09F GSI ‘Z ee £02 €1Z 1174 Gale OP Bi Pigs sotearac ee baat Scene! 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YOY soryruNqsoddo suye}uoo dnoi3 sty, 1 APPENDIX II. TIMBER SUPPXY TABLES 189 ‘2 £86 '82 LOL ‘81 819 ‘82 019 '9 SOL'8 da 849 G02 ‘3 961 'T 0 “£04 SOS TTLb 14 | EERE OU YVE+OLET ++ %S SIL'9 926 ‘Ve 61 ‘TT SPI ‘TZ 208 ‘9 SOL ‘8 006 8h9 206 '% 961 'T b PSs 6 "She 1062 CCR: pain erowals a page Soo1id OL6T Tae ab— v9e— 91 86 (a Og 616 809 606 662 ee 0°9 ard L000 Ss Mlenas ets teas %VE+OLGT *-+-%S (4 Joe ¥9o— 91 86 &% Ost 612 89 666 662 ee a) (ard 109 ~-sootd 0261 ‘-++-%S :SUTUUTY) [BIOIOUIULOG d= 6= Lov 688 9 1 eto resi aeaapoc ciel | aioe es oak | aReanal oa| SAR RMADN EN 19 Z'8 OL C88. (iti‘é‘dER ERE %0E+OLBL ‘-+-%S (a= (i= Lev 688 9 [\ a arias ra ral eas eee i | | Pee acs ka | 19 Z'8 wy) Ce woeeeennm==-s90FId OL6T ‘+%S ISL SCL'L OVE ‘62 p99 ‘21 199 ‘22 289 ‘9 $100) seacaan |e cane gsctigrsss | Peecamanlaoeiiel £96 ‘1 168 9°68 £°289 619 DBO Ecc - | faeces ea eee %0E-+OLGI '-+2S 6SL'9 88I ‘Gz 68 ‘TI 191 ‘0z $12 ‘9 SPOAZNS |“ Seseier “= |P“aeriee == £96 'T 168 0'S¥e L188 6 "08% OEOnR yr eile can eeoeeen soot 0261 “-+%S TUOLIBISOIOJOY SNOIDUY 'T1V 18— 981— £8 002 Ve LT Lg 912 68L Let iy o'r 9 £9 : ~%08+OL61 ‘+-%S = 981— £8 002 ¥% LVI Le 91 682 181 z: oT 9° £9 RaSs LAS aeae soon 0261 “++-%3 21810, Zb— pez— or 86 81 On 18 91Z 68L 181 ide ie Re rs ae %0E+OLGT |-+%S ov Wso— or 86 81 OIL Le 91 68L 181 de [en | (aspirate [PL ered 8 | [mito oarialaes be sooid 0261 “-%¢ :BUuyUUTY) [BIO1OWUULOD o— 6— 9 Le 9 Yh) i ian \eacaarlaboatare a | or cialats \aioinaiaiiere = sa z" zo am natn paaeaer Kanes: %0E+OLEL ‘-+%4S o— 6- 9 Le 9 Zow s,s SESSUERSSS§ RGR Sees sas | ooo Se aeae | Waa ee seen g: Ce ag 9 soolid OL6T ‘-+%9 ISL £1 LL I ) team | eee cheb te ry cies | celaadala scat eile si [bettas (ct Gaps ¢: ¢" Vv" (4 ag niaepnn PP ae Bags aes SS %YOE+OLET ‘+ %G £1 LL I COE eae ee | eee eee | ee ae #| Same oe sess SS Sess ere |essseenee UP g° vv EL peel eee | att ols w=erm="==-s90]Id OL6I ‘-+-%S SUOTPBISOIOJO LSVOO OLMIOVd 6 LIL‘Y S 98 €ST 16h G £6 Bacomes tova| Pabae: rt pOye 8's (Ade aie ree Ste Get wee eeoe ore ge porpnys [e}0, 6 LIL ‘T g 968 ect 16F 6 SORE at, at Rema ow a Ss | Bape er 6°L 8°e VCC PARE Soe, eee YOE+OL61 ‘+%S 6 LIL/T g 9¢8 est 16 Zz CO NR ene |p eee SE ES |e ete Fe a 62 8° i Cee |, ae aS eee ae a seord 0261 ‘+%S ISL 6. 220 'T see ree Z 99 (ape SER seiaenl| me peteeaae cl | comemneeael | oecmuemennsces LD) Lee 7 Near | seein: Ianenes oes a porpnys [8j0L, QL ¥10‘T ree vee Zz 99 Ree brs | Samer es Sean | ORES ony | Ee ee 8°6S O'1g GISR- ). >) aR > ea tere, %OE+OL61 ‘+%S 81 Te9 001 vee ZG OOF cl Peer SSra nn ss amr €°ST 6°L OST | SRRRRE SS Ere energie sedtid 0261 ‘+-%¢ [U0198}S910J9Y HLOOS 6L— ler ‘T 8¢ OLL‘T 8P +88 POL Ofte co. me tea 11 Gs 2IGWa- SS seas ee See es ee ee PeIpnys [810 6L— Ter ‘T 8¢ QLL‘T 8h $88 FOr oe Se ees || Fe £11 Cn: LGM eae rs Se cece eee YOE+OLEL ‘+%G 6L— Ter ‘T 8¢ OLL‘T 8h $88 FOI OST SF eran nt ned | Sawa eo a ei g¢ /)) | el (heen ete ST oo een seolid OL6T ‘+%¢ : ISL 9L 188 GP baat £01 (a SEs ie heen | ease | baaam beer iat | Peas Oak! 1'°SG LOl GGG Sr ay aan ae eee Tp ees » POIPNyS [8407 iat OLLin Wes |e eee er FIT £01 Gi ESSE SS rte] eek | RS Pe Re ESS oon €°81 £°6 GBIs. °° 7 © lista Se ares ae er 2 %OE+OL61 ‘+%S LE QE iene SSR SSS TH iaat IZ GG FS ye 1&1 9°9 (69 (Soennrpy [Sionte santas dete ne z Seotid 0261 ‘+%¢S [014 B4SO10JOY “yf na “Uf DQ “yf na “WPg yf na “Uf Pq “yf na “Pq “yf na “Pq 81D]]0p Sinjjop =| spuDsnoy.y, UounN woul woul woultN woul wont wounN wounN wounlyn woulw OTT AN TTT A" sieoX 0C-Ip sieoh OF-1E sivoh 0E-1Z sieod 07-11 sIB9A OI-T 1890.L qooltd = . so10V soouid pus sjuculyBoly, 1] OpBoep 94} UIGILA oFueyd ysoaiwy poomyyog 84809 HLUON saarjnusayDo aid pup usnjas fo ayvu fig ‘spuv) qsa40 gq youoyvny fo yuawmabounwu ysaLof payfisuajur yyn abunys ysaasvy poomjfos pup 87809 payounjsy—} AAV JT, THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 318 319 NM & | [ea] 4 < al ea ‘sootid 026T 94} 9AOGB QUOdIOd Og SodTId 4B poNyBA oe syONpoid =| *A[04BIBdOS UMOYS O18 BUPUUTY} [BlOIOUIUIOD UOJ O[QB[IBAB OUINIOA JO SoPBUIYSH JOq UIT) USYM SPUOUTISOAUT UO WINYOI WUODIOd EO JO ¢ UNA YORUM soryruNqso0ddo suyeyuod dnoid siyy ¢ Ay “UOHPBN[BAY O[UIOUODG PoTIBJop 07 pozoof[qns soyyyuNy10ddo Tg, puw UoTyB\so10Jo1 ATUO SOpNyoUT Sty, ¢ ‘soorid 0261 18 ponywa oe syonpoid eB OL6T 9AOGB YUOdI0d JOG UIT] UOYM SJUOUTYSOAUT UO UINYAOI YUOdI0d 910 IO G UAN4oI YOR soryruNnjzs0ddo suyeyuod dnosd siyy, ¢ i Og sootid 4B qUOdI0d g UBYy Sse] BuyUMJ01 OSoyy BupNypour ‘porpnys suoyengyls |B sopnjour dnoad SIUL + *POLUNSSB SBM ,,JO0 JO JNO Y[QBMOT]B,, UB ‘S]S010.T [BUO|BN UI0ISOM UO so_NpoYos ysoauBy BuyVUIyYSe Uy |; re 98 990 ‘81 £yy £10 ‘OT 908 998 ‘81 901 920 ‘21 6 99g ¥ 081 TR. Vins Wil end a 2 aes ieee ~~ 9 POTPN}S [8}0L 99 Tat ‘et L6E £20 ‘11 908 990 ‘6 801 982 ‘L 8 061 1°96 SATHG) oy | eae sca. wate Wan %OE-+OL61 hai | : a 891 ‘2 891 £8b ‘9 PLZ 608 ‘b 901 £19 ‘8 b 28 l'lp BOD alle eee eee ae ae i ae sooqid 0261 “++%9 tS] UOUIVBAT] YOR fy OL= 92h ‘OT £9 616 ‘6 102 210 'R 901 oee‘o £°66 9 '6b taeda iil We ein gee ee ~porpnjs [B}OL, OL— SGP ‘OT £9 616 ‘6 102 @L0'8 901 oge ‘9 £°66 9 '6b gee ‘3 woo 7777 7777" %08+-OL61 '+%9 0L— 1v9 ‘9 £9 9£0 ‘9 102 ToL 'b 901 £19 ‘8 0" 9°92 GRC cee Wiper nc ts eee ar aroma sooqid 0261 “++ cee gat 029 *2 O88 var ‘9 001 FOL Sie A|Pera co was 902 ‘9 8 '992, 9 "821 LUG || Se ecemnen a Rae ee ae > ~~ porpngs [8}0L, al 969 ‘2, vee ve ‘T got {a || ee cea 906 9°16 oh 888 “%O&+OLEL +79 9g Lia 1 SOT bP el 88 “Sheet ieee | aida nase ar ¥'8% i a 800 —— PR eer ars snesasnpesrss OSs soond 0261 ‘+%9 SUOTPRISOIOJOY a = SNOIDGU T1TV APPENDIX III. ee aera ete win 090‘ 16k P'6L ZO8 | Pe eee Pinar Seeman eC eh ~~} 090 ‘8 168 v'6l COR. EBRPRERPSSSRSE SE ERS Ras “""""%08-+0L61 Lope "="! G28 '% £92 0°81 SOOT Ts ae ei cae alae SooHd OL6T te Ryprcassenr Hoe 1°89 9°6% 6oF ipucigiabiphigier dapnblaaaaa ae ad op YN eR aD LLe OL Q's 99 m4 aie YS aaa "|| esata plan | etal |e ata teat betes tala Sad “Whwaee Ulec cca wh ee & tice) Rag ORG Tetecae, SUOTPBISOLOJOY a ee, ee | eee, | eee | ee | See | Ss | | FeARARE Ro shenay EuhE ASA SASS SON ~“porpnys (BIOL, pinbkcal ig oka %YOk+OLG1 THs Sere ~s09HId OLET ‘+%8 ‘18h saaya ne Lia snakes: 6eE = een Per ENT) pda “rrr TTTTT 77" %08-+-0L6T THe tear tetale act ae so0}id OL6T ‘+ SUOTPVISOIOJO RT SNIVLNONOW AMOOU *quooied ¢ UBY} SSOT JO SUINY4aI pozoofoid Y4IM SBeIe BUIPNIOU] ¢ “sivoA 0G 10} pojeedei St WBIZ01d [G,.L [BNUUB 8y,J, “S}SOD PUB SesdeII0B paqeorpuy oy} 48 Weid01d 1w9A-0Z B WO 4[NS91 UOTBOYISUOJU] WOTBSILOJOI WIOIJ SOSBOIOUT JSOAIBY ONL + Lg LLS ‘b 19 ehr‘e 9g 62h I (Zeiss ao |e reo, 829 LLG €9 ‘ET PCE. > Sag RT SS secasksssceaeesescee $}U9UI}89I} [TV 0g 888 ‘8 18 948 ‘% 1€ $68 ‘T II LYO = ced | ee eel IP £66 66h it) | i RER PRR SERERCRE Wai ae hie oS co ISL KG 689 ¥ L6S S CLG ee eel | Deee was LG A na oes | [Fas Sear vs] FIZ ¥8 ‘ZI 89°8 (Je) eee le eaeeer as ae se eee U01}e4Se10JOY ‘2 PIIPNyS [BIOL €¢ 160 ‘F 6S £96 ‘Z 98 66 ‘T II (G05 Game) | ies ceeen meee StF 1S ‘41 Te"2 RSGLG. © B|SPSo FSS sees tees eee 1810.1 0g 888 ‘E 18 948 ‘2 1g $68 ‘T II 15 A) ER | area eS | viv £66 66 'F i GL | ii aie ea SCT EGRRAMERGaS Go oe cm re ISL se £08 ed at ¢ SOME hdl ees pele: |= ci eas ve 8o°F 98% Grip gan UOTE ISe10JOA x :>%oE snd svdid OL6T 3B UsNYo Jo 0ye1 +-Y% ; aS 8e LOF ‘% oF 969 ‘T re 020 ‘T Ir (Ae) ees | |ReS eee | £hz 789 68° Grthy = hl Sse eee 1810, 5 Fae FA a | AZ| ee | [ae Ree | [LS eS | ee | | 0g HE 18 699 ‘T 1€ 990 ‘T It ie eee fe SFC OFS 99% GEST Tn. oth | ieee Sa EEE oe ena eae ISL f=) 8 £8 6 KG t ne tape |e ace l(t hae | cee CFT €2'°0 PO = Pleas see tee ee ee U01}B4S910JOY & 21 SoOlId OL6T 18 UINJoI Jo 0481 +%G a wna “Uf Pq yfona uf Pq “uf na “Uf Pq wna “WfPq “4yfona "1 Pq 8100p sunjop | spunsnoyy, 5 woulW TTD ANG wourtN woul wou UwouttN wountN wounN woul UuounttW woul wou Pp ————— cp eax cE Teo X GZ BOK GT IB0% g 189 TR10L ood eI sol0y qjuoul}eo1} pu’ dnoi3 uimjoy al sivoh pogioods Aq ‘aduvyo JsoAIBy POOMIJOg 4soo [enuuy a ra uoynoyrsuajur fo suvibosd Burnurquos ym spun) 18240 JDUOYDAT UO abuDyo Psaasvy poomsfos puD sjsoo pajvwijs;]— 9 ATAV J, on] Q fQ = e al (oat (2) fy i 18h ‘€ $91 ‘9 PILZ 998 ‘g 2L8 100 ‘T (ar4 81 022 al £'0F 9" TLP SSS9CSTs5 5 =| pone e ap en one oi 1810.L © OTT 16 Te1 £21 611 €IT LIT 96 96 ‘0e € 9° E: POO Fe |ier omen nciees SuTUUIY) [BIO1OUIUIOD 2 eh 26 ae £6 I | gee oa Pee be Sea | ee Ce aga 9° 8° ie it anal ameaascaireas acs. ee ISD Ba 28'S 999 ‘9 oss ‘Z 1¥9 ‘€ 8 G88 Gat 06 GZI 06 b 68 ze Z'9F O69 Tsien | toner mies Soe mae “Z0€ Sy S seoud O61 38 UINYeI JO o7e1 +%G SI €2L 809 ‘¢ 290 % OIL ‘€ ZL8 100 ‘T (a4 81 022 021 $92 9° 0°62 CD) eciacaiel (ecieaerm rs te pile pec | 1810.L ey 9IT 16 Ta £21 611 eit LIT 96 96 0g £ 9° (Ag OOw) eelGsasrese seer Suluuly) [eo1eurUI0*D al ey w eh £6 I Vie Seanee | een alg 2a | ea i ak | ee ee ot | pan 9 gs" fe q5862 OA Raat ase eae oer ISL £99 % 61h 9 888 ‘T 106 ‘Z €9L 988 921 06 rat 06 a4 Z€e 18% 0708 oahu Gare eames W01}BYSeIOJOY “yf-na “WE Pq “yf -ns “Wf Pq yfona “Wf Pq “yf na “Wf PQ wna “Wt Pq s4pqj0p 84090 sinjjop =| spunsnoyy, | :sedtid OL61 18 UINJoI JO oyeI +%Q woul wont uounN won woul wounW UO UoNnLN woul uo Uount uounnw uounn gp vO X gg FeO GZ WOK GT Iw9X g eax [e10poT 1830.L eld S$o10B z [enuuy 4uour}eel} PUB BLIOJLIO UOTIOII[IG sivoh poyioeds Aq ‘adueyo ysoAIVy POooMmyyog 4soo [enuuy worpoyisuajur fo swvsboid Burnurjuos yum spun) ayvarsd snoaupjjaosiw pun wipf uo abunyo saasny poompfos puD 87809 payowuijss]—G ATAV J, 320 rs or APPENDIX IV Timber Imports and Exports Imports of timber products, by softwoods and hard- woods and major product, 1950-72 Imports of lumber, by softwoods and hardwoods and country of origin, 1950-72 Imports of pulp products, by product, 1950-72 Imports of hardwood plywood, by country of origin, 1950-72 Imports of hardwood veneer, by country of origin, 1950-72 ae NO. 6 Exports of timber products, by softwoods and hard- woods and major product, 1950-72 7 Exports of lumber, by softwoods and hardwoods and country of destination, 1950-72 8 Exports of pulp products, by product, 1950-72 9 Exports of logs, by major species, 1950-72 10 Exports of logs, by major region of destination, 1950-72 11 Imports and exports of timber products, by product, 1940-72 321 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES 322 ‘Od ‘UO{sUTYysBE MA VoyoO suQULIg JUIUIUIBAOD “gg ‘syUeUIMD0q Jo “4dng *(AlqqUOW) SET Lal “Auzunoo fig Anpowwoo ‘ez10dur “S’A ‘snsueD oy} Jo Neaimg ‘so19uIMI0D Jo yuomzIVdeqd “g*Q Aq poysi{qnd eyep uo’ payiduloD :eomog “AIVUIUNTPOI 5 “399J SIQNO UOT[TUI.G*Z UB SSO’T ¢ *pivoq pus ‘ioded ‘djndpoom jo yueyeaAinbe poomdynd oy4 pus poomdynd y4oq sepnyouy z “BUIPUNOL JO OSNBIEq S}ejO} 0} ppB jou ABUT eIBCT |; G (s) G 0OT SOL ‘T G02 ‘T ccG or G9% OL 00F ‘T OLP ‘T O&F GIS ‘% Ct6‘Z G or ST cI Gz ‘T cee ‘T 60Z ¢ OIG cg Ost ‘T CST T O88 OLE ‘% Chl ‘% g cT GS a SOL ‘T G12 ‘T cor ¢ OLT 0¢ 006 cS6 cee 060 ‘% 02h % Or ¢ SI as 022 ‘T Ore ‘T GLT ¢ O8T OL C16 086 OLE SPI GIS ‘% Or ¢ ST S8 GLI ‘T 092 ‘T oor ¢ Sol q¢ ¢06 096 Org 060 ‘% C68 ‘% OL G ST OL col ‘T OFZ ‘T cor ¢ OI 0S OSL 008 CEs G26 ‘T ard OL ¢ cI 06 002 ‘T 062 ‘T OIL g SIT cg GPL O18 Glo 696 ‘T 082 ‘Z or (s) Or 08 660 ‘T GLI 'T 0oT (¢) Oot 0¢ GOL S18 OFZ 098 ‘T 00T ‘% or (c) or GL CFO 'T OI ‘T 06 (¢) 06 cP GOL SI8 GZ O18 ‘T Ge0 ‘% or g ST OL 066 090 ‘T 08 (e) 08 SP S8L O€8 60% G8L ‘T 066 ‘T OL ¢ 0z OL O86 G0 ‘T GL (s) GL cy GIL 092 C0Z COL ‘T O16 ‘T OL OL 0z 09 OF6 000 ‘T 09 (s) 09 GE G29 ¢99 col 08S ‘T GPL ‘T cI g 0Z 09 St6 C86 09 (e) 09 cP OLS O19 O8T 00¢ ‘T GL9‘T ST G 0G 09 O16 OL6 CLin™ ~aee (Altona eee ean GL 0s css ceo 002z 00S ‘T OOZES Poors 6961 cI ¢ ST gs OF8 C68 0¢ (s) 0¢ GE S6P 0€S GST OFE ‘T COPNSEe | — Sa eee 8961 cI G 6 09 C68 096 cP (s) cP OF CaP 09F col SZE ‘T O6hl. SA Esl aaierreere nna LO61 GS ¢ 0€ GL 0L6 0F0 ‘T Vee > ~~ Uitinas ato: cP OF 06% oes GLI GOP ‘T OPORTO - -. eae ace 9S6T 02 Or cE cg 026 GL6 OF (e) OF OF 02S 09¢ GST OSP ‘T OLS lee aa ern Sc6L cI 0Z GE g¢ c98 026 0€ (s) 0g 0€ Chr O8F iat oge ‘T (1!) 2) Sameeee| peter es cs eae FC6T 02 02 OF Gs 088 ce6 cI (e) ST ce S6E O€F og 062 ‘T Utrera ees €S61 cI 0Z 0€ 09 C88 C6 O1 (c) Or ce ce S8E SIT 092 ‘T Vist Gee bi lpantenatawe tees ZS61 GZ ST cE ¢9 096 620 ‘T Or (s) OL OF OSE 06€ OFT GZ8 ‘T OOPS) Sx Blas SF esse Eon eres IS61 0z GZ SP gs 088 ce6 G (¢) ¢ cP 06h ces cra G68 ‘T OCSST = Wa aa ae Sanaa S096) Ppoompiey | poomyjos 18}O.L PooMpiIBy | poomyjos 18}0.L POOMpiBTT | POOMIOS 18O.L PooMpiey | Poomyjog 18}0.L PpooMpiey | Poomyjos 18}O.L = = 189K sso’, z syonpoid ding 199U9A PUB POOMATT JoquiVvy 1810.L -10} posn pooMpuNO [elysnpuy [jue7eAmMbs poompumnol “yooj o1Qnd UOTT[TA] 1 @L-0961 ‘onpo.d s0low puv spoompivy pup spoomjfos fiq ‘sjanposd saquy fo sj40dwy—'| aTHV J, oD . COGHO GHOnH BMNNSCD tHOORD ONO 5 TUE CaO Cee SIC VERS ea N 5 SSRSS ROSIS SSELS GNSSR ER OM OPMiN OWOWMH MOM CiniNnDwD DOM 8 SSBSS iSeididied didindiod Ain Ade a 3 a 3 & a HORT DOMEAN BDNDHO SNtNO AinM Ly SS5as SSSA SSS8S SSBSL BAG fen] ree ane re A el ree | nih enn ioe oe ree 1e) TIMBER IMPORTS AND EXPORTS TaBLE 2.—Imports of lumber, by softwoods and hardwoods and country of origin, 1950-72 1 Year Pe _ Doe ee ee ee LL Se _ oe ss 1 eee i A eee a MWOOtKE CONMOSCHH OAMAHO Wem AIo _ See @| RRSRS RESRA RASES BSSKE BEE & 5 Moon AwWonn HAN OW NMNAOO™ eee s SSuias dNaas Skee S45se ane Honow -ONnm™ Ort ato me ANw ODD qh SMO. Retath: ae Neier ce > o> 8 BASKE SURG EGGAM Sis wig vo = WADOOM™ O-EOM TNtHOO wHHOH Wat z S| £8882 NBie2 S855 BERRA ASE = Sada sadaded caddie aaieicis wero | oO A piece. Con eee ae Nee 5 3 | S882 Sects gees Ske8e ESZ | & aA seeded sais welts wrod : Miieeae es Hees ewes ose awe E £| Sande geee5 SER8s SERRS RAR fs SSS ime Re Kena aoe ape FI 8 | gdsde kdddd dgudg seeds og ta © Ay o | a yy g A gl Sehin -neeme een tr eens aoe q| a) Shad S2ebe S2882 SSeee Bas 8 CASAS oaedas cdaidid wid wWreor 0 CO rt 288 _ beste LSS eee Ue Se 3 Includes small volumes of hardwoods for the years 1960-72. 8 3 a Po a3 3 QD Es Eg 2 Excludes mixed species (not classified as softwoods or hardwoods) for the years 1950-59. 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. TaBLE 3.—Imports of pulp products, by product, 1950-72 } {Million cords, roundwood equivalent] AMMOO WtMomM Aor ue RENN O HDBHHS BSG a wo ou aa &e an Ay 2, AMWOS MHHRO Om =} aidididicS wisncs OG i= us} } = o MOHOID MHOHO HAS 3 nin Fane Fi 5 a Ay ROOnH BINANN MAH Adsod wWempcr Cris i. AAS See Sete ree s ° & (im en Ho (Tet lek Ne et tle a au te ' ' 1 8 hor 2 ten ™ pte ' din re 555 eee fe av 38 a8 Ay MAMA BaAr~rO stidiodoiod of todos ai Woodpulp o HiINMOO OMdOHNn 3 AANA aad EB |] Ay SONROD OWN IO Acad Tockos Reson} | Settee ete rey o & 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Roundwood and chips. 3 Preliminary. 