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6;'. (y^Or,

Publications

OF

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES

Volume XIII

Part I, Number 3

As NATURAL y^
1^ HISTORY >■

m^^ 494C51

CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1948

QL

V.I5
pt.l

no

.i

CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS
AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS

IN

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA,

MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES AND

ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON

ACCOUNT OP THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES

BY

CHARLES E. HELLMAYR

ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944
AND

BOARDMAN CONOVER

RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS

PART I, NUMBER 3

Jacanidae-Rostratulidae-Haematopodidae

Charadriidae-Scolopacidae-Recurvirostridae

Phalaropodidae-Burhinidae-Thinocoridae-Chionididae

Stercorariidae-Laridae-Rynchopidae-Alcidae

ZOOLOGICAL series

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 3

DECEMBER 16, 1948

PUBLICATION 616

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBER 3

In style and arrangement this installment of Part I closely follows
the guiding principles of the previous parts. However, because of
the war and the death of Charles E. Hellmayr in 1944, the method
of collaboration had to be changed somewhat from that followed in
Part I, Number 1. As before, the senior author is mainly responsible
for the compilation of the bibliographic references and for the out-
line of geographical distribution. Because of war conditions, how-
ever, his manuscript did not reach this country until after his death.
It was impossible, therefore, to submit to him any changes found
necessary because of material in Field Museum and certain critical
specimens examined in other American collections. Such emenda-
tions have been kept as few as possible.

In the case of some of the Charadriiformes, I prepared the manu-
script and submitted it to Dr. Hellmayr, who made certain additions
and suggestions. Likewise, I am responsible for the compilation of
the list of specimens in Field Museum and in the Conover Collection,
and for additions to the bibliography after 1939. Literature has
been taken into account up to December 31, 1944 (as given in the
Zoological Record). Some new forms described since that date and
before December 31, 1946, and a few important papers will be
found mentioned in the footnotes.

As before, the authors have been greatly benefited by the cordial
co-operation of many institutions and individuals, who have lent
material and submitted information. To all of them we wish to
express our appreciation. Among those who have helped are Dr.
John W. Aldrich, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Arthur Allen,
Cornell University, Ithaca; Dr. Alfred M. Bailey, Colorado Museum
of Natural History; Professor J. Berlioz, Muse^ d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris; Mr. James Bond, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia;
Mr. H. W. Brandt, Cleveland, Ohio; the late Major Allan Brooks,
Okanagan Landing, Canada; the Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr.
Herbert Friedmann, United States National Museum; Professor
0. Fuhrmann, University of Neuchatel; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe,
Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm; the Museum of the University
of Kansas, Lawrence; Captain N. B. Kinnear, British Museum
(Natural History); Professor A. Laubmann, Zoological Museum,
Munich; Messrs. F. C. Lincoln and W. L. McAtee, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service; Mr. J. D. Macdonald, British Museum (Natural

History); Dr. Alden H. Miller, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley, California; the late James Moffitt, California Academy of
Sciences, San Francisco; Mr. Olaus Murie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service; Dr. Robert T. Orr, California Academy of Sciences; Dr.
James L. Peters, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts; Mr. William H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela; Dr.
R. A. Philippi-B., Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago; Professor
William Rowan, University of Edmonton, Alberta; Mr. R. M. de
Schauensee, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef
Seilern, Lukov; Professor Morriz Sassi, Naturhistorisches Museum,
Vienna; Mr. L. L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; the
late P. A. Taverner, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Mr.
W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. A. J. van
Rossem, Los Angeles, California; Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Alexander
Wetmore, United States National Museum; Dr. John T. Zimmer,
American Museum of Natural History, New York.

We are also indebted to Dr. Charles Baehni, Director of the
Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, for his
custodianship of the manuscript after Dr. Hellmayr's death.

Of the Museum Staff, especial acknowledgment is due to the late
Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Department of Zoology;
Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology; and
Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator, Division of Birds, for their help and
advice to the junior author; to Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Asso-
ciate, Division of Birds; to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator,
Division of Birds, who was responsible for the compilation of the
index; and to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific
Publications, for reading proof and seeing through the press the last
six parts of the Catalogue of Birds of the Americas.

The final volume. Part I, No. 4, containing the Falconiformes,
is now in course of publication.

BOARDMAN CONOVER

CONTENTS
Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 3

Order Charadriiformes

Suborder Charadrii

Superfamily Jacanoidea

Family Jacanidae
(Jacanas)

Jacana Brisson

PAGE

.. 1

Superfamily Charadrioidea

Family Rostratulidae

(Painted Snipes)

Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters. . 13

Family Haematopodidae

(Oyster-Catchers)

Haematopus Linnaeus 15

Family Charadriidae
(Lapwings and Plovers)

Subfamily Vanellinae
(Lapwings)

Vanellus Brisson 28

Belonopterus Reichenbach 29

Hoploxypterus Bonaparte 37

Ptiloscelys Bonaparte 39

Subfamily Charadriinae
(Plovers)

Squatarola Cuvier 41

Pluvialis Brisson 44

Charadrius Linnaeus 51

Eupoda J. F. Brandt 76

Oreopholus Jardine and Selby 77

Eudromias C. L. Brehm 80

Zonibyx Reichenbach 81

Pluvianellus G. R. Gray 84

Phegornis G. R. Gray 85

Family Scolopacidae
(Woodcocks, Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.)

Subfamily Tringinae
(Curlews, Godwits, Yellowlegs, etc.)

Bartramia Lesson 86

Numenius Brisson 90

Limosa Brisson 99

Tringa Linnaeus 105

Actitis Illiger 122

Catoptrophorus Bonaparte 126

Hetexoscelus Baird 130

Subfamily Arenariinae
(Turnstones and Surfbirds)

Aphriza Audubon 132

Arenaria Brisson 134

Subfamily Scolopacinae
(Snipes and Woodcocks)

Limnodromus Wied 140

Capella Frenzel 145

Chubbia Mathews 160

Scolopax Linnaeus 163

Philohela G. R. Gray 164

Lymnocryptes Kaup 165

Subfamily Eroliinae
(Sandpipers)

Calidris Merrem 166

Crocethia Billberg 169

Ereunetes Illiger 173

Eurynorhynchus Nilsson 178

Eroha Vieillot 179

Micropalama Baird 202

Tryngiles Cabanis 205

Philomachus Merrem 208

Family Recurvirostridae
(Avocets and Stilts)

Subfamily Recurvirostrinae

Himantopus Brisson 209

Recurvirostra Linnaeus 214

Family Phalaropodidae
(Phalaropes)

Phalaropus Brisson 216

Lobipes Cuvier 219

Steganopus Vieillot 221

Superfamily Burhinoidea

Family Burhinidae
(Thick-Knees)

PAGE

Burhinus Illiger 224

Superfamily Thinocoroidea

Family Thinocoridae

(Seed-Snipes)

Attagis (Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson . 228

Thinocorus Eschscholtz 232

Superfamily Chionidoidea

Family Chionididae

(Sheath-bills)

Chionis J. R. Forster 240

Suborder Lari

Family Stercorariidab
(Skuas and Jaegers)

Catharacta Briinnich 241

Stercorarius Brisson 246

Family Laridae
(Gulls and Terns)

Subfamily Larinae
(Gulls)

Leucophaeus Bruch 250

Pagophila Kaup 252

Larus Linnaeus 253

Rhodostethia Macgillivray 285

Rissa Stephens 286

Creagrus Bonaparte 288

Xema Leach 289

Subfamily Sterninae
(Terns)

PAGE

Chlidonias Rafinesque 291

Phaetusa Wagler 293

Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm 297

Hydroprogne Kaup 300

Sterna Linnaeus 301

Thalasseus Boie 323

Larosterna Blyth 329

Procelsterna Lafresnaye 330

Anoiis Stephens 331

Gygis Wagler 337

Family Rynchopidae

(Skimmers)
Rynchops Linnaeus 339

Suborder Alcae

Family Alcidae
(Auks)

Plotus Gunnerus 345

Pinguinus Bonnaterre 346

Alca Linnaeus 347

Uria Brisson 348

Cepphus Pallas 351

Brachyramphus Brandt 355

Synthliboramphus Brandt 359

Ptychoramphus Brandt 360

Cyclorrhynchus Kaup 361

Aelhia Merrem 362

Cerorhinca Bonaparte 364

Fratercula Brisson 365

Lwnda Pallas 367

VI

CATALOGUE

OF
BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS

PART I

NO. 3 '

BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER

Order CHARADRIIFORMES

Suborder CHARADRII

Superfamily JACANOIDEA

Family JACANIDAE.^ Jacanas

Genus JACANA Brisson

Jacana Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 121, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Jacana"

Brisson= Parra Jacana Linnaeus.
Parra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — type, by subs, desig.

(Gray, List. Gen. Bds., p. 70, 1840), Parra Jacana Linnaeus.
Asarcia Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 68, 86 (after July 10), 1896—

type, by monotopy, Parra variabilis Linnaeus = Parra spinosa Linnaeus.

*Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem.- Low's Jacana.

Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 9, p. 11,
Nov. 21, 1938 — Santiago, Tepic (=Nayarit), Mexico (type in British
Museum examined).

1 About the anatomy, cf. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, pp. 639-647.

^Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem: Similar in coloration to J. s. spinosa but
somewhat smaller. Wing, 110-116 (in a male from Jalisco, 120); (females) 128-
180 mm.

The difference in size separating this recently segregated race is much less
marked than would appear from the describer's figures. Wings of males from
Sinaloa and Tepic measure 110, 112, 112, 112, 115, 116; (females) 128, 129, 130, 130.
A single male from Jalisco (Zapotlan) has longer wings (120 mm.) and cannot be
told from one or two Vera Cruz males with the same length. It is probable that
complete intergradation takes place in Jalisco and Colima, whence no material
is available.

Additional material examined. — Sinaloa: Mazatlan, 4; Presidio de Mazatlan, 3.
Nayarit: San Bias, 1; Santiago, 1; Tepic, 5. — Jalisco: Zapotlan, 2.

2 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Parra gymnostoma (not of Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283,
1856 — part, Mazatlan; Fjnsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 363,
1871— Mazatlan; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 312, 1874—
part, Sinaloa (Mazatlan).

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Ridgway, BulL U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 12,
1919 — part, Jalisco (Zapotlan; Ocotlan; Guadalajara), Sinaloa (Mazatlan;
Presidio), and Tepic (San Bias; Santiago; Tepic); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 228, 1934 (in part).

Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Mexico, from Sinaloa
south through Nayarit (Santiago, San Bias, Tepic) to Jalisco
(Zapotlan, Ocotlan, etc.).

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico (Tepic, Tepic, 1).

*Jacana spinosa spinosa (Linnaeus). Central American
Jacana.

Fulica spinosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — based on
"The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., I, p. 48, pi. 48
(=young); brought from Carthagena in South America, errore.'

Parra variabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766 — based upon
"The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 48, pi. 48;
"Carthagena," Colombia, errore.^

Parra gymnostoma Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 517 — Mexico (type in Munich
Museum examined; descr. of young); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 283, 1856 — part, Acapulco, "New Grenada, Santa Martha" and Hon-
duras (crit.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 66, 1865 — Mexico, Costa
Rica, "Nouvelle Grenade," and "St. Thomas"; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1, p. 167, 1878— Fort Brown, Texas; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, p. 428 — Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico; Cory, Bds. Haiti and San
Dom., p. 159, col. pi., 1885— "Le Coup," Haiti.

Parra cordifera Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 135, 1842 — Acapulco, Guerrero,
Mexico; Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, sig. 9, pi. 42, 1846 — Acapulco
(fig. of type which is stated to be in Paris Museum).

Parra hypomelaena{1) (not of Gray) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 143, 1856 — David, Chiriqui (one young).

Parra violacea Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, pp. 130, 155, July, 1881— near
Gantier, Haiti (type in collection of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum
of Natural History, examined).

Jacana violacea Cory, Auk, 5, p. 51, 1881 — Cuba, Haiti, and San Domingo
(descr.).

1 "The Spur-winged Water Hen" of Edwards, based upon a spirit specimen
in Sir Hans Sloane's possession, seems to be referable to the Central American
form, judging from the absence of rictal wattles and from the trifid posterior margin
of the frontal lappet, although its locality is given as "Cartagena," Colombia,
where only the black Jacana (hypomelaena) is met with. Mr. Todd (Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 10, p. 219, 1916) accordingly proposed Panama as corrected type locality.
This was a very unfortunate choice, not only on account of the improbability that
this region supplied the type, but also because spinosa merely occurs in extreme
western Panama (Chiriqui), while in the east hypomelaena occurs, as will be shown.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 3

Jacana spinosa Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 297, 1888 (monog.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 252, 1889 — Cuba and Hispaniola; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 92,
1892 — Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; Scott,
Auk, 9, p. 15, 1892— Westmoreland, Jamaica; Cory, I.e., p. 272, 1892—
San Diego de los Banos, Cuba; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser.,
1, p. 25, 1896 — Rio Ozama, Dominican Republic; Mearns, Auk, 19, p. 79,
1902— Pelican Bay, Lake Okeechobee, Florida (Oct., 1899); Peters, I.e.,
30, p. 371, 1913— Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept!
Agric, 326, p. 38, 1916— Puerto Rico; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 42,
p. 532, 1925— Brownsville, Texas.

Asarcia variabilis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 86, 1896— part, a-f,
o'-t", Texas (Brownsville), Jalapa (Santa Ana), Vera Cruz (Jomotla;
Teapa), Yucatan (Buctzotz; Cozumel'lsland), British Honduras (Orange
Walk; Belize River), Guatemala (Huamuchal; Lake Peten), Nicaragua
(Momotombo; Escondido River), Honduras, Costa Rica and Haiti; Bangs,
Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol!
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 342, 1903— part, Mexico (excepting Sinaloa,
Tepic, and Jalisco) and Central America to Chiriqui; Bangs, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; idem. Auk, 24, p. 291,
1907— Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 424,
1910— Costa Rica (Tenorio, Barranca de Puntarenas, Ichomogo, Mira-
valles, mouth of Matina River).

Asarcia spinosa Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 196, 1905— Santa
Rosalia Lagoon, Laguna Grande, Pasadita, and the Cienaga, Isle of Pines
(habits).

Jacana spinosa violacea Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 217, 1916— Santa
Ana and Pasadita, Isle of Pines (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
61, p. 406, 1917— El Batey, Dominican Republic; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 13, 1919— Greater Antilles (monog.; full bibliog.);
Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 71, 1923— Cuba (habits); Wetmore,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 349, 1927— Trujillo, Puerto
Rico; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928— Lake Mira-
goane and near Forte Liberte, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929—
Haina, Laguna del Salodillo, Etang Miragoane and Gonaives, Hispaniola;
Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 312, 1929— Rio Haina, Hispaniola;
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 142, 1931— Hispaniola
(monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934 (range); Conover, Condor,
47, p. 211, 1945 (not valid race).

Jacana spinosa spinosa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 9, 1919—
Guatemala to Chiriqui (monog.; full bibliog.); Kennard and Peters, Proc.
Best. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 448, 1928— Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 409, 1929— Toloa Lagoon, Honduras; idem. I.e.,
71, p. 303, 1931— Changuinola River, Almirante, Panama; Griscom, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137, 1932— Hacienda California, Guatemala;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 303, 1932— Laguna Toloa, Hon-
duras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934— Guatemala to western Panama;
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935— Chiriqui (Pacific
slope east to Remedies) and Almirante, Panama; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ.

4 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 15, 1935— Flores, Peten, Guatemala;
Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415,
1935 — El Pilar, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 165, 1938 — Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, and
Lake Guija, El Salvador.

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 12,
1919 — part, southern and eastern Mexico and lower Rio Grande Valley,
Texas (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934— part,
lower Rio Grande to Yucatan; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75,
p. 373, 1934 — Acapulco and Pie de la Cuesta, Guerrero.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south through
eastern and southern Mexico and Central America to extreme
western Panama (Almirante Bay region; Chiriqui, east to Remedios).^
Also Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.^ Accidental in
Puerto Rico.

Field Museum Collection. — 66: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 36;
Matamoros, Campeche, 1; San Felipe, Yucatan, 2; Yucatan, 2);
Cuba (Oriente, 1; Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 4); Hispaniola (Gantier,
Haiti, 1; San Luis de San Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican
Republic, 2); Guatemala (Pet^n, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian,
La Paz, 4; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2); Nicaragua (Grenada,
Grenada, 1; San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (Puntarenas, 2;
Bebedero, Guanacaste, 2; Ballina, Guanacaste, 1; Limon, Limon, 3).

Conover Collection. — 14: Mexico (Cruz, Tamaulipas, 1; Tamau-
lipas, 1; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); Cuba (Cunaga, Isle of Pines, 2);
Guatemala (Iztapa, Santa Rosa, 4; Quezaltenango, 1); Panama
(Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 2; Bocas del Toro, 2).

1 After closely comparing ninety-six adults from numerous localities between
Brownsville, Texas, and Costa Rica, I am quite unable to maintain the distinction
of J. s. gymnostoma from Mexico. The size of the frontal lappet varies a good deal
individually but is not connected with any particular geographic area, the shield
being largest in one bird from Brownsville and in another from Crooked-Tree
Lagoon, British Honduras. There is no constant difference in the tone of the under
plumage, nor does the larger size of the Mexican birds exist. A single female from
Acapulco (cordifera) resembles in size (wing, 135) others of the same sex from
eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz), being decidedly larger than J. s. lowi. About the
"Santa Marta" record of P. gymnostoma by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24,
p. 283, 1856), cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922, under Jacana
spinosa spinosa. — C.E.H.

2 A comparison of twenty-nine examples from the Greater Antilles with a good
series from Central America does not show any constant difference in coloration
or in the size of the lappets, as stated by Ridgway. — B.C.

Additional material examined. — Isle of Pines: Nueva Girona, 3. — Cuba: Ca-
banas, 5. — Dominican Republic: Enriguillo, 2; Lake of Rincon, 1. — Haiti: Lake
Assuei, 3; Etang Saumatre, 1; Miragoane, 1; Fort Liberty, 2. — Jamaica: Hodges,
Long Pond, 1.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 5

*Jacana spinosa hypomelaena (Gray).^ Black Jacana.

Parra hypomelaena Gray (and Mitchell), Gen. Bds., 3, p. [589], pi. 159, 1846 —
no locality given (type from Bogota in British Museum examined);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856 — Santa Marta, Cartagena,
and Bogota, Colombia^ (crit.); idem. I.e., 25, p. 20, 1857 — Bogota; Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196— Atrato River, Colombia;
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218— Calobre, Panama (crit.);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 116, 383— Cienaga, Lake Paturia, and delta of the
Magdalena River, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 546 — "Santa Elena," ^ Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.).

Parra melanopygia (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
7, p. 301, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, p. 372— Lion Hill; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 161— Santa Fe,
Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 218 — Calobre and Castello, Veraguas (crit.);
idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 341, 1903 — Veraguas
(Castillo, Santa Fe, Calobre).

^Jacana spinosa hypomelaena (Gray) in typical appearance has the body
plumage uniform black with a more or less pronounced bottle-green gloss, especially
above, and a purplish sheen on scapulars and inner secondaries. Specimens
with this "extreme" type of coloration are, however, less frequent than individuals
with a varying amount of purplish or maroon suffusion on middle back, scapulars,
upper wing coverts and secondaries. The under wing coverts are always uniform
olivaceous black. There are two well-developed rictal wattles, and the posterior
margin of the frontal lappet is distinctly bifid. Birds from the Panama Railroad
and Agua Dulce agree perfectly with the type and other Colombian skins. In
juvenile plumage, J. s. hypomelaena is readily distinguished from spinosa, inter-
media, and jacana by sooty blackish instead of rufous rump, sides, and under
wing coverts.

A small series from Veragua is very interesting, showing as it does complete
intergradation between hypomelaena and spinosa. While two from Calobre may
be termed typical hypomelaena in respect to black coloration of plumage, rictal
lobes and bifid frontal lappets, two others, both with rictal appendages, have
more or less purplish maroon suffusion on middle back and wings, and in one of
them there is a small median lobe between the two large lateral divisions of the
frontal lappet. In two others, finally, the rictal lobes are greatly reduced in size;
the posterior margin of the frontal lappet is distinctly trifid as in spinosa; and
the middle back and scapulars are just as extensively rufous as in the Central
American form, though of a darker tone (between morocco red and claret brown),
the upper tail coverts being either chestnut or taupe brown. Below they are
olivaceous black like hypomelaena on throat and breast, but shaded with purplish
on the abdomen and with more or less claret brown on the flanks, particularly in
the Castillo bird, where it also involves most of the under wing coverts. Such
specimens, which are clearly intergrades with the northern form, are probably
responsible for Griscom's record of J. S; spinosa from Remedios Lagoon in Veraguas.

Additional material examined. — Panama: Santa Fe, Veraguas, 1; Calobre
Veraguas, 6; Castillo, Veraguas, 1; Agua Dulce, 6; Lion Hill, 2. — Colombia
Barranquilla, 2; Antioquia, 1; St. Elena, Antioquia, 2; Bogota, 9; Santa Marta, 2
La Playa, 7; Puerto Berrio, 2; Monteria, 1.

'^ The locality "David, Panama," based on a young bird secured by T. Bridges,
refers, of course, to J. s. spinosa.

3 This locality is certainly a mistake. It does not occur on Salmon's original
label, which merely bears "Antioquia." The bird probably came from Remedios
on the Rio Ite, which flows into the Magdalena River.

6 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Parra nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin)' Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 65,
1865 — New Granada (crit.); Salvadori and Festa, Bull. Mus. Zool. Torino,
14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899 — Laguna Pita, Darien, Panama; Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 342, 1903 — part, Panama
(Calobre; Lion Hill; Laguna de Pita) and Colombia.

Jacana nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin)' Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 296, 1888 — Colombia
(Cartagena; Antioquia; Barranquilla; Santa Marta) and Panama (descr.;
synon. in part); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 84, 1896 — Panama
(Lion Hill; Calobre, Veraguas) and Colombia (Antioquia; Bogota);
Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 2, p. 14, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia;
Chapman, I.e., 36, p. 226, 1917 — Puerto Barrio, Calamar, Magdalena
River, Barranquilla, and La Playa, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918— Lake Agua Clara (Trinidad River) and
Mindi, Canal Zone, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 15, 1919 — part, Panama and Colombia (excl. of Guabinas, Rio Cauca);
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 — Cienaga,
Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Fundacion, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk,
41, p. 309, 1924— Rio Chilibre and Darien Radio Station, Canal Zone,
Panama; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 — Cienaga
and Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 321, 1932 —
Perme, Panama.

Jacana spinosa hypomelaena Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Panama
(from the Veraguas eastward) and northern Colombia.

Jacana hypomelaena Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 —
Panama (Veraguas and eastward).

Range. — From Veraguas, Panama, east through northern Colom-
bia to the Santa Marta region and south to the lower Cauca (Nechi)
and the upper Magdalena valleys.

Field Museum Collection. — 10: Panama (Colon, 4); Colombia
("Bogota," 3; Monteria, 1; "St. Elena," Antioquia, 2).

Conover Collection. — 5: Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia, 4; Cuturu,
Antioquia, 1).

*Jacana spinosa melanopygia (Sclater).- Black-rumped
Jacana.

1 Parra nigra Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789) is exclusively based
upon "Le Chirurgien noir" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 124), which is based in its turn
on "Jacana tertia species" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191), a bird of
northeastern Brazil (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 490,
note 7, 1929). Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 85, 1938), who recently unearthed
Marcgrave's original drawing, claims that it represents Gallinula chloropus galeata
(Lichtenstein). However, the description in Marcgrave's work is evidently a
composite of characters of the ordinary Brazilian Jacana (J. s. jacana) and of the
Gallinule. In no case does Parra nigra Gmelin refer to the Black Jacana of north-
western South America and Panama.

^Jacana spinosa melanopygia (Sclater): Nearest to J. s. hypomelaena and
agreeing in olivaceous black under parts; but back, scapulars, proximal wing coverts

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 7

Parra melanopygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 283, pub.

Jan., 1857 — "Santa Marta in New Grenada" (type in collection of E. and

J. Verreaux, its present location unknown).
Jacana melanopygia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 —

Call and Rio Frio, Cauca, Colombia (crit.).
Jacana nigra (not Parra nigra '<ime\m) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,

(8), p. 15, 1919 — part, Guabinas, Cauca, Colombia; Osgood and Conover,

Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Catatumbo,

Maracaibo, Rio Aurare, and Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela.
Jacana spinosa melanopygia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Cauca Valley,

Colombia, and Maracaibo region, Venezuela.

Range. — Known from the upper and middle Cauca Valley in
western Colombia and from the region about Lake Maracaibo and
Merida, western Venezuela.

Field Museum Collection. — 10: Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1;
Maracaibo, Zulia, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 4; Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 2;
Lagunillas, Merida, 1; Emigrante, Merida, 1).

Conover Collection.— S: Colombia (Timba, Valle, 6); Venezuela
(Rio Cogollo, Perija, Zulia, 2).

*Jacana spinosa intermedia (Sclater),' Intermediate Jacana.

and tertials maroon, this area being abruptly defined from the greenish black color
of the hindneck and rump. Wing, 115-120, (female) 125-138 mm. The series
at hand is quite constant in its characters, differing decidedly from J. s. hypo-
melaena; but, what is even more remarkable, we cannot find any difference what-
soever between the Maracaibo birds and those from the Cauca Valley in spite of
the fact that the intervening Magdalena Valley is tenanted by the entirely black
form (hypomelaena) . As both Chapman and Ridgway likewise insist on the fact
that the population of the Cauca Valley (whence a series totaling nearly twenty
specimens from Call, Rio Frio and Guabinas was available) consists exclusively
of maroon-backed birds, there can be no question about the geographical nature
of this character and even if similar examples occasionally turn up in the range
of J. s. hypomelaena — one has been recorded by Todd from Bonda in the Santa
Marta region — this cannot materially affect the situation. Although we cannot
explain its disrupted distribution, the claims of the present form to recognition
must be sustained. On the other hand, the applicability of the name melanopygia
is altogether uncertain. The type, whose present whereabouts are unknown, was
received from the brothers Verreaux, together with specimens of J. s. hypomelaena
and J. s. spinosa, as being from Santa Marta, where only hypomelaena is now
known to occur. Perhaps the true origin of the lot was Panama, in which case
the type might have been an intergrade of the kind discussed under the preceding
heading. Compared to the rufous-backed Veraguan skins, the present series differs
by much darker maroon to Victoria Lake instead of between morocco red and
claret brown, dorsal area; dusky green gray instead of claret brown to Victoria
Lake rump.

^Jacana spinosa intermedia (Sclater): Exactly like J. s. jacana but smaller
and rufous dorsal area decidedly darker, morocco red rather than mahogany red.
Wing, 112-120, (female) 128-136.

By the darker coloration above, this form leads in the direction of J. s. melano-
pygia of the Maracaibo region, but it is easily distinguished by the much lighter

8 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Parra intermedia (Verreaux MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856,"
p. 282, pub. Jan. 1857 — Venezuela; (type in collection of E. and
J. Verreaux, its present location unknown).

Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 282,
1856— part, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96— Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco,
Venezuela; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 486, 1866 — Trinidad; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Lake of Valencia, Carabobo,
Venezuela; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Orinoco; idem and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 — Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara,
Suapure, and Mato River, Orinoco region, Venezuela.

Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 294, 1888 — part, Trinidad and Venezuela
(Angostura); Sharpe, Cat. Eds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896— part, Vene-
zuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, 1909— La Brea, Orinoco Delta;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— Cano Corosal and
La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa), Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull.,
Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 — Orinoco region.

Parra jacana jacana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906— Caroni Swamp
and Seelet, Trinidad (crit.).

Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnaeus) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917— La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Williams, Bull.
Dept. Agric. Trin. and Tob., 20, p. 179, 1922— Trinidad; Delacour, Ibis,
1923, p. 139 — ponds of states of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela.

Jacana jacana intermedia Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 3, 1922 — Vene-
zuela (Sacupana; Lara) and Colombia (La Morelia); Roberts, Trop.
Agric, U, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87,
p. 191, 1939 (crit.); Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, p. 373, 1945— Colombia (various
localities).

Jacana spinosa intermedia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Venezuela;
Conover, Condor, 47, p. 211, 1945 (disc).

Jacana spinosa jacana Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 286 — Trinidad
(nest and egg descr.).

Range. — Northern Venezuela, from the eastern slope of the Andes
to the Paria Peninsula, south to the Orinoco Valley, west to eastern
Colombia (La Morelia, Caqueta) and the island of Trinidad.

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 4;
Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1).

Conover Collection. — 5: Colombia (Morelia, Caqueta, 3; Belen,
Caqueta, 1; Villavicencio, Meta, 1).

tone of the dorsal area and the entirely rufous flanks and under wing coverts,
both of which are mostly, if not wholly, greenish black in its western ally. A
single bird from Trinidad and three from Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, are typical
of intermedia.

Additional material examined. — Colombia: La Morelia, Caqueta, 1. — Vene-
zuela: El Cuji, Lara, 1; Duaca, Lara, 1; Valencia, Carabobo, 2; Guanoco, Sucre, 2;
San Antonio, Sucre, 3; Altagracia, 3; Sacupana, Orinoco Delta, 2.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 9

*Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer.^ Peruvian Jacana.

Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 253, Dec. 10, 1930 — Masiseo, lower Ucayali River, Loreto, Peru (type
in Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 230, 1934 (range).

Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 200— Nauta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309— Nauta and Santa
Cruz, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 331, 1886— part, Nauta and
Santa Cruz.

Parra melanopygia (not of Sclater) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 320, 1889 — •
Sarayacu, lower Ucayali River.

Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 — part, spec,
m-n, Pebas and Elvira, Peru (spec, examined).

Range. — Tropical zone of northern Peru (Pebas; Nauta; Elvira;
lower Ucayali River).

Conover Collection. — 6: Peru (Masiseo, Loreto, 1; Yarinacocha,
Rio Ucayali, 5).

*Jacana spinosa scapularis Chapman.^ Black-striped Jacana.

Jacana scapularis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 3, March 2, 1922 —
Chone, Manavi, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 201, 1926—
Chone and Santa Rosa, Ecuador.

Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290,
1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 329— Pozo de

^Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer: Similar to J. s. intermedia, but rufous
dorsal area slightly darker, claret brown rather than morocco red; sides of body
with less, if any rufous; under wing coverts either wholly or partly black. Wing,
(female) 135-138.

Judging from the few specimens at hand, this is rather an unsatisfactory race
which needs substantiation by an adequate series. One of the two adult Ucayali
birds has no rufous either on flanks or under wing coverts, while the other
specimen, like one from Pebas, has both these parts just as extensively rufous
(though slightly darker in tone) as J. s. intermedia. Size is apparently the same.
From J. s. melanopygia it is easily separated by markedly lighter (claret brown,
rather than maroon) back, scapulars and tertials, and particularly by purplish
instead of greenish black rump and upper tail coverts.

It would not be surprising to find that this form intergrades with intermedia
in eastern Ecuador.

Additional material examined. — Peru: Pebas, 1; Elvira, 1; Sarayacu, Rio
Ucayali, 1.

2 Jacana spinosa scapularis Chapman: Nearest to J. s. jacana, but distinguished
by lighter back, the presence of a broad black stripe across the scapulars, and by
having the light zone of the three outer primaries very nearly white (in.stead of
pale green as on the other remiges). On the under parts the black of the chest
generally extends in an irregular line down the center of the breast and belly.
Immatures can be identified by the light outer primaries. Wing, 116, (female)
134.

Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Balzar, 1; Vinces, "Yanayacu," 1;
Isla la Silva, 2.

10 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Lamberedo, near Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, I.e.,
1885, p. 112— Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 331,
1886— part, Tumbez; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 209— Guayaquil,
Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368,
p. 42, 1900— Naranjal and Vinces, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902,
p. 231 — "Rio Napo," Ecuador (errore).

Parra intermedia (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
10, p. 238, 1869— Puna Island, Ecuador (crit.).

Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. Eds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896— part, spec.
0, "Yanayaeu," Ecuador.

jacana jacana scapularis Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 229,
1932 — Isla Silva, Rio Babahoyo, Ecuador.

Jacana spinosa scapularis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 (range).

Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador^ and northwestern
Peru (Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez).

Conover Collection. — 15: Ecuador (Vinces, 3; Isla Silva Sur,
Province de los Rios, 12).

*Jacana spinosa jacana (Linnaeus). Common Jacana.

Parra Jacana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766— based on
"Jacana quarta species" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191; north-
eastern Brazil), "Spurwinged Water-hen" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist.,
3, p. 305, pi. 357, Surinam), and "Le Chirurgien brun" Brisson (Orn.,
5, p. 125 — in part), 2 Surinam (ex Edwards) accepted as type locality
(auct. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908); Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 4, (1), p. 786, 1832— eastern Brazil (habits); Burmeister, Syst.
Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 394, 1856— Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
24, p. 282, 1856 — part, Brazil, Guiana and Cayenne (crit.); Burmeister,
Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 506, 1861— Tucuman; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Lee, Ibis, 1873,
p. 137— banks of the Rio Gato, Entre Rios; Layard, I.e., 1873, p. 396—
Para; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876— Santarem, Brazil; Hudson,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 103 — Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford,
Ibis, 1877, p. 196— Buenos Aires; Forbes, I.e., 1881, p. 359— near Recife
and Parahyba, Brazil; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627—
Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 277, 1884— Concepeion del Uruguay,
Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1885 —
Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177— British Guiana;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 35, 1887— lower Pilcomayo, Paraguay;
Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 163, 1889— Argentina (habits);
Frenzel, I.e., 39, p. 125, 1891— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150— lower

1 The localities "Yanayaeu" (whence a typical scapularis is at hand) and "Rio
Napo" are undoubtedly incorrect. If any Jacana occurs in eastern Ecuador, it
may be either intermedia or peruviana but certainly not scapularis, which is
restricted to the west side of the Ecuadorian Andes.

2 Neither the reference to Hernandez's work nor the specimen from Santo
Domingo in the Reaumur Collection belongs to the present form.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 11

Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 205 — Rio Negro, Uruguay;
Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— San Jose
and Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 — Caiza,
Bolivia; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 163— Amapa, Brazil; Kerr, I.e., 1901, p.
235 — Villa Concepcion, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 57,
1907 — Sao Paulo (Ubatuba, Pirituba, Itapura) and Parana (Ourinho);
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 — Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi,
I.e., 16, p. 249, 1909— La Soledad (Entre Rios), San Vieente (Buenos
Aires), and Saladillos (Santiago del Estero); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 463 —
Tayru, above Villa Pilar and Curuzu-Chiea, Paraguay; Gibson, I.e., 1920,
p. 53 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires.

{'l)Parra brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789 — based on
"Jacana alia speeies" Marcgrave, Hist.'Nat. Bras., p. 191, northeastern
Brazil (descr. of young in transitional plumage).

Parra jassana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 759, 1849 (habits); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860— Tueuman.

Parra jacana Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 — Lake
Paratininga, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 — Rio de
Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana), Goyaz, and
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caieara, Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 36 — Minas Geraes; Cabanis, Journ.
Orn., 22, p. 231, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Berlepseh, I.e., p. 276,
1874— Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500— Rio Capim,
Para; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, pp. 444, 460 — Laguna del Sauzal, Quinta,
Jujuy, and Tatarenda, Bolivia; Chubb, I.e., 1910, p. 68 — Ybitimi, Para-
guay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 94, 1914 — Para, Salvaterra, Rio
Capim, Cussary, Marajo (Pindobal, Arary), and Maranhao, Brazil.

Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 294, 1888 (monog.; in part); Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 108, 1889— Reyes, Rio Beni, Bolivia; Riker and
Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896— part, spee. a-1, p-b', British Guiana (Cari-
mang River, Quonga), Brazil (River Amazon, Para, Maranhao, Rio
Tocantins, Chapada, Cachoeira, Corumba, Pernambuco, Caieara, Bahia)
and Bolivia (Salinas); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149,
1899 — Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Pedras Braneas, Barra do Rio
Camaquam); idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 425, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem,
I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb.
(Syst.), 26, p. 43, 1907— Mexiana, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nae.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, p. 95, 1910— Bahia (Cabula;
Joazeiro; Lagoa do Boqueirao, Rio Grande; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and
Piauhy (Lagoa de Parnagua), Brazil; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys.
Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 97, 122, 1912— Pard, Rio Capim
and Mexiana; Chrostowski, C. R. Soe. Seient. Varsovic, 5, pp. 463, 493,
1912 — Santa Cruz, Parana; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 43, 1918 — vieinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Cerro Largo, Roeha); Wetmore, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 141, 1926— Chaeo (Las Palmas), Formosa

12 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Riacho Pilaga), and Uruguay (Razcano); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Para.

Jacana jacana jacana Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 288,
1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23,
p. 617, 1924 — Prov. Buenos Aires; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
60, p. 83, 1930 — Paraguay (Rio Negro, Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso
(Palmira.s); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 714, 1932— Aquidauana;
Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 375, 1934— Matto
Grosso.

Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnaeus) Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1,
p. 136, 1916 — upper Takutu Mountains, Supenaam, Abary, Rupununi
River and Georgetown.

Jacana spinosa jacana Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p.
489, 1929 — Maranhao (Sao Bento; Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba),
Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Deserto), and Ceara (Quixada), Brazil; Laubmann,
Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 62, 1930 — Formosa
(Lapango, San Jo.se, and Las Taperas, Santa Cruz); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 229, 1934 (range, excl. of Trinidad); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19,
p. 89, 1935— Rio Gongogy and Cahype, Bahia; idem. I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936—
Inhumas, Goyaz; idem. I.e., 22, p. 124, 1938 — Para (Santarem), Maranhao
(Miritiba), Bahia (Rio Gongogy; Cahype), Goyaz (Inhumas), Matto
Grosso (Miranda; Coxim; Aquidauana), Sao Paulo (Itapura; Ubatuba;
Ypiranga; Jundiahy; Sao Carlos; Pirituba), Parana (Jacarezinho) ; idem.
I.e., 23, p. 545, 1938 — Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe,
K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945— Joao Pessoa,
Rio Jurua, Brazil (disc); idem. I.e., (3), 23, p. 70, 1945 — Bolivia (Victoria,
Reyes and Bresta, El Beni; Tatarenda, Tarija), (disc).

Jacana jacana intermedia (not Parra intermedia Sclater) Naumburg, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 83, 1930— Rio Solimoes, Brazil.

Jacana spinosa dorsalis(a) Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, p. 185,
Dec. 15, 1939 — Horqueta, Paraguay (type in Museum of Zoology, Uni-
versity of Michigan). 1

Range. — From the Guianas over the greater part of Brazil and
eastern Bolivia to Argentina (south to the provinces of Cordoba and
Buenos Aires), Paraguay and Uruguay.^

Field Museum Collection. — 40: British Guiana (Buxton, 14;
Potaro Landing, 1; Georgetown, 3; New Amsterdam, 5; unspecified,
1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2; Wanika Kreek, 1); Brazil (Boa
Vista, Amazonas, 5; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1; Jua, Ceara, 1; Quixada,

1 Birds from the tableland of Brazil and the adjoining districts of Argentina
and Paraguay agree well with a Guianan series, while those from the Amazon
Valley have a tendency to darker dorsal coloration. Some individuals come very
close to J. s. intermedia, but others are not distinguishable from Guiana skins.
The latter, moreover, vary a good deal and certain birds are just as dark as the
Amazonian examples, one from near Paramaribo being even darker. The specimen
taken near Frejus, southern France, recorded by Gurney (Ibis, 1901, p. 400),
must have been an escape from captivity.

Ninety additional specimens from the entire range examined.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 13

Ceara, 3; Santa Rita, Bahia, 1); Paraguay (Patino, 1); Argentina
(Lagunas de Malvina, Tucuman, 1).

Conover Collection. — 46: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C, Deme-
rara, 5); Dutch Guiana fParamaribo, 1); Brazil (Sao Francisco,
Maranhao, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Deserto, Piauhy, 2; Rio Mana-
capuru, Amazonas, 3; Caxiricatuba, Para, 6; Rio Parana, Goyaz, 1;
Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 7; Colonia Nueva
Italia, near Villeta, 3; 20 km. east of Islapoi, Chaco, 1); Bolivia,
Santa Cruz (Comparapa, 1; Nueva Moka, 3; Rio Surutu, 1); Argen-
tina (Alvarez Yonte, Buenos Aires, 1; Concepcion, Tucuman, 7).

Superfamily CHARADRIOIDEA

Family ROSTRATULIDAE.i Painted Snipes

Genus NYCTICRYPHES Wetmore and Peters^

Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 143, May 1,
1923 — type, by orig. desig., Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot.

*Nycticryphes semi-collaris (Vieillot). South American
Painted Snipe.

Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 402,
1816 — based upon "Chorlito golas obscura y blanca" Azara, No. 405,
Paraguay.

Tringa atricapilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 474,
1819 — based on "Chorlito cabeza y cuello obscuros" Azara, No. 406,
Buenos Aires.

Rhynchaea hilairea Lesson,' in Ferussac, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 26, p. 191,
July, 1831 — no locality (type in collection of M. Pecquet-Deschamps,
Caen); idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 6, pi. 18, Feb. 23, 1833— "in provineia
San-Paulo," Brazil; Tsehudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 300, 1846 —
"forests of central Peru."

1 For characters of the family, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 507-530, 762; 1932,
pp. 390-391.

"^Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters differs markedly from Rostratula Vieillot,
an Old-World group, by having the bill more curved at the tip, the tip expanded
on both mandibles, with the distal end distinctly pitted; a median groove to the
distal end of the gonys; a slight web between outer and middle toes; and the tail
strongly wedge-shaped, the median rectrices tapered and soft in structure at the
tip with the median upper and lower tail coverts longer than the lateral tail-
feathers.

^Rhynchaea hilairea Cuvier (Reg. Anim., 2nd ed., 1, p. 524, 1829) and R.
hilairea Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 557, 1831) are nomina nuda. The specimen
in the Paris Mu.seum (cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 294, 1891),
therefore, has no claim to be the type.

14 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Rhynchaea occidentalis King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 97, April- July, 1828 —
"Straits of Magellan" (type apparently lost).

Rhynchaea semicollaris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 — Monte-
video, Rio Plata; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., U, p. 118, 1843— Chile;
Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 429, 1847— central
provinces of Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 226, 1848— Chile; Bibra,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853— near San-
tiago, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 — vicinity
of Santiago; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860— Santiago
(breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27 (Scolopaces), p. 18,
1864 — Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144— Conchitas,
Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— central
provinces [of Chile] "to Straits of Magellan"; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd.
Naturh. Foren., 1870, p. 38 (note), 1870— Province of Sao Paulo; Durn-
ford. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — Belgrano, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua,
Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 199— Chubut Valley, Patagonia, and
Buenos Aires Province; idem. I.e., 1878, p. 403 — Chubut Valley (rare);
Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 — Coquimbo, Chile; Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 608, 1882— Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884—
Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 378,
1886— "Peru" (ex Tschudi); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 459,
pi. 19, 1887 (crit.); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472— Lomas de Zamora,
Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1889 — Argentina
(habits); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires;
idem. I.e., 1892, p. 211 — same locality (breeding); Waugh and Lataste,
Act. Soc. Sclent. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895 — Pefiaflor, Santiago; Reed, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310— Arauco,
Chile (habits); Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 236 — Paraguayan Chaco; Grant, I.e.,
1911, p. 467 — Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 65 —
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Jaflfuel and Pirion,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile.

Rhynchaea hilaerea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 378, 1856 —
Paraguay, Chile, and the La Plata region.

Rhynchaea hilarea Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Rio Parana,
Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 504, 1861 — Rio Parana.

Rostratula semicollaris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 690, 1896 —
Argentina (Buenos Aires, Lomas de Zamora, Cordova, Mendoza), Uruguay
(Montevideo), Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Arauco), and "Peru"; Lillo,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 — Rio Sail and Laguna de
Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 288, 1902— Sao
Paulo and "Rio de Janeiro (Sarapuhy)"; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 56, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909—
Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 (range in
Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
2, p. 342, 1910 — Ensenada, Buenos Aires (descr.); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 15

p. 148, 1918— Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920— Uruguay (Monte-
video, Canelones, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263,
1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 — Santa
Elena, Entre Rios; Giaeomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923— La Rioja.
Nycticryphes semicollaris Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 298, 1923 — ■
Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 163, 1923 — Zalaya,
Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., p. 353, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 163, 1926— Buenos Aires (Lavalle)
and Uruguay (below San Vicente); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927—
Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 391, 1932— Coquimbo to Arauco, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 230,
1934 (range) ; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 267, 1934— Hersilia,
Santa Fe; Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 366, 1934 — Argentina (descr. plum-
ages, habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 125, 1938— La Plata and Rio
Negro.

Range. — Central provinces of Chile (from Coquimbo to Arauco),
and from the Paraguayan Chaco and Uruguay south to the Rio
Negro Territory, Argentina. ^ Also recorded from Sao Paulo, Brazil
(A. de Saint Hilaire, Lund).

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1).

Conover Collection. — 5: Paraguay (Laguna General Diaz, Chaco,
2); Chile (Paine, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Concepcion del Uruguay,
Entre Rios, 1; Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires, 1).

Family HAEMATOPODIDAE. Oyster-Catchers
Genus HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus

Haematopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — type, by mono-

typy, Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus.
Ostralega Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 38, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Ostralega" =

Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus.
Ostralaga Bonnaterre, Tabl. Ene. Meth., Orn., 1, p. Ixxxii, 1791 (emendation).
Ostralegus Maegillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 58, 1842 (emendation).
Prohaematopus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (1), p. 12, Apr. 2, 1913 — type,

by orig. desig., Haematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb= Haematopus

ater Vieillot and Oudart.

♦Haematopus ostralegus bachmani Audubon. BLACK Oyster-

Catcher.

Scolopax nigra (not Scolopax niger Mensehen, 1787) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1,
(2), p. 659, 1789— based on "Blaek Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p.

1 The reeords of the Painted Snipe from "Peru," where Tschudi elaims to
have shot examples in "the forests," and "Straits of Magellan" (King) are obvi-
ously erroneous.

16 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

469, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 153, "islands between northern
Asia and America" = Aleutian Islands.

Haematopus bachmani Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 4, pi. 427, fig. 1, 1838
(present location of type unknown);' idem, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 245, 1839 —
"mouth of the Columbia River" = near Puget Sound, Washington (cf.
Burns, Auk, 51, p. 403, 1934); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 151,
1886 — Alaska (Aleutian Islands west to Kiska and islands south of
Aliaskan Peninsula); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 40,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46,
p. 81, 1923— St. George Island, Pribilof Islands; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn.
CI., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 13, 1925
(crit.); Bailey, Auk, 44, p. 197, 1927 — southern Alaska (nesting); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 100, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 320, 1929 (range; life hist.); Webster, Wilson
Bull., 53, p. 141, 1941— Sitka (nesting habits); idem. Condor, 43, p. 175,
1941— Alaska (status; life hist.); idem, I.e., 44, p. 205, 1942 (growth; pis.);
idem, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. puUus and comparison with that
oipalliatus); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 122, 1944 — Aleutian Islands (nesting).

Haematopus ostralegus bachmani Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73,
1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in the Aleutian Islands and on the west coast of
North America from the Alaska Peninsula south to the Pacific coast
of central Lower California; winters from southern Alaska to Lower
California.

Field Museum Collection. — 22: Alaska (Morzhovoi Bay, 1; Wolf
Rocks, 1; Dall Island, 1; Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 2; Walrus
Island, 1; unspecified, 1); British Columbia (Bear Island, 1; Van-
couver Island, 1); Washington (Bird Rock, San Juan County, 1;
Clallam Bay, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Carmel Bay, 4; Santa Cruz
Island, 3; unspecified, 1); Mexico, Lower California (Santa Rosa
Island, 1; San Geronimo Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 9: British Columbia (Sidney Island, 1;
Queen Charlotte Islands, 3); Washington (Jefferson County, 2);
Oregon (Netarts, 2); California (San Luis Obispo County, 1).

*Haematopus ostralegus frazari Brewster.^ Frazar's Oyster-
Catcher.

Haematopus frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 84, Jan., 1888 — Carmen Island,
Gulf of California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of

1 Probably lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17 (note).

^Haematopus ostralegus frazari Brewster, though very similar to H. o. gala-
pagensis, is clearly the southern representative of H. o. bachmani, with which
it hybridizes or intergrades in the central parts of Lower California (cf. Bancroft,
Condor, 29, pp. 51-54, 1927).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 17

Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 70, p. 175, 1930); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 275,
1889 — Magdalena Bay and Santa Margarita Island, Lower California;
Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890— Concepcion Bay,
Lower California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 117, 730, 1896—
part, spec, a, i, Tres Marias Islands and Colima (Rio Zacatula); Brewster,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 74, 1902 — Lower California; Grinnell and
Daggett, Auk, 20, p. 33, 1902— Los Coronados Islands; Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 348, 1903 — part. Lower California
and Tres Marias Islands; Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 384, 1906 — near San Bias,
White Rock, and Isabel Island, Tepic; Thayer and Bangs, Condor, 9,
pp. 78, 80, 1907 — Cerros and Natividad Islands, Lower California (crit.);
McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 294, 1926— Tres Marias
(Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) and Isabel Island; Bancroft, Condor,
29, p. 51, 1927 — Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (breeding; crit.;
disc, relationship with bachmani; black phase).

Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
14, p. 284, 1872 — Tres Marias Islands; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
2, p. 308, 1874 — Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Isabel Island, Tres Marias Islands,
and Colima (Rio Zacatula); Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 527,
1883 — Los Coronados Islands; idem, I.e., 6, p. 351, 1883 — La Paz, Lower
California; Evermann, Auk, 3, p. 92, 1886 — Ventura County, California;
Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 34, 1899 — Tres Marias Islands, Isabel
Island, and coast near San Bias, Tepic (crit.; meas.); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 347, 1903 — part, Tres Marias Islands,
Isabel Island, Sinaloa (Mazatlan), and Colima (Rio Zacatula).

Haematopus palliatus frazari Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 37,
1919 — Lower California to Guerrero (monog.; full bibliog.); Low, Bull.
Brit. Orn. CI., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194,
p. 9, 1925 (crit.; range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12,
1927 — San Bias to Matanchen, Nayarit; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 99, 1928— Lower California (range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
146, p. 316, 1929 (life hist.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H.,
7, p. 133, 1932— Tiburon Island, Sonora; (?)Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299,
1933 — Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica (crit.); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55,
p. 41, 1943 (descr. pullus and relationship shown by it); van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 77, 1945 — Sonora (distr.).

Haematopus ostralegus frazari Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 39, p. 73, 1927
(char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range).

Range. — Coast and islands of Lower California (Natividad and
San Luis Islands being the most northerly recorded breeding stations
on the west and east sides, respectively) and the west coast of Mexico,
including the Tres Marias Islands and Isabel Island, south to
Colima and Guerrero; casual on migration to northern Lower Cali-
fornia and southern California (San Diego, Santa Barbara Islands,
San Clemente Island, and Ventura County); (?)accidental in Costa
Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Sept. 29, 1926).

18 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 12: Mexico, Lower California (Los
Coronados Islands, 6; San Martin Island, 2; San Bonito Island, 1;
Natividad Island, 1; Espiritu Santo, 1; unspecified, 1).

Conover Collection. — 3 : Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados
Islands, 1; Ildefonso Island, 1; La Paz, 1).

*Haematopus ostralegus prattii Maynard.' Bahama Oyster-
Catcher.

Haemotopus (sic) prattii Maynard, App. to Cat. W. Ind. Birds, p. 34, 1899 — •
Flemmings Key, Bahama Islands (cotypes in collection of C. L. Maynard,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.: cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 70, p. 175, 1930); Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 284, 1900—
Flemmings Key (crit.).

HaematopMs palliatus (not of Temminck) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7,
p. 121, 1859— Bahama Islands; Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 115— St. Thomas;
Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 588— St. Bartholomew
(crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 331, 1875 — Cuba; idem, I.e., 26,
p. 188, 1878 — near San Juan, Cuba; Cory, Bds. Bahama Is., p. 158,
1880 — Andros and Inagua; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887 —
part, Cuba and Bahama Islands; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 230, 1887 — Cuba,
Puerto Rico, St. Bartholomew, and Bahama Islands (descr.); idem, Bds.
W. Ind., p. 230, 1889 (descr.); Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 76, 1891— Andros;
Cory, I.e., pp. 297, 334, 351, 1891— Caicos Island, Abaco, and Inagua;
Ridgway, I.e., p. 334, 1891— Abaco; Cory, I.e., 9, p. 48, 1892— Maraguana;
Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 — Grassy Creek, Andros (crit.); Riley, Auk,
22, p. 354, 1905— Long Island.

Haematopus palliatus prattii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 37,
1919 — Bahama Islands (monog.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 7,
1925 — Bahama Islands (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 155, p. 144, 1931 — Jevero, Dominican Republic (Nov. 28; crit.).

Haematopus palliatus pratii (sic) Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 44, p. 19, 1923 —
Bahama Islands.

Haematopus ostralegus prattii Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 —
Bahama Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range); Bond, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 94, p. 94, 1942 — Abaco to Grenadines.

Haematopus palliatus palliatus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Islands, 9, p. 349, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Desecheo, Culebra, Culabrita, and
St. Thomas.

1 Haematopus ostralegus prattii Maynard may be separated from H. o. palliatus
by its thicker, less tapering bill. Wing, 250-270; depth of bill, 13,1.2-15; width of
bill, 7.5-8.3 mm.

Two birds from St. Thomas and St. Croix agree in shape of bill with the
Bahama series, but have shorter wings (242-245). As Wetmore has lately recorded
this form also from Hispaniola (Jevero), it appears pretty certain that the records
of Oyster-Catchers from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and St. Bartholomew belong here
likewise.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 19

Range. — Bahama Islands (Flemmings Cay; Exuma Cay; Long,
Abaco, Andros, Inagua, Caicos, and Maraguana Islands); Greater
Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), Virgin Islands (St. Thomas,
St. Croix), and Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew; "Abaco to Grena-
dines").

Field Museum Collection. — 10: Bahama Islands (Long Island, 1;
Andros, 6; Great Inagua, 1; Caicos Island, 1; Maraguana, 1).

Conover Collection. — 2: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; St. Croix,

!)•

*Haeinatopus ostralegus palliatus TemWnck. American
Oyster-Catcher.

Haematopus palliatus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 532, 1820 —
Brazil (restricted to Rio de Janeiro by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304,
1908, type probably in Leyden Museum) ;2 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,
3, (2), p. 746, 1833 — seacoast of eastern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 366, 1856— coast of Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859,
p. 228 — mouth of the Rio Nagualate, Pacific coast of Guatemala; Salvin,
I.e., 1865, p. 190 — Chiapam, Guatemala; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29,
(Cursores), p. 74, 1865 — part, spec. 3-7, Cajutuba (Para) and "Brazil";
Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 398, 1866 — Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 141, 1868— Costa Rica; idem. I.e., p.
210, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 298, 1870—
Sapitiba (Rio de Janeiro)' and Cajutuba (Para), Brazil; Lawrence, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — Tehuantepec (San Mateo, San Francisco;
Feb., April), Oaxaca, Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 232, 1881 —
Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Santa Maria del Mar) and Chiapas (Tonala);
Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cozumel Island, Mexico; Hartert, I.e., 1893,
pp. 308, 325 — Aruba and Curasao; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24,
pp. 114, 730, 1896— Virginia (Cobb's Island), Texas (Corpus Christi),
Mexico (Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Chiapam), Veragua, Florida (Indian
River), Costa Rica and Brazil (Santa Catharina); Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 3, p. 426, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307,
1902 — Aruba and Curasao; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 347, 1903 — part. North America, Mexico (Tehuantepec, Santa
Maria del Mar, San Mateo, and San Francisco, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas;

' Temminck, in a preceding paragraph of the same page, speaks of this Oyster-
Catcher as being "une race distincte . . . du Bresil et de toute I'Amerique meridi-
onale." It is thus clear that Brazil must be regarded as type locality, which
Berlepsch was perfectly justified in restricting to Rio de Janeiro, while Brabourne
and Chubb's later action (Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 37, 1912), in arbitrarily selecting
"Venezuela," may well be ignored.

2 Although not listed as such, spec. No. 5, from "Bresil" in the Leyden Mu-
seum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, p. 75, 1865) is most probably Temminck' s
type.

3 Sapitiba, a place on the seacoast near Rio de Janeiro, was erroneously
located in Matto Grosso by both Sharpe and Ridgway.

20 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Merida, Yucatan; Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Nagualate, Chiapam),
Costa Rica (Bahia de Salinas), Veraguas, and Brazil; Thayer and Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905— San Miguel Island, Pearl
Archipelago, Panama; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 45, 1907 — Iguape,
Sao Paulo; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 314 — Testigo Grande, off Venezuela;
Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 204, 216, 230, 238,
253, 1909 — Aruba (one male), Curagao, Los Roques, Testigos, and Mar-
garita Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Costa Rica
(Bahla de Salinas); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 24, 1920— Bayoneta
Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (crit.).

Haemaiopus brasiliensis Lichtenstein,' Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 73
(in text), Sept., 1823 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum).

Haematopus articus (sic) Jardine, ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 3, p. 35, pi. 64,
fig. 2, 1832 — North America^ (type in collection of Sir W. Jardine, present
location unrecorded).

Haematopus ardicus Jardine and Selby, lUust. Orn., Part 9, pi. 125, Feb.,
1833— North America.

Haematopus palliatus palliatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 32,
1919 — North America to Yucatan (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 — Rio Hacha, La Goajira,
Colombia (May 2); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range);
Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 5, 1925 (crit.; range); Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 309, 1929 (life hist.; range in part); Webster,
Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. pullus and relationship as shown by
same); Murphy, Auk, 62, p. 116, 1945 — Pearl Islands, Panama (Pacheca;
San Miguel).

Haematopus ostralegus palliatus Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73,
1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range in part);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 126, 1935 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao,
and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 287 — Trinidad
(ex Leotaud) and Little Tobago (ex Kirk); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Veraguas and Pearl Islands, Panama; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 975, 1936 (crit.; range).

Haematopus palliatus subsp. Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130,
1932 — Champerico, Guatemala.

Range. — Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North and Central America
from Virginia to Yucatan; Pacific coast of America from the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, Mexico, to the Bay of Panama; locally on the coast

^Haematopus brasiliensis Wied (Reise Bras., 1, pp. 105, 173, 1820; 2, p. 338,
1821) is a nomen nudum.

2 North American specimens, in spite of a tendency to greater development
of the white markings on primaries and the white chin-spot, do not seem to be
separable from those of South America, though it is interesting to note that
Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 420, 1856) tried to distinguish
between H. ardicus and H. palliatus.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 21

of Colombia (La Goajira), Venezuela (including the Leeward Islands
from Aruba to Los Roques), and Brazil south to Santa Catharina.^

Field Museum Collection. — 15: North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare
County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 7; Dewees Island,
Charleston County, 1; Bull's Bay, Charleston County, 1; Santee
Sound, 1); Texas (Padre Island, 1); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan,
1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 7: South Carolina (Cape Romain, 2; Dewees
Island, 2; Caper's Island, 1; Santee Sound, 1; Copahee Sound, 1).

*Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Ridgway.- Galapagos
Oyster-Catcher.

Haematopus galapagensis Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 331, July, 1886 — Chatham
Island, Galapagos (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 9, p. 325, 1886— Chatham Island (full descr.); idem, I.e., 12,
pp. 116, 120, 123, 128, 1889— James, Chatham, and Indefatigable Islands;
idem, I.e., 19, p. 621, 1896 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24,
p. 116, 1896 — Indefatigable Island (char.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 6, p. 186, 1899 — Albemarie, Hood, Bindloe, James, Indefatigable,
Tower, and Chatham Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 412, 1902 — Indefatigable
Island (young deser.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proe. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5,
p. 262, 1904— Seymour Island; Giflford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., (4), 2,
pp. _47, 114, 1913 — Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham,
Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Narborough, Seymour,
Tower, Delano Roek, and islets near Jervis (habits; meas.).

Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1870, p. 323— Indefatigable Island; Sundevall, I.e., 1871, p. 125—
Galapagos Islands; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., 8, p. 502, 1876 —
Indefatigable Island (habits).

Haematopus leucopus galapagensis Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 307,
1887 (erit.).

Haematopus palliatus galapagensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 39, 1919 (monog.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 44, p. 19, 1923— Galapagos
Islands; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 9, 1925 (erit.); Swarth, Occ.
Pap. Calif. Acad. Sei., 18, p. 57, 1931 (erit.); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55,
p. 41, 1943 (deser. of puUus).

Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 19,
1927— Galapagos Islands (erit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934
(range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 981, 1936 (erit.).

1 A specimen from Santa Catharina in the British Museum is typical palliatus.
No material is available from Rio Grande do Sul. A single example from Aruba
Island, Dutch West Indies, in shape of bill, is somewhat intermediate to H. o.
prattii.

"^Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Ridgway: Very close to H. o. frazari,
but upper parts darker with less white on the wing coverts, and feet larger. From
H. 0. palliatus, the Galapagos Oyster-Catcher is immediately separable by lacking
all trace of white on the primaries.

22 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Galapagos Archipelago (excepting Culpepper and Wen-
man Islands).

Field Museum Collection. — 7: Galapagos Archipelago (Hood
Island, 3; Indefatigable Island, 2; Tower Island, 1; James Island, 1).

*Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy.' Peruvian Oyster-
Catcher.

Haematopus palliatus pitanay Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 1, Nov. 17,
1925 — Pisco Bay, lea, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York); idem. I.e., p. 8, 1925 — Chile (Algarroba, Cruz
Grande) to Guayaquil, Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926— Santa Elena and Tembleque Island, Guayas,
Ecuador; Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (relationship as shown by
pullus).

Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11,
p. 116, 1843 — sandy shores north of Valparaiso, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay,
Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 406, 1847— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss,
U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855— Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
7, p. 314, 1860 — near the seacoast, Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi,
Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Chaiiaral, Atacama, Chile; Pelzeln,
Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865— Chile (egg); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, 29, (Cursores), p. 74, 1865 — part, spec. nos. 1, 2, Algarroba,
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1869 — central provinces of Chile; Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Ancud, Chiloe; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1883,
p. 429— Paracas Bay, lea, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 350, 1886—
Peruvian localities; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 205 — bays of San
Nicolas and San Juan, lea, and San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Seebohm,
Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887— part, Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159,
1888— Chaharal, Atacama, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210,
1896— Chile; idem. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905— Chile; Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, p. 261— San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 56, p. 495, 1919 — Chincha Islands, Chilea Bay, and Isla Vieja,
Peru (breeding); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera,
Atacama, Chile.

Haematopus frazari (not of Brewster) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp.
117, 730, 1896— part, spec, b-h., k, 1, Chile (Arauco, Santiago) and Peru

^Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy: Most similar to H. o. palliatus,
but smaller, and white subterminal markings on inner primaries absent or greatly
reduced. Resembling H. o. frazari in the last-named character, but smaller, and
with the black of the foreneck abruptly defined against the white belly, whereas
the Mexican form has a black-and-white mottled zone on the lower end of the
blackish gular area. Wing, 230-248, (female) 240-260.

Birds from Peru and Chile agree well together. Specimens from Ecuador,
according to Murphy, show an approach to H. o. palliatus by having a slight
suggestion of white on the inner primaries.

Additional material examined. — Peru: San Lorenzo Island, 1; Paracas Bay, 1. —
Chile: Arauco, 1; Prov. Santiago, 1; unspecified, 6.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 23

(Paracas Bay); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — Arauco, Chile; Schalow, Zool.
Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 663, 1898— Chile.

Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73,
1927 (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 382, 1932—
Cucao and Rio Inio, Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.; range); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247,
pi. 16, 1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 289, 1936—
Mendoza (Feb., 1918); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 978, 1936
(crit.; range).

Haematopus ostragelus (sic) pitanay Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201,
col. pi. 8, fig. 11, 1937 (egg).

Range. — Pacific coast of South America from the Gulf of Guaya-
quil, Ecuador, to Chilo^ Island, Chile; accidental in Argentina
(Mendoza).

Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 2; Rio Inio,
Chilo^ Island, 2).

*Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe.^ Durnford's
Oyster-Catcher.

Haematopus durnfordi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 107, 117, pi. 6,
1896 — Tambo Point, Chubut (type in the British Museum); Scott and
Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 270, 1910—
Tambo Point; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 —
Patagonia.

Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds,
p. 128, 1841— Rio de la Plata; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 403— Tambo
Point and mouth of Chubut River, Chubut; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr.
Charad., p. 305, 1887— part, Patagonia (Tovar Harbor, Chubut); Sclater
and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889— Tambo Point; Oustalet, Miss.
Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 289, 1891— Tambo Point and Tovar Harbour;
Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 207— Uruguay; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16,
p. 250, 1909 — near Chiquita, coast of Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 — Patagonia and Buenos Aires; Grant,
Ibis, 1911, p. 466 — Tuyu and Cape San Antonio, Ajo, Buenos Aires;
Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 61 — Lagoon de Palenque and Lagoon de Milan,
Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 —
Colonia, Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 144, 1926—
Buenos Aires (Rio Ajo, near Lavalle) and Uruguay (near Montevideo;
La Paloma, Rocha).

^Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe: Differs from H. o. palliatus, which
it resembles in the white-marked primaries, in having the breast along the junction
of the black and white areas heavily mottled. It is very similar to H. o. gala-
pagensis, but has much .smaller feet and at least some white on the primaries. Six
birds from Buenos Aires (Tuyu and Cape San Antonio) show considerable variation
in the extent of white on remiges and in the color of the shafts of the primaries.

A little-known race.

24 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Haematopus palliatus durnfordi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 294,
1923— San Antonio del Oeste, Rio Negro; Low, Bull. Brit. Cm. CI., 44,
p. 73, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 7, 1925— Lavalle
and Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (crit.); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— San Antonio del Oeste, Rio Negro (June 29);
Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 — Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires.

Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73,
1927 (range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 983, 1936 (crit.).

Range. — Atlantic coast of South America from Uruguay to
Chubut (Tambo Point; Puerto Tovar) and Santa Cruz (Deseado).

Conover Collection. — 1: Argentina (Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1).

Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen.^ Iceland
Oyster-Catcher.

Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen, Ibis, (12), 6, p. 58, Jan.,

1930 — Thorsa, Iceland (type in Copenhagen Museum); Peters, Bds. World,

2, p. 232, 1934 (range).
Haematopus ostralegus (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur-

hist. Foren., 1853, p. 71 — Julianehaab and Godthaab, Greenland; idem.

Ibis, 1861, p. 9 — Julianehaab, Godthaab, and Nanortalik, Greenland;

Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 305, 1929 (life hist.).
Haematopus ostreologus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 157, 1898 — Greenland.
Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),

p. 30, 1919 — part, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Greenland; Murphy,

Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 5, 1925 — part, Greenland.

Range. — Resident on Iceland and the Faroe Islands; accidental
in Greenland (about six records).

*Haematopus leucopodus Garnot.^ Magellan Oyster-
Catcher.

Haematopus leucopodus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826 — "bale des
Frangais, ile de la Soledad, Malouines" = East Falkland Island (type in
Paris Museum); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 542, July 4,
1829— Falkland Islands; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 44, p. 19, 1923 (range);
Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 11, 1925 (crit.; meas.; plumages);

^Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen: Similar to H. o. ostralegus
Linnaeus, of Scandinavia, etc., but larger, while the bill, in thickness, is inter-
mediate between the nominate race and H. o. occidentalis Neumann, of the
British Isles. Wing, 252-276.

Two females from Greenland (Jacobshaven, Godthaab) were found by
Salomonsen to be identical with Icelandic specimens.

"^Haematopus leucopodus Garnot is quite distinct specifically, and differs from
H. 0. pitanay by glossy black (instead of hair brown) back and wings; wholly
white upper tail coverts (the median ones not variegated with brown); black
(instead of white) under wing coverts; the extension of the black color all over

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 25

Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— Beagle Channel,
Tierra del Fuego; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.;
range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool Ser., 19, p. 383, 1932—
Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37— Snipe Island,
Beagle Channel; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 234, 1934 (range); Reynolds,
Ibis, 1935, p. 87 — Barnevelt, Otter Islands, etc.. Cape Horn region;
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 985, 1936 (crit.; range); Webster,
Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus).

Haematopus leucopus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), livr. 5, p. 210,
Oct. 17, 1827 — Falkland Islands (diag.); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p.
509 — Chiloe Island, Rio Pudeto, and Bay of Reloncavi, Llanquihue,
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860— East Falkland
Island; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156— Falkland Islands (breeding); Philippi,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868— southern Chile to Straits of Magellan;
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 437 — Penguin Island
(Messier Channel), Tom Bay, and Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan;
Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15— Cape Sambo (Trinidad Channel), Tom Bay,
and Hugh Bay, Straits of Magellan; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad.,
p. 306, 1887— Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, and Chile ("near
Valparaiso") (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889—
Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn,
6, p. B. 121, 1891 — Patagonia (Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia
Orange), and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island; Packewaia and Burnt
Island, Beagle Channel; Bourchier Bay; Wollaston and Hermit Islands);
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 113, 730, 1896— Chile, Straits of
Magellan (Tom Harbour, Elizabeth Island, Penguin Island, Hermit
Island, Tom Bay, Hugh Bay, Cape Sambo), and Falkland Islands (San
Salvador Bay, Berkeley Sound); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210,
1896 — Magellania and southern Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4,
p. 663, 1898 — Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego; Salvadori, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 625, 1900— Penguin Rookery (Staten
Island) and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 373, 1902— Tierra del Fuego (Packewaia, Isla Wol-
laston) and Staten Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil,
Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 39, 1904— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Reed, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905— Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego,
p. 123, 1907 — Useless Bay and San Sebastian Settlement (breeding);
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 265,
1910 — Montez Ranch, near Rio Coy, Santa Cruz, and Valle del Lago
Blanco, Chubut (Sept. to Nov.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 215, 1910 (range); Blaauw, Not. Leyden Mus., 35, p. 70, 1912—
island east of Achao, Chiloe; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 149,
1917— Falkland Islands (nesting habits); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198,
1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands.

the chest; yellow (instead of crimson) eyelids; decidedly shorter, stouter tarsi;
and wider nails with prominent lateral flange.

Birds from Chiloe Island are identical with others from Magellania and the
Falkland Islands. The locality "Valparaiso" is very questionable.

Additional material examined. — Falkland Islands, 10. — Magellania: Tom Bay,
4; Hugh Bay, 1; Penguin Island, 1; Elizabeth Island, 2; Hermit Island, 1.

26 Field Museum of Natural History^Zoology, Vol. XIII

Ostralega leucopus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 301, 1828 — Falkland Islands;

idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 721, May, 1830— Falkland

Islands.
Haem{atopus] luduosus Cuvier, Reg. Anim., nouv. ed., 1, p. 504, 1829 —

Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29,

Cursores, p. 74, 1865 — Falkland Islands (crit.).

Range. — Southern South America, from Chilo^ Island on the
west coast and the Chubut River on the east side of the Andes
south to the Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands.

Field Museum Collection. — 2: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1);
Falkland Islands (unspecified, 1).

Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Rio Inio, Chilo^ Island, 3; Lomas
Bay, Tierra del Fuego, 1).

*Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart.i Quoy's Black Oyster-
Catcher.

Haematopus niger (not Scolopax nigra Gmelin, 1789) Quoy and Gaimard, in
Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic, Zool., livr. 4, p. 129, pi. 34, Sept.,
1824 — part, Falkland Islands (specimen in Paris Museum examined);
Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826 — Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 — along rocky shores of Chile; Des Murs,
in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 406, 1847— Chile; Hartlaub,
Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853— Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 509—
Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 76,
1865 — part, Nos. 1-3, Magellania and Chile (Algarroba) (crit.); Pelzeln,
Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868 — central provinces of Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e.,
p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile.

Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart, Gal.. Ois., 2, p. 88, pi. 230, 1825—
part, "au detroit de Magellan" (type in Paris Museum examined by C.
E. H.);2 Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 245, 1848— Valparaiso, Chile; Cassin,

^Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart is readily distinguished from the other
entirely black species of the genus by its elevated, excessively compressed bill.
As pointed out by Murphy, it has no genetic relationship to H. o. bachmani.

2 Vieillot's description is not diagnostic, while the range as given includes that
of several species. Inspection of the material in the Paris Museum shows that he
did not distinguish between the Magellanic and the Australian species (H. fuli-
ginosus). Neither of the two mounted specimens labeled "Huitrier noir. H. ater,
Vieill.," is marked as "type," but the one bearing "No. 258. par MM. Quoy et
Gaimard. Exped. Freycinet. De la bale des Chiens Marins, Nouvelle Hollande"
has a note "Gal. 230," which, according to the early custom in the Paris Museum,
means that it is the original of pi. 230 in the "Galerie des Oiseaux." This bird
is the Magellanic Black Oyster-Catcher with very deep and excessively compressed
bill, and agrees perfectly with specimens from Tierra del Fuego. "Shark's Bay,
Australia," of course, is incorrect; the bird was doubtless secured on the Falkland
Islands, which may be accepted as type locality. The second specimen, collected
by Peron during the voyage of Le Naturaliste under Captain Baudin in "Nouvelle
Hollande" is the Australian species.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 27

in Gilliss, U. S. Ast. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p.
155— East Falkland (breeding); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
pp. 331, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499— Puerto Laguna,
Chonos Archipelago, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1875, pp. 372, 377— Mas Afuera;
Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 403— Tambo Point and mouth of Chubut River,
Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438— Eliza-
beth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Port Henry,
Straits of Magellan; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 — San Lorenzo Island, Lima,
Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 351, 1886 — same locality; Macfarlane,
Ibis, 1887, p. 205 — San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Sclater and Hudson, Arg.
Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889— Tambo Point, Chubut; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889— Elizabeth Isla^nd, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet,
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 119, 1891 — Santa Cruz (Puerto Deseado),
Hermit and Wollaston Islands, and Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia; Bahia
Orange); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 121, 731, 1896— Falkland
Islands (Johnson Harbour, Berkeley Sound, Stanley), Chubut (Tambo
Point), Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island, Port Henry), Chile, Mas
Afuera, and Peru (Callao, Mollendo, San Lorenzo Island); Reed, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl., 4,
p. 664, 1898 — Isla de los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; Salvador!, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 624, 1900— Staten Island (Penguin
Rookery) and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 374, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island;
Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 40,
1904— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9,
p. 50, 1905 — coast of Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 125,
1907— Admiralty Sound; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909—
Arica, Tacna, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Pata-
gonia, 2, Orn., p. 272, 1910 — Straits of Magellan (descr.); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range in Argentina); Murphy,
Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 13, 1925— Falkland Islands, Chile, and Peru
(Independencia Bay, Chincha Islands, Ancon) (crit.; meas.; plumages);
Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, pp. 72, 73, 1927 (char.; range); Hell-
mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 381, 1932— Caldera,
Atacama, and Rio Inio, Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932,
p. 37 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel, Magellan Straits;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 234, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87—
islands in the Cape Horn region; Castellanos, El Hornero, 6, p. 29, 1935 —
Puerto Parry, Staten Island; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247,
1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); Philippi, I.e., 6, p. 234, 1936— Arica,
Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 988, 1936 (monog.);
Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. puUus).

Haematopus iownsendi Audubon, Birds Amer., folio ed., 4, pi. 427, fig. 3,
1836 (or later); idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 247, 1839 — no locality given (type
now in U. S. National Museum); idem, Birds Amer., 8vo ed., 5, p. 245,
1842 — "coast of California;"' Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31,

' According to Cassin (U. S. Ast. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855), said to be from
"Oregon." The type collected by Townsend was undoubtedly one of the birds

28 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 47, 1918 (nomencl.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 44, pp. 16, 19, 1923
(synon.; range).

Haematopus unicolor? (not of J. R. Forster, 1844) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859— Falkland Islands (egg descr.).

Haematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 37, 1912 —
new name for Haematopus ater Sharpe; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
61, p. 150, 1917— Falkland Islands; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56,
p. 496, 1919 — Peru (Chincha Islands, Chilcay Bay, Asia Island, Indepen-
dencia Bay, Paracas Bay, and [?]Lobos de Tierra); Wace, El Hornero,
2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland
Islands.

Range. — Coasts of South America, from lat. 7° S. in Peru, on
the Pacific side, and from Chubut' on the east, south to Cape Horn;
Falkland Islands; occasional on Mas Afuera.

Field Museum Collection.— 1: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1).

Conover Collection.- — 5: Chile (Rio Inio, Chilo^, 5).

Family CHARADRIIDAE. Lapwings and Plovers
Subfamily VANELLINAE. Lapwings

Genus VANELLUS Brisson

Vanellus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 94, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Vanel-

lus" Brisson= Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus.
Gavia (not of Forster, 1788) Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1, p. 433,
1842 — substitute name for Vanellus Brisson.

*Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). Lapwing.

Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based chiefly

on Faun. Svec, No. 148, Sweden.
Vanellus Capella Schaeflfer, Mus. Orn., p. 49, 1789 — no locality cited.
Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 313, 1805 — new name for

Tringa vanellus Linnaeus; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495 — Barbados (Dec. 24,

1886).
Vanellus cristatus Wolf and Meyer, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 1, p. 110, with pi.,

1805 — new name for Tringa vanellus Linnaeus; Holb0ll, Naturhist.

obtained by him during his voyage around South America. Oberholser (Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 31, p. 47, 1918) suggests Falkland Islands as type locality of H.
townsendi.

1 In the absence of specimens we hesitate to accept Smith's record of a "black
oyster-catcher" (Zoologica, N. Y., 9, p. 288, 1927) from the Coronilla Islands, off
Uruguay, as pertaining to H. ater.

Additional material examined. — Peru: San Lorenzo Island, Callao, Mollendo,
5.— Chile, 9.— Straits of Magellan, 6.— Falkland Islands, 8.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 29

Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 — Fiskenaesset, Greenland (Jan.); Reinhardt,
Ibis, 1861, p. 9 — Greenland (Fiskenaesset, Jan. 7; Julianehaab) ; Schi0ler,
Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 11, p. 174, 1917 — Nanortalik, Sukkertoppen
and Godthaab, Greenland.
Vanellus vanellus Dutcher, Auk, 3, p. 438, 1886 — Merrick, Long Island
(Dec, 1883); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 166, 735, 1896 (monog.);
Piers, Auk, 15, p. 195, 1898— Ketch Harbour, Nova Scotia (March 17,
1897); Fleming, I.e., 18, p. 272, 1901— Hog Island, Bahamas (Nov., 1900);
Beebe, I.e., 23, p. 221, 1906— Meccox Bay, Waterville, Long Island (fall,
1905); Brewster, I.e.— White Hills, Newfoundland (Nov. 23, 1905); Ridg-
way. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 65, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Brimley, Auk, 44, p. 248, 1927— Siler City, North Carolina (Nov. 11,
1926); Ingersoll, I.e., 45, p. 208, 1928— Newfoundland (Dec, 1927, flocks
seen); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 144, 1929 (life hist.); Taverner,
Auk, 46, p. 231, 1929— St. Augustine, Quebec (Dee. 15, 1927); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 235, 1934 (range); Salomonsen, Dansk. Orn. Foren.
Tidssk., 29, p. 112, 1935 — AngmagssaHk, Greenland (descr.); Cottam
and Knappen, Auk, 56, p. 153, 1939 (food of in North America); Reimann,
I.e., p. 332, 1939— Long Island, New York (fall, 1910); Cooke, Bd. Banding,
16, p. 126, 1945 — Newfoundland (banded in England); Soper, Auk, 63,'
p. 226, 1946— Cumberland Sound, Arctic Canada (Oct., 1926).

Range. — Breeds in Europe and northern Asia; winters in southern
Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia; casual in Greenland,
Cumberland Sound, Labrador (Cartwright, Jan., 1917; Anatalok
Bay, Dec. 22, 1927), Quebec (St. Augustine, Dec. 15, 1927), New-
foundland (White Hills, Nov. 23, 1905; Bonavista, Dec, 1927), New
Brunswick (North Head, Jan. 6, 1928), Nova Scotia (Ketch Harbour,
March 17, 1897), Long Island, New York (Merrick, Dec, 1883;
Meccox Bay, Waterville, fall, 1905; fall, 1910), North CaroHna
(Siler City, Nov. 11, 1926), Bahamas (Hog Island, Nov., 1900),
Barbados (Dec 24, 1886). i

Field Museum Collection. — 2: Labrador (Hopedale, 2).

Genus BELONOPTERUS Reichenbach

Belonopierus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type,
by orig. desig., Tringa cajennensis Latham= Parra cayennensis Gmelin.

Belanopterus Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2,
p. 278, 1910 (emendation).

*Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis (Gmelin). Cayenne
Lapwing.

1 The range "small islands in Norton Sound, Alaska" as given by both Bent
and Ridgway was evidently based on the account of Dall and Bannister (Trans.
Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 293, 1869) who in turn based their record on the descrip-
tion of a bird seen by a Russian some time before.

30 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Parra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 706, 1789 — based on "Vanneau
arm6, de Cayenne" Buflfon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 65, Daubenton, PI.
Enl., pi. 836, and "Vanneau" Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 2, p. 193, 1769,
Cayenne.

Tringa cajennensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 727, 1790 — same basis.

Vanellus cayanensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 35, p. 206,
1819 — part, Cayenne.^

Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48,
1827 — part, descr. "avis adult, tempestate pluviarum?," Cayenne.

Vanellus cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 750, 1849— savannas; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855—
"Bogota"; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 —
Cayenne, French Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores,
p. 57, 1865 — part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591— Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869,
p. 252— Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383— La Cruz
(alt. 4,000 ft.) and Lake Paturia, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Harting,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 450 — part, Venezuela, Guiana, and
Amazonia (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 546 — Retiro, Con-
cordia, and Frontino, Colombia; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 441 — Angostura,
Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1886, p. 178 — British Guiana;
Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 216, 1887 (in part); Grant, Ibis, 1912,
p. 274 (range).

Belonopterus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 163, 735,
1896 — part, spec, a-i, v-x, Colombia (Cartagena, Antioquia), British
Guiana (Quonga, Annai), and Brazil (Mexiana Island); Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 302— Plain of Tolima, Colombia; Berlepsch and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 — Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana
de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 44,
1907 — Mexiana Island (nest and eggs descr.); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15,
p. 305, 1908— Cayenne; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192,
1913 — La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,
8, p. 84, 1914 — part, Mexiana Island, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus.
Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 — Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 36, p. 222, 1917— Colombia (Atrato River, Caldas, Las
Lomitas, San Antonio, Cali, La Manuelita, El Roble, Salento, Puerto
Berrio, and Barrigon); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922 — Rio Cogollo and Catatumbo, Zulia, Venezuela;
Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela.

Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,

14, p. 186, 1922 — Fundacion, Colombia; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts.

Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 60, 1930 (char.; range); Darlington, Bull.

Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 — Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia.
Belonopterus chilensis cayennensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296,

1923 (char.; range); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb,

1 The bird (whose divergencies from Cayenne specimens are noted) sent from
Brazil (i.e. Rio de Janeiro) by Delalande to Paris, and Azara's "Terutero o Teteu"
(No. 386) are referable to B. c. lampronotus.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 31

Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 2, 1934 (crit.); Griswold, Auk,
53, p. 457, 1936— La Jagua, Panama (May 17, 1936; range); Brodkorb,
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937— Caviana Island, Brazil
(crit.); Brandt, Auk, 55, p. 288, 1938— Port Obaldia, Panama (Aug. 27,
1934); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 126, 1938 (range); Wetmore, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 192, 1939— El Sombrero, Guarico, Venezuela.
Belonopterus chilensis cayannensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p.
170, 1926 (char.; range).

Range. — Savannas of Panama (La Jagua, near Pacora), Colombia,
Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil north of the lower Amazon (Rio
Branco; Rio Maecuru; Obidos; Caviana and Mexiana Islands).^

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Venezilela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1;
Culata, Merida, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista,
Amazonas, 1).

Conover Collection. — 17: Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia, 3; El Tam-
bo, Cauca, 4; Popayan, Cauca, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 2);
Brazil (Obidos, Para, 6).

*Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler).- Brazilian
Lapwing.

Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48,
1827 — part, "mas. et fem. ptilosi aestiv.," Paraguay and Brazil (type,
from southern Brazil, formerly in Munich Museum,' examined by the
senior author).

1 Adults from Obidos and one from Mexiana Island are in every respect
typical cayennensis, agreeing with skins from the Rio Branco, Guiana, and Vene-
zuela. One out of four adults from the Caura River has the throat and the
pectoral area connected by a narrow black stripe, thus pointing to lampronotus.

Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1; Retiro, 1. — Vene-
zuela: Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, 3; Caura Valley, 4. — Brazil: Obidos, 1; Mexiana
Island, 1. — British Guiana: Quonga, 1; Annai, 3; savannas, 5.

^Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler) differs from the nominate
race in shorter tarsus, more grayish sides of head and neck, and especially in having
the black gular stripe connected with the black pectoral area by an uninterrupted
broad band, while the black tail-band is on average narrower. Birds from Matto
Grosso and the northern parts of Brazil frequently approach typical cayennensis
in the color of the sides of the head, but this is at best an average difference. A
couple of adults from Marajo Island are typical of the present form, while a single
bird from Mexiana, like others from Caviana recorded by Brodkorb, is just as
unequivocally cayennensis.

Additional material examined. — Brazil: Natal, Marajo, 2; Bahia, 3; Campos
Rio de Janeiro, 4; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Jaguaraiba, Parana, 1; Cuyaba
Matto Grosso, 1. — Paraguay: Villa Rica, 1. — Uruguay: Santa Elena, Soriano, 1
Colonia, 1; Montevideo, 1; Paysandu, 1. — Argentina: Los Yngleses, Ajo, 13
Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires, 1; Misiones, 2; Est. La Germania, Santa Fe, 2.
San Jose, Formosa, 2; Lapango, Formosa, 1; Colonia Vedia, Rio de Oro, Chaco
Austral, 1; Neuquen City, Neuquen, 1.

' The type was in the Munich Museum, when the senior author was in charge
of its bird collection, but has since been lost, as we are told by Laubmann (Wiss.
Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 61, note 1, 1930).

32 Field Museum of Natural History—Zoology, Vol. XIII

Vanellus cayennensis (not Parra cayennensis Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 4, (2), p. 754, 1832 — southeastern Brazil (Bahia, etc.); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires;
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 35 — Lagoa Santa
and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 —
Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Irisanga),
Parana (Registo Velho, Jaguaraiba), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara);
Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 6 — Buenos Aires; Harting, I.e.,
1874, p. 450 — part, Brazil, Uruguay, and Buenos Aires; idem. I.e., p. 457 —
Uruguay (egg descr.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 253, 1874 — Blumenau,
Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — near Belgrano, Buenos
Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 196 — Province of Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e.,
1880, p. 161 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Dalgleish,
Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 6, p. 253, 1881— Est. de la Tala, Uruguay
(eggs descr.); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627— Rio Lujan
and Salto, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 278, 1884 — Concepcion del
Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandu,
Uruguay; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1885 —
Tequara, Rio Grande do Sul; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 216,
1887 — part, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, and Buenos Aires; Sclater
and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 165, 1889 — Argentina (in part); Dalgleish,
Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 88, 1889— Est. Itanii, Paraguay;
Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem. I.e.,
1892, p. 210 — Est. Espartillar (breeding); Kerr, I.e., p. 150 — lower Pilco-
mayo, Chaco; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Cuyaba,
Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 205 — Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Kerr, Ibis,
1901, p. 235 — Villa Concepcion and Paraguayan Chaco; Lonnberg, I.e.,
1903, p. 460— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 464— Los
Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (breeding); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 55 — Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits).

Philomachus cayanus (not Charadrius cayanus Latham) Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, Birds, p. 127, 1841— part. La Plata.

' Vanellus cayanensis (not of Vieillot) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3,
p. 363, 1856— Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— Argentina; idem,
Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 502, 1861 — Argentina; Doering, in Roca, Inf.
Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — northern parts of the pampas;
Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — Province of
Buenos Aires.

Belonopierus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 163, 735,
1896 — part, spec, k-m, y, z, Brazil (Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de
Janeiro, Matto Grosso), Buenos Aires, and Uruguay (Montevideo,
Maldonado); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35,
1897 — Cara-huassi, puna of Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul,
16, p. 149, 1899 — Mundo Nova, Barra do Rio Camaquam, and Pedras
Brancas; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 428, 1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo;
Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 — Famailla and Tapia,
Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 — Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman;
Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904— Salta; Ihering, Cat. Faun.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 33

Braz., 1, p. 46, 1907— Sao Paulo (Rio Grande, Barretos); Hartert and
Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 — part, Salta;
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910
— Joazeiro, Bahia; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 67 — Sapucay, Paraguay;
Dabbene. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 — Cordoba,
Buenos Aires, and Entre Rios; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84,
1914 — part, Marajo (Pindobal, Magoarj^ Soure); Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 223, 1910— Bahla and Piauhy;
Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 375, 1931— Valle de los Reartes,
Cordoba.
Vanellus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 444 —
Quinta, Jujuy.

Vanellus grisescens (not of Prazak) Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (crit.; range in
part).

Belonopterus cayennensis grisescens Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 89, 1918 —
Isla San Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 —
Uruguay (numerous localities); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 262, 1922 — Rosas,
Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre
Rios; Renard, I.e., 3, p. 286, 1924— San Cristobal, Santa Fe.

Belonopterus chilensis lampronotus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296,
1923 (char.; range); Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 162, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos
Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Wetmore,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926— Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 169, 170, 1926— Argentina and Uruguay
(char.; range); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927 —
Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, and Rio Gastone, Tucuman; Marelli, El Hornero,
5, p. 194, 1933 — Fortin Chaco, Bahla Blanca, and Arroyo Parejas, Buenos
Aires; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 4, 1934 (char.; range); Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 20, p. 42, 1936— Rio das Almas, Goyaz; idem. I.e., 22, p. 127,
1938 — Para (Marajo), Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Rio Gongogy),
Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas), Rio de Janeiro (Sao
Joao da Barra), Sao Paulo (Barretos), and Matto Grosso (Aquidauana,
Sant'Anna do Paranahyba); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad.
Handl., (3), 23, p. 70, 1945— Bolivia (Reyes and Bresta, El Beni) (disc.
Parra chilensis Molina).

Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 491, 1929 — Miritiba, Maranhao (crit.); Naumburg, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930— Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss.
Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, pp. 59, 61, 1930 — Formosa (San
Jos6, Lapango) and Santa Fe (Est. Germania) (range; char.); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 713, 1932— Sant'Anna do Paranahyba and Aqui-
dauana, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 268,
1934 — Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 19, p. 78, 1935— Rio Gongogy, Bahia.

Belonopterus cayennensis intermedius Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 5, p. 203, Dec. 31, 1926— "Brazil" (type in Warsaw Museum).

34 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Belonopterus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina) Sztolcman, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926 — Fazenda Durski and Invernadinha,
Parana.

Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 —
Maimara, Jujuy (breeding).

Range. — Tableland of Brazil north to the Island of Marajo and
the south bank of the lower Amazon (Santar^m; Rio Tocantins);
Uruguay; Paraguay; eastern Bolivia; Argentina in the northwest,
south at least to Tucuman and in the pampa region to northern
Rio Negro (Valcheta).

Field Museum Collection. — 16: Brazil (Cidade do Barra, Rio
Sao Francisco, Bahia, 1; Conceicao, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria,
Matto Grosso, 6); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Uruguay
(San Vicente da Castillos, Rocha, 2; Garzon, Rocha, 1; Treinte-y-
Tres, 1); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 2).

Conover Collection. — 19: Brazil (District Monte Alegre, Para, 2;
Miritiba, Maranhao, 2; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 5); Paraguay
(Orloff, Chaco, 1; 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; Villa Rica, 1);
Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2;^ Santa Ana, Misiones, 2;
Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2).

*Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting).^ Chilean
Lapwing.

Vanellus occidentalis Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 451 — Chile,
Patagonia, and (?) Falkland Islands (type, from Chile, in British Museum
examined); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 437 — Elizabeth Island,
Magellan Straits; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 14 — Peckett Harbour, Magellan
Straits, and Talcaguano, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 335, 1886 —
"cote Peruvienne"; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 117, 1891 —
Isla de los Leones, Patagonia, and Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan.

1 These two specimens agree in color with birds from southern Brazil but have
the more extensively feathered tibia of occidentalis.

^Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting): Resembles B. c. lampronotus
by the presence of a distinct jugular band, which is frequently even broader and
more compact; but has a shorter crest, clear gray top and sides of head, abdominally
more extended black pectoral area, more extensively feathered tibia, and wider
black-and-white terminal tail-bands; wings and tail longer; tarsus shorter.

Birds from southwestern Argentina (Mendoza, Chubut) are perfectly identical
with a Chilean series. An adult male from La Picaza, western Neuquen (Oct. 28,
1907), is typical of the present form, while one from farther east (Neuquen City)
unquestionably pertains to lampronotus.

Brodkorb sought to separate the birds from southern Patagonia on account
of smaller size and shorter tarsus, but while admitting a tendency in that respect
among the inhabitants of the southern extremity of South America we believe
the difference too inconstant for the recognition of B. c. fretensis. It is rather
suggestive that the author, without any comment, refers a specimen from Tierra

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 35

Parra cayennensis (not of Gmelin) Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 242,
1828— Penco, Chile.

Charadrius cayanus (not of Latham) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-
Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl, 1, p. 106, 1834— Chile.

Philomachus cayanus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 — part,
Chile.

Vanellus cayennensis Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, 1841 — Col-
chagua, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 400,
1847— Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5,
p. 131, 1853 — Quillota and Santiago, Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3,
p. 215, 1853— Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 509— Valdivia, Chile;
Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 — interior of Chile;
Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, 'p. 313, 1860 — Santiago (nesting
habits); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abhandl, p. 639,
1860 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel,
p. 115, 1865— Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, p. 57, 1865— part,
spec. nos. 2-9, Chile (Santiago) and Falkland Islands (Abbott collection);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869,
p. 284— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Durnford, I.e., 1877, p. 42—
Chubut, Patagonia; idem. I.e., 1878, p. 402 — Chubut; C. Burmeister,
Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 — Fortin Villegas, Chubut;
Lataste, Act. Soc. Sei. Chile, 3, pp. cxv, cxvi, 1893 — Bureo (Chilian),
Nuble, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4,
pp. Ixxxviii, elxxii, 1894 — Peiiaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixii, 1895 — Maule, Chile; Johow, Est. Flora
Isl. Juan Fernandez, p. 238, 1896 — Mas A Tierra Island.

Philomachus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina) ^ Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— Chile.

Vanellus chiliensis Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 54, 1847 — Chile
(egg descr.).

Hoplopterus cayanus (errore) Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 — near Port Stanley,
Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46— Falkland
Islands (ex Abbott).

Vanellus cayanus Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 490 — Gregory Bay, Straits of
Magellan.

Vanellus chilensis Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877 — Cauquenes,
Colchagua, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 666, 1898— Ovalle,

del Fuego (Porvenir) to B. c. occidentalis, and regards certain small Chilean birds
as migrants from the south.

Measurements (wing and tarsus). — Ten from Central Chile (Valparaiso,
Santiago), 240-258, 65-76; one (adult male), from Coneepeion, 250, 66; six from
Temueo, Cautin, 240-250, 60-70. Three adults from Valley del Lago Blanco,
Chubut, 242-247, 63-65; one adult from Santa Cruz (Monte Leon), 240, 60.
Four from the Straits of Magellan, 238, 240, 242, 252, 60-64.

Forty specimens from the range of B. c. occidentalis examined.

1 Parra chilensis Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 258, 344, 1782) is a
hopeless mixture of B. c. occidentalis and Jacana s. jacana and should be rejected
(cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 367, 1932).

36 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Coquimbo; Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (range); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist.
Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile.

Vanellus cayennensis chilensis Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 218, 1887
(crit.; range).

Belonopterus chilensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889 —
Gregory Bay, Magellan Straits; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 165,
735, 1896 — Chile (Valparaiso, San Pedro, San Antonio, Talcaguano,
Santiago) and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island); Lane, Ibis, 1897,
p. 302 — San Pedro (Concepcion) and San Antonio (Valparaiso), Chile;
Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 116, 1907 — San Sebastian Settlement
and Useless Bay (breeding); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p.
250, 1909 — Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, and Carpinteria, San Juan;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 — part, Tierra
del Fuego and Patagonia; Barrow, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920 —
Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 444, 1922 — Coronel,
Chile (breeding habits); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927— San Rafael,
Mendoza; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 30, 1936 — Tierra del Fuego.

Vanellus grisescens Prazak, Orn. Monatsber., 4, p. 23, 1896 — northern Chile.'

Belanopterus chilensis Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
2, Orn., p. 279, 1910 — "Guer" Aike, Santa Cruz, and Lago Blanco, Chubut.

Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — San
Carlos, Mendoza; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 198, 1921 — Falkland Islands (ex
Abbott); Barrow, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of
Aconcagua, Chile; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 — La Rioja;
Bullock, I.e., p. 92, 1923— Chile (nest); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 27,
p. 146, 1923— Teno, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands
(Mar. 28, 1913; Mar. 10, 1924).

Belonopterus cayennensis molina Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41, p. Ill, Apr. 27,
1921 — new name loT B. chilensis auct. (not Parra chilensis Molina).

Belonopterus chilensis chilensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, pp. 295,
296, 1923— western Rio Negro (char.; range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 133, pp. 168, 169, 1926— Neuquen (Zapala), Mendoza (Tunuyan),
and Chile (Concon, Valparaiso) (char.; range); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926— Lago Moschitos, Cholila, Chubut; Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Mich., 293, p. 6, 1934 (char.; range).

Belonopterus cayennensis Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 —
Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; idem. I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 — San Bernardo,
Santiago; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 201, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile.

Belonopterus cayamensis (sic) Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31,

p. 113, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile.
Belonopterus cayennensis ocddentalis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran

Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 60, 1930 (char.; range); Hellmayr, Field Mus.

Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 367, 1932— Chile (Atacama to Straits of

1 The type cannot be traced and probably never existed. It is quite possible
that the description was purely imaginary, as the author proved to be of unsound
mind.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 37

Magellan); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, 1935— Islala Mocha

(resident).
Belonopterus chilensis fretensis Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,

293, p. 12, June 29, 1934— Cheaike, Rio Chico, Magallanes, Chile (type

in collection of Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan).
Belanopterus cavennensis (sic) occidentalis Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41,

p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 10, 1937 (egg).

Range. — Chile (from Atacama southward) and the Andean region
of Argentina from Mendoza south to Tierra del Fuego, and in the
plains of Patagonia north to the Chubut River ;^ accidental on the
Falkland Islands and on Mas A Tierra.

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Chile (Concepcion, Concepcion, 1;
Curacautin, Cautin, 1; Pucon, Cautin, 1); Argentina (Valle del Lago
Blanco, Chubut, 1; Tierra del Fuego, 1).

Conover Collection. — 11: Chile (Concepcion, 1; Petal, Cautin, 1;
Angol, Province Bio Bio, 3; Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 1; Quellon, Chilo^
Island, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, 1; Porvenir,
Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Tunuydn, IMendoza, 1; Tierra del Fuego,

Genus HOPLOXYPTERUS Bonaparte

Hoploxypterus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418, 1856 —
type, by monotypy, Charadrius cayanus Latham.

*Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham). Cayenne Plover.

Charadrius cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 749, 1790 — based on "Le Pluvier
arme de Cayenne" BuflFon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 102, and Daubenton, PI.
Enl., pi. 833, Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Unters. Th. Bras., 3, p. 358,
1856 — Sette Lagoas, Minas Geraes.

Charadrius stolatus Wagler, Syn. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, spec. 12, 1827 —
substitute name for Charadrius cayanus Latham.

Charadrius spinosus (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4,
(1), p. 764, 1832— eastern Brazil (Rio Belmonte, etc.).

Hoplopterus cayanus Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 24, 1847 — Paraguay
(ex Azara, No. 391); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 750, 1849— sand banks of the Takutu River; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem and Salvin,
I.e., 1866, p. 199— lower UcayaU, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1867, pp. 591, 979—
south bank of Amazon, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,

' For many years, the sole basis for including "Peru" in the range of this form
was a specimen in the Raimondi Collection said to be from the "cote Peruvienne."
More recently, however, Menegaux (Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. 320, 1910) has
recorded B. chilensis from Lopuna, Rio Tocache, Dept. Loreto, Peru, rather a
singular occurrence for a species of the Temperate Zone.

38 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 296, 1870— Sao Paulo (road to Taubate, Itarar6, Rio Parand), Goydz
(Goy4z), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Barra do Rio Negro [ = Man§.os],
Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 35—
Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 — lower Ucayali, Santa Cruz, and Pebas,
Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 — Roraima, British Guiana; Taczanowski,
Orn. Per., 3, p. 335, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 — Cachoeira and Corumba, Matto Grosso; Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 14, p. 29, 1907— Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz; idem. I.e., 15,
p. 101, 1908 — Fazenda EsperanQa, Goyaz.

Hoploxypterus cayanus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418,
1856; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 135, 732, 1896— British
Guiana (Roraima, Ourumee), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas, lower
Ucayali), and Brazil ("Omega," south side of Amazon; Corumba, Matto
Grosso; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Rio de Janeiro); Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 3, p. 428, 1899— Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Rio Daule (Balzar), Ecuador; Berlepsch
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902— Venezuela (Ciudad Bolivar,
Mato River, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco region); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 349, 1903 — "Aloor, Rio Ulua, Honduras"
and South America; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905 —
Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 102, 1906 —
Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 46, 1907—
Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape, Franca, Itapura) and Amazonia (Rio
Jurua); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 — Mexiana Island,
Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 — Cayenne; Snethlage,
Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 538, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, and Aruma-
theua, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 93, 223, 1910 — Bahia (Joazeiro, Sambaiba, Rio Sao
Francisco; Barra, Rio Grande), Piauhy (Parnagud), and Maranhao
(Miritiba), Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool, 17, p. 424, 1910— Calama, Rio
Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2,
pp. 97, 122, 1912 — Capim River and Mexiana, Brazil; Chrostowski,
Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912 — Vera Guarany,
Parana; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 — Misiones; Bertoni,
Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 83, 1914 — Rio Guama (Santa Maria de Sao Miguel, Ourem),
Rio Capim, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio
Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar), and Rio Maecuru, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci.
Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst. Arts Sci., 2, p. 370, 1916— Orinoco region;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 70, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 118, 1926 — Corredeira
de Ferro (Rio Ivahy), Parana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 191, 1926— Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12,
p. 491, 1929 — Piauhy (Deserto, Ibiapaba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia,
lower Tocantins), Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76,
1930 — Rio Sao Lourengo, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17,
(2), p. 801, 1932— Alto Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 241, 1934 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
86, p. 37, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 39

Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 6, 1937— Marajo, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 127, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Maranhao (Miritiba),
Goyaz (Pte. Ipe Arcado), and Sao Paulo (Iguape, Franca, Itapura, Rio
Parana, Presidente Epitacio) ; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 192,
1939 — Independencia and El Sombrero, Venezuela; Niceforo, Caldasia,
3, p. 373, 1945 — Colombia (Llanos del Meta; La Morelia, Caqueta);
Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl, (3), 22, p. 42, 1945—
Brazil (Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua and various Amazonian localities);
idem. I.e., (3), 23, p. 71, 1945— Bolivia (Victoria, El Desierto and La
Laguna, El Beni).

Vanellus cayanus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 62, 1865 —
Brazil (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 229, pi. [10], 1887 (crit.).

Hoplopterus spinosus Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 — Rio Capim, Para.

Range. — Eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin)
and the Guianas south through Amazonia to eastern Bolivia, northern
Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misiones), and southern Brazil
(Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo) ; also in western Ecuador (Babahoyo,
Rio Daule).!

Field Museum Collection. — 12: Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco,
Amazonas, 2; Serra Grande, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Boa Vista,
Amazonas, 3; Deserto, Piauhy, 1; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 5).

Conover Collection. — 11: Ecuador (Rio Bobonaza, 1); Brazil (Rio
Maycuru, Monte Alegre, Para, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Philadelphia,
Goyaz, 4; Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista,
1; Cerro del Amboro, 1).

Genus PTILOSCELYS Bonaparte

Ptiloscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 419, 1856 —
type, by monotypy, Charadrius resplendens Tschudi.

Ptiloscelis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 137, 1896 (emendation).

*Ptiloscelys resplendens (Tschudi). Andean Lapwing.

Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 — Andes
of Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn.,
p. 295, 1846 — puna zone of Peru and highlands of Ecuador (Riobamba,
Quito, Ibarra).

Vanellus ptiloscelis Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [541], pi. 145, 1847.

' The record of Hoplopterus cayanus from East Falkland Island (Abbott, Ibis,
1861, p. 155; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46) is no doubt due to con-
fusion with Belonoplerus cayennensis occidentalis (cf. Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198,
1921). Its reported occurrence on the "Aloor River, Honduras" (cf. Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 63, 1859) is likewise open to doubt. The specimen
cannot be found (cf. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 136 [note *], 1896).

40 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Vanellus resplendens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 — above
Punfn (near Riobamba), Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 82, 1860 — vicinity of
Quito, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 156 — Tinta, Dept. Cuzco,
Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 — Junin and Maraynioc, Junin, Peru;
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 356, 1876— Moho, Lake Titieaca;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 — Sitani and Saeaya, Tarapaea,
Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 336, 1886 — Peruvian localities;
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 228, 1887 (crit.; range); Philippi,
Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Cana, Antofagasta, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 108, 1889— La Paz, Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,
1891, p. 136— Tarapaea, Chile; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895— near
Cajamarca, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Tarapacd,
Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — Sayaea and Sitani, Tarapaea.

Ptiloscelis resplendens Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 137, 733, 1896 —
Ecuador ("Sarayacu"), Peru (Maraynioc, Tinta, Paucartambo), and Chile
(Sitani, Saeaya); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35,
1897— Cara-huassi, Salta; idem and Festa, I.e., 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900—
Malchingui, Chaupi, Vallevieioso, and Aloag, Ecuador; Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 — Ingapirca and
Maraynioc, Junin, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nae. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212,
1902 — La Cienaga, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 — Moreno,
Puna de Jujuy; Brueh, Rev. Mus. La Plata, U, p. 250, 1904— Santa
Catalina, Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 — Lara, Tucuman; Menegaux,
Bull. Soe. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909— Oruro (Huancani; vicinity of
Pazna; "Tamarape" [=Pomarape]) and Potosi, Bolivia; Hartert and
Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Lagunas Grandes and Las Cienagas,
Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910
(range in Argentina); Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 —
Huamachuco, Peru; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid.
Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911 — Narihuna, Ecuador; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis,
1, p. 258, 1913 (range in Argentina); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool.,
14, No. 25, p. 23, 1922 — Chaupicruz and Chillogalla (Antisana), Ecuador;
Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Rio Humahuaea and Sierras de
Zenta, Jujuy (breeding).

Ptiloscelys resplendens Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 262 — Paramo near Cajamarca,
Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921— Lucma, Uru-
bamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1921 — Antisana,
Pichincha, Mount Chimborazo, and Bestion, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 254, 1930— Huanueo Viejo, Peru;
Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 369, 1932 — Antofagasta and Tarapaea, Chile;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 242, 1934 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nae.
Santiago, 16, p. 52, 1938 — Vegas de Chaealluta, Tacna, Chile; Morrison,
Ibis, 1939, pp. 464, 646 — Huancaveliea and Lake Junin, Peru.

Range. — Puna and Temperate zones of Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia to northern Chile (south to Antofagasta) and northwestern
Argentina.

Field Museum Collection. — 27: Ecuador (unspecified, 1; Paramo
del Chimborazo, 2); Peru (Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 1; Leimebamba,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 41

Amazonas, 2; Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Junin, Junm, 2; Cailloma,
Arequipa, 2); Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1;
Tiraque, Cochabamba, 4; Colomi, Cochabamba, 8); Argentina
(unspecified, 1).

Conover Collection. — 23: Ecuador (Turubamba, 2; Romerillos,
Pichincha, 1; Cerro Cotopaxi, 1; Sambiza, Pichincha, 1; Cerro
Mojanda, Pichincha, 2); Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Puno,
Puno, 2; Chucuito, Puno, 1); BoHvia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2;
Tiraque, Cochabamba, 2; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1; Vacas, Cocha-
bamba, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 4; Sierra de Trenta,
Jujuy, 1).

Subfamily CHARADRHNAE. Plovers
Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvier

Squatarola Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 467, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816)— type by
tautonymy, Tringa squatarola Linnaeus.

*Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover.

Tringa squatarola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 — based on

Faun. Svec, No. 155, Sweden.
Tringa helvetica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 250, 1766 — based on

"Le Vanneau de Suisse" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 106, pi. 10, fig. 1, Switzerland

(type in Reaumur Collection).
Tringa varia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 — based on "Le

Vanneau varie" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 103, pi. 9, fig. 2, France (type in

Reaumur Collection).
Charadrius hypomelus Pallas, Reisen Russ. Reich., 3, p. 699, 1776 — "colit

paludes borealis orae" (new name for Tringa helvetica Linnaeus).
Charadrius naevius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 692, 1789 — based on Beseke,

Schrift. Berliner Naturf. Gesells., 7, p. 464, Courland.
Vanellus melanogaster Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl., 4, p. 356,

1809 — new name for Tringa helvetica Linnaeus; Holboell, Naturhist.

Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843 — Greenland (Nanortalik, Sept.; Amaralik, Aug.).
Charadrius hypomelanus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 138, 1811 — emenda-
tion of C. hypomelus Pallas.
Charadrius pardela Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 142, 1811 — new name

for Tringa varia Linnaeus.
Squatarola cinerea Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. Ill, 1828 — new name for

Tringa squatarola Linnaeus and Tringa helvetica Linnaeus.
Squatarola Jielvetica australis Reichenbach, Nov. Syn. Av., No. 5, p. 3, 1851 —

based on Squatarola helvetica Gould, Bds. Australia, 6, pi. 12, Australia.
Squatarola megarhynchos Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 284, 1855 — migrates from north-
eastern to southwestern Europe and Egypt (type, from Menzaleh Lake,

42 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Egypt, in Tring Collection now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 53, 1918).
Squatarola helvetica a wilsoni Bonaparte,' Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
46, p. 416, 1856 — based on Vanellus helveticus Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord.
ed., 7, p. 42, America.-

Squatarola rhynchomega Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 46, p. 416,
1856 — "Abyssinia" (type in Frankfurt Museum); Hartert, Kat. Vogels.
Mus. Senckenb. Ges., p. 217, 1891— "Australia(?)" (crit.).^

Squatarola helvetica Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 — Cajutuba, Para,
Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 Chimbote,
Ancachs, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 338, 1886— Chimbote; Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 182, 737, 1896 (monog.); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Santa Elena, Ecuador
(Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 350, 1903 —
North America, Mexico (Mazatlan; Valley of Mexico; San Mateo, Tehuan-
tepec; Merida, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), and South America;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 361, 1905 — Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo
(Jan. 6); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 47, 1907 — same locality.

Charodrius megalorhynchus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 11, 1877 — new
name for Squatarola rhynchomega Bonaparte and Squatarola megarhynchos
Brehm.

Charadrius squatarola Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 — Aruba (June 24); Winge,
Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 148, 1898 — Greenland (various records); Dwight,
Auk, 17, p. 383, 1900 (plumages); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902—
Aruba; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94,
1910 (1926)— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 19); idem. I.e., p. 224, 1923
(1926) — same locality.

Squatarola squatarola Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 187, 1899 —
Albemarle and Charles Islands, Galapagos; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
32, p. 248, 1905 — Barbados (Sept. 22), Carriacou, and Grenada, Lesser
Antilles; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana
(Nov. 2); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 197, 1909— Aruba;
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 — mouth of Matina River
(Nov. 14) and Lepanto (Mar. 16), Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 72, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p.
263— Callao, Peru (Jan. 10); Rowan, Condor, 25, p. 21, 1923— Alberta
(migration); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 192, 1926 — coast
of Manavi (Feb. 16), Chone (Dec. 14), JambeH (Nov. 27; July 15, 20),
and Santa Elena (Feb. 21), Ecuador; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 312, 1926—
Hooper Bay, Alaska (common breeder; weights); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 146, p. 154, 1929 (life hist.); Snyder, Auk, 47, p. 79, 1930 (sexual
difference in breeding plumage); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18,

1 Squatarola wilsoni Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. BeroL, jp. 95, 1854)
is a nomen nudum.

2 Cf. Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 103, 1825.

' The locality of the type appears to be in doubt. While Bonaparte, evidently
in error, ascribes it to "Abyssinia," Hartert tells us that the label bears the note
"Australia(?)."

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 43

p. 58, 1931 — Galapagos Islands; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64,
p. 130, 1932 — Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Condor, 36,
p. 27, 1934 (crit.; meas.; nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 243, 1934
(range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Panama
(winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 128, 1938— Bahia (Rio de Suape
and Corupeba, Feb.) and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Jan.); Steullet and
Deautier, Not. Mus. La Plata, 3, No. 7, p. 1, 1938— General Lavalle,
Buenos Aires (Apr. 5); Zotta, El Hornero, 7, p. 46, 1938 — General Lavalle,
Buenos Aires; Low, Ibis, 1938, p. 154 (crit.; meas.); Dickey and van
Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 170, 1938— Puerto del
Triunfo (Dec. 30, 31) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador;
Dementiev, Ibis, 1939, p. 352 (crit.; meas.); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 519, 1943—
Baffin Island (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63,> p. 227, 1946— northern Baffin
Island (breeding).

Squatarola squaiarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI.,
5, p. 23, Apr. 9, 1914 — Baillie Island, Mackenzie, Arctic America (type
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Brooks,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 377, 1915 — Arctic coast of Alaska (breed-
ing); Peters, I.e., 61, p. 404, 1917 — Monte Cristi, Hispaniola; Wetmore,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 356, 1927— Puerto Rico
(transient); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 176, 1930 (crit.);
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 153, 1931— Hispaniola;
Hellmaj^r, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 369, 1932— Caldera,
Atacama, Chile (Dec. 2); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 79, 1935—
Corupeba (Feb. 5, 6) and Ilha Madre de Deus (Feb. 2), Bahla, Brazil;
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 52, 1938 — mouth of Rio Maipo,
Santiago, Chile.

Squatarola squatarola squatarola Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 96,
1928 — Lower California (transient); Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6),
p. 9, 1935 — Carlshavn, northeastern Greenland (other Greenland records
listed).

Range. — Breeds in North America from the Bering Sea coast
(Hooper Bay) of Alaska north and east along the Arctic coast and
islands to BafRn and Southampton Islands, also on the Arctic tundra
of Europe and Asia; migrates south to winter quarters in Africa,
Madagascar, India, Australia, southern United States, West Indies,
and South America to the Galapagos Islands, Peru, Chile (Caldera,
Atacama; mouth of the Rio Maipo, Santiago), and Brazil (Para;
Piauhy; Bahia; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo); accidental in Greenland
(various records) and Argentina (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires;
April 5).i

Field Museum Collection. — 151: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Smith Bay, 2;
Chipp River, 1; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1); Arctic Canada

1 From the investigations of Peters (Condor, 36, pp. 27-29), Low (Ibis, 1938,
pp. 154-158), and Dementiev (Ibis, 1939, p. 352), it results that subdivision of
the Black-bellied Plover is impracticable, the measurements being too variable
individually, while the alleged color differences prove to be non-existent.

44 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Franklin Bay, 1); Manitoba (Sandy Bay, 1); Quebec (Magdalen
Islands, 22); Prince Edward Island (unspecified, 1); Nova Scotia
(Barrington, 1); Massachusetts (unspecified, 1; North Truro, 2;
Monomoy Island, 31); Connecticut, New Haven County (North
Haven, 1 ; New Haven, 1 ; West Haven, 2) ; New York (North Hamlin,
Monroe County, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2); Virginia (Cape Charles, 1);
North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 8; Pea Island, 7);
North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 2; Rock Lake, Towner
County, 2; Towner County, 2); Nebraska (Keith County, 1);
Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); Indiana (Miller,
2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Port Lavaca, 1); California (San
Francisco, 1; Monterey County, 1; Del Monte Forest, 1; Monterey,
1; Ventura County, 1; Redwood City, 1; Trinidad, 1; Eureka, 3;
San Clemente Island, 3; Sunset Beach, 2; Pacific Beach, 3; San
Diego County, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Hyperion, 2; Los Angeles County, 1;
Goleta, 1; La Patera Point, 1; Santa Barbara, 1); Florida (Amelia
Island, 2; Pilot Town, 1; Key West, 2); Mexico (Yucatan, 1); Costa
Rica (Piedra de Blanca, 1; Point Jiminez, 1); Virgin Islands (St.
Croix, 1; Virgin Gorda, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1); Dutch
West Indies (Aruba, 4); Chile (Atacama, 1).

