G =, A Vv WUC Ag i Wea K ENWIHONMENTAL IMPACI RESEARCH PROGRAM je XD MISCELLANEQUS PAPER EL-84-8 & - WES /115¢. FAP@e. EL- ee foe SESE LGIS REIICIL, ES PEL TIE LE BEALE NE PAS TI ESD EEE SER TI DAB) STEPS IE GIS ICE NIE i PATE ETT NETRA EES Rn eT ENS FPL Oe OVERWASH PROCESSES AND FOREDUNE eS BS any t YN\/ f — [ez FP Q Slats * ni c Vi FONCAR 1c tus mas . ECOLOUGMINAUSE) Sei VASSACHUSENS 7 te : Robert E Zaremba t ' ‘ t 7 o~ Foy | Massachussits Audubon Society okt | hummcock Pond Road t | C Nantucket, Massachusetis O2554 ee paneer et ad 2) | Ne Se eee Spe a ANY Slee. iS ~ 47} oe RY JUL 1 9935 E bi DOGUARENT Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution A armas Hepes Nias espe! Hak Ne pre Prepared tor DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY al (oe R ~ : US Army Corps of Engineers La Washington. DC 20314-1000 i : Under Agreement No. W74 ROV CERC 77-51 bees (EIRP Work Unit 31533) i Monitered by Environmental Laboratory l US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station : PO Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-0631 i} A a pa % oP sy y 5 Gy ey & id Vie ey) G Mi oS Foo Nut? Tes LTE PSS eae ea a the bet Destroy th 5 report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the @riginator. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position uniess so desianated by other authorized documents. Accession For NTIS GRaar = DTIC Tap Unan: "ounced Justificatio The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, of promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products, i a “he | a | a da eo cae Codes "£ ng aes “pet ~ Fey Oe \ eo se oe es SSS Ba oN 5. PETS PRT PP POUND e seers he Eee GAELS NS TRAE ESAT SUES a ay rk : d ; : j a “ Lyi he al Bee, Mw ae gitar i tes 1 ‘ a i th J / iy ts AY corte nae att ities gee im eh ont bey i Vie 4, aot Are é z ee SeUnellaisisaifitlc quae ECuRITY CLASSIFICAT 1On OF THIS PAGE /4hen Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE - BEFORE COMPLETING FORM REPORY NUMBER 2 a ARCES a Tis NT Gee ATALOG NUMBER Miscellaneous Paper EL-84-8 » AD- A An pape S, SS Al J ; TATTLE (and Sultitle) EFORT & “PERIOD COVERED 4 OVERWASH PROCESSES AND FOREDUNE ECOLOGY, NAUSET SPIT, tea ' Final Report MASSACHUSETTS fe PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER TONTRACT OR GRANT NUMEER a) 7. AUTHOR(s; _ ies 8 oh Robert E. Zaremba Agreement No. Stephen P. Leatherman W74 ROV CERC 77-51 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADORESS a “710. PROGHAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, ees iis x f AREA © WORK UNIT NUMBER Massachusetts Audubon Society, Hummock Pond Road, | Environmental Impact Nantucket, Massachusetts 02554; University of Research Program, Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01005 Gis Unit 31533 12 ae ! REPORT DATE 1) CONTHOLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRES! DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY December 1984 US Army Corps of Engineers 13, NUMBER OF PAGE. Washington, DC 20314-1000 1232 S MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESSII different from Controlling Office) 14 SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Unclassified Environment B i Tee Ty eae Coir ieee My ntal Laboratory 'Sa. OECL ASSIEIC ATION. DOWNG GRADING PO Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-0631 PSN Ot 16 O1STRIBUTICN STATEMENT / (a! thie Report) : i : \ ? ay Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. rie! JY Sea) i 17. OISTRISUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract antored in Block 20, tf difterent from Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This report was prepared under a cooperative agreement between the US Army | Coastal Engineering Research Center and the US Department of the Interior, | National Park Service. | | Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. LAI 0 0301 0091447 oO 19. KEY WORDS (Cortinus on reverae side if necessary and identify by block number) Barrier beach Marsh grasses Beach grasses Massachusetts Dunes Overwash MBL/WHOI A &BSTRACT (Centinug em reverce oidm IH necwecary and Identify by block number) Many US east coast barrier beaches are retreating landward with sea level rise. This study provides quantitative information on the natural dynamics ct barrier beaches along the North Atlantic coast. A geobotanical approach was utilized, which involved a detailed investigation of the physical transport processes, particularly overwash, and the vegetative response. 2a. iy ACUMEN T sledh SEU ARY se P AUT ARTS ie ‘ceanographic Inst FORM x DD yjan 7a S73 EDITION OF 1 mov 6515 OBSCLETE Unetase SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ution POSER ET M4 FOU TRIN ANADIGICS mS ene aT a SN Sg ETN aT WE Pad Ro IN eM te eat Oa coat i Lie ; Bos : I Se fe : Tete vo - yy ; mh — a rs ae We Say alata: ' ag a ye ue ‘iit tmienl (A ‘i Pr i AWpeey end yl Ke saps ME 4 % iis pete erry ica ihe 1A; oe ae snes wht ey! ial prise sedate HRA BU AT ndiieeee oy: “at yaee eed wht ie Soeedich ae pe vas ada an ' Mews Ag lg > on "tor Yel, Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Whan Dota Entered) 20. ABSTRACT (Continued). historical analysis of the development of plant communities and morphological features, and a geologic evaluation of barrier evolution. These comprehensive baseline data on the natural dynamics of a northeast barrier beach can be used to delineate adverse effects of artificial stabilization, particularly dune- building activities. All sections of the Nauset Spit system are subject to dramatic changes either by inlet activity or overwash. Each section along the barrier is eventually affected by these physical transport processes over the long term, culminating in landward barrier migration. Artificial creation and mainte- nance of dunes and salt marshes can be used to extend various periods of the migration cycle but will not alter the basic biogeological process. Without human intervention, new dunes and salt marshes will eventually become estab- lished aiong the barrier within the correct elevational ranges. However, there can be a considerable time lag due to the opportunistic conditions necessary for recolonization of barren washovers. Dune~-building programs can effectively shorten the time necessary for revegetation and stabiliza- tion of the barrier landform. By working in association with natural Processes, segments of the migrational cycle can be expanded but ultimately not restricted. . . . . y ) . . : Unclassified ) SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(#hen Dote Entered) 4 TAs eS EO Aa Oe Te LM TT TT LL aT ee Ea A TO TT TI a SSeS Sas Fs Fs “wt Sees Gurr career ase eer he as . 7 ~ ~ - - aaa y ote - — a 4 ~ ioe jn: uy en a a und wipe Tio hth Wither ae ow fk Jan pates hare ayts I LWaheY | uaa i nee 71 a aint i ere iw sn dy ia vi Pray erie tty Ak oi by aetna "ag any His) BD wi, sbi. bidet ’ fe me fibw baw 5! ay” ry AED WON) Ae IL ee aos: ne re taaind a) gine Minit Paina shang W aes. w Spe tn Copenh wit ye | nS a ane Lapis Sou in Peer fi | ae ) ea 47. A ig hc A i . BY: nh: hh Sete SOT : ‘y Lain hy ae | eis bs 4 © Va Pas ke ie “yred ~oetal ihe toy Fwy wedvagty on me Lam alte: Wee ire it 4 cheba sls’ Fue eh i ; Ane a SUMMARY Along the east coast of the United States, many barrier beaches are undergoing landward retreat as sea level rises. Human development of these barriers has resulted in increasing attempts to control natural nrocesses Me oR nt tn nena Ra on ! with artificial stabilization. Understanding barrier island processes is an j important first step in determining the results of stabilization. This . report summarizes research undertaken to provide the scientifie data neces- sary to understand the natural dynamics of a northeast barrier beach system. Coastal research to date has focused on either ecological or geological processes; only a few projects have been designed to consider the interaction between vegetation ard the physical factors which shape barrier beaches. This is the first detailed study undertaken to gather and analyze data or the : effect of physical processes, principally overwash, on plant communities and physiographic features of barrier beaches in the Northeast. Nauset Snit, Cape Cod, Mass., was chosen for this investigation because overwash has frequently occurred along this retreating shoreline, and histor- ae ae Lod ical information is available for almost 400 years. The Nauset Spit system j developed from the deposition of material eroded from glacial cliffs and transported southward by littoral currents. This barrier beach system was formed by spit elongation over the past 5,000 to 7,000 years. The spit system C8 HE Me MM ee has continued to evolve and has migrated landward, constantly reducing the overall dimensions of the enclosed bays. Nauset Spit is dependent on the eroding headland (glacial) section of the outer cape for its continued sedi- ment supply. The Nauset Spit system consists of three major parts: Nauset Spits--Eastham and Orleans, North Beach, and Monomoy Island. g Methods. ~Various techniques were used to provide insight into the dy- : namics of a northeast barrier beach system. A range of information collected A during different time frames was examined to evaluate the role of overwash and : foredune processes in barrier beach dynamics. Overwash processes were de- t scribed from field data collected during several minor storms and during a x major northeaster in February 1978. The response of vegetation to overwash : burial and the colonization of washovers by vegetation were studied using data - collected between 1977 and 1979. Transects were established along Nauset Spit : to determine the development of plant communities and morphological features : on barrier environments that have a well-documented history. Aerial ~ 2 A e, Lay Ae SLES be oa Piss LTRS STH Se Le Te TESS TN Sr MR RE eG Se FRE LCE SCONT ARN ee mee Docs re ee eae ae c ‘ ‘ OL ee RAMI My ii. { ‘ ' : Tih abate etic’ tabiad ‘tre wr ye oti beavis sig Yer ¥ : deeds ihoos aM ried oe vere taut ‘wid Bin vod 4 $9, auld cigar 43 pat aM: Bi dee aT ont L 2 y f ; ger teoaed sein fk Messin ‘pike ieipain'! «ined 20 a aye eet andthe Vi Nat onan ntti ee. || ee A |. ‘s A I inh ek bit on 4 “te apmestity bs thi dowels eye hf ey anata a asesin, 4 Ae Laci iv'8) i PAT SS one boa” RoilIAw. 2 RE Al [Ps : raakamsgads ae su lvbariah fl. beugtan Me aay of ‘ i AY ve i douse qohatyad ates i ’ yw 4. sores s diene Auta Pay) -) atti, Be. aan tis seh ge to Winters Shean iene 4 ve pan ‘yuan’ oa Ke . bad tie ou). mh aaa Kets tee wr Et es yo aoe ar ah aNe b wpa Wa . i “Fu AL) tatty y abvld Spexkialtg ace 5 ada ‘ as bie mesh ce ia i . : ». hes & in ate aXe | MMR vt Aye ae: SR Sha tab roubay, Land Pots sadtoe toLen ay om a 4, fied a ni a> Boon eae 3 Br al) Pas, bohb.\e ine iM iow Ate phyB 9.4% ie Hannity ae ie i a M pile ncn ig is), ; a > sSeestar © ¢€ a ae FF Pe ti NS TEI RP A a PR IE LE EET Bh GE RL ST DE LR BIEN LIE RAEI BATA RRS YA LR TIRE Nm rom A mem mma » Photographs and US Coast Survey maps were used to determine the changes in shoreline position and major barrier environments during the vast 122 years. Earlier charts, maps, and accounts expanded these data back to the early 1600s, in a qualitative sense. Finally, cores and radiocarbon peat dates were used to define the geologic evolution of the barrier system.- Overwash and Aeolian transport. During storms, the convex beach profile is planed off by waves, while a large storm bar is constructed a short dis- tance offshore. At high tide, swash may impinge directly on the seaward face of barrier dunes. Low-profile areas, created by blowouts or vehicles, allow swash penetration as overwash through the dune line. Uverwash is defined as the transport of seawater and associated sediment or dvift from the beach face to the back barrier. The most severe storm to affect Nauset during che study period was the 1978 northeaster. The February 1978 northeaster may have been the most significant extratropical storm to strike the Cape Cod shoreline in the last 50 to 100 years. This storm was estimated to have a deepwater wave height of 5 meters (m) and a probable return interval of 75 years. Nearshore breaker heights approached 3 m and storm surge was approximately 1.2 m. During the storm, current meter measurements recorded maximum instantaneous velocities of overwash surges up to 2.44 m/sec, These surges were erosional and removed most of the vegetation. As the overwash surges proceeded toward the inland dune, they declined in velocity and became principally depositional at this point. Large quantities of sediment were transported across the berm by overwash surges and deposited in washover fans and flats. Volumetric deter- minations showed that as much as 400 m?/m of overwash sand was transported landward during this event, with penetration distances of 250 m bayward of the dune line and deposition thicknesses up to 1.65 m above the living salt marshes on the landward portions of the barrier. Although a substantial amount of sand is deposited during storm events, much of this sediment is redistributed during interstorm periods. Tidal cer- rents reworked the sand along fan margins, but in other areas wind has been the principal means of redistributing the sediment. Prevailing northwest and southwest offshore winds during the winter often exceed 30 knots per hour and frequently average 10 to 15 knots per hour. Since this wind field is gener- ated by Canadian high-pressure cells, strong winds are accompanied by clear weather, resulting in maximum transport because the sand is dry. The we i 6 3} tl rate a C e ‘ ‘ , a ee a Oe ~~ ies eee mL Beatle ache j / ie Stent alee / Oh ee. / - ty baet re es hae wets Fa, fa00 ots; qyitub anor. ye roe : "hi halle i 3 died adap wet bow aed Soty rout Sang shed) hiv: ae 4 Ci ligne! ; aed ens i ape Te) fae } al Rady hos it revi ap, cate pmuny da Ane a ri 23. sk a a Bath tzene! ha Tui end di sit: eae feb. 134 bid ere Ts 4.0) teh (ew Hie Abe ovat yen eet aed etd nt opklsxade BaD Naas | or fitge » see ae ht neaonly a w/t ud i aa eS Te a ais ag ne TAN Fe te Wate: bah rh and a ereeh iN sett Sit og t wv: ah TD Bite iat exc bad ie ne ; herr oh a3 Herne whol Sait ta: fy yoile pp ks a jh eth Had edb apa oe he WED GODS a soaiod 0 vi ine 998 el im » inked’ ite (aes: stun ela aan « me ds aa We 7 aed oat! bn iy nee Yah ae a ee redistribution of deposited sand associated with one large cverwash fan was observed over an 18-month period following the 1978 storm. Approximately : 8,000 m? of sand was deposited during the storm. Nearly 3,000 m? of this i deposit was deflated during the following 18 months. About 50 percent of : this material was incorporated into dunes adjacent to the overwash, and about 50 percent was returned to the ocean beach. Vegetative response to overwash. Dunes that are eroded during overwash are recolonized by dune vegetation by means of seeds and plant fragments * regenerating in drift piles found on washover deposits and by rhizome exten- ; sion from nearby remnant dunes. Living plant material torn from the dunes is, in many cases, able to regenerate. All four major dune species on Nauset ; Spit-Eastham (Anmophila breviligulata, Solidago sempervirens, Lathyrus e japonicus, and Artemisia stelleriana) can reproduce vegetatively from plant ; fragments. The February 1978 storm destroyed large sections of dune line, uprooting vast quantities of organic material. In 1978, seven species of flowering plants regenerated from fragments. The four above-named species also exhibited both vertical and lateral rhizome extension. Seedlings were seldom found in drift piles in areas that had been dunes, because overwash KS pod ery ha (tay HEL surges carried light material through the area toward the fan terminus. The major dune species are very tolerant of sand burial by overwash. vor Ammophila breviligulata is able to recover from 59 centimeters (cm) of over- ee a wash burial, and its physiological limit for recovery was probably not reached ee in this study. 6 5 2 | Si oes ; pe Re a { cae , ? ets: pL apm Tears a , o Z a SPR BG SEI Bi ESA r PO Me Blip 2a et wettest one eeleas es 2 GIS F-Pt Cast a ea als a i | aye fect wu n ” a Ve oe : a ko ye tne ne an ' » rane i si ion He io f . bi tng vy th leh positions relative to the drift lines. The lack of constraining foredunes allows overwash to take place for several years (5 to 10), augmenting this sand supply. Drift-line dunes are usually not eroded during overwash since they are located in landward positions. During the final stages of dune recovery, washover passages through the foredunes periodically coalesce during windy, interstorm periods. Eventually, the dune line becomes continuous and the back barrier de- flates the intertidal elevations at which moist sand will not saltate (bounce along by the impact of dislodged sand grains). The net result of large-scale overwash is that after many years (10 to 20), all barrier features are dis~ placed landward. New dunes, resulting from sand accumulation around ‘vegeta- tion initiated in drift lines, coalesce with vegetation expanding by rhizome extension from remnant dunes. New salt marsh forms in the lee of these dunes, and the barrier beach as a whole is displaced landward with the establishment of the same general physiographic features and vegetative composition. Engineering implications. All sections of the Nauset Spit system are subject to dramatic changes either by inlet activity or overwash. Southern portions of the Nauset Spit system are eroding more rapidly than the northern portions, which are nearer to the glacial cliffs, the major source of sediment along Outer Cape Cod. Increased erosion rates lead to more rapid landward migration and more unstable conditions. The outer shoreline appears to be readjusting toward a slightly more southwest to northeast orientation. Due to this shoreline movement, man-made structures along all sections of the spit system will be subject to destruction during storms. The most stable unit, Nauset Spit-Eastham, appears to be undergoing a longer migration cycle than other sections of the spit system. Artificial creation and maintenance of dunes and salt marshes can be used to extend various periods of the migration cycle but will not alter the basic biogeological process. Extensive dune stabilization can reduce overwash activity for a period of time, resulting in calm back-barrier conditions nec- essary for the establishment of salt-marsh vegetation. However, artificially established dunes will continue to narrow in the absence of washover sediment in upwind positions, and these foredunes will eventually be eroded. ISS eee tceas ees ites Yee fh eaea r Oia r ot tt nN eo : syed oo eae i i Caer Ba ~a nt tant ayrouyi) ine we gt ae eg arene as rie fad re “y ai et STH Sekt ¢ ot Wi. TeeR apis IRE Ole 1G i sole AN ' " Sheed. of weer Lawes ey i PREFACE This report was sponsored by the Office, Chief of Engineers (OCE) , US Army, as a part of the Environmental Inpact Research Program (EIRP) Work Unit 31533 entitled Foredune Ecology, which was assigned to the US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). The Center, originally located at Fort Belvoir, Va., moved to the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg, Miss., on 1 July 1983. The Technical Monitors for the study were Dr. John Bushman and Mr. Earl Eiker of OCE and Mr. Dave Mathis, Water Resources Support Center. The report: was prepared by Mr. Robert E. Zaremba of the Massachusetts Audubon Society and Mr. Stephen P. Leatherman, University of Massachusetts, under a cooperative agreement between CERC and the US National Park Service. Mr. P. L. Knutson of CERC prepared the Summary. Mr. Knutson was the CERC Technical Advisor for the contract, under the general supervision of Mr. E. J. Pullen, Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch, and M+. R. P. Savage, Chief, Research Division, CERC. Dr. Roger 7. Saucier, WES, was the Program Manager of EIRP. Technical Director of CERC at Fort Belvoir during the study and prepara- tion of this report was Dr. Robert W. Whalin. Commander and Director of WES during this period was COL Tilford C. Creel, CE; Technical Director was Mr. F. R. Brown. This report should be cited as follows: Zaremba, R. E., and Leatherman, S. P. 1984. "Overwash Processes and Foredune Ecology, Nauset Spit, Massachusetts,"' Miscellaneous Paper EL-84-8, prepared by Massachusetts Audubon Society and University of Massachusetts under a cooperative agreement between US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, North Atlantic Region, Boston, Mass., and the US Army Ccastal Engineer- ing Research Center and published by US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss. CONTENTS BREHACER ai onekcrets tidierenacne «icasece pot netceniety sare: Salet oreerareve usta feveue chet apene lores CONVERSTONMRaGTORSE MUS (CUSTOMARY ROM METRIC) (Sirs aieperaia ete eeercienaite I JORMEOWDIUIG IKON Ly. oc os se elaarmiaie Mad a cua a Blot OIg io BIS Sis BibmG Ge Sieioa Si Ne NADA KOBE) FVAOh SOC Sig aia uid acold 6 DIG AO Hin Oe b ODS Uo oa ae ory Hele Ao RESIGN A DECKIC gi Gadie Hale CAeAa Gs a Gwid.d Soom uO eS ob eam bin SPM REN MOUSSE Wess a nce ener uoialieuet onal eaeite char evel cusuay slene pum stietetenaie suctene (55'S cee DYaeKeret ayes hoy ee aiEAts alg -atsn: GPSigOICIeecIC IO aie Eco EOI io aio cl oem Il OVERWASHTAND TAC ORVANETRANS PORMeveri oie -tslieia ae wisierscetierere eaeieelonereietae PETC O GUC tO Mime cls seteversweieiicusierenehereucleseretsirelautve siisceveh once avoneeo meinen ier 6 Zr OVEGWAS HAV GOUT GS ols. ene cueR merci swore eke rae te canine Leena a, SEM EDO Si Caio me ee etey aesel afer so noe) ores aye eee eavtaratbs ease arses pars RN mole Cire Silas eae Ol ane ReEWOmkaN Gece aa een re nee ene Le oraz act enor toate ionaiecs tate Ill VEGETATIVE MRES PONSEeslOVOVERWAS Hite reir clraiarei tac te iaicleveeiekeloisie ie Aronliriten © Gtr Cte mG neeonwe evens vas caystepeaakerabapees ic cemeleet ci ei acthe nosy tenon ysvelaesans CaS seal Ney DENCE digo pioRea a Ol Co cu ood BOG OA aoe Enou ease Homa e 3h Communutya Response: ito) Ovexrwashijmcic. sri eri stiesretasiaretaier i eels Geuopecieas Response to lOverwashOULTade © cm imide oleic Sc COLOR ZNENON OF VHSNCMAtsahsssosobucogneusububaoundedaude IV BARRINERIE VO E Uilsli@ Nesarerarcrstl sr ays eiyoietecyisielercis.creacesvare cvanatereventcwecrere Se Minti TO GU GEMOMe wei osc cceieiel oie Cueuerriar sisi eiereie deiteuone aie a ake: oheuecuatalen nies fs QFN GE OLG Pil ChE OMG Stererores ayo 6) ajens PME a aede am regey eens Cen arao eRe delnenaltsiel cnouaens So WiSkOmie Onammess —OneybicAEio gosh daueessuasdouobo0dcdoc Grmiits tor cmchances en Quantaltatavencn saan anmincineniei incense SeawerecativerhystlopraphiGmcansecusmammce nao isemicirea sel: V DUSCUSSUO NG cod bcpn o's 6 age eee mold Samanatae Suc nd Ree ccna eecieraicc/ oN Mauhiapin ato Mali wenOGelsS 6S ica \isienerayersirlenance sueieucha tie: Sucks coleuclevabetonersuevanente 2. Vegetative: Response to» Overwash.. 22s. ccc eawee cides cece Sor RENeteye luhieeatcriom sully codciacouadopeboaudsuasna aa looauae bo onnaorning lnplicnkleMSodscoaccavcacsooscouscgnseeundo00 MINUS, (CHB ocodo veeeeoosdoanoascddsogeerdsedoodosondadads BIN BEMOGRARH Yer game plop mere renee iat evaa cite xe vevaie evayrecee exe. siisve st cusi chev onerencversncatey er cio TABLES Dates of overwash events at Nauset Spit-Eastham between January L9G wandevianwa ry” i198 Onsvaaeience ue a ib itary uae ae Sluup altar Jana a) ncaa Overwash surge measurements taken on 16 March 1976..........2.+++e00- Overwash surge measurements of maximum instantaneous velocity for the 6 February 1978 northeaster recorded from 10:00 to 11:30 a.m.... Species list for Nauset Spit-Eastham, 1977 and 1978..........-..eee0- 60 1 Ar 1 of) t ’ i} ’ a if / - xe TAN ; : aly ; : f “ vy. eae On fi hy { age ys AG Hn rae mh - \ " ." ; q COE peta meres nn ).4, rh 80 ‘ 18 Summary of data collected from 137 quadrat samples at the site 3 ’ throat section not eroded by overwash, August 1978..........--+-+4-: 80 : 19 Summary of data collected from 303 quadrat samples at the site 1 5 fan section that was a supratidal overwash in 1977, August 1978.... 81 20 Summary of data collected from 152 quadrat samples at the site 1 fan section that supported salt-marsh vegetation in 1977 and was * buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1977... 82 M4 % A 7 e, 9 3 ss A ty RRS ROLES RCC 1 | UREN \ SG oo ae Py) ak. ; el i imal vu Hilase ey eh. UT ges! ae * asa Me ew “i rere Me beidne or ie aoweae | igs ely eh eee eee ; aoe Sad oe eal inna ed CONTENTS TABLES--Continued Page 21 Summary of data collected from 152 quadrat samples at the site 1 fan section that supported salt-marsh vegetation in 1977 and was buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1978... 83 22 Summary of data collected from 221 quadrat samples at the site 3 Marshe WANG Uisity lOO er wete eck galeria Maciel crew alsa edala pers eal sya iousissh cus acetone ayela bala natsres 84 23. Summary of data collected from 261 quadrat samples at the site 1 fan section that supported salt-marsh vegetation and was buried by more than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1977.......... 87 24 Summary of data collected from 261 quadrat samples at the site 1 fan section that supported salt~-marsh vegetation in 1977 and was buried by more than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1978... 87 25 Quadrat data for analysis of species response to overwash burial.... 92 26 The effect of overwash on the importance value of spv > in noneroded areas of site 3 (137 quadrats), 1978......... .....-..-- 103 27 Importance values of species in areas of site 1 fan that received less than 34 centimeters of washover deposition...............-.--- 119 28 Plants that recovered from overwash after 1 year.................--. 120 29 Washover species list, Nauset Spit-Eastham.................+---+6-- oc. AIG 350 Count of seedlings and regenerating axes for drift-line vegetation aly Suistse palcatea ttl) OU BM waes tev eel iecue core: crte cewrevren care ret aplaticmalve Waban evade aciieries forte fevers atte nev oneitewane 130 31 Count of seedlings and regenerating axes for drift-line vegetation alvesmite Malaita ol ONO mre tcuchciskousiesicisienehclsiel soko ieuetskens) ory oleusl elledotelekeeereivel ells 131 32 Measurements of Ammophila breviligulata seedlings, 1978............. 132 33) avenge wilordé sigs WS) Care Gecl Sites Wrsobsscasooouscoocuccudcu 136 34 Drift-line flora for nine Cape Cod sites, 1979............-00-eeeeee 137 35 Measurements of Ammophila breviligulata in drift lines, June 1978... 141 36 Measurements of Ammophila breviligulata in drift lines, AUSSIE MO Sis wer acl euler chemevatiany suey aVciey ehecalievalinicren liane ieenedsnerodeveue (eltelaiter stlelelieneli=ie 143 37 Number of Ammophila breviligulata tillers per treatment, 1979....... 145 38 Mean and maximum number of leaves per tiller for each treatment, WWI coscoodoncosobodour sooo Ogu noo go OURO UdoOOR DODO DOS OOM OGUedadEdS 145 10 ee Bla OU nis Aue San eee NOUEINC SEC SLE SU aE A SS cn eae Sa aaa aa 1 We et das Nees. i Be i a iinl sagt: : Hen 1h - + r oli mee bi tsgis ant a" _ ie ba KD re cLe tae RE serpin jai TOMA mw, ia | “belinda ta seen pa muah Saya * ae tonsa gedit: ties Bis Sah ae a eats Vreaggh et ve en ay 6 ome Le ii and aan, “8h, AS ne CONTENTS TABLES--Continued Page 39 Mean and maximum longest leaf lengths per tiller for each treat- Maes RIM eso sodacsccsecndlenosdneSuced Fob boo bao coc nado mo co OG 146 40 Erosion rates ai:ong glacial cliffs and the Nauset Spit system....... 165 41 Length of barrier units between 1851 and 1978....................6. 168 42 Erosion rates along the Nauset Spit system using serial map COAUCEN aT LEN Sia cic) Bray a5 EM IBIS 8G 6 GIONS COLON DICER. of eno ae) ts EIS Onn tol eas 6 eRe ea ac os ee eee 170 43 Barrier width for each unit along the Nauset Spit system, 1851 to Ori Bees sie Gel seh 2 Ea SS a pny Ae a a cu a a comma A cals, aa tiven a atl e aitatedlabental'a latcez Seles 171 44 Location of changes in total barrier area calculated from serial MapmoverWays jaNausety Spruce bast ham arelsieree) allelic alan) olelielsilel sole) ©) allele) «(© 171 45 Area of barrier environments, Nauset Spit-Eastham................... 171 46 Location of areas lost or gained for salt marshes and dunes on Nauseres pie Eaisithambpepertercmeetieicl ace emellylerelonatcleycneieichcliatetel sreieieneeicnetonenencs rer oneal 17/22 47 Area of barrier environments, Old North Beach................e2+e08- 176 48 Location of changes in total barrier area calculated from serial Map overlays, Old North Beach.......... poacooObOOD OOD DAOUNOUOO GOOG 176 49 Location of areas lost or gained for salt marshes and dunes on Ola) MOrEMN BSACISS cocoooc dno bob oD OHO BU U DOO U OOD OD OOOO dU OD OUD OOD OOUOS 177 50 Area of barrier environments, New North Beach............0..eeeeeeee 181 51 Location of changes in total barrier area calculated from serial MapHOVierdlayshmNEwWeNOGeheBeaChtran\.vterescrelchchelelolialeiercteiel cere eralerelatcronelsrelelel~ 181 52 Location of areas lost or gained for salt marshes and dunes on NewsNoatchie eacht yaya erin aien-peiee cher er went cepetciaueor llehie) aMevietiefiey che relley/ellesie\ =voire)je\le}.<16 182 53 Ratio of width to length of New North Beach.. ........-.eee eee ee enee 185 54 Barrier widths, at 15 belt sites... 0c ce cs ccrcicee sess s site daees 190 55 Buoyance board-biomass data for North Beach belt sites.............. 201 56 Species number and diversity index for each belt site on North SNE e Sone bo so OM ODD OOO OOO UDO OOOO COU UO ODO OOO ODODO SOD ODODE OOD DOO GDOO 208 57 Similarity matrix of the 15 belt transects on North Beach........... 210 11 sore ated eR SEV ee WORD RT RAT EE OEIC Had RE NEE Tt 2 DE RV AROS ere f Ha i / é fe DP aie ‘ Me Red . oi Ve he / K6 Lgl bolodicloiols co orinbialo oy od o.oldo 6 cclbiRolowiG oe inimonisig toca co ae 32 7 Frontal bore of overwash surge passing the flow sensors............. 34 8 Coast Guard Beach parking lot and bathhouse facility destroyed Uf PADUA NOW eweGond codco Gee mooSeno aac oHO UCU e oO OD DOE ooo ToC ORG 34 9 Strip-chart record of overwash surge velocities, 6 February 197&.... 36 10 Major washover deposits on Nauset Spit-Eastham resulting from the Rebruaryelo7i8 northeastern vey. sievs cae sieresue nine ay yeu avecen aver gua eaauaneneyes Sus ees osse 37 11 Elevation profile across site 1 before and after the February MOPS Othe a Site Go. sig see neato me mere rece sar'ay Nena re tee aU ENG e Gicnicurode simy-o le Genomes Noten LeueUale 37 12 Barrier dune recession varied between 6 and 9 meters along NETS (6 teat Pyrite. ctict cece mee aCe REI: eet cet et cian aria conse euee wiatis Muang IeaeN MINN Alaa aligeainateve fos 38 13. Site locations on Nauset Spit-Eastham, post-1978 storm.............. 39 14 Sand plug method for determining maximum depth of erosion........... 41 15 Site 1 before and after February 1978 storm............+.e+.seeeeees 42 16 Prestorm and poststorm photos of site 1, Februarv 1978.............. 43 17. Prestorm and poststorm three-dimensional plots of site l Eyres MOoscoacoounuce choose nou obo o OO OGHN Oo CloUblooOoD OUD OOo CaDE 44 18 Prestorm and poststorm three-dimensional plots of site 1 fan, LTB accede aor can eooncoDdo GO OOO MODHR OOOO O DO ONO OUOADOORoaGOD ada boo 46 19 Elevation transect across site 3 showing topographic changes resulting from the February 1978 storm..........c eee eee eee eee 48 20 Prestorm and poststorm three-dimensional Dore of site 3 throat, WE siccodoooeoocodocods onaduncn ooo Gooe GoD OUD KcKO Doe O ROOD OOO 000N 49 21 Prestorm and poststorm three-dimensional plots of site 3 fan, IDs cocuoccanneaasodeododboudodaoonObOODd ODD OOO DOO ODO ODDO SR OU ObOS 50 12 Kon Gacy BRO TER nen ys.) he ey ae a PN rae ne ES ni ees cee eae ws 1s Aili nT. ee ee ut Gy MU lea oe OE OSTA ASAIN 1 AAS \ e pe Sie a ee fee) eae Rae ap Fem iv es Vile ; std sola Sie m = © * : ee ay) et ee) t Lia noe Me ee * CONTENTS FIGURES--Continued Page 22 Series of three-dimensional plots showing deflation of site 1 EVCONSs Foo sold So dnlS.6 hae DO COCO OOOO COO e COP CaN SOD COG oCoOD GOO GECoO Fok 52 23 Poststorm three-dimensional plots of site 3 throat, 1978............ 53 24 Series of three-dimensional plots showing deflation of site 1 TEENS 6 bo 5 clo We 6.5.0.0 0 B.8 0.6 CIMA OIG C10 DIDO ecb Oo diblore reg O:O/EIG COLO OIG OO CIOS Ga OtiG 55 25 Sediment accumulation in the dunes peripheral to site 1 washover.... 57 AS PANES) Cai: fXORINESTMEB AE Ne OAicsla sdoacdhooaahoosocedooobopdeoouod coon 62 27 VSEGCAEIOM (ey) Ou Sug NU seein, WIVoocéoaccdoo cocoon ooDDb Oooo boo OD o OOS 63 28 Drift-line dune development on a washover fan..............22 ce eeeee 64 29 Subdivisions of site 1 fan, 1977 (pre-1978 overwasl)..............-.. 65 B0mmVeretationamap Totes iter likany eA ets teal 977) cnorey ei eral -1-)/-hel eles yoke eerenerel so) 91 65 31 Vegetation map of site 1 throat, August 1977...........20.0 se eeeeee 68 32 Wegetation lea O8 Site 45 Awase Nii acoccsconcopobouboaDoodobUGoDGD 70 33 Vegetation map of site 3 throat, August 1977.......-.......eeeeeeees 71 34 Vegetation map of site 3 marsh, August 1977............ 2c eee ee eeree 72 35 Community analysis: the effects of overwash precesses on dune, washover, and salt-marsh communities.......-. 2.22... ee eee ee eee eee 74 36 The site 3 throat section not eroded by overwash, February 1978..... 81 37. Site 1 fan quadrats that supported salt-marsh vegetation in 1977 and were buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand in February 1978............ WP age A sgests aa fee Rims st 20 a fins Sal papa atcalhe clea eic rate say Salis 83 38 Site 1 fan quadrats that supported salt-marsh vegetation in 1977 and were buried by more than 34 centimeters of washover sand, Habe NPs oocoodcsddcrodcsocnovponednuoudpoooUadooDGOGdCooGOOD 86 39 Two-dimensional ordination of Nauset Spit-Eastham vegetation data... 8& 40 Elevation of sites used in ordimation....... 2... cece eee eee eee eee 89 41 Comparison of burial depths for quadrats of Ammophila breviligulata that recovered and failed to recover......... sce cee eee eee eee eee ees 93 13 Moe tote RAGS Ne AT RUT tS SLE ETA EF LATE OEE AERC DE PLE ES ROS ASA ADU REE LCL NT SD y ie \ 4 ie - \ 5 aes ; “\ ve ar k k vi : , Zn oF . . 7 ah iv ahr ia sentingnl bs a iy a is yee Fy nes Fedak Nay Te c vane: CONTENTS FIGURES--Continued Page 42 Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Ammophila breviligulata that recovered and tailed to recover from burial..... 94 43 Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats of Ammophila breviligulata that recovered and failed to recover from burial..... 94 44 Transect across site 3 throat showing topographic changes in an area with Ammophila breviligulata following overwash activity...... 96 45 Model of direct overwash involvement i: dune building............... 97 46 Comparisons of initial cover values fui quadrats of Artemisia stelleriana that recovered and failed to recover from burial....... 98 47 Comparisons of initial density for quadrats of Artemisia stelleriana that recovered and failed to recover from burial....... 98 48 Comparisons of burial depth for quadrats of Artemisia stelleriana thatenecovered vandiptanledmeomnre cove ccm arraciols late cieictelstete ej cnene isi sterenetelen- ps 99 49 Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Lathyrus japonicus that recovered and failed to recover from burial......... 101 50 Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats of Lathyrus japonicus that recovered and failed to recover from burial......... 101 51 Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Lathyrus japonicus thaterecovered and) fasledt@to sre Govern sours ae cieaniene «cio elie leney ere siciele ie 101 52 Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Solidago sempervirens that recovered and failed to recover from burial...... 102 53 Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats of Solidago sempervirens that recovered and failed to recover from burial...... 102 54 Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Solidago sempervirens that) recovered! (and) failed stow recover. yale) sie a elel--lesiel cliche) cl ere el ele (cle te\lerlerieli« 102 55 Two cases of washover burial: (1) washover fan and (II) washover LNAEBS so poodhosaCHedic ooo Uodoudolodogade OME d OblOU a MOOD EM OO DOKOCs oOl9 HO 6 106 56 Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Spartina patens that recovered and failed to recover from overwash LWIA ehsdopeoesauedbodadoabodouedoeouOaeoodeoouUuCOdoGU CON OO aba oo) KOT 57 Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats of Spartina patens that recovered and failed to recover fcom overwash WML ooo soadoddedooocOCOOD OOO KOON OdOMUO OUD OU OOOO OMOO OOo UCU OGDOOOG 107 14 DA AP AMA PS Fig Tah PPL alt a TR a NE OT a MN SD at A AS I I A TAN TRE NR RTL ER FLT SEI lly PEED HN RATES IE e hun tdevege . ‘bbAqoamin, Ty etystiailp! x9 re Antrud aor} lg ba! 7 ‘| me ‘AY baejoomeh is alah lip aut ia nie - voalane were my oar x ‘es ‘al alana Ww 4 rie riety 58 be ew aly peseern ee ‘age ayn: EY on, stale bw) ay he 7 6 Na REN sd Saye) oF ‘ ‘rendre Gude: ns bye ts ee ee Oe i, i ee ee i Le imate ty x PEE a's Sih cease ies 4 bag ors iw ih hsstieaney' te ‘ eniheened mova “ava sha ye cae . eee Syawee be ad pros} a noe ‘aeeaihor ted ante QT. nen ih sala id ys MODSE | & a ee LY ye CONTENTS FIGURES--Continued 58 Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Spartina patens that. recovered and) fanlled) Coy re COVE irs. ce sl creiets oe c/a c)e) ole ole eieelee ele elle ols 108 59 Comparisons of prestorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina patens that recovered and failed to recover from burial... ............... 108 60 Comparisons of poststorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina patens that recovered and failed to recover from burial............ 108 61 Comparisons of preoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered andm hanledanto ere GOVer sr OmpmOUra allen. cy. si clelalereveneloieeleyelsierelerelsitel efe)isie=) suoneliele 109 62 Comparisons of preoverwash density for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered andetairledmtomrecovers fromuDUE Tall vere ore)e) clensisiele eter o(elel el isilon shel! leKelieneleii=ia « 109 63 Comparisons of postoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered and failed to recover from burial...............20cceeee certs ee eens 109 64 Comparisons of postoverwash density for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered anderanledetounrecover fromebuUrwayl yes oc ee eierel clei erel ols) el ele: o) elles olierle) sie) elleieli 110 65 Elevations for quadrats with Spartina patens at site 1 fan, 1977 FO IDBOsacccowacdcceddocccsdeonosopascooeopseUcobcoMdoGoGROOOO 110 66 Model for the response of Spartina patens (decumbent) to overwash MPHAl s occcococondoosedgdodooO SoD OO OEE UN DOO ODO OOD OONN DOGO dOO OOOO U ROS 112 @7 Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from burial...... 113 68 Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from overwash [SYST apes lalate Ae! i a a Gea ca Ra CHS SIGE ENATBICR eSicId clo EiCyCeyELICiC CICR HONCHO iG lavecarcras 113 69 Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from overwesh burial.......... 114 70 Comparisons of prestorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from burial...... 114 71 Comparisons of poststorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from burial...... 114 72 Comparisons of preoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina patens that contained Spartina alterniflora which recovered and failed to recover from burial... .... cc. eee ec eee eee eter eens sd 0008 115 SSE ELI AR Ba TA aS GTR ESS TA OM EI LYE ODM OT NTN ATEN SCT UM A Toe mane RE Re eS ee SS Jf J . 1 ‘ : Pa ‘ : ~~ . : ‘ae adsqell f — wa st ET De Tr a 73 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 LE DRA URES MPA TEE FO ETE RTI YIP DELTA VRE OI 8 ant tm ne RN AS I A CONTENTS FIGURES--Continved Page Comparisons of preoverwash density for quadrats of Spartina patens that also contained Spartina altermiflora which recovered and Raiihed@tou re Cover Erommbuirlailie rs is) cr ee iaiavenes ayalaie: eycueus larararucietisustersesinre re ene 1i5 Comparisons of postoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina patens that also contained Spartina alterniflora which recovered and MIG)! (CO) ACO WOIS Nescoln lWEteNL Ae aio undo good adiaglaatou Gis cigo ono waccao iS) Comparisons of postoverwash density for quadrats of Spartina patens that also contained Spartina alterniflora which recovered and fFaleds to recovers Lrommbursllalym nin cena ai cresicyereie ara selerein oe alee silane 116 Elevations for quadrats with Spartina alterniflora at site 1 fan, BLO iFM OMNES IG Obeieetis. coca. Siva teem ta PaPes ce) to hs feck re 0 ape rae Re A eu Petevcel ay en fa eT oils ecrl re OU eet Poe) Rolanfosis 116 Model for the response of Spartina alterniflora to overwash Dyuirgiv aap sees cass eonispeeis's esate eich eme ee R PMs Pa acts nics sal euceuerpaniow ea Pespotionah Su eirch oe hel snetloh SuAToL eae eee olaliewe 118 Growth of Ammophila breviligulata through 90 centimeters of Elielos hea este Wis jo) Nigett\) U Aantascin.s) +: ch ciel cicl ICRC CLIC CISION cic cc chcnen Ci eneICactecnCnce cir LS ksi enone 123 Outgrowth of dune line following the 1978 storm.............-....... 124 Monthly temperature and moisture values on Cape Cod, 1978........... 127 Monthly temperature and moisture values on Cape Cod, 1979........... 129 Storm drift piles on Nauset. Spit-Eastham.........2.......22 esse eeees 134 Location of 19 drift lines sampled on Cape Cod............e-see-see- 135 Oceantend ra feelines/ iar) ire che iele carci cree Lee RNIB Eo Seb ay 138 Bayadrittedoines oni Navusetopne-Easthama sme ieici)seicicicl erie ee ciete ee ole ee 139 Location of Nauset Spit-Eastham drift lines..............-- cece eeeee 140 Comparison of change in tiller number of Ammophila breviligulata ana farvemhiaibaltatesjre 19 To Obtain cubic decimetres metres per second kilograms per square centimetres OVERWASH PROCESSES AND FOREDUNE ECOLOGY, NAUSET SPIT, MASSACHUSETTS by Robert E. Zaremba and Stephen P. Leatherman I. INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose and Scope. Along the east coast of the United States, many barrier beaches are under- going landward retreat as the sea level rises. Human development of these barriers has resulted in an increasing conflict between natural processes and artificial stabilization. Jetties, groins, and seawalis are being used to Stabilize the shoreline with varying degrees of success. Artificially con- structed dunes are being used successfully in many developed areas as barriers to the inland penetration of waves and storm surges (Knutson, 1980). This research was undertaken to provide the scientific data necessary to understand the natural dynamics of a northeast barrier beach. Before wide- spread use can be made cf stabilization techniques, it is necessary to evalu- ate the consequences of manipulation of barrier environments with relation to unalterable physical processes and the Limits of biological systems. Coastal research to date has fcceused on either ecological or geologicsl processes; culy a few projects have been designed to consider the interaction betweeu vegetation and the physical factors which shape barrier beaches. This is the first detailed study undertaken to gather and analyze data on the effect of physical processes, principally overwesh, on plant communities and physiographic features of barrier beaches in the northeast. Nauset Spit, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, was chosen for this investigation because overwash has frequently occurred along this retreating shoreline and historical information is available for the past 380 years. 2. Research Approach. Varicus techniques were used to provide insight into the dynamics of a northeast barrier beach system. A range of information collected during different time frames wes examined to evaluate the role of overwash and fore- dune processes in berrier beach dynamics. Overwash precesses were described from field data collected during several minor storms and during a major northeaster in February 1978. The response cf vegetation to overwash burial and the colonization of washovers were studied using data collected between 1977 and 1979. Vegetative-physiographic transects were constructed along Nauset Spit to document the developuent of plant communities and morphological features on barrier environments thet have a well-documented history. Verti- cal aerial photography and U.S. Coast Survey maps were used to determine the changes in shoreline position and maior barrier enviranments during the past 122 years. Harlier charts, maps, and accounts expanded these data back to the early 1600's, in a qualitative sense. Finelly, cores and radiocarbon peat dates were used to define the geolegic evolution of the barrier. 