547-966 O - 74 - 22 “qooJ o1eNDs 000‘0S UBYY SSeT ¢ : 4 a :901N0 Tj SIO Brno 1OUssoTTOS SoS u.90I00S *SUIPUNOL JO OSNBII S[B}OJ 07 PpB JOU ABUT BBC] ¢z a *AIVUIUOTOId 5 *(SPOOAAYJOS IO SPOOMPIBY SB PaYIsselo JOU) Setdeds paxIUL sapNypouy yj a < Tes € ‘IZ The Z ‘SOT 9 "S98 % 6 120 % ZH9 T 61S 6 °S1Z ‘9 81 L°8 (s) F'0Z 69 GSICESO. =o poner “+ OL6L a (s) P'LET (s) £ 2ST b'ZS6 ‘% $168 ‘T £869 8 66S 1 “S66 ‘b ara £1 (e) 8°€1 6°SP GZSING = || parece eee IL6T ie 1981 90 0°¢L €°L82 ‘T 9 686 6 OLS 9&9 £966 $'8 61 (c) £01 6 'F PAS) Wy gil sais eee ae ee OL6L a (s) €°261 8'1 9 EFT 8 686 ‘T 0 986 I @L¢ £208 6&0 'F 9°L 0'F ice LI 9 ‘OF ChOGSIE || Bsaen EE 6961 a (s) 0 ‘9ST 0'T 8°86 Z‘L9‘T 9 628 z'209 £°126 1619 '€ (aaa (i) [tie de esa a Se eee tal 0's Galtese* || pease ere 8961 = (s) Z ‘SIT VG 8°49 0°ZOL P SSP G*ILP £289 6 SSE eS cee | eamcaes c= seers (c) 18 0 ‘8h PECSCLC. =| aaneee eens L961 Zo es 1 SPI 9°9 a SP 9 "ELS 8°82 6 °L6E PES 0 “628 ‘% LiSiniee -s|\harasee 5 |S aan a L'8 T'$9 SEEGGNZi.. nas eogn ees eer 9961 ogee re ae € S11 8°9 LIS L988 %89F 8°L08 0 ‘892 £286 ‘T 801 (s) (s) 601 C59 OiZe Ge Ss eee Cob fa tee oe 2555 Sh80T £6 b bP ¥'C0Z £°19F L°Sce S089 3 “LPL ‘T €I1 Gis Ga L‘8I 1°89 GoLPOals, -4\(paessece ane eae F961 ao (c) C26 16 9 ‘8 £021 0 ‘812 L‘9¥% 8 °68L b 82P ‘I P91 oT Gal 8°81 6°IL DAV ANG te {Se ae £961 Eli: Soa eos L€8 8 ‘EI 80S PIS aratd mat 1 062 & 696 ‘T L’8t is esr 9ST 9°9¢ GiSeral: © lGszaceraaeneae Z96T ard 9°8¢ 9°FT 1&8 6ST 9 ‘801 Fes ¢ 099 0°96 681 CZ rT EGhy IGF PSL60NE- || S see 1961 Feed Z‘€8 L‘9T bP Ca PGP 8811 £°889 TL68 $6 8'T GZ 8'sI 0" OSELON Tee nasa eon O96T Lal 0'F 1 S2I 8°SZ 802 +0 £°18 9 ‘81Z 6 018 0 ‘€80 ‘T 161 aad 9°8 Tace z'09 PARI 30) Geel [Seca eee 6S61 ae 6° £°9F 9°ST 6°E a bE #16 9 699 €°F6L eS 9° 09 6IL PGP FaAllGe) lessee 8C6T 6°E + 0OF 0'IT ZT Ze 8°6L9 9 "LIL 9° 6'T 8'1 Z'6 b $9 POPS | Ul Epeewecee eee LO6I QO ¢6 Pes 8ST 0'T 6 FI Z'LEG Get 6° 0'T v £°¢ Z18 GiOO:. -<||peaeskaee eae 9S6T a 6°9 6°29 60 Be 8°6 9 ‘82h 1 6h 6'E vT 9° 6'8 £°66 OVLZ9b es | exaeane anaes CCB EY Z%9 LIS e'¢ glen ba S| maces oy if a 0 “682 8°16 aad os be 0'8 Dane Oh. | |e esSSitisze eee PS6I fe See se 0'TS 9° Vara see ee Ss" 0°01 £°90T Gt 6'T it 9°8 80S TOCGs - 3 |aaeceneeaaseaces SS6I Sa ee 09 9° (c)i) | Pama cea 10 Le €°L1 9°LT 9°% Te 6° Lie TLS OXG8= A ee eeaesneeaess ZS6T & (s) 8 +0 6 ZI 1&1 8 °F 10 x2 9°¢ a LP ClONe © lijpacase eae ee IS6T CC aa a ST (e) 1S Ss Gg (0) 8°0 £°9 0'0¢ £°€9 aaa aa cereal (GGT td a eee el ee eee Sera as S solpuy = vIsSy sautd eollouly 4soM puB A 1010 vo10Oy UCAIEL, -dyyd uvder 1e1O.L yynog RoLoulry OOIxXoy 1®10.L =) 10710 edoing eouyy [equep epeury 1P10OL Ivo x o) sels = fs vISV ROLIOULY Ulye'T lal famsvour govjins ‘yooJ arenbs uoT A] 2 GL-0961 ‘urbr410 fo fisgunos fiq ‘poomhjd ; poompspy fo sjsodwJ—yF ATAvV J, 324 APPENDIX IV. TIMBER IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 325 TaBLE 5.—Imports of hardwood ! veneer, by country of origin, 1950-72 2 (Million square feet, surface measure] Latin America Asia Year Total Canada Central Africa Europe Other Total Mexico America South Total Japan Philip- Other and West | America pines Asia Indies 361.9 348.5 2.3 (3) 2.3 (3) 0.6 0.5 3.4 hak 0.1 443.2 396.5 82" (2s se er 0.6 2.0 2.0 31.8 4.6 sil 428.0 402.5 6.0 0.3 5.7 (3) 9 .6 : 15.7 2.9) oessecues 583.5 511.6 1.0 (8) 1.0 (3) 21.3 Filia: = 661 SI 08 cI 0gl ct) § G68 0¢ (s) 0¢ SIP GIL 0g¢ 90 GT ‘T og COR Lim Sule ee” 8961 0 ¢4 GZ CLL SST 096 cP (e) cP ogee ogT 09F a) SCL ‘T cee (ype LS61 0 0g 08 088 O9T 0+0 ‘T cy (e) cP OIF al oes 9°01 ogee ‘T Org Obie @ |\tseses 961 (1) GS Ge G6L O8T CL6 OF (s) OF Ogh oet 09¢ POL 016 ‘T OFE (OUO:0 eae | ee Sc6I (i GS Ge G8L ce 0g (s) 08 OLE orl O8P 101 O61 ‘T 016 09F ‘T 0Z— 0Z OF ¢98 OL GT (y) ST oge OOT OgP £01 082 ‘T O61 0cF ‘T 0Z— Or 0g 098 ¢8 or (e) Or 01 SII C8e 16 O9r‘T cz GLE ‘T 0Z— ST ce Se6 06 OL (e) OL CEs CST 068 66 G02 ‘T 09% GOP ‘T ce— OL cy C88 0¢ g (e) g GSP 08 ces €1l 088 ‘T OFT 02S ‘T 02 Or 0g GLL Gg 0g8 (e) (s) (s) OFT SOT GHG P'8 G86 OLT SOT ‘T ce Or cy G98 Gs 026 (¢) (e) (s) G6 001 G62 06 G60 ‘T ct) § 092 ‘T 0z Or 0g O18 OL O88 or Or (s) Te O16 G0Z (4 SI8 008 SIL 'T GZ (s) & 00L 0g 4 = g (s) 66 001 S61 yy SI8 SST 0L6 02 g GS O8¢ G9 cho ol OL (s) c6 OL bit) § 49 S89 OST CEs 0% G GZ OSP G9 GTS (0) OL (s) 00T GG SST T'S 09¢ Sel GEOR... Gy; | sare PPO ST g 02 O8P 08 099 ot— GT (¢) G8 0s cel oS ¢9¢ Ost CU Go| ePer GG g 0g GIg 66 O19 q= g (e) OLT OL OFZ 0°9 GOL GLI OS 2° 7 eeee ws GP6L 0g g GG 00¢ 00T 009 i S (s) OOT OIL O1Z aS ct9 026 CORMe ei caanee 161 G Or ce Ov GOL Gog fa g (e) se— OST SII 8°e SGP 062 Cy) rr ee ea OF6T uoydums -u0d "§") OUINOA syiodury syiodmy syaodury syzodury JO uadI0 J VON S10d xy sqsoduly JON 8q10dx 9 syioduy VON sq0dx syiodury ON Syodxay sywoduly syiodmy] od of i BOX sq10d uit JON sdor'y 7sjyonpoid ding JN9UBA PUB POOMAN Joquivy 1810.L {que[eaInbe pooMpuno, ‘4ooJ o1qnd UOT] IA] 1@L-OV6T “onposd fig ‘sjanposd saquiry fo sjsodxa pun sj40duy— |] atav J, APPENDIX V Timber Demand Tables Table No. 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Measures of population and economic growth, US Oey ager Sc A ON BE LCT eh a Average stumpage and lumber prices of Douglas-fir, southern pine, and ponderosa pine, 1910-1972 construction, by construction class, 1920-70, with projections to 2000__________________ tion, by construction class, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000S See Se Aa eee. Pe ae er ee construction, by construction class, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 330 Page 331 332 333 334 338 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 Table No. 20 Apparent consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production of building board, 19205 ).2 5522 Se iio one inane 21 22 23 24 30 ol 32 33 34 35 36 Paper and board imports into the United States, by grade and major region of origin, 1971 Fibrous materials consumed in the manufac- ture of paper and board, by type of material, Hardwood sawtimber production, imports, ex- ports, and apparent consumption, by major product, 1950-72, with projections (medium level) under alternative price assumptions TO: OOO eset eae old aac ee Consumption of industrial raw materials in the U.S., by broad product groups, 1920-69_ __ Page 352 353 353 354 355 356 356 357 358 359 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 331 TaBLE 1.—Measures of population and economic growth, 1920-72 Gross Per capita Disposable Per capita Index of Year Population national gross personal disposable manufacturing product national income personal production product income Millions Billions of 1967 dollars 1967 dollars Billions of 1967 dollars 1967 dollars 1967=100 1920_. - 6.5 160. 5 HO | Soe ee (2 ee 16. 2 9921. 108. 5 145. 4 1 YO See a a ee Bee ie ee 12. 3 H922. _ 110. 1 166. 5 16 Gh), | Se es SS ee 16. 2 1923 _ _ _ 112. 0 186. 8 TANGY O23 eee ee | ea 18.9 1924___ 114.1 186. 2 GS 2th ee een aa eel eee es eB oe U7 7 4925... = 115. 8 201. 8 i, (48) scene cece ce sscce| aes seemseeesSs= 19.8 1926__-_ 117. 4 212. 8 TESS) | ete Sa 2 SS eee eee a 20. 9 1927 _- - 119.0 213. 3 OO oe eee eo Or ee ee ee 20. 7 #928. _ — 120. 5 216. 7 Te afk ev ee aS aa ae ee Ses Soa Mil, 1929___ 121.8 239. 4 1, 966 172. 3 1, 415 22. 8 1930___ 123. 2 215. 8 1, 752 159. 0 1, 291 18.7 #931 _ > 124. 1 199. 1 1, 604 153. 0 1, 233 5}, 33 1932___ 124. 9 169. 6 1, 358 131. 7 1, 054 11.8 1933___ 125: 7 166. 4 1, 324 128. 4 1, 021 14.0 1934__-_ 126. 5 181. 4 1, 484 Stent, 1, 089 15.3 1935 _ -- 127. 4 199. 3 1, 564 150. 8 1, 184 18. 0 1936 __- 128. 2 226. 9 1, 770 169. 8 1, 324 21.5 1937 =. 129. 0 238. 9 1, 852 W755 2 1, 358 23. 4 1938___ 130. 0 226. 8 1, 745 164. 3 1, 264 18. 0 1939_ _-_ 131.0 246. 2 1, 879 178. 4 1, 362 PANS) 1940___ 132. 6 267. 1 2, 014 190. 3 1, 485 25. 4 ity) es 133. 9 310. 1 2, 316 PANE, Uf 1, 626 32. 4 1942___ 135. 4 350. 2 2, 586 244. 1 1, 803 37. 8 1943___ 137. 3 396. 4 2, 887 254. 9 1, 857 47.0 1944___ 138. 9 424. 8 3, 058 265. 0 1, 908 50. 9 1945___ 140. 5 417.6 2, 972 262. 8 1, 870 42.6 1946___ 141.9 367. 6 2, 591 259. 7 1, 830 35. 3 194 f= = 144, 7 364. 4 2, 518 249. 4 1, 724 39. 4 1948___ 147. 2 380. 6 2, 586 262. 9 1, 786 40. 9 1949___ 149. 8 381. 1 2, 544 264. 1 1, 763 38. 7 1950_-_- 152.3 417.8 2, 743 285. 6 1, 875 45. 0 O51 eu 154. 9 450. 8 2, 910 292. 5 1, 888 48. 6 1952___ 157. 6 464. 6 2, 948 301. 2 1,911 50. 6 1953 _ - - 160. 2 485. 4 3, 030 315. 1 1, 967 55. 1 1954___ 163. 0 478. 6 2, 936 318. 4 1, 953 61. 5 1955. — - 165. 9 515. 0 3, 104 339. 5 2, 046 58. 2 1956_—- 168. 9 524. 5 8, 105 353. 9 2, 095 60. 5 1957 __ - 172. 0 532. 0 3, 093 361. 3 2, 101 61. 2 1958-.=- 174. 9 525. 9 3, 007 364. 7 2, 085 56. 9 1959___ 177. 8 559. 6 3, 147 381. 0 2, 148 64.1 1960__ 180. 7 573. 4 3, 173 389. 2 2, 154 65. 4 t9G1= > 183. 7 584. 6 3, 182 401. 2 2, 184 65. 6 1962__ - 186. 5 622. 9 3, 340 420. 2 2.2538 71.4 1963__-_ 189. 2 647. 9 3, 424 436. 2 2, 305 75. 8 1964___ 191.9 683. 3 3, 561 466. 7 2, 432 81. 2 1965_ - - 194. 3 726. 4 3, 739 497.7 2, 562 89. 1 1966___ 196. 6 773. 8 3, 936 525. 0 2, 670 98. 3 L9G7— 2° 198. 7 793. 9 3, 995 546. 3 2, 749 100. 0 1968___ 200. 7 830. 8 4, 140 570. 8 2, 844 105. 7 1969___ 202. 7 853. 2 4, 209 587. 6 2, 899 110. 7 1970" = = 204. 9 849. 0 4, 143 610. 0 2,977 106. 6 OT Tee 207. 0 872. 1 4, 213 634. 6 3, 066 106. 8 O72" = 208. 8 928. 3 4, 446 662. 0 3, 170 114.3 NOTE: Conversion to 1967 dollars by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Sources: Population, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1920-59—Population estimates and projections. Curr. Pop. Reps. Ser. P—25, No. 442, 1970; 1960-72—Population estimates and projections, Curr. Pop. Reps. Ser. P-25, No. 499, 1973. Gross national product and per capita gross national product, 1920-28—U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Economic Report. Potential economic growth of the United States during the next decade. 83d Cong., 2d sess., 1954; 1929-72—Economic report of the President. 1973. Disposable personal income, 1929-72—Economic report of the President. 1972. Per capita disposable income, 1929-72—Computed by the Forest Service. Index of manufacturing production, 1929-72—Economic report of the President. 1973. 332 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 2.—Average stumpage and lumber prices of Douglas-fir, southern pine, and ponderosa pine 1910-72 (Prices in constant 1967 dollars per thousand board feet, International 14-inch log rule for stumpage and mill tally for lumber] Douglas-fir Ponderosa pine Southern pine Year Stumpage | Lumber | Stumpage | Lumber | Stumpage | Lumber 1910S 4.42 35. 98 8.15 39.17 3. 44 36. 53 19Ues T= 5. 03 33. 03 6.15 40.71 6.99 41. 45 1912!-- 2 4.61 31.75 6.10 37. 34 3. 44 39. 37 1913____ 3.45 23. 89 5. 03 32. 22 3.94 26. 94 19142 3. 33 23. 04 4. 68 29. 87 6. 89 47, 22 A915E=24 5. 92 29. 57 5.75 39.98 4.90 34. 65 1916____ 1.99 24. 44 5. 41 32. 92 6. 06 32. 49 1917 e225 1,93 26. 86 2.99 32. 32 4.69 31.35 1918e2 1,95 27.78 3. 29 30. 88 3.71 36. 08 19192223 2. 46 34. 46 3. 46 38. 84 4.33 40.19 1920_--. 1.65 43. 43 3. 83 48. 63 4.61 45. 06 1921__. 2.76 35. 84 5. 24 53. 55 6.14 38. 59 1922... . 3. 67 41.98 6. 61 55. 66 4.69 47. 45 1923Ee2" 3.52 51.97 6.18 63. 72 4. 83 57. 42 1924.__. 3.18 43. 71 5.70 54. 89 5.79 52. 55 19252252 2. 88 39. 25 5. 56 51.93 5. 01 49. 60 1926___. 3.11 39. 05 5.90 51.56 5. 82 51. 38 19272222 3.71 39. 46 5. 68 52. 83 5. 93 48, 22 1928___. 4,24 38. 08 4.12 52. 7. 6. 02 49.25 1929____ 4, 02 40. 83 6. 04 53. 91 5.95 52. 26 1930_--- 5. 41 37.93 6. 65 52.76 6. 00 47.24 1931e=oe 5. 64 32. 04 9. 20 54. 46 (ous 45.18 1932___. 3.70 31. 68 6. 38 50. 31 6.97 39.70 1933... 2.58 39. 88 6.78 54. 58 6. 63 52. 64 1934___. 2. 84 41.77 5. 33 53. 08 6. 27 56. 00 193522=- 3.01 38. 69 4.79 49. 42 9.11 44.18 1936___. 3. 69 42. 42 4.35 52. 40 10. 23 49. 83 193722 2. 63 44, 22 4.07 55.14 9-95 49. 86 1938... 4.51 42, 66 5. 08 54. 83 15. 05 46.91 1939--_. 4.04 45. 03 4.97 57. 20 12.18 49. 53 Douglas-fir Ponderosa pine Southern pine Year Stumpage } Lumber | Stumpage | Lumber | Stumpage | Lumber 1940____ 4.15 48.09 4, 47 59. 93 9. 27 52. 68 1941___. 5. 84 56. 49 4.75 63. 59 20. 02 56. 60 1947_._. 9. 46 83. 73 8.93 75. 94 11.90 89. 91 1948____ 17.56 88. 28 14. 51 87. 63 16. 54 91. 10 1949___. 10. 31 81. 22 18. 42 88.15 20. 91 86. 61 14. 66 96. 32 18. 42 96. 57 27. 26 93. 44 20. 38 94. 63 30. 36 101. 58 31.71 89. 94 19522342 21, 29 96. 35 25. 47 103. 06 36. 30 93. 44 1953__.. 16.90 89. 92 24, 41 105. 49 32.70 93. 91 1954___- 13. 53 91. 39 25. 58 99. 70 28. 33 89. 54 1955_.-- 24. 05 99. 57 24, 47 103. 30 30. 43 92. 85 1956___- 30. 40 96. 02 24. 70 107.16 34. 46 93. 09 by Case 20. 53 83. 94 21. 36 95. 05 28. 20 86. 98 1958... - 16. 84 81. 22 16. 62 90. 26 27. 45 84. 48 1959_... 28. 38 92, 42 17. 89 98. 01 31.01 87.14 1960___- 24. 65 84. 40 16. 57 92. 80 30. 36 85. 68 1961_..- 21.35 81. 22 10. 54 85. 66 23. 68 82. 33 1962__.. 18. 89 83. 37 13. 98 87. 36 22.91 82. 00 1963... 21.58 86. 87 13. 76 89. 02 22.18 81.98 1964____ 29. 41 88.15 16. 52 89. 65 24, 52 81.90 19655222 32. 24 85. 76 16. 88 87.91 27. 41 81.74 1L9662222 36. 62 86.98 16. 34 88.17 32. 30 86. 92 1967___. 30. 49 89. 73 18. 28 87. 04 31.99 86. 60 1968-___- 43. 63 105. 17 24, 25 99. 29 34. 38 96. 02 1969____ 56. 43 110.99 54, 89 120.98 40. 55 102. 29 1970-2.2 27.72 88. 44 23.90 98. 59 33. 46 89. 81 LO 712223 31.51 108. 40 27.71 112. 65 38. 32 101.73 1972__.. 43.99 121.74 45. 47 127. 63 46. 06 110. 15 Source: Row, Clark. Probabilities of financial returns from southern pine timber growing. Ph.D. dissertation. Tulane Univ., New Orleans. 1973. Data presented are based on information from the following sources: Douglas-fir stumpage, 1910-31 National Forest timber sales, all species Washington and Oregon; 1932-41, all species western Washington and western Oregon; 1947-56, National Forest and Bureau of Land Management sales, Douglas-fir only in western Washington and western Oregon; 1957-72 National Forest sales, Douglas-fir only in western Washington and western Oregon. Southern pine stumpage, 1910-34 prices of privately owned second-growth southern pine timber; 1935-49 National Forest timber sales, all species; 1950-72 National Forest sales, pine only. Ponderosa pine stumpage, 1910-72 National timber sales, California. Lumber prices, Forest Service estimates based on data published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the western Wood Products Association, and unpublished information collected by the Forest Service’s Division of Timber Management. Note: All U.S. Forest Service National Forest prices in this table are the bid prices (including KV payments) for timber sold on a Scribner Decimal C log rule basis and adjusted, using a mathematical model developed by the author, to International 14-inch log rule units comparable to sawtimber removals. Prices exclude timber sold by land exchanges and from land utilization project lands. APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 333 TaBLE 3.—Relative wholesale price index of lumber, 1800-1972 } [1967=100]} Year All Year All Year All Year All Year All Year All lumber lumber lumber lumber lumber lumber 6.4 20.5 30.2 53.8 105.9 6.6 19.9 29.7 46.0 102.8 8.0 18.2 30.9 51.6 103.0 6.8 17.4 30.5 56. 0 103.5 6.8 17.4 33.7 51.0 101.6 7.0 16.2 31.5 49.1 107.5 7.1 20.3 33. 2 48.7 106. 4 7.6 21.6 32. 2 47.7 97.4 7.4 22.3 32.5 45.4 94.5 7.0 21.8 33.5 48.0 101.7 6.5 22.3 34.4 48. 2 97.0 6.5 23.6 35.0 46.6 92.4 6.1 24.0 34.3 43.9 93.8 5.5 24.4 36.3 52.3 96.5 4.7 24.1 33.9 54.9 98.0 8.2 23.0 36.0 49.8 97.3 9.1 23.6 42.6 52.4 100.3 8.0 23.8 40.6 56.4 100. 0 7.5 23.8 338.9 54.1 114.5 8.6 25.5 36. 2 58.9 123.5 9.6 24.8 34.4 CEE) We) ea 103. 0 9.5 26.6 36.9 68,45] 197t 2 -- 119.0 9.0 27.0 37.3 G56 oll 1972425. 133.8 9.7 26.8 38.9 66.6 9.8 28.7 37.0 TA 10.2 29. 35.3 71.3 10.9 30.3 32.4 71.8 11.0 30. 4 30.9 93.3 11.5 29.6 32.1 97.9 11.4 29.6 41.1 94.3 Epeered by dividing the actual price index by the all commodities price Wholesale prices for 213 years, 1720 to 1932. Memoir 142, 1932, Part I, table 49 index. pp. 107-119 =o! D fL B { Labor Statistics. Whole- Sources: 1800-1914—Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. ae pense price fed ay a dane PECAE OREO SNE IAG oe 334 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 4.— Wholesale price indexes of selected timber products and comveting materials, 1926-1972 [1967=100] Lumber ud wood Lumber Softwood lumber | Hardwood lumber Millwork Softwood plywood products Year ATL COM =: |. te es | = Ao ee eee Ss Pes modities Actual Rela- Actual Rela- Actual Rela- Actual Rela- Actual Rela- Actual Rela- tive ! tive! tive! tive | tive! tive! 51.6 26.5 51.4 25. 2 49.3 25.0 50. 7 23.5 50. 0 24.1 48. 2 ERT 49.1 25. 0 50. 9 23.6 44.6 22.9 51.3 21.5 37.6 18.6 49.5 17.5 33.6 16.0 47.6 14.8 34.0 19.0 55.9 17.8 38. 6 22.3 57.8 21,2 | 41.3 21.4 51.8 20.6 | 41.7 22.4 53.7 21.9 44.5 26.5 59. 6 25.1 40.5 24.1 59.5 22.0 | 39.8 24.8 62.3 23. 4 | 40. 5 27.4 67.7 25.8 | 4501 32.7 72.5 30. 8 50.9 35. 6 69.9 33. 