Conover Collection. — 30: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8;
Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 2); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield,
3); Ontario (Rossport, Thunder Bay, 1); Nebraska (Lincoln, 1);
Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1); Indiana (Miller, 2); California
(Point Magie, Ventura County, 5; Moss Landing, Monterey County,
1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); British Guiana
(Buxton, Demerara, 1).

Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson

Pluvialis Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46; 5, p. 42, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Pluvialis
aurea" Brisson= Char adrius pluvialis hinnaeus=Charadrius apricarius
Linnaeus.

Pluvialis apricaria^ altifrons (Brehm).^ Northern Golden
Plover.

1 We fully concur with Witherby and Jourdain (Ibis, 1933, pp. 349-351) that
Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758) refers to
the southern form of the Golden Plover subsequently named C. a. oreophilos by
Meinertzhagen (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 42, p. 6, 1921). Linnaeus' account of No. 156
in the Fauna Svecica, the principal source of C. apricarius, was clearly based on
the Oeland bird described at length s.n. "Alwargrim" in Olanska Resa, p. 72,
1741, and not on Rudbeck's picture, as claimed by Lonnberg (Ibis, 1931, p. 306).

2 Pluvialis apricaria altifrons (Brehm) differs from the nominate race by
having the under parts solidly black, not marbled with white.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 45

Charadrius altifrons Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 542, 1831 —
Faroes "and other northwestern islands, visiting Riigen in late summer"
(type, from Faroe, July, 1828, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
25, p. 52, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York).

Charadrius apricarius (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.
Foren., 1874, p. 181 — Sakak, Greenland (one specimen in summer
plumage); idem. I.e., 1881, p. 184 — Nanortalik and Sakak, Greenland;
Chamberlain, Auk, 6, p. 217, 1889 — southern Greenland (ex Hagerup).

Charadrius pluvialis typicus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, pp. 148, 150,
1898 — Greenland (various records; meas.).

Pluvialis apricarius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 80, 1919 (in
part; monog.; full bibliog.).

Pluvialis apricaria altifrons Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 171, 1929 —
Greenland (life hist.).

Pluvialis apricaria apricaria Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 244, 1934 (range).

Pluvialis apricarius apricarius Tcherniakofsky, Oiseau, Paris, 1939, p. 343 —
Scoresby Sound, Greenland.

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes, northern Scandinavia
(south to Jemtland, Sweden, and Trondhjem, Norway), and east
through northern Europe and Asia to the Yenessei; winters chiefly
in the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; casual in Green-
land.

*Pluvialis dominica dominica (P. L. S. Miiller). American
Golden Plover.

Charadrius dominicus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 116, 1776 —
based on "Le Pluvier dore, de Saint-Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 48,
pi. 6, fig. 1, Saint Domingue=Hispaniola; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska,
3, p. 123, 1887 — upper Yukon, Point Barrow and Bering Sea coast, Alaska;
Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 227, 1889— West Indies; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia (August); Aplin, Ibis, 1894,
p. 206— Uruguay (visitor); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 195,
738, 1896 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 — Aguairenda and San Francisco, Tarija,
Bolivia (Nov.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 429, 1899— Sao Paulo,
Brazil; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 383, 1900 (plumages); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p.
235 — Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 21); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
8, p. 212, 1902— Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446—
Moreno, Jujuy (Dec. 1); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
3, p. 352, 1903 — Mexico (Jalapa, Huertas de San Javier, Puebla, Nativitas,
Tlaxcala), Guatemala (Duehas), Costa Rica (San Jose), etc.; Riley, Smiths.
Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— Barbuda (Sept. 2); Clark, Auk, 22, p. 134,
1905 (theory of migratory route); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 248,
1905 — Barbados, Grenada, and Grenadines (transient); Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 125, 131, 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata
(Nov. 13), and Puno (March 27), Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,

46 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 47, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Itapura, Ipiranga); Berlepsch, Nov.
Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 (not yet recorded from French Guiana); Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 — Caribbean beach of Costa Rica
(winter visitor); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216,
1910 — Tucuman and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 464 — Tuyu
(Dec. 2), Los Yngleses (Dec. 17), and Cape San Antonio (Dec. 17),
Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914— Marajo (Ilhe dos Machados)
and Amapa, Para, Brazil; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 57 — Cape San Antonio,
Buenos Aires (Sept. to March).

Charadrius virginicus Bechstein, Allg. Ubers. Vogel, 3, (1), p. 173, pi. 84b,
1796 — Virginia and Louisiana; idem, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 455,
1812— same localities; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 761, 1833—
eastern Brazil; Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. -Carol. Nat. Cur.,
16, Suppl., 1, p. 106, pi. 18, 1834— South America; Sclater and Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, p. 227 — Duenas, Guatemala; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 394,
1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567—
eastern Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin,
I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598
— Cosnipata, Cuzco; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1869 — central
provinces of Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870,
p. 34 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 309— Nauta, Peru; Taczanov/ski, I.e., 1874, p. 559—
Chorillos, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 254, 1874 — Blumenau,
Santa Catharina; Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 332, 1875— Cuba (Sept. to April);
Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 197— Buenos Aires (Feb., Mar.); Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 26, p. 189, 1878 — Areeibo, Puerto Rico (Nov.); Lawrence,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 67, 197, 238, 241, 276, 1878— Dominica, St.
Vincent, Antigua, Barbuda, and Grenada; idem. I.e., 1, p. 461, 1879 —
Guadeloupe; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 —
Medellin, Colombia; White, I.e., 1882, p. 628 — Punta Lara, Buenos
Aires (Feb. 22); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 — Bahia Blanca and Sierra
de la Ventana, Buenos Aires (Feb. 8 to Mar. 19); Taezanowski, Orn. Per.,
3, p. 340, 1886— Peruvian localities; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178— British
Guiana; Withington, I.e., 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires
(Feb.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile.

Charadrius pedoralis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27, p. 145,
1818 — based on "Mbatuitui pecho listado" Azara, No. 389, Paraguay and
Rio de la Plata.

Charadrius marmoratus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 42, 1827 —
based on Azara, Nos. 389 and 390, and specimens from Brazil and Guiana
in the Munich Museum; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool.,
1, p. 403, 1847— Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat, 28, p. 51, 1924—
Isla la Mocha, Araueo, Chile.

Charadrius virginiacus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 45, 1838 — based on
Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 300, America generally; Jardine, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (Sept.).

Charadrius virgininus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 126, 1841 — banks of the
Rio de la Plata.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 47

Charadrius virginianus (not of Jardine and Selby) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.

Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849— estuary of rivers; Burmeister, Syst.

Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 357, 1856 — Santa Catharina, Brazil; idem, Journ.

Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St.,

2, p. 501, 1861— same localities; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,

p, 587 — "Trinidad" (crit.); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba,

5, p. 86, 1884— Tandil, Buenos Aires.
Charadrius virginianicus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 296, 1846 —

coast region and east slope of Cordillera, Peru.
Charadrius pluvialis (not of Linnaeus) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 239,

1848— coast of Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870— Sao Paulo

(Ypanema; Sept., Oct.), Parana (Curytiba, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba,

Jan.; Villa Maria, Sept.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.), and Amazonia (Barra

do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Sept.), Brazil.
Charadrius pluvialis americanus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun.

Japon., Aves, Part 9, p. 106, 1849— North America (type, not specified,

probably in Leyden Museum).
Pluvialis fulvus americanus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 53,
1865 — North America, Labrador, Surinam, Mexico, and Venezuela (crit.).
Charadrius fulvus americanus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 100, 1887

(crit.).
Charadrius pluvialis var. fulvus virginicus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, pp.

148, 150, 1898— Greenland (meas.).
Charadrius dominicus dominions Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251,
1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Oct., Nov.); Hellmayr, I.e., 17,
p. 425, 1910— Sao Isabel (Rio Preto), Rio Machados, Brazil (Oct. 6);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917— Buena Vista,
Naririo (Sept. 27), and Call, Cauca (Dec. 22), Colombia; Rowan, Condor,
25, p. 21, 1923— Alberta (migration); Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 20, 1932—
Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting).
Pluvialis dominicus dominicus Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 377,
1915 — Collinson Point and Demarcation Point, Alaska, to Herschel Island
(breeding); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 83, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 115, 1920 (winter range in
Argentina and adjacent countries); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 166, 1926— Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 6-25), Buenos
Aires Province (Oct. to Dec), Uruguay (Jan., Feb.), Tucuman (Apr. 5),
and Mendoza (Tunuyan, Mar. 23); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Islands, 9, p. 355, 1927— Puerto Rico and St. Croix (fall); Friedmann,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927— Bovril Island, Santa Fe (Jan.
19); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 59, 1930 —
Formosa (Tacaagle, Nov. 14) and Bolivia (Las Taperas, Santa Cruz,
Oct. 16); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 153, 1931—
Hispaniola; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932— Duefias,
Guatemala (Apr.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 369,
1932— Chile (central provinces, Arauco); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20,
p. 43, 1936— Jaragua, Goyaz (Nov, 7); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.

48 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Paris, (2), 9, p. 355, 1937— Andoas, Rio Pastaza, Ecuador (Oct. 15);
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938 — Vegas de Chacalluta,
Tacna, Chile (April); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 646 — Lake Junin, Peru
(Mar. 7).

Pluvialis dominicus Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — San Jose and
Montevideo, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., p. 62, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires
(Sept., Dec, Feb.); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena,
Entre Rfos; Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1923— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Young,
Ibis, 1928, p. 768— Blairmont, British Guiana.

Pluvialis dominica dominica Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 — Alaska (disc.;
ranges); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 175, 1929 (life hist.); Urner,
Auk, 50, p. 420, 1933 (calls); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 245, 1934 (range);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 287— Trinidad and Tobago; Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 128, 1938— Sao Paulo (Iguape, Dec; Itapura,
Oct.; Ypiranga, Dec; Sao Carlos), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy, Feb.),
and Goyaz (Jaragua, Sept.; Inhiimas, Nov.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p.
464 — Santa Inez, Huancavelica, Peru (Nov. 10); Porsild, Canad. Field
Nat., 57, p. 27, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (prob. breeding); Conover, Auk,
62, p. 569, 1945 — Alaska (breeding range; dist. chars.); Borrero, Caldasia,
3, (14), p. 413, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota, Colombia.

Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 — part, Alaska,
Bering Sea (Askinuk Range, 1 adult, 2 young; Hooper Bay, 1 adult);
Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 27, 1934 — Nunivak Island, part
(4 adults, 1 immature, 2 young); Dixon, Bds., Mammals Mt. McKinley
Nat. Park, p. 66, 1938 (breeding; specimens examined by junior author).

Range. — Breeds from the coast of western Alaska, including the
closely adjacent islands in Bering Sea (Nelson and Nunivak Islands)
and suitable localities in the interior (above timber line), south to
the Alaska Peninsula, east along the Arctic coast to the Melville
Peninsula, north to Melville and North Devon Islands and south to
Churchill on the west side of Hudson Bay; migrates south through
the interior (mostly birds of the year) and from Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, etc., over the Bermuda Islands and the West Indies
to winter quarters in Chile (sparingly), Bolivia, Argentina (south
to provinces of Mendoza and Buenos Aires), Uruguay, and southern
Brazil; casual in Greenland (Jacobshavn, Godthaab, etc.); occasional
in British Isles. In spring migrates north mostly through the interior
of North America.^

Field Museum Collection. — 88: Alaska (Barrow, 7; Collinson
Point, 1; Nome, 2); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1); Alberta
(Beaverhill Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Quebec (Magdalen

^Additional material examined. — Alaska: Barrow, 62; Wainwright, 50; Cape
Lisburne, 2; Tigara, Point Hope, 3; Kotzebue Sound, 4; Port Clarence, 2; Nome, 2;
Golovin Bay, 1; St. Michaels, 7; Nelson Island, 1; Nunivak Island, 7; Mount
McKinley, 2; Rampart House, 1; Fairbanks, 1.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 49

Islands, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 19; Nelson County, 1);
Iowa (Burlington, 1); Minnesota (Wilder, 1; Heron Lake, 1); Illinois
(Chicago, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy
Island, 13); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (West
Haven, 27); California (Eureka, 2; La Patera Point, 1); Colorado
(New Castle, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Colombia (Magdalena,
1); Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1); Argentina (Cara-
guatay, Misiones, 1).

Conover Collection. — 53: Alaska (Barrow, 7; Chipp River, Barrow,
11; Cape Simpson, Barrow, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1; Igiak Bay,
Bering Sea, 3);^ Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Alberta (Tofield,
7); Manitoba (Churchill, 6); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); Massachusetts
(East Orleans, 8); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Brazil (Jagua-
riahyva, Parana, 1); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 1); Bolivia (Vacas,
Cochabamba, 1).

*Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin).^ Pacific Golden Plover.

Charadrius fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 687, 1789 — based on "Fulvous
Plover" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 211, 1785, Otaheite Island.

Charadrius taitensis Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 321, 1828 — substitute name
for Charadrius fulvus Gmelin.

Charadrius xanthocheilus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 36,
1827 — based on Charadrius fulvus var. /3. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2),
p. 687, 1789 (type in Museum Leverianum).

Charadrius glaucopus (Forster MS.) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 649 — substitute
name for Charadrius fulvus "Latham" ( = Gmelin).

Charadrius virginianus Jardine and Selby, lllust. Orn., 2, (6), pi. 85, Aug.,
1830 — India, East Indian Islands and New Holland.

' Two half grown young and the male parent, wing 181 mm. Adult is partially
in winter dress and neither it nor the young have any of the yellow wash on the
under parts found in fulva.

^ Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin): In breeding plumage the only reliable
character is its smaller size, wings of males running 162-177, females 160-176 mm.,
as against 171-192 and 174-195, respectively, in P. d. dominica. Immatures and
winter adults have the dorsal surface yellower, more golden, less lemonish, and the
under parts much yellower and lighter throughout, especially on the belly and
vent, whereas P. d. dominica has the abdomen pale dusky brown like the ground
color of the foreneck and chest. Downies of the Pacific form have the upper
parts much more profusely spotted with yellow, and are more golden (less greenish)
in tone. There is also a very distinct yellow wash covering the broad white
collar on the hindneck, the sides of the face, neck and chest, all of which color is
entirely lacking in the American race.

Additional material examined. — Alaska: Barrow, 4; Wainwright, 5; Kotzebue
Sound, 1; Wales, 14; Port Clarence, 1; Kruzgamepa, 2; Port Townsend, 1; St.
Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 36; Port Safety, 2; St. Michaels, 22; Igiak Bay, 1;
Hooper Bay, 1; Nelson Island, 2; Nunivak Island, 15; Nushagak, 1.

50 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Charadrius pluvialis orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun.
Japon., Aves, (9), p. 104, pi. 62, 1849 — Japan (type in Leyden Mu-
seum), i

Charadrius dominicus fulvus Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 125, 1887 —
islands and coast of Bering Sea, Alaska (dist. chars, of immatures);
Henshaw, Auk, 27, p. 245, 1910 (migration, Alaska to Hawaii); Haviland,
Ibis, 1915, p. 716 (descr. downy); Brooks, Condor, 22, p. 31, 1920— Comax,
Vancouver Island; Rowan, Brit. Bds., 20, p. 39, 1926~Tofield, Alberta;
Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 29, 1941 — Angmagssalik,
eastern Greenland (immature, wing 163 mm.).

Charadrius dominicus (not of Miiller) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24,
pp. 195, 738, 1896 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.).

Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 88,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brooks, Condor, 23, p. 153, 1921— Masset,
Queen Charlotte Islands; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 — part. Hooper
Bay (migration), Askinuk Range (male with eggs); Swarth, Pac. Coast
Avifauna, 22, p. 27, 1934 — Nunivak Island, part (7 adults, 8 im-
matures).

Pluvialis dominica fulva Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 — Wainwright and
Wales, Alaska; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 193, 1929 (life hist.);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 244, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Condor, 38, p.
217, 1936— Clallam Bay, Washington (Oct. 28, 1921); Grinnell, I.e., 38, p.
219, 1936— Bay Farm Island, Alameda County, California (Jan. 15, 1922);
Brooks, I.e., 39, p. 176, 1937— Queen Charlotte Islands (list of Pacific
coast and interior records); Miller, I.e., 46, p. 130, 1944 — Humboldt
County, California (plumages); Conover, Auk, 62, p. 570, 1945 — Alaska
(breeding range; dist. chars.).

Range. — Breeds in northern Siberia from the Yalmal Peninsula
and the Yenessei River (overlapping the range of P. a. apricaria)
east to western Alaska on the shores of (?)Kotzebue Sound and
Bering Sea (overlapping the range of P. d. dominica); winters in
India, southern China, Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Archipelago,
Oceania, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands; casual in British
Columbia (Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands), Alberta
(Tofield), Washington (Clallam Bay, Oct. 28, 1921) and California
(Bay Farm Island, Jan. 15, 1922).

Field Museum Collection. — 19: Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, 2;
Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 10; Bethel, 3).

Conover Collection. — 7: Alaska (Point Barrow, 1;- Nome, 2;
Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 3; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 1).

1 Cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 51, 1865 (spec. no. 5, of
Pluvialis fulvus, Japan).

2 An adult male with large brood patches, taken June 22 (wing 162 mm.).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 51

Genus CHARADRIUSi Linnaeus-

Charadrius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — type, by tauto-
nymy, "Charadrios s. Hiaticula" A\dTovand\=Charadrius hiaticula
Linnaeus.

Aegialitis Boie, Isis, 1822, col. 558 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen.
Subgen. Bds., p. Ill, 1855), Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus.

Aegialites Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 978 (emendation).

Hiaticula "Moehring" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 65, 1840 — type, by
orig. desig., Hiaticula annulata G. R. Gray = Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus.

Aegialeus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by
orig. desig., Charadrius semipalviatus "Aud." (= Bonaparte).

Oxyechus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by
orig. desig., Charadrius vodferus Linnaeus.

Ochthodromus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type,
by orig. desig., Charadrius wilsonia Ord.

Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 —
type, by tautonymy, Charadrius pyrrhothorax "Temminck" Gould=
Charadrius cirrhepidesmos 'Wagler=Charadrius atrifrons Wagler.

Leucopolius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 —
type, by tautonymy, Charadrius niveifrons CuvieT= Charadrius leucopolius
Wag\eT=Charadrius marginatus Vieillot.

Aegialophilus Gould, Handb. Bds. Austr., 2, p. 234, 1865 — type, by orig.
desig., Ae. cantianus of Europe, i.e. Charadrius cantianus Latham=
Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus.

Pagolla Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, p. 83, 1913 — substitute name for Ochtho-
dromus Bonaparte, on account of an earlier Ochthedromus Le Conte, 1848
(Col.).

Pernettyva Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, p. 114, May 2, 1913 — type, by orig.
desig., Charadrius falklandicus Latham.

*Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Linnaeus. Ringed Plover.

Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — principally
based on Faun. Svec, No. 159, Sweden; Reinhardt, Naturhist. Tidskr.,
4, p. 406, 1843— Godthaab, Greenland (May); Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 167—
Port Kennedy, Greenland (June); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,

1 We are not sure that Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin deserves a place
in the American fauna. As pointed out by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
38, p. 318, 1932), the origin of the type specimen of Aegialitis microrhynchus
(Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874), alleged to have been taken at San
Francisco, California, is altogether obscure and it appears more than doubtful
that the bird was shot on American soil. Schalow's record (Journ. Orn., 39,
p. 259, 1891) of "C. alexandrinus," which, according to Brandt's manuscript,
was sent by Billing from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Pallas, has been referred to
the Little Ringed Plover, but in the absence of specimens it cannot be identified
with any degree of certainty.

"^Charadrius flavirostris Wied (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 772, 1833),
described from memory, is unidentifiable.

52 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(8), p. 120, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 229, 1929 (life

hist.).
Aegialitis septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 548, 1831 —

"Iceland and Germany" (reputed type, from Kiel, Germany, in Tring

Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York;

cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 52, 1918).
Hiaticula annulata Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 65, 1840 — new name lov Charadrius

hiaticula Linnaeus.
Aegialitis hiaticula Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 83, 1879 — Cumber-
land Sound, Baffin Island (common and nesting with A. semipalmatus);

Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 491— Chancery Lane, Barbados (Sept. 10, 1888);

Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 152, 1898— Greenland (crit.); Clark, Proc.

Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden).
Aegialitis hiaticola Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 256, 1896 (monog.).
Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Soper, Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada, No. 53, p. 103,

1928— Ponds Inlet, Baffin Island; Bray, Auk, 60, p. 518, 1943— Arctic

Bay.
Charadrius hiaticula psammodroma Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 78, p. 71, 1930 —

Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, and Cumberland Sound (no type designated);

L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 51, 1932— Greenland (meas.);

Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 247, 1934 (range).

Charadrius hiaticula septentrionalis Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 141 — Green-
land (crit.; char.; meas.).

Range. — Breeds in the region about Cumberland Sound, Baffin
Island, Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes; also in Europe from the
British Isles, Sweden, and the Baltic states south to the Mediter-
ranean; accidental in Barbados (Chancery Lane, Sept. 10, 1888).^

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Greenland (Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson
Land, 5).

Conover Collection. — 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1).

*Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte. Semipalmated
Plover.

Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, (1),
p. 98, Aug., 1825 — based on Tringa hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula
Linnaeus) Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., Ord repr., 7, p. 65, 1824, coast

1 There is no evidence whatever that the Ringed Plover ever occurred in Chile
(cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 377, note, 1932). The
specimens stated to have been collected by Kittlitz on the island of Sitka, Alaska
(cf. Schalow, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 259, 1891), are more likely to be C. h. tundrae
Lowe, but, if still extant, they should be critically examined before that form is
admitted to the American fauna.

Birds from Cumberland Sound east to the Faroes were separated by Salo-
monsen on account of averagingly smaller size as C. h. psammodroma, but this
disputable race has recently been dropped by the author himself (in Jensen,
Zool. Faroes, p. 71, 1935) as not worthy of recognition, a conclusion in which

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 53

of New Jersey (type in collection of I. R. Peale, now in Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
59, p. 133, 1915, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 176, 1930); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
No. 29, Cursores, p. 30, 1865 — Labrador and Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 297, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Feb.; Restinga, March),
Parana (Paranagua, Dec), and Para (Praia de Cajutuba, April 18),
Brazil; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 123, 1887 (monog.); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 116, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, p. 263— Trujillo, Peru (Sept., Dec); Dabbene, El Hornero,
2, p. 124, 1920 — Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz; Moreno, Jujuy);
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 — Buritaca,
Cienaga, Gaira, and Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept., Oct.,
Jan.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N, H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Ecuador
(Esmeraldas, coast of Manavi, Chone, Bahia de Caraguas, Santa Elena;
Dec. to Feb.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926— Point Dall, Bering Sea,
Alaska (nesting); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
9, p. 351, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Anegada; Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool, 32, p. 97, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 146, p. 217, 1929 (life hist.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 4, p. 312,
1929 — Quequen, Province of Buenos Aires (Jan. 24, 1928); Wetmore and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 147, 1931— Hispaniola (winter
visitor); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 — Cienaga
Grande, Magdalena, Colombia (Oct. 13); Swarth, Occ Pap. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 18, p. 58, 1931 — Galapagos and Cocos Island; Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 377, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue);
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 — Chiapam, Guatemala;
idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935— Panama (winter);
Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 27, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding);
Bray, Auk, 60, p. 518, 1943 — Melville Peninsula (breeding); Kelly,
Condor, 46, p. 243, 1944 — San Francisco (wintering).

Charadrius brevirostris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 769, 1833 —
coast of eastern Brazil (type lost; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
2, p. 271, 1889) ;i Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 296, 1846—
littoral of Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 750, 1849 — coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 359, 1856— coast of Brazil.

Aegialeus semipalmatus(a) Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39,
1857— Cayenne; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359,
1866 — Cuba (rare visitor); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 335, 1875— Cuba;
idem, I.e., 26, p. 189, 1878 — near Mayaguez and Arecibo, Puerto Rico;
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 250, 743, 1896 (monog.); Robinson,
Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island, Venezuela
(July 7); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 665, 1898— Punta Teatina,

we heartily agree. The figures given by L0ppenthin (Medd. Gronl., 91, No. 6, p.
52, 1932) seem to support this view. C. G. Bird (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 55, p. 80,
1934) and Low (I.e., 59, p. 49, 1939), however, are inclined to maintain it.

' A cotype in immature plumage — no doubt the young male bird described
by Wied — is in the Leyden Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, p. 30,
1865).

54 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Coquimbo, and Calbuco, Llanquihue, Chile; Salvin and Godman, BioL
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 357, 1903 — Mexican and Central American
localities; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 — Cubatao, coast of
Sao Paulo, Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146,
1905 — San Miguel Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 — (?) Moreno, Puna de Jujuy (sight
record ex Lonnberg); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 — Santa
Anna, Marajo, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223,
1917— Tumaco, Colombia (July 28).

Aegialitis hiaticula var. semipalmatus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 109, 1874
(crit.).

Aegialitis semipalmata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 —
Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 83, 1879—
Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island (nesting with A. hiaticula);^ Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.) and
Coquimbo Lagoon, Chile (Nov.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 345,
1886— Peru; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 491— Barbados (Aug. to Nov.);
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — Ancon,
Peru (Jan. 29); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 446, 453— (?)Moreno, Jujuy
(sight record), and San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia (Feb.); Clark, Proc. Best.
Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905— Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenada (Aug.
to Nov.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad; Lowe,
Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (Jan. 9); Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 19, 31);
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910 — Herradura de Puntarenas
and Coronado de Terraba, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull, Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 — delta region of the Orinoco, Venezuela (Oct. to
April).

Aegialitis hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus) Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 (1926)— Miritiba, Maran-
hao, Brazil; idem, I.e., p. 225, 1923 (1926)— Miritiba.^

Charadrius hiaticula tundrae (not Aegialitis hiaticula tundrae Lowe) Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929— Miritiba (ex Reiser);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 129, 1938— Miritiba (ex Reiser).^

Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 78, p. 72, 1930
(crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 247, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull.
Mus. Com.p. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934— Guaymas, Sonora; Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288— Trinidad (winter visitor); Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 129, 1938— Bahia (Ilha Madre Deus) and Sao Paulo (Casquei-

1 If Kumlien's observations are correct, semipalmatus would not appear to
be conspecific with hiaticula. — B. C.

2 This specimen, a molting female taken by the late F. Schwanda on October
11, 1907, was found by the senior author and Dr. Carmichael Low, on comparison
with the material in the British Museum, to be a perfectly normal specimen of
the Semipalmated Plover. In size (wing, 119) it agrees particularly well with a
female from Chatham Island, Galapagos (Oct. 19, 1897; Brit. Mus. Reg. 99.9.1.575).
Its feet are damaged, the webs between the toes having disappeared through moth-
eating, and this no doubt accounts for Hartert's erroneous identification as C. h.
tundrae.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 55

rinho, Piassaguera) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 23, p. 168, 1938 — Lake Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, and Barra
de Santiago, El Salvador (Sept., Dec, April); Peters and Burleigh, Auk,
62, p. 564, 1945— Newfoundland (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 226, 1946—
Baffin Island (common breeder).

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic Coast of North America from
Bering Sea to southern Baffin Island, south to the Queen Charlotte
Islands, northern British Columbia, James Bay, north shore of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfound-
land; winters from central California, the Gulf coast, and South
Carolina to Chile (Coquimbo; near Puerto Montt), Bolivia (San
Luis, Tarija), and Argentina (?Moreno; Jujuy; Quequ^n, Pro\'ince
of Buenos Aires; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz); Cocos Island and
Galapagos Archipelago.

Field Museum Collection. — 190: Alaska (Seward, 1; Bethel, 3);
Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 2; Caribou Crossing, 1; Lake Marsh,
1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 1); Labrador
(Port Manvers, 10; Indian Harbor, 9; Curlew Bay, 1; Bowdoin
Harbor, 1); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 1; Seabright, 1; Clark's
Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 15); North Dakota (Stump
Lake, 5); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Chicago, 2; Worth, 2); Indiana
(Liverpool, 1; Miller, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 39);
Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; New Haven, 1; East Haven, 1;
East Hartford, 3); New York (Shinnecock Bay, 1); Virginia (Busk
Roc Beach, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 9; Bodie
Island, 7); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 4); California (Trinidad,
3; Carmel, 5; Monterey, 7; Moss Landing, 1; Westport, 2; Los
Angeles County, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2); Florida (Nassau
County, 2; Amelia Island, 4; Banana River, 1; Anclote, 3); Bahama
Islands (Eleuthera, 3; Great Inagua, 4; Abaco, 1; Andros, 2);
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Anegada,
1; Guadeloupe, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 5); Jamaica (Grand
Cayman, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); El Salvador
(Puerto del Triunfo, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, 6); Venezuela
(Colon, 1).

Conover Collection. — 21: Alaska (Alaktak River, near Barrow, 1;
Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 4); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2);
Indiana (Wolf Lake, 2); California (Moss Landing, Monterey
County, 1); Florida (Banana Creek, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra,
Guanacaste, 5); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva
Sur, Province de los Rios, 2; Rio San Antonio, 2).

56 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Charadrius melodus Ord. Piping Plover.

Charadrius melodus Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., Ord repr., 7, p. 71, 1824 —
based on Charadrius hiaticula var. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 30, pi. 37,
fig. 3, 1812, Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey (type apparently lost);
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 29, 1865 (crit.); Seebohm,
Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 121, 1887 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 128, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv.
Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 350, 1927— Puerto Rico; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 236, 1929 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 146, 1931 — Tercero Island, Seven Brothers group,
Hispaniola (Jan. 31); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 248, 1934 (range); Peters
and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945 — Little Codroy River, Newfoundland
(nesting).

Charadrius okenii Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 24, 1827 —
based on Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 30, pi. 37, fig. 3, 1812.

Aegialeus melodus Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Hist.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359,
1866— Cuba (on passage); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 336, 1875— Cuba
(April); idem. I.e., 25, p. 189, 1878— Puerto Rico.

Aegialitis melodus var. circumcinctus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109,
Feb., 1874 — Loup Fork of the Platte, Nebraska (type in United States
National Museum).

Charadrius melodus circumcinctus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 122,
1887— Missouri basin (crit.); Pickwell, Auk, 42, p. 326, pi. 16, 1925—
Lincoln, Nebraska; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28,
p. 215, 1938 (char.; range); Moser, Nebraska Bd. Review, 10, p. 31, 1942
(race reinstated); Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
20, p. 367, 1944 (good race).

Aegialitis melodus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 292, 1896 (monog.).

Range. — Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,
southern Ontario, southern Quebec, the Magdalen Islands, and
Newfoundland south to central Nebraska, the south end of Lake
Michigan, the south shore of Lake Erie, and on the Atlantic coast
to North Carolina; winters chiefly on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
from South Carolina to Texas, northern Mexico, and the Bahama
Islands; occasional during migration in Bermuda Islands, Cuba,
Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.

Field Museum Collection. — 90: Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5;
Quill Lake, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4; Grosse Island, 4;
Grindstone, 1); Nova Scotia (Sea Isle, 1; Barrington, 1; Clark's
Harbor, 4); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 11;
Pelican Point, Ramsey County, 1; Rock Island, Ramsey County, 1;
Minnewaukan, Benson County, 2); Minnesota (Marshall County,
2); Illinois (Waukegan, 2); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 6);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 18; Chatham, 1); North Carolina,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 57

Dare County (Pea Island, 9; Bodie Island, 7); South Carolina
(Charleston, 1); Texas (Port Lavaca, 2; Aransas County, 2); Florida
(West Jupiter, 1; Grove City, 1; Amelia Island, 1); Bahama Islands
(Andros, 1).

Conover Collection. — 11: Massachusetts (East Orleans, 2; Mono-
moy, 1; Muskeget Island, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 4); Indiana
(Miller, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 1).

*Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus (Cassin). Snowy Plover.

Aegialitis nivosa(us) Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, pp.
xlvi, 696, 1858 — Presidio, San Francisco County, California (type formerly
in United States National Museum, present whereabouts unknown; cf.
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. ZooL, 38, p. 271, 1932); Lawrence, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; Goss,
Auk, 3, p. 409, 1888 — salt plains of Cimarron River, Oklahoma, and
Comanche County, Kansas (breeding); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(2), 2, p. 274, 1889 — Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; Sharpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 290, 748, 1896— part, spec, a-1', Texas
(Corpus Christi), California (Santa Cruz, Monterey, Santa Barbara, San
Diego, San Francisco, San Jacinto) and Lower California (San Jose del
Cabo); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 41, p. 72, 1902— Island of San
Jose and San Jose del Cabo, Lower California; Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 — part, Kansas, Gulf states (except
Florida), western United States, Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa), and "Costa
Rica"; Lincoln, Condor, 10, p. 197, 1908 — Buena Vista Lake, Kern
County, California (breeding); Bowles, Auk, 28, p. 172, 1911— Gray's
Harbor, Washington (Sept. 3, 1899); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
48, p. 12, 1923 — Lower California (Abreojos Point, Magdalena Bay,
Carmen Island).

Aegialitis cantianus var. nivosus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109,
1874 (crit.).

Aegialites alexandrinus nivosus Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882,"
pp. 528, 530, 545, 1883 — Lower California (San Quintin Bay, Santa Rosalia
Bay, and Cape region).

Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 529 —
part, western United States (crit.); Neumann, Nov. ZooL, 35, p. 215,
1929 (range; crit.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 133,
1932— Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 77, p. 433,
1934— Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 19); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934
(range); Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 (disc; ranges east to Alabama);
van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. ZooL Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 78,
1945 — Sonora (winter visitor).

Charadrius nivosus nivosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 136,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. ZooL, 32, p. 97,
1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 246, 1929
(life hist.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 59, 1931— Utah (nesting habits); Bailey
and Niedrach, I.e., 41, p. 127, 1939 — Barr, Adams County, Colorado;

58 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Bailey and Brandenburg, I.e., 42, p. 128, 1940 — Kiowa County, Colorado
(nesting).

Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 139, 1919 — part, Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf coast from Texas to
Alabama.

Charadrius nivosus Oberholser, Auk, 39, p. 73, 1922 (race C. alexandrinus);
Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 49 (in text), 1927 — Scammons Lagoon, Lower
California (nesting).

Range. — Breeds locally in suitable localities from Washington,
northern Utah, Colorado and Kansas south to Lower California and
the Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama; winters from central Cali-
fornia along the Pacific coast south to western Mexico (Guaymas,
Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa); also the Gulf coast from Texas to
Alabama; occasionally to Florida.^

Field Museum Collection. — 126: California (Laguna de la Merced,
San Francisco County, 1; Monterey, 20; mouth of Carmel River, 7;
Carmel, 3; Moss Landing, 15; Pacific Grove, 5; Huntington Beach,
4; Anaheim Landing, 2; Sunset Beach, 4; Eureka, 1; La Patera Point,
6; Santa Barbara, 6; Pacific Beach, 18; Oceanside, 1; San Diego, 6;
Santa Monica, 1; El Secundo, 1; Hyperion, 2; Manhattan Beach, 2);
Utah (Bear River marshes, 2) ; New Mexico (White Sands National
Monument, 1); Texas (Port Isabel, 2; Port Lavaca, 3; Rockport, 2;
Aransas County, 1; Corpus Christi, 1); Florida (Mary Esther,
Okaloosa County, 1; St. Andrew, Bay County, 2); Mexico (Lower
California, 2; La Paz, Lower California, 2; San Jos^ del Cabo, Lower
California, 1; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 1).

Conover Collection. — 26: Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 1);
California (Anaheim Landing, 7; Moss Landing, 1; Wilmington, 1;
Playa del Rey, 1); Utah (Brigham, 12); Mexico, Lower California
(San Jos6 del Cabo, 1; La Paz, 2).

*Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence).' Cuban
Snowy Plover.

1 Though nominally included among the birds of Costa Rica by Zeledon
(Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887), the Snowy Plover has never been
obtained in that country.

Additional material examined. — Colorado: Adams County, 1; Kiowa County,
6. — Kansas: Stafford County, 1; Clark County, 2. — Oklahomxa: Cimarron River, 1;
Greer County, 3; Cherokee, 3; Edith, 1; unspecified, 1. — Texas: Frijole, 3; Corpus
Christi, 3; Port Aransas, 3. — Louisiana: Cameron Parish, 6; Lafourche Parish, 4;
Jeff Davis Parish, 1. — Mississippi: Horn Island, 1; Deer Island, 2; Gulf port, 1. —
Alabama: Dauphine Island, 1.

^Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence): A very unsatisfactory race,
its supposed lighter coloration probably resulting from wear and fading. Before

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 59

Aegialitis tenuirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 455, Feb.,
1862 — near Guantanamo, Cuba (type, breeding female, in collection of
J. Gundlach, now in the Havana Museum); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p.
181, 1862— Guantanamo (crit.).

Aegialeus tenuirostris Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359,
1866 — near Guantanamo, Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 336, 1875 —
Guantanamo (crit.; eggs descr.).

Aegialites nivosus? (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9,
p. 209, 1869— Celestin, Yucatan (crit.).

Aegialitis nivosa (not of Cassin) Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 229, 1889 — Cuba;
idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 95, 1892— Cuba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 290, 1896— part, Cuba; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 2); Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 — part, Yucatan (Celestin).

Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 139, 1919 — part, West Indies, Florida, Yucatan, Venezuela (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 80, p. 146, 1928—
Etang Saumatre, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, pp. 231, 363, 1929— Etang
Bois-Neuf, near St. Marc, Haiti (July 25); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
146, p. 252, 1929— part, Florida (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e.,
155, p. 146, 1931— Etang Saumatre (March 9) and near St. Marc, Haiti.

Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 —
part, Florida, West Indies, Yucatan and northern Venezuela; Conover,
Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 — Florida, West Indies, Yucatan (doubtful race).

Range. — Breeds in Florida, also sparingly in Cuba, Hispaniola,
Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; winters in Yucatan (Celestin) and
Venezuela (Margarita Island). ^

Field Museum Collection. — 19: Florida (Santa Rosa Island, Santa
Rosa County, 6; Mary Esther, 8; East Pass, 2); Bahama Islands
(Great Inagua, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1).

*Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis).^ Chilean
Snowy Plover.

Aegialitis occidentalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 — no locality
stated (type, from near Santiago, Chile, in Berlin Museum examined);

its validity can be ascertained some specimens from Cuba in fresh breeding
plumage must be obtained and compared with similar birds from California.

Additional material examined. — Florida: Mary Esther, 1; Big Pass, 2; Santa
Rosa Island, 1; St. Andrew, 1. — Bahama Islands: Great Inagua, 1; Grand Turk
Island, 1; Grand Caicos, 2; Crooked Island, 2; Fortuna Island, 2. — Haiti: Etang
Bois Neuf, 1; Lake Assuei, 1. — Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo Light, 5. — Virgin Islands:
St. Croix, 1.

1 Berlepsch's inclusion (Journ. Orn., 35, p. 134, 1884) of Aegialitis nivosa in
the fauna of Paraguay is an obvious error.

^Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis): Similar to C. a. nivosus, but
wings on average longer; occiput and hindcrown more heavily washed with buflfy;

60 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

idem, I.e., 32, p. vi, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1885 (figure of type); Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 24, p. 295, 1896 — part, spec, h, i, Laraquete, "Tarapacd"
(=Arauco), Chile (spec, examined); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — part, Lara-
quete, Arauco.
■Hiaticula azurae (not Charadrius azarai Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,
Birds, p. 127, 1841 — part, Valparaiso, Chile (spec, examined); Cassin, in
Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855— Chile.

Charadrius collaris Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 402,

1847 — Chile (excl. of description).
Charadrius azarae Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 116, 1865 — Chile.

Charadrius cantianus (not of Latham) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29,
Cursores, p. 31, 1865 — part, spec. nos. 25, 26, Algarroba, Chile (July,
1863); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1923— Isla la Mocha,
Chile.

Aegialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 176—
Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined).

Aegialitis nivosa Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 559 — Chorillos,
near Lima, Peru (crit.); Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Coquimbo, Chile;
Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 428— Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 346, 1886—
Chorillos, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 292, 748, 1896—
part, spec, n'-w', a"-e", Peru (Tambo Valley) and Chile (Valparaiso);
Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb.,
Suppl., 4, p. 665, 1898 — Chile (Cavancha [Iquique], Tarapaea; Totoralillo,
Coquimbo; and Calbueo [near Puerto Montt], Llanquihue) (spec, ex-
amined); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 497, 1919— Paracas Bay,
lea, Peru (June 27).

Charadrius nivosus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 — Lurin, Lima, Peru (July 29).

Charadrius alexandrinus occidenialis Neumann, Nov. JZool., 35, p. 215, 1929 —
Chile to Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 373, 1932 — Chile (Caldera, Atacama; Papudo, Aconcagua) (crit.;
meas.; range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 36, p. 163, 1932 — Dunas
de Llico, Chile (Dec, Jan., Feb.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934
(range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, pi. 15, 1935— Isla
la Mocha, Arauco (breeding); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 — •
Erizera and north of Arica, Taena, Chile; Bullock, Auk, 53, p. 170, 1936—
Isla la Mocha, Chile (breeding habits); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 255 —

black post-frontal band generally wider; back darker grayish brown; non-breeding
plumage resembling the nuptial dress. Wing, 104-111, rarely 100-103; tail, 46-53;
bill, 141-2-16.

The breeding range of the Chilean Snowy Plover has recently been shown by
Morrison to extend to Llanquihue (Maullin, west of Puerto Montt) and Chiloe
Island. We have also examined adults and downy young from the Isla la Mocha,
Arauco.

Additional material examined. — Peru: An con, Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 1; Mol-
lendo, Arequipa, 1; Tambo Valley, Arequipa, 3. — Chile: Cavancha (Iquique),
Tarapaea, 1; Totoralillo, Atacama, 1; Valparaiso, 2; near Santiago, 1 (the type);
Laraquete, Arauco, 2; Isla la Mocha, Arauco, 3; Maullin, Llanquihue, 2; unspeci-
fied, 7.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 61

Maullin, Llanquihue, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201,
col. pi. 8, fig. 3, 1937 (egg).

Range. — Resident on the littoral of Peru and Chile from Lima
(Ancon, Chorillos, Lurin) to Llanquihue (Maullin) and Chilo^
Island.

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Puerto Inglesia, Atacama, 1).

Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Papudo,
Aconcagua, 1; Llolleo, Santiago, 2).

*Charadrius falklandicus Latham. Patagonian Plover.

Charadrms falklandicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 747, 1790 — based on "Rusty-
crowned Plover" Portlock, Voyage round the World, p. 36 (with plate),
1789— Port Egmont, Falkland Islands; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29,
Cursores, p. 36, 1865 — Falkland Islands and Chile (Algarrobo); Seebohm,
Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 155, 1887 (monog.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 61, p. 151, 1917— Port Stanley and Port Stephens, Falkland Islands
(downy young descr.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 — Falkland
Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 165, 1926— Buenos Aires (Rio de la Plata, near
Berazategui; Lake Epiquen, near Carhue; near Guamini), Neuquen
(Zapala), Uruguay (between Carrasco and Montevideo; La Paloma),
Chile (Concon, Valparaiso); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428,
1926 — San Antonio Oeste, Nahuel Niyeu, and Bariloche, Rio Negro;
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 371, 1932— Chile
(Coquimbo, Santiago, Cucao, Rio Nirehuau) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, pi. 15,
1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 130, 1938
(range).

Charadrius irifasdatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71,
1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst.
Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 360, 1856— Montevideo, "Brazil"; Pelzeln, Reise
Novara, Zool., 1, p. 116, 1865 — Valparaiso, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— coast of Santiago "to Peru."

Charadrius pyrocephalus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 46, 1826 — Falkland
Islands (type lost; cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 115, 1891);
Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 331, 1828— Falkland Islands; Garnot, Voy.
Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 54, July 4, 1829— Falkland Islands.

Charadrius annuligerus Wagler, Syst. Nat., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 13, 1827—

substitute name for Charadrius falklandicus Latham.
Charadrius pyrrocephalus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 719,

May, 1830— Falkland Islands.

Hiaticula irifasdatus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 — Bahfa
Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires.

Hiaticula bifasdata (lapsu) Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., U, p. 118, 1843 —
shores and margins of lakes in Chile.

62 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Hiaticula trifasciata Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 —
vicinity of Santiago, Chile.

Aegialitis falklandicaius) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 28, p. 386, 1860 —
St. Louis and Uranie Bay, Falkland Islands; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1868,
p. 188 — Sandy Point and Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Sclater, I.e.,
1872, p. 549— Rio Negro, Patagonia; Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 457, pi. 60,
fig. 1 (egg)~Falkland Islands; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 402— Lake
Colguape and Rio Sengel, Chubut (breeding in Sept.); Gibson, I.e., 1880,
p. 163 — Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Aires (nest and egg
descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 —
Carhu6, Puan, and Galinas Chicas, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313,
1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rlos (April); Sclater and Hudson,
Arg. Orn., 2, p. 172, 1889— Argentina; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
12, p. 136, 1889— Laredo Bay, Magellan Straits; Holland, Ibis, 1891,
pp. 16, 19 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (April); idem. I.e., 1892, p. 210 —
Est. Espartillar (Mar. to Sept.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 295,
748, 1896— Falkland Islands (Uranie Bay, Port Stanley), Patagonia (San
Julian, Rio Negro, Chubut, Bahia Blanca), and Chile (Santiago, Co-
quimbo); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 664, 1898 — Punta Arenas;
Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 150, 1899— Rio Grande, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil (March, May); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor.
Nat. Genova, 40, p. 624, 1900 — Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 375, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin,
Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 39, 1904— Falkland
Islands (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 49, 1907 (range,
incl. Rio Grande do Sul); Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 120,
1907 — Useless Bay Settlement; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16,
p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud and BahIa Blanca, Buenos Aires; Dabbene,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argentina);
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 293,
1910 — Rio Coy and twelve miles from Sandy Point, Patagonia; Grant,
Ibis, 1911, p. 465 — Cape San Antonio, Los Yngleses, and Tuyu, Aj6,
Buenos Aires (Nov. to April); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 59 — Cape San Antonio,
Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to August; very rarely breeding; eggs
descr.); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1923 — Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires.

Aegialites falklandicus Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 — Falkland Islands (breeding
in October); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile.

Charadrius pyrrhocephalus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 —
from the Straits of Magellan to "Peru"; (?)idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 —
La Brea, Antofagasta, Chile.

Charadrius (Aegialitis) falklandicus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p.
B. 114, 1891— Falkland Islands (French Bay); Straits of Magellan (Elisa-
beth Island), Patagonia (Arroyo Moreno; Puerto Deseado), and Brazil
(Rio Grande [do Sul]).

Pernettyva falklandica Oberholser, Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., 19, (1), p. 518,
1918 (crit.).

Leucopolius (Pernettyva) falklandica Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — •
Montevideo, Canelones, and Colonia, Uruguay.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 63

Leucopolius falklandicus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 —
San Antonio, Huanuluan, and Laguna de Neluan, Rio Negro; Lowe,
Ibis, 1931, p. 722.

Oegialitis (sic) falklandica Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 —
Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile.

Ra7ige. — Breeds in southern South America from Isla la Mocha
and Chilo^ Island, Chile, in the west and from the Rio Negro (rarely
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires) in the east south to Tierra del
Fuego; the Falkland Islands; migrates in winter to central and north-
ern Chile, eastern Argentina (provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre
Rios), Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).^

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1).

Conover Collection. — ^13: Chile (Llolleo, Santiago, 1; Cucao, Chilo6
Island, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 8; Skyring Water,
Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Laguna Alsina, Buenos Aires, 1).

*Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).^ Puna Plover.

Aegialitis alticola Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902,
(2), p. 51 — Ingapirca, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Branicki Museum, now
in Warsaw Museum) ;3 iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Puno, Peru;
Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 260, 1919 — Lago Helado, Catamarca.

Aegialitis occidentalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886,
p. 403 — Sitani, Huasco, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; idem, I.e.,
1891, p. 137— Sacaya, Tarapaca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp.
295, 748, 1896 — part, descr. and spec, a-g, k, 1, Sitani and Huasco, Tara-
paca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — part, Sacaya, Tarapaca.

• In addition to a good series from Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands,
we have examined an adult male and an immature female collected by H. von
Ihering on May 21 and March 8, 1884, at Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, both in
the Berlepsch Collection, now in the Frankfurt Museum.

2 Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) : Nearest to C. falklandicus
but much smaller, with shorter, weaker bill; upper parts much paler, more grayish
brown with the rufescent tinge on pileum and hindneck light pinkish cinnamon
to pinkish cinnamon instead of orange cinnamon; and the lower surface without
the two broad black cross bands, so conspicuous in the southern species. Wing,
119-123, (female) 115-123;-tail, 53-57, (female) 51-55; bill, I4I2-I6.

This species, in spite of a superficial resemblance, is quite distinct from C.
alexandrinus occidentalis and may be readily separated by larger size; much
longer and stronger, deep black (instead of light-colored) tarsi and toes; much
more buffy or cinnamomeous suffusion about the head; grayish-brown (instead of
black) patch on the sides of the foreneck; and finally by the presence of a more or
less distinct cinnamon or grayish brown pectoral band.

Additional material examined. — Peru: Santa Inez, Huancavelica, 2. — Bolivia:
Gruro, 1; Challapata, 3. — Chile, Tarapac4: Huasco, 2; Cueva Negra, 1; Sitani, 2;
Sacaya, 2; Cancosa, 1.

3 Not listed by Sztolcman and Domaniewski among the types of the Warsaw
Museum (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, pp. 95-194, 1927).

64 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Charadrius occidentalis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 174, 1887 — Tara-
paca (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264— Challapata, Oruro, Bolivia (spec,
examined).

Charadrius aUicola Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 372,
1932 — Antofagasta (Ojo de San Pedro, twenty miles east of San Pedro)
and Tarapac^ (Huasco, Cueva Negra, Sitani, Cancosa, Sacaya), Chile
(crit.; range; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Morrison,
Ibis, 1939, pp. 464, 646 — Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin,
Peru.

Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (Ingapirca, Junin; Santa
Inez, Huancavelica; Puno), western Bolivia (Challapata, Oruro),
northern Chile (Tarapaca and Antofagasta), and northwestern
Argentina (Lago Helado, Catamarca).

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1;
Esperanza, Pacajes, 1; Mount Sajama, Carangas, 1); Chile (Ojo de
San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2).

Conover Collection. — 8: Peru (Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Laguna
de Taxara, Tarija, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San
Pedro, Antofagasta, 4).

*Charadrius collaris Vieillot. Azara's Collared Plover.

Charadrius collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27, p. 136,
1818 — based on "Mbatuitui collar negro" Azara, No. 392, Paraguay;
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 37, 1865 — Venezuela (Ca-
racas), Bolivia, and Paraguay; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.
Foren., 1870, p. 34 — Minas Geraes; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 173,
1887 (monog.); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891— Cordoba; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 140, 1919 (monog.); Todd and Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 — Cienaga, Don Diego, Punta
Caiman, Gaira, and Fundacion, Colombia; Serie and Smyth, El Hornero,
3, p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923—
La Rioja; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Ecuador;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 164, 1926— Argentina (Santa Fe;
Resistencia, Chaco; Lavalle, Buenos Aires, etc.) and Uruguay (various
localities);! Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927— Rio
de Gastone, Tucuman; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12,
p. 493, 1929 — Ibiapaba, Piauhy; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran
Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930— Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Darlington, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 — Cienaga Grande, Colombia; Griscom,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala; Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932— Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75,
p. 372, 1934 — Acapulco, Guerrero; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat.

1 We cannot help thinking that the birds observed at Concon, Chile, belonged
to some other species, probably C. alexandrinus occidentalis.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 65

Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Trinidad and Tobago (eggs descr.); Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935— Canal Zone of Panama; Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 80, 1935 — Ilha Madre do Dios, Corupeba, and
Joazeiro, Bahia; idem, I.e., 22, p. 130, 1938 — Rio Jurua, Bahia, Sao Paulo,
Matto Grosso, and Tucuman; Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 43, p. 198,
1940— Chile (status); idem, I.e., 44, p. 150, 1940— Chile (July, perhaps a
resident); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl, (3), 22, p. 42,
1945— Rio Jurua, Brazil (disc.); idem. I.e., 23, p. 71, 1945— El Beni,
Bolivia (Cachuela Esperanza; Victoria).

Charadrius azarai Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 31, pi. 184, Feb.,
1823 — Brazil and Paraguay.

Charadrius azarae Lichtenstein, Verz. DubT. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, Sept.,
1823— Brazil and Montevideo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 772,
1832 — eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 751, 1849— British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 360, 1856 — Lagoa Santa and Sette Lagoas, Minas Geraes;
idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St.,
2, p. 501, 1861— Argentina; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870— Rio
de Janeiro (Piehy, Marambaya), Parana (Cimeterio [do Lambari], Castro),
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara), Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro), and
Para (Cajutuba).

Charadrius larvatus (Temminck MS.) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 318, June,
1828 — "Bresil, coll. Delalande" = Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum;
cf. Pueheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., [2], 3, p. 570, 1851).

Hiaticula azarae Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841— part, banks
of the La Plata; Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 298, 1860— Es-
meraldas, Ecuador.

Hiaticula collaris Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo,
Ecuador.

Aegialitis azarae Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 — •
Lion Hill, Panama.

Aegialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 —
Chiapam, Guatemala.

Aegialitis collaris Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1866, p. 199 —
lower and upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 309 — lower and upper
Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru (egg descr.); Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 458,
pi. 60, fig. 7 (egg) — Peru (egg descr.); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
4, p. 46, 1876 — Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Mexico; Allen, Bull. Essex
Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Anjos, lower Amazon; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 67—
Province of Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1882, p. 628 —
Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 — Concepeion
del Uruguay, Entre RIos; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178 — Bartiea Grove,
British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 344, 1886 — Peruvian locali-
ties; Berlepseh, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay;
idem, I.e., 37, p. 320, 1889— Tarapoto, Peru (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— Reyes and Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia;
Hiker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Kerr, Ibis,

66 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

1892, p. 150 — Fortin Donovan, Chaco Paraguayo; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 — Corumba, Matto Grosso; Richmond, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Aplin, Ibis,
1894, p. 206 — Rio Negro, Uruguay; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
18, p. 657, 1896 — Margarita Island, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, pp. 288, 744, 1896— Mexico (Playa Vicente and La Antigua,
Vera Cruz), Guatemala (Chiapam), Nicaragua (Momotombo), Grenada
Island, Colombia (Bogota, Santa Marta), Ecuador (Intac), Peru (Iquitos,
Chamicuros, Cosnipata), Venezuela (Laguna de Valencia), British Guiana
(Bartica Grove), Brazil (Island of Mexiana, Rio Tocantins, Pernambuco,
Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Corumba, Marambaya, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande
do Sul), Argentina (Punta Lara, Mendoza), and Uruguay (Colonia);
Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Caiza,
Bolivia, and Tala, Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149,
1899— Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 430, 1899— Sao
Sebastiao and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13,
p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235—
Paraguayan Chaco; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, (2), p. 51 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman; Berlepsch and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela;
Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902— Aruba Island (crit.); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903,
p. 444 — Quinta, Jujuy; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
3, p. 359, 1903— Mexico to Panama and Grenada; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904,
p. 40— Bahia, Brazil; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucu-
man; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 — Oran, Salta; Ihering,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 452, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem. Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Ubatuba,
Itapura), Amazonas (Rio Jurua), and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya);
Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907— Mexiana Island, Brazil;
Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 — El Pozo de Terraba, Barranca de Punta-
renas, and Herradura de Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Journ. Orn.,
55, pp. 23, 517, 1908— Cachoeira, Rio Purus, and Goyana, Rio Tapajoz,
Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz;
Berlepsch, I.e., p. 305, 1908 — Cayenne (no definite record); Hartert and
Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 250, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and near
Tucuman; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 237, 1909—
Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76,
p. 94, 1910, p. 225, 1923— Bahia (Joazeiro, Barra do Rio Grande) and Piauhy
(below Therezina, Ilha Sao Martin, Amara^ao); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.,
17, p. 425, 1910— Calama, Rio Madeira; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 417, 1910— Cuabre and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant,
Ibis, 1911, p. 465 — Monte Alto, Desaguadero, Colonia Risso, and Puerto
Braga, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914— Alto Parana,
Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 86, 1914— Quati-Puru, Rio
Tapajoz (Goyana, Boim), Rio Purus (Cachoeira), Marajo (Dunas, Sao
Natal), Mexiana, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull.,
Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916— Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Cali, Cauca, and La Morelia,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 67

Caqueta, Colombia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — Sunlunla, Men-

doza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo, Canelones, and

Maldonado, Uruguay; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires;

idem, I.e., 4, p. 28, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza.
Aegialites nivosus? Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 — Chiapam (erit.).
Aegialites collaris Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, p. 591 —

Mexiana Island and Rio Tocantins, Brazil; iidem. I.e., 1869, p. 252 —

Lake Valeneia, Venezuela; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 186 — Cosnipata, Peru;

Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335— Bonaire, Duteh West Indies.
Aegialitis gracilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 — Tehuantepee,

Mexieo (type in Berlin Museum); idem, I.e., 33, p. vi, pi. 6, figs. 3a, 3b,

1885.
Charadrius collaris collaris Hartert and Jafckson, Ibis, 1915, p. 531 (erit.;

range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 77, 1930— Rio Sao

Lourengo, Matto Grosso.
Charadrius collaris gracilis Hartert and Jaekson, Ibis, 1915, p. 531 (erit.;

range).

Range. — Tropical America from southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Guer-
rero, and Vera Cruz) through Guatemala (Chiapam, Ocos), Honduras
(Chamelicon), Nicaragua (Momotombo, San Emilio, Tipitapa),
Costa Rica, and Panama (Lion Hill) south to western Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, and northern Argentina (south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and
Buenos Aires) ;^ islands of Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, and Bonaire.'-

Field Museum Collection. — 23 : Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 3) ;
Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1); Ecuador (Quevedo, Rio Palenque,
1); British Guiana (Rockstone, 3; Rupununi River, 1); Brazil (Boa
Vista, Amazonas, 3; Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Itacoa-
tiara, Amazonas, 1; Arravia Island, Solimoes River, 1; Sao Luis,
Maranhao, 1; Tres Lagoas, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Colonia
Nueva Italia, 2); Bolivia (San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu,
Santa Cruz, 1; Cercado, Cochabamba, 1; Capinota, Cochabamba, 1).

Conover Collection. — 19: Colombia (Ci^naga, Santa Marta, 1);
Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1 ; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2) ;
British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo River, 3); Brazil (Caxirica-
tuba, Rio Tapajoz, Para, 6; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1); Bolivia, Santa
Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 1); Argentina (Rio, Tucuman, 3);
Paraguay (80 km. east of Orloff, 3).

1 Records from Chile are probably due to eonfusion with C alexandrinus
occidentalis.

^ We eannot see our way clear of splitting Azara's Collared Plover into two races,
as has been proposed by Hartert and Jackson. While birds from Amazonia, Cen-
tral America, and Mexieo are generally smaller, there are so many exceptions to
this rule that subdivision would serve no practical purpose. Sixty-seven additional
specimens examined.

68 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

*Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus. Killdeer.

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — based
on "Chattering Plover" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 71, pi. 71,
South Carolina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 23, 1865—
Ohio, Wisconsin, Mexico, and Costa Rica (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr.
Charad., p. 120, 1887 (monog.; part, excl. of Peru).

Oxyechus vociferus Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 44 — valley of
San Jose, Costa Rica; Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 627, 1886—
Grenada (rare migrant); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742,
1896 (part, excl. of Peru and Chile); (?)Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Rio de San Pedro, Tumbaco
(July) and Chaupi (June), Ecuador; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 355, 1903 — part, Mexican and Central American
localities; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905— Carriacou and
Grenada (rare migrant); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 162, 1906—
Rio Sestin and Rancho Baillon, Durango, Mexico (breeding); Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 — Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria,
Jan. 6; vicinity of San Jose; Azahar de Cartago; Cariblanco de SarapiquI;
Guacimo, El Hogar, Nov. 15); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14,
No. 25, p. 23, 1922— San Pedro River, Chillo Valley (Dec. 4), and La
Carolina (Feb. 20), Ecuador; Rowan, Brit. Birds, 20, p. 9, pi. 2, 1926
(downy young descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 202, 1929
(life hist.); Sugden, Auk, 49, p. 81, 1932 (incubation period); Ticehurst,
Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53, pp. 203, 205, 1933 (descr. downy young).

Aegialitis vocifera Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 —
Medellin, Colombia; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 518 — New Providence (Oct.,
Nov.); idem, I.e., 1903, p. 300 — New Providence (Jan.) and Little Abaco
(Mar.), Bahama Islands.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 449,
1911— Bahama Islands (winter visitor); Todd, I.e., 10, p. 215, 1916—
Isle of Pines (Nov. to Feb.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 99, 1919 — part. North America to Panama and the Bahama Islands
(full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Lago
San Pablo, Ecuador (Mar. 21); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and
Virgin Islands, 9, p. 353, 1927 — Virgin Gorda and Anegada (Dec; crit.);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928— Lower California;
Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 132, 1929— Great Corn Island (Dec.
12; crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932— Sacapulas,
Guatemala (Oct. 15 to April).

Charadrius vociferus vociferus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 252, 1934 (range);
van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos,
Feb. 22; Oposura, April 4 and 23) and Chihuahua (Chihuahua, Oct., Nov.),
Mexico; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Panama (winter); Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Tobago (visitor); Dickey and van Rossem,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 170, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo
(Jan. 14) and Lake Olomega (Feb. 3, Apr. 6), El Salvador; Sutton, Auk,
59, p. 304, 1942 — Nain, Newfoundland Labrador; van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 78, 1945 — Sonora (resident).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 69

Range. — Breeds from northern British Cohimbia, southern Mac-
kenzie, Ontario, and southern Quebec south to southern Lower
California, northern Mexico, the Gulf coast, and Florida; winters
south to the Bahama Islands, West Indies, Colombia, and Ecuador;
casual in Newfoundland; accidental in the British Isles and in
Labrador.^

Field Museum Collection. — 164: British Columbia (Okanagan, 4);
Alberta (Walsh, 1); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1; Maple Creek, 1;
Big Stick Lake, 1); Ontario (Doe Lake, 1); North Dakota (Towner
County, 26; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 17; Cando, Towner
County, 3); California (Moss Landing, 3^ Monterey, 1; Hj^perion, 2;
Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 3; Thermal, 1; Corona, 1;
Poway, 1; Witch Creek, 1; Rencan, 2; Los Bafios, 1; Redlands, 3;
La Patera Point, 3) ; New Mexico (Rincon, 1) ; Arizona (Calabasas, 2;
Palmerlee, 2); Texas (Cameron County, 2; Corpus Christi, 3);
Colorado (Fraser, 4; Troublesome, 1; New Castle, 1); Arkansas
(Fayetteville, 1); Kansas (Lawrence, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam,
10); Illinois (Worth, 1; Lake Zurich, 1); Massachusetts (Nantucket,
3; Essex, 3; Chatham, 3; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (West Haven,
4; East Haven, 1; New Haven, 2; Cheshire, 1; Stony Creek, 1;
Bloomfield, 2; East Hartford, 2); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1);
North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 5); Georgia (Mcintosh
County, 1); Florida (Talbot Island, Duval County, 1; Eau Gallie,
Brevard County, 2; Miami Beach, 3; Amelia Island, Nassau County,
2); Bahama Islands (interior of San Salvador, 3; Southwest Point,
San Salvador, 2; Coban Bay, San Salvador, 2; Norman Key, 1);
Jamaica (Port Antonio, 1); Virgin Islands (Virgin Gorda, 2); Lesser
Antilles (Anegada Island, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1;
Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Chichen Itza, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Bobos,
Izabal, 1); Honduras (Utila Island, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, Limon, 1).

Conover Collection. — 22: California (Wilmington, 1; Goleta, 3;
Moss Landing, 2); Utah (Brigham, 2); Illinois (Wheaton, 5;Wau-
kegan, 1; Warrenville, Du Page Count}^ 2; Grant Park, Chicago, 1);
New York (Sennett, 1; Owasco Lake, 1); Florida (Tamiami Trail, 2;
Miami Beach, 1).

*Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard.^
West Indian Killdeer.

1 The locality "Paraguay" attached to a specimen in the British Museum
is probably erroneous.

- Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard: Similar to the nomi-
nate race, but differing by smaller size and grayer upper parts, with the rufescent

70 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Charadrius torquatus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th
ed., 1, p. 255, 1766 — based on "Le Pluvier a collier de S. Domingue"
Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 70, pi. 6, fig. 2, Santo Domingo (type in Reaumur
Collection).'

Oxyechus vociferus (not Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 — part, spec, m'-p'', h\ Jamaica and
Cuba (San Cristobal).

Oxyechus vociferus torquatus Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 195,
1905 — Laguna Grande and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (crit.).

Oxyechus vociferus rubidus (not Charadrius rubidus Gmelin, 1789) Riley,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 88, April 17, 1909 — new name for Charadrius
torquatus Linnaeus, preoccupied; Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 7, pp. 414, 449, 1911— Great Inagua (crit.); Todd, I.e., 10, p. 215,
1916 — Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Hato, and .Jacksonville, Isle of Pines (crit.);
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 326, p. 39, 1916— Puerto Rico (habits;
food); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 404, 1917— Jaibon, His-
paniola; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 103, 1919— Greater
Antilles (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Islands, 9, p. 354, 1927— Puerto Rico, Vieques, and St. Thomas (crit.;
habits; bibliog.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 150,
1931 — Hispaniola (monog.); Beatty, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico,
25, p. 34, 1941 — St. Croix, Virgin Islands (breeding); idem, Auk, 60,
p. 110, 1943 — St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting notes).

Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard, Handb. Jamaica, p.
684 (repr. p. 8), 1920 — new name for Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Riley,
preoccupied; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 252, 1934 (range).

Range. — Resident in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles (islands of
Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) and Virgin
Islands (Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix).

Field Museum Collection. — 39: Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1;
Mariguana, 2; Eleuthera, 1; Great Inagua, 27); Dominican Republic
(Maniel, Azua, 2; San Cristobal, 1; San Luis, 4); Puerto Rico
(Laguna Cartagena, 1).

Conover Collection. — 8: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2; St. Croix, 6).

*Charadrius vociferus peruvianas (Chapman).- PERUVIAN

KiLLDEER.

edgings to the feathers slightly more pronounced. Wing, 139-148, (female)
139-153.

Breeding Bahama birds agree with others from the Greater Antilles.

^Charadrius lamaicensis P. L. S. Muller (Vollst. Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117,
1776), based on "The larger Grey Snipe" Browne (Civil and Nat. Hist. Jamaica,
p. 477; about the lagoons in St. George's, Jamaica), while probably referring to
the Killdeer, is not identifiable with certainty.

2 Charadrius vociferus peruvianus (Chapman) : Agreeing in small size with
C. V. ternominatus, but differing, in postnuptial plumage, in the greater extent of

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 71

Oxyechus vociferus peruvianus Chapman, Auk, 37, p. 106, 1920 — Paletillas,

near Payta, Piura, Peru (el. 1,550 ft.) (type in the American Museum of

Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.

Ser., 19, p. 378, 1932— Chile; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16,

p. 53, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 10).
Aegialites vociferus (not Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, near Islay,

Arequipa, Peru.
Aegialitis vocifera Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 244 — Pacas-

mayo, Peru (.June); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 342, 1886 — Pacasmayo.
Oxyechus vociferus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896—

spec, u^ v^ c*, d\ Peru (Tambo Valley) and Chile.
Charadrius vociferus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 363 — Trujillo, Peru (Nov. 17).
Charadrius vociferus peruvianus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 253, 1934 — Peru.

Range. — Resident on the littoral of the Pacific coast from Piura,
Peru, to Tacna, Chile ( Arica). ^

Conover Collection. — 2: Peru (Parinas Valley, Talera, Piura, 2).

Charadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas. Mongolian Plover.

Charadrius mongolus Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs., 3, p. 700,
1776 — salt lakes toward the Mongolian border; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 132, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 28,
p. 85, 1926— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 11); Swarth, Pac. Coast
Avifauna, No. 22, p. 27, 1934— Nunivak Island.

Charadrius mongolus mongolus Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 17, p. 248,
1928— Nunivak Island, Alaska (Aug. 14, Sept. 1); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 146, p. 253, 1929 (life hist.); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 89, 1934—
Goodnews Bay, Alaska (June 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 253, 1934
(range); Friedmann, Condor, 38, p. 173, 1936 — Gambell, St. La^.vrence
Island (May, 1935), Goodnews Bay (June 10, 1933, breeding).

Range. — Breeds from eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Com-
mander Islands, south to Mongolia; occasional in Alaska (Cape
Prince of Wales, June 11, 1922; Nunivak Island, Aug. 14 and Sept. 1,
1927; Goodnews Bay, June 10, 1933 [breeding]; St. Lawrence Island,
May, 1935). 2

the rusty margins of the upper parts, particularly of the lesser and median wing
coverts.

1 The breeding range possibly extends into Ecuador, since Salvadori and Festa
(Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900) record the capture of a specimen
in June at Chaupi.

2 As has been pointed out by Dixon (Auk, 35, p. 390, 1918), it is somewhat
doubtful whether the birds recorded by Harting (Ibis, 1870, p. 389) from the
Choris Peninsula, Alaska, were actually taken on the Alaskan side of Bering Sea.
The Alaskan birds are most likely referable to C. m. littoralis Stegmann (Orn.
Monatsber., 45, p. 25, 1937 — Bering Island; type in Leningrad Museum), which is
described as being darker, less grayish above, with the rufescent jugular band and
the reddish color about the head of a deeper tone.

72 Field Museum of Natural History—Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Charadrius wilsonia beldingi (Ridgway). Belding's Plover.

Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 112,
1919 — La Paz, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Jambeli Island,
Ecuador (July 22, Oct. 31); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16,
p. 12, 1927— San Bias, Nayarit (Oct. 2); Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 49
(in text), 1927 — Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (breeding); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928— southern half of Lower California
(resident); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 — Chiapdm,
Guatemala; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 133, 1932 —
Tiburon Island, Sonora; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933 — Puerto Jimenez,
Costa Rica (Sept. 30, Oct. 10, 1926).

Aegialites wilsonianus (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191
— lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 197 — Chiapam.

Aegialitis mlsonius Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 —
Mazatlan, Sinaloa.

Aegialitis wilsoniana Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 —
between Tumbez and Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem. Cm. Per., 3,
p. 343, 1886— same locality.

Ochthodromus wilsonius Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 545, 1883 —
Cape district of Lower California.

Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 214, 739, 1896 —
part, spec, w', e"-g", i", k", t^ u-, Mexico (San Bias, Tepic), Guatemala
(Chiapam), and Ecuador (Puna Island); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Bahia de Ballenita, Ecuador (Jan.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 354, 1903 — part,
Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Bias, Tepic), Guatemala (Chiapam),
and south to Peru; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, (1), p. 53 (in
text), 1913 — Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Sept. 4 and 11).

Aegialitis wilsonia Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 73, 1902 — La Paz,
Carmen Island, and San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (crit.).

Charadrius wilsonia beldingi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range);
van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora
(Jan. 14); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Panama and Pearl Islands;
van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 330,
1937 — Agiobampa, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 169, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 5) and Barra
de Santiago (Apr. 1, 2), El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 79, 1945 — Sonora (resident).

Range. — Locally resident on the Pacific coast from Lower Cali-
fornia to northwestern Peru (Tumbez).

Field Museum Collection. — 24 : Mexico (La Paz, Lower California,
15; Coronado Islands, Lower California, 1); Costa Rica (Punta
Piedra, Guanacaste, 8).

Conover Collection. — 11: Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 6);
Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 73
*Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Ord. Wilson's Plover.

Charadrius wilsonia Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., 9, p. 77, pi. 73, fig. 5, 1814 —
"shores of Cape Island," New Jersey (probable cotypes now in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 59, p. 133, 1915, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 176, 1930).

Charadrius crassirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 77, pi. 94, 1825 —
Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys.
Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906 [crit.]); Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849— coast of British Guiana;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 359, 1856— Brazil (ex Spix).

Charadrius wilsonii Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 26, 1827
• (emendation).

Aegialites wilsonianus Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 387 — Grassy Cay, off British
Honduras (May; breeding).

Aegialites wilsonius March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 66 — Jamaica
(breeding).

Ochthodromus wilsonius Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat., Cuba, 1, p. 359,
1866— Cuba (resident); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 333, 1875— Cuba (habits,
eggs, and young descr.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 189, 1878 — Caborojo and Arecibo,
Puerto Rico.

Charadrius wilsonius Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 — Praia do Cajutuba
and Rio Muria, Para, Brazil (spec, examined by senior author); Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 306, 1916— Cayman Islands (breeding).

Aegialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridgway,i Amer. Natur., 8, No. 2, p. 109,
Feb., 1874 — Spanishtown, Jamaica (type in U. S. National Museum).

Aegialitis wilsonia Cory, Auk, 4, p. 228, 1887 — West Indian localities and
references (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Indies, p. 228, 1889 (descr.); idem, Cat.
W. Ind. Birds, p. 95, 1892 — Bahama Islands and Greater Antilles; Bonhote,
Ibis, 1899, p. 518— New Providence, Bahama Islands (May 7, July 2;
breeding); Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 285, 1900— Little Pimlico and Andros,
Bahama Islands; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 300 — Andros and Little Abaco,
Bahama Islands.

Charadrius wilsoni Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 154, 1887 (monog.);
Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 768— Blairmont, British Guiana (Oct. 25, Dec. 22).

Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 214, 739, 1894 —
part, spec, a-v', x'-d', n"-s-, v^ United States, Anegada Island, Yucatan,
Honduras (Grassy Cay), French Guiana (Oyapoc River) and Brazil

' This race is not a valid one as the describer himself must have discovered,
for he omitted it from his later work. Birds of North and Middle America. A
comparison of forty-eight specimens from the West Indies with thirty-eight from
North America shows that there is no constant difference in coloration between
the two series.

Additional material examined. — Bahama Islands: Andros, 1; Green Turtle
Cay, 1. — Cuba: Cabanas, 4; Mariel, 1. — Haiti: Gran Boucan, 1; Aquin, 2; Etang
Saumatre, 2. — Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo Lighthouse, 1. — Lesser Antilles: Little
Saba, 1.

74 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Bahia and "Cumana" [=Camamu]); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305,
1908 — Oyapoc River, French Guiana.

Ochthodromus wilsonia Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 47, 1907 — part, Bahia;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 — Brazil (no specified locality).

Eudromias wilsoni Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
76, p. 94, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 14, 15, 17).

Odhodromus wilsonius wilsonius Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 415, 1911- —
Watlings Island, Bahama Islands (crit.).

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 216, 1916 —
Los Indios, Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 108,
1919 — United States, Gulf coast of Mexico, Bahama Islands, West Indies
(Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, "Guadeloupe'.'),^
Grassy Cay off Honduras and Brazil (full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv.
Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 352, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Vieques,
Culebra, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada (crit.; habits); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 257, 1929 (life hist.; range in part); Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 492, 1929— Mangunga Island,
Maranhao (March 8), and Amaragao, Piauhy (Sept. 14, 15, 17), Brazil
(crit.); Tomkins, Auk, 61, p. 259, pi., 1944 (habits).

Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 405, 1917 —
Monte Christi and Caspar Hernandez, Dominican Republic (crit.); Wet-
more and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 148, 1931 — Hispaniola
(habits; crit.).

"Charadrius wilsoni=Ochlhodrom,us wilsonia" Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw.
Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 224, 1923 — Amaracao, Piauhy, Brazil.

Charadrius wilsonia rufinucha Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range).

Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Trinidad (winter visitor); Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 131, 1938— Maranhao to Bahfa, Brazil (winter);
Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 169,
1938 — Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (Apr. 2), and Punta Piedra, Pacific
coast of Costa Rica (Feb.).

Charadrius wilsonius rufinucha Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 (not valid
race).

Range. — Breeds on the coast of the southeastern and southern
United States from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas; also on the
Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Anegada Island
and cays off the coast of British Honduras; winters from the Gulf
coast south along the Caribbean coast of Central America (also
recorded from the Pacific coast of El Salvador and Costa Rica) and
the Atlantic coast of South America to eastern Brazil (Cape

1 The reported occurrence of Charadrius wilsonius on the island of Guadeloupe
(cf. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879 — ex L'Herminier's manu-
script) has yet to be confirmed. No representative of this group breeds there,
but it is very probable that the Wilson Plover visits the island on its southward
migration.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 75

Orange; Praia de Cajutuba and Rio Muria, Para; Mangunga Island,
Maranhao; Amaragao, Piauhy; Camamu, Bahia).i

Field Museum Collection. — 59: Virginia (Northampton County,
2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 5);
Florida (Amelia Island, Nassau County, 4; Banana River, Brevard
County, 2); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua Island, 5; Andros Island,
4; Mariguana Island, 5; Aklin Island, 2; Great Bahama Island, 2
Eleuthera Island, 4); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Virgin Gorda, 2
Anegada Island, 5); Louisiana (Avery Island, Iberia County, 1)
Texas (Corpus Christi, 5; Port Isabel, 1; Port O'Connor, Calhoun
County, 2; Cameron County, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1);
Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 2).

Conover Collection. — 29: South Carolina (Caper's Island, Charles-
ton County, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Brevard County, 2);
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 16); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3; Port
O'Connor, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 1); Mexico
(Matamoros, TamauHpas, 2).

*Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus (Ridgway).^ Caribbean
Plover.

Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp.
108, 113, 1919— Sabanilla, Colombia (type in U. S. National Museum).

^ Eight specimens taken in winter (between September and April) on the
coast of Brazil agree well with the type of C. crassirostris, and, while matched by
numerous individuals from the United States, look very different from C. w.
cinnamominus, of the Dutch West Indies and Margarita Island, as has been pointed
out by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 492, 1929), the difference
being particularly marked in the female sex. Five (out of six) Brazilian females
have the jugular band entirely grayish brown and no rufescence whatsoever on
sides of head, while the sixth individual shows a slight rusty tinge on both these
parts, the series being thus exactly similar to females from the United States. In
view of these facts, we cannot but maintain Hellmayr's contention that the birds
occurring in winter time on the Brazilian coast are migrants from North America.
A single unsexed adult from British Guiana likewise seems to be of the same form.

Additional material examined. — British Honduras: Grassy Cay, 2. — British
Guiana: coast of Demerara, 1. — Brazil: Praia de Cajutuba, Para, 1 (Feb.); Rio
Muria, Para, 3; Amaracao, Piauhy, 5 (Sept. 14-17); Camamu, Bahia, 1 (Sept. 22);
unspecified, 1 (type of C. crassirostris).

^ Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus (Ridgway) : Similar to C. w. wilsonia,
but adult male with the crown, cheeks, auriculars and jugular crescent richer
rufous; female readily distinguished from the other races by having the jugular
band bright rusty (sayal brown to dull cinnamon) instead of grayish brown, and
the pileum and sides of head more or less suffused with rusty. The Caribbean
race, like the Chilean C. alexandrinus occidentalis, seems to lack a non-nuptial
plumage. Immature birds are not certainly separable from the corresponding
stage of Wilson's Plover.

Additional material examined. — Aruba, 2; Bonaire, 2; Seelet, Trinidad, 6;
Mustique, Lesser Antilles, 2.

76 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Aegialites wilsonius (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 169 — Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela.
Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus (not Aegialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha

Ridgway, 1874) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 177, 1884— Saba-

nilla; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 552 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (crit.; Jan.);

Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 210, 214, 238, 1909—

Aruba, Bonaire, Isla de Aves, and Margarita Island.
Aegialitis rufinucha Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 335 — Aruba and Bonaire

(crit.).
Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 214, 1896 — part,

spec. 1", m", Carupano, Venezuela.

Aegialitis wilsonia rufinucha Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656,
1896 — Margarita Island.

Aegialitis wilsonius rufinucha Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 387, 1902 — Aruba
and Bonaire.

Ochthodromus wilsonia rufinucha Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 —

Seelet, Trinidad (April; crit.).
Octhodromus wilsonius crassirostris (not Charadrius crassirostris Spix) Todd,

Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 416, 1911 — part, Buritaca.
Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14,

p. 186, 1922 — Cienaga, Buritaca, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (crit.).
Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range,

excl. of Guiana).
Charadrius wilsonia cinnamomina Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 —

Caroni, Trinidad (June- July, breeding).
Charadrius wilsonius cinnamominus Conover, Condor, 47, p. 213, 1945 —

Island of Mustique.

Range. — Resident on the Caribbean coast of Colombia and Vene-
zuela, including the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Isla de Aves, Marga-
rita, and Trinidad. Also, the island of Mustique, Lesser Antilles.

Field Museum Collection. — 15: Venezuela (Nueva Esparta,
Margarita Island, 5; Aves Island, Colon, 1); Dutch West Indies
(Aruba Island, 8; Bonaire Island, 1).

Genus EUPODA J. F. Brandt

Eupoda J. F. Brandt, in Tchihatchev, Voy. Sci. Altai, p. 444, 1845 — type,
by monotypy, Charadrius caspius Fa\\as=Charadrius asiaticus Pallas.^

Podasocys Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 96 — type, by orig.
desig., Charadrius montanus Townsend.

Eupodella Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, (1), p. 83, Apr. 2, 1913 — type, by orig.
desig., Charadrius veredus Gould (proposed as a substitute for Eupoda
Brandt, if considered preoccupied hy Eupodes Koch, 1835).

1 We have been unable to consult this work.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 77
*Eupoda montana (J. K. Townsend). Mountain Plover.

Charadrius montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, (1),
p. 192, 1837 — "central table-land of the Rocky Mountains" =near Sweet-
water River, Wyoming (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 14); Seebohm,
Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 153, 1887 (crit.).

Podasocys vwntanus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 96 — Arizona
(Fort Whipple) and New Mexico (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, pp. 240, 742, 1896 — Rocky Mountains and Mexico (La Paz, Lower
California; Hermosillo, Sonora; Zacatecas); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74,
1911— Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Nov. 30); Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 86, 1917—
Chatham, Massachusetts; Bradbury, Coijdor, 20, p. 157, 1918 — Colorado
(nesting notes); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. California, p. 481,
1918— California (winter visitor); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 105, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 263, 1929 (life
hist.).

Eupoda montana Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928 — Lower
California (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 256, 1934 (range);
Van Tyne and Sutton, Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 37, p. 28,
1937 — near Marathon, Brewster County, Texas (breeding); Soper, Canad.
Field Nat., 55, p. 137, 1941— Alberta; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 73, 1945 — Sonora (Hermosillo, Dec; Santa
Rosa, Jan.; Punta Peiiascosa, Feb.).

Range. — Breeds in arid plains of western United States from
northern Montana and western Nebraska south to northern New
Mexico and northwestern Texas; winters from northern Cahfornia,
southern Arizona and southern Texas to Lower California and
Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Zacatecas).
Accidental in Massachusetts (one record) and Florida.

Field Museum Collection. — 44: Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent
County, 4; Lincoln County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6; Nueces
County, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 6); California (Chino, San Bernardino
County, 15; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 1; Grayson, Stanislaus
County, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; San Clemente Island, 1; Rio Vista,
Solano County, 6); Florida (Key West, 1).

Conover Collection. — 10: Montana (Jordan, Garfield County, 1);
Colorado (Denver, 1; Larimer County, 1; Morgan County, 2);
California (Santa Monica, 1; Helm, Fresno County, 1; Corcoran,
Kings County, 2; San Diego Bay, 1).

Genus OREOPHOLUS Jardine and Selby

Oreopholus Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 151, Dec, 1835—
type, by monotypy, Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine and Selby =Charadrius
ruficollis Wagler.

78 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Oreophilus Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Aves, p. 53, 1842 (emendation).
Dromicus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, No. 26, col. 616, April 4, 1844 —

type, by orig. desig., Dromicus lessonii Lesson^ Char adrius ruficollis

Wagler.

*Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler). Slender-billed Dotterel.

Charadrius ruficollis Wagler, Isis, 22, col. 653, 1829 — Canelones, Uruguay
(type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 361,
1856 — Maldonado, Uruguay; C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889— Trelew, Chubut.

Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 151,
Dec, 1835 — Andes of Chile (type in collection of J. Gould, present location
unknown).

Oreophilus totanirostris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 125, 1841 — Maldo-
nado, Uruguay, and Valparaiso, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
11, p. 117, 1843 — Chile, "probably a native of the Andes"; Des Murs,
in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 399, 1847— Straits of Magellan
to Valparaiso; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 114, 1865 — Chile;
Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— Chile; Hudson and Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 549 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; Cabanis,
Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 — Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina; Doering,
in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 — Nueva Roma, Rin-
con Grande, and Rio Colorado,

Dromicus lessonii Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, No. 26, col. 617, April 4,
1844 — environs of Valparaiso, Chile (type in Paris Museum; cf. Oustalet,
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 116, 1891).

Morinellus totanirostris Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 47,
1865 — Bolivia and Chile (Santiago; crit.).

Oreophilus ruficollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile;
idem and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 989 — Islay, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined);
iidem. I.e., 1868, p. 570— western Peru; iidem. Ibis, 1868, p. 189— Sandy
Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem. I.e., 1870, p. 499 — Rio Gallegos, Patagonia;
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 — Junin, Peru; Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877— Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis,
1877, p. 42— Chubut Valley, Patagonia; idem. I.e., 1877, p. 197— Province
of Buenos Aires; idem. I.e., 1878, p. 402 — Sengel Valley and Tambo Point,
Chubut (nesting); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 347, 1886 — Junin, Peru;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 — "Llalcalhuay," Tarapaca,
Chile; idem and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1889 — Argentina; Oustalet,
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 116, 1891 — Patagonia (egg descr.); Holland,
Ibis, 1891, p. 16 — Est. Espartillar, near Ranchos, Province of Buenos
Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210 — same locality (April to July); Reed, I.e.,
1893, p. 596— Chile (resident); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 207— Santa Ana,
Uruguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 123, 731, 1896— Falkland Islands, Patagonia
(Tambo Point, Chubut, Rio Negro), La Plata, Mendoza, Uruguay
(Montevideo), Chile (Santiago, Tarapaca), and Peru (Islay); Sehalow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898— Concepcion and Punta Arenas,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 79

Chile; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368,
p. 42, 1900— Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51— between Tarma and
Oroya, Junfn; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904— Santa
Catalina, Jujuy; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 —
Puno, Peru; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909—
Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909— Barracas al
Sud, Buenos Aires, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and
Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 274, 1910—
near Mount Tigre, Rio Deseado, and Rio Chico, Patagonia; Grant,
I.e., 1911, p. 466 — Luiconia and Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires; Sanzin,
El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — San Carlos, Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2,
p. 13, 1920— Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920,
p. 60 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to August) ;
Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920— cerros near Nilahue, Curico,
Chile; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 262, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires;
Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 80, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 162, 1923—
Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924—
Caldera, Atacama, Chile (winter visitor); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 150, 1925 —
San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 191, 1926— Ecuador (Puntilla de Santa Elena); Wilson, El Hornero,
3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock,
I.e., 33, p. 201, 1929 — Angol, Malleco, Chile (winter visitor); Budin,
El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1932— Jujuy; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 29, 1935—
Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados (sight records),

Charadrius totanirostris Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. Ill, pi. 4, 1887
(monog.).

Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261— Chuput Valley,
Patagonia (descr. of young); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921— Falkland
Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands; Marelli, El Hornero,
5, p. 195, 1933 — Coronel Dorrego, Buenos Aires.

Oreophilus ruficollis simonsi Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 262, April, 1919— Chal-
lapata, Oruro, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined); Bond and
de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 95, p. 184, 1943— Uyuni,
Llica, Bolivia.

Oreophilus ruficollis totanirostris Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 42, p. 19, 1921 —
Chile (crit.).

Oreopholus ruficollis ruficollis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 294,
1923— Rio Negro (Rio Colorado, San Antonio, Maquinchao); Wetmore,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 167, 1926— near Zapala, Neuquen; idem,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926— Rio Negro (Arroyo Seco,
Cabaza de Vaca, Arroyo Anecon Grande) and Santa Cruz (Rio Belgrano)
(descr. young); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel,
p. 58, 1930— Est. La Germania, Santa Fe.

Oreopholus ruficollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 378,
1932— Chile to the Straits of Magellan (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 256, 1984 (range).

80 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

{l)Oreophilus ruficollis pallidus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87,
p. 343, Oct. 25, 1935 — San Jose (near Pimentel), Dept. Lambayeque,
Peru (type in collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).

Range. — Breeds in the Cordillera and high plateaus of southern
South America from southern Peru (Puno), northern Chile and
Bolivia south to the Straits of Magellan; in winter descending to the
plains and migrating north to southern Ecuador (Puntilla de Santa
Elena, province of Guayas), Peru, eastern Argentina (provinces of
Buenos Aires and Santa F^), and Uruguay; accidental on the
Falkland Islands. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 16: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4;
Tiraque, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, 2); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1;
Pica, Tarapaca, 1 ; Cabrero, 1 ; Santiago, 1 ; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes,
2) ; Argentina (Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro, 1 ; Paso Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 1 ;
Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 1).

Conover Collection. — 24: Peru (Puno, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esper-
anza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 4); Chile (Caldera,
Atacama, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 4; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 3);
Argentina (Sierra de Tafi, Tucuman, 1; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; La
Plata, Buenos Aires, 1; Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 1; Rio Gallegos,
Santa Cruz, 4).

Genus EUDROMIAS C. L. Brehm

Eudromias C. L. Brehm, Isis, 23, col. 987, 1830— type, by monotypy, Chara-

drius morinellus Linnaeus.
Morinellus (not Morinella Meyer and Wolf, 1810) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.

Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856— type, by tautonymy, Charadrius

morinellus Linnaeus.

1 As the senior author has pointed out in another connection (Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 379, 1932), neither 0. r. totanirostris nor 0. r. simonsi
can be maintained. Since then, Carriker has separated three (evidently migrating)
individuals from San Jose (near Pimentel), Dept. Lambayeque, as O. r. pallidus.
Aside from alleged color-characters, notably deeper rufous throat, which are
utterly worthless, its chief distinctive feature is smaller size (wing, 145-151).
The figures given by the describer are indeed smaller than in the majority of the
fifty-odd specimens examined, though an adult male from the Rio Negro (Pil-
canyen) with a wing of 153 mm. runs close to the measurements of "pallidus."
However, what makes us even more strongly doubtful of its validity is the fact
that an adult female from Lobos de Tierra Island, off Lambayeque, which should
surely belong to pallidus, is nowise distinguishable either in color or size (wing,
170) from Argentine examples. Birds from Islay and Lurin are likewise typical
of ruficollis.

Additional material examined (wing measurements in parenthesis). — Peru:
Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, 1 (170); Lurin, Lima, 1 (173); Islay, Arequipa, 1
(173).— Bolivia: Uyuni, Potosi, 3 (163, 165, 175); Challapata, Oruro, 1 (177).—
Chile: "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca, 1 (167); Cordillera of Santiago, 1 (165); Cabrero,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 81
Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus). European Dotterel.

Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — based
chiefly on Faun. Svec, p. 58, Nos. 158, 160, Sweden.

Eudromias morinellus Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 22 —
King Island, Alaska (July 23); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 95, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 150, 1929 (life hist.);.
A. M. Bailey, Condor, 32, p. 161, 1930— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska
(June 15 and 19, 1929); idem. I.e., 34, p. 47, 1932— Cape Prince of Wales,
Alaska (June 6, 1931; third record); Friedmann, I.e., 34, p. 257, 1932—
Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (May and June, 1931); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 257, 1934 (range); Brown, Murrelet, 15, p. 79, 1934— Washington
(Westport); idem. Condor, 37, p. 82, 1935— Washington (Westport).

Range. — Breeds on the tundras, mountains, and plateaus of
northern Europe and Asia, from Scotland, the lake district of Eng-
land, Scandinavia, and Russia south to Germany, Austria (Styria,
Carinthia), Rumania (Transylvania), the Urals, Ala-tau, Altai,
Sayan Mountains, and probably to the mountains of Transbaikalia;
winters in the countries bordering the Mediterranean, in Arabia
and Persia; probably of more or less regular occurrence in Alaska
(King Island, July 23, 1897; Cape Prince of Wales, June 15 and 19,
1929 and June 6, 1931), and on St. Lawrence Island (Gambell,
May and June, 1931); accidental in Washington (Westport).

Genus ZONIBYX Reichenbach

Zonibyx Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig.
desig. and monotypy, Vanellus cindus hesson= Charadrius modesius
Lichtenstein.

*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein). Falkland Island Dotterel.

Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, 1823 —
Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1,
fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 44, 1827 — "Brazil" (descr.); idem, Isis, 1829, col.
654 (plumage descr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 105, 1887 —
Falkland Islands and Santa Lucia, La Plata (crit.).

Tringa urvillii Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 46, Jan., 1826 — near Port Louis,
Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool.,
1, (2), livr. 12, p. 541, July 4, 1829— Falkland Islands (nuptial plumage).

Vanellus cindus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 2, pi. 43, Jan. 17, 1827
(location of type unrecorded); idem, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 309, June, 1828 —

Concepcion, 1 (164); Angol, Malleco, 1 (160). — Tierra del Fuego: Viamonte, 1
(160).— Argentina: Chubut, 1 (162); Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2 (165, 166);
Rio Negro, 2 (165, 167); Papin, Buenos Aires, 1 (170); Aj6, Buenos Aires, 10
(158-170) ; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 3 (160, 163, 166) ; Est. Espartillar, Buenos
Aires, 1 (165); Mendoza, 3 (160, 165, 170).— Falkland Islands, 2 (163, 167).—
Uruguay: Santa Lucia, 1 (165).

82 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Falkland Islands (nuptial plumage); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2),
livr. 16, p. 720, May 1, 1830— Falkland Islands (descr.).

Charadrius nebulosus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 315, June, 1828 — "Bresil"
(type in Paris Museum; descr. of non-nuptial plumage).

Charadrius rubecola King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 96, Apr. to July, 1828 —
Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost) ; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad.,
pi. 1 (nuptial plumage), 1887.

Squatarola rubecola Jardine and Selby, lUust. Orn., Part 7, pi. 110, Dec, 1830 —
Straits of Magellan (fig. of type).

Squatarola cinda Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 126, 1841 —
Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, and Chiloe Island; idem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859— Falkland Islands (egg descr.).

Squatarola fusca Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 126,
1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay (type now in British Museum ;= non-nuptial
plumage).

Squatarola urvillii{ei) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile;
Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 401, 1847— Chile;
Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853 — Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— coast of Chile.

Vanellus modesius Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 362, 1856 —
"southern Brazil" and Montevideo south to Patagonia and Straits of
Magellan; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 363, 1861 — pampas, Rio Cuarto.

Hiaticula fusca Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Zool., p. 328, 1858 — Tierra del
Fuego.

Vanellus ductus Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Rio Cuarto, Cordoba
(descr. of young).

Eudromias urvillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860 — Berkeley
Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155— East Falkland
Island (breeding).

Morinellus modestus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 48, 1865 —
Falkland Islands, Port Famine, and Santiago, Chile (crit.).

Squatarola modesta Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 115, 1865 — Chile.

Eudromias modesta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile;
idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem. Ibis,
1868, p. 188 — Sandy Point and Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem,
I.e., 1870, p. 500— Sandy Point; Durnford, I.e., 1876, p. 164— Flores
Island, Buenos Aires (May 30) ; idem. I.e., 1877, p. 197 — Province of Buenos
Aires (autumn and winter visitor); idem. I.e., 1878, p. 402 — Chubut
Valley (mid-April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 438 — Gray Harbour, Tom Harbour, Puerto Bueno, Port "Fanuris"
[= Famine], and Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Tom Bay,
Puerto del Morro, Port Henry and Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan;
Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 — Azul,
Puan, and Choele-Choel, Pampa; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc.
Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — La Tinta, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1,
p. 313, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (April, May); Withing-
ton. Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and

1948 • Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 83

Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 171, 1889— Argentina; Frenzel, Journ. Om.,
39, p. 126, 1891— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19— Est. Espar-
tillar, Buenos Aires (April 30); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210— Est. Espartillar
(Mar. to August); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 206— Uruguay (Mar. 29); Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile (winter visitor); Lane, Ibis,
1897, p. 303— near Arauco, Chile; Nicoll, I.e., 1904, p. 46— Port Gallant,
Magallanes, Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 118, 1907 —
Cheena Creek Settlement; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 202,
1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile.
Squatarola durnillei Leybold, Exc. Pamp. Arj., p. 20, 1873— Laguna de los
Piuquenes, Santiago, Chile.

Charadrius modestus rubecola Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 106, 1887 —
Chile to Straits of Magellan (erit.).

Zonibyx modesta(us) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889— Port
Otway, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 238, 742, 1896—
Falkland Islands (Berkeley Sound), Tierra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan
(Hermit Island, Port Famine, Gray Harbour, Puerto Bueno, Puerto del
Morro, Cockle Cove, Tom Bay), Chubut, Chile (Valparaiso, "Tarapaca"
[= Arauco]), Buenos Aires, Santa Lucia, and Maldonado; Salvadori, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 624, 1900— Penguin Rookery (Staten
Island) and Punta Arenas; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 287, 1902 —
Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907— Iguape,
Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909— Barracas
al Sud, Buenos Aires (Aug. 15, Sept. 27) and Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argen-
tina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn.,
p. 286, 1910 — near Mount Tigre, Cape Fairweather, and Arroyo Eke,
Santa Cruz (descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465— Luiconia, Ajo, Buenos
Aires; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 61, p. 150, 1917— Falkland Islands
(deser. of downy young); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 58— Cape San Antonio,
Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to Sept.); Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo and Soriano, Uruguay; Waee, I.e., p. 198,
1921— Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e., p. 262, 1922— Rosas, Buenos
Aires (Apr. 23); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 162, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (May,
Aug.); Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe (winter
visitor); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926— head of the
Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz (January); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland
Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 370, 1932—
Chile (Caldera, Atacama, to the Guaiteeas Islands); Marelli, El Hornero,
5, p. 195, 1933— Saldungaray, Buenos Aires; Reynolds, I.e., 5, p. 351,
1934— Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 257, 1934 (range);
Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 86— Otaries Island, Jerdan Island, etc.. Cape
Horn; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 131, 1938— Iguape, Sao Paulo (May).

Charadrius (Eudromias) modestus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. Ill,
1891— Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego, and Bourehier Bay, False Cape
Horn.

Zonybyx modesta Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 666, 1898— Ushuaia,
Tierra del Fuego, and Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nae. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 375, 1902— Tierra del Fuego.

84 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds in extreme southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego,
and on the Falkland Islands; winters in Chile (north to Atacama),
Argentina (north to Cordoba, Santa F^, and Entre RIos), Uruguay,
and extreme southern Brazil (one record each from Rio Grande do
Sul and Iguap^, Sao Paulo). ^

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Chile (Huanillo, Antofagasta, 1;
Penco, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (unspecified, 1).

Conover Collection. — 16: Chile (Angol, Bio Bio, 4; Melinka,
Guaitecas Islands, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 2; Rio Ciaike,
Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 6; Cape
Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 2).

Genus PLUVIANELLUS G. R. Gray

Pluvianellus G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [549], Dec, 1846 — type, by mono-
typy, Pluvianellus socialis G. R. Gray; Pucheran, in Hombron and
Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., 3, p. 124, 1853 — type, by orig. desig.,
Pluvianellus sociabilis Pucheran (generic characters).

♦Pluvianellus socialis G. R. Gray. Magellanic Plover.

Pluvianellus socialis? "Hombron and Jacquinot" G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3,
p. [549], Dec, 1846 — based on "Pluvianelle sociable" Hombron and
Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, Ois., pi. 30, fig. 1, Jan., 1845, no locality
stated (type, from Straits of Magellan, in Paris Museum).

Pluvianellus sociabilis Pucheran, in Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud,
Zool., 3, p. 125, 1853 — "detroit de Magellan (type in Paris Museum);
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 303, 1896— Patagonia; Crawshay,
Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 121, col. pi., 1907— Useless Bay Settlement
(Sept. 16, Nov. 5; breeding); Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 298, 1910— near Rio Coy, Santa Cruz (Sept. 30);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 — Patagonia
and Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 33,
p. 21, 1925 — Punta Anegada, Straits of Magellan; Kinnear, Bull. Brit.
Orn. CI., 48, p. 52, 1927 — Tierra del Fuego (adult and immature, Jan.).

Charadrius sociabilis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 107, pi. 2, 1887 —
Tova Harbour (lat. 45° S.), Chubut; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6,
p. B. 288, 1891 — Straits of Magellan (type) and Tova Harbour, Patagonia.

Pluvianellus socialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 258, 1934 (range).

1 We have not been able to make out any constant differences, either in colora-
tion or in size, between birds from the Falkland Islands and others from the
mainland.

Additional material examined.- — Falkland Islands, 8. — Tierra del Fuego, 4. —
Straits of Magellan, 8. — Argentina: Chubut, 3; Province of Buenos Aires, 5. —
Chile: Valparaiso, 1; Arauco City, 2; Maquegua, Arauco, 1; Nige, Tolten Viejo, 1;
Almagro, Cautin, 2.

1948 Birds of the Americas—Hellmayr and Conover 85

Range. — Eastern Patagonia, from southern Chubut (Tova
Harbour, lat. 45° S.) to Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay).i

Conover Collection. — 2: Argentina (Rio Gallegos, 2).
Genus PHEGORNIS G. R. Gray^

Leptopus (not of Latreille, 1809) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844,"

p. 157, pub. Feb., 1845 — type, by monotypy, Leptopus mitchellii Fraser.
Leptodactylus (not of Fitzinger, 1826) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12,

"1844," p. 157, pub. Feb., 1845 (proposed in footnote as substitute for

Leptopus Fraser).
Phegornis G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [545], 1846 — type, by orig. desig.,

Leptopus mitchellii Fraser.
Leptoscelis (not of Halliday, 1831) Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, pi. 41, 1847 —

new name for Leptopus and Leptodactylus Fraser, preoccupied.
Leptosceles Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 331 — emendation of

Leptoscelis Des Murs.

*Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser). Mitchell's Sandpiper.

Leptopus mitchellii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, Feb.,
1845 — Chile, probably Andes of Colchagua (type now in collection of
British Museum); idem, Zool. Typ., pi. 63, circa 1848 — Andes of central
Chile.

Phegornis mitchelli{i) Gray, Gen. Eds., 3, p. [545], pi. 145, fig. 1, 1846; Tac-
zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 — Lake Junin, Peru; Sclater,
I.e., 1886, p. 403— Sitani, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3,
pi. 372, 1886— Lake Junin, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 450,
pl. 16, 1887— Chile (monog.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896—
Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 682, 1896— Chile and Peru
(Junin); Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 1, p. 154, 1902 —
Yaucha, Dept. San Carlos, Province of Mendoza; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Pujuni and Titiri, Puno, Peru; Neveu-
Lemaire, Les Lacs des Hauts Plateaux Amer. Sud, p. Ill, 1906 — Lake
Titicaca; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 —
"western Chubut" and Sierra de Mendoza, Argentina; idem, Bol. Soc.
Physis, 1, p. 260, 1913 (range in Argentina); Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza,
p. 12, 1916 — Mendoza and Chile ("Concepcion"); Barros, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; idem. I.e.,
33, p. 357, 1929— Cordillera of Aconcagua; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 392, 1932— Antofagasta (Silala) and Coquimbo
(Banos del Toro), Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 258, 1934 (range);
Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464 — Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru (Oct.,
Nov.).

' Additional material examined. — Patagonia: Straits of Magellan, 1 (the type);
Tova Harbour, Chubut, 1; unspecified, 1. — Tierra del Fuego: Useless Bay Settle-
ment, 1.

^ About the systematic position, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, p. 722.

86 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Leptoscelis mitchellii Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, pi. 41, 1847 — "California";
idem, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 404, 1847— Chile (ex
Eraser); Philippi, Reise WiJste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Rio Frio, Anto-
fagasta, and Cordillera of Santiago, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool.,
1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865— Cordillera of Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile,
31, p. 272, 1868 — Cordilleras of central provinces north to the desert of
Atacama; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Rio Frio, Antofagasta.

Leptosceles mitchelli Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile.

Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (Lake Junin; Talahuarra,
Huancavelica; Puno), western Bolivia (Lake Titicaca; Silala, Potosi),
and northern Chile south to Colchagua; also recorded from western
Argentina (Yaucha, Province of Mendoza; Aconquija, Province of
Tucuman).

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Bolivia (Silala, Potosi, 3); Chile
(Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1).

Conover Collection. — 2: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2).

Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Woodcocks, Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

Subfamily TRINGINAE. Curlews, Godwits, Yellowlegs, etc.

Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson^

Bartramia Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 553, April, 1831 — type, by mono-
typy, Bartramia laticauda Lesson=Tnnga longicauda Bechstein.

Adidurus Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad., 52, p. 208, 1831 — type, by orig. desig.,
Tringa bartramia Wilson=T'. longicauda Bechstein; idem, Sagg. Distr.
Met. Anim. Vert., p. 143, 1831 (reprint).

Euliga Nuttall, Man. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 167, 1834— type,
by orig. desig., Totanus bartramius Temminck =Tn«(7a longicauda Bech-
stein.

Actiturus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 51, 1838 — emendation of Adidurus
Bonaparte.

Bartramius Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 9, p. 59, 1857 — emendation of
Bartramia Lesson.

Euligia Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 86, 1862 — emendation oi Euliga Nuttall.

*Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Upland Plover.

Tringa longicauda Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 453, pi. 42, 1812 —

North America.
Tringa bartramia Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 63, pi. 59, fig. 2, 1813 — Schuylkill

River, Pennsylvania (type evidently lost).

1 About anatomy and affinities, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 759-761.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 87

Totanus variegatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 397,
1816 — "dans I'Amerique septentrionale et aux iles Antilles" (no type
specified); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 107, pi. 239, circa 1825—
same localities.

Totanus campestris Vieillot,^ Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 400,
1816 — based on "Chorlito ribetes blancos acanelados" Azara, No. 398,
Paraguay.

Bartramia laticauda Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 553, April, 1831 — new
name for Tringa longicauda Bechstein.

Actitis hartrami Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 43, pi. 196, 1836 —
emendation of Tringa bartramia Wilson.

Actiturus bartramius Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230 — Duenas, Gua-
temala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.; 28, p. 253, 1860— Vera Cruz,
Mexico; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 — Lion
Hill, Panama; Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 385— Tumeflf Island, British Hon-
duras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 — eastern
Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 979— Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 169—
Caracas, Venezuela; iidem. I.e., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Peru; iidem,
I.e., 1870, p. 783 — south of Merida, Venezuela; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 38 — Andrequeee, Minas Geraes, Brazil
(Oct. 26); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309— Nauta,
Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru; Taezanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 — Chorillos,
Lima, Peru; Hudson, I.e., 1876, p. 104 — Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis,
1877, p. 199 — Buenos Aires (Dec. to April); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26,
p. 199, 1878— Sierra of Cordoba; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884— Con-
cepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Nov. to April); Taezanowski, Orn.
Per., 3, p. 371, 1886— Peruvian localities; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472—
Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (fall); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn.,
2, p. 189, 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est.
Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 212 — Est. Espartillar (Oct.
to Mar.); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209— Santa Elena (Jan. to Mar.) and
Porongos (Nov.), Uruguay; Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 236 — Paraguayan Chaco
(Nov. 27); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 65, 1902— Cordillera
of Santiago, Chile.

Totanus bartramia Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Mendoza; idem,
Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861— Rio Tunuyan, Mendoza.

Actitis bartramius Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27, Seolopaces, p. 78, 1864 —
Ohio and Wisconsin (crit.).

Tringoides bariramius(a) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 463, 1866 — Trinidad;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870— Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Sept.,
Nov.; Irisanga, Dee.), Matto Grosso (Barra do Jauru, Oct.; Engenho do
Cap Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Oct.), and Amazonia (Marabitanas, Rio
Negro, Mar.).

Actiturus longicaudatus Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 260, 1874 — Blumenau,
Santa Catharina, Brazil; Gundlach, I.e., 29, p. 401, 1881— Puerto Rico.

' Totanus melanopygius Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 401,
1816 — "au centre des Etats-Unis, dans les mois d'octobre et de novembre, et a la
Louisiane pendant toute I'annee"), sometimes quoted in synonymy, can hardly
refer to the Upland Plover.

Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Aditurus longicaudus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 326, 1875 — Cuba (Aug.
to May); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 — Ruatan Island, Honduras.

Aditurus longicauda Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 —
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio
Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881 — southern parts of Pampa; Holmberg, Act.
Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — Tandil, Buenos Aires.

Bartramia longicauda Cory, Auk, 4, p. 319, 1887 — West Indies (descr.);
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Co.sta Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887 — Alajuela, Costa
Rica; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 240, 1889— Cuba, Jamaica, and Grenada;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— "Lake Titicaca (Aug.)";
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 101, 1889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil
(May 7); Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890— San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 25
to Nov. 25); idem, I.e., 9, p. 329, 1892— San Jose, Costa Rica; Cory, I.e.,
p. 48, 1892 — Maraguana, Bahama Islands; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 94,
1892 — West Indian localities; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — Magdalena Vieja and Lima, Peru (March);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso;
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua (Nov. 26); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 509, 765,
1896 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul, 3, p. 435, 1899— Sao Paulo;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900— Cienaga, Magdalena,
Colombia (Sept. 15); idem. Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 — same locality; Bangs,
Lc, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Divala, Chiriquf, Panama; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Rio Sail, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 380, 1903 — Mexico (Valley of Mexico;
Guanajuato; Zacatecas; Chapala, Jalisco; Cacoprieto and Tapanatepec,
Oaxaca; Orizaba, Las Vegas, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Pinal, Puebla),
British Honduras (Turneff Island), Guatemala (Duenas, Sakluk), Hon-
duras (Ruatan Island), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Costa Rica, and
Panama; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 460 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia (April);
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905— Barbados (Aug. to March),
Grenada, and Carriacou (Sept., Oct.), Lesser Antilles; Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 125, 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (Sept.,
Oct.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April);
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Iguape,
Itapura) and Venezuela (Merida); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307,
1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 27); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16,
p. 251, 1909— Wilde (Dec. 30) and Barracas al Sud (Dec. 26), Buenos
Aires; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910 — AUianca, Rio Madeira, Brazil
(Nov. 9); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 420, 1910 — San Jose (Sept.
15, 18) and Guacimo (Oct. 13), Costa Rica; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Joazeiro, Bahia (Mar. 20);
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 90, 1914— Baiao, Rio Tocantins, Brazil;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245— Gatun, Panama (Oct.
12); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 — vicinity
of Paramaribo, Surinam (April); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 379, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14,
1920 — Montevideo and Colonia, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 119, 1920
(winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Daguerre, I.e.,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 89

p. 263, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires (Jan. 18); Todd and Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 — Cienaga, Colombia; Lonnberg
and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 — Chaupicruz, near La
Carolina (Mar. 20), and Carapungo (Aug. 10), Ecuador; Giacomelli, El
Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923— La Rioja (Feb., March); Pereyra, I.e., p. 163,
1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (Nov.); Dabbene, I.e., p. 197, 1923— Decep-
tion Island, South Shetlands (Feb. 8); Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1926— Venado
Tuerto, Santa Fe; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926—
Cerro Compaiiia, Ecuador (Sept. 24); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323—
Deception Island, South Shetlands (Feb. 9, 1923); Wetmore, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 133, p. 146, 1926— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 29; Villa
Coneepeion, Oct. 3), Uruguay (below Rocha, Jan. 23; Lazcano, Feb. 7),
Entre Rios (Concordia, Feb. 22), and Buenos Aires; idem. Tech. Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 13, 1927 — same localities; idem, Sei. Surv. Porto
Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 362, 1927— Puerto Rico (Santa Isabel,
Sept. 13); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 55, 1929 (life hist.); Laub-
mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 53, 1930 — Taeaagle,
Formosa (Nov. 24); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 375,
1931— Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia (Oct. 20); Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932— Santiago, Chile; Griscom, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Guatemala; Tieehurst, Bull. Brit.
Orn. CI., 53, p. 204, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 259, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289— Trinidad
and Tobago; Grisoom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama;
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 132, 1938— Bahia (Joazeiro), Sao Paulo
(Iguape, Ypiranga, Itapura), and Venezuela (Merida); Bennett, Ibis, 1938,
p. 764 — Falkland Islands; Dixon, Bds. Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat.
Park, p. 74, 1938 (nesting); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 123, 1944— Mt.
McKinley Nat. Park; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
(3), 23, p. 71, 1945 — Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza, Sept.; Victoria,
Oct.).

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, southern Mackenzie,
southern Ontario, Quebec, and central Maine south to Oregon, Utah,
Colorado, southern Oklahoma, Missouri, southern Indiana, and
northern Virginia; winters in southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argen-
tina south to the Rio Negro; casual in Chile (Santiago); occasional
in Bermuda Islands, and western Europe; accidental in the Falkland
and the South Shetland Islands (Deception Island, Feb. 9, 1923).

Field Museum Collection. — 82: Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan
(Maple Creek, 3; Prince Albert, 1); North Dakota (Towner County,
19; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Peoples Lake, Towner County, 1;
Cando, Towner County, 1; St. John, Towner County, 1; Stump
Lake, Nelson County, 10; Belcourt, Rolette County, 1; Rolla,
Rolette County, 1; Taller's Bay, Ramsey County, 1; Cannonball,
Slope County, 1; Brinsmade, Benson County, 2); Colorado (Fort
Lyon, Bent County, 1); Iowa (Iowa City, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver

90 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Dam, 4); Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1; Joliet, Will County,
2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1; Cohasset, 1; Ashfield, 1;
unspecified, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 1); New York
(Southampton, 1); Pennsylvania (unspecified, 1); Texas (Corpus
Christi, 8; Brownsville, 5; Travis County, 1); Bahama Islands
(Mariguana, 1); Venezuela, Merida (Culata, 4; Conejos, 1).

Conover Collection. — 15: Yukon Territory (head of Big Salmon
River, 1); Illinois (Calumet, 2; Warrenville, Du Page County, 5);
Georgia (Montezuma, Macon County, 1); Colombia (Popayan,
Cauca, 1); Ecuador (Rio Blanco, Esmeraldas, 1; Sara Yaco, Rio
Bobonaza, 1; Macas, Santiago-Zamora, 1); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto
Grosso, 2).

Genus NUMENIUS Brisson

Numenius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 311, 1760 — type, by tautonymy,

" Numenius" Brisson- Scolopax torquata Linnaeus.
Phaeopus Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, "1817," p. 485, publ. Dec. 7, 1816 — type,

by tautonymy, Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus.
Neomenius Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A and p. 159, 1828—

emendation of Numenius Brisson.
Cradicornis Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 88, 1841 — type, by

orig. desig., Scolopax torquata Linnaeus.
Mesoscolopax Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 371, 1896 — type, by mono-

typy, Numenius minutus Gould.

*Numenius borealis (J. R. Forster). Eskimo Curlew.

Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, pp. 411, 431, 1772— Fort
Albany, Keewatin, Hudson Bay (type formerly in collection of Royal
Society of London).

Tringa campestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 454,
1819 — based on "Chorlito campesino" Azara, No. 397, Paraguay (Sep-
tember).

Numenius brevirostris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75,
Sept., 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Temminck,
Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 64, pi. 381, Dec. 21, 1825— Brazil and Paraguay;
Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Buenos Aires; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861,
p. 156 — Falkland Islands (one record); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308,
1870 — Sao Paulo (Lagoa do Campo Largo, near Ypanema, Sept., Oct.,
Nov.), Matto Grosso (Xavier, Oct. 7), and Amazonas (south bank of
Amazon River between mouth of Rio Madeira and mouth of Rio Negro,
Sept. 4), Brazil.