20 tal ib MAY nat Oy y f i i M3 ini, Syn inattancd 3 wauiaye ae ye au it itd TyauaM a en ys \ ‘ §3 26 feo Tae peg els am Da onaye | wagsnd ‘wa wh nde ry ori sapeenablitate 4 Caer ote GRA peouie eH) ' Peghnoen fean Res ial) ead pric bev 2G IIa sane g a enn? er aed or ee Rte, Ws vee ae Bee = Hers t ies ait: he A Hotiniog! Fe Ro Gesnni AY Bi aus ewe Vip: ee eT Pe i ary wee ie Ry eee Late iets a RE: ees whe | Birk) 1h tine is i esky res rye E : ite 14 a view) nwig “Wo , aS ee phe baat Ban 8 i Hi 8 4 Dee | ot 4 SGA, we ete 2’ ie , i Sy : Dial as sear wis Ho8 wi 4 is iti astyhs of deehss ow seinpti os ; ua. huis A seater re Las: : eo: barton _oalleaaie teaainae D Beewuge Loved ‘ate A se82) ninaniald ate, nnd) 52.0 hak ela Sah aa fun ry ha deny te phere yaqouymavecis salty SQ, eon eS I i ; Rta ‘y a. Overwash and Aeolian Processes. During several storms which resulted in overwash, measurements were taken of surge duration, velocity, flow depth, and bed scour. These data have important ecological implications since tlow velocity and turbulence determine whether an overwash surge is depositional or erosional. From these measurements and from field surveys, the impact of an individual storm of a particular size on the barrier can be assessed. This information can also be used to determine the minimum distance from the berm crest for beach yrass restabilization. Elevation transects were surveyed before and after major storms to docu- ment the rate of beach and dune erosion and quantify the volume of sediment carried by overwash to the back barrier. As the resulting washovers deflated, elevation surveys were continued to determine the amount of sediment loss from these deposits. Sand lost from the barrier by wind deflation and trapped in vegetated dunes as a result of washovers was also measured. b. Vegetative Response to Overwash. Vegetation at three sites on Nauset Spit was extensively sampled in 1977 before the major northeaster in February 1978. All three sites were buried by overwash sand during this storm and were resampled during the following two summers. Examples of all major plant communities on the Nauset Spit system are included in these data to assess the response of coastal vegetation to overwash burial. During major overwashes large volumes of sand are deposited on salt marshes, killing plants. Following the .978 northeaster, barren washovers covered large areas of the Nauset Spit system. The means and rate of revege- tation of these washovers have been studied, using the vegetation sampling sites surveyed before the storm, with particular attention focused on the role of drift lines in the revegetation and in the development of new dunes. ce. Barrier Evolution. Shallow cores (up to 3 meters long) were used to determine the lateral and vertical extent of washover deposits and to provide information on the geologic rate and means of landward barrier migration. Maps, charts, and accounts dating back to the eariy 1600's were consulted to reconstruct historical shoreline changes. U.S. Coast Survey maps (1851, 1856, 1868, 1886) and vertical aerial photographs (1938 to 1978) were used to map shoreiine changes and physiographic featuree. The distribution of washovers along the spit system was mapped from aerial imagery and located in the field. This information can be used to determine the rate of change in vegetation on washovers and on more stable parts of the barrier. Vegetative-physiographic transects at 15 locations along the Nauset Spit system were established to document plant community development on washovers. These transects were also used to delineate topographic and plant species changes associated with the formation and stabilization of foredunes. The relationship between species composition and physical factors such as salt- Spray exposure, saltwater eloodi ng) sand burial, and elevation was delineated by these field studies. 3. Previous Studies. Research on coastal vegetation has focused primarily on community zonation, in relation to environmental factors, and on sand dune and salt- marsh development. Detailed work has been conducted on the effects of salt 21 : nadtoak bas steams, ; Chere ae ‘IVa 54 FE¥IOFO: ae oi) aah eRe erucaa hod & "i matoidieh ee bos Sore oo bani we bes HKD pond 40} . eh RAL} ObANWD ents Dedags Tos 24938. 9) mrt ie v np: ie eae Bt Lad | wh, a8, ight PORK That: yan We hull ey tate h Shag erty 4 sty ‘J lige (To EANANARS RG Spray, water-table height, soil moisture, salinity, and nutrient availability on individual species and on community structure (Oosting and Billings, 1942; Boyce, 1954; Ranwell, 1958, 1959; Tansley, 1963; Art, 1976). The theory of community succession was first investigated on Lake Michigan sand dunes and has since been studied extensively on coastal dune comminities (Cowles, 1399; Ranwell, 1975). Other, more applied research has concentrated on rates of dune building and oa salt-marsh establishment (Woodhouse and Hanes, 1967; Redfield, 1972). In recent years, overwash has been recognized as an important factor in the development of both the type of community on barrier beaches and the geomorphology of the barrier itself (Hosier, 1973; Godfrey and Godfrey, 1976; Hosier and Cleary, 1977). On southern and mid-Atlantic barriers, frequently occurring cverwash has been studied in detail for both individual storms, using field observations and surveying techniques (Hosier, 197°; Leatherman, 1976; Travis, 1976), and long-term trends through coring (Godfrey, 1970; Hosier, 1973) and aerial photographic analysis (Hosier and Cleary, 1977). Few studies have been conducted on northeast barrier beaches where overwash is an infrequent event. The yeomorphology of a northeast barrier beach and the response of vegetation to overwash burial have been conceptually modeled (Godfrey, Leatherman, and Zaremba, 1979). There have been a large number of geological stud-es pertainiug to over wash with respect to barrier evolution. Although various theories have been proposed to explain landward migration of barrier beaches, most coastal researchers subscribe to the concept of continuous migration by shoreface retreat and overwash-aeolian-inlet dynamics (Dillon, 1970; Pierce, 1970; Kraft, 1971; Swift, 1975; Leatherman, 1976, 1979a; Armon, 1979; Fisher and Simpson, 1979). Extensive reviews of this literature are provided in anno- tated bibliegraphies by Leatherman and Joneja (1980) an¢ Leatherman (1981). Most researchers have found that inlets along the northeast coast are predominantly responsible for landward barrier migration. For instance, Armon (1979) reported that 90 percent of landward sediment transfers occur within inlet settings along the Malpeque barrier system in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Overwash, however, plays an important 1.ole in association with aeo- lian and dune-building processes in the upward growth and development of a barrier (Fisher and Simpson, 1979; Leatherman, 1979b, 1979c). There have been few other studies of northeast barriers, and none of the studies have utilized a geobotanical approach. Dune stabilization experiments have been unuertaken along the U.S. barrier coastline from Massachusetts to Texas (Savage, 1963; Gage, 1970; Dahl, et el., 1975; Woodhouse, 1978). Woodhouse and Hanes (1967) and Woodhouse, Seneca, and Broome (1976) conducted significant studies along the Cuter Banks of North Carolina where sand fences and dune grasses were used to trap and retain wind- blown sand. Knutson (1977) summarizes planting guidelines for dune creation and stabilization. Experimental dune restoration and stabilization have been conducted at Nauset Spit (Knutson, 1980). Experimental plots were established in 1970 near Nauset Harbor to compare the performance of Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) to sand fencing for dune building. Although sand fences initially captured sand more rapidly than planted grasses, both techniques were nearly equally successful once the Ammophtla breviligulata became established. This study demonstrated that dunes can be effectively and quickly created and 22 =. Fit Cael ae ae ae 28 Nildappse ergata t Woche PRES TORM PROFILE a 4| Nee x PRESTORM SAND PLUGS f ws ° 268 6c 75 100 126 B.Poststorm 5 CSS OL SOs a SS SS WASHOVER —————— ————- ———————> Sin Meetei ey, oan. sees Seance hs Seay ~POSTSTORM PROFILE j : | | Rao See L : — G . Peer ac io aa il tone a Rie ceaewmet | pt hay fe J] era ho i ho "> a POST STORM SAND PLUGS / MSL Oe NS Bel UNE Yh, bere o es ean 80 m 26 ° 26 30 75 102 128 Figure ll. Elevation profile across site 1 before and after the February 1978 ¥ uortheaster. 37 more th . h Sie * rt ro Ts ais Re Poe tie ak tae =| nt * i or i a m con ; sy F Voie 1 -— eseraiea oe i i i i ee uy ee ee Ai qpasnir oe Pe il } i . i Ay —) . a pee ome Wis Pepi +d : ss ; . iaal i * ye : , ae ae in Chia oP ge i fiat a R : ae Ry EM fee u Cee: AL hat Wie Gh : : ' t hi ei | We / i i iil nae i 1 A vite n Ray SP nna Relative Flevation (m) rescore 22 July 1977 15 Octeber 1978 3 <0 3 Distance (m) Figure 12. Barrier dune recession varied between 6 and 9 meters along Nauset Spit. extending 300 to 500 meters along the beach, with dunes up to 6 meters high, were completely leveled in some areas. Large quantities of sediment were transported across the berm by overwash surges and deposited in washover fans and flats. Volumetric determinations showed that as ouch as 400 cubic meters per meter of overwash sand was transported landward during this event, with penetration distances of 250 meters bayward of the dune line and depesition thicknesses up to 1.65 meters above the living salt marsh. 3. Deposition. a. Introduction. Three sites elong Nauset Spit-Eastham were chosen for Study in 1977 (Fig. 13) Site 1 is ea small washover that was created by a northeaster in papcuarye 1972; this was the only washover on Nauset Spit- Eastham before 1976. Site 2, located approximately 300 meters south of the Coast Guard Beach parking lot, was created by a tropical storm in September 1976. The washcover fan was placed above a living salt marsh, which provided the opportunity to monitor a washover from its inception. A third area, site 3, was chosen south of the former Outermost House site. The dunes in this area were low and narrow, and overwash was expected to cccur with the next major storm (1977). Base-line data on preoverwash conditions were collected in 1977 at site 3 for comparison to poststorm aatae 38 rnin pie tae cater ert Se Oe yy f ys rsh, ya! Peon eeas Sa hase I. TS me i! Peeinun erat te ate Sass Aue ES ee a Gls SAR Rta = / “ Uf iy aa ee . Va je fe ne ; past ‘9 ba t-} Ai 9 Me Res wet i) Wiha: aL eres isa ol ene a’ ue boi ov - a wel er Rik ohh ‘Baht mee Saqeauie Aitinds giesenlk Meine f “ heraaanas hie ee ihrsiiove, We 0 iene Dapive. Gel te ae | pe: Lsanidaid aly ei cil wagons o ‘geen ia ‘ AShW Airatiw iy aaaTs neh igigs bine ‘allay ber NE LICH RN i “| Site 2 =\( i! \ sitet 1 ee re : belie Se | 0 05 ' a at scate kilometers Figure 13. Site locations on Nauset Spit-Easthem, post-19738 storm. b. Methodology. . In order to quantify the amount of sand transported by overwash on Nauset Spit-iastham, field survey data were collected. A grid of elevation stations was established at each study plot. The three research sites on Nauset Spit-Eastham were divided into five plots which were treated as separate physiographic units. Sites 1 and 3 were divided into “threat” and "fan" areas; site 2 consisted of only a washover fan since the ‘hroat meandered through the dune line. 39 yf 7 HASTA HSS UTE RMR AS NOS VST SuSE EFAS AR CaO AUN REALE Ne et rete ope Ls re ee ww he fk A coh i Se Se a Pin ae Fe a Sere ete, Mim, tod AN h < Oe Se ee in PUP ET aN Ratt mite aiae NRE Rn REA Emr D ae an aoe Oana Mi bene a pom date Soe CAC . / Smead a ee ead « sates ha 7 J ii wy ine sie “ani | i Dial UE eae Ue “he a hain! | Ae Yin AIUD hae | tee haa wie ined pbs ee yy Ae | oh pu ‘bard bendy M ew B, cba yt! 1) rad ae ‘cai i lta fity 6 hehe bat Mh i man ue gs EReS phe! Each plot was delimited by two base lines with transects estabiished from one base line to the other. With the exception of site 1 throat, where tran- sects were 3 meters apart, all transects were spaced at 5-meter intervals. Temporary bench marks tied to a permanent U.S. Geological Survey bench mark were established at each site. Elevation readings were taken at flagged locations on each plot using an automatic level. Elevation stations were tamed according to transect number and distance from the eastern base line. The northern stake in the eastern base Line was designated as O South (0S). Other transects were labeled according to their distance south and west of this northeastern steke. Site 1 throat consists of a 24-meter base line with nine transects which extend 100 meters to the west. In 1977 this site consisted of the entire washover throat of site 1 with some adjacent dunes. Complete surveys of site 1 throat, from OW to 100W along each transect, were conducted quarterly during 1977 and 1978, while surveys of the first 60 meters (OW to 60W), the area affected most by storms until February 1978, were conducted monthly and when- ever major changes in elevation occurred. Two transects, OS and 9S, were surveyed monthly from the ocean base line eastward toward the ocean to docu- ment changes in the beach profile. Site 1 fan has a 60-meter base line with 13 transects extending 50 meters to the west. This site included the remnant of the 1972 washover, which was not overwashed again until 1978. The entire site was surveyed querterly and after overwash deposition on the marsh. Site 2 also has a 60-meter base line with 13 transects extending 50 meters to the west. When first overwashed in September 1976, site 2 consisted of a very small washover and surrounding unaffected marsh. This site was surveyed in 1977 and in February 1978, but has not been resurveyed since then because overwash has continued to alter the area, with almost each spring tide prevent- ing revegetation. Site 3 throat has a 30-meter base line with seven S50-meter transects extending west across the dune line; two transects (0S and 15S) extend to the ocean. In 1977 site 3 throat consisted of low profile dunes sparsely covered with vegetation. A small washover was formed by the storm on 10 May 1977, resulting in only minor erosion and deposition. This area was surveyed quarterly in 1977 and 1978 and has since been surveyed annually and after major storms. Site 3 fan has a 30-meter base line with seven transects extending 60 meters to the west. When this site was first established in 1977, overwash nad not occurred. Several of the elevation transects excenued beyond the washover fan formed in 1978 to the first creek in the marsh. Surveys were conducted quarterly in 1977 and 1978 and have since been conducted annually. In addition te the systematic measurement of elevation changes, sand plugs were used for monitoring the depth of erosion to calculate the yross sand deposition (King, 1951; Leatherman, 1976). A series of holes, 5 meters apart and 1 meter deep, were excavated along transect $5 at site 1 throat. A rod was neld in each hole, which was then filled and tamped. Washover sand was spray-painted and dried. The rod was removed from the hole, and the resulting 40 - See 4 aT Fe os ta Ne nf Se A Won ten Suu is yas ie ee Merete ete Rl ttt ath Tat ee aac wedatt ate by By Pees Ss Mr), blir oars aha tw Pe) ae wt ‘ee seats exiatiwiea’ wad W egatl aed Srady, debe j mie 46 Hodyyeske ohh. veiayaeahh xegmeere ah Boab a7 atgnbinad A * i danas qs Leoes patina FABTV ES.) OF ‘oala v re Wien Puget d) 3a anes Regal pa Pe WOLINYOR) | 49am yar ae tori 57> 4 he | 1438 tes swivel a, dusy ti es Jaieo dup an ay, ; est we Hrvtduo Ot maid eon DH medi Myiae: } é: ; 4 yest be Te hasan devets Aci } ae ote ‘ , 4 May punt ra J Sri Hawoe eer saladd 68 ther ebdh bral : si iin wat es fs wi i } ed divas \ tate Neh Wop rieaion 19 SUA) pea Dh Yet tights beeen 5: atau (ou Pans 1 em Ham 20 (remo uesy wl Lar toe 1, ye: ud wnt ai balou Sway Bend weal Rees wit! pane vision . wh 1). Wea way te eet bay Ae Bae ae nave 7 i: a _ au 7 ‘ ah : Pony ee ie yr SM gKS Peer ee at te beRhT Penn * jhe 9 | on ee G4 Mable gcc guiinae: SOL ete eh Ades, as Wastin eda Bae vet i t ack’ ‘ ; Oras by Nh a ae ne kena RaW te otf Tie wk RO) gine Peep ; inal rife a 10 tae), ne Rae (hat cab yin! hi) ta q uote a spel Joye based Cech Bye FOP Woes esd pa ada yn Devers Ys wea aUe rt (Aue) pls Levin, jas! SB : . anon Ey 9a ke 18 TR URE wae OL un othaw ith: et Bendel ate ounheny a ; baiavyoun ie Guy Aad? jl pa bedicals ‘bw fulente oF yutSA Date rice vie re tind wehbe aaa be WN i baw Le bbe ik 1X ba waipeees) Hala ‘ihe vy int a bene a ielovacks, View’, ay laine. yelon i -balob d ny. howe pristuads pis pi prey} & ne co ee ~ column was filled with painted sand. Using the automatic level, the surface elevation was recorded at the top of the painted sand column. After an overwash, the top of each sand plug was relocated and the surface elevation determined by surveying. The amount of erosion, as well as the depth of poststorm sedimentatien, can be determined from plug analysis (Fig. 14). Plugs were reset for later use by returning the painted sand column to the surface and resurveying the elevation of the top of the plug. (poststorm) (initie! elevation} Level C atime ncats Ct “ Lavel A --—-— GER SPOR Secs Plug oie: ai Route Sond C Level 8 Maximum Oepth of PREOVERWASH Overwosh Erosion POSTOVERWASH Figure 14. Sand plug method for determining maximum depth of erosion. Cc. Analysis of Data. Large washovers were placed along Nauset Spit- Eastham during the 6 and 7 February 1978 storm (Fig. 13). Approximately three-quarters of the dunes were eroded during the storm; 1200 meters of wash- over breach resuited from storm erosion. One-quarter of the salt marsh adja- cent to the dune line was buried by washovers. Sand was deposited up to 250 meters landward of the berm crest, burying the living salt marsh. The berm crest ‘3s displaced landward between 5 and 20 meters. The yreatest shoreline erosion occurred about 100 meters south of the Coast Guard Beach parking lot where a long, shallow embayment developed during the storm (Fig. 10). Overwash occurred at all three research sites on Nauset Spit-Eastham during the February 1978 storm. Bench marks and base lines were relocated after the stcrm so Chat exact measurements could be made. (1) Site 1 Washover. Site 1 was the only washover on Nauset Spit- Eastham between 1972 and 1976. In June 1977 an elevation cransect was established across the feature to document changes in elevation (Fig. 11). This transect extended the length of the throat (QW to 65W), croased a pair of small dunes (65W to SOW), two sand roads (90W to 100") and the 1972 washover fan (110W to 115W), and finally terminated in the unaffected salt marsh (1I5W to 140W). Beginning in November 1977, there were frequent small-scale over~ washes during spring tides. Majer overwashes occurred on 18 November 1977 and 6 and 7 February 1978. The 9 January 1978 northeaster, which caused large- scale overwash aleng other areag of Nauset Spit-Eastham, did not result in overwash at site 1. The entire site was surveyed before the storm in February in order to calculate accurately the amount of sand depoaited by overwash without interference from aeolian processes. Sand plugs set in Auguet 1977 were excavated after the February 1978 northesster. 41 ie ens “tas te? ey Q — Saranac ments LCT hee ee Mouemones bis sual peal te Erie etsy Pat PeAL Sara ea too maie nts ee with AD whe SA oe a SP a : / ee eee ve oh ge Vi ~---- eset Jad wie | ah wt , 1 zt : rg ‘ont, * ne ot a SAAS Som Tae" 4 kh eae aa ye t ; Te anew! ale via t mn Tew hE iy : ony oe yeu bg Wiebe | he eS Man shes ik : willl Y ay } goa ory a i, na pind { I i i i FR ive Uh, COT ee ae, At a ie ale CEL Ae lieth ee AAV anieainney NEAWREVIT ECM f Te i ; fa Y. i ook pe : AO wate Fa HAOR hues aot White eee snd | Nita os Lane, $ DPM he » ae fai : f ; ‘ ; ake RE Ce Resets: ores nie iio Ct a ae ot Sh wirsiae BTGL earn’ 43 i, a0 wSetRe O05 | ferote Wek? Jone vill Nici ' wie we Pi Amgen oth eu: ' Hae mo 4h Oy tiv: me iw ve 4) i ais see PEGG ED a ae By ay Bee ia Sn md oak, oe «A, ave) acts Amt gel Law hie anos naan a wut ae) aie “aah ont 426: Neel psi a a ee : al bfuea ate aa ee 4; towed nting: 0) mar 7. j bhai 1s meyut, un ole rn dh apoustey Pi : Lee Haars ( at MW teil, yr te epee a) yinws hea it ote na Wanwaterss es tal de fonco ante os 1 oa bi hee hit , ‘nd puis ta Hpi Bis ties nth if eee E.G pickin) A ORELEE The entire transect was affected by overwash during the February 1978 storm (Fig. 11). The low backdunes were planed off, creating a relatively flat, gently sloping sand surface. The washover fan was expanded 25 meters westward into the marsh. The greatest deposition occurred over the sand road and on the adjacent 1972 washover fan. The berm crest was displaced approxi- mately 15 to 20 meters landward. Sand plug data showed that along the tran- sect through the throat area, vegetation was displaced by the overwash surges (Fig. 11). The more cohesive substrate of the marsh resisted any erosion; the marsh was subtected to deep burial (from 0 to 85 centimeters). While approximately 1200 meters of the 2100-meter-long dune Line on Nauset Spit-Eastham was eroded during the February storm, dunes at site l were eroded only 4 to 10 meters on either side of the throat (Fig. 15). The throat sec- tion through the dune Line was straightened, and the washover fan was enlarged in all dimensions (Fig. 16). Approximately 5000 square meters of sand was added to the fan, but the feature retained the same general shape present in 1972. About 8000 cubic meters of sediment was added to site | washover in February 1978. (a) Site 1 Throat. Extensive erosion and redeposition took place at site | throat during the February 1978 storm. Three-dimensional plots from elevation data were developed for 5 and 19 February 1978 (Fig. 17). The vegetated dune north of the site eroded landward, and the large, wind~shadow dune south of the throat eroded to a position outside the plot. Low areas were filled and high areas were flattened. For the 149 elevation stations surveyed in 1977 and resurveyed in 1978, mean net depth of burial was +0.11 meter (o = 0.41 meter) with an erosional range of 0.78 meter and a deposi-~ tional range of 1.02 meters. The standard deviations of the elevation points surveyed in 1977 (9.60 meter) and 1978 (0.32 meter) reflect the flattening effect of overwash on a dune community. The shallowest deposition, less than 25 centimeters, occurred in the seaward part of the throat where low elevation was maintained with little net change. The greatest deposition occurred on the marshward edge of the 1977 washover throat. ware ee ‘ ' ' ! ' ' ' ' ’ ar ch Tae aE BSB aes eee Figure 15. Site 1 before and after February 1975 storm. 42 ee nN ‘ ‘ . : { SRE CTS Cea Me beech at We Rt ht oo wn th a 44) ai gear wee me? ay ( Le tae WOE ae 6 la Shy i Ae A enn al acti te AYER Ye Maga 2 7 Ae a 4 Figure 16. Prestorm and poststorm photos of site 1, February 1978. 43 . Vata se Behe net eee tet a te ~ heh Me eg eee Le eat) J me Ve ae es he ee Vee tot i Nien aia i ai i ; i eos at ian iinet , ; i hy } f ne 1 A fl aa a td a Uy A 5 ‘ aa Ty ° q A he i wine : a ‘\ \ t f i, i) 1 ae , i “Fa { h c 1 1 . M : W i , iif Dy a ihe i j i iii fi ¥ i G } on 7 eo ' fi ay mn aie ¥y ALL tbh i it ‘ nom : eet i } h mm iV 7 i 1 i Tue 1 a A it i you i Hf oe h i i | . ee i i f o i 4 1 T i q iy Mi : ‘ ie h i iy a ' i 1 Hy i i i ht oe i i ' } : % : i i i : 4 1 : i , nd p | i HA) 7 Boy vit ug i. ; i : weCaTionG ani 1 een ha ies, i ‘one i i : ; ta a \ "1 : f \ i, f ; 1 H ; MO it tee ce - i y Gide’ tie i " ‘ cot ey hea ce aN oe 7 i q De iit P Sosth 24 South , CC CO ese i i i t } i ! ! 1 fiom i GO Wess 24 Sa Fee Sine BEACH =~ JURE (S77 DUNES SALT MARSH a =u =e a aa re ruary 1978 STORM Se Foo a ’ ' < <—S ve? a Zo | GO Went : Ss ——, 4 Seeth : tie Loe a a ge ; cco ©0 g Both 0.00 : 68 Figure 17. throat, 1978. 44 Sn ttFe RR EAEL EES BODE Ste EGP ARE SSR RE TAS — Ki 19 February i978 ~~ POSTSTORM Se ees Prestorm and poststorm three-dimensional plots of site 1 7&O Goat 24 Qoutk O South Se IL TSB So ne | Parrs? Eauad a SSA Te Wee th ia Te ae OSS Gok Se Re ee /) t ou Be we — it te te Po ie und ne aif i | ie, \ ¥ i" P 4 TEED tat A Ups tA oe oe) ae Wrens PONE: PRya aaLe| : amb eri b ‘ » 1 eae | iret ah laters tine «ley lbw ae the cs Bathe; da a0 " ir geder (b) Site 1! Fan. Site 1 fan has been the primary research site for study of the revegetation process on washovers., The February 1978 storm deposited large quantities of sand in this area, burying the develeping dune line on the previous fan (Fig. 11}. During the February northeaster, the fan center was displaced southward due to storm wave approach and previous back barrier topography (Flg. 15), and 30- to 40-knot winds from the northeast drove overwash surges to the southwest. A washover created in 1938, north of site 1, was only marginally evident in 1978; however, the slight increase in elevation resulting from the washover caused swashes to be deflected to the south. A three-dimensional plot was developed from elevation data collected before and after the storm at the 5- by 5-meter grid at site 1 fan (Fig. 18). The greatest sand deposition (85 centimeters) occurred near the center of the fan, located at the southeast corner of site 1 fan plot (Figs. 15 and 18; 60S to OW). The northwest corner of the site was not affected by the washover deposit (Fig. 15; OS to 50W). Mean sand deposition for site 1 fan was 0.62 meter (o = 0.35 meter). The elevation range increased from 1.01 meters in 1977 to 1.79 meters in 1978, reflecting large deposits of sand in the center of the fan and no sand deposition at the edge of the plot. Although some dune vegetation had been present on the washover fan in 1977, site 1 fan was predominantly a salt marsh with very little topographic relief. The effect of overwash in this area increased topoyraphic irregularities (1977, o = 0.24 meter; 1978, o = 0.49 meter), partly because the area had been a salt marsh and partly because site | fan was located at the edge of the washover. (2) Site 2 Washover. Site 2 overwashed during both the January and February 1978 anortheasters. The meandering throat present during the creation of the washover in fall 1976 was straightened by the January 1978 stocm. The February northeaster completely eliminated the dunes seaward of site 2, en- gulfing the area in a massive washover. Pits dug {n the substrate showed that approximately 0.20 to 9.50 meter of sand had been deposited over the salt marsh. Surficial drift material was not present after the storm. A lag layer of shells deposited during the storm was present throughout the area. Site 2 continued to overwash throughout February and March 1978 and during the spring tides of April, May, and June, periodically exposing and covering the vegetation present during 1977. Plants did not recover from overwash burial, and colonization from drift material did not take place during the growing season at site 2. The fan has, therefore, remained active in terms of sediment transport (overwash and aeolian) and has been continually subject to saltwater flooding. Neither elevation surveys nor vegetation samplings were continued at this site after the February 1978 northeaster. (3) Site 3 Washover. Site 3 has perhaps proved to be the most inter- esting area on Nauset Spit-Eastham. This site was established in June 1977 because the dune profile was very low and it appeared to be a location for possible future overwash activity. In 1977 a small breach at site 3 and an adjacent small breach in the foredune were the only breaks in the otherwise continuous dune line in the area. Storms on 10 May and 10 June 1977 eroded a small channel into the dunes, flooding and killing any dune vegetation. Overwash did not penetrate the back of the dune Line and very little sand was eroded or deposited. The February 1978 northeaster penetrated the dune line in the same position, eroding a slightly larger channel. The dunes in the area remained intact as overwash surges passed over these low dunes without causing significant erosion. 45 re a TE TA eR ee BS EOS UL RNA Re a ‘stat ua i Wl Seed lan frail ines ; : ie i nie, : vr | I I if . : << i i 6. 5 ra (tS 5 Were cian: yy a) r ott eal. sant Ray avs Hi f wyara ON af Qa Cie s bi a i TVG AG |. AR ‘CAHOON | Taagnet } ahah bi” Sth aneeu Me a sie of Bnew Be wokahs Betty wy rat cud TGR Ree gebadt: CEL eg) ant ty se fey, a Hn Eset ie eye ao Jae od wah’ i. vale rt eee ar CEPT. whats Oe TL Rey aa a ahha : ‘ Ag 70m ties. a * bye sn ae es pee A rs viet ahi ity 1 | Sirus elie. ol dy p Bee Lhe Her ne Seca ‘ 1 aittge, 1 Sy me de nm. wr LiWwe s0B, 4 Wa shen | te itt ve “wie isis «Cd eit eS, Nags qooans ‘i iy fines #9) nai xdonqull ie j pa 1 ig me Be Ah eee bey, 0 Shana atten oe 4 lise wats Wt ey me rene fore (| TD TAMAR ADF bie fowl Lae wleke cee th final «Arie ix 2 _ “4 aa nh SOW iage hoArerool BAKE. vol teas ad wikteb. hm roll: « Ben iy a OEE Gates. mbt Wied [+24 1m, er ili A ai BS ig ee tetas NOt Ae iia at wid hen, ied tnad pie Sl eeieh eye Fahad ed) Mem Me Gee eh dient! gee 2 i} Pty Gd. hate a eh : ; Candee a Ns NRA. bk es hints wi A 51 ? f Oa Bee ; sf SE chet fe 1 vv my Pr a pen io 3 td Hod av awa a’ a Hine: oan Swed iin sai Tac ne . wane yard (3 od batch se) ie ieee pita ae teed De u ond: 2agaaer Hh ye wan ape ty a yi dude bit ane aed th A ivbigt ch aid hs | sate S6 aoeon by F45en he was heer baer ane 4 a a] we K be ah ge Spine ON vi ; Nd. : ie wwhenad ce, wiennlige aa Wab Reh, he demnerted Wn B ; sere rT ny Nini: CNR: oak ain Deh, Ra Saat | ‘pat ten j art) ev hIate? wis rere eae | iaoainy at if Cow ait ton Wes beet i fy MP Sil 1a. quad haven vg, ed aa babe ob ‘wa oA yr? sartan aH) reread ae | iaaiat, soe a) wr shines pee a Gee yup, a CUT. whos a tiyltye wh Waae aes rey begat pee Rade new wg ome ip: Net Nig Cia AES PSA RASTA SOE EES SV IE TE RRA ES SNCS SOUTSE EI SER BRET BL SS Sa EB A NE SS EE PS BLS LEE EST STB Pe *1@AOUSEA [| 3277S 02 Teraydyied saunp ay3 UF uoyTIeTNWNI.e AueMypas °¢zZ san3Byy or Ow — WLYON Cu LODSNVYL e one nan — is 43 HiNOS $6 JO3SNVHL GL Lal} $2 ) ' 1 2 a2 t iy . > S H1UON OL 1AD3SNVUL s HiNOS Of AD9SNTHL 5 3NI) JNNG 4O 3903 NYBASSM MOUS ISVZ ZoNVLSIO GL os Ge to) &2 Os Sz ce) ' 2). tt '§ z 28 € § e 9 H1i#JON OF 19ISNVUL z Op SD3SNoHL § se 9 3M 3NNQ 40 9903 NHa1S9M NOMS 1SV2 JONTISIO SL os a2 ° SwOlLv307 = LIASNYL ' SS es =. r= FE = Sse NVJ BZAOHSTM = SHSevm Livs = a NSUUN 1TvS = Se mn o TEM FOG Bebe % ‘ iN H Sot D HinoSs OF 453SH7NL --=--0O---- -« Cee One naa ay sca cantik a e pT, bay £6 Pp \ SAF HENS eas Y; \ Bi Pe ee a at ran " ts 37 eae aca fad & hk ane ats dis bu 7 og de Lege AY, aah Reales : oa Wath Fae a, Paws ett at leet ahs ce yy Be v8 ee ee mite ee - ar =e Tale Pe as fee « eee i ' . = - : cae a : = : eS - : _ - i eae Ziel, - Sree Pee rele at eae ibe on ao Ms se 7 bara naes ket a viecten tomer Pepe oe Se a Cee ae — eich : (3) Stabilization of Washovers. (a) Washover Throats. Stabilization of washover throats is dependent on the size of the throat, the frequency of overwesh in the area, and the orientation of the barrier. Small washover throats may quickly close if overwash pressure is removed. Many washovers, like site 2 in 1976, begin as meandering channels through the dune line. Dune vegetation can grow rapidly into the channel trapping sand and repairing the breach. On Nauset Spit, winds from the northwest and southwest often build wind-shadow dunes, which help to close these breaches. Winds trom the northeast and southeast may be deflected by the dune line, so that sand is blown along the shoreline and deposited in embayments end breaches, maintaining a smooth seaward contour to the dune line. Large features remain open for longer pericds of time. If a throat is broad and oriented parallel to prevailing winds, a channel may be eroded by the wind to an elevation below the threshold level for washover. An area may remain susceptible to washover for many years, enlarging until peripheral dunes are completely leveled. A washover throat may deflate to the proximity of the water table, result- ing in wetter surface sands which are not easily moved by the wind. Large- size matertal, such as cobbles and yravel, along with sand, are deposited in the throat by washover surges; smaller material is carried ftarther onto the washover tan. With the deflation of each successive washover, the lag surface becomes more concentrated. At site 1 throat in 1977, a pavement of cobbles and heavy minerals indicated considerable deflation. Once the surface has stabilized, plant colonization can begin. (b) Washover Fans. Small washovers are common along Nauset Spit and are often rapidly stabilized unless continually effected by subsequsat Overwashes or human impact, such as pedestrian trampling or off-roed vehicle trespassing. In some cases, a small fan will be enlarged by future over- washes; this is particularly common when the barrier dune line has a low elevation profile and is very narrow. Following overwash, the prevailing offshore winds deflate theese fans. Much of the washover sand is blown onto the beach face or deposited on the back dunes adjacent to the fan. Lag layers of larger size material may fern, but their occurrence ig scmewhat winlmized since material of this size range is not frequently transported beyond the washover throat. If the depth of sediment burial is shallow (less than 30 centimeters), salt-marsh plants may recover. Although existing salt-marsh plants may be killed by extensive burial, subsequent wind-deflation mwsy lower the fan to intertidal elevations favorable for colonization by high warsh plant species. Recolonization may occur from seeds or by rhizome extensicn frem adjacent, undisturbed stands of salt-marsh vegetation. While small dunes (less than 1 meter high) may develop from drift-line deposits on washovers of this scale, major additions to the dune line are not possible unless the washover is significantly enlarged by subsequent overwash. Sand supply for dune building, available from the deflation of the washover, is restricted by the small size of the fen. Without sufficient quantities of Sand, major new dunes do not form; overwash at this scale plays an insignifi- cant role in overall barrier dynamics and landward wigration. 58 ates POSE PORE SE i = vi ws 4) @zacsia alo yisolup Yas asewits. bo revo ™ ot peer off mh Heswinve I ype rr ete at 5 mse w/in 20% v34 az Holzategay ere jorwenh © hyeotd sds Ye! \,~ soa avy Cadel tnt be biiwd vael Dante bas Jasedsmen Ml ulinvode wis tree LH) unlngo Diawore NJGGEe, @ gor wow is ‘ ai\ djaosae @ Oi -aeli 16 at ¢ hehoss wd Yee A ae Ya oo7h Gh ,Seyedeaw Pol f+ Lavany tomy Aten, ~oluaew whdad Farin mia to ~wyial” J bat wd ee Mev al Sep lequih ane bebe, Hoe wis oddo 3¢AT VR) leli¥das w2 esa drive Hed wey Yuwiney a Se iid eae Die” ahd Jue: binadel! fans be my saat a ble bs LeVe watne ou (# mei: : “i ] \ eal dawn Nioete whe ee juin Ben a gsdiqan Pe hd eet ee oe ec ee ola nets anhe wd as te moka esi a 8D eee avis rite ero sriganine , 4% ‘qelein) ; NOt tas a ad walt ena spank et \ wntvi wana ‘inten wendy ren) wha La Dyfi 3 neh Lon a "HR: peat ee : we Sia ae ea ‘ ign j watt io heb ers heh Wau pi nd eat “aN Oh iva i) “i, Cwiedentin eye. ie ets ‘ened wade “a vie * re te daarnd bee ttt ent OF nell red vse (ae mob jel bite ts bee. Jwecipr da y , ; e 2S cali roe: dyed Ww. Orda Silico Sir yn “latch pintgoraie 50 wie "we ,inwcethe — Hudenesan baron Lit ey tc aed id: acy ioaroshiny “Nay laad im oyele eee - ohn nobane ' tury ee oie Paniraeed feral sor oh: Oe prewarcl tae god sia CU ‘be paerare heap —— ee wa) Ugo aon ier f ine ea ate seh ne: eathal reel P were ig Uy pte mh vn thay To ave +1 wy : as SOE PEN 4 veh Diy ga he heme rainy am an Lehabeb: an penn xen (ay tat vote pasty anal Nh fit ion wie auth ened eta ca anobaibbe seam woless wid) hy Amado hina Taepebhe we Sepininn ylaeWatidogio af yavetend ovt2 wevoties ats We DES Ieb whd. wOXd aidulrdeve patel lod qiqe ‘etta®, et de ela Liane, nde xe a “ee pe tu iD 1s y ihe "lp ae oe agent Ay juodaaie | ae "4 2 Se ae Y e123: hiierad. wid dol) peer sberoeey ed yoaeeag po og aiuto an <) Tighe pda Od hub fienidoan we aval a wniodl 4 va wenly ar 9 ott elt, ae dosoyktmb id) tie eae veeadms ah he ay ; : went od At ke aee lee ea ait) : Lad ark Dine ia tat it apyedwam ral sid biqe9 ‘?. S08 wh a: here: Pade seeebade so pau” ath ieey rae dareren ae vad nied a masa dg tit vce a ty eee mewkmol wd ty i aa Ma ee am to) una laine a pens Hewes (c) Washover Flats. Major washover areas exhibit a somewhat different means of stabilization than small-scale features. In general, wash- over flats are subject to overwash for many years, since rhizome invasion from adjacent dunes and salt marshes is not effective in stabilizing a large area rapidly because there is a high ratio of barren area to perimeter. The prin- cipal means of colonizatioa of these major features is through the development of dunes from drift lines. The large size washover flats and great deposi- tional thicknesses provide an abundant source of sand to the developing dune line. Since these flats are not rapidly stabilized, overwash frequently occurs depositing new sand between and bayward of developing duncs. New dunes are established toward the bayward edge of large washovers in association with drift lines deposited in arcuate lines by bay-side storm surges and spring tides. Since a large distance (typically 100 to 200 meters) exists between the newly developing dune and the shoreline, onshore winds also contribute to dune building. After dunes are well established, Ammophila breviligulata rhizomes spread seaward colonizing the barren washover. Complete recovery of a washover occurs when the frontal edye of the new dune merges with the adjacent back dunes and the barrier profile is increased above the overwash threshold. Barrier environments are translocated several hundred meters landward in a quantum fashion by means of overwash and subsequent dune recovery with all ecological units retained intact. IL1. VEGETATIVE RESPONSE TO OVERWASH 1. Introduction. The response of sand-dune and salt-marsh vegetation to overwash burial was studied on Nauset Spit-Eastham. Research was divided into three parts: plant community response to overwash, response of individual species to overwash, and colonization of washovers. Initial research plans were designed to com- pare the response of vegetation on washovers that were created at different times. After the 1978 storm, the direction of the research changed since all three sites chosen for study had been severely overwashed. Comparisons of species lists for northeast barrier beaches suggest that the vegetation of Nauset Spit-Easthem is representative of typical northeast barrier beach communities during very early stages of succession (Table 4). Thirty-three species were present on this section of the spit in 1977. This compared to 242 species on Plum Island, Massachusetts, (Ahles, 1973) and 117 on Monomoy Island, Massachusetts, (Moul, 1969). Only three well-developed plant communities have been present on the spit since the first aerial photos were taken in 1938--a dune community and high and low marsh communities. A sand road, in use since 1922, devides salt-marsh communities from dune communities along the length of the spit. Two other discernible, early successional com- munities are present--the drift-line community and the ecotone between the high marsh and dune community. Shrubs, notably Myrica pensylvanica (bayberry), Prunus maritima (beach plum), and Rosa rugosa (salt spray rose), are present on Nauset Spit-Eastham but do not constitute a shrub community. Of the 21 marshes surveyed in a study comparing salt-marsh productivity in New England, Nauset-Eastham ranked seventh (Godfrey and Travis, 1976). Few well-defined communities, low species number, and high productivity are all characteristic of sand-dune or salt-marsh areas that are either very young or highly stressed. 59 Pua tal an Wie Or ell Be a nS be Fog ee Ges NRTA A RD, Cat wre yon Ae Beard Be =}: SER ~ . ‘ . ¢ a SAS NOTE RSC al = / oa a aa PE aA RY, *: Latin Ph hs OMT wre dad oh field cxmatt Fie on © te - 7 7 ae ; , ‘ We oy ah sean 70 Lat a ow fl @ ; AY jo~ Vatu win) * f } Pt aes) pry Gin Ja a sf to “baat ea: Puen: “eae jis outa Re: Betas’? gehen ere? ir el ort 164 ve HRA ROALD: ae ih Such) ony 3 n unigalawii mT Ate 2, ve ‘ tu “~tyoe. sonbiedn >) re. obhuore: @ Lind POAe AR baad lites 8 isis en oe del awed 1D wh” “sae ple P haw ty iM 1S OPM Wy i Mec 2) bene: wit abs ROUTH Lwtre Be Rilo ve 6 naeeL LW ay 't cin HEP Rireied te @k. rida hve Gausen eae re ohio wet! yet. dwadd pabonetaé mo b3 mOKyy set dpa te? Ae oie Mit ws. ON) “eliasdeyd) wanwe mle op enh, e oo cdl Deas outs WolEe esdtoon. paalis i bee oh sited areatielal Sion, Kota hte sae, {mS Qube ple hey" iy: Pavia te a Viva ieee eit, py is wo preety wee; ot! 20 sie Pee) 7 (oumuatey (epkrave Ode aeces Lawekorgy dk eee me oe i 65> AM yen! patie, Lataven “betiaw! ieee. th halal An HSae Wrsva0es dh Unsvedoet Gb wren. ten ou ert cele qh “te ia sated bondnter ; bvauwey of we whi THT HR LEE ik iPiwe ‘¢§ Phe ey ew Tart ye aoe CY peg 24) . ic anit eh ‘de pias i Rae cit te Aaa Wash hay oy ent Sarat oer Re ‘ 1 Wik H ab or ae upprrsstiti wn oy - ‘bye sat evevelie BO, wrod ft su% i ait wih etnies a Lo) pod, ra ng } a i) ty e) sid paisa mia od Df ch wa Tipe a al wo “eit the st eee ec | noapia j Hee j iseee THhG 3nd Few: ver ey FE aol vd omy te orl Fu sy SW) de Ree a y ©h wuidined- he: iuauat Yo tA wie? he 90 eoeh th ew ig nent? vile Wed Sheeros i algh we Le wn) ) Wale Haat: sei ON wee | Wh doiy Pid day (EEE geet) ila sote ay at goer al qwehie aobuw Féblgd cy) dees irl ie nei ; ih weal? hee : ao wh, fat), Hyaaulnesailt! aha mi ‘ae wil). pee é Pt Gh) aha sapere, red ae tye veil we} “hy fhe ini sire A re Me aoe bs A ane abu : mahal oe asset : ATS: eet Hated ihr” m3 ‘ait hits A Shinient: ' De oF ai bah’ nit Haan ; », or 1% PA intl ) ; a6 it we hihahion wtthiondlt HOMER ae, Hf ten ‘86 oi} ited Lian Le ae qed Bene Mea eat rae Pert ae a Wis a hha wears gti be * tae Oe Wo) SORDT AL: im! io Vt tena eae thoes any syizinm Vint e 34h ie leeR ET i Lliw, Ey i VARPE thoy wh hel het A fore ben wie ig bapeni le eye ih sudan ena o HRN) ain i Hey henap Spent Table 4. Species list for Nauset Spit-Eastham, 1977 and 1978. Species Fanily Common rane Avallapility 1977 1978 > 3 1 > Sichiie) Clcrec} lige y ear tonie sIlsoigQ ~Alz Solidago semen rens term? Flore “a = abundant. ~o ® occasional. *r = rare. “vr © very rare. Poacese Caryopnyllaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae chenopodiaceae Chenvspodiaceae Cruciferae Couvolvulaces Fapaceae Poaceae Fuphorblaceae Poaceae cistaceae cvperaceae Fabaceae Borazinaceae Myt icaceae Poaceae Poaceae Plantaginaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Fagacea, Anacardia-eae Rosaceae Rosaceae Chenopodiaceae Chenopodiaceae Cnenovodiaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Poaceae Chenopodiaceae Chenopediaceae Chenopodiaceae Liliaceae Juacnk grass American beachgrass Sandwort soTmWwOOG Dusty ailler Pigeweed Drache Sea rocket Morning glory Scotch broom Spine zrass Seaside spurge Red fescue False beach heather Black grass Beach pea Sea lavender Bayberry Panic grass Common reed grass Seaside plantain Beach plum Alkali zrass Bear oak Poison ivy Salt spray rose Virginia rose Glasswort Classwort Saltwort Seaside goldenrod Salt-marsh cordgrass Salt-seadow cordgrass Sea dlite Sea blite Cocklebur Yucca 60 ral 6 } i : Se ea ? Poet ALT RE Tete LAR ae LL EER TPCT PI ki ie “oe CERCA AL ODOT Pas , On ; we Ano = : i / oe FI s ° : ~ Wh baa " ine a oes % i rs ah 2k piel oaT~tint 2 hs) ‘Dae 2 Te La ee AG iw eS reo 0 4 tna a ieee | a) Pen eee wih ke” , Rot bie [Fy r 7 7 p Ss An almost continuous dune line, with elevations approaching 5 meters in some areas, extended 2.2 kilometers along the spit in 1977. A recent study of dune-building processes on Nauset Spit-Eastham showed that 5S-meter-high dunes can form under optimal conditions in only 6 years (Knutson, 1980). In general, community succession in coastal areas is extremely rapid, aided by the nutrient input of salt spray (van der Valk, 1974; Art, 1976). The few species found within an area of rapid succession suggests that environmental pressures maintain plant community development at a very early stage of succession. A 1977 map of Nauset Spit-Eastham before the 1978 storm is shown in Figure 2. Three washovers were evident along the spit. The dune line was approximately 150 meters wide, backed by a very wide salt marsh at the north- ern end, which narrowed to the south. The dune Line was steeply scarped on the oceanside, and had eroded approximately 140 meters landward in the past 110 years (see Sec. IV). The off-road vehicle path between the high marsh and dune communities had scarped the back barrier dunes preventing the landward expansion of the dune Line. 2. Base-Line Tata. a. Introduction. Three sites on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1977 were chosen that represented different stazyes of vegetative recovery following overwash. Site 1 washover was created by overwash in 1972, and consisted of a well- developed Spartina patens high marsh and the upper elevation edge of a Spar tina alterniflora low marsh. High, well-vegetated dunes bordered the washover throat. Site 2 first overwashed in September 1976, presenting the cpportunity to study the response of vegetation to burial on a very recent washover. Site 3 had not been affected by recent storms, but appeared to be a possible loca- tion for future overwash. The dune and marsh communities could be used as a control, unaffected by overwash. Fieldwork was conducted in the summer of 1977 with the intention of following changes in the vegetation on the three washovers over a period of 2 years. b. Methodology. The vegetation at each site was sampled using a 0.25- meter-square point-intercept board with 25 evenly spaced holes to calculate cover (Fig. 26; Gosting, 1956). Information concerning frequency (species present), cover, and plant density was collected. A plant was considered in the frequency determination if any part of the plant appeared within the double-framed quadrat. Density was determined by the number of axes breaking the sand surface. For fine grasses, density calculations were made using the average of estimates from three researchers. Quadrats were selected within the plots using a mixed, random, or systematic process (Kershaw, 1976). Quadrats were spaced at 2-meter intervals along transects chosen at random along the base line in order to take into account the belted zones of the salt marsh. The point-intercept board was placed with two fixed points located along a tape measure which defined the sampling transect, so that each quadrat could be relocated for future study. The elevation relative to sea level was determined for each quadrat using a surveyor's level. Time was the only con- straint placed on the number of transects sampled. A field map was made of each plot using the 5- by 5-meter flagged elevation grid as a guideline. 61 ob ha Ao aes 2 Se eS a Tm Se ed oe eR OW ‘ yt Bate Pe ee ea oe i tare DPE RT Tel ere stk Pepe ti bt a PLLA Pe tabs eta ens PLR Whi PL RL RLS TREES! sia : : 4 “ b ° ! 