4 53.3 37.7 70.7 35.5 53. 6 40. 6 ONT 38. 5 54. 6 41.2 75.5 38.9 62.3 47.2 75.8 44.7 71170 | acer eA | as | Deven rere | mE ees 46.3 W403i 2 2522322 er 76.5 73. 4 95.9 71.5 93.5 72.5 94.8 68.3 89.3 59.4 77.6 114.6 149.8 82.8 84.0 101.4 81.2 98. 1 82.8 100. 0 76.6 92.5 71.7 86.6 147.6 178.3 78.7 eidant 98. 7 74.3 94. 4 75.8 96. 3 69. 6 88. 4 73. 4 93. 3 128.0 162.6 81.8 89.3 109. 2 86. 6 105. 9 88. 1 107.7 82.1 100. 4 78. 2 95. 6 148.0 180.9 91.1 97.2 106.7 93.7 102. 9 95. 6 104.9 88. 2 96.8 88.7 97.4 157.5 172.9 88.6 94.4 106. 5 91.3 103. 0 95. 2 107.4 81.2 91.6 86.5 97.6 143.5 162.0 87.4 94.3 107.9 90. 5 103.5 93. 2 106. 6 82.8 94.7 89. 6 102.5 144.0 164. 8 ‘ 87.6 92.6 105.7 88.9 101.5 91.8 104.8 81.0 92.5 88.9 101.5 139.3 159.0 87.8 97.1 110.6 94.5 107.6 97.7 111.3 85.7 97.6 87.7 99.9 143. 4 163.3 90. 7 98.5 108. 6 96. 5 106. 4 98.5 108. 6 91.1 100. 4 88. 0 97.0 131.2 144.7 93.3 93. 5 100. 2 90. 9 97.4 92.6 99. 2 86.3 92.5 87.4 93.7 118.6 P71! 94.6 92.4 97.7 89.5 94.6 90. 8 96.0 86.3 91.2 87.3 92.3 119.5 126.3 94.8 98. 8 104. 2 96. 4 101.7 98.7 104. 1 89.9 94.8 92.6 97.7 127.3 134.3 94.9 95.3 100. 4 92.2 97. 2 92.7 97.7 90. 8 95. 7 93.1 98.1 113. 2 119.3 94.5 91.0 96.3 87.4 92.5 87.9 93. 0 86. 2 91,2 90. 8 96. 1 110.0 116. 4 94.8 91.6 96.6 89.0 93. 9 90.1 95. 0 86.0 90.7 90.7 95.7 106. 3 T12s 94.5 93.5 98. 9 91.2 96.5 92.1 97.5 88.8 94.0 92.7 98.1 108.9 115. 2 94.7 95. 4 100.7 92.9 98.1 93.3 98.5 92, 2 97.4 96.7 102.1 105. 6 111.5 96. 6 95.9 99.3 94.0 97.3 93. 1 96. 4 97.4 100. 8 96.0 99. 4 105.7 109. 4 f 99.8 100, 2 100. 4 100, 1 100. 3 97.7 97.9 108.7 108. 9 98. 0 98, 2 106. 2 106. 4 ; 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 102.5 113.3 110.5 117.4 114.5 120.6 We 104.3 101.8 105. 6 103. 0 129. 2 126.0 106.5 125.3 117.6 131.5 123.5 134. 4 126. 2 120.1 112.8 117.8 110.6 139.1 130. 6 ; 110. 4 113.7 103. 0 113.7 103. 0 113.4 102. 7 114.7 103. 9 116.0 105.1 113.6 102.9 . 113.9 127.0 111.5 135. 5 119.0 141.0 123.8 113.5 99. 6 120.7 106.0 127.2 IHU ¢/ 119.1 144.3 121.2 159. 4 133. 8 167.7 140.8 126. 2 106. 0 128. 4 107.8 154.9 130.1 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 335 TaBLe 4.—Wholsale price indezes of selected timber products and competing materials, 1926-1972—Continued [1967=100] Hardwood plywood Paperboard Container board Insulation board Hardboard Type II Particleboard Actual Relative ! Actual Actual Relative ! Actual Relative ! Actual Relative ! Relative! | Actual | Relative! 38.8 40.8 37.7 34.4 28.8 24.4 24.3 31.9 36.6 32.0 32.1 37.8 32.0 32.9 37.6 42.2 43.4 46.8 47.9 49.9 54.8 i aot7— ___- 99.0 129.4 76.7 100.3 84.8 71.6 a 103.3 124.8 78.8 . 85. 4 79. 2 eS = 90.8 115.4 76.4 85.7 80.3 iT eee 99.0 121.0 81.2 87.6 82.8 ao 108.3 118.9 101.9 111.9 100.5 87.3 BOG? _ _-_- 98.9 111.6 98.5 111.2 98.6 88.9 953. ...- 105.8 121.1 96.1 110.0 99.9 93. 4 54S —_ 98.0 111.9 96. 2 109.8 102.2 98.3 4955. __-_- 100. 2 114.1 98. 2 111.8 102. 2 100.7 i —— 102.3 112.8 104.2 114.9 105. 4 105. 4 ae 101.3 108.6 105. 4 113.0 106.6 b NOG... 102.0 107.8 105.3 111.3 106.6 PS. - =~ 103.8 109.5 105. 2 111.0 106.6 105. 2 110.9 104.6 110.2 106. 2 103.8 109.8 97.4 103.1 97.2 100.1 105.6 98.0 103. 4 98.5 99.6 105. 4 99.7 105.5 100.9 100.8 106.4 101.5 107.2 103.9 100.5 104.0 101.5 105. 1 103.9 101.3 101.5 102.2 102.4 103.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.5 98.0 95.9 93.6 93.1 104.0 ST 99.4 93.3 97.2 102.9 93. 2 101.1 91.6 99.3 100.7 88.4 102. 4 89.9 100.3 104.3 87.6 105. 5 88.6 103.9 336 TABLE 4.— Wholesale price indexes of selected timber products and competing materials, 1926—1972—Continued [1967 = 100] (THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES Metals and metal Structural shapes Metal doors, sash products and trim Year me Actual Rela- Actual Rela- Actual Rela- tive ! tive ! tive! 192652525 41.4 19272s2e5 38.8 1928S ee 38. 8 19292322 40.2 19302222 36.2 193le- 222 32.6 1932! <- 22 29.9 193322275 30.7 1934____- 33.9 1935_-.-- 33.8 1936... -- 34.5 A937 see eS 39.4 1938E eee 2 38.0 193922524 37.6 1940he2- 2 37.8 1941____- 38.5 1942222 -2 39.1 1943___-- 40.0 1944___._ 40.0 1945n222% 39.6 1946___-- 44.3 1947/2222 54.9 39.5 1948____- 62.5 48.1 19492. 22. 63.0 52.8 1950__--- 66.3 56.6 1951__._- 73.8 : 60.0 5 Ns 195222235 73.9 i 61.3 5 1953=2=-2 76.3 87.3 64.7 74.0 91.4 195422222 76.9 87.8 67.3 76.8 96.5 1955s 82.1 93.5 71.0 80.9 103.9 195622 2=— 89.2 98.3 76.2 84.0 108.5 119.6 196722222 91.0 97.5 87.7 94.0 104.8 112.3 1968222 =2 90. 4 95.6 91.4 96.6 105.7 111.7 1959-22 92.3 97.4 93.4 98.5 100.7 106 2 1960_.--- 92.4 97.4 93.4 98.4 98.9 104.2 A9G Lees 91.9 97.2 93. 4 98.8 98.4 104.1 1962-2255 91.2 96. 2 93. 4 98.5 97.9 103.3 1963Sae oe 91.3 96.6 94.1 99.5 95.5 101.1 19642 —- ~~ 93.8 99.0 96. 2 101.6 96.0 101. 4 19652222 96. 4 99.8 96. 2 99.6 95.4 98.8 196682 = <- 98.8 99.0 99.9 100.1 95.9 96.1 1967een—— 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1968223 102.6 100.1 101.8 99.3 103.9 101.4 196922 5-- 108.5 101.9 108.1 101.5 108. 4 101.8 1970S s == 116.7 105.7 115.3 104.4 112.9 102.3 197LS ees 119.0 104.5 126.8 111.3 118.0 103.6 1972EssS 2 123.5 103.7 134.6 113.0 120.5 101.2 Aluminum siding Galvanized car- Flat glass noninsulated bon steel sheets Actual Rela- Actual Rela- Actual Rela- tive! tive! tive ! 108.7 115.0 102.2 107.8 98.9 104.7 100.1 105.7 98. 2 101.7 102.4 102.6 100. 0 100.0 100.3 97.9 100.9 94.7 104. 6 94.7 105. 2 92.4 105. 8 88.8 67.5 70.5 77.5 83.0 by 82.5 ; 84.8 73.3 83.9 74.7 85.3 79.0 90.0 84.5 93. 2 86.9 93.1 89.2 94.3 91.8 96.8 93.0 98.0 93.0 98. 4 93.0 98.1 95.6 101.2 96.8 102.2 100. 0 103.5 100. 0 100. 2 100.0 100.0 102.7 100. 2 105.7 99.2 109.7 99.4 114.9 100.9 122.1 102.5 1 Relative wholesale price indexes obtained by dividing the actual price index by the all commodity wholesale price index. ouownunowo © oo oo IID BSRSS SURSS asss BoOoOnowo $ SSE8s8 Oo NOnANw wonwaeo rFPOonw Oooro Actual sO 51 OD ye SS S88S5 Sseear o- wrarawr NRK OO COrarw wor _ Concrete products Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Wholesale prices and price inderes. Monthly. Sa ee APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 337 TaBLE 4.— Wholesale price indexes of selected timber products and competing materials, 1926-1972—Continued [1967=100] Prepared asphalt Asbestos cement Hard surface Building brick Clay tile roofing Paper Gypsum products se eats floor coverings shingles Actual |Relative!| Actual |Relative'| Actual |Relative'| Actual |Relative'| Actual |Relative'| Actual |Relative!| Actual | Relative! 83.5 161.8 45.0 78.8 159. 8 41.1 70. 6 141.2 40.7 62.2 126.7 40. 0 63.7 142.8 39.9 66.0 175.5 38. 6 60. 4 179.8 36. 2 61.9 182.1 34.5 66.7 172.8 36.0 69.9 169. 2 36. 2 68.9 165. 2 36. 4 75.3 169. 2 38. 6 60. 9 150. 4 39. 4 63.0 158.3 38.5 68.7 169. 6 40.3 70.9 157.2 42.3 69.1 135. 8 43.4 69.0 129.5 44.5 69.7 130.3 45.5 71.0 130.0 45.9 74.3 119.3 50. 2 - 58. 77.0 69. 2 90. 5 84.7 110.7 59.5 77.8 70.3 91.9 47.2 61.7 81.3 106.3 66. 79. 8 72.2 87.2 92.8 112.1 65.5 79.1 76.8 92.8 53. 6 64.7 82.5 99. 6 69. 87.7 74.1 94.2 92.6 117.7 66.3 84.2 76.1 96.7 55.7 70.8 79.9 101.5 71. 87.4 76. 6 93. 6 91.2 111.5 67.9 83.0 77.8 95.1 58. 2 (olen 78.1 95.5 76. 2 83.6 82.5 90. 6 94.4 103. 6 76.0 83. 4 87.4 95.9 60. 8 66.7 83.4 91.5 75.9 85.7 82. 6 93. 2 92.6 104.5 79.1 89.3 87.5 98. 8 61.7 69. 6 86.9 98. 1 1953 _ - --- 77.1 88.2 83.8 95.9 96. 6 110.5 80.1 91.6 90. 1 103. 1 65. 3 74.7 89.4 102.3 954 78.1 89.2 85.6 97.7 93.7 107.0 80. 8 92.2 90. 9 103. 8 68. 2 77.9 91.8 104.8 81.0} @ 92.3 88.2 100.5 95.5 108. 8 82. 8 94.3 90. 9 103. 5 71.6 81.5 93.9 106.9 85.9 94.7 91.4 100.8 100. 5 110.8 87.6 96. 6 94.6 104.3 77.2 85.1 98. 9 109. 6 87.0 93. 2 91.6 98. 2 110.1 118.0 90.5 97.0 94.6 101.4 81.3 87.1 99.6 106. 8 87.7 92.7 92.4 97.7 101.6 107.4 90. 7 95.9 98. 2 103. 8 84. 6 89.4 98. 3 103.9 89.9 94.8 93.9 99.1 104.9 110.7 91.5 96.5 99.0 104. 4 87.4 92. 2 98. 2 103. 6 91.3 96. 2 95.7 100. 8 96. 6 101.8 92.7 97.7 99.1 104. 4 91.6 96.5 99.9 105. 3 91.5 96. 8 96. 4 102.0 104.0 110.1 92.9 98.3 101.0 106. 9 93.7 99. 2 101.2 107.1 92.5 97.6 96. 9 102. 2 100. 0 105. 5 93.3 98. 4 102. 1 107.7 93.8 98.9 97.8 103. 2 93. 6 99.0 96.9 102.5 94.9 100. 4 93. 1 98.5 102.5 108. 5 93. 8 99.3 99.0 104.8 94.4 99.7 96.4 101.8 93.7 98.9 94. 2 99.5 105.3 111.2 93. 8 99.0 100. 9 106.5 95.6 99.0 96.7 100. 1 98. 0 101.4 94.6 97.9 101.2 104.8 95.7 99.1 101.7 105. 3 98.3 98.5 97.9 98.1 102.6 102. 8 97.5 97.7 99. 6 99. 8 97.3 97.5 100.9 101.1 1967 -.--- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1968 _ ---- 103. 4 100.9 102.5 100.0 104.0 101.5 102.0 99.5 102. 6 100. 1 103. 2 100.7 104. 2 101.7 1969_ ---- 107.8 101.2 105.9 99.4 105. 8 99. 3 105.5 99.1 103.5 97. 2 108. 2 101.6 100. 9 94.7 1970_ _--- 112.2 101.6 108.7 98.5 101.8 92. 2 111.0 100.5 100.0 90. 6 116.4 105. 4 101.0 91.5 iO rj 117.4 103.1 112.4 98.7 126.5 111.1 114.1 100. 2 106. 8 93.8 120.7 106.0 104. 2 91.5 it Eee 122.1 102.5 114.5 96.1 133. 4 112.0 116.3 97.7 114.7 96.3 122.8 103. 104. 5 87.7 338 TaBLE 5.—Panel products consumed per housing unit, by t THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES ype of unit, 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Hardboard (%-inch basis) Insulation board (14-inch basis) Particleboard (34-inch basis) Year . a One- and two- | Multifamily | Mobile homes | One- andtwo- | Multifamily | Mobile homes | One-and two- Multifamily | Mobile homes family family family ware feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet ware feet 1970.2-_- S 1, 000 40 170 935 40 710 250 q ‘ 55 St t 560 Projections SS Co SS ee ee ee ee 1980_..-_ 1, 500 45 200 855 35 600 420 70 650 1990._... 1, 740 50 240 775 30 550 590 85 715 2000i2 28 1, 920 60 290 720 20 520 740 100 790 TABLE 6.—Per capita expenditures for new nonresidential construction ' by construction class, 1920-70, with projections to 2000 Buildings All classes eet adhe Utilities, water and Highways All other 5 sewer systems 4 Commercial 2 Other 3 Year =a) me Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual Expendi- Annual | Expendi- Annual | Expendi-| Annual tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of tures rate of change change change change change change 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars | Percent 1920¢.2). 225 109!) 2272S SS 193 Se 48) | Rae eeeaes 1 eee | ie erage (t) (| [eae Nee 13" |=. 19252 so 175 9.9 32 11.0 69 7.5 37 12.0 17 13.6 20 9.0 1930b Se 191 1.8 28 —2.6 69 .0 40 1.6 28 10.5 26 5.4 1985 Beene 91 —13.8 8 —22.2 25 —18.4 13 —20.1 16 —10.6 30 2.9 19408) =< = 135 8.2 ll 6.6 41 10.4 24 13.1 25 9.3 35 3.1 1945: = 222 82 —9.5 5 —14.6 36 —2.6 14 —10.2 5 —27.5 22 —8.9 1950552222 157 13.9 17 27.7 58 10.0 41 24.0 21 33. 2 21 —.9 1955 tp ses 202 5.2 29 11.3 78 6.1 39 —1.0 31 8.1 25 3.6 1060222222 210 8 29 -0 i) .3 38 —.5 37 3.6 27 1.6 1965552025 253 3.8 35 3.8 104 PSY 44 3.0 43 31 27 .0 1966S See 264 4.3 34 —2.9 112 Taree 47 6.38 44 2.3 27 .0 196752228 258 —.4 32 —5.9 107 —4.5 48 251 43 —2.3 27 .0 LOEB Soees 262 —.4 36 12.5 100 —7.0 55 14.6 44 2.3 27 .0 1969R = 2 22s 258 —1.5 40 11.1 100 0.0 52 —5.5 40 —9.1 26 —3.7 19705-2228 242 —6.2 38 —5.0 88 —11.1 54 3.8 38 —5.0 24 —7.7 Low projections 1980s Sons 327 62.0 50 62.0 133 Lay) 62 62.4 51 61.5 31 61.4 19902 52.22 396 2.0 62 2.2 163 2.1 79 2.5 56 9 36 1.5 20005 23223 487 2.1 78 2.3 201 2.1 106 3.0 61 9 41 1.3 ah SSE eS Medium projections 19802 2222s 337 62.3 52 62.4 137 62.5 64 82.7 52 61.7 32 61.7 199045 2283 417 2.1 65 2.3 172 2.3 84 2.8 59 1.3 37 1.5 Z000Rs Ses 517 2.2 83 2.5 214 2.2 112 2.9 65 1.0 43 1.5 SSS SS ee | High projections 19800 Secs 344 62.5 53 62.6 140 62.7 65 62.9 53 81.9 33 62.0 1990N Se 431 2.3 68 2.5 178 2.4 86 2.8 61 1.4 38 1.4 2000S a aeee 542 2.3 87 2.5 224 2.3 118 3.2 68 neat 45 Be 1 Excludes expenditures for farm construction. ? Includes private commercial buildings such as offices, stores, warehouses, and restaurants. 3 Includes public and private nonhousekeeping, industrial, educational, religious, hospital and institutional, and similar miscellaneous buildings. 4 Includes telephone and telegraph, other public utilities, sewer systems, and water supply facilities. 5 Includes military facilities, conservation and development, railroad construction except tract construction, and all other public and private construction not included in other categories. 6 Rates of increase calculated from the following 1970 trend values: all classes $268; commercial buildings, $41; noncommercial, $107; utilities, water and sewer systems, $49; highways, $44; and all other, $27. Note: Annual rates of increase are calculated for 5-year periods from 1920 through 1965, for 1-year periods 1965 through 1970, and for 10-year periods 1970 through 2000. NOTE: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: Calculated from information shown in text tables 114 and 125. APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 339 TaBLE 7.—Lumber used in new nonresidential construction,' by construction class, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 Buildings ‘All classes Utilities, water and Highways All other § sewer systems 4 Commercial 2 Noncommercial 3 Year Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Total dollars of Total dellars of | Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of Total | dollars of expenditure § expenditure expenditure expenditure ® expenditure § expenditure & Million Million Million Million Million Million board Board board Board board Board board Board board Board board Board feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet none - 3, 040 5 58 , 570 480 70 350 46 290 60 ae 2, 610 53 330 49 54 660 60 270 35 330 67 Low projections 1980____- 2, 920 39 410 36 | 1,170 39 700 50 260 23 380 54 1990____- 3, 34 480 31 | 1,340 33 850 43 280 20 410 47 i , 880 30 540 26 | 1,550 29) 1,040 37 310 19 440 41 Medium projections 1980____- 3, 030 39 420 36 | 1,220 39 730 50 270 23 390 54 1990_____ 3, 630 34 520 31 1,450 33 920 43 300 20 440 47 2000_____ 4, 360 30 600 26 1,740 29 1,170 37 350 19 500 41 High projections 39 440 36 1, 270 39 750 50 280 23 410 54 34 560 31 1, 560 33 990 43 330 20 480 47 30 680 26 1, 950 29 1,310 37 390 19 560 41 1 Excludes farm construction. 2 Includes private commercial buildings such as offices, stores, warehouses, and restaurants. 3 Includes public and private nonhousekeeping, industrial, educational, religious, hospital and institutional, and similar miscellaneous buildings. 4 Includes telephone and telegraph, other public utilities, sewer systems, and water supply facilities. 5 Includes military facilities, conservation and development, railroad con- struction except track construction, and all other public and private construc- tion not included in other categories. 6 1967 dollars. Use per 1,000 dollars of construction expenditure for 1962 and 1970 computed by Forest Service. (See table 125 for construction expenditures.) Sources: Lumber, 1962 and 1970, estimates based on Forest Service Surveys except highways, which were adapted from data provided by U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Bureau of Public Roads. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 340 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 8.—Plywood used in new nonresidential construction } by construction class, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 [36-inch basis] a eee Buildings All classes Utilities, water and Highways All other 5 sewer systems 4 Commercial 2 Noncommercial 3 Year i Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of expenditure expenditure 6 expenditure ¢ expenditure expenditure 6 expenditure 6 Million Square Million Square Million Square Million Square Million Square Million Square square Jeet square Jeet square feet square feet square eet square feet feet Jeet eet eet feet eet TOG2 ee 1, 280 32 220 37 570 37 130 19 280 37 80 ll 1LO70SSe25 1, 700 34 170 22 900 50 180 16 360 46 90 19 ae EeNeEmenEre ee ee ee Low projections 55 220 16 380 33 130 19 1990_..