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4 j RECEIy,. LVCULAT No. 643 — freee

November 1942 * Washington, D: Os

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF cei ee OF Agricutiune

Owlet Moths (Phalaenidae) Taken at Light Traps in Kansas and Nebraska’

H. H. WatxpEn, assistant entomologist, Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and D. B. WuEuan, assistant entomologist, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, in Cooperation with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. : :

CONTENTS Page Page BETO CUUTC G1 O Lerma soe eee eS a MCT Hast 9 1 Seasonalpilightirecondss=-= 22 9 sea 14 EDS 2 woe cee Mie Sule de I ee 2 Flight records of individual species_____.____- 18 Eeiections Seca adie Wey Sonate a ete ae a 3 RSID Daa Oa ATEN A ee a SN ay Ee en eee apn 18 Proportion of the sexes________- srcceecessne ee 14 INTRODUCTION

The information contained in this publication was obtained through . the operation of light traps located at six widely separated points in the Missouri Basin, in areas typical of both the semiaried and humid phases of the agriculture of this region. It deals with the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the owlet moths (Phalaenidae (Noc- tuidae)), a group composed largely of such notoriously injurious pests as the corn earworm, the pale western cutworm, the western army- worm, the wheat-head armyworm, and many other seriously injurious cutworms inhabiting the region surveyed. This region is of excep- tional interest to workers in applied entomology because it contains an owlet moth fauna representing not only the strictly subterranean species, controllable only by modification of cultural practices, but those possessing either intermediate or surface-inhabiting charac- teristics, and more or less amenable to insecticidal treatment.

The data herein contained, revealing the distribution, seasonal flight periods, and peaks of abundance of the various species, are basic to, or of value in, the consideration of cultural control and other methods for the suppression of the various pests involved.

The use of light traps offered an efficient means of obtaining this information. Accordingly, in the fall of 1934 traps were set up in

1 Published as Paper No. 223, Journal Series, Nebraska 1 eycultural Experiment Station, 433064°—42

Z CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

several locations and their operation was continued during the flight. seasons of 1935-37. A record of the nightly catch was kept, the species, number of moths captured, and the proportion of the sexes being tabulated. The traps were put in operation early enough in’ the spring so that the first flights could be observed, and they were| kept in operation until cold weather in the fall stopped all flight activity.

Observations were made in the following six localities: Cherryvale, Garden City, Hays, and Manhattan in Kansas and Lincoln and | Scottsbluff in Nebraska (fig. 1). These localities ranged in elevation |

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Figure 1.—Location of the light traps.

as follows: Cherryvale 800 feet, Garden City 2,800 feet, Hays 2,000 feet, Mannattan 1,100 feet, Lincoln 1,200 feet, and Scottsbluff |

3,900 feet. TB LoAV ES,

With the exception of the one used at Manhattan, the traps were of similar type and were designed by the senior writer. They con- sisted of an inverted galvanized-iron cone, 2 feet in diameter, with a — roof of the same material. The lamp (fig. 2, B) was suspended in the center just above the rim, and a fruit jar was attached to the bot- tom of the cone for receiving the catch. The killing agent, calcium cyanide, was put in a small sack and placed in the fruit jar. The cyanide was renewed daily. |

The trap used at Manhattan (fig. 2, A) was designed by R. C. Smith, of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Except for a more shallow cone, and the use of glass buffers about the lamp, this trap was the same as those at the other localities. Five-hundred- watt clear lamps were used at Manhattan and Lincoln and 200-watt inside-frosted lamps elsewhere.

The locations of the traps were probably not ideal, but the availa- bility of electric outlets was the deciding factor in the selection of sites. These were as follows:

(1) At Cherryvale the location was unsatisfactory. It was on a flour mill that was illuminated nearly every night and near a transformer station that was always brilliantly lighted. The competition of these other lights greatly | affected the catches, and the results from this trap are not considered of much | value. -

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS 3)

(2) At Garden City the trap was located on the grounds of the Garden City Branch Station, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, about 5 miles northeast of the city. The light was visible in all directions, although a small grove of trees on the southwest somewhat obscured it in that direction. It was placed about 5 feet above the ground.