Numenius borealis Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 356 — San Geronimo, Guatemala
(April); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27, p. 101, 1864 (crit.); Leotaud,
Ois. Trinidad, p. 444, 1866 — Trinidad (one male; Sept.); Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile (crit.); Newton, I.e., 1871,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 91

p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 1 (egg) — Arctic coast east of Anderson River, Mackenzie;
Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 404— Chubut Valley, Patagonia (Oct. 8-10);
Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, pp. 161, 188, 1878— Puerto Rico; idem. Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 367, 1878 — near San Juan, Puerto Rico (one
spec); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1881, p. 185 —
Greenland (Julianehaab, Nanortalik, Ikamiut); Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 25, p. 241, 1884 — Bermuda Islands; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316,
1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Sept. 9 to middle October),
and pampas between Azul and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Feb.);
Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 149, 1886 — sixty miles west of
Nunivak Island, Bering Sea; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 121,
1887 — Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (migr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad.,
p. 333, 1887 (crit.); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 629, 1887— Grenada;
Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 498— Barbados (end of Aug. and Sept.); Sharpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 368, 755, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd.
Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 — Greenland (several records); Philippi, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 62, 1902— Chile (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 — Barbados (ex Feilden) and Harvey Vale, Carriacou
(Sept. 5, 1904); Barbour, Auk, 23, p. 459, 1906— Lat. 49° 06' N., Long.
27° 28' W. (May 26, 1906); Thayer, I.e., 26, p. 77, 1909— Newburyport,
Massachusetts (Aug., 1908); Knight, I.e., 27, p. 79, 1910— Hog Island,
Hancock, Maine (Sept., 1909); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ.
Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 300, 1910 (descr.; range); Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., 18, p. 218, 1910 (range in Argentina); Lamb, Auk,
30, p. 581, 1913 — East Orleans, Massachusetts, Sept. 5, 1913 (in Conover
collection); Swenk, Smiths. Inst. Ann. Rep. for 1915, pp. 325-340, pi. 1,
1916 (hist.; former distr.; migr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 71 — Linconia
(Feb. 13, 1899; April 8, 1901) and near Palenque (Apr. 16, 1901), Ajo,
Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 15, 1927
(account of former wintering grounds in Argentina and Chile); Albert,
Auk, 45, p. 95, 1928— Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin (1903); Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 146, p. 125, 1929 (life hist.; range; migr.); Naumburg, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 78, 1930— Matto Grosso; Griseom, I.e., 64,
p. 132, 1932 — San Geronimo, Guatemala; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 398, 1932— Chile (Arica, Taena; Chiloe Island);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 260, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis,
1935, p. 289— Trinidad (ex Leotaud) and Tobago (ex Kirk); Pinto, Rev,
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 16,
p. 54, 1938— Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna (Sept., 1851).

Numenius microrhynchus Philippi and Landbeek, Arch. Naturg., 32, (1),
p. 129, 1866— Chiloe Island (Oct., 1858) and "Ariea" (= Playa de Chacal-
luta), Tacna, Chile (cotypes in Museo Naeional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and
Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 24, 1930); Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868— Chiloe and "Peru" (= Arica).

Mesoscolopax borealis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 412, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Monte-
video and Colonia, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 125, 1920 (range in Argen-
tina); idem, I.e., 3, p. 284, 1924 — Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (Sept. 7,
1924); idem. I.e., 3, p. 420, 1926— Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (Jan. 11,

92 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

1926); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 322, 1931—
Bermuda Islands.

Phaeopus borealis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9,
p. 360, 1927— Puerto Rico (ex Gundlach); idem, Auk, 56, p. 475, 1939—
Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Feb. 16-28, 1937; Jan. 17, 1939); Cottam and
Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 154, 1939 (food); Scott, I.e., 57, p. 566, 1940 (cor-
rected list of records).

Range. — Bred formerly on the barren grounds of Arctic America,
from Norton Sound, Alaska, to northern Mackenzie (valley of
Anderson River, Point Lake); wintered in southern Brazil (states
of Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso), Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and
Argentina (Entre Rios, Buenos Aires, Chubut) ; accidental in Guate-
mala (San Geronimo), on the Falkland Islands (one record), and in
Greenland. 1 The southward migration was through the eastern
United States and the West Indies (Bermuda Islands; Puerto Rico;
Barbados; Carriacou; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad), returning north-
ward across the Gulf of Mexico and up the Mississippi Valley. Now
exceedingly rare.^

Field Museum Collection. — 10: Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 5; Cape Cod, Barnstable County,
1; Great Island, Hyannis, 2); Kansas (Emporia, 1).

Conover Collection. — 5: Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1; East Orleans,
Barnstable County, 1); Colorado (Smith's Lake, Denver, 1); un-
specified, 2.

Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (Linnaeus). Whimbrel.

Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 — based
principally on Faun. Svec, No. 140, Sweden.

Numenius islandicus C. L. Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deuts., p. 610, 1831 —
Iceland (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 25, p. 56, 1918).'

Numenius phaeopus Winge, Medd. Grj^nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 — Greenland
(various records); Brewster, Auk, 26, p. 190, 1909 — south of Sable Island,

1 Salvin's record (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429) from Charles Island,
Galapagos, refers to N. phaeopus hudsonicus (cf. Rothschild and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 6, p. 189, 1899).

2 The last specimen was shot on January 11, 1926, at Rosas, Buenos Aires,
but others were seen by E. R. Runnacles at Lavalle, in the same province, in
February, 1937, as well as on January 17, 1939 (fide Wetmore, Auk, 56, p. 475,
1939).

^Numenius melanorhynchus Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43,
pp. 597, 1021, 1856), from Greenland and Iceland, is a nomen nudum without
nomenclatorial standing.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 93

Nova Scotia (May 23, 1906); Miller, I.e., 32, p. 226, 1915— Great South

Bay, Long Island (Sept. 4, 1912).
Phaeopus phaeopus phaeopus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 397,

1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).
Numenius phaeopus phaeopus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 136, 1929

(life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 260, 1934 (range in part).
Numenius phaeopus islandicus Salomonsen, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,

90, pp. 365, 366, 1931— Iceland and Greenland (crit.; meas.).i

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes, Orkney and Shetland
Islands, northern Scandinavia, and northern (European and Asiatic)
Russia; frequent on migration in Greenland; accidental on Sable
Island, south of Nova Scotia (May 25; 1906), and Long Island,
New York (Sept. 4, 1912) ; winters in Africa, Madagascar, and India.

Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli).^ Eastern Whimbrel.

Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Ins., fasc. 2, p. 92, 1796 —

based on "Courly tachete de I'isle de Lugon" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee,

p. 85, pi. 48, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
Scolopax luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 656, 1789 — same basis.
Numenius atricapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 303,

1817 — new name for Numenius luzoniensis hatham^ Scolopax luzoniensis

Gmelin.
Numenius phaeopus variegatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range);

Bailey, Auk, 56, p. 333, 1939— Point Barrow, Alaska (June 10, 1938).

Range. — Breeds in eastern Siberia west to the Lena River;
winters from eastern China throughout the Indo-Australian Archi-
pelago to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Australia, Tasmania,
New Caledonia, and the Caroline, Marianna, and Pelew Islands.
Accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow, June 10, 1938).

*Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Latham. HuDSONiAN
Curlew.

Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 712, 1790 — based on "Eskimaux
Curlew" Tennant, Arct. Zool., 2, No. 364, pi. 19, Hudson Bay; Darwin,
Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841— Chiloe Island, Chile; Eraser, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— shores of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay,

' Breeding specimens from Iceland and migratory birds from Greenland are
on average larger (wing of males, 240-260, against 231-250 in Scandinavia), but
there is much overlapping in measurements, and the slight difference, considering
the size of the bird, seems altogether too insignificant to justify the separation of
N. p. islandicus, inasmuch as Faroes specimens compl^etely bridge the gap.

''Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli) differs from the nominate race by
having the feathers of lower back and rump broadly spotted with brown, while
the foreneck, breast, flanks, and under wing coverts are generally more coarsely
marked.

94 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, ZooL, 1, p. 419, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia,
1855, p. 510 — Chile ("Arend" [ = Ancud], Chiloe Island; Calbuco and
"Reloncaoi" [ = Reloncavi], Llanquihue); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr.
Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855— Chile; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 10— Greenland
(Godthaab, Julianehaab, Fiskenaesset, Jacobshavn); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 176—
Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275,
1869— coast of Chile; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 330— Chimbote (Ancachs)
and Santa Lucia (Tumbez), Peru; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16 — Taleaguano,
Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.); Taczanowski,
Orn. Per., 3, p. 380, 1886— Peruvian localities; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll.
Alaska, 3, p. 120, 1887— St. Michaels, Alaska; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887,
p. 208 — Chimbote, Peru (Aug.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p.
331, 1887 (monog.); Berlepseh and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1892, p. 395— Lima, Peru (Oct. 6); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210,
1896— Chile (especially Chiloe Island); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, pp. 364, 754, 1896 — North America, Mexico (Mazatlan), Guatemala
(Chiapam), Barbados, Brazil (Para, Cajutuba), Peru (Tambo Valley,
Paracas Bay), Chile (Viiia del Mar, Araueo, Chiloe, Taleaguano, Santiago),
and Galapagos Islands; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Vina del Mar, Valparaiso,
Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 659, 1898— Chile; Winge, Medd.
Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 — Greenland (three records); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Santa Elena, Ecuador
(Jan.); Grinnell, Pae. Coast Avifauna, No. 1, p. 27, 1900 — Kowak River,
Alaska (nesting); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 365,
1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan; Rio Zacatula, Colima; Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca),
Guatemala (Laguna de Chiapam), Honduras (Fonseca Bay), Costa Rica
(Punta Arenas and San Lucas), Galapagos Islands, and South America;
Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— Barbuda (Sept., Nov.);
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905— Barbados and Grenada
(arr. in August); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146,
1905 — San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama;
Berlepseh, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana (Nov.
21); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 214, 1909— Islas de Aves,
Caribbean Sea (Jan. 23); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 —
Costa Rica (San Jose, Sept. 15; El Coronado de Terraba, July 3); Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910, p. 226, 1923—
Amaragao and Ilha Grande, Piauhy (Sept.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,
8, p. 87, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval) and Maranhao (Guimaraes), Brazil;
Cherrie, Sei. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916— Altagraeia, Rio
Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 43, 1918 — Fort Niew Amsterdam, Surinam (April); Chubb, Ibis,
1919, p. 264— Trujillo, Peru (Mar. 18); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4,
p. 25, 1920 — Pajaros Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Lonnberg and
Rendahl, I.e., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina, Ecuador (Oct. 18);
Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile;
Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 — Hooper and Igiak Bay, Alaska (migr.;
weights; imm. plumage); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194,
1926— Vaqueria (Feb. 14, 22; Sept. 13, 14), Jambeli (July 20, Nov. 1,
2), and Puna Island (July 17), Ecuador; Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 95

Dept. Agric, 26, p. 15, 1927— Concon, Chile (April 25); Young, Ibis,
1928, p. 769— Berbice River, British Guiana (Oct. 15 to Nov. 15); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 113, 1929 (life hist.; range); Swarth, Occ.
Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931 — Galapagos and Cocos Island
(winter visitor); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397,
1932 — Atacama (Caldera) and Chiloe Island (Quellon, Rio Inio), Chile;
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala;
idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 373, 1934 — Acapulco, Guerrero
(Jan. 1); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 — Caroni Swamp, Trini-
dad; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile;
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 81, 1935— Ilha Madre de Deus (Jan. 29,
Feb. 4) and Corupeba (Feb. 4, 16), Bahia, Brazil; Philippi, El Hornero,
6, p. 235, 1936 — Pocas de la Erizera, Arica, Chile (July 1); Dickey and
van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 172, 1938— Puerto
del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 12); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Chile, 16, p. 54, 1938— Arica and Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.).

Numenius hudsonius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 304,
1817 (emendation of Numenius hudsonicus Latham); Pelzeln, Reise
Novara, Zool., 1, pp. 128, 163, 1865— Chiloe Island, Chile; Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 26, p. 187, 1878 — near Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico; idem, Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 367, 1878 — Punta Arenas, near Mayagiiez,
Puerto Rico.

Numenius rufus Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 118, pi. 245, circa 1825 —
part, descr. of spec, in collection of P. L. Vieillot.^

Numenius rufiventris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, 1829 — western
shores of North America (type lost); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 28,
1839 — no locality given.

Numenius brasiliensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 708, 1833 —
eastern Brazil (type now in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 272, 1889).

Numenius inlermedius Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds,
p. 100, 1834— North America.

Numenius phaeopus (not Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849— mouth of the Waini
River; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870— Praia de Cajutuba, Para,
Brazil (March).

Numenius phaeopus var. hudsonica Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 121 — Cayenne
(crit.).

Numenius borealis Snyder, Auk, 30, p. 269, 1913 — Fox Lake, Dodge County,
Wisconsin, Sept. 10, 1912 (= N. hudsonicus; cf. Scott, I.e., 57, p. 566,
1940).

Phaeopus hudsonicus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 402, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1921 — Chile

' It is extremely doubtful whether, as claimed by Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 366, 1896), spec, c, Hudson's Bay, from the Riocour collection, in
the British Museum, is the type. The individual described and figured by Vieillot
is evidently the one brought back by himself from New York (cf . Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 307, 1817, in text of N. melanopus). Latham's description
quoted by Vieillot refers to N. americanus.

96 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

and Tierra del Fuego (Cape San Sebastian, Feb. 5, 1896); Wetmore, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 146, 1926— Concon, Valparaiso, Chile (April 25);
idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 360, 1927— Puerto
Rico and Anegada (transient); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 96,
1928 — Lower California (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 155, p. 157, 1931 — Hispaniola (transient); Taverner and
Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 36, pi. 1, 1934 — Churchill, Manitoba
(nesting; col. pi. of adult and young); Dixon, Bds. and Mammals, Mt.
McKinley Nat. Park, p. 72, 1938 (nesting); Taverner, Wilson Bull., 54,
p. 1, 1942 (breeding range and migration routes); Porsild, Canad. Field
Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 — Caribou Hills and Richards Island, Mackenzie
Delta (nesting).

Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938— Maranhao (Primeira Cruz;
Oct.) and Bahia (Ilha Madre de Deus, Corupeba); Hope and Shortt,
Auk, 61, p. 573, 1944 — west coast of James Bay (migr.).

Numenius (Phaeopus) hudsonicus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306,
1935 — Panama (winter).

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast of North America, from
Norton Sound to the Anderson River, in Mt. McKinley National
Park and locally to Fort Churchill; winters from southern California,
south on the Pacific coast of America to Chilo^ Island, Chile, and
on the east coast from British Guiana to Bahia, Brazil, and also on
the Galapagos Islands; accidental in Tierra del Fuego (Cape San
Sebastian, Feb. 5, 1896), on the Pribilof Islands, Bermuda Islands,
and in Greenland.

Field Museum Collection.~-S7: Alaska (Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 1;
Yukon Delta, 2; Hairise, 2; Teller, 1); British Columbia (Graham
Island, 1); Washington (Jefferson County, 1); California (Moss
Landing, 3; Monterey, 3; Rincon, 2; Sunset Beach, 2; Redwood
City, 5; Hyperion, 6; Point Firman, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Manitoba
(Churchill, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 13); Maine (Rock Pond,
Hancock County, 1); Connecticut, New Haven County (West
Haven, 1; unspecified, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Massa-
chusetts (Monomoy Island, 6; Chatham, 1); North Carolina, Dare
County (Pea Island, 5; Bodie Island, 2); Georgia (Chatham County,
2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Matamoros, Tamaulipas,
3); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 3); Dominica (un-
specified, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Lesser Antilles (Anegada,
1) ; Venezuela (Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 3; Los Aves Island,
Colon, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 2); Peru (Tambo Valley, Are-
quipa, 1); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Chilo^, Chilo^ Island, 1).

Conover Collection.— SI: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2;
Barrow,. 1; Alaktak River near Barrow, 2); Alberta (Beaverhill

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 97

Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); California (Anaheim Landing, 1;
Rincon, 5; Playa del Rey, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guana-
caste, 3); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Chile, Chilo6 Island (Quellon,
3; Rio Inio, 1).

*Numenius tahitiensis (Gmelin). Bristle-thighed Curlew.

Scolopax tahitiensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 656, 1789 — based on
"Otaheite Curlew" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 122, Tahiti, Society
Islands (cf. Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 83, 1887; crit.).i

Numenius tahitensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 308,
1817 (emendation).

Numenius femoralis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 233, 1848 — Vincennes
Island, Paumotu Islands (type in United States National Museum);
Cassin, I.e., p. 316, pi. 37, 1858 — Vincennes Island.

Numenius tibialis Layard and Layard, Ibis, (6), 4, p. 533, July, 1882 — lapsus
for N. femoralis Peale.

Numenius tahitiensis Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 121, pi. 9, 1887 —
St. Michaels, Alaska (descr.; second American record); Seebohm, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 332, 1887 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24,
p. 367, 1896 (monog.); Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 253, 1920— St. George Island,
Pribilofs; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 — Cape Mountain and Lopp
Lagoon, Alaska; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 — Hooper Bay (May 22,
July 6, July 31, Aug. 4 [common]; migr.; voice; weights), Nome (Aug. 21;
plumage of young of the year); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 140,
1929 (habits; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range).

Phaeopus tahitiensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 407, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
63, p. 179, 1919— Paumotu, Gilbert, and Marshall Islands (crit.); Swarth,
Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 28, 1934 — Nunivak Island (migrant Aug. 15
and 20); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 123, 1944 — Kviehak River, Alaska Penin-
sula.

Range. — Only known to breed on some barren ridges about 25
miles north of Mountain Village on the lower Yukon River, Alaska,
at an elevation of approximately 1,000 feet.^ Found around Nome
and the tundra back of Hooper Bay, Alaska, during fall migration.
Winters on islands in the Pacific Ocean from Lisiansky and the
Hawaiian Islands south to the Marshall, Gilbert, Phoenix, and
Society Islands.

Conover Collection. — 14: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12;
Cape Nome, Norton Sound, 2).

1 As pointed out by Stejneger, Latham's description is rather ambiguous.

2 This information has been furnished by Professor Arthur A. Allen, the
leader of the expedition which discovered the long sought nesting grounds of the
Bristle-thighed Curlew. He has been kind enough to allow us to include it in
this volume.

98 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol, XIII
Numenius arquata arquata (Linnaeus). European Curlew.

Scolopax arquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — chiefly

based on Faun. Svec, No. 139, Sweden.
Numenius arquatus Marshall and Dutcher, Auk, 9, pp. 390, 392, 1892 —

Long Island (1853); Helms and Schigler, Schi0ler, Dansk. Orn. Foren.

Tidssk., 11, pp. 173, 174, 1917— Angmagsalik (Aug. 23, 1913) and Nanor-

talik (Nov. 16, 1915), Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,

(8), p. 386, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).

Numenius arquata arquata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 109, 1929
(life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 262, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in the British Isles, Scandinavia, Brittany,
Holland, Belgium, coasts of the Baltic Sea, Poland, and northern
Russia, south to Switzerland, Austria, and the mouth of the Danube;
accidental in Greenland (Angmagsalik, Aug. 23, 1913; Nanortalik,
Nov. 16, 1915) and (?) on Long Island, New York; winters chiefly
in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, Madagascar, India, and
Ceylon.

*Nunienius americanus Bechstein.^ LoNG-BiLLED Curlew.

NuTnenius americanus Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 432, 1812 —
New York and Hudson Bay; Grinnell, Univ. CaHf. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 95,
1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 97, 1929
(life hist.; range; migr.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 56, 1931 — Utah (breeding
habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932— Guatemala.

Numenius longirostra Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 23, pi. 64, fig. 4, 1814 —
New Jersey (type lost).

Numenius melanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 306,
1817 — part, mainly based on Numenius arquata var. E, Latham, Ind.
Orn., 2, p. 710, 1790, and Scolopax arquata var. B, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,
1, (2), p. 556, Hudson Bay (breeding) to New York (on migr.)/

Numenius longirostris Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, No. 1,
p. 74, 1825 (emendation of N. longirostra Wilson); March, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 68— Jamaica (breeding?); Salvin, Ibis, 1866,
p. 197 — Chiapam and Dueiias, Guatemala; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert.
Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 352, 1866— Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320,
1875 — Cuba (Cardenas, Rio Canto); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
9, p. 179, 1886— Laguna de Baltazar, Puebla (Sept.); Seebohm, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 327, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 94, 1892—
Cuba, Jamaica, and "St. Vincent" (ex Ober); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,

' Subdivision of the Long-billed Curlew is impracticable. While more northern
specimens tend to smaller size and shorter bill, there is so much overlapping in
measurements that even of breeding birds only a certain percentage can be dis-
tinguished, whereas the identification of migratory or wintering individuals is
almost impossible.

2 The bird in the author's collection, whose divergencies are incidentally
explained, evidently belonged to N. p. hudsonicus.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 99

24, pp. 352, 753, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 364, 1903 — Mexico (numerous localities) and Guatemala
(Dueiias, Chiapam); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 301, 1905
(occurrence in St. Vincent denied); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22,
p. 162, 1906— Rancho Santuario, Durango (Feb. 22).

Numineus (sic) occidentalis Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 194,
1852 — Rio Grande, near Albuquerque, New Mexico (Aug. 20, 1851)
(type destroyed, formerly in United States National Museum).

Numenius americanus parvus Bishop, Auk, 27, p. 59, Jan., 1910 — Crane
Lake, Saskatchewan (type in collection of L. B. Bishop, now in Field
Museum, examined); Phillips, I.e., 28, p. 75, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamau-
lipas (Jan.); Bishop, Condor, 40, p. 226, 1938 (nomencl.; crit.).

Numenius americanus americanus Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 — Matamoros,
Tamaulipas (Feb.); Oberholser, I.e., 35, p. 188, 1918 (char.; range);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 390, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 263, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 80, 1945 — Sonora (winter visitor).

Numenius americanus occidentalis Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 191, 1918 (char.;
range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 394, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Grinnell, Condor, 23, p. 21, 1921 (race not valid); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 262, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds from eastern British Columbia to Manitoba and
south to Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and South Dakota, formerly-
east to Wisconsin and Illinois; winters from the southwestern
United States to Guatemala; accidental in Newfoundland, Cuba,
and Jamaica.^

Field Museum Collection. — 73: British Columbia (Okanagan, 3);
Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 4); California
(Humboldt County, 1; Orange County, 1; Monterey County, 9;
Los Angeles County, 2; Santa Barbara County, 1); Arizona (Santa
Cruz County, 3) ; Idaho (Teton County, 1) ; Utah (Salt Lake County,
4; Bear River, 4) ; New Mexico (Colfax County, 1) ; Wyoming (Crook
County, 2); Colorado (Denver Mills, 1); Texas (Cameron County,
20; Clay County, 1; Port Lavaca, 1; Nueces County, 7; Aransas
County, 4); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1).

Conover Collection. — 20: California (Ventura County, 2; Orange
County, 3); Utah (Brigham, 11); Texas (Willacy County, 4).

Genus LIMOSA Brisson^

1 The reported occurrence of the Long-billed Curlew in the Lesser Antilles,
on St. Vincent and Guadeloupe (cf. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 197,
451, 1879) has never been confirmed, and Kirk's record from Tobago (cf. Belcher
and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 289) is perhaps also questionable.

* There is no justification for subdividing the genus, as has been set forth
by Townsend and Wetmore (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, pp. 181-182, 1919).
The admission of the Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa I. limx)sa (Linnaeus), to the

100 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Limosa Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 261, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Limosa"
Br\sson= Scolopax limosa Linnaeus.

Fedoa (not of Leach, 1816) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 70,
1824 — type, by tautonymy, Fedoa americana Stephens^ Scolopax fedoa
Linnaeus.

Vetola Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (2), p. 191, May 2, 1913 — type, by orig.
desig., Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus.

*Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus). ^ Hudsonian Godwit.

Scolopax haemastica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 147, 1758 — based on
"Red-breasted Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 138, pi. 138,
Hudson Bay.

Scolopax hudsonica Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 720, 1790 — based on "Hudsonian
Godwit" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., 1, p. 246, and Pennant, Arct.
Zool., Suppl., p. 68, 1787, Hudson Straits.

Limosa hudsonicaius) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Chiloe
Island, Chile, and Falkland Islands; Eraser, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11,
p. 118, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1,
p. 420, 1847 — coast of Valparaiso, Chile; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
27, p. 96, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 387, 1860— Falk-
land Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 — Mare Harbour, Port Louis,
East Falkland (May 20); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 27, p. 22, 1864— East
Falkland (Abbott) and Mexico (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1,
Vogel, pp. 128, 163, 1865— Chiloe Island, Chile; Gundlach, in Poey,
Repert. FIs.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 353, 1866 — Cuba (one spec); Leotaud,
Ois. Trinidad, p. 448, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868—
coast of Chile (abundant at Vichuquen, Curico); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Lake Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela;

North American fauna appears to rest on very slender evidence. It was first
listed as Scolopax iardreka by Fabricius (Faun. Groenl., p. 107, 1780), who states
that he had seen one specimen from Greenland. However, his diagnosis is copied
word for word from 0. F. Muller (Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 23, 1776)— who based
his Scolopax Jadreka mainly on "Jadreka" Olafsen and Povelsen, Reise Island,
p. 896, pi. 48, 1772, from Iceland — and it appears, therefore, that the author was
not too well acquainted with the bird. The second record is by Holboll (Naturhist.
Tidsskr., 4, p. 409, 1843), who claims to have received a specimen of Limosa
melanura shot on the Kok Islands near Godthaab. The bird cannot be found in
the Copenhagen Museum (cf. Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11). Winge (Medd.
Gr0nl., 21, p. 160, 1898) suggests the record might be due to confusion with
L. haemastica, of which Holboll sent several specimens, including one from God-
thaab, to Copenhagen (cf. also Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 304, 1927).

^Scolopax alba Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 247, 1766 — based on
"White Godwit from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 139,
pi. 139, posterior fig.; Hudson's Bay) and Scolopax Candida Linnaeus (Syst. Nat.,
12th ed., 1, p. 247, 1766— based on "The White Redshank or Poole-Snipe" Edwards,
Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 139, pi. 139, anterior fig.; Hudson's Bay), doubtfully quoted
in the synonymy of the Hudsonian Godwit, do not seem to be identifiable with
certainty. Richardson (in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 398,
note, Feb., 1832) provided Edwards' "White Godwit from Hudson's Bay" with
the name Limosa edwardsii, which is a synonym of Scolopax alba Linnaeus.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 101

iidem, Ibis, 1870, p. 500— Ancud, Chiloe; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308,
1870 — Caigara, Engenho do Gama, and Cidade de Matto Grosso, Matto
Grosso, Brazil (Sept., Oct., Nov.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 456 (winter range); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320,
1875— Cuba (one specimen); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 43, 200— Chubut
Valley, Patagonia (Nov. 13) and Buenos Aires (Apr. to Sept.); Lawrence,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879— Guadeloupe (ex L'Herminier MS.);
Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881— Azul,
Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 42— La Plata (Nov.);
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 392, 1887 (crit.); Macfarlane, Ibis,
1887, p. 204— Bay of San Nicolas, lea, Peru (Nov. 9); Reed, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— coast of Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, pp. 388, 756, 1896— North America^ Venezuela (Lake Valencia; Oct.),
and Argentina (La Plata, Nov. 10; Chuput, Nov. 13; Port Desire, Mar.);
Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 659, 1898— Calbuco, Llanquihue,
Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 432, 1899— Sao Paulo; Crawshay,
Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 130, 1907— Useless Bay; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, pp. 306, 322, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 304, 1910— Patagonia
(habits); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470— Los Yngleses, Ajo (Nov. 1) and Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. 20); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
28, p. 52, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Wetmore, Auk, 48,
p. 596, 1931 — Rio Yoque del Norte, Dominican Republic.

Limosa australis G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, p. 95, 1844— San
Salvador Bay, East Falkland Island (nomen nudum).

Limosa haemastica Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1,
p. 260, 1884 (monog.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 117, 1887—
Nulato and Yukon mouth (ex Dall), Alaska; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495—
Barbados (Oct., transient); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 191,
1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar,
Buenos Aires (July, Aug.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905—
Barbados (transient); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 50, 1907— Iguape,
Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910—
Buenos Aires, Chubut, and Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay); Bertoni,
Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 —Alto Parana, Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920,
p. 70 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13,
1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones); Dabbene, I.e., p. 122, 1920
(winter range in Argentina and adjacent countries); Wace, I.e., p. 198,
1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323— Falkland Islands;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 159, 1926— Rio Ajo, below Lavalle
(Nov. 13-15) and Laguna del Monte, near Guaminl (Mar. 3-12), Buenos
Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 420, 1926— Dolores, Buenos Aires
(June, July); Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 24, 1927— Maipu, Buenos Aires (June);
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 295, 1927 (Hfe hist.); Wetmore, Tech.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 11, 1927— Guamini, Buenos Aires (March
3-8); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930— Matto Grosso;
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932— Chile
(winter) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 263, 1934 (range) ; Belcher and Smooker,
Ibis, 1935, p. 290— Trinidad; Brooks, Auk, 53, p. 80, 1936— Atlin, British
Columbia (first record) and New Zealand; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22,

102 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 133, 1938— Sao Paulo (range); Hope and Shortt, Auk, 61, p. 575,
1944 — west coast of James Bay (July 20-25; migration route to Gulf of
St. Lawrence).
Vetula haemastica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 191, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.).

Range. — Breeds on the Barren Grounds of arctic North America
from northeastern Alaska east to Southampton Island and the west
shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); winters in Chile, Argentina,
Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil (in states of Sao Paulo,
Matto Grosso, and Rio Grande do Sul); accidental in the Bermuda
Islands, the West Indies (Dominican Republic, Cuba, Dominica,
?Guadeloupe, Barbados), Trinidad, Venezuela (Lake Valencia),
the Falkland Islands, and New Zealand.

Field Museum Collection. — 20: Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Labrador
(Mullon Bay, 1); Nova Scotia (Sambro, 1; Halifax, 1); Quebec
(Magdalen Islands, 2); Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1); Nebraska
(unspecified, 1); Minnesota (unspecified, 1); North Dakota (Towner
County, 3; Graham Island, Ramsey County, 1; North wood. Grand
Forks County, 2; Rock Lake, Towner County, 1; Cando, Towner
County, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 1).

Conover Collection. — 13: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 4); Massa-
chusetts (East Orleans, 5; Chatham, 1; Eastham, 1; Sea View, 2).

*Limosa lapponica novaezealandiae G. R. Gray. Pacific
God WIT.

Limosa lapponica var. novae zealandiae G. R. Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and
Terror, 1, Birds, p. 13, 1846 — New Zealand (type in British Museum).

Limosa foxii Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 231, 1848 — Rose Island, Samoan
group (type in United States National Museum).

Limosa uropygialis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 16, p. 38, pub. Nov. 14,
1848 — Australia=New South Wales (type now in the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Austr. Av. Rec, 1, p. 141, 1913).

Limosa baueri (Natterer MS.y Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturw. Kl.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 41, No. 15, p. 326, June, 1860— Norfolk Island (type
in Vienna Museum; cf. Pelzeln and Lorenz, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien, 3, p. 55,

1 First published by Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 429 [in text],
1836), who, in speaking of L. meyeri Leister (=L. lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus)),
says (trans.): "Near relatives are Limosa adspersa (of the Berlin Museum) from
Mexico, and Limosa baueri (of the Vienna Museum), from New Holland, both of
which, though having likewise a narrowly-barred tail, may be distinguished by
considerably larger size and longer legs." Thus, two subspecies, belonging to two
different specific units, are covered by the diagnosis, and the names proposed in
this form can hardly be regarded as anything but nomina nuda. L. baueri was
not properly characterized until 1860, when Pelzeln explained its supposed

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 103

Limosa rufa var. uropygialis Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 110, 1874 — Alaska
(crit.).

Limosa lapponica baueri Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 122, 1885 —
Bering Island (nomencl.); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 148,
1886 — St. Michaels (breeding), Aleutian Islands (migr.); Nelson, Nat.
Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 115, 1887— Unalaska (migr.), St. Michaels (nest-
ing; plumage var.); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 36, 1926 — Wales, Alaska (nest-
ing); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 310, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits;
plumage var.; weights); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 289, 1927
(life hist.); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 34, 1934 — Nunivak Island
(not breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, 1934 (range); Munro,
Condor, 37, p. 178, 1935 — Colebrook, Fraser Valley, British Columbia;
Partenko (sic). Auk, 53, p. 195, 1936 (d^st. chars.; range).

Limosa rufa uropygialis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 387, 1887 (crit.).

Limosa lapponica subsp. a. Limosa novae zealandiae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, pp. 377, 755, 1896 (monog.).

Veiola lapponica haueri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 187,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Asia and northwestern North
America from the Taimyr Peninsula^ east to the Colville Delta,
south to Kamchatka and Unalaska Island; winters in New Guinea,
Australia, and New Zealand. -

Field Museum Collection. — 35: Alaska (Barrow, 3; Nome, 18;
St. Michaels, 10; Nuluk, 1; Unalaska, 1; Meade River, 1; unspecified,
1).

Conover Collection. — 17: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 9;
Cape Romanzoff, Bering Sea, 4; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 2; Point
Barrow, 2).

Limosa lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus). Bar-tailed Godwit.

Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 147, 1758 — Lapland.

Limosa lapponica lapponica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 295, 1927 —
Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Sept. 16, 1907); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264,

characters in comparison to L. uropygialis. We do not know why Mathews (Nov.
Zool., 18, p. 220, 1912) suggested Victoria as type locality, since it clearly results
from Pelzeln's account that the type (and only specimen) has been collected by
Bauer on Norfolk Island. As Limosa brevipes Gray and Limosa aiistralasiana G. R.
Gray (List Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, pp. 95, 96, 1844) are both nomina nuda, novae-
zealandiae Gray becomes the valid term for the Pacific Godwit.

1 Portenko (Auk, 53, p. 195, 1936) restricts the range of the present form
called by him L. I. baueri to the coasts of Bering Sea, and separates the popula-
tion from the Lena Delta to the Anadyr region as L. I. menzbieri (type from the
Indigirsa delta).

2 About the alleged occurrence of the Pacific Godwit in Lower California, cf.
Grinnell, Univ. CaUf. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 239, 1928.

104 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

1934 (range); idem and Hagar, Auk, 54, p. 537, 1937 — Eastham, Cape
Cod, Massachusetts, July 16, 1937 (account of Sept. 16, 1907, specimen,
also).

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia east probably to
the Taimyr Peninsula. Winters from Africa to northwestern India.
Two records from Massachusetts.

*Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit.

Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 — based on
"The Greater American Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 137,
pi. 137, Hudson's Bay.

Scolopax marmorata Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 720, 1790 — based on "Marbled
Godwit" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., 1, p. 245, and Pennant, Arct.
Zool., Suppl., p. 68, Hudson Straits.

Fedoa americana Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 71, 1824 — new
name for Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus.

Limosa adspersa Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Sumpfvogel, pi. 76, fig. 573,
circa 1846 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). ^

Limosa fedoa Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 64, 1859 — Belize, British
Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230 — Belize and Guatemala;
Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 190 — Chiapam, Guatemala; Gundlach, in Poey,
Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 353, 1866— Cuba; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad,
p. 447, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 9, p. 210, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 456 — coasts of Honduras and Guatemala; Lawrence,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875— Cardenas, Cuba; Lawrence, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca (Aug., Feb.); Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 27,
Nov. 23); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 141— Santa Rosa, Ecuador;
Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878 — Boqueron, Puerto Rico; Tacza-
nowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 379, 1886— Santa Lucia, Peru; Wells, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 9, p. 628, 1887— Grenada; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad.,
p. 388, 1887 (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cozumel Island; Cory,
Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 93, 1892— Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Grenada; Sharpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 391, 756, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 367, 1903 — Mexico (Matamoros, Tamau-
lipas; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guanajuato; Valley of Mexico; Merida and
Cozumel Island, Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala
(Chiapam), and Cuba; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905—
Grenada and Carriacou (rare migrant); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 194, 1926 — Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Islands, 9, p. 374, 1927— Puerto Rico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142,
p. 277, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928—

1 According to Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 429 [in text], 1836),
who first published the name, "Limosa adspersa (des Berliner Museums)" as a
nomen nudum.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 105

Lower California; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932 —
Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, 1934
(range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 — Trinidad and Tobago;
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 54, 1938 — Playa de Chacallata,
Tacna, Chile (Sept.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State
Univ., 21, p. 80, 1945 — Sonora (winter).
Veiola fedoa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 184, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.).

Range. — Breeds from central Alberta, Saskatchewan, and south-
ern Manitoba south to North Dakota (formerly to Utah, Nebraska,
Iowa, and Wisconsin); winters from Lower California, Louisiana,
and Georgia south to Peru and northern Qhile (Playa de Chacalluta,
Tacna); casual in Cuba (Cardenas), Puerto Rico (Boqueron),
Grenada (Aug. 29, 1881), Tobago, and Trinidad.

Field Museum Collection. — QQ: Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan
(Big Stick Lake, 2; Hay Lake, 3; Maple Creek, 1; Crane Lake, 3;
Lake Johnson, 1; Quill Lake, 1); Nova Scotia (Sambro, 1); North
Dakota (Hope, Steele County, 1; Towner County, 8; Rock Lake,
Towner County, 2; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 13); South Dakota
(Miner County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); North
Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 4); California (Rincon, Ventura
County, 1; Carmel River mouth, Monterey County, 4; La Patera
Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; San Diego, 5; Motordrome, Los
Angeles County, 1 ; Alamintos Bay, Los Angeles County, 1 ; Hyperion,
2; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 3; unspecified, 1); Texas
(Corpus Christi, 1; Padre Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1).

Conover Collection. — 22: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 10);
North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 1); California (Ana-
heim Landing, Orange County, 5; Buena Vista Lake, Kern County,
1; San Diego Bay, 5).

Genus TRINGA Linnaeus

Tringa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — type, by tautonymy,

"Tringa" = Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus.
Totanus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., 2, p. 282, 1803 — type, by

tautonymy, Totanus maculatus Bechstein =Scoiopax totanus Linnaeus.
Glottis Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., pp. xlii, 304, 1816 — type, by tautonymy,

Totanus glottis Bech.stem= Scolopax nebularius Gunnerus.
Rhyacophilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 140, 1829

— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subg. Bds., 2nd ed., App., p. 14,

1841), Tringa glareola Linnaeus.

Helodromas Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 144, 1829 —
type, by monotypy, Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus.

106 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Rhynchophilus Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857 — type,
by monotypy, Totanus chloropygius Vieillot=Tnnsfa soUtaria Wilson.

Neoglottis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 148 (diag.), 329, 1919—
type, by orig. desig., Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin.

Tringa totanus robusta (Schi0ler).i Icelandic Red-shank.

Totanus calidris robustus Schi0ler, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidskr., 13, p. 211,
1919 — Iceland (type in collection of Lehn Schijzder, now in Copenhagen
Museum).

Totanus totanus (not Scolopax totanus Linnaeus) Gronberger, Auk, 29, p. 110,
1912 — Kililtorajivit, near Angmagsalik, Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 343, 1919— part, Iceland and Greenland; Bent, I.e.,
142, p. 315, 1927— Greenland (Angmagsalik, May 29, 1902, and Apr. 4,
1909).

Tringa totanus robusta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 265, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in Iceland and on the Faroes; accidental in
eastern Greenland (near Angmagsalik, May 29, 1902, and April 4,
1909). 2

*Tringa flavipes (Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs.

Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on "Yellow-
shanks" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, New York.

Totanus fuscocapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 400,
1816 — based on "Chorlito pardo mayor" Azara, No. 399, Paraguay.

Totanus flavipes Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 727, 1833 — eastern
Brazil; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Montevideo, Uru-
guay; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844 — Peru; Jardine, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (July to Nov.); Cabanis, in
Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 — coast region;
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 369, 1856— Nova Friburgo,
Rio de Janeiro; Mdschler, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 335, 1856 — Greenland;
Burmeister, I.e., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La
Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861— same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr.
6, Scolopaces, p. 69, 1864 — United States, Costa Rica, Haiti, Surinam,
and Brazil (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vcigel, p. 131, 1865 —
Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 452, 1866— Trinidad; Philippi, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870—
Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Feb., Sept., Oct.; Irisanga, Feb.), Matto Grosso
(Caigara, Sept., Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.), Amazonas (Barra, Sept.),
and Para (Cajutuba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren.,

^ Tringa totanus robusta (Schi0ler) differs from the nominate race by somewhat
longer wings, as well as stouter bill and feet. Besides, in nuptial plumage the
upper parts are darker, more brownish, while chest and sides are more heavily
spotted. Wing, 160-170, rarely 157; bill, 3619-43 (Schipler, I.e.).

2 There can be hardly any doubt that the two specimens shot in Angmagsalik
Fjord, which unfortunately have not been preserved, belonged to the Icelandic

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 107

1870, p. 37 — LagSa Santa, Minas Geraes (Apr. 16); Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 — Chorillos (Lima) and Lake Junin, Peru;
Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884— Tandll,
Buenos Aires (Feb.); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 — Concepcion del
Uruguay, Entre Rios (Nov. to April); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180 — Bartica
Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 367,
1886— Peruvian localities; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 364, 1887—
(crit.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 317, 1887 — West Indian localities and references;
idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 238, 1889 (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 12, p. 137, 1890— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Tarapaca, Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151—
Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212—
Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, J.c, 1893, p. 308 — Aruba; Rich-
mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua
(Oct. 16); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895—
Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895 — Malca,
Cajabamba, Peru (April); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 5,
p. Ix, 1895— Penafior, Santiago, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210,
1896— Chile (winter); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 431, 759,
1896 (monog.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311 — Huasco, Sacaya, and Cancosa,
Tarapacd, Chile; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 161, 1898— Greenland
(Nanortalik) ; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 434, 1899 — Sao Sebastiao,
Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo,
Rio de Janeiro; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga,
Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Laguna de Kingora (Nov.), Canar (Oct.),
Quito (Aug.), and Vinces (Sept.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15,
1900 — Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
8, p. 213, 1902 — Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52— Ingapirca (May) and La Merced
(Sept.), Junin, Peru; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902—
Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Jan.); Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902— Aruba;
Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 63, pi. 30, 1902— Chile; Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 374, 1903 — Mexico to
Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905— Barbados,
Grenada, Grenadines, and St. Vincent; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis,
13, p. 132, 1906— Puno, Peru (Dec, Mar.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13,
p. 54, 1906— Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (March); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554—
Margarita Island, Venezuela (Mar. 23); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.),
26, p. 45, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 51, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Itapura) and Matto
Grosso (Porto da Faya); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908— Cayenne,
French Guiana (Oct., Nov.); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909—
Barracas al Sud (Nov., Jan.) and Est. San Martino Monte (Jan.), Buenos
Aires, and Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucumdn (March); Menegaux, Bull.
Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909— Lake Poopo, Bolivia (June 3);
Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 1909— Aruba and
Bonaire; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 — Azahar de
Cartago (Nov. 23, Mar. 2), La Estrella de Cartago (Jan. 24), and Banana
River (Oct. 10), Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.

108 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 — Joazeiro (Mar. 20) and Lagoa Boca da
Catinga de Cima, Rio Preto (Apr. 26), Bahia, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant,
Ibis, 1911, p. 469 — Argentina (Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires, Sept.
to Feb.; Esquina, Corrientes, Nov. 14), Paraguay (Santa Rosa, Aug. 14),
and Brazil (Porto Esperanga, Matto Grosso, Sept. 25); Bertoni, Faun.
Parag., p. 39, 1914— Alto Parana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89,
1914 — Marajo (Livramento, Sao Natal) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie,
Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916— Altagracia, Venezuela
(Dec. to Feb.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917—
Quibdo (Sept. 1), Barbacoas (Aug. 18), and La Manuelita (Apr. 12),
Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245— Gatun (May
21) and Mindi (Oct. 7), Panama; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265— Eten (Sept.
21) and Trujillo (Mar., Sept.), Peru; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 69— Cape San
Antonio, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25,
p. 24, 1922— La Carolina (Oct., Dec, May) and Tumbaco (Sept. 10),
Ecuador; Street, Auk, 40, p. 577, 1923— Alberta (nesting habits); Chap-
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926— coast of Manavl (Feb. 13),
Chone (Dec. 21), Puna Island (April), and Santa Rosa {Sept. 10), Ecuador;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 149, 1926— Paraguayan Chaco,
Chaco (Las Palmas), Buenos Aires, Mendoza, Tucuman and Rio Negro;
Bent, I.e., 142, p. 336, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico
and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 366, 1927— Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas,
St. Croix, and Anegada (winter); idem. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric,
26, p. 12, 1927 — Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering dates);
Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 168, 1927— Saladero M. Cabal,
Santa Fe (Jan. 20); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113,
1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929—
Angol, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79,
1930 — Matto Grosso; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 320, 1931— Bermuda Islands; Wetmore and Swales, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 161, 1931— Hispaniola (winter); Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 396, 1932— Concepcion, Chile (Apr. 7,
14); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932— Guatemala
(winter); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 — Vegas de
Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (March); Porsild, Canad'. Field Nat., 57, p. 28,
1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Sperry and Cottam, Wilson Bull.,
56, p. 45, 1944 (eating fish); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944— Yakutat,
Alaska (breeding).

Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile,
Zool., 1, p. 122, 1847 — Chile (in part); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama,
p. 163, 1860 — Chafiaral de las Animas, Atacama, Chile.

Gambetta flavipes Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195 — Car-
thagena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860—
Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem. I.e., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; idem and
Salvin, I.e., p. 592 — Mexiana, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas,
Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 — Chamicuros, Peru; Allen, Bull.
Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Marajo, Brazil (Aug. 10-20); idem. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 — Moho, Lake Titicaca; Durnford,
Ibis, 1876, p. 165— Buenos Aires (Oct.); idem. I.e., 1877, pp. 43, 199—

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 109

Chubut Valley and provinces of Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile,
49, p. 568, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1878,
p. 404 — Rio Sengel, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 547— Medellin, Colombia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404— Sacaya,
Tarapaca, Chile; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 — marshes near Quito,
Ecuador.

Totanus stagnalis (sic) (T. flavipes?) Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile,
4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, Chile.

Tringa flavipes Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 —
Tijgerbank, Surinam (Sept.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323— Port Stanley,
Falkland Islands (May 5, 1924); Rowan, Brit. Bds., 23, p. 2, pis., 1929—
Alberta (life hist.; nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290— Trinidad and Tobago (winter);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (Agua Dulce,
Canal Zone); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 133, 1938— Bahia (Corupeba),
Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Itapura, Ypiranga), Rio Grande do Sul (Porto
Alegre), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faia); Dickey and van Rossem, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 174, 1938— Lake Olomega (Aug. 19,
Sept. 4), Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14), and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 5),
El Salvador; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647^Lake Junin, Peru (wintering);
Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl, (3), 22, p. 43, 1945—
Joao Pessoa and Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua; idem. I.e., 23, p. 72, 1945 —
Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza; Puerto Salinas).

Neoglottis flavipes Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 337, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay
(Montevideo, San Jose, Colonia, Canelones, Maldonado); Dabbene, I.e.,
p. 110, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries);
Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922—
Altagracia and Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 — Bonda, Cienaga, Gaira, Mamatoco,
and Punto Caiman, Colombia (transient); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
65, p. 296, 1923 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Sept.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg.
Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 55, 1930 — San Jose, Santa Cruz,
Bolivia (Sept. 9).

Range.- — Breeds from Kotzebue Sound, northern Mackenzie,
northern Manitoba, and Ungava to northern British Columbia, cen-
tral Alberta, and southern Manitoba (formerly to Illinois and New
York) ; migrates chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains over the West
Indies, Mexico, and Central America, and winters south to Chile
and Argentina (casually as far south as the Straits of Magellan);
accidental on the Falkland Islands (Port Stanley, May 5, 1924)
and in Greenland (Nanortalik).

Field Museum Collection. — 187: Yukon Territory (Yukon River,
4); British Columbia (Okanagan, 4); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek,
3); Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Massa-
chusetts (Monomoy Island, 14; West Yarmouth, 1; Newburyport, 1);

110 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3;
West Haven, 3; North Haven, 4; Guilford, 6; Grove Beach, Middle-
sex County, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 10;
Pea Island, 2); Georgia (Roswell, Fulton County, 1); Florida (un-
specified, 1; Bassenger, Okeechobee County, 2; Amelie Island,
Nassau County, 2; Wilson, Brevard County, 1); North Dakota
(Towner County, 26; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 15; Devil's
Lake, Ramsey County, 2; Cando, Towner County, 4; Mauvais
Bay, Benson County, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Illinois
(Worth, Cook County, 3; Hyde Park, Chicago, Cook County, 2;
Blue Island, Cook County, 1; Waukegan, 1; Libertyville, 1); Indiana
(Liverpool, Lake County, 2); Arkansas (Winslow, 1; Fort Smith, 1);
Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1 ; Troublesome, Grand County,
1; unspecified, 1); Texas (Port O'Connor, 2; Seadrift, 1); California
(Carmel River mouth, Monterey County, 2; Carmel Lagoon, 1);
Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 2) ; Hispaniola (Port de Paix, Haiti,
1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1);
Lesser Antilles (Bonaire, 1; St. Christopher, 1; Anegada, 1; Dominica,
1; Aruba, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Hon-
duras (Utila Island, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2;
Bebedero, 1); Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 2); Brazil (Vaccaria,
Matto Grosso, 1); Ecuador (Ibarra, Imbabura, 6); Peru (Lagunas,
Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 6; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1;
Vacas, Cochabamba, 5; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Rio
Paranay, Misiones, 2; Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, 1; San Cristobal,
Santa F^, 1); Chile (Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepcion, 2).

Conover Collection. — 42: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 1;
Cooking Lake, 1; Fawcett, 4); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Minnesota
(Grand Marais, Cook County, 1); Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County,
1; Hyde Lake, Cook County, 1; Wheaton, 4; Henry, 1); Costa Rica
(Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Panama (Perme, Darien, 2); Co-
lombia (Popayan, Cauca, 2; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Brazil (Obidos,
Para, 4); Ecuador, Province de los Rios (Isla Silva Sur, 2; Rio San
Antonio, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 3; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1);
Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1; 30 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Orloff,
Chaco, 2); Argentina (La Plata, Buenos Aires, 2).

*Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs.

Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on
"Stone Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, Chateau Bay, La-
brador.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 111

Scolopax vociferus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 57, pi. 58, fig. 5, 1813 — Atlantic

coast of the United States (type evidently lost).
Totanus natator Vieillot,i Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 409, 1816 —

based on "Chorlito pardo picado de bianco" Azara, No. 308, Paraguay.
Totanus sasashew Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 412, 1816 —

based on Scolopax totanus (not of Linnaeus) Forster, Phil. Trans., 62,

p. 410, 1772, Fort Albany, Keewatin.
Totanus maculatus (not of Bechstein, 1803) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,

4, (2), p. 727, 1833--Barra Velha, near Villa Vifoza, Bahia, Brazil (type

now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen,

Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 271, 1889).

Totanus melanoleucus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 — Mal-
donado, Uruguay; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 757, 1849 — coast region; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras.,
3, p. 368, 1856— Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860— Mendoza,
Parana, and Tueuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 — same
localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 63, 1864 —
United States, Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Surinam, and Chile
(crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vdgel, p. 131, 1865— Chile;
Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 454, 1866— Trinidad; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 275, 1867— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870— Matto
Grosso (Caigara, Oct., Nov.; Villa Bella, Oct.) and Para (Praia de Caju-
tuba, Feb. 23), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 —
Chorillos (Lima) and Junln, Peru; Berlepseh, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 257,
1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Ciene.
Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — mouth of Collon-gueyu, Buenos Aires (Feb. 19);
Berlepseh, Ibis, 1884, p. 441 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Barrows,
Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 — Entre Rios (Concepcion del Uruguay, Aug. to Nov.)
and Buenos Aires (Azul, Jan.; Bahia Blanca, Feb. 8; Puan, Mar. 28;
Carhue, April); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 365, 1886 (Peruvian locali-
ties); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 317, 1887 (West Indian localities and references);
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 363, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 238, 1889 (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889—
falls of the Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2,
p. 186, 1889— Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar,
Buenos Aires; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 129, 1891 — Bahia
Orange, Tierra del Fuego (Mar. 7, Oct. 22, Nov. 18); Kerr, Ibis, 1892,
p. 151— Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892,
p. 212 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, I.e., 1893, p. 334 —
Bonaire; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209 — Santa Elena, Uruguay (Mar., Apr.,
Oct.); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 5, p. be, 1895 — Penaflor,
Santiago, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile (winter);
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 426, 759, 1896 (monog.); Lane,
Ibis, 1897, p. 311— Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, Chile (Feb.); Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 433, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Lagoon of Kingora

^ Totanus natator Vieillot has sometimes been synonymized with T. flavipes,
but Azara's measurements are too large for this species, and seem to fit much
better the Greater Yellow-legs.

112 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Nov.) and Canar (Oct.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900—
Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 — Paraguayan Chaco
(Nov. 21); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902— Rio Sail,
Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902 — Altagracia,
Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902 — Bonaire; Berlepsch
and Stolzmann, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 — Ingapirca, Junin,
Peru (May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 373,
1903— Mexico to Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253,
1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines (transient);
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Puno, Peru (Dec);
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebas-
tiao, Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,

15, p. 306, 1908— Cayenne (Oct. 19); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 252,
1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (June 5), and Laguna de Malvinas,
Tucuman (Mar. 31); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197,
209, 1909 — Aruba and Bonaire; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 419, 1910 — Costa Rica (rare winter visitor); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p.
469 — Los Yngleses (Mar. 8-17) and Luiconia (Apr. 29), Buenos Aires;
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — Djaguarasapa, Paraguay; Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval) and Amapa, Para,
Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916— Altagracia,
Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36,
p. 223, 1917— Call, Colombia (Dec. 25); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148,
1918— Guanacache, Mendoza (Mar., 1918); Stuart, Auk, 37, p. 292,
1920— Grand Lake, Newfoundland (nesting); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 68—
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool.,
14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 — La CaroHna, Ecuador (Oct.); Conover, Auk,
43, p. 311, 1926— Igiak Bay (June 18, July 10), Point Dall (July 3,
Aug. 8), Alaska; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926—
Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 150, 1926— Paraguay
(west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept.), Buenos Aires (Dolores, Lavalle, Carhue,
Oct. to Dec), Uruguay (San Vicente, Jan., Feb.), Mendoza (Tunuyan,
Mar.), Tucuman (Apr. 5), and Chile (Concon, April); idem, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro (May 21);
idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 368, 1927— Puerto
Rico (winter); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 11, 1927—
Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
142, p. 321, 1927 (life hist.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 203,
1929 — Angol, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,
p. 79, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc Bost.
Soc. N. H., 39, p. 319, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 162, 1931— Hispaniola (winter);
Farley, Auk, 48, p. 261, 1931 — Alberta (nesting account); Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 395, 1932— Rio Inio, Chiloe Island
(range in Chile); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932—
Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala; Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53,
p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago,

16, p. 54, 1938— Laguna de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (July 27); Gabrielson,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 113

Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944 — Yakutat, Alaska (nesting); Sperry and Cottam,
Wilson Bull., 56, p. 45, 1944 (eating fish).

Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol.
Chile, Zool., 1, p. 122, 1847— Chile (in part); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool.
Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860— Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile;
(?)Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 150, 1925— San Bernardo, San-
tiago, Chile.

Glottis melanoleuca Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogota,
Colombia; idem. I.e., 26, p. 461, 1858 — Cuenca, Ecuador.

Totanus chilensis Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 182, 1857 — Chile= coast
of Valparaiso (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux
and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 24, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg.,
23, (1), p. 264, 1857 — coast of province 'of Valparaiso; idem, Reise Wiiste
Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile (descr.); idem,
Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Paposo; idem. Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15,
p. 63, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1902— Chile (descr. and fig. of type).

Gambetta melanoleuca Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195 —
Carthagena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332,
339 — Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos
Aires; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 156 — Tinta and Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru;
Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 219— Chitra, Veraguas, Panama; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,
p. 383 — La Cruz, Santander, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
3, p. 357, 1876 — Moho and Conima, Lake Titicaea, Peru; Durnford, Ibis,
1877, p. 199 — province of Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49,
p. 567, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Selater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 457 — Cauca and Medellin, Colombia; Doering,
in Roea, Inf. Ofie. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 — lagoons of the
Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 — Talcaguano,
Chile (April); White, I.e., 1882, p. 628— Paeheco, Buenos Aires (Mar. 15);
Selater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 — Sitana, Tarapaca, Chile; Withington, Ibis,
1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Goodfellow, I.e., 1902,
p. 232 — marshes near Quito, Ecuador.

Totanus melanoleucus frazari Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 65,
Sept., 1902 — San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (type in collection of
W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 70, p. 177, 1930); Miller, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1905 — Eseuinapa, Sinaloa (crit.); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, pp. 92, 240, 1928— Lower California (crit.).

Neoglottis melanoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 330, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay
(Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado); Dabbene, I.e., p. 109, 1920 (winter
range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 — Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia
(May 4); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923— Huanuluan,
Rio Negro (Oct.).

Tringa melanoleuca Rowan, Brit. Birds, 23, p. 13, pi. 4, 1929 (habits; chicks);
idem, i.e., 24, p. 90, 1930 (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934
(range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 — Trinidad (winter);
Griseom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter);

114 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 134, 1938— Bahfa (Corupeba, Ilha Madre
Deus), Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Rio Parand), Rio Grande do
Sul (Itaquy), and Matto Grosso (Rio Parana); Dickey and van Rossem,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 28, p. 174, 1938— Olomega Lake, El
Salvador (Sept. 9); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 — Lake Junin, Peru
(wintering); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 34,
1941— Greenland.

Range. — Breeds from Cook Inlet, Alaska, east through Mac-
kenzie to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to southern British
Columbia, central Alberta, southern Manitoba, Mingan Islands,
and Anticosti Island; winters from California, the Gulf states, and
South Carolina over the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South
America to Tierra del Fuego.

Field Museum Collection. — 165: Alaska (Nome, 1; Tocatna Forks,
2; Bethel, 2); British Columbia (Masset, Graham Island, 2; Oka-
nagan, 4; Sumas, 4); Labrador (Battle Harbor, 5; Anatolak Bay, 2;
Jack Lane's Bay, 3); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 9); Nova Scotia
(Seal Island, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 3; Rock Lake,
Towner County, 1; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1); Maine
(Lincoln, Penobscot County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island,
21; Duxbury, 1; Chatham, 1; Ipswich, 1); Rhode Island (Narragan-
sett, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 8; West Haven, 14;
North Haven, 1; Stamford, 1); New York (North Hamlin, Monroe
County, 2); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 4; Tivoli,
Refugio County, 2); New Mexico (Mimbres, Grant County, 2);
Arizona (Phoenix, 2); California (Westport, Mendocino County, 2;
Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 1; Carmel River mouth, Mon-
terey County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1; Red Bluff,
Tehama County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); North
Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 20; Bodie Island, 9); South
Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Jupiter,
Palm Beach County, 1; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 4); Bahama
Islands (Great Inagua, 1; Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1);
Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Anegada, 2); Dutch West Indies
(Bonaire, 1; Aruba, 3); Colombia (unspecified, 1); Peru (Puno,
Puno, 1); Bolivia, Cochabamba (Vacas, 2; Yungas, El Palmar, 2).

Conover Collection. — 32: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2);
Alberta (Fawcett, 6); Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 2); Nebraska
(Brownlee, Cherry County, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 5); Michigan
(Ann Arbor, 2); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 4;
Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1); Mexico, Lower California
(San Jos6 del Cabo, 1; La Paz, 3); British Guiana (Buxton, 2);

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 115

Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1); Chile, Chilo^ Island
(Quellon, 1; Rio Inio, 1).

Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus). Greenshank.

Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, p. 251, 1767 —
District of Trondhjem, Norway (cf. Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
5, p. 37, 1882).

Glottis fioridanus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 51, 1838 — based on Totanus
glottis Audubon, Orn. Biog., 3, p. 483, pi. 269, 1835, Sand Key, near Cape
Sable, Florida; Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, p. 730, 1858 (crit.
note on type in United States National Museum).

Glottis nebularia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 323, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 309, 1927 (life hist.).

Tringa nebularia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Scotland to
Kamchatka; winters in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, India,
southern China, Japan, Philippines, and Sunda Islands east to
Australia and New Zealand; accidental in Florida (Sand Key, near
Cape Sable). 1

Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. Green Sandpiper.

Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 — based princi-
pally on Faun. Svec, No. 146, Sweden; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 353, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 16, 1929
(life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range).

Totanus ochropus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 368, 1887 (crit.).

Helodromas ochropus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 437, 1896 (monog.);

Coues, Auk, 14, p. 210, 1897 (record of British Museum specimens from

North America).

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia and winters from
the British Isles and the Mediterranean region south to Africa,
southern Asia and the Philippines; alleged to have occurred as an
accidental visitor to northeastern North America (Hudson Bay;
Halifax, Nova Scotia).-

1 The claim of the Greenshank to a place in the American fauna rests exclu-
sively on Audubon's taking of three specimens on Sand Key, near Cape Sable,
Florida. Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 63, 1864) lists under
Totanus glottis a male (in nearly complete summer garb!) from near Buenos Aires,
another (in change of plumage) from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and a third
(in winter dress) from "Chile." In neither of these countries — in fact nowhere
in South America — has the Greenshank ever been met with since, and until cor-
roborative evidence is forthcoming, these records must be regarded as highly
questionable.

2 Both records being highly unsatisfactory, it is very questionable whether
the species deserves a place in the American fauna.

116 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson.^ Solitary Sandpiper.

Tringa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3, 1813 — Pennsylvania
(Pocono Mountain), Kentucky, and New York (type lost); Chubb, Ibis,
1919, p. 265 — Cochabamba, Bolivia (Apr. 19); Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 14, 1920— San Jose, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 114, 1920 (winter
range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Altagracia, Zulia
(Feb.), and Culata Mountains, Merida (Mar.), Venezuela; Brooks, Condor,
29, p. 112, 1927— part (dist. chars.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric, 26, p. 12, 1927 — part, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering
dates); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio Guama
(Apr. 15) and Para (Apr. 20), Brazil; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 770— Blair-
mont, British Guiana (transient and winter); Swarth, Condor, 37, p. 199,
1935— part (crit.).

Totanus chloropygius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 401,
1816 — Hudson Bay to Santo Domingo (no type specified); Jardine, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 450,
1866— Trinidad; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560—
Chorillos (Lima), Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330— Lechugal (Tumbez),
Peru.

Totanus pundatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 411, 1816 —
based on "Chorlito pardo menor" Azara, No. 400, Paraguay.

Totanus caligatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 74 (in text),
1823 — based on Azara, No. 400, Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 370, 1856— southern Brazil (descr.).

Tringa macroptera Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 76, pi. 92 (not 93), 1825—
provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Bahla, Brazil (cotypes in Munich Museum;
cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 714,
1906).

Totanus macropterus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Monte-
video, Uruguay; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855— Bogota,
Colombia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 38—
Minas Geraes (near Lagoa Santa, Apr. 14), Rio de Janeiro (Taipu, Oct.
27), and Sao Paulo (Taubate, Nov. 5).

Rhynchophilus chloropygius Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2,
p. 40, 1857— Cayenne.

1 For the distinctive characters of this form see the footnote on page 120.

It has been found impossible to tell, especially where South America is con-
cerned, which race or races much of the synonymy refers to. In such cases the
references have been listed under this, the typical race.

Additional material examined. — Alaska: Griffin Point, Arctic Ocean, 1. —
Yukon Territory: Echamamish, 1. — British Columbia: Atlin, 1; Cariboo, 1. —
Alberta: Wood Buffalo Park, 7; Fort McMurray, 2; Lac la Nonne, 13; Didsbury, 1;
La Saline, 1. — Saskatchewan: Big River, 1; Emma Lake, 1. — Manitoba: Ilford, 15;
Bird, 1; Lake St. Martin, 1. — Ontario: Favourable Lake Mine, 6; Lowbush Lake,
Abitibi, 1; Moosonee, 5; James Bay, 6. — Quebec: Fort Chimo, Ungava, 1. —
Labrador: Flowers Bay, north of Hopedale, 2.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 117

Totanus solitarius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858 — Guala-
quiza, Ecuador; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 73,
1864 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 979—
Pebas, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1868, p. 169 — Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 309, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Mar., Apr.; Teixeira, Nov.),
Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.; Irisanga, Jan.), Parana (Curytiba, Nov.;
Pitangui, Dec. 9), Matto Grosso (Caigara, Mar.; Engenho do Gama,
Aug.), and Amazonas (Barra, July); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 309 — Peru (Nauta, Chamicuros, Pebas); Layard, Ibis,
1873, p. 396— Para, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 258, 1874—
Blumenau, Santa Catharina; idem and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 182,
1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul (Mar., Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,
3, p. 368, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180— Roraima,
British Guiana; Seebohm, Geog. Distt. Charad., p. 364, 1887 (crit.);
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (Dec. 14);
idem, I.e., 37, p. 321, 1889— Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru (Dec. 8); Cory,
Bds. W. Ind., p. 239, 1889 (West Indian references and localities); Salvin,
Ibis, 1889, p. 379 — Ruatan Island, Honduras; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso (Sept. to April); Rich-
mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,
and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895— Malca,
Cajabamba, Peru (Apr.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208,
p. 24, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35,
1897 — Aguairenda (Nov.) and Caiza (Feb., Mar.), Tarija, Bolivia; Winge,
Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 161, 1898— Greenland (Godthaab, Aug. 1, 1878);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga and Santa
Marta, Colombia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
76, p. 94, 1910 — near Joazeiro (Mar. 5) and Cantinho, Rio Preto (Apr. 24),
Bahia, Brazil; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922—
La Carolina (Jan. to Mar.) and Chilco, San Pedro River (Apr. 15), Ecuador.

Rhyacophilus solitarius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p.
199— Nauta, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1867, p. 592— Mexiana Island, Brazil;
iidem. I.e., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p.
219 — Castillo, Veraguas, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 23, p. 324, 1875— Cuba (Sept. to April); Durnford, Ibis,
1878, p. 68 — Buenos Aires (Oct. to March); Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin
and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 — Santa Marta (Dec. 16); Barrows, Auk,
1, p. 315, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Aug. 20 to Oct.),
and Azul, Buenos Aires (Jan. 25); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20— Est.
Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 — Fortin Page, lower
Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar, Buenos
Aires (March to June); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209 — Uruguay (Nov. to April);
Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469— Paraguay (Monte Alto, Aug. 25) and Matto
Grosso (Porto Esperanga, Sept. 25; Riacho Paraguay Mirim, Oct. 2-3).

Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 444, 760, 1896 —
part, except specimens a-c (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 434,
1899— Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15,
No. 368, p. 44, 1900 — Gualaquiza (Apr.) and Altiplano de Tarquf, Cuenca
(Sept.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900— Urucum, Matto

118 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Grosso; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 — marshes near Quito, Ecuador;
Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902— Rio Sail and Rio
Calera, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902—
Ciudad Bolivar (Aug. 10), Altagracia (Dec, Jan.), and Caicara (Oct.),
Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, (2), p. 52— La Merced, Junin, Peru (May 21); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 375, 1903 — Mexico to Panama; Bruch,
Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904— Gran, Salta (May 25); Baer, Ornis,
12, p. 231, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Clark, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H.,
32, p. 253, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenadines (July to Dec);
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 125, 1906 — Santa Ana
(Sept.) and Huaynapata, Cuzco, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1,
p. 52, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Franca, Itapura) and Parana
(Ourinho); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908— Cayenne (Oct. 20);
Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 517, 1908 — Goyana, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil
(Dec. 23); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 204, 1909—
Curasao Island (March 25); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 67 — Sapucay, Paraguay
(Aug. 26); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910— Jamarysinho (Sept.
25) and Sao Isabel (Oct. 5), Rio Machados, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chrostowski,
Compt. Rend. Soc Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912— Santa Cruz,
Parana, Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — upper Rio Parana,
Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 — Capanema,
Braganga, Rio Guama (Ourem), Marajo (Pindobal, Pacoval, Sao Natal),
and Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl.
Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 — Las Barrancas, Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolfvar,
Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela.

Helodromas solitarius soUtarius Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 196,
1905 — Isle of Pines, Cuba (May); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16,
p. 251, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Jan. 1, Mar. 23, Oct. 4);
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 — Costa Rica (Tenorio,
Jan. 29; San Jose, Sept. 15; Bolson, Dec. 10; El Hogar, Dec. 12); Todd,
I.e., 7, p. 413, 1911 — Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Quibdo (Nov. 14), Novita (Dec. 21),
Buena Vista, Narino (Sept. 28), San Antonio (Jan. 20), Call (Dec. 25),
La Manuelita (Apr. 11), San Agustin (Apr. 9), Puerto Berrio (Jan. 30),
and Barro Blanco (Nov. 29), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1918, p. 245— Gatim (Sept. 10) and near Mount Hope (Apr. 13),
Panama.

Tringa solitaria soUtaria Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 43, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 358, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 — Bonda, Cienaga, Mamatoco, and
Fundacion, Colombia (winter); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 196, 1926— below Oyacachi (Feb. 4, Sept. 30), Ecuador (crit.); Wetmore,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 364, 1927— Puerto Rico
and St. Croix (winter); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool, 32, p. 93, 1928—
Lower California (transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 1, 1929
(life hist.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 80, 1930— Tapi-
rapoan, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp.,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 119

Vogel, p. 53, 1930 — Formosa (Lapango, Sept. 18; Yunca Viejo, Feb. 4)
and Bolivia (San Jose, Santa Cruz, Sept. 8) (crit.); Bradlee and Eaton,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 320, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient);
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 159, 1931— Hispaniola
(winter); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932— Finca
Sepacuite, Guatemala (Dec. 16); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84,
p. 304, 1932— Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter);
Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 14, 1935 — Uaxactun
(Apr. 20, May 5) and La Libertad (Sept. 28), Peten, Guatemala; Carriker
and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415, 1935 —
Gualan, Guatemala (Feb. 18); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290—
Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 134, 1938—
Amazonas (Manacapuru, Aug.), Bahia (Ilha de Madre Deus, Feb.), Sao
Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Sept.; Olympia, Feb.; Ypiranga, Nov.; Itatiba,
Mar.; Sylvania, Dec), Matto Grosso (Miranda, Sept.), Parana (Jacare-
zinho. Mar.), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Oct.; Inhumas, Nov.); Dickey
and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 173, 1938—
El Salvador (San Sebastian, July 27; Lake Olomega, Aug. 8; Rio San
Miguel, Feb. 5); Taverner, Condor, 42, p. 215, 1940 — part (distr.; dist.
chars.); Conover, Auk, 61, p. 538, 1944 (dist. chars.; range; plumages);
Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945—
Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem. I.e., 23, p. 72, 1945 — Victoria, El
Beni, Bolivia (Oct.).
Tringa solitarius Street, Auk, 40, p. 577, 1923 — Alberta (nesting habits);
Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 70, 1926 (crit.).

Range. — Breeds from northern British Columbia, northern Al-
berta (Wood Buffalo National Park), central Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba (Ilford), northern Ontario (Moosonee) and Labrador
(Flower's Bay near Hopedale) south probably to about 50 N. lat.
Migrates through the United States (mostly east of the Rocky
Mountains), the West Indies and Central America to southern South
America (Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina); accidental
in Greenland (Godthaab, Aug. 1, 1878).

Field Museum Collection. — 122: British Columbia (Okanagan, 12) ;
Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5); North Dakota (Nelson County, 8;
Towner County, 4); Iowa (Biu-lington, 1); Missouri (Koshkonong,
1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6; Fox Lake, 1); Illinois (Libertyville,
1; Diamond Lake, 1; Worth, 2; Chicago, 2; Joliet, 3; Grand Chain,
1); Ohio (Circleville, 1); Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Quebec
(Magdalen Islands, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Massachusetts (Mono-
moy Island, 1); New Hampshire (Ossipee, 1); Connecticut (East
Hartford, 4; New Haven County, 15; Grove Beach, 1); New York
(Suffolk County, 3; Kings County, 1); Pennsylvania (Tioga, 1);
North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina

120 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Mount Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida
(Brevard County, 1); Dominican Republic (San Luis, 2); Jamaica
(Surrey, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Guade-
loupe Island, 1; Dominica, 3); Dutch West Indies (Curasao, 1)
Mexico (Yucatan, 1); Costa Rica (Guanacaste, 2; Limon, 1)
Panama (Chiriqui, 2); Venezuela (Maracaibo, 1; Catatumbo, 5
Encontrados, Zulia, 1; Culata, Merida, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 1)
Ecuador (Banos, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa
Vista, Amazonas, 2; Quemadas, Bahia, 1; Sao Paulo, 1; Urucum de
Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria,
Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia (Arque, Cochabamba, 1; El Palmar,
Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1).

Conover Collection. — 18: Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Wheaton, 1
Clark County, 1; Warrenville, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 1)
New York (Suffolk County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1)
Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Colombia, Cauca (Popayan, 1; Coco-
nuco, 1; El Tambo, 1); Brazil (Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Cavalcante,
Goyaz, 1; Sao Paulo, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1);
Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 1).

*Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster). ^ Northern Solitary
Sandpiper.

Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Auk, 7, p. 377, October, 1890 —
San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (type in collection of W. Brewster,
now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930).

Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 444, 1896 — part,
specimens a-c; (?)Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 188, 1899 —
Chatham Island, Galapagos (Oct. 12).

Helodromas cinnamomeus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 760, 1896
(descr.).

1 Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster) in fresh unfaded adult plumage
differs from the nominate race by having the ground color of the upper parts
lighter, more grayish, as against a more dusky olive; by usually having the loral
region covered with fine dusky specklings instead of being crossed by a well-
defined dusky streak; and by larger size. Wings of males 128-139, of females
137-148, as against 123-132.5 and 127-140 mm., respectively, in T. s. solitaria.
This form generally (about 85 per cent) has the inner webs of the outermost
primaries mottled with white but this character is found also in about 10 per cent
of the specimens of the typical race.

In immature plumage cinnamomea has the ground color of the upper parts
more of an Olive Brown rather than a dark Hair Brown, but the most distinctive
feature is the coloration of the spotting of the dorsal surface, which is buffy in
this form and grayish white in T. s. solitaria.

Additional material examined. — Alaska: Circle, 7; north fork Kuskoquim River,
1; Chitna River Glacier, 3; Nulato, 2; Bethel, 1; Yakutat, 1; Charlie Creek, Yukon
River, 5. — Northwest Territory: Finnie River, 1; Mackenzie Delta, 4; Fort

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 121

Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41,
p. 67, 1902— San Jose del Cabo (Aug. 25 to Sept. 2).

Tringa solitaria cinnamomea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 363,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 197, 1926— Guayaquil (Mar. 26), Loja (Oct. 14), Alamor (Aug. 30),
Cebollal (Sept. 23), and Carolina Marshes, Quito (Aug. 10), Ecuador;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 148, 1926— Paraguay (west of
Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay, and Argentina (Formosa, Aug. 23; Entre
Rios; Buenos Aires; and General Rocha, Rio Negro); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool, 32, p. 93, 1928— Lower California (transient); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 13, 1929 (life hist.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg.
Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 55, 1930 — Formosa (Lapango, Sept.
16) and Bolivia (San Jose, Santa Cruz,. Sept. 8, 9); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 267, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 135, 1938— Sao
Paulo (Crystaes, March; Itapura, Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 173, 1938— Lake Olomega (Sept. 5,
April 8) and San Salvador (April 25), El Salvador; Taverner, Condor,
42, p. 215, 1940 (dist. chars.; nesting range); Conover, Auk, p. 541, 1944
(dist. chars.; plumages; range); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad.
Handl., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945 — Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua, Brazil.

Tringa solitaria (not of Wilson) Brooks, Condor, 29, p. 112, 1927 — part
(dist. chars.); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 38, 1934
— Churchill, Manitoba (probably breeding; cinnamomea a valid but
northern rather than western race); Swarth, Condor, 37, p. 199, 1935 —
part, Atlin, British Columbia (crit.; cinnamomea not valid race).

Range. — Breeds in Alaska and Canada from the limit of trees
south to about 60 N. lat. and from Bering Sea to the west coast
of Hudson Bay (Churchill). Migrates through the United States,
mostly west of the Mississippi, and Central America to Bolivia,
Paraguay and south-central Argentina (Rio Negro). Rare on the
Pacific coast of North America north of southern California and
probably also in eastern South America. (?) Casual on the Galapagos
Islands (Chatham Island).

Field Museum Collection. — 48: Alaska (Tocatna Forks, 3; Bethel,
4); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan,
8; Rollings Lake, 3); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5); North Dakota
(Towner County, 3); Wisconsin (Meridean, 1); Illinois (Grand Chain,
1); Massachusetts (Somerville, 1); California (Los Angeles County,
1); Arizona (Tucson, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2; Troublesome, 1);
Texas (Cameron County, 1); El Salvador (San Salvador, 1); Costa
Rica (Volcan Turrialba, 1; Miravalles, 1; Limon, 1); Ecuador

Simpson, 1; Fort Providence, 1. — Yukon Territory: Whitehorse, 2; 60 mile Creek,
1. — British Columbia: Atlin, 14; Shuswap, 3; Cariboo, 1; Okanagan, 1. — Alberta:
Lac la Nonne, 6; Henry House, 1; Edmonton, 1. — Manitoba: Churchill, 6; Gypsum-
ville, 1.

122 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Paramba, 1; Banos, 2); Peru (Yurimaguas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia
(Cercado, Santa Cruz, 3).

Conover Collection. — 11: California (Yermo, 1); Peru (Pucallpa,
Rio Ucayali, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay
(265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 4; Horqueta, 2);
Argentina (Rio Sali, Tucuman, 1).

Tringa glareola Linnaeus. Wood Sandpiper.

Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 — based on
Faun. Svec, No. 152, Sweden; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range).

Totanus glareola Littlejohn, Condor, 6, p. 138, 1904 — Sanak Island, Alaska
(May 27, 1894).

Rhyacophilus glareola Hanna, Auk, 33, p. 401, 1916 — St. George Island,
Pribilof group, Alaska (May 19, 1914); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 347, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N.
Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 75, 1923— St. George, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 22, 1929 (life hist.).

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Norway,
Belgium, and northern Germany to Kamchatka and the Kurile
Islands; winters in Africa, India, southeastern Asia, and Australia;
accidental in Alaska (Sanak Island, Aleutian chain. May 27, 1894;
St. George Island, Pribilof group (May 19, 1914).

Genus ACTITIS IlHger

Aditis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 262, 1811 — type, by subs, desig.

(Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 131, 1885), ^ Tringa hypoleucos

Linnaeus.
Tringoides Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 326, Feb. 5,

1828 — type, by subs, desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53, p.

627, 1917), Tringa macularia "Wilson" (=Linnaeus).
Guinetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 68, 1840 — type, by orig. desig.,

Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus.
Tryngodes Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 327,

1890 — emendation of Tringoides Bonaparte.

*Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) .^ Spotted Sandpiper.

Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on
"Spotted Sandpiper" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 139, pi. 277,

^ We are not certain that Stejneger's designation is a valid one, as it was
determined by elimination.

^ Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) is probably conspecific with A. hypoleucos of
the Palaearctic region, the juvenile and winter plumages of the two birds being
strikingly similar.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 123

lower figure; near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; H0rring and Salomonsen,
Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 34, 1941— Greenland (Godthaab, Sept. 27;
Nanortalik, April 18).

Totanus macularius Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 — Tobago;
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 372, 1887 (crit.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893,
p. 325— Curagao; Butterfield, Auk, 21, p. 485, 1904— Kent, England;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Trinidad (Jan. to April).

Tringoides macularius(a) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858—
Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 298, 1860— Esmeraldas, Ecuador;
Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 592— Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem.
I.e., 1868, p. 629— Tucacas, Falcon, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 783—
south of Merida, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870— Rio
de Janeiro (Sapitiba, March), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.), Parana
(Paranagua, Dec), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Sept.), Amazonas
(Marabitanas, Rio Negro, May), and Para (Praia de Cajutuba, Apr. 12),
Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383— Ocaila, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Essex
Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Santarem, Brazil (Apr. 12); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547— Retiro, Colombia; Taczanowski,
I.e., 1882, p. 49— Huambo, Peru (March); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180—
Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, pp. 468, 762, 1896 (monog.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897— San Francisco, Tarija, Bolivia (Dec); Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898— CachabI, Ecuador (Nov. to Jan.); Salvadori
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Ecuador
(Rio Santiago; Ibarra, Cuenca, Oct.; Rio Peripa, Nov.; Santa Elena,
Jan.); Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900— Tobago; Ber-
lepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902— Venezuela (Ciudad
Bolivar, Dec; Altagracia, Nov., Dec; Caicara, Mar., Oct.; Orinoco River;
and Suapure, Caura, Sept. 14); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52— La Merced, Junin, Peru (Aug., Sept., Mar.);
Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232— Santo Domingo and San Nicolas, Ecuador
(Oct.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 378, 1903—
Mexican and Central American localities and references; Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 126, 1906— Santa Ana (Dec. 4) and Huay-
napata (Oct. 15), Peru; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553— Margarita Island, Vene-
zuela (Jan. 6); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907— Iguape, Sao
Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana;
Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911—
Tumbaco, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 90, 1914— Para,
Marajo (Paeoval, Soure), Mexiana, Cunany, and Guimaraes (Maranhao),
Brazil.

Aciitis macularius(a) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 83,
1864 (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330— Tumbez,
Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 577— Chimbo, Ecuador
(Nov.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— lower Beni,
Bolivia (Aug.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
p. 395— Lima, Peru (Sept., Nov.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5,
p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 375, 1900
(plumages); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905— Barbados,

124 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Grenada, and St. Vincent; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
pp. 197, 204, 237, 1909— Aruba, Curasao, and Margarita Island; Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 — Amaracao,
coast of Piauhy (Sept. 14-16); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 420,
1910 — Bolson, San Jose, Carrillo, Guapiles (Mar. 5), Ujurras de Terraba
(Sept. 16), Tucurrfqui (Nov. 1), and La Estrella de Cartago (Nov. 5),
Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— Caria-
quito, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916—
Orinoco River (Aug. to April); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 366,
1916 — Sainte Rose, Guadeloupe (July 15); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
10, p. 213, 1916— Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
36, p. 224, 1917— Dabeiba (Feb. 14), Novita (Dec. 23), San Jose (Dec. 4),
Barbacoas (Aug. 30-Sept. 4), Caldas (Nov. 20), Call (May 8), and Salento
(Sept. 28), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245—
Gatun (Feb., Sept., Oct.), Pedro Miguel (Apr. 23), and Toro Point (Aug.
4), Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 372, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265— Ecuador (Riobamba, Jan. 3)
and Peru (Eten, Lambayeque, Sept. 17; Rio Perene, Junln, March 9;
Trujillo, Libertad, Sept. 1); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920—
Concepcion, Tucuman (Mar. 4); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117,
p. 50, 1921— Rio Comberciato (Sept. 22) and Galea (Apr. 25), Urubamba,
Peru; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42,
1922 — Altagracia, Zulia, Venezuela; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool.,
14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina (May 14, June 19, July 10, Nov. 7),
Rio San Pedro (Oct. 18), Machangara (Apr. 11), and Mindo (Nov. 21),
Ecuador; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 —
Bonda, Buritaca, and Fundacion, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 197, 1926— Ecuador (many localities); Wetmore, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 133, p. 147, 1926— Rio Aj6 below Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Oct.
25); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 362, 1927—
Mona, Desecheo, Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas,
and Tortola (winter visitant); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 — Zelaya,
Buenos Aires (April); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 771 — Blairmont, British
Guiana (winter); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 95, 1928 — Lower
California (transient and winter visitor); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Pinheiro, Para (Apr. 23); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 146, p. 78, 1929 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 157,
1931 — Hispaniola (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 39, p. 321, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (transient and winter
visitor); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931— Albemarle
(Jan.) and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool, 71, p. 375, 1931— Donjaca (Sept. 15) and Rio Frio River (Sept. 9),
Magdalena, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304,
1932— Honduras (Rio Choluteca, Aug. 5; Trujillo; Tela; Ceiba; Ruatan
Island); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932— Panajachel
and La Primavera, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 269, 1934 (range);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 — Trinidad and Tobago (winter);
Mousley, Auk, 54, p. 445, pis. 27, 28, 1937 (nesting habits); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 135, 1938— Bahia (Rio Aratuhype), Sao Paulo (Iguape,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 125

Piassaguera, Raiz da Serra, Ilha dos Alcatrazes), and Rio Grande do Sul
(Porto Alegre); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 23, p. 172, 1938— El Salvador (many localities); Philippi, Bol. Mus.
Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 57, 1938— Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 10,
1851); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943— Mackenzie delta
(breeding); Stevenson, Auk, 61, p. 247, 1944 (does not breed south of
central Tennessee and western North Carolina); van Rossem, Occ. Pap.
Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 82, 1945 — Sonora (wintering).

Tringites macularius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 —
Chamicuros, Peru.

"Actitis notata 111. (wiedi, Bp.)" ^ Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
43, No. 2, p. 597, 1856; idem. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857—
Cayenne, French Guiana.

Range. — Breeds throughout North America from limit of trees in
northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie and Manitoba, the Un-
gava Peninsula, and Newfoundland, south to southern California,
southern New Mexico, southern Texas, Tennessee and North Caro-
lina; winters from southern British Columbia, Louisiana, and South
Carolina throughout Mexico and the West Indies to southern Peru,
Bolivia, southern Brazil, and occasionally to Argentina (Concepcion,
Tucuman, Mar. 4, 1918; Rio Ajo below Lavalle and Zelaya, Buenos
Aires) and Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna, Aug. 10, 1851).

Field Museum Collection. — 207: Alaska (Bethel, 2); Yukon
Territory (Yukon River, 11); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2);
Alberta (Walsh, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Labrador
(Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5); Oregon (Salem,
2); Idaho (Priest Lake, 1); Montana (Custer County, 1); North
Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 15; Carpenter Lake, Rolette
County, 1 ; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1 ; Rocklake, Towner
County, 1; Cannonball River, Sioux County, 1; Towner County, 3);
Colorado (New Castle, 2; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4) ; Texas (Travis
County, 2); New Mexico (Reserve, 2); Arizona (Calabasas, Santa
Cruz County, 1; Tucson, 3); California (McCloud, Siskiyou County,
1; Rincon, Ventura County, 1; Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 4;
San Pedro, 1; Whistle Point, Los Angeles County, 1; Clifton, Los
Angeles County, 2; San Diego County, 1; Coronado Beach, 1;
Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy
Island, 4); Connecticut (New Haven County, 12; East Hartford, 2;
New Haven, 2; West Haven, 1; North Haven, 2; Hamden, 2;

1 This is a pure nomen nudum, as it stands. Bonaparte, in parentheses,
quotes as synonym "macularia Wied," but, as far as we are aware, Wied's descrip-
tion of Totanus macularius did not appear until a few years later (Journ. Orn.,
7, p. 90, 1859). In the report on Desplanches' Cayenne collection, published in
1857, even the reference to Wied is omitted.

126 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII •

Stamford, 2) ; New York (Bedford, Westchester County, 1; Rochester,
2; Shelter Island, Suffolk County, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Wolf
Lake, Cook County, 2; Lake Forest, 2; Libertyville, 3); Wisconsin
(Neenah, 2; Beaver Dam, 10); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie
Island, 8; Pea Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2; Beau-
fort County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (West Jupiter, Palm
Beach County, 4; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Merritt's
Island, Brevard County, 3); Bahama Islands (Acklin, 1; Andros, 1;
Great Bahama, 1; Old Providence, 4; St. Andrews, 1); Hispaniola
(San Cristobal, Dominican Republic, 2; Catarey, Dominican
Republic, 1; Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1; Jacmel, Haiti,
3); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1; Mayaguez, 1; Mona Island, 2);
Jamaica (Priestman's River, 1 ; Cayman Brae, 1 ; Grand Cayman, 4) ;
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Tortola, 1); Lesser Antilles (St. Chris-
topher, 2; Guadeloupe, 1; Dominica, 5); Dutch West Indies (Aruba,
1); Mexico (Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1; Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Tam-
pico, 1; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega,
San Miguel, 1; San Salvador, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, Solola, 2;
Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1); Costa Rica (Buenos
Aires, Puntarenas, 1); Venezuela (Paramo Conejos, Merida, 1; En-
contrados, Zulia, 2; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1)
British Guiana (Rockstone, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1)
Ecuador (La Carolina, 1); Bolivia (Capinota, Cochabamba, 1
Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1).

Conover Collection. — 32: British Columbia (Stuie, Bella Coola
area, 2) ; Manitoba (Churchill, 2) ; Oregon (Salem, 1) ; Utah (Brigham,
1); California (Myers, Eldorado County, 2; Ocean Beach, San Diego
County, 1); Wisconsin (Milwaukee River, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1;
Chicago, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); Mexico (San Jos6 del
Cabo, Lower California, 1); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Colombia
(Cuturu, Antioquia, 1 ; El Tambo, Cauca, 1 ; Rio Timbio, Cauca, 1 ;
Ricaurte, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1; Valle de Rojas,
5; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 4); Peru (Puerto Bermudez,
Junin, 1); Brazil (Santarem, Para, 3).

Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte

Catopirophorus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 323,
Feb. 5, 1828 — type, by monotypy, Totanus semipalmatus Temminck=
Scolopax semipalmatus Gmelin.

Hodites Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 155, 1829 —
type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 127

*Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin).
Eastern Willet.

Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on
"Semipalmated Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 469, pi. 20, fig. 2,
New York.^

Catatrophorus (sic) semipalmatus Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375,
1847— Tobago (October).

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana,
3, "1848," p. 758, 1849— coast of British Guiana; Riley, Auk, 22, p. 353,
1905 — Andros, Rum Cay, and Long Island, Bahama Islands (breeding);
Bangs, I.e., 24, p. 291, 1907— Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 13, 1906);
Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 237, 1909— Margarita Island,
Venezuela (March 12); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 —
Puntarenas, Costa Rica (ex Bangs); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 221, 1931— Bermuda Islands (visitor).

Totanus semipalmatus Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 456, 1866 — Trinidad;
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 358, 1887 (crit.).

Symphemia semipalmata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 809, 1870 — Praia de
Cajutuba, Pard, Brazil (March); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 322, 1875 —
Cuba (June, July); idem. I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878 — Puerto Rico (Boqueron,
San Juan Bay); Cory, Auk, 7, p. 374, 1890 — Anegada Island; idem.
I.e., 8, p. 47, 1891— Antigua (April to July); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, pp. 405, 757, 1896 (in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 371, 1903 (in part); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254,
1905 — St. Vincent (Oct.), Barbados, Carriacou, and Grenada (visitor);
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool, 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April); Lowe,
Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (March 24); Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 — "Matto Grosso," errore (= Cajutuba,
Para!).

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 315, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto
Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 366, 1927— Puerto Rico (crit.); Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 27, 1929 (life hist.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930— "Matto Grosso (Rio Guapore)," errore
(= Cajutuba, Para!); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155,
p. 160, 1931— Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad and Tobago (visitor);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 136, 1938— Cajutuba, Para (ex Pelzeln);
Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175,
1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 1); Beatty, Auk,
60, p. 110, 1943— St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting).

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus longicaudis Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto
Rico, 10, p. 76, 1926 — Boqueron, Puerto Rico (type in collection of
Cornell University, Ithaca).

* Totanus crassirostris Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 406,
1816 — Louisiana) has been quoted as a possible synonym, but there are various
discrepancies in the description. No type appears to exist.

128 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds in Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
of the United States from New Jersey to Texas, and in the Bahama
and Virgin (St. Croix) Islands, and Antigua,^ possibly also in Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola; winters from the Gulf states south
through the West Indies and the Caribbean coast of Mexico and
Central America (rarely on the Pacific side) to Trinidad, Guiana,
and northeastern Brazil (Cajutuba, Para).-

Field Museum Collection. — 47: Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 1);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); Virginia (Northampton
County, 2; Cobb's Island, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie
Island, 2; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Indian River, Brevard County, 1;
Nassau County, 4; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 5; Anclote,
Pasco County, 1; Canaveral, Brevard County, 1; Merritt's Island,
Brevard County, 2); Texas (Port Isabel, 2; Seadrift, Calhoun
County, 1; Brownsville, 1; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 1);
Bahama Islands (Northwest Point, Great Inagua, 3; Northeast
Point, Great Inagua, 3; Mathew Town, Great Inagua, 2; Salt Pans,
Great Inagua, 1; Betsey Bay, Mariguana, 1; Middle Point, Mari-
guana, 1; Piriton Well, Mariguana, 1; Caicos Island, 1); Virgin
Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anegada Island, 2); Costa
Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2; Oso Peninsula, 1); Venezuela
(Margarita Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 17: South Carolina (Mount Pleasant,
Charleston County, 2; Copahee Sound, 1); Florida (Nassau County,
3); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 6); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guana-
caste, 4); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1).

*Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster).^
Western Willet.

Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster, Auk, 4, No. 2, p. 145, April,
1887 — Larimer County, Colorado (cotypes now in Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
70, p. 177, 1930).

1 In files of U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a record by H. McDonald of nest
and four eggs, May 26, 1943.

2 The locality, "Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso," is due to confusion with
Natterer's (only Brazilian) record from Cajutuba, coast of Para, while "Bolivia,"
quoted by Ridgway, is most certainly erroneous.

3 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster) differs from the nominate
race by larger size (wing of males 201-209, of females 212-220, against 180-195
and 192-200, respectively), slenderer and longer bill, and by having the upper
parts paler, more ashy gray, and much less heavily spotted with dusky, while
the lower neck, chest, and flanks have the dusky barring narrower as well as lighter
in tone.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 129

Symphemia semipalmata (not Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin) Cassin, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195 — Cartagena, Colombia; Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Nov. 27,
Dec. 13); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 405, 1896— part, Mexico
(Tres Marias Islands and San Bias, Tepic; Presidio, Sinaloa; "Tehuan-
tepec" [=San Mateo], Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Chiapam and San Jose);
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900—
Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 371, 1903 (in part); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 2, p. 55, 1913— Albemarle (Villemil, Nov. 1, Sept. 3) and Abingdon
(Sept. 21), Galapagos Islands.

Totanus semipalmalus speculiferus^ Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 359,
1887 (crit.).

Catoptrophorus semipalmalus inornatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 319, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 195, 1926— Tembleque, Ecuador (July 18; crit.); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 94, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 36, 1929 (life hist.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 54,
1931— Utah (breeding habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p.
60, 1931 — Abingdon and Albemarle Islands, Galapagos; Peters, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 71, p. 303, 1931 — Cricamola, Almirante, Panama (Sept. 19);
Darlington, I.e., p. 375, 1931 — near Donjaca, Santa Marta, Colombia
(Sept. 15); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932— Cham-
perico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 269, 1934 (range);
van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora
(Jan. 19); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 307, 1935— Panama; Dickey and van
Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938— Puerto del
Triunfo (Dec. 31) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 2), El Salvador; van
Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 83, 1945 —
Sonora (wintering).

Range. — Breeds from central Oregon, south-central Alberta,
Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to northeastern Cali-
fornia, Colorado, Nebraska, and northern Iowa; winters on the
Pacific coast of America from California to northwestern Peru
(Tumbez), the Galapagos Archipelago, and on the Gulf and Carib-
bean coasts to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Donjaca). In autumn
migration occurs on the Atlantic coast of the United States.

1 Sclater (Ibis, 1862, p. 199, note) suggested that Tolanus speculiferus Cuvier
(Reg. Anim., nouv. ed., 1, p. 531, footnote, 1829 — no locality; Lesson, Traite
d'Orn., p. 552, 1831 — "I'Amerique septentrionale") may turn out to be an earlier
name for the Western Willet. Pucheran (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 369, 1851)
gave a full description of the type in the Paris Museum, and his measurements
(bill, 66; tarsus, 75 mm.) point to its identity with inornatus.

However, Professor J. Berlioz has kindly compared the type of Tolanus speculi-
ferus Cuvier with a specimen of Catoptrophorus s. semipalmalus and a specimen
of C. s. inornatus, both in winter plumage. He states: "The coloration of plumage
in our type seems quite as dark as in semipalmalus, with heavy shaft streaks and
freckling. Briefly, as concerns coloration, the type looks more like semipalmalus,
but the proportions and particularly the long and slender bill are those of in-
ornatus." A change in nomenclature, therefore, appears to be inadvisable.

130 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 116: Alberta (Walsh, 2) ; Saskatchewan
(Maple Creek, 7; Hay Creek, 1; Quill Lake, 1; Lake Johnston, 2);
Ontario (Pule Point, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson
County, 13; Towner County, 18; Rocklake, Towner County, 1);
Colorado (Larimer, Huerfano County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County,
1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 1);
California (Westport, Mendocino County, 3; Redwood, San Mateo
County, 6; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 3; Carmel, Monterey
County, 2; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 1; Palo Alto, Santa Clara
County, 1; Eureka, Humboldt County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego
County, 1; San Diego, 2; The Rincon, Ventura County, 5; Playa
del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1); Texas (Rockport, Aransas County,
1; Brownsville, 2; Seadrift, Calhoun County, 2; Port Lavaca, Cal-
houn County, 2; Padre Island, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island,
4); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County
(Pea Island, 15; Bodie Island, 2; Cape Hatteras, 2); Georgia (Chat-
ham County, 1); Florida (Talbot Island, Duval County, 1; Palm
Beach, 1; Anclote, Pasco County, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca,
Guanacaste, 2); Guatemala (San Jos^, 2).

Conover Collection. — 35: Alberta (Tofield, 5); Idaho (Mont-
pelier, Lake County, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey
County, 2); Utah (Brigham, 15); California (Anaheim Landing,
Orange County, 6); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1); New Hampshire
(Seabrook, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2); Costa Rica
(Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara,
1).

Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird

Heteroscelus Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, pp. 728, 734, . 1858—
type, by monotypy, Totanus brevipes Vieillot.

Heteraditis Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 236, July, 1884 — new name for Heteroscelus
Baird, believed to be preoccupied by Heteroscelis Latreille, 1825.

Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieillot). Polynesian Tattler.

Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 410, 1818 —
"pays inconnu" (type, from Timor, in the Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran,
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 571, 1851).

Heteraditis brevipes Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 137, 1885—
Bering Island (crit.); Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
63, p. 180, 1919 (no intergradation with H. incanus); Hanna, Condor, 22,
p. 174, 1920— Kitovi Rookery, St. Paul Island (Sept. 17, 1919).

Totanus incanus brevipes Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 361, 1887 (crit.).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 131

Heteroscelus brevipes Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 250, 1920 — St. Paul Island, Pribilofs
(Oct. 4, 1911; Sept. 2, 1917); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 48,
1929 (life hist.); Friedmann, Condor, 35, p. 78, 1933— St. Lawrence
Island (July, 1932); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range).

Tringa incana brevipes Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 139, 1920 — Bering Island
(crit.).

Heteroscelus incanus brevipes Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 76,
1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands.

Heteractitis incanus brevipes Belopolski, Journ. Orn., 81, p. 425, 1933 —
Anadyr Bay, Siberia (Aug.).

Range. — Breeds probably in the alpine zone of northeastern Asia
(northern Baikal Range, Werchojansk Range, and mountains of
interior Kamchatka); winters in the Philippines, Caroline Islands,
Malay Archipelago, and Celebes to New Guinea and Australia;
accidental in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island [Oct. 4, 1911;
Sept. 2, 1917; Sept. 17, 1919]) and on St. Lawrence Island (July,
1932).

*Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin). Wandering Tattler.

Scolopax incana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Ash-
coloured Snipe" Latham, Gfen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 154, Eimeo (=Moorea),
Society Group, and Palmerston Islands, Pacific Ocean.

Totanus fuliginosus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 130,
March, 1841 — Galapagos Archipelago (Oct.; type now in British Museum).

Scolopax padfica Forster, Descr. Anim. It. Mar. Austr., (ed. Lichtenstein),
p. 174, 1844— Tongatabu, Tonga Islands.

Totanus oceanicus Lesson, Suppl. Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Leveque, 20, (Descr.
Mamm. Ois.), p. 244, 1847 — Oualan Island, Caroline Islands (type in
Paris Museum).

Totanus polynesiae Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 237, 1848— Fiji Islands
and Paumotu group. Pacific Ocean (type, from Fiji Islands, in United
States National Museum; cf. Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, pp. 135,
136, 1885).

Heteroscelus incanus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 — Acapulco,
Mexico (March); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 367, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Murie, Auk, 41, p. 231, pis. 17, 18, 1924— Savage
River, Alaskan Range, Alaska (nest, eggs, and downy young descr.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 197, 1926— Santa Elena (Dec.
19, Feb. 16, 21) and La Plata Island (Feb. 11), Ecuador; Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 94, 1928— Lower California (wintering); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 41, 1929 (life hist.); Swarth, Occ. Pap.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931— Galapagos, Cocos, and Clipperton
Islands; Dixon, Condor, 35, p. 173, 1933— Alaska (nesting habits);
Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53, pp. 203, 206, 1933 (downy young
descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range); Dixon, Bds. Mam-
mals Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 76, 1938 (nesting habits).

132 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Heteraditis incanus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 132, 1885 —
Bering Island (crit., meas., range, etc.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, pp. 453, 761, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 377, 1903— Acapulco, Mexico; Osgood, Auk, 24, p. 340, 1907—
upper MacMillan River, Yukon Territory (immature taken, probably
breeds).

Totanus incanus Seebohm, Geog. Dist. Charad., p. 360, 1887 (crit.).

Tringa incana incana Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 139, 1920 — Bering Island
(May 29 to June 12).

Heteroscelus incanus incanus Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 75,
1923— Pribilof Islands.

Range. — Breeds from south-central Alaska to east-central Yukon
Territory and south to Prince William Sound; winters on Pacific
coast and islands of America from southern California to Ecuador
and the Galapagos, also in Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia,
New Hebrides, and New Caledonia, and occasionally to New Guinea,
Australia, and New Zealand.

Field Museum Collection. — 57: Alaska (St. George Island, 1;
King Island, 2; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1; Unalaska, 3;
Kodiak Island, 1; Skagway, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island,
Queen Charlotte Islands, 2; Quatsino, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay,
1); California (Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 7; Laguna Beach,
Orange County, 1; Arch Beach, Orange County, 1); Trinidad Bay,
Humboldt County, 2; Point Reyes, Marin County, 1; Bolinas,
Marin County, 1; Castle Rock, Del Norte County, 1; Del Monte
Forest, Monterey County, 11; Carmel Bay, 2; Monterey, 1; West-
port, Mendocino County, 6; San Clemente Island, 6); Galapagos
Islands (Narborough Island, 1; Cocos Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 18: Alaska (Cape Nome, 1; Topkok, Norton
Sound, 2); California (Redondo, Los Angeles County, 2; Santa
Monica, 7; Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 2; Balboa, Orange
County, 1; Port Harford, 1; San Nicholas Island, 1; San Clemente
Island, 1).

Subfamily ARENARIINAE. Turnstones and Surf Birds

Genus APHRIZA Audubon^

Aphriza Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 249, 1839 — type, by monotypy, Aphriza
townsendi Audubon =Tnn^a virgata Gmelin.

1 For anatomical characters and affinity, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1937, pp. 748-750.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 133
*Aphriza virgata (Gmelin). Surf Bird.

Tringa virgala Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789— based on "Streaked
Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 180, "Sandwich Sound" =
Prince William Sound, Alaska (summer plumage).

Tringa borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789 — based on "Boreal
Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 181, King George Bay
(winter plumage); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla
la Mocha, Chile.

Tringa townsendi Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 249, 1839 — Cape Disappoint-
ment, Washington (type now in Vassar College Museum, Poughkeepsie;
cf. Orton, Amer. Natur., 4, p. 716, 1871).

Charadrius WinterfeldH Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843— "in
Oceani Magni littoribus" = coast of Peru (type now in Liverpool Museum;
cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 66, 1899) ;i
idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 295, pi. 34, 1846 — coast of Peru
(= winter plumage).

Aphriza townsendii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, 1844 — Chile.

Strepsilas borealis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 408,
1847— coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163, 1860—
Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868 —
from Valdivia, Chile, to Peru; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Paposo, Chile.

Aphriza virgata Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, pi. 147 (winter plumage), 1847; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15—
Van Islands, Trinidad Channel, Territory of Magallanes, Chile (Feb. 15);
Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 348, 1886— coast of Peru; Nelson, Nat. Hist.
Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 127, 1887— St. Michaels (migr.); Reed, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 208,
1896 — Alaska (St. Michaels), Vancouver Island, Orcas Island, Chile, and
Van Islands; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 — seashore near Vacqueria,
Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Sept. 16); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 353, 1903 (monog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910— "Straits of Magellan"; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 58, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Townsend,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 12, 1923— Lower California (Abreojos
Point, San Josef Island) and Sonora (Tiburon Island); Murie, Auk, 41,
pp. 235-237, 1924 — Forty Mile River and Savage River, Alaskan Range,
Alaska, July (nesting habits); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 73,
1926— Carcross, Yukon (May 27); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 314, 1926—
Point Dall, Alaska (May 18); Dixon, Condor, 29, pp. 3-16, col. pi., 1927—
Mount McKinley district, Alaskan Range (breeding habits; nest; eggs;

1 This specimen is doubtless the type, as claimed by Forbes and Robinson.
Mr. Jean J. Baer, of the Neuchatel Museum, in fact, informs us that the species
is not (and never was) represented in Tschudi's collection in that Museum. —
C. E. H.

Friedmann and Deignan (Zoologica, N.Y., 27, (2), p. 49, 1942) claim that the
type cf Charadrius Winterfeldi (sic) Tschudii is in the United States National
Museum, having been received by it in the year 1866 in a shipment from the
Neuchatel Museum. This specimen and the one in the Liverpool Museum are
undoubtedly cotypes.

134 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

food); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928— Lower California;
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 269, 1929 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 380, 1932— Chile (winter); Griscom,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 129, 1932— Champerico, Guatemala (Sept.
10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 (range); Friedmann, Condor, 36,
p. 89, 1934— Goodnews Bay, Alaska (Aug. 12); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist.
Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Dixon, Bds. Mammals,
Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 67, 1938 (nesting habits); van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 83, 1945 — Sonora (Tiburon
Island, April; Punta Penascosa, Jan.).

Strepsilas virgata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 45, 1865 —
Algarroba, Chile (crit.).

Strepsilas virgatus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 412, 1887 (monog.).

Range. — Breeds on mountains in south-central Alaska (Mount
McKinley district, Alaskan Range, and doubtless other adjoining
ranges to the Yukon border); winters along the Pacific coast of
America south to Chile (Paposo, Antofagasta; Isla la Mocha,
Arauco; Valdivia; Van Islands, Trinidad Channel, Territory of
Magallanes).

Field Museum Collection. — 28: Alaska (Sea Otter Harbor, Dall
Island, 6; Wrangell, 1); British Columbia (Barclay Sound, Vancouver
Island, 3); Washington (Jefferson County, 2; Gray's Harbor, West-
port, 1); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 3; Yaquina Bay,
Lincoln County, 1); California (Del Monte Forest, Monterey County,
6; Carmel Highlands, Monterey County, 1; North Island, San
Diego County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1; San Diego
Harbor, San Diego County, 1; Hyperion, Los Angeles County, 1).

Conover Collection. — 15: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 3;
Sea Otter Harbor, Dall Island, 2; Wrangell, 2) ; Washington (Jefferson
County, 4); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 4).

Genus ARENARIA Brisson

Arenaria Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 132, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Are-
naria" Bnsson=Tringa interpres Linnaeus.

Morinella Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 383,
1810 — type, by monotypy, Morinella collaris 'Wo\{=Tringa interpres
Linnaeus.

Strepsilas Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 263, 1811 — new name for
Arenaria Brisson.

Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray,
List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2d ed., p. 85, 1841 — type, by orig. desig., Tringa
morinella Linnaeus.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 135
*Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). Turnstone.

Tringa interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — in part,
based chiefly on It. Gotl. 217 and Faun. Svec, No. 154, restricted type
locality, Gotland, Sweden. ^

Morinella collaris Wolf, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2,
p. 383 (footnote), 1810 — new name for Tringa interpres Linnaeus.

Charadrius Cinclus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 148, 1811 — Siberia to
Kamchatka (in part, as far as based on Tringa interpres Linnaeus).

Tringa oahuensis Bloxham, in Byron's Voy. Blonde, p. 251, 1826 — Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands (location of type unknown, probably once in the British
Museum).

Strepsilas collaris Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 407, 1843 — South and
North Greenland (May to Sept.).

Arenaria interpres Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 92, 728, 1896 — part.
Old World and Greenland; L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 54,
1934 — Greenland (crit.; meas.).

Strepsilas interpres Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 155, 1898 — Greenland;
Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 127, 1910 — Greenland (breeding habits).

Arenaria morinella (not Tringa morinella Linnaeus) Palmer, Fur Seals and
Fur Seal Islands, North Pacific Ocean, Part 3 (Avifauna Pribilof Islands),
pp. 412-418, 1899 (crit.; descr.).

Arenaria interpres interpres Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 45,
1919 — part, except northwestern Alaska and Pacific coast of America
(monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, pp. 278, 293, 1929— part, except
North American mainland (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271,
1934 — part, except North and South America and Galapagos Islands;
Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 143 — Greenland (crit.); Leach, Brit. Bds.,
38, (19), p. 376, 1945 (specimen taken at Proven, northwestern Greenland,
May 30, 1945, was banded at Antrim, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1942).

Range. — Breeds on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, northern
Europe and Asia; migrates through the St. Lawrence, Pribilof and
Aleutian Islands; winters from southern Europe, India, Japan and
the Hawaiian Islands to South Africa, Madagascar, Australia and
New Zealand.2

Field Museum Collection. — 7: Alaska (Dutch Harbor, 1; Unalaska,
1; St. Paul Island, 2); Greenland (Holsteinborg, west coast, 1;
Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson Land, 2).

^ The quotation, "Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 141, pi. 141," refers to A. i.
morinella.

* After examining several hundred specimens of Turnstones we are unable
to recognize A. i. oahuensis of northern Siberia and Alaska (cf. Mathews, Bds.
AustraHa, 3, pp. 5, 10, 1913).

Additional material examined. — Greenland: east coast, 1. — Bering Sea: St.
George Island, 1; Hall Island, 1; Unalaska, 1.

136 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus).' Ruddy Turnstone.

Tringa Morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on
"Turnstone or Sea-Dotterel" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 72, pi.
72, coast of Georgia.

Tringa hudsonica P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 114, 1776 — based on
"The Turnstone from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3,
p. 141, pi. 141, Hudson's Bay.

Strepsilas interpres (not Tringa interpres Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,
Birds, p. 132, 1841 — Iquique (Tarapaca), Chile, and Galapagos Islands;
Frazer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay,
Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 407, 1847— Chile; Jardine, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (Jan.); Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 333,
1847 — Jamaica; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 751,
1849 — coast region; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Paposo,
Antofagasta, Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 — Chiapam, Guatemala;
Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865— Chile; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile,
31, p. 273, 1868— coast of Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870—
Sapitiba (near Piehy), Rio de Janeiro (Feb.), Cajutuba, Para (Feb., Mar.,
Apr.), and Para (Nov.), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 323— Galapagos Islands; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560— Choril-
las, Lima, Peru; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874 — Rio
Zacatula, Colima, Mexico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 331, 1875 —
Cuba (Sept. and winter); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46,
1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188,
1878 — Puerto Rico (Mayaguez, Cabo Rojo, Quebradillas, Vega Baja);
Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 15 — Talcaguano, Chile; Salvin,
I.e., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,

3, p. 349, 1886— part, Peru (Chorillos); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888—
Paposo, Chile; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307— Aruba Island (July 2); Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl.,

4, p. 664, 1898— Isla de los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile (Oct.); Bonhote,
Ibis, 1903, p. 301 — Andros, Little Abaco, and Green Cay, Bahama
Islands (crit.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la
Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e., p. 67, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile.

Strepsilas collaris (not Morinella collaris Wolf) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru.,
Orn., p. 297, 1846-"on both sides of the Cordillera," Peru (crit.); Bur-
meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 364, 1856 — Santa Catharina, Brazil.

Cinclus interpres Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 399, 1866 — Trinidad.

Arenaria interpres Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887 —
Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 231, 1887 — West Indies (descr.);
idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 231, 1889; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 95, 1892—

1 Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus) in breeding plumage can be distin-
guished from the nominate race by having the dorsal surface much redder. In
winter it is indistinguishable except for its average smaller size.

Additional material examined. — Alaska: Barrow, 6; Wainwright, 2; Cape
Lisbourne, 1; Coal Land, 1; Wales, 2; Nulato, 1; Kothk, 1; Carbon Creek, 1;
Port Clarence, 1.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 137

West Indies; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
p. 395 — Ancon, Peru (Jan. 21); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 55, 1893 — Punta Mala, Delta del Rio Dagua, Costa
Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 92, 728, 1896— part, North
and South American mainland, West Indies and Galapagos Islands;
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900—
Puntilla de Santa Elena and Bahia de Ballenita, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 345, 1903 — Mexico (Rio
Zacatula, Colima; San Mateo and Santa Maria del Mar, Oaxaca; Tonala,
Chiapas; Mugeres and Cozumel Islands, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam),
British Honduras (Curlew Cay; Saw-pit Cay; Turneffe Island), Antilles,
Costa Rica (Las Trojas), Veraguas, etc.; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
32, p. 250, 1905— Lesser Antilles; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906—
Seelet, Trinidad (April); Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 304, 1908— Cayenne,
French Guiana; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 314 — Testigo Grande; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Costa Rica (rare visitant on Pacific
coast); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95,
1910 — [Amaracao], coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 14, 15); Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 82, 1914 — Guimaraes, Maranhao, Brazil; Chubb, Ibis,
1919, p. 261 — Puna Island, Ecuador (Nov. 10) and Chancay, Lima, Peru
(Dec. 30).

Arenaria morinella Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 74, 1902 — ■
Carmen Island (March 12) and San Jose del Cabo (Aug. 31 to Oct. 21),
Lower California.

Morinella interpres Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 45, 1907 (range); Lima,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920— Ilheos, Bahia.

Arenaria interpres morinella Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197,
214, 230, 1909 — Aruba, Islas de Aves, and Testigo Grande; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 51, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Reiser,
Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 228, 1923— coast of
Piauhy, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926—
coast of Manavi, Santa Elena (Dec. 17, Feb. 25), and Jambeli (Nov. 1),
Ecuador; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 314, 1926— Point Dall, Bering Sea, Alaska
(nesting; descr. pullus); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Islands, 9, p. 357, 1927— Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Culebra, and Culebrita;
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1928— Lower California;
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, pp. 278, 294, 1929 (life hist.; range,
except Greenland); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 490,
1929 — near Amaracao, Piauhy; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 155, p. 154, 1931 — Hispaniola (winter visitant); Darlington, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 — Donjaca, Santa Marta, Colombia
(Sept. 15); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 380, 1932—
Caldera, Atacama (Mar. 26), and Papudo, Aconcagua (Dec. 1), Chile;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range, in part); Belcher and Smooker,
Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Veraguas and Canal Zone, Panama; Bullock,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha; Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 19, p. 77, 1935— Ilha de Madre de Deus (Feb.), Corupeba (Feb.),
Cahype (Feb.), and Ilheos (Apr.), Bahia; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235,

138 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

1936 — Rocas de la Erizera, Tacna, Chile (June 24); Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 136, 1938— Ilheos, Ilha Madre de Deus, and Cahype, Bahla;
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 — Playa de Chacalluta,
Tacna, Chile (Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
I Zool. Ser., 23, p. 171, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31,

Jan. 5, 6), and Punta Piedra, Costa Rica; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 213,
1945 (dist. chars.; ranges on both coasts of the Americas); Soper, Auk,
63, p. 227, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting).