__ 3, 260 33 230 1 2,190 54 280 14 390 28 170 20 000... - 4, 050 31 290 14 2, 780 52 340 12 410 25 230 21 Medium projections 1980_.___ 2, 680 35 200 17 1,720 55 230 16 390 33 140 19 1990____- 3, 530 33 250 15 2, 370 54 300 14 420 28 190 20 2000222. 4, 550 31 340 14] 3,120 52 380 12 460 25 250 21 High projections 1980__- 2, 800 35 210 17 1, 790 55 240 16 410 33 150 19 1990reee? 3, 800 33 270 15 2, 550 54 320 14 460 28 200 20 2000... .- 5, 100 31 370 14} 3,500 52 420 12 520 25 290 21 1 Excludes farm construction. 2 Includes private commercial buildings such as offices, stores, warehouses, and restaurants. 3 Includes public and private nonhousekeeping, industrial, educational, religious, hospital and institutional, and similar miscellaneous buildings. 4 Includes telephone and telegraph, other public utilities, sewer systems, and water supply facilities. 5 Includes military facilities, conservation and development, railroad construction except track construction, and all other public and private construction not included in other categories. 6 1967 dollars. Use per 1,000 dollars of construction expenditure for 1962 and 1970 computed by Forest Service. (See table 125 for construction ex- penditures.) Sources: Plywood use, 1962 and 1970, estimates based on Forest Service Surveys except highways, which were adapted from data provided by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Public Roads. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 341 TABLE 9.—Building board ! used in new nonresidential construction * by construction class, 1962 and 1970, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 [44-inch basis] Buildings : All classes Utilities, water and Highways All other ® sewer systems 5 Commercial 3 Noncommercial 4 Year - 5 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Use per 1,000 Total dollars o! Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of Total dollars of expenditures 7 expenditures ” expenditures 7 expenditures ” expenditures 7 expenditures 7 Million Million Million Million Million Million square square . feet oe Rscce fox as St feet je € feet se a ‘eet are feet feet quare fee! fe are fee (72 ware fee (72 quare fee ee ware feet 1962__._- fee Seat ll i 90 15 300 20 5 0.7 10 1.3 25 f 5.1 1970_.--- 720 14 155 20 500 28 20 1.8 15 1.9 30 6.3 Low projections 1980.._-- 1,030 14 200 18 730 24 20 1.4 20 1.8 60 8.6 1990_...- 1, 280 13 250 16 920 23 20 1.0 20 1.4 70 8.0 2000... .- 1, 420 ll 280 14 1, 020 19 20 7 20 1.2 80 7.4 Medium projections s980....=. 1,080 14 210 18 770 24 20 1.4 20 1.8 60 8.6 1990.._.- 1, 380 13 270 16 1, 000 23 20 1.0 20 1.4 70 8.0 2000_---- 1, 600 11 320 14 1,150 19 20 7 20 1,2 80 7.4 High projections 14 220 18 790 24 20 1.4 20 1.8 60 8.6 13 290 16 | 1,080 23 20 1.0 20 1.4 70 8.0 11 360 14 1, 290 19 20 7 20 1,2 80 7.4 1 Includes hardboard, particleboard, and insulation board. 2 Excludes farm construction. 3 Includes private commercial buildings such as offices, stores, warehouses, and restaurants. 4Incluies public and private nonhousekeeping, industrial, educational, religious, hospitals and institutional, and similar miscellaneous buildings. 5 Includes telephone and telegraph, other public utilities, sewer systems, 71967 dollars. Use per 1,000 dollars of construction expenditures for 1962 and 1970 computed by Forest Service. (See table 125 for construction expenditures.) Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: Building board use 1962 and 1970 estimates based on Forest Service surveys, except highways, which were adapted from data provided and water supply facilities. 6 Includes military facilities, conservation and development, railroad construction, except track construction, and all other public and private construction not included in other categories. by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Public Roads. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 342 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 10.—Per capita value of manufacturing shipments, specified years 1948-70, by product group, with projections to 2000 All products Household furniture Commercial and in- Consumer goods ! Commercial and in- Other products 3 stitutional furniture dustrial equipment 2 Year ig ee aca eee Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of Value rate of increase increase increase increase increase increase 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent ae SECO 16543 i eee RE 4.04) eee 1G5585) | een 172595 5| Seen eee 7447... 2 eee 1.6 17.90 4.4 5. 00 11.2 18. 61 5.9 183. 96 3.1 1,516 2.4 4.1 21. 37 3.6 6. 84 6.5 17.96 —.7 236. 22 5.1 , 845 4.0 —.2 20. 89 —.5 7.97 3.1 20. 27 2.4 264. 83 2.4 1, 794 —.6 3.9 24,95 3.6 10.10 4.8 23. 87 3.3 362. 38 6.5 2, 139 3.6 4.8 25. 60 2.6 11, 21 11.0 24.92 4.4 406. 01 12.0 2, 214 3.5 3.8 SONGL ae wee eles 11. 67 4.1 25. 05 5 422.15 4.0 2, 254 1.8 3.1 27. 60 7.8 11. 57 .9 25. 78 2.9 427. 32 a? 2, 375 5.4 3.2 27.93 1.2 12. 61 9.0 28.10 9.0 441.54 3.3 2, 450 3.2 2.7 25. 83 —7.5 11.59 —8.1 26. 52 —5.6 413. 88 —6.3 2, 402 —2.0 Ril | ae ee eae arte Qi) once eoceeee 430) | Sowoe awe cone 252), |sseceeeeeeee ee an 2.3 Low projections 3, 789 42.5 36.77 412.5 17.50 43.1 35. 33 42.8 675. 85 413.9 3, 024 P29) 4, 829 Zo 45. 92 2.2 23. 60 3.0 44.98 2.4 974, 94 3.7 3, 740 2.2 2000 eases 6, 246 2.6 57. 53 2.2 31. 64 3.0 58. 02 2.6 1, 413. 02 3.3 4, 686 2.3 Medium projections 3, 978 43.1 37. 88 42.8 18. 42 43.7 36. 39 43.0 709. 25 44.4 3, 176 42.7 5, 268 2.8 48, 24 2.5 25. 46 3.3 47,25 2.6 1, 062. 86 4.1 4, 084 2.6 6, 989 2.9 61.16 2.4 35. 35 3.3 61. 67 2.7 1, 586. 12 4.1 5, 245 2.5 High projections 4,147 43.5 39.19 43.1 19.30 44.2 37.17 43.3 744. 67 44.9 3, 307 43.1 5, 685 3.2 50. 60 2.6 27.94 3.8 48.92 2.8 1, 163.14 4.6 4, 394 2.9 7, 836 3.3 64.90 2.5 40. 23 3.7 64. 61 2.8 1, 806. 35 4.5 5, 859 2.9 ' Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. ? Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, truck bodies and trailers, general machinery, agricultural implements, elec- trical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings and structural members, con- tainers, mobile homes, millwork, flooring and other similar goods included in the construction and shipping sections of this study. 4 Rates of increase calculated from the following 1970 trend values: all products, $2963.38; household furniture, $28.81; commercial and institutional furniture, $12.84; consumer goods, $26.86; ment, $459.96; other products, Note: Conversion to 1967 dollars b Forest Service. Annual rates of incre $2435.06. commercial and industrial equip- y U.S. Department of Agriculture, ase are calculated for 5-year periods from 1950 through 1965, for 1-year periods 1965 through 1970, and for 10-year periods 1970 through 2000. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: Calculated from information shown in text tables 114 and 129. APPENDIX VY. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 343 TaBLe 11.—Lumber use in manufacturing, by product group, specified years 1948-70, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 All products Household furniture | Commercial and insti- Consumer goods ! Commercial and indus- Other products 3 tutional furniture trial equipment 2 Year Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- ments ‘ ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 Million Million Million Million Million Million board feet | Board feet | board feet | Board feet | board feet | Board feet | board feet | Board feet | board feet | Board feet | board feet | Board feet 1948____. 3, 924 0.016 1,970 0. 814 321 0. 540 723 0. 296 518 0. 020 392 0. 0018 1960____- 3, 864 . 010 2,116 . 560 239 . 201 643 .176 414 . 009 403 . 0001 1965__.__ 4,609 . 009 2, 987 . 612 280 . 142 518 Sti 619 . 009 205 . 0005 fy oe 4, 670 . 008 2, 961 . 558 271 .114 621 .114 620 . 007 197 . 0004 Low projections 1980_._.. 5, 480 0. 006 3, 450 0.415 330 0. 084 740 0. 092 760 0. 005 200 0. 0003 J as 6, 290 - 005 3, 830 . 336 380 . 064 880 - 079 970 . 004 230 . 0002 or 7, 140 - 004 4, 250 . 278 440 . 052 1, 030 . 067 1,130 . 003 290 . 0002 Medium projections ee 5, 720 0. 006 3, 580 0.415 350 0. 084 760 0. 092 810 0. 005 220 0. 0003 1000: —-- 6, 850 - 005 4, 130 . 336 420 . 064 950 079 1, 090 . 004 260 . 0002 SS 8, 130 . 004 4, 780 . 278 510 . 052 1, 160 . 067 1, 340 . 003 340 . 0002 High projections 1980__... 6, 040 0. 006 3, 780 0.415 380 0. 084 790 0. 092 860 0. 005 230 0. 0003 2 | 7, 560 . 005 4,520 . 336 480 . 064 1, 030 . 079 1, 240 . 004 290 . 0002 2000... 9, 360 - 004 5, 390 . 278 630 . 062 1,300 . 067 1, 630 . 003 410 . 0002 1 Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. 2 Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, truck bodies and trailers, general machinery, agricultural implements, elec- trical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. - 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings, and structural members, containers, mobile homes, millwork, flooring and other similar goods included in the construction and shipping sections of this study. 41967 dollars. Use per dollar of shipments in the 1948-70 period computed by Forest Service. (See table 129 for value of shipments.) Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: Lumber use, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1948— Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2, 1951; 1960— Wood used in minufacturing industries, 1960. Statist. Bull. 353, 1965; 1965— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1965. Statist. Bull. 440, 1969; 1970—Estimates based on preliminary value of shipments (table 129) and trends in timber products use per dollar of shipments. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 344 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 12.—Veneer and plywood (36-inch basis) use in manufacturing, by product group, specified years 1948-70, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 All products Household furniture Commercial and Consumer goods ! Commercial and Other products 3 institutional furniture industrial equipment 2 Year ay] ou Di | Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dol- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total lar of ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ship- ments 4 Million Million Million Million Million Million square Square square Square square Square square Square square Square square Square feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet 1948" <5: 1, 126 0. 005 59 0. 245 274 0. 461 57 0. 023 73 0. 003 130 0. 0006 1960-—- = 1, 822 . 005 877 . 232 342 . 238 246 . 067 75 . 002 282 . 0009 1965-_---- 1, 562 . 003 789 . 163 230 MLL, 273 - 059 170 . 002 100 . 0002 1970s2- 22 1, 656 . 003 838 . 158 227 . 095 303 . 056 179 . 002 109 . 0002 Low projections 1980-.2=- 2,290 0. 003 1,160 0. 140 280 0. 070 380 0. 047 320 0. 002 150 0. 0002 1990°22=2 2,950 . 002 1, 460 . 128 330 . 056 470 . 042 510 . 002 180 . 0002 2000.-——- 3, 760 002 1, 780 . 116 380 . 044 600 . 039 750 . 002 250 . 0002 Medium projections 1980_.--- 2,400 0. 003 1,210 0. 140 300 0. 070 390 0. 047 340 0. 002 160 0. 0002 1900 ee=3 3, 220 . 002 1,570 . 128 360 . 056 510 . 042 570 . 002 210 . 0002 20002." 4, 300 . 002 1,990 - 116 440 . 044 680 . 039 890 . 002 300 . 0002 High projections 1980:22=- 2, 530 0. 003 1, 270 0. 140 320 0.070 410 0. 047 360 0. 002 170 0. 0002 1990'==_* 3,570 . 002 1,720 . 128 420 . 056 550 . 042 650 . 002 230 . 0002 2000... - 5,010 . 002 2,270 . 116 540 . 044 760 . 039 1,090 . 002 350 . 0002 1 Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. 2 Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, truck bodies and trailers, general machinery, agricultural implements, elec- trical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings and structural members, con- tainers, mobile homes, millwork, flooring and other similar goods included in the construction and shipping sections of this study. 41957 dollars. Use per dollar of shipments in the 1948-70 period computed by Forest Service. (See table 129 for value of shipments.) Sources: Veneer and plywood use, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1948—Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2, 1951; 1960—Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1960. Statist. Bull. 353, 1965; 1965— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1965. Statis. Bull. 440, 1969; 1970—Estimates based on preliminary value of shipments (table 129) and trends in timber products use per dollar of shipments. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. TaBLE 13.—Hardboard (-inch basis) use in manufacturing, by product group, APPENDIX VY. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES (1970 relative prices) to 2000 345 specified years 1960-70, with projections All products Household furniture Commercial and Consumer goods ! Commercial and Other prod: 3 institutional furniture industrial equipment 2 se oe Year Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dol- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total lar of ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ship- ments ¢ Million Million Million Million Million Million square € square Square square Square square Square square Square square Square feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet 1960____- 760 0. 0020 231 0. 061 145 0.101 0.012 58 0. 0022 296 0. 0009 1965____- 1,135 . 0023 526 108 138 . 070 43 . 009 41 . 0006 387 . 0009 Cf 1,361 - 0023 663 125 127 - 053 48 . 009 49 . 0006 474 . 0009 Low projections Ue 2,140 0. 0025 1,140 0.138 150 0. 038 80 0. 009 90 0. 0006 680 0.0010 1990. -. - 3, 050 . 0025 1,650 145 200 . 037 110 . 009 140 . 0006 950 . 0010 2000____- 4, 230 . 0025 2, 260 . 148 240 . 028 150 . 010 230 . 0006 1,350 0011 Medium projections 1980____- 2, 240 0. 0025 1,190 0. 138 | 160 0. 038 80 0. 009 100 0. 0006 710 0. 0010 ic. 3, 350 . 0025 1, 780 . 145 220 . 037 110 . 009 160 . 0006 1, 080 . 0010 2000__--- 4,850 . 0025 2, 540 . 148 | 280 . 028 170 . 010 270 . 0006 1,590 . 0011 High projections 2,370 0. 0025 1, 250 0. 138 170 0. 038 80 0. 009 110 0. 0006 760 0. 0010 3, 720 . 0025 1,950 145 250 . 037 130 . 009 190 . 0006 1, 200 . 0010 5, 650 . 0025 2, 890 . 148 340 . 028 190 . 010 320 . 0006 1,910 - 0011 1 Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, 41967 dollars. Use per dollar of shipments in the 1960-70 period computed toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. 2 Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, truck bodies and trailers, general machinery, agricultural implements, elec- trical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings and structural members, contain- ers, mobile homes, millwork, flooring and other similar goods included in the construction and shipping sections of this study. by Forest Service. (See table 129 for value of shipments.) Sources: Wood used, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1948— Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2, 1951; 1960—Wood used in manufacturing industries 1960. Statist. Bull. 353, 1965; 1965— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1965. Statist. Bull. 440, 1969; 1970—Estimates based on preliminary value of shipments (table 129) and trends in timber products use per dollar of shipments. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 346 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 14.—Particleboard (34-inch basis) use in manufacturing, by product group, specified years 1960-70, with projections (1970 relative prices) to 2000 All products Household furniture Commercial and Consumer goods ! Commercial and Other products 3 institutional furniture industrial equipment 2 Year a ol mal Freer od Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dollar Per dol- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total of ship- Total lar of ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ments 4 ship- ments 4 Million Million Million Million Million Million square Square square Square square Square square Square square Square square Square feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet 1960____. 