(3) At Hays the trap was placed in an open space between buildings on the grounds of the Fort Hays Branch Station, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. It was about 5 feet above the ground and was visible for a long distance to the east and south. :

(4) At Manhattan the trap was placed on top of an outbuilding near the college power plant. The lamp was about 20 feet above the ground and could be seen for

Ficure 2.—Light trap used at Manhattan, Kans. (A), and at the other e locations (B). :

some distance to the west, south, and north, but was obscured by buildings on the east.

(5) At Lincoln the trap was placed at the east edge of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station orchard, well within the city limits. It commanded a view to the east for some distance, but in other directions the light was obscured by the orchard trees nearby.

(6) At Scottsbluff the trap was located on the grounds of the Scottsbluff Branch Station, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, about 6 miles northwest of the city. The trap was elevated about 10 feet above the ground and was visible for a long distance in all directions.

COLLECTIONS

The several light traps were in operation for various periods during the 4 years. Except for certain unavoidable interruptions, they were operated each night throughout the flight season. The catches from Cherryvale, Garden City, Hays, and Scottsbluff were forwarded to

2 The traps at Manhattan and Lincoln were operated by the writers and those at Cherryvale, Garden City, aoe and Scottsbluff by the N. Sauer Milling Co., F. A. Wagner, L. C. Aicher, and John Carter, respectively.

4 CIRCULAR 648, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

either Manhattan or Lincoln, where the material was sorted and the results were tabulated. The number of nights for which records were obtained are as follows: Cherryvale 202, Garden City 612, Hays 214, Manhattan 629, Lincoln 656, and Scottsbluff 406.

It was at first intended to record all species of Phalaenidae taken at the several traps. Limitations of time, however, made it necessary to omit some of the smaller forms and the species ‘of the genus Catocala, and in 1937 only species of known economic importance were recorded from Manhattan and Garden City. Altogether 305 species were taken and 525,547 individuals. The total yearly catch of each species for the different localities, together with the flight period, is shown in table 1. The sequence of genera and species is in accordance with McDunnough’s Check list of Lepidoptera.2 Much of the material was identified by the writers, largely by comparison with specunens determined by J. F. Gates Clarke, of the Division of Insect Identifica- tion, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Rowland R. McElvare, New York City, and the late F. H. Benjamin. Credit is | ~ due these men for their careful and painstaking work.

3 McDUNNOUGH, J. CHECK LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | PART I. MACROLEPIDOPTERA. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. Mem. 1,275 pp. 1938.

TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS

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MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS

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14 CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Although the response to hght varies with different species, it is probable that the number of individuals recorded is a fairly reliable estimate of the relative abundance of the species. Approximately 90 percent of the total catch was referable to species of economic importance.

PROPORTION: OF THE) SEXES

During the course of this study an attempt was made to determine the proportion of the sexes in representative samples of the various species taken. In many cases, however, insufficient material was examined or captured for a reliable estimate to be obtained. The results are presented in table 2. Only those species represented by 25 or more specimens are tabulated, all others being included in one group at the end of the table. Altogether, 36,692 specimens were examined, and of this number 12,902, or 35 percent, were females. It will be seen that the proportion of females varied greatly with different species, ranging from 3 to 60 percent.

- TasBLE 2.—Proportion of females among various species of phalaenid moths caught

Species a ae Females || Species eel Females ; i j Number | Percent }| Number | Percent