5 \ x , 7 7 i js 1 , . if ~ a Gate = | ; : - oo) ately ‘3 & ‘ Hie oaai ie Sooginyu.s ii tak ‘onal itu ae S Vin ‘ies ay wi; ‘>a H La shes w ¥ pore ®& yesh se oS dGapeerd® Duta chOWate suri sands) iat Tonoml ne nai + Cee Rate An) ATA Wy, a uti i ao bd Lbawes Seolsaqg 4 Wwoblw vb ot et Pete 2 ahaa Lectents id nolapentae’ ‘eh wed &Ay + CONG, hd A yetH yttad yah ev). CHIae- abe Se ) ia Oreo Tl wee mi) ‘we miyaun tele a ¢ “oa bLeay ta’: as ee andy, $4 yeek yee ae ot Sotweisvdh y AO uEMED a “ ate ie) ote at ee RG. Sole ented wld Gin ‘enka ah, | uth wakio Ph) Re in, oP “HTN ure ; js cE Ow ae re ae mis aft ne ‘ast eo on fiw eng ay d as hs rah Dy, yiea ear eet a : bohone deine! Vee gy Arg poiie Aon Si otihaw pao tia eAe “Sibehee) Wil | yea eae a9 pit Voie tad’ atyed who ey 1 vn ‘saa ee Sly Ch a Seren cal woe “es @ weir Hab 2 whew * A te HM Geo Ge Feupay fa eeain suatt . spate ber ; 1G poment ty eyarorss jk oe a ed je wsunde sy ine beg i f Ge bos WRaS Hoey ick \qe Peal i Jigen %: in eed hives oy Lem nT £ ad feawreve me, a ee Sokohwele, sede aig is: ue ‘ VevOH eR pia WSR HOM chit be: tS by “ad cieens Bt Lie pew ANE - ‘ TA Pe ean aw. here uid ek a Rw } vay we)” BT ae Ms Wwe may ae Pt 8 Pere a) ‘ pay r MARDI ay ay abe bie - ideal Hitt a Sabina, Hib, Git tna ge Mapebiade ud BOUTBV ig) a yg a sy a ‘ala fa ool yehy ite. ean ya twod sod Bt . Pe ee ok ba Metin. Nelahecte . ind ‘ala i wee genkiier dota ae we este’ ae a» ee, aageia tom wo elit aeoeye ¢ineve if tiv wre i. savanna ‘ap dralese e: 9 ‘ys iene) yitetsones poh fawrOXRd - (oc@t ,gntse fi: VahiLiesa’. - same ineiy A. sbptooliag «kv “akon: towing’ wits mul heelaapye Titiede aa te Fae re ib: pionoredtner tl yhidewte ehne Be reteun ell yd binidartasob ‘eden eam + dazbe es yp abe oom anon paivet se gileniad, » boetea Ri ite os | enact we Lage Se etevind t, sete oteeuns eed? wot hig RE: etna) BA ORG seis le 9a canta ame i \ A te i 4 “ouch to: aiceennrs ‘ghicke: igen. redone, a, besa stew “ff is pe S. sme. waa, “rkegon: wy Me ‘pahy’S: OA abs jek ee ee wed tone eT sta, Deaely, ‘aw: ovniedt: i Teneo lealaa = ‘evi Heo, pdawinae ys Peed wy patil dob obsess gee levat ene ar av reken awhoave! s aii Dill s toh | 4 ence Ch) WeHhe wea, ow ot : Deeps: n* Wee we polee io obeo kaw uw BRAT A ~balnsoy wioeeqend ie ; sty mdi WEAJavelo hey peaks 1s 7 . i. - ‘ fl % ; Lie, i yea: ' : ‘> iow nut. tes ie eerie ae iy CIE Ae ea ke “ORR } x a iP Re gy Pl aera bo ligarse AS a se kz oe Z ie i= rs Le ts t = Cie ey Figure 26. Photo of point-intercept board. The three research sites were subdivided into five plots (see Sec. II). A re total of 2,567 quadrats were sampled within the five plots during the summer we of 1977. The most extensively covered were the washover throat ana fan of ce site l. Vegetative changes, followed since 1972 at this site, presented a cae unique opportunity to study the revegetation of a washover fan. Site 1 has f= actively overwashed during severe storms and has trapped sufficient send on me sections of the fan surface to attain an elevation above spring high tides and te. maintain a dune community. Twenty transects 100 meters long were sampled at ee site 1 throat for a total of 1,020 quadrats. Twenty-eight transects 50 meters of long were established at site 1 fan; a total of 728 quadrats were sampled. a Notes were made to indicate which quadrats were located in areas affected by = overwash and which were located on the adjacent salt marsh. Nine transects at were set at site 2, and 234 quadrats were sampled. At site 3, 351 quadrats ras were sampled in the dunes and 234 quadrats were sampled in the salt marsh ma along 13 transects. A field map was made of each plot using the 5~- by 5-meter te flagged elevation grid as a yuideline. = ae Ce Analysis of Data. (1) Site 1 Fan. Site 1 has been studied since it first formed during a severe northeaster in February 1972. The washover consisted of a throat which meandered through the dune line and a small fan-shaped deposit on the 62 ; OU ein nya itera ils ans Rw Bin Rs Wee ee ie oo hater eat Tar Rom Tal er et TE % 3) oe : er A hasan aa Md Corr es 1 alti er a ene eo eh Sek ea Oh ea eh oes oe en eek rol ete tye Be 1 vdhuall 7 va ire: Bde Sun ar fied hy me ake, i gelled Bit A ie Alig: tome (Bq: abil ay a oe Ch ee a te sit Ly cey ana r Tie , iv Me a al anh Mi hada high marsh. Several months after the initial overwash, elevation transects were established across the fan to document sand surface changes and the revegetation process. Test pite dug in the substrate demonstrated that the initial vegetation was similar to the adjacent, nonoverwashed high mareh. Surficial features such as drift lines and emergent vegetation were noted. In 1975 the same transects were resurveyed, and both recovering and newly established vegetation was recorded. A vegetation map of site 1 in 1975 appears in Figure 27. Plants did not recover from the initial sand deposit, and small dunes developed in the location of the 1972 drift lines by 1975 (Fig. 28). SO West 60 South NN dune In low marsh (a) bare a} high marsn fa Griff material Figure 27. Vegetation map of site 1 fan, 1975. 63 PIETER EE LT PSE OLE NEE TE PERE Le ave EES IP SEIT SRLS TEES CENTER TROT Ly Lh Fee OL RA eee PCE Sao ae ee f . / ‘ Pek \ ae eae, 1 = “i \ RON pea ! . pWiks aed . irl ar ow ge anion, gt ‘ae Pc or ‘ a yaa nig Ammophila breviligulata Spartine BARE Spartine eliternifiora y patens wo wer, Ay) 7 OLE TLE OE POP EIFE PPR 100 Aprit 1972 (after overwash ) August 1978S Figure 28. Drift line dune development on a washover fan (after Godfrey, Leathermsn, and Zaremba, 1979). ! The detailed vegetation study conducted in 1977 increased the available | data on washover revegetation. Storms on 10 May and 10 June 1977 flooded | the developing dunes, killing many Ammophila breviliqulata plants. Some new tillers of Ammophila breviliguiata had recolonized the site by the time the area was sampled in August. Data from site 1 fan were divided into three sections: the adjacent unaffected marsh, the periphery of the washover, and the center of the wash- over fan (Figs. 29 and 30). Table 5 reviews the data for the adjacent marsh area. This area was largely high marsh with a mixture of low marsh vegev.ation é at the bayward extremities of the plot. Spartina patens was the dominant species, with an importance value (1.V.) of 209.80, indicating that most of F the site was within the high marsh community on Nauset Spit-Eastham. Spartina 3 alterniflora, Salicornia virginica (glasswort), Puccinellia sp. (alkaligrass), i and Limonium nashii (sea lavender), in order of aecreasing importance, were t the most common components of the low marsh community (Table 5). t Tables 6 and 7 review vegetation data for the peripheral area and the : center of the washover fan, respectively. The peripheral area was located at § the edge of the fan where sand burie? was shallow (<10 centimeters) 5 years q after overwash; some plants had grown through the deposit. Other plants i colonized this area by rhizome extensions from the adjacent marsh. Specics v composition of the peripheral area reflected the adjacent marsh vegetation as i expected. A comparison of Tables 5 and 6 shows that the species composition y for the two areas was very similar. All six plants found in the peripheral area were also ftound in the adjacent marsh. Only Distichlis spicata (spike f grass), a minor component of the adjacent marsh, was not present in the periph- e eral area. These data show that six species are either rhizomatous or capable f of withstanding major overwash deposition. Spartina patens, Spartina alterni- » flora, and Salicornia virginica are rhizomatous, Many marsh plants can with- i stand some siltation as a natural process occurring in tidal marshes. i The vegetative composition of the center cf the washover fan differed 5 greatly from the peripheral or adjacent marsh areas (Table 7). Comparisons of ie the three areas by I.V. appear in Table 8. Ammophila, which cannot withstand es saltwater inundation during the growing season, is a good indicator of supra- fs tidal vegetation. The other seven species found on the washover fan are also ta components of the sand-dune community in New England. Only Spartina patens ag 4 o B ~ “ Kea Phinda uate hier cb esa ace ee Mkt ace Mieka a Sit ASS in bib tee Sete lea ha Lie Leal cata koe Uitte te Chet ee CO Mean WM OM ee? | Hitless ~ Ze 5 TSU EN EAT lg seu . ee Vd : ] a nia ev : bys niin) if r . | oR ' i ce a pani 7 7 ee f ue oH { rien : aT CY ee ¥ Ra (Lo “Wha an e ‘Doing ass Touma ith ie fi ah i ties rr) jedi Dane wa. r girnrict fk herr iD sea ti, I iH a anions ‘Se RRDER ‘ i RI mre) ‘w "L161 asndny ‘uey [ 2178S Jo dew uotiezeZaA «° OE aaNsTy *(ysemzaao Q/61-91d) 1/61 ‘uey ] 8178 JO SUOFSTATPANS °6Z SanZTzy eunaT ussow Ubi Bey USsOW MOF YS s0\N “oT puo yb, pariw (al Oe NOrsaioyy Wf ‘Ore 3) 4inos O SS O9 BoA OS" YINOS OF 183 OG -. DOTY BACYBOIA Bem 0 = 65 m4 ape & "ON eee ty. aes ‘ ‘a MOEA TA Gunes pio Salen Pie y els ihe z. seer + oer 2 PUSS x, z Sos west ma ot / ar ve & TTT ies oe ; ‘ eo PENI fae be Spee ora tate eb i oe Table 5. Summary of quadrat data for the marsh adjacent to site 1 fan washover, 1977. eS ee Species Frequency Cover Density I.V. Pet eee ce )Relative Total BSLOENE ercedron Sie 0.7 0.3 Disttchlis sptcata 0.7 0.3 Limonium nashtt 16.4 7.4 Puectnellta sp. 24.4 li.l Salicornia virgintca 38.2 M753} Spartina alterntflora 43.6 19.8 Spartina patens 89.5 40.6 5 228, Bare sand 62.9 Drift 21.1 1T.V.'s are importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and Ronee of the plants. Table 6. Summary of data collected from 150 quadrats sampled at the washover periphery, Avgust 1977. Species Frequency Cover Density L.V.t Pet Relative Pct KOLAENE tole Relative Agropyron pungens 0.6 1.3 1 1 Limontum nashit 0.3 0.6 === ==> 1 <0.1 0.6 Puectnellta sp. Soe) Wot 0.9 Drevk 230 0.6 10.4 Saltcornta virginica Lot 3.9 0.1 0.3 90 0.2 4.3 Spartina alterntflora 8.5 19.9 5.9 14.2 866 Dee: 3€.3 Spartina patens 28.7 66.7 34.7 83. 38,437 97.0 247.21 Bare sand 38.8 51.9 2 ty, V.'s are importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and density of the plants. Table 7. Summary of data collected from 303 quadrats sampled on the supra- tidal washover at site 1 fan, August 1977 (pre-1978 overwask). Species Frequency Cover Density I.V. Pet BSLBEIIS Pet SORCENG focar KOLEEIC Agree pungens 0.7 a O01 Ted 9 2.8 7.3 Ammophtla breviligulata 11.2 57.4 0.6 53.7 106 33.0 144.4 Artemista caudata 0.3 1.6 <0.1 1.2 8 2.5 5.4 Artemista stellertana 0.3 1.6 <0.1 2.4 -—— == 2.8 Cakile edentula 1.3 6.6 <0.1 3.7 2 0.6 10.8 Lathyrus japontcus 0.3 1.6 oS oS === == 2.0 Salsola kalt 0.3 1.6 _- --- --- -- 2.0 Spartina patens 53 26.2 0.4 37 8 60.1 2 124.2 Bare sand 97.1 82.1 Drift 66.7 16.9 11.V.'s are importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and density of the plants. 66 CESAR eS = : = . c . oes bord ne we : ie a Table 8. Comparative importance values at site i fan subdivisions, 1977. Adjacent Peripheral Washover ppectes) een area fan Total iano pungens 0.4 Te 7.3 0.6 Ammophila breviligulate” -—--- ---- 144.4 4.7 Artemista ccudata ==> sos 5.4 0.1 Artemtsta steileriana oS oo 2.8 0.1 Cckile edentula soos =SS= 10.8 0.5 Dtstichlis spicata 0.4 ---- Vv fay! ‘ ae baal Prisly i ne Pte eng mtr ane ot Be pense armen niyo ery ‘ ia Pair. ( ain : 1 ers py EE gen ~~ ey se r ft iW ty % 1 ‘ \ i i ’ : ee t : i i i al fi ~- rl ih i t Khel f i ie i i 1 n ; pin tne , mh, . Wieengaa lial. 7 1 Oi ins a ; ‘ (Ph, a Aaa: : ga ol oe 7 sir saya posit f A i ( A } ae) 3 a PA, i : : i , iI i 1 i : : i] ih F ra ‘ i Mi ‘oie cieceen le Table 9. Summary of data collected from 929 quadrats sampled at site 1 throat, August 1977 (preoverwash). Species Frequency Cover Density I.V. Pet EUOSNE Pet Relative Total Relative Agropyron pungens 1.4 aS 0.3 4.5 138 3.6 12.4 Ammophila breviligulata 17.9 53.4 Zo) 48.5 1,133 29.8 131.6 Artemisia caucata 0.5 1.5 Do2 2.7 8 0.2 4.4 Artemtsta stellertana 1.8 5.3 0.4 5.6 199 Sok 16.1 Caktle edentula 0.9 2.8 ysibes ay wpa fo ‘ele tees nigh Trea Per ghee analy ‘yaRsrogeh ote et Gade bay Sera ‘eae Prey ‘ anda ote) agian 2 . : Sng 18. fain w wide Ae,’ ai can ee asuwen el a nti bapa ash 6 Or Se ee ae a aint oe Dye -42ashe o abt WA tes Ieee jie, NED pr dey can “aid to Aaeiity, Isaet 6 Asie bods tonog aw desea afew sopsnl pene ie wv em ero ee ea ol eay Al ul bue rs si hat i ode Oo amg 5, athe eee Balas : Di hua yy Mink Sa: een in ba on yi: Daeg bined ; wile ph seal) dey pad sare or! Pe aeons Bech “Sheet h nN hal eat aan? Pr le ae rat al re wih) Se: Ps eel A eae eg ced sere ehh Lakhs io exer rd boraad Soa Wie ay yxanmgu’ ea geti OSouth 40 South O- = 5 = = r O West ACH eee i ee Sey Oo crerss poe CAR 4icg en annie 9 Oo ihicker O04 PY sa ty *squetd ay. jo Aytsuap pue ‘Asuanbsa1z '19A05 wory payejno{eds sanyea soueqaodwt aie s,‘A°yT i —————————S . = : a —_ Tee eb Oe tein nee een. i 9° EI 6°91 33730 [ 2 S*8s ONG puss oarg a s°0 z°0 61 T*0 LOD. @20 €°0 suaipd vuzjunds s 6°7T €°T €cl 7° 4 £7 EI el ACN guddiduaduas obvp2110S es £°0 T°0 ¢ T°0> T°0> c°0 £°0 SULITPDL 8nuy 3 6B) 1 = Onl ra EPG 9°T 9°71 6°61 gnozuodnf gnunyany ; z°0 OD ---- === 70 €°O b420sPUOPK]Od viquoydng ei "°0 Zz°0 6T ———— Sere Z°0 €°0 sohyonzgskjod snuadhg x is 9°49 c°0 61 8°0 €°0O eS 9° DINUAPa 8174DO wa L£°19t €°es8 996°C O°e? O° el WCE 8°SS DUD LALE] TIGU DEF LUaIAY va 0°¢ €°O L@ Ony €°O L°0 Kfeeal UZUPNVO VIPIRWIId Y “3 CoG, se e6mcll UGCeal O°S4 9° El "° 6€ 1°79 Lenin jiaedq Dd] 2Yydouuy suabund uoukdouby ac SATIETSY TeEIO]L sapIeptTay 32g VATIETA add ay 3 LACT Ayypsuaq 18A0} ADuanbaag sayoads oa eee *(ysemiarcead) 12/6] 3sn&ny “yeoaya E arts Wa ie ea Je pase Too eqep Jeapenb yo Arewmng *1] eTqey Fes ee = pew / Ait we, L TEES EPSISS ACCC ; fo eGnt mB AAs. A sl il PAO SF EEE HY, Ho 2 RE a ce , sd & high marsh CJ high of tow morsh Meer a = she ses Se) Figure 34. Vegetatioa map of site 3 marsh, August 72 SR ISM 1977. VS \ \ werd IIR a, vk uf . ANNE dh ign oe nel a 4 es Table 12. Summary of data collected from 351 quadrats sampled at site 3, August 1977 (preoverwash).! LT Frequency Cover Species Pct BLOBS Pct BERSSNC I. ve? Limontum nasntt 19.2 To 9 1.4 ii 3 18. i Plantago marttima 15.8 6.5 2.6 2.4 18.4 Pucctnellta sp. 43.2 17.7 14.2 12.9 45.9 Salicornmta virginica 74.8 30.7 25.6 3) of? 80.9 Spartina alterniflora 10.7 4.4 5.0 4.5 13.4 Spartina patens 80.3 32.9 61.4 55.8 133.1 “Density not sampled. “I.V.'s are adjusted sums of relative frequency and relative cover. by overwash, Godfrey and Godfrey (1973) showed that southern barrier flat comn- munities dominated by Spartina patens are able to recover to initial biomass levels within | year. Aerial photographic comparison was used to substantiate these short-term field measurements. Godfrey and Godfrey (1973) suygested that a southern barrier flat community is, in fact, an overwash subclimax community--a community maintained by overwash pressures. Aerial photos and field observations of plant communities to the lee of artificially maintained Ammophilia dunes of Cape Hatteras supported the subclimax theory (Dolan, Godfrey, and Odum, 1973). Vegetation not adapted to overwash burial (shrubs) displaced the Spartina patene-dominated yrassland community after overwash pressure was removed. Hosier (1973), using a quadrat sampling technique before and after a small overwash (<18 centimeters of sand deposition), showed that overwash burial reduced biomass, but maintained similar plant communities, provided the over- all changes in elevation were not dramatic. Travis (1976), also using a quadrat technique, showed that statistical differences in the. vegetation l year after overwash did not exist between the affected area and an adjacent area that had not recently been overwashed but was subject to frequent overwash activity. Elevation changes of 30 centimeters or yreater lead to increases in the water-table height and associated changes in the plant community structure. More recently, using aerial photographic analysis, Hosier and Cleary (1977) showed that a cyclic sequence of overwash community types and physiographic features can be distinguished along some areas of the North Carolina coast. b. Methodology. To determine plant community response to overwash burial on a northeast barrier beach, two approaches were used. First, the three sites sampled on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1977 were divided into community types and analyzed based on the range of overwash effects on each community caused 73 ag STD aad a PT NE a ALERTS EAA EN AEE E RE TRIE ARABS AA d See cent Co Mi Deltech aun) Se Jae Aa *~ he i We ie ! . Se , ' wwe ~~ ee rr ae my Mm Vi Cikacoe du #y, be si : sae aN . ‘ i Pt | ee alec tr Vere ; : i ea i -— - » he eee aie i feud daeet: a o Wt i i 1 i 7 , ay il rf zy i an ' : i { M Etna ( i f perenne oN ef Aaa cape a RYN 6m pet ater mapa , ; ot : y 1 x i e i y aay oe *) I i ‘ie é Be i ) CO 2, at ee " i by the 1978 storm. In this analysis, comparisons were made between areas sampled before and after overwash burial. In a second analysis, ali data collected on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1977 and 19783 were again subdivided into plant community types, but were analyzed ag a unit using a two-dimensional ordination technique. in this way, salt-marsh and dune communities were spatially separated and postoverwash communities were associated with either the salt marsh or dune end-points of a gradient of community types. Data collected during 1977 and 1978 on Nauset Spit-Eastham were subdivided to analyze the community response to major overwash sand burial on a north- east barrier beach. For analysis, the communities were divided into three groupings: dune, washover, and salt-marsh (Fig. 35). Whenever possible, quadrats sampled in 1977 were compared with the exact same quadrats resampled in 1978. SSS : Dune Community | prestorm, MEN/7/ a ae | =e —s } Entirely eroded: Partly eroded Entirely | __ away { and partly buried uried ry Comparison 1 Comparison 2 Comparison 3 Overwash Community | prestorm, 1977 Entirely eroded away Comparison 4 Marsh Community Prestorm 1977 ' sn oe epee | Shallow burial (< 34 cm) Deep burial (> 34 cm) 5 years Same year 5 years Same year ofter overwash as overwash after overwash as overwash Comparison 5 Comparison 6 Comparison 7 Comparison 8& 9 Continual overwash Comparison 10 Figure 35. Community analysis: the effects of overwash processes on dune, washover, and salt-marsh communities. Three types of overwash were analyzed for sand-dune communities (see Fig. 35): dunes completely eroded by overwash surges (comparison 1), dunes entirely affected by overwash activity--partly eroded and partly buried (comparison 2), and dunes that were not ereded but were buried by washover sand (comparison 3). In all three comparisons, quadrats sampled in 1977 were compared with the same quadrats resampled in 1978. 74 EOWA PIT AL ENT eae eT TALE AT OLE DLR Lt Lat Lt Ml te AAA AA EE Ue FILET TRA od : \ . se | i he | i \ aa RS OA ‘\ : uid N of -3 4 BORG Bie . , f] \ i - On : vA By 9 Rien Tv aNaN ied = | #5 ey p PRBS ere sell \cT —— f HM eving ine, hepa! wee hee pNer Wis, NWRL Ae baa qth--- 40.0 47.5 0.0 1-T-78 63.7 91.) 91.3 91.3 6.) 63.2 a1.) 91.3 31.7 60.0 ae 40.6 8.7 \-F-a-78 644.9 84.7 64.) B4.7 43.5 e746 84.7 64.7 64.7 $2.5 $9.2 = 15.3 1-F-1-78 ¢9.8 51.2 64.2 60.8 63.0 56.6 20.0 100.6 100.0 100.0 91. 84.7 - ye throat; M = sareh; p © sree peripheral to a waohover; @ = eupretidal 0.05). Most of the vegetation in a the eroded section of site 3 throat originated from plants recovering from Overwash burial. Three quadrats with Ammopntla breviligulata and three quad- rats with Cakile edentula were found in drift material among the recovering veyetation. Comparisons of an uneroded dune before and after overwash burial showed that biomass was reduced significantly but that dominant species temained the same. Only minor elements of the original community were elimi- uated by overwash pressure. A high similarity index (83.6) substantiates the similarity of the buried dune community to the original community. (2) Drift Communities. Comparison 4. During the 1977 sampling period, site 1 fan quad- rats were divided into three parts: (a) the area unaffected by overwash, referred to as the adjacent marsh area (site |-F-m-77); (b) the area affected by overwash where no vegetation grew, referred to as the washover area (site 1-F-w-77); and (c) the area where vegetation either grew through the deposit, or where plants from the adjacent marsh were able to colonize by rhizome es ba extension, referred to as the peripheral area (site l-F-p-77). A map of the a subdivisions of site 1 fan in 1977 appears in Figure 29. Quadrats sampled “3 in site 1-F-w-77 were compared with the same quadrats resampled after the at February storm in order to determine the effect of overwash on an area that 5 had previously overwashed. Vegetation data for the two sampling periods appear in Tables 7 and 19. Test pits, dug in the fan where vegetation had " been present in 1977, demonstrated that all plants on the original washover rid oS ae} surface had been eroded by the storm. 79 Waraes i) Se Se pues es beh) a9 yes as Nemes SVT ayes Cane ran pea po rare we Ph peeks Sea! Se TARE SEN Ra Ba Ga a aptataeton : Seah! Soe AGENT oe aye els estan pst (ieee ees esis Sd * yy NG a Veen ar L ae ee. EN MA es -s \ , ee Flys aio if ‘ Mi : of 6 erates sa Hf LE. i. ee a es ie ens \ oe ee } pelea Beenie \ \ N+ yar ay 5 = a) i aareS Lee nan ies \ ee Se \ fi) PH Bui ices ee avs sehen is ret ASE re At Settle MDBSPNas AN Pay aa Mipa PSR TMNIat Bye Nae Ze LSC + Bae aa wid rei Pye bye Ae i) emi al | hat As rege oy ini "aM PART, ‘ph vey! hay A i 4 Table 17. Summary of data collected from 137 quadrat samples at the site 3 throat section not eroded by overwash, August 1977. Species! Frequency Cover Density I.V. Pet RSIAGNIS pels Renee Total Rel ative Agropyron pungens 2.2 1.1 0.3 0.6 53 l. 3 3.0 Ammophila breviligulata 78.1 38.1 21.0 51.2 792 19.5 108.8 Artemteta caudata 2.9 toh Ons 1.9 27 0.7 4.0 Artemisia stelleriana 56.2 27.4 12.4 30.2 2,944 72.26 130.3 Cakile edentula 8.0 3.9 0.4 0.9 13 0.3 5.1 Euphorbta polygonifolia 9.7 0.4 === SS5 1 <0.1 0.4 Lathyrus japonicus AGE sll hese Bel 97 Reh 27 .6 Rhue radicans 0.7 0.4 O.l 0.1 5 0.1 0.6 Solidago sempervirens 20.4 10.0 2.8 6.8 102 2\05 LSS Spartina patens 0.7 UO. 0.1 0.1 19 6.5 1.0 Pisce ycandn 7 ker caara cent ng 7 gm an G iene = 0. enue Richness = 10. 21.V.'s are importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and density of the plants. Table 18. Summary of data collected from 137 quadrat samples at the site 3 throat section not eroded by overwash, August 1978. Species! Frequency Cover Density T.V.4 Pet Beteve Fet Relative Total Relative ML. DLE aoe SNS GGuU Ga Oa naey LAD Dine Artemista stellertana 24.1 21.4 4.2 25.0 445 45.4 91.8 Cakile edentula 2.2 2.0 0.2 WG -— --- 3.3 Lathyrus japonteus 20.4 18.2 2.0 11.9 104 10.6 40.6 Solidago sempervirens 13.9 12.3 2.3 13.8 36 3.7 29 8 Bare sand 100.0 82.9 Bathe Oa 0.5 IDiversity = = 0. 6750; arenes = 5. 21.V.'s are importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and density of the plants. 80 ghar ER GL me ees RATAN RTE SE 7 nS SRE A Leese sei SU Rat WS R i Ay; | Wa y : / Ag Sede >... ae ult Sh awlquee soTbas piss not’. Leal » SiS) SEMRGA 4 t anaers Way Me nae Aiptt ia ah to er i j258 dat wy, e wae oy i “7 a ren emp | gl MAN tk Se tp caveat ray ser a ae tee pyeciadbo kes ¥ A i ae rye ey i sane Acahene Len LAR Pedi ; - * Lo sate ar iran an sw ti tT aoe et en. Spe, lk i bch hove sia Many Sigil arranein i - es ea en 1 ath es bik 0 Y3 BB. ere Outs.) mE Te ee | saayeconiom oS, sae me pal e peice Perey wet apn , ‘ = Bad Cw wes hed i «0 pee 6 aot apes ah alien a on ere sal Ne yin ero he Mbp F as <> ssa hale in onemn s oo ie i OIC ae cemaaitey PANE Oath ®:, yaievavin | aes rears 2)? MO Ce f pfietek ae ike ie nee maith win “ ee he hitehig: ald Mee in \ fo te sod he coat ‘$6t waet , j sec eee PY a : » oe ly an i - i. oes a Ms 1 ¥ x he eS yh ¢ Bae ke Cee Pty ates edt Leta ana h gent » OE rye if 4b? i vir nies 2 yan m1 Miva! y “ee UND O South 30 South co West ERODED 30 South Figure 36. The site 3 throat section not eroded by overwash, February 1978. Table 19. Summary of data collected from 303 quadrat samples at the site } fan section that was a supratidal washover in 1977, August 1978. Species! Frequency Cover Density 1.Vv.2 Pet Relative Pct Relative Total Relative Armophila breviliqulata 2.3 28.0 0-1 24.0 7 ines 69.5 Artemiaia eteileriana 2.0 24.0 0.05). The percentage of cover of Spartina alterniflora actually increased between 1977 (23 percent) and 1978 (28 percent). The similarity index comparing the two sites is very high (81.6) because Spartina patena and Spartina alternt- flora were effectively able to recover from the shallow overwash burial (less than 34 centimeters deep at this site). Table 20. Summary of data collected from 152 quadrat samples at the site 1 fan section that supported salt- marsh vegetation in 1977 and was buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1977. Spectes! Frequency Cover Tensity Levis Pee Relative Pet Relative Total Relative Se = Mettehlis sptieatsa io.) 0.5 Ot 2 75 i 0.7 . Limontum macht 20.4 8.3 0.8 O.8 91 1 9.2 i Pucctne’iia miritimr 32.2 13.1 2.0 Zed 1,579 53) 15.5 Salreornmia vieqintea 42.8 17.3 3.5 3.9 4,040 3.2 24.5 i Spartina altarmyfiant 56.6 22.9 22.8 25.4 5,072 4.1 52.4 i Spasting patens R2.9 33.6 60.5 67.5 113,681 91.3 192.3 i Suaeda mirttina 10.5 4.) 9.1 9.1 39 0.1 4.4 H Bare sand) U SGLe On © 15.8 t. Drift 9.2 0.2 i ‘Iivers..y = 0.4784; Richness = 7. “EVs ace importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and density oft the plants. 82 Bes ee ee er ae REG: SIAR HW EO £ ee AY _ oe rics yoo ey Parla Aen ene Se reece a5) 16 Ay RIAs “MUAY wa By set eh - ht ef atm eee Per rc Pes eee tea atti Ree sibel: eaters te a ae rouie wl San? age ii wiuee 2q uy . lt ch et ve drove daleyaayn : Od la. pom: tt doves ta paliogle, ks a caning way. ' Wt (bee wen sash “Wy | ‘ak: SuomlaMletN drial Ls % sine ri ‘aioe ‘it ae ip oy “se mow bad ned OY , \ ad qa ere et War ome 7 ‘ " pnyivl? aka Cin mek gala ety } hi af ai ‘Pr aT | , (tai ae | wy 94 44u2 i nes 2 vc, Levelt wee Tut) dala Me hy Sh HR. Band Arp a stimwg dane a At ee i na at tedb ape aiid a Ye Jed hw oeBees mh ve wa ya , hi } yee ets ee gan amen ro mi oie iP Bias veda ‘Vipgha. i, seid ite wy ? | Hae al, wR hiv) i. baa. VES: teehee Deed Bodom weak ene thd ai rer vided, kt vcehey hy oe ee eed Mabie ain * TT parnatinilh & bier Ruut! ae eh ohm dni ‘Aawuino woh testy, Ly dal if cae yl aR: wo +6 arhigwe ys t ay Bee , ay a ee ils hie, ee Oe ee vu tak Ra i aA ay CN a enon, aoe 'f , Ned, be ey eet PRG ip As ie 4 % i ory Table 21. Summary of data collected from 152 quadrat samples at the site 1 fan section that supported salt-marsh vegetation in 1977 and was buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1978. Species! Frequency Cover Density I.V.2 Pet One eNe Pet BORE Ne Hower Relative Sparinn Ce ioe sls EL aR ER oy, a tome Spartina patens 59.9 53.9 35.8 55.7 29,040 88.4 197.9 Bare sand 99)..3 onsmm int, z Drift 6.6 2.1 ‘Diversity = 0.4935; Richness = 2. “1.V.'s are importance values calculated from cover, frequency, and density of the plants. SRA x ANS ~ NN N ( Se SANS ISSSN ISSES AAS SSS NSA . N} ANY SSN NN NACUNESN AN AN AN ANN SSNAY Na Seercthhy ANA DARN Y SANND SAA NSS SANS SS AAS ASR SSN = he oe 1 = Zink “ EA Y Da == i x ee) SS GSS tL o~oS ----- — = > ey a Morgnoo Ree 7 < f \ N “ OF nN y a ~ 0 Soutn ~ 60 South © Nest Figure 37. Site | tan quadrats that supported salt-marsh vegetation in 1977 and were buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand in February 1978. 33 5 . ae OE Cale OT ek el say Soh Aerts sa Soke nye as x Sonne Bele aE Bs AS ES Tet re anid aids stake ‘ ail / 2 ~~ Senay : SEONG. tae sere ae s i “nti aM re ‘hark: weet toh oo hasan ure, i : pte niin HA cane ‘ age wae Mt LB OF) i, Crom ey Te) a ee ba theresa i bee iy H sv na i i Hated i“ bia ayt a4 cue Prat rT fits Pease (b) Comparison 6. Site 1-F-p-77 was affected by overwash in 1972 and had recovered from shallow sand deposition by reyrowth from below the fan surface or by rhizome extension from the surrounding marsh. Comparisons were made between this recovery area and the adjacent marsh (site 1-F-m-77), which Was unaffected by overwash, to determine the community response to shallow overwash burial 5 years after overwash (Fig. 29; Tables 5 and 6). Test pits dug in the fan after the 1972 storm demonstrated that site 1l-F-m-77 vegetation was similar to the vegetation below the washover fan. Mean elevation for site 1-F-p-77 was 17 centimeters higher than the surrounding marsh. Species rich- ness was similar in the two areas (six species at site 1-F-p-77 and seven at site 1-F-m-77). Only Distichlis spicata was present on the marsh, but was not found in the peripheral area. Other vegetation data from Nauset Spit-Eastham suggest that Salicornia virginica, Pucctnellia sp., Agropyron pungens, and Limontum nashit are not able to recover from substantial burial (greater than 0.10 meter). These species probably colonized the peripheral area after the initial vegetative recovery from overwash burial. Kruskal-wallis tests run on all cover and density data demonstrated that in all cases there was a significantly lower value for the peripheral area than the adjacent marsh (P < 0.01). The high similarity index (87.3) indicates that, after 5 years, peripheral ereas of a washover fan affected by shallow burial resemble the surrounding marsh areas. (c) Comparigon 7. All 234 quadrats sampled at site 3-M-77 were compared with the same quadrats resampled in 1978 to determine the effect of deep overwash burial (>0.45 meter) on a salt-marsh community (Tables 12 and 22). Site 3-M-77 was a well-developed salt marsh in 1977 dominated by Spartina patens (cover = 61 percent), Salicormia virginica (cover = 26 per- cent), and Puccinellta ep. (cover = 14 percent). Table 22. Summary of data collected from 221 quadrat samples at site 3 sarsh, August 1978. Spectes! Prequency Cover Density I.V. Pet Feiative Pet felative Total felative SOLOMuECOCIENEESOLO yiewuon mews Ammophita breviliguiz.2 b.4 Artemiat2 eteliesms 9.5 16.7 —_ —_ I 10.0 26.7 Suphoebia selugonifsita 0.5 16.7 _ _ 1 10.0 26.7 Cathuysue Jaronicus 0.5 16.7 0.45 meter), which exceeded the recovery capacity of all galt-mareh plants (Table 22). Mzan elevation was increased by 68 centiseters from 1977 to 1978 (Fig. 21). Topo- graphic relief was increased between 1977 (3c = 0.08 weter) and 1978 (c= 0.19 meter). Site 3-H-77 was extremely flat, reflecting the gradual sedimentation process in salt maershes (Ranwell, 1959). The February 1978 overwash deposit at site 3-M sloped marshward and contained occasional drift piles, which also increased microtopographic differences. 84 Ce ar a, rig Sot ened s ee ne hyd “tent i ; fied: wh watt” or! es hod ian ai ‘ irae ’ 1. iv aie j aphecindaee rb % Pe ae el ian ing al, Wo Aah et A ff q 2 os nL ie ie i es % y ul ? Rot are ie 1 / I. ; ys Pe oe A MIM tHE aie «mera, Lergalgs ik Het ' ae’ De ss Ny « ‘yt 4 F i ; i inde Mat é ana Hamundes ( Iga tai ssid, Heat mn Wh j é wily 4 ee Dy la Hui ; dedi. f ty ih ie mi Cad ae ae at cot neta at: eign > aan Scat oh Salt-marsh plants did not recover from overwash burial that exceeded 45 centimeters. Six salt-marsh species were present in 1977; four drift-line species were present in 1978. Postoverwash vegetation was found in scattered storm-generated drift piles and bay-side drift lines. The similarity index (0.0) emphasized the complete change in plant community composition. (d) Comparison 8. Site 1-F-78 was subdivided in order to analyze a salt-marsh community that received greater than 34 centimeters of Overwash sand burial. Quadrats at site 1 fan that received yreater than 34 centimenters of sand and had not eroded were analyzed. A map of the loca- tion of these 261 quadrats appears in Figure 38. Vegetation data for these quadrats were compiled for 1977 and 1978 (Tables 23 and 24). The 1977 area was dominated by Spartina patens (1.V. = 242.9) with Spartina alterniflora (1.V. = 28.7) and Salteornia virginica (1.V. = 13.1) as subdominants. Mean elevation in the area was raised 72 centimeters. As in comparisons 5, 6, and 7, topographic relief was increased from 1977 (vu = 0.19 meter) to 1978 (c = 0.29 meter). Plants did mot recover from overwash burial in excess c& 34 centimeters. Six salt-marsh species were present in the sampled quad- rats in 1977, while three drift-line species were present in 1978. Postover—- wash vegetation was found principally in bay-side drift lines deposited during the late March spring tides. 4s in comparison 7, the similarity index was 0.0, stressing a complete change in plant community composition in areas receiving deep (>34 centimeters) deposits of sand. (e) Comparison 9. Quadrats sampled at site 1-F-w-77 were com- pared with quadrats trom site 1-F-m-77 to analyze the effect of deep overwash burial on a salt marsh after 5 years (Tables 5 and 7). The mean elevation of the washover area was 41 centimeters higher than the surrounding marsh. Sait marsh vegetation did not recover from the initial washover deposit. Only one species, Spartina patens, was present at the salt marsh, and also on the wash- over fan. Aeolian deflation of the surface created a low area where seedlings of Spartina patens became established. Kruskal-Wallis tests on cover and density of Spartina patene and cover for bare sand showed that there were siynificant diff2rences between 1977 and 1978 (P < O.U1). The high similarity index (42.2) comparing the two areas reflects the growth habit and elevation range of Spartina patens and the sparseness of vegetation on recent washovers. (f) Comparison 10. The 234 quadrats sampled at site 2 in 1S77 were compared with the same quadrats resampled in i978 to illustrate the effect of continual overwash on a mixed high or low warsh community. Site 2 supported a mixed high or low marsh coamunity in 1977 that experienced between 20 and 50 centimeters of overwash deposition during the February storm. The area, however, continued to overwasn during sprine tides until July. Plants did not recover from overwash burial, although at times during the yrowing season dead biomass from the 1977 vegetation was exposed. Drift-line vege~ tation was not present in the area because drift mater‘al was not deposited oa the washover surface. Drift-line vegetation could not have withstood salt- water inundation during the growing season, even if it had been present. (4) Ordination of Data. In Figure 39, wo distinct groupings ate evident in the crdination of data col!ectea on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1977 and 1978: sealt-marsh communities (lower right) and dune communities (upper leit). Marshes affected by shallow overwash burial (site |I-F-p-77 and site 1-F-p-78} 85 S Iai SATA TKN AREAS PEPE po OT Rene hadia wing ea tte ees RE us Tienes = EMEA ae reetinT P) ae \ Bes oN ‘ ef Pay sae 2 , a i veel Yh 0% t , i eS sai is shin ‘tue, bind, Weve ure, tu ‘a ry if on j pte i wat Aas io y Aut nina tS soya ms reliacie: iy taki ’ ‘i eo ‘ : é eit ha if viv Lda » | L kanes Woe. Afea ih ere ra wee South Site Ll fan quadrats that supported salt- Figure 38. were buried 1977 and 34 centimeters of washover marsh vegetation in sand, February 1978. by wore than 86 is) Ress KA Ce wail a nh Pi a ; * Westy oe vA = ot se RESTS 5 aK Soe rele nae Oe STR X eer a ek rane me Uf . rR TT aR eee S 7 Fees * ath até oe ee Nei ma. ae Cis " ) y 1 1 = 1 ; j 1 \ vi 1 NV Rh it i i eet i we r te | Si ligated le mie we io gt tae Paar ayy ' 4 I: r t = AN ha os Table 23. Summary of data collected from 261 quadrat samples at the site 1 be fan section that supported salt-marsh veyetation and was buried List by more than 34 centimeters of washover sand, August 1977. oh Species! Frequency Cover ee: Density I.V.2 na Pet Relative Pct Relative Total Relative =< a ea Agropyron pungens 9.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 40 2 14 #9 a — we — a area Oe ee ee) BT) melanie OMe aie ‘ Wait ont Lionas) eBnnng wide Di Wi provi . wihiw. dada bese ih EA v iiliebhie ‘fl ft ‘er Woe cal Oat Folens oe aya {' i Wo Be eg “feast ly hank heey ey i AGE Gs ear Ed wit Tei, Irs tutte puri tose) Beni0iit rt ft i aM as name ‘yatnnatn yada ban hag sel pe ee uae (teapot nd chal Shean Rh ade WR! igen im pally cil Betrayal yh Bom ina Poe nh naga Sty! pd bel syed vr Ni aap tae ohn SBI) ARH Mert phninih ik Wy oat wi er Hasek yeOU | am iRD! thee Aba, rehcten wai ay Sh HAR, FoR ae: lenen wtf, nae sina isis Te ache pitt Wet eM og “weal Huh, ini Sh co) Pica Ti gre ee ae ay Lg abn UF cay ae) ae seit conker id ae vt ‘ule tan abd he mer: yi etd mun’ TE en iy cll OER vernal yeu al al ‘hi ha Lbbaeid Leet ii sata hip! Svein: ben! ; a‘ a ii macy Fine nin On aha 4 a win mv pa ae Wap heayy Hwee 1 ied 0k Ck Aan RAE MN: Aran ARS Fy 604 NAY La wen i Uh iy Wher nig ett ay ay isle’ fone) aikipedy: TURNER to get 4 jnbanerliie cin AR ate a talib ' RPS iy Beco vei mits Py hae i ea Wik Vo i ! 7 eee er RE " er egy qt ip inside eco ve te oe bl al eh ipa: adit, Ate greys hb aaa “eps vail tei Ue et ownage b Ba Ce Lee . gor wl i alia. dit * co a atl eel, pot bra ita iy ieee a Be vee nl a Py im ( oe. pon ht Ngo ee i en aimee dala Mak: a qin ee ene et nie ‘em patens is able to recover to initial biomass levels within a year after burial by 30 centimeters of sand. Hosier (1973) reported that burial by 15 centi- meters of sand seemed to result in better growth of Spartina patens than burial by 5 centimeters. Other studies have shown that Spartina patens can recover from as much as 1 meter of sand burial under artificial conditions (Benedict, 1981). Four dune species, Ammophila breviligulaia, Artemisia setelleriana, Solt- dago sempervirens, Lathyrus japonicus, and two salt-marsh species, Spartina patens and Spartina alterntflora, recovered from overwash burial at the three study sites on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1977 and 1978. Three dune species, Agropyron pungens, Artemista caudata, and Carex etlicea, which were present in less than three quadrats each, did not recover from overwash burial. Spartina patens (var. monogyna) vecovered from sand burial in two of three uneroded quadrats, but elevation information was not available for analysis. Four salt-marsh species, Salicornia virginica, Limonium nashii, Puccinellia spe, and Plantago maritima (Seaside plantain), present in numerous quadrats, did not recover from overwash burial. A review of data available for analysis appears in Table 25. ‘The elevation for each quadrat was surveyed during each field season. Depth of sand burial was calculated from survey data collected in 1977 and 1978. Holes excavated in the washover deposit determined which quadrats were eroded by storms. Table 25. Quadrat data for analysis of species response to overwash burial. Species No. of quadrats Range Limit Eroded buried Recovered 1977 1978 1978 (cm) (cm) a ren re rr re EES ES EE Salt marsh “Smoniun nashit 91 ele sk CR 0 "Tantago mairitim 37 0 37 0 45-84 9) Terctneliia sp. 180 4 176 0 4-98 0 “:iieormia virginica 286 0 286 0 8-98 9) “rartina altermiflora 176 0 176 74 4-116 921 ‘rirtina patene (decumbent) 554 16 538 83 4-116 33 ge ke: ee ee ee ‘arapyron mungene sé 18 2 0 Goss meumons tsophila breviliaulata 425 317 108 08 5-98! 53 ‘ntemiata caudata 10 6 4 a) 4-36 uy) ‘stemisia stelleriant 214 137 77 31 5-595 59 “trex etlicea 1 0 t 2] 51 0 “athyrus japonteus 8&8 35 53 24 8-65 43 Tolidago sempervirens 56 25 31 12 5-67 56 Srartina patens (upright) 65 62 3 2 ena? res SSS SS Ee ‘the reiiefof the steeply scarped edge of he sand road at site 3 was 0.98 centimeter. The next deepest deposit was 0.59 cenifmeter. “No elevation data were coilected at site 1-T in 1977. 92 ssi TET RE NT ROE ATCA FEN ny POAT So ee AP PT ee TPT TT TET AT DT Tae ht Pet Gpeiateens x pe a a Aa ERMAN | Bigtsinaae aes LIC alt aes ad “fi ig Le; ee a Pie Ps ‘ « e Ny ts bedi benene? aes Cae ee Peer et toe ea i | Pe ey Pa PP tai apn at fated a ss gow ey ag ==? ryesy ay rus tz r . fort ae aie Mees Po Fy S, pre ee ier Dee * ad ae ifs | an Fe "9 Pe a iat ae BE wee Oe cre ' Tar Pee he ~ Y CPE) ‘ SAD ihe tse set ehe ee a ¥ ae iF ae en SV Pee ; “byt Minty, a: G re iH pe mnoed, fue ws +S ch, id rN ext wal ste» ‘eteny one 5. hiked: aid g hate eat mace At ry) Ye Arweiy ser oe ib a VCS Lely RR ets Mat Ie cae Cee Ts Sie , do Fhe orale Prepare, Ph ia FT. cabs Hy A a, ane ae fn ee a . Shed! nse eRe Se 1 yin py) His dat s S :- oe out Ware vy ‘- ily ~ ple sayy oe is siti eae eae Bi prs ty wy ty aS) main i ame be wa sta | ah pan" aH RE ieee > : Ve yard Pas Pyle ae a SOY ih ve Us) ars Gh: ie te en | nena, aah AORN Lae ii Pea easy : ine wit Ne yt nr it bate \yMas mols I Weta ate A 0.05). Figure 41. Comparison of burial depths for quadrats of Ammophtila breviligulata that recovered and failed to recover. 93 } aN isin “asic m Neat ro ot Cot oy ur id “Wy wv, meee ae sa “on: ied 2b tage with iprereeren ‘were, bq hs LS Mid ono badd \ bie SRD hab: Qmaiio Henly j bye ened x ue” : iy ' i let t CG Te ! i i acer ‘ ‘ teh: Yi ‘ ois my , Hcl’ Main? crit raw ‘ahh ind Ulla a be pele die be ie HHP Mt bbe ye “Sera io AG ie vil ‘ laa dH mE There is a significant linear relationship (P < 0.05, r = 0.245) between initial (1977) Ammophila brevtligulata cover and final (postoverwash, 1978) cover for recovering quadrats. The initial cover data mean for quadrats that failed to recover (X = 21 percent cover) was significantly lower than the initial cover data mean for recovering quadrats (x = 31 percent cover; Fig. 42). Forty-eight percent of the quadrats (19) that failed to recover had cover values of less than 10 percent; 29 percent of the recovering quadrats (20) had 1977 cover values less than 10 percent. The recovery of quadrats with very low preoverwash Ammophila breviligulata was less than quadrats with higher cover values. Fafled to recover from overwash ii burial. x = 20-9 (40 cases) Recovered from overwash buriai. x = 31.2 (68 cases) No, of quadrats Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P <¢ 0.05). 40-49 $0-59 Initial cover value (pct) Figure 42. Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Ammophila brevtligulata that recovered and failed to recover from burial. There is also a significant linear relationship between initial and final density for recovering quadrats (P < 0.01, r = 0.562). Initial density for recovering quadrats was highly significantly greater than nonrecovering quadrats (Fig. 43). Eighty percent of the nonrecovering quadrats had fewer than five plants before the storm, while 56 percent of the recovery quadrats initially had fewer than five plants. Failed to recover from overwash burial. x = 3 (40 cases) 2 40 i} 5 Recovered from overwash 3 304 burial. x = 8 (68 cases) o © 20 2 Kruskal-Wailis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which plants Initial density (hc of oxes per quadrat) did recover (P < 0.01). 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 >50 Figure 43. Comparisons of initial density valuee for quadrats of Ammophila breviligulata that recovered and failed to recover from burial. 94 weed (205.0. 6 2 QO > 1b diteoortaloy aon ti a _- ,#a tres ary Saar) ton sears BIgts¢.9 4 uond & Siar Jedd evovhane 90% ser egab seven in: Y wit .ooeshene 2 aixusnaen t oa ned: saa, yt cas Hinge 7 (7604 a2oset00 It © ay: iavece?,. oF) bed ted : on Meamiw Th @ &) gaat ip lyavens lL wee poh: 2AWOD: ite a ed Red Coed - aia (el) Sen sheop if 7 aL a a uderysral, ued 9 yoltevases ade Ae due ) U7) jinepssey: Ve Ae egal sai aay Lay.) i tThaup AP -Qrevonel O27 gleedieg 01 curls gest veudey sevoy | er bah nat? aes any as ig, nved otss al wa ey 181g wol % ehaigh Ay. Kaas - Ce) eee > Of) baliayl ge Pinas Io ead © % taathaen A Sertad tarptave \eerl yowoaet Pal) wee WO) tw awe +? pea ceey eet varlewss deed eile Lysis al yevoes) 44 Lit Glnaiy Waite wt eens ef ma ‘ ao ts attl tite bi ta vetits «@ te: » eee? \ ) f ee ee ‘gush, Opes a) achijhewp vel hae : my Ps mn | | 1 } . f r 5 : — ahi kee pee ty ' ee way el rat : wovtiiy Fyne yd wx «ipiwd motd veyooe> qi belted fe besaweones Sets ws odune Shas A at wHesad Gideneisetieed geansd Yomy) Y tons a) ‘bole ve ‘+ me seat S4h6EsO 4 (iO DM) wrerbows gareeyennd: 20 wil Fevoseaiion - “dads t28eIg Ys oe {hing ha why et wa #3635 sim yin wag 294° gad uiuzhaup quiievesasnen oh to aprapieg Riis «(te wR as bias aaah Yew os, wae Io sineoved 4° ‘altdw arate. ans woreted nInedit’ : a Pe tee ee r Mebane avet nen s, Tae) badly ROOK pt) Vorterne Ub bal Let 7 ie! (poems Us) fey faim a) oe le cS ee ee oe | ) Aad is hun Bk 0 y er : i nen 7 ‘@ - een ae oP? fea eet Pend ml llc Eectten> heewrey, pet Lid wieety Cobte wh weertsrin rai im vk sig eee UT rate eet ee) Wehr mh hee Le aginn w ah ee wraelg at ei anwohe oth com mee wy PE RE VER RE, 9 te uy) ? > qwaint a, _ Mewe by dng be ier aids ro Setermen 7 esis ooh. putes “a sid Ratetnd So. Pree ME tabies wivel saraut oo boldna ben | betdavesoy aa wba oluphlivers Multiple-linear regression was used to determine if there were an inter- action between initial (1977) cover or density values and burial depth that could lead to a significant prediction of final cover value. A significant relationship was not determined. ? Ammophita breviltgulata is able to recover from 59 centimeters of overwash sand burial. Plant recovery shows no ditferential response to burial depth. The physiological limit of Ammophila breviliqulata for recovering from burial was probably not reached in this field study. Initial cover reflects original aboveground biomass and often may be used to predict final cover. Initial density reflects the number of tillers that can yrow through sand deposition, The ability of a plant to grow through a sand deposit must be determined by the amount of stored material (carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds) that can be remobilized for the large burst of growth needed to reach the new sand surface. Plants that produce high aboveground biomass, measured by the cover figure, are not necessarily those plants with best below-ground biomass and therefore storage capacity. High aboveyround biomass may be produced at the expense of stored material, but may also reflect a greater ability to produce photosynthate and therefore greater storage ability. Density data indicate the number of actively dividing apexes present that can prow through sand deposition. While cover and density data for Ammophila breviligulata were highly correlated (1977, r = 0.548; 1978, r = 0.522), density is a much better predictor of recovery ability (cover, r = 0.245; density, r = 0.562) than cover. Overwash activity is important in dune-building processes, at least during the early stages of developinent (Schwartz, 1975). In some areas, overwash swashes will climb low dunes without causing major erosion. Energy will be dissipated and any entrained sediment will settle out on the low dune area, resulting in sand deposition and dune growth. Differential deflation of wash- overs also leads to the formation of dunes. Hosier (1973) and Godfrey and Godfrey (1974) cite the role cf washover sand deposition in the formation of low, Uniola dunes in North Carolina. Some overwash deposits contain Uniola panteulata (sea oats) fragments that regenerate, grow, and trap sand. The combined action of sand accretion in vegetated areas and unvegetated washover fan deflation led to the formation of small dunes. Dune size is limited by the amount of available sand, which is reduced by (a) the formation of a heavy lag layer of shell and pebble, and (b) the development of dense vegetative cover on the washover fan from recovering or colonizing plants. Limited areas of the Nauset Spit-Eastham dune line were buried by washover sand. Sa Sn e PASS: coe OFF S Sree es SBS. \ Weise “of a ae —ttitise. s “Vc F268) asnbay £e , “Sy w 050 96 8} H2 : neds ne BE. 30 Lee ae | original i overwash 100m surface 0.50 10) b.) Original overwash deposit and erosion of seaward face of the origina! dune--February SS es oS OS OS eS SSS Se original 100m s >— deflated ovyerwash Ye surface 0.50 0) c.) Partial deflation of overwash deposit and Ammophila recovery | (up to 59em)--June ae -------; Ae sori ging réwerked } surfecs | id.) Differential deflation and accretion--new dune formed, ecisplaced Handwagds 7 Auguels Figure 45. Model of direct overwash involvement in dune building. 