106 0. 0003 58 0. 0153 34 0. 0236 5 0. 001 7 0. 0001 2 (5) 196552222 476 . 0010 312 . 0642 119 . 0605 10 . 0022 16 - 0002 19 0. 0001 19702. == 669 . 0011 427 . 0800 179 . 0750 14 . 0026 19 - 0002 30 . 0001 Low projections 1980... 1, 330 0. 0016 830 0. 1000 400 0. 1000 20 0. 0028 30 0. 0002 50 0. 0001 1990..... 2,100 . 0018 1, 280 - 1125 660 . 1123 30 . 0029 50 . 0002 80 . 0001 200025253 3, 090 . 0019 1, 840 1200 1,010 . 1200 50 . 0030 70 . 0002 120 . 0001 Medium projections 1980...-. 1, 400 0. 0015 870 0. 1000 420 0. 1000 20 0. 0028 30 0. 0002 60 0. 0001 i ee 2, 300 . 0017 1, 380 . 1125 730 . 1123 40 . 0029 50 . 0002 100 - 0001 2000.2)... 3, 540 . 0018 2, 060 1200 1,190 . 1200 50 . 0030 90 . 0002 150 . 0001 High projections 1980: :-__ 1, 480 0.0015 910 | 0. 1000 450 0. 1000 20 0. 0028 40 0. 0002 60 0. 0001 19902. -_. 2, 560 . 0017 1,510 1125 840 . 1123 40 . 0029 60 . 0002 110 . 0001 2000._... 4, 140 - 0018 2, 340 . 1200 1, 450 1200 60 - 0030 110 . 0002 180 . 0001 1 Includes sporting goods, musical instruments, boat building and repair, toys and games, luggage and trunks, handles, morticians’ goods, shoe and boot findings, and wood matches. 2 Includes commercial refrigeration, signs and displays, patterns and jigs, trucx bodies and trailers, general machinery, agricultural implements, elec- trical equipment, and textile machinery supplies. 3 All manufactured products except those listed above and products such as pallets, prefabricated wooden buildings and structural members, con- tainers, mobile homes, millwork, flooring and other similar goods included in the construction and shipping sections of this study. 41967 dollars. Use per dollar of shipments in the 1948-70 period computed by Forest Service. (See table 129 for value of shipments.) 5 Negligible. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: Wood use, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 1948—Wood used in manufacture, 1948. Forest Resource Rep. 2, 1951; 1960— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1966. Statist. Bull. 353, 1965; 1965— Wood used in manufacturing industries, 1965. Statist. Bull. 440, 1969; 1970—Estimates based on preliminary value of shipments (table 129) and trends in timber products use p2r dollar of shipments. Per dollar value of shipments computed by Forest Service based on total value of shipments, table 129. Projections: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 347 Domestic production TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 8 Be) SES Pole iCoIGc Dee ee ee Or iba yao d hae ry wetieed HAAS BANNAN SHAMS StH didi WKS ~~ ao RSs 8 qs Lol 2 HOCOm HOMINID ANRHHO HRRINK KRHNRO AAMARO WIND OHOHH AMAMA ANAM Wow SP a iat la ead Pe rtd od a ee erm all ie HAAR ARR BANA SOMO Sdn Wiss Org i Ay x ce 2 NAHM HtHi9i9 WHMNMO MMHMM Arteries MANA RAN NNN ANKR AA FANN nANoO See ance ecw? | Veegrreeien. Tenn errr kee precy sy! Soham BGs Mae iaer Ns eg Sosy Sea ae av RSse Qs 2B 2 IWARAH ANCHE AHROH SCOHRH DHAHAM MONON HHOHO MOOOOG MOOMW WROSCO AQN 8 Seydddan AANANN Beni van A TR TT Te rc i Sie ee Ss Re 7) zs is he HMOMWM™ OCHHAN HrHAMM MMHOM ChiINMH HOHOM NON OM DMOWMWH BWNWMRO BOVINA r119 SPeddcicicl cicicicies Gdddd ded GT TS x a a Soa See RSe qs” 2 AMHOM MHOINSG BDWONARD WHOMM ME WOHHD OMININN NAMM OAWHO WOINMH MOOHO rit SPerisSrK KKK SK BHA Widddai BSSKK FORM H PERE E EHHOG OOORNE PON Link Res i~J 5™ APPENDIX V. HOWONRDH DHOMIN MOAMHAD OOO~RH HNO MMM H HRMOID NWODNOm OMNWOH HOGON FMO Eynddds dddda Adcdd sddcd ASS88 ARSSS SSHh5 SARSS RASS SASSS SSS Domestic consumption TaBLE 15.—Lumber consumption, exports, imports, and domestic productiun, 1920-72 wieees Seges dgdsh Asdx8 SSSaS SHBSS SSSSS SLRSSF SASSS BSSss SSn 1970 4 es se=- iL yd See eee UO Seeeessse os eee (he ee See ee US fee Re eee Ua gasses eecsescee i Pee eee Ss es Ut bee ee Se sR A ne Ui Pine ee eee Ub 8 ee ee eee UE see nest see Us eo ses oeeeccee UP ee ee jie pea See ee Oe eee c coe ee vi ieedee ees ee de Se Di ewes - 2S eee eres sesteceses (2S ae ee Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Produc- tion—Lumber production and mill stocks. Curr. Ind. Reps. Ser. MA-24T (annual); Exports— U.S. erperts—schedule B commodity and country. F T 410 (monthly); Imports—U.S. imports—general and consumption, schedule A commodity and country. FT 135 (monthly). 1 Includes small volumes of mixed species (not classified as softwoods or hardwoods). Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 3 Preliminary, Forest Service estimates. 2 Less than 50 million board feet. 348 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLp 16.—Plywood consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production, 1950-72 Year Total Per capita Million 17, 314 85 17, 822 87 20, 722 100 23, 455 112 Soft- woods Million 13, 354 14, 038 16, 262 18, 089 Domestic consumption Hard- woods Million (34-inch basis] Exports Imports Soft- Hard- Total Soft- woods | woods? woods Million | Million | Million | Million square square square square feet feet feet feet 3 (3) 45 (3) 4 1 53 4 13 (3) 60 1 10 156 (3) 7 1 306 (3) 8 2 443 (3) 15 1 AGS? (gee 15 1 597 (3) 12 2 643 (3) 72 3 938); Se aoe oe 13 2 725 1l 14 3 739 13 17 2 903 13 18 1 945 10 28 2 1, 045 5 30 6 1, 052 5 48 8 1257, 3 85 8 1, 247 3 64 14 1, 896 10 199 16 2,121 15 114 58 2, 049 2 99 15 2,548 3 220 26 3, 162 6 1 Includes production from both domestic and imported vi eer. 2Tncludes mixed species (not classified as hardwoods or soft. voods). 3 Less than 500,000 square feet. 4 Preliminary, Forest Service estimates. Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Produc- Hard- woods Million Domestic production! Total Million square feet 15, 407 15, 945 18, 288 20, 540 Soft- woods Million square feet Hard- woods Million tion—Softwood plywood. Curr. Ind. Reps. Ser. MA24H (annual); Hardwood plywood. Curr. Ind. Reps. Ser. MA24F (annual); Exports—U.S. exports— schedule B commodity and country. FT 410 (monthly); Imports—U.S. eee one and consumption, schedule A commodity and country. F'T 135 monthly). APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 349 TaBLE 17.—Apparent consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production of paper and board, 1920-72 } Apparent consumption ? Year po eee i) Exports Imports Domestic production Total Per capita Apparent consumption 2? Year aa eee “|, Exports Imports | Domestic production Total Per capita Pounds tons tons tons 145 219 778 7,185 112 91 819 5, 333 143 96 1,039 6, 875 164 86 1,423 7, 871 163 91 1, 459 7, 930 180 92 1, 528 9, 002 198 117 1, 930 9, 794 201 113 2, 055 10, 002 207 136 2, 222 10, 403 220 179 2, 485 11, 140 201 160 2, 326 10, 169 184 124 2, 105 9, 157 85 1, 827 7, 998 173 98 1, 828 9,190 177 127 2, 250 9, 187 201 139 2, 438 10,479 229 137 2, 832 11, 976 243 177 3, 401 12, 837 215 156 2, 336 11, 381 244 198 2, 683 13, 510 254 490 2, 812 14, 484 306 399 3, 055 17, 762 293 264 3, 036 17, 084 287 255 2,717 17, 282 24 2, 574 17, 183 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Includes changes in newsprint stocks beginning in 1929. 3 Preliminary. Sources: American Paper Institute. The statistics of paper. (annual, 1960 Pounds tons tons tons 283 396 2, 751 17, 371 319 305 3, 622 19, 278 344 352 4, 116 21, 114 356 295 4, 575 21, 897 332 295 4, 746 20,315 382 297 4,998 24, 375 394 528 5, 139 26, 047 368 499 5, 173 24, 418 394 383 5, 215 26, 605 387 591 5, 182 26, 876 422 736 5, 463 30, 178 431 669 5, 844 31,441 410 751 5, 438 30, 666 403 728 5, 120 ; 436 793 5, 579 34, 036 435 897 5, 715 34, 444 440 1, 042 5, 754 35, 698 454 1, 001 5, 821 37, 543 464 1,149 5, 762 39, 231 485 1,496 6, 351 41, 703 507 1,640 6, 770 44,091 536 1,813 7,481 47,113 524 1, 956 7, 071 46, 926 556 2, 467 7, 007 51, 245 582 2, 603 7,419 54, 187 567 2, 698 7, 238 53, 516 577 2, 996 7, 584 55, 092 616 2, 999 7, 994 59, 313 ed. and 1972 sup.), and Monthly statistical summary. New York; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Pulp, paper and board. Cur. Indus. Reps. Ser. M26A. (annual); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Domestic Commerce. Pulp, paper and board. Quart. Indus. Rep.; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 350 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 18.—Apparent consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production of paper, 1920-72 } Apparent Apparent consumption 2? : : consumption 2 Year Exports Imports Domestic Year ee eee | Exports Imports | Domestic production production Total Per Total Per capita capita Thousand Thousand | Thousand | Thousand Thousand Thousand | Thousand | Thousand tons Pounds tons tons tons tons Pounds tons tons tons 5, 448 102 158 735 4, 872 11, 004 157 255 2, 700 8, 457 4, 327 80 66 799 3, 594 13, 091 185 217 3, 580 9, 773 5, 717 104 67 1, 066 4,719 14, 445 200 214 4, 057 10, 705 6, 397 114 52 1,372 5, 078 15, 350 209 161 4, 500 11,119 6, 435 113 50 1, 404 5, 080 14, 859 199 181 4, 676 10, 350 7,131 123 60 1,476 6,715 16, 833 221 175 4, 913 12, 064 7, 956 136 63 1, 875 6, 144 17, 630 228 277 5, 025 13, 010 8, 188 138 57 2, 016 6, 228 16, 839 214 326 5, 090 12, 197 8, 455 140 70 2, 184 6, 342 17, 724 221 189 5, 091 12, 739 9, 101 149 93 2,445 6, 776 17, 873 219 326 5, 073 13, 077 8, 416 137 76 2, 297 6, 191 19, 422 234 414 5, 259 14, 503 7, 671 124 55 2, 085 5, 604 20, 537 243 340 5, 688 15, 419 6, 587 106 41 1, 809 4, 755 19, 757 230 387 5, 308 14, 909 6, 893 110 49 1,810 5, 182 19, 560 224 346 4, 986 14, 887 7, 219 114 75 2, 229 5,173 21, 540 242 329 5, 392 16, 506 8, 234 129 77 2,413 5, 855 22, 055 244 361 5, 674 16, 809 9, 308 145 71 2,799 6, 598 22, 474 245 405 5, 605 17, 224 9, 969 185 94 3, 363 7,109 23, 231 249 349 5, 632 17, 966 8, 970 138 71 2, 309 6, 340 23, 976 - 253 382 5, 537 18, 752 10, 029 153 97 2, 654 7, 484 25, 330 264 432 6,117 19, 685 10, 606 161 254 2,791 8,105 26, 793 276 499 6, 508 20, 761 12, 084 181 264 3, 019 9, 362 28,719 292 527 7, 238 22, 148 11, 790 175 161 2, 961 9,115 28, 836 290 517 6, 861 22, 447 11, 043 162 182 2, 663 8, 415 30, 171 301 540 6, 727 23, 971 10, 599 153 180 2, 522 8, 220 31, 794 314 531 7, 127 25, 198 31, 692 309 548 7, 027 25, 219 32, 404 313 563 7, 306 25, 669 34, 076 326 574 7, 577 27, 087 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 3 Preliminary. 2 Includes changes in newsprint stocks beginning in 1929. Sources: Bee source note tableni7eAppendlevr APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 351 TaBLe 19.—Apparent consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production cf paperboard,! 1920-72 2 Apparent Apparent consumption : consumption Year Exports | Imports | Domestic —______________| Exports | Imports | Domestic production Year production Total Per Total Per capita capita Thousand Thousand | Thousand | Thousand Thousand Thousand | Thousand | Thousand tons Pounds tons tons tons tons Pounds tons tons tons 2, 296 61 43 2, 313 7,9 3 96 22 8, 008 1, 734 32 26 20 1, 740 8, 481 120 61 14 8, 629 2,162 39 28 34 2, 156 9, 265 128 97 26 9, 337 2, 811 50 34 52 2, 793 9, 455 128 98 45 9, 508 2) 863 50 41 54 2, 850 9, 085 121 89 48 9, 127 3, 224 56 27 15 3, 236 11, 046 145 99 55 11, 090 3, 549 60 51 20 3, 580 11, 626 150 226 81 11,771 3, 685 62 36 18 3, 702 10, 820 137 149 57 10, 912 3, 953 66 39 11 3, 981 12, 417 155 172 98 12, 491 4, 183 69 50 ll 4, 222 12, 149 149 241 64 12, 327 3, 816 62 47 8 3, 855 18, 891 167 296 141 14, 045 3, 622 58 47 3 3, 666 14, 151 168 300 71 14, 381 3, 151 50 31 1 3, 181 13, 914 162 338 52 14, 200 3, 930 63 32 12 3, 950 3, 160 362 54 14, 271 3, 923 62 34 ll 3, 946 15, 236 171 443 55 15, 624 4, 521 71 39 16 4, 544 15, 371 170 515 35 15, 851 5, 257 82 39 16 5, 280 16, 054 175 615 39 16, 629 5, 586 87 52 19 5, 618 17, 048 183 630 46 17, 632 4, 873 75 61 12 4, 922 17, 682 187 740 42 18, 380 5, 850 89 73 12 5, 911 18, 739 195 1, 034 20 19, 753 6, 001 91 209 10 6, 200 19, 885 205 1,112 18 20, 979 7, 679 115 106 13 7,771 21, 526 219 1, 252 56 22, 722 7, 059 104 84 50 7, 093 20, 833 210 1, 418 22 22, 229 7, 695 112 63 24 7, 734 22, 795 227 1, 892 28 24, 659 8, 006 115 61 21 8, 045 24, 210 239 2, 026 20 26, 217 23, 530 230 2,105 19 25, 616 23, 900 231 2, 381 23 26, 258 26, 410 253 2, 364 13 28, 761 1Includes wet machine board. 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TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 353 TABLE 21.—Paper and board exports from the United States, by grade and major region of destination, 1971 1 (Thousand tons] Paper Board Total Region paper and Coarse board Total News- Book Fine and in- Other Total Building Other print paper paper dustrial paper board board paper CSE) ee ee eee 307 121 2 26 36 48 10 186 33 153 Coe 701 167 73 29 13 41 11 533 3 530 Western Europe---.------------ 1,323 90 7 31 21 28 2 1, 233 11 1,222 Eastern Europe---...-..------- 24 @) «. [eesseeessese|bzeeccas=-55 ) (2) i} 24 (2) wo eS eee 153 25 (2) 3 3 18 1 128 2 126 Near and Middle East- ----__-- 117 ib i) ee 1 1 9 (2) 106 1 106 Lo CS Se eee 303 127 81 i 24 17 1 176 1 175 an (oe eee ee 60 16 2 3 4 5 2 44 (2) 44 @ther countries = = = - ---..-. === 8 5 1) 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 Ag th Uo eee 2. 2, 996 563 166 97 102 169 29 2, 434 52 2,381 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. ez- 2 Less than 500 tons. ports. FT 410. 1971 (annual). TaBLE 22.—Paper and board imports into the United States, by grade and major region of origin, 1971 } Region (Thousand tons] Paper Board Total paper and Coarse board Total News- Book Fine and in- Other Total Building Other print paper paper dustrial paper board board 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. im- 2 Less than 500 tons. ports. FT 135. 1971 (annual). 304 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 23.—Fibrous materials consumed in the manufacture of paper and board, by type of material, specified years 1919-721 Consumption of fibrous materials : Consumption of fibrous materials per ton of paper and board produced Year Total Wood- Waste- Other Total Wood- Waste- Other pulp paper pulp paper Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand tons tons tons tons Tons Tons Tons Tons DQG Rese aes ee 6, 622 4, 020 1, 854 748 1210 0. 674 0. 311 0. 125 1929s see eee 11, 575 6, 289 3, 842 1, 443 1. 039 . 565 . 845 . 129 1935222 e ees 10, 999 6, 442 8, 587 969 1. 050 615 . 342 092 1193 Oi = Pee 14,177 8, 650 4, 366 1, 161 1. 049 640 . 323 086 1940 ee ae sie 15, 493 9, 782 4, 668 1, 044 1. 070 675 . 322 072 19 4G eae seme 18, 856 11, 364 6, 075 1, 418 1. 062 . 640 . 842 . 080 O42 Ee enone 17, 858 11, 038 5, 495 1, 325 1. 045 . 646 . 822 . 078 1949 x0 ease BS 18, 199 10, 635 6, 368 1, 196 1. 068 624 . 374 070 1944S sete es 18, 747 10, 502 6, 859 1, 385 1. 091 611 . 8399 081 1945 et eee eee 18, 969 10, 825 6, 800 1, 344 1. 092 623 . 391 077 1946222282 e 2 20, 752 12, 092 7, 278 1, 382 1. 077 627 . 378 072 LOSE ee Se See 22, 788 13, 253 8, 009 1, 526 1. 079 628 . 379 072 LQ48 es FEE 23, 411 14, 375 7, 585 1, 452 1. 069 657 . 346 066 QAO Re eee ee 21, 451 13, 636 6, 600 1, 215 1. 056 671 . 825 060 1950 a sees 25, 904 16, 509 7, 956 1, 439 1. 062 . 677 . 326 059 1O51F = ese 28, 265 17, 737 9, O71 1, 457 1. 085 . 681 . 348 056 195 2a ee 26, 378 17, 286 7, 881 1, 211 1. 080 . 708 . 323 050 1953 see eae S 28, 469 18, 684 8, 531 1, 255 1. 072 . 708 321 047 IIS Foy Ge ee 28, 045 18, 989 7, 857 1, 200 1. 044 . 707 292 045 119552 eeee eee 31, 835 21, 454 9, 041 1, 340 1. 056 (AUK . 300 045 9565-2 ese 33, 386 22, 998 8, 836 1 Oo 1. 052 730 . 282 040 1G his ee tenes oe 32, 058 22, 459 8, 493 1, 105 1. 045 732 207 036 O58 2S secee see 32, 157 22, 483 8, 671 1, 003 1. 