Arenaria interpres interpres Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 45,
1919 — part, northwestern Alaska and Pacific coast of America; Bent,
I.e., 146, p. 293, 1929— part, Alaska; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
18, p. 59, 1931 — Galdpagos Islands and Cocos Island; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 271, 1934 — part, North and South America and the Galapagos Islands.

Arenaria interpres subsp. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 129, 1932 —
Champerico, Guatemala.

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of North
America from Point Barrow to Baffin Island, south to Bristol Bay,
Bering Sea and Southampton Island ; winters in the southern United
States, the West Indies, Galapagos Islands and both coasts of South
America south to Chile (Isla la Mocha, Arauco) and southern
Brazil (Santa Catherina). Found in the interior of the United States
during migration.^

Field Museum Collection. — 182: Alaska (Barrow, 6; Nome, 4;
St. Michaels, 1; Teller, 1; Morzhovoi Bay, 1); British Columbia
(Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnson, 1);
Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 20); Nova Scotia (Clark's Harbor, 3);
Washington (Westport, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 2;
Rocklake, 1; Devil's Lake, 1; Lake Irwin, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver
Dam, 1); Illinois (Chicago Heights, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy
Island, 28; Chatham, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 2; New Haven
County, 1; Stamford, 1; Norwalk, 1); New York (Miller Place, 1;
Suffolk County, 2; Auburn, 1; Cayuga Lake, 3); North Carolina,
Dare County (Pea Island, 18; Bodie Island, 1); Georgia (St. Simons
Island, 2); Florida (Eau Gallie, 3; Canaveral, 1; Amelie Island, 4;
Nassau County, 2; Anclote, 1; Grove City, 2); Louisiana (Buras, 2);
Texas (Aransas Pass, 1); California (Moss Landing, 1; Del Monte
Forest, 1; mouth of Carmel River, 4; Carmel Lagoon, 1; Carmel, 2;
Humboldt Bay, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua,
3; Mariguana, 1; Eleuthera, 3; Great Bahama, 1; Cay Sal Bank, 1;

1 Wace (El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921) lists A. i. morinella as a "rare visitant"
among the birds of the Falkland Islands. We cannot find any definite record
from this region in literature, and as the Ruddy Turnstone has not even been taken
in Argentina, we hesitate to accept this statement. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, pp. 306-
333) does not mention this species at all.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 139

Abaco, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada, 3); Jamaica (Grand
Cayman, 6; Cayman Brae, 2); Lesser Antilles (Tobago, 1); Dutch
West Indies (Aruba, 7); Venezuela (Los Aves Island, Colon, 1);
Surinam (Seashon, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 4;
Point Jiminez, Peninsula del Oro, 2) ; Ecuador (Vaqueria, 2) ; Chile
(Caldera, Atacama, 3).

Conover Collection. — 44: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Hooper Bay, Bering
Sea, 12; False Pass, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County,
4); Illinois (Chicago, 3); Texas (Seadrift, 1); California (Point
Magie, 1; Portuguese Bend, 1; Eureka, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix,
5); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Ecuador (Vaqueria,
1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1).

*Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). Black Turnstone.

Strepsilas melanocephalus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, Jan., 1829 —
western shores of North America' (type originally in collection of Zoo-
logical Society of London, present whereabouts unknown; cf. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 292, 1932); idem, Zool. Voy. "Blossom,"
Birds, p. 29, 1839 — no locality indicated; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad.,
p. 411, 1887 (crit.).

Arenaria melanocephala Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 150, 1886—
St. Michaels and mouth of Kuskoquim River; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll.
Alaska, 3, p. 129, 1887— St. Michaels (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, pp. 103, 729, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 55, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 315,
pi. 7, 1926 — Point Dall, Alaska (common breeder; pi. and descr. of chick);
Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 86, 1926— St. Michaels and Wales (breeding),
Alaska; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 298, 1929 (life hist.); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1932— Lower California; Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
State Univ., 21, p. 84, 1945— Sonora (winter).

Range. — Breeds on the western seacoast of Alaska from Cape
Prince of Wales to Bristol Bay (?Cook Inlet); winters from south-
eastern Alaska to southern Lower California; casual at Point Barrow,
Alaska, and in northeastern Siberia (Wrangel Island; Chaun Bay).^

Field Museum Collection. — 99: Alaska (St. Michaels, 8; Kelp
Bay, 1; Kotlik, 1; Kuskokwim River, 3; Bethel, 1); British Columbia
(Comox, 2; Quatsino, 6); Washington (Jefferson County, 2); Oregon
(Newport, Lincoln County, 2) ; California (White Point, Los Angeles

* Monterey, California, suggested as type locality by Grinnell (Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 38, p. 292, 1932).

2 The record from "India" is open to doubt (cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2,
p. 1569, 1920).

140 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

County, 9; San Clemente Island, 9; Santa Cruz Island, 2; Monterey
County, 1; Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 13; Carmel,
Monterey County, 7; Carmel Bay, Monterey County, 15; Monterey,
Monterey County, 6; Westport, Mendocino County, 4; La Patera
Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; St. Nicholas Island, Santa Barbara
County, 1; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 3; Farallon Islands, 1);
Mexico (Coronados Island, Lower California, 1).

Conover Collection. — 17: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 7);
Washington (Clallam Bay, 1); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County,
2); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1; Pismo, San
Luis Obispo County, 5; Eureka, Humboldt County, 1).

Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE. Snipes and Woodcocks
Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied

Macrorhamphus (not of G. Fischer, 1813) F. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Bds.,

p. 22, 1817 — type, by monotypy, Scolopax grisea Gmelin.
Limnodromus "Wagler" Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 716, 1833 —

type, by monotypy, Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin =S. grisea Gmelin.
Longirostris S. D. W., Analyst, 4, No. 15, p. 119, April 1, 1836 — new name

for Macrorhamphus "Leach."
Macroramphus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 52, 1838 — emendation of

Macrorhamphus Forster.
Lymnodromus Bonaparte, Iconog. Fauna Ital., 1, fasc. 25, text of Gallinago

brehmi (p. 2), 1839 — emendation of Limnodromus Wied.

*Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say).^ Long-billed Dowitcher.

Limosa scolopacea Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 170, 1823 —

Engineer Cantonment, near Boyer Creek, near Council Bluffs, Iowa

(type lost). 2
Scolopax longirostris Bell, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 3, 1852 — Long

Island, New York (type in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence; cf. Lawrence,

I.e., p. 5, 1852).

^Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say), in breeding plumage, differs from L. g.
hendersoni by much darker dorsal coloration, the buff edging and barring of the
feathers being much narrower as well as more reddish, especially on scapulars
and tertials; darker tail with the light bars narrower and the dark ones wider; and
by the heavier spotting (in the form of bars rather than dots) below being confined
to throat and upper breast, while the flanks are more strongly barred. In winter
plumage distinguishable by darker tail and in the female sex by longer bill. In
immature plumage L. scolopaceus is always recognizable by the very sparse light
markings on the longer (or outer) tertials, which markings are very narrow and
confined to the edges of the feathers.

2 Orr (Condor, 42, pp. 62-63, 1940) has clearly shown that Say's account
on the basis of the bill-length (2% in. = 70 mm.) must refer to the Long-billed
Dowitcher, as this measurement is greater than the maximum for the griseus
complex.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 141

Macroramphus scolopaceus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 4,
pi. 1, 1852 — Long Island (crit.; figs, of male and female); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 — Guatemala (crit.).

Macrorhamphus griseus (not Scolopax grisea Gmelin) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191
— lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; (?)Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 28, Nov. 22); (?)Sclater
and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Colombia; (?)Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Caiiar, Ecuador
(October).

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 146,
1886 — St. Michaels and Yukon Delta (breeding), Kuskokwim River;
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 100, 1887— Norton Sound and
Yukon mouth (nesting; descr.; comparison with griseus).

Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 161, 1901 (dist. chars.).

Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 201, 1919— part (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236,
1925 — Wales (nesting). Cape Simpson and Cape Blossom, Alaska; Conover,
Auk, 43, p. 305, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits; weights);
(?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926— Vacqueria (Aug.
3, 31; Sept. 4) and Tembleque (July 18), Ecuador (crit.); Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 115, 1927— part (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928 — Lower California (transient); Griscom, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932— Guatemala; Hurley, Murrelet, 13,
p. 17, 1932— Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272,
1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 78, p. 307, 1935— Agua
Dulce, Panama; Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 452, pi. 8, fig. 3 — Point Barrow,
Alaska (downy young descr.); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63,
1940— Nebraska (status; tax. hist.); Orr, Condor, 42, p. 61, 1940 (dist.
chars.; tax. disc; abundance in California); Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 171,
1942 — Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires (first Argentine record).

Limnodromus scolopaceus Rowan, Auk, 49, pp. 21, 25, pis. 2, 3, 1932 (char.;
distr.); Conover, I.e., 58, p. 377, 1941 (char.; range); van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 84, 1945 — Sonora (wintering
and transient in fresh water).

Limnodromus griseus fasdatus Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 124,
1933 — Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (type in collection of H. B.
Conover in Field Museum, examined).

Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America from Franklin
Bay, Mackenzie, west to Point Barrow and south to Bristol Bay,
Alaska; in migration commonest on the Pacific coast and in the
western part of the continent, but occurring throughout the interior
and sparingly even on the Atlantic coast; supposed to winter as
far south as northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez), Cuba, and
Jamaica ;i one record for Argentina (Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires,
Oct. 25).

^ The winter range remains to be ascertained by critical study of material
from the West Indies and Pacific South America.

142 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 51: Alaska (Barrow, 13; St. Michaels,
2; Nome, 2; Resurrection Bay, 1; Collinson Point, 2); British
Columbia (Sumac Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3;
Lake Johnson, 5); California (Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County,
10; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1); Colorado (Barr Lake,
Adams County, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2;
Seadrift, 2; Rockport, 2; Tivoli, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Barrow, 6; Point Tangent,
Barrow, 2; Chipp River, Barrow, 3; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 9);
Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 6; Camrose, 1); Saskatchewan
(Liberty, 1); Illinois (Swan Lake, Henry, 1); California (Buena
Vista Lake, Kern County, 1); Mexico (San Jos^ del Cabo, Lower
California, 1).

*Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan. ^ Inland Dowitcher.

Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, Auk, 49, p. 22, pis. 2, 3, Jan., 1932 —
type, from Devil's Lake, Alberta, in National Museum of Canada, Ottawa,
(W. Rowan, in litt.); Bunyard, Bull. Brit. Cm. CI., 53, p. 90, 1933—
Alberta (eggs descr.); Low, I.e., p. 165, 1933 (crit.; char.); Brooks, Murrelet,
15, p. 23, 1934 — Pacific coast (most common form); Swenk, Nebraska
Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940 — Nebraska (status; tax.); Conover, Auk, 58,
p. 379, 1941 (chars.; range).

Macrorhamphus griseus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 158, map, 1901 — part, west Hudson
Bay.

(1) Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 272, 1901^ — Button
Bay, near Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay (immature, July).

Limnodromus griseus griseus (not Scolopax grisea Latham) Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 197, 1919 (in part); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 106,
1927 (range in part); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range in part);
Orr, Condor, 42, p. 61, 1940 (dist. chars.; erit.).

Range. — Breeds in the interior of North America in central and
northern Alberta from Lake Athabasca south to about lat. 53° N.,
and at Fort Churchill, Manitoba; on migration in British Columbia,

^Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, in breeding plumage, may be
separated from L. scolopaceus by much lighter upper parts and by the dark spots
on the ventral surface being rounded, very sparse, and widely scattered, not con-
centrated on the chest. In females the eulmen has a maximum length of 66 mm.
as against a minimum of 68 in scolopaceus. The principal difference in comparison
to L. g. griseus is found in the coloration and spotting of the under parts, the entire
ventral side being salmon color, with perhaps a little white in the center of the
abdomen, and the spotting being rounded, sparse or even evanescent, and scattered
all over the surface, while the barring on the sides and flanks is less pronounced.
In typical griseus the lower breast, belly, and flanks are white or only lightly tinted
with salmon.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 143

California, all the prairie provinces and states, Illinois, and the
Carolinas; winters from the southeastern states to Costa Rica.^

Field Museum Collection. — 78: Manitoba (Fort Churchill, 1);
California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 7; mouth of Carmel
River, Monterey County, 1; Carmel, Monterey County, 9; San
Diego County, 4; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2; Trinidad,
Humboldt County, 7; Eureka, Humboldt County, 2; Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara County, 1; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, 1;
Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 2) ; North Dakota (Stump Lake,
Nelson County, 10; Mauvis Bay, Benson County, 2; Towner
County, 2; Cando, Towner County, 2; Rocklake, Towner County, 1);
Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 4); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2;
Rockport, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 8); South
Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1; Charleston, 1); Florida (Banana
River, Brevard County, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guana-
caste, 5); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, Usulutan, 1).

Conover Collection. — 55: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver
Island, 2); Alberta (Fawcett, 9; Edmonton, 2; Beaverhill Lake,
Tofield, 3; Camrose, 5); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); California (Point
Magie, Ventura County, 2; Goleto, Santa Barbara County, 3;
Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1; San Diego Bay, 6; Playa del
Rey, Los Angeles County, 2); Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 5);
South CaroHna (Copahee Sound, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra,
Guanacaste, 5).

♦Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). Eastern Dowitcher.

Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Brown

Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464, coast of New York.
Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on

"Red-breasted Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464, coast of New York

(= nuptial plumage).
Scolopax nutans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on "Nodding

Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 465, Chateaux Bay, coast of Labrador

(= young).
Scolopax leucophaea (not of Latham) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv.

ed., 3, p. 358, 1816 — "dans I'etat de New York"; idem and Oudart, Gal.

Ois., 2, p. 110, pi. 241, 1825— New York.
Totanus ferrugineicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 401,

1816 — new name for Scolopax noveboracensis "Lath." (= Gmelin).
Scolopax paykullii Nilsson, Cm. Svec, 2, p. 106, pi. 11, 1821 — Lappland

(type in Stockholm Museum; ef. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1,

p. 101, 1927; =young).

1 The winter range cannot be indicated at present with any degree of certainty.

144 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Macroramphus pundatus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 556, 1831 — new name for
Scolopax grisea Gmelin and S. noveboracensis Gmelin.

Limnodromus noveboracensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 717, 1833 —
mouth of Rio Peruhype, near Villa Vigoza (lat. 18° S.), Bahia, Brazil.

Macrorhamphus griseus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 758, 1849— coast region; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11— Fisk-
enaesset, Greenland (one specimen); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 482,
1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870—
Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 — Panama and Para (Cajutuba); Turner, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 246, 1885— Fort Chima and Davis Inlet, Ungava;
Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 233, 1889— New Providence, Bahama Islands,
and Jamaica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 394, 757, 1896—
part, eastern North America, Bermuda Islands, Para (Cajutuba), BahIa,
British Guiana, etc.; (?)Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 160, 1898— Fiskenaes,
Greenland; Howe, Auk, 18, p. 158, map, 1901 — part, east of Hudson Bay;
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden)
and Grenada (ex British Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 50,
1907 — Para and Bahia; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 —
Alajuela, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 88, 1914—
Marajo (Pacoval, Magoary), Brazil.

Limnodromus griseus griseus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 197,
1919 (monog., full bibliog., in part); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 106, 1927 (life
hist.; range in part); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12,
p. 493, 1929 — Mangunga Island, Maranhao, Brazil (March); Bradlee,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931— Bermuda Islands (autumn
visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme,
Panama; Rowan, Auk, 49, pp. 23, 26, pis. 2, 3, 1932 (char.; disc; range);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range in part) ; Belcher and Smooker,
Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad and Tobago (winter visitor); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Canal Zone and Perme, Panama;
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 137, 1938— Para to Bahia; Dickey and
van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938— Puerto
del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 16); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review,
8, p. 63, 1940— Nebraska (status; tax.); Conover, Auk, 58, p. 380, 1941
(char.; range).

Range. — Breeding grounds unknown^ (nests probably east of
Hudson's Bay in the interior of Ungava and the Labrador Peninsula) ;
on migration chiefly in the Atlantic states, but also occurring in
Ontario (Toronto) and California; winters in the West Indies and
south through Central America, the Guianas, and eastern Brazil
as far south as Bahia; (?)accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaes).

1 There has recently been discovered in the collections of the United States
National Museum, an adult specimen of Limnodromus griseus, taken at Fort
Chimo, Quebec, on June 10, 1883. The specimen is in breeding dress and is said
to be typical of the eastern race (cf. J. W. Aldrich, Auk, 65, p. 285, 1948).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 145

Field Museum Collection. — 97: Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2; Shel-
burne, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 6; Chatham, 1; Great
Island, 2); Connecticut (Grove Beach, 2; Guilford, 1; Madison, 1);
North Carolina (New Inlet, Dare County, 6; Bodie Island, Dare
County, 15; Pea Island, 32; Cape Hatteras, 2); South Carolina
(Copahee Sound, Charleston County, 2; Sullavan's Island, Beaufort
County, 1; Dewees Island, Charleston County, 2; Mount Pleasant,
6); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Amehe Island, 2);
California (Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 5); Bahama Islands
(Great Inagua, 2; Andros Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2);
Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 2).

Conover Collection. — 19: Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barn-
stable County, 10); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); South Carolina
(Copahee Sound, 3); Florida (Amelie Island, 2); Virgin Islands
(St. Croix, 2); Colombia (Pizarro, Choco, 1).

Genus CAPELLA Frenzel

Capella Frenzel, Beschr. Vogel und Eyer Wittenb., p. 58, 1801 — type, by
monotypy, Scolopax coelestis Frenzel =ScoZopax gallinago Linnaeus.

Gallinago Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., p. 312, 1816 — type, by tautonymy, Gal-
linago media Koch.= Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus.

Telmatias Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 980 — type, by virtual monotypy, Scolopax

gallinago Linnaeus.
Xylocota Bonaparte, Icon. Fauna Ital., fasc. 25, sig. 127, p. [2], 1839 — type,

by orig. desig., Scolopax paludosa Gme\m= Scolopax undulata Boddaert.
Homoptilura G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840 — type, by orig. desig.,

Scolopax undulata Boddaert.
Macrodura Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 294 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 —

type, by orig. desig., Gallinago nobilis Sclater.
Odurella Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 294 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913—

type, by orig. desig., Scolopax braziliensis S'wamson= Scolopax paraguaiae

Vieillot.

Capella media (Latham). Great Snipe.

Scolopax media Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., Suppl., I, p. 292, 1787 — based on

"Great Snipe" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 133, Lancashire, England.
Scolopax major Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 — based on Latham

(Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, p. 133), Frisch (Vorst. Vog. Deuts., pi. 228), etc.,

England, Germany, and northern Siberia.
Scolopax leucurus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,

2, "1831," p. 501, Feb., 1832— Hudson Bay (type now in British Museum).
Gallinago major Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 626, 1896 (monog.);

Coues, Auk, 14, p. 209, 1897— Hudson Bay (ex Sharpe).

146 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Gallinago media Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 161, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.).

Capella media A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 490 (monog.); Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 98, 1927 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p.
275, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and northern Asia from
northern Norway, southern Finland, the White Sea and the lower
Yenessei south to Denmark, East Prussia, Poland, Bessarabia, the
Kirghiz Steppes, and the Altai; winters in Africa; accidental in
Canada (Hudson Bay).^

Capella gallinago faeroeensis (C. L. Brehm).^ Faroe Snipe.

Telmatias Faeroeensis C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 617,
1831 — Faroe Islands (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
25, p. 57, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York).

Gallinago media (not Scolopax media Latham) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd.
Naturhist. Foren., 1853, p. 83 — Greenland; idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 —
Greenland.

(l)Gallinago russata Gould, Bds. Great Britain, 4, text to pi. 79, 1863 —
Dartmoor, England (type in British Museum; cf. A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis,
1926, p. 490).

Gallinago scolopacina Bonap. typica Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 175, 1898 —
Greenland (Nanortalik, Sept. 6, 1840; Fiskenaes, Oct., 1845); Helms,
Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 11, p. 173, 1917 — Angmagsalik, East Green-
land (April 30, May 15).

Gallinago gallinago (not Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus) Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 165, 1919 — part, Iceland, Faroes, Greenland, and
Bermudas.

Capella gallinago faeroeensis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 489 (crit.; range);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); H0rring and Salomonsen,
Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 42, 1941 — Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland.

Capella gallinago gallinago Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 78, 1927
(life hist); (?)H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 43,
1941 — Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland.

1 The claim of the Great Snipe to a place in the American fauna rests on a
specimen, the type of S. leucurus, obtained from the Hudson's Bay Company in
Canada many years ago and now in the collection of the British Museum.

^Capella gallinago faeroeensis (C. L. Brehm) differs from C. g. gallinago
(Linnaeus), of Europe and Asia, by more reddish coloration; the black portions
on back, scapulars, and tertials being more profusely speckled with brighter
tawny; the lateral edges to the scapulars narrower and more deeply ochraceous;
the foreneck and breast darker, more rufescent; the dusky stripes on lower throat
evanescent.

There seems little doubt that the specimens taken in Greenland and Bermuda
are referable to C. g. faeroeensis rather than to C. g. gallinago.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 147

Range. — Breeds in Iceland and the Faroes; occasional in autumn
and winter in the British Isles; casual in Greenland; (?)accidental
in Bermuda Islands (Dec. 24 and 29, 1847). i

*Capella gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe.^

Scolopax delicata Ord, in reprint, Wilson, Amer. Orn., 9, p. ccxviii, 1825 —

Pennsylvania.
Scolopax Wilsonii Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 68, text to pi. 403,

p. [2], note, Sept. 16, 1826 — based on Scolopax gallinago Wilson, Amer.

Orn., 6, p. 18, pi. 47, fig. 1, Pennsylvania; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (Oct. to Jan.).
Scolopax trachydactyla Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 521 — Mexico (type in Munich

Museum examined). ^

Scolopax fasciolata Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 522 (in text) — Mexico (type no
longer extant).*

Scolopax drummondii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-
Amer., 2, p. 400, Feb., 1832 — Rocky Mountains and Fur Countries
(location of type unknown).

Scolopax douglasii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer.,
2, p. 400 (note), Feb., 1832— Columbia River (type in collection of W.
Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).

Scolopax americanus Hadfield, Zoologist, 21, p. 8446, 1863 — new name for
Scolopax wilsonii Temminck.

Gallinago wilsoni{i) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Scolopaces, p. 6, 1864 —
Labrador, Philadelphia, Wisconsin, Costa Rica, and Mexico (crit.);

1 The inclusion of one of the European races in the fauna of the Bermudas
(cf. Gallinago media Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 233, 1884, and Capella
gallinago Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931) rests
on the taking by Wedderburn of two specimens in Pembroke Marsh on Dec. 24
and 29, 1847, respectively. Both were said to possess fourteen tail-feathers, but
Hurdis (Rough Notes and Memoranda Nat. Hist. Bermudas, pp. 55-56, 1897),
who examined one of Wedderburn's specimens, found it had only eleven! From
this meagre information it seems impossible to allocate the record with any degree
of finality.

2 Wilson's Snipe, though generally recognizable without difficulty by more
heavily barred axillaries, transverse rather than longitudinal pectoral markings,
shorter bill, narrower outer rectrices, and sixteen instead of fourteen tail-feathers,
is so closely approached by certain European individuals, as pointed out by See-
bohm (Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 487) and Hartert (Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1660,
1921), that its conspecific relationship to C. gallinago can hardly be questioned.

3 The type, an unsexed adult (wing, 131; tail, 65; bill, 63^), agrees very well
with specimens from the United States.

* The specimen, which formed the basis for the tentatively proposed name
S. fasciolata and which, according to Wagler, was in poor condition, no longer
exists in the Munich Collection. It was stated to differ from the type of S. trachy-
dactyla by longer wings, a brown tip to the white exterior margin of the outermost
primary, blacker upper back, and slenderer, longer claws. These divergencies are
of little consequence in Wilson's Snipe, the only species of Snipe occurring in
Mexico, and were probably of an individual nature.

148 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 484, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547~Medellin, Colombia; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1881, p. 186 — Niakornat, Greenland (spring,
1877); Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 232, 1884— Bermuda Islands.
Gallinago scolopacina var. wilsonii Ridgway, Amer. Natur., 8, p. 110, 1874
(crit.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 175, 1898— Niakovnak, Greenland
(spring, 1877, and July, 1891).

Scolopax gallinago wilsoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 140 (crit.); idem, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 486, 1887 (crit.).

Gallinago delicata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 642, 1896 (in part;
monog.); Henshaw, Bds. Hawaiian Is., p. 94, 1902 — Naalehu, Kau,
Island of Hawaii; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p.
392, 1903 — Mexican and Central American references and localities;
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905— Barbados, Grenada, and
Grenadines (autumnal visitor); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908
(no Cayenne record); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 —
Tenorio (Jan. 23), Azahar de Cartago (Nov. 10), Cartago (Dec. 13), and
La Estrella de Cartago (Nov. 5), Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Novitd (Dec. 25) and Puerto Berrio (Jan. 30),
Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 171, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 548, 1919— New-
foundland (breeding); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Rio Cogollo (Merida), Encontrados (Zulia), and
Colon (Tachira), Venezuela; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 305, 1926 — Hooper
Bay, Alaska (nesting); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 136,
1932— Guatemala.

Capella delicata Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 —
Taquina and Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta, Colombia (March 17, 29);
A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 504 (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto
Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 358, 1927 — Puerto Rico and St. Croix
(migrants); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928— Lower
California (winter visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
155, p. 155, 1931 — Hispaniola (migrants); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931— Bermuda Islands; Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme, Panama (Oct. 25); van
Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Chihuahua and Granados, Chihuahua,
Mexico (Oct. 9 to Nov. 17); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range);
Mousley, Auk, 52, p. 408, 1935 — Montreal, Quebec (nesting data);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad (rare winter visitor);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter);
Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 171,
1938— El Salvador (Jan. to Apr.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28,
1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Van Tyne, Wilson Bull, 56, p. 170,
1944 (sex ratio); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 413, 1945 — Sabana de
Bogota, Colombia.

Capella gallinago delicata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 81, 1927 (life
hist.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 132, 1929— Corn Islands,
Caribbean Sea; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 376, 1931— Sevillano (Oct. 20),
Rio Frio (Nov.), and Cienaga (Nov., Feb., March), Magdalena, Colombia;

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 149

Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 52, 1931— Utah (nesting habits); (?)H0rring and
Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 40, 1941 — Greenland.

Range. — Breeds from western Alaska, northern Yukon, northern
Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, Ungava, and Newfoundland south
to southern California, northern Nevada, southern Colorado,
northern Iowa, northern Indiana, Ontario, and northwestern Penn-
sylvania; winters from the southern parts of its breeding range
south through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia,
Venezuela (in the states of Tachira, M^rida, and Zulia), and rarely
to Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas;^ accidental in Greenland
(Niakornat), the Bermudas, and the Island of Hawaii (Naalehu,
Kau).

Field Museum Collection. — 165: Alaska (St. Michaels, 2; Bethel,
1; Bluff City, 1; Yukon River, 2; Tocatna Falls, 1); British Columbia
(Graham Island, 1; Okanagan, 1); Oregon (Salem, 1); Montana
(Bozeman, 2); Idaho (Couer d'Alene, 1); North Dakota (Rolette
County, 1; Stump Lake, 1; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Burlington,
1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 13; Delavan, 1); Illinois (Worth, 3);
Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Oklahoma (Dodge, 1); Colorado (Cochetopa,
1; Fort Lyon, 3); Texas (Brownsville, 3); New Mexico (Reserve, 1);
Arizona (Tucson, 1); California (Monterey County, 1; Thermal, 1;
Corona, 1; Paradise, 1; Sisson, 1; Motordrome, Los Angeles County,
1; Witch Creek, 2); Ontario (Saint Clair Junction, 1); Quebec
(Magdalen Islands, 3); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Connecticut (East
Hartford, 9; North Haven, 3; Woodbridge, 2; New Haven, 1
New Haven County, 16; Hamden, 29); New York (Cayuga Lake, 3
Suffolk County, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 9
Pea Island, 8); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (Anclote, 1; Amelie
Island, 4; Tallahassee, 1; Santa Rosa Island, 1; West Jupiter, 1
Wilson, 1; Jupiter, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Great Inagua, 1)
Virgin Islands (Saint Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 1)
Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (Santa Elena, 1); Costa Rica
(Limon, 1); Venezuela (Tachira, Colon, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 2;
Valle, 1).

Conover Collection. — 28: Alaska (Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 1);
Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 2); California (Yermo, 1); Utah
(Brigham, 6); Nebraska (Wood Lake, Cherry County, 2); Illinois

> Records of Wilson's Snipe from Brazil are due to misidentification. The
specimens in the British Museum from Rio Negro, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro all
prove to be unequivocally paraguaiae, whereas the bird secured by Kappler on
the Maroni River, Surinam, is just as decidedly dclicata. Wilson's Snipe must,
therefore, be struck from the list of Brazilian birds.

150 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Wheaton, 5; Hyde Lake, Cook County, 2; Homewood, 1); Mexico
(San Jos^ del Cabo, Lower California, 3); Colombia (Popayan,
Cauca, 3); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2).

*Capella paraguaiae' paraguaiae (Vieillot). Paraguayan Snipe.

Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. M., 3, p. S56,
1816 — based on "Becasina No 1," Azara, No. 387, Paraguay.

Scolopax frenata (Illiger, MS.) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus.,
p. 75, 1823 — based on "Becassime" (sic) Azara, No. 387; Wied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 712, 1833 — eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — coast region; Bur-
meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 377, 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas
Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — part, Parana and Tucuman;
idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 — part, same localities; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Sao
Paulo, Ypanema, Irisanga), Parana (Castro), Matto Grosso (Caigara),
and Amazonas (Manaos, Santarem), Brazil; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys.
Soc. Edin., 6, p. 253, 1881 — Est. de la Tala, Durazno, Uruguay (eggs
descr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 494, 1887 (monog.; crit.).

Scolopax braziliensis Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 400 (note), Feb.,
1832 — equinoctial Brazil (type in collection of W. Swainson, now in
University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.).

Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 —
part, Maldonado, Uruguay.

Gallinago frenata "111." Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p.
579, 1856; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 9, 1864—
Surinam and Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, pp. 783, 788 — lagoon of Uroa, south of Merida, Venezuela; Berlepsch,
Journ. Orn., 22, p. 252, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Allen,
Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Marajo, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1876,
p. 164 — Buenos Aires (breeding); Forbes, I.e., 1881, p. 359 — marshes of
Pernambuco; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1885 —
Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179^
Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, and Roraima, British Guiana; Riker
and Chapman, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 646, 1896 — part, spec, a-y, Venezuela (Merida), Trinidad,
British Guiana (Roraima, Merume Mountains, Bartica Grove, Annai),
Cayenne, Brazil ("Para;" Pernambuco; Santa Fe, Minas Geraes; Pelotas,
Rio Grande do Sul; Ypanema; Bahia; Rio de Janeiro), and Uruguay;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 439, 1899— Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — Cordoba, Mendoza, Misiones,
and Chaco.

Scolopax brasiliensis Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870,
p. 39 — Minas Geraes, Brazil (crit.).

1 Capella paraguaiae is probably eonspecifie with C. gallinago.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 151

Gallinago paraguaiae^ Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay,
Entre Rios (breeding, Sept.-Oct.), and (?)Carhue, Buenos Aires (April);
Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch, Joum. Om.,
35, p. 36, 1887 — Pilcomayo, Paraguay (crit.); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys.
Soc. Edin., 10, p. 88, 1889 — Est. Itanu, south of Asuncion, Paraguay (crit.);
Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 — Argentina (in part);
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150 — Timbo and Rio Pilcomayo, Gran Chaco; Aplin,
I.e., 1894, p. 207, pi. 5, fig. 8 (egg) — Uruguay (drumming; breeding
habits); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895—
Paraguarl, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 650, 1896—
part, spec, a-c, "Para," Pernambuco, and Rio de Janeiro; Lillo, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Lagunas de Malvinas and
Famailla, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902 —
Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, and Munduapo, Orinoco, Venezuela
(crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p.
53 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz.,
1, p. 55, 1907 — part, Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Sao Caetano, Penha, Itapura,
Cachoeira, Campos de Jordao), Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco do Sul),
Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), and Argentina (La Plata); Hell-
mayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanga and Rio Araguaya,
Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 252, 1909 — Barracas al Sud,
Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — part, Tucuman, Buenos Aires, and
Entre RIos; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76,
p. 95, 1910 — Pernambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife), Bahia (Santa Rita,
Rio Preto), Maranhao (above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba), and Piauhy
(Amaragao), Brazil; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 68 — Ybitimi, Paraguay; Cherrie,
Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916 — Orinoco region, Venezuela;
Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5, p. 25, 1917 — Caceres, Matto Grosso;
Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 64 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding);
Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Florida,
Maldonado, San Jose, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p.
263, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (sedentary); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3,
p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 5, p. 369, 1934—
Buenos Aires (habits, eggs, young descr.).

Scolopax frenata brasiliensis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138 — Venezuela and
Guiana to Paraguay (crit.).

Gallinago delicata (not Scolopax delicata Ord) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, p. 642, 1896— part, spec, y'-c', Brazil (Rio Negro; Bahia; Rio de
Janeiro).

Gallinago braziliensis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 — Villavicencio,
Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 —
vicinity of Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana.

Gallinago paraguaiae consp.? Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sei. Varsovie,
5, pp. 463, 492, 1912— Santa Cruz, Parand (crit.).

Gallinago brasiliensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 —
Cano Corosal, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,

^ Sometimes spelled paraguayae.

152 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

8, p. 93, 1914 — Para (Braganga), Marajo (Sao Natal), and Monte Alegre,
Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916— Cano
Corosal (ex Stone); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928—
Pard.

Gallinago braziliensis braziliensis Dabbene, EI Hornero, 1, p. 91, 1918 — Isla
Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires (Dec).

Capella paraguaiae Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 163, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos
Aires (breeding); Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe
(breeding).

Capella paraguaiae brasiliensis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 509 (monog.).

Capella braziliensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 161, 162, 1926—
Paraguay (km. 80, west of Puerto Pinasco) and Uruguay (between Lazcano
and Rio Cebollati) (crit.); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927— Zelaya,
Buenos Aires (breeding).

Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 496, 1929— Sao Bento, Maranhao, and Sao Marcello (Rio Preto),
Bahia (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930—
Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276,
1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 265, 1934— Est.
La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 —
Caroni, Trinidad (eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 88, 1935—
Corupeba and Cidade da Barra, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936 — Rio
das Almas, Goyaz; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349,
p. 2, 1937— Caviana Island, Para, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p.
138, 1938 — Amazonas (Manaeapuru), Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia
(Cidade da Barra, Corupeba), Minas Geraes (Theophilo Ottoni, Pirapora),
Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Ypiranga, Penha, Itapura, Sao Caetano, Campo do
Jordao, Itatiba, Sylvania, Tabatinguara), Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco
do Sul), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), Matto Grosso (Sao Luiz
de Caceres), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas), and La Plata; idem. I.e.,
23, p. 546, 1938 — Manaeapuru, Amazonas; Gyldenstulpe, K. Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl, (3), 23, p. 72, 1945— Bolivia, El Beni (El Consuelo;
Bresta).

Capella brasiliensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 1931 —
Arabupu, Roraima, Venezuela.

Range. — Island of Trinidad and South America (east of the
Andes) from Colombia (Villavicencio), Venezuela, and the Guianas
through Peru (two records San Martin, Moyobamba, and La Merced,
Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin), Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay to
Uruguay and the plains of eastern Argentina south to Cordoba and
Buenos Aires. ^

1 Birds from Guiana, Venezuela, and various parts of Brazil agree perfectly
with a topotypical series from Paraguay. Two breeding specimens from Uruguay
(Soriano) as well as single individuals from Santa Fe and Entre Rios are likewise
similar. It is also the present form which, according to Dabbene (in litt.), breeds
in the province of Buenos Aires. The length of the bill varies considerably,
Irrespective of locality. Forty-nine additional specimens examined.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 153

Field Museum Collection. — 26: Colombia (Villavicencio, Meta, 1)
Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 8)
Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1
Sierra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1; Itacoatiara, Amazonas, 1; Sao Bento,
Maranhao, 2; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 4); Peru (Moyo-
bamba, San Martin, 1); Uruguay (Polanco, Minas, 1; Rio Cebollati,
Minas, 1; San Vicente, Rocha, 1; Arazati, San Jos6, 1).

Conover Collection. — 43: British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 3);
Brazil (Itacoatiara, Rio Amazonas, 8; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 1;
Labrea, Rio Purus, 2; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; near Cavalcanti,
Goyaz, 4) ; Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 5) ; Paraguay (30 km.
west of Puerto Casado, 1; Horqueta, 6; Villa Rica, 12).

*Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King).i Magellanic Snipe.

Scolopax magellanicus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 93, July, 1828 —

Straits of Magellan (type evidently lost).
Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae (not of Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,

Birds, p. 131, 1841— part, Valparaiso, Chile.
Scolopax (Telmetias) magellanicus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131,

1841 — Maldonado (Uruguay) and East Falkland (crit.).
Scolopax paraguaiae Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile;

Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847— Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S.

Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855— Chile.
Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein) Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 1, p. 35,

1846— Valparaiso, Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860— part,

Mendoza.

Gallinago magellanica Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p.
427, 1847 (ex King); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860—
Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156— East
Falkland Islands (breeding).

Gallinago paraguaiae- Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p.
426, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510— Valdivia, Chile;
Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 — Santiago (breeding
habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, No. 27, Scolopaces, p. 11,
1864 — Chile, Arique (Valdivia), Santiago, and East Falkland (crit.);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal.

1 Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King) differs from the nominate race in
less blackish dorsal surface caused by the greater amount of buff markings; more
deeply buff foreneck and chest, with less prominent blackish spotting; deeper
rufous tail; and narrower outermost rectrix.

We are unable to discover any constant difference between specimens from
the Straits of Magellan (magellanica) and tho.se from Chile (chilensis), dimensions
as well as the proportion of the tertials being extremely variable within the same
locality.

^ Variously .spelled paraguaiae, paraguayae, paraguiae, paraguia, and (lapsu)
parguiae.

154 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868,
p. 189 — Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile,
49, p. 567, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877,
p. 198 — Buenos Aires (April to Aug.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, p. 438 — Puerto Bueno, Magellan Straits, and Falkland
Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15— Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan;
Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 88, 1884— Tandil,
Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos
Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 — Argentina (in
part); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889— Gregory Bay
and Laredo Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6,
p. B. 124, 1891 — Patagonia (Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Bahfa
Orange), and Packewaia, Beagle Channel; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 —
Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (specimen examined); idem. I.e., 1892,
p. 211- — Est. Espartillar; Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894 —
Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. Ixxxviii,
1894 — Penaflor, Santiago; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixiii, 1895 — Junquillos (San
Carlos), Nuble; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 650, 1896— part,
spec, d-u', Lomas de Zamora, Bahia Blanca, Maldonado, Montevideo,
Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan (Puerto Bueno, Cockle Cove),
and Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Valparaiso, "Tarapaca" [=Arauco and
Valdivia]); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 — part, Rio Bueno and Rio Pilmaiquen
(Valdivia), Arauco, and Concepcion, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 625, 1900 — Santa Cruz (Patagonia), Gregory
Bay (Straits of Magellan), Cape Colnett (Staten Island), and Shyring
Mountain, Melville Island (Cape Horn); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 8, p. 376, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc.
Manchester Litt. Phil. Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1904— Falkland Islands
(eggs descr.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 126, 1907 — Useless
Bay, San Sebastian Settlement, and Cheena Creek (nest and eggs);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — part, Patagonia
and Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Pata-
gonia, 2, Orn., p. 332, 1910 — near head of Rio Mayer, Santa Cruz; Grant,
Ibis, 1911, p. 467 — Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (May 16); Brooks,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 151, 1917— Falkland Islands; Sanzin, El
Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24,
p. 44, 1920— Nilahue, Curico; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland
Islands; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924 — Isla la Mocha,
Arauco; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 113, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Val-
paraiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929— Angol, Malleco.

Gallinago frenata Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 — Chile.

Gallinago paraguaiae var. pallida Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro,
Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 — mouths of the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro (sub-
stitute name for Scolopax magellanicus King).

Scolopax frenata magellanica Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 136 — Falkland Islands
and Straits of Magellan (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 496, 1887 —
Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca), and
Uruguay (Maldonado) (crit.).

1948 Birds op the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 155

Scolopax frenata chilensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 496, 1887 —
Chile (type in British Museum).

Gallinago frenata chilensis Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 153, 1897 — Chile,
Patagonia, and Uruguay (crit.).

Gallinago paraguayae magellanica Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 154, 1897;
Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 661, 1898 — Seno Almirantazgo,
Tierra del Fuego, and Ushuwaia, Beagle Channel.

Gallinago paraguayae chilensis Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 154, 1897; Schalow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 661, 1898 — La Serena, Coquimbo, and Punta
Arenas, Straits of Magellan.

Capella paraguaiae Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 445, 1922 — Coronel, Chile
(habits); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923— Huanuluan,
Rio Negro (breeding); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 161, 1926
— Buenos Aires (Berazategui, etc.), Neuquen (Zapala), and Mendoza
(Tunuyan) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926—
Paja Alta, Rio Negro, and Lago Fetalaufquen, Chubut; Bennett, Ibis,
1926, p. 324— Falkland Islands.

Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 (monog.);
Reynolds, I.e., 1932, p. 38 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel.

Capella paraguaiae magellanica Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
19, p. 387, 1932— Atacama to Straits of Magellan (crit.); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934—
Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 30, 1935 —
Isla de Ano Nuevo, Cape Horn region; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 —
Guflfern Island, Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39,
p. 247, pi. 16, 1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); idem, I.e., 41, p. 202, col.
pi. 8, fig. 2 (egg), 1937.

Range. — Breeds in southern South America from Chile (most
northerly recorded locality Copiapo, Atacama, but northern limit
of breeding area undetermined) and southern Argentina (Goberna-
cion del Rio Negro) south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland
Islands; some migrating in winter north to Mendoza, province
of Buenos Aires, and Uruguay.^

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Chile (Curacautin, Cautin, 1;
Gualletue Lake, Cautin, 2; Quellon, Chilo^ Island, 2; Melinka,
Ascension Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 24: Chile (Ramadilla, Atacama, 1; Lautaro,
Cautin, 5; Santiago, Santiago, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Quellon, Chilo^
Island, 3; Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 4; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 4;
Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2;
Cambacer^s, Buenos Aires, 1).

^ Unequivocal winter specimens of the Magellanic Snipe have been examined
by us from Uruguay (Montevideo, April; Maldonado, July), Buenos Aires (Cam-
baceres, June; Est. Espartillar, Apr., July; Lomas de Zamora, May; Los Yngleses,
Aj6, May), and Mendoza (Tunuyan, June).

Fifty-two specimens examined.

156 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski).^ Andean Snipe.

Gallinago andina Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 — Lake
Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski,
Ann. Zool. Mus. PoL Hist. Nat., 6, p. 103, 1927); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, pp. 17, 19— Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (crit.);
Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 213 — Cutervo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p.
375, 1886— Peru (Lake JunIn, Cutervo, Tinta); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2,
p. 22, 1895— near Cajamarca (alt. 10,000 ft.), Peru; Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru;
Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268 — south of Huamachuco, Peru.

Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1),
p. 312, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 299, 1846— sierra
and puna regions.

Gallinago frenata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 —
Tungasuca (near Tinta), Cuzco, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, p. 646, 1896 — part, spec, a', Sacaya, Tarapaca (spec, examined).

Scolopax frenata andina Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138 (crit.); idem, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 497, 1887— Peru (crit.).

Gallinago paraguaiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897,
p. 309 — part, Sacaya.

[Gallinago frenata] subsp. a. Gallinago andina Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, p. 648, 1896— Peru (Junin, Tungasuca).

Gallinago braziliensis andina Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50,
1921— La Raya and Ttica-Ttica, Peru.

Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 — part,
Sacaya, Chile.

Capella paraguaiae andina A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 508 — Peru (crit.);
Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,' 17, p. 255, 1930 — mountains
near Huanuco, Peru; Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 390, 1932 — Sacaya, Tarapaca,
Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range) ; Zotta, El Hornero,
6, p. 289, 1936 — Lago Colorado, Catamarca (alt. 3,400 m.), Argentina;
Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 647 — Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru.

Capella paraguaiae Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Rio Humahuaca and
Maimara, Sierra del Zenta, Jujuy.

Range. — Puna zones of Peru, extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca),
Boh via, and western Argentina (Sierra del Zenta, Jujuy; Lago
Colorado, Catamarca).

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Peru (Leimebamba, Amazonas, 1;
Junin, Junin, 2); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 3).

^Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski): Similar to C. p. magellanica, but
with decidedly shorter wings and tarsi, and shorter as well as slenderer bill. Wing,
115-117, (female) 116-121; tarsus, 25-28; bill, 48-56, (female) 53-61. Two birds
from Tarapaca (Sacaya) are exactly like the Peruvian series.

Additional material examined. — Peru: near Cajamarca, 1; eight miles south
of Huamachuco, 1; Lake Junin, 1; Maraynioc, 1; Huancavelica, 8; Tungasuca,
1. — Chile: Sacaya, Tarapaca, 2.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 157

Conover Collection. — 10: Peru (Huanuco Mountains, 2; Puno,
Puno, 1; Sorapa, Rio Have, Puno, 1; Huacullani, Puno, 1); Bolivia
(Colomi, Cochabamba, 1; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 1; Cerro Juna,
Cochabamba, 2; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 1).

*Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr.^ Antofagasta Snipe.

Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
19, p. 389, June 13, 1932— Rio Loa, Antofagasta, Chile (type in Field
Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range).

Gallinago paraguiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Philippi, Reise Wiiste
Atacama, p. 164, 1860 — Tilopozo, Salar de Atacama, Antofagasta; idem,
Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Tilopozo.

Range. — Puna zone of Antofagasta (Rio Loa, Tilopozo), northern
Chile.

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1).

Conover Collection. — 1: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1).

*Capella nobilis (Sclater). Noble Snipe.

Gallinago nobilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 31, June 16, 1856 —
Bogota, Colombia (type in British Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
livr. 6, p. 9, 1864— Bogota (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196,
pi. 98, 1869— Bogota (monog.); Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 332— "Spanish
Guiana" = Bogota (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Retiro, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.);
Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 313— Yoyacsi (9,000 ft.),
Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 648, 1896— Colombia
(Retiro, Bogota) and Ecuador (Maravina); Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900— Paramos of Canar, El Troje,
and Chaupi, Ecuador; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 143, 1912— Paramo of Pi-
chincha, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 —
Santa Isabel (12,700 ft.), Valle de las Pappas, and Chipaque (10,000 ft.),
Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922—
Tumbaco, north side of Guamini Road to Papallacta, Pichincha, and
Cotopaxi, Ecuador; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922 — Paramo de Tama, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926 — Hacienda Garzon, Cumbaya, El
Paso (near Nabon), and Yanacocha, Ecuador.

1 Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr: Similar to C. p. andina in proportions,
but distinguished by nearly plain white (not broadly black-barred) under wing
coverts and by having all of the primaries (not only the two outermost) exteriorly
and apically edged with hoary white. Wing, (males) 118; bill, 53, 58.

By the almost unmarked under wing coverts, the two specimens from Rio
Loa may readily be told from any in a .series of twenty andina, whereas the white
markings on the primaries are found to the same extent only in a bird from
Tungasuca, Peru.

158 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

"Gallinago nobilis {granadensis Bp. Mus. Brit.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.

Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856.
Scolopax nobilis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 133 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad.,

p. 498, 1887 (crit.).
Capella nobilis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 503 (monog.); Berlioz, Bull.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 1932 — Las Palmas, Azuay, Ecuador;

Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range).

Range. — Paramo zone of western Venezuela, the central and
eastern Andes of Colombia and the Temperate zone of Ecuador.

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Venezuela (Tachira, Paramo de
Tama, 4); Colombia (unspecified, 2).

Conover Collection. — 13: Colombia (El Tambo, Cauca, 6); Ecuador
(Leon, Cerro Cotopaxi, 2; Santiago, Volcan Sangay, Province of
Zamora, 5).

Capella undulata undulata (Boddaert). Guianan Giant Snipe.

Scolopax undulata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on "Becasse
des Savanes, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 895; Seebohm, Ibis,
1886, p. 131 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 492, 1887— Guiana
(crit.).

Scolopax paludosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 — based on "Becasse
des Savanes" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 895, and Buflfon, Hist. Nat. Ois.,
7, p. 481, Cayenne; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 758, 1849 — marshy places near the coast.

Xylocota paludosa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579,
1856.

Gallinago paludosa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 8, 1864 — part, Cayenne
(crit.).

Gallinago undulata Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 — Guiana;
Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179 — Merume Mountains and Roraima (3,500 ft.),
British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 659, 1896— same
localities; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne.

Scolopax gigantea (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 —
part, upper Rio Branco, Brazil. ^

Homoptilura undulata undulata A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 511 — French
and British Guiana (crit.).

Homoptilura undulata Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 772 — Blairmont, British Guiana.

Capella undulata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 1931 — Arabupu
and Paulo, Roraima, Venezuela.

Capella undulata undulata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Phelps,
Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien. Nat., No. 36, p. 91, 1938— Mount Roraima, Vene-
zuela.

1 There is hardly any doubt that the Giant Snipe, whose nightly call-note
was heard by Natterer when staying at the Forte do Sao Joaquin on the upper
Rio Branco, pertained to the Guianan, and not to the South Brazilian form.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 159

Range. — French and British Guiana and the adjacent parts of
Brazil (upper Rio Branco) and Venezuela (Roraima).

*Capella undulata gigantea (Temminck).^ Brazilian Giant
Snipe.

Scolopax gigantea (Natterer MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 68,
pi. 403, Sept. 16, 1826— Brazil= State of Sao Paulo (type in Leyden
Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 376, 1856— Con-
gonhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 — part, Sao
Paulo (Itarare, Ypanema, Murungaba), Parana (Jaguaraiba), and Goyaz
(Nos Puritis), Brazil.

" Xylocota gigantea, Natt. (lacunosa Licht.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856.

Gallinago gigantea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 8, 1864 — Brazil (crit.);
Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 — Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 39 — Congonhas de Sabard, Minas
Geraes (ex Burmeister); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird,
2, p. 41, 1892 — "Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 658, 1896— Goyaz (Puritis), Paraguay (Villa Rica), and
Buenos Aires; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 151, 1899 —
Pedras Brancas; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 440, 1899 — Sao Paulo;
idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 56, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Penha,
Sao Caetano) and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — Chaco and Buenos Aires, Argentina;
Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912 —
Vera Guarany, Parana.

Scolopax undulata gigantea Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 131 (crit.); idem, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 493, 1887 — Brazil and Buenos Aires (crit.).

Homoptilura undulata gigantea A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 512 (monog.).

Capella gigantea Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930 — Matto
Grosso, Brazil.

Capella undulata gigantea Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 139, 1938— Sao Paulo (Penha, Avare, Sao Caetano)
and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre).

Range. — Southern Brazil, from Minas Geraes (Congonhas),
Goyaz (Nos Puritis), and Matto Grosso (Chapada) south to Rio
Grande do Sul, and Paraguay (Villa Rica); allegedly also in parts of
Argentina (Chaco and Buenos Aires). ^

1 Capella undulata gigantea (Temminck) differs from the nominate race by
longer wings (170-180, against 155-165), longer, heavier bill (125-145, against
108-115), wider rufous edges to scapulars and interscapulars, and broader bars
on under parts, with, however, the center of breast and abdomen unbarred.

Six additional specimens from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Parand), one from
Paraguay (Villa Rica) and one from "Buenos Aires" examined.

2 The occurrence in Argentina is perhaps somewhat doubtful. No authentic
example appears to exist in collections, and Venturi, who recorded it from the

160 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Conover Collection. — 4: Paraguay (Itape, 1; Molinasque, 1; Rio
Tebicuary, 1; Horqueta, 1).

Genus CHUBBIA Mathews'

Chubbia Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 291 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913—
type, by orig. desig., "G. siricklandi Gray" =Scolopax stricklandii G. R.
Gray.

Homoscolopax Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 291 (in text), Aug. 18,
1913 — type, by orig. desig., Gallinago imperialis Sclater [and Salvin].

Chubbia imperialis (Sclater and Salvin). ^ Imperial Snipe.

Gallinago imperialis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 419 —
Bogota, Colombia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British
Museum examined); iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 193, pi. 97, 1869 — Bogota
(fig. of type); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 664, 1896— Bogota.

Scolopax imperialis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr.
Charad., p. 491, 1887— Bogota (crit.).

Homoscolopax imperialis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 514 — Bogota
(monog.).

Chubbia imperialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range).

Range. — Colombia (known only from the unique type, a native
Bogota skin).

*Chubbia jamesoni (Bonaparte). Jameson's Snipe.

Xylocota jamesoni "Jard. et Bp." Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
41, No. 17, p. 660, October, 1855— High Andes of Quito, Ecuador
(cotypes originally in collection of Sir William Jardine, now in British
Museum [ex Seebohm collection[ and Liverpool Museum [ex Tristram
collection] respectively);^ idem. I.e., 43, p. 579, 1856.

Gallinago sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 — Panza, Chimbo-
razo, Ecuador.

Chaco as well as from Buenos Aires, evidently did not preserve any specimen.
The origin of the bird in the British Museum, said to have been collected together
with eggs by Mr. L. Hardy du Dressent near Buenos Aires, is not established
beyond doubt. It is certainly singular that this striking bird has never been ob-
tained again in the well-explored region around the Argentine capital.

1 Genus Chubbia Mathews: Like Scolopax in having the tarsus posteriorly
covered with small hexagonal scales, but bill longer, tarsus much stouter, and tail
composed of fourteen feathers.

2 This remarkable bird is still known only from the type. Its differences from
C. jamesoni have been well explained by Mrs. Meinertzhagen. We do not see
any valid ground for its generic separation.

3 Cf. Seebohm (Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 490 [note], 1887) and Tristram (Cat.
Coll. Tristram, p. 11, 1889).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 161

Gallinago jamesoni Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 — Ecuador;
iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Cillutincara, Dept. La Paz,
Bolivia; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 112 — Chimborazo,
Ecuador; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 376, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Sharpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 661, 1896— Colombia (Sierra Nevada), Ecuador
(Andes of Quito, Panza), and Bolivia (Cillutincara); Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900— Paredones and Mount
Mirador (Huaca), Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 231— Lloa (11,500
ft.), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2),
p. 53 — Maraynioc (Pariayacu) and Malao, Dept. Junln, Peru; Menegaux,
Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc. Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911 — Paramo
of Pichincha; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917—
Santa Isabel, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268— Guallabamba (Chim-
borazo), Pichincha, and Corazon, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl,
Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922— Pichincha; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926 — Mount Pichincha, Corazon, Mount Chimborazo,
and Bestion, Ecuador.

Scolopax jamesoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr.
Charad., p. 489, 1887 (crit.).

Capella jamesoni Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 —
Taquina, Santa Marta, Colombia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
71, p. 376, 1931 — ^Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia.

Chubbia jamesoni A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 515 — Colombia (Sierra
Nevada), Venezuela, Ecuador to Bolivia (monog.; plumages); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range).

Chubbia jamesoni chapmani Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 151, Sept. 10,
1937 — Santa Isabel, Quindio Andes, Colombia (type in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York).i

Range. — Paramo zone of western Venezuela (Sierra of M^rida),
Colombia (Santa Marta Mountains and central Andes), Ecuador,
Peru, and Bolivia (Dept. La Paz).^

Field Museum Collection. — 2 : Ecuador (Llanganate, Tunguragua,
1; unspecified, 1).

' The variation in size seems too erratic to justify the segregation of C. j.
chapmani, though birds from the central Andes of Colombia have, on average,
longer bills, as may be gathered from the subjoined figures. No constant color-
diflferences exist between specimens from so widely separated localities as northern
Colombia (Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Merida) on one side
and Bolivia on the other. Males: Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia, 87;
Cordillera of Merida, Venezuela, 84; Ecuador (fourteen), 72-86; northern Peru
(two), 77, 78; Maraynioc, Junin, Peru, 90 ^i- Females: Santa Isabel, Colombia
(three), 91-95' 2; Cordillera of Merida, Venezuela, 85; Ecuador (six), 79-85;
Malao, Junln, Peru, 91 K; Bolivia (two), 88, 93.

2 The large snipe observed (but not collected) by Lane at Huasco and Sacaya,
Tarapaca, northern Chile, which he erroneously referred to the Patagonian
C. stricklandi (Ibis, 1897, p. 310), might have been C. jamesoni or else an unknown
species.

162 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Conover Collection, — 20: Venezuela (Paramo Frias, Merida, 2);
Colombia (Nevada de Tolimo, 3); Ecuador (Pichincha, 3; Paramo
del Pichincha, 9; Bosques Pichincha, 1; Cerro Guamani, 1); Bolivia
(Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1).

*Chubbia stricklandii (G. R. Gray). Strickland's Snipe.

Scolopax stricklandii G. R. Gray,^ Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1, Birds,
Part 8, pi. 23, April, 1845^ — no locality stated (type, from Hermit Island,
Cape Horn, in British Museum; cf. Sharpe, I.e., Part 22, p. 37, 1875);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 488,
1887— Cape Horn to Chile (crit.).

Gallinago stricklandii(i) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1,
p. 427, 1847 — "Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego" (ex Gray);
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 18, 1864 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Straits of Magellan, Chiloe, and Valdivia, Chile;
Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869— Hermit Island, Tierra del
Fuego (Ant. Exp.), Orange Bay (ex Peale), Straits of Magellan, and
Valdivia (ex Philippi); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 15 —
Swallow Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6,
p. B. 293, 1891 — Hermit Island and Swallow Bay (ex Sharpe); Sharpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 660, 1896— Tierra del Fuego, Hermit Island
(Martin's Cove), and Straits of Magellan (Swallow Bay, Puerto Bueno,
Isthmus Bay); Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 625,
1900 — Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 8, p. 377, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; idem. I.e., 18, p. 221,
1910 — Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 339, 1910 (descr.).

Scolopax meridionalis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 229, 1848 — Orange Bay,
Tierra del Fuego (type in United States National Museum); Cassin, I.e.,
2nd ed., 8, p. 310, pi. 35, fig. 1, 1858— same locality.

Scolopax spectabilis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853 — Hualves, Valdivia,
Chile (type not preserved).

Xylocota siricklandi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579,
1856.

Gallinago paludosa (not Scolopax paludosa Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile.

Gallinago nobilis (not of Sclater) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 126,
1891 — Orange Bay and WoUaston Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Dabbene, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 376, 1902 — Orange Bay (ex Oustalet);
idem. I.e., 18, p. 221, 1910— Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet).

Gallinazo (sic) siricklandi Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 — Chile
("rare in the central provinces").

^Gallinago stricklandii Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 112, 1844) is
a nomen nudum.

2 Cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1930, pp. 120-121; 1938, p. 760.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 163

Gallinago gigantea (not Scolopax gigantea Temminck) Wace, El Hornero, 2,
p. 199, 1921— Falkland Islands.

Capella stricklandi Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 — Falkland Islands; Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 387, 1932— Ascension Island,
Guaitecas Islands, Chile (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87 — Guffern,
Freycinet, Deceit, Herschel, Jerdan, and Barnevelt Islands, Cape Horn
(eggs descr.).

Chubbia stricklandii A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 512 (monog.); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range).

Range. — Southern Chile from Valdivia^ to Tierra del Fuego and
the Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands.^

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile CMelinka, Ascension Island,
Guaitecas Islands, 1).

Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus

Scolopax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — type, by tautonymy,

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus.
Rusticola (not of Houttuyn, 1770) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv.

ed., 3, p. 348, 1816 — new name for Scolopax "Latham" (=Linnaeus).
Rusticula "Gesner" Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 24, p. 124,

1818 — new name for Scolopax Linnaeus.

Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linnaeus. European Woodcock.

Scolopax Rusticola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 — principally
based on Faun. Svec, No. 141, Sweden; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 150, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 54, 1927
(life hist.).

Rusticola vulgaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 3, p. 348, 1816 —
new name for Scolopax rusticola "Latham" (= Linnaeus).

Rusticola europaea Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 555, 1831 — new name for Scolopax
rusticola "Gmelin" (= Linnaeus).

Scolopax rusticula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 671, 1896 (monog.).

Scolopax rusticola rusticola Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in Europe and Asia south to the Pyrenees, Alps,
northern Balkans, Himalayas, Ussuri, and Japan; winters in the
southern part of its breeding range, the Mediterranean region, Egypt,

1 Whether the specimens picked up by H. Berkeley James in the market at
Valparaiso really came from the vicinity of that city is extremely doubtful. No
authentic record exists for the actual taking of this snipe in the central provinces
of Chile, although it is ascribed to that section by Edwyn Reed with the caption
"rare."

2 Additional material examined. — Tierra del Fuego: Orange Bay, 1; unspecified,
1. — Straits of Magellan: Swallow Bay, 1; Puerto Bueno, 1; Punta Arenas, 1. —
Hermit Island, 1 (the type).

164 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

India, Ceylon, southern China, and Japan; occasional in eastern
North America (Newfoundland; Chambly, Quebec; Chester and
Northampton counties, Pennsylvania; Shrewsbury, New Jersey;
Loudoun County, Virginia).

Genus PHILOHELA G. R. Gray

Microptera (not of Gravenhorst, 1802) Nuttall, Man. Bds. U. S. and Canada,
Water Birds, p. 192, 1832 — type, by orig. desig., Rusticola minor =Scolopax
minor Gmelin.

Rusticola (not of Vieillot, 1816) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 52, 1838 —
type, by monotypy, Scolopax minor Gmelin.

Philohela G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 90, 1841— type, by orig.
desig., Scolopax minor Gmelin.

*Philohela minor (Gmelin). American Woodcock,

Scolopax minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 — based on "Little
Woodcock" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 463, pi. 19, and Latham, Gen.
Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 131, New York (ex Pennant) accepted as type locality;
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 504, 1887 (crit.).

Microptera americana Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 250, 1839 — new name
for Scolopax minor Gmelin.

Philohela minor Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 232, 1884— near Hamilton,
Bermuda (Oct., 1842); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 679, 1896
(monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 155, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316,
1931 — Bermuda Islands (near Hamilton, Oct., 1842; near Old Ferry,
St. George); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 279, 1934 (range); Pettingill, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 9, No. 2, pp. 173-392, pis. 12-21, 1936 (monog.; life
hist.); Studholme and Norris, Auk, 59, p. 229, 1942 — central Pennsylvania
(breeding populations).

Rubicola^ minor Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 61, 1927 (life hist.).

Range. — Breeds (chiefly east of the 100th meridian) in southern
Canada and the United States from southern Manitoba, northern
Michigan, southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, and
Nova Scotia south to eastern Texas (Sonolake), southern Louisiana,
and northern Florida; winters from southern Missouri, the Ohio
Valley, and southern New Jersey to the Gulf coast and Florida;
casual in the Bermuda Islands (Hamilton; Old Ferry, St. George). ^

1 Rubicola "Vieill." Jameson (in Jameson's ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 3, p. 98,
1831) seems to be a misprint for Rusticola Vieillot.

2 The reported occurrence in Jamaica (cf. Rusticola minor Gosse, Bds. Jamaica,
p. 354, 1847; Philohela minor March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 68)
is too indefinite to be accepted without substantiation by specimens.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 165

Field Museum Collection. — 60: Nova Scotia (Stony Hill, King's
County, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 19; New Haven, 4;
Woodbridge, 4; North Haven, 2; Orange, 2; Hamden, 1; Newtown,
1; Stamford, 1; Watertown, 1; unspecified, 2); New York (Shelter
Island, Suffolk County, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, Wake County,
1); Georgia (Alpharetta, 2; Roswell, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1);
Ohio (Columbus, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 2; Worth, Cook County, 1;
Hyde Park, Cook County, 1; Momence, 2; Deerfield, 1; Lake Forest,
1; unspecified, 2); Indiana (Smith, La Porte County, 1); Iowa
(Decorah, Winneshiek County, 1); Arkansas (Stuttgart, 2).

Conover Collection. — 11: New Brunswick (Scotch Lake, 1);
Illinois (Tessville, Cook County, 2; Chicago, 2; Ravinia, Lake
County, 4); Mississippi (Macon, Noxubee County, 2).

Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Kaup

Lymnocryptes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 118,
1829 — type, by monotypy, Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus =Scoiopax minima
Briinnich.

Lymnocryptes minima (Briinnich). Jack Snipe,

Scolopax minima Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 49, 1764 — Christianso, Denmark
(quotes also "La Petite Beccasine" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 303, pi. 26, fig. 2,
France).

Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 244, 1766 — based on
"Gallinago minima" Bellon, Willoughby, etc., "La Petite Becassine"
Brisson, etc., Europe.

Limnocryples gallinula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 665, 1896 (monog.);
Hanna, Condor, 22, p. 173, 1920— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands,
Alaska (April, 1919).

Lymnocryptes minimus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 101, 1927 — St.
Paul, Pribilof Islands (habits; range); Austin, Auk, 46, p. 209, 1929—
Jack Lane's Bay, Labrador; McLean, Condor, 41, p. 164, 1939 — Marys-
ville Buttes, Butte County, California.

Lymnocryptes minima Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 279, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Norway east
to the Kolyma Delta, south to Denmark, East Prussia, the Baltic
States, central Russia, and Siberia; winters in western Europe, the
Mediterranean region, Egypt, and southern Asia; accidental in
Alaska (St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, April, 1919), California (Butte
County) and Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay).

166 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Subfamily EROLIINAE. Sandpipers
Genus CALIDRIS Merrem

Calidris Anonymous = Merrem, ' Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, No. 168, col. 542,
June 8, 1804 — type, by tautonymy, Tringa calidris Gme\in = Tringa canutus
Linnaeus.

Canutus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 653, 1831 — type, by tau-
tonymy, Tringa canutus Linnaeus.

Anteliotringa Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 274, Aug. 18, 1913 — type,
by orig. desig., Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield.

Canus Riley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 613, Oct., 1918 (lapsus for Canutus
Brehm).

*Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson). ^ American Knot.

Tringa rufa Wilson,^ Amer. Orn., 7, p. 43, pi. 57, fig. 5, 1813— Middle Atlantic
States = New Jersey (type evidently lost).

Tringa cinerea (not of Briinnich) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 735,
1833 — sea coast of eastern Brazil.

Tringa canutus(a) (not of Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.
Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — coast of British Guiana; Burmeister,
Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 373, 1856 — sea shore of Brazil; Leotaud,
Ois. Trinidad, p. 468, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Seebohm, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 422, 1887— part, America; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 365, 1887—
West Indian references and localities; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 236, 1889 —
West Indies; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 593, 1896— part. North
America (except Alaska), and Barbados; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl.,
4, p. 660, 1898— Cabo Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego (Feb.); Ihering,
Ann. Est. Rio Grando do Sul, 16, p. 150, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil (descr.); idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 288, 1902— Iguape, Sao
Paulo; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905— Barbados (Dec. 7,
17, 27, 1886; Sept. 6, 1888); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 55, 1907—

1 Cf. Schnurre, Orn. Monatsber., 39, pp. 65-68, 1931.

2 Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson) differs from the nominate race by paler
rusty under parts and somewhat lighter dorsal surface, the pale edgings to the
feathers being broader as well as more whitish. Brazilian winter birds are like-
wise more heavily mottled with white above than European specimens, as are
immatures from eastern North America.

Riley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 613, 1918) refers Alaskan specimens as
well as a single male from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie (May 13), to the doubtfully
separable C. c. rogersi Mathews (Birds Australia, 3, (3), pp. 270, 273, pi. 163,
Aug. 18, 1913 — "Siberia [breeding], migrating to Australia in winter"), for which
an earlier name may exist in Tringa lomatina "Lichtenstein" Bonaparte (Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 12, p. 596, 1856 — no locality; type, from Bengal,
in Berlin Museum; cf. Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Mus. Berol., p. 92, 1854), charac-
terized as differing from T. canutus Linnaeus by "rostro longiore," an indication
which takes it out of the class of nomina nuda.

3 Tringa australis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 679, 1789 — based on "Southern
Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 187; Cayenne), while possibly
an earlier name, is not identifiable with certainty.

1948 Birds of the Americas— HELijaAYR and Conover 167

Iguape, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Surinam;
Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires
(Nov. 1, 1901); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220,
1910 — Tierra del Fuego (Cabo Espiritu Santo) and province of Buenos
Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec.
19, 1908).
Tringa canuti Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76,
p. 94, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 19, 1903).

Canutus canutus rufus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 273 (in text),
1913— America (crit.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 200, 1917 (crit.); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928— Lower California (near La
Paz, Sept. 19, 24, 1923; near San Felipe, Apr. 2, 1926); Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929 — near Amara?ao, Piauhy
(Sept.); Zotta, El Hornero, 7, p. 48, 1938 — San Clemente, Ajo, Argentina.

Canutus canutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 231, 1919 —
part, North America (except Alaska and Pacific coast) and South America
(monog.; full bibliog.).

Calidris canutus Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 120, 1920 — winter range in
province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Barracas al Sud, Nov. 1, 8; Cape
San Antonio, Dec. 19; Perejrra, Feb. 22) and Tierra del Fuego (Cabo
Espiritu Santo, Feb.).

Tringa canuti rufa Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76,
p. 227, 1923— Piauhy (crit.).

Calidris canutus rufus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 157, 1926 —
south of Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 7); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 131,
1927 — part, except Alaska, Pacific coast of North America and Greenland
(life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931— Bermuda
Islands (Sept., 1911); Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, p. 280, 1934— part; Belcher
and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22,
p. 148, 1938— Iguape, Sao Paulo (Nov.); Conover, Condor, 45, p. 229,
1943 (dist. chars.; range).

Range. — Breeds from northern Ellesmere Land south to south-
eastern Victoria Island and Melville Peninsula; migrates along the
Atlantic coast of America and more sparingly throughout the interior
(in the West Indies recorded only from Jamaica, Barbados, and
Trinidad) to South America, where it has been found wintering at
various scattered localities on the coasts of (?)Peru (Santa Lucia,
Tumbez, Oct. 31), (?)Chile (Arica, Tacna, Sept. 21), Brazil (Ama-
ragao, Piauhy, Sept. 19; Iguap^, Sao Paulo, Nov.; Rio Grande do
Sul), Argentina (province of Buenos Aires, Feb., Nov., Dec), and
Tierra del Fuego (Cape Espiritu Santo, Feb.).

Field Museum Collection. — 76: Canada (Magdalen Islands,
Quebec, 7; Toronto, Ontario, 2; Lake Johnson, Saskatchewan, 7);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 19; unspecified, 1); Connecticut
(West Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 11;

168 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Pea Island, 19); Georgia (Mcintosh County, 1); Florida (Canaveral,
Brevard County, 2; Grove City, De Soto County, 1); North Dakota
(Graham Island, Ramsey County, 1); Texas (San Patricio County, 1;
Nueces County, 3).

Conover Collection. — 22: Canada (Victoria Land, 5; Beaverhill
Lake, Alberta, 4); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); Indiana (Miller, 4; Wolf
Lake, 2); New York (Cayuga, 2; Cayuga Lake, 1); South Carolina
(Dewee's Island, Charleston County, 1; Mount Pleasant, Charleston
County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1).^

*Calidris canutus canutus (Linnaeus). European Knot.

Tringa Canutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149, 1758 — Europe, restricted
type locality Sweden.

Tringa canutus(a) Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 — Greenland; (?)Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct.
31); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 593, 1896— part, Greenland and
Alaska; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 167, 1898— Greenland; Manniche,
I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 130, 1910 — Stormkap, northeastern Greenland (breeding
habits).

Tringa islandica (not of Linnaeus) Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 407,
1843— Greenland.

Canutus canutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 231, 1919—
part, Alaska, west coast North America and Greenland (full bibliog.);
(?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Santa Lucia,
Peru.

Calidris canutus rufus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 131, 1927 — part,
Alaska, west coast of North America and Greenland; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 280, 1934 — part, Greenland and Pacific coast of North America;
(?)Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 40, p. 104, 1937— Chile; (?)idem, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 — Playa de Arica, Tacna, Chile
(Sept. 21).

Calidris canutus L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 57, 1932 — Green-
land (crit.); Pederson, I.e., 100, No. 11, p. 19, 1934 — northeastern Green-
land (breeding); Congreve, Ibis, 1935, p. 435 — Roseneath Bay, eastern
Greenland (nesting).

Canutus canutus canutus Bird and Congreve, Bull. Brit. Ool. Assoc, 5, p. 86,
1938 — Greenland (eggs described).

Calidris canutus canutus Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 145 — northeastern Greenland;
Conover, Condor, 45, p. 228, 1943 (dist. chars.; range).

Range. — Breeds in Greenland (Spitzbergen and across Arctic
Europe and Siberia) to Point Barrow, Alaska. Migrates down the
Pacific coast of North America and probably also the west coast
of South America (and through Europe and Asia).

1 This specimen, an immature in fresh plumage, is typical of rufus, suggesting
that both races may winter on the Pacific coast of Central and South America.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 169

Field Museum Collection. — 11: Alaska (Barrow, 4;^ St. Michaels,
2); California (Humboldt Bay, 1; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1;
Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2; Moss Landing, Monterey
County, 1).

Conover Collection. — 4: Alaska (Golovin Bay, Norton Sound, 2;
Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange
County, 1).

Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). Asiatic Knot.

Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, (1), p. 192, 1821 —
Java (type in British Museum; cf. Mathews, Birds Australia, 3, p. 277,
1913, and Hartert, Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1588, 1920).

Schoeniclus magnus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 16, p. 39, Nov. 14, 1848 —
Australia (type in British Museum).

Tringa crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Fauna Japon., Aves,
Part 9, p. 107, pi. 64, 1849 — Japan (cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf.
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopacidae, p. 28, 1864); Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 600, 1896 (monog.).

Calidris tenuirostris Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924 — Cape Prince of Wales,
Alaska (May 28, 1922); idem. I.e., 27, p. 236, 1925 (same record); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 145, 1927 (ex Bailey); Portenko, Arctica
(Leningrad), 1, p. 75, col. pi., 1933 — Anadyrland (breeding range; habits);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in the alpine zone of northeastern Siberia;
winters in India, the Malay Archipelago, Moluccas, and Australia;
accidental in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, May 28, 1922).

Genus CROCETHIA Billberg

Arenaria (not of Brisson, 1760) Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 462a, 1803 —

type, by monotypy, Arenaria vulgaris Bechstein =Trm3a arenaria Linnaeus.
Calidris (not of Merrem, 1804) Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 249, 1811—

type, by tautonymy and monotypy, Charadrius calidris Lmnaeus=Trynga

alba Pallas.
Crocethia Billberg, Syn. Faunae Scand., 1, (2), p. 132, tab. A, 1828 — new

name for Calidris Illiger.

*Crocethia alba (Pallas). Sanderling.

Trynga (alba) Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. d'Ois., Adumbr., p. 7, 1764 —
coast of North Sea.

' The Bishop Collection in Field Museum contains a downy young knot taken
at Barrow, Alaska, on July 17, 1936.

Additional specimens examined. — Alaska: St. Michaels, 7; Wainwright, 1;
Port Safety, 2; Sitka, 1. — Washington, Long Beach, 1. — Greenland: Parker Snow
Bay, 4; unspecified, 4.

170 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Tringa arenaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 251, 1766 — based on
"Arenaria" Willoughby (Orn., p. 225), "La Petite Maubeche grise"
Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 236, pi. 20, fig. 2), etc., Europe; Des Murs, in Gay,
Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, ZooL, 1, p. 425, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868— Chile.

Tringa calidris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 255, 1766 — based on
"La Petite Maubeche grise" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 236, pi. 20, fig. 2, sea
coast (type in Mauduyt Collection).

Charadrius rubidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 688, 1789 — based on "Ruddy
Plover" Pennant, Arct. ZooL, 2, p. 486, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds.,
3, (1), p. 195, Hudson's Bay.

Arenaria vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 462a, 1803 — new name
for Tringa arenaria Linnaeus.

{1)Totanus nigellus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 409,
1816 — based on "Chorlito pies roxos" Azara, No. 402, Paraguay.

Calidris americana Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 675, 1831 —
North America to Brazil (type, from Brazil, in Tring Collection [cf.
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 54, 1918], now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York).

Calidris arenaria Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 750, 1833 — sea shore
of eastern Brazil; Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843 — Disco
and Nanortalik, Greenland; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157,
1844 — Chile; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848,"
p. 758, 1849 — sand banks of the Waini River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
Th. Bras., 3, p. 371, 1856 — sea coast of middle Brazil; Reinhardt, Ibis,
1861, p. 11 — Disco Island, Greenland (breeding); Pelzeln, Reise Novara,
Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo
Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— Sao Paulo
(Ypanema, Nov.) and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560— Chorillos, Peru; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 406—
Grinnell Land and Smith Sound (habits, nest, eggs, and downy young
descr.); Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 404— Tambo Point, Chubut (Dee. 30);
Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16— Talcaguano, Chile (Sept.);
Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); Cory, Auk, 4,
p. 315, 1887 — West Indian references and localities; idem, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 236, 1889— West Indies; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109,
1889— "lower Beni, Bolivia (Aug. 1886)" ;i Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93,
p. 210, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 526, 766,
1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 170, 1898— Greenland;
Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 659, 1898 — Cavancha (Iquique),
Tarapaca, Chile (May); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 437, 1899—
Iguape, Sao Paulo; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 379, 1900 (plumages); Salvadori
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Santa
Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
3, p. 385, 1903 — Mexico (various localities), British Honduras (Cays),

1 Label no doubt interchanged, as is the case with other specimens in the
same collection. The bird was probably obtained on the Chilean coast.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 171

and Guatemala (Carranza, Chiapam, Rio Nagualate); Allen, Auk, 21,
p. 79, 1904 (example with hind toes); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32,
p. 252, 1905— Lesser Antilles (Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada); Clarke,
Brit. Bds., 3, p. 33, 1909 (col. pi. of chick); Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909— San Vicente, Buenos Aires (Jan. 1); Manniche,
Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 139, pis. 4-6, 1910— Stormkap, Greenland
(breeding habits; chicks and eggs descr.; fig.); Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Amaragao, Piauhy
(Sept. 14, 15); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
2, Orn., p. 316, 1910— Tambo Point, Chubut; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469—
Cape San Antonio (Dec. 19) and Tuyu, Aj6 (Jan. 12), Buenos Aires;
Madsen, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 19, p. 37, 1925 (nesting in eastern
Greenland); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza
(May).

Calidris grisea Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868— Chile; Gigoux,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile.

Calidris alba Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 347, 1903 (crit.) ; Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool, 15, p. 307, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 308, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920— Colonia, San Jose, Montevideo,
Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 92, 1928 — Lower California (winter visitant).

Arenaria alba Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 53, 1907— Sao Sebastiao, Rio
Parana, and Itapura, Sao Paulo.

Calidris leucophaea^ American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, 25,
p. 367, 1908 (nomencl.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 266— Callao (Jan. 12)
and Trujillo (Oct. 20, March 12), Peru.

Arenaria arenaria Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910
— Patagonia, Misiones, and Buenos Aires.

Crocethia alba Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 121, 1920— Misiones (Nov. 30),
Buenos Aires (San Vicente, Jan. 1; La Plata, Nov.; Cape San Antonio,
Dec. 19; Tuyu, Ajo, Jan. 12), Chubut (Tambo Point, Dec. 30), Uruguay,
Chile (Cavancha, May), and Brazil (Sao Paulo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263,
1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto,
Santa Fe; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Esmeraldas
and Santa Elena (Feb. 15), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 153, 1926— Buenos Aires (south of Cape San Antonio, Nov. 6)
and Chile (Concon, Valparaiso, Apr. 29); idem. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric, 26, p. 11, 1927 (same localities); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and
Virgin Islands, 9, p. 374, 1927— Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Anegada
(rare transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 265, 1927 (life hist.);
Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 167, 1931— Hispaniola (transient);
Bradlee, Mowbray and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 319, 1931—
Bermuda Islands (autumn transient); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
18, p. 60, 1931— Galapagos (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,

^"Tringa leucophaea" Anonymous (in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. d'Ois., p. 32, 1764 —
northern coast of Holland) is not binomial. Cf. Stone, Auk, 29, pp. 205-208,

172 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Zool. Ser., 19, p. 395, 1932— Chile (Caldera, Atacama, Apr. 11-18; Papudo,
Aconcagua, Dec. 8; Cucao, Chiloe Island, Dec. 25); Griscom, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala (Sept., Oct.); L0ppenthin,
Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 62, 1932— Greenland (meas.; breeding habits);
Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, p. 20, 1934 — northeastern Greenland (breed-
ing habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Bullock,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi,
El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 1936— Playa de Arica, Tacna, Chile (July); Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 140, 1938— Rio de Janeiro (Atafona, Nov.) and
Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Nov.; Rio Parana, Nov.; Ypiranga, Dec);
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 — Arica, Tacna, Chile
(Apr., June); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
23, p. 178, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14) and Barra de Santiago
(Apr. 4), El Salvador; Hamilton, Ibis, 1939, p. 139— Falkland Islands;
Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 148, pi. 3 (nest and eggs) — Greenland.

Range. — Breeds in Arctic islands north of North America,
Southampton Island, and northern Greenland, also along the Arctic
coast of Siberia to Spitsbergen; in the western hemisphere winters
from California, the Gulf coast, and Virginia south to southern Chile
(Chilo^ Island) and southern Argentina (Tambo Point, Chubut).
Falkland Islands.

Field Museum Collection. — 214: Alaska (Barrow, 4; St. Michaels,
1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, 1); Saskatchewan
(Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 1; Quill Lake, 1); Manitoba (Sandy
Bay, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2);
North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 5; Rocklake, Towner
County, 1); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Waukegan, 4; Chicago, 1);
Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 4); Michigan (Harbert, Berrien
County, 1; Mears, Oceana County, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1;
Fair Haven, Cayuga County, 1); Mississippi (Ocean Springs, Jackson
County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3; Port Lavaca, Calhoun County,
2; Cameron County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 45;
Chatham, 4; Cohasset, 1; Martha's Vineyard, 1); New Hampshire
(Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 1; West Haven, 2;
Branford, 1; Fairfield Beach, Fairfield County, 1); California (Sun-
set Beach, Orange County, 17; Hyperion, Los Angeles County, 7;
Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, 3; Laguna de la Merced, San
Mateo County, 1 ; Westport, Mendocino County, 1 ; San Francisco, 1 ;
Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 6; Moss Landing, Monterey
County, 5; Carmel, Monterey County, 2; Del Monte Forest, Monte-
rey County, 1; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; The
Rincon, Ventura County, 2; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 4;
San Diego, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 29;

1948 Birds of the Americas — Helliviayr and Conover 173

Bodie Island, 4); Florida (southern part, 1; Mary Esther, Okaloosa
County, 3; East Pass, Okaloosa County, 1; Amelie Island, Nassau
County, 5; Eau Gallie, Brevard County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin
Island, 1; Andros Island, 6); Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1; St. Chris-
topher, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Chile (Puerto Ingles,
Atacama, 2; Caldera, Atacama, 2; Penco, 2).

Conover Collection. — 29: British Columbia (Masset, Queen Char-
lotte Islands, 2); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 1); North Dakota
(Stump Lake, Nelson County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans,
Barnstable Countj^ 3); New York (Cayuga, 1; Cayuga Lake, 1);
Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1); Indiank (Miller, Lake County, 7);
Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Nassau County, 1);
California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 4; Sunset Beach,
Orange County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1; Carpenteria,
Ventura County, 1); Mexico (Todos Santos, Lower California, 1);
Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1).

Genus EREUNETES Illigeri

Ereunetes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 262, 1811 — type, by monotypy,
Ereunetes petrificatus Illiger=rr2nffa pusilla Linnaeus.

Symphemia Rafinesque, Journ. Physique, 88, p. 418, June, 1819 — type, by
orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson =1". pusilla Linnaeus (cf. Rich-
mond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 75, 1905).

Hemipalama Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 87, 1825 — type,
by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson=T. pusilla Linnaeus.

Heteropoda Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 135, 1834—
type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson=T. pusilla Linnaeus.

*Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 — based on
"La Petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 222,
pi. 25, fig. 2, Santo Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection).

Ereunetes petrificatus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 262, 1811 — Bahia,
Brazil (type in Berlin Museum) (cf. Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 421 [in
text], 1856); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592—
Mexiana, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 — Marajo, Brazil
(Aug.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, Peru
(Oct.).2

Tringa semipalmata Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 131, pi. 63, fig. 4, 1813 — Lake
Champlain, New York, and coast of New Jersey (type lost).

^ For osteological characters and affinities, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1915, pp. 609-616.

^ Dr. G. C. Low writes that these specimens are certainly pusillus, the bill
measuring 19 mm. in the male, 19.5 mm. in the female.

174 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Tringa brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 76, pi. 92 (not 93, as
quoted), 1825 — no locality stated (type lost; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl.
Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906).

Pelidna Brissonii Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 277, 1828 — new name for Tringa
pusilla Linnaeus.

Ereunetes semipalmatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 758, 1849 — sand banks along the coast; Cabanis and Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 4, p. 419, 1856 — Cuba (descr.; Sept. to April); Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (Mar., April).

Hemipalama minor (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 97, 1850 —
Cuba (type in Gundlach Collection); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420
(in text), 1856— Cuba (crit.).

Ereunetes pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 233 (crit.,
nomencl.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 177, 1884— Sabanilla,
Colombia; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 402, 1887 — Cayenne, Bahia,
and Patagonia, "Unevo Gulf (lat. 43° south)" = Bahia Nueva, Chubut
(crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 77, 1894— Moruga, Trini-
dad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 514, 766, 1896— part. North
and Central America, Cayenne (spec, e'', f"*, f^), Brazil (Bahia), and Pata-
gonia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 — Cienaga, Colombia;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 382, 1903 — part,
Guatemala (Duenas, San Jose) and Panama; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll.,
47, p. 280, 1904— Barbuda (Sept. 22); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
32, p. 252, 1905— Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenada (mid-July to Nov.);
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 1906— San Jose, Costa Rica
(Sept. 15); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908— Cayenne, French
Guiana (Oct. 19); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197,
237, 1909 — Aruba and Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw.
Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 — Amaragao, Piauhy, Brazil (Sept.
16, 19); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 421, 1910 — Coronado de
Terraba, Costa Rica (July 3); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 219, 1910— Patagonia; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 52,
1911 — Thomas Bay, southeast Alaska (Aug. 19; crit.); Murphy, Auk, 29,
p. 238, 1912 (albino); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 91, 1914—
Marajo (Ilha dos Machados, Santa Anna), Brazil; Brooks, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 59, p. 380, 1915 — between Collinson Point and Herschel
Island, and Hula-hula River, Arctic coast, Alaska (breeding; descr. of
nest); Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 24, 1916 — Imaruk Basin,
Alaska (July 28); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245—
Toro Point, Panama (Sept. 4); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 210, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125,
1920 — Patagonia ("Rio Chubut, March"); Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 — Buritaca and Rio Hacha, Santa Marta,
Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12,
p. 42, 1922 — Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela (May 10); (?)Housse, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Bailey,
Condor, 28, p. 34, 1926 — Wainwright and Lopp Lagoon (nesting), Alaska;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926— Esmeraldas (Oct.
23) and Chone (Dec. 14), Ecuador (crit.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 175

1926 — Point Dall, Alaska (nesting with E. mauri; courtship and young
different); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 244, 1927 (life hist.);
Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 372, 1927—
Mona, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Anegada (migratory-
transient); idem. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 10, 1927— Puerto
Pinasco, Paraguay; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 165,
1931 — Hispaniola (migrant); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (late July to October);
(?)Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 51, 1932— Isla la
Mocha, Chile (ex Housse); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84,
p. 209, 1932— Prinzapolka, Nicaragua (May 7); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 281, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad
and Tobago (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935—
Panama (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938 (range in
Brazil); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23,
p. 177, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 21-Jan. 6); Philippi,
Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 — Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna,
Chile (Sept. 21); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943— Mackenzie
Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 525, 1943 — Southampton Island
(nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 231, 1946 — Baffin Island (nesting).

Heteropoda semipalmata Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 477, 1866 — Trinidad.

Ereunetes pusillus pusillus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 — Seelet
(April) and Caroni Swamp (March), Trinidad.

Erolia pusilla Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young
descr.).

Range. — Breeds from extreme northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay)
across Arctic North America to southwestern Baffinland, south to
Point Dall, Alaska, Hudson Bay (Severn River), and northern
Labrador; winters from the Gulf and southern Atlantic coasts of
the United States through Central America and the West Indies to
Colombia (Sabanilla), western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Chone), Peru
(Paracas Bay), northern Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna), Venezuela
(Lagunillas, M^rida), French and British Guiana, and Brazil
(Marajo and Mexiana Islands; Cajutuba, Para; Amaragao, Piauhy;
Bahia) ; occasional in Patagonia (one record from Bahia Nueva, lat.
43° S., Chubut),^ and (?)southern Chile (Isla la Mocha).

Field Museum Collection. — 184: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Chipp River,
Barrow, 2; Collinson Point, Barrow, 2; Nome, 1); British Columbia
(Okanagan, 4; Sumas, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5; Quill
Lake, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4); Nova Scotia (Barrington,
2; Clark's Harbor, 5); Montana (Miles City, 1); North Dakota

' The specimen — now in the British Museum (ex Coll. Seebohm) — is labeled
"Unevo Gulf, Patagonia, March, 1883, female, Capt. Harrison." The locality
should really read "Nuevo Gulf" = Bahla Nueva. Sharpe (I.e., p. 766) credits
the bird to Henry Durnford, who had died several years before it was collected.

176 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Towner County, 16; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 8); Colorado
(Fort Lyon, Bent County, 3); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin
(Beaver Dam, 8; Edith ton Beach, Kenosha County, 1; Lake Kosh-
konong, 1); Illinois, Lake County (Grass Lake, 1; Liberty ville, 1);
Michigan (Harbert, 1) ; New York (Jamaica Bay, 1 ; Cayuga Lake, 2) ;
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 32; Cape Cod, 1; Cohasset, 1;
Chatham, 1; Everett, 1); Rhode Island (Point Judith, Washington
County, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 31; Guilford, 5;
West Haven, 2; North Haven, 4; East Hartford, 1) ; Virginia (Buckree
Beach, Elizabeth City County, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island,
Dare County, 8) ; Florida (West Jupiter, 4) ; Bahama Islands (Great
Inagua, 4); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica,
2; Guadeloupe, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3); Costa Rica
(Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 4); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1).

Conover Collection. — 30: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 6);'
Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 2);
Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barnstable County, 10); New York
(Cayuga Lake, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 2);
Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Sur, Province de los Rios, 5); British
Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1).

*Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. Western Sandpiper.

Ereunetes Mauri Cabanis,^ Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420, 1856— South Carolina (May)'
(type in Berlin Museum); Allen, Auk, 23, p. 98 (in text), 1906 (crit.;
nomencl.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 421, 1910— Barranca de
Puntarenas, Costa Rica (ex Bangs); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7,
p. 53, 1911 — Kuiu Island, Prince of Wales Island, Coronation and Warren
Islands, Alaska (Apr. 28-May 23); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
59, p. 381, 1915— East Cape (July 14) and Cape Serdze (July 16), north-
eastern Siberia; Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 24, 1916—
Norton Sound to the Yukon mouth (breeding); Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 36,
1917 — Chilliwack, British Columbia (crit.; migratory visitor); Bartsch,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 132, 1917— near Port-au-Prince, Haiti
(April 25); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 215, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922—
Buritaca (Sept. 20) and Punto Caiman (Sept. 28, Oct. 1), Colombia;

1 Four downy young.

"^Heteropoda mauri Bonaparte (Geog. Comp. List, p. 49, 1838) is a nomen
nudum.

3 Cabanis's remarks on the longer bill and slightly larger measurements
(which make his name identifiable), were exclusively based upon the specimens
shot by himself in South Carolina, for he expressly states (p. 421) that he has
not yet seen any from Cuba. Accordingly, South Carolina is the type locality,
and not Cuba, as claimed by authors (cf. also Palmer, Condor, 33, pp. 243-244,
1931).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 177

Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 562, 1925— Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico (Aug
26); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 35, 1926— Nome, Wales, and Point Barrow,
Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926—
Bahfa de Caraques (Feb. 24), Chone (Dec. 14), and Jambeli (Oct. 31),
Ecuador (crit.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 309, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska
(common nester with E. pusillus; incubation period); Bent, Bull. U S
Nat. Mus., 142, p. 255, 1927 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 16, p. 14, 1927— Labrados and San Bias, Mexico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv!
Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 373, 1927— Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto
Rico; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928— Lower California
(spring and fall migrant); Peters, Auk, 47, p. 562, 1930— Massachusetts
(in spring); Palmer, Condor, 33, p. 243, 1931 (nomencl. hist.); Wetmore
and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 166, 1931— Hispaniola (Port-
au-Prince, Apr. 25; Seven Brothers Islands, Feb. 1, 2); Griscom, Bull
Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Guatemala; Peters, Bds. Wo'rld, 2,
p. 281, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935—
Pacific coast of Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trini-
dad; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177,
1938— El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, Dec. 31 to Jan. 6; Barra de
Santiago, Apr. 1); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 193, 1939—
Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 22-31).
Tringa Cahanisii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420 (in text), 1856— South

Carolina (May) (type in Berlin Museum).'
Ereunetes occidentalis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for April, 1864,
p. 107, June 30, 1864— "Pacific coast, California, Oregon" (type' from
San Francisco, California, in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell Univ
Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 272, 1932); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7,
p. 178, 1884— Sabanilla, Colombia; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska,' 3,
p. 113, 1887— Norton Sound and mouth of Yukon (nesting habits; de'scr'.
imm. plumage); Robinson, I.e., 18, p. 656, 1896— east of Porlamor,
Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 7); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus!
Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905— San Miguel, Pearl Islands, Panama (Mar
8); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica
(Aug. 12 and 20).

Heteropoda longirostris (Gundlach MS.) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 480, 1866—
Trinidad (type probably in Leotaud Collection, since destroyed by fire).

Ereunetes pusillus var. occidentalis Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47,
1876— San Mateo and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca (Aug., Oct., Feb.).

Ereunetes pusillus occidentalis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 403, 1887
(crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trhiidad (April).

Ereunetes pusillus (not Tringa pusilla Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, pp. 514, 766, 1896— part. North, Central, and South America; Chubb'
Ibis, 1919, p. 266— Trujillo, Peru (Mar. 13, Sept. 3, Dec. 22).=

1 The same specimen that served as basis for the diagnosis ot Ereunetes mauri.
thJ ?/■ ^' ^^^"^ichael Low, who has kindly examined these birds, writes that

178 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Hooper Bay to
Point Barrow; winters on both coasts of the Americas from Wash-
ington and North CaroHna to Peru (Trujillo) and Venezuela and
perhaps farther south; also in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Trinidad;
occasional in northeastern Siberia (East Cape and Cape Serdze).

Field Museum Collection. — 179: Alaska (Point Hope, 1; Cape
Prince of Wales, 2; Nome, 5; Bethel, 5; St, Michaels, 2); British
Columbia (Cowichan Bay, 4; Chilliwash, 1; Quatsino, 1; Okanagan,
2; Sumas, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Nova Scotia (Barring-
ton, 1); Washington (Puget Sound, 3); Oregon (Netarts Bay, 3);
Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy
Island, 3); Connecticut (North Haven, 1); North Carolina (Pea
Island, Dare County, 4); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 3);
Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Nassau County, 1;
Anclote, Pasco County, 6; West Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 1);
Texas (Corpus Christi, 30; Port Lavaca, Calhoun County, 2; Rock-
port, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Oklahoma (Alva, Woods County, 1);
California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 8; Seaside, Monterey
County, 1; Monterey, 9; Carmel, Monterey County, 11; Pacific
Beach, San Diego County, 5; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County,
17; Fairmont, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Angeles County, 2;
Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, 4; Hyperion, 3; Hayward, Ala-
meda County, 4; San Bruno, San Mateo County, 3; Westport,
Mendocino County, 2; San Diego County, 1; Dulzura, San Diego
County, 1; San Diego, 1; Los Banos, Merced County, 1; Santa
Barbara, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1);
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada, 1); Costa Rica (Puerto
Jiminez, Puntarenas, 2; Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 7).

Conover Collection. — 27: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8);^
South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2) ; California (Yermo, San Bernar-
dino County, 1; Wilmington, Los Angeles County, 4; San Diego
Bay, 1; Goleta, Santa Barbara County, 1; Newport, Orange County,
2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra,
Guanacaste, 6); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1).

Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson

Eurynorhynchus^ Nilsson, Orn. Svec, 2, p. 29, 1821 — type, by monotypy,
Eurynorhynchus griseus 'N i\sson= Platalea pygmea Linnaeus.

' Four downy young.

2 Variously "emended" (cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp.
302-303, 1919).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 179
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). Spoon-billed Sandpiper.

Platalea pygmea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — "Surinam,"
errore,= eastern Asia (type now in Upsala Museum; cf. Lilljeborg, Journ.
Orn., 8, p. 299, 1860); idem, Mus. Adolph.-Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 26, 1764.

Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, Orn. Svec, 2, p. 29, 1821 — new name for
Platalea pygmea Linnaeus.

Eurhinorhynchus orientalis Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 179, 1844 —
based on Eurinorhynchus griseus Pearson, Asiat. Res., 19, p. 69, pi. 9,
1836, Edmonstone Island, Bengal (type now in Liverpool Museum). ^

Eurynorhynchus pygm(a)eus Harting, Ibis, 1869, p. 427, pi. 12 (nuptial plum-
age)— Behring's Straits (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
pp. Ill, 114— "Choris Peninsula, Alaska"; (?)Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll.
Alaska, 3, p. 112, 1887 — Choris Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska (one
doubtful record, 1849); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 535, 1896
(monog.); Thayer, Auk, 28, pp. 153-155, pis. 2, 3, 1911— Wrangel Island,
Siberia (breeding; descr. of nest and eggs); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
59, p. 382, 1915 — Providence Bay and Cape Serdze, Siberia (breeding);
Dixon, Auk, 35, pp. 387-404, 1918— Wainwright Inlet, Alaska (Aug. 15,
1914), and Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia (habits, food, nest, etc.); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 303, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 142, p. 237, 1927 (life hist.); Belopolski, Journ. Orn., 81, p. 424, 1933—
Anadyr Bay, Siberia (Aug. 13; young descr.); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn.
CL, 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 282,
1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia on the Chukchi Peninsula
from Cape Vankarem to Plover Bay; winters in southern China,
Hainan, and casually to Tenasserim, Arrakan, and Bengal ; accidental
in Alaska (Wainwright Inlet, Aug. 15, 1914).

Genus EROLIA Vieillot

Erolia Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn., p. 55, April, 1816 — type, by monotypy,
Erolia variegata Vieillot =ScoZopax testacea Pallas.

Pelidna Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 490, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816)— type, by
monotypy, 2 Tringa cinclus Linnaeus =T'nnga alpina Linnaeus.

Oerolia Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 24, p. 123, 1818 — emenda-
tion of Erolia Vieillot.

Pisobia Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 136, tab. A, 1828— type, by
subs, desig. (A. O. U. Committee, Auk, 25, p. 366, July, 1908), Tringa
minuta Leister.

Leimonites Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 37, 1829 — type,
by monotypy, Tringa temminckii Leisler.

1 Cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 72, 1899.

^ The two "species" listed by Cuvier arfe both referable to Tringa alpina.

180 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Ancylocheilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 50, 1829 —
type, by monotypy, Scolopax subarquata Giildenstadt =Scoiopax tesiacea
Pallas.

Adodromas Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 55, 1829 —
type, by monotypy, Tringa minuta Leisler.

Schoeniclus G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 104, 1844 — type, by
subs, desig., Tringa cinclus 'Lmnaeus= Tringa alpina Linnaeus.

Arquatella Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, pp. 714, 717, 1858— type,
by orig. desig., Tringa maritima Briinnich.

Heteropygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 190 — type, by orig.
desig., Tringa bonapartei Schlegel= Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot.

Delopygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 190 (footnote) —
substitute name for Heteropygia Coues.

Limnocinclus Gould, Handb. Bds. Australia, 2, p. 254, 1865 — type, by subs,
desig. (Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, p. 254, 1913), Totanus acuminaius
Horsfield.

Adia Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 329,
1890 — new name for Arquatella Baird.

Neopisobia Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 245 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 —
type, by orig. desig., Totanus damacensis auct. (not of Horsfield) = Tringa
subminuta Middendorflf.

*Erolia ruficollis (Pallas). Rufous-necked Sandpiper.

Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reisen Russ. Reich., 3, p. 700, 1776 — "circa lacus
salsos Davuriae campestris" = Kulussutai, southern Transbaikalia; cf.
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 290, 1919.

Limonites ruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 545, 767, 1896
(monog.); Thayer, Condor, 11, p. 173, 1909— Nome, Alaska (July 10,
1908); Buturlin, I.e., 12, p. 44, 1910— (?) "America septentrionalis"
(Branicki Collection).

Pisobia minuta ruficollis Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 382, 1915 —
Providence Bay and Cape Serdze, northeastern Siberia (breeding).

Pisobia ruficollis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 290, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924— Cape Prince of Wales
(June 11, 1921) and Wainwright (Aug. 15, 1922), Alaska; idem. I.e., 28,
p. 32, 1926— same localities (breeding); Swarth, I.e., 29, p. 200, 1927—
St. Paul Island, Pribilofs (Aug. 27, 1920); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
142, p. 215, 1927 (life hist.); Ford, Auk, 51, p. 232, 1934— Cape Prince
of Wales, Alaska (nest and eggs descr.); Hanna, Condor, 42, p. 122, 1940 —
near Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (eggs descr.).

Erolia ruficollis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 282, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Cape Serdze, Kooshka,
Providence Bay, etc.) and northwestern Alaska (Cape Prince of
Wales, Wainwright, Nome); winters from China and Japan south
to Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Malay

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 181

Archipelago, and Australia. One record for the Pribilof Islands
(St. Paul, Aug. 27, 1920).

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Alaska (Nome, 1).
Erolia subminuta (Middendorff). Long-toed Stint.

Tringa subminuta Middendorff, Reise N. O. und OstSibirien, 2, (2), p. 222,
pi. 19, fig. 6, 1853 — west slope of Stanovoi Mountains (May 19) and mouth
of Uda River (June 30), Siberia (cotypes probably in Leningrad Museum);
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 438, 1887 (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
23, pp. 92-93, 1916 (nomencl.).

Tringa damacensis (not Totanus damacensis Horsfield)i Ridgway, Auk, 3,
p. 275, 1886— Otter Island, Alaska (June 8, 1885).

Pisobia subminuta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (9), p. 300, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 73,
1923— Otter Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 213, 1927 (life
hist.).

Erolia subminuta Peters, Eds. World, 2, p. 283, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in eastern Siberia south to Kamchatka and on
the Commander and Kurile Islands, perhaps also on Sakhalin;
winters in India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands, and
Philippines; accidental in Alaska (Otter Island, Pribilof group,
June 8, 1885).

*Erolia minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper.

Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 466, 1819 —
"en Amerique jusqu'au dela du Canada, . . . souvent vu a Halifax, dans
la Nouvelle-Ecosse, . . . dans les iles Antilles" ; = Hahf ax. Nova Scotia
(as designated in A.O.U. Check-List, 4th ed., p. 120, 1931); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 48, 1864 — Wisconsin, Costa Rica,
and Mexico (crit.); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 476, 1866— Trinidad;
Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 165, pi. 15, fig. 3 (egg) = Arctic
coast east of Anderson River, Mackenzie (eggs descr.); Sclater and Salvin,
I.e., p. 591 — Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil; iidem. I.e., 1870, p. 323 — In-
defatigable Island, Galapagos; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 456 (geog. distr.);
Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396— near Para; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur-
hist. Foren., 1874, p. 179 — near Niakornaet, Omenakfjord, Greenland
(spring, 1867); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561—
Laguna Villa, near Chorillos, Lima, Peru; idem. I.e., 1877, p. 330 —
between Tumbez and Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 313,
1887— West Indies (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 234, 1889 (deser.);
Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335— Bonaire Island (July 23); Richmond, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Dec),

1 Totanus damacensis Horsfield (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 192, 1821 —
Java; type in British Museum) is a synonym of Trynga ruficollis Pallas (cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 23, p. 92, 1916).

182 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

and Rio Frio, Costa Rica (Feb. 29); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
6, p. 77, 1894— Moruga, Trinidad; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 162,
1898— Niakornak, Greenland; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126,
1900— Cienaga, Colombia; Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 9, p. 307, 1902— Bonaire;
Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Quibdo (Aug. 20 to Nov. 11),
Juntas de Tamana (Dec. 20), Novita (Dec. 24), Call (Dec. 25), Palmira
(Apr. 13), and Rio Frio (Dec. 2), Colombia.

Tringa wilsonii Nuttall, Man. Om. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 121,
1834 — based on Tringa pusilla (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5,
p. 32, pi. 37, fig. 4, Nootka Sound, west coast of America (type now in
coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 299, 1919); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1860, p. 196 — Carthagena, Colombia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 311, 1870 — Cuyaba (Apr.) and Engenho do Cap Gama (Sept.), Matto
Grosso, Brazil.

Pelidna minutilla Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 141, 1841 — Galapagos
Islands (crit.).

Tringa pusilla (not of Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375,
1847— Tobago.

Tringa nana Burmeister,i Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 375, 1856 — Brazil
(new name for Tringa minutilla Vieillot).

Limonites minutilla Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 548, 767, 1896
(monog.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368,
p. 44, 1900 — Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 387, 1903 — Mexico to Panama; Thayer and
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905— San Miguel Island,
Pearl Archipelago, Panama (Mar. 10); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita
Island (Jan. 8); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 — Mexiana
Island, Brazil; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— Barranca (Aug. 10) and
El Pozo de Terraba (April), Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw.
Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Bahia (Joazeiro, March 7; Santa
Rita, Rio Preto, May 4), Maranhao (above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba,
Sept. 6), and Piauhy (Amaragao, Sept. 16-17), Brazil.

Actodromas minutilla Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 — Bar-
bados (July to October), Grenada, and San Vincent.

Leimonites minutilla Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 (range); Lowe,
Ibis, 1909, p. 315— Testigo Grande.

Pisobia minutilla Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne; Cory,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 236, 1909— Aruba,
Bonaire, and Margarita Island (March 12); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
6, p. 422, 1910 — Costa Rica (Chomez, Jan.; La Estrella de Cartago, Nov.
5); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 413, 1911 — New Providence and Great Inagua,
Bahama Islands; Moore, Auk, 29, p. 210, 1912 — Magdalen Islands (nest-
ing habits); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914 — Marajo (Tapera,
Sao Natal), Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918—

1 Tringa nana Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 92, 1854) is a nomen
nudum.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 183

Toro Point, Panama (Sept. 4); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 267— Eten
(Oct. 10) and Trujillo (Dec. 29), Peru; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 294, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 — Cienaga, Don Diego, Punto Caiman,
and Gaira, Colombia (winter); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela (Feb., Mar.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Esmeraldas and
Lago San Pablo (May 20-21), Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico
and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 369, 1927 — Mona, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix;
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 202, 1927 (\iie hist.); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 — Lower California (chiefly transient);
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929— Maranhao
(Mangunga Island, Mar. 8) and Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Jan. 8), Brazil; Swarth,
Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 59, 1931— Charles, Albemarle, and
Abingdon Islands, Galapagos; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
155, p. 163, 1931 — Hispaniola (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient);
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 — Guatemala; Sutton,
Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 138, 1932 — Southampton Island
(not found, doubts records).

Erolia minutilla Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy
young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 283, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter); Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 — Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938— Ilha de Madre Deus (Jan.) and Cidade da
Barra (Oct.), Bahia, Brazil; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 176, 1938— El Salvador (Lake Olomega, Aug.,
Sept.; Puerto del Triunfo, Dec. 31, Jan. 8; Barra de Santiago, Apr. 1, 2);
Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945—
Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza, Sept.).

Range. — Breeds in North America south of the Barren Grounds^
from northwestern Alaska to Labrador, south to the upper Yukon
Valley, northern part of British Columbia, Fort Churchill, the
Magdalen Islands, Newfoundland, and Sable Island; winters from
southern California, Texas, and North Carolina south through
Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America to
the Galapagos Islands, Peru (Eten, Lambayeque; Trujillo, Libertad;
Chorillos, Lima),^ and southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Bahia);
casual in Greenland (three records) and in the British Isles.

Field Museum Collection. — 297: Alaska (Bethel, 2); Yukon Terri-
tory (Yukon River, 5); British Columbia (Sumas, 5; Okanagan, 4);

1 There would seem to be grave doubts as to the validity of the nesting records
from Southampton Island and northward (cf. Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12,
(2), sec. 2, p. 138, 1932).

2 There is no record from Chile, included by certain authors in the winter
range of the Least Sandpiper.

184 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2);
Nova Scotia (Clarks Harbor, 5; Barrington, 2); Labrador (Indian
Harbor, 3; Battle Harbor, 2); Montana (Miles City, 1); North
Dakota (Towner County, 10; Rocklake, Towner County, 9;
Stump Lake, Nelson County, 3; Oakes, Dickey County, 1; Devil's
Lake, Ramsey County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Illinois
(Rondout, Lake County, 1 ; Libertyville, 1 ; Mud Lake, Cook County,
4; Hyde Park, Cook County, 1; Chicago, 1; Worth, Cook County, 2);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 12); Connecticut (New Haven
County, 25; North Haven, 21; West Haven, 1; New Haven, 2;
East Hartford, 5); New York (Suffolk County, 4); Colorado (Fort
Lyon, Bent County, 3); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island,
12; Bodie Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Georgia
(Roswell, Cobb County, 1); Florida (Anclote, Pasco County, 19;
Amelie Island, Nassau County, 4; East Pass, Okaloosa County, 1;
Key West, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 13; Austin, 1; Rockport, 4);
Arizona (Fort Lowell, Pima County, 2); California (Carmel, Monte-
rey County, 1; Salt Lagoons, Monterey County, 2; Moss Landing,
Monterey County, 3; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 5;
Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 4; Sunset Beach, Orange County,
3; Corona, Riverside County, 4; Inverness, Marin County, 3; Red
Bluff, Tehama County, 3; Rincon, Ventura County, 1); Mexico
(La Paz, Lower California, 1; Salinas, Coahuila, 2; Pacaitun, Cam-
peche, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island, 27; Great Inagua Island,
4; Nassau, New Providence Island, 2; Eleuthera Island, 2; Mari-
guana Island, 3); Jamaica (Grand Cayman Island, 4); Virgin Islands
(St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 4); Dutch West Indies
(Aruba, 5); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 2; San Jos^, 1); El
Salvador (Laguna Olomega, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, Limon, 1);
Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1; Margarita Island, 1);
Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 1); Peru (Pacasmayo, Liber-
tad, 1).

Conover Collection. — 29: Manitoba (Churchill, 6); North Dakota
(Grafton, Walsh County, 2) ; Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood
Lake, Cherry County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 3; Rock-
port, 1; Pigeon Cove, 1); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County,
3; Point Magie, Ventura County, 1; Goleta, Santa Barbara County,
2); Mexico (Altamira, Tamaulipas, 1); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo,
Perija, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 2; Malacatos, Loja, 1;
Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Santar^m, Para, 3).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 185
Erolia fuscicollis (Vieillot).i White-rumped Sandpiper.

Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 461,
1819 — based on "Chorlito pestorejo pardo" Azara, No. 404, Paraguay;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 263, 1874— Blumenau, Santa Catharina
(crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, pp. 68, 404— province of Buenos Aires
(April, Oct.) and Patagonia (valleys of the Sengel and Sengelen rivers,
Chubut); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438 —
Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16— Beckett Harbour, Straits of
Magellan (Jan. 4); White, I.e., 1883, p. 42— La Plata, Buenos Aires
(Nov. 3); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884— Entre Rios (Concepcion del
Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Carhue, Mar.-April); Berlepsch, Journ.
Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (Jan. 22); Salvin, Ibis,
1889, p. 379— Cozumel Island; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109,
1889— falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 235, 1889 (descr.; West Indian references and localities); Ridgway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1890— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan;
Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 127, 1891— Punta Arenas (Nov. 7),
Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Sept. 9; Bahia Buen Suceso, Oct. 30),
and Falkland Islands (French Bay, Mar. 7); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16,
20— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151— Rio Pilcomayo,
Chaco; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar (Mar. to Aug.); Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso (Oct.);
Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 163, 1898— Greenland; Crawshay, Bds.
Tierra del Fuego, p. 128, 1907— Useless Bay Settlement (Sept. 17, 1904);
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910— Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore,
Brazil (ex Pelzeln); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
76, p. 94, 1910— Rio Grande near Barra, Bahia (Apr. 8); Grant, Ibis,
1911, p. 468— Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo, Jan. 23, Mar. 15, Oct. 27;
Cape San Antonio, Dec. 17) and Corrientes (Esquina, Nov. 14); Gibson,
I.e., 1920, p. 67— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Oct. to Mar.).

Tringa campestris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool.
Mus. Berlin, p. 74, 1823— Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum);
Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 374, 1856— Brazil (descr.);
Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878— Cordoba.

Pelidna schinzi (not Tringa schinzii Brehm, 1822) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,
Birds, p. 131, 1841— Tierra del Fuego.

Tringa bonapartei{ii) Schlegel, Rev. Crit. Ois. d'Eur., p. Ixxxix, 1844— based
mainly on Tringa schinzii "Bonaparte" (not of Brehm) Temminck, Man.
d'Orn., 4, p. 401, 1840, North America, accidental in England (type in
Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Seolopaees, p. 42,
1864); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860— Falkland Islands;
Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156— East Falkland (said to breed!); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Seolopaees, p. 42, 1864— Labrador, Illinois, Wis-
consin, Mexico, Surinam, Chile (Santiago, Sept.), and East Falkland
(crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; idem

• Tringa cooperi Baird (Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, p. 716, 1858— Raynor
South, Long Island, New York; type in U. S. National Museum), known from a
smgle example, differs only by decidedly larger size; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U S Nat
Mus., 50, (8), p. 289, 1919. Its status remains doubtful.

186 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

and Salvin, Lc, p. 591— Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 144 —
Conchitas, Buenos Aires (winter); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 —
Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Sept.; Cai^ara,
Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Aug., Oct.), and Amazonas
(Marabitanas, Rio Negro, May), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 186 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., p. 455
(South American localities; crit.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 —
Laguna Villa, near Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad.,
p. 445, 1887 (erit.).

Pelidna americana Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 292 — new name for Tringa
schinzii "Bonaparte" (not of Brehm, 1822).

Tringa melanotus (not Tringa melanotos Vieillot) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad,
p. 472, 1866— Trinidad.

Heteropygia fuscicollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 574, 768, 1896
(monog.); Sehalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898 — Punta Anegada,
Tierra del Fuego (Jan.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 438, 1899—
Ypiranga and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Genova, 40, p. 626, 1900— Penguin Rookery, Staten Island (Feb.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 391, 1903 — Mexico
(Tizimin, Yucatan; Cozumel), Nicaragua (Momotombo), and Panama
(Lion Hill); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 — Sao Paulo and
Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 —
Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (May 16, Sept. 10), and Mocovi, Santa Fe
(Jan. 18); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nae. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910
(range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Prineet. Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, 2, Orn., p. 327, 1910 — Palaike, near Port Gallegos, Santa Cruz
(Jan. 18).

Adodromas fuscicollis Clark, Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 —
Barbados and St. Vincent.