97 * “ i) =! i ; a a 5 i i 1 r : 1 1 j y if : 7 elie © lpcoyerentie isha sides Sg planet tenn marpeatstiarres —4 sabe aly Alin ; } i a Mya ween dl i 4 een 5 he yi" » pl ger ’ ieee io | Vie g 4 iw | ll j : if en a, | i 4 er i t N j chen duncobaere Apt Hrerslhimeo paamerbinepeliireyiait ieee malin seri i ipa er | {bevels bay es ee iu t ‘ ‘ale i tt) es ee re gee ayer reset aman dh gtr care eh gb ole de ge mmm wine f . io pe ms 4) h ’ ' 1 i ™ . ~ | h Ape i ' ‘\ i " Be th Ta ape ‘ 1 ae to Ne } » wi Buiahe y ‘ ‘ it re Te eT Gee Ta cote” by Poo 4 ae we ; t. ras pire : i ‘ Yup dre) Aad he rte Alyy hairy eh i eens OY ark Mert Cyt 4 uae ; nts bib ‘atnathen cae ae: ae i ean eka ein vis it ie ve nit a eam nt sith # a i a aaah Overwash burial of low-lying dunes was limited on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1978; it was a more common occurrence in areas with very young, accreting dunes, such as the southern end of North Beach in Chatham. Embryonic dunes developing in drift lines and dunes developing as a result of Ammophila breviligulata rhizome extension from an established dune field are subject to nonerosive, limited overwash burial. Overwash probably plays a significant role in the early development of vegetated dunes in the northeast by providing large, instantaneous supplies of sand which increase the rate of initial dune development. (b) 50 from burial does differ significantly from Initial cover value (pct) the rank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P < 0.01). pas nf Figure 46. Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Atemisia steliertana that recovered and failed to recover from burial. a Failed to recover from overwash burial. eS x = 33.1 plants per 50 cm* (46 cases) Recovered from overwagsh burial. x = 49.3 plants per 50 cm@ (31 cases) No. of qucdrats oO Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean : jee fees femy—4 for quadrats in which plante did not recover O-19 20-39 60-39 S100. from burial does differ significantly from Initial density (No. of oxes per quadrat) the rank mean for quad .t9 in which plants did revover (P < 0.01). Figure 47. Comparisons of initial density for quadrats of Artemtsta stelleriana that recovered and failed to recover from burial. 98 ne i vn et i wh phot tania eee met ets uh grt xt f uw nf rab nic | Hocban ceaeny yey girly Naa. Ue nopiawae), He te ohne ae ee nome Moet To hy el vith: He algeeyadl a ‘tay cit DOA RY: PERE By ad goatdue ty at ene, brlarhet di eae oy Sm ee ities et. ae ave Lay 1a wom, ” oa vi pet tel rh A salieri Ye OAD tT nb Pe AP LHowtehOws iF ane elfiits gS.end ee Pe oe m , pts ae PA dco tlle! bekaay wera) \ A pond jai hg ft Vai at 4 Sin) em 7 . my ti mj $3 eel aT | fo ‘imi ‘pi inus 1 S aavy te ay " : ot ae thee fs Wael HONS FoRoOnsy wes Ud oe eawooes, Ont ai bis yal dow a a a a 7 Ga Date Loe in oe, pie Sh hott AY, ena Kas Se aiay ify ‘ett Wie ; Hy am eS | Ne F ae “oy ea ua ”3 byrase Bae eres ely, lift va Be nae tesa: Pwd Ae rs eb nt tie) aie aay: po WA Qa oy . » RO Kenbopet Vadinee: oki DEE ee ee 1 ie a BrCl eRe Sch eaty ie “aed EE | reer tT: Bh 4 : hoe Sp a te I oA ‘Sa nist i i CS ths tea OR hae ey . Z hy 4 et a : » a tage 1 j on 7 i H ‘i. ay : : ee i eae nay rh stam od kyr tag. arc ae aawuee ; mi: a ponitny ‘Watton ia tow Wh. 6 Hite cate, eV PY ul ee Hoh. ' years NL Ee a et maith 7k aa i ‘ } eae) ADR Ot Ree pat + aiINe caves Migiignd hs: wees wa pss born beavbget a ie v 7 iy rn by mb, apn I avon ae ‘bakd Hikes ot met bikie l yaa Src oer ao i he Wiican hid ; i Bs hak Lngae. WErHIR by i iat) mm } fe mint 1 ks rons ive ala 2 mr == Failed to recover from overwash burial. x = 29 cm (46 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. * = 30 cm (31 cages) No. of quadrats Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did noc recover from burial does not differ significantly frow the rank mean for quadrats ia which plants did recover. (P > 0.05). 10-19 Burial! Depth (in cm) Figure 48. Comparisons of burial depth for quadrats of Artemista stelleriana that recovered and failed to recover. Artemista stelleriana is able to recover from 59 centimeters of overwash burial. Recovery is not dependent on burial depth, but is dependent on initial cover and density. The limit of Artemista stelleriana to grow through sand was probably not reached in this field study. Multiple regression showed that there is a significant linear relationship between depth and initial cover and final cover. This relationship reflects the fact that plants recovering from deep burial do not produce as high a total aboveground biomass the first year after burial as plants that are buried by less sand. The relationship of cover data to density data can be used as a measure of indi- vidual plant size. The slope of the regressicn line, describing the linear relationship between cover and density, was greater in 1978 (11.78) than it was in 1977 (0.422), suggesting that fewer plants in 1978 contributed to any given cover level. Individual axes of Arteittsta stelleriana were larger in 1978 than in 1977, although the actual number of axes was much lower in 1978 than in 1977. Burial in some way stimulates Artemisia stelleriana growth. Fewer axes have a larger resource base to utilize and may expend less energy in both intraspecific and interspecific competition for light, moisture, and nutrients. Under typical drift line er dune conditions, Artemisia stelleriana plants may be buried by a few centimeters of sand each year. Buried axillary buds break and new aboveground axes are formed creating a circular mass. In areas that receive little aeolian sand, Artemisia stellertana plants are made up of small scattered axes. Artemtsia stellertana yrows beet in recent drift lines or on low dunes, which experience low-level burial and receive maximum solar radiation; it is almost never foued on well~established building dunes. Ammophtla breviligulata grows best in accreting areas and may fatally shade out the low-growing Artemisia stellerianma plants. Seedlings of Artemisia stelleriana nave been found only in drift lines during the past three field seasons. Individual plants found in dunes probably originate from 2ither seedlings in drift Lines or from fragment regeneration. Artemisia stellertana can recover from continuous, low-level burial and appears to recover from high levels of burial, but would probably fail to keep pace with continuous high- level burial (either from overwash or aeolian processes). Overall plant density and cover are significantly reduced by overwash. 99 “phar ) Lo. wah eiblimal each lah Toat yah, wwe + 7 ‘Heed a ys 4 a! t ri A! hh lsat 4 : § Tapeee FP ae Ft < y apie te ' a ‘ 2 c "f pi hited Mahi bte « ze il cyrel r j , ‘che tk 1 ae ; | a t ii S ‘| : cy Be a7, 3 ‘ ‘ Sb) ‘ ‘ om. ¢ i" int hy wie * vib a! : Ney |. 4 : ; 4 : ' } Ni | +e HOI, *ORRID. tog) 8 i ‘ te ee * X < : heb dex 1 a } Gee *”. : chy hh dak, cys col) ry ‘ ey aL be r - ear ra coped hey Ayer 4 hiner ue 4 jeoaedangm oe ong VeVi Myo tea a Lersyoue att atekepiieg | ‘ * i 5 f ; ; wi 0 F 7 ff i mas , ve j . : ras 0 a Me fica ; Peo, 10) eee ne Be max ronda wide el pp pet ay He | oy ebay ean ‘sae hig fab OA Wonibi pared ‘ie Tithe eh aot tte vom ‘| ot ial 5 Ve torte) Se: Ay Rae? ‘ane aN apres ‘in beasts fhe lait ae: MOS SAP eek LA tee 0h) vio ong pee pie eT ea oe bees ponies de e. OL é Te, Lgl ipa de “is ae , er an bs) it iy ieav ie BIN a Ny vere ne aT webe Bic etent get By aot 4 Dee Caehag Reh en b oe ATC ORs ie an a ha rac bilo “Toe, 4 ra pr. aay abt AS? Vc a, eS “beret ed ug My Soe TA yt SAO au, : bea hanadt, ip wipaual de fits oy tion ' 1 + ce Ne 8 ekst Lo 5G Hi pty bbs ew" neni er old ton on ayes uy (yt Rahs “ohh ay a phe heh heme ‘0b pared yh, o at eg ; 0 ea ror i ae ty brian SM ae tet RET ET « Haba sitcom of EL ae tepe 33) > Tae igy3 nt jae wei) iy ? Ass cal iy pistes +f Wedlaoe . Se hienat a at Pinh SMES | “oie: 9 lngpae » du varie. ye mbit ettiaris tyi Mahiaed plled Se eel dee si) be ay ‘seni sogete Mowe ee 5 hate (See tee Bw, death Qo) Tbh 20d, cid Taad: Pa Be ach annie infels hemis, dus StL. yO2aUh antl Tihs nt thew, bowl ‘weed! 4 Waithe, weld om MeO Ud udey wooph PL Anpod. .esdety, J oe 4 * ether? oe iss stator’ Pasian me ica. ag) eo eee) 3 ve nd Fo hit cara) Lp (DOA oF) anebae Dirk Dgk hl Tyualmingh Phar tin artes elt did ve a! ips naey 6345), tite od) ted ddan 1 fyiantvie "a jibes} Tae POO. TUaviie erage myTe4s> to er aun aat & ; gla kG va. he weber’ Hage rile & ya re aie ee Oi Oe ei i fol tal Soe tel ik ini ki! (c) Lathyrus japonicus. Fifty-three quadrats with Lathyrus japonicus were buried by between 8 and 65 centimeters of washover sand. A total of 24 quadrats (44 percent) recovered from as much as 43 centimeters of burial; 29 quadrats failed to recover from overwash burial. Comparisons of recovered quadrats to quadrats that failed to recover, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, showed that burial recovery is related to initial cover but not related to initial density or burial depth (Figs. 49, 50, and 51). Using the 24 recovered quadrats, it was found that plant recovery is not linearly related to Lurial depth, initial cover, or initial density. Correlations were not found among any of the variables using multi- ple regression. In 1977 there was no relationship between density and cover for Lathyrus japonicus; but in 1978 there was a highly significant relation- ship between density and cover (r = 0.589, P <¢ 0.01). Lathnyrus japonicus can recover from as much as 43 centimeters of overwash burial. Brightmore and White (1963) reported that Lathyrus japonicus can grow through as much as 40 centimeters of aeolian sand burial. Plant recovery shows no differential response to burial depth. Plants buried by 43 centi- meters recover to biomass levels comparable to plants buried by less sand. The physiological limit of Lathyrue Jjaponteus may not have been reached in the data available for analysis. The yrowth form of Lathyrus japonicus and the sampling technique used may explain the correlation between initial and final density. Well-established Lathyrus jgapontcue plants are larger than other dune plants. A Single aboveground axis commonly measures mere than 40 centi- meters. Density figures were calculated for all plants im both dune and marsh areas using the number of individual axes breaking the substrate surface within the 50-square-centimeter quadrat. Density and cover data for 1977 were not correlated for Lathyrus japonicus because many individuals may have been present in a quadrat but anchored in an adjacent area. Lateral buds break dormancy along the Lathyrus japonicus stem just as in other dune and salt-marsh plants, but internode Tength is much longer than in the other plants that were analyzed. The amount of rhizome or stem and the number of individual leaves present in any given quadrat will determine the number of axillary buds (plus the original apex) present. A plant may be anchored in a quadrat but have no apical meristem or tateral bud present. Unlike 1977, the 1.78 cover and density for Lathyrus japonicus were highly correlated. Recovering plants broke the sand surface in early June, which was later than other recovering plants in the area. Individual plant growth was robust during the summer, but aboveground internode length was much shorter than in plerts not affected by overwash burial or deep aeolian deposits. Plants were more densely oriented about the central axis in 1978. Lathyrus japonicus grows on well-established, accreting dunes although Ammophiia breviligulata yrowth may be very dense. Lathyrus japonicus, as all dune species, requires high light intensity but is able to compete with Amnophila breviligulata for light by internode elongation. Lathyrus japonicus plants found in high dunes with Ammophila breviligulata have extremely long axes with long internodes. As with Artemisia stelleriana, no seedlings of Lathyrus japonicus were found in established high dunes. Lathyrue japonicus frequently seeds in drift lines and can regenerate from rhizome fragments. Plants found on high dunes were probably originally established in very low areas and grew through washover and aeolian send deposits. New dunes can be colonized by the massive lateral rhizome systems of Lathyrus japonteus plants. 100 e ‘ re + era _ ) ei . Pi, * a ‘OGTR ryt + Oe ‘seid arty i hea oe : 15: Ho an oF is hha ows EA? Het! at “hide DAtra ele F . Labs Teawo Ss ey ri dedoy ; Serr at 7 Lidtal edd Woogie. os Hoatbout Ned _ a ios t wot y 7 at {ied-4 0! Ji t rh ee asap nae oA | 4 it ‘4 Kena ig 1a. les Sic. OS wag hoe Ls re Taf sayod i sie gilt bee br AAS iy hi BesovGrhe) ae ah > a a okSRE A r oh Gon fo) ah Oh ide! ee eens ten b Mir ie. oe - ha y AVE eort 't ; Y bide has rie ae ‘ee 7 tet ow Syne) vara Meath A} ramet Ag ; aia oa. i ; 16 4 “i ybiged Owe Chace, Gant ; ; yaa'de a Bie ie oe xy pik se hak 4 4 eral Eh ] ‘ ; ‘ TY Buse Peek seer: ‘A ge foun ae : Ao tet of ; wad ; ar itll Me spon s e ute i ¢ £6) } » 2 fc if re Y i, ne 4 F av “ae beekin y wot A © ‘Bi bed cleiaod » WH eiyet. gy base hue odes : ty ag AH ONY, yw UNS” densa ectane 11 wld ue 2 : ie hy Wie ee ein Noa weRs sigh A -itdetins ‘ ran h . (OD IG Lanta sea wer Hye eaten st +) ie ADD SEP Ue wane tab ee b Le. esau Bi } i me ; 17, UD WR Feyut 4 ih Pate: tay all as KES Ving eer oc ait ty, a ae Ayet hare 34 To 0 ae His} a? RET fa et a sty hy ii. Seb, Ae foehy rogaat rit ot | OTM CW atr Mie ee 0, Lee ea f i hy Witrke, tw 4 nid a bi bLVe: yer nant u in ; Ov he ily yi: 3! eri tie tis, Von, dite ta ip! 4 tar 7 ; yaaa le } i ; Puy sek tt heat ; Aly pape. Gy taes "rity ; a yetety Vi 3h ‘ume ve (iat te Pye oF PAR ae ee Sit: i] ; (ALidogne. MhADode ip te sf io, Seta ws panes, Ae nt ha} a d A HER L cus oe Pato, ahd): ayers Painter Hig bri, s2 ne Skye. ni Pack SUP , ait) ‘iy fentth He Baisehe pa ; a epee Ante! ty ti ‘ Sean ius» Beem, Ait oe hype theese h LG eis Fes ss re rein rere mR ET RS _ Failed to recover from overwash a burial. x = 5.76 pct cover (29 cases) Y) Recovered from overwash burial. x = 13.4 pct cover (24 cases) No. oi quadrats Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean a for quadrats in which plants did not recover caval eee) from burial does differ significantly from 1-9 10-19 20-29 «30-33 40-49 2D the rank mean for quadrats in which plants Initial cover value (pct) did recover (P ¢ 0.91). Figure 49. Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Luthyrus Japonteus that recovered and failed to recover from burial. Failed to recover from overwash burial. x = 1.66 plants per 1/4 m* (29 cases) Recovered from overwash burtal. x = 1.79 plants per 1/4 m* (24 cases) No. of quadrats Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean z for quadrats in which plants did not recover I-2 3-4 5-6 from burial does not differ significantly Initial denstty (No. of axes from the rank mean for quadrats in which per quadrot) p)sants did recover (P > 0.05). Figure 50. Comparisons of initial dvasity values for quadrats of Lathyrus Japontcus that recovered and failed to recover from burial. \4 Failed to recover from overwash = burial. x = 33 cm (29 cases) a Recovered from overwash burial. $ X = 28 cm (24 cases) o od i=} ° Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean 22 for quadrats in which plants did not recover oa : from burial does not differ significantly aes cfEES) from the rank mean for quadrats in- which Burial Depth (cm) plants did recover (P > 6.05). Figure 51. Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Lathyrus japonicus that recovered and failed to recover. (4) Solidago sempervirens. Thirty-one quadrats with Solidago sempervirens were buried by between 5 and 67 centimeters of washover sand. Soltdago sempervirens in 12 quadrats (38 percent) recovered from as much as 56 centimeters of buri+l; a total of 19 quadrats failed to recover from overwash burial (Table 25). Comparisons of recovered quadrats to quadrats that failed to recover, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, show that recovery from burial is not related to initial cover, initial density, or burial depth (Figs. 52, 53, and 54). 101 Ore i i 1 ; a Pkt me ino gt tein mt ‘ fi ee ee ay ‘ ‘ iy) : Oni Re { , Hye Se% 1 yeh 1 biti i ; i i he Pha id a lh kV we i. qe ‘ BAiRPoma RN tt and WAY fin ew a uF Dye Hime | OS Baca oe 2 Pe uke Aide Gy Bh \ f f i i a. : 4 ay LDL: Pp ; : iat a , iy (ei PAL eye an thy We ows Lait 7 5 he) mT . pry 4 Vi rite Ot) Oa PHT it, 9 PE al cue ao Pee Me ee ve eh A ul) RR sO erecta WES ’ eh As RETR EST 4 ti Shae 44 i sf , ; / pee naw 1 ‘fuse abies art Wd VG she wi yy aa os ag a : . ia Dae if eee Adel hey Gitte TODS oP i we ¥ at ya oat ete Gare swe ; i » (Reg if, aad 2 PSEC 1 ie, eet OA ft AR ee ie ime ABA RL RRA ey BY ec et ee we a | CEL) a 4 itt, SHURE Pe) cd 8 Ml =~, Failed to recover from overwash burtal. x = 14.3 pet (19 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. DI x 2 15.5 pet (12 cases) Kruskal-Wallis cest results: The rank mean 5 ee 2 nee for quadrats in which plants did not recover O-s 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 >50 from burial does not differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which initial cover volue (pct) plants did recover (P > 0.05). No. of quadrats Figure 52. Comparisons of initial cover values for quadrats of Soltdago sempervirens that recovered and failed to recover from burial. Pailed to recover from overwash Ea burfal. xX = 3.1 axes per quadrac ” = (19 cases) 3 Recovered from overwash burial. 3 xX = 3.8 axes per quadrat co = (i2 cases) ° S Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean = a for quadrats in which plants did not recover (<2) 3-4 5-6 7-4 9-10 >0 from burial does not differ significantly Initial density (No. of oxes per quadrat) from the rank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P > 0.05). Figure 53. Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats ef Soltdago sempervirens that recovered and failed to recover from burial. ma Failed to recover from oveiwash 34 burial. x = 33 cm (19 cases) Recovered from overwash burial, 2 x = 40 cm (12 cases) ° . Se S Lae Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean ° "ES SY )] ee i for quadrats in which plants did not recover Ss 0-9 10-19. 20-29. «30-39 «40-49 from burial does not differ significantly . from the rank esan for quadrats in which Burial! Depth (in % Depth (in cm) plan.s did recover (P > 0.05). Figure 54. Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Solidago sempervtrens that recovered and failed to recover. Using the 12 quadrats that recovered from burial, it was found that plant recovery is not correlated te initial cover, initial density, or depth of burial using multiple regress{.n. In both 1977 end 1978, correlation between cover and density for Solidago sempervirens was highly significant (1977, P< 0.01, r = 0.421; 1978, P < 0.01, © = 0.878). Solidago sempervirens can recover from as much ae 56 centimeters of over- wash burial. Plant recovery showed no differential response te varying burial depth. The physiolegical limit ef Solidago senpervirene to grow through sand deposite may not have been reached using the available data, but four quadrats with more than 59 centimeters of overwash burial did fail to recover. Quad- rats with high cover end density did not recover from burial eny better than quadrats with low cover and density. Solidago sempervirens plants can vary 102 Bn i ee Sie EE eS RT PS EO ae ENN ONS CN IEE IV UNE MERON Se Ge Res cl Mi ti a Vie A" ee ae ena il t peat "A Nena Hi ARR WT i 7 " VE ee Lee! ee Dey Oe a AT a Oe 1 i re | Wi Ne i ose e Lea itm tien wie Vy igh tees di s ET RY CRM oy eet che a Peay RLY ter Pe ea Pram; A Doh ets a Vedi a aM a pee non. lt, i ‘tet ey ‘Waa: iy Lele Dyicge P! Ce are bia ita ca ne nn cm RE OR OR RR TR TTY ET TT OS in size. Individual plants sampled in site 3 ranged in size from l- to 24- percent cover in a 50-square-centimeter quadrat. Solidago sempervirens has the largest below-ground storage organs of the epecies studied. Roots form adventitiously along buried stems which can reach more than 1 centimeter in diameter. In both 1977 and 1978, cover data were highly correlated to density data. The slope of the reyression Line can be used as a measure of plant size. The Slope in 1978 (11.06) greatly exceeded the slope in J977 (1.95). The number of individual Solidago sempervirens axes in the noneroded quadrats in site 3 was Significantly reduced by overwash burial (1977, 102 ayes; 1978, 36 axes). Plant cover for Solidago sempervirens was, however, not siynificantly reduced (1977, 2.77 percent; 1978, 2.34 percent; P > 0.05). One-third of the plants were covering a statistically similar amount of surface area. OQOverwash burial reduces the number of individual axes (plants) but stimulates plant growth. Soltdago sempervirens plants affected by overwash are approximately three times larger than unaffected plants. Like Lathyrus japonicus, Solidago sempervirens grows well on accreting dunes, although high Ammophila brevitligulata biomass may reduce Solidago sempervirens cover substantially. Solidago sempervirene seedlings have been found on high dunes. Séedlings and regenerating fragments of Solidago sempervirens are also found in drift lines. (e) Discussion. The four dune species that made up 95.3 percent of the I.V. of site 3 in 1977 were all able to recover from overwash burial. In all cases, these species were able to recover from instantaneous burial during the dormant season that equaled or exceeded typical annual aeclian burial levels. Of the four species, Ammophtla breviligulata recovers most effectively (63 percent) from overwash burial. None of the dune species showed a differential response to burial depth. A review of the effect of overwash on the site 3 community that was not eroded away appears in Table 26. The I.V. of Ammophtla breviligulata, Lathyrus japonicus, and Soltdago semper- virens increased; the 1.V. of Artemisia stellertana decreased. Although the recovering percentage for Solidago sempervirens (38 percent) was lewer than for Artemisia stelleriana (40 percent), the percent cover for Solidago sempervirens was statistically similar in 1977 and 1978, while Artemisia stellertana declined significantly (Table 26). Table 26. The effect cf overwash on the importance value of species in noneroded areas of site 3 (137 quadrats), 1978. Species Quadrats with plants I.Ve Change I.V. that recovered (pet) (pet) Ammophtla breviligulata 63 108.8 +24 eas) Artemtsta stelleriana 40 130.3 -30 91.8 Lathyrus japonteus 44 27.6 +47 40.6 Solidago sempervirens 38 19.3 +55 29.78 i ies eee ee f ' or PS g Y ings a a A dalle eee Vasoniay ePulr 4 ‘ a Hehae? ) } : ; { : ‘ i bis Keep hve i pe ity til P Hee =f ii ol Sie (ribs - 4 cue thi. |! wa ; Be, bot aflenry PBI of ‘as Lza 2 a Ripe teny 10 THD a tar’ ‘We: Pas ad ie ’ PML 2 es ry wil ¢ epg ect he : Hib atly ei ! mu aaite ; tare 2 aR lan: Yul: au ttyit ie hsians Mane Kade ed Dor uo f ae : , Nie apevien Bo te OS anni “a SI TL Ss TO ee Rapidly accreting dunes are dominated by Ammophila breviliqulata, with Lathyrus japonicus and Solidago sempervirens as subdominants. Artemtsta steilertana was the dominant species (I.V. = 130.3) in site 3 before over- wash. This area had been stable, receiving little wind-transperted sand. Ammophtla breviligulata is frequently reported to grow poorly in stable dune areas such as site 3 in 1977 (Ranwell, 1964). Overwash in 1978 increased Ammophtla breviltgulata cover and density in relation to other species and revived dune building. Artemista stellertana is likely to decline in importance as dunes continue to develop. The data available for analysis in the dune community on Nauset Spit- Eastham are representative of the range of possible dune areas affecte: by Overwash activity. Dune communities on a barrier beach are restricted to areas above certain minimum elevations. On the ocean and bay side of che barrier beach, dune vegetation is limited to those areas a.t Inundated by tides during the growing season. In the interior of the dune rieit, Ammnophtla breviligulata, the principal dune species, is restricted to areas that are not water-logged due to watet-table conditions. There is not a maximum elevation at which Ammophtla breviligulata will yrow; it is found on sand dunes c1 more than 50 meters. Other dune species are limited by their ability tc grow through continuous sand burial, or less frequently, through large amounts of sand burial from overwash activity. Biomass levels in dune areas are not correlated with elevation. 4mmophtla breviliguiata, which yrows poorly on dunes that are partially inuudated by tides or at low elevations, does not necessarily grow better on the highest dunes. Ammophila brevtligulata yrows best on seaward dune slopes (van der Valk, 1974) and in areas that tecelive continuous sand burial (Ranwell, 1975). Ammophtia breviltgulata rapidly loses vigor on high dunes that are not eccreting. Although only a limited number of supratidal quadrats (137) in site 3 throat were not eroded by the February 1978 northeaster, this area does represent typical dunes affected by overwash processes. The four major dune species on Nauset Spit-Easthsam were present in sufficient numbers for analysis. (2) Salt-Marsh Species. Site 1 was the only sampled area that had low-level overwash burial and plant recovery in the galt marsh. Sand depo- sition ranged from 6 to 118 centimeters. Spartina patene ani Spartina alterniflora in 134 quadrats recovered from 6 to 33 centimeters of burial. Data from site 2 and site 3 yielded little information concerning the vege- tative response to overwash activity; it was shown, however, that salt~maresh plants do not recover from 33 centimeters or more of overwash burtal (site 3) or from continuous overwash during the growing season (site 2). Salt-marsh species distribution is highly correlated to elevation. Salt- marsh plants do net grow below MSL and do not grow above spring high water (Redfield, 1972), with the exception of Spartina patens (var. munogyna) which grows on low-lying dunes. Unlike dune species, biomass levels for individual salt-marsh species are highly correlated to elevation. Spartina alterniflora grows best at the lowest elevations within its range. A band ef Spartina patens occurs at the high elevations in the salt marsh, but Spartina patens grows best at the lower elevations within its range, when not coexieting with Spartina alterniflora. Density data for both epecies are highly correlated with elevation. 104 es eel ae ad dae ba cae a is sie Bhs i ‘i nye : ee oe : ve cr i ’ y Pn q le \ r i i we | hie fh ' nr a rein HR O3 ahs eames ‘SE r Pe eee Al re va fran erb.td b> Sek Dea, ERR eee Soi 4 By i is es ‘ tie en Picea é it. ii) * 4 } ‘ , 4 je Ue} aS et Od nee Es ae 4 parity ), Ay Way 4 q hit iu ah Rae. ABE f ' ‘aan ay Ut eas he pete ao es ye et At: ma ¥, ri j ‘ a Pee u ‘ "4 . woe TO Fi eh iua sy CORREA RRS hd 1 ASA ig ied Fy és OM RG Be aye)! «0 i a i eh Mag at bk he a 4) rie yy int ; ort Lin o fithh FE Weed ooh WT he igh"! a H \ ay st Mtl a hae lly 6 Wied : ore Overwash sand deposition can occur at all elevations in a salt marsh. The depth of sand deposition was highly correlated with eleva:zion at sites |] and 3 during 1978. » ip ig RGM: SUA a, SM aaa 9 Hy AR 5 SY yogey ey iy. : oil Ea oy poly! At , hee awe iy.) ew ni eas re ED pede tia ae shin ttt yn ro ae hh ' Pal ‘Lye Hh aay, ig eae” aes hha y i t oy Veen ‘0 ; iy Jan soe: ei Aver Vm Beet caer Oe) ahi: ; ; wT, V baat “mae a ah aq Failed to recover from overwash sid burial. xX = 0.18 cm (83 cases) 26 Recovered from overwash burial. X = 0.15 cm (83 cases) @ Ce o a=) Kruskal-Wallis test resulta: The rank mean & for quadrats in which nlants did not recover = from burial does differ significantly from S the rank mean for quedrats in which plants So did recover (P < 0.05). 2 a ue ea ee 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 Buriat Depth (cm) Figure 58. Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Spartina patens that recovered and falled to recover. won Failed to recover from overwaeeh Ea burial. x = 0.67 m (83 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. x = 0.57 m (83 cases) Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean tor quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial doee differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which planta did recover (P < 0.01). Nu. of quadrets “7T9=70 -69=60 “59-50 ~49-"Q “39-30 -25=20 "19-10 -9-0 >t Initial (1977) elevation (in cm in retation to arbitrary bench merk) Figure 59. Comparisons of prestorm elevations for quadrats cf Spartina patens that recovered and failed to recover from burial. 38. ES Failed to recover from overwash S88 burial. x = 0.49 m (83 cases) a Recovered from overwash burial. x = 0.42 m (83 cases) Kruskal-Wallis tesc results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ eignificantly from the rank mea for quadrats in which plants did recover (P < 0.01). No. of quadrats Sie “69-60 59-50 -49--40 -39--30 24-20. 19-10 -9-0 > Final (1278) elevation (in cm in relation to arbitrary bench mark) Figure 60. Comparisons of poststorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina patens that recovered and failed to recover from burial. 108 a eee ie | fi po 7 i - ey i i ioe 7, oe wearer, i ad arate | rey oh ‘isha 18) 082.0 a : 4 i Duis “ay we'd wet’ PL een he. ye ee UR CL ae pa) Waa pa aif eRe. ah i mL a £ ry hl 7 i ‘| OPO. FPR.) : : i reli | i N ; : 7 , ‘ . Ta ; deg ie ne ye aha” hints ai i iW a Ned bays : ny Pinata Hn Ait wa Hakan” a8 My ‘pant Aat TY th peel! ; ‘af +f Re " Wy, 4 (ANGE Ora 4 ; Wei, ee atin wii ; an oH tt ry gir ; ne K ‘on iiss mail ll wwite wer ‘hae : ie Loic Lay, a ine Mowe le pala: prt) aiibale Colonie. ‘aitopneaaelt yo We Atty RRM Ry ESHA Ter ei reer} uy eu) bet bh La Vent { A Bg eye eS er pa ea nedae el ReaD i ae Pa Failed to recover from overwash : burial. x = 53.1 pct cover “= (59 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. x = 25.5 pet cover (28 cases) No. of quadrats Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean oz for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly ~-. -\ 20-3y mae) 60-79 80-1 yi 9 Be oI the rank mean for quadrats in which plants Initia! S alterniflora cover (pct) HG) eee MNCE CLO OLN Figure 61. Comparisons of preoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina alternitflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered and failed to recover from burial. Failed to recover from overwash burial. (59 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. (28 cases) No. of quadrats 6 i fa x64 Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean 2 4 a BS for quadrats in which plants did not recover ie a bapa [es Se. pa from burial does differ significantly from 0-25 26-50 I-75 76100, 101-125 125 the rank wean for qua:rats in which plants Initial S alternifiora density (No of tillers) did recover (P < 0.01). Figure 62. Comparisons of preoverwash density for quadrats of Spartina alterntflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered and failed to recover from burial. , Failed to recover from overwash burtel. x = 68 pct cover (51 cases) fA Recovered from overwash burial. x = 32 pet cover (23 cases) No. of quadrats 3 Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover é from burial does differ significantly from 0-19 20-39 40-59 6 the rank mean for quadrats in which plants Finol S alterniflora cover (pci) did recover (P < 0.01). Figure 63. Comparisons of postoverwash cover for quadrats of Spa~tina alterniflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered and failed to recover from burial. 109 soni he: ey led Hue Sins a es ws y astv 6 Hee r Mh Listy | tee i end iM " © *, et POH & am, te ede wih tome ‘shen Sn ae beset — ated D, meni ‘tats ahi: lt “pet ae ath bit, ni is un ane ue " weigt Sweierc i ' AD oe \ awe oD n't ey wi eae: Amwuns } Reet v f Aj : " raed coe whee pany a _ iat Uh a i Puy es tlh coq Failed to recover from overwash burial. x = 66 plants (51 cases) ‘Z| Recovered from overwash. burial. x = 16 plants (23 cases) No. of quadrats Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover y 2) fad from burfal does differ significantly from 0-25 26-50 101-125 2125 the rank mean for quadrats in nich plants Final § gltersiflorg density (No of tillers} dis recover (P < 0.01). Figure 64. Comparisons of postoverwash density for quadrats of Spar tina alterniflora that also contained Spartina patens which recovered and failed to recover from burial. 1.80; oP a= ‘ 170 i ‘ ' ' ' 1 180 ' ' ta s f iba Teer f ‘ ‘ pee tea aa H ae ! ' ' ' nye i ; ' t ' ' ‘ oa) cana! He a Raa i ‘ 2 aly et ive aed i Wieck vials pe poet ) ‘ U ! k ' ry $3 ( ' ‘ 1 5 8 k ' ' 1 ) ‘ ' = z 147 \ 416 ! i Laid £ ' 1! ‘ Eas 3 i 1 BMI0 joel 3 x U | x 3 1068 ok x = 5 x eal 1 0.60 € a 0.628 W be ‘ { eo sine ie : O70 1077 «873 1977 1S75 1977 1873 1877 1970 No of samples- = & 166 «166 63 63 6s 63 quedrets with quedrets with quadrats witin quadrats with S- patera S. pateny 077 S. peters 1277 S.petona recerving < S8em MR recoverttg recovering Of wsehover sand Figure 65. Elevations for quadrats with Spartina patens at site 1 fan, 1977 to 1980. 110 . phe ee, ae ee aiins oe Resor 1) pe Low end ; : +0 ii) 8 en Be MI om . pieden 69) evoniredt 9 hati cee t . ae DALAL: demink "i int vat ‘Ve Me lowe oy ’ \ eee ae yi bi Aten), pes cy A uP genie i) ; x " i to gee hayp Woe Bkaie! As weiner iO ehee sage bd. diva teh (ROP. | peti. deli Sie) Peta Lat 825m 2a my ; a eal yi notes a teh big DT Setaredy i, : Ti By f eens iin + : | 4 J a | . { * ' \ i i i : ‘ : : 4 wel: iy | v ey 5 ‘ ) ; j i enn: ee | ail ies eon Ty it aaa cA < ; ' Oy, ag ( ‘a ae ie ; ' t ¥ } es : a, f 7 } 7 ] ft 4 Ba, } | | ‘ | ' . | i ; ; i SP ia | i | y We ‘i ; i Phe} wivie. to i 4 t oe ny ! ' onthe ny ti oe... ‘ 2 { fi: j ie ec r £ " F i aN « ' } , ' und er RM ae | : i { | ' eo a = = ss —— HR a RR :) | ae a, ee Hoo a Wels ey Ae a gill tan,. it 7 cs, ee ae abe walpyt | ‘y a 7 Su abepag JOR Cok evs ands Keren Ay ds: SRR yb) akg Ue Spartina patens is able to recover from 33 centimeters of overwash sand burial. Unlike the dune species, plant recovery foz Spartina patens is negatively correlated to burial depth, Spartina patens recovers best from shallow burial. Although there is no linear relationship between elevation and recovery, quadrats at higher elevations recovered better than those at lower elevations. The elevation range over which Spartina patens occurred decreased from 77 centineters in 1977 to 43 certimeters in 1978. The mean elevation at which Spartina patens occurred increased by 12 centimeters. Preoverwash density and cover of Spartina patens cannot be used to predict postoverwash density and cover, but quadrats with high density and cover did recover better than those with lower density and cover. In 1977 both cover and density of Spartina patens were highly negatively correlated with elevation. Spartina patens grew best at the lower limits of its elevation range. In 1978, however, there was no relationship between cover and density and elevation. Plants that were able to grow, through sand burial did equally well throughout the 43-centimeter elevation range. Only after initial colonization of the sand surface does the species respond to subtle variations in environmental conditions based on elevation. Cover and density were bighly correlated in both 1977 and 1978. Regres- sion lines for 1977 and 1978 were highly significantly different. The rela- tionship of density to cover, used as a measure of individual plant size, iudicated that plants were larger after recovering from overwash burial than before burial. All the preoverwash vegetative axes did net recover from burial. Plant density was reduced significantly, even in those quadrats that recovered trom burial. Those axes that reached the sand surface were probably able to use a larger amount of the reallocatable resources of the buried plant parts than axes unaffected by overwash burial. Spartina patens generally grows poorly in areas that hud high biomass the previous year. Unlike Spartina alterniflora, much of the dead Spartina patens plant material remains in place for several years, shading newly emergent axes and reducing biomass production. In overwashed areas, dead plant material is buried such that emergent axes receive maximum solar radiation and yrow better than plants with limited light. Spartina patens recovers best in quadrats that in 1977 had fewest Spartina, alterniflora; these quadrats were in the lower range of Spartina patens. The Negative association of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora may reflect the inability of Spartina patens to recover from burial at low elevations as much as Spartina patens’ ability to recover from burial in the presence of Spartina alterntflora. A model for Spartina patens recovery in site 1 fan appears in Figure 66. (bv) Spartina alternitflora. The 176 quadrats sampled at site 1 fan in 1977 with Spartina alterntflora were buried by between 4 and 116 centi- meters of washover sediment (Table 25). A total of 74 quadrats (42 percent) recovered from as much as 22 centimeters of burial; 162 quadrats failed to recover from burial. All quadrats with Spartina alternifiora in sites 2 and 3 were buried by more than 22 centimeters of overwash sand. Using only those quadrats in site 1] that were buried by less than 22 centimeters of sand (133 cases), 56 percent of the quadrats with Spartina alterniflora recovered. ‘ i + > i ‘Re, wine : fone 3 oni (MIE SDR aries 2 et anion ee) gd de pa RD way a Seta gare iy! oa ah eh tot a on 2S. ee sua ; LOR Fat Pye ere ah Bey, ; ‘Sobre’ ke: Tae nt zoe EDA} Mio Avett php Sp aap” acto my iat elerun ert Sigyls: aaa niki ake: a 7 si : p tA in ae . fe aha NS ‘ a RY 4 fe an yt ah) ok fhe 2°) yt a i ar: fod SAP wed ULM a Se MR Me a a ahve EN area Tieny 5 23 cH an “i ‘area habe Bull, |e! sith “bang! st Wenn , W 3 ML Baal 4 gia ‘2 SH, ele, wae Se as'ky Cra) EAM Wah Mi hy Te wo vape = tod fin VN dived, Ae ne LORY AD ate Waste hii peor (adel te rea i bait d by or Kee tinh aS aie 1h ly *TepZaAng YsemaAO 03 (JuequnNdap) suajzvd vurquvds jo ssuodsea ay, OJ Topo °99 |an3yzyq Ara “AOU juan sd Aisno391 -#————_ jaa § «ou ——fou POE S$] As00244}— cu—4— 43640303] —$—________ — Kseaooas OU - Woe speod%@ jolung ————___} 7 Kigsoses Bui] yup 500d 28880030 uolpoyoboncy 125 did recover (P ¢ 0.01). Initial density (No. of tillers per quadrat) Figure 68. Comparisons of initial density values for quadrats of Spar- tina alterntflora that recovered and failed to recover from overwash burial. 113 a 4) ee | ‘petit: pal! ee pas 4 whdibbvip: ; , pred Tye abd ine at ete “a, bimntt Mh 10 ik hwpgae? ba) ty Fr Ln Pi cee rte bie ‘ see te kh, rey wb: hal Re? cant a ae Adah oo ne hae. OND ., jriaely Pai bitty ye BN iitus-y bu Aas’ ha me i Tmasinl ‘page j eal he Oh, el qa onal wea Lani ra : ios hy i haan st it mi “sity Abaion, neta bia, TR oad af pee ai haat Be lh al re lng we ae od aCe em ee aes th pact ll i Pt hi ud we | ion ‘s ne bit 7 ae syn yw i Wye Waneet i Hauivon AY i, fa i “nua Wy ve vy us SAA! thes? onabeal Se “i TDI nah ait met HE ms oe ay aS, Eon Tht Chess apttriag iu ba phi ani) ‘eat ae ated cial" se Rs) bane eat ‘hve iw er i ‘nis bosque pin iM fqiet > Pie i HEY: shew: yea shad ei ‘ a ale si ais n 4 nad ah Rete Ny a ; TH AOE age ah haat o iia xu es Failed to recover from overwash isd burial. x = 0.13 cm (57 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. x = 0.13 cm (74 cases) 26 22 w rs) S 18 Kruskal—Wal}/. test results: The rank mean = for quadrats: in which plantu did not recover S 14 from burial does differ significently frou 3 the rank mean for quadrats in which plants = 04 did recuver (P < 0.01). Figure 69. No. of quadrats “79-70 initial Figure 70. No, of quadrats “69-60 Final Figure 71. Vy 15-19 Burial Depth (cm) Comparisons of burial depths for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from overwash burial. “F Failed to recover from overwash s3 burial. x = -0.57 m (57 cases) Recovered from overwash burial. x = -0.69 m (74 cases) Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P < 0.01). é nn “69-60 -§S-S50 “9-50 -39-30 -29=-20 19-10 -9-0 >t (1977) elevation (in cm in relation ta arbitrary bench mark) Comparisons of prestorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina alterntflora that recovered and failed to recover from burial. age Failed to recover from overwash EB vuriat. x = -0.43 (57 cases) ‘as Recovered from overwash burial. x = -0.561 (74 casas) Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P < 0.01). : ee ies Ex. Fa “59-50 “49-40 "30-30 29-20 “19-10 -9-0 >+1 (1378) elevation (in cm in relation to arbitrary bench mark) Comparisons of poststorm elevations for quadrats of Spartina alterniflora that recovered and failed to recover from burial. 114 + il i le i e i I f - y I "vi wy Agate * Heys alt lips iy i j ht taba S aa ‘ae i Ui»! i, te iit } DB pear nth . igadhoe Madero en's “Neane an r 4 eae ani Ny or a t= 4 hc iy Sava ee ty: hh ov) ui RTT hun mm Caly wai eity ay, se bia TT ry bat wig! asi, naw v1 OY 1 aera A Biba hig, OWN oe sah ve + Ww HR adit | his pak beey fs a) ( femme eve ied AY ae 80 Gi 40 w & o = ca) LO o 3 o = 2 ° °o az 80-100 0-16 20-58 Initia! S. potens cover (pct cover ) 40-59 60-79 Figure 72. Failed to recover from overwash burial. x = 84 pct cover Recovered from overwash burial. x = 62 pct cover Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which plaats did recover (P < 0.01). Comparisons of preoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina patens that contained Spartina alterntflora which recovered and failed to recover from burial. burial. No. of quadrats piecd 0-449 Failed to recover from overwash x = 1,049 plants Recovered from overwash burial. x = 821 plants Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank wean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P < 0.01). Initio! S, patens density (No. of tillers per quadrat) Figure 73. patens that also Comparisons of preoverwash density for quadrats of Sparttra contained Spartina alterniflora which recovered and failed to recover frou burial. No. of quadrats 24 ie 0-19 20-39 “0-53 60-79 80-100 Final S. patens cover (pct cover) Figure 74. patens that also contained Failed to recover from overwash burial. x = 67 pet cover Recovered from overwseceh burial. x © 43 pet cover Kruskal-Wallis test results: The rank mean for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does differ significantly from the crank mean for quadrats in which plants did recover (P < 0.01). Comparisons of postoverwash cover for quadrats of Spartina Spartina alterntflora which recovered and failed to recover from burial. 115 no odie pine “eh. ama 48, F = ay Wie uw’ bene Md : “ean 4 nich ae eh f iy fi - : Are ” as Pay er jaxwiln: fa Mia: eos’ a8, ae "Wi ki 1 EE: 0) :: aoa ibaa rue ie “hie oh \ os) TA, ai her gee i athe ‘i Woo | Jahn ayaa Her) i 15 dn a j pea Re Se No. of quadrats 0-449 450-099 ES burial. GaAs x = 401 plants 200-329 1390-1383 (e00 Final S potens density (Ne of filters per quodrot) Failed to recover from overwash x = 134 plants Recovered from overwash burial. Kruskal-Wallis teet recults: for quadrats in which plants did not recover from burial does alffer significantly from the rank mean for quadrats in which planta did recover (P < 0.01). The rank mean Comparisons of postoverwash density for quadrats of Spar- tina patens that also contained Spartina alterntflora which recovered and failed to recover from burial. Figure 75. 140 130 Sa t ‘ 129) ! 1% a | a i T 108 100 j @102 | | H G ase: ‘ os3 om ' ' ah 1 x oso dk ae 4 3 ter? 1978 1877 16798 Zorn & sa 76 439 139 2 j Guadreia with quedrota with 2 ceo &. otircttiorn S.ettormition 1977 3 H recetving < 22 om £ ° 5 o? washover sand § c S & = oso} E azo} = ) G 0.20 E 0.10 oa Figure 76. at site 1 fan, 116 oF Ke | Mah Le x ‘ ale, 1977 «1078 87 7 quscreta with & ctiornitiorn (O77 not recovering 1973 74 7a-o. of complies Elevations for quadrats with Spartina alterniflora 1977 te 1980. iin} sid Y, ere ‘au “ at conan, Hae sae saboozbe et ban van Aa, Spartina alterntflora is able to recover from 22 centimeters of overwash burial. Like dune species, but unlike Spartina patens, plant recovery for Spartina alterniflora is not correlated with burial depth. Individual plants buried by 22 centimeters of sand recover to similar cover and density levels as plants buried by less sand. The elevation range over which Spartina alter- nitflora was found decreased only from 28 centimeters in 1977 to 27 centimeters in 1978. Mean elevation at which Spartina alterniflora occurved increased 9 centimeters. Preoverwash density and cover of Spartina alternifcora cannot be used to predict postoverwash density and cover. Quadrats with high density and cover did recover better than those with lower density and cover. As witn Spartina patenma, both cover and density of Spartina alterntflora were highly negatively correlated with elevation in 1977. Spartina alternt- flora grew best at lower elevations over the range of elevations sampled on Nauset Spit-Eastham. In 1978, again no relationship between cover or density and elevation was discovered on analysis. A 27-centimeter elevation range may not have presented enough variation for biomass differences in Spartina alterniflora. quadrats to be evident. Cover and density for Spartina alterniflora, as for all sampled species on Nauset Spit-Eastham, were highly correlat_d in both 1977 and 1978. Regression lines for 1977 and 1978 were highly significantly different indicating that individual tiller size was larger in 1978 than in 1977. Spartina alterniflora density was highly significantly reduced from 1977 to 1978 at site 1 fan, while Spartina altermiflora cover for the entire site actually increased. Spartina alterntflora, while unable to recover from the high burial depths (up to 33 centimeters) from which Spartina patens can recover, appears to be stimulated by sand burial. Spartina alterniflora, annually buried by sedi- ments borne by the tides, has, through time, been urder selection pressure to grow through these sediments (recorded az high as 20 centimeters per year; Ranwell, 1975). Like Spartina patens, Spartina alterniflora recovered best in quadrats that did not contain other plant species. Plant recovery can be determined by elevation alone and not by presence or absence of competing species. A model for Spartina alterntflora recovery in site ] fan appears in Figure 77. (c) Discussion. Unlike the dune community, the salt-marsh study areas offered only a limited range of possible marsh situations affected by overwash burial. A wide variety of salt-marsh species and elevations was considered when sites were initially selected on Nauset Spit-Eastham. ALl three sites sampled on Nauset Spit-Eastham had well-developed salt marshes in 1977. Site 1, which had first overwashed in 1972, had large sections of pure Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflova. There was also a substantial marsh area with a mixture of species (Spartina patens, Spartina alterniflora, Salt- cornia virginica, Limontum nasnit, Puceinellta mritina, and Suaeda maritima) found near the interface between the high and low marsh. Site 2 was a highly diversified salt marsh with very irregular topography created by mosquito ditching. Two species (Juneus gerardt or black grass and Salicornta europaea or glasswort), not present in other sites, were present in site 2. Site 3 was also a unique area on Nauset Spit-Eastham with substantial populations of Plantago maritima. 