043 729 . 281 033 NO 592s ae See 35, 549 25, 155 9, 414 979 1. 045 740 207 028 IU GX 0) cole 35, 703 25, 700 9, 032 971 1. 036 746 . 262 028 lO GI 2 aSee ee 36, 595 26, 683 9, 018 894 1. 025 747 . 258 025 196252. 38, 636 28, 598 9, 075 963 1. 029 762 . 242 025 1963 222 Sate 41,117 30, 220 9, 613 1, 285 1. 048 770 . 245 033 LOG42 22 areas oe 42, 860 32, 088 9, 843 929 1. 019 768 7228 023 1OGSEe ess. oe 45, 116 34, 006 10, 231 879 1. 024 772 . 232 020 19662 ae oe 48, 466 36, 922 10, 564 980 1. 029 784 . 224 021 ILD) Shy fe i 47, 718 36, 994 9, 888 836 1. 017 788 211 018 19 GS Sane Se 52, 429 41, 303 10, 222 905 1. 023 806 199 018 IAS) 6} Ns 2 aie 55, 517 43, 700 10, 939 878 1. 024 806 202 016 NO (Oi22= === 54, 614 43, 192 10, 594 828 1. 021 807 198 015 19 (lie eee ae 56, 041 44, 183 10, 997 861 1.017 . 802 . 200 . 016 OR Zee ae 58, 801 46, 622 11, 269 910 . 991 . 786 . 190 . 015 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. Bureau of the Census. Pulp, paper and board. Cur. Indusy 2 Preliminary. Reps. Ser. M26A (annual); and U.S. Department o Sources: American Paper Institute. Wood pulp statistics. Agriculture, Forest Service. New York, 1972 (annual); U.S. Department of Commerce, APPENDIX V. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES TaBLE 24.—Apparent consumption, exports, imports, and domestic production of woodpulp, 1920-72 ' Apparent consumption Year ae ae eee ee? ae NOTES Imports Domestic production Total Per capita Thousand Thousand | Thousand | Thousand tons Pounds tons tons tons 4, 696 88 32 906 3, 822 3, 544 65 3 697 2, 876 4, 756 86 25 1, 259 3, 522 5, 149 92 23 1, 383 3, 789 5, 214 91 32 1,523 3, 723 5, 588 97 38 1, 664 3, 962 6, 092 104 34 1,731 4,395 5, 957 100 32 1,676 4, 313 6, 232 103 33 1, 755 4,511 6, 690 110 54 1, 881 4, 6, 412 104 48 1, 830 4, 630 5, 952 96 53 1,596 4, 409 5, 194 83 48 1, 482 3, 760 6, 139 98 79 1, 942 4, 276 6, 099 97 143 1, 806 4, 436 6, 687 105 172 1, 933 4, 926 7,779 121 193 2, 278 5, 695 8, 645 134 323 2, 395 6, 573 7, 503 116 140 1,710 5, 934 8, 880 136 140 2, 026 6, 993 9, 703 147 481 1, 225 8, 960 11, 205 168 329 1, 158 10, 375 11, 642 173 378 1, 237 10, 783 10, 685 156 301 1,306 9, 680 10, 962 158 218 1,072 10, 108 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Preliminary. Note: Total woodpulp production data prior to 1940 contains woodpulp not shown separately by type. Year Apparent consumption Exports Imports 395 Domestic production Sources: American Paper Institute. Wood pulp statistics. New York, 1972' (annual); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Pulp, paper and board. Cur. Indus. Reps. Ser. M26A. (annual); U.S. Department of Commerce. Pulp, paper and board, Quart. Indus. Rep.; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 356 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TaBLE 25.—Woodpulp exports from the United States, by type and major region of destination, 1971! Western Huropes. 2 2eaese sere" Eastern Europe_-------------- Africa 2S Seee= Sah Se ee ee Near and Middle East____--__-_- [Thousand tons] All other Dissolving Total and special alpha ene 72 17 ea 277 106 ea ree 1, 079 345 ew 82 70 saat 46 (?) enon 24 5 ce eee 533 241 ee 60 6 tee 1 (?) shane Pe As} 790 Sulfite Sulfate 6 49 27 144 74 659 @) 12 2 45 5 14 79 206 20 35 @ (?) 213 1, 164 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Less than 500 tons. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Exports. FT 410. 1971 (annual). TABLE 26.—Woodpulp imports into the United States, by type and major region of origin, 1971 } Western Rurope: —2 a3= Sa Bastern Hurope-- se. eee PAPI C pene ey ne eed oe (Thousand tons] Total Dissolving and special alpha Sulfite Sulfate Soda All other 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Less than 500 tons. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Imports. FT 135. 1971 (annual). 357 TIMBER DEMAND TABLES APPENDIX V. “duypunos Jo osnvdeq S110} 0) ppv jou ABUT BIVC, :010N ‘OOTAJOg JSOIO ‘oINQMOAFy Jo quounjIeded “§°N “AOA AON *NsvULUNs 10919817078 NjYZUOPY *OVN4YISUT ‘SO}BUIIISO OOJAIOG ISO10 y ‘AIBUTUNT [OI ¢ qodeg uvopoury “(jenuus) OTP La “Asgunoo pup Ajpouwmwoo g aynpayas—spsodza “S’Q ‘({enuus) Set La “Jua[BAINDS POOMpUnoyY + ‘dindpoom pus ‘pivoq ‘ieded “Aigunoo pup Anpowmor y aynpayos ‘woudunsuos pup )p49u2b—sjiodut “s°Q ‘({eNuUB) YOZ “10S “sdoy “‘puy “LINO “psvog pun ‘uadod ‘djng ‘snsuop) oY} Jo Neem ‘Qo10UIMIODH JO JUOMJIVdOC “Sf :seoIMOg Jo syoduy you oy Jo JueTBAyNbo poomdynd oy} pus siya *g*Q uy poomadynd jo uoyydummsuod sepnyjouy ; £°US OFT a I '8b PSL L'8 L'9 o'T PST Ov Q's 0% 9°6 a4 £62 1 Je) | (IS e ZL61 91% £81 Las L‘Ov £°89 901 ¥'9 aT T‘L1 L‘y re oar 96 0°89 6°SL ie ie | leon 25 Z02 9°81 L'98 %'09 9'0L 26 09 ye £91 v's Lg 81 601 8°69 6'9L S08) (0 t/a: 861 ia § 9 "ee ly 6°99 £°6 8'9 o'r o°LT ve 6'e L'T 06 ‘99 1'9L Drs. ice PLT ora i 12 2 PP L‘19 8°8 6'9 vit 91 (a 3 i oT 6°L 6°19 0°0L OVLE! > lees L’sT L‘it 10g 8 IP g°Lg 6°8 rg 9°T 6ST 9% P's 9° g'9 $89 6°99 Wale: J Neiae rae | ara | 9°62 81h T ‘99 v6 Lg PT Q'9T v% 6% 8° 9°9 Lg 0°L9 OGL 5 eas 031 OIL % 6% £ OF £ ‘ee g'8 £'9 e'T T'St (x6 L% a 0'9 9'e9 a!) 1 74) ise eit 901 6 '9% LE 9'8F 0'8 o'¢ MEAs yl 1% Oe hie T’9 009 6°19 OSC 5 plies 001 9°6 192 Lee L’vP €'L 8h 9'T L’et 9° L% ay vir £ OF 0 “Pg ¥iS9 0 ieee r'6 0°6 £°0G £ ee 8'tb OL 8°P vals 9°81 Lal! £°% Te 8's I bP 9°%9 WOT = Ncesos &'8 1'8 0G 1 2e £ Ov €°L 8"? eT 6 OL Pl 2% o 8'E bly ¥ 6h Cen See eee 99 0'8 bo gee 0 OF GL 7 el Lat raat (ane (a 9° (aa 16h iClie @ Almas 1'9 aL v8 9 08 L'98 O° e+ (aaa | rd | Tt a ie 9% 8°LE L‘9v 6 '6P 29 9°9 b'2% T'82 (a 3 9°9 L's PM! QI 0'1 OT ie 1% Q'be 9th L‘t¥ 6° 09 i a 908 bbe 69 Le 8'T £21 Dal oT ie bZ 198 £ +h L‘9F 0's 69 ‘9% T'2e 98 PL Way 61 bel 6° OT ie TZ 0°18 GOP 9°8P bs z'9 ¥ 8% 9 8% 0'1e 8°9 6°8 8'T 9°@I OT (amt ye £% L's ely 98h Sac oy 6 02 9°92 0°1% 99 Le 9'T 8 ‘Il 8° 6° 9°82 128 888 Gat Lov L°0% bi 14 £ 9% 9°9 6'e 9'T 0'@r D* s° 6°12 PLE £88 9'T oe 002 98% 09% 9°9 9°f 1% 12 L° ue ZLB 0 ‘98 TL v1 9° 102 L°82 192 9°9 (2 9% ZI 8° v" 9°12 T'28 £'8E eT 8% LOI 961 £02 £'9 £'F vl 0°31 y (aa 1% 0°38 Lee Wt (04 £°¢1 991 9°LT 09 of PT 901 (ye (a L° 0°61 9°22 CIRC nn | eee o'T b% L‘9t T 61 00% 8°9 OF 0% 8°11 Gis (AE L° 0° 1a & 3 SrLG i icmoee 8° va or L’Lt 9 '8T 29 (in 8'T eI 9° ° 6° £°0% 68% 8 6% 9° vV@ 0'F1 POL O°LT 9'F 8'€ L't 9°6 9° ie 9* 98ST 0'9% QO Maen" | parce ee 1% 831 6°FI €or 9'e (ae 9'T £'8 9° 8° 6° 891 L°@ OS OCsar eG aes a" 0% 68 Z ST v's 8 0% tT 9°9 im ide 8° L'9T aa 4 0°26 ve 9'T 811 G'el 9 81 v's b% Pal GL vs 9° Or 6 FT 861 8 02 a" LT 0'8I 8 FI 6 FL 8'e £°% LT 8°L de L* ZT 9 ‘OT ia 4 Lt o° g'T v2 01 (ae a 0'v 1% 9'T LiL 9° 9° eit Lot 9 02 61% z e't 8 OL erat ¥ ZI 9'E 2% rT el 9° 6° 9'T Let T's! L’61 g° 6° $8 o'6 16 v's L’8 Dak £'8 e° ° 9° 801 PLT 0'8T z" 8° O'L 8'L 0'8 08 (ae 8'l GL (n 3° 9° z'6 6 FI ¢'or as 0'T PL ¥'8 6'8 eb oF ins £01 $° L° 6° P01 € ‘81 @ 6 g° OT 29 aL G'L 9'E (7 aut 16 z° iz 9° L'8 0'9T 9°91 g 8 9°¢ £9 99 Teas ie OT 8°L z° S 9° 9°L 8°81 PP o° L° 6% 9°¢ 8°9 6% ve OT GL z° s° ge 89 Gal 0°81 g° L* Lv ¥'¢ 6S v'% 98 L L‘9 \'e za" s° 9°9 £1 9°21 Te ee 1 9'F 0'¢ vZ L% 9° L’g Ge he 8° 9°¢ ¥ OT Lot eeeemceun 9° g° L'v oo 8°¢ Lz 6% OT L°9 a" te ye ie L‘9 ard! a4! eee kBOL 9 L cv ag L’g 08 8's 9'T 6°L s° ye te iy ZL Tel 9st ~~" 086T ¢ f ‘4 a 89 2'8 ve vil 0'8 re Ts 1 9° 9° 88 vv “">" "6261 i 9° 9'v ag 9°¢ 6% 28 g'l 9'L ie el ices an auc lit A Ck 821 £8 Bernat 4iy! £" 9° Wy 60 z'¢ L% ts 9'T 8h (a he T0 vy 8'9 ard! 981 Dome ECOL zg" 9° Lv (eT v9 G% 18 Tab OL oS" be Selec Reals 89 Tat PCI paneaeucoL é $ 0 sv 9% 0% 08 g'T v9 Z° To freeseee= ----| g: 9 LOt Ol === ==-@76T a g° 68 Pay i 7 6'1 8% £1 6'9 z° Te piseaan eeesalhe 8° 101 ¥ OT ae GOD Ue hp 68 v> oF 61 vZ i L's oe Pee z° 6S 0°01 @ 01 ameeeeecnL Y at 0% ob 9 vl g% 0 8 Za" ---- e a a ay aesenpe g ie ve qe ia ZT Ul ve ee Gece z ae Hs ae a caaeeee 20 $0 ay LY 6% 0 9'T aa 88 CW) To bal lee ee sale ieee $0 19 Z'8 i: em ac O@6T PooMpisyy | poom jog 18]0, : Hy son so i ; oe 1 pawoq , djnd rpawoq | , dnd syiyur aps as “AG VUBl dT 1®10.L pus s0deg “poo poomdng 1810.L pus s0deg -poom poomdng 1810.1, ‘s' Ul 11810. -duinsuoo 180K poompunoy oysowmop [sp100 Woy] @L-0861 ‘poomdynd fo uorjonposd oyjsowop pun ‘szsodua ‘sjs0dxa ‘uoydunsuod juosnddy— pz, AAV], 398 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 28.—Consumption of pulpwood in the manufacture cf woodpulp, 1920-72 Total Year Pulpwood consumption = Woodpulp production Total Per ton of pulp produced Thousand cords Cords Thousand tons 19205 22= 6, 114 1. 60 , 822 19212222 4, 557 1. 58 2, 876 1922___- 5, 549 1. 58 3, 522 19235. — 5, 873 1. 55 3, 789 1924___- 5, 768 1. 55 3, 723 19255 254 6, 094 1. 54 3, 962 19262222 6, 766 1. 54 4, 395 1927 ea- 2 6, 751 15 4, 313 1928____ 7, 160 1. 59 4, 511 19292223 7, 645 Bay / 4, 863 1930825 7, 195 1. 55 4, 630 LOSE a= 6, 723 1. 52 4, 409 19322222 5, 633 1. 50 3, 760 19335222 6, 582 1. 54 4, 276 1934____ 6, 797 1. 53 4, 436 1935 e022 7, 628 155 4, 926 1936___- 8, 716 1. 53 5, 695 19S wees 10, 394 1. 58 6, 573 19388S228 9, 194 1.55 5, 934 1939232 = 10, 816 1. 55 6, 993 1940___- 13, 743 1. 53 8, 960 ae y Bee eee 15, 736 1. 52 10, 375 1942____ 16, 567 1. 54 10, 783 1943____ 14, 935 1. 54 9, 680 1944____ 16, 700 1. 65 10, 108 Total Year Pulpwood consumption Total Per ton of pulp produced Thousand cords Cords 1O45e == 16, 776 65 1946___- 18, 641 1. 76 94 (eee 20, 293 1. 70 1948____ 22, 009 iS Al 1949____ 19, 029 1. 56 19502222 22,101 1. 49 1O5les=s 27, 625 1. 67 19 52BS Ee PH 6 Uses} 1. 65 19585222 27, 863 1. 59 1954s 28, 534 1. 56 1955 s2e2 32, 652 1 5u, 195652== 36, 958 1. 67 195 aee= 36, 087 1. 66 1958___- 34, 509 1. 58 1959223 37, 772 155 19602222 41,170 1. 63 AUS Gh es 41, 434 1. 56 19622 2 = 44, 064 1. 58 NOR. ae 46, 251 1. 54 19642222 49,991 1. 54 19652522 53, 468 GY 19665 == 57, 174 1. 56 1967222 58, 419 1.59 N9G8eee= 61, 903 ial 19692==5 66, 225 1. 55 1970 1___ 69, 760 1. 60 1G Agee 68, 040 155 1972 1___ 72, 425 1. 56 Woodpulp production Thousand tons 10, 167 10, 607 11, 946 12) 872 12) 207 14, 849 16, 524 16, 473 17, 537 18, 256 20, 740 22, 131 21, 800 21, 796 24, 383 25,316 26,523 27,908 30,121 32,415 33, 993 36, 603 36, 677 40, 892 42, 813 43, 662 43, 933 46, 342 1 Preliminary. Sources: American Paper Institute, Inc. Wood pulp statistics. 1972 (annual); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Pulp, paper and board. Cur. Indus. Reps. Ser. M26A. APPENDIX VY. TIMBER DEMAND TABLES 359 TABLE 29.—Production, imports, exports, and apparent domestic consumption of forest products, by major products, 1940-72} [Million tons, air dry weight] All products Products from industrial roundwood Year Total Lumber Domestic Apparent production | consumption Domestic Imports Exports Apparent Domestic Imports Exports Apparent production consumption] production consumption 139.1 140.9 63.6 3.9 21 65.4 34.4 0.8 1.0 34.2 142.1 145.2 72.4 4.6 1.6 75.5 40.9 15 7 41.7 127.5 131.1 71.9 4.8 1.2 75.5 40.5 1.6 4 41.7 121.5 124.4 67.5 3.9 0 70.4 38.9 9 3 39.5 123.3 126.0 66.7 3.7 1.0 69.4 38.0 eel 4 38.7 117.9 121.4 60. 2 4.6 i ia 63.7 32.7 1.2 a 33.4 120.2 124.5 68.3 5.0 uel 72.6 39.4 1.4 elt 40.1 123.9 128. 2 71.8 6.4 2.0 76.1 40.1 1.4 1.3 40.2 124.4 130.5 72.7 (ee? 2 78.8 41.6 2.0 -6 43.0 118.9 124.2 64.2 6.6 ~iL3 69.5 35.7 ey! 8 36.6 118.4 126.7 74.3 9.5 1.1 82.6 42.6 3.6 -6 45.6 118.3 124.9 75.0 8.6 1.9 81.6 42.0 al ifal 43.6 113.2 119.9 74.3 8.3 1.6 81.0 42.0 2.6 -8 43.8 112.0 119.4 74.7 8.9 15 82.1 41.3 2.9 a 43.5 110.2 117.3 74.5 9.2 2.1 81.6 40.7 3.2 8 43.1 111.9 119.6 78.0 10.2 2.6 85.7 41.3 3.8 9 44.2 112.6 120.7 80.4 10.6 2.6 88.5 42.6 3.6 9 45.3 103. 2 110.2 72.7 9.7 2.6 79.7 35.8 3.1 at 33.0 102.7 110.0 73.9 9.9 2.6 81.2 36.6 3.5 -8 39.3 103.0 116.7 80.9 11.6 2.9 89.6 40.7 4.3 a9) 444 102.0 109.6 76.6 11.4 3.8 84.2 35.9 4.1 9 39 4 101.2 108. 6 77.5 11.8 4.4 84.9 34.8 4.4 -9 38 3 102.7 111.3 80.7 13.1 4.5 89.3 36. 2 5.1 8 40°. 108.1 115.6 87.5 13-5 6.0 95.0 33.1 5.5 9 42° 112.8 120.1 93. 6 14.2 6.9 100.9 40.1 5.4 1.0 44 5 114.9 122.4 97.0 14.7 7.3 104.5 40.5 5.5 1.0 45 9 117.3 124.7 100.8 15.8 8.4 108. 2 40.5 5.5 i Bal 44° 9 114.6 118.9 99.4 15.1 10.9 103.7 38. 4 5.4 152 42° 121.1 124.3 107.4 17.1 13.9 110.6 39.8 6.4 152 45:8 120.0 123.8 107.9 18.3 14.4 111.7 39.5 6.6 152 = 118.6 119.1 108.1 17.4 16.9 108. 6 37.8 6.3 1.3 43 121.6 126.8 111.8 19.5 14.3 117.0 39.4 7.8 1.2 46.0 130.9 134. 2 121.6 21.4 18.1 124.9 42.5 9.7 1.6 50.7 .6 See footnotes at end of taple. 547-966 O - 74 - 25 360 THE OUTLOOK FOR TIMBER IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 29.—Production, imports, exports, and apparent domestic consumption of forest products, by major products, 1940-72 '\—Continued Years Domes- tice pro- duction Imports} Exports [Million tons, alr dry weight]. — Products from industrial roundwood—Continued Plywood and veneer Apparent} Domes- consump-} tic pro- tion 5 duction Panel products 3 1971/20 —- 1972 2___ “ID COanon CoOWwWNIND Or Dac ANP Oe oooma oro1rs} 5100 Ain oOo o NI ; ‘ | { i OOH MWONNN NOP PRPWWO NNNNN Nee ee Pep ace Ree Ta “* # «ee ee * wee SS ewes weasel. ss Aleta Ga baat Satosa Ge BAsT uals POD NNOHD OCBNROMD NHR PR WHEE Nowe NRRe NV ot aS — eo OPO NORMDF OCMPON UROOCHD COUMHN CONPDYD PPO CONF WMWONG NOMWH KPOWWOT APPWW CWRrOD COORD NPO OCS ANA CP PPO SNNNN Neri NSS OPW SNNNN NNER ae feoyerrerge we own WWHNW NNRRrE Ree *Less than 50,000 tons. 1 Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 2 Preliminary. 3 Includes hardboard, insulating board, and particleboard. 4 Excludes woodpulp used in hardboard and insulating board. § Excludes veneer produced and consumed in industries other than the plywood industry. 6 Includes both woodpulp and the woodpulp equivalent of paper and board except hardboard and insulating board. Fuelwood— Woodpulp 4 Miscella- apparent __|neous prod- consump- ucts 8— Log tion Apparent] Domes- Apparent] apparent | exports Imports] Exports}consump-} tic pro- Im- Ex- |consump-| consump- tion duction | ports ®| ports? tion tion 0.2 8.8 3.1 0.9 11.0 18. 2 0.2 75.5 .6 9.7 3.1 atl Te 19.4 wil 69.7 9 9.9 3.2 6 12.5 18.8 ou! 55.6 9 8.8 3.0 x) 11.3 17.3 Ail 54.0 9 9.2 2.6 4 11.4 17.0 at 56. 6 9 9.3 3.4 4 12.3 15.9 gal 57.7 1.0 9.6 4.0 3 13.3 16.8 () 51.9 a 10.9 4.9 4 15.4 17.7 =, 52.1 1.3 Dea: 5.2 3 16.6 16.0 57) S17, 9 11.4 4.9 3 16.0 14.0 57) 54.7 1.3 13.6 5.7 3 19.0 14.5 2 44.1 1.3 15.3 5.8 .6 20.5 13.8 3 43.3 1.4 15.2 5.6 6 20. 2 13.1 5) 38.9 1.4 16. 2 5.8 4 21.6 12.7 4 37.3 1.6 16.8 5.7 -9 21.6 12.3 4 35.7 1.8 19.1 6.0 2 23.9 11.9 ats) 33.9 1.9 20.5 6.5 1.1 25.9 11.4 aD) 32. 2 1.9 20. 2 6.0 1.3 24.9 10.9 4 30.5 2.1 20.1 5.8 1.2 24.7 10.5 6 28.8 255 22.5 6.4 1.4 27.5 10.0 nti) 27.1 2.3 23.5 6.5 2.0 28.0 9.6 8 25.4 2.4 24.7 6.7 2.2 29. 2 9.2 1.3 23.7 PY) 26.0 eu 2 31.0 8.7 1.5 22.0 3.0 28.0 7.0 2.4 32.6 9.6 ONT. 20. 6 3.4 30. 2 7.6 2.8 35.0 10.1 3.0 19.2 3.8 31.6 8.1 2.9 36.8 10.5 3.4 17.9 3.9 34.4 9.0 3.3 40.1 10.5 3.9 16.5 4.0 34.4 8.6 4.1 38.9 9.6 5:5 15.2 4.9 38.3 8.9 5:5 41.7 9.0 Wel 13.7 5.5 40.0 9.7 6.4 43.3 8.5 6.6 12.1 5.5 40.9 9.2 sll 42.4 7.9 Cou. 10.5 6.9 40.8 9.4 6.6 43.6 8.4 6.3 9.8 8.3 42.9 8.8 7.5 44.2 8.9 8.7 9.3 7Includes pulpwood, woodpulp, and the woodpulp equivalent of pape, and board except hardboard and insulating board. 5 Includes cooperage logs, poles and piling, fence posts, hewn ties, round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, chemical wood, shingle bolts, and miscellaneous items. 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COMO OH © tH to pt che tea exioet eo SEs rd States al antes APAOMOOM™ OO WON A © Or cesh SRABSESIE ANNANAANAN IN ADOINOMmMOOD All industrial raw materials TABLE 36.—Consumption of industrial raw materials in the United States, by broad product groups, 1920-69 i ttatetotatates MWANIDOO OOM tH AHYSRBHBRS PEER EEE pt ANANAAAANN SSSSankans HOOD HAHONOD Ht Am @ a SSRBsRSss DONMMOOMNAW SBs8 base © 0D 19 00 = 19 Hh tH {iit eee i ee 1912____- 1903. =->3 INAOMIDO HOH O 1929__ ___ AOM O m tRe4coOm 1930__ ..