Pisohia fuscicollis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne (Get. 19);
Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; Sneth-
lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914 — Braganga, Para; Cherrie, Sei.
Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916— Las Guacos, San Felix River,
Orinoco, Venezuela (May); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 151,
1917— Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (Oct.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 284, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 14, 1920 — Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p.
113, 1920 (range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and
Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Lagunillas,
Merida, Venezuela (May 10); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133,
p. 154, 1926 — Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) and Argentina (Dolores,
Cape San Antonio, Bahia Blanea, Guamini, Buenos Aires) (erit.); idem,
Sei. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 371, 1927 — Puerto Rieo
and Culebrita (transient); idem. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 9,
1927 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Argentina (Rio Ajo and Carhue,
Buenos Aires; Bahia Blanea); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 181,
1927 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494,
1929 — Carolina, lower Toeantins, Goyaz (Nov. 6); Laubmann, Wiss.
Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 — Las Taperas, Santa

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 187

Cruz, Bolivia (Oct. 16); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
39, p. 318, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (fall transient); Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 393, 1932— Chile (Santiago); Sutton, Mem.
Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 128, 1932— Southampton Island (nesting);
Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Des-
calvados, Matto Grosso (Sept. 4); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 23, p. 41, 1934 — Churchill (common transient); Laubmann, Verb.
Om. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (April);
Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89— Otaries Island and Cape Austin, Cape Horn
region; Beatty, Auk, 53, p. 456, 1936 — St. Croix (transient); Bray, I.e.,
60, p. 522, 1943 — Crozier River, Melville Peninsula (breeding).

Erolia fuscicollis Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis,
1935, p. 292— Trinidad; Griscom, Bull.' Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307,
1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 141, 1938— Bahia (Cidade
da Barra, Oct.; Ilha Madre Deus, Jan., Feb.; Corupeba, Jan.), Goyaz (In-
hum.as, Nov.), and Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, June; Sao Carlos; Ilha dos
Alcatrazes, Oct.; Iguape, Mar.); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk.
Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945— Brazil (lower Rio Purus) and Bolivia,
El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza; Riberalta; Victoria); Soper, Auk, 63,
p. 229, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting).

Calidris fuscicollis Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 — Falkland Islands (Sept. to
Apr.).

Range. — Breeds along the Arctic coast of North America from
Point Barrow, Alaska, to Baffin Island and Southampton Island;
migrates, east of the Rocky Mountains, chiefly through the Missis-
sippi Valley and winters in southern South America (chiefly east of
the Andes) from Paraguay and southern Brazil to Cape Horn and
the Falkland Islands; casual in Greenland (various records).

Field Museum Collection. — 120: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1);
Labrador (Anatolak Bay, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 29);
Massachusetts (South Chatham, 4; Monomoy Island, 9; Great
Island, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 3; West Haven, 3; New
Haven County, 5; Branford, 1; Guilford, 2); North Dakota (Towner
County, 42; Hope, Steele County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County,
2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2); North Carolina (Pea
Island, Dare County, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 1); Lesser
Antilles (Dominica, 1; Martinique, 2) ; Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3) ;
Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Paraguay (Colonia Nueva
Italia, 3); Argentina (Rio Parana, Misiones, 1).

Conover Collection. — 25: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2);
Keewatin, Southampton Island (Koodlootook River, 1; Coral Inlet,
2); Manitoba (Churchill, 3); South Dakota (Harrison, Douglas
County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 8); New York (Owasco

188 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Lake, Cayuga County, 1); Kansas (Douglas County, 2); Venezuela
(Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); Brazil (Carolina, Maranhao, 3); Paraguay
(Horqueta, 1).

*Erolia bairdii (Coues). Baird's Sandpiper.

Adodromas (Adodromas) bairdii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,
p. 194 — "North America, east of the Rocky Mountains" (type, from
Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie [May 19], in U. S. National
Museum).

Schaenidus schinzii (not Tringa schinzii Brehm, 1822) G. R. Gray, List Spec.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 105, 1844 — Chile (spec, examined).

Tringa sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 — Riobamba,
Ecuador.

Tringa bairdi(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile;
idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem,
I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Harting, Ibis,
1870, p. 151— Walvisch Bay, Damara Land (Oct. 24, 1863); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 — Mexico, Ecuador, Peru,
and Chile; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876— Moho Lake,
Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 —
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 — Huasco,
Saeaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,
3, p. 359, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad.,
p. 444, 1887 (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Tarapaca,
Chile; Cherrie, Auk, 12, p. 87, 1895 — Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (June 8);
Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p.
311 — Cancosa, Saeaya, and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Jourdain,
I.e., 1907, p. 518, pi. 11, fig. 6 (egg) — Point Barrow, Alaska (eggs descr.);
Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468— Tuyu (Nov. 22) and Los Yngleses (Dee. 19),
Aj6, Buenos Aires.

Tringa maculata (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 754— Xeberos, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 309— part, Xeberos;
Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (spec, examined).

Tringa melanotos (not of Vieillot) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 —
Cordoba.

Heteropygia bairdii(i) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 570, 768, 1896
(monog.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 188, 1899 — Barrington
Island, Galapagos (Oct. 6); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,
15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 — marshes near Cariar (Oct.) and Vinces (Sept.),
Ecuador; Butterfield, Auk, 18, p. 190, 1901— Sussex, England; Lillo,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 390, 1903 — Mexico
(Sonora; Aguas Calientes; Zacatecas; Tres Marias; City of Mexico;
Puebla; Las Vegas and Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
19, p. 102, 1906 — Cerro de la Candelaria, near Eseazu, Costa Rica (Oct.);
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 126, 1906 — Huaynapata, Peru
(Nov.); Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. 32, 1909 — San Carlos, Cuba
(Oct. 15); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910—

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 189

Cordoba, Tucuman, "Misiones," and Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 324, 1910 — near Rio Coy,
western Santa Cruz (Sept. 30); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268— Peru (Lurin,
Aug. 30) and Bolivia (Chililaya, Titicaca, Oct. 26; Challapata, Oruro,
Oct. 11-12); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922—
La Carolina (Oct. to March, June 7) and Tumbaco (Oct. 7), Ecuador.

Pisobia bairdi(i) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 — San Jose,
Costa Rica (Sept. 18); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 384, 1915—
northeastern Alaska (Demarcation Point, June, breeding; Herschel Island,
Aug.) and Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia (Providence Bay, June 11); Dixon,
Condor, 19, p. 77, 1917 — Griffin Point, Alaska (breeding habits); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 279, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene,
El Hornero, 2, p. 114, 1920 (winter range in Argentina); Barros, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 173, 1921— Vega Redonda (Calle de los Piuquenes),
Aconcagua, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923 —
Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Sept. 12, Oct. 21); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3,
p. 80, 1923— La Rioja; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1926— Igiak Bay, Bering
Sea, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199,
1926— Lake Colta (Apr. 5), Loja, and Lake Papallacta (Oct. 22), Ecuador;
Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 31, 1926 — Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (breeding);
Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— Arroyo Seco, Rio
Negro (Sept. 6); idem. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 154, 1926— near
Guamini, Buenos Aires (March 5); idem. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric,
26, p. 10, 1927 — Argentina (wintering range); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 193,
1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928— Lower
California (rare transient); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco
Exp., Vogel, p. 56, 1930— San Jose (Sept. 9) and Las Taperas (Oct. 16),
Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 393, 1932 — Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta (range in Chile); Wetmore,
Auk, 50, p. 433, 1933 (extralimital records); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago,
16, p. 56, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Oct.); Dixon, Bds. Mamm., Mt.
McKinley Nat. Park, p. 83, 1938 (nesting); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 87, p. 194, 1939— Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 27);
Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (nesting);
Bray, Auk, 60, p. 523, 1943 — Melville Peninsula (nesting).

Erolia bairdii(i) Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
77, p. 434, 1934— Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct. 3); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 307,
1935— Canal Zone, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 176, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19);
Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 646 — Huancavelica (Sept. 18), Astobamba
(Nov. 3), Santa Inez (Nov. 11), and Lake Junin (Jan. 20 to Apr. 9),
Peru; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 230, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting).

Calidris bairdii Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 — Falkland Islands.

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Koljuchin Bay, Chukchi
Peninsula) and along the Arctic coast of North America from north-
western Alaska to Baffin Island, south to central Alaska (Igiak Bay,

190 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Bering Sea; Mount McKinley), Mackenzie (Aylmer Lake) and
Southampton Island; migi^ates chiefly between the Rocky Mountains
and the Mississippi Valley and winters in Chile, western (rarely in
eastern) Argentina, and Patagonia; casual in Central America (a
few records from El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), Galapagos
Islands (Barrington Island, Oct. 6), Cuba (San Carlos, Oct. 15),
Dominica (Oct. 1), and Venezuela (Ocumare de la Costa, Oct. 27);
accidental in the Falkland Islands (one record), British Isles, and
southwestern Africa (Walvisch Bay, Damara Land, Oct. 24, 1863).

Field Museum Collection. — 127: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Prince of
Wales, 1; Nome, 2; Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan,
7; Sumas Lake, 4); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 13; Lake Johnson,
1); North Dakota (Towner County, 16; Cando, Towner County, 1;
Stump Lake, Nelson County, 19); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4);
Nebraska (Gresham, York County, 1); Colorado (Troublesome,
Grand County, 1; Windsor, Weld County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent
County, 2); Illinois (Hyde Park [Chicago], Cook County, 1); In-
diana (Miller, Lake County, 2) ; Michigan (Harbert, Berrien County,
1); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Cali-
fornia (Carmel, Monterey County, 10; Trinidad, Humboldt County,
1; Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County,
1); Costa Rica (Tierra Blanca, Cartago, 1); Ecuador (Paramba, 1);
British Guiana (Georgetown, 1); Peru (Lake Junin, 1; Cailloma,
Arequipa, 2; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Oruro, Oruro, 1; Vacas, Cocha-
bamba, 11; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 4; Mount Sajama, Carangas,
Oruro, 1); Chile (Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1); Argentina
(Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1).

Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Point Barrow, 5; Alaktak River,
Barrow, 4; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 4; False Pass, Alaska Peninsula,
1); British Columbia (Sumas Lake, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake,
Tofield, 2; Camrose, 2); Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake,
Cherry County, 1); Colorado (Windsor, Weld County, 1); California
(Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1); Costa Rica (Volcan Tur-
rialba, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza,
Pacajes, La Paz, 5; Cacas, Cochabamba, 1).

*Erolia melanotos (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper.

Tringa melanotos Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 462, 1819 —
based on "Chorlito lomo negro" Azara, No. 401, Paraguay.

Tringa maculata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 465, 1819 —
"aux iles Antilles et dans les parties meridionales des Etats-Unis" (no
type extant); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 39, 1864

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 191

(crit.); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 474, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem. I.e.,
1869, p. 598— Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311,
1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Sept., Nov.) and Matto Grosso (Caigara,
Sept., Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Aug.); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 — part, upper Ucayali and
Chamicuros, Peru; iidem, I.e., p. 455 — Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and
southern Brazil; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 — Chorillos (Lima) and
Lake Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 678 — Paucartambo, Cuzco,
Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 261, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa
Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 43 — Chubut Valley, Patagonia;
idem, I.e., 1878, p. 68 — Buenos Aires (Oct. to April); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Barrows, Auk, 1,
p. 314, 1884 — Entre Rios (Concepcion -del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires
(Carhue, Mar.-Apr.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 356, 1886 (Peruvian
localities); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 108, pi. 8, 1887— St.
Michaels, Alaska (nesting; descr. mating display); Cory, Bds. W. Ind.,
p. 235, 1889 (West Indian references and localities); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.);
Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890— San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. to Nov.);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Tarapaea, Chile; Kerr,
Ibis, 1892, p. 151 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, I.e.,
1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar (March to Aug.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem,
I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia (Feb.); Lane, Ibis,
1897, p. 310— Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, Chile (Feb. 22); Winge, Medd.
Gr0nl., 21, p. 162, 1898— Greenland; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13,
p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232—
marshes near Quito, Ecuador; Jourdain, I.e., 1907, p. 518, pi. 11, fig. 5 —
Point Barrow, Alaska (egg descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425,
1910 — Sao Isabel, Rio Preto, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso, BrazU (Oct.
3); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 — Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo, Jan. 6,
Sept. 11-Mar. 19), Paraguay (Medano, Sept. 16), and Matto Grosso
(Porto Esperanga, Sept. 25); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 66 — Cape San Antonio,
Buenos Aires (Sept. to March).

Pelidna pedoralis Say, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 171, 1823 — near Council
Bluffs, Iowa (type lost); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195,
1855— Chile.

Tringa dorsalis (Lichtenstein MS.) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-
Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 107, 1834— based on "Choriito a dos
noir" Azara, No. 401, plateaux of southern Peru;i Burmeister, Syst.
Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 374, 1856 — southern Brazil, Montevideo and Chile
(descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Mendoza; idem, Reise La
Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861— Mendoza.

^ Meyen states that his Peruvian specimen differs from those of Mexico
and Montevideo by smaller size, but does not describe either of them. Tringa
dorsalis, here published for the first time from Lichtenstein's manuscript, thus
stands as a name proposed for Azara's No. 401, quoted by Meyen as "Choriito
a dos noir" from the French translation of the "Apuntamientos," and becomes a
synonym of T. melanotos, having the same basis.

192 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIIT

Tringa pedoralis Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 — Tobago;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 — Riobamba, Ecuador;
Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 — Nanortalik, Greenland; Cabanis, Journ.
Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878— Cordoba (March).

Tringa dominicensis Degland, Orn. Europ., 2, p. 232, 1849 — based on "Alouette
de mer de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 219, pi. 24, fig. 1, San Domingo
(type in Reaumur Collection).

Tringa acuminata pedoralis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 443, 1887
(crit.).

Tringa bairdi (not Adodromas bairdi) Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 209 — Uruguay
(April 3).

Heteropygia maculata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 562, 767, 1896
(monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898— Cavancha
(Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 437, 1899—
Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368,
p. 44, 1900 — lagoon of Kingora (Nov.), near Canar (Oct.), and Quito
(Aug.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1900— Carandasinho,
Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 —
Rio Sail, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, (2), p. 52 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (May); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 389, 1903 — Mexico (numerous localities),
Guatemala (Duenas), Costa Rica (San Jose, Laguna de Cartago, Re-
ventazon), and Panama; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 446, 453 — Jujuy
(Moreno, Dec.) and Bolivia (San Luis and Zapataro, Tarija, Feb., March);
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil;
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906— Puno, Peru (March);
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebas-
tiao), Amazonas (Rio Jurua), and Venezuela (Merida); Hartert and Ven-
turi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 25, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Feb. 11);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 (range in
Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 267— Peru (Junin, Feb. 20; Chorillos,
May 5); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922—
La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador (Oct., Nov.).

Adodromas maculata Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905 — Barbados
(July to Nov.), Grenada, Grenadines, and St. Vincent; Snethlage, Journ.
Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908— Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil (Aug. 15).

Pisobia maculata Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no records from
French Guiana); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 196, 1909—
Aruba, Dutch West Indies; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422,
1910 — Costa Rica (San Jose, Sept. 7; Ochomogo; Buenos Aires de Terraba,
May 26-29; San Jose, May 19; Azahar de Cartago, Oct. 20, Nov. 3);
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914— Bom Lugar, Rio Purus,
Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — upper Rio Parana; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Quibdo, Colombia (Sept. 1-
Nov. 11); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918— Mindi,
Panama (Oct.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 269, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — San Jose
and Montevideo, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 112, 1920 (winter range in
Argentina and neighboring countries); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 193

Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922— Cienaga, Colombia (Sept. 12-14); Peters, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923— Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Oct.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Quito, Ecuador
(Aug. 17); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 31, 1926— Alaska (breeding); Conover,
Auk, 43, p. 307, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; courtship); Bent]
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 169, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull!
U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 9, 1927— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay,
Argentina (Tunuyan; Rio Negro); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32,
p. 91, 1928— Lower California (fall transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer Mus'
N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Guatemala.
Pisobia pedoralis Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 15,
1914— Nijni Kolymsk, Siberia (breeding); Brooks, Bull. Mus.' Comp!
Zool., 59, p. 383, 1915— Humphrey and Demarcation Points, Alaska
(breeding).

Pisobia melanotos Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 153, 1926— Para-
guay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Buenos Aires (near Lavalle, Oct.; Carhue,
Dec. 15), Uruguay (Lazcano), and Mendoza (nomencl.); idem, Sci. Surv!
Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 370, 1927— Puerto Rico and St.
Croix (transient); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 168, 1927—
Bovril Islands, Santa Fe (Jan. 19); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus! N. H.,
60, p. 81, 1930— Paraguay (Fort Wheeler) and Matto Grosso (Agua
Blanca de Corumba); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp.,
Vogel, p. 56, 1930— San Jose, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Sept. 9); Bradlee!
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (fall transient);
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 164, 1931— Hispaniola
(visitor); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 394, 1932—
Chile (winter); Brooks, Auk, 53, p. 81, 1936— New Zealand, Australia;
idem. Ibis, 1939, p. 452, pi. 8, fig. 2— Point Barrow, Alaska (downy
young descr.); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1939— Est.
La Geraldina, Santa Fe (Mar., April); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57,
p. 28, 1943— coast east of Mackenzie Delta (nesting).

Erolia melanotos Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935— Panama (transient); Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293— Trinidad (Oropuche Lagoon, Oct. 12) and
Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 142, 1938— Amazonas (Rio Jurua,
Aug.), Sao Paulo (Iguape, Nov.; Sao Sebastiao, Nov.), and Rio Grande
do Sul (Itaquy, Oct., Nov.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938— Lake Olomega (Aug. 1, 29 and Sept. 4,
6) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p!
647— Lake Junin, Peru (Jan. to April 9); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl, (3), 22, p. 44, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua,
Brazil; idem. I.e., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945— Bolivia (Cachuela Esperanza and
Victoria, El Beni; San Luis, Tarija).

Pisobia melanotis Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938— Vegas
de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (April).

Range.—Breeds on the Arctic coasts of northeastern Siberia
(Nijni Kolymsk) and North America from Hooper Bay, Bering Sea,
to Southampton Island, and on the west shore of Hudson Bay to the
Nelson River; migrates chiefly through the interior and along the

194 Field Museum of Natural.History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Atlantic coast; winters in South America from Peru, Bolivia, and
Argentina to Chile and Patagonia (Chubut Valley); occasional in
Greenland; casual in British Isles, France, and Norway; accidental
in Hawaiian Islands (Kaahualu, Kau, Hawaii, Oct. 14, 1900).

Field Museum Collection. — 221: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Point Hope,
1; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 4; Tocatna, 4; Bethel, 1; Unalaska, 1;
Yukon Delta, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 2); Alberta (Beaver-
hill Lake, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 2; Maple Creek, 2);
North Dakota (Towner County, 44; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 4;
Oakes, Dickey County, 1; Island Lake, Rolette County, 1; Hope,
Steele County, 1); Maine (Scarboro, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy
Island, 10; Chatham, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); New York
(Cayuga Lake, 1); Connecticut (Guilford, 13; West Haven, 3;
North Haven, 1; East Hartford, 3; New Haven County, 10; Hamden,
2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9); Illinois (Worth, Cook County, 6;
Hyde Park [Chicago], Cook County, 2; Chicago, 1); Indiana (Liver-
pool, Lake County, 1); Kansas (Ottawa County, 1); Arkansas
(Winslow, 2) ; Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2) ; North Carolina
(Bodie Island, Dare County, 6; Pea Island, Dare County, 1; Hatteras,
1); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2); Texas (Corpus
Christi, 3); California (Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1); Bahamas
(Mariguana Island, 1); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1); Jamaica (Grand
Cayman Island, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles
(Dominica, 2; Guadeloupe, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San
Miguel, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio Lake, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica
(El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 1); Vene-
zuela (Culata, Merida, 5; Catatumbo, Zulia, 12); Ecuador (Ibarra,
Imbabura, 1); Peru (Yurimaguas, Loreto, 2; Lagunas, Loreto, 1);
Bolivia (Desaguadero, La Paz, 9; Guaqui, La Paz, 9; Vacas, Cocha-
bamba, 1); Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 2); Argentina, Misiones
(Rio Parana, 2; Caraguatay, 1).

Conover Collection. — 34: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8);
Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield,
2); Illinois (Lake George, Cook County, 1; Wheaton, Du Page
County, 5); Mexico (Ocosingo, Chiapas, 2); Colombia (Popayan,
Cauca, 3); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 6); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 2;
Desaguadero, La Paz, 1); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 4); Argentina
(Sierra de San Javier, Tucuman, 1).

*Erolia acuminata (Horsfield). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.

Toianus acuminatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, (1), p. 192, 1821 —
Java (type apparently lost).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 195

Tringa acuminata Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 441, 1887 (crit.); Nelson,
Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 106, pi. 7, 1887— St. Michaels (common fall
migrant); Grinnell, Condor, 3, p. 20, 1901 — St. Paul Lagoon, Pribilof
Islands (second record).

Heteropygia acuminata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 566, 1896 (monog.).

Pisobia acuminata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 276, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 70,
1923— Pribilof Islands (fall migrant); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 238, 1925—
Unalaska Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 167, 1927 (life hist.);
Ball, Auk, 47, p. 417, 1930— Olema, California (1870); Swarth, Pac. Coast
Avifauna, 22, p. 32, 1934— Nunivak Island; Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 198,
1943 — Washington (Westport; Nisqually).

Pisobia aurita Anthony, Auk, 39, p. 106, 1922 — Mission Bay, San Diego
County, California.

Erolia acuminata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia from the mouth of the
Indigirka to the Chukchi Peninsula; winters in the eastern part of
the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia, and on South
Pacific Islands; during autumn migration in Alaska (Kotzebue
Sound and Bering Sea coast), on the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands;
occasional in British Columbia (Comox, Oct. 4, 1903; Masset, Queen
Charlotte Islands), Washington (Westport, Nisqually), and Cali-
fornia (San Diego, Sept. 16, 1921); casual in the Hawaiian Islands
(three records) ; accidental in the British Isles.

Field Museum Collection. — 9: Alaska (St. Michaels, 4; St. George
Island, 1; Bethel, 2; Unalaska, 2).

*EroIia maritima (Briinnich). Purple Sandpiper.

Tringa maritima Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 54, 1764 — Christianso and Norway;
Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr. (Kr0yer), 4, p. 408, 1843— Greenland; Seebohm,
Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 428, 1887 (crit.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21,
p. 164, 1898— Greenland.

Arquatella maritiina Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 578, 1896 (monog.);

Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 239, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);

Bent, I.e., 142, p. 146, 1927 (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,

39, p. 317, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (St. George's Harbor; sight record).
Calidris maritima maritima L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 55,

1932 — Shannon, Sabine, and Clavering Islands, Greenland (breeding).
Erolia maritima Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Trautman,

Wilson Bull., 56, p. 46, 1944— Ohio; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 228, 1946—

Baffin Island (migration; probably nesting).

Range. — In North America breeds from Melville and Ellesmere
Islands south to Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island and in Green-
land; also in Iceland, on the Faroes, and on the Arctic coasts of

196 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

northern Europe and Asia east to the Taimyr Peninsula, including
Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land; winters on
the Atlantic coast of America from southern Greenland to Long
Island, casually to southern Florida and shores of the Great Lakes
(Cleveland, Ohio, June, 1895; Cook County, Illinois, Nov., 1886);
also in Iceland, northern and ilvestern Europe.

Field Museum Collection. — 29: Greenland (Godhaven, Disko
Island, 4; Godthaab, 1; Nanortalik, 1); Baffin Land (Franklin, 2);
Prince Edward Island (Malpeque, 1); New Brunswick (Grand
Manan Island, 8; unspecified, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1);
Maine (unspecified, 1; Matinicus, Knox County, 1); Massachusetts
(Bristol County, 2); Connecticut (Stamford, 1; New Haven County,
1; Branford, 1; Stony Creek, New Haven County, 1; New Haven
Harbor, 1).

Conover Collection. — 21: Greenland (Godthaab, 7; Nanortalik, 1);
Massachusetts, Essex County (Rockport, 8; Pigeon Cove, 4); Con-
necticut (Branford, New Haven County, 1).

*Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum (Portenko).^ Alaskan
Sandpiper.

Arquatella maritima tschuktschorum Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22,
p. 225, 1937 — "Terrae Tschuktschorum" (type from Uelen in coll. of
L. Portenko).

Tringa couesi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 147, 1886 — part, St.
Michaels; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 103, 1887— St. Michaels
(migration Aug., Oct.).

Tringa ptilocnemis Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 105, 1887 — part,
St. Lawrence Island (nesting).

[Arquatella maritima] subsp. a. Arquatella couesi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 583, 1896 — part, spec, a-w, St. Michaels and Port Etolin,
Alaska.

^Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum (Portenko): Nearest to E. p. couesi but
in breeding plumage is darker, more reddish, less ochraceous, above, with the white
tips to the feathers broader and more conspicuous because of the generally darker
appearance of the bird as a whole. This darker hue is brought about by the light
edges to the feathers being narrower and dark reddish instead of dark buff.
Winter and immature birds are indistinguishable. Size slightly larger.

From the typical race it differs in breeding dress by having the light edges
to the feathers of the upper parts dark reddish, not reddish clay color; the rump,
primaries, secondaries and upper wing coverts darker, with narrow white edges
to latter; and the crown of the head darker, less grayish. The under parts also
have a darker appearance. The winter and immature plumages are much darker.

Additional material examined. — Siberia: Emma Harbor, 14; East Cape, 3;
Cape Serdze, 1. — Alaska: St. Lawrence Island, 18; Wales, 22; Norton Sound, 1;
St. Michaels, 19; Hooper Bay, 1; Nunivak Island, 16; St. Paul Island, 4; Admiralty
Island, 3; Sitka, 1; Juneau, 1; Forrester Island, 9.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 197

Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 247, 1919 — part, St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound; Friedmann,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 80, art. 12, p. 19, 1932— St. Lawrence Island
(nesting); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944— Nunivak Island (nesting).

Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247,
1919 — part, northeastern Siberia, St. Lawrence Island, and coast of Alaska
(Kotzebue Sound to Sitka); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 159, 1927 — part, except
Aleutian Islands; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 29, 1934 — Nunivak
Island (part, breeding population); Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 198, 1943 —
Smith Island, San Juan County, Washington.

Arquatella maritima couesi Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 66,
1923— Pribilof Islands (St. Paul, Sept. to Nov.; Northeast Point, April 24;
St. George Island, Feb. 12); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925— Wales,
Alaska (nesting); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 306, 1926 — Point Dall (migration),
Igiak Bay (nesting?).

Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part,
St. Lawrence Island only.

Erolia ptilocnemis couesi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part, except
Aleutian Islands.

Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
29, p. 174, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range).

Range. — Known to nest in Siberia (Emma Harbor, on Providence
Bay), on St. Lawrence and Nunivak Islands and at Wales, Alaska,
but probably breeds on the Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia, and in suit-
able localities between Cape Prince of Wales and Hooper Bay,
Alaska. Winters on the Pacific coast of North America from the
Alaska Peninsula south to Washington and occasionally north-
western Oregon; probably also on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Field Museum Collection. — 71: Siberia (Kolintschin Bay, 1);
Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 58; St.
George Island, 1; Forrester Island, 5); British Columbia (Queen
Charlotte Islands, 2).

Conover Collection. — 26: Alaska (Nome, 1; Topkok, 2; Hooper
Bay, 12; False Pass, 1; Wrangell, 3; Craig, Prince of Wales Island,
1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Washington
(Jefferson County, 4).

*Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis (Coues). Pribilof Sandpiper.

Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, in H. W. Elliot, Rep. Seal Ids., Alaska, unpaged,
note "1873" = Jan., 1874— St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (type in
U. S. National Museum); idem, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 500, 1874 (reprint
orig. descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 105, 1887— part,
Fur Seal Islands and St. Mathews.

198 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol, XIII

Tringa gracilis Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 4-6,
after June 20, 1874 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (type in collection
of J. E. Harting, now in British Museum).

Arquatella ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 163, 1880 (diag.;
crit.); Hanna, Condor, 23, p. 50, 1921 — part, except St. Lawrence Island
(life hist.).

Tringa maritima ptilocnemis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 431, 1887
(crit.).

[Arquatella maritima] subsp. p. Arquatella ptilocnemis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 584, 1896 — part, spec, a-e, St. George and St. Paul Islands,
Pribilof group (monog.).

Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 244, 1919 — part, except St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 152, 1927 — part, except St. Lawrence
Island (life hist.); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 29, 1934 — Nunivak
Island (Oct. 5).

Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46,
p. 67, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (nesting; habits; food); Conover, Auk, 43,
p. 307, 1926— Point Dall (May 23), Igiak Bay (July 23).

Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part,
except St. Lawrence Island; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
29, p. 170, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range).

Range. — Breeds in Bering Sea on the Pribilof, St. Matthew and
Hall Islands. Winter range not well known, but the bird leaves the
Pribilofs by October and has been found sparingly either on migra-
tion or wintering at Hooper Bay (May 23), Nunivak Island (Oct. 5),
and on the Alaska Peninsula and southern Alaska.

Field Museum Collection. — 15: Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island,
11; St. George Island, 4).

Conover Collection. — 2: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2).
*Erolia ptilocnemis couesi (Ridgway). Aleutian Sandpiper.

Arquatella couesi Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, No. 3, p. 160, July, 1880 —
"Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to St. Michael" (type from
Chicagoff Harbor, Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, in the U. S. National
Museum).

Tringa couesi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 147, 1886 — part, Aleutian
Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 103, pi. 6, 1887— Aleutian
Islands (nesting; life hist.).

Tringa maritima couesi Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 430, 1887 (crit.).

[Arquatella maritima] subsp. a. Arquatella couesi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, p. 583, 1896 — part, spec. x-a\ Unalaska and Atka Islands.

Arquatella maritima couesi Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 50, 1911 —
Atka, Agattu and Attu Islands.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 199

Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247,
1919 — part, Aleutian Islands only (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142,
p. 159, 1927 — part, Aleutian Islands only (life hist.).

Erolia ptilocnemis couesi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part, Aleutian
Islands only; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 173,
1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48,
p. 88, 1946— Attu Island (wintering, Feb. 20-Mar. 18).

Range. — Resident on the Aleutian and Shumagin Islands. Prob-
ably intergrading with E. p. tschuktschorum on the Alaska Peninsula.
Perhaps straggling in winter to the coast of southeastern Alaska.

Field Museum Collection. — 7: Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, 6);
Alaska Peninsula (Pavlof Bay, 1).

Conover Collection. — 3: Aleutian Islands (Shemya Island, Semichi
Islands, 3).

Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Hartert.^ Commander Island Sand-
piper.

Erolia maritima quarta Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 137, 1920 — Bering Island

(type in the Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural

History, New York, examined).
[Arquatella maritima] subsp. 0. Arquatella ptilocnemis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.

Mus., 24, p. 584, 1896 — part, spec, f, Bering Island.
Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247,

1919 — part, Bering Island.
Arquatella maritima couesi Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925 — part, Wales,

Alaska, No. 8962 only.
Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Conover,

Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 177, 1944— Wales, Alaska (dist.

chars.; range).

Range. — Breeding and probably resident on the Commander
Islands. One record for Alaska (Wales, June 8).

Erolia alpina arctica Schi0ler.2 Greenland Dunlin.

^Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Hartert: This race has the light edgings to the
mantle, scapulars and tertials so broad that the dorsal surface has the appearance
of being almost solid rufescent. Males, wing 117-126, culmen 25-28; females,
wing 120-128, culmen 27-32.5 mm.

The specimen taken on Attu Island and referred provisionally by Bent (Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 160, 1927) to quarta has been examined by the junior
author and in his opinion is not nearly rusty enough for that race but simply
a rather aberrant specimen of couesi. The example mentioned by Bailey (Condor,
27, p. 238, 1925) from Wales, Alaska, however, agrees in size and the redness of
the dorsal surface with a breeding series from Bering Island.

Specimens examined. — Bering Island, 9. — Alaska, Wales, 1.

^Erolia alpina arctica Schi0ler: Nearest toE. a. alpina, but smaller, being about
the size of £". a. schinzii, of the Baltic countries; dorsal coloration less reddish,
more brownish. Wing, 107-113, (female) 109-118; bill, 24-28, (female) 29-32.

200 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Erolia alpina arctica Schi0ler, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 16, Nos. 1-2,
p. 19, May, 1922 — northeastern Greenland (type, not specified, in coll.
of E. L. Schi0ler, now in Copenhagen Museum); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 70, 1937— Massachusetts
(dist. chars.).

Tringa schinzii (not of Brehm, 1822) Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr., 4, p. 409,
1843— Nanortalik; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11— Greenland.

Tringa alpina (not of Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 169, 1898 —
Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 136, 1910 — Stormkap, north-
eastern Greenland (breeding habits).

Calidris alpina arctica L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 60, 1932 —
northeastern Greenland (erit.; habits); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Ergan-
zungsband, p. 472, 1936 (crit.); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 144— Green-
land (crit.; meas.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 38,
1941— Greenland.

Range. — Eastern Greenland (migration route and winter range
unknown).^ (?)Accidental in Massachusetts.

*Erolia alpina pacifica (Coues). Red-backed Sandpiper;
American Dunlin.

Tringa alpina var. americana (not Pelidna americana Brehm 1855) Cassin,
in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, p. 719, 1858 — temperate regions
of North America (crit.; no type designated).

Pelidna pacifica Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 189 (in text)
— Semiahmoo, Whatcom County, Washington (type in U. S. National
Museum, No. 9540; cf. Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 121, 1885).

Pelidna alpina pacifica Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 120, 1885 —
Bering Island (crit.; nomencl.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 200, 1917 (crit.);
Bishop, Condor, 40, p. 225, 1938 (correct name for American birds).

Tringa alpina pacifica Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 427, 1887 (crit.);
Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 381, 1900 (plumages).

Pelidna americana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 608, 769, 1896
(monog.; in part).

Pelidna alpina sakhalina (not of Vieillot) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 262, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308,
1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142,
p. 221, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928—
Lower California (winter); Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 19, 1932 — Nakeen,
Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.

1 It is probable that most, if not all, of the records of Erolia alpina alpina
(Linnaeus) from eastern North America (Fort Churchill, Keewatin; Shinnecock
Bay, Long Island, Sept. 15, 1892; Chatham, Mass., Aug. 11, 1900) really pertain
to E. a. arctica (cL Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 257, 1919; Bent,
I.e., 142, p. 221, 1927, s.n. Pelidna a. alpina). Griscom (Auk, 54, pp. 71-72, 1937),
in fact, on reexamination found the Chatham bird to be arctica. Another (crippled)
example shot at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on August 16, 1936, he believes to be
referable to the European E. alpina alpina (Linnaeus), mainly on account of its
long bill (culmen 37.2 mm.).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 201

Mich., 255, p. 2, 1933 — Brownsville, Texas (wintering); Swarth, Pac.
Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 33, 1934 — Nunivak Island (nesting).

Erolia alpina sakhalina Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1577, 1920 (monog.);
Buturlin, Alauda, 4, p. 266, 1932 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 286, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 70, 1937 (dist. chars.); Soper,
I.e., 63, p. 230, 1946— Baffin Island (rare).

"Pelidna alpina padfica; P. a. sakhalina" Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 33, 1926 —
northern Alaska (breeding).

Erolia alpina padfica Conover, Condor, 47, p. 214, 1945 (dist. chars.; American
birds differ from those of Siberia).

Range. — Breeds from Point Barrow, Alaska, east to the Boothia
Peninsula and south to Bristol Bay and the west coast of Hudson
Bay (Churchill); winters on the west coast of North America from
British Columbia to Lower California and on the Gulf and South
Atlantic coasts of the United States; casual in the West Indies
(Dominica, Oct. 1, 1904) and in Nicaragua (Momotombo, May 23).

Field Museum Collection. — 92: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Point Hope, 1;
St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 37); British Columbia
(Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 3);
Minnesota (Heron Lake, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois
(Chicago, 2; Waukegan, 2; Meredosia, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham,
6; Monomoy Island, 9); Connecticut (West Haven, 4; Stony Creek,
1; New Haven County, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2); Virginia
(Cape Charles, 6; Cobb's Island, 1); North Carolina, Dare County
(Pea Island, 31; Bodie Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant,
5); Florida (Amelia Island, 5; Anclote, 6); Texas (Cameron County,
1; Aransas Pass, 1; Port Lavaca, 2; Port O'Connor, 1; Seadrift, 2);
California (San Francisco, 1; Miller, 8; mouth of Carmel River,
Monterey County, 1; Monterey, 5; Trinidad, 4; Redwood, 1;
Anaheim, 1; La Patera Point, 10; Hook's Point, 1; Alviso, 1; Pacific
Beach, 1; San Diego, 4; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 3;
Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower Cali-
fornia, 2).

Conover Collection.- — 37: Alaska (Hooper Bay, 9; Igiak Bay, 2);
North Dakota (Grafton, 2) ; Indiana (Wolf Lake, 1) ; Illinois (Calumet
Lake, 1); Michigan (Thunder Bay Island, Alpena County, 1);
Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; Ipswich, 1); New York (Cayuga, 1;
Cayuga Lake, 2); North Carolina (Hatteras, 1); South Carolina
(Copahee Sound, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Amelia Island, 2);
California (Moss Landing, 4; Goleta, 1; Point Magie, 1); Mexico
(La Paz, Lower California, 1).

202 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Erolia ferruginea (Pontoppidan). Curlew Sandpiper.

Tringa Ferrugineus Pontoppidan/ Danske Atlas, 1, p. 624, 1763 — Iceland and
Christiansoe Island (cf. Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 54, 1764).

Scolopax testacea Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. Coll. d'Ois., Adumbratiuncuia,
p. 6, 1764— Blankenburg Island, Holland.

Scolopax subarquata Giildenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop., 19, p. 471, pi. 18,
1775 — near Caspian Sea to Tanain and River Choper.

Tringa subarquata Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 419, 1887 (crit.).

Ancylochilus subarquatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 586, 1896
(monog.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2,
Orn., p. 330, 1900— Patagonia (Burnett and Fitzroy).

Erolia ferruginea Childs, Auk, 21, p. 485, 1904 — Barnegat Bay, New Jersey;
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905— Carriacou (Sept., Oct.)
and Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 250, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920—
Patagonia; Helmuth, Auk, 41, p. 340, 1924 — Mecox Bay, Long Island;
Fuertes, I.e., 41, p. 340, 1924— Fisher's Island, New York; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 232, 1927 (life hist.).

Erolia testacea Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 286, 1934 (range); Brooks, Condor,
39, p. 177, 1937— Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands; Griscom, Auk, 58,
p. 95, 1941 — Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Range. — Breeds in northern Asia at the mouth of the Yenesei,
in western Taimyr, on Cape Bolschoi Baranov, and the New Siberian
Islands; winters in Africa, Madagascar, India, Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, and Australia; casual in eastern North America (many
records), Alaska (Point Barrow, June 6, 1883), Queen Charlotte
Islands, in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Carriacou), and allegedly
even in eastern Patagonia.-

Field Museum Collection. — 1: New Brunswick (unspecified, 1).''

Genus MICROPALAMA Baird

Micropalama Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, pp. 714, 726, 1858—

type, by monotypy, Tringa himantopus Bonaparte.
Micropelama G. R. Gray, Hand-list Bds., 3, p. 48, 1871 (emendation).

*Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper.

Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 1, p. 157,
March, 1826 — Long Branch, New Jersey (type in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte);^

1 See Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 49, p. 21, 1941.

2 A specimen without date and exact locality in the British Museum (W.
Burnett and Fitzroy).

3 This specimen is in the Cory Collection. Original label: "Smithsonian Insti-
tute. Exploration in and near New Brunswick. George A. Boardman. May 1863."

* The fate of the type is uncertain. We do not know whether it remained in
Bonaparte's private collection, part of which passed into the Paris Museum

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 203

Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 2, p. 380, 1831 — Hayes
River, Keewatin; Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 89, pi. 25, fig. 3, 1833 —
Long Island; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 54, 1864 —
Cuba (crit.).

Tringa douglasii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. -Amer.,
2, p. 379, pi. 66, Feb., 1832— Saskatchewan River (location of type not
stated; descr. of adult summer plumage).

Tringa (Hemipalama) audubonii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada,
Water Birds, p. 140, 1834 — Hayes River, countries of Hudson's Bay, lat.
57° (based on Tringa himantopus Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., p. 380, 1831).

Hemipalama muUistriata (Lichtenstein MS.) G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p.
[578], pi. 156, fig. 2, 1845 — high northern latitudes (of North America),
Hudson's Bay and northern and middle states of the American Union;
Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 466, 1866— Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 311, 1870— Villa Bella de Matte Grosso, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Oct.).

Micropalama himantopus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 229 — Duenas,
Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo,
Ecuador (Sept.); idem. I.e., 1862, p. 369 — Mexico; Gundlach, in Poey,
Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 356, 1866— Cuba ("Sept. to May"); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1866, p. 199 — eastern Peru ( = Nauta);
iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 309— Nauta, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 326,
1875— Cuba (Sept., April); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47,
1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca (Aug.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188,
1878— Puerto Rico; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 363, 1886— Chorillos
and Nauta, Peru; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 178, 1886—
Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Mexico (Jan.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 312, 1887 —
West Indian localities (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 233, 1889 (descr.);
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— falls of the Rio Madeira,
Bolivia (Oct.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 401, 1896— United
States, Mexico (Zacatecas, Aug.), Guatemala (Duefias), Nicaragua
(Momotombo, May), Grenada, Anegada, Uruguay (Colonia), Peru
(Iquitos), and "Chile"; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15,
No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Vinces, Ecuador (Sept.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia (Sept. 13); idem. Auk, 17,
p. 364, 1900 — same locality; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 370, 1903 — Mexico (Matamoros; Zacatecas; Laguna del
Rosario, Tlaxcala; San Mateo, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Duefias), and
Nicaragua (Momotombo); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905—
Barbados, Grenadines, and Grenada (transient); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 306, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 — Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911,
p. 470 — Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires (Feb. 24), and near Esquina,
Corrientes (Nov. 14); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 80, 1914 — Rio Paraguay,
Corrientes; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 379, 1915 — Demarca-
tion Point, Alaska (May 23-26, June 8), and Herschel Island (Aug. 2);
Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264— Trujillo, Peru (Aug. 18, Sept. 8); Ridgway,

after his death, or whether it was deposited in Peale's Philadelphia Museum, in
which case it may be regarded as lost.

204 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 205, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Gibson,
Ibis, 1920, p. 70 — Ajo, Buenos Aires (Dec. 27); Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 13, 1920— Maldonado, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 119, 1920—
Argentina (Esquina, Corrientes; Belgrano [Aug. 7], Ajo, and Los Yngleses,
Buenos Aires) and Uruguay (Colonia and Maldonado); Todd and Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 — Cienaga, Colombia (ex Allen);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 195, 1926— Ecuador; Wetmore,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 158, 1926— Paraguayan Chaco (Sept.);
idem. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric, 26, p. 8, 1927— west of Puerto Pinasco,
Paraguay (Sept. 20-25); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 122, 1927
(life hist.; range); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
9, p. 371, 1927 — Puerto Rico and Anegada (transient); Pereyra, El
Hornero, 4, p. 201, 1928 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (Oct. 20); Wetmore and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 165, 1931— Hispaniola (ex Cory);
Bradlee, Mowbray and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931—
Bermuda Islands (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64,
p. 133, 1932— Duenas, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 287, 1934
(range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 — Trinidad (ex Leotaud);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938— Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso,
Brazil; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 194, 1939— Ocumare de
la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 24-28); Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 44,
p. 147, 1940 — Las Vegas de Chacalluta, Arica, Chile.

Totanus himantopus March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 67 —
Jamaica (April, June, August).

Hemipalama himantopus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 —
Chorillos, Peru.

Ereunetes himantopus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 400, 1887 (crit.).

Range. — Breeds in Arctic North America from Coronation Gulf
to the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); migrates chiefly
through the interior (less frequently on the Atlantic coast of
the United States), Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala
(Duefias), Nicaragua (Momotombo), Colombia (Cienaga), Vene-
zuela (Ocumare de la Costa), western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Vinces),
and Peru (Nauta, Iquitos, Trujillo, Chorillos); winters in Bolivia
(falls of the Rio Madeira), southern Brazil (Matto Grosso), Paraguay,
Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Corrientes and Buenos Aires).
One record for Chile (Arica). ^

Field Museum Collection. — 76: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2);
Manitoba (Churchill, 3); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson
County, 34; Graham Island, Ramsey County, 2; Cranberry Lake, 1;
Towner County, 6); Minnesota (Heron Lake, Jackson County, 1);

1 The other alleged occurrence in "Chili," based on a specimen without history
in the Salvin-Godman Collection (ex J. Gould), is open to doubt. The winter
range of the Stilt Sandpiper is still very imperfectly known, there being but a
few scattered records from northern Argentina and adjacent countries.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 205

Wisconsin (Jefferson County, 1); Illinois, Cook County (Calumet
Lake, 1; Hyde Park [Chicago], 1); New York (Southampton, 2);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Great Island, 1); Connecticut
(Grove Beach, New Haven County, 1; New Haven County, 1);
Colorado (Laramie County, 1; Windsor, Weld County, 1; Fort
Lyon, Bent County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 5; Padre Island, 1);
Florida (Banana River, Brevard County, 1; Indian River, Brevard
County, 1; Merritt Island, Brevard County, 1; unspecified, 1);
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada Island, 2); Bolivia (Vacas,
Cochabamba, 1).

Conover Collection. — 43: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3);
Manitoba (Churchill, 11); North Dakota (Grafton, Walsh County,
4); South Dakota (Eden, Marshall County, 5; Sanborn County, 7);
Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 3); Massachusetts (East Orleans,
3); Nebraska (Brownlee, Cherry County, 1); Colorado (Windsor,
Weld County, 1); Texas (Tivoli, Refugio County, 1); Virgin
Islands (St. Croix, 3); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1).

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis

Tryngites Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, No. 24, "Nov., 1856," p. 418, 1857—
type, by orig. desig., Tringa rufescens Vieillot= Trin^a subruficollis Vieillot.

Tringites Sclater, Ibis, 4, p. 277, 1862 — emendation.

♦Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

Tringa subruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed,, 34, p. 465,
1819 — based on "Chorlito garganta blanca acanelada" Azara, No. 403,
Paraguay (Nov.).

Tringa rufescens (not of Bechstein, 1809) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. ed., 34, p. 470, 1819 — Louisiana (location of type not stated);
idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 105, pi. 238, 1825 — Louisiana; Darwin,
Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 — Montevideo, Uruguay; Leotaud,
Ois. Trinidad, p. 470, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Seebohm, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 446, 1887 (crit.).

Actidurus naevius Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 178, 1854 —
near San Antonio, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 22).

Tryngites rufescens Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 418, 1856 — Cuba (April);
idem, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 355, 1866 — Cuba; Dresser,
Ibis, 1866, p. 39 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Aug., Sept.); Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — upper Ucayali, Peru;
Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 377, 1869 — Costa Rica; Gundlach, Journ.
Orn., 23, p. 325, 1875 — Cardenas, Cuba (early April); Durnford, Ibis,
1877, p. 200 — west of Buenos Aires (= Moreno) (Feb. 20); Cabanis, Journ.

206 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 — Rio Parana, Argentina; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin,
Ibis, 1889, p. 587. — Ruatan Island, Honduras; Sclater and Hudson, Arg.
Orn., 2, p. 190, 1889— Argentina.

Aditis rufescens Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 79, 1864 —
Fort Simpson, Canada (crit.).

Tringites rufescens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 754,
979 — Xeberos and Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 — upper Ucayali,
Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru.

Tringoides rufescens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Lagoa
do Portao, Ypanema, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Villa Bella, Oct.); and
Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira, Apr.; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Mar.).

Tryngites suhruficollis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 356, 1885 (no-
mencl.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 319, 1887— Cuba (descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist.
Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 119, 1887— St. Michaels (migration). Point Barrow
(breeding); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 240, 1889— Cuba; Cherrie, Auk, 7,
p. 332, 1890— San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 25 to Nov. 15); idem. I.e., 9,
p. 329, 1892— San Jose; Allen, I.e., 17, p. 364, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia
(Sept.); idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900— Cienaga; Clark,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905— Barbados (fall transient);
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 — San Jose, Costa Rica
(Sept., Oct.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910—
Cordoba, Misiones, and Buenos Aires; Bowles, Condor, 19, p. 187, 1917 —
Westport, Washington; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 246—
Gatun, Panama (Oct. 18); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 226, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 121, 1920
— Cordoba, Buenos Aires (Platanos, Mar. 28; Barracas al Sud, June 14,
Dec. 10; Ajo, Mar. 8; Moreno, Feb. 20; Chascomus, Mar. 5), and
Misiones; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 25, No. 14, p. 25, 1922 —
plains of Carapungo, Ecuador (July 10); O-sgood and Conover, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 — Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela
(May 10); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922—
Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia (ex Allen); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 36,
1926 — Point Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
133, p. 157, 1926 — Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 21) and Buenos
Aires (Lavalle, Nov. 13; Guamini, Mar.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926— Ecuador; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 80, 1927—
Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 69,
1929 (life hist.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 313, 1929— near
San Juan, Hispaniola (Oct. 1); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco
Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 — Mision Taeaagle, Formosa (Nov. 14-15);
Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 80, 1930— Matto Grosso;
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 167, 1931— San Juan,
Hispaniola (ex Moltoni); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 288, 1934 (range);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama
(transient); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 — Trinidad and
Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938— Sao Paulo; Dickey
and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938—
Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 451, pi. 8,

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 207

fig. 1 — Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Gyldenstolpe, K.
Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945— Riberalta and
Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia (Sept., Oct.).
Tringiies subruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 521, 1896 — North
America, Mexico (Matamoros), Honduras (Ruatan Island), Colombia
(Remedios), Peru (Iquitos, Sept. 2, 30; Pebas, Aug. 3; Cosnipata; Xeberos,
Oct.; Chamicuros, Sept.), and Buenos Aires (Moreno, Feb. 20); Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898— Paramba, Ecuador (Apr. 22); Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 436, 1899— Sao Paulo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 384, 1903 — North America, Mexico (Matamoros,
Guanajuato), Ruatan Island, and Costa Rica (San Jose); Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 53, 1907— Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307,
1909 (no record from French Guiana); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16,
p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, BuenoS Aires (June 14); Hellmayr, I.e.,
17, p. 425, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39,
1914 — upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
59, p. 381, 1915 — Demarcation Point and Humphrey Point, Alaska.

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast of North Arnerica from
Point Barrow, Alaska, to Mackenzie; migi'ates chiefly through the
interior of North America, Central America (a few records from
Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), and South America
(scattered records from Colombia, western Ecuador, Venezuela,
Peru, and Brazil) to Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina
(Cordoba, Formosa, Buenos Aires, and Misiones); in the West
Indies only recorded from Cuba (Cardenas), Hispaniola (near San
Juan), Barbados, Tobago, and Trinidad ;i found in summer on the
Bering Sea coast of eastern Siberia (Cape Wankarem), occasional to
shore of Okhotsk Sea and northern Japan (Owari) ; frequent straggler
to the British Isles.

Field Museum Collection. — 62: Siberia (Cape Surge, 1); Alaska
(Point Barrow, 1); British \ Columbia (Chilliwack, 1); Alberta
(Beaverhill Lake, 6); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Duxbury,
1; Marshfield, 1); North Dakota (Maza, Towner County, 6; Towner
County, 2); Kansas (Salina, 7; Hamilton, 1; Burlington, 1); Texas
(Brownsville, 19; Corpus Christi, 9; Galveston, 1); Costa Rica
(San Jos6, 3).

Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Point Barrow, 8; Chipp River, 1;
Alaktak River, 4); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 5); Massa-
chusetts (Chatham, 1; North Eastham, 1; East Orleans, 1); New
Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Kansas. (Salina, Saline County, 2);
Texas (Brownsville, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 1); Venezuela
(Lagunillas, Zulia, 2).

' The reported occurrence in the Bermuda Islands is questionable (cf. Bradlee,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 362, 1931).

208 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII
Genus PHILOMACHUS Merremi

Philomachus Anonymous=Merrem,2 Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, No. 168, col. 542,
June 8, 1804 — type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus.

Pavoncella Leach, Cat. Mam. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 29, 1816 — type, by mono-
typy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus.

Machetes Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 490, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816)— type, by
monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus.

Machophilus Thienemann, Rhea, Heft 1, p. 117, 1846 — substitute name for
Philomachus "G. R. Gray" (=Merrem).

Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus). Ruff,

Tringa pugnax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based chiefiy
on Faun. Svec, No. 145, Sweden.

Machetes pugnax Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 332 — "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota,
Colombia (spec, in Vienna Museum); Winge, Medd. Gr^nl., 21, p. 161,
1898— Nanortalik, Greenland; Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 18, 1913— St.
Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (Sept. 7, 1910); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 219, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).

Totanus pugnax Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 373, 1887 (crit.; range).

Pavoncella pugnax Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 500, 764, 1896
(monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905— Barbados
(Graeme Hall Swamp, 1878); Deane, Auk, 22, p. 410, 1905 (complete
list of North American records); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 —
"Surinam."

Philomachus pugnax Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 77, 1923 —
St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 49,
1929 (life hist.); Gould, Auk, 49, p. 468, 1932 (North American records
since 1906); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 42, 1934 — Gambell, St. Lawrence
Island (June, 1933); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 288, 1934 (range); Mayaud,
Alauda, 6, p. 266, 1934— Sept lies, Saguenay, Quebec (May 27, 1923);
Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 9, 1935 (three Greenland records
listed; Peterkin, Auk, 52, p. 185, 1935 — Barbados; Danforth, I.e., 53,
p. 80, 1936— Grenada.

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia; occasional in
Greenland (Nanortalik, Upernivik, etc.), on St. Lawrence Island
(June, 1933), the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island, Sept. 7, 1910),
and in eastern North America;^ casual in Barbados, Grenada, and
Colombia (native Bogota collections),*

1 For osteological characters, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1915, pp. 609-616,

2 Cf. Schnurre, Orn. Monatsb., 39, pp. 65-68, 1931,

3 Cf. Deane, Auk, 22, p. 410, 1905, and Gould, I.e., 49, p. 468, 1932.

^ Schomburgk (Hist. Barbados, p. 681, 1848) received from a Mr. Bishop a
Barbados specimen which is now in the British Museum, and Feilden (Ibis, 1889,
p. 494) records an adult in full breeding plumage shot in Graeme Hall Swamp in
1878. Lawrence's record from Guadeloupe (ex L'Herminier MS., in Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1, p. 451, 1879) requires confirmation. The inclusion of Colombia

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 209

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts

Subfamily RECUR VIROSTRINAE

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson

Himantopus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46, 5, p. 33, 1760 — type, by tautonymy,
" Himantopus"=Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus.

Macrotarsus Lacepede, Tabl. Meth. Ois., p. 18, 1799 — type, by subs, desig.
(Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 309, 1896), Charadrius himantopus
Linnaeus.

Himantellus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 219, 1815 — substitute name for
Himantopus "R." (= Brisson).

Hypsibates Nitzsch, in Ersch and Grube^, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 16, sec. 1,
p. 150, 1827 — substitute name for Himantopus Brisson, thought to be
preoccupied.

*Hiinantopus himantopus mexicanus (P. L. S. Miiller). Black-
necked Stilt.

Charadrius mexicanus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117, 1776 —
based on "L'Echasse du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 36, 1760, Mexico
(ex "Comaltecatl" Hernandez).

Himantopus nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 42,
1817 — North America and Cayenne (no type specified) ; idem and Oudart,
Gal. Ois., 2, p. 85, pi. 229, 1825— North America; Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 4, (2), p. 741, 1833— Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (descr.); Gosse,
Bds. Jamaica, p. 386, 1847 — Jamaica; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 367, 1856— Brazil (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
25, p. 206, 1857— Jalapa, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 228—
La Antigua, Guatemala; Newton, I.e., p. 258 — St. Croix; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; March, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 67 — Jamaica (breeding); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Scolopaces, p. 107, 1864 — part, spec. nos. 1, 2, Cali-
fornia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 — Rio
Ucayali, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1867, p. 591 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Sundevall,
Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 602, 1869— Puerto Rico (winter);
Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 37 — Minas Geraes
(Lagoa Santa, Sept. 8; Lagoa de Sumidouro, Aug.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
3, p. 310, 1870— part, Cajutuba, Para; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383— Cienaga,
Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 310 —
upper Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru (breeding); iidem. I.e., p. 453 (char.;
range); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 — Mexico
(Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuna, Colima); idem. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca; Taezanowski, Proc. Zool.

rests on the single example sent to Vienna by Miinzberg. The collection reported
upon by Pelzeln and rather vaguely attributed to "Spanish Guiana" turned out to
consist of native made Bogota skins. Sharpe changed "Spanish" to Dutch Guiana,
and after that time the Ruff was admitted to the Surinam fauna without any
corroborative evidence.

210 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Per.,
3, p. 383, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cozumel
and Ruatan Islands; Feilden, I.e., p. 492 — Barbados; Todd and Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 — Punto Caiman and Gaira, Colombia.

Himuntopus leucurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 42,
1817 — based on "Comaltecatl" Hernandez, Mexico.

Hypsibates nigricollis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 758, 1849— coast region.

Macrotarsus nigricollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 422, 1856 — Cuba; Gundlach,
I.e., 23, p. 329, 1875— Cuba (breeding); idem. I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878—
Puerto Rico (Caborajo, Boqueron, Arecibo River).

Himantopus mexicanus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232 — North America, wintering
in northern South America (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 279,
1887 (crit.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 130, 1887—
Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 —
Santarem, Brazil; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 92, 155, 1892— Bahama
Islands (New Providence, Andros, Mariguana, Great Inagua), Cuba,
Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Tortola, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, Bar-
buda, Antigua, St. Vincent, and Barbados; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 325,
334 — Curagao and Bonaire; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p.
526, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Jouy, I.e., p. 791, 1893— Lake Patzcuaro,
Michoacan, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 320, 751, 1896
(monog.); Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164 — Amapa, Para, Brazil; Salvadori
and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Vinces and
Rio Daule, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, (2), p. 52— Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307,
1902 — Curagao and Bonaire; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 — Green Cay
(Andros), Bahama Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 361, 1903 — Mexican and Central American localities; Bangs
and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 195, 1905 — Salina at Bibeyhagua, Isle of
Pines; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905— Barbados and St.
Vincent; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 — Mexiana,
Brazil; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 204, 209, 216, 1909—
Curagao, Bonaire, and Los Roques; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6,
p. 417, 1910 — Costa Rica (Las Trojas, Rio Frio); Reiser, Denks. Math.-
Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 (1926)— Bahia (Joazeiro;
Piripiri; salt-lagoon near Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande) and Piauhy
(Ilha Grande, Lagoa do Parnagua); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 86,
1914 — Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento, Magoary, Sao Natal), Mexiana,
and Monte Alegro, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223,
1917— Call, Cauca, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70,
p. 245, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 442, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922 — Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela;
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 225, 1923
(1926)— Bahia and Piauhy (crit.; meas.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926 — coast of Manavi, Chone, and Puna Island,
Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 47, 1927 (life hist.);
McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927— Sinaloa (Labrados),

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 211

Nayarit (San Bias), and Tres Marias (Maria Madre); Wetmore, Sci.
Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 375, 1927 — Puerto Rico (breed-
ing), Vieques, St. Croix, and Tortola; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 89, 1928— Lower California (resident); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 769—
coastal flats and mouth of Berbice River, British Guiana; Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929 — El Real, Panama; Darlington, I.e.,
71, p. 374, 1931 — Cienaga and Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia; Wolfe,
Condor, 33, p. 51, 1931 — Utah (breeding habits); Bradlee, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (spring visitor); Wetmore
and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 168, 1931— Hispaniola (breed-
ing); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 62, 1931— Galapagos
Archipelago (James, Albemarle, Narborough, Indefatigable, Seymour,
Chatham, Hood, Charles Islands) (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 — Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala; idem. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme, Panama; idem. I.e., 78,
p. 308, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv.
Louisiana, 28, p. 275, 1938 — Louisiana (breeding); W^etmore, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 84, p. 194, 1939 — Independencia, Venezuela.

Himantopus melanurus (not of Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24,
p. 750, 1896 — part, spec, r-v, Santa Cruz, Peru; Hellmayr, Abhandl.
Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 97, 1912— Cajutuba, Para.

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 495, 1929 — Mangunsa Island, Maranhao (crit.); Zimmer,
I.e., 17, p. 255, 1930 — Puerto Bermudez, Junin, Peru; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 290, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293— Trinidad
(breed.; eggs descr.); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349,
p. 2, 1937— Caviana Island, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143,
1938 — Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), and United
States (Salton River, California; Enterprise, Florida); Dickey and van
Rossem, Fiel(\Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938— Lake Olomega,
El Salvador.

Himantopus himantopus melanurus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938 —
part, spec, from Cidade da Barra, Bahia, and Pirapora, Minas Geraes.

Range. — Breeds locally from Oregon, Utah, southern Nebraska,
the coast of Louisiana, central Florida, and the Bahama Islands
south to Lower California, Mexico, Central America, the West
Indies and through South America south to northern Peru (Santa
Lucia, Tumbez; Santa Cruz, Ucayali River; Ingapirca, Junin),
Amazonia, and eastern Brazil, as far south as Minas Geraes (Rio
Sao Francisco; Rio das Velhas) and Bahia (Rio Belmonte); also in
the Galapagos Archipelago.^ Probably only a migi'ant in the southern
part of its range.

' Birds from lower Amazonia (Para) and Maranhao are typical, and certain
individuals from Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco) are not distinguishable from Mexi-
can specimens. A single male from Piauhy (near Parnagua), one from
Pirapora, Minas Geraes (fide 0. Pinto, in litt.) and two from Peru (Santa Cruz),
by possessing an uncomplete white nuchal band, form the transition to H. h.

212 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 80: Idaho (Payette, 1); Utah (Brig-
ham, 1; Salt Lake City, 1); CaHfornia (Seaside, Monterey County, 1;
Pacific Beach, 1; Caswells, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Banos,
Merced County, 14); Texas (Brownsville, 6; Cameron County, 3;
Corpus Christi, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 1; Padre Island, 1);
Florida (Wilson, Brevard County, 1; Marietta Island, Brevard
County, 1; Banana Creek, Brevard County, 1; Lake Flirt, Glades
County, 1; Cape Sable, 1; Bassenger, Okeechobee County, 3; Puggle
Lake, Okeechobee County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1;
Great Inagua Island, 7; Mariguana Island, 1; Long Island, 2);
Cuba (San Cristobal, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 1); Virgin Islands
(St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Anguilla, 2); Jamaica
(Cayman Brae, 1; Grand Cayman, 1) ; Mexico (Tampico, 2; Altamira,
Tamaulipas, 1); Guatemala (San Jos^, 2); Nicaragua (San Emilio,
Rivas, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua,
7) ; British Guiana (Buxton, 1) ; Brazil (Mangung a Island, Maranhao,
1; Cidade do Barra, Bahia, 1).

Conover Collection. — 39: Utah (Brigham, 12); California (Buena
Vista Lake, Kern County, 6); Texas (Cameron County, 3); Florida
(Banana Creek, Brevard County, 1; Wilson, Brevard County, 1);
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 4) ; Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste,
2); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (Buxton,
Demerara, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 5);
Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 1);^ Brazil (Obidos, Para, 2).

*Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot.^ South Ameri-
can Stilt.

Himantopus melanurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 42,
1817 — based on "Zancudo" Azara, No. 393, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 316, 750, 1896— part, spec, a-m, n, q, Chile
(Santiago, Valparaiso), Uruguay, Buenos Aires, and Matto Grosso

melanurus. Galapagos birds generally have shorter tarsi, and may prove to be
separable.

1 This specimen is typical of the North American race, mexicanus, as it has
a black crown and no white collar.

^Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot is chiefly distinguished from its
northern representative by having a conspicuous white collar across the upper
mantle. The other characters, viz. larger size and the greater extent of white on
the pileum, are somewhat variable, and cannot always be relied upon. Even in
young birds, the white dorsal band is more or less suggested. Specimens from
southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso), Argentina, and Chile do not show
any tangible differences, as far as we can see. We have not seen any material
from Lake Titicaca. Birds from northeastern Peru (Santa Cruz), though inter-
mediate, we are inclined to refer to H. h. mexicanus.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 213

(Caigara); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 431, 1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo;
Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman;
Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 444, 460 — Quinta, Jujuy, and Carapari (Tarija),
Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 49, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape),
Matto Grosso (Fazenda da Faya), and Argentina (Cordoba; Buenos
Aires); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. ZooL, 16, p. 252, 1909 — Buenos Aires
(Est. San Martino Monte, Barracas al Sud) and Tucuman (Rio Sali);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 (range in
Argentina); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay (Monte-
video, Canelones, Maldonado, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 262, 1922 —
Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 143, 1926—
Paraguay, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 24, p. 426, 1927— Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 68, p. 167, 1927— Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal; San Joaquin,
La Noria; Bovril Islands).

Himantopus brasiliensis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Deuts., p. 684, 1831 — no
type or locality stated ;i Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 454 — southern Brazil (Caigara), Buenos Aires, and Chile (crit.);
(?)Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876— Juli, Lake Titicaca,
Puno, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — Belgrano and Punta Lara,
Buenos Aires; idem. I.e., 1877, p. 198 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; Gibson,
I.e., 1880, p. 162 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Seebohm, I.e., 1886,
p. 225 — Chile and Brazil (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 281,
1887 — Chile and Argentina (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2,
p. 179, 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est.
Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 150 — Fortin Page, lower
Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211 — Est. Espartillar; Salvadori, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 — Paraguari, Paraguay;
Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 — central provinces of Chile;
Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235— Paraguayan Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 467—
Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo) and Chaco (Riacho Ancho); Gibson,
I.e., 1920, p. 62 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Jaffuel
and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p.. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Val-
paraiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 202, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile.

Himantopus nigricollis (not of Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130,
1841 — between Buenos Aires and Bahia Blanca; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis.-Pol. Chile,
Zool., 1, p. 424, 1847— Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 — near Santiago, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss,
U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 196, 1855— Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
7, p. 313, 1860 — Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Burmeister, Journ.
Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — pampa of Argentina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
livr. 7, Scolopaces, p. 107, 1864 — part, spec. nos. 3-7, Brazil and Chile;
Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31,
p. 276, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 —
part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanemd, Irisanga), and

' The type is not listed by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, p. 55, 1918) among the
types in the Brehm Collection.

214 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Matto Grosso (Caigara, Pansecco); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567,
1877 — Hacienda de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Doering, in Roca, Inf.
Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 — lagoons of the pampa and
of the Rio Colorado; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87,
1884 — province of Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 — Entre
Rfos (Concepcion del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Azul, Puan); Lataste,
Extr. Proc.-Verb. Seanc. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 171 — Lake Aculeo,
Santiago, Chile.
Himantopus mexicanus (not Charadrius mexicanus Miiller) Sanzin, El Hornero,

1, p. 148, 1918— Tunuyan, Mendoza.

Himantopus melunurus melanurus Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,

p. 402, 1930— Matto Grosso.
Himantopus himantopus melanurus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.

Ser., 19, p. 383, 1932— central provinces of Chile; Peters, Bds. World,

2, p. 290, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264,
1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22,
p. 144, 1938 — part, spec, from Sao Paulo (Porto Faia, Iguape) and
Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba).

Range. — Breeds locally from southern Brazil (coast of Rio de
Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso), Bolivia, and (?) central Peru
south to Chile (most southerly record from Angol, Malleco) and
Argentina (as far south as the Rio Negro).

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1);
Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Triente y Tres, 2); Argentina
(Conchitas, Buenos Aires, 1; Papin, near Bonifacio, Buenos Aires, 1).

Conover Collection. — 15: Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2);
Peru (Yarinacocha, Rio Ucayali, 1);^ Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa
Cruz, 2); Paraguay (60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 2; Molinasque, 1);
Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5).

Genus RECUR VI ROSTRA Linnaeus

Recurvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 151, 1758 — type, by mono-

typy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus.
Avosetta Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 537, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, Recurvirostra

avocetta Linnaeus.

*Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. American Avocet.

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 693, 1789 — based
principally on "American Avoset" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 502, pi. 21,
North America; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 357,
1866— Cuba; Harting, Ibis, 1874, p. 253 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 330, 752, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol.

' In this specimen the top of the head is white but the white collar is mixed
with black, although clearly defined.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 215

Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 363, 1903 — North America, Mexico (Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas; Oputo, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuyana,
Colima; Zacatecas; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Valley of Mexico;
Alvarado and Cordoba, Vera Cruz), and Guatemala (Chiapam); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 437, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 142, p. 37, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32,
p. 89, 1929— Lower California; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 50, 1931— Utah
(breeding habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932—
Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala (winter) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 291,
1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293— Tobago (ex Kirk).

Recurvirostra occidentalis Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, 1829 — San
Francisco, California (type lost; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
38, p. 272, 1932); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 28, pi. 12, 1839—
San Francisco.

Himantopus americanus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 230 (crit.); idem, Geog.
Distr. Charadr., pp. xxi, 291, 1887 (crit.).

Recurvirostra avosetta americana H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131,
No. 5, p. 35, pL, 1941 — Kin-of-Sal, Sukkertoppen, Greenland (first occ).

Range. — Breeds in western North America from eastern Wash-
ington, central Alberta, and southern Manitoba south to southern
California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas and northern
Iowa; winters from central California and southern Texas to Guate-
mala, also in Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados, and Tobago. One occurrence
in Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Nov., 1937).

Field Museum Collection. — 62: Alberta (Walsh, 2; Many Island
Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 6; Crane Lake, 3; Big Stick
Lake, 7; Hay Lake, 2); North Dakota (Benson County, 1; Stump
Lake, Nelson County, 1; Towner County, 2; Rocklake, Towner
County, 1); Wyoming (Laramie, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 2);
Oregon, Lake County (Dodson Lake, 1; Pelican Lake, 1); California
(Los Banos, Merced County, 2; Motordrome, Los Angeles County,
4; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 9; Trinidad, Humboldt County,
1; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 5); Montana (Fort Ellis, Gallatin
County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6); Florida (Tampa, 2); Mexico
(La Paz, Lower California, 1).

Conover Collection. — 26: Alberta (Tofield, 1; Camrose, 1)
Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1)
Utah (Brigham, 13); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 5
Los Bafios, Merced County, 1; Point Magie, Ventura County, 2)
Mexico (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 2).

*Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck. Andean Avocet.

Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 618,
1861 — Laguna "Parunicota" (=Parinacota), Tacna, Peru (type in National

216 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Museum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13,
p. 25, 1930); iidem. Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 131, 1863— "Parunicota"
(German translation of orig. descr.); Harting, Ibis, 1874, pp. 241, 257,
pi. 9 — Parinacota (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 384, 1886 —
Parinacota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Tara-
pacd, Chile; Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 — Cordilleras of Tara-
paca and Atacama (Maricunga, east of Copiapo), Chile; Philippi, Ornis,
4, p. 160, 1888— northern Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891,
p. 137 — Sacaya and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 334, 752, 1896 — Lake Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva
Negra, Tarapaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Tarapaca;
Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 308 — Lake Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca (habits);
Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 64, pi. 32, 1902 — Parinacota
(Tacna), Inacaliri and Incahuasi (Antofagasta), Chile; Berlepsch and
Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 — Ingapirca, Junin,
Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Laguna de Pahara, Puno, Peru;
Neveu-Lemaire, Les Lacs des Hauts Plateaux Amer. Sud., p. Ill, 1906 —
Lake Titicaca; Fontana, Enum. Aves Region Andina, p. 14, 1908 — Cata-
marca; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 259, 1913 — Catamarca; Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 384, 1932— twenty miles east
of San Pedro, Antofagasta (range in Chile); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 291,
1934 — Laguna Blanca, Catamarca (range); Anonymous, El Hornero, 6,
p. 358, 1936 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938—
Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna, Chile.

Himantopus andinus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr.
Charad., pp. xxi, 286, 1887— Chile (crit.).

Range. — Saline lagoons of the puna zone in southern Peru (from
Junin to Puno and Tacna), western Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba,
Oruro), northern Chile (south to Maricunga, Atacama), and north-
western Argentina (Laguna Blanca, Catamarca; Salta; Jujuy).^

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Peru (Salinas, Arequipa, 1);
Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Anto-
fagasta, 1).

Conover Collection. — 9: Peru, Arequipa (Cailloma, 1; Salinas, 1);
Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 3);
Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2).

Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson^

^Additional material examined. — Bolivia, Oruro: Esperanza, 12; Sajama, 6. —
Chile, Tarapaca: Huasco, 2; Sacaya, 1; Cueva Negra, 2.

2 It is wholly a matter of personal opinion whether the phalaropes should
be considered as congeneric or referred to three monotypic genera. The senior
author would rather follow the former course.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 217

Phalaropus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 50, 6, p. 12, 1760— type, by tautonymy,

"Phalaropus" Bnsson=Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus.
Crymophilus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 62, 1816— type, by orig.

desig., "Phalarope a festons denteles" BuSon=Tnnga fulicaria Linnaeus.
Crymophila Voigt, Thierreich, 1, p. 876 (footnote), 1831 (emendation).

*Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope.

Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758— based on
"The Red Coot-footed Tringa" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 142, pi.
142, Hudson's Bay.

Phalaropus rufus Bechstein, Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl., 2nd ed., 4, p. 381,
1809 — substitute name for Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus.

Phalaropus platyrhynchos Temminck, Man. 'd'Orn., p. 459, 1815 — new name
for Tringa fulicaria "Briinnich" (=Linnaeus); Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr.,
4, p. 411, 1843— Greenland (habits).

Phalaropus platyrhynchus Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat.
Cur., 16, Suppl. 1, p. 107, 1834— Coquimbo, Chile.

Phalaropus rufescens "Brisson" Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1,
p. Ixxiii, 1840 — based on "Le Phalarope roussatre" Brisson, Orn., 6,
p. 20 (ex Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus).

Phalaropus platyrostris "Temminck" Nordmann, in Demidoff, Voy. Russia
Merid., 3, p. 250, "1840" ^ (doubtless lapsus for P. platyrhynchos Tem-
minck).

Lobipes hyperboreus (not Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus) Lesson, Echo du Monde
Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col. 183, July 28, 1844— Chile (transitional
plumage).

Phalaropus fulicarius Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, ZooL, 1, p. 430,
1847 — Chile (ex Meyen); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces,
p. 58, 1864 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 278, 1868 (ex Meyen);
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.);
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 338, 1887 (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1893,
p. 569— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Winge,
Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 174, 1898— Greenland; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50—
Valparaiso Bay, Chile (Feb. 18); Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1,
p. 152, 1910 — Stormkap, Greenland (breeding habits); Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 418, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene,
El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920 — Chile (Coquimbo) and province of Buenos
Aires (Aug. 12, 1879); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 233, 1925— Wainwright and
Wales, Alaska (breeding); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 326, pi. 8 (map)
(breeding and winter range; migration routes); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 304,
1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
142, p. 1, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 88,
1928 — Lower California (spring and fall transient); Bradlee, Mowbray,
and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 315, 1931— Bermuda Islands
(Fort Catherina, March 12; Castle Harbor, Feb. 6); Hellmayr, Field Mus.

1 The volume must have been published much later (cf. the note on p. 733)
or else was issued in parts.

218 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 385, 1932— Chile (winter visitor); Soper,
Canad. Field Nat., 48, p. 66, 1934— Baffin Island (nesting); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 292, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 996,
1936 (winter range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 394,
p. 3, 1938 — Paraguay (March); Griscom, Auk, 56, p. 185, 1939 (migration
off Massachusetts coast); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 149 — Greenland
(breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 526, 1943 — Southampton Island (breeding);
Soper, I.e., 63, p. 231, 1946— Baffin Island (breeding).

Crymophilus fulicarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 693, 1896 (monog.);
Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 662, 1898— Chile.

Phalaropus fulicarius jourdaini Iredale, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 42, p. 8, 1921 —
Liefde Bay, Spitzbergen (type in British Museum); L0ppenthin, Medd.
Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 65, 1932 — northeastern Greenland (crit.); Peters, Con-
dor, 36, p. 85, 1934 (crit.); Jourdain, I.e., p. 220, 1934 (crit.); Peters, I.e.,
p. 220, 1934 (crit.); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, p. 21, 1934—
Hochstatters Vorland, Greenland; Brooks, Ibis, 1935, p. 887 (crit.);
Jourdain, I.e., 1936, p. 202 (crit.).i

Range. — Breeds locally on the Arctic coasts and islands of the
Holarctic region; in North America, from northern Alaska to Melville
Island, northern Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, and Greenland,
south to Hooper Bay, Alaska, and Southampton Island; also in Ice-
land, Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlya, along the Siberian coast from the
mouth of the Yenessei to the Chukchi Peninsula, and on the New-
Siberian Islands; winters chiefly at sea off the coast of Africa,^
Arabia, and Chile; casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), Bermuda
Islands, province of Buenos Aires (one record) and Paraguay.
Occasionally on migration in the interior of North America.

Field Museum Collection. — 112: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Little
Diomede Island, 1; Bering Sea, 6); Labrador (Hopedale, 1; un-
specified, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Brant Rock,
Plymouth County, 3; Chatham, 3); Connecticut (West Haven, 1;
New Haven County, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); North Carolina
(Bodie Island, Dare County, 12); California (Carmel, Monterey
County, 13; off Cypress Point, Monterey County, 2; Seaside,
Monterey County, 6; Monterey, 38; mouth of Carmel River,
Monterey County, 3; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 4;
Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 7).

1 According to the researches of Peters and Brooks, it seems hardly worth-
while to maintain this race, although Salomonsen (in Jensen, Zool. Faroes, Aves,
p. 81, 1935) is still inclined to favor its recognition. L0ppenthin (Medd. Gronl., 91,
No. 6, p. 65, 1932) refers birds from the east coast of Greenland to P. f. jourdaini,
those from the west coast to the typical race.

2 Cf. Taning, Ibis, 1933, p. 132, and Holmes, Ibis, 1939, p. 331.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 219

Conover Collection. — 19: Alaska (Point Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay,
Bering Sea, 10) ; Massachusetts (Chatham, 1 ; Brant Rock, Plymouth
County, 1); Nebraska (Dad's Lake, Cherry County, 1); Oregon,
Tillamook County (Netarts, 1; Tillamook, 1); California (Moss
Landing, Monterey Countv, 2; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County,
!)•

Genus LOBIPES Cuvier

Lobipes Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 495, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1817)— type, by
orig. desig., Tringa hyperborea 'Lmnae\is= Tringa lobata Linnaeus.

*Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope.

Tringa lobata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758— based on "The
Cock Coot-footed Tringa" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 143, pi. 143
(=nuptial plumage), Hudson's Bay (and "The Coot-footed Tringa" Ed-
wards, I.e., 1, p. 46, pi. 46 [ = winter plumage]; off the coast of Maryland).

Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., I'Zth ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based chiefly
on Tringa lobata Linnaeus, Faun. Svec. (ed. altera, 1761), No. 179, descr.
posterior (= nuptial plumage), Lappland and Hudson Bay (ex Edwards,
pi. 143).

Tringa fusca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 675, 1789 — based on "Le Phalarope
brun" Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 18, 1760), which, in its turn, rests on Tringa
lobata Linnaeus.

Phalaropus vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 317, 1803 — new name
for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus.

Phalaropus dnereus Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk.,
2, p. 417, 1810 — new name for Tringa lobata Linnaeus and Tringa hyper-
borea Linnaeus.

Phalaropus ruficollis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 203, 1811 — substitute
name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus.

Phalaropus cinerascens Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 204, 1811 — substitute
name for Tringa fusca Gmelin.

Phalaropus angustirostris Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 240, pi. 205,
1836 — new name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus.

Phalaropus hyperboreus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 410, 1843 — Green-
land (habits); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 277 — Lake Duenas, Guate-
mala (August); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 58, 1864
(crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330— Tumbez, Peru
(Jan. 20); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 381, 1886— Tumbez; Seebohm, Geog.
Distr. Charad., p. 340, 1887 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24,
p. 698, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Grpnl., 21, p. 171, 1898— Greenland;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 394, 1903 — Mexico
(Bahia de la Ventosa, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Lake Duenas), and Costa
Rica (Rio Desamparados).

Lobipes antarcticus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col. 183
(in text), July 28, 1844 — Chile (type in Abeille Collection, Bordeaux);

220 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

idem, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Leveque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. Ois.),
p. 238, 1847— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 332— Chile
(ex Lesson).

Phalaropus antardicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1,
p. 431, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868—
Valdivia, Chile; idem, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 267, pi. 4,
1893— Santiago (April), Valdivia (November), and Chiloe (Feb.), Chile
(crit.); idem. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 66, pi. 27, fig. 2, 1902— Chile
(Spanish version of preceding).

Lobipes hyperboreus Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — Ventosa
Bay, Oaxaca, Mexico (October).

Phalaropus lobatus Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 257,
1904 — off the southeast point of Narborough Island, Galapagos (March
29); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 334, pi. 9 (map) (breeding and winter
range); Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 149 — Greenland (breeding).

Lobipes lobatus Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 — Rio Desam-
parados, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 424,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920— Chaco
(March) and Patagonia, Argentina; Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 234, 1925 —
Wainwright, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 200, 1926 — coast of southern Ecuador (Dec. 6); Conover, Auk, 43,
p. 304, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; dist. char, pullus); Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 15, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 — Lower California (spring and fall transient);
Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 315, 1931— Bermuda
Islands (near St. David's, April); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64,
p. 136, 1932— Lake Dueiias, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 293,
1934 (range); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, p. 21, 1934— Hudson
Land, northeastern Greenland; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 997,
1936 (winter range).

Range. — Breeds in the Holarctic region, in North America from
northern Alaska, Melville Island, and Greenland south to the
Aleutian Islands, upper Yukon Valley, northern Manitoba, southern
James Bay, and Labrador; also in Iceland, Spitzbergen, Faroes,
Hebrides, Scandinavia, northern Russia, and across northern Asia
to the shores of the Okhotsk Sea, Commander Islands, and Sakhalin;
winters at sea in the northwestern Indian Ocean, off the coasts of
Ecuador, Peru,^ and West Africa, as well as in the Papuan and in
the Banda Sea; accidental in Argentina (Chaco and Patagonia).
In migration found throughout the interior of North America.

Field Museum Collection. — 144: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Nome, 2;
St. Michael's, 7; Bethel, 1; Iditarod, 1; Hot Springs, 1; St. George
Island, 1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1; Lake Labarge, 1);

1 Taczanowski lists a single male from Tumbez (Jan. 20). Berlepsch and
Stolzmann's record of P. lobatus from "Chorillos" (cf. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
p. 400) probably refers to the same specimen.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 221

Labrador (Indian Harbor, 2); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3)
Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 3; Walsh, 3); Saskatchewan (Osier, 3
Maple Creek, 20); North Dakota (Roeklake, Towner County, 7
Towner County, 3; Stump Lake, 1); Minnesota (Pelican Rapids,
Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 3); Massachusetts
(Monomoy Island, 3; Chatham, 2); Rhode Island (Sakonnet, New-
port County, 1); Connecticut (East Haven, 2; Quinnipiac Marsh,
New Haven County, 2; Fairfield Beach, Fairfield County, 1);
Kansas (Blue Rapids, Marshall County, 1); Colorado (New Castle,
Garfield County, 1); California (Eureka, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Carmel,
Monterey County, 16; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 3; Moss
Landing, Monterey County, 6; Monterey, 6; Seaside, Monterey
County, 9; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 7; Nigger Slough, Los
Angeles County, 9; Westport, Mendocino County, 2; Hayward,
Alameda County, 2; Samoa, Humboldt County, 2).

Conover Collection. — 26: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8;
Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 4); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook
County, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2);
Massachusetts (Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 6) ; California (Wilmiing-
ton, Los Angeles County, 5).

Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot

Steganopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 24, p. 124, 1818 (diag-
nosis); idem, I.e., 32, p. 136, 1819 — type, by monotypy, Steganopus tri-
color Vieillot.

Holopodius Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 342, Feb. 5,
1828 — type, by orig. desig., Phalaropus wilsonii Sa.hine= Steganopus tri-
color Vieillot.

♦Steganopus tricolor Vieillot.' Wilson's Phalarope.

Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 136,
1819 — based on "Chorlito tarso eomprimido" Azara, No. 407, Paraguay
(December); Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, p. 332— Chile; Sharps,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 705, 1896 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
I.e., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (young male, May); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 395, 1903 — Mexico (Tres
Marias Islands; Valley of Mexico; Xochimileo, Ixtapalapa, Tlalpam, and
Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla; Jerez, Zacateeas) and Guatemala (Lake

^Tringa glacialis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 675, 1789 — based on "Plain
Phalarope" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 495; "in mari glaciali"), while possibly
referable to Wilson's Phalarope (cf. Coues, Bds. Northwest, p. 467 [footnote],
1874), is not identifiable with certainty. It is the genotype of Amblyrhynchus
(not of Leach, 1816) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 247,
1834.

222 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Duenas); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al
Sud, Buenos Aires (Sept. 13; Oct. 7); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910--Cliubut, Tucuman (Cumbre de Calchaqules),
Mendoza, Misiones, and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 345, 1912— Chubut
Valley (descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 57, 1913—
Albemarle Island, Galapagos (Nov. 3); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39,
1914— Paraguay; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 431, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 123, 1920 — Argentina
(Cumbre de Calchaquies, Tucuman, Oct.; Mendoza; Buenos Aires, Feb.;
Barracas al Sud, Sept. 13, Oct. 7; Chubut; Misiones, Nov.), Falkland
Islands, Bolivia (Alto Paraguay, Oct. 15), and Paraguay; Wace, I.e., p.
199, 1921— Falkland Islands; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55,
p. 201, 1926 — Esmeraldas and Guayaquil (Aug. 21), Ecuador; Wetmore,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 145, 1926— Rio Ajo, below Lavalle (Nov. 15)
and Carhue (Dec. 15-18), Buenos Aires; idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric, 26, p. 8, 1927— Rio Ajo (Nov.), Carhue (Dec); Bent, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 142, p. 28, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 89, 1928 — Lower California (spring and fall transient); Pereyra,
El Hornero, 4, p. 201, 1928— Zelaya (Oct. 12) and Rosas (Oct. 23), Buenos
Aires; Dabbene, I.e., p. 312, 1929 — Rosas (Oct.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930— Matto Grosso; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 49,
1931— Utah (breeding habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 19, p. 386, 1932— Chile (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 292, 1934 (range); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 9, p. 118,
1937 — San Mateo, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Sept. 9): Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938— Brazil (Matto Grosso); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Santiago, 16, p. 57, 1938— Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.);
Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 179,
1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Sept.); Holmes, Ibis, 1939, p. 335—
Lake Langui (13,000 ft.; Aug. 25), Lake Titicaca (Puno Bay, Aug. 30;
Guaqui, Sept. 28), lakes Lagunilla and Saracocha (13,000 ft.; early Sept.),
Peru; Morrison, I.e., 1939, p. 465 — Santa Inez (14,300 ft.), Huaneaveliea,
• Peru (Nov. 11).

Phalaropus Wilsoni{ii) Sabine, in Franklin's Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, 1, App.,
p. 691, 1823 — Cumberland House, Saskatchewan (type probably in British
Museum); Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Lake Quintero,
Valparaiso, Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 101 — Lake Duenas, Guatemala;
Selater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, p. 179— Valley of Mexico; Sehlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas., livr. 6, Seolopaees, p. 60, 1864 — Canada, Wisconsin
(Koskonong), Mexico (Vera Cruz), and Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 198 —
Guatemala; Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870— Caigara, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Sept.);
Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 198 — Chubut River, Patagonia, and west
of Buenos Aires (Feb.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 342, 1887
(crit.); Selater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 — Argentina;
Philippi, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 270, pi. 5, 1893— Iquique,
Tarapaca (Sept.), and Rancagua, O'Higgins (Sept.), Chile; Selater, Bull.
Brit. Orn. CI., 4, p. vi, 1894— Falkland Islands; idem. Ibis, 1895, p. 145—
Falkland Islands; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile;

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 223

Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 68, pi. 31, 1902— Iquique and
Rancagua, Chile.

Phalaropus fimbriatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Pi. Col., livr. 62, pi. 370, Sept.
24, 1825 — "Senegal" ^ and Mexico (cotypes in coll. of Count Riocour
[Nancy] and coll. of Baron M. Laugier, their present location unknown).

Phalaropus frenaius Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 2, p. 178, pi. 271, circa
1826 — New York (type in coll. of Count Riocour, actual location un-
known;- Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 — Chile (spec,
examined).

Lobipes incanus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 1, pi. 16, Feb., 1827 —
Mexico (type in coll. of W. Jardine, now in British Museum).

Phalaropus stenodadylus Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 523 — Mexico (type in Munich
Museum ;= winter plumage).

Phalaropus lobatus (not Tringa lobata Linnaeus) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis.
Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 432, 1847— coast of Valparaiso, Chile; Philippi,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Chile and "Peru" (=Tacna).

Phalaropus tricolor Stejneger, Auk, 2, p. 183, 1885 (crit.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 178, 1886— Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla (Sept.,

Oct.); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 342 (migration; winter range);

Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324— Falkland Islands.
Steganopus wilsoni Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 467 — Alto Paraguay, Bolivia (Oct.

15).
Micropalama himantopus (errore) Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 — Zelaya

(Oct. 12) and Rosas (Oct. 23), Buenos Aires.

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba to central Cali-
fornia, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, central Iowa (formerly to southern
Kansas and Missouri), and northwestern Indiana; winters in the
highlands of Peru'' and Bolivia as well as in Chile and Argentina
south to Chubut; accidental in the Falkland Islands (one record).

Field Museum Collection. — 124: Alberta (Walsh, 2) ; Saskatchewan
(Maple Creek, 2; Big Stick Lake, 7; Hay Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 2;
Quill Lake, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Rocklake,
Towner County, 8; Pensimer, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake,
Nelson County, 19; Cando, Towner County, 2); South Dakota
(Harrison, Douglas County, 5); Minnesota (Jackson County, 1);
Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4; Cochetopa, Saguache County,
3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois,

1 The locality is clearly erroneous. In fact, we are told by Vieillot, who
doubtless described the very same specimen, that the bird in the Riocour Collec-
tion came from New York.

2 The type is probably in the mounted series at Tring, where the bulk of the
Riocour Collection is preserved.

3 Cf. Holmes and Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 335, 465.

224 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Cook County (Wolf Lake, 1; Hyde Lake, 1; South Chicago, 2;
Chicago, 1); Oklahoma (Ponca Agency, Kay County, 1); Texas
(Brownsville, 6); Oregon (Harney County, 1); California (Seaside,
Monterey County, 2; Palo Alto Sports Club, Santa Clara County, 1;
Moss Landing, Monterey County, 4); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto
Grosso, 1); Peru, Arequipa (Cailloma, 3; Salinas, 2); Bolivia (Guaqui,
La Paz, 1).

Conover Collection. — 26: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2);
Utah (Brigham, Box Elder County, 11); California (Yermo, San
Bernardino County, 4; Wilmington, Los Angeles County, 2);
Ecuador (Laguna Yaguarcocha, Imbabura, 1); Peru (Puno, Puno, 1;
Salinas, Arequipa, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La
Paz, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1).

Superfamily BURHINOIDEA
Family BURHINIDAE.i Thick-Knees

Genus BURHINUS Illiger

Burhinus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 250, 1811 — type, by monotypy,

Charadrius magnirostris Latham.
Oedicnemus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 321, 1815 — type, by tautonymy,

Charadrius oedicnemus Linnaeus.
Fedoa Leach, Cat. Mamm. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 28, 1816 — type, by monotypy,

"Fedoa Oedicnemus" =Charadrius Oedicnemus Linnaeus.

*Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus (Wagler). Mexican Thick-
Knee.

Charadrius bistriatus Wagler, Isis, 22, col. 648, 1829 — Mexico (type, from San
Mateo, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77,
p. 388, 1934).

Oedicnemus bistriatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 397 — Vera
Cruz, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 — part, Mexico;
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876 — Tapana (Tehuantepec),
Oaxaca; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 85, 1887 — part, Mexico;
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 12, 721, 1896— part, spec, a, b, o,
Misantla, Vera Cruz, and "Torula" ( = Tonala), Chiapas, Mexico; Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 — part, Mexico
(Misantla, Vera Cruz; Tapana, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas).

Oedicnemus bistriatus bistriatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 20, 1919 — part, southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Misantla,
Tlalcotalpam, Pasa Nueva), Oaxaca (Tapana, Huilotepec, Ishuatan),
and Chiapas (Tonala).

1 For family characters, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 504-507.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 225

Burhinus bistriatus bistrialus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68,
p. 387, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934—
part, Mexico.

Range. — Southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and

Chiapas.^

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico (Reforma, Oaxaca, 1).

*Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem.^ Intermediate
Thick-Knee.

Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 388,
Dec, 1934 — Hacienda El Pelon, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (type in Dickey-
Collection at the University of California at Los Angeles); Dickey and van
Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 179, 1938— Lake Olomega,
El Carmen, Pasaquina, and Colima, El Salvador (habits).

Oedicnemus ? Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314— La Brea, Nacaome, and plain

of Comayagua, Honduras (soft parts).

Oedicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus Wagler) Owen, Ibis, 1861,
p. 68 — San Geronimo, Guatemala (eggs descr.); Salvin, I.e., 1861, p.
356 — Salama, Vera Paz, Guatemala; idem. I.e., 1865, p. 198 — Huamuchal,
Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 — part, Guatemala
and Honduras; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 378, 1869— San Juan del
Norte and "San Jose," Costa Rica; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 85,
1887 — part, Guatemala and Honduras; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, 1, p. 129, 1888— Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903— part, Guatemala (Huamuchal, San Gero-
nimo), Honduras, Nicaragua (Sucuya, San Juan del Norte), and Costa
Rica ("San Jose"); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 424, 1910—
"San Jose," Costa Rica (ex Frantzius).

Oedicnemis bistriatus Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 389, 1884— Sucuya,
Nicaragua.

Oedicnemus bistriatus bistriatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 20, 1919 — part, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (Sucuya, San Juan
del Norte), and Costa Rica; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137,
1932— Ocos, Guatemala.

Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus Griscom^, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933— Filadelphia,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934— part.
Central America to western Costa Rica.

Range. — Central America from Guatemala to northwestern Costa
Rica.^

' Six specimens, including one from Tonala, Chiapas, examined.

^Burhinus bistriatiis vigilans van Rossem: Very similar toB. b. bistriatus, but
tarsus and toes on average .slightly longer; upper parts and chest darker, more
avellaneous, with the mesial streaking above broader and darker. Differs from
B. b. vocifer by larger size, longer tarsus, stouter bill, and less brownish chest.
Wing, 260-275; tail, 130-140; tarsus, 120-130; bill, 48-54.

3 The occurrence of any form of Thick-Knee in Panama is open to doubt.
The captive bird bought at Panama City by Festa (of. Oedicnemus bistriatus

226 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 6: El Salvador (Cuscatlan, Colima, 2);
Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Filadelphia, 3; Hacienda El Pelon, 1).

Conover Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Filadelphia, Guanacaste, 5).

*Burhinus bistriatus vocifer (L'Herminier).i GuiANAN Thick-
Knee.

Aedicnemus vocifer L'Herminier, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, pi. 84, 1837 — "llanos
de Maturin, petite ville situee sur les bords du Guarapiche et dependante
de la province de Cumana" = Maturin, State of Monagas, northeastern
Venezuela (cotype in Paris Museum).

Oedicnemus americanus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 349, Dec. 31, 1837—
interior of [British] Guiana. ^

Oedicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus Wagler) Cabanis, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 749, 1849 — savanna of British
Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Cursores, p. 19, 1865 — "Guade-
loupe" (= Maturin) and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (crit.); Sclater and
Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 (range in part); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 296, 1870 — Forte do [Sao Joaquim], Rio Branco, Brazil; Berlepsch,
Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1886,
p. 177 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr.,
p. 85, 1887 — part, Colombia, Venezuela, and northern Brazil; Robinson
and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island,
Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 12, 721, 1896— part,
spec, f-m, p-r, Colombia (Bogota), Venezuela (Merida), British Guiana
(Annai), and Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 128, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 — part, Colombia, Venezuela,
Guiana, and "Amazonas"; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 57, 1907 —
part, Amazonas, Guiana, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75,
1909 — La Brea, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Orn. Ser., 1, p. 238, 1909 — Margarita Island (ex Robinson); Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 95, 1914— "Para" (cage-bird); Cherrie, Sci. Bull.,
Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 368, 1916 — savannas of the Orinoco region,
Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 243, 1916 — Annai and Quonga.

Burhinus bistriatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 226, 1917 —
Barranquilla, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 — llanos of Guarico
and Apure, Venezuela.

Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899) might
have come from either Colombia or Costa Rica.

^Burhinus bistriatus vocifer (L'Herminier) differs from the northern races
by smaller size, slenderer bill, shorter tarsus, and darker, more brownish bufify
chest with dusky mesial streaks more pronounced. Wing, 230-245; tail, 120-
130; tarsus, 100-110; bill, 44-50.

Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1. — Venezuela: Maturin,
1; Caicara, Orinoco River, 2. — British Guiana: Annai, 2; unspecified, 1. — Brazil:
Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5.

2 Collected by the elder (Robert) Schomburgk. Specimen "2," from "British
Guiana (Old Collection)," in the British Museum, is probably the type.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 227

Oedicnemus bistriatus vocifer Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20
(in text), 1919 (range; char.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Todd and
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 — Rio Hacha, La Goajira,
and Camperucho, Santa Marta region, Colombia.

Burhinus bistriatus vocifer Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377,
1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296,
1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 145, 1938 (range).

Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Barranquilla;
Cienaga, Magdalena; Camperucho; La Goajira; "Bogota") and
Venezuela (south to the Orinoco), east to British Guiana and the
adjoining districts of Brazil (upper Rio Branco).

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Venezuela (Piacoa, Delta Amacuro,
1); Brazil (Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2).

Conover Collection. — 2: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2).

*Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis (Cory).^ Dominican Thick-
Knee.

Oedicnemus dominicensis Cory, Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc, 2, p. 46, 1883 —
La Vega, Dominican Republic (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field
Museum, examined); idem. Auk, 1, p. 4, 1884 (repr. orig. descr.); idem,
Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 140, col. pi. [19], 1884 — Dominican Republic;
Thompson, Auk, 2, p. 110, 1885 (voice); Cory, I.e., 4, p. 226, 1887 (descr.);
idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 95, 131, 1892— Haiti; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 24, p. 14, 1896— San Domingo; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus.,
Orn. Ser., 1, p. 25, 1896— Dominican Republic; Christy, Ibis, 1897,
p. 337 — Almercen, Dominican Republic; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 61, p. 356, 1909 — Dominican Republic (habits; eggs); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 23, 1919 (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 497, 1928— northern and central plains of Haiti;
Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929— Gonaives; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital.
Sci. Nat., 68, p. 314, 1929— San Juan, Dominican Republic; Wetmore
•and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 169, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.).

Oedicnemus bistriatus dominicensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 86,
1887— Hispaniola (crit.).

Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range).

Range. — Island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles.

Field Museum Collection. — 2: Hispaniola (La Vega, La Vega,
Dominican Republic, 2).

Conover Collection. — 1 : Hispaniola (Pimetel, Dominican Republic,

1).

^Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis (Cory) differs from the continental races
by considerably smaller size, slenderer bill and legs, and decidedly creamy or buffy
instead of white posterior lower parts. Wing, 205-215; tail, 104-108; tarsus.
90-95; bill, 40-44.

228 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
Burhinus superciliaris (Tschudi). Peruvian Thick- Knee.

Oedicnenus (sic) superciliaris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 —

"in Oceani Pacifici Httoralis" = Huacho, Dept. Lima, Peru (type in Neu-

chatel Museum).
Oedicnemus superciliaris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 309, 1844 —

Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 293, 1846 — Huacho, Dept.

Lima, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 176,

570 — Tambo Valley, near Islay, Dept. Arequipa; Taczanowski, Orn. Per.,

3, p. 333, 1886 — Lima to Tumbez, Peru; Seebohm, Geogr. Dist. Charad.,

p. 87, 1887 — Pacific coast of Peru (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — lea and Lima, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds.

Brit. Mus., 24, p. 14, 1896— Peru (monog.).
Burhinus superciliaris Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 269 — Piura (Rio Chica, Amotape),

Lambayeque (Eten), and Libertad (Trujillo), Peru; Chapman, Bull.

Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 202, 1926 — Tumbez, Peru (ex Taczanowski);

Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac.

Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1938 — near Arica, Tacna, Chile.

Range. — Arid littoral of the Pacific coast from Tumbez, Peru,
to Arica, Chile.

Superfamily THINOCOROIDEA
Family THINOCORIDAE. Seed Snipes

Genus ATTAGIS (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson

Attagis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 130, by March,
1831 — type, by monotypy (p. 135), Attagis gayi I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
and Lesson.

*Attagis gayi latreillii Lesson. Latreille's Seed Snipe.

Attagis latreillii Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 25, No. 197, p. "243" (=343),
June, 1831 — "d'une collection expediee de Buenos-Ayres," errore,=
Ecuador (type in Pecquet Collection, Caen, present location unknown);
idem, lllust. Zool., livr. 4, pi. 11, Nov. 3, 1832— "Chile" (fig. of type in
Pecquet Collection) ;i Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 189,
1926 — Mount Pichincha, Antisana, and Mount Chimborazo; Berlioz,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927— Antisana.

Attagis chimborazensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 —
Panza, Chimborazo (alt. 14,000 ft.), Ecuador (type in British Museum
examined); idem and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 157, pi. 79, 1869 — Ecuador
(fig. of type); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,
p. 112— San Rafael, Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 716,

1 Although the plate is poor, there can be little doubt that the description
refers to the Ecuadorian form. The origin of the type, once in the private collec-
tion of a Mr. Pecquet at Caen, is shrouded in uncertainty. Lesson at first
stated that it was received in a collection shipped from Buenos Aires, but sub-
sequently he gave "Chile" as its habitat, which cannot be correct either.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 229

1896 — Chimborazo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15,
No. 368, p. 45, 1900— Mount Corazon; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 251—
Pichincha; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 148, 1912 — Paramo de Pichincha; Ldnn-
berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool, 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922— Mount Pichincha
(crit.).

Attagis gayi latreillei Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 260 — Chimborazo and Antisana.
Attagis gayi latreillii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934 — Ecuador.

Range. — Paramo zone of Ecuador. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Ecuador (Llanganata, Tunguragua,
2; unspecified, 1).

Conover Collection. — 10: Ecuador (Pichincha, 1; Cerro Puntas,
Cordillera Oriental, 3; Cerro Guamani, near Mount Antisana, 6).

*Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb.^ Simon's Seed Snipe.

Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 41, 1918 — Cruzero,
"Lake Titicaca," Peru (type in British Museum examined); idem. Ibis,
1919, p. 260— Cruzero, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934—
Peru and northern Bolivia; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 463 — Talahuarra,
Huancavelica, Peru (crit.; remarks on type).

Attagis gayi (not of I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Lesson) Bridges, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 15, p. 29, 1847 — Pass of Tapaquilcha (east of Ascotan),
Potosi, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 557 — Ninarupa, Junm, Peru;
idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 284, 1886— Ninarupa; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1891, p. 137 — southwest of Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 715, 1896— part, Peru and Chile (Sacaya); Lane,
Ibis, 1897, p. 307 — near Sacaya, Tarapaca; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404,
1921 — Cumbre de Zenta, Jujuy.

Attagis latreillii (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 641— Bolivia (ex Bridges).

Attagis gayi gayi Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 — Parina-
cote, Tacna, Chile.

Range. — Paramo zone of central southern Peru (depts. of Junin,
Huancavelica, and Puno), southwestern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz to
Potosi), northern Chile and northern Argentina (south to Tarapaca
and Jujuy).

1 Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Panza, Chimborazo, 1 (type of
A. chimborazensis) ; Mount Guamani (alt. 14,000 ft.), 1; Antisana, 4; Chimborazo,
1; unspecified, 2.

2 Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb: A rather poor race. Nearest to A. g. gayi, but
upper parts, breast and abdomen more deeply pinkish cinnamon. Wing, 190-192;
tail, 80-90.

A. g. simonsi has the light markings above more like gayi, buflfy grayish rather
than ochraceous as in the Ecuadorian race, and the coloring of the under parts,
though somewhat darker than in the typical form, is far away from the deep
cinnamon rufous of latreillii. The amount of dusky spotting on under wing coverts

230 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Conover Collection. — 3: Peru (San Antonio de Esquilache, Puno,
1); Argentina (Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 2).

*Attagis gayi gayi (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson. Gay's
Seed Snipe.

Attagis gayi (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 135, pi.
47, by March, 1831 — "San-Iago" = Santiago, Chile (type in Paris Museum
examined); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 — Cordillera of
Coquimbo and Andes behind Copiapo, Atacama, Chile; Eraser, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, 1844— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol.
Chile, Zool., 1, p. 384, pi. 7, 1847— Cordilleras of Chile; Bibra, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— "Precordillera"
of Santiago, Chile; Cassin, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 192, 1855 — Andes of
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Philippi,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868— Cordillera of Chile; Reed, I.e., 49,
p. 567, 1877 — Cordillera of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Reed, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Cordilleras of Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 24, p. 715, 1896— part, Chile (Santiago); Porter, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 3, p. 179, 1899 — Valle de San Antonio, Atacama; Albert,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 581, 1900— Cordilleras of Chile (monog.);
Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 — Cerro Pelado, Tucuman; Menegaux, Bull.
Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 217, 1909— Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 — Cumbres Calchaquies, Tucuman; Scott
and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 239, 1910 —
Arroyo Gio, south of Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz; Sanzin, El Hornero,
2, p. 148, 1918— Cerro Pelado (alt. 3,500 m.), Mendoza; Barros, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; idem,
I.e., 30, p. 315, 1930— Caracoles (alt. 10,000 ft.), Santiago, Chile.

Attagis latreillii (not of Lesson) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113,
1865 — Chile (spec, examined); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 292,
1895 — Catamarca (crit.).

Attagis gayi fitzgeraldi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 40, 1918 — Horcones
Valley, Mendoza (type in British Museum examined).

Attagis gayi gayi Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926 — Cerro
Rojo and Planicir, south of Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz; Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 401, 1932— Bafios del Toro,
Coquimbo (range in Chile); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934 (range).

Range. — Puna zone of the Andes from (?)Antofagasta, Chile,
and (?) Tucuman, Argentina, south to the Straits of Magellan. ^

and carpal edge is about the same as in gayi, while these markings, in latreillii,
are much more extensive as well as darker, more sooty, in tone.

Additional material examined. — Peru: Talahuarra, Huancavelica, 5; Cruzero,
Puno, 2. — Chile: three leagues southwest of Sacaya, Tarapaca, 1. — Bolivia:
Potosf, 2.

1 Birds from Mendoza (A. g. fitzgeraldi) are not separable. The type is a
shade darker underneath than the majority of Chilean birds, while another ex-

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 231

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo,
1; Landbeck, 1; Cerro Toro, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes, 1);
Argentina (Nevada del Cajon, Salta, 1).

Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2;
Cerro Torro, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Acon-
quija Mountains, Catamarca, 1).

Attagis malouinus (Boddaert). White-Bellied Seed Snipe.

Tetrao Malouinus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl, p. 13, 1783 — based on "Caille
des Isles Malouines" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 222, Falkland Islands.

Tetrao falklandicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2^, p. 762, 1789 — based on Dauben-
ton, PL Enl., pi. 222, Falkland Islands.

Attagis falklandica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 — mountains
of southern Tierra del Fuego; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 —
Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1881, p. 12— Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan.

Attagis falklandicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 385,
1847 — Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands.

Attagis malouinus Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., Grallae, p. 51, 1844 —
Straits of Magellan and Hermit Island; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 —
Mara Harbour, East Falkland Island (Oct., 1859; one spec); Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 716, 1896— Hermit Island and Straits of Magellan
(Peckett Harbour, Cockle Cove); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Geneva, 40, p. 623, 1900 — Santa Cruz, Patagonia and Straits of Magellan
(Punta Arenas, Punta Delgada); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
8, p. 378, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; idem. I.e., 18, p. 213, 1908— Santa
Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra
del Fuego, p. 130, pL, 1907 — Cheena Creek Settlement; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 242, 1910 — Arroyo
Gio and Killik Aike, Santa Cruz, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut
(range;_ crit.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 — Falkland Islands (ex
Abbott); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 321— Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool, 24, p. 430, 1926— Arroyo Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro (June 8;
crit.); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934 — mountains north of Bahia
Moat, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 29, 1935 — Puerto Cook,
Staten Island; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — Herschel and Jerdan Islands,
Cape Horn.

Attagis molouina (sic) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46 — East
Falkland Island (one spec).

Attagis maluina Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 107, 1891 — above
BahIa Orange, Tierra del Fuego.

ample from the Horcones Valley is much lighter, being exactly like others from
Santiago.

Additional material examined. — Chile: Santiago (Cordillera), 4; "Central
Chile," 6; unspecified, 2. — Argentina: Cumbre Calchaquies, Tucum^n, 1; Horcones
Valley, Mendoza, 2.

232 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Attagis cheeputi Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921— Valle

del Lago Blanco, Chubut (type in British Museum examined).
Attagis malouinus cheeputi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range).
Attagis malouinus malouinus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range).

Range. — Patagonia, from the Cape Horn region and Tierra del
Fuego north to Santa Cruz and in the foothills of the Andes north
through Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) to western Rio Negro
(Arroyo Pilcaniyen) ; accidental on the Falkland Islands (one definite
record from Mara Harbour, East Falkland). ^

Genus THINOCORUS Eschscholtz

Thinocorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, 1829 — type, by mono-

typy, Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz.
Ocypetes Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 7, col. 762, July, 1829— type, by monotypy,

Ocypetes torquatus Wag\er= Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz.
Tinochoriis Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 132, by March, 1831 (emendation).
Thinocorys Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., 1, p. 146, 1899 (emendation).

*Thinocorus orbignyianus ingae Tschudi.^ TscHUDl's Seed
Snipe.

' Study of a good series tends to show that A. m. cheeputi was based on an
individual mutant. The type, with its buflfy gray-vermiculated rump and upper
tail coverts and buffy-barred rectrices, is matched by a bird from Peckett Harbour
and another from Tierra del Fuego (Sara Settlement). The other specimens from
Tierra del Fuego are exceedingly variable in the markings of the posterior upper
parts, and form an uninterrupted series from the "cheeputi" type to what Lowe
takes for malouinus. Birds from Hermit Island, Cockle Cove, Euston Bay, and
Chubut (Lago Blanco) generally have wider and more rufescent markings on rump
and tail coverts than Tierra del Fuego specimens. However, one from Lago
Blanco is not distinguishable from the buffiest Tierra del Fuego bird. Barred
rectrices also occur in other individuals, e.g., in a male from Cockle Cove, which
combines the banded tail with the normal coloration of malouinus (viz., concentric
reddish-brown markings on rump and tail coverts). It is thus seen that the var.
cheeputi is not confined to any particular area. In fact, one of the Lago Blanco
specimens shot on the same day (June 29) as the type of cheeputi is among the most
reddish colored of the malouinus pattern.

Material examined. — Cape Horn region: Hermit Island, 3. — Tierra del Fuego:
Hardy Peninsula, 1; Sara Settlement, 3; Est. Viamonte, 1; Valley of Rio Chico,
1. — Straits of Magellan: Cockle Cove, 1; Peckett Harbour, 1; Euston Bay, 1. —
Chubut: Valley del Lago Blanco, 6.

^Thinocorus orbignyianus ingae Tschudi: Similar to the nominate race, but
somewhat smaller. Wing, 135-144; tail, 60-67, rarely to 73 mm.

In coloration this form does not differ from the larger southern subspecies.
Individuals with the feathers of the upper parts broadly edged and others with
these feathers narrowly edged with buff occur together in Peru, Bolivia, and north-
ern Chile. Recent study of ample material tends to show that, if the two races
be maintained, birds from Tacna and Tarapaca must undoubtedly be placed with
ingae. Specimens from southern Bolivia, including one from Cinti, are likewise
the northern form.

Additional material examined. — Peru: Paramo of Huamachuco, 1 (wing, 139);
Santiago, 2 (wing, 138, 144); Paramo south of Recuay, Ancachs, 1 (wing, 138);

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 233

Thinocorus ingae Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 — High Andes
of Peru=Puna of Dept. Junin' (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem,
Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 279, 1846— puna region of Peru (11,000-
14,000 ft.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 556— Junfn,
Peru (eggs descr.).

Thinocorus orbignyanus (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 989— Salinas; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357,
1876— Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 641 — Cinti (=Camargo), Bolivia (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn.
Per., 3, p. 281, 1886— puna of Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886,
p. 403 — Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1891, p. 137 —
Sacaya, Lake Huasco, and Canchosa, Tarapaca; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus.
La Plata, 6, p. 292, 1895— Catamarca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
24, p. 718, 1896 — part, spec, d'-m', p'-u', Tarapaca (Lake Huasco, Sacaya,
Canchosa, "Iquique" [ = Abricoya]), Bolivia (Cinti), and Peru (Salinas,
Junin); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306 — part, Tarapaca; Albert, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 106, p. 586, 1900— Chile (in part); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Bafios and Hacienda Queta, Junin,
Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 — Sierras Altas
de Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 — Moreno, Puna de Jujuy;
Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 — Lara, Tucurnan; Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909 — Cerro Parallon, Laguna Alta, and Cumbre Cal-
chaquies, Tucuman; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921 —
Occobamba Pass, Urubamba, Peru.

Thinocorys orhignianus{1) Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904 —
Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 —
Tulpo (southeast of Huamachuco), Peru; (?)Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404,
1931 — Cumbre del Zenta, Jujuy.

Thinocorus orbignyanus ingae Brodkorb, Auk, 45, p. 500, 1928 (crit.); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464— Pultoc
and Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru.

Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 19, p. 400, 1932— part, Tacna to Tarapaca, Chile.

Thynocorus orbignyanus orbignyanus Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16,
p. 50, 1937 — Tacna and Parinacota, Tacna, Chile.

Range. — Puna zone of Peru, Bolivia, and extreme northern Chile
(Tarapaca) and Argentina south to Catamarca.

Field Museum Collection. — 21: Peru (Junin, Junin, 1; Cailloma,
Arequipa, 1; Sumbay, Arequipa, 1; San Antonio de Esquilache,

Junin, 1 (wing, 140); Galera, Junin, 1 (wing, 136); Paso de Aricoma, Puno, 1
(wing, 139); Salinas, Arequipa, 1 (wing, 144); Cruzero, Puno, 1 (wing, 140). —
Bolivia: Challapata, Oruro, 2 (wing, 138, 144); Potosl, 1 (wing, 140); Cinti
(=Camargo), Chuquisaca, 1 (wing, 138). — Chile: Abricoya, Tarapaca, 1 (wing,
139); Sacaya, Tarapac^, 4 (wing, 138-143).

Birds from central Chile (Coquimbo to Santiago) measure from 142 to 154,
those from the Sierra of Mendoza from 148 to 151, while five from Antofagasta
have wings of 139, 144, 147, 150, and 157 mm.

1 Cf. Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 2, p. 99, 1846.

234 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 13); Argentina (Nevado de
Cajon, Salta, 2); Chile (Chungara, Tarapaca, 2).

Conover Collection. — 23: Peru (Sumbay, Arequipa, 1; Rio Llave,
Puno, 4; Chucuito, Puno, 1; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza,
La Paz, 12) ; Argentina (Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 1 ; Laguna Blanca,
Catamarca, 3).

*Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus (Lesson) . D'Orbigny's

Seed Snipe.

Tinochorus orbignyianus^ (I. GeofiFroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool.,
pp. 137, 139, pis. 48 (male), 49 (female), by March, 1831— "San-Iago"
= Santiago, Chile (cotypes in Paris Museum); Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 9, p. 95, 1841— Andes of Chile; Eraser, I.e., 11, p. 115, 1843— Andes
of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 387, 1847—
vicinity of Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868 —
Cordilleras of Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Inacaliri and Pastos
Largos, Antofagasta; Porter, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. ccxvi, 1894 —
Chanarcillo, Atacama.