117 ey q Sd» BH ankedsvery | Sine, pine b Teh tay ¥ me i pee co vf a: mt \ t re ye hh Be ahs t ) hyvies er ogee ai d eye it Ge nn vit x she : Tye Mee PP et Aes : Wired: TERETE Peach fy ve ae eee nw ken ts Re Ren ET OE ST A ET *TeTAng ysentraao 03 WUO7ZS[IUulF77V purzupds yo esuodsei sya 103 Tap “Li ain3zy f+ (Diojjiu7ay}0 SF asnd yjtm ysaq) Asanooay ——_J—______— [usacaes ou -wa 22 Spoane joing ———_—_f-—_Siyyutéio S cu 833000 uoyopodoacy <—__——__ Bua § ound —— np nny ———— 8rd § eind- UONOISHGA YSTAISAD/SOd S puo suojed S jo osryxsus; —————________—_}- bud § ond—e uoropedan youlbluD 118 —— sueps = gybody Lae =a + The storm in February 1978 deposited sand on all three salt-marsh areas. All but 25 quadrats in site 1 fan were buried by washover sand. These 25 quadrats were subsequently buried by 6 to 21 centimeters of sand due to reworking of the washover fan surface by tidal and wind activity. Site 2 was covered by 20 to 50 centimeters of washover sand, but overwash continued through late June during spring tides. In areas where overwash continued into the growing season, salt-marsh vegetation did not recover. All of the salt marsh in site 3 was buried by greater than 34 centimeters of washover sand. Salt-marsh vegetation on Nauset Spit-Eastham did not recover from more than 33 centimeters of sand burial in 1978. In 1977, seven salt marsh species were found at site 1 fan (Table 27); Spartina patens and Spartina alterntflora accounted for 81.6 percent of the I.V. In 1978 these species were the only salt-marsh plants found at the site. Salteornta virginica had yrown through as much as 10 centimeters of washover sand in other areas, but did not recover from burial in site 1. Both Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora were able to recover from low level overwash burial. In 1977, 16 percent of the fan buried by less than 34 centimeters of washover sand was revegetated; in 1978, 40 percent was unvegetated. Salt—- marsh areas buried by greater than 34 centimeters of washover sand did not recover and were colonized as new substrate by drift-line vegetation. The I.V. of Spartina alternifiora increased by 95 percent, while Spartina patens increased by only 3 percent. Overwash increased the elevation in site 1 fan. Much of the area, however, remained intertidal and able to support a salt- marsh community. Table 27. Importance values of species in areas of site 1] fan that received less than 34 centineters of washover deposition. Species Quadcats with plants I.V. Change I.V. that recovered 1977 1978 (pet) (pct) Distichlts spicata ) 0.7 0.0 Limontum nashtt 0 9.2 0.0 Puecinellia sp. 0 16.5 0.0 Salicornta virginica 0 24.5 0.0 Spartina alterniflora 91 52.4 +95 102.1 Spartina patens 72 192.3 +3. «197.9 Suaeda maritima 0 4.4 0.0 (3) Other Species. The species coi:prising the majority of plant com- munities on a northeast barrier beach that are affected by overwash activity were represented in the 2,567 quadrats surveyed on Nauset Spit-Eastham. Other species, less frequently affected by overwash or rarely found on Nauset Spit- Eastham, were observed on North Beach during the field season (1978) following major overwash activity (Table 28). Ten additional specles were found that are able to recover from more than 10 centimeters of overwash sand deposition. Principal among these species were the shrubs, Rosa rugosa (65 centimeters) and Myrtca pensylvantea (45 centimeters), which are frequently found on dunes 119 ee ini Shai, antl the ou [ave adtibeanile one ‘ OD £8 (dating ; v ON i ak mii _” vie ing 4 ries at. aarp lien ¢ y atity. Linas Ee th 0.00 Pa iat it mi bdr gine Su: Di hy ihe | diet? den ove? at 5 a, shih tas di oe af ODER) j aid nin ae 4 sa tn v., Erneta ; he Ma! ai im Medel f 7 rie, Mae Katha: pores Ni ay Pate pete awas re ick A Bn ne Paty Uae A fac bed eae i wih Byivat Pins! 2 i" Le aay ie i Pa dpi f Hae iamahipema ey asemnate er tant PHL Daan Pa roan / “ei } Hy, aril hyp! i Nee baa ( i rer oo bei ti ite iia radeon est ai ho, hal LAVA a wivede i [ peayvil ip Table 28. Plants that recovered from overwash after 1 year. Species Max. recorded Species Max. recorded burial depth burial depth (ca) (cm) Ammophila breviligulata 59.0 Salteornia virginica 10.0 Artemisia atelleriana 53.0 Setirpua americana 30.0 Baccharis halimifolta! 54.0 Solidago sempervirens 56.0 Juniperus virginiana! 75.0 Spartina alterntflora 30.0 Lathyrus japonicus 43.0 Spartina patene (upright) 42.5 Limonium nashti 10.0 Spartina patens (decumbent) 33.0 Myrica peneylvanica! 45.0 Teucriun canadense 25.0 Rosa rugosa! 65.0 Typha latifolia 20.0 IShrub, not completely buried by overwash deposit. NOTE.—Deta from the summer of 1978. Ammophtla breviligulata, Artemisia stel- lertana, Lathyrus japonicus, Solidago sempervirens, Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patene data from 1977-78 sampled plota. Other depths selected from washover deposits ere not within a study area. All recovered burial depths should be taken aa low values. that continue to accrete at a high annual rate. Other shrubs, Baccharts halimifolia (groundsel tree) (54 centimeters) and Juniperus virgintara (red cedar} (75 centimeters), found in the stable zone between the dune community and the high marsh community on many northeast barrier beaches, were surpris-— ingly able to recover from high levels of burial. A total of 14 species of flowering plants and 1 gymnosperm were able to recover from 10 centimeters or more of overwash burial at the Nauset Spit (Nauset Spit-Eastham aad North Beach) after 1 year. 5. Colonization of Washovers. a. Introduction. During major storms, overwash surges transport sediment across the entire barrier with deposition in the adjacent lagoon. These deposits represent new supretidal and intertidal environments that may be colonized by vegetation and are important in landward barrier migration. On Nauset Spit-Eastham, almost 2 hectare. of new substrate wes emplaced along the back barrier margin as a result of the February 1978 storm. Washover sand is more often deposited on previously vegetated surfaces. After storms, sand-dune vegetation not eroded by overwash surges can recover from burial. Ammophila breviligulata plants, buried by as much as 67 centi- meters of sand, recovered rapidly, early in the growing season. Overwash and aeolian burial actually lead to an increase in Ammophita breviltgulata bio- mass. Salt-marsh plants buried by shallow deposits can alen recover, although washover deposition in the northeast often exceeds plant recovery capability. During the February 1978 storm, sand deposits as deep as 165 centimeters accumulated on old marsh surfaces, resulting in large, barren, flat washovers on Nauset Spit-Eastham. An analysis of historical aerial photography (see Sec. IV) suggests that these initially barren areas are rapidly colonized by either salt-marsh or sand-dune vegetation. Photos taken soon after the 1938 hurricane showed large barren washovers along North Beach. These features were still evident in 1952 but were covered by sand dunes and salt marshes. In December 1972 a 120 imam seein PERN Rs ale futly wind Aiaph) Dea set ammeter - ) ina eee sie ; | Sao 0 ea vee Gayl Hy Bae ck) Aaeaaabanea edie aie ‘af Sry en paket ne) oll ih rh . ict? Leagan ‘ Tae habs ido, hor tepknge Neenah wae eB A peut a heer TP NC an ae $0. SAM ary ee ae vi 7a | 9 hs BRE Se GAN a j 1 a nAenlan pane Sig awe ye N wide Shaw, Wale ne q oat a) 4 A 4) + na axavod we . bars ise yotse wakudd fH yerek basi ly sows ut Pha i soa Lghds eve yi Payer iy ve. SRR Sah a od Wy, See! he helt ey hake r 1) ak ba Bela “taht ine sHOAR ee ' J agit ROLA, BA wl coe Pe x _ = 2 az a -3% a :' $e pila yag so A aiwnes lel ivi Hhy EE, fae _ sea punto: 708 ak 7 —_ DR, 03! avg! a pie od tule: - aes nohse-vausy | pe: ian al % er Et Hes re ndnaih ad Be geen Cae yea aM 7) VEL Pah: “io MeL a ober | ieee Me) Oat i Sirk tilt det goapeyee) “ON “Sy. Laan St am eprad« noworle BBs a) ee beds i eS nodienH Ay) small washover fan was formed on the salt marsh to the lee of the Nauset Spit-Eastham dune line; marsh vegetation did not recover from burial. Three years later, small dunes (75 centimeters high) had formed in the proximity of drift lines. While the revegetation process on washover fans has not previously been studied, colonization of the beach-backshore has been the subject of several Studies. Since the beach-backshore is an unstable area, the species assein- blage has not been regarded as a defined community. In many studies of community succession in the coastal zone, however, the beach-backskore has been included as the earliest, least developed sere (Gimingham, Gemmet, and Greig-Smith, 1948; Vose, Powell, and Spence, 1957; Laing, 1958; Olson, 1958; Willis, et al., 1959; Morton, 1974; van der Valk, 1974; Ranwell, 1975; Chapman, 1976). The importance of drift lines in the initiation of dune-building proc- esses was recognized historically (Cowles, 1899) and has since been repeat— edly stressed (Gimingham, Gemmet, and Greig-Smith, 1948; Robertson and Gimingham, 1951; Salisbury, 1952; Laing, 1958; Olson, 1958; Tansley, 1968; Ranwell, 1975; Chapman, 1976). The characteristic linear form of barrier dune ridges at a spit terminus has been attributed to the form of drift lines (Godfrey, 1977). Details concerning the ecology of the beach-backshore have been numer- ous, but sketchy. Many studies have considered the area without focusing on organic debris; others have examined drift-line debris without considering its role in the overall community development of barrier beaches. Species lists have been made tor east (Harshberger, 1916) and west coast (Barbour, DeJong, and Johnson, 1976) beaches in the Uiited States. Extensive data are also available in britain (Gimingham, 1964; Tansley, 1968). There ave three ways in which barren washovers can be colonized: (1) plants on the previous surface can grow through the washover deposits; (2) remnant, or peripheral, vegetated areas can expand into barren deposits by rhizome extension; or (3) new propagules (both seeds and plant fragments) can become established in an area. Colonization of washover fans by the latter two means should be considered primary succession because sand depo- sition is generally so yreat that the original substrate only tangentially affects vegetation. E. Recovery. On Nauset Spit-Eastham, four major dune species were able to recover from high levels (up to 67 centimeters) of overwash burial. Dunes, however, are generally eroded by storms to depths below the vegetated surface. Plants in site 1 throat and the 1972 washover in site | fan were completely eroded during the February storm. At site 3, two-thirds of the dunes were subjected to erosion; remaining dune plants, however, recovered to biomass levels equal to or in excess of prestorm levels. In the salt marsh, deposition occurred without erosion. Both principal marsh species, Spartina patens end Spartina alterniflora, were able to recover from low-level burial. Plants at sites 2 and 3, however, were bur- ied by greater volumes of sand; only plants at site 1 were able to recover. Approximately 20 percent of site 1 was populated in 1978 by marsh grasses recovering from overwash. Much of the remaining area was either buried by depths in excess of 33 centimeters (maximum recovery depth of Spartina patens) or had not been vegetated by either species in 1977. 121 ee nib ailids ipa mee “nh ni Blees ane | wenty 10,000 Jrenaria peploides x 30 j 7 51 4rtemiaia etellertana x 16 HE) i2 24 156 x 30 65 493 1,120 Atriplex patula x 86 Ta 82 57 34 13 Tabile edentula x 12 1,218 1,247 1,127 1,072 732 386 3,807 Thenopoditm albidum x 1 1 1 2 3 Tonvolvulus sepium x 2 1 i 1 1 i Suphorbia polugonifolia x t 10 4 16 10 tathyrus japonieus x 176 119 117 155 162 144 433 x 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 Ttmontum naehit x 14 6 9 Yenothem brennia x 1 t 3 3 4 Punteum virgatum x 7 7 5 6 3 3 lantaqa maritime x 1 1 i 1 3 2 Sona miaoRa x 1 Talficamia virginica x 4 4 2 1 3 Salaola balt x 55 39 41 30 20 ia 2 Solidaaa sempervirens x 74 76 74 6l 53 45 i x 25 Ut crartina alternitflornz x 12 Spartina patens x 261 1,040 Suze ty maritim x 4 5 7 5 ! 4 L Mnknown x 2 3 Tanthoen ochinatien x 4 4 i 2 1 6 Ise seedlings. °F = regenerating from fragments. calculate the percentage of new, recovering fragments. Forty percent of the Ammophila brevtligulata axes in these drift lines were newly established in 1979 from fragments. Site 1 fan had 161 Ammophila breviligulata axes in April 1979, most of which were previously regenerating fragments. The number increased steadily during the summer to 2,129 in late August. Seedlings of Anmophila breviltguiata were also found in site 1 during both 1978 and 1979. Reports vary in the literature concerning the importance of seedlings to Ammnophila breviltgulata celenization and population dynamics. Seedlings have been reported to be rare in the fixed dune community and unimportant in the colonization of new areas (Laing, 1958). Other reports have suggested that there are seed years when large numbers of seedlings survive and genetic diversity increases (Tansley, 1968; Huiskes, 1977, 1979). In 1978, 18 seedlings were located in site 1 on 5 June. New seedlings appeared until 10 July. Throughout July and August, eeedling counts were made weekly (Table 32). Most seedlings died during late July and August, presum- ably from drought. Van der Valk (1974) reported that the main cause of seed- ling mortality was sand deflation. Although the site was unprotected from southwest and northwest winds, there was no major wind erosion during the Summer. 131 one ee Oh ye iP) i , Table 32. Measurements of Ammophtla breviligulata seedlings, 1978. Date Avg. No. of length of No. of plants leaves longest leaf living Ocean Bay Storm Ocean Bay Storm Ocean Bay Storm (cm) (cm) (em) ooo eee 1 16 June == 63} SS == 9.9 oA aan 29 = 29 June 1.8 2.4 2.0 14.5 1L.-1 12.0 20 19 20 14 July 2.1 2.3 1.9 16.1 10.8 13.4 17 18 19 28 July 1.7 2.4 2.1 5.7 8.9 16.0 15 15 18 IL Aug. pe 2.2 2.0 19.4 13.0 18.2 15 14 16 21 Aug. 2.3 Bos 2.4 20.7 16.3 18.9 14 12 16 16 Sept. == == =e = -— = NAL No. SU INot measured. To determine the survival rate of Ammophila breviliqulata seedlings on Nauset Spit-Eastham, 20 plants were chosen in eariy June 1978 at each of three habitats: ocean beach, washover flat, and bay~side drift line. For each plant, the number of leaves aad the length of the longest leaf were recorded weekly. The greatest density of Ammophtla breviligulata seedlings occurred in bay-side drift lines where occasional groups of seedlings were found associ- ated with a displaced, intact flowering culm. Plant growth was significantly greater on the ocean beach than on either the washover fan or in the bay drift line (P < 0.01). By the end of the summer. 14 plants survived at the ocean site, 14 on the washover fan, and 12 in che drift line. All plants were labeled with the hope of determining the overwinter survival rete. During the winter, both the ocean and washover sites were completely eliminated by storms. Although sections of the bay drift line in site 1, which had 20 labeled seed~ lings, were unaffected by storms, seedlings did not live through the winter. The overwintering unit typical of Ammnophtla breviligulata had not been evident on any of these seedlings during the fall of 1978. While seedlings in 1978 were occasionally located on Nauset Spit-Eastham, none were knowa to survive their first winter. In early May 1979 thouecands of grass seedlings were present on Nauset Spit~Eastham. Since total counts for seedlings at site 1 were infeasible, only eight 5- by 5S-meter plots of Ammophtla breviligulata were chosen fer study. Seedling counts were as follows: 202 on 5 June, 203 on 22 July, and 189 on 24 August. In October most of these seedlings were between 20 and 30 centimeters tall, and perennating units were evident with the onset of winter. The three other species commonly found in lecal dune communities, Arie= mista stelleriana, Lathyrus japonicus, and Solidago sempervirens, all regen- erated from fragments and wexe feund in site 1 during both 1978 and 1979. Forty-six Artemisia stelleriana fragments regenerated in 1978 at site 1. Ten fragments of Artemisia stelleriana found in Nauset Spit-Eastham drift Lines were planted in sand et the University of Massachusetts greenhouse in February 1978. All 10 fragments regenerated within 3 weeks and flowered within 12 weeks. Individual Artemisia stelleriana plants increased to 65 in 1979. Six 132 a ahieigarek do’ waniiegte - i e reer yh ‘ A : De . oy { » all meget, reat? \ sy yiatt te ‘ts as) v dead Aral ee nda acolo < oS ae ( cie seedlings of Artemisia stelleriana were also found on the site in May 1979 and survived the summer. In late August, hundreds of Artemisia stellertana seeds germinated near parent plants, but were killed by sand burial early in the fall. While only two fragments of Lathyrue japonicus regenerated in 1978, 157 Lathyrus japonicus seedlings were present within the site in 1978. ALl these plants were monitored the following year. The two asexually produced plants survived the winter, but all the seedlings died. New seedlings (164) were produced in 1979, and no new fragments regenerated. In 1978 only two fragments of Soltdago sempervirens regenerated at site 1; both these plants survived the winter. In 1979, an additional 25 fragments regenerated ana 76 seedlings were present at the site. Many of these seed- lings (31) germinated at intertidal elevations and were killed by spring tides in July. The other major species to regenerate from fragments at site 1 was Spar- tina patens. In 1978, 193 tillers of Spartina patens were present in site l, all from frayment regeneration. Several groups of tillers were eroded during the winter, and several new drift piles were established in 1979, with a total of 1,040 Spartina patens tillers. There are two reported varieties of Spartina natens in New England: Spartina patens decumbent and Spartina patens var. monogina. Decumbent Spartina patens is a thin-bladed, early flowering grass that establishes mats of vegetation in the high marsh. Spartina patens vare monogyna is erect, somewhat taller, later flowering, and grows in the dune-marsh ecctone in sandy substrate. Inspection of the Spartina patens population indicated thet both varieties were present at site 1. Two groups of plants flowered in 1979 and coincided with Spartina patens vate monogyna flowering. Early in 1978 it became evident that most new plants on washover features were associated with drift material. Vegetation sampling in August 1978 indicated hat 85 ,ercent of quadrats with seedlings or regenerating fragments also conta.ned surface drift debris. Excavation of plants outside sampled areas revealed that virtually all new plant roots were associated with decay- ing organic material. Chapman (1576) described two types of drift Lines along the British coast: one located on the ocean beach, composed primarily of algae and diverse vas- cular plant tissue with a restricted flora, and another located at the upper reaches of the sal= marsh, composed of marsh-grass detritus with a more diver- sified flora. Following the February 1978 storm, three types of drift Lines with three distinct <¢loras were present on Nauset Spit: (1) storm drift piles, (2) oceanic drift lines, and (3) bay drift lines. (1) Storm Drift Piles. Overwash surges tore large sections of organic material from dune and shrub communities. This debris collected in masses along Navset Spit-Eastham (Fig. 82). Often a displaced shrub (Myrica pensylvanica, Resa ~igosa, or Prunus marttima) or remnants of the four houses that were destroyed during the February 1978 storm acted as a nucleus, which ceught other material carried by storm waves. Occasionally, uprooted dune v. getation, primarily Anmophtla breviltgulata, was displaced by overwash in a sizable unit and accumulated passing debris. Dimensions of storm drift piles 133 ian i" r a i a one) ania ay: 0 Waa. ag oy oat er es WE sv biel Re ca P } tT at Pa 4( waht al 4 t ‘ i ana nist al, nao Ay 7% : J Wr PA da pain ry piraNs Lay f i) piss Preis Pit ee ait (wat) ATR wry Hh vi is wen? Ph ao wai fe) Ay (4 if a oar Ws a 4, bay ce ae Bi Pi) Wer iy BA's Fah yooh ts “a ie wn fin ae - mcs Us cae Bs Figure §2. Storm drift piles on Nauset Spit-Easthem. varied from small tangles of Ammophtla breviligulata rhizomes and tillers 30 to 40 centimeters in diameter te shrub collections several meters in length. After the February storm, it was difficuit to essess the number of these piles, since some piles were surficial while others were completely buried by washover deposits. Wind deflation left many of these drift piles projecting 50 to 75 centimeters above the sand surface so that morphologically they appeared as small dunes. Storm drift piles were sparsely vegetated and supported 13 species of flowering plants on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1978 (Table 29). Few seeds were present among the organic material, and those seeds that germinated frequently died by midsummer. These drift piles were composed of coarse organic material which is poor in moisture retention. Species lists were compiled for ail three types of drift lines at 19 locations on Cape Cod in 1978 and 1979 (Fig. 83). Twenty-four species of flowering plants were found in storm drift piles at six locations on Cape Cod in 1978 and 1979 (Tablee 33 and 34). 134 ‘eli f ‘oy 4 eee. Race Point Beach (2) OUTER CAPE CCD ie Truro Cliffs (1) SP —wr Zz Great__|7 \ p\ Nauset Spit \ Oy Eastham (3) 2\, Nauset Spit Cah es Sal oN, Orleans (3) Y aa V\ \ ee a \ @ D ( North Beach io Nie (3) LT | Ch Lo d ey Light (1 CaS ‘ Y ; Figure 83. location of 19 drift lines sampled on Cape Cod. 135 i i m ‘ Pa a) Ae A Hae tanov fi, (Cpa =P ge thee AE enone reust aspap feq = ae "2tse 2ysap Bt010 = 18, “sus, JpbspP 2puwrscs0 = % “stuy{ pass o Sz “gyuaaBe2y Guiy Paywssussas a 4, ou x . x x x x x x « x x » Ls are CUiyos SNL gULy 4 x * esuopeues wnTsoIneL ra a x x x x Ua jiuth Leung ul x x x x x x x x TubZ terjardy 5 x § ra x x x x ak x Muse rtwadias Lb I199 bl * x » of " x x » * x o« x » «x x «x 31D4 UpES]DS 4 x x vsctns Lag 4 x x eet FUT yyy 4 x x Vale tub Wel }C Ay i x x x er GUoald we lury ra * x x x uo x x OluUrrG tMayjousy im “ x x x wre pe slut wri ide] ys x x x x m8 x x x x. x x it x x x x x x x x she aod ET Ora hye’) 4 a x “Ss Donjer7 hd a x x x * 2 x x x 8 x x x 8 woerpod piqacudny 12 x x x x ty x x x "ds dep ijroouy “ M x x x Por eelsIAJOS yrs adh ray x x x x a x “ yt “ x x x yt x x Lavi} IF Four, x x * x x x x x x “ x 4 “ x “ x x * u o8 Ln jbspe ep iave s x x Loeun, Wivsing ot Ly x x x U3aty Velosinig 4( x x x x *da ehopig ts x x x x ™ x x x s x x Urged Tejciasy WS * » » x a. 7 x x x x oT x Ulaiusy Fajulai7” oh x x x x x a he » oY Cette 0} x ux x x Tuli dl] egy Wy leeday HS x x x x mest fie oat | « x x x x Boprcjded miutusuy is . x x x x x 2 x x x u Ut ” x x x x cy x x x x x x x x * x x x x Mo DBL] Iaeug PpIydoamy {1 z * DIJO, FP aJaD VivyO4yuy s x x Bp Gh ONY RIsVvay i » x x euatund uutdouty (ie noe 52 sf qe Ke OSI cREY GOr es GB OP GS Qe © Brus, apyap py) ode) &( Ub Syasiy Wer snuy qouag (@sy7e49) (sural io) auyisey wouedvotde joy Cmvay wey uy) Bupsasyy puepes yeas yutod Bur, yupog aoey yYyoeag YIsoN Y2veq YIION -I;sdS JoBNEN SLOP Bro, aust-1jpad 7 4 Bayoads "8/61 ‘Seats pop ade) 6] 3JOJ BIOTZ SUFT-IJFIGQ “CE F191 136 Table 34. Drift-line flora for nine Cape Cod sites, 1979. Species Ee aSso Drift lines Coast North Long Herring Race Pct appearance Guard Beach Point Cove Pe. in nine Cape Cod Beach drift lines Oe Ph OP. ah.O>, 0.09, Be o? Agropyron pungens x x EX 33 Ammophtla brevtliguiata x CSSAAE SORDID GURL C Gn yes C0) ene 4 x 89 x x xX x x 44 Arenaria peplotdes x S Faeins, Uae pean 3 x 56 Artemisia caudata x x x x 22 Amtemisia stellertana x x x x x x x 67 x x ll Atriplex arenaria x KHAKI nk: x 44 Atriplex patula x SCuniaae simeaess. Sekar apy a Nib oma conway x 100 Prassica hirta x x x : 22 Frassica juncea x x x ll Takile edentula x Mik 3a 6 SL a aslae area ORI, x x 100 Tarex stlicea x x lt Chenopodium albidum 3 x x x 33 Sonvolvulus sepium % x x x 33 Snectides sp. x x lt Suphorbia poluqonifolta x x Xie Soe x x 67 Helianthus sp. x x 11 Lathurus japonicus x x x x x x x 67 x x x x x x 56 Yanothers biennts x SS, Cte 33 Panicum virgatum x x 11 Raphanus raphanistrum x x Mt Phue wradicane x x x 22 x x 11 Rumex orispus x xk 22 Saleota “ali x x x x x x x x x x 100 Solanum dulcamara x x ll Solidago sempervirens x i nae eK eK 44 x x 1) Spartina 2lterntflom x x 1) Spartina vatene x x x x x 44 x x Ik Suaeda maritima x x ll Teuertum canadense x x ll Yanthium echinatum © x x x 5 eh Sanat. x x x 89 ‘pe regenerated from fragments. “S = seedlings. o = oceanic drift line. b = bay drift line. 137 \ . ie ji ¢ l es i nya i 4 aa Ka BoLn ae wae wel cn iommeey uaere bemh / (2) Oceanic Drift Lines. A second type of drift accumulation present on Nauset Spit-Eastham was oceanic drift lines similar to those described by Chapman (1976; Fig. 84). Because Nauset Spit-Eastham is an eroding barrier, these drift lines are rare. On the southern end of the spit, however, large deposits of algae, Ammophila breviltgulata, and salt-marsh grasses accumulated during the spring and early summer. One tide deposited debrig which became buried by sand during the next tide and covered by more debris, creating a layered drift line as deep as 90 centimeters. Organic composition varies by location with algae, Ascophyllum sp. and Fucus viscosum, the most common elements in 1978. Samples of Ascophylium collected from oceanic drift lines were dehydrated. Weight loss was 79 percent. Many seeds and a wide variety of plant fragments were present in these drift lines. Figure 84. Oceanic drift Lines. Oceanic drift lines are densely vegetated by seedlings and regenerating fragments that can tolerate high levels of salt spray. These drift lines, high in nitrogen-rich algae and fine organic material, supported eight species of vascular plants on Nauset Spit-Eastham ix 1978 (Table 29). A total of 20 species of vascular plants appeared in 7 oceanic drift lines sampled on Cape Cod in 1978 and 1979 (Tables 33 and 34). (3) Bay Drift Lines. A third type of drift line found on Nauset Spit-Eastham, similar to the one described by Chapman (1976), was located along the dune and salt marsh {interface ard at the edges of washover features (Fig. 85). Composed largely of salt-marsh grasses (Spartina patens and Spar— tina alterniflorm), these drift lines were, following the February storm, also rich in fine organic material torn frem dunes and other eroded features. Organic material floating in the bay waters was deposited at the highest peint teached by spring tides. In late March the first stable bay drift line was 138 Hever eA Hie) gg” Mab, 4 A ni Pies ae ru Hy uth ani yy ee i diye . i wih tt } ' A) Wii i ms bb Rie byl alpen! hy eg ee had va Pinte aren i WS «yb ibn tb i yey 7 ca i phan td ‘ DE aden OB RAREST Aa a mn ‘g abet poet un Aint Pray ant figecs AS dae, tel he, Loin oa, Nana gant Spl ewGaes hail ety. Che bee af Som ‘Meek Sol tntawe haw dine Flee. Te Sagoo te A arte’: with: Cin atta) coorigdl Batthert. by (ki dncoshog sida. "Beds! dette depowlte eehdue exqmahy W eentimeters lb depel Wind- ‘dand . bitwwen aprhag Gided veus led Pe bee das of theme mata Of dubeis, z 1475 widithenal Gerke meceedad dam kata owed tine dover edgeo of gh rewulting Pm. witernat ing Layers Tool. er gankc ober lal mtg dated. RAC Lally whew 0 cont iqntdew he, were ocoashioally axpanden » Melee with, adda tual. ony ing: thine Han vigdseaniportied eataly Hee /iinen thw! wake act! a jadeRE He Waaovaye WAte oot binden rhage: ticks, Organise eacartad “che wen ont: Aude. by sand. ae CMe, Me, hy Wide Bk Wide) eae Teepe tiie vere oot ghebtidu deolian halieel dapoatiy, une aor VENER, an Tne lath sede ad re Me A eke eer wen Wide Agee ieik: eae bagavueae’) ene dere avery ie weld Present eh WR! ee nay edgenierar tiny eet Te 42 wpniiva of Planck were peeenne. ah Meat) DPRK Baie | ann hey eke ee bnew ‘(Ta bhie ig wed 179 Cats Sanat Bp ' By } Aiea i Laced el Tt dubs | 'hpey at Seth, Lance Ve Va ptnciliin Cte im planer, ‘Wisk and hoc twliey ete yids heal “f wes r hasduhianeaal ECU AR AG wae —, q Cape td, oe tapas: tes wot Adgated AP eit Radios aston bag a, may Nai vue ‘Spike rigeoghidie ed ¢ ot Likes Apbarenh Gitferktinen,” wach OF the of denis raat wal ie dmtiod ia dunw AT wed phane: PE ae Kakeplon ob onel' me OE WERE LRA Wine ehirenD UA Wavnhe Sp te: nea i me it i 1 i 4 re ect bya : Tne y ya ' / r 7 I i i et ah 1 AE Ober jie Mya Ue Figure 85. Say drift lines on Nauset Spit-Eastham. established to the lee of the Nauset Spit-Eastham dune line. The deposits are water sorted with fine material carried farthest by the incoming tide. Individual bay drift depesits seldom exceed 10 centimeters in depth. Wind- deposited sand between spring tides results in burial of these mats of debris. In April 1978 additional drift material was laid over the lower edyes of the drift line resulting in alternating layers of organic material and sand. Drift Lines, initially about 50 centimeters wide, were occasionally expanded to several meters with additional spring tides and wind-transported sand. Bay drift lines that were not adjacent to washovers were not buried between spring tides. Organic material that was not buried by sand was unstable and could be moved by winds and tides. Drift Lines that were not buried by shallow aeolian sand deposits were not vegetated on Nauset Spit- Easthan. Bay drift lines were widespread and densely veyetated in 1974. Many seedlings were present as well as many regenerating fragments; 22 species of flowering plants were present in Nauset Spit-Eastham bay drift Lines (Table 29). Around Cape Cod, 34 species were located in 10 areas with bay drift lines in 1978 and 1979 (Tables 33 and 34). (4) Comparison of Drift Lines. Not only did the species composition of the three types of drift lines vary, but plant size and mortality also differed. To determine the nature of these apparent differences, each of the three types of drift lines was excavated in June 1978 and plant measurements were taken. Examples of each type of drift Line were chosen on Nauset Spit- Eastham outside study areas (Fig. 86). Particular attention was given to 139 ahah ah Term OE tal icGNe: ayy aoe Haan, id ae sie mine poi" Ort g tne 28096 Lunes thas aSES ne oot yi peta Sober i ih, Phmgyrho rt ine * eu fiat: ba se: ah i bai dat Ae ota et Wa aha i ik eee Sah Baveh Haeals a00. omtiae veh iy a epee “aw Wind a aha iil ® shyt Unie f To \igy : ie Leal phew AA baey ys : mi + turn ie Jy hd aby i” ath Ante, gas b- Boy drift lines $- Storm drift lines o- Oceanic drift lines | Oceonic écrit bina | sanpling sila Figure 86. location of Nauset Spit-Eastham drift lines. regenerating 4Ammophila hreviligulata fragments; 112 individual Ammophila breviliqulata propagules were excavated in each of the three types of drift lines (Table 35). There are three types of Ammophtla breviligulata fragments: tillers, rhizomes, and tillers with attached rhizomes. Each fragment was excavated and described. Only fragments with new growth were included. In March 1978, 25 tillers of Ammophila breviligulata, collected at random from Nauset Spit-Eastham, were planted upright in sand and placed in the University of Massachusetts greenhouse. Within 3 weeks, 22 (88 percent) tillers showed new growth, while 3 (12 percent) did not. grow. Of the 321 Ammophita hreviligulata plants excavated (15 individuals were seedlings), 226 (70 percent) consisted of at least one tiller, 234 (73 percent) consisted of at least one rhizome, and 148 (46 percent) were made up of both tiller and cthizome (Table 35). Tiller length averaged 18.4 centimeters with a range from 140 ‘ pare lipaemm see , [ entree coh iat t ys Hea AR ee {owas bin a ‘4 oihinet dd, soya sai nit 4 a a cic te ee bite ind afl on Pe Aight’ iytinn ¥ ov) sang a fem hh ied. a Fthob eh ‘eqn ie oils vie 44 Whew WA dow monn «setae owed ani oh) iS ‘eee nner? “Wedd be Te RE aba iyi, Yo senceyd gemagtip sera wan ve aie Yaa. igen ge Hive awbah Dikine woe LD. inte vo c roeet bein, wir Wad ethno whet vbw nt sowed ais. 40. eget aed. a an \e dyad syphc lay y Wi, MOL LAD Rte | ma, bill Mahe ” b°ee ut VE-E Sealy LET-S°O S02 Seley, 9° BI 1°94" Site Bue adury x BPEL 0) 0 0 0 quowsesy red sawozyy1 men 29] ]J3 Aou Jad jeay OS*6 = 6°27 ha ss fi Oba a4 O°Ol B° ot + ysaBuoyT yo (ud) Yyaiugy] oot C°z Cha 4 L*% 19 9°9 quewske1ry Jod sanes} (0-62 61 0cZ Sl €°2 qusude1y tod 8297] 41 (squoudery Te jo qod) spnq jersjey wor une t's 7°68 Buydopanep saat ty MeN (syuousery Je jo od) xadu aeyyy1 so9vis0} JO UOFIENUZIVOS Sy twry oat EL Zul Buydopasep B18} ] 42 men quewivay 9T-€ O12 98 fe-t e°s #°6 ESS OG fK20) G°gl JO (WS) yydap [eyang 9€Z 6-1 ZZ 69 LE N-S*0 Orel 64 FIT-S°0 6°Uc 76 (Wo) yaduey ysed owor yyy 8u~ 62-9 6-ST 99) Sny—9: G°Sl 66 Ob-S°9 Oud SB (w2) Yasue] qaed Jap PIL sawoz}yl pue 621a],]}2 Jo OMteld B°ZS 9°29 dn apew (33d) syuowrery Ssyzed swoztys jo da 8° EL £°yl (SOESTA epew (90d) squowre1y Byied saz{}I jo dn u° 9E Her4 9°01 epew (qjod) squowsedy Sl 9 4 c siuy[ paces jo *oN '2e GOT gol LOI petdwes sjuoute1y jo *on "ON oducy “pes x "ON Toduey “pts ee x "On aduey "p's xX "ON = 7 Ze euTp ajypyap Aeg Puy] Ipsap wsw0ys OUy] IJP4AP DpuLes.) 8 UeMPReIg “BL61 eunf ‘sauyT 3zZPIP Uy VzNjNH1ZI1AGeUuq Vi1YdouMyY Jo syUuaMaansea “*CGE eTqeL 14) ee tz eee Me rs as 4 to 41.5 centimeters. Rhizome length averaged 20.5 centimeters with a wide range from 0.5 to 137 centimeters. There were no statistically significant differences between oceanic and storm drift lines with respect to propagule type. Bay drift lines, however, had propagules that were smaller than either oceanic or storm drift Lines. bay drift material apparently is more frag- mented before deposition than material deposited elsewhere. For each fragment the point of inittation of new growth was located and recorded as the burial depth. Mean depth was 11.6 centimeters for all sites, with a range from 3 centimeters in the bay and storm drift lines to as much as 34 centimeters in oceanic drift lines. Excavations in other areas indicated that fragments buried by 1 meter of sand can remain alive and begin to grow. Fragments buried at 90 centimeters in April 1979 recovered and grew to the sand surface within 5 weeks. Mean fragment depth was 8.4 centimeters in bay drift lines, 9.8 centi- meters in storm drift lines, and 16.5 centimeters in oceanic drift lines. Bay and storm drift-line burial depth means did aot differ significantly (P > 9.05), but both did differ from oceanic drift lines (P < 0.01). Recovery of fragments from lower burial depths in oceanic drift lines reflects the overall morphology of these features and not differential survival of propa- gules at varying depths. Successive deposition of drift material on the ocean beach caused fragments to be buried much deeper than in other areas. New tillers may originate from a continuation of a previously growing shoot or from buds located along rhizomes. Seventeen percent of the Nauset Spit-Eastham fragments had tillers that recommenced growth; 84 percent had lateral buds that broke dormancy. The number of new tillers supported by a fragment is a measure of either reallocatable reserves of that fragment or environmental conditions within the habitat. Fragments were excavated in June, and the number of new till- ers, including axes that had not yet broken the sand surface, was recorded (Table 35). Statistical analysis showed that the number of axes present on oceanic and storm drift-line fragments is not significantly different (P > 0.05). Bay drift-line fragments, however, supported significantly (P < 9.05) fewer tillers than either of the other types of fragments. Bay drift-line fragments were significantly smaller than others, which may indi- cate that reallocatable reso: :ces were less available. In August 1978 fragments at the same sites were again excavated and tiller Numbers were counted. In the oceanic and storm drift lines, mean tiller number declined (Table 36), probably because some tillers that originated near the sand surface died during the Late July to early August drought. The number of bay drift-line tillers per fragment ‘ncreased. The mean tiller number at all three sites did not differ significantly in Augusc. Smaller frayment size (and therefore lower reserves) founa in bay drift lines did not seem to be important in the ultimate number of tillers produced, since once a tiller ceaches the sand surface, photosynthesis provides the major source of carbohydrates needed for growth. 142 abaw a der: Perery eh ber lewis ibaa ; ee | aha Taae an, ayy. ar wm ies . a 5 ash waa: | HM) in | ‘ j KONG ti a8 7 ae ende row Sed bse dia aoe iets ue TN iaene fs hes Oe it, 4 ee) Gaeatt i RR SIRE Ce £1 ah Re a aon pa 1. AP hand dha 8 | #7 T eh hae 4 “ATO ) Seal F914) eed or Ph ies Ri shi) ri Ps nk ek a yaa: Hod it ? pete tS eee NORD hon.” fs) VSM lL iat weirs ee || eo 1 ‘band: aul Oe WP ts) Lhe py my 4 4 Bdge BH sh ¥ } ‘ge Suporte ST CHT MBS) ss a y y iy ak ca 6 H thetaey Sr eo est Weta " “¢ ye sat a AL Sef “A VPP OF: oe Sree Be CPt Ot Ciba LW here oe Papti a iaie a8 ats ime rit tb LEIS’ warty, WW % TT GaN i eee Peer iia it 4 y Taare: e ie aha Pid i hi meee wegtgieaty wit i Tans ee Vi ake DR ‘ah an bas Te Tet al, wesinoseyt 30 Magis Be hw 4 tion) Aare ¢ el ie ah Seg prey Set vd f i ‘ni brie i es SG. SOUR RROD ee ee f cron d mI svt i a Table 36. Measurements of Armcephtia breviltgulata in drift HOD) August 1978. Fragments Oceanic drift Storm drift Bay drift Totals line _ line line Tillers per Fpaenene 2.1 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.8 lel 1.9 Leaves per fragment 7.2 4.0 6.6 4.3 6.0 4.1 6-6 Length (cm) of longest 58.6 8.0 36.4 11.2 49.8 10.5 48.2 leaf per new tiller New rhizomes per fragment 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.5 Length (cm) of new 3264 SH Gt 5.6 Syeil! 5.8 4.3 19.0 Econes Boe Beau me aE The number of leaves on each regenerating fragment and on each tiller early in the growing season is also a measure of reallocatable resources and habitat conditions. Once again bay drift lines had less vegetative growth in early June than either oceanic or storm drift lines (Table 35). Highly significantly fewer leaves were produced per fragment and per tilier than in either the oceanic or storm drift Lines, which did not differ significantly. In August the number of leaves per fragment was again counted (Table 36). Fewer leaves were found on fragments in bay drift lines than in the oceanic drift line (P < 0.01). Bay drift lines did not differ from storm drift piles; storm and oceanic drift hebitats did not differ with respect to leaf number per fragment. While tiller numbers in bay drift lines increased during the growing season, the number of leaves (and likely the amount of photosynthate) was still less than in oceanic drift Lines. Apparently, smaller propagule size in bay drift lines leads to slow initial growth, which by August is compensated for by habitat conditions. Storm drift piles have larger fragments and better initial growth but may die during the hot, dry summer months. Piants in oceanic drift lines appear to grow well initially and to continue to do better than those in other areas. Perhaps the best estimation of the value of a particular drift Line in the recolonization of washovers is the ability of established Ammophila brevili- gulxta fragments to expand laterally. Horizontal rhizomes were not present on any Ammophila breviligulata fragments excavated in June, but were common on fragments excavated in August (40 rhizomes greater than 1 centimeter long on 75 plant fragments; Table 36). Laterel rhizome production was the greatest in oceanic drift lines and the least in bay drift lines. There was a siynificant difference (P < 0.05) in rhizome number per fragment between bay and oceanic drift lines. Rhizome length was cleariy greater in oceanic drift lines (P < 0.01) than the other two habitats. Other plants measured in the three drift lines indicated that the ocean site generally produced larger plants. Storm drift-line plants were generally smallest. 143 r Ai pad vet Loe LARGE, al re 5 VG ep ey i) ‘ iamonlsngaeidl n UN OMRE TRAE tEY i, He al - | ¥ it 4 H CoN NAT TT: a Mra t fey Pe pay sa iL aap ¢ eT Un i Gane eur Te an) 2 (Ug aan The type of organic material found in a drift line undoubtedly accounts, in part, for the yrowth response of colonizing species. Algae, one of the principal compenents of oceanic drift lines, generally has a relatively high carbon-nitrogen ratio (around 15:1) and may supply plants with usable nitro- gen, which is usually the limiting factor in coastal environments. Algal cells, which are much more abserbent than higher plant cells due to a lack of lignin, are also able to retain large amounts of moisture, which is available to colonizing species. On the other hand, Ammophitla brevtligulata, the principal component of storm drift piles, has a high carbon-nitrogen ratio (yreater than 75:1) and may supply less nitrogen to colonizing plants. Ammopntla breviltiqulata rhizomes are extremely wiry with high concentrations of lignin, and aggregates of this species are very poor in moisture retention. The general nucrient status of bay drift material is unknown, but because of its texture it appears at least to retain greater amounts of moisture than storm drift piles. To determine the yrowth response of Ammophila breviltgulata to different types of drift material, an experiment was designed in which fragments, planted with different types of organic material, were measured throughout the growing season. A wooden frame was constructed on a washover fan with four l- by 1.5-mete: compartments. Each compartment was excavated to a depth of 20 centimeters. Twenty-five genetically identical Ammophila breviliqulata fragments were placed horizontally on the surface. Three compartments were covered with 15 centimeters of drift material (Ascophyllum-algae, Ammophila Dreviltqulata debris, or bay drift material), and one was filled with sand. Each treatment was covered with approximately 5 centimeters of sand. Ammophila brevitliguiata is known to grow best in areas of sand accumula- tion. A fifth treatment was established in which a metal barrel with its bottom removed was placed over 38 tillers in an accreting area and filled with sand. Measurements were made of Ammophtla breviltgulata tillers thet grew through 90 centimeters of sand. The tiller aumber per treatment, the mean leaf length per tiller, and the length of che iongest leaf of each tiller were recorded between 12 June and 27 August 1978 (Tables 37, 38, and 39). Initially, the greatest number of tillers were produced in the Ammophila breviliqulata debris treatment, reflecting the presence of additional frag- ments among the drift material itself (Figs. 62, and 87; Table 37). After early July, however, the algal and 90-centimeter burial treatments produced greater numbers of axes per treatment. Throughout the sugmer, the treatment without drift consistently produced fewest axes. The mean longeet leaf for each tiller was calculated for each treatment (Table 38; Fig. 85). Again, the algal and 90-centimeter burial treatments preduced the best growth. Although the mean longest leaf lengthe for these two treatments were not significantly different (P > 0.05), they both differed from all other treatments (P < 0.01). Treatments with bay drift material or sand did not differ significantly fron one another (P > 0.05). Finally, the range of longest leaf length per tiller for each treatment was also recorded to take into account the fact that healthy treatments are continually producing new axes, which initially decreases mean leaf length 144 ; ad ait nat fA Tea duh eX ae inet ELLs wae eee Chie Botan a ne 7 J { PUR TiN4 ri Sy, ae We ete ie ion el \ f na Pushy yates i } i (Dy f ] wt , t cl et hJe Cs Hs Th a 1 wih (ro a Ui st eth Bikais, TREY, Table 37. Number of Ammophtla brevilimulata tillers per treatment, 1979. Date Bay Algae Ammophtla Sand $0 cm of drift breviliqulata burial fragments sand 25 Mar. 19 18 43 8 15 6 June 24 22 46 12 --- 12 June 27 33 46 12 SES 19 June 28 34 56 13 SF Table 38. Mean and maximum number of leaves per tiller for each treatment, 1979. Date Bay drift Algae Ammophtita Sand 90 cm of breviligulata burial sand fragaents Mean Max. ean Max. HMeaq Max. Mean Maxe Mean Max. (cm) (cm) (cm) (em) (em) (cm) (cm) (cm) (em) (em) i dina) Soe eS 4 25" | Ras A iin, 19 June 3.3 5 3.7 5 S162 5 3.3 5 -- -- 25 June 353 4 3.5 5 3.1 5 3.2 5 304 6 3 July 3.2 5 3.4 6 Jor 5 3.5 5 3.4 8 10 July 3.6 5 3.9 6 3.3 5 3.6 5) 3.2 7 19 July -- == i 2S = -- -- 4.0 7 25 July 3.8 5 4.1 8 4.0 6 4.2 7 4.0 7 1 Aug. 3-6 6 7 4.0 7 Al 7 4.09 7 8 Aug. 3.8 6 4 4.1 7 4.4 8 3.8 6 14 Aug. 4.7 9 of 4.2 9 4.6 8 4.5 8 27 Aug. 3.9 7 Drall 10 4.2 8 4.1 7 4.2 7 Be a a a a eS a NS i a rs SO ne DN I en SE i a) Se Minne nh aroma 145 ah sibcecushiten +o amt ita on toW bose) Table 39. Mean and maximum longest leaf lengths per tiller for each treatment, 1979. Date Bay drift Algae Ammnophtila Sand $0 cm of breviliqulata burial sand Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. (cm) (cm) (cm) (em) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Cem) 12 June 31.9 46.0 33.6 51.0 24.4 52.0 29.9 42.5 SS) SSS 19 June 34.1 48.0 37.9 61.0 24.1 51.0 33.0 44.0 ---- = 3 July 37.6 55.5 44.5 67.0 31.2 53.0 39.7 56.0 40.9 73.0 1C July 39.7 58.0 47.8 92.0 35.8 59.0 40.0 91.5 48.1 88.0 MO QRS? ~ eee SS ee 56.6 100.0 25 July 43.5 70.0 54.4 102.0 46.5 70.5 47.5 76.0 65.0 116.0 1 Aug. 49.1 30-0 67.6 114.0 48.9 87.0 55.8 87.0 75.1 116.0 8 Aug. 50.0 82.5 70.