- pi: isan es Wea 53 1934____- 1935 __ ___ 1967_ io. 1930 _ __-- AMOWOOO™-MOMOr $3 8B 6 & od oo OB EOD I 09 B19 00 0049 00 HOM HOHFNWDOO 1940____ 1948 _____ iT. Sees ID HAMO AMINA ARIGSARBSS AD CO DD rt 4 09 1 GO OD XH AAAARARAA & BSaassenns OWN OD Hrs 19 tH 1950__ -_- ifs ae 1952 ____- 1953 _____ iA Ai == ==" $957_=.=% 1958 _____ 1959-3 1956-22 A000. = rOoOnooar-onr~ BIBT 10 i 1 BBB ODOM 190 BSRERRBARE SO-NOCOnNwWIN WO AVN AOD 09 09 09 09 0D OD 9 09 OD O AI 19 Od Hid Gay | MRMRSKoNae asdasssses SEES Sadddudddd dégdsddess dddasdddae dddneaaaas Gace PEE 5.88 Ay BaSeSSeere ZBSBESASRE SSSSSRZSSS FESRESESSS RESRISZELS SASSERSRSS ZASSSAGSS g nade Ao doididndinid efetetatciehated cred Aaiaiaaaiaadaled asada gala glad aalodedododdodased coded dios atl ati ai al il of 3 (=) pipet erat Am ah A ae h Baarlg god We. ahem at Soba a Ree ih a boca ah pa Melt cs kee hor Miaghe tks Ee ee Teg cic RARSARANRS NSSRRSRASHS KANRKKRRRN NASSSAANKR ASRRAANRRN NRRRNRRANR RARNRSRAES °o cs BE ae Ay SASSRS2B8 RESSRRSNES SSRGRSBSSR BERASSRSAR BSRSASSRAE SSRRRKZBRE SSSSRIESRA g Ha AGS isT Sodcacece NACE GSN Gd GSe Gr GAASSSSSAS Ao dawson [-] A 1968. ...- 72. Bureau of the Mines. Raw materials in the United abrasives, and other similar construction materials. Also, includes some Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census and _ U.S. minerals fuels that are used for nonfuel uses. States economy 1900-1969. Working Paper 35, 19 Department of the Interior, and broken stone, sand and gravel, fire clay, pwood; turpentine; rosin; and miscellaneous , Zypsum, metal ores, chemical and fertilizer minerals, , Oils, hides, rubber, furs, and other similar ng, and posts. Excludes fuelwood. ogs; veneer logs; pul products, such as poles, pili 1 Cotton and other fibers msion stone, crushed products. 3? Dime common clay and shale 2 Saw | INDEX Alaska, 9, 10, 77, 79, 90, 91, 128 Allowable cut, 36, 45, 73, 74, 90, 99, 103, 104 121, 218, 221 Base projections of supply area assumptions, 36, 43, 44 assumed improvements in utilization, 123, 124 management assumptions, 36-438, 215 North, 61-71 Pacific Coast, 77-88 removal assumptions, 36, 44-46, 215 Rocky Mountains, 69-78 South, 52-64 summary for United States, 46-53, 215-219 Building board exports, 186, 187 imports, 186, 187, 193 production, 186, 187 Building board use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 186, 189, 190 alternative price assumptions, 186, 187 demand on U.S. mills, 186, 187 miscellaneous uses, 177-179, 186 new housing, 150, 157-160, 186 new nonresidential construction, 161, 162, 165-167, 186 per capita, 186, 187, 190 summary of all uses, 186, 187, 189-191 upkeep and improvements, 160, 161, 177, 178, 186 Canada exports, 127, 129-131, 134-137, 139, 181, 193, 198, 200, 204, 209 forest resources, 134-137 potential timber supplies, 133-137, 139, 181, 193, 198 production of forest products, 134-136, 181 utilization trends, 134-137 Commercial timber land area, 8, 10-15, 438, 44, 53, 54, 61, 64, 70, 71, 77, 78 area projections, 43, 44, 54, 61, 64, 70, 71, 78 classification, 100 forest types, 12,13, 112 North, 8, 10-15, 43, 61, 64, 112, 113 ownership, 11, 12, 54, 64, 70, 71, 78, 107 Pacifie Coast 9-15, 43, 77, 78 productivity, 13, 14, 62, 94, 108, 112, 120 Rocky Mountains, 9-12, 14, 15, 43, 70, 71 site quality, 13, 14, 107 South, 8, 10, 11, 138-15, 48, 53, 54, 107, 108 stand size classes, 14, 15, 94, 107, 112 stocking, 14, 15, 94, 108, 112, 113 taxation, 43 trends, 10-13, 43, 44, 53, 54, 61, 64, 70, 71, 77, 78 United States, 8,10, 11, 14, 15, 43, 44 Construction expenditures nonresidential, 161-167 upkeep and improvements, 160, 161 Containers hardboard use, 174, 178 lumber use, 174, 177, 178 timber products use per dollar of shipments, 177, 178 value of shipments, 177, 178 veneer and plywood use, 174, 177, 178, 183 Cooperage, 21-23, 201, 203 Crossties, 166, 168, 219 (368) Cultural measures, 110, 218, 219, 221 intermediate cut, 107, 108, 110, 111, 221 prescribed burning, 37, 38, 96, 101, 108, 110, 221 thinning, 41, 95, 96, 98-101, 104, 105, 108, 111, 113, 15, VAT, 121,122, 2187209) 2211 Cut (see Removals) Demand for timber products manufactured products, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 179, 181, 183, 186 miscellaneous uses, 177-179, 181, 183, 186, 201, 203 new housing, 150-160, 179, 181, 183, 186 new nonresidential construction, 161-167, 179, 181, 183, 186 railroad construction, 166, 168 residential upkeep and improvements, 160, 161, 179, 181, 183, 186 shipping, 174, 177, 179, 181, 183, 186 summary of all uses 181-184, 186, 187 Demand—price relationships lumber, 149, 150, 180-182 paper and board, 149, 150, 188, 191-194 plywood, 149, 150, 183-185 Demand projections basic assumptions, 143-150 effect of price increases, 149, 150, 180-188, 191-194, 198, 200-202, 206-212, 215-219 hardwood, 180-185, 199-201, 207-212, 217-219 manufactured products, 173-175, 181 miscellaneous uses, 178, 179, 201, 203 new housing, 150, 153-160 new nonresidential construction, 161, 165-167 pulpwood, 199-202 railroad construction, 166, 168 roundwood, 46, 49, 50, 52; 206-212, 215- 219 sawtimber, 208 212, 215-219 shipping, 177, 179 softwood, 180-185, 199-201, 207-212, 215, 216 upkeep and improvements, 160, 161 Demand—supply relationships hardwood, 217-219 roundwood, 215-218 sawtimber, 215-219 softwood, 215-218 Destructive agents fire control, 36-38, 42, 95-99, 106, 121, 221 impacts on ‘growth, 17- 19» 108, 291 insect and disease control, 38, 39, 42, 95, 97-99, 106, 108, 109, 121, 221 Disposable personal income, 144, 145, 151, 154, 166, 168— 171, 188, 191 Dwellings (see Residential construction) Economic projections of supply, 36, 87-92, 215-218 Environmental impacts bark residues, 34 Europe, 130 Japan, 131 logging residues, 24, 48 on intensified management, 19, 45, 91, 94, 98, 99, 218, 220, 221 on reforestation, 40, 45 on supply, 36, 43— 45, 58, 70, 79, 90, 91, 94, 96, 218, 220 paper and board consumption, 188, 191 waste paper consumption, 196, 221 Exports building board, 186, 187 Canada, 127, 193, 204 Europe, 127-131, 193, 197 hardwood, 128, 140, 182, 184, 204, 210, 211, 217 Japan, 127-129, 131, 132, 193, 197, 199, 204 Latin America, 127, 193, 197 logs, 127-129, 131, 139-141, 204, 208 lumber, 127, 128, 131, 140, 141, 181, 182 paper and board, 127, 128, 131, 139-141, 192, 193, 199, 202 plywood and veneer, 127, 128, 140, 141, 183, 184 projections, 140, 141, 182, 184, 187, 192, 193, 197-200, 202, 204, 208—211, 216, 217 pulpwood, 30, 127, 128, 131, 139-141, 188, 198-202, 208, 210 sawtimber, 208, 209, 211, 216, 217 softwood, 127, 128, 131, 140, 182, 184, 204, 208, 210, 211, 216 total roundwood equivalent, 127, 141, 208-210, 216, 217 trends, 126-129, 139, 182, 184, 187, 192, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204, 208-211, 216, 217 value, 127, 128 volume, 127, 128, 140, 141, 182, 184, 187, 192, 193, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204, 208-211, 216, 217 woodpulp, 127, 128, 131, 140, 141, 196-199, 202 Farm and miscellaneous private lands area, 11, 44, 54, 61, 64, 71, 78, 79, 107, 109, 111 area projections, 44, 64, 71, 78 classification, 97 intensified management, 94, 96-106, 108-112, 123 inventories, 29, 32, 64, 69, 71, 78, 84, 86-88 North, 11, 61, 64, 67-69, 71, 112 Pacific Coast, 11, 78, 79, 81-84, 123 reforestation, 39, 40, 104-106, 108, 111 Rocky Mountains, 11, 71, 74-76, 78 roundwood, 57, 67, 82-84 South, 11, 54, 57-60, 64, 97, 106-112 supply projections, 51-53, 57-60, 67-69, 74-76, 82, 83, 112 trends, 11, 44, 54, 64, 76-79 United States, 11, 44 Fence posts, 21—23, 201, 203 Fertilization, 17, 41, 95, 96, 98, 101, 106, 107, 110, 121, 122, 218, 222 Fire protection, 42, 95-99, 106, 121, 221 area burned, 37, 38 area protected, 37, 38 expenditures, 36—38 hazard reduction, 37, 38 mortality, 19, 38, 108 ownership, 37 trends, 36—38 Forest industry lands area, 11, 44, 54, 64, 71, 78, 79, 107 area projections, 44, 64, 71, 78 pire management, 95, 98, 99, 106, 109, 110, 123, inventories, 29, 32, 64, 69, 71, 78, 86-88 North, 11, 64, 67-69, 71 Pacific Coast, 11, 78, 79, 82, 83, 123 reforestation, 39, 40, 98, 99, 110 Rocky Mountains, 11, 71, 75, 76, 78 South, 11, 54, 57-60, 64, 98, 107, 109, 110 supply projections, 51-53, 57-60, 67-69, 75, 76, 82, 83 trends, 11, 44, 54, 64, 76, 78, 79 United States, 11, 44 Forest management intensified, 92, 94-125, 216, 218-222 management classes, 100, 107, 109, 111-113, 115, 116, 120, 121 1970 level defined, 36-43 Forest types Alaska, 10 369 Forest types—Continued area, 12,13 distribution, 12, 13, 112 Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine, 13 eastern hardwoods, 12, 13,112 eastern softwoods, 12, 13 growth, 60 southern pines, 13 species breakdown, 12, 13 trends, 13 western hardwoods, 12, 13 western softwoods, 12, 13, 120-123 Forestry assistance, 41, 97, 98, 101, 110, 111, 125, 220 Forestry research expenditures, 41, 42 logging, 42, 124, 125 processing, 42, 124, 125, 196, 205 role in intensified management, 42, 96, 120, 222 utilization improvement, 42, 48, 96, 124, 125, 196, 205, 206 Fuelwood consumption, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 218, 219 plant byproducts, 21-23, 30, 33, 34, 203, 204 production, 21-24 roundwood, 21—24, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 218, 219 trends, 21, 30, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 218, 219 Furniture hardboard use, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 186 lumber use, 166, 168, 169, 172-174, 207 particleboard use, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 186 plywood and veneer use, 166, 168, 169, 172-174, 183, 208 value of shipments, 168-170, 172 Gross national product, 161-164, 166, 169, 191, 192, 196, 201 disposable personal income, 144, 145, 151, 154, 166, 168-171, 188, 191 manufacturing activity, 144, 146 projections, 144, 145 rates of growth, 144, 145, 212 trends, 144, 145, 212 Growing stock growth, 16, 17, 25, 26, 46-48, 59, 61-63, 70, 76, 77, 79, 84-86 growth projections, 46, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 84, 85 growth-removal relationships, 25, 26, 46-49, 59, 61, 62, 84, 85 inventories, 27-32, 46, 52, 55, 64, 65, 71, 72, 77-79, 86, 87 logging residues, 21-25, 46, 49, 55, 57, 65, 79, 123, 124 mortality, 17-19, 46, 49, 76, 77, 79, 84-86 removals 19-26, 45-49, 54-56, 58, 59, 61-63, 65, 67, Was 045 10 Growth growing stock, 16, 17, 25, 26, 46-48, 59, 61-63, 70, 76, 77, 79, 84-86 impact of destructive agents, 17-19, 108, 221 net growth, 15-18, 25-27, 45-48, 55, 56, 59-62, 65-68, 70, 72-74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84-86 North, 15-17, 25, 26, 61-63, 65-68, 70, 113 ownership, 17, 27, 59, 62, 63, 66-68, 70, 77, 84-86 Pacific Coast, 15-17, 25-27, 79, 80, 84-86 per acre, 15-17, 27, 59, 60, 66, 84, 85 potential, 17, 46, 47, 63, 218, 222 rates, 59-61, 63 Rocky Mountains, 15-17, 25, 26, 72, 73, 76, 77 sawtimber, 16, 17, 25, 26, 47, 56, 59, 61, 62, 66, 76, 77, 80 South, 15-17, 25, 26, 55, 56, 59-63 trends, 15-17, 25, 26, 46-48, 55, 56, 59, 65, 66, 71-74, 77, 79, 80, 84-86 United States, 15-17, 25-27, 46-48 370 Growth projections growing stock, 46, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 84, 85 North, 70, 113 ownership, 70, 77, 84-86 Pacific Coast, 79, 80, 84-86 Rocky Mountains, 72, 73, 76, 77 sawtimber, 47, 73, 76, 77, 80 South, 55, 56 United States, 46, 47 Growth—removal relationships growing stock, 25, 26, 46-49, 59, 61, 62, 84, 85 North, 25, 26, 61-63 ownership, 27, 62, 63 Pacific Coast, 25-27, 84-86 Rocky Mountains, 25, 26 sawtimber, 25, 26, 47, 59, 61, 62 South, 25, 26, 54, 58-60 trends, 25, 26, 46—49, 59 United States, 25-27, 46-49 Hardboard (see Building board) Housing (see Residential construction) Imports building board, 186, 187, 193 Canada, 127, 135-137, 139, 198, 198, 200, 204, 209 hardwood, 127, 128, 137-141, 182, 184, 204, 210, 211, 217, 219 logs, 127-129, 137, 140, 141, 204 lumber, 126-129, 137-141, 181, 182, 209-211 miscellaneous, 127, 128 net imports, 128, 129, 139, 141, 201, 210, 211, 220 paper and board, 126-129, 137, 139-141, 192, 193, 199, 201, 202 plywood and veneer, 126-129, 137, 138, 140, 141, 184, 210, 211 projections, 137, 139-141, 182, 184, 187, 192, 193, 197- 199, 202, 204, 209-211, 216, 217 pulpwood, 127, 128, 137, 139-141, 199-202, 209, 210 sawtimber, 210, 211, 216, 217 softwood, 127, 128, 137, 138, 140, 141, 182, 184, 204, 209-211, 216 total roundwood equivalent, 126, 128, 129, 137, 139, 141, 201, 209, 210, 216 trends, 126-129, 137, 139, 181-184, 187, 192, 197, 198, 202, 204, 209-211, 216, 217 tropical woods, 137-139, 184, 204, 219 value, 126, 129 volume, 126-129, 137, 139-141, 197-199, 201, 202 woodpulp, 126-— 129, 137, 139- 141, 197- 199, 201, 202 Improved utilization assumptions in base projections of supply, 48, 123, 124 construction, 124, 125, 165, 221 impact on demand, 146, 198, 204-206, 217, 221 impact on potential supply, 57, 91, 92, 110, 123-125, 200, 201, 218, 221, 222 logging, 49, 48, 96, 124, 125, 221, 222 processing, 42) 124, 125, 174, 200, 205, 206, 218, 221, research, 42, 48, 96, 124, 125, 196, 205, 206 residential construction, 124, 125, 159, 221 residues, 48, 57, 123- 125, 200, 201, 205, 206, 221 timber sale practices, 124 Industrial raw materials consumption, 212, 213 projected demand, 213 relative importance of timber, 212, 213 Industry lands (see Forest industry lands) Insect and disease control, 42, 95, 97-99, 106, 221 expenditures, 38, 39 North, 39 ownership, 38 Pacific Coast, 121 South, 39, 108, 109 trends, 38 Insulating board (see Building board) Intensified management costs, 101, 108, 104, 111, 118, 117-122, 218-222 extended program, 105, 106 management classes, 100, 107, 109, 111-113, 115, 116, 120, 121 North, 97, 112-120 opportunities, 94-125, 218, 219, 221, 222 ownership, 96-98, 108, 109, 123 Pacific Coast, 95, 98, 99, 105, 120-123 potential increases in supply, 92, 94-125, 216, 218, 219 research, 42, 96, 120, 222 return on investment, 102-105, 111, 114-119, 121-123 Rocky Mountains, 105 South, 95, 97, 98, 105-112 ten-year program, 99-105 yields, 101-106, 108, 110-112, 114, 116-123, 216 Inventories diameter class, 28-31, 86, 87 Douglas-fir, 27, 30, 31 growing stock, 27-32, 46, 52, 55, 64, 65, 71, 72, 77-79, 86, 87 North, 28, 29, 32, 65, 66, 69, 71,1138 ownership, 29, 32, 64, 69, 71, 78, 86-88 Pacific Coast, 27-29, 32, 79, 80, 86-88 projections, 46, 47, 52, 56, 61, 65, 66, 69, 71-73, 77- 80, 86-88, 113 quality, 27-29 Rocky Mountains, 29, 32, 72, 73, 77, 78 sawtimber, 27-30, 32, 47, 52, 56, 66, 73, 77, 78, 80, 86-88 South, 28, 29, 32, 55, 56, 61, 64 southern pines, 28, 30 aLeclcs groups, 27-32, 46, 47, 52, 56, 64-66, 71-738, 79, 0, 86-88 trends, 29, 30, 32, 46, 47, 52, 55, 56, 61, 64-66, 71-73, 77-80, 86-88 United States, 27-32, 46, 47 Logging residues environmental impacts, 24, 48 growing stock, 21-25, 46, 49, 55, 57, 65, 79, 123, 124 nongrowing stock, 21, 123 North, 25, 6 Pacific Coast, 21, 25, 79, 80 Rocky Mountains, 25, 73 South, 21, 25, 55-57 species, 21-23, 25, 46, 47, 49, 55, 56, 65, 73, 79, 80 trends, 21, 46—49, 55-57, 65, 73, 79, 80 Logs exports, 127-129, 131, 139-141, 204, 208 imports, 127-129, 137, 140, 141, 204 Lumber exports, 127, 128, 131, 140, 141, 181, 182 imports, 126-129, 137-141, 181, 182, 209-211 production, 88, 182 Lumber use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 179-181 alternative price assumptions, 180-182 containers, 174, 177, 178 demand on U.S. mills, 182 manufactured products, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 179, 181, 207 miscellaneous uses, 177-179, 181 new housing, 150, 157-160, 179, 181 new nonresidential construction, 161, 162, 165-167, 179, 181 pallets, 174, 176, 177, 179, 207, 208 per capita, 179, 181, 182 railroad construction, 166, 168 shipping, 174, 177, 179, 181 summary of all uses, 179-182 upkeep and improvements, 160, 161, 179, 181 Manufactured products furniture, 166, 