Thinocorus orbignianus^ Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
5, p. 130, 1853 — Cordillera of Santiago; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr.
Exp., 2, p. 191, 1855— Andes of Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260,
1860 — Sierra de Mendoza (crit.); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 500,
1861— same locality; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339—
Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877— Valle de los
Cipreses, Colchagua, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 178,
1889— Sierra de Mendoza; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891— Sierra
de Cordoba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 718, 1896— part, spec,
a-c', n', o', Chile (Santiago) and Argentina (Mendoza); Reed, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Colchagua; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306— part,
Santiago (habits); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 662, 1898— Punta
Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 586, 1900—
Chile (in part); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 623,
1900 — Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego (Punta Arenas; Penguin
Rookery); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 134, 1907 — Useless Bay
and Rio McClelland; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 214,
1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 246, 1910 — Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, near Lake
Argentina; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 292, 1923 — Huanuluan,
Rio Negro; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 — Sierra de La Rioja;
Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 149, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago;
Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 193, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile.

Thinochorus orbignyanus Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Agua
de Varas, Antofagasta, Chile.

1 Variously spelled d' orbignyanus, d'orbignianus, orbignyanus, orbignianus or
orbignyianus.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 235

Thinocorus ingae (not of Tschudi) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel,

p. 113, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339—

Chile (ex Pelzeln).
Thinocorys orbignyanus Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — San Carlos,

Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of

Aconcagua, Chile.
Thinochorus orbignyianus Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430,

1926 — Huanuluan and Arroyo Anecon Grande, Rio Negro.
Thinocorus orbigny{i)anus orbigny(i)anus Brodkorb, Auk, 45, p. 500, 1928 —

Chile (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 400,

1932 — part, Coquimbo to Colchagua, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World,

2, p. 307, 1934 (range).

Range. — Puna zone of Chile (from Antofagasta southward) and
western Argentina from La Rioja south to Tierra del Fuego and
Staten Island. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 7: Chile (Antofagasta, 1; Banos del
Toro, Coquimbo, 1; "Central Chile," 2; Los Condes, Santiago, 1);
Argentina (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 2),

Conover Collection. — 8: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1; San
Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2; Los Condes,
Santiago, 1); Argentina (Lago Argentina, Santa Cruz, 3).

Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale).^ Pacific Lesser
Seed Snipe.

Glareola cuneicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 244, 1848 — San Lorenzo
Island, near Callao, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum examined).

Thinocorus pallidus^ Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 25, No. 631,
p. 1, 1910 — Santa Elena, Ecuador (type in Turin Museum).

1 Birds from Mendoza as well as others from western Chubut agree in di-
mensions with a Chilean series.

Additional material examined. — Chile: Cordillera de las Condes, 6; Santiago,
2; Colchagua, 1; "Central Chile," 10. — Argentina: Sierra de Mendoza, 2; Puente
del Inca, Mendoza, 1; Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2.

2 Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale) : Similar to the nominate race,
but smaller and paler, the light markings to the dorsal plumage, wing coverts,
and inner remiges being much paler, light buff instead of brownish, and the dusky
brown central areas of the feathers being less extensive. Wing, 101-108; tail,
51-56.

' T. pallidus appears to be inseparable from cuneicauda. An adult male
topotype, in paleness of light edging above, is a good match for the type of T.
peruvianus and a specimen from Arequipa, while the other available examples,
including a second male from Santa Elena, have the edges darker buffy. It is
well to remember that the Lesser Seed Snipe has not yet been found breeding in
Ecuador, where it probably occurs only as a migratory visitor. Festa's specimens
are in very fresh plumage. There is a possibility that Tinochorus swainsonii
Lesson (Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 25, No. 197, p. "244" [ = 344], June, 1831; idem,
lUust. Zool., livr. 6, pi. 16, Feb. 23, 1833) might be an earlier name. The type

236 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Thinocorus rumicivorus (not of Eschscholtz) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. ZooL
See. Lond., 1867, p. 989— Islay, Peru (crit.); iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 176—
Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem. I.e., p. 570 — coast of Peru; Sclater, I.e.,
p. 148 — Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 557 — Lima and Chorillos;
idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 283, 1886 — Pacasmayo to Islay, Peru; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— La Noria, Tarapaea, Chile; Stiarpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 719, 1896— part, spec, a-k, Peru (near Lima,
Arequipa, Islay, Tambo Valley) and Chile (Tarapaea); Lane, Ibis, 1897,
p. 304 — part, Tarapaea; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
15, No. 369, p. 45, 1900— Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.).

Thinocorus peruvianus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921 —
Islay, Arequipa, Peru (type in British Museum examined); Wetmore,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172 (in text), 1926 (crit.).

Thinocorus rumicivorus pallidus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p.
190, 1926— Santa Elena, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934—
Ecuador.

Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 19, p. 399, 1932— La Noria, Tarapaea, Chile; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 308, 1934 (range).

Range. — Coast region of southwestern Ecuador (Santa Elena),
Peru, and extreme northern Chile (Tarapaea).

*Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe.^ Bolivian Lesser
Seed Snipe.

Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41, p. 109,
April 27, 1921 — Uyuni, Potosi, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 290,
1936 — Abra Pampa, Puna de Jujuy.

Range. — Puna zone of southwestern Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes,
La Paz; Challapata, Oruro; Uyuni, Potosi) and northwestern
Argentina (Abra Pampa, Jujuy).

was received from "Buenos Aires," by the proprietor, Mr. Pecquet, of Caen,
in a shipment of birds which also contained the type of Attagis latreillii, a species
restricted in its range to Ecuador. Lesson's description is ambiguous, gives no
wing measurement, and unless the type can be found, his bird will remain unidenti-
fiable.

Alaterial examined. — Ecuador: Puntilla de Santa Elena, 3. — Peru: San Lorenzo
Island, off Callao, 3; vicinity of Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 2; pampas between Lurin
and Villa, 1; Arequipa, 2; Islay, 1; Tambo Valley, 1. — Chile: La Noria, Tarapaea, 1.

1 Thinocorus rumicivoriis bolivianus Lowe: Differs from T. r. rumicivorus by
longer wings and much more buffy coloration, the light edges to the dorsal plumage,
wing coverts, inner remiges, and taii-feathers being pinkish buff to (in female)
cinnamon buff instead of avellaneous to sayal brown. Furthermore, the black
stripes on sides of throat and down the middle of the foreneek are evidently wider.
The six specimens are in fresh plumage. Wing, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, (female)
130.

Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Uyuni, Potosi, 1 (the type); Chal-
lapata, Oruro, 2.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 237

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes La
Paz, 1).

Conover Collection.— 2: Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2).

*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. Chilean
Lesser Seed Snipe.

Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, May,
1829— near the seacoast in the Bay of Concepcion, Chile (cotypes probably
in Leningrad Museum); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Expl. Exp., 2, p. 191,
1855 — "the higher mountain valleys" of Chile, errore; Burmeister, Journ.
Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— pampas near Rosario (Santa Fe) and Parana (Entre
Rlos); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861— Rosario; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868,
p. 143— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem. Ibis, 1869, p. 188— Beckett
Harbour, Straits of Magellan; iidem. I.e., 1869, p. 284— Gregory Bay,
Straits of Magellan (Dee. 12); iidem. I.e., 1870, p. 499— Sandy Point
(March); Durnford, I.e., 1876, p. 164— Belgrano, Buenos Aires (May to
Sept.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877— plains of Cauquenes,
Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 197— Chubut Valley,
Patagonia, and Buenos Aires (winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 403—
Chubut Valley (nest and eggs descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofie. Exp.
Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881— from Azul, Buenos Aires, to the Rio Sauce
(Chico); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo, Chile;
Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Ciene. Cordoba, 5, p. 86, 1884— province of
Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889— Argentina
(habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 108, 1891— Santa Cruz,
Lagune de la Lionne, and Missioneros, Patagonia (eggs descr.); C. Bur-
meister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889— Chubut, Rio
Chico, and Rio Singuer, Patagonia; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126,
1891— "Sierra" de Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19— Est. Es-
partillar, Buenos Aires (visitor); idem. I.e., 1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar
(March to June); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 719, 1896— part,
spec, m-g', Chile (Santiago, Coquimbo) and Argentina (Buenos Aires,
Conchitas, Chubut); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— central
provinces of Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 304— part, Huasco, Atacama, and
Laraquete, Arauco, Chile (habits) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 662,
1898— Cabo Espiritu Santo and El Paramo Bahia, San Sebastian, Tierra
del Fuego; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 589, 1900— Chile (monog.);
Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 624, 1900— Punta
Arenas (May); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 43— Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan;
Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 135, 1907— Cheena Creek; Hartert
and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 253, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires,
and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 214, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep.
Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 248, 1910— near Mount
Tigre (Sept.) and Rio Santa Cruz (March); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 466—
Luiconia, Aj6, Buenos Aires (April); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 61— Cape San
Antonio, Buenos Aires (March to Sept.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p.
262, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires (March to July); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173,

238 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

1923— Zelaya, Bilenos Aires; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84,

1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile (winter visitor); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 149,

1925— San Bernardo, Santiago; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 352, 1926—

Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 24, 1927— Zelaya (July)

and Rio Lujan (April), Buenos Aires.
Ocypetes iorquatus Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 7, eol. 762, July, 1829— "Brazil"

(the cotypes [females] in the Berlin Museum were obtained by Sellow at

Montevideo, Uruguay).'
Tinochorus eschscholizii Lesson, Cent. ZooL, p. 140, pi. 50, by Mareh, 1831 —

new name for T. rumicivorus Eschscholtz (descr. and fig. of spee.^ from

Buenos Aires in Paris Museum); Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 11, p. 116,

1843— plains of Chile.
Tinochorus rumicivorus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 — Patagonia

(Santa Cruz), Chile (near Concepeion; Copiapo), and Buenos Aires (Sierra

Ventana); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 387, 1847—

Concepeion, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868— Santiago

to Valdivia, Chile.
Thinocorus swainsoni (not of Lesson) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel,

p. 113, 1865 — Chile (spec, examined).
Thinocorus ramicivorus (sic) patagonicus Reiehenow, Journ. Orn., 68, p. 88,

Jan., 1920 — "South Patagonia" (type, from Santa Cruz River, in Berlin

Museum).
Thinocorus rumicivorus venturii Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41, p. Ill,

Apr. 27, 1921 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (type in Tring Collection,

now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p.

293, 1923 — Huanuluan, Puesto Horno, and Bariloche, Rio Negro (crit.);

Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172, 1926— Zapala, Neuquen,

and mouth of Rio Aconcagua, Valparaiso, Chile (habits); idem, Univ.

Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926— Arroyo Secco, Rio Negro (Sept.);

Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 398, 1932— Chile

(Atacama to Llanquihue); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range);

Beleher, El Hornero, 6, p. 313, 1936 — Pileaniyen, Rio Negro (breeding).
Thinocorus rumicivorus subsp. Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 — Falkland Islands.
Thinocorus rumicivorus patagonicus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran

Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 61, 1930 — Est. La Germania, Santa Fe (crit.);

Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934— Santa Cruz to Tierra del Fuego.

Range. — Breeds in Chile and southern Argentina north to the
Rio Negro; migrates in winter northward to Mendoza, Cordoba,
Santa F^, Entre Rios, and Uruguay;^ accidental on the Falkland
Islands (four records).

1 Their wings measure 114 and 117 mm. respectively.

2 Its wing measures 116 mm.

^ The several races which have been described appear to be unsatisfactory.
At the outset it may be said that we are unable to separate the general run of
Argentine birds from a Chilean series either in size or color. Some specimens, e.g.,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 239

Field Museum Collection. — 11: Chile ("Central Chile," 2; unspeci-
fied, 1; Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 1); Argentina (Estancia Cullen,
Tierra del Fuego, 1; Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1;
San Sebastian, Tierra del Fuego, 2; Paso Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 3).

Conover Collection. — 38: Chile (Batuco, Santiago, 3; Angol, Bio
Bio, 5; Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 13); Argentina (Bonifacio, Buenos
Aires, 1; Rawson, Chubut, 1; Estancia Pampa Alta, Santa Cruz, 4;
Cerro Fortaleza, Santa Cruz, 6; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 3; Estancia
Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1; Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del
Fuego, 1).

one each from Tierra del Fuego (Viamonte; Fe\S. 17), Chubut Valley (Nov. 20),
Est. Espartillar (May 11), and Aj6, Buenos Aires, have the edges to wing coverts
and dorsal feathers somewhat paler, more whitish bufif, as has been claimed by
Rothschild for T. r. venturii, whose type was a migratory visitor taken, on June 4,
near Buenos Aires. However, the majority of Argentine birds are just as dark
as the Chilean specimens, and, with regard to the shade of gray on the rump, we
cannot perceive the slightest difference between the two series. As to size, there
is considerable variation, and this may be of some local significance, as a large
percentage of long-winged individuals is found among breeding birds from certain
parts of southeastern Patagonia (around the Rio Gallegos). If separable, this
larger form is entitled to the name T. r. patagonicus, based upon a male from the
Rio Santa Cruz. From the subjoined wing measurements, based upon our own
material and data supplied by Messrs. Peters, Riley, Rogers, and Zimmer, it will
be seen, however, that the variation is somewhat erratic, and hard to reconcile
with particular geographic areas. The question is, furthermore, complicated by
the fact that a large proportion of the available material consists of migratory
specimens.

Wing Measurements

Chile.— Coquimbo, female 115; Santiago, males 112, 114, 118, 120, 120; Temuco,
male 114; Arauco, males 114, 120; Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, males 114,
118, 119, females 110, 116, 124.

Argentin.\. — Neuquen: Zapala (Dec), male 100, female 112.

Rio Negro: Maquinchao, Huanuluan, Bariloche (Aug. to Feb.), males 113 H.
115, 115, 116, 118, females 118, 111, 1133^, 114, 117.

Chubut: Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Aug. to Nov.), males 112, 113,

114, 119, 123, 129.

Chubut: Rio Chubut (Nov.), male 117; Rawson (Sept.), female 113.

Buenos Aires: Barracas al Sud (June), males 112, 116, 120^2; Laguna Alsina,
Bonifacio (June), male 110, female 117; Est. Espartillar (May), male

115, female 115; Chirilcay (August), female 112; Conchitas, male 125,
female 123; Aj6 (April), females 115, 118, 125, 128; Bahia Blanca (April),
male 132.

Santa Cruz: Rio Santa Cruz, males 124, 135 (type of patagonicus); Mount
Pampa Alta (Sept., breeding), male 116, female 118; Cerro Fortaleza
(March), males 114, 124, 126, females 113, 121; Rio Gallegos (Aug. to
Jan.), 112, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123 (two), 124, 125-130 (twelve), 131
(two), 133, females 119, 120 (two), 121-125 (nine), 126, 127, 128, 129;
near Mount Tigre (Aug.), female 129.

Straits of Magellan: Punta Arenas (Nov., Jan.), males 110, 113, 115, females

113, 124.
Tierra del Fuego: Viamonte (Sept., Feb.), males 115, 134.

240 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Superfamily CHIONIDOIDEA
Family CHIONIDIDAE. Sheath-bills

Genus CHIONIS J. R. Forster

Chionis J. R. Forster, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 37, 1788 (generic characters

only)— type, by subs, desig. (Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789),

Vaginalis (Chionis) alba Gmelin.
Vaginalis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789— type, by monotypy,

Vaginalis alba Gmelin.
Coleoramphus Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 10, p. 36, 1818 — type, by monotypy,

Coleoramphus nivalis Dumont.

*Chionis alba (Gmelin). Snowy Sheath-bill.

Vaginalis alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789— based on "White
Sheath-bill" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 268, pi. 89,^ "New Zea-
land," errore, = Isla Ario Nuevo, Staten Island. ^

Vaginalis chionis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 774, 1790 — based on "White Sheath-
bill" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 268, pi. 89 (in part).

Coleoramphus nivalis Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 10, p. 36, 1818 — new name
for Vaginalis alba Gmelin.

Chionis forsteri Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 281, 1824 — new
name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin.

Chionis alba Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic, Zool.,
p. 131, pi. 30, 1824 — Falkland Islands; Lesson, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille,
Zool., 1, p. 724, 1830 — Falkland Islands (Bale Frangaise); Darwin, Zool.
Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 118, 1841— Falkland Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 386,
1860— Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154—
Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 284 — Dungeness Spit,
Straits of Magellan (Feb. 16, 1868); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss.
Anst., 2, p. 12, pi., fig. 3, 1885 — South Georgia (breeding); Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 710, 1896— Straits of Magellan (Dungeness Spit)
and Falkland Islands; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva,
40, p. 624, 1900— Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (July 22, 1882);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902— Staten Island,
Straits of Magellan, and Falkland Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 182,
pis. 3, fig. 2 (chick), 12, 13 — South Orkney Islands (eggs; breeding habits);
Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 56, pi. 1 (chick),
1906— South Georgia; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.

1 Latham's account is composite, comprising also some race of C. minor. As
Peters (Bds. World, 2, pp. 308-309, 1934) has restricted Gmelin's name to the
plate, which unquestionably represents C. alba auct., nomenclature need not be
disturbed.

2 J. R. Forster discovered this species on Jan. 3, 1775, on the Isla Ano Nuevo,
near Staten Island (cf. Descr. Anim., p. 330, 1844). Therefore, there was no need
for a corrected type locality (Falkland Islands), as proposed by Brabourne and
Chubb (Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 36, 1912).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 241

Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 234, 1910 — Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 (range in Argentina); Brooks, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 61, p. 149, 1917— Falkland Islands; Anon., El Hornero, 1,
p. 41, 1917— Camarones, Chubut, Patagonia; Bennett, I.e., 2, p. 30, 1920—
Falkland Islands; Wace, I.e., p. 197, 1921— Speedwell Island, Falklands;
Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 321, pi. 6 — Falkland Islands; Mathews, Diseovery
Rep., 1, p. 584, pi. 47, figs. 8, 9, 1929— South Georgia (nesting; food);
Ardley, I.e., 12, p. 375, pi. 12, fig. 4, 1929— South Orkney Islands (nesting;
food); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Castellanos, El Hornero,
6, p. 29, 1935 — South Orkney (Laurie Island) and Ano Nuevo Islands;
Murphy, Oeean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1000, 1936 (monog.).

Chionis necrophagus Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 2, p. 146, pi. 258, 1825 —
substitute name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin.

Chionis vaginalis Temminck, Nouv. Ree. PI. Col., livr. 86, pi. 509, Sept. 4,
1830 — Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum).

Chionis lactea Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 330, 1844 — Isla Aiio Nuevo, Tierra
del Fuego.

Range. — Breeds on South Georgia, the South Sandwich, South
Orkney, and South Shetland Islands, and on various islands of the
Antarctic Archipelago; occurs regularly in the Falkland Islands, the
Diego Ramirez Islets, along the Straits of Magellan, and on the
coast of southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz; Camarones Bay, Chubut).

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Argentina (Cape Penas, Tierra del
Fuego, 4).

Conover Collection. — 2: Argentina (Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego,

2).

Suborder LARI

Family STERCORARIIDAE. Skuas and Jaegers

Genus CATHARACTA Brunnich

Catharada Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 32, 1764 — type, by subs, desig. (Reichen-
bach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852), Catharada skua Briinnieh.

Megalestris (Bonaparte MS.) Parzudaki, Cat. Ois. d'Europe, p. 11, 1856 —
type, by monotypy, "Megalestris catarrhades Bp. ex 'L."==Catharada
skua Briinnieh.

Buphagus "(Moehring, 1752)" Coues, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863,
p. 124 — type, by orig. desig., Larus catarrades hinn-deus=Catharada skua
Brunnich.

Catharacta skua skua Brunnich. Northern Skua.

Catharada skua Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 33, 1764 — Faroes and Iceland; Bent,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 1, 1921 (life hist); Garrison, Auk, 57, p.
567, 1940 (New England records).

242 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Larus Calarractes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 226, 1766 — substitute
name for Catharacia skua Briinnich.

Lestris catarrades Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 424, 1843 — southern
Greenland; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 213, 1898— Umanak, Greenland.

Buphagus skua Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 125 (monog.).

Stercorarius catarrhades Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 319
(monog.).

Megalestris catarrhades Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 315, 1896
(monog.).

Megalestris skua Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 677, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.).

Catharada skua skua Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 309, 1934 (range); Wynne-
Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 310, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1012, 1936 (descr.); Bird and Bird,
Ibis, 1941, p. 154 — Rio Treelva and Myggbukta, Greenland (June 3-15).

Stercorarius skua skua Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 8, 1935 — Sukker-
toppen, Greenland.

Range. — Known to breed in Iceland, the Faroes, Shetlands, and
Orkneys; reported to have bred on Lady Franklin Island, south-
eastern Baffin Island, and Greenland; winters off the Atlantic coast
of North America from Newfoundland to Massachusetts and in
the eastern Atlantic south to Spain.

*Catharacta skua chilensis (Bonaparte). ^ Chilean Skua.

Stercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 207,
1857 — "Amer. merid."= Chile (type in Berlin Museum).

Stercorarius antarcticus (not Lestris antarcticus Lesson) Des Murs, in Gay,
Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 479, 1847— part, Magallania; Philippi,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 287, 1868— part, Magallania (ex Gay).

Lestris antardica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Sta. Magdalena,
Straits of Magellan.

Stercorarius chilensis Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 323, pi. 24 —
Mejillones Bay, "Bolivia" (now Antofagasta), Valparaiso, Coquimbo,
and Straits of Magellan (descr.; crit.); idem. I.e., 1877, p. 800 — Elizabeth
Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 17 — Straits of Magellan
and Talcaguano, Chile; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 527 — Callao Bay, Peru;
MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 206— Callao Bay (Aug., Sept.); Oustalet, Miss.
Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 172, 1891 — Missioneros, Santa Cruz, Patagonia
(Nov.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile.

Megalestris chilensis Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 318, 1896 — Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro, Aug.; Santa Catharina, Aug.), Straits of Magellan (Eliza-
beth Island), Chile (Talcaguano, Sept.; Mejillones Bay, Dec-March;

1 Catharada skua chilensis (Bonaparte) differs from the nominate race by more
cinnamomeous coloring, especially by having the axillaries, under wing coverts,
and ventral surface mostly cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous, instead of grayish brown.
Size smaller.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 243

Iquique), and Peru (Callao Bay); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p.
655, 1898— Chile (Coquimbo, Oct.) and Tierra del Fuego (San Huivan-
tazgo, Admiralty Sound); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva,
40, p. 629, 1900— Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Gates, Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit.
Mus., 1, p. 225, 1901 — Sea Lion Island, Santa Cruz River, Patagonia;
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902 — Tierra del
Fuego (ex Schalow); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 — Port Dixon and Gray's
Harbor, Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907 —
Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17,
p. 101, 1909— Santa Maria Island (off Coronel), Chile (breeding), and
Smythe's Channel; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 255, 1909—
Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Sept. 18); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet.
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 226, fig. 134, 1910 — Patagonia (descr.);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,. 18, p. 209, 1910 — Patagonia and
Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 444, 1922 — Chile north to
Arica (habits, eggs descr.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53,
1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile.

Catharacta chilensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 216, 218, 1918 (char.; range);
(?)Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Islands (visitor); Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 7, 1921— California (Monterey Bay, Aug. 4, 7;
Sept. 21), Washington (off Gray's Harbour, June 28), and British Co-
lumbia (off Vancouver Island, June 20).

Megalestris skua chilensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 414, 1932— Chile (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249,
1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 236, 1936—
Arica (Tacna) to Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39,
p. 169, 1936; Cowan, Murrelet, Seattle, 21, p. 69, 1940— British Columbia

Catharacta skua chilensis Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 — Snipe and Woodcock
Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 353, 1934 — Isla de los
Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (range);
Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — islands around Cape Horn (breeding; eggs
descr.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1013, 1936 (monog.; range);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 145, 1938 (range); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p.
325— off Santa Cruz, California (March 14); Hamilton, I.e., 1945, p. 103—
off Santa Catharina Island, Brazil (sight record).

Range. — Breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the neighboring islets, and
northward on the east coast of South America to the mouth of the
Rio Santa Cruz (Sea Lion Island), Patagonia, and on the Pacific
coast at least to Santa Maria Island, Bay of Arauco, Chile; outside
the breeding season wanders north along the western coast of America
to British Columbia and on the Atlantic coast to Rio de Janeiro. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Porvenir, Magallanes, 1);
Argentina, Santa Cruz (Puerto Deseado, 1; Rio Gallegos, 1).

1 Migrant birds recorded from the Atlantic coast may, however, prove to be
brown individuals of C. s. antarctica (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1015).
Wace's record from the Falkland Islands requires confirmation. Bennett (Ibis,
1926, p. 318) and Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1009) emphatically deny its
occurrence on these islands.

244 Field Museum of Natural History—Zoology, Vol. XIII
Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson). ^ Falkland Island Skua.

Lestris antarcticus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 616, 1831 — Falkland
Islands and New Zealand (type locality, as restricted by Mathews [Nov.
Zool., 18, p. 212, 1918], Falkland Islands; cotypes in Paris Museum;^
of. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, p. 21, 1881); Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 579 — part, Falkland Islands.

Lestris catarrades (not Larus catarrades Linnaeus) Quoy and Gaimard, Voy.
"Uranie," Zool., p. 137, pi. 38, 1824— Falkland Islands.

Magalestris antardica Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1858 — Falk-
land Islands (egg descr.); (?)Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139,
1889— St. Peter and St. Paul Island, Straits of Magellan; Saunders, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 319, 1896— part, spec, s-y, Falkland Islands;
Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 40,
1902 — Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902— Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet);
idem. I.e., 18, p. 209, 1910 — part, Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay, Ushuaia);
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 228,
1910 — part, Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan.

Lestris antarctica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 — Falkland
Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 — Falkland Islands (breeding in Decem-
ber).

Stercorarius antarcticus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 321 — part,
Falkland Islands; idem. I.e., 1877, p. 779— part, Falkland Islands; idem,
Rep. Voy. Challenger, 2, Birds, p. 139, 1881— part, Falkland Islands;
Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, p. 21, 1881— Falkland
Islands (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 169, 1891— Falk-
land Islands (French Bay, Edwards Bay), Tierra del Fuego (Orange
Bay), and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island).

Megalestris antarctica falklandica Lonnberg, Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Siidpolar Exp.,
5, No. 5, p. 8, 1905 — Hope Bay, Louis Philippe Land (type in Stockholm
Museum); Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 103, 1937 (crit.).

Catharacta antarctica Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 148, 1917 —
Falkland Islands.

Catharacta skua antardica Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1918 — part,
Falkland Islands; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland; Daguerre, I.e.,
p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (April to Aug.); Bennett,
Ibis, 1926, p. 319 — Falkland Islands; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar.
(Terra Nova) Exped., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 116, 117, 1930— part,
Falkland Islands (meas.); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 169, 1934 —
Falkland Islands (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934—

1 Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson) most closely resembles C. s. lonnbergi
and, though exceedingly variable in intensity of coloring, differs by the some-
what streaky or spotty dorsal surface, while the dimensions are generally less.
The variations of this form have been discussed at length by Murphy (Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., pp. 1020-1021).

2 Lesson evidently based his description on two specimens obtained by the
Uranie on the Falkland Islands. The locality New Zealand appears to have been

added from the literature quoted by Quoy and Gaimard.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 245

part, Falkland Islands to southern Argentina; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 1020, 1936 — Falkland Islands (monog.; variation; meas.).

Range. — Breeds on the Falkland Islands, wandering outside the
breeding season north along the South American coast to beyond
the latitude of Cabo Frio, Brazil; strays to the western Antarctic
(Louis Philippe Land).^

Catharacta skua lonnbergi Mathews.- Brown Skua.

Catharada antarctica lonnbergi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 18, p. 212, Jan., 1912 —
New Zealand seas (type in coll. of G. M. Mathews [cf. Hartert, I.e., 35,
p. 20, 1927], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Stercorarius antardicus (not Ledris antardicus Lesson) Saunders, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 321 — part, excl. of Falkland Islands; Sclater, Ibis,
1894, pp. 495, 497— Antarctica.

Megalestris antardica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24,
1885 — South Georgia (breeding; eggs descr.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 319, 1896 — part, spec, a-p, Campbell, Chatham, Norfolk,
and Kerguelen Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 180 — Laurie and Saddle
Islands, South Orkneys (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 — part. South Orkney Islands.

Catharada antardica Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5,
p. 58, 1906 — South Georgia (crit.; descr. of chick and eggs; habits);
Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 26, 1920— South Shetland Islands; Wilkins,
Ibis, 1923, p. 490— South Georgia.

Catharada lonnbergi clarkii Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 494, Jan. 31,
1913 — South Orkney Islands (type in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse,
Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218,
1919 — South Georgia and South Orkney Islands (char.); Bennett, Ibis,
1926, p. 320— South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands;
Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 580, pi. 47, figs. 3-4, pi. 53, fig. 4, pi. 54,
fig. 1, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting).

Catharada skua clarkei Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped.,
Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 116, 117, 1930— South Georgia, South
Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 310, 1934 (same range); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 173, 1934
(crit.; range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1023, 1936 (monog.;
char.; range).

1 Birds from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island, heretofore referred to
C. s. antardica, are believed by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1033) to be
more closely linked with C. s. lonnbergi, from which they might, however, prove
to be separable. Two birds, collected by R. H. Beck at Mar del Plata in October,
seem also to belong to this undetermined race.

2 Catharada skua lonnbergi Mathews may be distinguished from the preceding
races by larger size, notably longer, stouter bill and tarsus, and prevailing brown
coloring with a minimum of chamois color and cinnamon.

According to Hamilton and Murphy, the proposed races from the South
Orkney Islands (C. lonnbergi clarkei) and Kerguelen Island (C. I. intercedens) are
not separable.

246 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Catharacta skua lonnbergi Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 370, 1936 — South
Orkneys (nesting; crit.); Alcorn, Condor, 44, p. 218, 1942 — (?) coast of
Washington.

Range. — Circumpolar at islands in the Antarctic and Subant-
arctic zones; breeding in the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, South
Georgia, and in the West Antarctic Archipelago to about 65° S. Lat.,
extralimitally in Stewart, Chatham, Snares, Auckland, Campbell,
Antipode, and Macquarie Islands, also in Kerguelen, Crozet, and
Prince Edward Islands.

Catharacta skua maccormicki (Saunders). South Polar Skua.

Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 3, p. xii, Dec. 30,
1893 — Possession Island, Victoria Land (type in the British Museum).

Megalestris maccormicki Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 321, pi. 1,
1896 — Possession Island, Victoria Land, and Antarctic Sea; Clarke, Ibis,
1906, p. 182— Laurie Island, South Orkneys (Nov. 11, 1904); Dabbene,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 — South Orkney Islands.

Catharacta maccormicki wilsoni Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 495, Jan. 31,
1913— Weddell Sea (type, from 74° S. Lat., 22° W. Long., off Coat's
Land, in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. ZooL, 35, p. 275,
1930); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1919— Laurie Island,
South Orkneys (char.; range).

Catharacta skua maccormicki Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova)
Exp., Nat. Hist. Rep., ZooL, 4, pp. 121, 123, 1930 (crit.; meas.); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (range); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 174,
1934 (crit.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1016, 1936 (monog.;
range); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 89, No. 1, p. 302, 1945— King
George VI Sound, Antarctica (life hist.).

Range. — Breeds on the shores of the Antarctic continent and in
the West Antarctic Archipelago north to 65° S. Lat.; occasional in
the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands.

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson

Stercorarius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56, 6, p. 149, 1760 — type, by tautonymy,
" Stercorarius" =Larus parasiticus Linnaeus.

Coprotheres Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig.
desig., Larus pomarinus Temminck.

Atalolestris Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (5), pp. 500, 508, Jan. 31, 1913—
type, by orig. desig., Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot.

*Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck). Pomarine Jaeger.

Lestris pomarinus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 514, 1815 — Arctic regions of
Europe, on migration in Holland and France (type or cotypes probably

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 247

in Leyden Museum);' HolboU, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 424, 1843 — northern
Greenland.

Stercorarius pomatorhinus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 324
(crit.; range); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 527— Callao Bay, Peru (Dec, 1881);
MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 206— Callao Bay, Peru (Nov. 17 and 18);
Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 322, 1896 (monog.).

Lestris pomatorhina Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 218, 1898 — Greenland.

Stercorarius pomarinus Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 192, 1899 —
Albemarle Island, Galapagos (Dec. 15, 1897); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana,
1, p. 96, 1916— Georgetown Harbor; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113,
p. 7, 1921 (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 287, 1931—
Bermuda Islands (Sept. 26, 1908); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 311, 1934
(range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 298, 1935 (distr.
in North Atlantic); Griscom, Bull. Mu^S. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935—
off Colon, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1035, 1936—
off Ancon, Peru (sight record); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29,
1943 — Mackenzie Delta (rather rare); Southern, Ibis, 1944, p. 1 (dimor-
phism).

Coprotheres pomarinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 681, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 400, 1943 — Hooper
Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (breeding).

Range. — Breeds on Novaya Zemlya, the Yalmal Peninsula,
Arctic coast of Siberia,- New Siberian Islands, Herald Island, and
in northwestern Alaska, islands of the Arctic Archipelago, and the
adjacent mainland south to Hooper Bay on the west, Southampton
Island on the east, and central Greenland; winters off shore to
western Africa, Mediterranean and Black Seas, Indian Ocean,
Australia, Galapagos Islands (Albemarle Island, Dec. 15), coasts
of Peru (Callao Bay, Nov. 17, Dec; Ancon, May 8), Gulf of Mexico,
the western Atlantic off the coast of Virginia, and British Guiana
(Georgetown Harbor).

Field Museum Collection. — 19: Alaska (Barrow, 3; St. Lawrence
Island, 2; King Island, 1; Nome, 3); California (Moss Landing, 1);
Greenland (Davy's Sound, East Coast, 1); Labrador (Okak, 1);
Nova Scotia (off Dover, Halifax County, 3); Massachusetts (Chat-
ham, 1; Monomoy Island, 2; Cohasset, 1).

*Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). Parasitic Jaeger.

Larus parasiticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — "intra
Tropicum cancri: Europae, Americae, Asia" (restricted type locality,
coast of Sweden; cf. Lonnberg, Zoologist, (4), 7, pp. 338-342, 1903).

^ Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 47, 1863) lists three "individus au
plumage parfait, Mer du Nord," which are probably Temminck's originals.

2 Stercorarius nigricapillus Bergman (Fauna och Flora, 18, No. 5, p. 232, 1923 —
cotypes from Taporkof and Pianaja Bay, Kamchatka, in Stockholm Museum) has

248 Field Museum of Natural History Zoology, Vol. XIII

Catharada Cepphus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 36, 1764 — "in Cimbria ad littus

maris germanici, prope praedium Lonborregaard."
Catharada Coprotheres Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38, 1764 — Iceland and Norway

(descr. of dark phase).
Larus crepidatus^ Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 602, 1789— based on Catharada

cepphus Brunnich, "Le Labbe ou Stercoraire" Buffon, etc., "in mari

Americae et Europae septentrionali."

Lestris Schleepii C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Europ. Vogel, 2, p. 993, 1824 —
Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 60,
1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Lestris Richardsonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., 2, "1831," p. 433, pi. 73, pub. Feb., 1832— Barren Grounds, lakes
of Fur Countries, and [type from] Fort Franklin (descr. of dark phase;
location of type unrecorded).^

Lestris parasitica Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 425, 1843 — southern Green-
land; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 207, 1898— Greenland.

Stercorarius parasiticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 132
(monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 687, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 14, 1921 (life hist.); Wetmore, I.e., 133,
p. 129, 1926 — 15 miles south of Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 4
and 7, 1920); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928— Pacific
coast of Lower California (migrant); Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
39, p. 287, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Nov. 23, 1929; sight record) ; Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 413, 1932— Valparaiso Bay,
Chile (ex Nicoll); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 83, 124,
1932— Greenland (breeding; crit.); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 25,
1934 — Greenland (Hudson Land, Wollaston Vorland, Hochstetters
Vorland; breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 311, 1934 (range); Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935— Colon Harbor, Panama;
Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 303, 1935 (distr. in North
Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1037, 1936— coast of
Peru, Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Corral, Chiloe Island, Straits of Magellan),
and Argentina (Mar del Plata); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, pp. 326, 327— oflf
American coasts (char.); Southern, I.e., 85, p. 443, 1943 (distr. of two
color phases); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 527, 1943 — Southampton Island (nesting);
Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding);
Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 402, 1943— Hooper Bay, Alaska; McCabe,
Auk, 61, p. 465, 1944 (habits); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 233, 1946— Baffin Island
(nesting).

Stercorarius tephras Malmgren, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 392, 1865 — Spitzbergen and
Bear Island (type, from Spitzbergen, in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gylden-
stolpe. Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 102, 1927).

been shown by Gyldenstolpe (Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 101, 1927) to be insepara-
ble from S. pomarinus.

^ Larus crepidatus Banks (Cook's Voyage, Hawkesworth ed., 2, p. 15, 1773)
is a nomen nudum.

2 Possibly in the University Museum, Cambridge, England.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 249

Stercorarius crepidatus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 326 (monog.);
. Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 503— Barbados (July 10, 1888); Saunders, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 327, 1896 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
3, p. 449, 1899— Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904,
pp. 51, 563 — Valparaiso Bay, Chile (Feb. 14), and between St. Vincent
and Carriacou, Lesser Antilles (Jan. 27); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
32, p. 256, 1905— Barbados and near St. Vincent; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p.
476— Tuyu, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Feb. 21, 1909).

Stercorarius parasiticus parasiticus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 219, 1919 —
Argentina; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 154 — Myggbukta, Greenland
(breeding).

Range. — Breeds in America from northwestern Alaska and Mel-
ville Island across the Arctic Archipelago to Greenland, south to
the Aleutian Islands, southern Mackenzie, Hudson Bay, and northern
Labrador (extralimitally in the arctic and subarctic regions of
Europe and Asia); winters on the Pacific coast from California to
the Straits of Magellan, and on the Atlantic coast from Florida to
Argentina; occasional in the Bermuda Islands and the West Indies
(Barbados; between St. Vincent and Carriacou). Casually in the
interior of North America.

Field Museum Collection. — 30: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Chipp River,
near Barrow, 2; St. Michaels, 5; Yukon Delta, 2); Northwest Terri-
tories (Baillie Island, Mackenzie, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Cypress
Point, 1; San Pedro, 2); Illinois (Cook County, 2); Indiana (Miller,
Lake County, 1); Greenland (Agpamiut, 1; Egedesminde, 1; Sukker-
toppen, 2; Ymer Island, 1); Labrador (Rama, 1; unspecified, 1);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Chatham, 2).

*Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. LONG-TAILED Jaeger.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 157,
1819 — based primarily on "Le Stercoraire a longue queue (Stercorarius
longicaudus)" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 155, northern Europe, Asia, and America
(restricted type locality, northern Europe); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 694, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 21,
1921 (life hist.); Wetmore, I.e., 133, p. 130, 1926—25 km. south of Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 4-7); Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
39, p. 288, 1931— Nonsuch Island, Bermudas (May 8, 1929, and Sept. 11,
1930; sight records) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 312, 1934 (range); Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935— Colon Harbour, Panama;
Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 853 — Jan Mayen (breeding); Wynne-Edwards,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 306, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1038, 1936— California to Peru (150 km. west
of Ancon, June 11), Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Nov., Dec; route to Juan
Fernandez), and Argentina (off the coast of Mar del Plata, Oct.); Brooks,
Ibis, 1939, p. 327 (migr.; char.); Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 154— Green-

250 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

land (crit.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (12), p. 4, 1943 (monog.);
Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeds
north and east); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 527, 1943 — Melville Peninsula (nesting);
Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 404, 1943 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting);
Soper, Auk, 63, p. 233, 1946— Baffin Island (breeding).

Lestris buffonii Meyer,' Zusatze zu Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk.,
p. 212, 1822 — seas of the Arctic circle, Spitzbergen, Greenland, etc.;
Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 427, 1843— Greenland.

Stercorarius buffoni Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 136 (monog.).

Stercorarius parasiticus (not Larus parasiticus Linnaeus) Saunders, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 330 (monog.); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 334,
1896 (monog.).

Lestris longicauda Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 209, 1898 — Greenland; Man-
niche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 173, 1910 — northeastern Greenland (breeding
habits).

Stercorarius longicaudus pallescens L0ppenthin,^ Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6,
pp. 85, 124, 1932— Cape Stosch, 74° N. Lat., 22° W. Long., northeastern
Greenland (type in Copenhagen Museum); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11,
pp. 7, 26, 1934 — Hochstetters Vorland, Greenland (breeding); Bird,
Ibis, 1941, p. 154 (doubtful race); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 1,
1943 (crit.).

Range. — Breeds in Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen, northern Scandi-
navia, northern Russia, Novaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands,
northern and western Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Ellesmere Island,
northern Labrador, and Greenland; winters off the coasts of Peru,
Chile, and Argentina. Casual in the interior of North America.

Field Museum Collection. — 25: Alaska (Smith's Bay, near Point
Barrow, 2; Nome, 4; Bethel, 3; St. Michaels, 1; Morzhovoi Bay, 1;
St. George Island, Pribilof Islands, 1; Hot Springs, 1); Arctic America
(Franklin Bay, 1); California (Pacific Beach, 1); Indiana (Dune
Park, Porter County, 1); Greenland, east coast (Muskox Fjord, 8);
New Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1).

Family LARIDAE. Gulls and Terns

Subfamily LARINAE. Gulls

Genus LEUCOPHAEUS Bruch^

^Lestris buffoni Bois (Isis, 1822, (1), col. 562) is a nomen nudum.

2 Birds with extensively white under parts are more frequent in America and
Greenland than in the Old World, but this average difference is not sufficiently
constant to warrant the recognition of a western form (pallescens L0ppenthin).
Cf. Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 154.

' Although, in general, no advocate of monotypic genera, we are inclined to
follow Dwight, Murphy, and Boetticher in recognizing Leucophaeiis as distinct
from Gabianus (type, Larus pacificus Latham).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Cono\^r 251

Leucophaeus (Bonaparte MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 108, 1853 — type,
by monotypy, Larus haematorhynchus Kmg=Larus scoresbii Traill.

Procellarus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 211 — type, by orig. desig.,
Procellarus neglectus Bonaparte=LorMs scoresbii Traill.

Epilelarus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 211 — type, by orig. desig., E. [or
Procellarus] neglectus Bonaparte=LarMs scoresbii Traill.

Epifelolarus Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 359, 1890 —
emendation of Epilelarus Bonaparte.

*Leucophaeus scoresbii (Traill). Dolphin Gull.

Larus scoresbii Traill, Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. See, 4, (2), p. 514, pi. 16,
fig. 1, 1823— "New South Shetland"=i.South Shetland Islands (type in
the Museum of the Liverpool Royal Institution); Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p.
165 — Falkland Islands (breeding); Schlegel,^ Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4,
Lari, p. 33, 1863— Falkland Islands (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool.,

1, Vogel, pp. 151, 163, 1865— Chiloe Island, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; Saunders, I.e., 1878, p. 184 (crit;.
range); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 179, pi. 3, 1891— Rio
Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Gable Island, Packsaddle Island, and Orange
Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Sclater,^ Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497— "Lat. 64° S.,
Long. 55° W";2 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Magallania to
Chiloe, Chile.

Larus haematorhynchus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 103, July, 1828 —
Straits of Magellan (type now in British Museum); Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
3, Birds, p. 142, 1841 — Puerto San Julian, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Des
Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 481, 1847— Magellan
Straits (ex King); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868— Magallanes
to Chiloe.

Leucophaeus haematorhynchus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 108, 1853 (crit.);
idem. I.e., 3, p. 287, 1855 (crit.).

Procellarus [sive Epilelarus] neglectus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, pp. 211,
213; idem. Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 13, 1855; idem, Consp. Gen. Av.,

2, p. 211, 1857 — "ex Maribus Antarcticis" (type in Paris Museum; descr.
of young).'

Leucophaeus scoresbii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 231, 1857 — Chile,
"Peruvia, Ins. Falkland, Pacif. antarct." (diag.); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 579— Patagonia (Puerto San Julian),
Falkland Islands, and Chiloe (crit.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 299, 1896 — Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, coast of Patagonia

' Specific name spelled scoresbyi.

^ This locality is erroneous, for the specimen was obtained at the Falkland
Islands (cf. Clarke, Ibis, 1907, p. 347).

' The type, secured by d'Orbigny, who did not visit the Antarctic region,
probably came from the coast of Patagonia.

252 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Lat. 45° S., Chubut), and Lat. 64° S., Long. 55° 45' W.; Salvadori,i
Anal. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 629, 1900— Rio Pescado, Straits
of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902—
Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay; ex Oustalet); Vallentin, Mem. Proc.
Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 41, 1904— Falkland Islands
(breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 —
Rio Santa Cruz, Falkland Islands, and Tierra del Fuego; Scott and
Sharpe,! Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 223, 1910—
Patagonia (descr.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 148, 1917 —
Falkland Islands; Dabbene,' El Hornero, 1, p. 56 (range); Wace,' I.e.,
2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Islands; Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
52, p. 134, 1925 (plumages; range); Bennett,' Ibis, 1926, p. 319— Falk-
land Islands; Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 — Rio Deseado, Santa
Cruz; Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 — eastern Woodcock Island, Beagle
Channel (breeding); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 413, 1932— Chile north to Chiloe Island; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89—
Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935—
Isla la Mocha; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1043, 1936 (plumages;
range).

Gabianus scoresbii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 313, 1934 (range).

Range. — Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego and surrounding
islets, the Atlantic coast of Patagonia north to Camarones Bay,
Chubut, and the Pacific coast north to Chilo^ Island and even
La Mocha Island, Arauco, Chile.

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Chile (Hermit Island, Magallanes,
1; Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 3); Falkland Islands (unspecified, 1).

Genus PAGOPHILA Kaup

Pagophila Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., pp. 69, 196,
1829 — type, by monotypy, Larus eburneus Phipps.

Cetosparactes Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 251, 1842 — type, by mono-
typy, Larus eburneus Phipps.

Catosparades G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. 655, 1845 (emendation).

*Pagophila eburnea (Phipps) .^ IvoRY Gull.

Larus eburneus Phipps, Voy. North Pole, App., p. 187, 1774 — coast of Spitz-
bergen (no type extant); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 200, 1898— Green-
land; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 163, 1910 — Renskaeret, Greenland
(breeding habits).

Larus candidus 0. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. viii, 1776 — Greenland.
' Specific name spelled scoresbyi.

^ Larus albus Gunnerus (in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp., p. 285, 1767) is unidenti-
fiable. Cf. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 301 (note), 1896, and Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1750, 1921.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 253

Larus niveus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 58, Dec, 1783 — based on "Le
Goeland blanc du Spitzberg" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 994.

Larus brachytarsus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 422, 1843 — northern
Greenland and Godthaab (specimens lost).

Pagophila eburneus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853 — Greenland (crit.).

Pagophila brachytarsus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853 — northern Green-
land (crit.).

Pagophila brachytarsa Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 18 — Greenland (crit.).

Pagophila eburnea Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 301, 1896 (monog.);
Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1750, 1921 (monog.); L0ppenthin, Medd.
Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 69, 123, 1932— northeastern Greenland (breeding);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 313, 1934 (range); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 236, 1946—
southwestern Baffin Island (rare straggler).

Pagophila alba (not Larus albus Gunnerus) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 576, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 29, 1921
(life hist.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 138, 1925 (range;
plumages); Langelier, Nat. Canad., Quebec, 68, p. 5, 1941 — Gulf St.
Lawrence (general account).

Range. — Breeds in Arctic America from Prince Patrick Island
and Melville Island to northern Greenland and northern Baffin
Land, and extralimitally on Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya
Zemlya, etc.; winters south to British Columbia, Ontario, Massa-
chusetts, and Long Island, New York.

Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Barrow, 11); Labrador
(Okak, 3; West St. Modest, 2); Maine (Calais, 1).

Genus LARUS Linnaeus^

Larus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — type, by subs, desig.

(Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Types Aves, p. 48, 1840), Larus marinus

Linnaeus.
Hydrocolocus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., pp. 113,

196, 1829 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., App.,

p. 15, 1841), Larus minutus Linnaeus.
Chroicocephalus Eyton, Hist. Rar. Brit. Bds., Cat., p. 53, 1836 — type, by

subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 79, 1840), Larus capisiratus Tem-

minck=Lar«s ridibundus Linnaeus.
Dominicanus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 100, 1853 — type, by tautonymy,

Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein.
Glaucus (not of Forster, 1800) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 101, 1853 — type, by

tautonymy, Larus glaucus Brunnich=L. hyperboreus Gunnerus.
Adelarus (Bonaparte MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853 — type, by subs.

desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subg. Bds., p. 130, 1855), Larus leucophthalmus

Lichtenstein.

1 A complete list of all generic synonyms proposed by authors is given by
Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, pp. 67-68, 1925.

254 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Blasipus (Bonaparte MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 108, 1853 — type, by
monotypy, Larus bridgesii Fraser=L. modesius Tschudi.

Atricilla Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 212, 1854 — type, by tautonymy,
Larus atricilla Linnaeus.

Cirrhocephala Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 213, 1854 — type, by tau-
tonymy, Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot.

Melanolarus Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 359, 1890 —
type, by orig. desig., Larus franklini Richardson=L. pipixcan Wagler.

Pacificolarus Boetticher, Jenaische Zeits. Naturw., 69, (3), p. 465, July 4,
1935 — type, by orig. desig., Larus crassirostris Vieillot.

*Larus fuliginosus Gould. Dusky Gull.

Larus fuliginosus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. "Beagle," 3, Birds, Part 15,
p. 141, March, 1841 — James Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum) ;'
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Indefatigable
and Abingdon Islands; Sundevall, I.e., 1871, p. 125 — Charles and Inde-
fatigable Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 573 — Galapagos Islands
(crit.); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 505, pi. 87 (adult and young),
1876 — Indefatigable, Charles, and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos (crit.);
Saunders, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 184 — Galapagos Islands (crit.);
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890— Indefatigable, James,
and Chatham Islands; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 222, 1896
(monog.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 635, 1897— Galapagos
(descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 189, 1899— Galapagos
(egg descr.); iidem. I.e., 9, p. 413, 1902 — Indefatigable and Albemarle
Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237, 1904 —
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2,
p. 42, 1913 — Galapagos Islands (habits; meas.); D wight. Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 52, p. 140, 1925 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 41, 1931— Tower Island; Swarth, Occ. Pap.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 64, 1931— Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 314, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1046, 1936—
Galapagos Islands.

Blasipus fuliginosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 656, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.).

Range. — Resident on the Galapagos Archipelago.

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Galapagos Islands (Mangrove
Point, Narborough Island, 1; Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 3).

*Larus modestus Tschudi. Gray Gull.

Larus modestus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843 — "in Oceani
pacifici littoribus"=Lurin, south of Lima, Peru (type in Neuchatel
Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 306, pi. 35, 1846— Lurin,

1 There can be hardly any doubt that spec, b (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 223), presented by C. Darwin, is the type, for Darwin says: "My specimen was
killed at James Island."

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 255

Peru; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 483, 1847—
Valparaiso, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865—
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Valparaiso ;
Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868— Valparaiso to Peru; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 573— Peru and Chile (crit.);
Saunders, I.e., 1878, p. 183— Callao to Valparaiso (crit.); Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll., p. 620, 1882— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211,
1896— Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 223, 1896— Chile
(Valparaiso; Iquique, Tarapaca) and Peru (Callao Bay); Nicoll, Ibis,
1904, p. 51— Valparaiso Bay; Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 259— Trujillo, Peru;
Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 144, 1925— Cautin (Valdivia)
to the Chincha Islands, Peru (breeding), and the Gulf of Guayaquil,
Ecuador (plumages); Chapman, I.e., 55, p. 188, 1926— Jambeli Island and
Santa Elena, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 410, 1932— Chile (Tarapaca to Valdivia); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 229, 1932— Isla Silva, Rio Babahoyo, Ecuador;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 314, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,

2, p. 1049, 1936— Manta Bay, Ecuador, to Corral, Valdivia, Chile (descr.;
habits); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936— Arica, Tacna, Chile;
idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938— Arica Bay, Chile; Goodall,
Philippi and Johnson, Auk, 62, p. 450, pi. 21, 1945—35 km. inland from
Tocopilla, Antofagasta, Chile (nesting in desert).

Lams fuliginosus (not of Gould) G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus.,

3, p. 170, 1844— part, spec, b, c, Chile (=juv.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist.
Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 481, 1847— Chile (ex Gray).

Lams bridgesii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 16, April, 1845— Valpa-
raiso, Chile (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, now in British
Museum); idem, Zool. Typ., pi. 69, 1849— Valparaiso; Cassin, in Gilliss,
U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, 1855— Chile.

Blasipus bridgesii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 108, 1853 (diag.; range imaginary);
idem, I.e., 3, p. 280, 1855 (diag.; range imaginary).

Range.— From Manta Bay, Ecuador, south to Corral, Valdivia,
Chile. Evidently nests in the deserts up to 100 km. inland from the
coast (cf. Goodall, Philippi and Johnson, Auk, 62, p. 450, 1945).

Field Museum Collection.— 4:1 Ecuador, Province de los Rios
(Rio San Antonio, 1; Isla Silva Sur, 3).

*Larus heermanni Cassin. Heermann's Gull.

Lams heermanni Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 187, for October,
pub. Dec. 31, 1852— San Diego, CaHfornia (type lost, once in coll. of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 38, p. 273, 1932); idem, Illust. Bds. Calif., Texas, etc., p. 28,
pi. 5, 1856 — harbor of San Diego, CaHfornia; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, p. 182— Vancouver Island to California, in winter to
"Panama" (crit.); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 225, 1896— North
America to Guatemala (monog.); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 23,
1899 — Isabel Island and Tres Marias (Maria Cleofa); Salvin and Godman,

256 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 422, 1903 — Pacific coast of North America
to Guatemala (San Jose, Chiapam); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113,
p. 148, 1921 (life hist.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 147, pi. 13,
figs. 3-6, 1925 (range; molts; plumages); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., (4), 15, p. 282, 1926— Isabel Island (breeding); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 60, 1928 — Lower California (breeding); Griscom,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 129, 1932— Pacific coast of Guatemala
(winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 314, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 89, 1945— Gulf of Cali-
fornia (resident), George Island (nesting).

Adelarus heermanni Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 107, 1853 — California (crit.);
idem, I.e., 3, p. 279, 1855— California (crit.).

Blasipus heermanni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 654, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.).

Range. — Breeds on the west coast of Mexico, on Isabel Island,
the Tres Marias, on islands in the Gulf of California, and on San
Roque Island, Pacific coast of Lower California; strays northward
to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and migrates in winter as
far south as Pacific Guatemala (San Jos4, Chiapam).

Field Museum Collection. — 93: British Columbia (Vancouver
Island, 1); California (Westport, 4; Tiburon, 1; Sausalito, 1; Mon-
terey, 13; Pacific Grove, 1; Carmel Bay, 12; Moss Landing, 5;
Seaside, 6; San Clemente Island, 7; Bolea Chico, 2; San Nicholas
Island, 1; San Pedro, 1; El Secundo, 2; Clifton, 1; Hyperion, 22;
Manhattan Beach, 1; Pacific Beach, 3; Santa Barbara, 1; Santa
Cruz Island, 4); Mexico, Lower California (Consag Rock, 1; Cape
San Luis Island, 1; Isla Raya, 2).

Larus belcheri Vigors. Belcher's Gull.

Lams belcheri Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, Oct. 1828 to Jan. 1829, p. 358,
1829 — no locality given' (type once in coll. of Zoological Society of London,
its present whereabouts unknown); idem, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," Orn.,
p. 39, 1839 — no locality (repr. of orig. descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
livr. 4, Lari, p. 9, 1863— "Chile" (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 340 — Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., p. 991 — coast near Islay,
Arequipa, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1871, p. 575 — Peru (Islay), Chile (Arica),
and "Straits of Magellan" (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1878, p. 182 — Chorillos,
near Callao, Peru (crit.); idem. I.e., 1882, p. 526 — Peru (San Lorenzo
Island, Aug., 1881; Callao Bay, Aug., 1881) and Chile (Coquimbo Bay,
Nov., 1881); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 205— San Lorenzo Island, Callao
Bay, Peru (Aug. 28); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 226, 1896—
Chile (Coquimbo; Iquique, Tarapaca) and Peru (Mollendo, Islay, San

1 The type was collected during Capt. Beeehey's voyage and presented to
the Zoological Society of London by Edward Belcher, First Lieutenant of the
Blossom. It was probably secured on the coast of Peru.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 257

Lorenzo, Callao Bay); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile
("Cape Horn" to Arica); Murphy, Bird Islands of Peru, p. 283, 1925 —
Peru (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 158, 1925—
Ancon and San Gallen Island, Peru (plumages); Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 409, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Arica);
Daguerre, El Hornero, 5, p. 214, 1933 — San Bias, province of Buenos
Aires (Feb. to April); MacDonagh, Not. Prelim. Mus. La Plata, 2, p. 312,
1934— San Bias (Feb.); Peters, Bds. V/orld, 2, p. 314, 1934 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1052, 1936 — Lobos de Tierra Islands,
Peru, to Coquimbo, Chile (plumages and eggs descr.; habits; range);
Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936— Erizera (Arica), Tacna, Chile;
idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 — Arica, Chile; Steullet
and Deautier, Not. Mus. La Plata, 3, Zool., No. 7, p. 2, 1938— Rio Ajo,
Buenos Aires (June 13; descr. of adult); Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 286,
1939 — Bahia San Bias and General Lavalle, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Rev.
Chile. Hist. Nat., 44, p. 151, 1940 — Arica and Punta Chucumata (nesting).
Larus frobenii Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, No. 6, June,
p. 732, 1861 — Arica, Tacna, Chile (type, once in National Museum, San-
tiago de Chile, no longer extant; cf. Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago,
16, p. 61, 1938); iidem. Arch. Naturg., 27, (1), p. 292, 1861— Arica;
Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 210, 1868— "Magellanes" and Peru
(= Arica); idem. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 97, pi. 45, fig. 1, 1902—
Arica (descr. and fig. of type).

Range. — Coasts of Peru and Chile south to Coquimbo (breeding
on rocky islets from Lobos de Tierra to Vieja and Santa Rosa Islands,
Peru, and near Punta Chucumata, Chile), and Atlantic coast of
province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Rio Ajo, June 13, 1937;
Bahia de San Bias, Feb. to April). ^

*Larus delawarensis Ord.- Ring-billed Gull.

Larus delawarensis .Ovd, in Guthrie's Geogr., 2nd Am. ed., 2, p. 319, 1815 — •
Delaware River, below Philadelphia (no type extant); Saunders, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lend., 1878, p. 176 (crit.); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,

1 Belcher's Gull was supposed to be confined to the Pacific coast from Peru
to northern Chile. While it is wholly unknown in the Falkland Islands, various
sight records from the Straits of Magellan and Patagonia, unsubstantiated as
they are by any specimen in European or American collections, were assumed
to be due to confusion with some other species, notably Leucophaeus scoresbii in
immature plumage (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1054, 1936, and
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 409 [note 1], 1932). Recently,
however, several examples have actually been secured on the coast of the province
of Buenos Aires. Steullet and Deautier's notes on the coloration and bill-characters
of two adults, taken on June 13, 1937, along the Rio Ajo, leave no doubt whatever
as to the species. The collector, Sr. Runnacles, even believes that L. belcheri nests
on the coast of General Lavalle. Direct comparison of Argentine specimens with
others from the Pacific coast would be interesting.

2 Stegmann (Journ. Orn., 82, p. 343, 1934) advances good reasons for treating
the Ring-billed Gull as a race of the European Mew Gull (L. canus), but the
subject appears to require further investigation with respect to the geographic
distribution of L. delawarensis andL. c. brachyrhynchus during the breeding period.

258 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 273, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3,
p. 424, 1903 — Mexico (Guaymas, Mazatlan, Presidio, Guadalajara, coast
of Tehuantepec); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 623, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 132, 1921 (life hist.); Dwight,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 168, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2, 1925 (range; plumages);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 60, 1928— Lower California
(winter); Bradlee, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 289, 1931— Bermuda
Islands (one record, Jan. 1, 1849); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 315, 1934
(range); Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, p. 343, 1934 (crit.); Dickey and van
Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 182, 1938— Acajutla,
El Salvador (seen); MofRtt, Condor, 44, p. 105, 1942 — Lassen County,
California (breeding); Ludvvig, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 234, 1943 (returns
from birds banded on Great Lakes); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 90, 1945 — Sonora (winter visitant).

Larus zonorhynchus Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-
Amer., 2, "1831," p. 421, pub. Feb., 1832 — Saskatchewan and Manitoba
(type now in British Museum); Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 102, 1853 (crit.).

Gavina bruchi Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, pp. 212, 216; idem. Rev. Mag.
Zool., (2), 7, p. 16, 1855 — Mexico (location of type not stated); Bruch,
Journ. Orn., 3, p. 283, 1855— Mexico (crit.).

Gavina zonorhynchus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 282, 1855 — North America
(crit.).

Larus zonorhynchus a. mexicanus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 224,
1857 — Central America (type in Verreaux Collection).

Range. — Breeds in North America (chiefly in the interior) from
southern Alaska, Great Slave Lake, northern Manitoba, and James
Bay south to northern California, northern Utah, southern Colorado,
North Dakota, southern Ontario, and Quebec (near Cape Whittle) ;
winters from southern British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, the Great
Lakes and the New England coast south to southern Mexico, (?)E1
Salvador (Acajutla), and "the Gulf coast; casual in the Bermuda
Islands (one record).

Field Museum Collection. — 137: Alberta (Beaver Lake, 1)
Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 13; Maple Creek, 5; Big Stick Lake, 4)
California (Tiburon, 1; Farallon Islands, 1; Redwood, 2; Monterey
9; Moss Landing, 6; Pacific Grove, 1; Seaside, 2; Sunset Beach, 4
Rincon, 1; San Diego Bay, 1; Hyperion, 32; Santa Barbara, 1)
Colorado (Pueblo County, 1); Texas (Seadrift, 1; Port Lavaca, 1
Corpus Christi, 4); North Dakota (Nelson County, 17; Towner
County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1)
Indiana (Miller, 1); Labrador (Kegashka, 7; Mullen Bay, 1)
Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County
2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 5; Pea Island, 1)
Florida (Pilot Town, 1; Mary Esther, 2; Santa Rosa County, 3).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 259
*Larus canus brachyrhynchus Richardson. ^ Short-billed Gull.

Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn.,
Jameson ed., 4, p. 352, 1831 — Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie (type now in
U. S. National Museum; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat! Mus., 50, (8), p.
634, 1919; = young); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 302
(monog.; disc, of type); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1878, p. 178
(monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 283, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 632, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 113, p. 140, 1921 (life hist.).

Larus suckleyi Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, "1857," p. 264,
pub. Feb., 1858 — "North Pacific, Puget Sound," Washington (type in
U. S. National Museum).

Rissa septentrionalis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, "1857," p.
266, pub. Feb., 1858— "North Pacific, Puget Sound" (type, from Belling-
ham Bay, Washington, in the U. S. National Museum).

Larus canus brachyrhynchus Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 173,
pi. 14, figs. 3, 4, 1925 (range; plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 316,
1934 (range); idem. Auk, 54, p. 205, 1937— Pleasant Bay, Chatham,
Massachusetts (Feb. 8, 1908); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30,
1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeds in wooded part).

Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America from Kotzebue
Sound east to the Anderson River, south to central British Columbia
and Lake Athabaska; winters on the Pacific coast from southeastern
Alaska to southern California (San Diego); accidental in Quebec,
Wyoming, and Massachusetts (Pleasant Bay).

Field Museum Collection. — 59: Alaska (St. Michael, 6; Bethel, 1;
Tocatna Forks, 3; Inako River, 1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River,
4); British Columbia (Seymour Narrows, 1); Washington (Port
Townsend, 5); Oregon (Bay City, 1); California (San Rafael, 1;
Tiburon, 1; Pacific Grove, 5; Hyperion, 29; Clifton, 1).

*Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus. Glaucous Gull.

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, p. 226 (footnote),
1767— northern Norway; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 584,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 52, 1921 (life hist.); Dwight,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 243, 1925 (monog.; plumages; range);
L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 66, 123, 1932— northeastern
Greenland (breeding); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 6, 22, 1934 —

1 The European Mew Gull (L. canus canus Linnaeus) has been admitted to
the list of American birds on the basis of the taking of a young bird at Henley
Harbor, Labrador (Aug. 21, 1860). Its identification is, however, by no means
certain, and Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 629, 1919) strongly
suspects it to be merely L. delawarensis. — C.E.H.

H0rring and Salomonsen (Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 46, 1941) give three
records for this gull from Greenland (Fiskenaes; Narssaq). However, two of the
specimens are juveniles. — B.C.

260 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

UUa Island, Grandjean Fjord, and Bredefjord, Greenland (breeding);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 320, 1934 (range); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna,
22, p. 36, 1934 — Nunivak Island (disc); Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82,
p. 351, 1934 (crit.; range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 851— Jan Mayen
(breeding); iidem. I.e., 1941, p. 151 — Greenland (crit.); Rand, Canad.
Field Nat., 56, p. 123, 1942 (range; dist. chars.; disc).

Larus glaucus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 44, 1764 —
Iceland; Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 415, 1843— Greenland (crit.;
variation); Coues, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 294 (monog.);
Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1878, p. 165 (monog.); idem. Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 289, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21,
p. 186, 1898— Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 160, 1910— north-
eastern Greenland (breeding).

Larus leuceretes Schleep, Ann. Wetterau. Ges. Naturk., 4, p. 314, 1819 —
Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, etc. (type [adult], from Greenland, in
coll. of Herr Benicken, Schleswig, doubtless lost).

"Larus consul Boie, in Wiedemann's Zool. Mag., 1, p. 126, 1819 — Spitsbergen
and Helsingor, Denmark." '

Larus leucopterus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc Meth., Orn., livr. 89, p. 346, 1820 —
based on Larus glaucus of Briinnich (Orn. Bor., p. 44, No. 148, 1764)
and Fabricius (Faun. Greenl., p. 100), and on an adult from Baffin's
Bay in coll. of L. A. F. Baillon.^

Larus medius C. L. Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk., 3, p. 810, 1822 — "extreme north,
Iceland, Norway" (type, from Iceland, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).

Larus islandicus Edmondston, Mem. Werner. Nat. Hist. Soc, 4, (1), p. 185,
1822 — Balta Sound, Shetland Islands (type in coll. of L. E. Edmondston).

Larus glacialis Macgillivray, Mem. Werner. Nat. Hist. Soc, 5, (1), p. 270,
1824 — Shetland Islands (substitute name for Larus glaucus Temminck,
Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 757, 1820=L. glaucus Briinnich).

Larus minor C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 736, 1831 — new
name for Larus medius Brehm.

Larus hutchinsii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer.,
2, "1831," p. 419, pub. Feb., 1832— Albany River, Hudson Bay (location
of type unrecorded; descr. of immature plumage); Coues, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 294 (monog.).

Larus barrovianus Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 330, July, 1886 — Point Barrow,
Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum).

Larus hyperboreus hyperboreus Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 468, 1918 (char.;
range); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 33, 1923 — Pribilof
Islands (breeding); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 234, 1946 — Baffin Island (breeding).

1 This periodical was inaccessible to the authors.

2 Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 256, 1925) is certainly mistaken in
applying L. leucopterus to the Iceland Gull. Vieillot's references as well as Baillon's
specimen apply without any question to the Glaucous Gull. The case has been
very clearly set forth by Mayaud (Alauda, 6, pp. 370-375, 1934).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 261

Larus hyperboreus barrovianus Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 472, 1918 (char.; range);
idem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 173, 1919 (crit.); Preble and McAtee,
N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 34, 1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (June
21); Rand, Canad. Field Nat., 56, pp. 123, 126, 1942 (crit.); Porsild,
I.e., 57, p. 29, 1943 — Arctic coast (breeds north and east of Mackenzie
Delta).

Range. — Breeds in America from Point Barrow, Alaska, Elles-
mere Island, Melville Island, and northern Greenland south to the
Pribilof Islands, Mackenzie, James Bay, Labrador, and Newfound-
land, and extralimitally in Jan Mayen, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Franz
Josef Land, and Novaya Zemlya;^ winters south to the coasts of
California, the Great Lakes, and Long Island.

Field Museum Collection. — 51: Alaska (Barrow, 21; Little
Diomede Island, 1; Nome, 1; St. Michael, 5; Bethel, 1; St. George
Island, 1); California (Sunset Beach, 1; Hyperion, 1); Illinois
(Chicago, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 3); Greenland (Sukker-
toppen, 1; Ymer Island, 5); Labrador (Aihk, 1; Okak, 1; unspecified,
1; Davis Inlet, 4; Indian Harbor, 2).

*Larus glaucescens Naumann.^ Glaucous-winged Gull.

Larus glaucescens Naumann,' Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., 10, p. 351 (in text),
1840 — North America (type, from Bering Straits, in Berlin Museum);
Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 295 (monog.); Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 167 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 29, p. 62, 1885 — Bering and Copper Islands (breeding);
Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 284, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 597, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 113, p. 65, 1921 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna,
46, p. 34, 1923— Walrus Island, St. George Island, and Sealion Rock,
Pribilof Islands (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 239,
pi. 13, figs. 1, 2, 1925 (range; plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,

' On the Arctic coast of Asia, from the Taimyr Peninsula to the East Cape,
this form is replaced by L. h. pallidissimus Portenko (Ibis, (14), 3, p. 266, April,
1939 — type, from Naukan, Chukchi Peninsula, in coll. of L. Portenko), said to
be paler in all plumages. Whatever the value of this form may be, birds from
Greenland, Arctic America, and Alaska are not separable from those of northern
Europe. The Bird brothers contest the value of Portenko's race. The case of
L. barrovianus, which Oberholser sought to revive, has been fully discussed by
Dwight, with whom we agree that the slight difference in size is altogether too
insignificant in such a large bird to justify further subdivision.

^ Larus glaucescens Naumann, though nearly allied to L. hyperboreus, as has
been insisted upon by Stegmann, breeds on the Pribilofs, especially Walrus Island,
along with the latter species, a fact that speaks for their specific distinctness.

^ Larus glaucopterus Kittlitz (in Ltitke's Voy. Seniavine, French transl., 3,
pp. 272, 280, 1836 — Unalaska) is too briefly diagnosed to allow of definite identi-
fication. Unless the type can be found (in the Leningrad Museum?), the name
will remain in doubt.

262 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

32, p. 58, 1928— Lower California (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 320,
1934 (range); Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, p. 351, 1934 (crit.; range);
Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 36, 1934— Nunivak Island (disc);
Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 89, 1946 — Attu Island (wintering).

Laroides chalcopterus (Lichtenstein MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 282, 1855 —
part, Bering Sea (type probably in Berlin Museum).

Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America on the islands
of Bering Sea from St. Lawrence Island to the Pribilof, Aleutian,
and Commander Islands, and on the Pacific coast from Norton
Sound, Alaska, to Destruction Island, Washington;^ winters from
the Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska to Lower California. -

Field Museum Collection. — 74: Alaska (Bethel, 1; St. Michael,
1; Dutch Harbor, 2; Unalaska, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver, 1;
Victoria, 1; Vancouver Island, 3); Washington (Port Townsend, 4);
California (Moss Landing, 5; Pacific Grove, 4; Seaside, 1; Carmel
Lagoon, 1; Monterey, 6; Sunset Beach, 3; La Patera Point, 3;
Hyperion, 35; El Secundo, 1; Redondo Beach, 1).

*Larus glaucoides Meyer.^ Iceland Gull.

Larus glaucoides (Temminck MS.) Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb-
Deuts. Vogelk., Zus. Bericht., p. 197, 1822— "Seas of the Arctic Zone,
f.i. Iceland, in winter coasts of the North and Baltic Seas" (no type
extant); Mayaud, Alauda, 6, p. 375, 1934 (nomencl.).

Larus leucopterus (not of Vieillot, 1820) Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn., p. 91, 1822 —
Iceland; Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 418, 1843— Greenland (range);
Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 294 (monog.); Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 166 (monog.); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 295, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 182, 1898—
Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 590, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 62, 1921 (life hist.); D wight. Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 52, p. 250, 1925 (range; plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 320, 1934 (range); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 22,
1934 — Ulla Island, Greenland (breeding).

Larus Moltke Teilmann, Dan. og Isl. Fugle, p. 159, 1823 — Iceland.

1 According to Stegmann (Journ. Orn., 82, p. 352, 1934) this form is wholly
absent from the Asiatic coast.

^Larus nelsoni Henshaw (Auk, 1, p. 250, July, 1884 — St. Michaels, Alaska;
type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p.
595, 1919; Bent, I.e., 113, p. 76, 1921) is now regarded to be of hybrid origin.
Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 249, 1925) believes L. hyperboreus and
L. argentatus vegae to be its parents, while Stegmann (Journ. Orn., 82, p. 353,
1934) considers it a cross between L. hyperboreus andL. glaucescens. Rand (Canad.
Field Nat., 56, p. 123, 1942) believes it to be a good race, however.

^ Larus glaucoides Meyer is not unlike L. argentatus thayeri in general colora-
tion, but differs markedly by shorter bill, smaller (light flesh-colored) feet, and
wholly white, basally pale gray primaries without any dark markings.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 263

Larus arcticus Macgillivray, Mem. Werner. Nat. Hist. Soc, 5, (1), p. 268,
1824 — coast of Greenland (type in coll. of University of Edinburgh).

Laroides subleucopterus C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 936 — no locality (skull
char.); idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 746, 1831 — Greenland (type
in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Larus argentatus leucopterus Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, pp. 350, 364, 1934

(char.; range).
"Larus fuscus glaucoides=lencopterus" Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1935, p. 769

(crit.).

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago south to
Victoria Island and possibly to Boothia Peninsula, on both coasts
of Greenland, and on Jan Mayen;' winters south to the Great Lakes
and Long Island, Iceland, Faroes, British Isles, France, etc.

Field Museum Collection. — 14: Greenland (Holsteinborg, 2; Suk-
kertoppen, 2; Godthaab, 1; NanortaHk, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers,
1); Quebec (He aux Grues, 1); Nova Scotia (Halifax, 2); New Bruns-
wick (Grand Manan, 1; Mision Island, 3).

*Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues.- American Herring
Gull.

Larus Smithsonianus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 296 —
eastern and western coasts of North America (no type or type locality
indicated); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 387, 1875 — Cuba (Matanzas,
Cardenas); Rand, Canad. Field Nat., 56, p. 124, 1942 (range; dist. chars.;
disc).

Larus argentatus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 5, p. 236, 1857 — Cuba (one speci-
men); (?)Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 17 — Godthaab, Greenland; Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 167 — part, America; idem. Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 260, 1896— part, spec, m^-o^, Ungava to CaHfornia;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 423, 1903 — Mexico
(off Progreso, Yucatan; Isabel Island and Tres Marias, off San Bias);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 612, 1919— in part, America
(monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 102, 1921 (life hist.).

1 No breeding record exists from the Arctic regions of Asia.

'^ Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues may be distinguished from L. a.
argenteus Brehm, of western Europe, by paler, at the same time slightly more
bluish mantle (between "pallid neutral gray" and "light gull gray"), more black
at the tips of the primaries (nearly always a black bar before the white tip of the
first primary), and on average longer wings.

About the unidentifiable names Laroides argentatoides C. L. Brehm (Beitr.
Vogelk., 3, p. 791, 1822 — northeastern part of Germany and west coast of North
America) and Laroides Americanus C. L. Brehm (Handb. Naturg. Vo?. Deuts., p.
743, 1831 — no locality), of which no types exist, the critical remarks by Coues
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 299) and Stegmann (Journ. Orn., 82, p. 362,
1934) should be consulted.

264 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Larus argentafus (Ujpicus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 176, 1898 — Godthaab,
Greenland (June 28, 1886).

Larus argentaius^smifhsonianus Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 23, 1899 —
San Juanito, Isabel, and Tres Marias Islands, Mexico; D wight, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 181, pi. 11, fig. 2, pi. 12, fig. 4, 1925 (plumages;
range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 59, 1928— Lower Cali-
fornia (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
39, p. 288, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (winter); Wetmore and Swales, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 172, 1931— Cap Haitien, Hispaniola (July 7,
1775); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 316, 1934 (range); Stegmann, Journ.
Orn., 82, p. 362, 1934 (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78,
p. 308, 1935— Bocas del Toro, Panama (Dec. 10, 1933); Hennessey,
Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 97, 1943 (banded in Quebec, recovered in
Florida); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21,
p. 90, 1945 — northern Sonora (uncommon winter visitant); Poor, Auk,
63, p. 135, pi. 5, 1946 (variations in plumage and color of soft parts);
Soper, I.e., 63, p. 236, 1946— Baffin Island (breeding).

Larus fuscus smith sonianus Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1935, p. 769 (char.).

Larus argentatus subsp. Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943 — Mac-
kenzie Delta (breeding in wooded part).

Range. — Breeds in North America, from south-central Alaska,
northern Mackenzie, southern Baffin Island, and Southampton
Island, south to northern British Columbia, southern Manitoba,
central Minnesota, the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, and the
New England coast; winters south to western Mexico, Yucatan,
and Florida, rarely to the Bahama Islands, Cuba, and Hispaniola;
accidental in Panama (Bocas del Toro, Dec. 10, 1933), and Green-
land.i

Field Museum Collection. — 105: Alaska (Charlie Creek, Yukon
River, 1); Yukon Territory (Lake Tagish, 1); California (Monterey,
6; Moss Landing, 1; Pacific Grove, 2; Seaside, 1; Sunset Beach, 1;
Anaheim, 1; Hyperion, 34; Manhattan Beach, 1); Texas (Corpus
Christi, 10); North Dakota (Nelson Countj^ 1); Wisconsin (Beaver
Dam, 3); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Cook County, 9); Indiana (Bluff-
ton, 1); Labrador (Kegashka, 3); Ontario (Port Rowan, 1); Quebec
(Magdalen Islands, 1); New Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1); Nova
Scotia (Dover, 4); Maine (York County, 1); Massachusetts (Mono-
moy Island, 2; Cohasset, 1; Boston, 1); Rhode Island (Narragansett,
1); Connecticut (Stamford, 1; New Haven County, 7); North

^ Here should be mentioned Larus affinis Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur-
hist. Foren., 1853, p. 78 — Nanortalik, Greenland (type in Copenhagen Museum);
idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 17 (crit.). According to Jourdain (Nov. Zool., 35, pp. 82-84,
pi. 4, 1929), the type is a specimen of L. a. argentatus, from which L. a. argenteus
was not separated at that time. Considering the age of the type specimen and the
close resemblance of the two North European races, it is impossible to allocate
Reinhardt's name with certainty.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 265

Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 4); Florida (Amelia Island, 1;
Palm Beach, 1; Santa Rosa Island, 1).

*Larus argentatus thayeri W. S. Brooks.^ Thayer's Gull.

Larus thayeri W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 373, Sept., 1915—
Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Island (type in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Dwight, Auk, 35, p. 413, pi. 15, 1917 (crit.);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 600, 1919 (monog.; bibliog.);
Bent, I.e., 113, p. 120, 1921 (habits; eggs); Rand, Canad. Field Nat., 56,
p. 124, 1942 (range; dist. chars.; disc).

Larus argentatus thayeri Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 181, pi. 11,
fig. 1, 1925 (plumages; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 316, 1934 (range);
Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, p. 363, 1934 ^(crit.); A. Brooks, The Murrelet,
18, p. 19, 1937 — Pacific coast of British Columbia (coloration of soft
parts); H0rring, Rep. Fifth Thule Exped., 2, No. 6, p. 68, 1937 (disc);
Bray, Auk, 60, p. 528, 1943— Fox Basin (nesting).

Larus fuscus thayeri Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1935, p. 769 (char.).

Range. — Breeds in Arctic America from Banks Island to northern
Ellesmere Island; on migration in Alaska; winters on the Pacific
coast from British Columbia to California. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 14: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Nome, 1);
British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 3); Washington (Port
Townsend, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 2; Hyperion, 5).

*Larus argentatus vegae Palm^n.^ Vega Gull.

^ Larus argentatus thayeri W. S. Brooks differs from L. a. smithsonianus by
paler coloration, especially of the mantle, and lesser extent as well as lighter
(slaty rather than black) color of the dark markings on the primaries. According
to Allan Brooks, the soft parts in life are somewhat different too, the straw-colored
iris being thickly peppered with brown or grayish specks, the eyelids purplish
pink instead of yellow to orange red, and the bill paler yellow to greenish. Dimen-
sions and bill on average smaller.

'^ Larus kumlieni Brewster (Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 8, p. 216, 1883 — Cumberland
Sound, Baffin Island; type in U. S. National Museum) seems to be a hybrid between
L. glaucoides and L. a. thayeri (cf. Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, pp. 254-
255, 1925), although Taverner (Canad. Field Nat., 47, pp. 88-90, 1933) maintains
its possible specific distinction. Cf. also Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
23, p. 53, 1934 (Churchill, Manitoba; juvenile plumages). Description and synony-
my in Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 593, 1919).— C.E.H.

For further discussion see also Hickey, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 49, p. 63,
1938 (plumage changes in captive bird); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl.,
131, No. 5, p. 49, 1941; Rand, Canad. Field Nat., 56, p. 124, 1942 (crit.); Bishop,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 186, 1944 (disc); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 235,
1946 — Baffin Island (breeding).

Field Museum has three adult specimens from Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia.
—B.C.

^ Larus argentatus vegae Palmen is decidedly darker on the back than the two
preceding races, and the black markings on the primaries are even more extensive
than in L. a. smithsonianus.

266 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Larus argentatus Briinn. var. vegae Palmen, in Nordenskiold, Vega-Exp.
Vetensk. lakttag., 5, p. 370, 1887— Pidlin (=Pitlekai), north coast of
Chukchi Peninsula, northeastern Siberia (type in Stockholm Museum; cf.
Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104, 1927).

Larus vegae Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 269, 1896 (monog.); Ridg-
way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 618, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Bent, I.e., 113, p. 122, 1921 (life hist.).

Larus argentatus vegae Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 52, p. 181,
1925 (range; plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 317, 1934 (range);
Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, p. 364, 1934 (crit.).

Larus fuscus vegae Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1935, p. 770 (char.).

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia, from Cape Shelagski
to Anadyr Bay; in migration on the coast of Alaska and in the
Aleutian Islands; winters south to Japan and the coast of China,
occasionally in India (Gurgaon, March 7, 1868).

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Alaska (Nome, 1).^
*Larus californicus Lawrence.- California Gull.

Larus californicus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 79, March,
1854 — San Joaquin River, near Stockton, California (type in coll. of
Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 273, 1932); Coues,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 300 (monog.); Saunders, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 175 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 276,
1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 425,
1903 — Mexico (Alvarado, Vera Cruz; San Mateo, Oaxaca); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 620, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 113, p. 124, 1921 (life hist.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52,
p. 197, pi. 11, figs. 3, 4, 1925 (range; plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 32, p. 60, 1928— Lower CaUfornia (winter); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 319, 1934 (range); Tanner, Great Basin Nat., Provo, Utah,
2, p. 98, 1941 (recoveries of birds banded in Utah); Beck, I.e., 4, p. 57,
1943 (plumages); Brooks, Auk, 60, pi. 2, p. 15, 1943 (crit.); van Rossem,
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 91, 1945 — Sonora
(winter visitant).

Larus argentatus californicus Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, p. 380, 1934 (crit.).

Larus fuscus californicus Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1935, p. 773 (crit.).

Range. — Breeds in the interior of North America from the upper
Mackenzie, Great Slave Lake, and northern Saskatchewan south to
California, Great Salt Lake, northwestern Wyoming, and north-

1 In the Museum Collection is a specimen of Larus nelsoni, now considered a
hybrid between this species and Larus hyperboreus. It was taken at Bethel, Alaska.

^ Larus californicus Lawrence, though certainly allied to L. argentatus, may
well stand as a distinct species, since it is not quite established that its breeding
range does not overlap to a certain extent that of L. a. smithsonianus.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 267

eastern South Dakota; winters on the Pacific coast from southern
British Columbia to southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca) and from Great
Salt Lake to the Gulf of California; occasional in Kansas (Reno
County) and on the coast of Texas; accidental in the Hawaiian
Islands. 1

Field Museum Collection. — 138: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1;
Many Islands Lake, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 1; Big
Stick Lake, 12); California (San Francisco, 1; Sausalito, 1; Tiburon,
1; Monterey, 11; Pacific Grove, 5; Moss Landing, 9; Seaside, 15;
Carmel Bay, 6; Sunset Beach, 7; Trinidad, 3; Hyperion, 51); Utah
(Salt Lake City, 2); North Dakota (Nelson County, 10).

*Larus marinus marinus Linnaeus. Great Black-backed Gull.

Larus marinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — "in Europa"
(restricted type locality, Gotland, southern Sweden, after It. Gotl. 214,
first reference); Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 414, 1843 — Greenland;
Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 295 (monog.); Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 179 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 241, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 179, 1898—
Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 601, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 77, 1921 (life hist); Dwight, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 52, p. 234, 1925 (char.; range; plumages); Bradlee and
Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 288, 1931— Bermuda Islands
(several records); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 320, 1934 (range); Stegmann,
Journ. Orn., 82, p. 353, 1934 (char.; affinities); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935,
p. 851 — Jan Mayen (July, Aug.); iidem. I.e., 1941, p. 151 — Gromsdalen,
Greenland (May 18, 1937); Wilcox, Auk, 61, p. 653, 1944— Maine and
New York (nesting); Gross, I.e., 62, p. 241, 4 pis., 1945 — coast of Maine
(status).

Larus Fabricii C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 936 — no locality given; idem,
Handb. Naturg. Deuts., p. 730, 1831— Greenland (type in Tring Collec-
tion [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 59, 1918], now in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York).

Larus mulleri C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Deuts., p. 729, 1831 — Iceland,
in winter on the coast of the North Sea (no type extant).

Range. — Breeds in the western hemisphere from North Devon
Island and western Greenland southward along the coast of

1 The admission of Larus fuscus fuscus Linnaeus to the North American
fauna rests on two sight records from Beach Haven, Ocean County, New Jersey,
Sept. 9, 1934 (cf. Edwards, Auk, 52, p. 85, 1935), and Key West, Florida, March 10,
1938 (cf. Sprunt, Auk, 55, p. 672, 1938), respectively. Considering the difficulty
of identifying this gull from mere observation in the field, we hesitate to allow it
a place among American birds without further evidence. However, according
to Steullet and Deautier (Notas Mus. La Plata, Zool., 4, p. 245, 1939), an immature
specimen of a gull taken on the coast of Argentina in March of 1931 has been
identified by Dr. Robert Cushman Murphy as Larus fuscus.

268 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Labrador to eastern Quebec, Anticosti Island, Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Massachusetts, also in Iceland, the Faroes, British Isles,
Scandinavia, northern Russia, etc. ; winters south to the Great Lakes
and New Jersey, more rarely to Florida (St. Augustine; Pilot Town)
and the Bermuda Islands. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 17: Labrador (Kegashka, 3; unspeci-
fied, 1; Indian Harbor, 2; Bowdoin Bay, 1; Windy Tickle, 1);
Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Nova Scotia (Dover, 1); New
Brunswick (North Head, Grand Manan, 4); Massachusetts (Mono-
moy Island, 1); Florida (Pilot Town, 1).

*Larus marinus schistisagus Stejneger.^ Slaty-backed Gull.

Larus schistisagus Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 231, July, 1884 — Bering Island, Com-
mander Group, Bering Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); idem.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 67, 1885— Bering Island and Petropaulski,
Kamchatka (char.; habits); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 258,
1896 (monog.); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 27, p. 264, 1908— Franklin
Bay, Mackenzie (June 9, 1901); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 605, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 132,
1920 — Bering and Copper Islands (Apr. to June); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 113, p. 86, 1921 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna,
46, p. 36, 1923— Pribilof Islands (visitor); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 52, p. 229, 1925 (range; plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 320,
1934 (range); Stegmann, Journ. Orn., 82, p. 353, 1934 (char.; affinity;
range).

Range. — Breeds in Kamchatka, on the Kurile Islands and
Sakhalin, possibly on the Commander Islands; winters south to
Japan; casual in Alaska (various records); accidental at Franklin
Bay, Mackenzie (June 9, 1901).

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Alaska (Nome, 1).
*Larus marinus occidentalis Audubon. Western Gull.

Larus occidentalis Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 320, 1839 — Cape Disappoint-
ment, Washington (type once in coll. of S. F. Baird [cf. Lawrence, in
Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, p. 845, 1858], but now lost; cf.
Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 223, 1925); Coues, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 296 (monog.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, p. 172 (monog.; range in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,

^ The record from Cuba turned out to have been based upon an example of
L. argentatus smithsonianus (cf. Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 388, 1875).

^ Larus marinus schistisagus Stejneger differs from the nominate race by on
average smaller size, lighter (less sooty) mantle, and darker primaries with a dis-
tinct dusky subapical wedge in the white tip of the first remex. We fully agree
with Stegmann in associating this gull with L. marinus, which, by certain characters,
it connects with L. m. occidentalis.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 269

p. 257, 1896 — part, spec, a-e, California (Pacific Beach, Farallones, San
Francisco Bay); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 610, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog., excl. of southern California and Lower California);
Bent, I.e., 131, p. 89, 1921 (life hist.; range in part); Stegmann, Journ.
Orn., 82, p. 354, 1934 (char.; affinity).
Larus occidentalis occidentalis Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 217,
pi. 12, figs. 1-3, 1925 (plumages; range in part); Dickey and van Rossem,
Condor, 27, p. 164, 1925 (breeding range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p.
319, 1934 (range); Ferris, Condor, 42, p. 189 (2 maps), 1940 (movements
traced by banding).

Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast of the United States from
Washington to northern CaHfornia and the Farallon Islands (fide
Peters); in winter to southern California.

Field Museum Collection. — 26: California (San Francisco, 1;
Trinidad, 1; Monterey, 3; Pacific Grove, 2; Moss Landing, 9; Del
Monte Forest, 1; Seaside, 3; mouth of Carmel River, 2; Hyperion, 4).

*Larus marinus wymani Dickey and van Rossem. ^ Wyman's
Gull.

Larus occidentalis wymani Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 27, p. 163,
July 15, 1925 — Santa Catalina Island, California (type in coll. of Donald
R. Dickey, now in University of California at Los Angeles); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 59, 1928— Lower California (range);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 319, 1934 (range).

Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 257, 1896 — part, spec, f-p, California (Santa Cruz Island, San Miguel
Island, Ventura, San Diego) and Lower California (Magdalena Bay);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 610, 1919 (in part).

Range. — Resident on the coast of California and Pacific coast
of Lower California from Monterey County and the Santa Barbara
Islands south to Asuncion Island (possibly even to Magdalena Bay).

Field Museum Collection. — 80: California (Monterey, 2; Pacific
Grove, 4; Carmel Bay, 11; Moss Landing, 4; Del Monte Forest,
2; Seaside, 3; San Clemen te Island, 2; Arch Beach, 1; Anaheim
Landing, 2; Sunset Beach, 1; Hyperion, 45; Pacific Beach, 1; La
Patera Point, 1; Santa Cruz, 1).

*Larus marinus livens Dwight.- Yellow-footed Western Gull.

^ Larus marinus wymani Dickey and van Rossem: Similar to L. m. occidentalis,
but differing by darker, deep neutral gray instead of light neutral gray mantle;
similar in color of mantle to L. m. livens, but feet flesh-color, and eyelids (at least
in breeding season), more orange.

^ Larus marinus livens Dwight: In coloration of mantle similar toL. m. wymani,
but legs and feet lemon-yellow.

270 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Larus occidentalis livens Dwight, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 11, Feb. 14,
1919 — San Jose Island, Lower California (type in coll. of L. C. Sanford,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem.
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 217, 1925— part, islands in the Gulf of
California; Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 27, p. 164, 1925 (breeding
range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 59, 1928— Lower Cali-
fornia (Gulf of California); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 319, 1934 (range);
van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 91,
1945 — Sonora (resident and breeding).

Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 610, 1911— part, islands in the Gulf of California.

Range. — Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California from Consag
Rock south to San Jos^ Island.

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Mexico, Lower California (San
Luis Island, 2; Consag Rock, 1).

*Larus marinus dominicanus Lichtenstein.^ Kelp Gull.

Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 82,
1823 — coast of Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 4, (2), p. 850, 1833 — Ilhas Raza and Redonda, Rio de Janeiro
(breeding); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 142, 1841 — Buenos Aires
and Bahia Blanca, Argentina; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119,
1843— shores of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool.,
1, p. 480, 1847— Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 289, 1848— Val-
paraiso Bay; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512 — Chiloe Island, Chile;
Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113, 1858 — San-Tome, Concepcion, Chile;
Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 97, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater,
I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
7, p. 314, 1860— Chile (breeding habits); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165—
Falkland Islands (breeding); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 13,
1863 — Falkland Islands, "Paraguay," Chile, and Peru (Chincha Islands);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 287, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189—
Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 284— Halt Bay,
Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 576 — coast
of Brazil, Buenos Aires, Chile, and Falkland Islands (crit.); Saunders,
I.e., 1877, p. 799 — Nassau Harbour and Elizabeth Island, Magellan
Straits; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 — mouth of Chubut River and Ninfas
Point, Patagonia; idem. I.e., 1878, pp. 68, 405 — Buenos Aires (soft parts)
and Chubut Valley, Patagonia (nesting at Tombo Point); Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 180 (monog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163—
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio

^ Larus marinus dominicanus Lichtenstein is almost identical in coloration,
notably in the dark shade of the mantle, with the far-away L. to. marinus, but
differs by smaller dimensions, olivaceous feet, and longer white tips to the secon-
daries. Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 132, 1926) and Stegmann (Journ.
Orn., 82, pp. 355-356, 1934) have already insisted on its close relationship to
L. m. marinus, and we do not hesitate to group them together.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 271

Negro, ZooL, I, p. 57, 1881 — Laguna Epecren (Carhue), Puan, and
Salinas Chicas, Buenos Aires; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p.
17 — Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, Cockle Cove, Puerto Bueno, Puerto
Henry) and Chile (Valparaiso); Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 527 — Coquimbo,
Chile, and Callao, Peru; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5,
p. 92, 1884 — Arroyo CoUon-Gueyu, Buenos Aires; MacFarlane, Ibis,
1887, pp. 202, 205 — La Compaiiia (Coquimbo), Chile, and Callao Bay,
Peru; Withington, I.e., 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires;
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889— Sandy Point and
Elizabeth Island, Magellan Straits; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est.
Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 213— same locality
(Jan. to Aug.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 173, 1891— Orange
Bay, New Year Sound, and Rio Santa Cruz; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 210 —
Montevideo, Uruguay; Sclater, I.e., p. ^95 — "lat. 64° 15' S., long. 55° 50'
W.," errore= Falkland Islands (cf. Clarke, Ibis, 1907, p. 347); Waugh
and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. clxxiii, 1894— San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso, Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 245, 1896—
Peru (Callao Bay, Islay), Chile (Coquimbo, Laraquete, Valparaiso,
Corral), Straits of Magellan (Cockle Cove, Tom Bay, Beckett Harbour,
Port Churruca), Falkland Islands, and Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— coast of Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL,
4, p. 657, 1898 — Cavancha (Iquique), Coquimbo, and Straits of Magellan
(Beagle Channel); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 447, 1899— Iguape,
Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 629,
1900 — Staten Island (Penguin Rookery, Puerto Cook), Punta Arenas,
and Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Lynch Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 8, p. 160, 1902— Lago General Paz, Chubut; Dabbene, I.e., p. 380,
1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil.
Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 41, 1904— Falkland Islands (breeding); Nicoll, Ibis,
1904, p. 46 — Smythe's Channel and Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Santos) and Santa
Catherina (Sao Francisco); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254,
1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep.
Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 215, 1910— Rio Gallegos,
Santa Cruz, Patagonia (descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 474— Cape San
Antonio, Los Yngleses, and Tuyu, Buenos Aires; Brooks, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 61, p. 147, 1917— Falkland Islands (breeding), Straits of
Magellan to Payta, Peru (March 30); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 260— Est.
La Maria Luisa, Buenos Aires; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 458,
1919 — Lobos de Tierra, Peru (breeding; habits); Gibson, Ibis, 1920,
p. 77 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tremoleras,
El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado,
Rocha); Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e.,
p. 261, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 442,
1922 — Coronel, Santa Maria, and Quinquina Islands, Chile (breeding);
Peters, BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 292, 1922— San Antonio Oeste
and Lake Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 52, p. 223, 1925 (monog.; plumages); Chapman, I.e., 55,
p. 189, 1926— Gulf of Jambeli and Santa Clara Island, Ecuador; Wet-

272 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

more, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 131, 1926— Rio de Janeiro, Monte-
video, and Buenos Aires (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 425,
1926 — San Antonio Oeste and Bariloche, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926,
p. 319— Falkland Islands; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 163,
1927 — Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires; Jaflfuel and Pirion,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 114, 1927— Marga Marga, Valparaiso, Chile;
Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 207, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile; Reynolds, Ibis,
1932, p. 36 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel (breeding);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 319, 1934 (range in part); Stegmann, Journ.
Orn., 82, p. 355, 1934 (char.; affinity); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1057, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 146,
1938 — Rio de Janeiro (Pedras Brancas, Bahia de Guanabara), Sao Paulo
(Iguape, Santos), and Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco), Brazil; Holmes,
Ibis, 1939, p. 339 — off La Libertad, Ecuador, and Santos and Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.

Dominicanus vociferus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 100, 1853 — "South America"
(no type specified).

Larus verreauxi Bonaparte,^ Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 16, 1855 — Chile
(location of type not stated).

Dominicanus azarae "Lesson" Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 214, 1857 —
Brazil and Patagonia (co types in Frankfurt and Paris Museums).

Larus azarae Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 — Chile
(eggs descr.); idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 — Ilha de Marambaya and
Praia do Sai (Sapitiba), Rio de Janeiro; idem, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,
23, p. 160, 1873— Callao Bay, Peru (July 12-15).

Larus dominicanus dominicanus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
19, p. 408, 1932— Chile; Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934— Yewin,
Tierra del Fuego; idem. Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — Freycinet and Herschel Islands,
Cape Horn (breeding); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935—
Isla la Mocha (resident); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 236, 1936— Arica,
Tacna, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 202, col. pi. 8, fig. 8,
1937 (egg); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 60, 1938— Chacal-
luta, Arica, Chile.

Range. — Breeds locally off the coast of South America from Lobos
de Tierra, Peru (on migration north to the Gulf of Guayaquil,
Ecuador), on the west, and from Rio de Janeiro on the east, south
to Tierra del Fuego, also on some of the Andean lakes in western
Argentina, and on the Falkland Islands.^

Field Musemn Collection. — 3: Chile (Isla Hermite, Magallanes,
1); Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 2).

^ Larus verreauxii Bonaparte (Naumannia, 4, p. 211, 1854) is a nomen nudum.

2 It is not within the scope of this work to discuss the question whether or
not the birds breeding in the African and New Zealand regions, etc., are the same
as the South American Kelp Gull.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 273

*Larus marinus austrinus Fleming.^ South Shetland Kelp
Gull.

Larus dominicanus austrinus Fleming, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 139,
Dec. 29, 1924 — Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (type in coll.
of J. H. Fleming).

Larus dominicanus (not of Lichtenstein) (?)Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb.
Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24, 1885 — South Georgia (chick and eggs descr.);
Sclater, Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497— Antarctic region (64° 15' S. Lat., 55°
50' W. Long.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 245, 1896— part,
spec, a'. South Shetland Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 178— South Orkney
Islands (breeding); (?)Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40,
No. 5, p. 62, 1906 — South Georgia (eggs descr.; habits); Bennett, El
Hornero, 2, p. 26, 1920 — South Shetland and South Orkney Islands
(crit.); (?)Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489— South Georgia; Mathews, Dis-
covery Rep., 1, p. 581, pi. 46, figs. 1-9, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting);
Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 13— South Shetland Islands (habits); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 319, 1934— part, South Shetland, South Orkney, and (?)South
Georgia Islands; Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 89, p. 303, 1945 (nests
south to 67° 56' S.-76° 24' W. (life hist.).

Range. — South Shetland, South Orkney, and South Georgia
Islands.

Field Museum Collection. — 1 : South Shetland Islands (Decepcion
Island, 1).

*Larus atricilla Linnaeus. Laughing Gull.

Larus Atricilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 136, 1758 — based on
"Laughing Gull" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 89, pi. 89, Bahama
Islands; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 — Praia de Cajutuba, near
Cintra, Para, Brazil (Feb. 20); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, p. 576 (range); Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 749— Santa Lucia,
Tumbez, Peru (Dec. 20); Saunders, I.e., 1878, p. 194 (monog.); Hartert,
Ibis, 1893, pp. 311, 326, 337— Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire, Dutch West
Indies; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 653, 1895 — Margarita
Island, Venezuela; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 194, 1896
(monog.); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 164,
1901 — La Guaira, Venezuela (summer); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 309,
1902 — Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 421, 1903 — Mexico to Costa Rica; Clark, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 32, p. 256, 1905— Barbados (casual), St. Vincent, Grenada,
and Grenadines (breeding; eggs descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55,
1906 — Port-of-Spain, Trinidad (June), and Tobago; Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 310, 1908
(no record from French Guiana); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser.,

^ Larus marinus austrinus Fleming differs from L. to. dominicanus by less
sooty, more slaty coloration of the mantle, slightly larger size, and paler imma-
ture plumage. From the material seen by us this form would seem to be worthy
of recognition.

274 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

1, pp. 194, 233, 1909— Aruba and Margarita Islands; Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 80, 1914 — Dunas, Marajo, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci.
Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 374, 1916— about the mouths of the
Orinoco and shores of the Gulf of Paria, Venezuela; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 113, p. 154, 1921 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 188, 1926 — Santa Elena, Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico
and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 376, 1927— Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and St.
Thomas (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928— San
Jose del Cabo, Lower California (Sept. 6); Young, Ibis, 1929, p. 768—
coastland of British Guiana; Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 289, 1931— Bermuda Islands (accidental); Wetmore and
Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 173, 1931— Hispaniola; Griscom,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 128, 1932 — Guatemala (winter visitor);
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304, 1932— Puerto Castilla,
Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 321, 1934 (range); Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 294— Soldado Rock (off Trinidad), Giles Rock
(off Tobago; Mar. 27, June 23), and Little Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama; Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1071, 1936 (monog.; Hfe hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 146, 1937 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 182, 1938— Acajutla, El Salvador (Jan. 13,
26); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 195, 1939— La Guaira, Vene-
zuela (Oct. 16); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 31,
1943 — Virgin Islands (nesting on Saba, Flat Kalkum, French Cap, and
Cockroach Cay); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State
Univ., 21, p. 92, 1945— Sonora (distr.).

Xema wilsonii Boie, Isis, 1828, col. 358 — St. Croix (new name for Larus
ridibundus [not of Linnaeus] Wilson, Amer. Orn., 9, p. 89, pi. 74, fig. 4).

Xema atricilla Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 378, 1847 — Tobago;
Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 —
coast region.

Atricilla catesbyi "Bonaparte" Bruch, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 287, 1855 — "the
warmer North America" (no type specified; evidently a new name for
Larus atricilla Linnaeus).

Atricilla megalopterus "Bonaparte" Bruch, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 287, 1855 —
"Peru and the Gulf of Mexico" (type, from Peru, in Mayence Museum). i

Atricilla micropterus "Bonaparte" Bruch, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 288, 1855 —
"southern part of North America" (no type specified).

Atricilla catesbaei Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17,

p. 771, April, 1856 — new name (or Larus atricilla Linnaeus.
Atricilla macroptera Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17,

p. 771, April, 1856 — substitute name for Atricilla megalopterus Bruch.
Chroicocephalus atricilla Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 309

(monog.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 385, 1875 — Cuba (breeding;

puUus descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 636, 1919

1 Bruch states that A. megalopterus is the bird labeled as L. serranus in the
collection under his care and described under the latter name in his former paper
(Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853), where only Peru is mentioned as locality.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 275

(monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14,
p. 180, 1922 — Buritaca and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia.

Larus ridibundus (not of Linnaeus) lieotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 532, 1866 —
Trinidad.

Larus atricilla atridlla Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 367, 1916 —
Guadeloupe (crit.; meas.).

Larus atricilla megalopterus Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, pp. 367,
368, 1916— United States (crit.; meas.).

Hydrocoloeus atricilla Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 262, pi. 15,
figs. 1, 2, 1925 (crit.; range; plumages).

Range. — Breeds locally along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of
the United States from Nova Scotia to Texas, in southern Cali-
fornia, on the Caribbean coast of Central America, Bahama Islands,
Cuba, and in the Lesser Antilles south to the Grenadines; recorded
in summer from islets near Tobago and Trinidad, the coast of Vene-
zuela, and the islands of Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire; winters
from South Carolina and the Gulf coast south to northeastern Brazil
(Marajo Island; Cajutuba, near Cintra, Para) and northwestern
Peru (Santa Lucia, Dept. Tumbez).^

Field Museum Collection. — 94 : Texas (Brownsville, 1 ; Port Isabel,
3; Cameron County, 6; Corpus Christi, 20; Seadrift, 3); Massa-
chusetts (Nantucket County, 2); Virginia (Northampton County,
7); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 13; Bodie Island, 6);
Florida (Pilot Town, 1; Punta Rassa, 2; Amelia Island, 2; Palm
Beach County, 2); Bahama Islands (Acklin, 2; Great Bahama, 1;
Mayaguana, 2; New Providence, 1; San Salvador, 1); Virgin Islands
(Antigua, 14) ; Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 2) ; Mexico (Rio Lagartos,
Yucatan, 1); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1); British Guiana
(Buxton, 1).

*Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus Vieillot. Gray-hooded
Gull.

Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 21, p. 502,
1818 — Brazil, coll. Delalande jr., = Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum);
idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 223, pi. 289, 1825— Brazil (fig. of type).

^ Birds from the United States are generally larger, but as pointed out by
Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, pp. 266-267, 1925) and again by Wetmore
(Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, pp. 378-379, 1927) there is much
overlapping in the wing measurements of North American and West Indian
specimens. Until adequate series of authentic breeding birds from the West
Indies are available for study, it will be difficult to recognize a northern race,
L. a. megalopterus, which Noble (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, pp. 367, 368, 1916)
sought to revive.

276 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Larus poliocephalus Lesson, ^ Traite d'Orn., p. 618, 1831 — Brazil (substitute
name for Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4,
(2), p. 854, 1833— coast of southeastern Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 320
(crit.).

Cirrocephalus plumbiceps (not Larus plumbiceps Meyer, 1822) Bruch, Journ.
Orn., 3, p. 288, 1855 — "South America" (no type specified).

Larus maculipennis (not of Lichtenstein)^ Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th.
Bras., 3, p. 448, 1856 — bay of Rio de Janeiro; idem, Journ. Orn., 8,
p. 267, 1860— Rio Parana, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 518,
1861— Rio Parana.

Larus drrhocephalus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 146 —
Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1871, p. 578 — La Plata; Saunders,
I.e., 1874, p. 292 — Buenos Aires and Chorillos, Peru (crit.); Durnford,
Ibis, 1877, p. 201 — north of city of Buenos Aires; Saunders, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 204 — coast of Brazil, Rio de la Plata, and Peru
(Chorillos; Chincha Islands); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 — Cape San
Antonio, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool.,
1, p. 57, 1881 — Azul to the Rio Negro; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1882, p. 525 — Payta, Peru (Jan.; crit.); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc.
Cordoba, 5, p. 92, 1884 — Collongueyu, between Tandil and Ayacucho,
Buenos Aires; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208 — Payta, Peru; Holland, I.e.,
1890, p. 428— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213—
Est. Espartillar (July to Feb.); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 211— Montevideo Bay,
Uruguay; Holland, I.e., 1895, p. 216 — Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (breed-
ing); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 198, 1896 — part, spec, a-s,
Buenos Aires (Ajo, Belgrano) and Peru (Callao Bay, Payta); Holland,
Ibis, 1897, p. 287— Santa Elena (breeding); Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, p. 444—
Laguna del Sauzal, Quinta, Jujuy; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43,
1907— La Plata (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254,
1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 475 — Los
Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 212, 1918 — Quinta, Jujuy, and estuary of La Plata River; Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, p. 259— Eten, Peru (Sept. 16); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 82—
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 —
Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, and Rocha, Uruguay; Daguerre,
I.e., 2, p. 261, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 133, p. 135, 1926 — Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires (crit.); Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 242, 1923 (1926)— Miritiba,
Maranhao (Jan. 26); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 164,
1927— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Quabicker, Orn. Monatsb., p. 57, 1939—
Ecuador (Guayaquil) and Peru (Pisca).

^ Larus poliocephalus Temminck (Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 780, note, 1820)
is a nomen nudum.

2 Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 771, 1856) in-
troduced drrhocephalus major as a substitute name for Larus maculipennis Lichten-
stein andL. cirrocephalus Vieillot, two perfectly distinct species, which he evidently
regarded as identical. C. major, thus, is an unidentifiable composite without
nomenclatorial standing.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 277

Larus atricilla (not of Linnaeus) Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao, Brazil.
Hydrocoloeus drrhocephalus cirrhocephalus Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,

52, p. 270, 1925 (monog.; range; plumages).
Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.

Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929 — Miritiba, Maranhao (ex Reiser); Peters, Bds.

World, 2, p. 321, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1074,

1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 147, 1938— Boa

Vista, Maranhao (Nov.), and La Plata.

Range. — Breeds in southern South America from Rio de Janeiro
to province of Buenos Aires, ranging up the rivers Parana and
Paraguay; recorded outside the breeding season from northern
Brazil (Miritiba and Boa Vista, Nov., 'Jan. 26), western Argentina
(Quinta, Jujuy and Tucuman), the coast of Peru (Chorillos, Dec;
Eten, Sept. 16; Chincha Islands; Payta, Jan., July), and Ecuador
(Guayaquil). 1

Field Museum Collection. — 5: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman,
3; Rio Sali, Tucuman, 1; unspecified, 1).

*Larus serranus Tschudi. Andean Gull,

Larus serranus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 414, 1844 — Peru (type
in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 307, 1846 —
Sierra and Puna region. Valley of Jauja, Junin; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868— Chile to Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158— Tinta, Cuzco, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1871, p. 577—
Peru (Islay and Tinta), Bolivia, and "Mendoza (ex Burmeister)," errore
(crit.); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876— Moho, Lake
Titicaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877— Laguna de los
Pejerreyes, Colchagua, Chile; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 196 (crit.; range); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 641— Bolivia;
Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 525— Callao Bay, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404—
Huasco, Sitani, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; Macfarlane, Ibis,
1887, pp. 204, 207— Callao Bay, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888—
Antofagasta, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889— Lake
Titicaca, Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya
and Lake of Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 188, 1896— Chile (Sacaya, Huasco, Tarapaca), Peru (Lake Titicaca,
Tinta, Laguna de Lanjui, Tambo, Islay, Callao), and Ecuador (Colta);
Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Cordilleras of Chile; Sclater,
Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Huasco and Sacaya, Chile; Salvadori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900— Cafiar and Vallevicioso,
Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2),
p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 — lake near
Cotopaxi (alt. 13,700 ft.), Ecuador; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11,

1 A slightly smaller, darker race with smaller mirrors on the primaries, Larus c.
poliocephalus Swainson, occurs in tropical Africa.

278 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 249, 1904 — Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris,
(10), 1, p. 221, 1909 — Lake Poopo and Huancani, Oruro, Bolivia; Dabbene,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 — Argentina (Cumbre de
Calchaquies, Tucuman, and Jujuy); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr.
Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 8, 1911 — Narinhuina, Ecuador;
Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 (range in Argentina); Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, p. 258 — Peru (Bancs, Cajamarca; Galera, Junin) and Bolivia
(Cochabamba); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921—
OUantaytambo and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru; Lonnberg and
Rendahl, Ark. ZooL, 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922 — Arcadia (six miles south of
Quito), Lake Mica (Antisana), and La Carolina, Ecuador; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 188, 1926— Lake Colta, Antisana, and
Lake San Pablo, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33,
p. 354, 1927 — Laguna Mojanda, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 255, 1930 — Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, Peru;
Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Sierras de Zenta, Jujuy; Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 411, 1932— Chile (Tarapaca to
Antofagasta, Colchagua); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 322, 1934 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1077, 1936 (monog.; life hist.);
Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; idem,
Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 — Chile (Arica Bay and Laguna
de Parinacota, Tacna; Santiago; Rio Nuble, near Chilian, Nuble);
Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 403, 645 — Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru;
Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 63, p. 5, 1942— Peru.
Chroicocephalus personatus ("Natterer") Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, pi. 3,
fig. 36, 1853 — "western America within the tropical zone" (no type or
type locality specified); idem. I.e., 3, p. 289, 1855 ' (young descr.).

Larus personatus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 35, 1863 — Bolivia (crit.).

Larus bonapartii (not of Swainson and Richardson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 178— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru.

Hydrocoloeus serranus Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 276, 1925
(monog.; plumages; range).

Range. — Breeds around high Andean lakes from Ecuador to
northern Chile and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucu-
man) ; descends in the non-breeding period to the coast of Peru and
Chile south to Nuble.

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichin-
cha, 2; Llanganate, Tunguragua, 1); Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco,
1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Tirapata, Puno, 1).

*Larus pipixcan Wagler. Franklin's Gull.

Larus Pipixcan Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, col. 515, May, 1831 — Mexico
(cotypes in Munich Museum examined ;= winter plumage); Swarth,

1 Bruch cites as synonym L. serranus and goes on to say that the species has
been found by Natterer "in the South American hot plains of Central America"
(sic!) and by Tschudi in the puna region of Peru and Chile. Natterer, who, as

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 279

Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 65, 1931— Galapagos (Narborough,
Chatham, and Albemarle Islands); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
64, p. 128, 1932— Guatemala (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 19, p. 410, 1932 — Arica to La Mocha, Chile (winter); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 322, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
78, p. 309, 1935 — Panama Canal Zone (one record); Murphy, Ocean.
Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1079, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Griscom, Auk, 54,
p. 193, 1937 — Mugileca, Guerrero (Apr. 16); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 — Chile (Arica; bay of Valparaiso, Jan.; San
Vicente de Talcaguano, Feb.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 183, 1938— La Libertad, El Salvador (Jan. 13);
Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 38, 1943 (juvenile plumage).
Larus franklinii{i) Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-
Amer., 2, "1831," p. 424, pi. 71, pub. Feb., 1832— Saskatchewan River,
Manitoba (type [or at least one of the co types] in Edinburgh Museum;
cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool, 35, p. 275, 1930); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist.
Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 482, 1847— Valparaiso, Chile (ex Gray);
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile (crit.); idem
and Salvin, I.e., 1871, p. 577 (crit.; range; synonymy); Saunders, I.e., 1878,
p. 195 (crit.); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 524— Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.),
and Payta, Peru (Jan.); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 207— Callao,
Peru (Jan. to Feb., April); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896—
Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 191, 1896 (monog.); Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 419, 1903 — Mexico (various
localities), Guatemala (Chiapam, Champerico), and Panama; Nicoll,
Ibis, 1904, p. 50 — Valparaiso, Chile; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237, 1904 — Mangrove Point, Narborough Island, Gala-
pagos (March); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Port
Limon, Costa Rica; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 42, 1913—
Galapagos (Chatham Island, Feb. 10; Albemarle, March 6); Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, p. 259— Callao, Peru (Jan. 10); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
113, p. 163, 1921 (life hist.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat, 28, p. 53,
1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
55, p. 188, 1926— Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (Dec. 6).

Xema franklini G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 172, 1844—

Valparaiso, Chile.
Larus cucullatus (Lichtenstein MS.) Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimm-

vogel, pi. 23, fig. 296, 1848— no locality (type in Dresden Museum);

Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113, 1858 — San-Tome (Concepcion), Chile;

Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 188 — Champerico, Guatemala.

Chroicocephalus Kittlitzii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, 1853 — southern Chile
(based on a drawing in the Leningrad Museum).

Larus dnereo-caudatus Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, No.
6, p. 733, June, 1861— San-Tome (Concepcion), Valparaiso, and Arica,
Chile (cotypes, from San-Tom^, Valparaiso, and Arica, in National Mu-

is well-known, never visited Central America, did not obtain it nor did he ever
bestow any name on this bird. Bruch's type may possibly be in the museum at
Mayence, where his private collection was deposited.