€ 117.0 49.5 84.0 55-3 96.0 82.1 122.5 NS AME6 SYSS Os GS) NSO = SAGE KOS) 54.0 98.0 86.5 123.5 27 Aug. 60.9 100.0 83.8 131.5 58.5 23) OU 60 ( VO6i5 Best Si o() Ammophila brevitigulate drift mo 90-cm burial Algai drift om Bare sond Bay drift joo wo 2s = eo Oo _ 60 2) 2 40 20 250 Ge NCO me Sa Oh OM u Su Osi 8 14 27 May June July August 1979 Figure 87. Comparison of change in tiller number of Amnophila breviligulata in five habitats. 146 damm dod Wop Les ging Bet tel Trad dovalgnare mee heap in ona . ; hh, Re ee et a ei aeeenill as ss marr op ep alt mi emai Asm Ain at VPS to fot ah heer A ty 4 ee OE “ ‘tuine, i ; rye hy Tusa eis ; hee ayy" ee Sieh ; ner i : We ; , 4 Cua FP Rad toa a *! Se yea as peat, ‘ayicp ie. Crt ey fa Cia) mod Lan) ey Cond) tao en, I hots b be eabihaghinemes 0° Aap nec kA gy tm a ir en ie Solem wh a a Rie oI i‘ oa ; ht a. oe Thy Oy ". 1 em OT ss aia I Lote ae eh aid Wyae 2; A CATR EE gay BO Ree ROG ae Be amity fyi S 0 ih Ce ha een a ele Ae 2 oR . hate Ale e He Ce te eee RR ae” ig A be Vee hie: Joni.’ sae Pree esa i ‘ ee von cena alae AR FP a Ps 0 ae eee Reed Aye 2 ah tka i 1 Oba det Oe eee te Hh) GAG AR TR eR Me ee ee, i a ea Ae a a A pe wei ; Lae De AW 3; uth: ute | Le ms ee a my NE Set) Eee i neeatvbatar her RP Ra fy ei ae Wie: Sd” SH eahiede P mic ptioneny oN nigel Irsnrtnailentamcnimerecan | cine est ype heated ere oan reat Sarin aes kein i a i ‘i ; "PAG wh ohhiy } eh aa sg if omy i iwi? é Pe ai uae > mae * ant ¥ ae i i i ‘ TaN ei oe f i t " ‘ She ai Ls re we “ a . +, ee AE oe Sy ean it The, ui . , oe hs iethinaiilt ‘nyse a ipsa hen Et MR TANBUA | | we Lraceaigteatea ta. aan mn! Ammophite breviliguiata drift 90-cm burial Algal drift Bare sand Bay drift Ie VE. es) 3 1OR nl See 3 1 8 19 27 June July August 19793 Figure 88. Comparison in mean leaf length of Ammophtla breviligulata per tiller in five habitats. (Table 39; Fig. 89). Once again the algal and 90-centimeter burial treat- ments were similar to each other and greater than all other treatmente. Although measurements were not taken, chlorophyll content of the algal and 90-centimeter burial treatments also appeared to be far greater than all other treatments. The presence of algal drift material enhances Ammophila breviltgulata growth similar to that of accreting areas. Algae undoubtedly provides both increased moisture availability and nitrogen, which lead to optimal plant growth. Oceanic drift lines, rich in algal components, are by far the best habitats on Nauset Spit-Eastham for plant colonization. Below-ground produc~ tuon (rhizomes), which leads to vegetative expansion, is greatest in oceanic drift lines. Oceanic drift lines, while effective sites of plant colonization, have not played an important role in the recolonization of washovers on Nauset Spit- Eastham because the area is continually eroding. Vigorous growth of oceanic drift-line vegetation was found in 1978 and 1979 along Nauset Spit-Easthan, but did not survive winter storms. At best, these sites provide new prop- agules for resettlement in other areas. Bay drift lines have the densest vegetation and most varied flora of all Cape Cod drift lines, although they do not have the luxuriant plant growth of either oceanic drift lines or accreting areas. During the 2 years after the 147 ey, = - | c : r 4 [ i + yy } Poh ye. 7 h ih it ja ih : ‘. % t% aii Boahhis cm 10 4 Ammophila breviliquiste drift 4 90-cm burial © Algal drift ie0 oO Bare send e@ Bay drift Bo 60 4 19 25 3 {OSES 1 8 14 27 June July August 1979 Figure 89. Comparison of waximum leaf length of Ammophita dreviliqulata in five habitats. February 1978 storm, many bay drift lines established in March 1978 persisted, although many other areas on Nauset Spit-Eastham were destroyed by storms. New drift material was continually added at lower elevations to long-standing drift lines and subsequently buried by windblown sand. This additional mate- tial acted as a buffer against storm activity, which occasionally eroded the outer edges of the drift line, leaving the initial core intact. The bay drift lines are also buffered in terms of vegetative compositic.. Dune vegetation is killed by saltwater inundation during the early part of the growing season. Salt-marsh vegetation is killed by either high levels of burial or by continual low levels of burial. Because both duae and salt-marsh vegetation are present in bay drift lines, either plant community, depending on elevation, can become established from drift-line plants. Ammaphtila breviligulata, commonly found in bay drift lines, can, with sufficient sand supply, begin to build dunes. Spartina patens, also found in this habitat, will eventually be outcompeted by Ammophila breviligulata which thrives with burial. Without necessary dune-building sediment or with higher than normal spring tides during the growing season, Ammophtt2z breviligulata is killed, while Spartina patens flourishes. Bay drift lines can thus become either the site of new salt marshes or dunes. The bay drift lines were the most common features on Nauset Spit-Eastham washover fans. 148 i ee ree cpa dh eaeys smd debe et ‘ 2 a Bat TIBOR Mite. ail ae se ni ie Es cna ae ye 4yert “eat ee m ws Vio yas tart vaiciad we ne aD MG. awa pi anf os Storm. drift piles were richest in Ammophila breviligulata propagules and were widely distributed on Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1978. Large numbers of Ammophila breviligulata tillers appeared in these piles early in the growing season. Deflation of open washovers made these debris plles appear as newly developing dunes. In 1978 some of the Ammophila breviligulata fragments that regenerated in storm drift piles did not, however, survive the hot, dry summer months. Rhizome development and aboveground plant growth were poorer than in oceanic drift lines. Like bay drift lines, storm drift piles were less susceptible te storm erosion than oceanic dritt lines. Many of these piles developed around large tangles of shrubs or remnants of destroyed cottages. Again spring tide drift was deposited at lower elevations around these features and provided protec- tion from erosion. While storm drift piles were poor in species diversity and plant survival, they outlasted oceanic drift lines and helped to initiate dune building. IV. BARRIER EVOLUTION 1. Introduction. The evolution of Nauset Spit was determined from geologic core data, historical charts and maps, sequential vertical photos, and detailed field analysis of 15 areas on the spit. Stratigraphic profiles were constructed from core data so that the third dimension of the barrier landform could be analyzed to determine the role of principal processes in landward migration and to establish a time frame for barrier rollover. Historic changes were determined by an examination of old charts and maps dated as far back as the early 1600's for Nauset Spit. These early charts provide a useful description of the barrier, which can be used to corroborate and expand core information. Data from early maps and charts, however, can only be used for qualitative assessments, because early mapmaking was often subiective and inaccurate. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts dating from 1851, made from controlled field measurements, were used for quantitative analyses of recent trends. Finally, detailed field analysis of areas with an established history yielded information concerning rates and means of development of existing barrier features. A complete picture of the evolution of Nauset Spit was assembled from these four types of data. Bo Geologic Trends. a. Methodology. A series of cores were taken along transects at Nauset Spit-Eastham washover site 1 (Fig. 13) and on North Beach (Fig. 90). The relative elevation of each core was determined by transit and rod surveys for cross-sectional analysis. Since permanent bench marks were not available, elevations were established in relation to an estimation of mean water level (MWL) on the beach foreshore. Coring was conducted by the pile-driving technique, which can be accom- plished by a few individuals in marsh or fine sandy substrates. At Nauset Spit, however, the sediment is coarse sand (mean of 0.45 miliimeter) which made the coring very difficult and required additional manpower. 149 ie The ee | BAR at : bateh if wikwor ') ie ona wy IHL Dips ’ if hot ae ee ie a ated oe te ome te Bi ny osha ene ix Satie Ds Heth, an , TNT hea ANA / ie i: 2TH) Pe papel» Pas We a Uae id te 9 anys ni iN ea did tewtlie ay ov ted “Hi Lome ipa pil He MAI win bape ta gp te ee re ee en ee nt Se RE Locations of the 15 belts on North Beach. Figure 90. 150 Se eee sss . . 7 F BO oS er L- ST RS im A 5-meter-high tripod was initially set up over the coring site. A 20- kilogram weight, raised by a rope and pulley system suspended from the tripod, was used to drive the corer, a piece of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, 7 centimeters in diameter and 3 meters long, into the ground. After the PVC pipe was pounded into the ground, a measurement was made from the top of the core to the substrate surface to account for compaction. Water was then poured into the rest of the pipe and an airtight plumber’s plug was used in the end to prevent the core from slipping out during extraction. Two 5-ton- capacity truck jacks were hooked under a 7-centimeter metal collar that was tightened .round the outer perimeter of the coring pipe. The PVC pipe with the enclosed core was then removed from the ground. The cores were taken to the laboratory for analysis. Core tubes were split into lengthwise halves by a table saw. A piano wire was pulled along the vertical length of the core to separate sandy layers, and a knife was used to cut salt-marsh peat. The core was split into sediment samples based on textural and mineralogical differences. The type of peat material (high or low marsh) was identified with a binocular microscope (Neiring and Warren, 1977), and organic materials were saved for radiocarbon dating. b. Analysis of Mata. Correlation of a series of cores as a stratigraphic section illustrates the long-term, landward migration of the spit. Figure $1 is a cross section constructed from cores taken at site 1 on Nauset Spit- Eastham. Core C-l was taken in the middle of a narrow washover throat in the dune line, and two cores (C-2 and C-3) were taken in the recently overwashed salt marsh. An outcrop of peat (Spartina alternitflora) was present on the beach during the survey period (Fig. 92). A second peat layer 60 centimeters thick, dated at 815 years B.P. + 95 years (University of Miami) and typed as Spartina patens with lenses of Spartina alternifiora, was found at the bottom of a core C-1, more than 4 meters below the present surface. Above this organic layer was an orange-white sandy section, characterized by coarse sandy zones and heavy mineral laminations. This material was subaerially deposited by overwash with evidence of some aeolian layers. The surface layers in cores C-1 and C-2 were recent washover deposits from the 1972 northeaster (Fig. 91). From these cores it was evident that a well-developed salt marsh existed behind the barrier dune on Nauset Spit-Eastham as early as 815 years B.P. Washover deposits buried the salt marsh sometime after this time, and dunes subsequently formed in this location. The presence of peat also indicated that an inlet had not existed in this area within the past 800 years and the dunes must have formed on top of the weshovers. A more detailed transect of cores was obtained from North Beach, which clearly shows the mechanism of the barrier retreat (Fig. 93). The coring transect was again established through a recent washover throat to take advan- tage of the low elevation surface in the dune field. One core was taken in the back dune, and one was taken in the barrier grasslands. The salt-marsh sediments were overlain by horizontally stratified washover deposits along the entire coring transect. The marsh sediments of core NBI-2 were dated by radiocarbon methods at 360 years B.P. + 125 years (Geochron Laboratories) at the base and less than 200 years B.P. (USGS) at the top. These dates indicate a rapid rate of retreat for North Beach. Less than 300 to 400 years ago, a salt marsh existed behind the barrier at this lecation on North Beach. Salt marsh, which persisted for a few hundred years, was eventually killed by 151 ET ODE ma er \ iy bite ty! Ayirivebos p iat Heyer aq s wate» eb sibs 7. (age, i a genet 1 | : TS Me LY iM A" emake, ge Sa) a dy Bags Piiot pat? wie he th aren A 7 " my ‘ od Pi My ft ; Din ware: th) Sy ie dyif bababih me fais a7 Pg sow en Lam ne i arbi, Cys, at raat sy f if HM) FE] ancerodic Sond | Asrodic Sand Peat Layor eee log Loyar of Cocres Sand Becch Foce So = Sparting etternfiera So* Soacting eatens (m) ve Elavetion c* seis 95} Distorce (m) Figure 91. Stratigraphic cross section based on core analysis, site 1 (Nauset Spit~Eastham). Figure 92. Exposure of salt-marsh peat on beach foreshore, 1976. 152 TF I ETD I LCI IES AY EE I LO I TALE A LAR NL A CL RL A A ae etary ppt fate ttm ame oe Sa ee ae a en a aie ri 1 ~ eel wi ; rr Sine) ha I bh ia Acrodie Sand NORTH BEACH — NB} [7] ancerosic Sona i [.] Poot Loyer Hap Log Loyer or coorse Sond © 9 Organic Leyer | i £ Sp: Spartina patens § Sax Spartina oiternitiora . 5 ee N2I-6 | o SC Siete SSs Ss See | { = SSS Saas «lso i 9 Tagan e = i = 2 =" =a To Pe Uannenancessaaenn Uanoneeiaa Vaorcacee tases tenet pea a ens oe leant | Co) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Oistence (m) Figure 93. Stratigraphic cross section at Old North Beach, showing overwash sand above salt-marsh sediments. overwash burial. In less than 200 years, dunes formed on the old washover, and the oceanic shoreline retreated landward so that salt-marsh peat was near the ocean beach. Therefore, the dune line was displaced landward by at least its former width in less than 200 years. she presence of a preserved peat layer indicated that recent landwaid migration on North Beach at this location was preceded by overwash processes with upward sediment accretion on the salt-marsh surface. 3. Historic Chanyes: Qualitative. ae Introduction. Maps, charts, and written descriptions of Nauset Spit (1602 to 1868) were consulted to determine the historic evolution of the barrier system. The older maps and charts were compiled primarily by early French and English explorers interested in nearshore navigation and anchorage and sites for new settlements. Many of these charts did not take into con- sideration features such as dunes, salt marshes, or washovers. Even when physiographic features were ciearly noted, quantitative measurements were not possible because the map-making quality was inconsistent and accuracy varied greatly. Early maps did, however, often indicate the general lecation of important features such as inlets, dunes, salt marshes, and glacial remains, which could be used to substantiate other research findings. Much of this information has been summarized by other investigators work- ing in the Nauset Spit system (Mitchell, 1871, 1875; Johnson, 1925; Nickerson, 1931; Goldsmith, 1972; Giese, 1978; Onysko, 1978; McClennen, 1979; U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England, 1979; Wright and Brenninkmeyer, 1979). These accounts were synthesized and new information was added to develop a complete picture of the evolution of the Nauset Spit system since 1602. 153 SIGNS NARS WERT SAL ST a Te ELD PO I NE AILS RAE A TTC BC RE SY ETS UBER RT Co RR ee ne ! ee ee oe \ H ae \ tt " ‘ Tete) ga Ene: i pay! A ~_ tL) wetliooa dc t : SS a era ot hoe rn iy aor Mo , is ‘aE ian d t \ - N 0 | ‘ y ' 1’ if a Re on ri one 4 Guy { a Ae fhe oy ARR 1g aH by al iss ee | yin, Wa poms he jpleong am CO ar rvetay La b. Nauset Spit-Eastham. The earliest reliable source of information on Nauset Spit is a map and written account by Samuel de Champlain in !605. This map, along with other early accounts by Gosnold (1602), Hudson (1609), and Bradford (1622), is included in a shoreline diagram by Nickerson (1931; Fig. 94), who attempted to reconstruct the Cape Cod shoreline observed by the Mayflower Pilgrims in 1620. Of particular interest on this composite map is the configuration of the Nauset Harbor-Point Care area. In the past 350 years, there have been major adjustments of the Nauset Spit shoreline. A comparison of Champlain's 1605 map (Fig. 95) and a 1964 USGS qu:drangle map indicates the nature and magnitude of these changes (Fig. 96). In 1605 Nauset Harbor was protected by two barrier spits separated by Nauset Inlet. Between 1605 and 1978, the south spit moved Landward approximately 0.8 kilometer at a rate of 2.1 meters per year (wright and Brenninkmeyer, 1979). This is considerably faster than the rate of shoreline recession in the area today (0.9 meter per year, Marindin, 1889; 1.5 meters per year, Zeigler, 1960; and 9.9 meter per year, this study). An inspection of Champlain's 1605 map, interpreted by Ganong (1922), gives some insight into the rapid landward migration of the south spit (Fig. 95). There is a notation accompanying the map that indicates there was “a nucleus of upland, doubtless one of the little drumlins so plentiful on this coast” with a grove of trees, which is characteristic of glacial features. The southern spit of Nauset Harbor in 1605 was a tombolo (a spit connecting an island to the mainland). This small glacial section had eroded at a slower rate than the rest of the shoreline for many years. When the glacial deposit was finally eroded by the sea prior to 1833 (Nickerson, 1931), the shoreline rapidly retreated to an equilibrium position, resulting in a straightening of the shoreline. Then the northern spit mst have also eroded rapidly at its southern end, since it would have projected seaward with the loss of the south spit drumlin. Champlain's 1605 map indicates that much of the surface of Nauset Harbor was covered with mudflats. Salt marsh was confined to the northeast corner of the embayment immediately behind the barrier dunes. To determine the depth and age of the present salt marsh, indicated as mudflats on Champlain's map, two shallow cores were taken, using the piledriver technique. In one core taken near the center of Nauset Marsh, salt-marsh peat was found in the upper 80 centimeters of the column. The lowest organic layer was radiocarbon dated at 1485 years B.P. + 125 years (University of Miami). In the second core, taken near the southern end of Nauset Marsh, salt-marsh peat was found in the top 1 meter of sediment, and a radiocarbon date of the basal peat was fixed at 750 years B.P. + 85 years (Beta Analytic). Clearly, Champlain must have seen salt marsh in the center of Nauset Harbor in 1605. Champlain, a noted geog- rapher, was primarily interested in the Nauset Harbor area as a settlement site with good anchorage. To a sailor, mudflats and salt marsh were equally unnavigable. Although the spit has migrated a considerable distance landward, the Nauset Harbor area on Champlain's map of 1605 appears quite similar to its configuration in 1977 (Fig. 2). Two barrier spits with well-developed dunes protected a large salt marsh with poorly navigable channels. The only major difference between the maps was the drumlin in 1605 that altered the smooth contour of the outer shoreline. 154 BR RS BL 8 9 FT SP ED ST eR et a ue i \ \ ; Ae iy \ oO ot \ ji J y 1 ¥) i Ly i { 1 Oy i Mi a ae: . ; | CUel nh int Uh \ ‘ } Lt ee i Pee a UMM RUE Ck Ble pheeey. acer B Vee | OBA) tara fi keg, ivi) (UMA) Pr) oe | ShaA aH i ToS ANA le miles 0} | a ie) { 2 3 hitormeters Brewster Orleans “ Champioin S80 Poiet Core, 1€02 & busts peind, 15095 Ite Peseet, (aia —~ f Stet's Byer, 1gis-10N8 Ouenier, 1€19 Gretioed IGZ2 Figure 94. Shoreline diagram by Nickerson (1931), after Goldsmith (1972). ATES ENT as ATA Waa he AT Ti NAN TB TSN Tg BT aT EE ER UGS TTI ST AL SSC I Pea —— 0 mahi . . siping . — gag = ot gad j a sage 7 my i i *loqiey yosnen jo dew cog] s uyetduey9 °C6 oanBTa 56 1 ee Ge DN | PEROT AT SB PI at. eed FES z STAT per Y walt TE aE. reer OFS eS STE TES UAT ROR ERI IT ti oy t u NSN + 7 sf GH at Figure 96. Overlay of Champlain's 1605 map and a 1964 topographic map ot Nauset Harbor. By the end of the l8th century, the Nauset Harbor area was very different from either 1605 or 1977. Des Barre (1764), a mapmaker for the Royal British Navy, produced a detailed map of the Nauset Spit system (Fig. 97), which showed both a change in crientation of the barrier and a change in the phys- jographic features from 1605. In 1764 Nauset Spit-Eastham was dissected into many small sections that are shown as irregular forms on the map in the appropriate location for a dune line. A close inspection of the shading notation used by Des Barre shows that these breaches were breaks in the dune line (washovers), rather than inlets which experienced tidal exchange. Seis-~ mic data collected along Nauset Spit-Eastham north of the present inlet (D. Aubrey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, personal communication, 1980) and the presence of almost continuous salt-marsh peat beneath the dune line indicate that an inlet has not existed north of the present inlet within the recent past. These irregular features on Des Barre's map were dunes, while the shading between and westward of the dunes undoubtedly represented wash- overs. Nauset Spit either recently overwashed in 1764 and was very similar to its physiographic appearance in 1978 (i.e., remnant dunes) or the spit had overwashed many years earlier and these features represented new dunes forming on washovers. Des Barre's map shows a large salt marsh in the center of Nauset in approximately the same position as the present marsh. Also, the main channel into Nauset Harbor curves to the south as it does today, very close to Nauset Heights. Nauset Spit-Orleans is present on the 1764 map, but is much shorter than noted in 1605. 157. ey ee e™ ‘, ‘ \ t 2 ! : i v7) | : F cs 4 ee a IE PO a aT AT a RO Tat a re TT RT PUT POR OM TP a HORTAT Aha CTPA AUN PRE A «sete Gameday) inety oy : s Rao NEAR IED eect RU ET AE PS ia se ‘ ; poatoe Ppeua OU. iy a | . ontt 2) ae ey oy eT SECS eR ee ea eR i BAY Tae eee eC ee ee ga) aya “ete, , 7G ms y Peg ' Pee ini: Fe Ci hh al Pte. cele ae Poe mera revert ier age Tees | Fk OM, i aa tele yeaa yt, 34)" jis sii a ae. ante boroedelh ie mesg rewEt! OD A ee, ney eds Be bs eae ed 2 id _ 19 Pits Gea endinel “ian yank. pret to a | usrdety ud No wok gtelpetie aavls a sand) anh: © GW aed tenel” ane wjub-wilt 9) biped aa bG eodihoot seNtd BEM Owalh ae tne eal ae bade “aide Ghhktdss (ils pale iogke dohdw ete tnt edd Sete Capevens MI9t Tag read pA 7h ona Be mew ve) to gia dio gay ila ga a 8 cake Ot BA SAR an Be ulin BF ohuds Ciavl panama | . Sagi HpMe Ob Seah Poe > Lhe ° agin o 18 - oe Baswmaag: Cer eats ee LE mmm Fle i m has -* sf ts Fd Seo kane aaee al, nb ae pet oy fa at eg erat ' Whee ste Ss eaNG Cot areata cares EMEA PUES Gi Figure 97. Des Barre's 1764 chart cf Neusec Spit (courtesy Atheneum) Library of Boston}. The next significant map cf Nsuset Spit is the first U.S. Coast Survey sap made in 1856 (Fig. &8). The inlet inte Hauset Harbor hed migrated te the south near Nevuset Esights by this time, and the south spit had been completely eroded. ‘The large salt marsh ia Neuset Harbor was wall developed with mest of the present features essily identifiable. As the northern epit exteaded to the south in a wore landward position, a large marsh island became fused to the epit, separated by sandflats covered enuly during very high tides. The channel into Navset Harcor had been diverted far to the south. c. North Beach. The first description of the North Beach section of the Nauset Spit system was written fa 1602 by Accher, a member of Gosnold's crew on an exploratery voyage (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1843). 158 MEST Hea hide Ee cna Alp tw PUN ba Suis ta VU EN Pade Pl dT at RR NO ai Ado SA NS aN -. ¥ ¢ “7 4 eames en) aS \y ha: ve : a4 Figure 98. U.S. Coast Survey map of Nauset Spit-Eastham, 1856. 159 Bi aad TT AE Tk ST LT ER TT BOL We OT LT ae Gr CRE ND | oo fe te eats ae ATE: an a ye! ry Archer noted that after passing Tucker's ‘error, which must have been the ebb tidal delta off Nauvset Inlet (Nickerson, 1931), Gosnold anchored to the lee of Point Care in 8 fathoms of water (Fig. 94). Point Care must have been the south spit at Nauset Harbor formed by the drumlin noted by Chasplaizn 3 years earlier, This giacital deposit and the ebb tidal delta of Nausget Inlet must have projected considerably eastward to afford Gosnold a calm anchorage. Archer referred to many “breaches” around the ship at this site, some of which the crew tested to see {tf if would be possible to enter the bay to obtain freshwater. Finding all these breaches too shallow for passage, Gosnoid sailed south “passing by the breach of Point Gilbert” and noting two more inlets to the south. Archer recorded the inlet at Point Gilbert at 40° 2/3', approximately oppcsite the site of Chatham Light (Fig. 3). Champlain visited North Beach 4 years later on his second voyage to Cape Cod. After a brief stop at Nauset Harbor, Champlain continued scuth, attempt- ing to come ashore on the ocean beach. Unable to land, Champlain tool: the advice of Indians and sailed south, rounding a long spit which he called Cape Batturter and Landing at Port Fortune (Stage Harbor) in Chatham. The detalied map the: Champlain constructed for Port Fortune (Fig. 99) sugyests that a spit east of Chatham was attached to the mainland at Allen Point (Fig. 3}. j Qe Quire Wh & & wm = eesti is y eG ae ENT ( Ee ee ae Le CT Ne NG Rie%, Se a . Gee dm Y Ae ‘ Bre B -—~ 6 Vee: “A at Oy coteettt 4 ™ 4 oe te Se. A ET a gel : r sath 3 A ow cay Mngt & F se | & a i Fe “(z% 2 gs < 4 ¥ =f ae ae eet en Bho AP? a & y \ NES Ra. i Svar omy ED SS Da eerie Te = CAG SES pB Jf xX ~~ i 2 ze In SOE Se : pyran \ Pu s 5 4 Bes X ene ; : rs 0 Gs = ro oie 6 ; - mites mip a) (Xi ¢ tes L Ati L tae kt ues ff ee eo —+ 168. gO. FOO. Tine tavee A Eftanp Seay faltbe. { & praniess, I Dunes de foble far voc ten- Q_ petisre: fe. [pees B Les cabsnacs des ‘souapes & | EE Mang deaudouce, on ilps guetre detzere, | K Mowayme qurdeceocars de |X ib ash fone, feurs trerees on th fahuurcnt quanuié de pibict L Calde fae fatellinvee® LY feuce ine “apMe dé perow C Prariesoutlyea. persroil- | F Raoreres de prauceen ite | mm Rade ou moniflatmesPancre | $ ta colte deta met. | dans Ser cecees, feana. G Ile temple de bow dedans devant fo pase Tob ene swuscre 12 Douce verdes. a! © Preisics bY ifte qr: coaacenth er erand cul de fac. WN Entece du pon, Vo Chemm que none fifmcecn | a Letdor oe nos gens rene toutes lee mackce. H Mamere dcttane diese (sige | O Leport & heves oitne- Seutparvantouide trem tere | ture ah ic (aumsy 6 pres te D Petia coftsuy de montagne: | & ouily stores cogmiinyes, | Are bargne. eat, weit pone ce peut ieee . califtcr€plie de bor, vigece,! enuezrarcs quenced buss. Ip tactow que Fea planta, f | Figure 99. Champlain's 1607 map of Port Fortune (Stage Harbor, Chatham) (from Biggar, 1922). 160 EDT LTA We WE A OWS AE BLP LOE OT RT AS WES RIES WS NE be pe 03 gi i wae anes} seviatl i as i 7 ie a ioe Most ie ; ea LG MRL ROD RR fell stat bis nae ahs ali i uy att a a bh. ia, hes, dail AiR } i Champlain did not provide any detail of the coastline between Mallebar (Nauset Harbor) and the northern point of Batturier (at Allen Point). Ona later map in 1607, undoubtedly made from the same information collected in 1605 and 1609 (Fig. 100), this section was shown as an indentation in the otherwise smooth shoreline. Considering the care with which Champlain mapped other areas of the American coast, this omission is surprising. It is possi- tle that in sailing through Tucker's Terror and around Point Care, Champlain was taken too far to sea to allow detailed views of this part of the Nauset coastline. OS Ag Be ty! AY Re oR \ sant : thier 2 a “Bie is oF ee Set hee oA a3 : : Lok we # 2 eae pervex ta t se l wae, Pre pee a Sen ae Diese) aa ‘Ae Aa ae ae 1 ARN we eh Wak Sri p . ur f nh =, and s S ‘ ‘ 6 ‘ C Sere Fa gsges PES pooh Ph ae % P Js Va Vaal a BE Ue. ZS 3 Y re ofl ear ™. i Prey. sisal Neu oe Bee ae a 5 oy “$s - ' - al y 3S Ca, Wa x eo, ites ERE SSS LA (SS hee rr a egy tS FC EN vs \ ~~ = GNSS ‘ if e eae Yee SS Ske coset » Se *. \ ‘ SO ' = * e i BX Figure 100. Champlain's 1607 chart of Cape Cod (courtesy of Library of Congress) (from Morison, 1972). Nickerson's (1931) composite map made from accounts in the early 1600's shows several inlets through North Beach north of the spit (Cape Batturier) mapped by Champlain (Fig. 94). One of these inlets has been clearly marked by the stranding of the ship, the Sparrow-Hawk, in 1626. Sailing without adequate provisions, the Sparrow-Hawk was forced to land by angry passengers (Otis, 1864). The sudden landing proved fatal when the ship became cntrapped on the shoals around an inlet through North Beach 1 mile south of Pochet Island. Rising tides freed the ship but only drove it onto the shoals inside the harbor. The ship was abandoned and covered with sand as the inlet channel shifted southward. This inlet was also noted by Hudson in 1600, Dermier in 1619, and Bradford in 1622 (Nickerson, 1931). In 1863, 237 years after the yrounding of the Sparrow-Hawk in Pleasant Bay, the same ship was exposed on the vcean beach (Otis, 1864). Salt marsh had developed around the ship, which had been firmly fixed in the sand. This 161 { ae aera ie. esol iS, f ibe: ile eet ey ah 4 adit tein: hua oe , ; 1 : ae SUN pel gaiett od): he a } Tait te sikh wat 2s PRN TE, Witte 7 “age Neabatshe \ * ae a marsh was subsequently overwashed, and dunes had formed on washovers covering the ship. Finally, storm waves eroded the dune line, exhuming the Sparrow- Hawk. North Beach had receded landward by the width of the barrier, plus the distance from the bayward edge of the marsh to the stranded ship. ‘Taerefore, the time frame for barrier rollover in this region was less than 237 years. If the interpretation of Champlain's map of Port Fortune is correct and the spit east of Chatham did join the mainland at Allen Point, and if inlets recorded by Gosnold (and others) and the sinking of the Sparrow-fHawk are correct, it appears that North Beach was highly dissected between 1600 and 1620. It seems likely, trom more recent data, that the spit was breached in a single location some years earlier (perhaps between 1550 and 1580) and that sections of the barrier south of the principal inlet, deprived of adequate sand, were miyrating rapidly toward the mainland. Nickerson's composite nap (Fig. 94) does not differ significantly from maps of North Beach 30 years after the 1846 breach through the continuous barrier spit. The problems early explorers had Landing in Chatham (Gosnold, Champlain, the Sparrow-Hawk), or even passing by the area (Gosnold, Champlain, the Mayflower), were undoubtedly caused by many poorly maintained inlets through North Beach--a situation sim- ilar to the “ruined” harbor mentioned by Mitchell in the 1870's. The next available map of the North Beach area was made by Southack in 1717 (Fig. 101). Although the scale of this map is badly distorted, a water- way between Nauset Marsh and Pleasant Bay is cleariy evident. Surprisingly, Champlain (and others) did not record this channel, possibly because it was not naviyable and therefore of Little importance. Southack's map also shows that North Beach was again a continuous Spit extending along the mainland well to the south of Coathanm. tes Barre's 1764 map. which shows the same detaits as the Southack map, positions the end of North Beach approximately east of Tern Island (Figs. Biawnd i 9)7). The spit extended 3.2 kilometers to the south in 30 years (Des Barre, 1/64). Several other accounts of the same period document the rate at which the spit built to the south. Two accounts state that between 1742 and 1772 the spit extended at a rate of 1.6 kilometers per 12 years and 1.6 kilometers per 8 years (Hitchcock, 1835). If North Beach had extended from a point 3.2 to 8 kilometers southward by 1780, the inlet in 1742 must have been just south of the 1626 inlet site, located by the stranding of the Sparrow-Hawk. This inlet marks the beginning of the second cycle since the Late 1500's at a point south of the 1626 inlet. During the early part of the 19th century, North Beach continued to extend southward. In 1817 North Beach began at Nauset Harbor and extended 12.8 to 14.4 kilometers to the south (approximately 9.6 to 11.2 kilometers south of the glacial headlands at Orleans) (Blunt, 1817). Between 1765 and 1835 the spit had exterded 4.8 kilometers in length (Hitchcock, 1835). Another account stated that between 1829 and 1849, 3.2 kilometers was added to the Spit (Davis, 1849). By 1851 North Beach extended beyond Morris Island (Mitchell, 1873). The Minot Gaile in 1851 breached the spit across from Allen Point (U.S. Coast Survey Annual Report, 1851). Major erosion of North Beach did not, however, 162 me soi seat tal as inti ida a Anh lapis iv: sbabsh Py , i. Fath Rich's t / p ‘ oo tod. eb Oe a ae ‘Fen AYE ee said nih fe pena bat ’ ny i Gs, tae inde : ' fo ys i 4 { i alg : i i} 0) { uy aA " uy 2 He | 0 y an N y i \ i) \ Latyen ‘zeta! f ; ' al cauall vy j rf ey ey 5 2 be no te 5 ‘i ai meee } pera _ ; mt \ Bf Wy Rp CN. Weanrene ; f efec He a ROBT Peano) F PAN else ces Sure pi Mmec tr bn ec AR Sh fo he i r k ih xa é cs KN rer ; "ys j if 09a Was noe tee aes Roe iad fle 1h u 4 ta ween aronmml /y ane " tte Ket 4 OTe Ba Peet Ve ch Wie P » | Meh cre OR Al ee od. Hara fieble Boy| ta net dengere vad bY Gr a my 7X 260 13 ‘ip veamegn of do mngrres Sones Uysal ame mA fa, fle © Bodh Sari | 8 a Rise 0 Siang weed have got sg Jom poge: a x 7 : | . AQ (8 130 : Si 2 TMS ee that cheDdyth f “Water aterma 2 G Q + zo) f os 4 Dosen are Bit (uile fas Depeche oA Hebe ‘ De Pate Shap 5 Slory growed, : 2 | Wht t (ot i a ASI ON CLE CD ED 2: \ Matte and oS Lg Avceror from Fa tihemes i) abo ana IF: jirsee ts the leltve F plimced by then f : Ea haem : BK] EF ies ; yf Barmltable Bay St: ai a sai eat : D ata Jor Fe 2 wie flace whee. | ( @ Gronet “ 37 ve Carvey a with 0 Wale Bons boing i Pe eon ee hined ger $ Tinate See Wide Beilama Cromand P \ cast army 5 28 op Lanl) pected peta i feces H yiy AN oa ne ; R a AN es, a jhe Let i yfeatanien J r 5 aay 3 Cigreed way 2 = * ee “ . oP ‘Verh Grareral sett gearaps » Cards 8 et iGueiends! ca) - a i a Gawre Brower Sand i i See ‘ = : dey Aga “e ae 4 Cad | / 2¢ —_—— oo rae a ee ee se eee eee eee 8 eee ee eee Oo eee oO eee _ % - «2. Ret O 2 i + + , N t x i Figure 101. Southack's 1717 map of Cape Cod (courtesy of Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology) (from Goldsmith, 1972). take place until a storm in 1869 created a larger permanent inlet through the barrier (Mitchell, 1873). By 1851 North Beach had begun its third inlet migraticn cycle in recorded history. At this time, the passage between Pleasant Bay and Nauset Harbor was closed except at very high tides (Freeman, 1858). In 1871 Henry Mitchell of the U.S. Coast Survey was assigned to document the rates of ercsion of the barrier spit protecting Chatham. From measure- ments taken between 1847 and 1872, Mitchell calculated a loss of 129 hectares and as much as 305 meters from North Beach (Mitchell, 1873). The shoreline 163 retreated 1.58 kilometers landward by 1886. The glacial headlands of Chatham were exposed to the sea and eroded rapidly. During i year the cliff near Chatham Light eroded 31 meters (Mitchell, 1875). At least one street was lost from the town as waves eroded developed land (Goldsmith, 1972). The cycle of inlet formation, dissolution of the southern part of the spit after breaching and migration of the inlet to the south, has occurred three times since explorers first visited Cape Cod. The complete cycle takes between 100 and 175 years. North Beach has not been breached since 1846; a new inlet-spit elongation cycle appears imminent (Onysko, 1978). There is no record of inlets north of the 1626 Sparrow-Hawk site, nor is there reason to believe that the initial inlet of the second cycle was formed as far north as the 1626 inlet. The landward migration of Nerth Beach was, therefore, controlled predominantly by overwash processes north of the 1626 inlet, where the barrier is backed by an extensive salt marsh or glacial head- lands. All barrier features south of the Sparrow-Hawk site are younger than 354 years, having been influenced by inlet dynamics and spit regeneration during this time. 4, Historic Changes: Quantitative. a. Introduction. The entire Nauset Spit system has been constructed by longshore sediment transport from the eroding outwash plains of Easthan, Wellfleet, and Truro, and can be reasonably divided into three major units: Nauset Spits--Eascham and Orleans fronting Nauset Marsh; the section of North Beach north of the 1846 inlet (Old Nerth Beach); and North Beach south of the 1846 inlet (New Nocth Beach; Fig. 3). The present spit north of Nauset Inlet (2.7 kilometers; Fig. 2) has not been subject to inlet dynamics in recent times. The area between Nauset Inlet and Nauset Heights (1.8 kilometers) has eroded and rebuilt several times in recorded history by inlet migration. Old Nosth Beach (17.9 kilometers) has not been affected by inlet breaching since 1868. The southern 2 kilometers of North Beach developed as a result of southerly migration of the 1626 inlet. New North Beach (6.7 kilometers) has been created since 1846 and does not have remnant salt-marsh peat below surficial features. There have been several studies of shoreline changes along the Atlantic coast of Cape Cod. Field surveys of Nauset Spit were conducted by the U.S. Coast Survey during the 19th century. Nauset Spit-Eastham was surveyed in 1856 and 1886; Old North Beach was surveyed in 1668 and 1886; and New North Beach was surveyed in 1851 and 1886. Marindin (1889) compared these surveys to calculate the rate of shoreline erosion along the spit system (Table 40). “T" sheets were published from these data for New North Beach in 1851 and 1886, Old North Peach in 1868, and Nauset Spit-Eastham in 1856. The tran- sects surveyed by Marindin in 1886 along the Nauset Spit~Eastham section were reoccupied in 1957 by Zeigler, et al. (1964), and comparisons were made to earlier surveys (Table 40). An aerial photography study of shoreline changes was recently conducted along the entire outer Cape (Gatto, 1979). The shore- line position of two locatiecns on each of Nauset Spit-Eastham, Old North Beach, and New North Beach was recorded from a series of photos taken between 1938 and 1974. The rate of shoreline erosion at these positions appears in Table 40. 164 yet ninedh 2D Neo th ee shad a, gaat rm sess 7h ted yeon Ales... sic jaune: + an (ane TE A a ll ad ge Seid) dane rae Re val i" Wiehe hi Us ina wane be finhone ag alle ha 2hR ee mS a ni bive ch hanno Hel tin Bite ‘Oa. ead aa Puan «nds wiles fief iin eet a he ‘aon 7 i AA pone: seen fF inialt Saha i yu! staan Ce one a ba ae =a spr maid 0 dastoer Sikrnt Ye, eae ‘en. bande ‘ee aeLay sy: Sie pe ke babi d hd. | Amat wey Lied 8 ee pees a iret eat aa ah SSaR: wid 4 tS aha ne ‘ee wb ve Ya 1 iy qa Caine Bil dela ay ig ie SF.0W)' huni a CA NO) ak eg! hat ee ah AM MT j ‘Bike of a oa had eh i Ne Ibn ays vt eee cee a aye sd rng We eg Tesh Paice eh S) atte ey. . Mion tiene ¥ pails re ‘dhaggailay eal Nesaiannher ii. ry aoe | ‘ten wie bea) ai th he. ‘ieali nee ontae | Spry We : ‘ine nhion ihe alang BENONSL) CLLR trash th heen! dt ihe nee bs to WHMIS CER FACADE td heh naar ln ol deeb heigl ide se margins An So amtatrievaleyinnnm reninmend wacamieas rants! ere ‘ fon cn al Br ieraaaael dale NER MES y's (agian, GRR 10 PA Gov ein i A) ih aby qin i ei rayne went pore somnuaehirs sag aU HO eR Asef nye vine tirana baat aires Pere romret Ln iia Ame ce, Bia + 4 RO bud ; CHLOE CERRIERERE 2 cca 4 at atten} eh Wie” yan ; ; AR uoaue LE wick cae wane Ta) Reynold. Opti x dee =H eee Bab 4 b.3 A Bawitibs dienes ec CRS AD ee ds? 7 i { Lo }S- in) Re $48 to yee ria Ainge: ste eens: “pence: ee alate leuan shee tee ly idiots im. f feantne aM eve ‘Meee awe the peer b27 yeaye. the U8, 7 vient nid we ABSG and aoveel phates Laken, ers ea as ean add bay slave ine ih Low L998 5, 4952, and 1978, which, Der major akormny # weal sae, dtady. Theme plete) oii, him vat of edahiwaed,, bemhwed, 2A aRNy Chaee, dune aed Wend lowehurdiod nto may Dake teen MLAVe. wine, RRA Rng, from, Buriohy Mk Pere HOF phetows. UE Vee, photoes Radka Bae hog Fale periods, wae. 1 ee pebmtinent.: vf we, Wate, chaben betimowe choy, Box tle ehh pyeten and mage Whe anya ituie, of, ovakwanl grec calor, te Wak weal 49 shawgh af. eo teal vb aneca were bea Ate obketade Beam. i } eed 978 agaaier Gk. te hoist. oh pare Re gn Pm y probleme ok mp “Construction ; wer tsk Basin abel... hiner ‘eburca: Weise tuvhued wages Andmre Had a BER Baier on che wethodoligy Mtl be pre. 7 itm chav en and aby hat ‘piwestill wan | | Teyeestooripad ROG) s)he mos eee p: Te ny ie dante. oe. bho Khar’ Oe photo. fv Hiri etn a NS vhedta . Hat LakereoenLonn” aid” : a ety Ried pawl i koun.! Moh wirvary, ate! Hae weate ARUMaNR wml, Barras: oi ea elie Wise~ hb Natures: whieh egy. # ei Si vacebhe” pier the witetdow: vf a) cas bea Ad aH ADEN UR HN Doe tito ‘A atelie Be Fowk eae cel Mo tbugved and, parca ae th saat Ryle apotew. wed oH pading To wheke . ! Table 40. Erosion rates along glacial cliffs and the Nauset Spit system (m/yr). Area ___Data source Marindin Zeigler, Gatto This report (1889) et al. (1964) (1979) Nauset Cliffs X = 1.0 X = 0.7 1.8 (1868-86) (1868-1957) 3.8 2.1 (1938-74) Nauset Spit- ROA X= 1.3 1.3 X= 0.9 Eastham (1856-86) (1856-1957) (1938-74) (1856-1978) X= 1.0 (1856-1952) X= 1.2 (1938-768) Old North X= 2.4 2.0 X = 1.5 Beach (1868-86) 0.9 (1868-1978) (1938-74) A X = 0.7 (1868-86) X= 1.6 (1938-78) New North = -=----- , 5.1 X = 5.8 Beach 5.9 (1938-78) (1938-74) lincluded with Old North Beach. This study is the first attempt to describe quantitatively changes in physiographic features on Nauset Spit during the past 127 years. The U.S. Coast Survey Maps for 1851, 1856, 1867, 1868, and 1886 and aerial photos taken in 1938, 1941, 1952, 1964, and 1978 were used to map ocean and bay shoreline positions and vegetative units. Aerial photos for 1938, 1952, and 1978, which were taken after major storms, are used in this study. These photos bias the results in favor of washovers, because in many cases dune and shallow—-buried salt-marsh plants may have been alive and recovering from burial, but were not visible on the photos. If these photos were taken during calm periods, wash- overs would be much less prominent. These photos were chosen because they were complete for the spit system and showed the magnitude of overwash proc- esses. Photos taken in 194) and 1964, although of inferior quality, were used to expand the data obtained from 1938, 1952, and 1978 photos. b. Methodology. The principles and accuracy problems of map construction from historical aerial photos and coastal charts were reviewed by Anders and Leatherman (1980), so only a brief summary of the methodology will be pre- sented. A technique of map construction from charts and aerial photos was devised with the assistance of National Ocean Survey (NCS). The first step in the procedure is to locate stable control points on each chart or photo. The same points are mar.ed on correspor.ijing NOS T sheets. Road intersections and buildings are the most accurate points due to their fixed positions. Manmade structures, however, are not always present on barriers or the mainland shore- line. Natural features which have remained stable over the duration of the mapping interval can be used as alternative points. A minimum of four control points were located and plotted on each photo of the Nauset Spit system and on the corresponding T sheet. 