168-170, 172-174, 186, 207, 208 hardboard use, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 186 lumber use, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 179, 181, 207 particleboard use, 166, 168, 169, 172- 175, 186 plywood and veneer use, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 183, 208 timber products demand projections, 173-175, 181 timber products use per dollar of shipments, 172-174 value of shipments, 168-172 Manufacturing activity index of production, 144, 146, 174, 176 projections, 144, 146 rates of growth, 144, 146 Mine timbers, 21-23, 201, 203 Miscellaneous industrial roundwood products consumption, 21-24, 201, 203, 206, 207, 209 from plant byproducts, 21-23, 33, 34, 203 Miscellaneous uses of timber products, 177-179, 181, 183, 186, 201, 203 Mortality effect on growth and supply, 17-19, 38, 46, 47, 49, 55, 56, 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 84-86, 108, 218, 221 growing stock, 17-19, 46, 49, 76, 77, 79, 84-86 projections, 46, 47, 49, 55, 56, 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80 salvage, 19, 49, 90, 91, 99, 104, 123, 124, 218, 221 sawtimber, 17-19, 47, 49, 66, 73, Gs i. 80, 84-86, 221 species groups, 18, 19, 46, 47, 49, 55, 56, 65, 66, 72, 13; fi 6 National Forest lands area, 11, 12, 43, 44, 54, 64, 71, 78, 107 area projections, 43, 44, 64, 71, 78 intensified management, 94-99, 101, 103-106, 109, 110 inventories, 29, 32, 64, 69, 71, 78, 86-88 North, 11, 64, 67-71 Pacific Coast, 11, 78, 81-88 reforestation, 39, 40, 101, 104-106 Rocky Mountains, 11, 12, 71, 73-78 South, 11, 54, 57-64, 107, 109, 110 supply projections, 45, 51-53, 57-60, 67-69, 74, 76, 81- 83, 90, 91 trends, 12, 44, 54, 64, 71, 78 United States, 11, 44 Noncommercial forest lands eae 3 10 area, 8, deterred, 9,10, 12, 70 North, 9 Pacific Coast, 9 reserved, 9, 10, 43, 70 Rocky Mountains, 9, 10, 70, 74 South, 9, 10 trends, 10, 11 United States, 8-10 Nonresidential construction building board use, 161, 162, 165-167, 186 expenditures, 161-167 lumber use, 161, 162, 165-167, 179, 181 plywood and veneer use, 161, 162, 165-167, 183 projected timber products demand, 165-167, 181, 183, 186 timber products use per dollar of expenditures, 162, 165-167 upkeep and improvements, 177, 178 Nontimber uses forest area projections, 43-45, 54 timber land, 8-11, 14, 43, 44, 97, 218 impact on supply, 36, 45, 53, 59, 65, 70, 78, 79, 94, 96-98, 218 removals, 19, 24, 25, 45,56, 110 Ownership and intensified management, 96-98, 108, 109, 123 commercial timber land, 11, 12, 54, 64, 70, 71, 78, 107 371 Ownership—Continued growth, 17, 27, 59, 62, 63, 66-68, 70, 77, 84-86 inventories, 29, 32, 64, 69, 71, 78, 86-88 removals, 19, 27, 45, 51, 52, 58, 61-63 supply, 51-53, 57, 59, 60, 65, 67-69, 75, 81-83, 90-92 Pallets hardboard use, 174, 176, 177 lumber use, 174, 176, 177, 179, 207, 208 plywood and veneer use, 174, 176, 177 production, 174, 176 projected demand for timber products, 176, 177 Paper and board consumption of fibrous materials, 194-202 exports, 127, 128, 131, 139-141, 192, 193, 199, 202 imports, 126-129, 137, 139-141, 192, 193, 199, 201, 202 production, 192-194 Paper and board use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 189, 190, 192 alternative price assumptions, 192-194 demand on U.S. mills, 192-194 factors affecting consumption, 188, 191 per capita, 188, 190-192 world demands, 193, 198 Particleboard production, 187 summary of all uses, 186, 187 nee an manufactured products, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 186 use in residential construction, 150, 157-160 use of plant byproducts, 30, 34, 124, 203, 205 use of plant residues, 31-34, 124, 186, 200, 205 Piling, 21-23, 201, 203 Plant byproducts fuelwood, 21—23, 30, 33, 34, 203, 204 miscellaneous industrial products, 21-23, 30, 33, 34, 203 particleboard, 30, 34, 124, 200, 203, 205 production, 22, 23, 33, 34 pulpwood, 21-23, 30, 31, 33, 34, 199, 200, 202, 205 trends in use, 30, 31, 123, 124, 199, 202, 205, 206 Plant residues bark, 34 environmental impacts, 34 Pacific Coast, 31, 200 primary processing, 31-33, 200, 205 production, 31-33 pulpwood, 31-34, 124, 200, 205, 206, 219, 221 Rocky Mountains, 31 secondary processing, 33, 34 South, 31 species, 31, 33 Planting (see Reforestation) Plywood and veneer exports, 127, 128, 140, 141, 183, 184 imports, 126-129, 137, 138, 140, 141, 184, 210, 211 production, 21, 88, 184 softwood, 21, 88, 183, 184 South, 21 Plywood and veneer use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 183, 185 alternative price assumptions, 183-186 demand on U.S. mills, 184, 186 manufactured products, 166, 168, 169, 172-175, 183, 208 miscellaneous uses, 177-179, 183 new housing, 150, 157-160, 183 new nonresidential construction, 161, 162, 165-167, 183 per capita, 183, 184 railroad construction, 166 shipping, 174, 176-179 summary of all uses, 182-186 upkeep and improvements, 160, 161.183 Poles, 21-23, 201, 203 372 Population assumptions, 143-145 effect on housing demand, 150-152 fertility rates, 143, 144 immigration, 144 projections, 143, 144 trends, 143-145 Prices assumptions for demand projections, 147-150 effects of increases on timber demands, 149, 150, 180- 188, 191-194, 198, 200-202, 206-212, 215-219 impact on supply, 87-92, 97, 121-124, 215-220 lumber, 88, 148-150, 180-182 paper and board, 88, 148-150, 192-194, 202 plywood and veneer, 88, 148-150, 184-186 pulp and paper, 88, 148, 200-202 sawlogs, 114 stumpage, 87, 102, 113, 148, 149, 217 timber, 87 timber products, 87, 88, 147-150 woodpulp, 198, 202 Productivity commercial timber lands, 13, 14, 62, 94, 108, 112, 120 labor, 145 Public forest lands area, 11, 12, 43, 44, 54, 64, 71, 78, 79, 107 area projections, 43, 44, 64, 71, 78 intensified management, 123 inventories, 29, 32, 64, 69, 71, 78, 86-88 North, 11, 12, 62-64, 69, 71 Pacific Coast, 11, 12, 77, 87, 123 reforestation, 39, 40 Rocky Mountains, 11, 71, 74, 78 South, 11, 54, 57, 59-61, 64, 107, 109, 110 supply pr olecrione 45, 51-53, 57-60, 67-69, 74, 76, 81-83, United en, 11, 44 Pulpwood use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 199-201 alternative price assumptions, 200-202, 206, 207, 209 consumption, 188, 198-202, 206, 207, 209 domestic demand, 198—202 domestic production, 21—24, 88, 188, 198-202 exports, 30, 127, 128, 131, 139-141, 188, 198-202, 208, 210 hardwood, 21—24, 198-202, 206-209 imports, 127. 128, 137, 139-141, 199-202, 209, 210 logging residues, 24, 124, 200, 201, 219, 221 North, 24 Pacific Coast, 24, 200 plant byproducts, 21-23, 30, 31, 33, 34, 199, 200, 202, 05 plant residues, 31-34, 124, 200, 205, 206, 219, 221 Rocky Moupntains, 24 roundwood, 21—23, 199-202, 206-210, 212 sawtimber, 21-23. 201, 209 softwood, 21-24, 199-202, 207-209, 212 South, 21, 24 trends, 21, 199, 200, 202, 206, 207, 209 United States, 21-24, 198-202, 206, 207, 209 use per ton of pulp, 198, 200 Railroad construction crossties, 166, 168 lumber use, 166 plywood and veneer use, 166 Reforestation area planted, 39, 40 area seeded, 40 costs, 40, 41, 101, 105, 110, 120, 121 genetic improvement, 42, 59, 94, 96, 106, 107, 109, 110, IPA APP OPAL natural regeneration, 39, 40, 45, 94, 96, 98, 108, 110, valle alaty/ North, 39, 40, 120 ownership, 39, 40 Reforestation—Continued Pacific Coast, 39, 40, 121, 122 planting, 39-41, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110, 111, 120-122, 221 Rocky Mountains, 40 South, 39, 40, 94, 109-111 trends, 39, 40 Removals assumptions for projections, 44-48, 54, 58, 74 growing stock, 19-26, 45-49, 54-56, 58, 59, 61-63, 65, 67, 72, 74, 79 logging residues, 19, 21-24, 46-49, 55-58, 65-67, 72- 74, 79-81 nongrowing stock, 20-23, 46, 56, 74, 80, 81, 91 nontimber uses, 19, 24, 25, 45, 56, 110 North, 20-26, 50, 51, 61-68, 65-67, 113 ownership, 19, 27, 45, 51, 52, 58, 61-63 Pacific Coast, 19-27, 50, 51, 77-87 per acre, 27, 58 projections, 46-51, 61, 65, 66, 72, 73, 81 pulpwood, 19, 21—24, 48 Rocky Mountains, 20-26, 50, 51, 71, 73, 74 roundwood, 19-26, 46-52, 55, 56, 58, 61, 66, 67, 72, 79- 81 sawlogs, 19-24, 48, 55, 56, 58 sawtimber, 19-238, 25, 26, 45, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 73, 80 South, 19-26, 50, 51, 54-59, 61 species groups, 19-26, 46, 47, 49-52, 54-58, 61-638, 65- 67, 72, 73, 79-81 trends, 20, 21, 25, 26, 46-51, 54, 55, 58; 59) 61, 66; 71, 73, 79-81 United States, 19-27, 46-52 veneer logs, 19, 21-24 Residential construction building board use, 150, 157-160, 186 characteristics of dwellings, 157-159 conversions, 153, 157 demand for new housing, 150-1538, 155-157 household formation, 150-153 housing inventory, 152-155 lumber use, 150, 157-160, 179, 181 mobile homes, 150, 153-158 multifamily dwellings, 150, 152, 156-159 one- and two-family dwellings, 150, 152, 156-159 plywood and veneer use, 150, 157-160, 183 projected timber products demand, 159-161, 181, 183, 186 replacements, 150-154, 157 size of dwellings, 157, 158 timber products use per unit, 150, 157-159 upkeep and improvements, 160, 161 vacancies, 153-155 Road development, 42, 43, 45, 78, 99, 124, 221 Roundwood use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 206-208, 211 alternative price assumptions, 206-212 consumption, 201, 203, 204, 206-211 domestic production, 20-25, 46, 50, 199-202, 210, 211, 216, 217 exports, 127, 128, 141, 204, 208-211, 216, 217 fuelwood, 21, 24, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 218, 219 imports, 126-129, 187, 139, 141, 204, 209-211, 216, 217, 220 miscellaneous industrial products, 206, 207, 209 nongrowing stock, 20, 22, 23, 45, 46, 49, 56 North, 20, 24, 25, 50, 65-67 Pacific Coast, 19, 20, 24, 25, 50, 77-87 projected demand from U.S. forests, 46, 49, 50, 52, 206- 212, 215-219 pulpwood, 21-23, 199-202, 206-210, 212 removals, 19-26, 46-52, 55, 56, 58, Git 66, 67, 72, 79-81 Rocky Mountains, 20, 24, 253150) 72-14 sawlogs, 20-24, 58, 206-209, 211 sawtimber, 208-212, 215-217 South, 19, 20, 24, 25, 50, 52, 55-59 Roundwood use and projected demand—Continued species groups, 19-25, 46, 50, 55-59, 65-67, 72, 73, 79, 80, 207-212, 215-217 trends, 206-211, 216, 217 United States, 19-25, 46-52, 206-212, 215-219 veneer logs, 21-24, 206, 207, 209 ee 19, 49, 90,91, 95, 99; 104, 109, 123, 124, 218, Sawlogs consumption, 206—209, 211 domestic production, 20-24, 211 North, 20-24 Pacific Coast, 20-24 removals, 19-24, 48, 55,56, 58 Rocky Mountains, 20—24 South, 20-24 species groups, 20—24, 207-209, 211 trends, 20, 21, 208, 209, 211 Sawtimber use and projected demand alternative growth assumptions, 208 alternative price assumptions, 208, 209, 211, 215-219 consumption, 208, 209, 211, 216, 217 increasing softwood supply, 216-218 projected demand, 208, 209, 211, 215-219 projected demand from U.S. forests, 211, 215-219 removals, 19-26, 45, 47, 50, 51, 54-56, 66, 80 Shipping containers, 174, 177, 178, 183, 188, 191 dunnage and blocking, 174, 177 hardboard use, 174, 179 lumber use, 174, 177, 179, 181 pallets, 174, 176, 179, 207, 208 plywood and veneer use, 174, 176-179 projected timber products demand, 177, 179, 181 Site quality (see Productivity) Stand conversion, 95, 101, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 121, 122, 221 Stand improvement (see Timber stand improvement) Stand size classes commercial timber land, 14, 15, 94, 107 distribution, 14, 15, 60 inventories, 28—31, 86, 87 North, 14, 15, 63, 112 Pacific Coast, 14, 15 Rocky Mountains, 14, 15, 75 South, 14, 15, 60, 107 Stocking, 14, 15, 49, 62, 94, 100, 107-113, 115, 120, 121 Substitution for wood products construction, 124, 146, 158, 159, 183, 186, 203, 220 containers, 146, 177, 188, 191 economic impact, 220, 221 furniture, 124, 146, 172, 173, 186, 220 impact on environment, 106, 220, 221 new housing, 158, 159, 183, 186, 220 nonresidential construction, 165, 183, 186 woodpulp, 124, 196 Supply Fa cut, 36, 45, 73, 74, 90, 99, 103, 104, 121, 218, increase through improved utilization, 57, 91, 92, 110, 123-125, 200, 201, 218, 221, 222 increase through intensified management, 92, 94-125, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222 North, 50, 51, 61-69, 113 ownership, i 53, 57, 59, 60, 65, 67-69, 75, 81-83, Pacific Coast, 50, 51, 77-87, 120-123 Rocky Mountains, 50, 51, 69-77 roundwood, 36, 45-47, 49-52, 56, 57, 59, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72-75, 81-83, 92, 112, 215-219 sawtimber, 45-51, 60, 68, 74, 76, 80, 83, 89-92, 99, 107, 112, 215-219 South, 50-61, LOW, dA species groups, 46, 47, 50-52, 59, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72, 75, 76, 79-83, 107, 215-219 373 Supply—Continued trends, 46, 47, 50-52, 59, 65, 79, 80, 83 United States, 45-53, 215-219 Supply—price relationships intensified management, 97, 104, 114, 115, 117-124 lumber, 88 paper and board, 88 plywood, 88 softwood, sawtimber, 88-92, 215-218 stumpage, 87, 104, 114, 117, 217 timber products, 87-89, 215-219, 220 = Supply projections assumptions, 36, 43-50, 123, 124 base projections, 36, 44-87, 215-219 economic projections, 36, 87-92, 215-218 1970 level of management, 36—92, 112, 113, 215-219 North, 50, 51, 65, 67-69, 113 ownership, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60, 67-69, 75, 81-83, 92 Pacific Coast, 50, 51, 77-87 procedure, 36, 44 Rocky Mountains, 50, 51, 69-77 roundwood, 36, 45— 52, 57, es is Gre (GS Wee ip Yih) 81-83, 92, 112, 215-219 sawtimber, "47, 49, 50, 51, 57, 60, 68, 76, 83, 89-92, 107, 112, 215-219 species group, 46, 47, 50-52, 57, 59, 60, 65, 67-69, 72, 75, 79-83, 107, 215-219 softwood sawtimber, 47, 50, 51, 57, 60, 68, 76, 83, 89-92, 107, 112, 215-218 South, 50-61, 107, 112 United States, 46-53, 92, 215-219 Technological improvement forest management, 19, 41, 4 impact on demand, 42, 146, 168: 172, 173, 203-206, 217- ZAG 2PM 222: impact on "supply, 96, 123-125, 198, 200, 201, 217-219, 2A 222 nonresidential construction, 124, 125, 165 pulp production, 124, 198, 200, 201 residential construction, 124, 125, 158, 159 timber utilization, 31, 42, 48, 57, 96, 123-125, 200, 201, 204-206, 217-219, 221, 222 Thinning (see Cultural measures) Timber demand (see Demand) ; Timber demand projections (see Demand projections) Timber growth-removal relationships (see Growth-re- moval relationships) Timber inventories (see Inventories) Timber removals (see Removals) Timber supply (see Supply) Timber supply projections (see Supply projections) Timber stand improvement, 95-98, 104-106, 111-120, 221 area treated, 41 costs, 41, 101, 113, 117-119 North, 41, 113, 114, 117-119 ownership, 41 Pacific Coast, 41, 121, 122 Rocky Mountains, 41, 221 South, 41, 111 trends, 41 Upkeep and improvements building board use, 160, 161, 186 lumber use, 160, 161, 179, 181 nonresidential structures, 177, 178 plywood and veneer use, 160, 161, 183 projected timber products demand, 160, 161, 181, 183, 186 residential expenditures, 160, 161 timber products use per dollar of expenditures, 160, 161 Veneer logs consumption, 206, 207, 209 domestic production, 21-24 North, 24 Pacific Coast, 24 quality, 21 374 Veneer logs—Continued removals, 19, 21-24 Rocky Mountains, 24 South, 21, 24 species groups, 21-24, 207, 209 trends, 21, 206, 207, 209 Waste paper, 125, 194-196, 206, 219, 221 Woodpulp consumption, 194-198 demand on U.S. mills, 195-198 exports, 127, 128, 131, 140, 141, 196-199, 202 imports, 126-129, 137, 139-141, 197-199, 201, 202 production, 197, 198 projected demand for nonpaper products, 196, 197 projected demand for paper and board, 195, 196 World timber resources and demands U. Canada, 134-137, 139, 193 - Europe, 129-131, 133, 134, 198 forest lands, 132-134, 137, 138 Japan, 129-134, 198, 200, 204 other areas, 130, 132-134 projections, 131, 132, 135, 136, 193 roundwood production, 130, 131, 1383-136, 138, 139 supplies, 130-135, 137-139, 193, 198 timber demands, 129-132, 136, 139, 193, 198 timber inventory, 133, 135 Tropical forests, 137-139 Tropical plantations, 138, 139 USSR, 130, 132-134, 138, 139, 193 S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1974 O - 547-966