280 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

seum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13,
p. 30, 1930); iidem. Arch. Naturg., 27, (1), p. 293, 1861— same localities,
Concepcion to Peru; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 12, p. 98, 1902 —
San-Tome, Valparaiso, and Arica.

Chroicocephalus cucullatus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 309 —
Central America, Panama, and Louisiana (monog.).

Chroicocephalus franklini Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 310
(monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 641, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.).

Hydrocoloeus pipixcan Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 288, pi. 15,
figs. 3, 4, 1925 (monog.; plumages).

Range. — Breeds in North America, from central Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, and south-central Manitoba to Utah,
South Dakota, and southern Minnesota; winters on the Gulf coast
of the United States, but chiefly on the Pacific coast of South
America from the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Concepcion, Chile;
casual in the West Indies (St. Bartholomew), Galapagos Islands
(three records), and in the Hawaiian Islands (Mauai).

Field Museum Collection. — 78: Alberta (Walsh, 1; Many Islands
Lake, 6); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2; Moose Jaw, 1; Maple Creek,
3; Big Stick Lake, 1); Manitoba (Selkirk, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi,
6); North Dakota (Nelson County, 22; Pierce County, 1; Ramsey
County, 10; Rolette County, 2; Towner County, 12); South Dakota
(Harrison, 1); Minnesota (Heron Lake, 1); Iowa (Loon Lake, 1);
Kansas (Oberlin, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Cook
County, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Guatemala (San Jos6, 1).

*Larus ridibundus maculipennis Lichtenstein.^ Patagonian
Brown-headed Gull.

Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 411, Sept.,
1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Registo do Sai, Santa Ana), Sao
Paulo (Ypanema), and Matto Grosso (Cidade de Matto Grosso);^ Durn-

^ Larus ridibundus maculipennis Lichtenstein is so close to the European
nominate race that we do not hesitate to follow Laubmann in reducing it to sub-
specific rank.

Dwight has shown that L. glaucodes and L. maculipennis are the same, the
former being the fully adult bird, while the latter represents an abnormal (re-
versionary) type of second-year plumage.

Falkland Island birds are slightly smaller, but the divergency is too insigni-
ficant to justify the recognition of a distinct race (roseiventris). — C.E.H.

0. Murie (Auk, 62, p. 313, 1945) has recorded a specimen of Larus ridibundus
sibiricus from Kiska Island in the Aleutians. — B.C.

2 According to Dr. M. Sassi, Natterer's specimens, including the one from
Cidade de Matto Grosso, are unquestionably maculipennis.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 281

ford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 43, 202— mouth of Rio Chubut, Patagonia (breeding),
and province of Buenos Aires (Baradero, etc.); idem. I.e., 1878, p. 405 —
Lake Colguape and Rio Sengel, Chubut (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 201 (crit.; range); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163— Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p.
526— Talcaguano, Chile (crit.); White, I.e., p. 628— Punta Lara, Pecheco,
and Salto, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de
Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar,
Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213 — Est. Espartillar (breeding); Aplin,
I.e., 1894, p. 211— Montevideo Bay; Holland, I.e., 1895, p. 216— Santa
Elena, Buenos Aires (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 200, 1896 — Brazil (Barra Grande, Alagoas; Rio de Janeiro; Pelotas,
Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (Montevideo), Buenos Aires (Partido del
Aj6, Lomas de Zamora, Espartillar, Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanea), Chubut,
and Chile (Arauco, Vina del Mar, Talcaguano); Holland, Ibis, 1897,
p. 287— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (breeding); Selater, I.e., p. 312—
Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Laraquete (Arauco), Chile; Schalow, Zool.
Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 657, 1898— Cavaneha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile;
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 447, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902— Rio Sali, Tucuman; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907— Sao Paulo (Iguape), Chubut (Carmen),
and Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254, 1909 —
Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Rio Sali, Tueuman; Paessler, Orn.
Monatsber., 17, p. 101, 1909— Toeopilla and Antofagasta, Antofagasta,
Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910
(range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 200, 1910— Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (descr.);
Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 475 — Los Yngleses and Luiconia, Aj6, Buenos Aires;
Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 259— Papin, Bonifacio, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e.,
1920, p. 81 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tre-
moleras. El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920— Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay;
Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 261, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 65, p. 291, 1923— San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Reed,
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 190, 1925— Villa Tolten, Cautin, Chile;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 133, 1926— Buenos Aires (Cape
San Antonio, Guamini) and Uruguay (San Vicente) (crit.); idem, Univ.
Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 425, 1926— San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro;
Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 164, 1927— Santa Elena,
Entre Rios; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 411, 1932—
Tarapaca to Straits of Magellan, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 323,
1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1082, 1936 (monog.;
life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 147, 1938— Sao Paulo (Iguape,
Pissaguera) and Argentina (Carmen, Chubut, Buenos Aires, La Plata).

Larus glaucodes Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16,
Suppl., p. 115, pi. 24, 1834— coast of Chile (type in Berlin Museum);
Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 204, 1855— Chile; Germain,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860— southern Chile; Philippi, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868— Chile; Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 578— coast of Chile and Falkland Islands (crit.);
Saunders, I.e., 1877, p. 799— Messier Channel, Straits of Magellan; idem.

282 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

I.e., 1878, p. 203 (crit.; range); Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16— Cape Gregory,
Magellan Straits; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 526 (in text) — Talcaguano,
Chile (erit.); Ridgway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889— Port
Otway, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sei. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 181, 1891— Tierra
del Fuego (Sloggett Bay) and Santa Cruz; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 203, 1896— Patagonia (Egg Harbour), Falkland Islands,
Straits of Magellan (Cape Gregory, Messier Channel), and Chile (Col-
chagua, Algarroba, Santiago, Valparaiso, Vina del Mar, Talcaguano,
Coquimbo); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile; Sclater,
Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Laraquete (Arauco),
Chile; Sehalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 656, 1898— Tumbes and Tal-
eaguano (Coneepeion), and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Salvadori, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 630, 1900 — Punta Arenas and Rio
Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Vallentin, Mem. Proe. Manchester Lit.
Phil. Soe., 48, No. 23, p. 41, 1904— East Island, Falkland Islands (egg
deser.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nae. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1910 — Tierra
del Fuego (Sloggett Bay); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 210, 1910 — near Coy Inlet and Cape Fairweather,
Santa Cruz; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 147, 1917— Falkland
Islands; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Islands; Peters,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 291, 1923 — Maquinchao and Huanuluan,
Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 426, 1926— Arroyo
Seeo, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 319— Falkland Islands.

Xema (Chroicocephalum) drrhocephalus (not Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot)
Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 142, 1841 — Rio Plata, coast of Patagonia,
and Straits of Magellan (erit.).

Xema drrhocephalum Eraser, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 — Chile.

Larus drrhocephalus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p.
482, 1847— Chile (part, young); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512—
Valdivia and "Arend" (=Ancud), Chiloe, Chile; Frauenfeld, Verb. Zool.
Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860— Lake Aeuleo, Santiago, Chile;
Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 — Chile (eggs); Sharpe,
Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1881, p. 16 — Talcaguano, Chile; Reed, Anal.
Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— coast of Tarapaca, Chile.

Larus albipennis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 288, 1848 — harbor of Val-
paraiso, Chile (type in U. S. National Museum examined); Kittlitz,
Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 133, 1858 — Valparaiso.

Chroicocephalum glaucotes Brueh, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 — Chile (erit.);
idem. I.e., 3, p. 291, 1855— Chile (erit.).

Larus erythropus (not of Gmelin, 1789) Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113,
1858 — San-Tome, Coneepeion, Chile (substitute name for L. albipennis
Peale).

Gavia roseiventris Gould, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 27, p. 97, 1859 — Falkland
Islands (type now in British Museum).

Larus roseiventris Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860 — Falkland
Islands (crit.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166— Falkland Islands (breeding).

Larus serranus (not of Tschudi) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 —
Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 519, 1861 — Mendoza.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 283

Larus glaucotis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 — Chile.
Hydrocoloeus maculipennis Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 295,
1925 (monog.; plumages).

Larus glaucoides Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 208, 1929 — Angol,
Malleco, Chile.

Larus ridibundus maculipennis Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 22, p. 262,
1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.).

Range. — Breeds in southern South America from Valdivia, Chile,
and the La Plata estuary to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland
Islands; ranges north to Tarapaca, Chile, Alagoas, Brazil, and
(according to Sassi) Matto Grosso.

Field Museum Collection. ~b: Chile (Concepcion, Talcaguano, 1;
Lake Gualletue, Cautin, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Quellon, Chilo^
Island, 1; Chonchi, Chilo^ Island, 1).

*Larus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull.

Sterna Philadelphia Ord, in Guthrie's Geogr., 2nd Am. ed., 2, p. 319, 1815—
no locaHty=near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (no type extant).

Larus marginatus Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5,
Feb. 21, 1822— near Harrodsburg, Kentucky (no type extant).

Larus melanorhynchus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 85, pi. 504,
1830— "Chile" (descr. of nuptial plumage; type in the Leyden Museum;
cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 41, 1863).

Larus bonapartii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer.,
2, "1831," p. 425, pi. 72, pub. Feb., 1832— "Great Slave Lake," Mac-
kenzie (type, from Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, in Edinburgh Museum;
cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930).

Chroicocephalus bonapartii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 — North America
(monog.); idem. I.e., 3, p. 292, 1855 (descr.; crit.).

Chroicocephalus subulirostris (Bonaparte MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105,
1853 — North America (type in Mayence Museum).

Chroicocephalus Philadelphia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p.
310 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 645, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.).

Larus philadelphiae Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 206 (monog.).

Larus Philadelphia Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 185, 1896 (monog.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 418, 1903— Mexico
(Mazatlan, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Jalisco); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 113, p. 175, 1921 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
32, p. 61, 1928 — Lower California; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 289, 1931— Bermuda Islands (winter); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 324, 1934 (range); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57,
p. 30, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (nesting in wooded part); Beardslee, Wilson
Bull., 56, p. 9, 1944 (habits; plumages); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 92, 1945— Sonera (winter visitant).

284 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Hydrocoloeus Philadelphia Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 306, pi. 15,
figs. 5, 6, 1925 (monog.; plumages).

Range. — Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska and
northern Mackenzie south to central British Columbia and central
Alberta; winters on the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to
Lower California and western Mexico, on the Atlantic from New
England to Florida, the Bermuda Islands, and on the Gulf coast
to Yucatan; accidental in the Hawaiian Islands and in Europe.^

Field Museum Collection. — 144: Alaska (Bethel, 3; Inako River,
1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Seymour
Narrows, 1; Saturna Island, 1; Victoria, 1); Alberta (Cooking Lake,
1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); California (San Francisco, 1; Eureka, 1;
Monterey, 22; Pacific Grove, 2; Seaside, 1; Hyperion, 15; Motor-
drome, Los Angeles County, 1; San Diego County, 1); North Dakota
(Nelson County, 7; Rolette County, 8; Towner County, 2); Minne-
sota (Pelican Rapids, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9); Illinois (Lake
County, 3; Cook County, 1); Indiana (Lake County, 1); Michigan
(St. Joseph, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5); Maine (Portland, 1);
Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3); Connecticut (New Haven
County, 3); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2; Suffolk County, 2); North
Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 17; Pea Island, 1); Florida
(Pilot Town, 5; Amelia Island, 4; East Pass, 8; Mary Esther, 3;
Santa Rosa, 2).

Larus minutus Pallas. Little Gull.

Larus minutus Pallas, Reisen Versch. Prov. Russ. Reiches, 3, p. 702, 1776 —
rivers of Siberia and southern Russia (restricted type locality Berezof,
Tobolsk, Siberia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 650,
1919); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 173, 1896 (monog.); Norton,
Auk, 27, p. 447, 1910 (occurrences in America); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 113, p. 180, 1921 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 324, 1934
(range).

Hydrocoloeus minutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 649, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 309,
1925 (monog.; plumages).

Range. — Breeds locally in northern Europe and northern Asia;
accidental in the eastern United States; on Long Island, New York
(Fire Island, Sept. 15, 1887; Rockaway Beach, May 2, 1902) and

1 Bonaparte's Gull has never occurred anywhere in South America. The
record from the Tambo Valley, Peru, turned out to be based on an immature
bird of L. serranus, and Des Murs (in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 483,
1847) is undoubtedly mistaken in including L. bonaparti among the birds of Chile.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 285

in Maine (St. George, Aug. 12, 1904; Pine Point, near Scarborough,
July 20, 1910).!

Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray

Rossia (not of Owen, 1835) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 62, 1838 —
type, by monotypy, Larus roseus Macgillivray.

Rhodostethia Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 252, 1842 — type, by orig.
desig., Larus rossii Richardson =Lartts roseus Macgillivray.

♦Rhodostethia rosea (Macgillivray). Ross's Gull.

Larus roseus Macgillivray, Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc, 5, (1), p. 249,
1824 — no locality given = Melville Peninsula, Keewatin^ (type in Edin-
burgh Museum); Jardine and Selby, lUustr. Orn., 1, (1), pi. 14, Feb.,
1827 (fig. of type); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 199, 1898— Greenland.

Larus rossii Richardson, App. Parry's Second Voy., p. 359, 1825 — Melville
Peninsula, Keewatin (type, from Alagnak, 69° 15' N., in Edinburgh
Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930).

Larus Richardsonii Lesson, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, 9, p. 516, 1837 — Arctic
Circle.

Rhodostethia roseus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853 (diag.); idem, I.e., 3,
p. 278, 1855— Kamchatka (crit.).

Rhodostethia rosea Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 167, 1896 (monog.);
Buturlin, Ibis, 1906, pp. 131, 333, 661— Kolyma Delta, Siberia (breeding
grounds; habits; nest and eggs descr.); Dresser, I.e., p. 610, pi. 20 (eggs);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 669, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Bent, I.e., 133, p. 183, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2,
p. 1718, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 36,
1923— St. George Island, Pribilofs (March 24, May 25); Dwight, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 314, 1925 (range; plumages); Helms, Dansk.
Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 27, p. 18, 1933 — Ikamiut, Greenland; Ticehurst,
Ibis, 1933, p. 785 — islands near Ikamiut, Greenland (June 20; male, female
with egg); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northern Siberia at the mouths of rivers between
Cape Swjatoi Noss and the Indigirka River, and in the valleys of
the Indigirka, Alazei, and Kolyma south to about 67° 30' N. Lat.,
also on islands near Ikamiut, Greenland (June 20, 1885); on migra-
tion in Kamchatka, the Arctic coast of Alaska, and the Pribilofs
(two records from St. George Island).

Field Museum Collection. — 20: Alaska (Barrow, 20).

1 Records from the Bermuda Islands pertain to L. Philadelphia (cf. Bradlee,
Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, pp. 289-290, 1931).

2 Macgillivray's provisional name, based on the characteristic shape of the tail
("subcuneate, the middle feathers being considerably longer, the rest graduated").

286 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Genus RISSA Stephens

Rissa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 180, 1826 — type, by mono-

typy, Rissa brunnichii Stephens =LarMs tridadylus.
Cheimonea Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 84,

196, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Larus tridadylus Linnaeus.

*Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnaeus). Kittiwake.

Larus tridadylus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — based on
"The Coddy Moddy" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 80, pi. 87, and "Larus
cinereus" Raius, Syn. Meth. Av., p. 128, Great Britain; Holboll, Naturh.
Tidsskr., 4, p. 420, 1843— Greenland (Godthaab); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl.,
21, p. 190, 1898— Greenland.

Larus Rissa Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 42, 1764 — Iceland and Christiansoe
Island, also near Copenhagen.

Larus naevius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 225, 1766 — based on
Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 185, pi. 17, fig. 2), Aldrovandi, etc., "in Mari
Europaeo."

Larus albus (not of Gunnerus, 1767) P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl.,
p. 104, 1776 — based on "Mouette cendree tachetee" Daubenton, PI. Enl.,
pi. 387.

Larus cinerarius (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Fabricius, Faun. Greenl., p. 101,
1780 — Greenland (descr. of winter plumage).

Larus Riga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 594, 1789 — based on Larus Rissa
Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 42, No. 140, and "Kittiwake" of Pennant and
Latham, northern America, Europe, and Asia.

Rissa Brunnidiii (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 181,
pi. 21, 1826 — substitute name lor Larus tridadylus Linnaeus.

Rissa tridadylus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 (diag.); idem. I.e., 3,
p. 284, 1855 (descr.).

Rissa borealis C. L. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 341, 1855 — Greenland, not rare in
Europe (type, from Greenland, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York).

Rissa tridadyla Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 305, 1896 (in part,
excepting Bering Sea and North Pacific regions); Racey, Canad. Field
Nat., 53, p. 25, 1939 (banded in Russian Arctic, recovered in Newfound-
land); Hennessy, I.e., 57, p. 63, 1943 (banded in Iceland, recovered off
Nova Scotia).

Rissa tridadyla tridadyla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 565,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 36, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1751, 1921 (monog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 52, p. 317, pi. 14, fig. 6, 1925 (range; plumages); Bradlee, Mow-
bray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 39, p. 288, 1931— Bermuda

rests on the very same specimen from Parry's Arctic Expedition, which was
subsequently described by Richardson as Larus rossii and is still preserved in
the Edinburgh Museum.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 287

Islands (regular winter visitor); Lpppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6,
pp. 69, 123, 1932 — eastern Greenland (breeding); Peters, Bds. "World,
2, p. 325, 1934 (range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 852— Jan Mayen
(breeding); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 319, 1935
(distr. in North Atlantic); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 236, 1946— Baffin Island.

Range. — Breeds in Arctic and Subarctic North America from
Wellington Channel, northern Greenland, south to Somerset Island,
east coast of Baffin Island, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and extra-
limitally in Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land,
Novaya Zemlya, northwestern Europe, and northern Asia; winters
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to New Jersey and the Bermuda
Islands. Accidental in the interior.

Field Museum Collection. — 33: Arctic Canada (Resolution Island,
1); Greenland (Agpamiut, 3; Simiutak, 1; Godhavn, 1 ; Sukkertoppen,
2; Godthaab, 2; Julianehaab, 1; east coast, 5); Labrador (Jack Lane's
Bay, 1; Rama, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 10); Nova Scotia
(Halifax, 1); Massachusetts (Provincetown, 3); Illinois (Meredosia,
Morgan County, 1).

*Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. Pacific Kittiwake.

[Rissa tridactyla] b. pollicaris (Stejneger MS.) Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 202, 1884— Kotzebue Sound,
Alaska (new name for Rissa brachyrhynchus [not Larus hrachyrhynchus
Gould, 1843] Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853).

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 78, 1885 —
Bering Island and Staritskoflf Island, Kamchatka (nomencl.; crit.; breed-
ing); Ridgway, I.e., 50, (8), p. 571, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 113, p. 44, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1753,
1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 31, 1923—
Pribilof Islands (breeding); D wight. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 317,
1925 (range; plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58,
1928 — Lower California (San Geronimo Island, March, 1897; vicinity of
Los Coronados Islands, winter) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range).

Rissa hrachyrhynchus (not Larus hrachyrhynchus Gould, 1843) Bruch, Journ.
Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853— North America (diag.); idem. I.e., 3, p. 285, 1855—
northwest coast of America (diag.).

Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America, from Cape
Lisburne and Point Barrow, Alaska, south to the Aleutian Islands,
and extralimitally on Wrangel and Herald Islands, north coast of
eastern Siberia west to Kolinchin Bay, the coast and islands of
Bering Sea, the Commander Islands, Kurile Islands, and Kamchatka;
winters from southeastern Alaska to northern Lower California and
Japan.

288 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Little Diomede
Island, 3; Nome, 5; St. Michaels, 4; Icy Strait, 1).

*Rissa brevirostris Bruch. Red-legged Kittiwake.

Rissa brevirostris (Brandt MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 — "North-
west coast of North America" (type in Leningrad Museum); idem, I.e.,
3, pp. 285, 293, 1855 (diag.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 82,
1885 — Bering Island (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 312, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 573,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 49, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1754, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer.
Fauna, 46, p. 32, 1923~Pribilof Islands (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 52, p. 322, 1925 (range; plumages); Gabrielson, Auk, 50,
p. 216, 1933— Delake, Oregon; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934 (range).

Larus brachyrhynchus (not of Richardson, 1832) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
11, p. 106, Dec, 1843 — "Russian America" (type now in British Museum);
idem, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Birds, Part 2, p. 50, pi. 34, Jan., 1844—
"Russian America" (fig. of type).

Rissa Kotzebuii Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, pp. 212, 217 — "Ex Am. s.
occ, California" (substitute name for Rissa brevirostris Bruch); idem.
Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 18, 1855 (reprint).^

Larus Warnecki Coinde, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 12, p. 401, 1860— St. Paul
Island, Pribilofs (type in Paris Museum).

Range. — Breeds on the Pribilof, Near, and Commander Islands
(more or less resident); casual in Alaska (St. Michaels), Yukon
Territory (Forty Mile), and Oregon (Delake, Jan. 28, 1933).

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Alaska (St. George Island, 1;
Bering Sea, 3).

Genus CREAGRUS Bonaparte

Creagrus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 213— type, by orig. desig., Larus
furcatus Neboux.

*Creagrus furcatus (Neboux). Swallow-tailed Gull.

"Mouette a queue fourchue" Neboux, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 290, 1840— "rade de

Monterey (Haute-Californie)" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ.

Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 318, 1932).
Larus furcatus Neboux, Voy. "Venus," Atlas, Zool., Gis., pi. 10, 1846; Prevost

and Des Murs, Voy. "Venus," 5, Zool., p. 277, 1849— "rade de Monterey

(Haute-Californie)."
Xema furcatus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 — California (crit.).
Creagrus furcatus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 312 (ex

Neboux); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 506, 1876— Dalrymple

1 Specific name spelled Kotzebui.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 289

Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 12, p. 117, 1890 — -Dalrymple Rock (generic char.; descr. of breeding
plumage); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 — Malpelo
Island, off Bay of Panama (March); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
19, p. 638, 1897— Brattle, Hood, Chatham, off James, and Tower Islands,
Galapagos, and Malpelo Island, Colombia (descr.; meas.); Baur, Amer.
Nat., 31, p. 783, 1897 — rock between Gardner and Hood Islands (breed-
ing), Barrington Island, near Seymour Island and Abingdon Island,
Galapagos; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237,
1904 — Culpepper, Wenman, and Albemarle Islands (descr. of eggs);
Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 35, 1913— Galapagos (habits;
plumages; meas.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 659, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 328,
1925 (monog.; plumages); Chapman, I.e., 55, p. 187, 1926 — off Talara,
Peru, and off Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (Dec. 6); Swarth, Occ. Pap.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 65, 1931 — Galapagos; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 42, 1931— Tower Island and Galapagos;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934— Galapagos; Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 1086, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Bond and de Schauensee,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938— Malpelo Island, Colombia
(breeding).

Xema furcatum Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 210 — Dalrymple
Rock, Chatham Island (crit.); idem. I.e., 1882, p. 523, pi. 34 (adult and
young) — Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.; descr. of young); Streets, Auk, 29,
p. 233, 1912— off Chatham Island (habits).

(l)Creagrus furcata Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 291, 1895 — off San Diego, California
(April 4, 1895).

Xema furcata Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 165, 1896 — DalrjTnple
Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos, and Paracas Bay, Peru; Rothschild
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 190, 1899 — Wenman, Culpepper, Tower,
and Hood Islands (nest and eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 412, 1902 —
Wenman, Daphne, Guy Fawkes, and Albemarle Islands.

Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Islands and on Malpelo Island,
off Bay of Panama; casual off the coast of Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil,
Dec. 6) and Peru (off Talara; Paracas Bay, Oct.).^

Field Museum Collection. — 8 : Galapagos Islands (Wenman Island,
1; Hood Island, 3; Champion Island, 3; Tower Island, 1).

Genus XEMA Leach

Xema Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. Ivii, 1819 — type,
by monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine.

Zema Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 423, 1843 (emendation).

1 The occurrence of C. furcatus off the California coast is open to doubt. The
locality of the type specimen, "Monterey, California," may be due to a confusion
of labels, since the Venus also stopped at the Galapagos Islands.

290 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Chema Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 188, 1889 — substitute name for Xema
Leach.

*Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine's Gull.

Larus sabini Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 522, pi. 29, 1819 —
"low rocky islands on the west coast of Greenland (lat. 75° 29' N. and long.
60° 9' W.") (type, from Sabine Islands, near Melville Bay, in the British
Museum); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 197, 1898 — Greenland; Manniche,
I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 167, pi. 6 (eggs), 1910 — Renskaeret, Greenland (breeding
habits).

Xema sabini(i) Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. Ivii, with
col. plate, 1819 (descr. of type); Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 19 — north of
Upernavik, Greenland (breeding); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, p. 141 — Tumbez, Peru; Saunders, I.e., p. 209 (monog.);
idem, I.e., 1882, p. 524— Callao Bay, Peru (Dec, 1881); MacFarlane, Ibis,
1887, p. 207 — San Lorenzo Island, Callao Bay, Peru (Jan., Feb.); Saunders,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 162, 1896 (monog.; full bibliog.); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 663, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent,
I.e., 113, p. 191, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1717,
1921 (monog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 327, pi. 14, fig. 5,
1925 (plumages; range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928—
Lower California (San Quintin, Aug. 14, 1905; near Los Coronados
Islands, Aug. 20, 1910); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
39, p. 290, 1931 — St. George's, Bermuda Islands (one record); L0ppen-
thin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 70, 123, 1932— Sand Island, Greenland
(crit.; meas.; egg descr.; nesting habits); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11,
pp. 7, 23, 1934— Sand Island, Greenland (breeding); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 326, 1934 (range); Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150— northeast Greenland
(breeding; crit.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943 — Arctic coast
east of Mackenzie Delta (said to breed); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 529, 1943 —
Southampton Island (nesting); Dalquist, Condor, 46, p. 34, 1944 — Cali-
fornia.

[Xema sabini] sabini Portenko, Ibis, 1939, p. 267 — Greenland (crit.); Soper,
Auk, 63, p. 237, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting).

[Xema sabini] tschuktschorum Portenko, Ibis, (14), 3, p. 268, April, 1939 —
Uelen, Chukchi Peninsula (type in coll. of L. Portenko).

[Xema sabini] woznesenskii Portenko, Ibis, (14), 3, p. 268, April, 1939 —
Hooper Bay, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum).

Xema sabini sabini Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150 — Greenland (crit.).

Range. — Breeds on Spitzbergen, the Arctic coast and islands of
Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to Anadyr Gulf, the west coast
of Alaska from Norton Sound to the Kuskokwim River, in northern
Mackenzie, Victoria Island, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, South-
ampton Island, and northern Greenland;^ migrates off the Pacific

1 The subdivision of this species attempted by Russian ornithologists appears
to rest on very slender grounds. Birds from Alaska seem to us inseparable from

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 291

coast of America and winters on the coast of Peru; of frequent occur-
rence in the interior of the United States and on the shores of the
North Atlantic Ocean; accidental in the Bermuda Islands (one
record).

Field Museum Collection. — 38: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Chipp River,
near Barrow, 1; King Island, 2; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 7); Oregon
(Tillamook County, 2; Netarts, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Monterey,
3; Cypress Point, 5; off San Pedro, 4); Greenland (Godthaab, 1);
Maine (near Calais, 1); Peru (Talara, 2).

Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns

Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque

Chlidonias Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21,
1822 — type, by monotypy, Sterna melanops 'Ra{inesque= Sterna surina-
mensis Gmelin.

Hydrochelidon Boie, Isis, 1822, (1), col. 563, May, 1822 — type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 100, 1841), Hydrochelidon niger (Linn.) =
Sterna nigra Linnaeus.

Viralva Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 166, 1826 — type, by subs,
desig. (Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 5, 1896), Sterna nigra Linnaeus.

Pelodes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 107, 1829—
type, by monotypy, Sterna leucopareia Temminck=Sierna hybrida Pallas.

Chlidonias leucoptera (Temminck) . White-winged Black Tern.

Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 483, 1815 — shores of Mediter-
ranean and lakes beyond the Alps (lakes of Locarno, Lugano, Como,
and Geneva). 1

Hydrochelidon leucoptera Brewer, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 188, 1874 — Lake Kosh-
konong, Wisconsin (July 5, 1873); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502— Barbados
(Oct. 24, 1888); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 6, 1896 (monog.);
Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 536, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).

those of Greenland, though they have the mantle on average slightly darker.
Yet, according to Portenko, who distinguishes not less than four races on the basis
of color-intensity, a single specimen from Griffin Point, Arctic Alaska, pertains
to his dark-headed form tschuktschorum, while two (!) other skins from Hooper
Bay, Alaska (June), stated to be even darker, are separated as woznesenskii. We
strongly doubt the possibility of there being two distinct races in different parts
of Alaska. Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganz., p. 493) is even unable to recognize
X. s. palaeartica Stegmann (Orn. Monatsb., 42, p. 25, 1934).

1 There seems little doubt that the two examples in adult plumage from the
Lake of Geneva in the Leyden Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5,
Sternae, p. 32, 1864, s.n. Sterna nigra) are the actual cotypes of Temminck's
description.

292 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Chlidonias leucoptera Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 299, 1921 (American
records, habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 328, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in southeastern Europe and northern Asia;
accidental in the United States (one record from Lake Koshkonong,
Wisconsin, July 5, 1873) and the West Indies (Barbados, Oct. 24,

1888).!

*Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). Black Tern.

Sterna surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 604, 1789 — based on
(Latham ex) "Hirondelle de mer, grande espece," Fermin, Descr. Surinam,
2, p. 187, 1769, Surinam.

Sterna plumbea Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 83, pi. 60, fig. 3, 1813 — Schuylkill
River, Pennsylvania (descr. of young; type lost).

Sterna melanops Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5,
Feb. 21, 1822 — near Harrodsburg, Kentucky (no type extant).

Sterna exilis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843 — "in Oceani Pacifici
littoribus" = coast of Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum ; = winter plumage;
cf. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 21, 1896); idem, Unters. Fauna
Peru., Orn., p. 306, 1846 — coast and "eastern slope of Cordilleras," Peru.

Hydrochelidon plumbea Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 479,
1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 155,
1865 — Chile (vicinity of Santiago).

Hydrochelidon fissipes (not Sterna fissipes Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile (ex Pelzeln); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1871,
p. 573 — coasts of Cuba, British Honduras, and Chile; Gundlach, Journ.
Orn., 23, p. 393, 1875 — Cuba (north coast and Zapata marsh).

Hydrochelidon nigra (not Sterna nigra Linnaeus) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1876, p. 642— part, America; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211,
1896— Chile.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1,
p. 133, 1887 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
70, p. 244, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 532, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922 — Trojas de Cataca and Tierra Nueva, Colombia.

Hydrochelidon surinamensis Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 20, 1896 —
United States, Mexico, British Honduras (Cay Dolores Channel), Guate-
mala (Coban), and Peru (Callao Bay); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 398, 1903 — Mexico (numerous localities), British
Honduras (southern Water Cay, Curlew Cay, Cay Dolores Channel),
Guatemala (Coban), Costa Rica (Puntarenas), and Panama (Lion Hill);

1 The British Museum has a young bird of Chlidonias hybrida hybrida (Pallas)
marked "Barbados," which was presented by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk who,
however, did not include the species among the birds of that island in his History
of Barbados, pp. 680-682, 1848. Cf. also Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32,
p. 259, 1905, s.n. Hydrochelidon hybrida, and Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 528, s.n. H. leucopareia. The evidence does not seem to be quite
satisfactory.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 293

Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no Cayenne record); Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica.

Chlidonias nigra surinamensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 290, 1921
(life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926— coast
of Manavl, Ecuador (Feb. 13); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and
Virgin Islands, 9, p. 385, 1927 — Puerto Rico (San Juan; Cartagena Lagoon,
Aug. 18 to Oct. 7); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 63, 1928—
Lower California (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
155, p. 181, 1931— Saona Island, Hispaniola (Sept. 13); Bradlee, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 292, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Oct., 1876); Peters,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 302, 1931— Cricamola, Panama (Sept. 19);
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 408, 1932— Chile;
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala
(Oct. 18); idem. Auk, 50, p. 300, 193r4— Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica
(Sept. 29); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 328, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935— Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 1089, 1936 (monog.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 184, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador
(Sept. 4).

Range. — Breeds in North America from Alaska, Great Slave
Lake, central Manitoba and Ontario to California, Nevada, Colorado,
Kansas, northern Missouri and Tennessee, also in northern Ohio,
northwestern Pennsylvania, and western New York; winters in
South America to Surinam in the east and to Peru and Chile in the
west.

Field Museum Collection. — 113: Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1);
Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1; Crane Lake, 1); California (Los
Banos, 3; Los Angeles County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 1); Texas
(Tivoli, 2); North Dakota (Nelson County, 10; Ramsey County, 9;
Rolette County, 3; Towner County, 13); South Dakota (Harrison,
1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois
(Lake County, 7; Cook County, 6; Cairo, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 2);
Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2;
Duxbury Beach, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3); New
York (Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County,
20); Georgia (Montezuma, 1); Florida (Punta Rassa, 1; Lake
Conday, 1; Palm Beach, 1; West Jupiter, 10); Mexico (Rio Lagartos,
Yucatan, 1),

Genus PHAETUSA Wagler

Phaetusa Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1224 — type, by monotypy, Sterna magnirostris
Lichtenstein =S<erna simplex Gmelin.

Thalassites Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 372, 1837 — type by mono-
typy, Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein= Sierna simplex Gmelin.

294 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Phaethusa Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Ind. Univ., p. 283, 1846 — emendation of

Phaetusa Wagler.
Phoetusa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 772, 1856 —

emendation of Phaetusa Wagler.

*Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin). Large-billed Tern.

Sterna simplex Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 606, 1789 — based on "Simple
Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 355, Cayenne (descr. of im-
mature; cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 140, 1926).

Sterna chloropoda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 173,
1819 — based on "Hati cogote obscuro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax.,

3, p. 372, No. 412,1 Paraguay; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 537, 1866—
Trinidad.

Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 81, 1823 —
Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 81,
pi. 104, 1825 — Rio Sao Francisco, Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,

4, (2), p. 861, 1833 — Rio Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro, to the Rio Belmonte,
Bahia; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 305, 1846 — "coast of Peru";
Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 —
Rupununi River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 450, 1856 —
Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Rio Parana, near Parana
(Entre Rios) and Santa Fe; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 519, 1861—
same locaHties; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 12, 1864 —
Rio de la Plata, Bolivia, and Brazil (crit.); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96—
Orinoco River, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, pp. 393, 979 — Mexiana, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk.
Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20— Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Matto
Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara), and Para (Cajutuba); Layard, Ibis, 1873,
p. 396— Para, Brazil; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 643—
Para, Brazil (crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1880, p. 412— Rosario, Santa Fe;
Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios;
Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 438, 1886 — Peruvian localities; MacFarlane,
Ibis, 1887, p. 209— Guayaquil, Ecuador; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
2, p. Ill, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia.

Sterna speculifera "Temminck" Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 622, 1831 — Brazil

(type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 544,

1850).
Sterna albifrons (Cuvier MS.; not of Pallas, 1764) Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool.,

(2), 2, p. 544, 1850 — no locality (descr. of imm.; type in Paris Museum).
Thalasseus magnirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866,

p. 200 — lower Ucayali, Peru (eggs descr.).
Phaetusa^ magnirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 567

(range); iidem, i.e., 1873, p. 310 — lower Ucayali and Huallaga, Pebas,

1 Azara's description is none too good, but seems to have been taken, as he
thought probable, from an immature individual of the species described by him
under the name "Hati cabeza negra," No. 413, which is unquestionably the
adult Large-billed Tern.

2 Variously spelled Phaetusa, Phaetusa, or Phaethusa.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 295

Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 278, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa
Catharina; Dumford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 — Belgrano and Baradero, Buenos
Aires; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 —
Riobamba, Ecuador; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 194, 1889—
Argentina (habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 84, 1894
—Trinidad; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895—
Bahia Negra, Paraguay; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 150, 1895—
Magdalena River (Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio), Colombia; idem and
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 653, 1895— Margarita Island;
Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 23, 1896— British Guiana (Rupununi
River, Ourumee), Surinam, Brazil (Mexiana), Argentina (Rio Parana),
Peru (upper Ucayali, Pebas), and Ecuador (Guayaquil); Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 443, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 190a— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso;
Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132, 1902— Altagracia and
Caicara, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 6, p. 452, 1904— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13,
p. 55, 1906— Port of Spain, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 39,
1907— Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Iguape), Amazonas (Rio Jurua), and
Matto Grosso (Porto Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908—
Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 309, 1908— Cayenne; Hartert
and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 253, 1909— Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud) and
Santa Fe (San Vicente, Ocampo; nesting); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 194, 233, 1909— Aruba and Margarita Island; Beebe,
Zoologica (N. Y.), 1, p. 74, 1909— mouth of San Juan River, Venezuela;
Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw.lKl.fAkad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910—
Bahia (near Barrinha, Joazeiro, Remanso, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy
(Lagoa do Parnagua, near Cocal, Rio Parnahyba); Dabbene, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 210, 1910— Cordoba (Mar Chiquiba), Chaco
(San Vicente), Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 471 —
TajTU, Colonia Risso, and Puerto Braga, Paraguay (habits; nest and eggs);
Ramsden, Auk, 29, p. 100, 1912— Laguna del Centeno, Nipe Bay, Prov.
Oriente, Cuba (May 28, 1910); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 78,
1914— Quati-puru, Marajo (Pindobal, Dunas, Cambu), and Monte Alegre,
Para, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio
Para, Para, Brazil.

Phaetusa^ chloropoda Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913—
Manimo River and La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa), Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci.
Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela;
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 221, 1917— La Playa, Colombia;
Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918— Braamspunt,
Surinam; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 136, 1918 (range); Tremoleras, I.e.,
2, p. 13, 1919— coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922— Punto Caiman and Trojas de Cataca,
Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139— Rio Apure, Venezuela; Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926— Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928,
p. 765— coast of British Guiana; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 530— coast and

^ Variously spelled Phaetusa, Phaetiisa, and Phaethusa.

296 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

tidal waters of Essequibo River and Rupununi River, British Guiana
(nest and eggs).

Phaetusa chloripoda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 541, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.).

Phaethusa (magnirostris) chloropoda Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 240, 1923 — northern Brazil (eggs and downy young
descr.).

Phaetusa simplex chloropoda Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 140,
1926 — Rio Paraguay, Chaco (crit.; nomencL); Friedmann, Bull. Mus.
Comp. ZooL, 68, p. 165, 1927 — Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Naumburg,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930— Matto Grosso; Stone and
Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados,
Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 329, 1934 (range); Laubmann,
Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 261, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe
(crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938— Minas Geraes (Pirapora)
and Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Santos, Presidente Epitacio, Rio
Parana).

Phaetusa simplex simplex Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 329, 1934 (range); Belcher
and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 294 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (nest and eggs);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua, Mana-
capuru) and Bahia (Cidade da Barra); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk.
Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 74, 1945— Cachuela Esperanza, El Beni, Bolivia
(disc).

Phaetusa simplex Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1090, 1936 (monog.).

Range. — Colombia, Venezuela, islands of Aruba and Trinidad,
and the Guianas south through Amazonas, Brazil, eastern Bolivia,
Paraguay, and eastern Argentina to the provinces of Cordoba and
Buenos Aires ;i Ecuador (Riobamba; Guayaquil; province de Los
Rios); accidental in Cuba (Laguna del Centeno, May 28, 1910).

Field Museum Collection. — 25: Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, province
de Los Rios, 4) ; Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 8) ; Dutch West
Indies (Aruba, 1); British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1; Buxton, 6);
Dutch Guiana (Braamspunt, 1); Brazil, Amazonas (Conceicao, 1;
Serra Grande, Rio Branco, 2); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1).

1 The Large-billed Tern has been split by certain authors (Wetmore,
Laubmann, Peters, Pinto) into two races, P. s. simplex and P. s. chloropoda, on
the basis of the color of the upper parts. There is an undeniable tendency to a
darker gray tone on hindneck, mantle, and tail in southern examples, but we
find the difference to hold only when birds from the two extreme ends of the
distributional area (Venezuela to lower Amazonia on one side, Argentina and
Paraguay on the other) are compared, whereas the population of the enormous
area of the Brazilian highlands is so variously intermediate that its assignation
to one rather than the other race would be wholly arbitrary.

Additional material examined. — Venezuela, 6; British Guiana, 7; Trinidad, 2;
Marajo, 3; Para, 1; Piauhy, 2; Pernambuco, 1; Bahia, 5; Rio de Janeiro, 3; Sao
Paulo, 4; Santa Catharina, 2; Paraguay, 5; Buenos Aires, 3; Peru, 2.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 297

Genus GELOGHELIDON C. L. Brehm

Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm, Isis, 23, col. 994, 1830 — type, by monotypy, "Gelo-
chelidon meridionalis" BTehm=Sterna meridionalis C. L. BTehm=Sterna
anglica Montague.

Laropis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1225 — type, by monotypy, Sterna anglica
Montague.

*Gelochelidon anglica vanrossemi Bancroft.^ Van Rossem's
Gull-billed Tern.

Gelochelidon nilotica vanrossemi Bancroft, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 5,
p. 284, Dec. 10, 1929 — Salton Sea, Imperial County, California (type in
coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California at Los Angeles);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 330, 1934 (range).

Gelochelidon anglica (not Sterna anglica Montague) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 190,
1866, p. 199 — lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 572 — part, Chiapam; Lawrence, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 4, p. 51, 1876 — San Mateo, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Feb.,
Aug.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, 1896— part, spec. bS cS
Chiapam; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 400,
1903 — part. Pacific coast of Mexico (San Mateo, Tehuantepec) and
Guatemala (Chiapam).

Gelochelidon nilotica (not Sterna nilotica Gmelin)^ Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9,
p. 604, 1902 — seashore near Vaqueria, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador
(Sept.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 479, 1919— part.
Pacific coast of Mexico (Gulf of Tehuantepec, San Mateo), Guatemala
(Chiapam), and Ecuador (Vaqueria); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1092, 1936 — part, Ecuadorian localities.

Gelochelidon nilotica aranea (not Sterna aranea Wilson) Chapman, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926— Gulf of Jambeli (July 17-18), Vaqueria
(Sept. 13), and Puna Island (Feb. 26), Ecuador; Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (spec,
lost); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932— part, Chiapam,

^Gelochelidon anglica vanrossemi Bancroft; Similar in coloration to G. a.
aranea, but decidedly larger in all dimensions. Wing, 303-315, (female) 280-295;
tail, 107-123, (female) 102-114; bill, 40-43, (female) 39-411 2; depth of bill at
angle of gonys, lO^^-im; tarsus, 32-35.

Two birds from Pacific Guatemala (Chiapam) agree with Bancroft's measure-
ments, being decidedly larger than specimens from eastern North America. A
single adult from western Ecuador, however, hardly dififers from the latter in
size and depth of bill. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 186) likewise
insists on the resemblance of Ecuadorian birds to aranea, and his measurements
(wing, 280-295; bill, 34-39) are apt to cast some doubt on the distinctness of the
Pacific race, to which, if maintainable, those from Ecuador certainly ought to
belong.

^Sterna nilotica Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 606, 1789; ex Hasselquist,
Reise, p. 273, Egypt) is doubtful, being described as having flesh-colored feet
besides other discrepancies, whereas S. anglica Montague (type, from Sussex,
in the British Museum) is of unquestionable pertinence.

298 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Guatemala; idem, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1934 — Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica
(Sept. 29).

Range. — Breeds on Salton Sea, California, and probably on islands
in the Gulf of California; winters on the Pacific coast of Mexico,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.

Field Museum Collection. — 2: California (Salton Sea, Imperial
County, 2).

*Gelochelidon anglica aranea (Wilson).' American Gull-
billed Tern.

Sterna aranea Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 143, pi. 72, fig. 6, 1814 — Cape May,
New Jersey (type lost); (?)Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 540, 1866— Trinidad.

Sterna nuttalli "Audubon" Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water
Birds, p. 279 (footnote), 1834— Dry Tortugas, Florida.

Gelochelidon anglica (not Sterna anglica Montague) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 572— part, Cuba and (?)Trinidad; Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 23, p. 388, 1875 — Cuba (Cardenas, Guantanamo, July,
Aug.; descr. of young); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 25, 1896 —
part, spec, b^'-a^ d*-f^ Virginia (Cobb's Island); Texas (Corpus Christi),
Barbados, and Grenada (Sept. 2); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 400, 1903 — part. United States and Mexico (Mata-
moros); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 257, 1905— Barbados (ex
Feilden).

Sterna anglica Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502 — Graeme-Hall Swamp, Barbados
(Oct. 6 and 7).

Gelochelidon nilotica aranea Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 330, 1912 — North
America (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9,
p. 379, 1927— Puerto Rico (Cartagena Lagoon, July 9, May 20-Sept. 3;
not nesting); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 174, 1931—
Hispaniola (May, July, August); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39,
p. 290, 1931 — Boaz Island, Bermudas (Apr. 29); Griscom, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932 — part, Puerto Barrios, Caribbean Guatemala
(Aug. 21); (?)Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 295— Trinidad (winter
visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 330, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 — Agua Dulce, Panama (winter); Oberholser,
Bird Life of Louisiana, p. 289, 1938 — Gulf coast of Louisiana (breeding) ;
Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 31, 1943— Cock-
roach Cay, Virgin Islands.

Gelochelidon nilotica (not Sterna nilotica Gmelin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 479, 1919 — part. North American and West Indian
references and localities (monog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 197, 1921 (life hist.).

Range. — Breeds locally on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the
United States from Virginia to Georgia, and from Mississippi to

1 Gelochelidon anglica aranea (Wilson) differs from the nominate race of Europe
by on average smaller size and particularly by smaller, less deep bill. Depth
of bill at angle of gonys 8 ' 9-10 mm.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 299

Texas, on the Bahama Islands (Andros, Eleuthera, Inagua, Long
Island, etc.), and in Cuba; winters on the Caribbean coast of Central
America to Panama, in the West Indies, and (?)Trinidad.^

Field Museum Collection. — 43: Virginia (Cobb's Island, 2);
Florida (Key West, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 5; Long
Island, 1; Mariguana Island, 1; Miraporvos Island, 1); Virgin Islands
(St. Croix, 2); Texas (Aransas County, 4; Cameron County, 12;
Corpus Christi, 11; Nueces County, 2); Mexico (Altamira, Tamau-
lipas, 1).

Gelochelidon anglica gronvoldi Mathews.^ Gronvold's Gull-
billed Tern.

Gelochelidon nilotica gronvoldi Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (3), p. 331, Sept. 20,
1912 — "South America (breeding)" (neither type nor type locality speci-
fied); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 136, 1918— Argentina; Young, Ibis, 1928,
p. 766 — British Guiana (Blairmont, Sept.; Mahaica, Demerara, Sept. 12);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 330, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22,
p. 149, 1938 — part, Boavista, Maranhao (Nov.), and Iguape, Sao Paulo,
Brazil.

Sterna anglica (not of Montague) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 867,
1833 — lakes of Marica and Sagoarema, Rio de Janeiro; Holland, Ibis,
1890, pp. 425, 428 — Est. Espartillar, near Ranchos, Buenos Aires; idem,
I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar.

Viralva aranea (not Sterna aranea Wilson) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds,
p. 145, 1841 — Bahia Blanca, province of Buenos Aires.

Sterna aranea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 452, 1856 — Brazil
(crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (July, Aug.).

Gelochelidon anglica Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 572 —
part, coast of Brazil; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 25, 1896 —
part, spec, g^-n^ Demerara, Bahia, Santa Catharina, and Bahia Blanca;
Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 168 — Santa Elena (near Media Luna), Buenos Aires
(Oct. 12); idem. I.e., p. 286 — Santa Elena (breeding; eggs descr.); Ihering,
Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 443, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro;

1 No Trinidad specimens are available. Belcher and Smooker refer the Gull-
billed Tern, which is stated to be a fairly common winter visitor on the island,
to the Nearctic form, but the birds might just as well be wanderers from British
Guiana (G. a. gronvoldi).

"^Gelochelidon anglica gronvoldi Mathews differs from G. a. aranea by larger,
deeper bill (depth at angle of gonys 9' 2-II mm.), which in bulk, approaches that
of G. a. vanrossemi. Wing, 300-320. Three specimens from Rio de Janeiro and
two from Buenos Aires, indeed, have bulkier (deeper) bills than any we have seen
from the United States, but run very close to certain European individuals. A
single adult from Demerara, while not especially large-billed, appears to be nearer
to gronvoldi than to aranea. G. a. gronvoldi breeds (in August) abundantly on
Mexiana Island, Para, and as it has also been found nesting by Holland at Santa
Elena (near Media Luna) in Buenos Aires Province, other colonies doubtless
exist on the coast of Brazil. The study of adequate series of breeding birds is
required for the proper understanding of its characters.

300 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Hagmann, Orn. Monatsber., 14, p. 106, 1906 — Mexiana Island, Para,
Brazil (Aug. 18; eggs descr.); idem, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907—
Mexiana Island (eggs and downy young descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 39, 1907 — lower Amazon (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 309, 1908 (no Cayenne records); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16,
p. 253, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Feb., Sept.); Scott and
Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 176, 1910 —
Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Jan.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 474 — Luiconia,
Ajo, Buenos Aires (March, Apr. 29), and Bellavista (Rio Parana), Cor-
rientes (Nov. 12); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad.
Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 122, 1912— Mexiana, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 77, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval, Lago de Tapera, Dunas) and
Amapa, Para, Brazil.

Gelochelidon nilotica (not Sterna nilotica Gmelin) Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 210, 1910 — Est. Espartillar and estuary of La Plata,
Buenos Aires; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 479, 1919—
part, Brazil and Argentina; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 136,
1926 — Buenos Aires (Lake Epiquen [near Carhue] and Bahia Blanca, Jan.)
and Uruguay (Carrasco, near Montevideo, Jan. 9); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 1092, 1936 — part, Argentine localities.

Range. — Atlantic coast of South America from British Guiana
(Blairmont; Demerara) south to Bahia Blanca, province of Buenos
Aires, extending up the La Plata River to Bellavista, Corrientes
(found breeding on Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil, and at Santa
Elena, near Media Luna, province of Buenos Aires).

Genus HYDROPROGNE Kaup

Hydroprogne Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., p. 91,
1829— type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [658], 1846),
Sterna caspia Fa.\\as= Sterna tschegrava Lepechin.

Gylochelidon C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 767, 1831—
type, by monotypy, Sterna caspia Pallas.

Helopus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1224 — type, by monotypy. Sterna caspia
Pallas.

Pontochelidon Hogg, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 41, pp. 55, 69, July, 1846 —
type, by subs, desig. (Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec, 2, p. 133, 1915), Sterna
caspia Pallas.

*Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava (Lepechin). Caspian
Tern.

Sterna Tschegrava Lepechin, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Petrop., 14, (1),
p. 500, pi. 13, fig. 2, 1770— Caspian Sea.

Sterna caspia Pallas, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Petrop., 14, (1), p. 582, pi. 22,
fig. 2, 1770— Caspian Sea; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 656
(in part); Bent, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., 113, p. 202, 1921 (life hist.).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 301

Thalasseus caspius Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 537 (monog.).

Thalasseus imperator Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 538 (in
text) — North America (neither type nor type locality indicated).

Hydroprogne caspia Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 32, 1896 (monog.);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 401, 1903 — Mexico
(Mazatlan, Presidio); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 461,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Witherby, Brit. Bds., 34, p. 184, 1941— Lake
Michigan (banded), Yorkshire, England (recovered); Miller, Condor, 45,
p. 220, 1943 — San Francisco Bay (note on colony).

Hydroprogne tschegrava imperator Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 337, 1912 —
North America (crit.);^ Lincoln, Auk, 57, p. 569, 1940 — Port au Prince,
Haiti; Ludwig, Bds. Banding, Boston, 13, p. 1, 1942 — Great Lakes
(migration).

Hydroprogne caspia imperator Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 62,
1928 — Lower California (breeding at Scammons Lagoon); Hayward,
Condor, 37, p. 140, 1935— Great Salt Lake, Utah (breeding); Oberholser,
Bird Life Louisiana, p. 305, 1938 — Louisiana (breeding).

Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 331, 1934 (range);
van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 93,
1945 — Guaymas and lower Colorado River, Sonora.

Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan. Breeds in North America at
Great Slave Lake, Klamath Lake, Great Salt Lake, in Lower Cali-
fornia (Scammons Lagoon), Lakes Winnipeg and Winnipegosis in
Manitoba, Lakes Michigan and Huron, north shore of Gulf of
St. Lawrence, coast of Virginia, South Carolina, and the Gulf coast
from Mississippi to Texas; winters from the South Atlantic and
Gulf coasts to Mexico.

Field Museum Collection. — 46: California (Moss Landing, 1);
Texas (Cameron County, 6; Padre Island, 3; Corpus Christi, 5;
Aransas County, 2; Seadrift, 4; Port Lavaca, 2); North Dakota
(Nelson County, 1); Minnesota (Farm Island Lake, 1); Illinois (un-
specified, 1); Louisiana (Buras, Plaquemines Parish, 2); Quebec
(Magdalen Islands, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island,
11; Pea Island, 5); South CaroHna (Mount Pleasant, 1).

Genus STERNA Linnaeus

Sterna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 137, 1758 — type, by tautonymy,
" Sterna" = Sterna hirundo Linnaeus.

Sternula Boie, Isis, 1822, (1), col. 563, Mar., 1822— type, by monotypy,
Sterna minuta Linnaeus= Sierna albifrons Pallas.

' American specimens are on average slightly larger than those from Europe,
but for a bird of this size this trifling divergency is altogether too slight to justify
the retention of H. t. imperator.

302 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Chelido Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 193, tab. A, 1828— substitute

name for Sterna Linnaeus.
Onychoprion Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 277 — type, by monotypy, Sterna serrata

Wagler (ex Forster MS.) = Sterna fuscata Linnaeus.
Planetis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1222 — type, by monotypy. Sterna guttata

Wa.g\eT= Sterna fuscata Linnaeus.
Haliplana Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1224 — type, by monotypy. Sterna fuliginosa

Gmelin=S/erna fuscata Linnaeus.
Melanosterna Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 15, p. 373, 1846 — type, by

monotypy, Sterna Anaethetus Scopoli.
Dipsaleon Gistel, Naturg. Thierr. fiir hohere Schulen, p. x, 1848 — new name

for Planetis Wagler.

*Sterna hirundinacea Lesson. Cassin's Tern.

Sterna hirundinacea (Cuvier MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 621, 1831 —
"cotes du Bresil" = Santa Catharina (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran,
Rev. Mag. Zool, [2], 2, p. 539, 1850); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, p. 647 (crit.; range); idem. I.e., 1877, p. 796— Messier Channel and
Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan (breeding); Durnford, Ibis, 1877,
p. 43 — mouth of Chubut River, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 404 —
Lake Colguape, Rio Sengel, and Tombo Point, Chubut (breeding) ; Sharpe,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16— Tom Bay and Cockle Cove, Straits
of Magellan; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 522 — Callao Bay, Peru (Aug.), and
Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208— Chimbote,
Peru (Aug. 2-5); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889—
Elizabeth Island and Point Grappler, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss.
Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 183, 1891— Orange Bay and Ushuaia, Tierra del
Fuego; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 210 — coast off Montevideo, Uruguay; Reed,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 52, 1896 — Brazil (Bahia; Rio de Janeiro, May to Aug.;
Santa Catharina), Argentina (80 miles south of Bahia Blanca; Chubut;
Puerto Santa Cruz), Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, Chile (Co-
quimbo), and Peru (Callao Bay, Chimbote); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl.,
4, p. 658, 1898 — Calbuco (Puerto Montt), Llanquihue (eggs descr.);
Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 445, 1899--Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo;
Salvadori, Anal. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 630, 1900— Rio
de la Plata (Aug. 21); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 380,
1902 — Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester
Lit. Phil. Soc, 48, No. 23, p. 41, 1902— Falkland Islands (breeding);
Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 42, 43 — Straits of Magellan (Punta Arenas, etc.);
Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177— Saddle and Laurie Islands, South Orkneys
(breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 40, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape,
Sao Sebastiao) and Patagonia (Santa Cruz); Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., 16, p. 253, 1909 — Isla de Lesner, mouth of Santa Cruz River,
Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 211, 1910 —
Patagonia (Santa Cruz), Tierra del Fuego, South Orkney Islands, and
estuary of La Plata River; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 180, 1910 — Patagonia (descr.; range); Brooks, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 147, 1917 — Falkland Islands (breeding);

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 303

Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 135, 138, 1918 (char.; range); Coker, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 459, 1919— San Gallan Island and Islas de Santa
Rosa, Peru (breeding); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — coast of
Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, and Rocha, Uruguay; Bennett, I.e.,
p. 25, 1920— Falkland, South Shetland, and South Orkney Islands (breed-
ing); Wace, I.e., p. 197, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Paessler, Journ. Orn.,
70, p. 443, 1922 — Isla Santa Maria, Arauco, and Coronel, Chile (eggs
descr.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 138, 1926— below Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 4); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24,
p. 426, 1926— San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 318—
part, Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 405, 1932— Rio Inio, Chiloe Island, Chile (range in Chile); Reynolds,
Ibis, 1932, p. 36 — Woodcock Island, Beagle Channel (breeding); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 332, 1934 (range); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352,
1934 — Isla de los Conejos and Yewih, Tierra del Fuego; idem. Ibis,
1935, p. 89 — Cape Horn region (breeding); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12,
p. 373, 1936— South Orkney Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1094, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 149,
1938 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Santos) and Patagonia (Santa
Cruz); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 60, 1938— Arica, Tacna,
Chile (crit.).

Sterna hirundo (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 865,
1833 — Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (crit.); Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853— Valparaiso Bay, Chile.

Sterna acutirostris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843 — "in Oceani
Pacifici littoribus" = coast of Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem,
Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 305, 1846 — "highlands of Peru" (errore!).

Sterna antarctica (not of Lesson, 1831) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 280,
1848 — Orange Bay, "Cape Horn" = Tierra del Fuego (cotypes in U. S.
National Museum and in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 174, 1930); Philippi,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 289, 1868— Straits of Magellan to Valdivia.

Sterna wilsonii (not of Bonaparte) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3,
p. 451, 1856— coast of Brazil.

Sterna meridionalis (not of Brehm, 1824) Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm.
Orn., p. 385, 1858— Orange Bay, "Cape Horn" (substitute name for
Sterna antarctica Peale); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 15,
1864— Falkland Islands and Chile (crit.).

Sterna aranea (not of Wilson) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314,
1860— Chiloe Island, Chile (breeding habits).

Sterna cassinii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860— Falkland
Islands (substitute name for Sterna antarctica Peale and S. meridionalis
Cassin, preoccupied); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166— Falkland Islands (breed-
ing); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 153, 163, 1865— Chiloe
Island, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile;
idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Santiago Bay, Straits of Magellan
(Dec. 7); iidem. I.e., 1870, p. 500— Coquimbo, Chile; iidem, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 570— Falkland Islands, coast of Brazil (Santa
Catharina), and Chile north to Valdivia.

304 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Sterna Trobeni (sic) Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 613,
1861 — Arica, Tacna, Chile (= winter plumage; type in National Museum,
Santiago de Chile; cf. Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 60, 1938).

Sterna frobeenii Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 125, 1863 —
Arica Bay, Chile (German version of orig. descr.); Philippi, ^ Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 289, 1868— Valparaiso and Arica, Chile; Landbeck,^ I.e., 41,
p. 515, 1872 — Arica and Corral (Valdivia), Chile (crit.); idem," Arch.
Naturg., 40, (1), p. 113, 1874 (German version); Philippi,^ Anal. Mus.
Nac. Chile, 15, p. 100, pi. 47, fig. 2, 1902— Arica (disc, of type).

Range. — Breeds on both coasts of South America from middle
Peru (San Gallan Island, Pisco Bay) and the Patagonian coast of
Argentina (north at least to the mouth of the Chubut River) south
to Tierra del Fuego, also in the Falkland Islands;^ winters north
to Chimbote, Peru, and the bay of Bahia, Brazil.

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Rio Inio, Chilo^ Island, 1);
Argentina (Quilmes, Buenos Aires, 1; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1).

*Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnaeus. Common Tern.

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 137, 1758 — based princi-
pally on Fauna Svec, No. 127, Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden
(cf. Lonnberg, Ibis, 1913, pp. 301-303); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 309,
326, 337 — Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 9,
p. 309, 1902— Aruba and Bonaire; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn.
Ser., 1, p. 194, 1909— Aruba (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
70, p. 244, 1918— Gatun Lake, Panama; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257— Lima,
Peru (June 22); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 493, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 236, 1921 (life hist.); Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 186, 1926— Jambeli Island, Ecuador
(July, Nov.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 63, 1928— Lower
California (winter); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 127, 1932—
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (Aug. 21); Clark, Auk, 61, p. 474, 1944—
Ohio.

Sterna fluviatilis Naumann, Isis, 1819, col. 1847 — rivers of Germany; Saunders,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 54, 1896 — many localities from North America,
Grenada (Sept. 14), Cayenne, Brazil (Bahia), and Guatemala (San Jose);
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 403, 1903 — San Jose,
Guatemala (Dec. 8); Ihering, Cat. Fauna Braz., 1, p. 40, 1907— Bahia;
Berlepsch, Nov. Zool, 15, p. 309, 1908— Cayenne.

Sterna wilsoni Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List Bds., p. 61, 1838 — based on
Sterna hirundo Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 76, pi. 60, fig. 1, 1813, eastern

1 Spelled frobeni.

2 Spelled frobenii.

3 Records from the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands are due to con-
fusion with races of S. vittata (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 1095,
1105, 1936).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 305

United States; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 134, 1859— Bahama
Islands; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (July).

Sterna fluviatilis (an subsp.?) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55, 1906 — Seelet,
Trinidad.

Sterna hirundo hirundo Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
9, p. 379, 1927— Puerto Rico (Johuda Bay, Aug. 28; near Cabo Rojo,
March 4 to Oct. 29); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 175,
1931 — Hispaniola (several records); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 290, 1931— Bermuda Islands (visitant); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 332, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309,
1935 — Canal Zone, Panama (two records); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis,
1935, p. 295 — Trinidad (winter visitant); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1098, 1936 (monog.; range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 149,
1938 (range); Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, p. 293, 1938 (breeding);
Palmer, Auk, 58, p. 164, pi. 7, 1941 (immature plumages); Williams, I.e.,
59, p. 578, 1942— Bear River, Utah; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub.
Hist. Nat., 17, p. 31, 1943 — Virgin Islands (nesting); Peters and Burleigh,
Auk, 62, p. 565, 1945 — Newfoundland (nesting).

Range. — Breeds in North America from Great Slave Lake,
northern Manitoba, central Ontario, Newfoundland, and the north
shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence south locally to the Gulf of Mexico
and southeastern Atlantic coasts, and the Florida keys, also Virgin
Islands (Little Flat Cay) ; winters from Lower California and Florida
south to the coasts of Ecuador and Peru (Lima) and on the Caribbean
and Atlantic coasts of northern and eastern South America to Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, and even to the coast of Patagonia (Puerto Deseado,
Santa Cruz).i

Field Museum Collection. — 173: Alberta (Walsh, 1) ; Saskatchewan
(Quill Lake, 16; Maple Creek, 1); California (Eureka, 4; Pacific
Grove, 1; Pacific Beach, 3); North Dakota (Benson County, 10;
Nelson County, 13; Ramsey County, 3; Rolette County, 1); Wiscon-
sin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Lake County, 3; Cook County, 6);
Michigan (Iosco County, 1); Labrador (Kagaskka, 1); Quebec
(Magdalen Islands, 4); New Brunswick (Grand Manan Island, 1);
Nova Scotia (Pictou, 1; Clark's Harbor, 4; Seabright, 4; Dover,
1) ; Prince Edward Island (Malpeque, 5) ; Massachusetts (Yarmouth,
3; Chatham, 6; Monomoy Island, 22; Woepecket Island, 6); Rhode
Island (Dyer Island, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 2); New
York (Plum Island, 1; Shelter Island, 26; Napeague Harbor, 2;
Suffolk County, 2); Virginia (Cobb's Island, 2); North Carolina (Pea
Island, Dare County, 5); Florida (Amelia Island, 1; West Jupiter,

1 No certain breeding record exists for any South American locality. Birds
observed during the summer months in these countries were probably barren
individuals lacking the physiological impulse to migrate.

306 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Mexico (Altamira, Tamaulipas, 3;
Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); British
Guiana (Kartabo, 1); Peru (Talara, 1).

*Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan. Arctic Tern.

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 622, 1763 — no locality
stated=Christiansoe, Denmark (cf. Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 46, 1764);'
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 499, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Bent, I.e., 113, p. 249, 1921 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 55, p. 187, 1926~Tumbez, Peru (ex Taczanowski); Hellmayr, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 406, 1932— Arica (Oct. 4) and Valdivia,
Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 333, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds.
S. Amer., 2, p. 1099, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); idem, Amer. Mus. Nov.,
977, p. 6, 1938 (disc; char.); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 529, 1943— Foxe Basin
(nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943— Mackenzie Delta
(nesting); Eklund, Auk, 61, p. 648, 1944 — Greenland (nesting); Soper, I.e.,
63, p. 237, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting).

Sterna macrura Naumann, Isis, 1819, col. 1847 — Island of Nordstrand, coast
of Schleswig, Germany; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 650 —
off Bahia, Brazil (crit.; range); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 203 — Arica,
Tacna, Chile (Oct. 4); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 62, 1896
(monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 204, 1898— Greenland; Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 40, 1907 (range); Clarke, Ibis, 1907, p. 345—
Weddell Sea (wintering); Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 170,
1910 — northeastern Greenland (breeding habits); L0ppenthin, I.e., 91,
No. 6, pp. 77, 123, 1932 — Sand Island and Loch Fine, Greenland (nomencl.;
meas.; breeding habits); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 25, 1934 —
northeastern Greenland (breeding); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150 —
eastern Greenland (range).

Sterna arctica Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 742, Oct., 1820 — "les
regions du eerele aretique" (no type extant) ;2 Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile,
31, p. 289, 1868— province of Valdivia, Chile.

Sterna coccineirostris Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Sehwimmvogel, pi. 271,
fig. 2262 (=Novit, viii=xxiic), 1836 — "Mexico" (location of type not
stated).

Sterna pikei Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 3, April, 1853 —
vicinity of Monterey, California (type lost, formerly in coll. of Geo.
N. Lawrence; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 273, 1932);
Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 550 (disc, of type; crit.).

1 Cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtrag 1, p. 85, 1923. L0ppenthin (Medd.
Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 77, note 1, 1932), however, considers the name S. paradisaea
to be of questionable applicability.

2 Temminck states that three specimens received through Mr. Sabine from
Baffin's Bay and Davis Straits do not differ from others shot in Scotland and
on the coast of England. None of these appear to exist nowadays in the Leyden
Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 15, 1864, s.n. S. para-
disaea).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 307

Sterna atrofasciata Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p. 440,
Nov., 1862 — Laguna de Vichuquen, Curico, Chile (type in National
Museum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13,
p. 30, 1930); iidem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 204, 1863— Llico, near the
lagoon of Vichuquen, "Colchagua" (German version of orig. descr.);
Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 102, pi. 47, fig. 1, 1902— Laguna
of Vichuquen (=young).i

Sterna macroura Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 549 (monog.);
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 749— Tumbez, Peru (Sept.
19).

Sterna portlandica Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 7, p. 433 (in text), July, 1874 —
Portland Harbor, Maine (type in U. S. National Museum); idem. I.e., 9,
pp. 54, 55, 1875 (crit.); Brewster, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 11, p. 201,
1876 (crit. ;= immature).

Sterna macrura antistropha Reichenow, Om. Monatsber., 12, No. 3, p. 47,
March, 1904 — "coasts of the Antarctic continent" = Posadov;sky Gulf,
Lat. 66° S., [Long. 91° W.]^ (type in Berlin Museum); Clarke, Ibis, 1907,
p. 347 (crit.); Reichenow, Deuts. Sudpolar Exp., 9, p. 463, 1908 (fig. of
head).

Sterna paradisea Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 135, 138, 1918 (char.; range);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 150, 1937 (range).

Range. — Circumpolar. Breeds in North America from the Arctic
coast of Alaska, Parry Islands, northern Ellesmere Land, and north-
ern Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, northern British
Columbia, lower Slave River, northern IManitoba, and Massa-
chusetts; winters in the Antarctic Ocean ;^ accidental on the coasts
of Peru (Tumbez), Chile (Arica, Tacna; Laguna of Vichuquen,
Curico; Valdivia), and Brazil (off Caravellas, Bahia).

Field Museum Collection. — 54: Alaska (Barrow, 5; Point Hope, 1;
Nome, 5; St. Michaels, 7; Bethel, 1; Yukon River, 1; Stewart Island,
1; Skagway, 1; Taku Glacier, 1); Yukon Territory (Tagish Lake, 4);
Arctic Canada (Cumberland Sound, 1; Whale Point, Hudson Straits,
1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Greenland (Godthaab, 1; Godhavn, 1;
Egedesminde, 2; Sukkertoppen, 9; Musk-Ox Fjord, 1; Scoresby
Sound, 1); Labrador (at sea, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 1; Moss
Landing, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1); Massachusetts
(Chatham, 4; Muskeget Island, 1).

• S. atrofasciata, after all, seems to have been based upon a young Arctic Tern,
since it is S. frobeni that proved to be S. hirundinacea.

^ Cf. Reichenow, Sitzungsber. Gesells. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1904, No. 8,
p. 172, Oct., 1904.

' Birds wintering in the Antarctic were erroneously supposed to belong to a
breeding race (S. m. antistropha Reichenow). Cf. Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov.,
977, pp. 3-4, 1938.

308 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
Sterna vittata georgiae Reichenow.^ South Georgia Tern.

Sterna vittata georgiae Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 12, No. 3, p. 47, March,
1904 — South Georgia (type in Berlin Museum); Lonnberg, Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 64, 1906— South Georgia (crit.;
habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 211, 1910 — South
Georgia; idem. El Hornero, 1, pp. 135, 138, 1918 — part, South Georgia
(char.); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 490 — South Georgia; Mathews, Discovery
Rep., 1, p. 582, pi. 54, fig. 2, 1929— South Georgia (nesting); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 333, 1934— part, South Georgia; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 1109, 1936— South Georgia (monog.; life hist.); (?)Ardley,
Discovery Rep., 12, p. 373, 1936— South Orkneys (nesting); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 150, 1938 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 977,
p. 12, 1938 — South Georgia (char.; meas.).

Sterna vittata (not of Gmelin) (?)Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 51,
1895 — part, spec, n., at sea, 147 miles southeast of Imbituba, Santa
Catharina, Brazil (July); (?)Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 40, 1907—
off coast of Santa Catharina, Brazil (ex Saunders); Bennett, Ibis, 1931,
p. 13 — South Georgia (breeding); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 89,
No. 1, p. 304, 1945— Palmer Land (70° 04' S.-68° W.).

Range. — Breeds in South Georgia; C?)accidental off the Brazilian
coast (147 miles southeast of Imbituba, Santa Catharina). ^

Sterna vittata gaini Murphy.^ Gain's Tern.

Sterna vittata gaini Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 977, p. 13, May 4, 1938 —
Deception Island, South Shetlands (type in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York).

Range. — Breeds in the South Shetlands and probably other
islands in the West Antarctic Archipelago.'*

*Sterna trudeaui Audubon. Trudeau's Tern.

Sterna trudeaui(i) Audubon, Bds. Amer., fol. ed., 4, pi. 409, fig. 2, 1838;
idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 125, 1839 — "Great Egg Harbor in New Jersey";^

* Sterna vittata georgiae Reichenow differs from the extralimital nominate
race (type locality, Kerguelen Island) by smaller bill, legs, and feet, and lesser
development of the streamers of the outer rectrices. Wing, 246-270, (female)
255-266; tail, 123-137, (female) 121-134; bill, 30-33, (female) 283-2-301^; tarsus,
16-18.

2 This specimen possibly pertains to S. v. tristanensis Murphy (Amer. Mus.
Nov., 977, p. 9, 1938— Tristan d'Acunha).

^ Sterna vittata gaini Murphy: Similar to S. v. georgiae, but larger in all dimen-
sions. Wing (male), 277-284; tail, 146-157; bill, 35-37; tarsus, 18-19.

^ The breeding race of the South Orkney Islands (S. v. georgiae of Dabbene, El
Hornero, 1, p. 138, 1918; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 333, 1934) is in doubt. Cf.
Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 977, p. 12, 1938.

^ There is some uncertainty about the present location of the type. Audubon,
in describing the species, says: "The individual obtained was in company of a few

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 309

Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 284, 1847— Chile
(ex Gray); Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, p. 861,
1858 — "coasts of New Jersey and Long Island" (descr.); Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 542 (monog.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
livr. 5, Sternae, p. 29, 1864— Brazil (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31,
p. 289, 1868 — coasts of Santiago and Colchagua, Chile; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 570 — coast of Brazil and Chile (crit.);
Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 41, p. 515, 1872— Chile (crit.); idem, Arch.
Naturg., 40, (1), p. 113, 1874— Chile (crit.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1876, p. 660 — southern Brazil, Argentina, and Chile (crit.); Durn-
ford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200— Flores Island (La Plata), Punta Lara, and Monte-
video; Holland, I.e., 1890, pp. 425, 428 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires
(breeding; eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar (Sept.
to Feb.; breeding; eggs descr.); Ree4, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211,
1896— Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 130, 1896— Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro, Aug.; Santa Catharina, Aug.), Uruguay (Maldonado,
Jan.), Argentina (Punta Lara, Oct.; Buenos Aires, Sept., Nov.; Ajo),
and Chile; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907— Sao Paulo (Sao
Sebastiao) and Argentina (Buenos Aires; Santa Cruz, Patagonia); Hartert
and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 253, 1909 — Barracas al Sud and Est. San
Martino Monte, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 211, 1910 — "Chaco Austral" and estuary of Rio de la Plata; Scott
and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 190, 1910
(descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 473 — Los Yngleses, Luiconia, and Tuyu,
Ajo, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 134, 137, 1918 (char.;
range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 488, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920— coasts of Monte-
video, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 75 —
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 113, p. 227, 1921 — Argentina (La Plata to Punta Arenas), Brazil,
and "St. Ambrose Island," Chile (life hist.; eggs descr.); Daguerre, El
Hornero, 2, p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3,
p. 40, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., p. 162, 1923— Zelaya,
Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., p. 351, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe;
Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 137, 1926— Buenos Aires (near
Lavalle, Dolores) and Uruguay (near Carrasco; La Paloma, Rocha;
Laguna Castillos, below San Vicente) (habits; soft parts); Friedmann,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 164, 1927— Santa Elena, Entre Rios;
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 404, 1932— Chile
(excl. of syn. S. frobeni); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 334, 1934 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1114, 1936 (monog.; Hfe hist.);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 151, 1938— Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao),

others of the same kind." Both Lawrence (in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac,
9, p. 861, 1858) and Coues (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 542) described
"a typical specimen" in the collection of J. P. Giraud "supposed to be also the
original of Audubon's plate and description" (Coues). This example is stated by
Orton (Amer. Nat., 4, p. 716, 1871) to be in the collection of Vassar College,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and would seem to have ample claims for being the real
type. Still, Ridgway (1919, p. 489) lists the type, though with a question mark,
as being in the U. S. National Museum.

310 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Patagonia (Santa Cruz), and Buenos Aires; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
44, p. 130, 1940 (migration and otlier habits).
Thalasseus Trudeaui G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 176, 1844—
Chile.

Range. — Breeds in province of Buenos Aires (Est. Espartillar;
Cape San Antonio, district of Ajo); occurs on the Chilean coast
from Valparaiso^ to the Straits of Magellan (Punta Arenas) and on
the Atlantic coast of South America north to Rio de Janeiro, and
extends along the La Plata River inland to provinces of Santa F^
and Entre Rios.-

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Santa Catharina, 1).

*Sterna forsteri Nuttall. Forster's Tern.

Sterna forsteri Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2, p. 274 (note), 1834—
based on Sterna hirundo (not of Linnaeus) Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 412, pub. Feb., 1832, banks of the
Saskatchewan between Cumberland House and Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba
(no type extant); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 544
(monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 569 —
Guatemala (Lake Dueiias) and Brazil (300 miles off Pernambuco);
Saunders, I.e., 1876, p. 651 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25,
p. 46, 1896 — North America, Lower California (La Paz), Oaxaca (Tehuan-
tepec), Guatemala (Lake of Duenas), and Brazil (200-300 miles off
Pernambuco); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 402,
1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan, San Mateo, Ventosa Bay, Tehuantepec) and
Guatemala (Lake of Duenas); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8),
p. 490, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 229, 1921 (life hist.);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool, 32, p. 63, 1928— Lower California;
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 127, 1932— Lake of Duenas,
Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 334, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 22, p. 150, 1938 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
State Univ., 21, p. 93, 1945 — Sonora, Mexico (winter visitant).

Sterna havelli Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., pi. 409, fig. 1, 1838; idem, Orn.
Biog., 5, p. 122, 1839 — opposite New Orleans, Louisiana (descr. of winter
plumage; type in U. S. National Museum?);' Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 543 (crit.).

Range. — Breeds locally in the interior of North America from
Washington, Alberta, Manitoba, and western Ontario (formerly)
south to California, Great Salt Lake, Colorado, northern Nebraska,

1 The breeding on San Ambrosio Island, as reported by Bent, is open to
doubt (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1115, 1936).

2 Audubon's original locality, "Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey," is open to
doubt.

3 Oberholser appears to have seen the type, but does not state the collection
where it is preserved.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 311

Minnesota, and northern Illinois; also on the coasts of Virginia,
Louisiana, and Texas ;i winters from southern California, the Gulf
coast and South Carolina to Guatemala; accidental off the coast of
Brazil (200-300 miles from Pernambuco).

Field Museum Collection. — 86: Alberta (Walsh, 1); California
(Redwood, 3; Moss Landing, 1; Los Banos, 8; Hyperion, 5; Los
Angeles, 1; Los Angeles County, 3; Sunset Beach, 6; San Diego
Bay, 2; San Diego, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 4;
Corpus Christi, 6; Port Lavaca, 1; Tivoli, 2); North Dakota (Ramsey
County, 3); Illinois (Cook County, 1); Indiana (Miller, 1; Michigan
City, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 1); Mississippi (Ocean Springs, 1);
Virginia (Cobb's Island, 8); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea
Island, 15; Hatteras, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2);
Florida (Pilot Town, 1; Punta Rassa, 1; Amelia Island, 2; Santa
Rosa County, 2).

*Sterna dougallii dougallii Montagu. Roseate Tern.

Sterna DougalliP Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl., unpaged text and plate, 1813 —
Cumbrey Islands, Firth of Clyde, Scotland (cotypes in British Museum
[cf. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 73, 1896] and in Liverpool
Museum [cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 54, 1899]);
Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 589, 1869— St. Bar-
tholomew; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 571 — coast
of Cuba, St. Bartholomew, Belize, and Trinidad; Saunders, I.e., 1876,
p. 652 — part, Europe and America (crit.); Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 46, 48, 351,
1891 — Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Inagua (Bahama Islands) (crit.); idem.
Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 82, 1892— Bahama Islands (New Providence, Great
Inagua), Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, Guade-
loupe, Dominica, Martinique, and Grenada; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 310 —
Aruba (breeding; crit.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 70, 1896 —
part, spec, a-h, i"-z", Great Britain, Madeira, United States, British Hon-
duras (Grassy Cay), Antigua, Guadeloupe, and St. Vincent; Hartert, Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 308, 1902— Aruba (breeding; crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 404, 1903 — Mexico (Ventosa Bay, Tehuantepec)
and British Honduras (Belize, Grassy Cay); G. M. Allen, Auk, 22, p. 117,
1905 — Bahama Islands (outer cays; breeding); Bureau, Ornis, 14, pp. 289-
346, pi. 13, 1907 (monog.; plumages; ecology; range in part); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 505, 1919 (monog.; in part); Bent, I.e.,
113, p. 256, 1921 (life hist.).

' Since the above was written, Dr. Oberholser (Bull. No. 28, Dept. Conserv.
State of Louisiana, p. 290, 1938) has separated the breeding birds of the South
Atlantic and Gulf coast, on account of smaller size and paler gray upper parts,
as S. forsteri litoricola (type, from Smith Island, Northampton County, Virginia,
in U. S. National Museum). Judging from a series of Texas breeding birds, this
form seems to be quite recognizable.

2 Frequently spelled dougalli.

312 Field Museum of Natural History—Zoology, Vol. XIII

Sterna rosea Graves, Brit. Orn., 3, text and plate, 1821 — new name for S.

dougallii Montagu.
Sterna Macdougalli Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 233, 1842 — emenda-
tion of <S. dougallii Montagu.

Sterna paradisea (not S. paradisaea Pontoppidan) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 551 (monog.); L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 539, 1866—
Trinidad; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 199 — Grassy Cay, oil British Honduras;
Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 391, 1875 — coasts of Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Sterna dougalli gracilis (not Sterna gracilis Gould) Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds.,
pp. 82, 135, 1892— Antigua and Redonda (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 32, p. 257, 1905— St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines (Frigate
Island and Rose Rock; breeding; nest and eggs descr.).

Sterna dougalli(i) dougalli{i) Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 368,
1916 — Isles Les Saintes and Tete Anglaise, Guadeloupe (breeding);
Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 379, 1927—
Puerto Rico; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 176, 1931—
Cayos de los Pajaros, Hispaniola (breeding); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 292, 1931— Bermuda Islands (rare visitor); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 334, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 295—
Trinidad and Tobago (winter visitor); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1117, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 151,
1938 — Bahia, Brazil (ex Peters); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub.
Hist. Nat., 17, p. 31, 1943 — Virgin Islands (breeding in many localities).

Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic coast of America, ^ from Sable
Island, off Nova Scotia, to Long Island, in Florida, the Bahama
Islands, on cays off British Honduras, in Hispaniola, the Virgin
Islands, on some of the Lesser Antilles south to the Grenadines,
and on Aruba Island, off Venezuela; extralimi tally in the British
Isles, islands off Jutland, coast of Brittany, on islets off southern
Tunisia, etc.; winters from Louisiana and the Bahama Islands to
Tobago, Trinidad and even as far south as Bahia, Brazil ;- accidental
on the west coast of Mexico (Ventosa Bay, Tehuantepec).

Field Museum Collection. — 56: Massachusetts (Woods Hole, 1;
Chatham, 11; Monomoy Island, 3; Raynham, 1; Woepecket Island,
7; Nantucket, 1; Muskeget Island, 2); Connecticut (Guilford, 1);
New York (Shelter Island, 6); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare
County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin, 2; Great Inagua, 3; Long

1 Birds from North America do not differ in the least from the European
ones. It is now established that the color of the bill, which gave rise to the segrega-
tion of an alleged West Indian race, depends on season. Breeding birds from
Antigua and St. Vincent cannot be separated from others taken in Massachusetts.
For detailed information about plumage, molt, ecology, and geographical distribu-
tion of the species in its entirety the reader is referred to Louis Bureau's admirable
monographic essay.

2 Specimens were collected by R. H. Beck off Bahia on April 28, 1916.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 313

Island, 1); Virgin Islands (Antigua, 7; St. Thomas, 1); Lesser
Antilles (Guadeloupe Island, 8).

♦Sterna aleutica Baird. Aleutian Tern.

Sterna aleutica Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 321, pi. 31, fig. 1, 1869 —
Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); Saunders, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 665 (monog.); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 98, 1896 — St. Michaels, Alaska, and Inaboye (off Yedo), Japan
(monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 513, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 132, 1920— Copper Island
(Sept. 7); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 265, 1921 (life hist.);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 337, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds on Sakhalin and on two small islands in Norton
Sound, Alaska, and has also occurred on the Alaskan mainland, in
northeastern Siberia, and on the Commander Islands (Copper
Island, Sept. 7); winters on the west coast of the North Pacific
Ocean to Sakhalin and northern Japan.

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Alaska (St. Michaels, 4).

*Sterna anaethetus recognita (Mathews).^ Caribbean Bridled
Tern.

Melanosterna anaethetus recognita Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 403,
Nov. 1, 1912 — Bahama Islands (location of type not stated).

Onychoprion panayensis (not Sterna panayensis Gmelin) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 572 — cays of British Honduras and West
Indies (Sombrero Island).

Sterna anaestheta (not Sterna anaethetus Scopoli) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1876, p. 664 (char.; range in part); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 310—
coral reef off Cero Colorado, Aruba (breeding) ; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 101, 1896 — part, spec. q^-e\ Florida (Cape Canaveral),
Bahama Islands (Clarence Harbor), Jamaica, Redonda, Guadeloupe,
St. Vincent, Grenada, and British Honduras (Southern Water and Saddle
Cays); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 314 — Washerwoman Cay, Andros, Bahama
Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3,
p. 408, 1903 — cays off Belize coast (Lighthouse Reef, Saddle Cay, Curlew
Cay, Southern Water Cay).

Haliplana anaestheta Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 29, p. 400, 1881 — Cayo Mono
Grande, Cuba (breeding).

Sterna anaethetus Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 632, 1887— Lee Rocks,
Grenadines (breeding); Scott, Auk, 8, p. 360, 1891 — Jamaica (breeding
habits; eggs); Cory, Cat. West Ind. Bds., p. 83, 1892 — Bahama Islands

^ An earlier name is probably Sterna melanoptera Swainson (Bds. W. Afr.,
2, p. 249, 1837 — West Africa; type in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.),
as intimated by Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1711, 1921), but until comparison
of adequate breeding birds from both sides of the Atlantic has been made, it
seems advisable to retain Mathews' term, which is of unquestionable pertinence.

314 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

(Abaco, New Providence, Andros, Long Island, Miraporvos), Cuba,
Jamaica, Sombrero, Guadeloupe, and Dominica; Field, Auk, 11, p. 119,
1894 — cays in Kingston Harbor, Jamaica (breeding); G. M. Allen, I.e., 22,
p. 118, 1905 — Long Rock, off Abaco, Bahama Islands; Riley, I.e., p. 353,
1905 — Andros, Eleuthera, and near Abaco, Bahama Islands; Clark,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 258, 1905— St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grena-
dines (breeding on Lee Rocks and Rose Rock).

Sterna anaetheta Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 309, 1902— Aruba; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 287, 1921 (life hist.).

Sterna anaetheta recognita Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 512,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).

Sterna anaetheta melanoptera Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin
Islands, 9, p. 380, 1927 — Mona and Desecheo Islands (breeding; eggs
descr.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 177, 1931—
Hispaniola (various records); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 337, 1934 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1118, 1936 (monog.; Hfe hist.).

Range. — Breeds in the Bahama Islands, Jamaica, Cuba (Cayo
Mono Grande), Puerto Rico (Desecheo and Mona Islands), islets
off St. Thomas, Dominica, Guadeloupe, the Grenadines (Lee Rocks,
Rose Rock), on Aruba Island, in the southern Caribbean Sea, and
on cays off British Honduras (Saddle Cay, etc.) ; occasional in Tobago;
accidental in Florida (Cape Caiiaveral), Georgia, and South Carolina
(Frogmore, Aug. 25, 1885).

Field Museum Collection. — 26: Bahama Islands (Grassy Creek
Cays, 1; Long Island, 4; Miraporvos Island, 2); Virgin Islands (St.
Thomas, 2); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 6; Guadeloupe, 10; Martini-
que, 1).

Sterna anaethetus nelsoni Ridgway. Pacific Bridled Tern.

Sterna anaetheta nelsoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 487,
514, 1919 — Sihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico (type in U. S. National Mu-
seum); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923— Cape Mala, Panama (Sept. 24,
1922); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935— off Cape
Mala, Panama.

Sterna anaethetus nelsoni Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 338, 1934 (range).

Range. — Pacific coast of Mexico (Sihuatanejo, Guerrero); also
recorded from Cape Mala, Panama (breeding place unknown).

*Sterna fuscata fuscata Linnaeus. Sooty Tern.

Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 228, 1766 — based on
"L'Hirondelle-deMer brune" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 220, pi. 21, fig. 1, San
Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
113, p. 279, 1921 (life hist.); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 510— Ascension Island.

Sterna fuliginosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 605, 1789 — based on "L'Hiron-
delle de Mer a grande envergure" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 345;

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 315

Ascension Island), "Sooty Tern" Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., (3), 2, p. 352;
New York), etc.;i Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 134, 1859—
Bahama Islands (breeding on the cays); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, p. 666 (monog.; in part); idem, I.e., 1877, p. 796— part. Boatswain
Island, Ascension; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 277 — Boatswain Island, Ascen-
sion (breeding; descr. nest, eggs, and young); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 9, p. 632, 1887— Grenadines (Isle de Rhonde, Kick-'em-Jenny,
Lee Rocks, etc.; breeding); Young, Ibis, 1891, p. 145 — Morant Cays,
Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 8, p. 361, 1891 — Jamaica (breeding; habits; descr.
eggs); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 83, 1892— Bahama Islands, Greater
and Lesser Antilles; Field, Auk, 11, p. 120, 1894 — Morant, Pedro, and
other cays, Jamaica (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 106,
1896 — part, spec, a-n, p, s-z, Texas (Corpus Christi), British Honduras
(South Water Cay), Brazil (mouth of the Amazon, Fernando Noronha
Island), and Ascension Island; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 314 — Washerwoman
Cays, Andros Island, Bahamas (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 409, 1903 — part, British Honduras (Curlew
Cay, Saddle Cay, Southern Water Cay), Honduras (Ruatan Island),
and Nicaragua (Greytown); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 39 — Fernando Noronha
(breeding); Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— Antigua; Clark,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 258, 1905— southern Grenadines (Isle de
Rhonde, Kick-'em-Jenny, Lee Rocks, Bonaparte Rock, Isla de Large;
breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool, 15, p. 309, 1906 — Cayenne (ex Latham);
Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 41, 1907 (range off Brazil); Cory, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 226, 1909— Aruba and Los Her-
manos Islands (breeding).

Sterna spadicea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 610, 1789— based on "Brown
Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 359, Cayenne.

Anous L' Herminieri Lesson, Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Leveque, 20, (Descr. Mamm.
et Ois.), p. 255, 1847— Guadeloupe.

Haliplana fuliginosa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p'. 556 (monog.;
in part); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 393, 1875— Cayo Mono Grande,
Cuba (breeding habits).

Onychoprion fuUginosus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p.
572 — part, Cuba, Jamaica, and Belize.

Sterna fuscata fuscata Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 60, p. 369, 1916 —
Guadeloupe (breeding on outlying cays); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 514, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto
Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 381, 1927— Puerto Rico, Mona Island,
and Tortola; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 177, 1931—
Hispaniola (breeding); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 39, p. 292, 1931— Bermuda Islands (rare visitant); Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304, 1932— Puerto Castilla, Honduras;
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 338, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis,
1935, p. 295— Soledade Rock (off Trinidad) and Tobago (breeding);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1121, 1936 (monog.; distr.; life hist.);
Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 151, 1938— Fernando Noronha and coast
of Brazil.

' Some of the other references do not pertain to this tern.

316 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds from the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and the Bahama
Islands through the West Indies and islands off the east coast of
Central America to islands in the southern Caribbean Sea (Los
Hermanos Islands; Soledade Rock, off Trinidad; Tobago), also on
Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, South Trinidad, Martin Vas,
Ascension Island, and other extralimital islands; on migration to
the east coast of South America (Cayenne; mouth of the Amazon) ^
and the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.

Field Museum Collection. — 15: Texas (Padre Island, Gulf coast,
2; Corpus Christi, 4); Bahama Islands (Brown's Cay, 1; Miraporvos
Island, 1) ; Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2) ; Lesser Antilles (Anguilla,
1; Dominica, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Venezuela (Orquilla
Island, Nueva Esparta, 2).

*Sterna fuscata crissalis (Lawrence). Socorro Sooty Tern.

Haliplana fuliginosa var. crissalis (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 14, "1871," p. 285, pub. April, 1872— vicinity of Tres Marias
Islands and (breeding) "Isabele" Island, near San Bias, Mexico (type,
from Socorro Island, in U. S. National Museum); Grayson, I.e., p. 301,
1872— Socorro Island; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 318, 1874—
Socorro and Tres Marias Islands.

Haliplana fuliginosa (not Sterna fuliginosa Gmelin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 161 — Santiago de Veragua, Panama.

Sterna fuliginosa Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 106, 1896 — part,
spec, o, q, r, Veragua, Panama, and Mazatlan; Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 316,
1898 — Socorro Island (breeding); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
6, p. 191, 1899 — Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos (crit.);
iidem. I.e., 9, p. 413, 1902 — Culpepper and Clipperton Islands (breeding);
Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 505, 1902 — Clipperton
Island (meas.; egg descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
3, p. 409, 1903 — part, Socorro Island, Mexico (Mazatlan, Isabel Island,
Tres Marias), and Panama (Veraguas); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 5, p. 239, 1904 — Wenman and Culpepper Islands, Galapagos;
Giflford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 19, 1913— Grossman, Culpepper,
and Wenman Islands, Galapagos; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 283, 1926 —
Alijos Rocks (off Lower California), Roca Partida (breeding), Oneal
Rock (near Socorro), and Isabel Island (breeding).

Sterna fuliginosa crissalis Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 24, 1899 — Isabel
Island, off Mexico (breeding; habits; crit.); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 378,
1906— Isabel Island (breeding); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 519, 1919 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 63,
1928 — off Abreojos Point and Alijos Rocks, off Lower California; Swarth,
Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 66, 1931— Galapagos; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 338, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309,

^ The locality Falkland Islands, quoted by Ridgway, is a mistake.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 317

1935 — Panama (Canal Zone and Veragua); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1121, 1936 (char.; range); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22,
p. 5, 1939 — Clipperton Island.

Range. — Breeds on Isabel Island, the Revillagigedo group, Clip-
perton Island, and the northern Galapagos (Culpepper and Wenman
Islands); on migration to the west coast of America from Lower
California to Panama.

Field Museum Collection.— 2: Pacific Ocean (3° 27' N.-88° 31'
W., 1; 1° 23' N.-90° 02' W., 1).

Sterna fuscata luctuosa Philippi and Landbeck.^ Chilean
Sooty Tern.

Sterna luctuosa Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 32, (1), p. 126, 1866 —
Rio Valdivia, between Corral and Valdivia, Chile (type in National
Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Boll. Mus. Nac.
Santiago, 13, p. 29, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337,
340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 289, 1868— Valdivia;
idem. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 101, pi. 46, fig. 1, 1902— Rio Valdivia.

Sterna fuscata luctuosa Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p.
407, 1932— Rio Valdivia, Chile (crit.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1121, 1936— San Felix Island (breeding), Rio Valdivia, and off
Valparaiso, Chile (char.).

Range. — Breeds at San Felix Island, Chile; known also from
waters around the Juan Fernandez Islands and from the coast of
Chile (off Valparaiso; Rio Valdivia) .^

*Sterna superciliaris Vieillot.^ Yellow-billed Tern.

Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 176,
1819 — based on "Hati ceja blanca" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3,
p. 377, No. 415, Paraguay; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 200— UcayaH, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1867, p. 593— Rio Tocantins,
Para; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1870, p. 19 — Lagoa
Santa and Lake Sumidouro, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc.

^Sterna fuscata luctuosa Philippi and Landbeck; Very close to S. f. crissalis,
but larger, grayer on the under parts, and more dusky on the rectrices. Wing,
306-327; tail, 170-187; bill, 42-48. While obviously separable from S. f. crissalis,
the distinctness of this form from the Hawaiian S. f. oahuensis (Bloxham) remains
to be ascertained by the comparison of adequate series.

2 Birds observed at Independencia Bay, Peru, might have been this race.

^Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, though superficially resembling S. albifrons
antillarum, is nevertheless quite distinct by reason of its darker gray upper parts,
stouter bill, and olivaceous (not bright yellow) feet. The bill is always wholly yellow,
and the black loral streak is more restricted. Saunders (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, p. 662) rightly insisted on the specific distinctness of the two birds, while
our own remarks (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 497, 1929) on this
subject miss the point. — C.E.H.

318 Field Museum op Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 571— Cuyab^, Brazil, and Ucayali, Peru (crit.);
iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 — lower Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru; Salvin,
Ibis, 1874, p. 319 (crit. note on type of iS. argentea Wied); Saunders, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 662 (crit.; range); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 201—
Montevideo, Uruguay, and Baradero, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 628 — Itapua, Misiones; Berlepsch, Journ. Cm., 37,
p. 321, 1889 — Sarayacu, Ucayali, Peru; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Cm.,
2, p. 197, 1889— Rio Parana, Argentina; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 124, 1896 — British Guiana (Rupununi River), Surinam, Brazil
(Rio Tocantins, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo), Peru (Santa Cruz), Uruguay
(Colonia), and Argentina (Baradero, Rio Parana); Ihering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 3, p. 446, 1899— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso;
Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco
River, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 452, 1904 — Rio Jurua,
Brazil; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 41, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao
Sebastiao) and Amazonas (Rio Jurua); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 23,
1908 — Cachoeira, Tapajo, and Monte Verde, Rio Purus; Berlepsch, I.e.,
p. 309, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Hartert and Venturi, I.e.,
16, p. 253, 1909 — Mocovi, Santa Fe, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires;
Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 187,
1910 — "northern Patagonia" (errore!); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 18, p. 211, 1910 — Chaco (Mocovi), Corrientes (Bella Vista), and
Barracas al Sud; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
76, p. 97, 1910 — Bahia (Barra do Rio Grande), Maranhao (Remanso do
Arasa, Rio Parnahyba), and Piauhy (mouth of the Rio Poty near There-
zina), Brazil; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 473 — Argentine Chaco (Riacho Ancho)
and Paraguay (Desaguadero, Colonia Risso, Puerto Braga); Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 138, 1912—
Marajo Island, Para, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 80, 1914—
Peixe-Boi (Para) and Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Tapajo, Monte Verde),
Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 374, 1916— Orinoco
River, Venezuela; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44,
1918 — Tijgerbank, Surinam; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 77 — Cape San Antonio,
Buenos Aires; Delacour, I.e., 1923, p. 139 — Rio Apure, Venezuela; Wet-
more, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 139, 1926— Paraguay (Puerto
Pinasco) and Uruguay (near Carrasco, San Vicente); Friedmann, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 165, 1927— Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Young,
Ibis, 1928, p. 766 — coast land of British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 339, 1934 (range); Davis, Ibis, 1935, p. 531— Rupununi River, British
Guiana (nest and eggs); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1132, 1936
(monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 151, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio
Jurua, Manacapuru), Para (Belem; Pau da Lettra, Rio Tapajoz), Minas
Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Piassaguera, Casqueirinho, Cananea,
Sao Sebastiao), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy); Niceforo, Caldasia, 3,
p. 374, 1945 — Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl, (3), 22, p. 44, 1945— Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua,
Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 75, 1945— Puerto Salinas, El Beni, Bolivia.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 319

Sterna maculata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 176, 1819 —
based on "Hati manchado" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 379,
No. 416, Paraguay (=young).

Sterna argentea Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 67, 1820 — Rio Parahyba, Rio de
Janeiro (type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 272, 1889); idem, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 871, 1833 — Sagoarema and Rio Parahyba, Rio
de Janeiro; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 452, 1856 — Brazil;
idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Rio Parana, near Santa Fe and Parana,
Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 419, 1861 — Rio Parana; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypa-
nema), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil.

Sternula superciliaris Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 139, 1918 (range); Serie
and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 40, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Tremoleras,
I.e., 2, p. 13, 1928 — coasts of Colonia and Montevideo, Uruguay.

Sterna superciliaris (subsp.?) Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 497, 1929— Sao Luiz, Maranhao, Brazil (crit.).

Range. — Rivers of South America east of the Andes from Co-
lombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south through Peru and Brazil
to eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina
(Rio Parana to the coast of the province of Buenos Aires).

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 4); British
Guiana (Rockstone, 2).

*Sterna lorata Philippi and Landbeck. Peruvian Tern.

Sterna lorata Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 612, Nov.,
1861 — Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de
Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 30, 1930);
idem. Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 124, 1863 — Arica Bay (German version
of orig. descr.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 126, 1896— Peru
(Callao Bay; Paracas Bay; coast near Lima) and Chile; Philippi, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 103, pi. 45, fig. 2, 1902— Arica (descr. and fig.
of type); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 258 — Eten, Lambayeque, Peru (Sept.);
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 187, 1926— off Santa Clara
Island, Ecuador (July); Helhnayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 407, 1932— Arica, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 340, 1934 (range);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1134, 1936 (monog.; life hist.);
Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 60, 1938— Arica (Sept. 7).

Sterna exilis (not of Tschudi) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336,
340 — Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1871, p. 572 — coast of Peru (near Lima)
and Chile (Arica) (erit.); Saunders, I.e., 1876, p. 663 (crit.); idem. I.e.,
1882, p. 522— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.; crit.); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887,
p. 204 — San Lorenzo Island, Callao Bay, Peru (Aug.).

Sterna loricata G. R. Gray, Hand-List Gen. Spec. Bds., 3, p. 121, 1871 (lapsus
for S. lorata Ph. and L.).

320 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds on the coast and islands of Peru, occurring north
to Santa Clara Island, Ecuador, and south to Arica Bay, extreme
northern Chile. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Talara, 1).
*Sterna albifrons antillarum (Lesson). Least Tern.

Sternula Antillarum Lesson, Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Leveque, 20, (Descr. Mamm.
Ois.), p. 256, 1847 — Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles (descr. of adult; location
of type not designated).

Sternula melanorhynchus Lesson, Oeuvr. Buflfon, ed. Leveque, 20, (Descr.
Mamm. Ois.), p. 257, 1847 — Guadeloupe (descr. of young; location of
type not designated).

Sterna frenata Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, for Dec, 1848, p. 128,
pub. 1849 — new name for Sterna argentea (not of Wied) Nuttall, Man.
Cm. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 280, 1834, eastern United States.

Sterna antillarum Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 552 (monog.);
Salvin, Ibis, 1864, pp. 384, 387— Long Cay and Grassy Cay, British
Honduras (breeding); Coues, I.e., 1864, p. 390 — Glover's Reef, British
Honduras (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 571 —
Cuba, Trinidad, and British Honduras (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23,
p. 391, 1875 — cays of Cuba (breeding habits; descr. of plumages); Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 661 (crit.; range); Feilden, Ibis, 1889,
p. 502— Barbados (Chancery Lane, Sept. 8, Oct. 17); Cory, Cat. W. Ind.
Bds., p. 83, 1892 — Bahama Islands (Abaco, New Providence, Andros,
Great Inagua, Cay Sal Islands), Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, St.
Bartholomew, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Barbados; Hartert,
Ibis, 1893, pp. 310, 337 — Aruba and Bonaire Islands (breeding); Robinson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 653, 1895— Margarita Island, Venezuela
(breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 122, 1896 — part, spec,
a-q', United States, Antigua, Barbados, Venezuela, and British Honduras
(Long Cay, Glover's Reef); Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 520 — New Providence,
Bahama Islands; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 308, 1902 — Aruba and Bonaire;
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 410, 1903 — part,
Mexico (Matamoros), British Honduras (Long Cay, Grassy Cay, Glover's
Reef), and Guatemala (Coban); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 314 — Grassy
Creek, Andros, Bahama Islands; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280,
1904— Antigua; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 258, 1905— Barbados
(ex Feilden); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 195, 1909—
Aruba; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97,
1910 — Amaracao, coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, 8, p. 79, 1914— Marajo (Ilha dos Machados), Brazil; Todd,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 209, 1916 — mouth of Nuevas River and Cayo
Largo, Isle of Pines, Cuba (sight record); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
60, p. 305, 1916— Little Cayman (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
.113, p. 270, 1921 (life hist.); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad.

^ We have examined in the British Museum some fifteen specimens from Peru
(Eten; Callao; Paracas Bay) and a single one from "Chile" without precise locality.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 321

Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 241, 1923 — Amaragao, Piauhy (summer and winter
plumages descr.).

Sterna argentea (not of Wied) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 545, 1866 — Trinidad.

Sterna minuta americana Sundevall, Ofv. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl.,
26, p. 589, 1869 — St. Bartholomew (substitute name lorS.frenata Gambel).

Sternula antillarum antillarum Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 199, 1917 (crit.);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 521, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.).

Sterna albifrons antillarum Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
9, p. 382, 1927 — Puerto Rico (breeding near Cabo Rojo lighthouse);
idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 178, 1931— Hispaniola
(breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 341, 1934 (range); Belcher and
Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 295 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (June); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1136, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 152, 1938 (range); Dugand, Cqldasia, 1, p. 58, 1941— mouth of
Rio Magdalena; Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
20, p. 383, 1944 — Mississippi Gulf coast (breeding).

Sterna antillarum antillarum Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 292,
1931 — islands around Bermuda (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 127, 1932— Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (Aug. 21).

Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United
States from Massachusetts to Florida and Texas; Bermudas;
Bahamas; locally in the West Indies (Cuba, Little Cayman Island,
Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), on islands off the coast of Venezuela
(Aruba, Bonaire, and Margarita), and on the coast of British Hon-
duras; winters from the Gulf coast south to northeastern Brazil
(Marajo Island, Para; Amaragao, Piauhy).

Field Museum Collection. — 67: Texas (Port Isabel, 1; Cameron
County, 3; Padre Island, 7); Massachusetts (Chatham, 5; Monomoy
Island, 3); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 3; Pea
Island, 1); South Carolina (McClellanville, 1); Florida (Brevard
County, 2; Nassau County, 10; West Jupiter, 1); Bahama Islands
(Acklin Island, 1 ; Great Inagua, 13) ; Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 10) ;
Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3);
Brazil (Sao Luis, Maranhao, 2).

*Sterna albifrons athalassos^ Burleigh and Lowery. Mississippi
Valley Least Tern.

Sterna albifrons athalassos Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 10, p. 173, March 4, 1942— St. Francisville, West
Feliciana Parish, Louisiana (type in Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State
University); Mayfield, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 245, 1943 — Monroe County,
southeastern Michigan.

' Sterna albifrons athalassos Burleigh and Lowery is said to differ from antil-
larum by having the upper parts much darker, with little or no distinction between
the color of the back and that of the hind neck. Like staebleri but lacking the

322 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Sternula albifrons antillarum Oberholser, Bull. 28, Dept. Conserv. State
Louisiana, p. 296, 1938 — southern Louisiana (breeding).

Range. — Fresh-water lagoons of the lower Mississippi Valley
from the Gulf coast to Iowa on the Missouri River and Ohio on the
east.

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Mississippi (Rosedale, 4).
*Sterna albifrons browni Mearns.^ Brown's Least Tern.

Sterna antillarum browni Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 71, April 4,
1916 — near Monument No. 258, Mexican boundary line, on the edge of
the Pacific Ocean, San Diego County, California (type now in U. S.
National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 274, 1932);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool, 32, p. 63, 1928— Lower California (breed-
ing at Scammons Lagoon).

Sterna antillarum (not Sternula antillarum Lesson) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
11, p. 25, 1915 — coast of California north to Monterey Bay (breeding).

Sternula antillarum browni Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 199, 1917 (crit.); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 525, 1919— part, California and Lower
California (monog.).

Sterna albifrons browni Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 341, 1934 — part, California
and Lower California.

Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from
Monterey Bay, California, to northern Lower California (Scammons
Lagoon).

Field Museum Collection. — 26: California (Moss Landing, 15;
Balboa Beach, 1; Orange County, 6; Los Angeles County, 4).

Sterna albifrons mexicana van Rossem and Hachisuka.- SONO-
RAN Least Tern.

Sterna albifrons mexicanus van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego
Soc. N. H., 8, p. 333, June 15, 1937— Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico (type
in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in University of California at Los
Angeles); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21,
p. 94, 1945 — south of Guaymas, Sonora (April 26-May 16).

extensive suffusion of pearl gray on the under parts and having the bill less exten-
sively tipped with black.

Our three adult specimens appear to bear out the above differences when com-
pared with adults of antillarum.

1 Sterna albifrons browni Mearns differs from the Caribbean race by darker,
usually gray back, more grayish under parts, and by the three external primaries
being dusky on the outer web. Wing, 168-178, (female) 168-174.

^Sterna albifrons mexicana van Rossem and Hachisuka: Nearest to S. a.
browni, but smaller and darker, the under parts being more strongly suffused with
pearl gray. Wing, 162-164, (female) 160-165 (van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans.
San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 333, 1937).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 323

Range. — Coast of western Mexico from Guaymas, Sonora, south
to Sinaloa and probably to Nayarit (San Blasj^ and Colima (Manza-
nillo).2

Sterna albifrons staebleri Brodkorb.^ Staebler's Least Tern,

Sterna albifrons staebleri Brodkorb, Auk, 57, p. 542, Oct., 1940 — Barra de
Cahuacan, Chiapas, Mexico (type in Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor).

Sterna antillarum (not Sternula antillarum Lesson) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 199 —
[Pacific coast of] Guatemala; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 52,
1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 410, 1903 — part, Oaxaca (San Mateo) and Pacific
coast of Guatemala.

Sternula antillarum browni (not Sterna antillarum browni Mearns) Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 525, 1919— part, Oaxaca and Pacific
coast of Guatemala.

Sterna antillarum browni Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 127, 1932 —
Champerico and Ocos, Pacific coast of Guatemala.

Range. — Pacific coast of southern Mexico (in states of Oaxaca
and Chiapas) and Guatemala.'*

Genus THALASSEUS Boie^

Thalasseus Boie, Isis, 1822, (1), col. 563 — type, by subs, desig. (Wagler, Isis,
1832, col. 1225), "Th. cantiacus" = Sterna cantiaca Grae\\n=Sterna sand-
vicensis Latham.

Adochelidon Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 31,
1829 — type, by monotypy. Sterna cantiaca Gmelin=<S. sandvicensis Latham.

*Thalasseus maximus maximus (Boddaert). Royal Tern.

Sterna maxima Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 58, 1783 — based on "Hirondelle
de Mer, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 988, Cayenne; Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., 1871, p. 567 (range; crit.); Saunders, I.e.,

^Sterna antillarum Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 122, 1896 — part,
spec, r'-t', San Bias, Nayarit.

^Sterna superciliaris (not of Vieillot) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2,
p. 318, 1874— Manzanillo, Colima.

^Sterna albifrons staebleri Brodkorb: Similar to S. a. mexicana, but larger in
length of bill and tail; bill strongly tipped with black; exposed portion of usually
only two (instead of three) outer primaries dusky. Wing, 165-171, (female)
166-177; tail, 82-97, (female) 71-83; bill 28-31, (female) 26 '2-28 (P. Brodkorb,
Auk, 57, p. 542, 1940).

* Bent's record (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 279, 1921) from "the west coast
of Peru (Sarayacu)" appears to be a mistake.

' This genus hardly deserves recognition.

324 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

1876, p. 655 — part, America (crit.; synon.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p.
749— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 521— Payta,
Peru (Jan.; erit.); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 632, 1887— islets
off Grenada (breeding); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 82, 1892— Bahama
Islands, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Anegada, St.
Croix, Sombrero, "Barbados," Antigua, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, and
Grenada; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 309, 326, 337— Aruba, Curagao, and
Bonaire (crit.); Field, Auk, 11, p. 120, 1894 — Jamaica; Saunders, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 80, 1896 — part, spec. g-a\ United States, Mexico
(Rio Rancho Nuevo, Vera Cruz; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; Cozumel Island;
Mazatlan; Manzanillo, Colima), British Honduras (Belize, Glover's
Reef), Guatemala (Chiapam), Anegada, Grenada, Surinam, Brazil (Rio
de Janeiro, Santa Catharina), and Peru (Payta); Nelson, N. Amer.
Fauna, 14, p. 24, 1899 — Maria Cleofa, Tres Marias Islands; Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 444, 1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900— Bay of Santa Elena,
Ecuador (Jan.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 308, 1902 — Aruba, Curagao,
and Bonaire; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 406,
1903 — Mexican and Central American references and localities; Thayer
and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905 — San Miguel Island,
Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 257,
1905 — St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada (breeding); Ihering, Cat.
Faun. Braz., 1, p. 41, 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 309, 1908— Cayenne; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1,
pp. 194, 215, 1909 — Aruba and Los Roques Islands; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910 — near Puerto Limon, Costa Rica (Feb.);
Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 211, 1910 — estuary of
Rio de la Plata; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
2, Orn., p. 185, 1910— Patagonia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 472— Tuyu, Buenos
Aires (March 1); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 79, 1914— Para,
Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 209, 1916 — Los Indios, Majagua
River, and Cayo Frances, Isle of Pines; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 74 — Cape
San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Mar. 13); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113,
p. 211, 1921 (life hist); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 186,
1926— Jambeli Island (July 20) and Santa Elena (Feb. 14), Ecuador.

Sterna cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 604, 1789 — bas^d on "Grande
Hirondelle de Mer, de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 346, and
Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 988, Cayenne.

Sterna cayana Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 804, 1790 — based on "Cayenna Tern"
Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 352, Cayenne.

Sterna galericulata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 81, 1823 —
coast of Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr.
5, p. 7, 1864 — part, spec. No. 1, Brazil (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3,
p. 324, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Feb.; Marambaya, March) and
Parana (Rio do Boraxudo, Dec), Brazil.

Sterna erythrorhynchos Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 857, 1833 —
Maeahe and Parahyba rivers, Rio de Janeiro (type, from Rio Parahyba,
in American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 272, 1889); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn.,

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 325

p. 305, 1846 — coast of Peru; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3,
p. 450, 1856— coast of Brazil.

Sterna regia Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, for Dec, 1848, p. 128,
pub. 1849 — based on Sterna cayana Audubon, Orn. Biog., 3, p. 505, and
Giraud, Bds. Long Island, p. 355, southern coast of United States.

Thalasseus regius Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 538 (monog.);
idem, Ibis, 1864, p. 388 — Chiapam, Guatemala, and British Honduras;
Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 199 — coasts of Guatemala; Gundlach, Joum. Orn.,
23, p. 388, 1875— Cuba (breeding).

Sterna erythrorhyncha Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 319 (crit. note on Wied's type).

Thalasseus maximus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 134, 137, 1918 — Argentine
coast south to Chubut (Puerto Piramide); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 467, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero,
2, p. 13, 1920 — coast of Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay;
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922 — Cienaga,
Colombia; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. ZooL, 32, p. 62, 1928— Lower
California (breeding).

Thalasseus maximus maximus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 139,
1926 — Buenos Aires (below Cape San Antonio, Nov. 4) and Uruguay
(Carrasco, Jan. 16); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9,
p. 383, 1927— Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Croix, St.
Thomas, and Anegada; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155,
p. 179, 1931— Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 342, 1934 (range);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 295 — Trinidad (winter visitor);
Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 — Canal Zone and
Panama Bay (winter); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1138, 1936
(monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 152, 1938 — Piassaguera, Santos
(Aug.), and Itanhaem, Sao Paulo; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 183, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 15),
La Union (Mar. 8), and La Libertad (Jan. 14), El Salvador; Wetmore,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 195, 1939 — Independencia below Ocumara
de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 22-31); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 94, 1945 — Sonora (resident).

Sterna maxima maxima Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932 —
Guatemala.

Range. — Breeds in North America on the Pacific coast of Mexico
and Lower CaHfornia, and on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts
from Virginia to Texas; also on some of the Bahama Islands, and
locally in the West Indies south to Grenada; winters from California
to Peru on the Pacific coast, and from the Gulf coast, Florida, and
the Bahama Islands south along the Atlantic coast of South America
to Puerto Piramide, Chubut, Argentina. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 78: California (San Clemen te Island,
3; Hyperion, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 8; Corpus Christi, 3;

^ Replaced on the west coast of Africa by T. maximus albididorsalis (Hartert).