165 ay taunide ytod Penny ag bap wets ae eee Ae ee ASE eT a hail sha Pano ene Invik, dap] tga a, Lisuwey yin eit Seaedhert. pera % ee i ee ea line ies q se, eashte: Sato aeitin| apie antiens: Boy atavt ee ee ae diol bidet $440 Saeuent, wee Yk OF ee a eel - eee cheer emt ser t e en re —" “fe : ry i ie ae Be le On rs! eae af mvs 4 i “it fade = ft See 4 i i He \ a i‘ ie Ds tp ® bolt ©). thy seek CHT ree) eesatey) CLEP BER ) tweed Ad) To a > Ute Sonia ae i \ eee ee F i oe Nal i CaCO Tia j CHEERS) | E . i ae re a vit Te ah Nae Lat Sn) ute relet) BiG : CaegMis p Deh oN rian Maeno iyau Til), Sh ee » st OO Tee ce ee MBAR | : on Dm utean Lin y ine a fed ¥ A Uae, 1 i Catenin ; k ay aN a ae ef bch E Lue "aoa Ml on bGt=aE8s }- Lithad : : Ave 9 oo “ tetsaaen) we Meine? iy) cree of lanes Heep em ne Te ine samme e nt ea FI y ha ase: ROH: Win) “lta, vetean | 4 os nedad. BOK Daa thee: MAAN Rak eR to behw pod bein SE Beet O32) odminy ePs ats wate covery WOaRe buge sh ah heeeo ts Gutawdewe f) bite hae sees eengs viean MAE BANSBO ar) mie doy roe. Det” penal abo). wed evose's hipy’ ‘wv t de: head aven. stay) hho tim Pye Met: frat eta BUPOAR. aeudtd yw cats she nidd’: perhevta Shad shoddy event satiprsmotg ee ppg mee Jo Bia tiopem ‘ed towarhe him “we laitn: fh haa ois (tM: TOLIBIHL Ke Agvona te: Ae | Ae inicio! BNR, hero, sciioll iy ad bsouir “Biles iti rake cual thai ‘wae Ain ro miasookog: sett 7 Fits paabink vi Siommay es, ree WS Lads Laden, told wosore “gait Def “Ethe wail Okuma. OAS So YRsamind Teles 8 Vee tosh potoiq: Seep Sse nivel, aor’ Wolsanadatos qe Fo: aS aan haa’ any | 5 Gat) eran, Neon feo ot) to ‘weit | we ‘Bia dno dinakyooH ks shaniiaM j mips ete Bi Loaunes ao ad iG, Wy In the next step, a base map was produced onto which T sheet or photo data could be transferred. The state plane coordinate system intersections on the T sheets served as a set of primary control points. Manmade and natural points acted as secondary controls. The relative position of each control point was determined with an X-Y digitizer. Since state plane coordinates were known for the primary control points, a program (CONVERT), developed by NOS, was used to transform all digitized secondary control points into state plane format. These points were then plotted onto mylar at a 1:10,000 scale by means of a second computer program (P2NDPT) and a Calcomp plotter. The mylar sheet became the base map onto which shoreline data were transferred. Concurrent with the production of the base maps, aerial photos were annotated to highlight ocean ard bay shorelines, dunes, shrubs, marshes, and washovers. Distinctions were not made among dunes, shrubs, and washovers on the early U.S. Coast Survey charts, and these units were combined into one category. All data were transferred onto base maps with a Bausch and Lomb zoom transfer scope (ZTS). Individual photos were optically overlaid on the base maps. Scale and stretch adjustments were made until the optimal fit between the control points on the photo and base map was achieved. Perfect alinement of all control points was not possible, because the ZTS does not correct for tilt. Once the best possible fit was achieved, however, most of the distortion was cemoved. After the base maps were completed, coordinates were determined using the X-Y digitizer for shorelines and vegetation community boundaries. It was possible to produce any desired map or set of overlay maps with different scales, levels of detail, or line type with the plotting pregrams. The length of each major unit of the Nauset Spit system was calculated from each historical map. Shoreline changes were measured at 6l-meter (200- foot) intervals along the entire spit system. The average, minimum, and max- imum barrier widths were calculated at 305-meter (1,000-foot) intervals. Areas for dune, salt marsh, and shrub communities, and for washovers and supratidal sandy environments, were determined with a polar planimeter on a large-scale map (1:2,400). The location of loss or gain of total barrier area was determined for sequential pairs of overlaid maps (1:12,000) using a dot grid (256 dots per square inch). Distinctions were made for areas yained and lost along the ocean, bay, and at the spit terminus. Sequential map overlays (1:12,000) were used to delineate the location of dunes and salt marshes that were lost and those that developed between the mapping periods; these changes were quantified with a dot grid. c. Nauset Spit-Eastham. The southern 2.1 kilometers of Nauset Spit- Eastham has changed dramatically in the last 122 years due to the migratory characteristics of Nauset Inlet (Fig. 102; Table 41). Only a single spit extended southward from the Eastham headlands near the Nauset Coast Guard Station in 1856. The destruction of the drumlin described by Champlain in 1605 (Fig. 95) led to the landward migration and dissolution of the south spit. Salt marshes to the lee of this spit were buried by shifting sands during the 1830's (Nickerson, 1931). The north spit extended southward to a position west of the former south spit. By 1856 Nauset Inlet was located at the base of Nauset Heiyhts and the north spit was 4.9 kilometers: long. 166 “ey, gala” RS in Wane abe PO eTY cit iret ity is PS rah oahu 1s oun i, “Ais ean bso) Boke aw qed ‘one he ate * nH? a0 Cheba wa Heniecee wana diets Nae ‘aoa 9M wee ce bik” hibingeniaas aeaphe Enea Lael Ral ane - aaa hae.) to pron) Nit. : Ser) a lege: ce avait ih Lie ue Hy 1b. "yn tii / he Gonk 4A) Neqgebeyed me 1 CrmsvinsS ino ye 44 be Aes er +H : wt. B chine Laren” eter eer ib es i eta) \ alee OBO enti” ee ast Takia ame te Pind ay HARD tie eT ear ‘Malpating ' 6 ‘pew MR DY, tee Thane TARE bin 1 eee ah ad Cio , Chi al OC na) Mm aber creas wore fee lin caerte a ipa fy) 5 ; whee Wa a BR os Bhak nif ) toy mond aubaae el? be! tee ued f), wi ee penn 2! Git j Bit ie iinids racy! pr : Bebe pei) ue is 1 Aa Uh" Ctl Cnet Ae eas bi st age ; tit ot Ae py ea Lita vst icin ibaa J er) Wal’ S13 pent sige! wach. Ai ae ms aoe AM bY re aN i % Ba 2s : Pre PW "i is ‘oists: DR att Dai ‘ip e tii 4 | ee 5 Ea vf Bn enaneich ue a Hanah start nanblonwde. eb ari by Layasyf pe angie Ae ae: te EMA cade rtd iad bijeae wee eee ba ties iF i bth pit, “Ne hap wh pay tal sacl paneaea | Sete aegis Mic) ry oy Beene a ae o (tatw bed "ORS easy Ke AeE dati V ira ¥ 4. Ae Paes est iw Shia = nedmoUd Miva vy Rata ‘ay °(BL61 PUB ‘ZS6T ‘BE6T UF Usyxey soqoYd Teyjse pue Z1eYyS YCRT Ue BoIz) saanjeszy oTydeasoyshyud Suzymoys weyzseg—ayds yesnen yo sdey *701 aan3ty BLE eS6t ’ \ SS fog + udtpO\S worjolsS —— See YOIjDIS wONnOIS psong jsooa 2ONY 43007 } 13S90N yatnon ise ee Gases if \e t \ ect siubian C Ae teS00N Sie o 2} Doo? wInon aa So6l UONOIS i pion w007 yasnay JOND {3005 WS00N 167 o in en ee ects ARI nn at An etme ane r ae = 7 >. v us Ae eis eee uP 1% aie - ee igh mh, se Jeoh yp epee neat pc int ae ae tet a) he ue y, oa Daas) | ey Se ieeeltaen Fiala aa eal: RN = Pa a cial embaaa 5 ah tn Gee ante } ay Ske Table 41. length of barrier units between 1851 and 1978. Area 1851, 1856, 1886 1938 1952 1978 1868 (km) (km) (km) (km) (km) 1 Nauset Spit- 4.9 SSSS 4.4 3.5 2.8 Eastham Nauset Spit- 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 1.9 Orleans Old North 11.3 ios) Whos} West 2iNaGs) Beach New North 8.5 6.7 4.1 Seid. 6.7 Beach —————————— ee ————————— INo available maps. Nauset Inlet had migrated north by 1938 and a small spit, 70 meters long, extended north from Nauset Heights. Nauset Inlet, which was only 236 meters wide in 1938, continued to migrate northward. Between 1938 and 1952, the inlet moved 1153 meters to the north by means of a breach that formed and wid- ened approximately 800 meters north of the inlet. The isolated spit section te the south then eroded. Although Nauset Spit-Orleans eroded back to Nauset Heights between 1938 and 1941, the spit rapidly extended to the north in the ensuing 37 years. Between 1941 and 1952, Nauset Spit-Orleans extended 809 meters at a rate of 73.5 meters per year. More than 1023 meters were removed from the southern end of Nauset Spit-Eastham during this period. In the years between 1952 and 1971, Nauset Spit-Eastham again built to the south in a position west of Nauset Spit-Orleans, incorporating a large salt-marsn island into the body of the barrier. The channel into Nauset Harbor followed a circuitous path between the two spits and passed below Nauset Heights into Nauset Harbor. In 1972 a new inlet was driven through Nauset Spit-Eastham during a northeaster in the approximate location of the earlier inlet (1940's). Again the isolated southern part of Nauset Spit-Eastham eroded except where dunes hed formed on the salt marsh that had been incorporated into the spit (New Island; Fig. 102). The inlet continued to move northward so that after the February 1978 nertheaster, Nauset Spit-Eastham was only 2800 meters long. Nauset Spit- Eastham receded 706 meters northward (27 meters per year) between i952 and 1978, while Nauset Spit-Orleans extended 1038 meters (40 meters per year). Concurrently, Nauset Inlet was narrowed from 606 meters in 1952 to 274 meters in 1978. Spit growth or truncation is dependent on the direction of net Littoral transport, which appears to be variable through time near Nauset Inlet. The northward migration of the inlet in recent years is probably the result of a southeriy shift in the nodal point to the vicinity of Nauset Heights and a net northward movement of sediment along Nauset Spits-~Eastham and Orleans (Fisher and Simpson, 1979; Wright and Brenninkmeyer, 19/9; Anders and Leatherman, 1980). Erosion along the Nauset Spit-Eastham shoreline has varied through time averaging 0.9 meter per year between 1856 and 1978 (Fig. 103; Table 42). The 168 | ty wast sal tien ahaiad: te ai daynat | ime ii aged yarn i ‘ - et — ‘ae eee Leet ae a oom . hs A mtg ene | ne co he . “ Woy uD I ae one. p ok ae mew I 7 t,e i arene! aa tolliail Vidal ap br py ont - aagtiok gel hie} 1 Thain fi) hye il vd eine bade. tind! “yw UT RE hadbiagi Poh eal wotal oan ah nal al dieyeph ell a a Hy, toe Hoot) ‘Yes nt He ah ‘od Wawa dips r ay ia: oe ba oe ae A ‘avant ed mbm wh wet Abana, ft heh iis ses ‘ jap livvd vii bi big wis ye i a ae sadn td seal "ideal Pre siege | tout i) ae Hides: ahd cou sare irae de kas sige SHG 2 i R Suse sn Pe Ce eRe ed | ai wernt Hime USO teal ete tne re eee te poy pees ita ik le aca per seete ns ct or ig saa 3 Lavi mck: ahoeme win 9: on aie pele ae ee ae ee . ayer kab w fips kihioe cane ink Ceska, als” Koay iil ; | ee Ce OL a Ie ie et a ee abla: ‘ita iat” ee | Yotng weit sbi 54) ‘uwtyeer) ewe ye podonbed, aren LnovgTe jeer: vy wantin prvi DRO, Hae inh Satan EE bawal do) aaah te Prcinroi’ We ike aa yoked ba ewntoetniond ‘omen | mah | aul Wf gh sh BRET og HnkMels POR tian 7 ‘beuin4ne i f. geod DORE Whine” Hin cand SASSI Te cae isi Th) pital tort: eoudam MON, bine: he m PRGA Balidhnl gate er Ta viet wtp one sige! bah _— spore hei Gite Alben dn debe al ea i lee tty hee wee Wodn ia HY ONG, ‘abe: } i i ner i Dn Cy i Figure 103. Map overlay of Nauset Spit-Easthan, 1856 and 1978. 169 ee ee ee eh oe Bu i f ; i : 0 it i J r i 4 i jl i in ‘i i re 1 1 oi i ; i Fire i a4 i 4 , ’ ne renee rier rye a: crow ¥ Ue Y i er | i, } ' i ( i V i ri i} li , Mi . : ‘ AEE Ih - eager i | ! ty oath viens : Table 42. Erosion rates along the Nauset Spit system using serial map overlays. Area 1851, 1856-1938 1886-1938 1938-52 1952-78 185i, 1856, 1868-86 ° 1868-1978 (a/yr) (m/yr) (m/yr) (a/yr) (m/yr) (m/yr) Nauset Spit- 0.7 3.3 0.5 0.9 Eastham Old North (Orei7, 1.7 2.7 1.3 1.5 Beach New North 22.8 6.2 5.5 5.8 Beach most rapid rate of erosion occurred between 1938 and 1952 when an average of 3.3 meters of beach per year was lost. Between 1952 and 1978, the rate slowed to 0.5 meter per year, although in scme areas as much as 10 meters of shore- line erosion occurred during the February 1978 storm. The 40-year erosion rate of 1.2 meters per year correlated well with 1.3 meters per year obtained by Zeigler, et al. (1964), and Gatto (1979) (Table 40). The erosion rate obtained by Marindin (1889) from field surveys between 1856 and 1886 (0.1 meter per year) reflects a period when Nauset Spit-Eastham experienced little erosion. These data agree with the relatively low rate of erosion obtained in this study (0.7 meter per year) using measurements taken from both the 1856 maps and the 1938 photos. The average width of Nauset Spit-Eastham has consistently decreased since 1868 (Table 43). Comparing only that part of the spit north of the 1978 inlet, overall barrier width has decreased from 439 meters in 1968 ta 293 meters in 1978. Shoreline erosion removed 110 meters from the oceanfront which accounts for most of the narrowing of the spit. During the 122-year period, 11.9 hectares was lost from the bay shoreline of the barrier, but most of this loss occurred in the southern 2.1 kilometers of the spit where tidal currents eroded marsh and sandflat environments (Table 44). Additions to the back of the barrier by rhizome outgrowth onto tidal sedimentation and by over- wash totaled 18.4 hectares. This new substrate was deposited locally in the southern 2.1 kilometers of the spit and these areas have been destroyed as the inlet migrated northward. The width of Nauset Spit-Eastham presumably exceeds the critical ninimum barrier width at which washover deposits can add significant amounts of sub- strate to the back side of the barrier. In 1978 a major overwash occurred along Nauset Spit~-Eesthanm. Although 26.9 hectares of washover was mapped after the storm (Table 45), only 1.7 hectares of new substrate was added to the bay side of the barrier; 25.2 hectares of washover was deposited on previous dune and salt-marsh environments. Nauset Spit-Eastham is composed of four primary environments: dune, salt marsh, washover, end sandy shoreline. ‘The area of each environment was calcu- lated for each map (Table 45; Fig. 102). The total supratidal area of Nauset Spit-Eastham has decreased by 48 percent in 122 years--from 152.8 hectares in 1856 to 78.9 hectares in 1978. All the environments except washovers have decreased dramatically in size. 170 \ Table 43. Barrier width for each unit along the Nauset Spit system, 1851 to 1978. Dae eee eee ee eee Area Degree 1851, 1856, 1886 1938 1952 1978 width 1868 (m) (2) (a) (a) (a) creer EE I SE SES, EES Nauset Spit- x 337 nega 2.2. 291 293 Eastham ces 430 379 33 293 gin 105 99 99 112 max 623 351 511 468 Nauset Spit x 90 132 Orleans min 63 85 max 112 130 Old North x 446 450 404 403 397 Beach min 68 173 169 121 85 max 1196 1177 991 1030 997 New North x 505 153 626 45 279 Beach ain 220 43 446 180 74 max 675 291 802 672 790 ‘Includes the entire length of Nauset Spit-Eastham. 2There are no 1886 aaps available for Nauset Spit-Easthan. 3For comparison, includes only the section of Nauset Spit- Eastham north of the 1978 inlet. Table 44. Location of changes in total bar- rier area calculated from serial map overlays, Nauset Spit-Eastham. Year Bay shoreline Oceanfront Spit terminus Loss Gain loss Gain Loss Gain (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) 1856 to 1938 3.0 13.8 36.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1938 to 1952 5.7 2.9 3.0 0.0 22.7 0.0 1952 to 1978 3.2 1.7 7.8 0.0 12.6 2.1 1856 to 1978 11.9 18.4 47.5 9.0 45.3 2.1 Nec! 6.5 47.5 sa)57) er RS ES lNet loss for entire section = 74.2 hectares. Table 45. Area of barrier environments, Nauset Spit-Hasthanm. Year Dunes Washovers Marshes Sandy Total shorelines supratidal environments (ha) (pet)! (had) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) 1856 75.12 75.12 57.0 20.7 152.8 1938 50.2 10.4 51.9 -9 20.7 O 133.2 =-13 1952 35.7 -29 7.8 -25 44.2 -8 15.5 25 98.7 -26 1978 13.8 -61 26.9 +245 32.3. -27 5.9 62 78.9 20 Overall -733 +1593 -43 -71 -48 change lincrease or decrease in hectare change. 2The 1856 map does not differentiate between dunes and washovers. 31938 to 1978. 171 TRL MTR PO TTR EEE SORES EET ORL, TIE Te ee mes re err nae ee 4 ' Beenie y SR 7 ae \ es ~ / . : Ne hs Of ‘ i 3 : w ’ ‘ 6 0 S F h oo) 5 . . -- 4 ? ‘ , % ‘ mu oN \ 2 vena eeee a Ve, re / ; , \ w ie Hes SSR 7 as : . ‘ Nan ; 2 aa ne a 7 GY ; LE mitra ire “gala x8 ane dlg / oF: id seh ies ine el ner ‘HAN ns na pen ie * aadoen) 5 There was 73 percent iess dune habitat in 197€ than in 1938. The location of dune destruction and development was determined from map overlays (Table 46). Although most dune area was lost as a result of shoreline eresion (48 percent), overwash played an important role in destruction of the dune line at Nauset Spit-Eastham (31 percent), particularly during the February 1978 northeaster. During the 122 years considered in this study, 84.4 hectares of dunes was leveled, while only 15.2 hectares of new dunes was developed. Most of these new dunes were built on washovers deposited on salt marshes (59 percent). Table 46. Location of areas lost or yained for salt marshes and dunes on Nauset Spit-Easthan. 1856-1938 1933-52 1952-78 1856-1978 (ha) (pet)! (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) SE Salt mareh Lost to: Washover 1.7 16 3.5 28 13.1 94 18.3 49 Bay side 1.9 18 5.2 42 0.2 1 73 20 Dune 7.0 66 2.0 16 0.0 9.0 24 Terminus 0.0 1.7 14 0.7 5 2.4 6 Total lost 10.6 12.4 14.9 37.0 Gained from: Washover 0.0 0.0 0.1 5 0.1 1 Bay side 4.6 84 0.4 4 2.0 95 6.8 55 Dune 0.9 16 4.5 %6 9.0 5-4 44 Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total gained 5.5 4.7 2.1 12.3 Net change “5.1 Dune Tia Lost to: RR Na Renan Ocean 25.0- 70 9.4 37 5.9 30 40.3 48 Washover 7.1 20 5.4 22 13.7 70 26.3 31 Salt marsh 0.9 3 4.5 18 0.0 5.4 6 Bay side 0.4 1 0.0 0.0 0.4 <1 Terminus 2.1 § 5.8 23 9.0 12.0 14 Total lost 35.5 25 iil 19.6 84.4 Gained from: Ocean and 0.0 22g SY) Sian die, 4.0 26 washover Salt marsh 7.0 80 2.0. 43 0.0 5.0) 59. Bay side 1.7 20 0.0 0.0 1.7 Li Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.5 28 0.5 3 Total gained 8.7 4.7 1.8 15.2 The salt-=zarsh area also changed suostantially in 122 years. There was a 43-percent decrease in area of marshes contiguous to the dune line between 1856 and 1978. A total of 37 hectares of salt marsh (73 percent) was lost mainly as a result of overwash- and washover-associated dune development. New 172 TRE Pad a lad RT EF A RT NR UT Na Fe at TE TN EE MO TE RE TET , : . ¢ pie ; ; Ve \ iG 4 \ a Wines / / ~ a Ney a fee . . ~ ner ite oe wd ower ever eourdat ged getant.\ aeTadied. Ov AO ebm” wie ae, bwintekurn wytlagye quia sow Ryvitorrasety , a) npsvons mtRiorode Ne Bhowes 6 Hn dod: My oo AL meme ‘gwom Myon eth srt gow ad | Re noksirtaab we HE neste mania oe Sieg eawapin 4 C4 a vy ‘mat iaated hee Teannh 38. an what. YAO abet holaved ‘paw oonuh Pap dess tata -begoleved dav soeuh Wan Fo Weredood et) sor tem ale ma pexlannod’ eats annrl ase av Rt) | See wenaks ‘weo pray Yo 3a0H ee ‘bin 1 | wr “emo pana A a vi a faa acim abearitiise ll sat Be Rye eae ie ly belt ‘pve: Ate pga PY en A i hot iene sei, hee set “nih Wein seh 40 sharon ste wselnaeh oe wee: HE ‘on nie ina ENP ate ahew ry, fi 4 Sasson vrea meet | David weg et | seoeeeg . eee! a neta BYR A wi duck dg eile imine: dneazoy rs) naw. nett an tomiodevmls hore. ok jors shah | mab ‘te, ho aS i wey, td ea i ap hrablns rat arena Sr gene wy nak tat H Kret. taith Penge atte - Lee pte iting Used aim gp Hiner shart "eh ae aM NaN Mss BL HOMES RS eH nile ata wey apal On 7 a iim a ee ne a OR) St Nae oa thy awipborn? \ \ : ‘ave ; toa Hover | 4 ne, bens a a My panei oo We ee ae ay Wi oi | a 4 if ee ‘\ . “a eye a AY sail lu i eh, Ce Ne ie 1 hod ayes +t) § Ls Via #4 sya &y tet, i A a ivireioit Oy va 4 , a a, ey ae een Ri Hei wake , Wa wee a Pe avntonyt im Yh nh le bra hae : ore a 1 RR RS Oat hoop a ofl ae at ‘eile ee ie f Ce rar oa Wirt rine oe ko ates ol A MM ha dieitinint bh aul tte ta “etn toot idles “oe aia ll ie _ Aba va Band) ‘Webhyan, ia. salsa i ait bas wh ‘ebdaaiieiealen sean anh ory pals ; Ce oe AGE Sa Saar shih : ow Itt Bs cake bul huey to ahi inien’ eae Pits Iistitebondl a oe ip api ean rennet, @ 7 + eoed Ison ‘ a Canepa rk er fees a bl Do) Teeoent |) aad et Pansat HM Ree Aone. State RDM | a NN ore Me bist pal | PUOSRE ak poh RAN, «Nagas ee gk Centre tilvn Bee cheney alee, D nia! kt sin aM qerayn THe aoNthers ol Keene te Ob Shee eieek Ko kalot ae eee fons: Rhe Anrkterm 207 A tOnebere balk xeuke kid un Paes ae Hat Ll ei ae 2 ain ea mance Se kaa phones | it ah et Ae Se fe ne beh i ae tk ‘yan ys Ceeks antwlie) helo the Her ae tpl iG i ne) Poere OE. tau: ade “4 } Pee carte abst ee ee Vo "on aieericen, AAS a amet! a a L's A i ah oolike ae rod: oecime be A cas ASD a as i Cepia: cay Wat) ae oe wt fon Oh Bee ' trikak aee - ai 3 pecrniw Se Ee Rene ie “ie ieabeane an ae Oe Ce SO 8 Wie Raut arecuen (ak. btu obs ttt PRET! eile tinny: chan jose deal. didadkane) fone What EAE F iataghit 2 ata he t, ae el wt LD hegset Dee eet : DR t ee uM vy on ‘ hy, 0 VO WHS eee W hA:AisK hin, 8m t > , it i‘ 1 ~~ Roe _. teeerhagyy wb «Nae DG a ee Dy Ler “Soyes Poe Ap Yee eiyggh tia hie me tT et 1 Pera ee i ie LOK, LA ytd ee OO TERE Oy Hewes Welgike Wh St Sonat en DG. eve tant tai RE A } he one out oweow ei J NG66 Stevrted badh. Romy aa lb PARE * iis amide Rok) Rk ee 2 ei? Thm ebhe Ca teed eree. 1h) Paee. Be A Git i. asi Ne vices 4 ath féno Cine gan? Rak f ave) wh Waa Pe: my! Dean, eve the eT r us ynethgnerenoriiga vesealia Ve Derelae Ive why rea Uw # pontery ifn Seis a, a M , Bi v ‘ ‘ r - i fr. har wahoo Kiet Aegean ue De ee a aroetim 2 a sinha , al aaa ih. Rhee myiGarr ee ae, ae wes ee ha wet aft er wae ac” btw nese paren aT sa ust: Pecans HoMach vcore cae Ce OHO at aaa ne ee wm ea Yortadin 5 a 9) itn Ways hematin Chie Peon Ke RG Ritape pe Lmetare ner, pede Oiadedy AWhG foe warhead ¢ re ih Pa en re ee a Avitege cave Lay Ga inane “ahah hie Sinton. “ie Rey iil al lian oe 3 nine ercdwil bei anthaaen Wk Bead i: qa Wot on yet , vy ti i ¥ Wy, ap hia Me pani ‘Wao ien eas we we hie a Lilt! itbatar Oe lay | NOR: wake: Oak Me ord a oy Co drentews «bony cis Ro 2) | mitered parame a rere an att | ant: pe Peet ny ‘es rd aa NY bh rs bs Clee. jade Wied. eine eit) yew TN eT AR a hcl ae ot TL ae I atinak tb ge oie Woee ps4 danas Boke b prikueth Vue Oe ih ‘ie +i wy “mE ngs Cin ee, ; aki ng Lag we bilely bang: NS Ma le detun te: sug: Ti ; a i Wich ‘React, oe : vi salt marsh developed on the bay side (55 percent) and on washovers (44 per- cent) that were initially colonized by dune veyetation that failed to survive because the washover elevations were only marginally supratidal. From these data, it is evident that Nauset Spit-Eastham has decreased dramatically in size over 122 years. The southern 2.1 kilometers of the spit has been lost to inlet mgration; the northern 2.8 kilometers has remained an unbroken unit, but has not maintained barrier width. Nauset Spit-Eastham is eroding at a rate of 1.2 meters per year, approximately twice the rate of cliff retreat north of the spit. This erosion rate appears to be discrete rather than continuous. Very slow erosion occurred between 1856 and 1886, while very rapid erosion resulted from one storm in 1978. Inlet dynamics are the major process dominating the southern part of the spit, and overwash is the dominant process in the northern part. During the period under con- Sideration, overwash has only been important in the redistribution of barrier environments and not in the maintenance of barrier width. d. Old North Beach. During the past 110 years, Old North Beach has not been affected by inlet dynamics. This region is delimited tu the south by the location of the 1868 inlet and to the north by Nauset Heights at the southern end of Nauset Harbor (Figs. 3 and 104). The original breach through North Beach in 1846 occurred just south of belt F (Fig. 90), which was 2.4 kilo- meters north of the spit terminus in 1668. The 1626 inlet was approximately 8 kilometers from the southern end of the spit in 1868. Remnants of the inlet channel are not evident today because the barrier has migratea to a position landward of these features. Shoreline changes along Cld North beach during the past 110 years have varied from erosiun of 2.2 meters per year in the center of the section to accretion by as much as 0.4 meter per year at the spit ends. Erosion rates for Old North Beach averaged 1.» meters per year between 1868 and 1978 (Table 42; Fig. 105). Marindin (1889) calculated the erosion of North Beach at a rate of 2.4 meters per year during this same period (Table 40). This calcula- tion is an average rate for North Jeach and includes the island south of the 1868 inlet, which eroded at rates of more than 20 meters per year. Since 1886 Old North Beach has consistently eroded landward. The greatest retreat occurred between 1938 and 1952 when an average of 2.7 meters of shore- line was lost per year. Between 1938 and 1978, erosion averaged 1.8 meters per year, which correlates well with Gatto's (1979) rates of 2.0 and 0.9 meter per year between 1938 and 1974 for two locations along this section (Table 40). During the past 110 years, an average of 165 meters of shoreliine was lest along Old North Beach, but the total area decreased only 6 percent from 450.2 hectares in 1868 to 421.5 hectares in 1978 (Table 47). Along the oceanside, 184.5 hectares was eroded; 62.9 hectares was lost from areas along the bay side as a result of tidal currents eroding salt marshes and washovers (Table 48). The average barrier width was reduced only slightly during this same time period (Table 43). In 1868 the width of Old North Beach averaged 446 meters; after 110 years, the same section had narrowed only 50 meters. The widest point of Old North Beach decreased in width from 1196 meters to 997 meters as a result of shoreline erosion without commensurate expansion on the 173 oS TT ee Ue EN EEN AR ENN Ls Re tee eee Re Teme eee we ee ee ee Evolution of Old North Beach, 1868 to 1978. Figure 104. 174 TRIM ED PD PTI PCP DP LPS PSP TIL I WE LN NRT EEL ONE IR ES OR Ce Tk Ree ee eee Sane 1868 to 1978. Shoreline erosion of Old North Beach, Figure 105. 175 manent” ve i| Ae ed AAR a ae ye Hi Ty A De, Pivamerieey ss uy Gin, mat as Que ee aay nk a oe : " eS ‘rte ; i . 1h i. if x a i Ay A mi) , en ek b a) ae Pea c08. 8 Oi Mom eee) yea thi eT ae an Table 47. Area of barrier environments, Old North Beach. Year Dunes Washovers Marshes Shrubs Sandy Total shorelines supratidal environments (ha) (pet)! (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) 1868 194.32 194.32 193.7 yen 62.2 450.2 1886 191.72 -1 191.72 -1 182.8 {Dy ic ena 2 95.9 +54 470.4 +4 1938 162.6 67.4 148.3 -19 7.8 36.3 -62 422.4 -10 1952 133.2 -18 137.3. +104 123.9 -16 10.4 +33 57.0 +57 461.8 +9 1978 187.3 +4) 28.5 -79 138.4 +12 20.7 +99 46.6 -18 421.5 +49 Gverail +11 +11 -29 +165 =25 aa change ‘Increase and decrease in hectares. 2The 1868 and 1886 maps do not differentiate dunes, washovers, and shrubs. Table 48. Location of changes in total barrier area calculated from serial map overlays, Old North Beach. Year Bayshore Cceanfront Spit terminus Total loss Gain Loss Gain Loss Gain Loss (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) 1868 to 1886 21.8 31.9 26.7 3.1 0.9 Samy : 1886 to 19381 76 44.0 84.2) . 0.0 0.0 0.0 1938 to 1952 10.4 71.0 27.9 6.7 0.0 00 1952 to 1978 22.9 29.9 50.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 1868 to 1978 62.9 176-8 184.5 13.4 0.0 33.7 NSC Tr 113.9 VW. 33.7 28.7 bay side. In other areas Ssupratidal environment was added to the back barrier by rhizome extension coupled with gradual tidal sedimentation and by overwash. A total of 176.8 hectares was added to the back barrier (Tavle 48). During the past 110 years, 247.4 hectares (55 percent of the 1868 total area) has eroded trom Old North Beach, but 223.9 hectares (53 percent of the 1978 area) has been added to the barrier, primarily along the bay shoreline. Between 1886 and 1938 the Old North Beach shoreline eroded at a rate of 1.7 meters per year, and 63.8 hectares of dune-washover was lost along the oceanside (Tabie 49). New dunes developed on areas that had been buried by overwash deposits (50 percent). By 1952 overwash had eliminated large sections of the dune line (23.4 hectares) and shoreline er sion continued to level dunes (37.2 hectares) at a rate of 2.7 meters per year. Dunes developed between 1938 aud 1952 on wash- overs (25.2 hectares) and on salt marshes buried by overwash (11.7 hectares). The large washovers present in 1952 (137.3 hectares--30 percent of the total area of Qld North Beach) had been partly colonized by dune vegetation by 1978; 70.5 hectares of dunes developed on these washovers. Although shoreline ero- sion continued at a rate of 1.3 meters per year, only 18.8 hectares of dunes was eliminated along the ocean shoreline because the dune field had been poorly developed in 1952. 176 Table 49. Location of areas lost or gained for salt marshes and dunes on Old North Beach. Pileconco mm niseonress 1938-52 1952-78 1868-1978 (ha) ) (pet) i (ha)! pee) Cha) pet) ai(ha)ie (pet): Gha).) > @per) EE Lost to: Washover 15-1 33 34.1 43 20.9 57 8.4 34 78.5. 43 Bay side 6.7 15 7ol 9 4.3 12 3.4 14 21.5 12 Dune 23 a1/ 52 Bi Zen Gil Dyleai B72: WAGs) SB 85.5 46 Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 Total lost 45.5 78.4 36.9 24.7 185.5 Gained from: Washover DWN} 2 216) 349 0.0 23/09) V6) 66.8 51 Bay side Vo. Zi 17.6 40 Si 2 66 6.3 16 39.3 30 Dune 6.1 18 4.6 ll 4.3 34 QVeorn ws 24.0 18 Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total gained 34.6 43.8 12.5 39.2 130.1 Net change -10.9 -34.6 -24.4 +14.5 -35.4 Dune ve Lost to: f - Ocean 24.3 58 63.8 74 S62, 18.8 53 144.1 63 Washover 2.0 5 14.8 17 23.4 35 7.2 @©20 47.4 i Salt marsh 6.1 14 4.6 5 4.3 6 9.0 26 24.0 10 Bay side D823 1.6 2 1.5 2 0.2 1 13.1 10 Terminus 0.0 1.6 2 0.0 0.0 1.6 1 Total lost 42.2 86.4 66.4 35.2 230.2 Gained from: Ocean and ies Bz 43.2 50 25.2 68 70.5 79 150.2 61 washover Salt marsh 23.7 68 37.2 44 11.7 Bay side 0.0 5.2 6 0.1 Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total gained 35.0 85.6 37.0 Net change -7.2 -0.8 -29.4 lpercentage of hectares (lost or gained). 177 The salt-marsh area decreased gradually between 1868 and 1952 (Table 47). Since 1952 total marsh area has increased by 12 percent; however, in 110 years the total marsh area decreased by 29 percent. Some of this decrease may be accounted for by the inability of Old North Beach to develop new salt marsh to the lee of the barrier, since 37 percent of the back barrier abuts glacial deposits (Fig. 90). Most of this marsh was lost to washovers (43 percent) and dunes that developed on the washovers. There have been five major environments on Old North beach in the past 110 years: dune, salt marsh, shrub, washover, and sandy beach. The only major shrub communities on the Nauset Spit system are located on Old North Beach. Shrubs were undoubtedly present on the spit before 1938, but were not indi- cated on the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS) maps. Dunes present in 1978 along the northern section of Old North Beach were the best developed for the entire system. The dune line was continuous for up to 2000 meters, averaging 8 to 10 meters high and 200 meters wide. Salt marshes on Old North Beach were also the best developed and widest on North Beach. In one area (site of 1626 inlet) the marsh is about 1000 meters wide. Dune area data collected from each map appear in Table 47. Dune and wash- over environments were not differentiated on early maps. Although the com- bined dune and washover area changed little between 1868 (194.3 hectares) and 1886 (191.7 hectares), 42.2 hectares eroded and 35.0 hectares of dune-washover developed in new areas. Table 49 indicates that most of this loss was caused by shoreline erosion along both the oceanside (58 percent) and along the bay shore near the spit terminus (23 percent). New dunes (and washovers) cevel- oped landward of the 1868 features, primarily on washovers (32 percent) and on salt marshes that had been b. ied by overwash (68 percent). Twelve percent of the salt-marsh loss between 1868 and 1978 was attributed to bay-side erosion. Tidal currents behind Old North Beach do not generally move large volumes of sediment or erode cohesive salt-mareh peat. A total of 130.1 hectares of new salt marsh developed along the bay shore of Old North Beach between 1868 and 1978. Most of these marshes developed on old washovers (51 percent) and by rhizome extension into shallow Pleasant Bay (30 percent). Shrub communities have rapidly expanded in the past 40 years en Old North Beach. These communities develop on supratideal substrate that is protected from salt spray behind continuous barrier dunes. A well-diversified shrub community can develop in as little as 26 years on North Beach. One washover created in 1952 supported several hectares of shrubs in 1978. Often shrubs colonize washover termini, as dune vegetation stabilizes the boundaries of the closing washover. With the termination of overwash and the development of a continuous foredune line, low-lying areas in the back barrier dunes may provide an environment for colonization by shrubs. The Old North Beach section of Nauset Spit has not been subject to inlet dynamics within the past 110 years nor to very rapid shoreline erosion. While the barrier has eroded mainly along the ocean shore, substrate has been placed along the bay shore by overwash so that the barrier has lost Little width through time. Old North Beach will continue to migrate toward the glacial deposits at Nauset Heights and at Big and Little Pochet Islands (Fig. 90), and will narrow at these locations until the moraine is subject to wave attack. Because Pleasant Bay is very shallow behind Old North Beach and the tidal 178 range is reduced at the head of the bay, large quantities of water do not build up behind the berrier during storms, which greatly minimizes the proba- bility of inlet breaching. This area is also discontinuously underlain by well-developed salt-marsh peat, which prevents surges from scecuring a sub~ aqueous channel through the barrier. e. New North Beach. The New North Beach section of the Nauset Spit sys- tem has developed since 1868 as a result of spit elongation (Fig. 3). Follow- ing the formation of the inlet through North beach in 1846 across from Allen Point, the isolated section of the inlet began to migrate landward. In 1851 dunes and salt marshes were stiil prominent on this isiand (Fig. 106): a total of 274.6 hectares of dune-washover and 20.7 hectares of salt marsh (Table 50). The dune line along the central section does not appear to have been interrupted by any washover breaches. The average barrier width was 458 meters along the entire islend and 505 meters along the central section (Table 43). The northern and southern ends of the island had begun to erode rapidly and were dominated by washovers. All that remained of the ew island by 1886 was a narrow, unvepetated supratidal sandbar (Fig. 106). As a result of a major northeaster in 1868, the inlet initiated in 1846 widened and deepened, becoming the major channel into Pleasant Hay. Sediment transported as littoral drift was cut off from the island, since the inlet intercepted or diverted eastward most of the previously available sand. The island had eroded landward an average of 795 meters in 35 years. Dunes and salt marshes were not evident on the barrier in 1886, and the average width was only 153 meters (Table 43). As the island eroded landward between 1851 and 1886, the inlet miyrated 1525 meters southward at a rate of 85 meterg per year. A total of 90.7 hectares of new supratidal surface was added #t the terminus of North beach. No dunes and salt marshes had developed on this section by 1886. The south island migrated onto the Chatham mainland during the 1890's. As the inlet continued to move southward between 1886 and 1938, an additional 3500 meters was added to the spit terminus at a rate of 67 meters per year. This lower race of elongation wag caused by the development of numerous spit recurves. Spit width and back-barrier conteur on New North Beach correlate with mainland shore features, creating a roughly consistent distance between the mainland and the barrier (McClennen, 1979). It appeared that the channel between Chatham Inlet and Pleasant Bay had maintained a consistent width-to- depth ratio established by the volume of water flushing from Pleasant Bay with each tide. Opposite concavities in the Chatham coastline, spit recurves have widened the barrier (Hayes, 1931). Between 1886 and 1938 North Beach elon- gated opposite an embayment in the mainland at the Chatham Fish Pier (Fig. 90). In this region the barrier widened to as much as 800 meters. In 1938 New North Beach was 4.1 kilometers long and extremely wide, averaying 626 meters (Tables 4] and 43). A total of 242.5 hectares of new Supratidal environment *¥as added at the spit terminus between 1886 and 1938 (Table 50). By 1938 broad dunes had formed on 91 hectares and salt-marsh vegetation had colonized 16.8% hectares. Between 1938 and 1952 New North Beach rapidly extended southward as sand was added to the spit terminus across from the Chatham Light area, which arcs 179 “8/61 ©2 ISI ‘yoRag YIION MON JO UOFINTOAY +90 7 | 8261 if | 2S61 86 ain8T3 an Sena 180 a SS eZ ene SOT, PE ES REE A RN NED a Table 50. Area of barrier environments, New North Beach. Year Dines Washovers Marshes Shrubs Sandy Total shorelines supratidal environments (ha) (pets! (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) 1851 274.62 274.62 20.7 0.0 85.5 380.8 1886 0.0? 0.0? 0.0 0.0 90.7 +6 90.7 -76 1938 91.9 20.7 16.8 0.9 114.0 +26 242.5 +167 1952 71.6 -21 82.9 +300 15.0 -1t 2.6 5L.8 |-55 223.9 -8 1978 107.1 +50 Vuau ~6 14.7 -2 0.0 36.3 -30 235.8 +5 Overall -334 -332 -29 ante -538 -33 change Vincrease and decrease in hectares. 2The 1851 and 1886 maps do net differentiate dunes and washovers. eastward; a total of J]100 meters was added to the length of the spit at a rate of 78 meters per year. The shoreline eroded very rapidly along the oceanfront of New North Beach (6.2 meters per year) during this period. Erosion also occurred along the bay shoreline, as tidal currents reworked the broad 1938 spit terminus. The barrier environment eroded 34.9 hectares along the ocean front and 47.7 hectares along the bay side (Table 51). The average barrier width narrowed from 626 meters in 1938 to 445 meters in 1952 (Table 43). Table 51. Location of changes in total bar- rier area calculated trom serial map overlays, New North Beache Year Bay shoreline _Oceenfront _ Spit terminus lores Gain Loss Gain Loss Gain (ha) (ha) Cha) (he) (ha) Cha) =e —— Se ene a nea 1886 to 1938 5.2 5.2 77.7 9.0 0.9 228.9 1938 to 1952 47.7 9.5 34.9 0.0 9.0 63.5 19°2 co 1978 13.5 15.5 83.8 0.0 0.0 93.7 1351 co 1978 66.4 21.2 $73.8 9.9 0.0 385.2 Net 45.2 $75.8 385.2 ‘Net loas for eatire section, {851 to 1978, © 235.8 hectares. Net gain for entire section, 1886 to 1979, = 145.1] hectares. Although 1100 meters was added to the length of the spit, the total land area actually decreased by 8 percent (Tabie 50). The total d-ne area decreased by 21 percent between 1938 ana 1952. Dunes on New North Beach develop and erode very rapidly. Ot the 91 hectares of dupes in 1938, only 27 percent remained in 1952 (Table 52). Along the oceanside, 32.6 hectares of dunes eroded and 20.2 hectares of dunes were destroyed by overwash. New dunes (44.2 hectares) developed on washovers (46 percent) and at the epit terminus (27 percent). 181 ean, asia om jMatevanse denn haa te sh Samet ret rpm comatel atoms Brom eommaree= cot TT eet ee eT jinaee an Li diay ant. eowlaannany ita A i aay Aaah ad ms f re aah (4 rept is Rate De a Ld tink ee a EP Ls fi ed : i. se au ie imme em fy Cr re a ai OGRA PE NEN Ne aE ua ae ns TN rg | vaps! eae, ‘WG Baby ii aeal er | Sail Wty Aa aks ; 1 ORT Pe rl ee rh ee ae we tT eee ee ie 4 a” ts AN a a kana ateh a Werte mi » bpcasihemmn aa hen le ami i art i he errs sttonnirereetmen il ee | "aa cla aaan aya he re Rhone, ecg tna CS ae, ese mn | veh ‘ut a Aandi gy sua eid eG Sa non er, Ra scent At Die weno wit oRaoy oq Sate tls Breen Onin Ay AP AM ‘fe id MO nega hi dy covamead elie ie beads ete: yo ota Bole ed Eas. hag nm ned “ei ches eam oad vane con ais fay yor ‘ He wits ; alas. gh yn i a ne 3 saiitiebe ork ey zNED hy dtddaaod pene pi i 5 eA nk i hee AN de MAME RIE f ee i wena argh otal aie (fat eam mie Nese eases riieirestieetnsititeo iia: we i a0) ans sv pgagernene i ‘yp ; sgt an. “ity grey ae be? Mya ‘i, “Hine mm] 17 i Pac TY auey, Pen Bets. cee a ne abn ahem cide. we tht ‘initia: ‘pg soa 0, i nee eiatad alee ell onemaetee ree ‘on rm ace ein 7 ihe re n lth At 2 ek A EAE 2 iy wal lla ie wah tins ae iipohst biast emma ett Lined) . A, sali Ri htibedehe mi Peary TAN sh A i OH ARK Litto ort yal" Diath tant ae (ced vit: BAA anes ee ri / aot junit {i ain aM i it, \") Os oo wtitehh Fisch ex amnnk 30 eo ayn 80 a | hey amyl an lama Table 52. Location of areas lost or gained for salt marshes and dunes on New North Beach. 1886-1938 1938-52 1952-78 1868-1978 (ha) (pet)! (ha) (pet) (ha) (pet) (ha) (pct) Salt marsh Lost to: Washover 1.0 16 8.0 69 9.0 50 Bay side 0.6 9 0.0 0.6 3 Dune 4.8 75 Soi ies} 8.4 47 Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total lost 6.4 11.6 18.0 Gained from: Was hover 1.2 7 0.0 eI OF 5el 14 Bay side 0.4 2 0.1 1 ST 27 3.6 10 Dune 0.0 Boll omsOs) 1.6 14 Doth eave Terminus Sige Sh 0.0 2.8 25 18.0 49 Total gained 16.8 8.2 11.4 36.4 Net change +16.8 +128 -0.2 +1824 Bune Lost to: ror Oceanside Seg. | Sit 15.0 44 47.6 48 Washover AD GE) nc be tiny USE ei) an we eehe SY Salt marsh 8.1 13 1.6 5 9.7 10 Bay side 2.7 4 1.4 4 4.1 4 Terminus 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Lost 63.6 34.) 97.7 Gained from: Oceanside 19.5 21 20.5 46 23.2 33 63.2 31 and washever Salt marsh 6.0 4.8 li 3.6 5 8.4 4 Bay side _ 1.0 1 3.5 8 5.4 8 9.9 36 Terminus 70.4 77 WC 222 37.4 54 119.7 58 Total gained 90.9 44.2 69.6 204.7 Net change +90.9 -19..4 +35.5 +107.0 lpercentage of hectares (lost or gained). 182 J £7 ‘ Ped i 5) i a 4 beh 1. : : oe ’ “ ” ae Rye AS V4 ELA ri 5 4 ‘ " ty of vf rue sO ® ‘7 a} Ee 0 5 RIN al Bd We ey et Oe Senet eit re see ae li sein 183) Gases Yo. Fos are sy wOLJnoal okt, idet : re f Axe ya oe emeane i Sate din sim sade en semaatfimaengyh leelindidenimaaanateadinh PFOi~SRAT g Uy . — “. _ emergent ee Me NE in with ee i an m . nap nanas hendianphdoedan ot : : srinl sue baneT ; 1a a rol fosom > Ve 7Mas? handed) ah Si b f t Ded surecntad | 0 ae 4 a ew hyde xo o _ sony EX Cet on aay : 7. : Radi WOO SER a a: ah4 @yetaty dev i an vores me ymtnpemee —— write dmc er \\ olga sealer Lyme a by a 1 ered ees he SBOP py 5) i mad cE > 8Hlepheot _ iat hee Sa f : | ee! i aie ya Te i.e ot ese : ig ‘ae eT se tesot ys st fre tie m ee an iri pats PS Pam wh anwest hi ae "i veudalngin pia i bh thee Pa?) Hie ‘Tine ‘ee toed ee Satan ipney’ x Avele ele ili a psn eit bahay: Vi) Twlby ec ie aed ie Pe Shr i Te an iy i Say ae 7 . ; Salt-marsh area also decreased between 1938 and 1952 (11 percent). Sev- eral new marshes developed as others were buried by washovers or eroded along the bay side. Thirty-eight percent of the 1938 salt-marsh area was lost by 1952; 55 percent of the salt marsh present in 1952 had developed over 14 years. Between 1952 and 1978, the length of North Beach increased slowly at a rate of 54 meters per year; 1500 meters was added at the terminus. During this period, spit recurves fermed opposite the embayment between Chatham Light and Morris Island and across from the breach between Morris Island and the northern end of Monomoy Island (Fig. 3). By 1978 the spit was approximately 1600 meters short of its maximum length in 1851. An average of 5.5 meters per year was lost from New North Beach shoreline between 1952 and 1978. In one area opposite Chatham Light, the bay shoreline of 1952 was seaward or the 1978 ocean shcreline, indicating migration exceed- ing the 180~-meter barrier width in 26 years. Overwash had widened the barrier in this very narrow region without developing an inlet. Average barrier width of New North Beach was reduced to 279 meters despite the development of a broad dune field at the southern end of the spit. A total of $3.8 hectares of Bupratidal barrier was lost along Che ocean shoreline. Erosion also continued along the bay shoreline where 13.5 hectares was eroded (Table 51). Overwash was locally important in the maintenance of barrier width; 15.5 hectares was added to the back barrier. In one area, however, across from Chatham Light, the barrier was cnly 74 meters wide in 1978. If erosion rates of more than 5 meters per year continue, this area would be entirely eroded in 15 years unless overwash significantly builds new bay-shore substrate. Although dune environment increased by 50 percent between 1952 and 1978, approximately one-half of the dunes present in 1952 had been leveled by shore- line erosion (44 percent of the dunes lost) and overwash (47 percent). New dunes developed at the spit terminus (54 percent of the new dunes) and on washovers (33 percent). Although the total salt-marsh area decreased by only 2 percent between 1952 and 1978, much of the marsh was newly created; only 23 percent of the 1952 marsh was still present in 1978. The marsh had been destroyed by wash- overs (69 percent) and by dunes that had developed on washovers (31 percent). New marsh developed at the spit terminus (25 percent of new marsh), on wash- evers (34 percent), along the bay shvereline (27 percent), and in areas that had been mapped earlier as dunes (14 percent). Since it began to develop in the 1660's, New Nerth Reach has been subject to very rapid shoreline changes (Fig. 197). Between 1938 and 1978, 230 meters and 575.8 hectares of barrier environment was lost alony the ocean shoreline. New North Beach also decreased in width from the bay shoreline. While Che back-barrier surface increased by 21.2 hectares from overwash and tidal sedimentation, tidal currents eroded 66.4 hectares of barrier along the bay shoreline. The calculated ocean shoreline eresion rate of 5.8 meters per year between 1938 and 197% correlates well with the 5.9 meters per year obtained by Gatto (1979). As the spit increased in length, it decreased in width. The ratio of width to length was calculated for New North Beach for each set of maps (Table 53). Width-to-length ratio may be of value to predict susceptibility 183 2 Oe ee ee er ee re a Ue eee re ee ee gr eZ - 2. i : d 3S i Sey vy a ae Rea \ a / ( \ ; aye POSS 2 1 i , Cree a \, ' = y arc tris an é \ 0 J \ = ee ww “SL6[ 91 1S8I ‘yoeog YON AaN Jo So¥uPYS sUTLIINYG */O] AAIN | Uf Me S cman 7 G3 ae Yee : a °3y4 A £ | Sa, i a { x ” H | e. Cm j = 1 Qn v } a ry | a | af | v j < i } i { { | ee) ER TERS RT TS I a a RS RSLS SSIES I OT ER RE ROR EDT aN yal i i} "amo die pte 1 secant veo ; Table 53. Ratio of width to length of New North Beach. Year Avg. width Length Width/length (m) (m) (m) 1886 153 6700 0.02 1938 626 4100 0.15 1952 445 5200 0.09 NN ——————— of the barrier to overwash breaching and inlet formation. In 1851, just after the 1846 inlet had created the island at the southern end of the spit systen, the New North Beach section had a width-to-length ratio of 0.06; this ratio decreased to only 0.02 in 1886 as the spit remnants migrated landward. During early development of New North #each, the ratio was quite high (0.15) because the spit recurves, prominent at the southern end, were very broad. ince 1938 this ratio has decreased. by 1978 the ratio (0.04) was lesa than it had been after the last inlet formed. The decrease in width-to-length ratio suggests that although New North Beach in 1978 was not as long as it had been in i851, it was more vulnerable to inlet breaching. Overwash has been locally important in increasing barrier width and shift- ing landward the position of dunes and salt marshes. Unlike Old North Beach, New North Beach has not, however, migrated westward by means of overwash. The distance between Che Chatham mainland and the back barrier has remained fairly consistent in the last 40 years. New North Beach is very narrew and salt marshes have not developed substantial peat depesits. lf an iniet vere to form through New North beach, the barrier would very quickly erode landward. Fe Vegetative-Physiographic Transects. a. Intreducttos. Pield research was conducted on Rorth Beach and Nauset Spit-Orleens during 1978 to determine the successive sequence of plant commun- ities that develop on washovers and to characterize physiographic feetures resulting from washover stabilication, inlet dynamics, and plant ceamunity development. Fifteen areas were chosen for study: eight were lecated on Old North Beach, five on New North Beach, and two on Nauset Spit~-Orleana (Fig. 90). These areas were selected on the basis of overwagh history, vegetative characteristics, and present physiographic featurea. An attempt was made to include all the various plant communities and physiographic features present on Nauset Spit. b. Methodology. At each site, an elevation transect was established per- peadicular to the beach (Fig. 108). Stakes were used to mark these transects for tutire use. Elevation readings were taken using a surveyor’s level at 10-meter intervals and at points of significant topographic change. A vegetation sampling program was conducted during Late July and August 1978. Belt transects 30 meters wide were established, centered aleng each of the 15 elevation transects in order te sample large, representative areas (Fig. 108). At a 10-meter interval, 30-meter-long transects were constructed 185 SO NE OTT SPL SER ES PE Tl EL OL a LT TT IV EI IR EEE ONT OE TE SC ee : . A N — fe ; ae : 5 fi SA é i Cota Roi iheynet can ioe. ‘Ye Shan Pye ruled ih wen He) TET he ee eredirri we ae gue ih LL) Pert ame a a em 9 ES OS, OT Me ed es ae hts : TAO Ms ' ‘ ora ; i Pee Maat dah sil J Siphon ie eat ARR | a 5 Time hal bus nner ‘an Ul ee De isn a ing WER! se, petsnct) aby oanneaie teed ink: he Baad EAR Apt aah Bes i ai silreeal va “doth 78 bite hem Nk Ab OR a Bein ay een ome a I Ae ne hee al yd acl Ae LC ite ail i git nears vay AOR oraniis St ieatvin Hi cilia eh e Naren AN, ey seh rf te rh vy wid Be og dip, dana ade RA, ane ymsety KH tei a Capea” ei A tle aba nlitind whi bh: a Nght Uylbuarine gh ev tai Biely wre awh, agin oy 8 ty ain pu my rAlhiopine Me a te 2 A CARE at abn AB ebuinig yi Nyote ehh nd " Say" ‘om a $i" vl / at Va a nu wa ‘isa mi sii. Livan ih carn bet Gy theses areas’ po 1A ‘awl dayton CUNE conawcmaerey, © « Woatetor GGNgsw j es Llowstan sianon | Figure 108. Example of easpling scheme four a belt transect. perpendicular to the elevaticn trangects. Locations of vegetation sampling Stations along these transects were selected at random and recorded go that future chanyes could be accurately monitored. 