Acronicta lepusculina Guen___ 28 36 || Nephelodes emmedonia (Cram.)| 32 Aap Onailelas (Grl.) == 34 35 || Protoleucania albilinea (Hbn.)- 918 21 Buco siccata\(Sm.)) sa 256 10 || Leuwcania phragmatidicola By nineilined (Gite) ese 292 |_ 14 Gilen i a ae 170 46 PSUs) se 50 22 || £. unipuncta Gfaw,.) 2-222 4,160 36 He scandens (Riley) === 40 30 || Cucullia laetifica Lint________- 28 25 AMessonid: Gar) ae 31 33 || Oncocnemis sanina Sm_______- - 79 19 BAT ECHICULCLOA (S10) es ee 83 29) Oaugustusvelarves 31 35 FH LCSSCLLALON CEL ATT) eae 32 “ AAS OS OCCOLURG GU. ee 25 60 Chorizagrotis auziliaris (Grt. = 10, 672 51 || Psaphidia grotei (Morr.)_-____- 26 23 Loxagrotis apicalis (Grt.)____=- 32 31 Crymodes burgessi (Morrt.) _ __- 502 6 Onychagrotis rileyana (Morr.) é 262 13 || Platynerigea extima (Walk.) __- 30 a Agrotis vetusta Walk_______-_- 293 28 || Prodenia ornithogalli Guen____ 1, 501 25 A A Cedalisi( Si) aes a ee 62 15 Hopi ga frugiperda (A. and A. orthogonia Morr 233 18 Se a eee 44 48 A. gladiaria Morr___-__- 185 Pf Ni) fb “exigua CHibn)) Sees ee 510 32 A. venerabilis Walk 984 3 || Selicanis cinereola (Guen.) ___- 67 27 eh MALCfida Guenes se 35 43 || Heliothis paradora (Grt.)_____- 32 56

PARI DI STLOTU ECO Lis) eee es 1, 012 BY WW ek Cnrap fares (alloyn.))e. 22 2 3, 149 45 Feltia subgothica (Haw.)_____- 2, 767 7 || Schinia mortua packardii (Grt.) 29 21 A OILEL OG UNCIL)) a= ee 138 17 || Autographa falcifera simplex Peridroma margaritosa saucia (Guen.) = eee 59 8

(Qs le) 1): eee Se 936 36 || A. brassicae (Riley) -_-------_- 528 39 Amathes c-nigrum (L.)_____-_- 44 52 || Caenurgina crassiuscula : A badinodis (Gi) pee Pai 11 (Haw.) and C. erechtea Scotogramma trifolii (Rott.)__- 3, 550 35 (Cram) smixed esas eee 1, 019 33 Lacinipolia meditata (Grt.)____| 74 12 || Allother species______________ 1, 133. 33 IG SUT CTTLON Gul) ee | 272 13 || EE renwgeng (steph). = : 51 12 TO bale le ee ee 36, 692 | 35 Orthodes incincta (Morr.)____- 145 17 }|

SEASONAL: FLIGHT RECORDS

Taken as a group, the light-trap records show that Phalaenidae are in flight from early in March to late in November, with periods of heavy flight and scarcity interspersed irrecularlythroughout the season. The nightly flight of Phalaenidae in the different localities is shown graphically in firures 3, 4, and 5. The nightly fight at Garden City was much oreater than at any of the other localities, owing chiefly to the enormous numbers of adults of Scotogramma trifolit captured. The numbers of moths taken varied greatly in the different localities, and from year to year, and also as to the time of the year when the

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS |

1936

MOTHS (NUMBER)

Fiatre 3.—Nightly flight of Phalaenidae at Garden City, Kans., 1935-37.

16

MOTHS (NUMBER)

CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 4.—Nightly flight of Phalaenidae at Manhattan, Kans., 1934-37.

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS 17

period of greatest flight occurs. For example, at Garden City in 1935 the peak flight occurred in July, in 1936 in May, and in 1937 in June.

OTTSBL 1935

MOTHS (NUMBER)

Figure 5.—Nightly flight of Phalaenidae at Lincoln and Scottsbluff, Nebr., and at Hays and Cherryvale, Kans., 1934-37.

In other words, there is no definite pattern in the flight periods of the

Phalaenidae as a group, largely because individual species vary greatly in numbers from year to year.

18 CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FLIGHT RECORDS OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES

The species of Phalaenidae fall into two main groups based on their | seasonal history, namely, those species producing a single generation | annually and those producing more than one generation annually.

As noted previously, species of economic importance comprised 90 percent of the total number of individuals captured. The seasonal flight of several single-generation species of economic importance is shown in figures 6 and 7.