4m adequate sample number per transect was determined using species-area curves (Ocsting, 1956). Samples were collected until an additional sample per transect did not increase the species encountered by more than 10 percent. Five seaples were taken along each 30-meter transect. Vegetation information was collected for herbaceoug plants using a stan- dard 25-hole, OQO.25- A De ieee eae 7 \ Mra Tr scarsye Piso 5 “ PPPS EARS SE ERE Te A RE aed Uni campeon aie Le ies ‘SAT Bh AM. Lee PAL RLS LA: ae Lat c. Belt tisteries and Dascriptiona. Six sites were chosen on Old North Beach that have, in large parc, not been affected by overwash recently. These belts (A, 3, C, E, F, and Z) will be discussed first, followed by those areas wnich were recently created. Belt A is located 1000 meters scuth of the Orleans parking lot (Fig. 90). In 18668 this belt consisted of a continuous dune line backed by a bread salt marsh (360 meters) abutting the glacial moraine (Fig. 110). Between 1886 and 1938, overwash occurred along the epit for about 1000 meters on either side of belt A. The dunes were completely leveled, end a sew, continuous dune line had developed by 1939 on what had been sait marsh. Although this dune line was disturbed again by overwash prior to 1952, sand was transported only part of the distance acrose the barrier. Remnants of the dune line had expanded and coalesced, reestablishing a continuous dune line by 1978. In 1978 welt A consisted of a dune line 130 meters broad end 10 meters high which was bacaed by a shrub community and a Spartina patens-Agropyron pungens graasland and marsh (Fig. L11). In the past 110 yeare, i83 meters of the belt A shoreline has eroded. Gverwash hes driven the barrier dunes westward over the calt marsh. Unable to expand landward, the salt marsh has become progressively narrower (Table 54). The landward part of this belt is, therefore, older than 110 years, whereas parts of the dune Line have developed since 1952. Belt B is located 1000 meters south of belt A (Figs. 90 and 170}. In 1868 this belt consisted of a narrew dune Line fronting a bread salt mareh. The dunes at belt B were leveled by overwash prisr to 1886, and weehkover flats extended beyond the back-harrier sheceline into the bay. By 1886 tha beyward margin of the belt had been recolonized by calt-earsh vegetstion. Cverwash must have continued at belt B during this pertod, since ty 1936 che back bar= rier shereline had extended about 75 eeters ferther tate the western cresk and dunes had develepsd on the recently established salt marsh. Betwucsen i928 and 1978, few maior chenges occurred et belt Be Sherelice erogion reduced the barrier width and dune line by ebout 40 weters. The duae line was 200 setters broad and 8 te 10 metere high in 1978 (Pag. 112). Akony 70 meters of the dune line a eeli-developed, stable dume-heath community wes present, dominated by Rudsonia tomentoea (falee beach heather}. fe at belt A, a gtassland community graded into a breed Spartina patens mereh. Spartina alterniflor: grew only at the creek margin. Belt C is located i000 meters ecuth wf belt B and beceuse it is backed by Pochet Island, it no longer migrates landward (Fig. $0). Im 1863 belt C con- sisted of a narrew dune line backed by a narrew marsh, @ bread creek, a second broad marsh, and a creek (Fig. 110). Price te L686 this belt overwashked, filling the broad creek and extending the barrier to the base of the zlacial cliff at Pocket Island. A messive washover suet have exterded at Leese 375 meters landward eof the berm crest. By 1886 dunes had developed at the back of the washover which was still barren along the seawerd edge. Dunes present in 1886 were all landward of the 1868 dune line. Between 1938 and 1978 very few changes occurred at belt C. Aithough the barrier uarrowed during this perfed, the dune Line expanded landward and increased in width, probably because the creck at the base of Vochet Islane 188 OD > a Pe te er : ake ie Psa coe wigs a ie po TAY) TEE RN ps. 5 Le LAN ine aT 4p a H Be ee ee | eK \ j ASAE SP TA Coe bi wo: oe yee) eit gpcate eh aa » ooobitays ni My suakea ! & c phe ce pM Me RE mate ANS REA TI RAR eR TE a Aa « POL Bye * Ret | ae oa it eet ried ae Ph hr aa nf 3) an2% cay? 2 Get ta Ateagy: sit dete mitt) Tay AA WROD. bd! sebksad i a ota ie, See Mes oi od is bed Hacer a FONE AD INS Ny hi ‘Die. aaOH phed Mild ‘wast a bay te PR ie me ee chs sig AD aed DBE) Hota BPAY Bar oe CE He ® ce ee ie ‘oom’ Aad. Seed wh wx, tater And nay vhveariaye bert! ey LL ce ag! Hob | J teal Pi n vay hye Dee eer ue, ie me ai hi Tuihedl nails, seh pa? oto. AD eae Me eo, tue a bh vty cane ni Ag iat Ainley tains pe el 4d Biadgo Sieraily ‘one Le Tid, Wkp vb Ue E SB Se LPPLURM. «gg RR TOS Hengetiem: Yer nity, beets pty: ony pleamenedt yin Batis? ACU henna peal "Riy’ api) rie tik UN ea Wee gone aweh add 3 ‘ L ay a thd mee b A Ee aN fs mh tH A Le ee iv ii m pentalin & Tom zewne, beamed ans pow nasal ‘ sa Pr aT 6) a mee We “OF ih amin sacha whet: baterenon, = wars hares Wi ena LSiene RUE.» QHD LANA ‘bina ienenaaane ride, a any ity he) ane cine AR wihinasay oud Jeo. sy af - re er ‘hi OR ET a Cue ae new th eset rhs xe Ce” ih SR eg ha jus a Gaeta GLE Mea aD chrnmebeas ‘biingke’ ae ee edo a Sate: a a es Mie ie 1 satin dnt AP ab hor BUA Ne | ean ani aia ae id bedi ee cee aa ibe bial wha 4¥ei Hy nace RL we Seb ons egal Pe ‘aan Oto A Laer | gmt a aha na | Sm at all ie. a ‘bated sae et wea haul tad tthe ho. oiales a8 a ie ‘bueosan ports rest wrioal woh? ie ay Aer, ons, ae Pn ira ih so wife: iva aver Hpbi eNO pe AR ‘ty ee pa ae ew Mme Prthnebbed * wats Aenean wnt iy ry ni aap, wolognraastois™h ed) Dorcseant ants ee ee OE om bind Snag si ela lah ny havin ain tation i Pome te ‘OOK Neviser: i, jt Aik eh ‘aomppt devin! aE gin oe ee «nna mae, ean hag n't: I ingil i) aa bi ee hh, Bea PME, Meares f he, a , ahi ALAR wh aed bak met oH a % ? ‘hth aie wht wad a ue 43 v5 Gye, Shee ti ms ipiead ity Hi ee. Y Dye Merde RS RRP Gh aie ah alan ya + Si ierg, 'winetl i he "bya Pe ht wiki Herrin yer er un Lil we wt vi ty Bist AeA git LIRR im Paiisaiciei! inna we wom Pisa pada” * feel Magda All: BMRA aR re i Srwiay 285 es | ual ath ae Ae aay eee oe 1868 1886 1938 ge : ; peel py acalsteeme ses BELG A 1952 ae eee Snorekne 1978 Figure 110. Historic maps of belts A, B, and C. 189 a eran’ ? - ite Al a i : GOW 120 80 40 Unvegetated Se i ee aoe Ammophils breviliquioia — Lothyrus japonicus Solidogo sempervirens Lechea racitima Rhus radicans Myrica pensylvanice aa Agropyron pungens Esccharis helimifolia Sportina patens Spertina aiternifiora Other sf 40 80 120 16c 200E _ mens — —- Figure lll. Vegetative-physiographic transect of belt A. Table 54. Barrier widths at 15 belt sites. Belt 1868 1886 (nm) (m) A 580 570 B 400 350 C 580 440 D 760 820 E 210 530 F 430 380 G 290 210 H --- 110 I — —— J oo oo K oon — 1e — — x aes Y es5 veces Zz 310 450 1938 (m) 470 359 410 750 520 190 1952 (m) 430 1978 (m) 420 310 390 790 550 240 560 310 310 210 iy i hae i hea “ joa 2m Isow 120 80 40 io) 40 60 120 160 200E Unvegstated - Cee ree ___ ae Ammophila brevillyulata ere Lothyrus jopenicus “= _— Solidego sempervirens = = —— —_—_— _- ——— Artemisia coudate — —- Hudzonic tomentose ——— Myrica pencylvenica ; —= Agropyron pungens ee vuncus gerard Sporting petsne mane Gane Spartins lternifters Eiecma <= — Other ater id Figure 112. Vegetative-physiographic transect of belt b. was infrequently flooded by tides and supratidal vegetation had been able to expand onto the salt marsh. In 1978 Spartina patens occupied only a narrow band 50 meters wide at the back of the barrier; Spartina alterntflora was not present at belt C (Fig. 113). The Ammophila breviligulata dunes were 9.5 meters high and 110 meters broad. The center 100 meters of the belt was occupied by a well-developed dune-heath community dominated by Hudsonta tomentosa, Cladonia spp», and declining and dying Ammophtla brevtligulata. Belt E is located at a wide section of Old North Beach in the approximate location of the 1626 inlet (Fig. 90). In 1868 a washover was evident, backed by a continuous dune line and a broad creek with salt marsh to the west (Fig. 114). Between 1868 and 1886 the area was overwashed, filling the creek and extending the subaerial barrier about 335 meters landward. Dune and salt- marsh vegetation covered this washover by 1886. Although the dune line at belt E has not been disturbed by overwash since 1886, the salt marsh has been affected by overwash several times. In 1938 belt E consisted of a continuous dune line backed by a washover deposit on part of the marsh. This washover, which crossed the dune line north ef belt E, must have occurred first prior to 1938, since dunes were already evident at its outer margin, and scattered dune remnants probably would not have remained. 191 ny a; of ty i a A ae nui i i A DN b\ ; i f : j \ Pay a AY, \ i , : j \ / \ j f ‘ i \ } ? : ah } Pei ~~ j . ' Ni. f -; ie ) re a er een on) Oe eR r f a ee lima cataial Nearer woomliaai iirttaceiem | sper deere SES a seen rH emit os i 4 Ses bil ‘i ere fie aw eae he... BW rea Wa VAAN Bt ie, : oe a Wal eae a | pe Pe : vd u yea) 0 eben yatt isi wed Mat i aI Anty : 44 fh’ i " abu vig sbi ie j uh ante prer liye y ieoed ie beet we tae) Pei hit ‘ in Way ) i Wy ate p aa t i me ' baiho “aale, eeE 3 ~S bee oie aut’ i Lay ‘ byouare? yarn Ba at 1 dl if hon UU Be Be ; i oye pantyely ‘ul hot rex Me ayy Vian? fp ed eA) Dae! oe At sea Vit. wit Sau Pebwow vier 2 meters iets ie} Unvegetated Lathyrus joponicus Ammophiia bravitiguleta Artemisia stellericns Hudsonie tomentosa Solidago sempervirens Juniper virginiana Myrica pensylvanica Juncus gercrdi Bccchoria hailimifotia pciens Agrepyron pungens Other Sportina Figure 113. BAP 240W 160 RO te) — — ae ee ee ee ee FE cc ee CleeexD —t 192 a n i 80 100 pct cover Vegetative-physiogtraphic transect of belt C. 1868 . 1886 1938 1952 1978 os eo "(BEB Storeling ve 1868 Shoreling Figure 114. Historic maps of belts D and E. 193 peal ad QOverwash continued north of belt E for many years. ithe washover flats were still open in 1952. Small dunes developed at the outer washover edge, and the dune line at belt E expanded landward. These dunes were not visible, however, in the 1978 imagery, and salt-marsh vegetation colonized most of the washover flats. Remnants of the dunes at the washover margin were evident from field studies (Fig. 115). A low back-dune ridge, 80 centimeters high, crossed belt E and was dominated by dead and dying Ammophktla breviligulata, Agropyron pungens, and Spartina patens. The back dunes present in 1938 and 1952 were only marginally supratidal. After continuous dunes north of belt E had developed and washover sand supply to the back barrier was cut off, these marginal dunes deflated to an elevation where Spartina patens could grow. in 1978 the dune line was 7 meters high and 160 meters broad; the salt marsh was very wide with broad bands of both Spartina patens and Spartina alternt- flora. The dunes at belt E are more than 40 years old; the eastern part of the salt marsh is very young--less than 26 years; and the outer edge of the marsh is at least 92 years old. is 320w 240 160 60 ie} 60 IG0E Unvegetated Ammaphila breviliguiata Sotlocgo sempervirens Lothyrus joponicus Artemisig coudota agronyron pungens a Se Spartina petfens Plantago moritima pa lines canes 100 pct cover Spartina Giterniflora 50 Salicornia virginica ee ee Figure 115. Vegetative-physiographic transect of belt E. Belt F is located 1500 meters south of belt E in an area that has been stable since 1868 (Fig. 90). In 1868 the belt consisted of a recent washover which had not penetrated the back of the dune line, a narrow dune zone, and a broad salt marsh (Fig. 116). Only minor changes occurred along the belt between 1868 and 1978, apart from erosion of spproximately 190 meters of the oceanside dune line (Table 54). Im 1938 a narrow washover breach disturbed the oceanfront of the dune line at belt F. Massive washovers, which occurred north and souch of the belt in 1938 and 1952, deflated, adding sediment to the back of the dune line. Redistribution of washover sand along the bay shore also added sediment to the bayward edge of the salt marsh. 194 I thoy ‘avian ‘ea iad” Vey dari thayacr S THD Keawiave hey i tay a2 oh Weis hal ah MEAN WX ; eeu L sah Longe |. there arew Abe) MY Re ee. yn ee ees sanded 2 ePad’ Se wae pub ect! era f Dae reo! hea Meo 1 et ion WOM BN ei ‘ota fh Tove rr rt mW eM MARE oF fed ey ‘@2 Fyn inchaaih ll ‘se del. aawodene ‘ ' Al ate ie "LARUE eae, a ee ME eal | ph) ope heads. btety ana A esa! SOU Mme i Lanes! a. Be AE 1198. poaaor) | : a "1 in earl ls Miviead att, 4 Ct ae (aeyl Rad i uit ee ni =i DA ysoryh i iy ; i abstenit ieee HTT HS ci, Widwaawe, Senha wkise mare: RENE ‘ Whi ried te ha ret (es Hu tt Lae Aah ile beqolnyinb ipl ' Re * r ii 18 be a eee am ae ‘Len byte ! it: Poh ‘en Hb Bot’ U Me a “a ehND hate | Bs@) i site): Rita a hing sal | tha nh hy bite ably i Cia) \y wR wie © ram aie NE Ue fey MNS aetT: ata ES { - LA! VATE Ae wt: ‘ete Ap its Bay ; anayig. i vaane a ad Maha pe \ Lf \ by ny | Re F ol / ne { a ea a , i Ks Vien Wi n | or By i 7 yal ot bi 4 sia nil wast viper kee ‘nal veel TNS ; i diabinnk deine Bi ? mpedugttonyh wlitermnml: | a: “ Aide deb i z : a econ a een ‘onaaod 4 pn 1 cir ema, ‘nsdn aunt ete ca ab rssh cmogenig, Revgeaid ey ores 7 PN y iaiie( st ean : i ae ui ' rae! yh ‘ a ies Titania f Eek - ‘ " al) Mien yee okt Renal a m dustin. . ni uf patel - —e dara ‘om wt “ Samet i Dye RED ee TY bea. vie sail anil Le it, tah Pot he WD} “nw! ry fe path 175 ae ei fnhochia ttf iiee St ibet nwa ppyets aie @ iad meade tis i Ho avert a mes: peut wit a oat) RY fi i Ve wa in i My eet bron are oa § wy } a. Ln ee Hast ws it) vai bicrinnrae it yo et APD eee Geb 'y wae 7 Watt t Mu bie ‘inte vol nt when is 1868 1886 1938 1952 1978 nS we 3 x os a a Se tei ere ees ce rote (= i SUE li aantie 4S aaa ee en 1668 Shoreline BELT ! r te eats ROR eat ae | a : BELT G : ah a 1866 Snoreiine | (668 Snoreline “1B6B Sroreline Figure 116. Historic maps of belts F and G. 195 “1 guppy ane ven ae va! on hte th SN a NN gt er ee hes oe In 1978 the dune line at belt F was 140 meters wide and 5 meters high (Fig. 117). Small areas of senescent Ammnophtla breviligulata with Chrysopsis faleata (sickle-leaved aster) and Artemisia caudata were located behind the foredunes. The salt marsh was broad and clearly divided into high and low marsh. Unvegetated Ammophila breviliquiata ee ee ee er polidogo Ssempecinens = Lothyrus jeponicus Rhus radicgns —— Artemisia coudats Artemisia gtelicrigna — Myrice pensylvanica a —_— Chrysopsis faicato Agropyron pungens Sporting patens FT 100 pet cover eastees 50 Spartina alterniflora Cther Figure 117. VWegetative-physiographic transect of belt F. Belt Z, located below Nauset Heights north of the Orleans parking lot, crosses a brackish pond that is the last remnant of the waterway Chat con- nected Pleasant Bay to Nauset Harbor until the mid-19th century (Figs. 90 and 97). In 1868 and 1886 the pond was evident on maps and undoubtedly affected by overwash, since barrier dunes were not present (Fig. L118). Between the pond and the glacial headlands (Nauset Heights), a narrow salt marsh existed in 1868. This marsh had been filled by 1886. A broad dune line backed by shrubs lining the pond margins was evident in the 1938 imagery. No signifi- cant changes occurred between 1938 and 1978. In 1978 a narrow but high (5 meters) dune line separated the pond from the ocean (Fig. 119). Small stands of Spartina patens, cemnants of the earlier salt marsh, lined the eastern pond margin except where shrubs were present. Typha latifolia (cattail) had filled much of the pond. Below Nauset Heights the dune community was sparsely vegetated and dominated by Artemisia caudata and Ammophila breviligulata. 196 Va i eo <> rv iG ee BS We JSF eee Spe Ae o > y “Op aie Y fash wiped) 4 bie oahiyeay {otom aah rae 9 eat ie, en cull wi ‘grer ant sealed Err A Met ‘gp Regu, divs alae he mere DO) (NEE a ev bisiliae lerpeminiih elm: ae bathe = wot bhi aad nora o :t Ge Sahar ee fl eclaal cil ve | \ ; ’ 7 } \ ; \ y i nt ; } ire ae Lao | i i oe 106M Nec) & é srry ~ eae elven : na meee ney nections ‘upsblieg ) tint a ee! "shad ees gis at i a yerae eda " eis, i: Ly i} Re NS OE, he ik i ay rank hab: sae Peer vet ete § re tab: ee aie Eat ons ° Wi Ta hi iG ‘ , le shi my % ri eae 81) |e fystew ‘yt NAP Baie Std WhLL phi mid wok Prad Gila Bs) eo tai Pe a \y nn ae HLA yagi ayia Rh, Bee Ries: seennen Myaimagak Mabe at yA tat. iene ii tipcbngge P nae 1868 i933 d 2 ‘ % ) i 1868 Shoreline (952 1978 1368 Sher eine Figure 118. Historic maps of belts X, Y, and Z. 197 TPF MPLS LS LE LS SS SSP TION AO PL PR INN RE ER TR PR Uy le ee ce ee me | ‘ i i \ t rey Louse Rote orp Pea wi eo eatoatt’ oly ae Z ig0W 120 80 40 0 40 BOE Unvegetaied (oe Gees UNS | eer Ammophiia breviliguiatc — er ee Lothyrus japenicus ee eerrennae a oan! Artemisia caydaia — eer —— Rhug radicans —_ a Myrica pensylvanico — a earning patens CEB ee Typha Ietifolio eum aoe a Other weed STU E gaees Open water i00 pct cover Sten £5 Figure 119. Vegetative~physiographic transect of belt Z. Three areas were chosen that were either established between 1886 and 1938 (belts H and I) or were severely overwashed during the 1938 hurricane (belt BD). All three of these areas are, therefore, between 40 and 60 years cld. Belt H is located approximately at the site of the 1868 inlet (Fig. 90). By 1886 the southern end of North Beach had extended as far as belt H, and was characterized by washovers at the spit terminus (Fig. 120). In 1893 Old Harbor Coast Guard Station was erected at this site, 330 meters from the ocean beach (Smith, 1909). Belt H was 8 kilometers from the spit terminus by 1938 and consisted of several dune ridges, which were remnants of spit recurves, and a salt marsh which had developed between these dunes. Between 1938 and 1952 the ccean shoreline eroded at a rate of 6.7 meters per year, reducing the dune field substantially. During this per.acd, overwash from areag nerth of belt H filled most of the salt marsh in the interior without destroying the low, seaward dune line. By 1978 Old Harbor Station had been partially under- mined and had to be removed by using a crane and barge. During the 1978 mortheaster, overwash eroded sections of the remaining dune line buryiag the remnants. The features at belt H are, therefore, not all the sama age. The Salt marsh and back barrier spit recurve are between 40 and 80 yeere old, while healthy foredunes are the result of sheet washovers in 1978 on top of low dunes (Fig. 121). Belt I, located 1000 meters south of belt H, first developed several years after the Old Harbor Station was built in 1893 (Fig. 90). As at belt H, this area, consisting of seversl dune ridges thet were remnante of spit recurves, was very broad (677 meters) when it first formed (Fig. 120). A salt marsh, connected to the bay at high tides by a tidal creek, developed between these dunes. 198 SE MP SERS DES Ce AL DW ST PTL Re TH DLT RR DOL a TEAS RRO BD E i : 2 gee ; = “ 2 ? f See ui ¢ ue ; | 3 eee ae . a ears le a“ vedi racers f cA: meee “ai ‘i lg! ‘ie tote! whiny 1” aah eet ewe abla syle 1 Me | ERM ITN Te ‘ en hain / Pee Bi a9 | saga a a art | aso rh “i naeecxersin nerantel ‘ iy fe bee piety ho nm eet AW GLY eh ate eu qed ne AR Gee wits «haha 4 We Stes FF We Sapa tr ae a Pines. ‘awit "engphr yy kane and ‘aimed Ae Cisliy ali a ume 1851 1868 1938 185) Shoratine 1952 1978 Figure 120. Historic maps of belts H, I, and J. 199 ROE AEE ACP Pk ak fe A NM ae pet eS Sete ele he Mn AT ee IN ee RTE ae Tee LT Le ts Sey me < . aoe « ~ i Ne et el Reproduced by NTIS National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce Springfield, VA 22161 This report was printed specifically for your order from our collection of more than 1.5 million technical reports. 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YORU ie ei Omaps ‘ee (anes) iis wert mate se BW a pet iy Any Metal yt ui ae Laktesih Ow atiroMy aclu CRIN ath fy she ‘iter Cat (Ot a6 iy Wane Mera PNT EES. patie Aa Can ie pacuaisine Me dL: Wc DE wirioe ev Hib IS 1EO)O, VRE RSME pron vie (i atta rey a huis Wu sche yt ne i) Wii bali eb we iclac a, ih weobors ee vA sop Yue wh bape out is iovelaen Pee EA) aillt 222090 N18 OK We eeelhel sia mildly ween Seen att bere yO ESA NA By. ORINED imeem TMT wetsty oe NESS AV bibiignng onan Ia Reproduced by NTIS National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce Springfield, VA 22161 This report was printed specifically for your order from our collection of more than 1.5 million technical reports. For economy and efficiency, NTIS does not maintain stock of its vast collection of technical reports. Rather, most documents are printed for each order. Your copy is the best possible reproduction available from our master archive. If you have any questions concerning this docu- ment or any order you placed with NTIS, please call our Customer Services Department at (703) 487-4660. Always think of NTIS when you want: * Access to the technical, scientific, and engineering results generated by the ongoing multibillion dollar R&D program of the U.S. Government. * R&D results from Japan, West Germany, Great Britain, and some 20 other countries, most of it reported in English. NTIS also operates two centers that can provide you with valuable information: ¢ The Federal Computer Products Center — offers software and datafiles produced by Federal agencies. * The Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology — gives you access to the best of Federal technologies and laboratory resources. For more information about NTIS, send for our FREE NT/S Products and Services Catalog which describes how you can access this U.S. and foreign Government technology. Call (703) 487-4650 or send this sheet to NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. Ask for catalog, PR-827. Name Address Telephone INTES. - Your Source to U.S. and Foreign Government Research and Technology oe OO LK ee ee BIVier, wane Aaa : JA EEG AT ot gn ii hioney ; yal aT eA ote obron Mee ysitadialiv’ satel ‘ae Dnt £ Salt marshes develop rapidly on North Beach, although marsh development is not as predictable as dune development. In as little as 10 years, salt marshes have become visible on aerial photos in areas that had been washovers. Only with shallow deposits at the outer edges of washovers do salt-marsh species recover from burial. These recoveriny species often do «ot survive unless overwash activity is reduced in the area. Although rhizome outgrowth into shallow bay water has increased marsh area along some sections of Old North Beach, most new salt marsher develop on washovers. In some sections of Old North Beach, cores and L.eaches reveal layers of salt-marsh peat over- lain by washover deposits, which have been recolonized by marsh vegetation. Marshes. on North Beach tend to survive in place for longer periods of time than dunes, because of their bayward position and protection afforded by the dune line. Shrub communities have also developed rapidly on Worth Beach. At belts A, D, and I, shrub communities have developed in less than 40 years. Three pitch pines at belt I are 5 meters tall and lu centimeters in diameter, but these trees may have been planted by homeowners. At belt Da felled juniper that had not been buried by overwash was aged: at 32 years, although the belt was overwashed 40 years ago. The development of shrub communities is dependent on protection from salt spray and seed availability. Belts closer to the ylacial headlands in Orleans undoubtedly have yreater access to seed supplies of Myrica, Juniperus, Salix, Alue, and Aubdus, which are common at belts A and D. Shrub communities are not a good indicator of the age of a site over 25 years, unless dating of individual trees or shrubs is undertaken. Supratidal grassland communities are present in many areas on Old North Beach and appear to be associated with older washovers. All the species in this zone are at least marginally salt tolerant. The yrassland community on North Beach may be equivalent to the narrow ecotone in Nauset Spit-Eastham between dune and salt-marsh communities and may only exist as a broad area on North Beach because the tidal range is very low in upper Pleasant Bay. In general, classical ecological succession does not appear to occur on North Beach. The entire spit system is migrating rapidly landward by overwash processes and inlet dynamics. Few areas on the spit are older than 110 yeacs. With the exception of members of the stable dune communities, all the species dominant on North Beach can grow in bare sandy substrate. The particular species colonizing an area is dependent on environmental factors operatiny ou undeveloped soil, such as the level of cidal flooding, soil salinity, soil moisture, exposure to salt spray, degree of substrate stability, and propagule availability. V. DISCUSSION l. Migrational Processes. Many barrier beaches along the east coast of the United States are under- going landward retreat in response to sea level rise. Landward displacement can be divided into two separate phenomena: mipgration of the barrier landform as a whole and migration of physiographic features (e.g., sand dunes) on the barrier surface. The barrier width can be defined as the continuous unit extending from the berm to the bay shoreline or first major waterway. In order for landward barrier migration to occur, material must be eroded along 213 aT a LN LN ea ANTAL eee E NAN L ta te eG Sa Aa So te sed sec ten Syne eT ne a oan “ a { ee ur 2 (eemelerek eat Ml gaia heey Acalalh aC ae “batqar, jjae ,ateay 6) 168 wih Whom) Sieg oloeeh sneh ae | Oyenecteow tnt Mid Jet) Beara ak: eotodq: Le banal ar rest dove dies ot ‘éruvodown fe neybo duduo ott fa: sidctel- Lal “coins yea %, thw de aniowde : BHAI VEDe2 poarty ddvorgs00 omar lte dg Tame als od been ae uskvis bLO. Se eh aael) eae yrodiq. hae setae beRd PU ae wow Ht i “ye ena ah Gd owas Pisa ial ina at p tii kwh) Ae agad, ete me BRA a! ‘phy muaes ot et ” ip sph ne ‘Hes atee juan ¥. nett Guan Woda ’ a.3. 7a ede cthr. Taye ane ‘bonlg Di @viv'1o8 eH ais vd ison esi ~~ aeliieaoe fh ph ‘apts, de. ‘gts vi a Sted 3A op oabnt ney, a, Rebs Hed banged wxah s pete vad pee ‘ So4G (OOTT ion’ ut teil eed Hd) beady ite wand eb) 2 damp. | dural OhaTy Jul .7a roe hy ink Sr S OL Ars om Vl inh pad ap tite &, BIR, 0 that 2 tyes “Dien Ae han i Yokes al 4 atte Of Aa bashalq. fread oy, Wiked ude dutetl Ba pbb vey, ee gan Wales Hegwi ovis ya" bole: pment ye Seaheagoh: Ain ae daa apemee Hi) io Imbel avpledt wei gie, wai er jetoed yy, 964 07 eM G MERA (esd) ydulibad ake Brit: Beery rtie,, head Grid adie We ie Thao eseany pad : Sei ene Re anne das a Dobie wile oe ee ee todd yy reid phe PR yh ee Aare ean 2S tele Oa ee Pe eis te Togmind bak (ae : don, — agri . AEA Ans CSE Ee ee wana spaleey De ue) Ainabee oe ; hal pot one. ara hha ees ORL (Use bide) 108 air Hall fd 2, ree ru Ce ‘owt SDSL ay Ce oe funcee U0 dae ibrar Ne brasrte ine saat ut By ro Fudpo, me Om sents peer naledsosne. nad) aldoe: Seg20RbEO! « ” dame ewe Was Ye! ee Eb Ruey aye? da. ThA al ae hie we igae om coanoy O11 ate autor eae Hide gf2 aa eos mt korn b delnt ba gelsecn oD Le seu FAAS. soup oldie ofd tu etadeien Re HOw relonsatug : ae” heed ay OP aided. erate neg te "Rel dm) agian ilk By pwned wily binky ema capo! ae) ai Oe, | a di | hobnad Gut: 30 smerny heim! seats bone recy ag ne ae ons bi oeveeT | poe eau gird aie be Jewel th Seed oo ee DN neo Sway, aoe aoe Li tn Pr ye SS RS hn De sbhsew rae MPAbay pier 3 Baro d dries ee ee “Spit! ure.) re ae sahil trai" aan hy atoved wont isshard Feige ‘Shee br ah ba ti : "Bevin eval ty “pave amdiet vi ke seit oho wate OR REO aera ech \eavaese ae Dau! W Sake A hae a 1 ena ioe wt ‘babaval taal Ltvelbe 4 BUHL ah Derry ks a agit yen ie derntany oma ear Vt baw we La ee “toh ‘aol wily dit 16.3 P i gndes & Jo beater: bed bop CNR gt bbe) Mew! WF Sake iS ASR HoT ae Ob” ‘Syenk k beal, Reso nf ~ tive ae ann Pi ‘Inely sand Inkoq 6 ti iene aehatb ‘bead, anit sash tay pei wt wey Diy k wit ah. ae ila Megha tities nee uigergedodg reer th ids NON Dane Sy bende he! ate” CE ia wen, ae a Ae ado. wxavurleny ‘Saha stand! eee nd 20? hae ‘ats bel ed Vint, bielldida ee” ok) mila 2108 ; Wada CL Lea aria dig wi siesta ane Aneoat ha: a | ee Ce i ae a eT blo a ae pili Se Ma Yh Kina : oveltionie: Hs Ree ar AS OA WT a a Mn ec ‘ae, Dt hy Sia hac: o Ke MET WE darling ee. Rae, cree, RM Raa eens eer act AD eee we iprroetie deh Salon, Lint bane Oak nil) away thn ‘bie erikyisway Lined a one A bars pais: Seer apna.” Wbioder, a mike ath, dhe k neural tors ade ta’ win igs" f prone Teen oe mate JA Keene deaebl” NE bana adeap: Gai area, -ipinelieit Reigate, Aris er Re ae Th ‘eee aye et 8 “eaieei jute: oF" ‘baal ty jen beh homie oe seed Athan raved Ube Wa) +8 ep fai ‘slat | -baiaivie sll oil if ts ‘ue i ‘agai | iparhitet ay Rata western ay ‘wie ett "hy tite odd golayt ain” add gh tagb Anoka wyiinan Sidmtpasih gate api nae de ak) okt nivuitany aetbihwrany, itd” bowelt Let shin nti ce 4e aha germinate at the upper edge of the intertidal zone. During the 3 years of this study, Spartina seedlings were not found on recent washovers but were present in other upper-intertidal areas protected from overwash. 3. Barrier Migration Model. Overwash and the vegetative response tc overwash have played important roles in the landward migration of Nauset Spit. Washovers along Nauset can b2 divided into two types based on their size and influence in barrier migration: washover fans and flats. Washover fans form as breaches through the dune line and result in small amounts of sand deposition to the lee of the dune field (Fig. 132). Along the Nauset Spit system, these deposits are frequently placed on salt-marsh vegetation; recovery from burial occurs only at the edges of the washover where deposits are less than 34 centimeters for Spartina patens and 23 centimeters for Spartina alterniflora. Most marsh plants do not recover from burial, leaving the washover fan barren and subject to wind deflation. At Nauset Spit, the prevailing west winds carry washover sand to the beach and to the back dunes adjacent to the washover throat (Fig. 132,c). The percentage of sand returned to the beach and lost from the system depends on the general form of the washover, prevailing wind directions, and the width of the washover throat. At the washover studied in detail along Nauset Spit-Eastham, 52 percent of the sediment deflated from the fan was added to the landward margin of the barrier dunes and 22 percent was returned to the ocean beach. Although 62 percent of the original deposit was redis- tributed by winds and tides, the entire washover remained above the general elevation range of salt-marsh species. The eventual plant communities that form on small washover fans are dependent on the elevation of the deflated surface as it is stabilized by vegetation. Because the Nauset barrier system is oriented north to south and prevail- ing sand~-transporting winds are from the west, there is little Opportunity for dune-building on small washover fans since there is only a limited amount of sand in upwind positions. Low dunes may form on a washover fan, but washover sediment is reduced as dunes coalesce across the washover throzt, and new dunes on washovers rapidly reach a maximum height and »egin to deflate. After several years (5 to 7), a small washover fan appears as a erescent-shaped rise on the salt marsh adjacent to the dune line. The dune line may have migrated slightly landward as sand deflated from the washover and accumulated in back- bar-ier dunes (Fig. 132,d). The washover itself may be colonized by supra- tidal vegetation, which has built very low dunes. Otherwise, these dunes may have deflated and Ammophila breviligulata-domirated vegetation may be cut- competed by Species adapted to periodic saltwater flooding, such as Spartina patens var. monogyna and Agropyron punges. The net result of small-scale overwash is that the dune line is displaced slightly landward. In the second case, large-scale washovers play a very important role in barrier migration (Fig. 133). Prior to overwash, the barrier beach may con- sist of a continuous dune line backed by salt marsh. During a major storm the barrier dune is eroded to a point where low elevation dunes and blowouts are overtopped by overwash surges. These surges erode an increasingly wide chan- nel through the dune line by lateral cutting until broad sections of the dunes are entirely flattened (Fig. 133,c). During overwash, large volumes of sand may be carried from the beach and dune to the back barrier. Some of this sediment may be transported into the bay, resulting in landward extension of the barrier unit. 218 to ore Tedd pki vanhe Sab tsnatad: ee Le sagt den ail an! sdteciek eiue ied aevedea sand hy BRR ene BW ayclt Lhowe, natant, 9 Chae EAD iy) | i eR IDS oman hotongorsy, cate Lisbit aye ii ak ha anna nk push a abot pod genia aaygad 4 ont woter baedy Kal ikea Od “Bamaiann ev hoy citi A! hee ewan! i} i nes see pete el eyenyel a tiii: Peeva Ie at rewptar: biumwelaienis inh hy La eter ete, repo ows toner a cogent a bee te het ae h ane Bay. O89 oan) ‘bwhivib (Ua 5 elit ale dtua pedi newt saree: tuay. drag” er? Min ani tah: | \.'e SaeRha. bary, won eatin ve ites, A BS RD ed ibd dechipa ly RAH Jo wonuemk tiles, #2 ‘Qhbeot) bin: at VisrewPatd Sn atiag deb ‘Biasiely’ ee had Parent ito yada (hen inky heeoe hose Whe oy lek Geo oer aS ae a Mme nn dey iny hi rman Es” La habadq : parson eM ee a sorely a Le Seat is aun Ob @onate eben ana arty TY eas dishvns tod ‘gratameass ES Bem wees | write 8. rower chet lias RNA RRC et inhi aA Mis gad yn l Pe wae tt tg eee, Shunt bo 2 ib. Dien! CAPE OA aE Wibpbe “pd ow sg) ane RAG daav at ah. ROL ab. la het. ptt) Sawarts “Lime NT ‘aca ey Pinan Uhh meray), Anne, ‘ati Oa be email ea pete PB itd, tet 8 het! iia weil ete a Tm Phe ie) prise 0 ung aHenaiig "gas Rin” , ‘rhe recor The te faith Or jaw wore io bo eee Lettoeeg” Me ive, torbaad ‘ys yoke hase we: We HM A: FA 4 Sor reviogtane ante We a Rw Be hf oy nd. Oe) cin, RE OR Owe to) s8eg meg! Me emilee ge er Arwen seiaers hee aera att WS) AT: ieee a ae rile binant octet “at: babies bio ©. og Dyes: dese Baan Lasagne et ae thepiey So. heotdda lipid! fathoay meta SUE at Lewmar } aig eatin sas ithe amelie we. ooh jie ona bebe: bn pine. Ka, beta, Se, Ty seed th eee 2 aR a Raha Hay: bay uaa ini Wie’ co dante data Tada So pete pod) 7 hen a i odin to NE py Paine al! kr cay 2 es Lndqat wri, ese rahe aye Ai 6 eae PA ra ea . gia Cocca ul ead ou ey P Mae hf Det ms te Iisa mentaun wi 28 the: syne ore peret ; ah Sone we ie cae bowie ‘pod, Fistor tlt ene os by ama Liat a at Nh Lurk ai $i) Pa tate fey puweth tap nyt ro ; wert, Aime SAD ine wit Di sit coven aed mT say A, ae to SALA cabnite Ail iH Jane’ eben: WieVou ant tisqaiam Anam: rT @rcsay ah) mat gavotoma, £UMO IN OT Ome) bu'sort Wes avail ie at seaaity, eat? ( wither § eh OAD Od at sina the, Pet mee bOAL PRE Ti ayia, bites: - Ree. hasnt eh Driieds ak OMY aE fares ip aid 10> im Maa Aintak warrington’ WET ay SOR) eat yas | iar wage og ip ky ae) ae ae 7h date} paul, itt bal eA Aue an ae ‘tik step (ee ha iets heyy Ly eve erk ayfhigtaran Brat unt asked etl ab ea SRM apotboed't ‘ hd Shenk snnAd : ua badqabe GOL PIs my Ne 7A 1 tee narra) wf TAR SS CAL Ll KARMA vena | am UN oyantantt at wat vei ana wah “nop \fiow ‘4 ‘pots init ota ae wld) ie Ne ee eg ah e728 vow pA: Pe net what eh enla aied 4 WHAt SR Lop nent dere): patina ‘awe Pm ee eee oe eli 20 Ma Oe ae ae ee ‘% Cr ec eee wee We ~+,0 om VS ° CN ot uv zi a o ~~ > ae | =: Ze a ae ie) a i) ha $ ye ei u / oO 43 Vv L 2 : > ao] c 7 C3) £ Mt | ce —_- net h ye REC ng < gas (CF PUM tak | Are oS — ah eee ee v3 N : a ow A > iu ada Oo @ v ‘ Aa) G4 o us oY o> Vi o° w / ® VE bead g \ oh ie) 7 aid 4 Ni i Vr SS I 9 ~~ : 25 Se =< eA a Z = pe ra = oe ‘ cate as oo { Q Oe Ray Cy } ro \ FET ME 3 i eS e = J! : ’ 4 y) es) r 3 a CS PCH ary Yost Riek bes ah Nae A 2 id +, RE eae Ge area: ie j i vf ie | it 7 ea NG } i ™ i ill tr . dehogney ey Ce. ae Model of role of overwash and vegetative response to overwash in the landward migration of a nertheaatern barrier beach. ‘ wee - io) “I ' 4 : ey loa} ~~ Vv be i] Lata} wd fey ( ay G58 gaa che a besa el at y eR GE” Mt tS Soe a Ded, 4 Ota Re hawet ain! un ialaeat oy toned baile pusiwnen3in Following overwash, organic debris is left on the washover surface in large clumps. Organized drift lines are also deposited along the outer mar- gins of washover flats by spring high tides. The surface of the salt marsh is generally increased to elevations above the natural range of salt-marsh species. Fragments of dune plants present in drift lines regenerate and seeds germinate leading to the establishment of dune vegetation. As with the smaller washovers along Nauset Spit, the westerly winds deflate these wash- overs (Fig. 133,d). Most of the deflated sediment is returned to the ocean beach because extensive sections of the dune line have been leveled. Rhizome - extension from surrounding dunes plays a smaller role in the stabilization and revegetation of large washovers than it does on smaller fans due to the Large ratio of fan area to vegetative perimeter. Dunes begin to develop in the location of drift material. In contrast to the case of small washovers, these dunes continue to build as overwash continues to add sediment to the back of the washover in upwind positions relative to the drift lines. The lack of constraining foredunes allows over- wash to take place for several years (5 to 10), augmenting this sand supply. Drift-line dunes are usually not eroded during overwash since they are located in landward positions. During the final stayes of dune recovery, washover passages through the foredunes periodically coalesce during windy, interstorm periods. Eventually the dune line becomes continuous and the back barrier deflates to intertidal elevations at which moist sand will not saltate (Fig. 133). The net result of large-scale overwash is that after many years (10 to 20), all barrier features are displaced landward. New dunes, resulting from sand accumulation around vegetation initiated in drift lines, coalesce with vege- tation expanding by rhizome extension from remnant dunes. New salt marsh forms in the lee of these dunes, and the barrier beach as a whole is displaced landward with the establishment of the same general physiographic features and vegetative composition. 4. Engineering Implications. All sections of the Nauset Spit system are subject to dramatic changes either by inlet activity or overwash. The four units designated during this study are eroding at progressively faster rates with distance from the major source of sediment along Quter Cape Cod, the glacial cliffs. lJacreased ero- sion rates lead to more rapid landward migration and more unstable conditions. The outer shoreline appears to be readjusting toward a slightly more southwest to nertheast orientation. Manmade structures along all sections of the spit system will tbe subject to destruction during storms. The most stable unit, Nauset Spit-Eastham, appears to be undergoing a longer migration cycle than other sections of the spit system. Artificial creation and maintenance of dunes and salt marshes can be used to extend various periods of the migration cycle but will not alter the basic blogeological process. With the initiation of a new inlet through North Beach, the town of Chatham will be subject to wave assault and severe erosion. Dune stabilization will not prevent the eventual formation of an inlet through this section cf North Beach, which is eroding at a rate of 5.8 meters per yeer and is only 110 meters wide in some areas. Salt marshes cannot serve ag an inlet deterrent because of the length of tire required to establish a thick peat layer. 221 ad oa dae aivetienne weld) Oe sted ak Pisgah abeaaelt ; “ne a del quite hod Leonwh wos. oF oe wingh. ban tnany0 @esnn Glee ada Yo oh Toshi wR mS: Hut t ‘yotega We: deseo dices to: Optied ester @ wi Va cha ee binvota’ Pa hhh Aiorenaged erry $3296 he aikten tH eitrieity naraily’ Rie renee silt idiiw a. ~hodaecroge) grit Me, dnawetel ldaaem abt om yntbood “dene gosta wpathet) bake” dt awaein mit |, TAGE: Amana unt provedany, 9 pe dbsoo: aa 8). baniwee mp Ayamonte bagpl tieb sats Yo dm ott ' “eA Dy EES nit). RRAe sinon tad efor baw d “et oe ply ‘wena al 3 40, bio lagse ha ieee beuaged Moan pi a mblserhIideae ate Hs was Moh dae ‘dy ACRE YE BNR enbhowad iy mryitd ned era Ne) i wh a) oe eek | hie vl Hig aust a nil Sabla Ahinel lyr to peti im suey Davee a phe, Byer hd tinned ont int Aussi) «i Pie ee tometova be bhted Oa Reeds aonwy sont? erevortiay .tnan ‘o weet’ weld ‘na ehOdy ined beta PLE a wait tana ow tty Poriet et aly! dnaplbae! blk pa, nied da0g) S000) Mie seo podntesiynes hes shoal: aa eS jth mite oa ‘war dndad odo eee args Sao Mak ee ae a As tevay wou") oat wid oo aa Hee Ase. wel A ence IN. ARI Bebe i digga “gdieuwe war “yo pecan vevoraay ,vietdbed “Anak BO Regen food) “ods getty » tb HO tntewhe (hi wh maogaseone xiii tw npth ee ena pie GLa bo Spat asanbinr 3 bil ~— ‘euuenped avgreiiet walweed). aad sul thm: wiih kinasg ¢ aicelinle ant snub = Prreree CEL up). otha TN aon) Lith Bitee atom ib bie shoksavoda Tobe swan: 1 OR oa OEP) weaning haere ‘cas | gant ovasnard dnurey olwnamagaied yey ria bureaus iter “genta Savas’ a a toy enti rbte 4 biped a ei Pe har oNT wegepein AI btw ai Te Oe eee yeh Bi a bi3 dnt Hosts aghe, | hilurartih Pare erm Aho uM yet RD a ee ihatd ew SOUR aR einen Wee eo. See ve Om me ie ts | pitta eel tpi sex SON oe: aH mele tose Gayaak Rael Meee ok argue Sma wees mei aa oth: iehw, th aeyoute SAE m2) DOME arg” cana whan ‘senna ond te \ aA wines pone,” Be aaegheoh, MoH at. ott haan: 0 Motu hy: ce, taka ee hen wits mit wort hb bay Bein veawll: YS ovidwawinang an gio oom “ot tiveminel | yaN ede sates ree ae Te ne pike Anaakbed Bo maka tbe Leased, amteale Gene ile boomy Digag eae lod! Mag Sanediesie aed Rane a ie, ites 5 “ore tear doar etl) RE F246 ate. Bo. Sade, tha, Pee ae paket Gitode Thi AT, | HMR Gnetttatl not anect gwinky OD) Fom nase wie i) Pista sana i sou we | iaiuaii a oe wera : ‘i iseamedies' aya , ' hoaw ov mana pera “ii hon in oe Lappritah eget eit hoe % P rad ‘wala “pay Lie vei: RE DW Shh Ha nom lihsapihuthel vost hetie * wiguewtd telat fm re penta ae eee Mb. ae we OU at RL mel ge eis ty sadsiiaishiniss did hastleahakl oad Bry i ish Se ee Nauset Spit-Orleans will also narrow through time until it will overwash, an inlet will form, and the spit north of Nauset Heights will be lost--perhaps fusing to Nauset Spit-Eastham as the inlet channel shifts. Dune stabilization along Nauset Spit-Orleans will only increase the rate of barrier narrowing as occasional overwash wideniny will be prevented. Overwash will continue at Old North Beach and Nauset Spit-Eastham. Exten- Sive dune stabilization can reduce overwash activity for a period of time tesulting in calm back-barrier conditions necessary for the establishment of Salt-marsh vegetation. Artificially established dunes will continue to narrow in the absence of weshover sediment in upwind positions, and these foredunes will eventually be destroyed with incessant shoreline erosion. Salt-marsh peat behind the barriers will continue to restrict inlet formation. Without artificial dune and salt-marsh establishment, new dunes and salt matshes will form along those parts of the barrier within the correct eleva- tional ranyes. However, it may be many years before high dunes are once again present oa Nauset Spit-Eastham. A continuous dune line may not reform and appear as it did prior to 1978. New dunes, if artificially established, Should be constructed well landward of the berm crest to allow for future shoreline erosion. Natural dunes will form toward the back of washovers in drift lines and expand eastward. Salt marshes can also be established effectively on washover flats. Csre should be taken to plant Spartina patene and Spartina alterntfilora at eleva- tions within their natural range along the Split system. Plantings should also be conducted only in areas that are not subject to continued overwash or high- energy conditions (swift currents near inlet channels or long fetch directions on the bay side). Rapid shoreline erosion, high rates of littoral drift, and harbor condi- tious render rigid structures ineffective in a practical sense. By working in association with natural processes, Segments of the migrational cycle can be expanded but not restricted. 222 eS rat nm tine net Pm Ot \ LITERATURE CITED AHLES, H., “Field Trip Guide to Plum Island, Massachusetts,” University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., 1973. 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