In general, the flight of individual species showed the same trend | at all the localities, the chief difference being in numbers taken. | Where no striking differences were noted only one locality was plotted on the charts. It will be seen that the species producing a single | generation annually have a rather short flight period, usually late in | August, extending through September and into the early part of | October. The notable exception is Chorizagrotis auziliaris. The © enormous flight of this species in May and June suddenly subsides | and the species reappears again in September, after an estivation period of about 2 months. The fall flight is greatly reduced in num- | bers. This species is normally confined to the semiarid regions, but | occasionally occurs in abundance at Manhattan (fig. 6, B) and at Lincoln. The records for the individual species show the same trend, | namely, years of abundance usually followed by years of scarcity.

The seasonal flight of several species producing multiple generations annually is shown in figures 8, 9, 10, and 11. The flight records alone do not delineate clearly the various generations owing to overlapping © as the season progresses. The charts, however, bring out some points | of interest with reference to the seasonal abundance of multiple-gen- | eration species. Heliothis armigera (fig. 10, A) is shown to be scarce | early in the season, with a marked increase in abundance in the fall. With Prodenia ornithogalli (fig. 10, B) and Peridroma margaritosa saucia (fig. 11, A) the peak of abundance is reached in midseason, | followed by comparative scarcity in the fall. Protoleucania albilinea | (fig. 11, B) shows two distinct flight periods, one early in May and the | other late in August or early in September. |

SUMMARY

Light traps were operated for various periods in six localities in Kansas and Nebraska during the period 1934-37, in order to obtain information on the flight periods and abundance of owlet moths (Phalaenidae). An attempt was made to operate the traps each night during the flight season, which extended from March to Novem- — ber. A total of 2,719 nightly records were made.

During the 4-year period 305 species of Phalaenidae were taken, totaling more than 525,000 individuals. Approximately 90 percent of the specimens taken were species of economic importance. The different species taken in each locality are shown, together with the total yearly flight, the flight period, and the proportion of the sexes. More than 36,000 individuals were examined for sex, and it was found that 35 percent were females. The sex ratio varied greatly with the species.

The seasonal flight records are presented graphically for the Pha- laenidae as a group and for several species of economic importance. The numbers of moths taken differed greatly in the different localities,

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS 19

1935

MOTHS (NUMBER) : | “a 4 oP nm he vw . wm os Sato Ses S 5 She teers oS °o o (—) So °o o —) So

FIGuRE 6.—Seasonal flight of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris at Garden City, Kans. (A), and at Manhattan, Kans. (B), 1935-37.

20 CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ER)

I

i (jue

MOTHS (NUMBER)

MOTHS (NUMBER) 1 dh U, J. 5 $s s ‘s FS 13 is

MOTHS oO |

FiGURE 7.—Seasonal flight of Feltia subgothica at Manhattan, Kans. (A), and at Lincoln, Nebr. (B), Agrotis venerabilis at Lincoln (C), A. gladiaria at Man- hattan (D), A. orthogonia at Garden City, Kans. (2), and Huzoa niveilinea at Garden City (F), 1934-37.

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS 21

MOTHS (NUMBER)

FiGguRE 8.—Seasonal ae of Scotogramma trifolii at Garden City, Kans., 1935-37,

22 CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MOTHS (NUMBER)

AUG. SEPT.

Figure 9.—Seasonal flight of Caenurgina erechtea and C. crassiuscula (A), and Leucania unipuncta (B), at Manhattan, Kans., 1935-37.

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS 23

MOTHS (NUMBER)

ne

man. | apr. | May | yuse | vuty | aus. | sept. | ocr. |

Figure 10.—Seasonal flight of Heliothis armigera at Manhattan, Kans. (A), and of Prodenia ornithogalli at Manhattan (B), and at Lincoln, Nebr. (C). 1935-37. |

24 CIRCULAR 643, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

25 0 25 0 1600 1400 1200 1000 B00 600

ys

we

Ww

a

2 +—400

=

zZ

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n

x Cc

= 200

co)

=

| may | yune [ yury | aus. | sept. oct. |

FiGuRE 11.—Seasonal ame of Peridroma margaritosa saucia (A) and Protoleucania albilinea (B) at Manhattan, Kans., 1935-37

OWLET MOTHS TAKEN AT LIGHT TRAPS D5

and from year to year, and also as to the time of year when the greatest _ period of flight occurred. In general, however, flights of individual _ species showed the same trend in all the localities.

Species having a single generation annually had a rather short flight period, usually from late August to early October. Choriza- grotis auxiliaris, an exception to this rule, had an enormous flight in May and June and a much lighter flight in the fall.

Owing to overlapping of broods, the flights of the different genera- tions of multiple-generation species were not clearly defined. Helvothis armigera was scarce early in the season, with a marked increase in abundance in the fall. Peak abundance of Prodenia ornithogalli and Peridroma margaritosa saucia occurred in midseason, followed by comparative scarcity in the fall. Protoleucania albilinea showed two distinct flight periods, one early in May and the other late in August or early in September.

ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRI-|

CULTURE WHEN THIS PUBLICATION WAS BUIMBIES FIRST PRINTED |}

OR LAST REVISED

SECT CLOT) Of MAQTUCULULT.C eaters ante a angen Ss ee ame CLAUDE R. WIcKARD. Winder Secreta yr earn = ee ae eae a: laid Nh ale Pau H. AppLesy. JA'SSUSED NES CCRELOI oe op as ne GRovER B. HI. Chief, Bureau of VOM iar TE COMONMUCS ase a ee es Howarp R. Tou.ery. Director of Agricultural War Relations <2: 2222 == Sam BLEDSOE. Director Of se Clensvon: Vion mae seen ee een nase M. L. Witson. DDI Chon Of UM GI CO Mr a ae ay ae ee a eee W. A. Jump. Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations_________- L. A. WHEELER. Director Of eljorm aor Sess ae eae ee ree certs MorsE SALISBURY. Director ioprleenson wel 5 epee ies eae ee ae T. Roy Ret; Land Use Coordinator. so tases ee oe eee Ernest H. WIcKING. USGOR ATI ONES S 2 ses 2S is oe eae ee ee eee RaupH R. SHAw. S OLLCULON < hie Soe e a em ayca ee oak Rosert H. SHIELDS. Chief, Office of Civilian Conservation Corps Activities. FRED MoRRELL. Chichi Oficevop-eiantiand Openations===a sees ARTHUR B. THATCHER. Administrator of Agricultural Marketing_______-_-- Roy F. HENDRICKSON. Administrator of Agricultural Conservation and M. Ciirrorp TOWNSEND. Adjustment. Chief, Agricultural Adjustment Agency___-__--- Frep 8S. WALLACE. Chief Sotl- Conservation Serv1ce= ae ee ‘Hucu H. BENNETT. Manager, Federal Crop Insurance Corporation.._ Lrroy K. Situ. Chief SigareDiwrs10ne eee ee eee JosSHUA BERNHARDT. Administrator of Agricultural Research_-__--------- EK. C. AUCHTER. Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry_____- Sees oe JoHn R. MoHLER. Chief, Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and W.W. SKINNER, Aeling. Engineering. Chief, Burcaurof Dairy industry = = Q. EH. REED. Chief, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar- P. N. ANNAND. antine. Chief, Office of Experiment Stations________--- JamMES T. JARDINE. Chief Bureau of Rlont-lndustrye eee ae R. M. Sauter. Chief, bureau of Home Hconomicss= 5 = aes LovuisE STANLEY. Superintendent, Beltsville Research Center__..._ C. A. LOGAN. President, Commodity Credit Corporation_______--- . J. B. Hurson. Administrator of Farm Security Administration _-__-- C. B. BALDWIN. Governor of Farm Credit Administration______-_---- ALBERT G. BLAcK. Chick: Forest) Service ae ee nak Mi ee eae EARLE H. Cuapp, Acting.

Administrator, Rural Electrification Administration. Harry SLATTERY.

This bulletin is a contribution from

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine__ P. N. ANNAND, Chief. Division of Cereal and Forage Insect C. M. PACKARD, Principal Ento- Investigations. mologist, in Charge. 26

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1942

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