326 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Port Lavaca, 2); Louisiana (Marsh Island, 1; Buras, 4); Mississippi
(Ocean Springs, 1); North CaroHna, Dare County (Bodie Island, 1;
Pea Island, 4); South Carolina (Long Island, 1; Mount Pleasant, 1);
Georgia (Kings Bay, 1; Savannah, 1); Florida (Pilot Town, 6; Lee
County, 2; Nassau County, 5; Palm Beach County, 5); Bahama
Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Andros, 2; Crooked Island, 1; Eleuthera,
6; Great Inagua, 1); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 4); Virgin Islands (Anegada,
2; St. Croix, 2); Mexico (Georges Island, Lower California, 1;
Yucatan, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 6); Venezuela (Los Roques
Island, Colon, 1).

Thalasseus eurygnathus (Saunders). • Cayenne Tern.

Sterna eurygnatha Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 654, fig. 1 — Santa
Catharina, Brazil (type in coll. of H. Saunders, now in British Museum);
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 653, 1895— Margarita Island,
Venezuela (crit.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 85, 1896—
Venezuela, Brazil (Bahia; Camamu; Rio de Janeiro; Imbituba, Santa
Catharina), and Patagonia (Puerto Deseado, Chubut); Ihering, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 3, p. 445, 1899 — Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catharina; idem,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 41, 1907 — Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; Cory,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 194, 234, 1909— Aruba and
Margarita Island (ex Richmond); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 211, 1910 — Puerto Deseado, Patagonia.

Sterna elegans (not of Gambel) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 542, 1866 — Trinidad;
Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago.

Sterna cayanensis (not S. cayennensis Gmelin) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324,
1870 — Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro.

Sterna galericulata (not of Lichtenstein) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 568 — part, Santa Catharina, Brazil.

Thalasseus eurygnathus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 134, 137, 1918 (char.;
range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 474, 1919 (monog.;
bibliog.).

Thalasseus sp. Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 —
Buritaca, Santa Marta, Colombia (one young). ^

Thalasseus eurygnatha Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 343, 1934 (range); Belcher
and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296— Soldado Rock, ofif Trinidad; Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1140, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul.,
22, p. 152, 1938— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo.

Range. — Recorded from islands in the southern Caribbean Sea
(Aruba, Margarita, Trinidad, Tobago) and from various localities
on the coasts of Brazil (Bahia, Camamu, Rio de Janeiro, Santa

1 Thalasseus eurygnathus (Saunders), while probably conspecific with T. elegans,
is too little known to permit of any final judgment as to its status.

2 A single young bird of very small size may pertain to the present species.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 327

Catharina) and Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Chubut); breeding
places unknown.^

*Thalasseus elegans (Gambel). Elegant Tern.

Sterna elegans Gambel,- Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, for December, 1848,
p. 129, pub. 1849 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (type in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, p. 19); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1876, p. 653— Pacific
coast from the Gulf of California to Chile (crit.); idem. I.e., 1882, p. 521 —
Callao Bay, Peru (Sept.), and Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); idem, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 84, 1896— Texas (Corpus Christi, July), Oaxaca
(San Mateo), El Salvador (La Union), Peru (Chorillos; Callao Bay), and
Chile (Iquique; Coquimbo Bay; Vina del Mar, near Valparaiso; Valdivia);
Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 24, 1902 — Lower California
(La Paz, Mar. 14) and Sonora (Guaymas; breeding); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 407, 1903 — Mexico (Guaymas, Mazatlan,
Isabella Island, San Mateo), El Salvador (La Union), and Honduras
(Gulf of Fonseca); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 219, 1921 (Hfe
hist.).

Sterna comata Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 614, Nov.,
1861 — Bay of Arica, Tacna, Chile (=winter plumage; type in National
Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Santiago, 13, p. 29, 1930); iidem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 126, 1863—
Arica (German version of orig. descr.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31,
p. 289, 1868— northern Chile and Peru; Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 41,
p. 518, 1872— Corral, Chile (Nov.-Feb.; crit.); idem, Arch. Naturg., 40,
(1), p. 114, 1874 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 99, pi. 46,
fig. 2, 1902— Arica (disc, of type).

Thalasseus elegans Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 540 (monog.);
idem. Ibis, 1864, p. 389— San Salvador (=La Union) (Dec); Salvin, I.e.,
1866, p. 198— Fonseca Bay, Honduras; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 472, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 32, p. 62, 1928— Lower California (breeding); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 344, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1141, 1936
(monog.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23,
p. 183, 1938 — La Union, El Salvador (winter visitant); van Rossem, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 95, 1945 — Sonora (resident).

Sterna galericulata (not of Lichtenstein) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 568 — part, Tehuantepec, Pacific coast of Honduras, and

^ There is no certainty that the eggs "from the coast of Brazil" described by
Ihering (Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 294, 1900) were really of this species.

2 According to Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 58, p. 13, 1937), S. elegans is pre-
occupied by Sterna elegans Wood (Analyst, 3, p. 211, 1836). Not being able to
consult this scarce periodical, we cannot verify whether the name is validly pro-
posed or is merely a nomen nudum (as is the case with Martula Wood revived by
Mathews in the same note). However, if S. elegans Gambel is rendered invalid,
the name of the Elegant Tern becomes S. comata, based on a bird wintering in
Chile, and there was no need for the introduction of a new term (ichla).

328 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Peru (Arica) (crit.); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 317, 1874 —

Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and Isabella Island, Mexico.
Sterna elegans elegans Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 406,

1932 — Arica to Valdivia, Chile (winter visitor); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac.

Chile, 16, p. 60, 1938— Arica, Tacna (Nov.), and San Vicente de Talca-

guano, Concepcion (Feb.), Chile.
Thalasseus ichla Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 58, p. 13, Nov. 5, 1937 — new

name for Sterna elegans Gambel.

Range. — Breeds in Lower California (Scammons Lagoon; San
Roque Island), Sonora, and on islands in the Gulf of California
(Raza and Cerralvo Islands); strays north to San Francisco Bay;
winters off the Pacific coast of South America from Callao Bay,
Peru, to Valdivia, Chile. ^

Field Museum Collection. — 15: California (Pacific Beach, 1);
Mexico, Lower California (Isla Rasa, 1; Georges Island, 13).

*Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot). Cabot's Tern.

Sterna acuflavida Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 257, 1847 — Tancah,
Yucatan (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 174, 1930); Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 210, 1869— Celestin, Yucatan.

Thalasseus acuflavidus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 540
(monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 — Saddle Cay, British Honduras;
Coues, I.e., 1864, p. 389— Chiapam, Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 198—
coasts of Guatemala; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 390, 1875 — Cuba
(breeding).

Sterna cautiaca (not of Gmelin) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 — Rio de
Janeiro (Bay of Rio de Janeiro, Aug.; Marambaya, March; Ilha do
Pescador, Sapitiba, March; Praia do Sai, April), Parana (Rio do Boraxudo,
Dec), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 569 — Cuba, British Honduras, and Pacific coast of Guate-
mala (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1876, p. 653 — part, America south to Brazil
(Bahia); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 75, 1896— part, q"-o5, United
States, Mexico, British Honduras (Lighthouse Reef), Guatemala (Chia-
pam), and Colombia (Carthagena, Feb.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5,
p. 289, 1902 — Iguape, Sao Paulo (June 18); Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 405, 1903 — Mexico (San Mateo, Oaxaca;
Laguna Verde and La Antigua, Vera Cruz; Celestin, Yucatan; Cozumel
Island), British Honduras (Lighthouse Reef, Saddle Cay, Northern Two
Cays), and Guatemala (Chiapam); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 40,
1907— Iguape, Sao Paulo.

Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 82, 1892 — Bahama
Islands (Eleuthera, Acklin Island, Great Inagua), Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto
Rico, and Antigua; Field, Auk, 11, p. 120, 1894 — Jamaica; Todd, Ann.

1 Thalasseus gayi Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 772,
1856), quoted by authors, is a nomen nudum without nomenclatorial standing.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 329

Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 209, 1916— Los Indios, Isle of Pines; Bent, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 221, 1921 Gife hist.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932— Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (Aug. 21); idem.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme, Panama (Nov. 30).

Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus(a) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 476, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico
and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 384, 1927 — Puerto Rico (rare); idem and Swales,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 180, 1931— Hispaniola (few records);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 344, 1934 (range); Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11,
p. 91, 1934 — mouth of Oropuche River, Trinidad (Aug. 19); Griscom, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 — Darien, Panama (two records);
Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1142, 1936 (monog.); Sosa, Arch.
Soc. Biol. Montevideo, 8, p. 74, 1937 — coast of Uruguay; Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938 — Iguape (June) and Piassaguera, Sao Paulo.

Range. — Breeds from the southern Atlantic and Gulf states to
islands off the coast of British Honduras, on some of the Bahama
Islands, and Cuba; winters from the Gulf coast, Florida, and the
Bahama Islands south to Colombia (Carthagena), Brazil, and
Uruguay, also on the Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala.

Field Museum Collection. — 40: Texas (Cameron County, 7; Gulf
coast, 1; Corpus Christi, 6; Ai'ansas County, 5); North Carolina,
Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Punta Rassa,
1); Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 4; Great Inagua, 9); Cuba
(Isle of Pines, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Tobago, 1); Dutch
West Indies (Aruba, 1).

Genus LAROSTERNA Blyth

Naenia (not of Stephens, 1829) Boie, Isis, 1844, col. 189 — type, by monotypy,

Sterna inca Lesson and Garnot.
Inca (not of Lepeletier and Serville, 1825) Jardine, Contr. Om., 1850, p. 33 — •

type, by tautonymy. Sterna inca Lesson and Garnot.

Larosterna Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. Asiat. Soc, p. 293, 1849 (? = 1852)— type,
by monotypy. Sterna inca Lesson and Garnot.

Sternolophota "Lesson" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 21,
p. 993, Nov., 1856 — substitute name for Inca Jardine, etc.

*Larosterna inca (Lesson and Garnot). Inca Tern.

Sterna inca Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., Atlas, livr. 3, pi. 47,
April 18, 1827 — "Lima, Peru" = San Lorenzo Island, Callao Bay (type in
Paris Museum); Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 383, 1828 — San Lorenzo
Island (descr.); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 731, May 1,
1830 — San Lorenzo Island; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 1, 1845 —
Chile; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Om., p. 305, 1846— Fronton Islet,
near San Lorenzo Island, Callao Bay, Peru.

330 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Anous inca G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 181, 1844 — Chile;
Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1870,
p. 500 — Coquimbo, Chile; Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan,
p. 404, 1871— Pelican Rock, Coquimbo; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien, 23, p. 159, 1873— Callao Bay, Peru.

Naenia inca Boie, Isis, 1844, col. 189; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 567— coast of Peru and Chile; Saunders, I.e., 1876, p. 667
(monog.); idem. I.e., 1882, p. 520 — Callao Bay, Peru (Aug.); Taczanowski,
Orn. Per., 3, p. 446, 1886— coast of Peru; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 204—
Callao, Peru; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 132, 1896— Chile
(Valparaiso), Peru (Chincha Islands, Callao Bay), and Ecuador (Guaya-
quil).

Noddi inca Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 486, 1847—
coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 — coast of
Atacama, Chile; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868— Corral, Chile,
to Peru; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Atacama.

Inca mystacalis Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 33 — substitute name for Sterna
inca Lesson and Garnot.

Larosterna inca Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. Asiat. Soc, p. 293, 1849 (?=1852)—
Chile; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 460, 1919— Lobos de Afuera,
Chincha Islands, and Isla Asia, Peru (breeding); Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 403, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Valdivia);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 344, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer.,
2, p. 1143, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 236, 1936—
Erizera Rock, Arica Bay, Chile; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16,
p. 59, 1938 — Chile (Arica, Aug.; Bocca del Rio Maipo, Santiago, Sept.;
San Vicente de Talcaguano, Jan.; Corral); idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
44, p. 151, 1940 — Iquique (nesting).

Noenia inca Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 — northern Chile.

Range. — Coasts of southern Ecuador (Guayaquil Bay), Peru, and
Chile south to Corral, Valdivia; breeding on islands off the Peruvian
coast as far south as Iquique.

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Peru (Talara, 3).

Genus PROCELSTERNA Lafresnaye

Procelsterna Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 4, text to pi. 29, 1842 — type, by
monotypy, Sterna tereticollis Lairesnaye= Sterna teretirostris Lafresnaye.

Procelsterna cerulea skottsbergii Lonnberg.^ Skottsberg's
Noddy.

Procelsterna caerulea skottsbergii Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan
Fernandez and Easter Islands, 3, p. 20, 1921 — Easter Island (type in

' Procelsterna cerulea skottsbergii Lonnberg: A very pale form with breast,
belly, and under wing coverts pure white; under tail coverts likewise white.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 331

Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. ZooL, 19, A, No. 1, p. 103,
1927).
Procelsterna cerulea skottsbergii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 345, 1934 (range).

Range. — Easter Island, South Pacific Ocean.
Procelsterna cerulea imitatrix Mathews. ^ St. Ambrose Noddy.

Procelsterna cerulea imitatrix Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 431, Nov. 1,

1912 — San Ambrosio Island, off Chile (type in British Museum); Peters,

Bds. World, 2, p. 345, 1934 (range).
Anous cinereus (not Stolida cinerea Neboux) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1881, p. 16 — San Ambrosio Island (July).
Procelsterna cinerea Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 135, 1896 — part,

spec, i, k, San Ambrosio Island.
Procelsterna albivitta imitatrix Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1148,

1936 (monog.).

Range.^San Felix and San Ambrosio Islands, off Chile.
Genus ANOUS Stephens^

AnoUs Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 139, 1826— type, by subs.

desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 79, 1840), Anoils niger Stephens=

Sterna stolida Linnaeus.
Megalopterus Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 980 — type, by monotypy, Sterna tenuirostris

Temminck.
Noddi Berthold, in Latreille's Nat. Fam. Thierr., p. 85, 1827 — type, by mono-
typy. Sterna stolida Linnaeus.
Stolida Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 620, 1831 — type, by tautonymy. Sterna

stolida Linnaeus.
Aganaphron Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsbuch, livr. 7, p. 463, 1842—

type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 544,

1919), Sterna stolida Linnaeus.
Micranous Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, No. 23, p. xix, Jan. 29, 1895 — type,

by orig. desig.. Sterna tenuirostris Temminck.

tinged with ashy only on the tips of the longest ones. Wing, 195-196 ^ 2, (female)
193-1943^^; tarsus, 26, (female) 241.2; bill, 26-27, (female) 27 '2.

Said to be smaller than P. c. albivitta Bonaparte (extralimital) and to have
the under tail coverts white instead of ashy gray (Lonnberg).

1 Procelsterna cerulea imitatrix Mathews: Stated to resemble P. c. skottsbergii
in paleness of coloring, but much larger (wing, 215; tarsus, 28; bill, 30'2)-

Direct comparison of adequate series of these two races is imperative to
establish their status.

2 Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117) described from the sea off
Montevideo, Uruguay, Anous atrofuscus (type, from the Rivoli Collection, in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). This seems to be one of the races
of Anous tenuirostris, which has no representative in American waters, and the
locality is probably erroneous.

332 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Anousella Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 412 (in text), Nov. 1, 1912 — type,
by orig. desig., Anous leucocapillus Gou\d= Anous minutus Boie.

*Anous stolidus stolidus (Linnaeus). Noddy.

Sterna stolida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 137, 1758 — based on
"Hirundo marina minor, capite albo" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 1, p. 31,
pi. 6, fig. 2 (Atlantic east of Barbados), "The Noddy" Catesby, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 88, pi. 88 (breeding in the Bahama Islands), and
"Anaethetus minor fuscus, vertica cinereo, rostro glabro" Browne, Civ.
Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 481 (Jamaica), "in Americae Pelago" (we accept
Bahama Islands [ex Catesby] as type locality) ;i Wied, Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., 4, (2), p. 874, 1833 — coast of Brazil south of the equator.

Anous niger Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 140, pi. 17, 1825 — new
name for Sterna stolida Linnaeus.

Gavia leucoceps Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 373, 1837 — based on
"Mouette brune, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 997.

Anous stolidus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 557 — part, America
(crit.); idem. Ibis, 1864, p. 392 — Glover's Reef, British Honduras; Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 — Cuba, St. Bartholomew,
British Honduras, coast of Brazil, and "Chile" (ex Lesson); Gundlach,
Journ. Orn., 23, p. 395, 1875 — cays of Cuba (breeding habits); Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 669 — part. Gulf coast of America; Penrose,
Ibis, 1879, p. 280— Ascension Island (breeding); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 9, p. 632, 1886— Lee Rocks, Grenada (breeding); Cory, Cat. W. Ind.
Bds., p. 83, 1892 — Bahama Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Sombrero,
St. Bartholomew, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Grenada;
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 116 — part. Gulf coast of United
States; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 136, 1896 — part, spec,
a-y, Florida, east coast of Mexico, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Vincent, Grenada,
Redonda Island, British Honduras (Glover's Reef, Cay Dolores Channel),
St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Bahia, and Ascension Island;
Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 515 — Washerwoman Cays, Andros, Bahama
Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer,, Aves, 3,
p. 412, 1903 — coast of Mexico, British Honduras, and Honduras; Nicoll,
Ibis, 1904, p. 36— St. Paul's Rock (breeding); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905— Grenadines (breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 670—
South Trinidad (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907
(range in part); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 226, 1909—
Los Hermanos Islands (breeding); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 310 — north of
Chateau-Belair, St. Vincent (breeding); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
60, p. 369, 1917 — Guadeloupe (breeding on Les Saintes, Tete Anglaise,
etc.); Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 180, 1919— South
Trinidad; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 301, 1921 (life hist.);

1 As Linnaeus also quotes "Amoen. Acad., 3, p." (which refers to S. stolida
Odhelius, Amoen. Acad., 4, p. 240, 1759), it is possible that he had a specimen
from the Lagerstroem donation before him. This individual, however, is no longer
in existence and was already missing in 1787 (cf. Lonnberg, Bihang Sv. Vetensk.-
Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 28, 1896).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 333

Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 477, 510— St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island
(breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938 (range).

Anous superdliosus Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, 168, p. 468, 1879 —
coast of Mexico, Nevis, and Jamaica (cotypes in British Museum; descr.
of young).

Anoils stolidus stolidus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 546, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
9, p. 385, 1927 — Desecheo and Mona Islands (breeding); Bond, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 528, 1928— near Chateaubelair, St. Vincent;
Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 182, 1931— Hispaniola
(occasional); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 293, 1931— Bermuda
Islands (one record, Sept. 12, 1854); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 346, 1934
(range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296 — Soldado Rock, off
Trinidad, and Giles Islets, Tobago (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S.
Amer., 2, p. 1150, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana,
p. 311, 1938 (casual visitor).

Range. — Breeds on small islands in the Gulf of Mexico (Dry
Tortugas, Florida Keys), in the Bahama Islands (Atwood's and
Gaulding Cays, Dry and Booby Rocks, Acklin and Berry Islands,
Washerwoman Cays, etc.), on islands off the coast of British Hon-
duras (Glover's Reef, Cay Dolores) and in the Caribbean Sea (cays
off Cuba; Jamaica; Desecheo and Mona Islands; small islets near
Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Grenadines; Lee Rocks, Grenada; Giles
Islets, off Tobago; Soldado Rock, Trinidad; Los Hermanos Islands),
on St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, South Trinidad;
extralimitally on Ascension Island, St. Helena, Tristan d'Acunha,
etc.

Field Museum Collection. — 22: Bahama Islands (Brown's Cay, 3;
Miraporvos Island, 4; New Providence, 2); Jamaica (Grand Cayman,
1); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 4;
Guadeloupe, 2); Venezuela (Orquilla Island, Nueva Esparta, 3).

Anoiis stolidus ridgwayi Anthony.^ Socorro Noddy.

Anoiis stolidus ridgwayi Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 36, Jan., 1898 — Socorro Island,
Revillagigedo group, Mexico (type in collection of A. W. Anthony, now
in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
18, p. 336(8), 1928); idem. I.e., p. 316, 1898— Socorro (breeding); Nelson,
N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 26, 1899 — Isabella Island (breeding) and Tres
Marias (habits); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 507,
1902 — Cocos and Clipperton Islands (descr.; habits); Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 550, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Fisher and
Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931— Cocos Island
(crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 128, 1932— off Pacific

1 Anoiis stolidus ridgwayi Anthony differs from the nominate race merely by
slightly darker coloration, darker gray pileum, and somewhat stouter bill.

334 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

coast of Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 346, 1934 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1158, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Bond and de
Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938— Malpelo
Island, off Colombia; Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 5,
1939— Clipperton Island.

Anous stolidus (not Sterna slolida Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859,
p. 233 — Pacific coast of Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
2, p. 318, 1874 — Isabella Island, Tepic, Mexico (breeding); Townsend,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 — Cocos Island; Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Cocos Island; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., (4), 2, p. 24, 1913 — part, Oneal Rock (Socorro), Clipperton and
Cocos Islands; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 284, 1926— Roca Partida, Revil-
lagigedo Islands, and Isabella Island (breeding).

Anous stolidus rousseaui (not of Hartlaub) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
19, p. 645 (in text), 1897 — part, Cocos Island and Isabella Island, Mexico
(meas.).

Anous pileatus (not Sterna pileata Scopoli) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 3, p. 413, 1903 — part, Revillagigedo Islands, Isabella Island,
Tres Marias, Clipperton Island, and Pacific coast of Guatemala.

Range. — Breeds on the Revillagigedo Islands, Isabella Island (off
the coast of Nayarit), Clipperton and Cocos Islands; ranges to the
Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala and to Malpelo Island, off
Colombia.

*Anous stolidus galapagensis Sharpe.^ GALAPAGOS Noddy.

Anoiis galapagensis Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 168, p. 469, 1879 —
Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum;
descr. of young); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 — Charles
Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890— Hood and
Chatham Islands; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, pp. 116,
117 — Galapagos Islands; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 143,
1896 — Dalrymple Rock (Chatham) and Charles Island (crit.); Ridgway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 642, 1897— Albemarle, Charles, Hood,
Chatham, Tower, and Wenman Islands (descr.; meas.).

Megalopterus stolidtis (not Sterna stolida Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,
Birds, p. 145, 1841 — part, Galapagos Islands.

Anous stolidus Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 — Galapagos
Islands; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 504, 1876— Dalrymple Rock;
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890— Dalrymple Rock and
Chatham Islands; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 25, 1913—
part, Galapagos Islands (habits).

Anous stolidus galapagensis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 191,
1899 — Culpepper and Wenman to Charles and Hood Islands (breeding;

^Anoiis stolidus galapagensis Sharpe: Very similar to A. s. ridgwayi, but
slightly darker, more sooty, especially on back and upper tail coverts.

Judging from the admittedly scanty material examined we are not much im-
pressed with the validity of the Galapagos form when compared with A. s. ridgwayi.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 335

crit.; eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 413, 1902 — Wenman Island (nestling
descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 239, 1904 —
James Island (crit.; nest and eggs descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
50, (8), p. 551, 1919 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18,
p. 66, 1931 — Galapagos Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931— Tower Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 347, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1159, 1936
(monog.).

Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago.^
Field Museum Collection. — 12: Galapagos Islands (Tagus Cove,
Albemarle Island, 10; Abingdon Island, 1; Seymour Island, 1).

Anoiis minutus diamesus (Heller and Snodgrass).- Cocos Black
Noddy.

Micranous diamesus Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 76, May 1, 1901 —
Cocos Island (type in collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University);
Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 509, 1902 — Cocos
and Clipperton Islands (descr.; meas.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
(4), 2, p. 29, 1913 — Clipperton and Cocos Islands (crit.; habits; eggs descr.).

Megalopterus minutus diamesus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 423, 1912;
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 556, 1919 (monog.).

Megalopterus minutus minutus (not Anous minutus Boie, 1844) Fisher and
Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 45, 1931— Cocos Island
(crit.).

Anous minutus diamesus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1163, 1936 (monog.); Bond and de Schauensee,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 157, 1938— Malpelo Island; Wetmore,
Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6, 1939— Clipperton Island.

Range. — Breeds on Clipperton and Cocos Islands and ranges
south to Malpelo Island, off Colombia.

Anoiis minutus americanus (Mathews).^ Caribbean Black
Noddy.

1 Anous stoUdus has been recorded as breeding on Sala y Gomez Island by
MacFarlane (Ibis, 1887, p. 210), and Lonnberg (in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan
Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 20, 1921) lists "A. siolidus unicolor
Nordm." as nesting on Motu Nui, a small islet near Easter Island. The sub-
specific status of these forms remains to be determined. Another doubtful race
breeds on San Felix Island, off Chile (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1160,
1936).

^Anoiis minutus diamesus (Heller and Snodgrass): Nearest to A. m. melano-
genys G. R. Gray, of the Hawaiian Islands, but darker on the scapulars, lower
parts and sides of neck, and sides of head, and with longer, stouter bill. Wing,
224, (female) 223-241; bill, 45, (female) 43-4332 (Heller and Snodgrass, Condor,
3, p. 76, 1901).

^Anoiis minutus americanus (Mathews) is described as being close to A. m.
minutus (extralimital), but "easily distinguished by its stouter bill and browner
tail, while there is less bluish-plumbeous on the upper back and throat."

336 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Megalopterus minutus americanus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 423,
Nov. 1, 1912 — "Caribbean Sea, British Honduras" (type presumably in
British Museum).

Anous tenuirostris (not Sterna lenuirostris Temminck) Salvin, Ibis, 1864,
p. 383 — Southwest-of-all Cay, British Honduras; Coues, I.e., 1864, p.
393— Glover's Reef, British Honduras (crit.); Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 200—
Southwest-of-all Cay; Selater and Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
p. 566 — coast of British Honduras and Trinidad.

Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 547, 1866 —
Trinidad; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 670 — part, coast of
Central America; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117 — part,
British Honduras (erit.).

Micranous leucocapillus (not Anous leucocapillus Gould, 1845) Saunders, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1896 — part, spec, a-f. Glover's Reef, British
Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 415,
1903 — part, descr. and hab. British Honduras (Glover's Reef, Southwest-
of-all Cay).

Megalopterus minutus atlanticus (not of Mathews) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 554, 1919 — part, British Honduras (Southwest-of-all
Cay, Glover's Reef).

Anoiis minutus americanus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range);
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296— El Soldado Rock, Trinidad
(egg).

Range. — Breeds on islands off the coast of British Honduras;
also said to breed on El Soldado Rock, near Trinidad.^

Anoiis minutus atlanticus (Mathews) .^ Atlantic Black Noddy.

Megalopterus minutus atlanticus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 423, Nov. 1,
1912 — Ascension Island (type presumably in British Museum); Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 554, 1919 (monog., exel. of British
Honduras).

Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p. 798 — St. Paul's Rock and Inaccessible Island (breeding) ; Penrose, Ibis,
1879, p. 280 — Ascension Island (breeding; egg descr.); Sharpe, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 479, 1890 — Fernando Noronha (breeding).

Micranous leucocapillus (not Anous leucocapillus Gould) Saunders, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1896 — part, spec, g-s, St. Paul's Rock, Fernando
Noronha, Ascension Island, St. Helena, and Inaccessible Island (Tristan
d'Acunha); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 36 — St. Paul's Rock (breeding); Ihering,
Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907 — part, Fernando Noronha.

1 The Trinidad record rests on the identification of an egg found by T. Spencer
on May 12, 1928.

^Anoiis minutus atlanticus (Mathews): Described as differing from A. m.
americanus by longer wings, longer, stouter bill, noticeably more blackish tail,
and the restriction of the white color above to the crown of the head.

Birds from St. Paul's Rock are said to be somewhat darker, with the bills
shorter and very stout.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 337

Anoiis minutus atlanticus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1160, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev.
Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938— Fernando Noronha.

Range. — Breeds in the tropical South Atlantic Ocean on St.
Paul's Rock and Fernando Noronha, off Brazil, Martin Vas Rocks,
and extralimitally on Ascension Island, St. Helena, and Inaccessible
Island.

Genus GYGIS Wagler

Gygis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1223— type, by monotypy. Sterna Candida
Gmelin.

Leucanous Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 432 (in text), Nov. 1, 1912 —

type, by orig. desig., Gygis microrhyncha Saunders.
Alphagygis Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec, 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 — new name

for Gygis Wagler (considered to be preoccupied by Gyges Bory de St.

Vincent, 1825).

Gygis alba alba (Sparrman). Atlantic Fairy Tern.

Sterna alba Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc. 1, pi. 11, 1786 — "in India orientali,
ad promontorium Bonae Spei Insulasquae maris pacifici" ^ (type in
Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104,
1927).

Gygis Candida (not Sterna Candida Gmelin) Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 106 — St.
Helena (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 797 —
Boatswain Island, Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 279 — Ascen-
sion Island (breeding; eggs descr.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880,
p. 163 — South Trinidad Island (breeding); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond., Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890— Fernando Noronha (breeding); Saunders,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 149, 1896— part, spec, a-k, Fernando Noronha,
South Trinidad, and Ascension Island.

Gygis alba Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 217— South Trinidad (soft parts); Ribeiro,
Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 182, 1919— South Trinidad.

Gygis crawfordi Nicoll, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 16, p. 102, 1906— South Trinidad
Island (type in British Museum); idem. Ibis, 1906, p. 669— South Trinidad
(crit.; breeding habits).

Gygis alba alba Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 442, 1912 — Fernando Noronha,
Ascension, and South Trinidad (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 20,
1927 (range); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped.,
Zool., 4, p. 112, 1930— South Trinidad; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348,

1 Mathews (Bds. Australia, 2, p. 441, 1912) suggests Ascension Island, South
Atlantic Ocean, as type locality, and Lonnberg (in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan
Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., pp. 21-22, 1921) has shown Sparrman's
type to be indeed an example of the South Atlantic form with the entirely white
shafts of the primaries and extensive feathering of the forehead. The locality
"New Zealand" on its label is obviously erroneous. In life, the bill is wholly black,
not hyacinth-blue at the base as in the other races. It is unfortunate that NicoU's
name crawfordi has to give way to alba of Sparrman.

338 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1164, 1936 (monog.;
life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 154, 1938 (range only).

Range. — Breeds on Fernando Noronha, South Trinidad, Martin
Vas Rocks, and extralimitally on Ascension and St. Helena Islands,
South Atlantic Ocean.

Gygis alba Candida (Gmelin). Pacific Fairy Tern.

Stenia Candida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 607, 1789— based on "White
Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 363, Christmas Island and other
parts of the South Sea' (cotypes, now in Vienna Museum, examined; cf.
Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 123).

Sterna Semi-alba Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 38, p. 94, 1790 —
based on "White Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 363, Christmas
Island, etc.

Sterna nivea Bennett, Narrative Whaling Exped., 1, p. 384, 1840 — Christmas
Island (breeding).

Gygis Candida MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 210 — Sala y Gomez Island (breeding);
Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 511, 1902 — Cocos
Island (nesting) and Clipperton Island.

Gygis alba Candida Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 443, 1912 (crit.; range);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 559, 1919 (monog.); Fisher
and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931— Cocos
Island (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Murphy,
Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1168, 1936 (monog.); Wetmore, Smiths.
Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6, 1939— Clipperton Island (crit.).

Gygis alba (not Sterna alba Sparrman) Giflford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4),
2, p. 32, 1913— Tower Island, Galapagos (Sept. 14), Oneal Rock (near
Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands), Cocos and Clipperton Islands
(soft parts; habits; meas.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 66,
1931— Tower Island (ex Gifford).

Gygis alba royana Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and
Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 21, 1921— Easter Island (crit.).

Range. — Islands of the Pacific Ocean from the Caroline, Tonga,
and Society Islands east to the Revillagigedo Islands (Oneal Rock,
near Socorro Island), Clipperton, Cocos, Galapagos Islands (off.
Tower Island), Easter Island, and Sala y Gomez Island.^

1 The bird seen at St. Helena was, of course, G. a. alba.

2 We do not find any difference between birds from the Caroline Islands and
two from Cocos Island, and the cotypes in the Vienna Museum seem to be also
the same. Cf. also Wetmore (Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6). Judging
from the wide individual variation in measurements observable in specimens from
the same island (cf. Giflford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 34, 1913), we doubt
that either G. alba pacifica (Lesson) or G. alba royana Mathews (Bds. Australia,
2, p. 443, 1912 — type, from Kermadec Islands, in Tring Collection; cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool., 34, p. 18, 1927) can be maintained.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 339

Family RYNCHOPIDAE. Skimmers
Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus

Rynchops Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758 — type, by monotypy,
Rynchops nigra Linnaeus.

Rygchopsalia Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 222, 1760 — type, by monotypy, "Le Bec-en-
ciseaux" Bnsson= Rynchops nigra cinerascens Spix.

Rhynchops Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 802, 1790 (emendation of Rynchops
Linnaeus).

Psalidorhamphos Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 4, p. 173, 1816 — substitute name
for Rynchops Linnaeus.

Rhincops Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 351, 1828 (emendation).

*Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus. Black Skimmer.

Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758 — based princi-
pally on "The Cut Water" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 90, pi. 90,
near the sea-coasts of Carolina;^ Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 310,
1921 (life hist.).

Ryncops borealis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 340, Dee. 31, 1837 — new name
for [R.] "niger auet."

Rhynchops nigra Gundlaeh, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 395, 1875 — Santa Cruz, Cuba
(one record); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 153, 1896 — part,
spec, a-d', Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Mexico (Tampico, Rio
Lagartos, and Progreso, Yucatan; Cozumel Island); Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 — part, eastern Mexico (Mata-
moros, Tampico, coasts of Yucatan, Cozumel Island); Lowe, Ibis, 1909,
p. 322 — Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela (early January; in enormous flocks).

Rynchops nigra nigra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 451, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.; range in part); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934
(range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 544 (breeding range from southeastern
United States to Yucatan, in winter to Venezuela); Oberholser, Bird Life
Louisiana, p. 311, 1938 — coast of Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van
Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 184, 1938— Lake Olomega,
El Salvador (Aug. 19, Feb. 3-15); Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 112, 1944
(dist. chars.; range).

Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United
States from New Jersey to Texas, and locally on the Caribbean
coast of Mexico (lagoons near Tampico, Tamaulipas; mouth of
Rio Lagartos, Yucatan Peninsula); winters from Florida and the
Louisiana coast region south to El Salvador and the north coast
of Venezuela;- occasional in Cuba.

^ The reference to Barrere pertains to another race.

2 Possibly also visits Trinidad in winter. Winter birds from Cariaco, Vene-
zuela, as also a series from Cozumel, are unquestionably nigra. Records from
northeastern Brazil turn out to be referable to R. n. intercedens.

340 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 55: Texas (Cameron County, 6;
Corpus Christi, 6; Aransas County, 2; Port Lavaca, 2; Tivoli, 1);
Louisiana (Avery Island, 1); Virginia (Cobb's Island, 8); North
Carolina (Hatteras, 2; Pea Island, Dare County, 12); Florida
(Brevard County, 3; Pilot Town, 6; Amelia Island, 4); El Salvador
(Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2).

Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom.^ Pacific Skimmer.

Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom, Ibis, (13), 5, p. 545, July 1, 1935 — Acapam,
Pacific coast of Guatemala (type in British Museum examined); van
Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 334, 1937 —
Algodones Lagoon (May 1) and Guasimas Lagoon (May 12), Sonora,
Mexico; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21,
p. 95, 1945 — Sonora (early summer visitant).

Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 193 — lagoon of
Acapam, near Chiapam, Pacific coast of Guatemala; idem. I.e., 1866,
p. 200— Acapam; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 318, 1874—
Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Rio Zacatula, Colima); idem. Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 4, p. 52, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza,
5, p. 234, 1881— coasts of the Gulf of Tehuantepec; Salvin, Ibis, 1889,
p. 379— Cozumel Island; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 153,
1896 — part, spec, e'-k', Acapam, Guatemala (Jan. 29); Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 — part. Pacific coast of
Mexico (San Bias, Rio Zacatula, San Mateo) and Guatemala (Acapam).

Rynchops nigra intercedens (not Rhynchops intercedens Saunders) Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 453, 1919— part. Pacific coast of Mexico
(San Bias, Nayarit; Rio Zacatula and Manzanillo, Colima; San Mateo,
Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Chiapam).

Range. — Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala, from Sonora
(Algodones and Guasimas Lagoons; May 1-12, probably breeding)
to Chiapam (Lagoon of Acapam).

*Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl.^ Intermediate Skimmer.

Rynchops melanura intermedia Rendahl, Ark. ZooL, 12, No. 8, p. 12, March 31,
1919 — Harbor Head, San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (type in Stockholm
Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104, 1927).

1 Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom: About the same size as R. n. nigra, but
axillaries and under wing coverts tinged with pale brownish gray, and white tips
to secondaries narrower.

Six specimens from Acapam, Guatemala, examined.

2 Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl: Nearest to R. n. cinerascens, of Ama-
zonia, but light edges of lateral rectrices more broadly edged with white, and white
tips to secondaries likewise conspicuously wider, while the upper parts are less
deeply blackish.

It is with considerable reluctance that we adopt Rendahl's name for the
Pacific race of South America. R. m. intermedia was based upon a single male
from San Juan del Norte, Caribbean Nicaragua, which we have not seen. How-

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 341

Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 385, 1828 —
Concepcion, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 —
coast of Chile; Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 1, p. 35, 1846 — Valparaiso,
Chile; idem, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 306, 1846 — Chile (Iquique,
Tarapaca; Arica, Tacna) and Peru (Islay, Arequipa; Ilo, Moquegua);
Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 2, p. 474, 1854— coast
of Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, pp. 110, 111, 1858 — Concepcion,
Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 — Chanaral, Atacama,
Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo,
Ecuador; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 — Chile;
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868— Concepcion, Chile, to Peru; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 — part, Pacific coast of South America
to Concepcion; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 159, 1873—
Callao, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876— Lake Titi-
caca, Peru (one spec); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 — Rio
Cachapoal, Colchagua, Chile; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 409,
1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Chafiaral,
Atacama, Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416,
1903 — part, Los Sabalos, Nicaragua.

Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 —
Ancud, Chiloe, Chile; Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Straits Magellan,
p. 365, 1871— Ancud; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562—
Chorillos, Peru (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 522 — Coquimbo Bay,
Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896 — part, spec, a, m-v,
Yucatan (Cozumel Island, Feb.), "Straits of Magellan," Chile (Vina
del Mar, Valparaiso; Coquimbo), and Peru (Callao); Reed, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, 3, p. 417, 1903 — Cozumel Island, Yucatan.

Rhynchops cinerascens (not of Spix) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 258 — Trujillo,
Peru.

Rynchops cinerascens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 455, 1919 —
part, Pacific coast of Ecuador to Chile and Cozumel Island, Yucatan.

Rynchops nigra cinerascens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 187,
1926 — Gulf of Guayaquil and Puna Island, western Ecuador.

Rynchops nigra intermedia Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19,
p. 403, 1932 — Papudo, Aconcagua, Chile (crit.; range in Chile); Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (crit.;
range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1171 (in text), 1936—
Paracas Bay, Peru (meas.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62,
1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Sept.).

ever, a female from Cozumel Island, off Yucatan, while very nearly identical in
coloration with birds from Chile, is decidedly smaller, as has been noticed by
Griscom. Unfortunately, the specimen, which, by the way, was taken in winter
(February) along with migratory individuals of the North American Skimmer, is
immature. Without a series of breeding specimens from the Caribbean coast of
Central America, the problem cannot be satisfactorily solved.

Ten specimens from Chile, two from the Peruvian coast (Trujillo, Callao),
and one from Cozumel Island examined.

342 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chilo4
Island, Chile;^ accidental(?) on the Caribbean coast of Central
America (Cozumel Island, off Yucatan; San Juan del Norte and
Los Sabalos, Nicaragua); casual on Lake Titicaca, Peru.

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Pro-
vince de los Rios, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 3).

*Rynchops nigra cinerascens Spix.^ Dusky-tailed Skimmer.

Rhynchops cinerascens Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 80, pi. 102, 1825 —
"in locis ripariis flum. Amazonum," Brazil (descr. of immature; type lost,
cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715,
1906); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — sand banks of the Apure River, Vene-
zuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 767 — Blairmont, British Guiana; Davis, I.e.,
1935, p. 531 — Rupununi and upper Essequibo rivers, British Guiana.

Rhynchops brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 81, pl. 103, 1825 —
[Amazon River] Brazil (descr. of young; type in Munich Museum; cf.
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906).

Rhyncops melanurus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 340, Dec. 31, 1837 — coast
of Demerara (type in collection of Mr. Schomburgk).

Rhynchops melanurus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3,
"1848," p. 761, 1849 — coast region, upper Essequibo, and Rupununi River.

Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77,
1858— Rio Napo, Ecuador; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 534, 1866— Trinidad;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870— part. Villa Bella de Matto Grosso,
Matto Grosso, and Cajutuba, Para, Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384—
Dique, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 566 — part, Rio UcayaH, Rio Napo, Matto Grosso, and
Cajutuba; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 310 — lower Ucayali and Rio Huallaga,
Peru; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 654, 1895— Margarita
Island, Venezuela (June- July).

Rhynchops melanura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 201 —
lower Ucayali, Peru (egg descr.); iidem. I.e., 1867, p. 593 — Mexiana Island,
Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 437, 1886— part, east Peruvian locali-
ties; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896— part, spec, b-1,
Venezuela, British Guiana (Rupununi River, Ourumee), Surinam, Mexiana
Island, and Peru (Ucayali River, Yurimaguas).

1 The locality "Straits of Magellan," attached to a specimen in the British
Museum, is open to doubt.

2 An earlier name is probably Rynchops fulva Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed.,
1, p. 138, 1758), based exclusively upon "Rygchopsalia fulva, rostro nigro"
Barrere (Orn. Spec. Nov., Perpignan, 1745, p. 20; French Guiana). The bird is
described as similar in size and shape to the same author's "Rygchopsalia dorso
nigro, ventre albo" (I.e.), but is said to have the upper parts "fulvus" instead of
sooty black, and the bill entirely "black" (without red at the base)._ The color
of the dorsal parts might easily be applied to the brown-backed juvenile plumage,
though the dusky reddish bill can hardly be called "black" in that stage.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 343

Rhynchops nigra cinerascens Berlepsch and Hartert. Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132,
1902 — Caicara, Orinoco River, Venezuela (crit.); Ihiering, Rev. Mus.
Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool.,
15, p. 310, 1908— French Guiana; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 254,
1909 — San Vicente and Rio Amores, Santa Fe, Argentina (Nov. 11);
Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 74, 1909— mouth of Rio San Juan, Vene-
zuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 80, 1914 — Marajo (Cururu,
Tapera, Magoary), Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 222,
1917 — lower Magdalena up to Giradot, Colombia; Bangs and Penard,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918— Tijgerbank, Surinam; Pinto,
Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 154, 1938— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Wetmore, Caldasia,
3, p. 115, 1944 (dist. chars.; range).

Rynchops nigra cinerascens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55, 1906 — Port-of-
Spain, Trinidad (June; crit.); Ihering, ^Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907 —
Rio Jurua; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. 'Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— La
Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst.,
2, p. 374, 1916— Orinoco Valley; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 214, 1919—
Chaco Argentine (ex Hartert and Venturi) (dist. char.); Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio Para, Para, Brazil; Peters,
Bds. World, 2, p. 350, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (range);
Danforth, Auk, 53, p. 82, 1936— Glover's Island, Grenada (July 31).

Rynchops cinerascens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 455, 1919 —
part, eastern Ecuador and Peru, Trinidad.

Rynchops nigra subsp. Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 297 — Trinidad
waters on Gulf of Paria side.

Range. — Northern half of South America (except the Pacific
coast) from the Magdalena Valley, Colombia, the north coast of
Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south to the
Amazon Valley and the northern confines of Matto Grosso; casual
in the Lesser Antilles (Glover's Island, Grenada) and in northern
Argentina (San Vicente, Rio Amores, Santa F^; Nov. ll).i

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 1); British
Guiana (Buxton, 4); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1).

*Rynchops nigra intercedens Saunders. Southern Skimmer.

Rhynchops intercedens Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 4, p. xxvi, March 20,
1895 — "on the coast of South Brazil and Argentina, ascending the Parana
and Paraguay to their head-waters" (type, from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in
British Museum examined); idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 155, 1896 —
Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina, and Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 —
Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909 — Ojo de Agua,

1 Allowing the usual amount of individual variation, we find it impracticable
to separate Trinidad and Venezuelan birds from tho.se of Amazonia. Two adults
from the Chaco Santafecino (San Vicente and Rio Amores, Nov. 11), with dark
sooty brown axillaries and under wing coverts, can hardly be told from Amazonian
skins. The occurrence of such individuals so far south is certainly remarkable.

344 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Santiago del Estero; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254, 1909 —
Est. San Martino Monte and Avellanedo, Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe,
Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 193, 1910 (descr.;
range excl. Chile and Peru).

R{h)ynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 877,
1833 — Espirito Santo and Belmonte rivers, eastern Brazil; Darwin, Zool.
Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 143, 1841— Maldonado, Uruguay (May), and Rio
Parana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 454, 1856 — seacoast
of southeastern Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Rio Parana;
idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 520, 1861 — Rio Parana; Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 — part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo
(YpanemS, Irisanga), Goyaz (Araguay), and Matto Grosso (Rio de
Cabagal, Caigara); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 279, 1874 — Blumenau,
Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 — Buenos Aires; White,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 628 — Monte Grande, Buenos Aires;
Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo; Reiser, Denks.
Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910— Brazil (near
Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia; Ilha Grande, Lagoa do Parnagua,
Piauhy).

Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2,
p. 193, 1889— Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470—
Buenos Aires (Cape San Antonio), Chaco (Riacho Ancho), and Paraguay
(Colonia Risso, Puerto Braga); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 73 — Cape San
Antonio, Buenos Aires.

Rynchops nigra intercedens Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 442, 1899 — Iguape,
Sao Paulo; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Campinas,
Sao Sebastiao, Itapura, Iguape) and "Amazonia inferior"; Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 453, 1919— part, southern Brazil, Para-
guay, Uruguay, and Argentina; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 —
Rio Lujan (Escobar), Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 12, p. 497, 1929 — Piauhy and Maranhao, Brazil; Laubmann,
Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 — Lapango, Formosa
(crit.; range in part); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76,
1930 — Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 350, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (dist. char.; range);
Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 117, 1944 (dist. chars.; range).

Rynchops intercedens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908 — Rio Araguaya,
Goyaz (crit.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 214, 1919 (dist. char.; range);
Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 — coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Daguerre,
I.e., p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 68, p. 166, 1927 — Rio Parana, near Santa Elena, Entre Rios.

Rynchops nigra subsp. intercedens Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
18, p. 212, 1910 (range in Argentina).

Rhynchops nigra intercedens Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, 76, p. 242, 1923 — Piauhy (Lago do Parnagua, Urubti Grande,
Colonia Floriano, Sao Gongalinho, Queimadas) and Maranhao (Boa
Vista); Pinto, Rev, Mus. Paul., 22, p. 155, 1938— Maranhao (Boa Vista),

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 345

Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Rio Sao Francisco),
Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Campinas, Rio Parana, Presidente Epitacio),
and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy).

Range. — Coasts and rivers of eastern and southern Brazil, from
Maranhao and Piauhy to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay;
and northern Argentina south to Cordoba and province of Buenos
Aires.

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Brazil (Lagoa Grande, Goyas, 3);
Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1).

Suborder ALCAE^
Family ALCIDAE. Auks
Genus PLOTUS Gunnerus

Plotus eller Plautus Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, p. 263, pi. 6, 1761—

type, by monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus= A/ca

alle Linnaeus.
Alle Link, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46, 1806— type,

by monotypy, Alle nigricans Link = Aim alle Linnaeus.
Mergulus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 67, 1816 — type, by orig. desig.,

"Petit Plongeon noir et blanc" Edwards= AZca alle Linnaeus.
Ardica G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841 — new name

for Mergulus Vieillot.

*Plotus alle alle (Linnaeus). Dovekie.

Alca Alle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 — based chiefly on
"The Small Black and White Diver" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 91,
pi. 91, and "Mergus melanoleucus, rostro acuto brevi" Willoughby, Orn. ,
p. 261, pi. 59, "in Europae, Americae arcticae Oceano." ^

Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, p. 263,
pi. 6, 1761 — coast of Norway.

Alca Candida Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 26, 1764 — Greenland (probably an
albinistic specimen).

Alca Alee Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 554, 1789— America and Europe.

Alle nigricans Link, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46, 1806 —
new name for Alca Alle Linnaeus.

Colymbus glocitans O'Reilly, Greenland, p. 146, pi. 14, fig. 1, 1818 — Davis's
Strait, Greenland.

1 For a review of the Atlantic Alcidae see Salomonsen, K. Vet. 0. Vitterh.
Samh. Goteborg Handl., F. 6, ser. B., 3, No. 5, p. 60, May 8, 1944.

2 The two specimens examined by Edwards in London were of unknown origin,
while the drawing in the possession of Sir Thomas Brown, which served as basis
for Willoughby's account, represented a bird found on the "sea coasts," pre-
sumably near Norwich, England.

346 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Mergulus melanoleucos Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. L,
1819 — west coast of Greenland (type not extant).

Uria minor Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste,
2, sec. 1, p. 406, 1819 — arctic seas between Greenland and Iceland.

Cephus nanus Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 188, 1828 — Scandinavia.

Mergulus arcticus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 994, 1831 — Green-
land (no type extant).

Mergulus alle Winge, Medd. Gr^nl., 21, p. 228, 1898— Greenland.

Alle alle Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 569, 1898 (monog.);
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 215, 1919 (life hist.); L0ppenthin,
Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 100, 125, 1932— Liverpool coast, Greenland
(breeding).

Plautus alle Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 707, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.).

Plotus alle Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1769, 1921 (monog.).

Plautus alle alle Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range).

Alle alle alle Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 332, 1935 (distr.
in North Atlantic).

Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of northern Greenland,
Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Bear Island, and Novaya Zemlya;
winters south to New Jersey (casually to Florida and Cuba)^ and
western Europe, the Azores, and Canary Islands.^

Field Museum Collection. — 29: Greenland, east coast (68° 30' N.-
24° W., 3; Liverpool Land, 71° 10' N., 1; King Oscar Fjord, 1);
Newfoundland (Codroy, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Nova
Scotia (Yarmouth, 1; Halifax, 12; Dover, 2); Maine (Hancock
County, 1; Knox County, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 2); New
York (Amagansett, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1).

Genus PINGUINUS Bonnaterre^

Plautus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Briinnich, Zool. Fund., p. 78, 1771 — type,
by monotypy, "Brillefuglen" = A?ca impennis Linnaeus.

Pinguinus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 47, pp. Ixxxiii, 28, 1791 —
type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 562,
1898), Alca impennis Linnaeus.

Pinguin Fischer de Waldheim, Naturg. Mus. Paris, 2, p. 188, 1803 (emenda-
tion).

1 Cf. Bruner, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 8, p. 51, 1934, and Falcon, I.e.,
14, p. 98, 1940.

2 A nearly allied, larger race, P. alle polaris (Stenhouse), breeds on Franz
Josef Land.

3 Doubtfully separable from Alca Linnaeus.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 347

Torda Dumeril, Zool. Anal., p. 72, 1806 — type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 562, 1898), Alca impennis Linnaeus.

Mataeoptera Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1, p. 475, 1842 —
type, by orig. desig., Alca impennis Linnaeus.

Gyralca Steenstrup, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1855, p, 114 — type, by
orig. desig., Alca impennis Linnaeus.

Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus). Great Auk.

Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — principally
based upon Faun. Svec, No. 119, "in Europa arctica" (type locality,
Norwegian seas, ex Faun. Svec); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 235, 1898
(former occurrence in Greenland).

Alca maior Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste,
2, p. 407, 1819.

Plautus impennis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 563, 1898
(monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 208, 1919 (}iie hist.).

Pinguinus impennis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 711, 1919

(monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range).
Alca (Pinguinus) impennis Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1767, 1921 (monog.).

Range. — Extinct. Bred formerly on Funk Island off Newfound-
land and extralimitally on Iceland, the Faroes, St. Kilda, and the
Orkney Islands; occurred also in southern Greenland, on the Ameri-
can coast south to Massachusetts (occasionally to Florida) and
on the European side of the Atlantic to the British Isles, Denmark,
and southern Spain.

Genus ALCA Linnaeus

Alca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758— type, by tautonymy,

"Alca" = Ate torda Linnaeus.
Pingouin Lacepede, in Bufifon, Hist. Nat., Quadr., 14, ed. Didot, p. 313, 1799

(1802)— type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26,

p. 564, 1898), Alca torda Linnaeus.

*Alca torda torda Linnaeus. Razor-billed Auk.

Alca Torda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — based chiefly on
Faun. Svec, No. 120, "in Europae borealis oceano" (restricted type
locality, Karlso Islands, Gotland, Sweden, ex Faun. Svec); Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 565, 1898 (monog., excl. of British Isles);
Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 233, 1898— Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 714, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107,
p. 199, 1919 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range in part);
Wynne-Edwards, Proc Bost. Soc N. H., 40, p. 329, 1935 (distr. in
North Atlantic).

Alca glacialis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Europ. Vogel, 2, p. 949, 1824 — extreme
north of Europe; idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 1004, 1831 —

348 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Greenland and Faroes (type lost; type locality, as designated by Ticehurst
[Ibis, 1936, p. 383], Greenland).

Alca hriinnichi Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 190, 1828— new name
for Alca Tor da Linnaeus.

Alca islandica Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 1005, pi. 46, fig. 2,
1831— Iceland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25,
p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Range. — Breeds in America from southern Greenland and central
Labrador south to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (Fundy Bay)
and extralimitally in Iceland and northern Europe;^ winters south
to Long Island, casually to North Carolina.

Field Museum Collection. — 17: Labrador (Jack Lane Bay, 2;
Tinker Island, 3; Lettel Land Islands, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands,
6); Nova Scotia (Dover, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1); Massachusetts
(Monomoy Island, 1; Duxbury, 1).

Genus URIA Brisson

Uria Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52, 6, p. 70, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, " Uria" =
Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan.

Lomvia Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 345, 1837 — type,
by tautonymy, Alca lomvia Linnaeus.

Cataractes "Moehring" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98,
1841 — type, by orig. desig., Colymbus troille Linnaeus.

*Uria lomvia lomvia (Linnaeus). Brunnich's Murre.

AlcaLomvia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — based on "Lomvia"
Clusius, Willoughby, and Raius, and "Guillemot" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds.,
1, p. 80, pi. 84 (restricted type locality, Greenland [ex Albin], cf. Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1773, 1921).

Colymbus Troille Linnaeus, Fauna Svec, ed. altera, p. 52, 1761 — based on
Martens, Spitzberg. oder Groenl. Reise Beschr., p. 57, pi. M, fig. A,
"in alto mari septentrionali" = Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen; cf. Jourdain,
Ibis, 1923, pp. 436-439.2

Uria Svarbag Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 27, 1764 — Iceland.

Uria Briinnichii Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 538, 1819 —
Davis's Straits and occasionally in Bafl^n's Bay, Greenland (location of
type unknown).

1 Replaced in the British Isles, on the coast of Brittany, and on the Faroes
by the smaller A. torda britannica Ticehurst (Ibis, 1936, p. 383; type, from Skomer
Island, Pembrokeshire, in the British Museum).

2 In this paper, the late F. C. R. Jourdain not only demonstrated that the
"Lumbe" of Martens referred to Brunnich's Murre, but also unraveled the mystery
surrounding A[nton] [Rollandson] Martin, whose diary of a voyage to the North
Polar region was published in "Ymer" for 1882.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 349

Uria Francsii "Leach" Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 538 (in
text), 1819 (cf. also p. 588).i

Uria polaris Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 931, 1824 — northern
Greenland in summer (probable type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert,
Nov. ZooL, 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York).

Uria lomvia Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 577, 1898 (in part).

Uria arra (not of Pallas) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 222, 1898— Greenland.

Uria lomvia lomvia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 726, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 189, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1773, 1921 (monog.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl.,
91, No. 6, pp. 100, 125, 1932— Scoresby Sound, Greenland; Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
40, p. 331, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 238, 1946—
Baffin Island (status).

Range. — Breeds from southern Ellesmere Island, northern Green-
land, Spitzbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to Hudson Bay,
islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southern Greenland, Iceland,
the Murman Coast, and Novaya Zemlya; winters south to Long
Island, the British Isles, and the coasts of the Baltic Sea.

Field Museum Collection. — 27: Arctic Canada (Resolution Island,
1); Greenland (Sukkertoppen, 2; Agpamuit, 1; Rathbone Island,
east coast, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 6; Bird Rock, 1); New
Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 2; Halifax, 2);
Maine (Bangor, 3; Eastport, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 2; New
Haven County, 4).

*Uria lomvia arra (Pallas). Pallas's Murre.

Cepphus Arra Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 347, 1811 — Kamchatka.

Uria lomvia arra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 730, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 196, 1919 (Hfe hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal.
Fauna, 3, p. 1774, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna,
46, p. 28, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p.
352, 1934 (range in part).

Range. — Breeds on coasts and islands of northeastern Siberia,
from Kamtchatka north to Wrangell and Herald Islands ;2 the Com-

1 Uria Francsii can be regarded merely as a substitute name for U. Briinnichii,
lacking, as it does, any kind of description, and this in spite of the fact that the
"species" is stated (p. 588) to have been discovered by Mr. Francs "near Ferroe"
and afterwards secured by Lieutenant Parry on the west coast of Greenland.

2 Portenko (Mitt. Zool. Mus. BerHn, 22, pp. 226, 227, Oct. 30, 1937) separates
U. lomvia arroides, from Franz Josef Land; U. I. eleonorae, from Preobrashenje

Island, Chatanga Bay, Siberia; and (C. R. Acad. Sci. Moscou, n.s., 43, p. 226,
1944) Uria lomvia heckeri, from Wrangell Island.

350 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

mander and Kurile Islands; and in northwestern North America
from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, to the Aleutian Islands, and Kodiak
Island; winters in the Bering Sea and in the North Pacific south
to Japan and Vancouver Island.

Field Museum Collection. — 6: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 2; St.
George Island, 1; Bluff City, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Van-
couver Island, 1).

*Uria aalge^ aalge (Pontoppidan). Murre.

Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, pi. 26, 1763 — Denmark
and Iceland (type locality restricted to Iceland by Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932,
p. 130); Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec, 5, p. 49, 1923 (nomencl.).

Uria alga Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 28, 1764 — no locality given.

Uria ringvia Briinnich,- Orn. Bor., p. 28, 1764 — Iceland; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 719, 1919 (monog.; in part).

Uria lacrymans (Lapylaie MS.) Valenciennes, in Choris, Voy. Pitt, autour du
Monde, Aleout., p. 27, pi. 23, 1822 — Newfoundland (type in Paris Museum;
cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929).

Uria lachrymans Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 638, 1831 — Newfoundland (Lapylaie)
and "lies Aleoutiennes (Choris)," errore (type, from Newfoundland, in
the Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60,
1929).

Uria troile (not Colymbus Troille Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 573, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr^nl, 21, p. 221, 1898—
Greenland.

Uria troille troille Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 721, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 172, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal.
Fauna, 3, p. 1771, 1921 (monog.; in part).

Uria aalge aalge Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 352, 1934 (range); Johnson, Bd. Banding, Boston, 11, p. 1, 1940
(range; population and migration in eastern North America).

Uria aalge Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 330, 1935 (distr.
in North Atlantic).

Range. — Breeds from southern Labrador and southern Green-
land south to Newfoundland, Magdalen Islands, and Nova Scotia
(Fundy Bay), and extralimi tally in Iceland and on the coasts of
Norway; winters south to Maine.

1 A critical review of the races of this species has been published by Salomonsen
(Ibis, 1932, pp. 128-132). It should be consulted by those interested in the extra-
limital forms.

2 The status of Uria ringvia, the "White-eyed Murre," has been settled by
Johnson (Auk, 55, pp. 56-61, pi. 5, 1938). There can be no longer any question
that, far from being a distinct species, it is merely an individual mutation.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 351

Field Museum Collection. — 8: Labrador (Lance au Loup, 1;
Lettel Land Island, Davis Inlet, 1); Newfoundland (unspecified, 1);
Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5).

*Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen.^ Bering Sea Murre.

Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen, Ibis, (13), 2, p. 128, Jan., 1932 — St. Matthews
Island, Bering Sea (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 353, 1934 (range).

Uria troille californica (not Catarrades californicus Bryant) Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 724, 1919 (monog.; in part, from Washington
northward); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 182, 1919 (life hist.; range in part); Preble
and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 26, 1923— Pribilof Islands.

Uria aalge californica Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 270, 1944 — Semidi and Kagamil
Islands, Alaska (nesting colonies).

Range. — Breeds on the coast and islands of Bering Sea and
adjacent parts of the North Pacific from the Aleutian Islands south
to Oregon (Three Arch Rocks), and to Sakhalin and northern Japan.

Field Museum Collection. — 12: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 1;
Little Diomede Island, 2; Dall Island, 2; Bethel, 2; Bluff City, 1);
Oregon (Netarts, 4).

*Uria aalge californica (Bryant). California Murre.

Catarrades californicus Bryant, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 142, 1861 —
Farrelones [=Farallon] Islands, near San Francisco, California (type not
now extant; of. Grinnell, Univ. Cahf. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 274, 1932).

Uria troille californica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 724, 1919
(monog.; in part, as to California); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 182, 1919 (life hist.;
in part, as to CaHfornia).

Uria aalge californicus (a) Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130 (crit.); Peters, Bds.
World, 2, p. 353, 1934 (range); Bangs, in Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
92, p. 58, 1943 (note on type).

Range. — Resident on the coast of California, breeding on the
Farallons and San Miguel Island.

Field Museum Collection. — 42: California (Point Reyes, 1;
Monterey, 20; Pacific Grove, 16; Carmel, 2; Moss Landing, 2;
Mussel Rock, San Mateo County, 1).

Genus CEPPHUS Pallas

Cepphus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 33, 1769— type, by monotypy,
Cepphus ladeolus Fa\las=Alca grylle Linnaeus.

1 Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen: Similar to U. a. californica, but throat
less reddish brown, and wings decidedly longer. Wing, 210-224 (against 195-
210, in californica).

352 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Grylle Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffins Bay, App. II, p. li, 1819 — based on
"[Les] Cephus" Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 510, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816),
type, by tautonymy, Colymbus Grylle Gmelin=yl^ca grylle Linnaeus.

Pseuduria (Sharpe MS.) Coues, Osprey, 3, p. 144, "May" (=June 10), 1899;
Sharpe, Hand List Gen. Spec. Bds., 1, p. 131, July 12, 1899— type, by
subs, desig. (Sharpe, ZooL Rec. for 1899, Aves, p. 42, 1900), Cepphus
columba Pallas.

*Cepphus grylle mandtii (Mandt). Mandt's Guillemot.

Uria mandtii (Lichtenstein MS.) Mandt, Obs. Hist. Nat. Itin. Groenl., p. 30,

1822 — Spitzbergen (type in Berlin Museum).
Uria glacialis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 924, 1824 — "bewohnt

die zwischen den Eisfeldern des Nordens liegenden Klippen und Felsenin-

seln" (type, from Spitzbergen, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool.,

25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New

York).
Uria mandli Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 584, 1898 (monog.).
Cepphus grylle (not Alca grylle Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 214,

1898 — Greenland (in part).
Cepphus mandtii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 737, 1919 (monog.;

full bibliog.; in part); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 162, 1919 (life hist.).
Cepphus grylle mandtii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range); Herring,

Rep. Fifth Thule Exped., 2, No. 6, p. 84, 1937 (tax.; range); Bray, Auk,

60, p. 530, 1943— Foxe Basin (nesting).
Uria grylle mandtii Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 854 — Jan Mayen (breeding).

Range. — Breeds from Melville Island to northern Greenland north
of Lat. 75° and extralimitally on Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Bear
Island, Novaya Zemlya, coasts of western Taimyr Peninsula, Franz
Josef Land, New Siberian Islands, Herald and Wrangell Islands, and
the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia. Winters southward to
Massachusetts (at least casually) and St. Michaels, Alaska.

Field Museum Collection. — 4: Alaska (Point Barrow, 3; Sledge
Island, 1).

*Cepphus grylle arcticus (C. L. Brehm). ^ Arctic Guillemot.

Uria arctica C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 923, 1824 — Green-
land (type no longer extant).

Cepphus grylle (not Alca grylle Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 214,
1898 — Greenland (in part).

^ Cepphus grylle arcticus (C. L. Brehm), described by Austin as being inter-
mediate between mandtii and grylle with respect to the amount of white on the
outer primaries and the extent of black at the base of the white greater secondary
wing coverts, seems to be an intergrade, as has been pointed out by Gross, who
challenges its claims to recognition. According to his findings, birds from the
Button Islands show complete intergradation, so that the problem seems to require
further investigation with the help of more comprehensive material.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 353

Cepphus grylle arcticus Austin, Bull. N. E. Bird Banding Assoc, 5, pp. 1-6,
1929; idem, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 7, pp. 136-139, 1932 (char.; meas.;
range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range); Gross, Auk, 54, pp.
33-34, 1937 (crit.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 238, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting).

Range. — Breeds on both coasts of Greenland at least to Lat. 72°
N., on southeastern Baffin Island, and in Labrador south to Hamilton
Inlet (probably also on Iceland).

Field Museum Collection. — 26: Arctic Canada (Countess of War-
wick Sound, 2); Greenland (Holsteinborg, 1; Sukkertoppen, 2;
Simiutak, 1; Cape Tattershall, 2; Godthaab, 1); Labrador (Gannet
Islands, 2; Jack Lane Bay, 3; Port Manvers, 1; Hopedale, 2; Indian
Harbor, 2; Merrifield Bay, 4; Bowdoiij Bay, 2; unspecified, 1).

*Cepphus grylle grylle (Linnaeus). ^ Black Guillemot.

Alca Grylle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — based principally

on Faun. Svec, No. 124, Gotland, Sweden.
Colymbus grylloides Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, 1763 — Denmark.

Cepphus lacteolus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fase. 5, p. 33, 1769 — between Katwyk
and Scheveningen, Holland (color variety).

Uria nivea Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 47, p. 37, 1791 — substitute

name for Cepphus lacteolus Pallas.
Uria leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 35, 1817 —

locality unknown (no type extant).

Grylle scapularis Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. II, p. li, 1819 —
evidently intended as a new name for Alca grylle Linnaeus.

Cephus Meisneri C. L. Brehm,^ Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 389, 1831 —
Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61,
1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Cepphus grylle Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 733, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.; range in part); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 156, 1919 (life hist.); Wynne-
Edwards, Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 335, 1935— Gulf of St. Lawrence;
Gross, Auk, 54, p. 33, 1937 (crit.; range).

Cepphus grylle grylle Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range).'

1 For a review of the races of this species and the description of a proposed
new race Cephus grylle ultimus (type in the Copenhagen Museum from Frozen
Strait, Melville Peninsula, Canada) see Salomonsen (K. Vet. O. Vitterh. Samh.,
Goteborg, Handl. F. 6, Ser. B., 3, No. 5, p. 60, May 8, 1944).

2 Uria Meisneri Brehm (Isis, 1826, col. 985) is a nomen nudum.

' Quite doubtful is Uria motzfeldi Benicken (Isis, 1824, Heft 8, col. 889, Aug.,
1824 — Greenland), redescribed subsequently by Faber (I.e., Heft 9, col. 981)
as Uria unicolor. Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, pp. 210-216, 1884) gave
the whole history of this problematical Cepphus motzfeldti, which various authors,
including Hartert, regard as a melanistic mutation of C. grylle (or rather its
Greenland representative). Cf., however, Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
(8), p. 742, 1919, and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 6, p. 1, 1941.

354 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds from southern Labrador and Newfoundland
south to the coast of Maine and extrahmitally from Scandinavia
east to the White Sea and south to the British Isles and the Baltic
Sea; in winter south to Long Island, New York.

Field Museum Collection. — 21: Quebec (Bird Rock, 1; Magdalen
Islands, 9; Grosse He de Kamouraska, 1; St. Andr6, 2); Newfound-
land (Codroy, 1); Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 2); New Brunswick
(Grand Manan, 1; Grand Manan Island, 2; unspecified, 1); Maine
(Eastport, 1).

*Cepphus columba columba Pallas. Pigeon Guillemot.

Cepphus columba Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 348, 1811 — Kamchatka
and Bering Straits; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 21, 1885—
Bering and Copper Islands (crit.; meas.); Ridgway, I.e., 50, (8), p. 740,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 167, 1919 (life hist.);
Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 25, 1923 — Pribilof Islands
(winter visitant).

Uria columba Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 586, 1898 (monog.).

Uria columba columba Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 130, 1920 — Bering and
Copper Islands (erit.); idem, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1777, 1921 (monog.).

Cepphus columba columba Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range).

Cepphus columba kaiurka Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, p. 228, Oct.
30, 1937 — Copper Island, Bering Sea (type in Leningrad Museum).

Range. — Breeds on the islands in Bering Sea and on the Pacific
coast and islands of North America from the Aleutian Islands^ south
to British Columbia (Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands),
Washington (Puget Sound region), Oregon (Three Arch Rocks) and
California (Santa Barbara Islands and the Farallons) ; extrahmitally
on Kamtchatka, the Chukchi Peninsula, and north to Herald and
Wrangell Islands; winters from the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands
south to California. 2

Field Museum Collection. — 32: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 1;
Little Diomede Island, 2; St. Lawrence Island, 1; Canoe Bay, 1;
Dall Island, 1; Unalaska, 1; Unimak Island, 1); British Columbia
(Vancouver Island, 3) ; Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend,

1 Subdivision of the Pigeon Guillemot on the basis of size has been attempted
by Portenko, but it seems to be impracticable. Birds from the Commander
Islands and the Aleutians are stated to be smaller (wing of males, 171-176, against
181-189; of females, 168-172, against 185-195). While this difference holds in
a good many eases, we find the wings in a male from Copper Island to be fully
182, and in others from California (Farallon Islands) to range from 176 to 180 mm.
The divergency thus seems to be too slight to be expressed in nomenclature.

2 About the alleged occurrence in Unalaska of Cepphus carbo Pallas, cf. Stej-
neger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, pp. 225-227, 1884.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 355

7); California (Del Monte County, 1; Point Reyes, 1; San Francisco,
1; Carmel Bay, 5; Moss Landing, 1; San Miguel Island, 1; Santa
Cruz County, 2).

Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt

Brachyramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 —
type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), B. mar-
moratus (Lath.) =Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin.

Brachyrhamphus Brandt, Isis, 1837, col. 502 (emendation).

Apobapton Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837—
type, by subs, desig., Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer.,
2, p. 498, 1884, Colymbus marmoratus- Gmelin.

Anobapton G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 77, 1840 — emendation of Apobapton
Brandt.

Micruria (not of Reiter, 1875) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p.
594, 1898 (no type specified).

Endomychura Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 201 — new
name for Micruria Ogilvie-Grant, preoccupied (type, by orig. desig.,
Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus).

*Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus (Gmelin).
Marbled Murrelet.

Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 583, 1789 — based on
"Marbled Guillemot" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 517, pi. 22, and Latham,
Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 336, pi. 96, "in America occidentali et Camts-
chatca" = Prince William Sound, Alaska (ex Pennant).

Brachyramphus wrangelii(i) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col.
346, 1837 — Aleutian Islands (type in Leningrad Museum ;= winter
plumage).

Uria townsendi Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., pi. 430, 1838; idem, Orn. Biogr.,
5, p. 251, 1839 — near mouth of Columbia River (type apparently lost; cf.
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17).

Brachyrhamphus marmoratus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 61
(monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 590, 1898 (monog.);
Barber, Murrelet, 22, p. 38, 1941 — Coos River (juvenile taken).

Brachyrhamphus wrangeli Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 63 —
Sitka and Puget Sound (monog.).

Brachyramphus marmoratus Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21, p. 38, 1901 —
Cumshewa and Skidegate Inlets, Queen Charlotte Islands; Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 746, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e.,
107, p. 141, 1919 (life hist.); Sutton and Semple, Auk, 58, p. 580, 1941—
Vancouver Island (egg).

Brachyramphus marmoratus marmx)ratus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934
(range).

356 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds on the Queen Charlotte Islands and probably
within its summer range extending from Unalaska and Kodiak
Islands to the coast of Humboldt County, California; winters south
to San Diego, California.

Field Museum Collection. — 34: Alaska (Icy Strait, 7; Baranof
Island, 2; Howkan, 1; Skagway, 1; Sitka, 1); British Columbia
(Quatsino, 2; Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Washington (Clallam
Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 8); California (Monterey, 4; Pacific Grove,
2; Santa Cruz, 1; Capitola Harbor, 1).

*Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors). KiTTLiTZ's Murrelet.

Uria brevirostris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 47, Oct., 1828 — Jan., 1829,
p. 357, 1829 — "San Bias" [Nayarit], Mexico, errore=North Pacific Ocean
(type in British Museum); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 32, 1839
(no locality).

Brachyramphus Kittlitzii(i) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col.
346, 1837 — [Petropaulski], Kamchatka (type in Leningrad Museum);
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 44, pi. 1, 1887— Unalaska Harbor
(summer plumage).

Brachyramphus brevirostris Stejneger, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 3, p. 211, 1886 (crit.);
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 593, 1898 (monog.; type
listed); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 749, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 146, 1919 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 355, 1934 (range); Ford, Auk, 53, p. 214, 1936— Wales Mountain,
Alaska (breeding).

Range. — Occurs in summer on the coast and islands of Alaska
east to Glacier Bay (definite breeding records from Mount Pavloff,
and Hill Point, near Prince of Wales), in the Aleutian Islands, and
extralimitally on islands in the Bering Sea, in Kamtchatka, and
northeastern Siberia; winters south to the Kurile Islands and northern
Japan.

Field Museum Collection. — 11: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Diomede
Islands, 2; Nome, 2; Icy Strait, 2; Morzhovoi Bay, 1; Unimak Island,
1; Unalaska Island, 1).

*Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus Xantus.^ Xantus'
Murrelet.

Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for Nov.,
1859, p. 299, 1860— "Cape San Lucas," Lower California (type, from

^Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus Xantus, according to Green and
Arnold, is restricted to Guadalupe Island, and, while agreeing with the coastal
form of California and Lower California in all essential features, may be recognized

8194 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 357

"fourteen miles off the coast of Cape San Lucas," ^ in U. S. National
Museum).

Brachyramphus hypoleucus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 15,
1902 — part, Cape San Lucas region, Lower California; McLellan, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 281, 1926— Melpomene Cove, Guadalupe
Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range in part).

Endomychura hypoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 752,
1919 — part. Cape San Lucas region and Guadalupe Island (descr. of
"winter plumage"); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928—
part, Cape San Lucas region; Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 25, 1939 —
Guadalupe Island and Cape San Lucas region (crit.; char.).

Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(11), 4, p. 442, 1939 (range).

Range. — Breeds on Guadalupe Island, off Lower California;
found once in the v/aters off Cape San Lucas.

Field Museum Collection. — 2: Guadalupe Island, 2.

*Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (Green and Arnold). ^
SCRIPPS'S Murrelet.

Endomychura hypoleuca scrippsi Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 28, Jan. 17,
1939 — Anacapa Island, California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of
Natural History).

Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus (not of Xantus) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1868, p. 64 — part, San Diego, California (descr.); Goss, Auk, 1,
p. 396, 1884— off San Diego, California (May 20); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 107, p. 149, 1919 (life hist.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, pp. 80-82,
1926 — California and Lower California (excl. of Guadalupe Island) (char.);
Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range in part).

Endomychura hypoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 752, 1919
— part, "breeding plumage" and range excl. of Cape San Lucas and Guada-
lupe Island (full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56,
1928 — Lower California (excepting Cape San Lucas region).

Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsae van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(11), 4, p. 442, 1939 (range).

Range. — Breeds on coastal islands of California and Lower
California from Anacapa Island to Natividad Island; winters north
to Point Arena, Mendocino County, California.

by the white, instead of slaty-black, color of the loral, suborbital, and auricular
regions. The type and another specimen from the waters off Cape San Lucas
were found to be identical with breeding birds from Guadalupe Island.

1 Cf. Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 25 (in text). 1939.

^Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (Green and Arnold): Similar to the nomi-
nate race, but with loral, suborbital, and auricular regions slaty-black instead
of white.

358 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

Field Museum Collection. — 21: California (Pacific Beach, 1; off
San Diego, 1; Monterey County, 1; Orange County, 1; Ventura
County, 3); Lower California (Coronados Islands, 14).

Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem.^ San Benito
Island Murrelet.

Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11),
4, p. 441, Oct., 1939 — San Benito Islands, off central Lower California,
Mexico (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).

Micruria hypoleuca Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 594, 1898 —
San Benito Islands, Lower California (descr.).

Range. — Breeds on the San Benito Islands off the Pacific coast of
Lower California, Mexico. Said to occur also (not breeding) along
the adjacent mainland (Port San Bartolom^).

*Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri (Salvadori).^ Craveri's
Murrelet.

Uria Craveri Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 387, 1865— Gulf of
California, Lat. 27° 50' 12" N., Long. 110° 10' 45" W.^ (type in Turin
Museum).

Brachyrhamphus craveri Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 32, 1877 — Raza
Island, Gulf of California (crit.; habits; nest and eggs descr.).

Micrura craveri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 595, 1898 (descr.
of type erroneously credited to "near Cape San Lucas, South California").

Brachyramphus craveri Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 16, 1902 —
San Jose and Espiritu Santo Islands, Gulf of California (crit.; char.);
Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 153, 1919 (life hist.); van Rossem,
Condor, 28, pp. 80-83, 1926 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356,
1934 (range).

Endomychura craveri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 753, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928—
Lower California; Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, pp. 26-28, 1939 — near
Guadalupe Island and off San Diego (disc).

^Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem is said to resemble most
closely B. h. scrippsi, but to differ by having the inner webs of the outer primaries
with a light brown area next to the shaft and the neck outline between dorsal and
ventral areas very close to that of B. h. craveri. The bill shape is intermediate
between that of scrippsi and craveri.

We have seen no specimens.

^Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri (Salvadori) differs markedly from typical
B. hypoleucus by longer, slenderer bill; grayish white, dusky-mottled (not pure
white) quill-lining; pale grayish brown instead of pure white inner webs of outer
primaries; more brownish (less sooty) upper parts; finally by the dark dorsal
coloration encroaching onto the sides of the foreneck.

3 Probably Raza Island (cf. Cooke, Auk, 33, p. 80, 1910).

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 359

Brachyramphus hypoleucus craven van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11),
4, p. 443, 1939 (range); idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
21, p. 96, 1945— Gulf of California (resident).

Range. — Breeds on various islands in the Gulf of California;
occurs in post-breeding season on the Pacific coast from Monterey
Bay south along the Lower California Peninsula.

Field Museum Collection. — 8: Mexico, Lower California (off
Ildefonso Island, 4; between Isla Estaban and Isla Rasa, 2; Rattler
Island, 1; Georges Island, 1).

Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt

Synthliboramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 347,

1837 — type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 77,

1840), Alca antiqua Gmelin.
Synthliborhamphus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841

(emendation).
Rhamphosynthlipis Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 5th ed., 2, p. 1075, Dec,

1903 — type, by monotypy, Uria wumizusume Temminck.

*Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin). Ancient Murrelet.

Alca antiqua Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 554, 1789 — based on "Ancient Auk"

Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 512, "from the west of North America to Kam-

tschatka and the Kuril Island" (type now in Liverpool Museum; cf.

Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 52, 1899).
Uria senicula Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 367, 1811 — Kurile and Aleutian

Islands, Kamchatka, and Penshina Bay.
Brachyramphus brachypterus (Kittlitz MS.) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St.

Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 — Unalaska (type in Leningrad Museum).
Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," Birds, p. 32, 1839 —

no locality stated = northwest coast of America (type in British Museum). i
Uria cana Kittlitz,^ Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 288, 1858 — Amachnak Island, Alaska

(type in Leningrad Museum).
Synthliborhamphus antiquus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 56

(monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 596, 1898 (monog.).
Synthliboramphus antiquus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 757,

1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 132, 1919 (life hist.);

Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 24, 1923— St. Paul and St.

George Islands, Pribilofs; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56,

1928— near Ensenada, Lower California (Dec. 25, 1927); Peters, Bds.

World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range).

^ Though not listed as such, spec, w (of S. antiquus), presented by Sir E.
Belcher, First Lieutenant of the "Blossom," is without much question the type
of Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vigors.

2 In Lutke, Voy. Seniavine, 3, p. 272, 1836, Uria cana is a nomen nudum.

360 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America from the Aleu-
tian Islands and Kodiak Island to southeastern Alaska (St. Lazaria
and Forrester Islands) and the Queen Charlotte Islands (Sangar
Island) and extralimitally in northeastern Asia south to Cheefoo,
Shantung, China; winters south to southern California and north-
western Lower California (one record from near Ensenada).

Field Museum Collection. — 26: Alaska (Aleutian Islands, 4;
Howkan, 3; Prince of Wales Island, 1; Forrester Island, 1; Dall
Island, 2); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); California
(Monterey, 6; Pacific Beach, 1; Pacific Grove, 5; San Clemen te
Island, 1; Hyperion, 1).

Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt

Ptychoramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 —
type, by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas.

Ptychorhamphus Brandt, Isis, 1837, col. 502 (emendation).
*Ptychorainphus aleuticus aleuticus (Pallas). Cassin's

AUKLET.

Uria aleutica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 370, 1811 — "ad Oceanum
orientalem" = North Pacific Ocean.

Mergulus cassinii Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, for Aug., 1845,
p. 266, pub. Dec. 5, 1845 — California (type in coll. of Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899,
p. 19, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 275, 1932).

Ptychorhamphus aleuticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 52
(monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 599, 1898 (monog.).

Ptychoramphus aleuticus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 761,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 110, 1919 (life hist.);
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool, 32, p. 56, 1932— Lower California
(resident); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range); Slipp, Murrelet,
23, p. 18, 1942— Puget Sound.

Range. — Breeds on the coast of North America, from the Aleutian
Islands and southern Alaska south to Lat. 30" N., on the western
coast of Lower California.

Field Museum Collection. — 36: California (off Shore Rock, Hum-
boldt County, 6; Farallon Islands, 2; San Francisco, 1; Pacific
Grove, 14; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; San Clemente Island, 8;
Catalina Islands, 1; San Miguel Island, 1); Mexico (Los Coronados
Islands, Lower California, 1).

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 361

Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem.^ San Benito
Island Auklet.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11),
4, p. 443, Oct., 1939 — West San Benito Island, Lower California (type
in Dickey Collection, now in University of California at Los Angeles).

Range. — From San Benito Island south to San Roque Island.

Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup

Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., p. 155,
1829 — type, by monotypy, Alca psittacula Pallas.

Ombria Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 4,^p. 3, 1831 — type, by orig. desig.,
Alca psittacula Pallas.

*Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus (Pallas). Paroquet Auklet.

Alca psittacula Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 15, pi. 2, and pi. 5, figs. 4-6,
1769 — Kamchatka and islands toward Japan and North America (type,
from Kamchatka [ex Stellar], in Leningrad Museum).

Ombria psittacula Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 4, p. 3, pi. 17, 1831— St.
Paul Island (descr.; crit.).

Simorhynchus psittaculus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 36
(monog.).

Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 38, pi. 4,
fig. 6, and pi. 5, fig. 1, 1885 — Bering and Copper Island (nomencl.; crit.;
habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 357, 1934 (range); Storer, Condor, 46,
p. 244, 1944 — Marin County, California.

Phaleris psittaculus(a) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 607, 1898
(monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 764, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 116, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal.
Fauna, 3, p. 1788, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna,
46, p. 20, 1923— Pribilof Islands.

Range. — Breeds from the northeastern coast of Siberia (Chukchi
Peninsula) and northwestern Alaska (including Diomede, St. Law-
rence, Hall, St. Matthews, Pribilof, Walrus, and Otter Islands)
south to the Commander, Aleutian, and Shumagin Islands; winters
to Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, and coast of central California.

Field Museum Collection. — 15: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 9;
Little Diomede Island, 2; King Island, 1; Nome, 1; Amchitka Island,
1); (?)Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1).

^ Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem is said to differ from the
typical race only by its size. Adult males have wings from 110 to 115 mm.,
while the like sex in P. a. aleuticus has them from 118 to 128. No measurements
are given for females.

362 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
Genus AETHIA Merrem

Aethia Merrem, Vers. Grundr. Allg. Gesch. Nat. Einth. Vogel, 1, Tentamen
Nat. Syst. Av., pp. 7, 13, 20, 1788 — type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella
Pallas (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, pp. 339-340, 1916).

Simorhynchus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste,
2, p. 405, 1819 — type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas.

Phaleris Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 1, p. cxii, Oct., 1820 — type, by
subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), Alca
tetracula Tallas- Alca cristatella Pallas.

Tyloramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 348, 1837—
type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas.

Ciceronia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. 53, 1852 (=1853) — type, by orig.
desig., Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte=Aica pygmaea Gmelin.

Alcella Stone, Auk, 24, pp. 197, 198, 1907 — type, by orig. desig., Alca pygmaea
Gmelin.

*Aethia cristatella (Pallas). Crested Auklet.

Alca cristatella Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 20, pi. 3, and pi. 5, figs. 7-9,
1769 — Kamchatka (type in Leningrad Museum). i

Alca tetracula Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 24, pi. 4, and pi. 5, figs. 10-12,
1769 — Kamchatka (type^ in Leningrad Museum = winter plumage).

Alca cristata P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 104, 1776 — based on
Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, pi. 3.

Uria dubia Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 371, 1811 — Awacha Bay, Kam-
chatka (descr. of young).

Phaleris superciliosa (not Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein) Bonaparte,
Geog. Comp. List, p. 66, 1838 — based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 402.

Simorhynchus cristatellus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 37
(monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 32, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5, and
pi. 5, fig. 2, 1885 — Bering Island (plumages); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., 26, p. 601, 1898 (monog.).

Simorhynchus tetraculus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 43
(monog. ;= winter plumage).

Aethia cristatella Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 775, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 120, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal.
Fauna, 3, p. 1783, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna,
46, p. 21, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2,
p. 357, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of Bering Sea and con-
tiguous parts of the North Pacific south to Kodiak Island, the Aleu-
tian and Commander Islands, Kamtchatka, and the Kurile Islands;

1 Pallas expressly states (p. 19) that he described and figured the specimens
sent by Steller to the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg.

2 Likewise collected by Steller.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 363

ranges in summer north to the Arctic coast of Alaska, Herald and
Wrangell Islands, etc.

Field Museum Collection. — 20: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 12;
Little Diomede Island, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 1; St. Paul Island, 5;
St. George Island, 1).

*Aethia pusilla (Pallas). Least Auklet.

Uria pusilla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 373, 1811 — Kamchatka (descr.

excl. of synonyms).
Phaleris microceros Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346,

1837 — no locality stated (type in Leningrad Museum).
Phaleris nodirostris Audubon, Bds. Amer._^, folio ed., pi. 402, fig. 3, 1838; idem,

Orn. Biog., 5, p. 101, 1839 — said to occur on the northwest coast (type in

coll. of Zoological Society of London).
Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 66, 1838 — based on

Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 402 [fig. 3].
Simorhynchus microceros Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 46

(monog.).
Simorhynchus pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 48

(monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 35, pi. 4, fig. 3, and pi. 5,

fig. 5, 1885 — Bering Island (soft parts; molt; plumages); Ogilvie-Grant,

Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 605, 1898 (monog.).
Ciceronia pusilla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 768, 1919 (monog.;

full bibliog.).
Aethia pusilla Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 128, 1919 (life hist.);

Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1786, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee,

N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 23, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters,

Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula), on
islands in Bering Sea (Diomede, St. Lawrence, King, and the
Pribilof s), on the Aleutians, and at Cape Lisburne, Alaska; occasional
at Point Barrow, Alaska; winters south to Washington (Tacoma)
and Japan.

Field Museum Collection. — 36: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 16;
Little Diomede Island, 3; island off Nome, 2; St. George Island, 7;
St. Paul Island, 8).

Aethia pygmaea (Gmelin). Whiskered Auklet.

Alca pygmaea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 555, 1789 — based on "Pigmy
Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 513, Bird Island, Bering Sea.

Alca camtschatica Lepechin, Nov. Act. Petrop., 12, p. 369, pi. 8, 1801 — "in
insulis inter Americam Septentrionalem et Kamtschatcam sitis."

Uria mystacea Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 372, 1811 — Kurile Islands.

364 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 89,
Sept., 1823 — new name for Phaleris crista tella (not Alca crisiatella Pallas)
Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 34, pi. 200, May, 1823.

Simorhynchus cassini Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 45 —
Ounimak Pass, Unalaska Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum;
descr. of young).

Simorhynchus camtschaticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 41
(monog.).

Simorhynchus pygmaeus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 25, pi. 4,
figs. 1, 2, and pi. 5, figs. 3, 4, 1885 — Bering and Copper Islands (plumages;
habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 603, 1898 (monog.).

Alcella pygmaea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 771, 1919 (monog.;
full bibliog.).

Aethia pygmaea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 125, 1919 (life hist.);
Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1785, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 358, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds on the Kuriles, in Kamtchatka, and on the Com-
mander Islands, possibly on some of the Aleutians east to Unalaska;
chiefly resident, but recorded in winter from northern Japan (Yesso).

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte

Cerorhinca Bonaparte,^ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 427, 1828 — type,
by monotypy, Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte= A?ca monocerata Pallas.

Chimerina Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 3, p. 2, 1829 — type, by [virtual]
monotypy, Chimerina cornuta Eschsch.o\tz= Alta monocerata Pallas.

*Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas). Rhinoceros Auklet.

Alca monocerata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 362, 1811 — Cape St. Elias
and Kodiak Island, Alaska (type lost).

Phaleris cerorhynca Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 9, p. 53, Jan., 1827 —
west coast of North America (type, without exact locality other than
North Pacific, in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte, now in Paris Museum; cf.
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), I, p. 60, 1929).

Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 428,
1828 — new name for Phaleris cerorhinca Bonaparte.

Chimerina cornuta Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 3, p. 2, pi. 12, 1829 — St.
Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (type probably in Leningrad Museum).

Cerorhina suckleyi Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, p. 906,
1858 — Fort Steilacoom, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum).

Ceratorhyncha monocerata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 28
(monog.).

1 Variously "emended" by Bonaparte and others to Ceratorrhina, Ceratorhina,
Cerorhina, Ceratorhynchus, Ceratorhyncha, and Cerorhyncha.

1948 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 365

Sagmatorrhina suckleyi Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 32

(monog.).
Cerorhyncha monocerata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 609, 1898

(monog.).

Cerorhinca monocerata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 779, 1919
(monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 104, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1788, 1921 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928 — Lower California (winter); Peters, Bds. World,
2, p. 358, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds (chiefly on islands) in northwestern North
America from southern Alaska (Forrester Island, St. Lazaria Island,
and Egg Island) west to the Aleutian Islands and south to Washing-
ton (Destruction Island) and extralimitally in Kamtchatka, on the
Kurile Islands, in Hokkaido, and Korea; winters at sea south to
Lower California and Japan.

Field Museum Collection. — 41: Alaska (Howkan, 2; Dall Island,
3; Forrester Island, 2); British Columbia (mouth of Skeena River,
1; Prince Rupert, 1); Washington (Puget Sound, 1); California
(Monterey, 5; Pacific Grove, 13; Cypress Point, 2; Santa Cruz
Island, 1; Santa Monica, 1; Hyperion, 2; off San Diego, 1; Pacific
Beach, 6).

Genus FRATERCULA Brisson

Fratercula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52, 6, p. 81, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Fra-
tercula" =Aica arctica Linnaeus.

Mormon Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 283, 1811 — substitute name for
Fratercula Brisson.

Larva Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 67, 1816 — type, by orig. desig.,

"Macareux" =AZca arctica Linnaeus.
Ceratoblepharum Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. Petersb., 2, col. 348, 1837 —

type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 615,

1898), Alca arctica Linnaeus.

*FratercuIa arctica naumanni Norton.^ Large-Billed Puffin.

Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, (5).
pp. 144 (note), 145, pi. 2, fig. 3, May 20, 1901— near Hakluyt's Head,
Spitsbergen (type in U. S. National Museum);- Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 50, (8), p. 788, 1919 (monog.; part, Spitsbergen); Bent, I.e., 107,

1 Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton differs from the nominate race by longer
wings and tail as well as larger, deeper bill. Its range seems to be restricted to
Spitzbergen and northwestern Greenland.

2 Although reference is made to Mormon glacialis (not of Temminck) Naumann,
Isis, 1821, col. 782, pi. 7, fig. 2, where a bird of unspecified origin is discussed and

366 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

p. 96, 1919 — northwestern Greenland (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal.

Fauna, 3, p. 1792, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934

(range in part); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., p. 506, 1938

(range).
Fratercula glacialis (not Mormon glacialis Temminck) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 23— Port Foulke, Greenland (crit.).
Fratercula arctica (not Alca arctica Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit.

Mus., 26, p. 616, 1898 — part, spec. c"-g", Spitsbergen; Winge, Medd.

Gr0nl., 21, p. 239, 1898— part. Disco Bay, Greenland (meas.).

Range. — Northwestern Greenland (from Smith Sound to Disco
Bay) and Spitzbergen, possibly also Franz Josef Land.

Field Museum Collection. — 3: Greenland (unspecified, 1; Rath-
bone's Island, 1; Lat. 68° N., 1).

*Fratercula arctica arctica (Linnaeus). Puffin.

Alca arctica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — based principally
on Faun. Svec, No. 118, "in rupibus et praecipitiis montium maris
atlantici" = Norway.

Alca deleta Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 25, 1764 — Iceland.

Alca labradorica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 550, 1789 — based on "Labrador
Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 512, Labrador (= young).

Alca labradora Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 793, 1790 — based on the same.

{1)Mormon glacialis (Leach MS.) Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 933,
Oct., 1820 — "aux cotes septentrionales d'Amerique." ^

Mormon polaris Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 985 — Greenland (type lost).

Fratercula arctica Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 616, 1898 (in
part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 239, 1898— Greenland (in part,
Julianehaab, etc.); Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 140,
pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 1901 — Labrador (crit.); Wynne-Edwards, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 336, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic).

Fratercula arctica arctica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 784,
1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 89, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert,
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1792, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p.
359, 1934 (range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 855— Jan Mayen (crit.);
Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., p. 506, 1938 (range).

Range. — Breeds from southern Greenland and Ungava south to
the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia and extralimitally on Iceland,

figured, Norton clearly based the measurements (p. 145) and the drawing of the
bill on U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 86019, from Hakluyt's Head, Spitzbergen, which
consequently must be regarded as the type.

1 Temminck's diagnosis, though rather ambiguous, appears to have been taken
from specimens in the British Museum obtained by Captain Ross, as has been
pointed out by Norton (Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, pp. 143-144, 1901).
We do not know what has become of them, and unless they can be found, the exact
meaning of Temminck's name will remain in doubt.

1948 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 367

Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, the Murman coast,
and Novaya Zemlya; in winter south to Massachusetts, Long Island,
and eastern Pennsylvania.

Field Museum Collection. — 25: Greenland, west coast (Sukker-
toppen, 2); Labrador (Gannett Island, 3; Davis Inlet, 1; Lettel
Land Island, 3; Lance au Loup, 2); Quebec (Cape Whittle, 1;
Magdalen Islands, 4; Bayonne Islands, 2; Bird Rocks, 4); Nova
Scotia (Dover, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1); Massachusetts (Massa-
chusetts Bay, 1).

*Fratercula corniculata (Naumann). Horned Puffin.

Mormon corniculata Naumann, Isis, 1821, (2), col. 782, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4 —
Kamchatka (location of type not stated).

Fratercula corniculata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 24 (monog.);
Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 59, pi. 3, 1885— Bering Island
(crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 620, 1898 (monog.);
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 789, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.);
Bent, I.e., 107, p. 97, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vdg. Pal. Fauna, 3, p.
1796, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 19,
1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934
(range).

Range. — Breeds on the coast and islands of Bering Sea and ad-
jacent parts of the Arctic and North Pacific Ocean from Koliuchin
Island and northern Alaska (Cape Lisburne) south to the Kurile
and Commander Islands and Forrester Island, Alaska; winters
south to Japan (Hondo) and the Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia, and California.

Field Museum Collection. — 27: Alaska (Little Diomede Island, 3;
King Island, 1; St. Michael, 5; St. Paul Island, 1; St. George Island,
3; Bluff City, 8; Morzhovoi Bay, 3; Unimak Island, 1); Califor-
nia (Eureka, 1; Pacific Grove, 1).

Genus LUNDA Pallas

Lunda Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 363, 1811 — type, by subs, desig.
(Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 76, 1840), Alca cirrhata Pallas.

Gymnoblepharum Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 349, 1837 —
type, by monotypy, Alca cirrhata Pallas.

Sagmatorrhina Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, "1851," p. 202, pub.
June 29, 1853 — type, by monotypy, Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte=
Alca cirrhata Pallas.

Cheniscus (not of Eyton, 1838) G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 127,
1855 — type, by orig. descr., Alca cirrhata Gmelin (= Pallas).

368 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII
*Lunda cirrhata (Pallas). Tufted Puffin.

Alca cirrhata Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 9, pi. 1, and pi. 5, figs. 1-3, 1769 —
seas between Kamchatka, America, and the Kurile Islands (cotypes [ex
Steller and KrascheninikofJ in Leningrad Museum).

[Fratercula] carinata Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, Oct. 28-Jan., 1829, p. 358
(in text), 1829 — no locality indicated (type not known to be extant).

Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, "1851," p. 202,
pi. 44, pub. June 29, 1853 — "north-western Arctic regions of America"
(type in British Museum ; = young); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1868, p. 31, fig. 3 (crit.).

Lunda cirrhata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 26 (monog.);
Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 43, pis. 1, 2, 1885— Bering Island
(molt; plumages; shedding of bill); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 612, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p.
793, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 82, 1919 (life hist.);
Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1790, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee,
N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (breeding); Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 235, 1928 — "Lower California" (occurrence
questionable); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range).

Range. — Breeds from the north coast of Chukchi Peninsula,
Koliuchin Island, and northern Alaska (Cape Lisbui'ne) south on
the coasts and islands of Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean
to the Kurile Islands and the Santa Barbara Islands, California.

Field Museum Collection. — 23: Alaska (Little Diomede Island, 1;
Diomede Islands, 2; St. George Island, 1; Teller, 1; Howkan, 1;
Unimak Island, 1); Oregon (Tillamook County, 1); California
(Farallon Islands, 1; Eureka, 7; Trinidad, 1; Westport, 5; San Miguel
Island, 1).

INDEX

Current names in boldfaced type

aalge, Colymbus, 348, 350

aalge, Uria, 350

Actia, 180

Actidurus, 86

AGTITIS, 122

Actiturus, 86

Actochelidon, 323

Actodromas, 180

acuflavida, Sterna, 328

acuflavidus, Thalasseus, 328, 329

acuminata, Erolia, 194, 195

acuminata, Heteropygia, 195

acuminata, Pisobia, 195

acuminata, Tringa, 192, 195

acuminatus, Totanus, 180, 194

acutirostris, Sterna, 303

Adelarus, 253

adspersa, Limosa, 102, 104

Aegialeus, 51

Aegialites, 51

Aegialitis, 51

Aegialophilus, 51

AETHIA, 362

affinis, Larus, 264

Aganaphron, 331

alba, Arenaria, 171

alba, Calidris, 171

alba, Chionis, 240

alba, Crocethia, 169, 171

alba, Gygis, 337, 338

alba, Pagophila, 253

alba, Scolopax, 100

alba. Sterna, 337

alba, Trynga, 169

alba, Vaginalis, 240, 241

albifrons. Sterna, 294, 301, 321, 322

albipennis, Larus, 282

albus, Larus, 252, 286

ALGA, 347

Alcella, 362

aleutica. Sterna, 313

aleutica, Uria, 360

aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 360

aleuticus, Ptychorhamphus, 360

alexandrinus, Aegialites, 57

alexandrinus, Charadrius, 51, 59

alle, Alca, 345

alle, Alle, 346

alle, Mergulus, 346

alle, Plautus, 346

alle, Plotus, 345, 346

Alphagygis, 337

alpina, Erolia, 199, 200

alpina, Pelidna, 200

alpina, Tringa, 179, 180, 200

alticola, Aegialitis, 63
alticola, Gharadrius, 63, 64
altifrons, Charadrius, 45
altifrons, Pluvialis, 44, 45
Amblyrhynchus, 221
americana, Calidris, 170
americana, Fedoa, 100, 104
americana, Microptera, 164
americana, Pelidna, 186, 200
americana, Recurvirostra, 214, 215
amfericana. Sterna, 321
americana, Tringa, 200
americanus, Anoiis, 335, 336
americanus, Charadrius, 47
americanus, Himantopus, 215
Americanus, Laroides, 263
americanus, Megalopterus, 336
americanus, Numenius, 95, 98, 99
americanus, Oedicnemus, 226
americanus, Pluvialis, 47
americanus, Scolopax, 147
anaestheta, Haliplana, 313
anaestheta. Sterna, 313, 314
anaethetus. Sterna, 302, 313
Ancylocheilus, 180
andina, Gapella, 156
andina, GalHnago, 156
andina, Recurvirostra, 215
andina, Scolopax, 156
andinus, Himantopus, 216
anglica, GelocheHdon, 297, 298, 299
angUca, Sterna, 297, 298, 299
angustirostris, Phalaropus, 219
annulata, Hiaticula, 51, 52
annuligerus, Charadrius, 61
Anobapton, 355
ANGUS, 331
Anousella, 332

antarctica, Catharacta, 244, 245
antarctica, Lestris, 242, 244
antarctica, Magalestris, 244
antarctica, Megalestris, 245
antarctica. Sterna, 303
antarcticus, Lestris, 244
antarcticus, Lobipes, 219
antarcticus, Phalaropus, 220
antarcticus, Stercorarius, 242, 244, 245
Anteliotringa, 166
antillarum. Sterna, 320, 323
antillarum, Sternula, 320, 321, 322
antiqua, Alca, 359

antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 359
antiquus, Synthliborhamphus, 359
antistropha. Sterna, 307
APHRIZA, 132

369

370 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Apobapton, 355

apricaria, Pluvialis, 45

apricarius, Charadrius, 44, 45

apricarius, Pluvialis, 45

aranea, Gelochelidon, 297, 298

aranea. Sterna, 298, 299, 303

aranea, Viralva, 299

Arctica, 345

arctica, Alca, 365, 366

arctica, Calidris, 200

arctica, Erolia, 199, 200

arctica, Fratercula, 366

arctica. Sterna, 306

arctica, Uria, 352

arcticus, Cepphus, 352, 353

arcticus, Haematopus, 20

arcticus, Larus, 263

arcticus, Mergulus, 346

ARENARIA, 134, 169

arenaria, Arenaria, 171

arenaria, Calidris, 170

arenaria, Tringa, 169, 170

argentatus, Larus, 263, 264, 266

argentea, Sterna, 319, 321

argenteus, Larus, 264

arquata, Numenius, 98

arquata, Scolopax, 98

Arquatella, 180

arquatus, Numenius, 98

Arra, Cepphus, 349

arra, Uria, 349

articus, Haematopus, 20

Asarcia, 1

asiaticus, Charadrius, 76

Atalolestris, 246

ater, Haematopus, 15, 26, 28

athalassos, Sterna, 321

atlanticus, Anoiis, 336, 337

atlanticus, Megalopterus, 336

atricapilla, Tringa, 13

atricapillus, Numenius, 93

Atri cilia, 254

atricilla, Chroicocephalus, 274

atricilla, Hydrocoloeus, 275

atricilla, Larus, 254, 273, 274, 275, 277

atricilla, Xema, 274

atrifrons, Charadrius, 51

atrofasciata. Sterna, 307

ATTAGIS, 228

audubonii, Hemipalama, 203

audubonii, Tringa, 203

aurea, Pluvialis, 44

aurita, Pisobia, 195

australasiana, Limosa, 103

australis, Limosa, 101

australis, Ptychoramphus, 361

australis, Squatarola, 41

australis, Tringa, 166

austrinus, Larus, 273

Avosetta, 214

avosetta, Recurvirostra, 214

azarae, Aegialitis, 65

azarae, Charadrius, 60, 65
azarae, Dominicanus, 272
azarae, Hiaticula, 60, 65
azarae, Larus, 272
azarai, Charadrius, 65

bachmani, Haematopus, 15, 16, 26

bairdi(i), Pisobia, 189

bairdi(i), Tringa, 188, 192

bairdii, Actodromas, 188

bairdii, Calidris, 189

bairdii, Erolia, 188, 189

bairdii(i), Heteropygia, 188

barrovianus, Larus, 260, 261

bartrami, Actitis, 87

BARTRAMIA, 86

bartramia, Totanus, 87

bartramia, Tringa, 86, 87

Bartramius, 86

bartramius, Actitis, 87

bartramius, Actiturus, 87

bartramius, Totanus, 86

bartramius (a), Tringoides, 87

baueri, Limosa, 102, 103

baueri, Vetola, 103

Belanopterus, 29

belcheri, Larus, 256

beldingi, Charadrius, 72

beldingi, Pagolla, 72

BELONOPTERUS, 29

bifasciata, Hiaticula, 61

bistriatus, Burhinus, 224, 225, 226

bistriatus, Charadrius, 224

bistriatus, Oedicnemus, 224, 225, 226

Blasipus, 254

bolivianus, Thinocorus, 236

bonapartei(ii), Tringa, 180, 185

bonaparti, Larus, 284

bonapartii, Chroicocephalus, 283

bonapartii, Larus, 278, 283

borealis, Mesoscolopax, 91

borealis, Numenius, 90, 95

borealis, Phaeopus, 92

borealis, Rissa, 286

borealis, Ryncops, 339

borealis, Scolopax, 90

borealis, Strepsilas, 133

borealis, Tringa, 133

brachypterus, Brachyramphus, 359

BRACHYRAMPHUS, 355

Brachyrhamphus, 355

brachyrhynchus, Larus, 257, 258,

259
brachyrhynchus, Rissa, 287
brachytarsa, Pagophila, 253
brachytarsus, Larus, 253
brachytarsus, Pagophila, 253
brasiliensis, GalHnago, 151
brasiliensis, Haematopus, 20
brasiliensis, Himantopus, 213
brasiliensis, Numenius, 95
brasiliensis, (?)Parra, 11

Index

371

brasiliensis, Scolopax, 150, 151
braziliensis, Gallinago, 151, 152
braziliensis, Scolopax, 145, 150
brehmi, Gallinago, 140
brevipes, Limosa, 103
brevipes, Heteractitis, 130, 131
brevipes, Heteroscelus, 130, 131
brevipes, Totanus, 130
brevipes, Tringa, 131
brevirostris, Brachyramphus, 356
brevirostris, Charadrius, 53
brevirostris, Numenius, 90
brevirostris, Rhynchops, 342
brevirostris, Rissa, 288
brevirostris, Tringa, 174
brevirostris, Uria, 356
bridgesii, Blasipus, 255
bridgesii, Larus, 254, 255
Brissonii, Pelidna, 174
browni. Sterna, 322
browni, Sternula, 323
bruchi, Gavina, 258
briinnichi, Alca, 348
brunnichii, Rissa, 286
Briinnichii, Uria, 348
buffoni, Stercorarius, 250
buffonii, Lestris, 250
Buphagus, 241
BURHINUS, 224

Cabanisii, Tringa, 177
cajennensis, Tringa, 29, 30
CALIDRIS, 166, 169
calidris, Charadrius, 169
calidris, Tringa, 166, 170
californica, Uria, 351
californicus, Catarrhactes, 351
californicus, Larus, 266
caligatus, Totanus, 116
campestris, Totanus, 87
campestris, Tringa, 90, 185
camtschatica, Alca, 363
camtschaticus, Simorhynchus, 364
cana, Uria, 359
Candida, Alca, 345
Candida, Gygis, 337, 338
Candida, Sterna, 337, 338
candidus, Larus, 252
cantiaca, Sterna, 323
cantiacus, Thalasseus, 323
cantianus, Aegialitis, 57
cantianus, Aegialophilus, 51
cantianus, Charadrius, 51, 60
Canus, 166
canus, Larus, 259
canuti, Tringa, 167
Canutus, 166

canutus, Calidris, 167, 168
canutus, Canutus, 167, 168
canutus(a), Tringa, 166, 168
CAPELLA, 145
Capella, Vanellus, 28

capistratus, Larus, 253
carinata, [Fratercula], 368
caspia, Hydroprogne, 301
caspia. Sterna, 300
caspius, Charadrius, 76
caspius, Thalasseus, 301
cassini, Simorhynchus, 364
cassinii, Mergulus, 360
cassinii, Sterna, 303
Cataractes, 348
catarractes, Larus, 241, 242
catarractes, Lestris, 242, 244
catarrhactes, Megalestris, 241, 242
catarrhactes, Stercorarius, 242
catesbaei, Atricilla, 274
catesbyi, Atricilla, 274
CATHARACTA, 241
CATOPTROPHORUS, 126
Catosparactes, 252
cautiaca. Sterna, 328
cavennensis, Belanopterus, 37
cayamensis, Belonopterus, 36
cayana. Sterna, 324
cayanensis. Sterna, 326
cayanensis, Vanellus, 30, 32
cayannensis, Belonopterus, 31
cayanus, Charadrius, 35, 37
cayanus, Hoplopterus, 35, 39
cayanus, Hoploxypterus, 37, 38
cayanus, Philomachus, 32, 35
cayanus, Vanellus, 35, 39
cayennensis, Belonopterus, 29, 30,

32, 33, 34, 36
cayennensis, Parra, 29, 30, 35
cayennensis. Sterna, 324
cayennensis, Vanellus, 30, 32, 35
CEPPHUS, 351
Cepphus, Catharacta, 248
Ceratoblepharum, 365
Ceratorhina, 364
Ceratorhyncha, 364
Ceratorhynchus, 364
Ceratorrhina, 364
Cerorhina, 364
CERORHINCA, 364
Cerorhyncha, 364
cerorhyncha, Phaleris, 364
Cetosparactes, 252
chalcopterus, Laroides, 262
chapmani, Chubbia, 161
CHARADRIUS, 51
cheeputi, Attagis, 232
Cheimonea, 286
CheHdo, 302
Chema, 290
Cheniscus, 367

chilensis, Belonopterus, 30, 34, 36
chilensis, Catharacta, 242, 243
chilensis, Gallinago, 155
chilensis, Megalestris, 242, 243
chilensis, Parra, 33, 35
chilensis, Philomachus, 35

372 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII

chilensis, Scolopax, 155

chilensis, Stercorarius, 242

chilensis, Totanus, 113

chilensis, Vanellus, 33, 35, 36

chimborazensis, Attagis, 228

Chimerina, 364

CHIONIS, 240

chionis. Vaginalis, 240

CHLIDONIAS, 291

chloripoda, Phaetusa, 296

chloropoda, Phaetusa, 295, 296

chloropoda, Sterna, 294

chloropygius, Rhynchophilus, 116

chloropygius, Totanus, 106, 116

Chroicocephalus, 253

CHUBBIA, 160

Ciceronia, 362

Cinclus, 134

Cinclus, Charadrius, 135

cinclus, Tringa, 179, 180

cincta, Squatarola, 82

cinctus, Vanellus, 81, 82

cinerarius, Larus, 286

cinerascens, Phalaropus, 219

cinerascens, Rhynchops, 341, 342, 343

cinerascens, Rynchops, 339, 341, 342,

343
cinerea, Procelsterna, 331
cinerea, Squatarola, 41
cinerea, Tringa, 166
cinereo-caudatus, Larus, 279
cinereus, Anous, 331
cinereus, Phalaropus, 219
cinnamomea, Tringa, 116, 120, 121
cinnamomeus, Helodromas, 120, 121
cinnamomeus, Totanus, 120
cinnamomina, Charadrius, 76
cinnamomina, Pagolla, 75
cinnamominus, Cliaradrius, 75, 76
circumcinctus, Aegialitis, 56
circumcinctus, Charadrius, 56
Cirrepidesmus, 51
cirrhata, Alca, 367, 368
cirrhata, Lunda, 368
cirrhepidesmos, Charadrius, 51
Cirrhocephala, 254
cirrhocephalum, Xema, 282
cirrhocephalus, Hydrocoloeus, 277
cirrhocephalus, Larus, 282
cirrhocephalus, Mergulus, 359
cirrhocephalus, Xema, 282
cirrocephalus, Larus, 254, 275, 276,

277
clarkii, Catharacta, 245
coccineirostris. Sterna, 306
coelestis, Scolopax, 145
Coleoramphus, 240
collaris, Aegialites, 67
collaris, Aegialitis, 65
collaris, Charadrius, 60, 64, 67
collaris, Hiaticula, 65
collaris, Morinella, 134, 135

collaris, Strepsilas, 135, 136
columba, Cepphus, 352, 354
columba, Uria, 354
columbarius, Plautus, 345
comata. Sterna, 327
consul, Larus, 260
cooperi, Tringa, 185
Coprotheres, 246
Coprotheres, Catharacta, 248
cordifera, Parra, 2
corniculata, Fratercula, 367
corniculata. Mormon, 367
cornuta, Chimerina, 364
couesi, Arquatella, 196, 197, 198, 199
couesi, Erolia, 196, 197, 198, 199
couesi, Tringa, 196, 198
Cracticornis, 90
crassirostris, Charadrius, 73
crassirostris, Larus, 254
crassirostris, Octhodromus, 76
crassirostris, Pagolla, 76
crassirostris, Totanus, 127
crassirostris, Tringa, 169
craveri, Brachyramphus, 358, 359
craveri, Endomychura, 358
craveri, Micrura, 358
Craveri, Uria, 358
crawfordi, Gygis, 337
CREAGRUS, 288
crepidatus, Larus, 248
crepidatus, Stercorarius, 249
crissalis, Haliplana, 316
crissalis, Sterna, 316
cristata, Alca, 362
cristatella, Aethia, 362
cristatella, Alca, 362
cristatellus, Simorhynchus, 362
cristatus, Vanellus, 28
CROCETHIA, 169
Crymophila, 217
Crymophilus, 217
cucullatus, Chroicocephalus, 280
cucullatus, Larus, 279
cuneicauda, Glareola, 235
cuneicauda, Thinocorus, 235, 236
curonicus, Charadrius, 51
CYCLORRHYNCHUS, 361
cynosurae, Squatarola, 43

damacensis, Totanus, 180, 181
damacensis, Tringa, 181
delawarensis, Larus, 257
deleta, Alca, 366
delicata, Capella, 147, 148
dehcata, Gallinago, 148, 151
deHcata, Scolopax, 147
Delopygia, 180
diamesus, Anoiis, 335
diamesus, Micranous, 335
Dipsaleon, 302

dominica, Pluvialis, 45, 48, 49
Domini canus, 253

Index

373

dominicanus, Larus, 253, 270, 272,

273
dominicensis, Burhinus, 227
dominicensis, Oedicnemus, 227
dominicensis, Tringa, 192
dominicus, Charadrius, 45, 47, 50
dominicus, Pluvialis, 47, 48
d'orbignianus, Tinochorus, 234
d'orbignyanus, Tinochorus, 234
dorsalis(a), Jacana, 12
dorsalis, Tringa, 191
dougalli(i). Sterna, 312
dougallii, Sterna, 311, 312
douglasii, Scolopax, 147
douglasii, Tringa, 203
Dromicus, 78

drummondii, Scolopax;, 147
dubia, Uria, 362

durnfordi, Haematopus, 23, 24
durvillei, Squatarola, 83

eburnea, Pagophila, 252, 253

eburneus, Larus, 252
eburneus, Pagophila, 253
edwardsii, Limosa, 100
elegans. Sterna, 326, 327, 328
elegans, Thalasseus, 327
Endomychura, 355
Epitelarus, 251
Epitelolarus, 251
EREUNETES, 173
EROLIA, 179
erythropus, Larus, 282
erythrorhyncha. Sterna, 325
erythrorhynchos, Sterna, 324
eschscholtzii, Tinochorus, 238
EUDROMIAS, 80
Euliga, 86
Euligia, 86
EUPODA, 76
Eupodella, 76
Eupodes, 76

europaea, Rusticola, 163
eurygnatha, Sterna, 326
eurygnatha, Thalasseus, 326
eurygnathus, Thalasseus, 326
EURYNORHYNCHUS, 178
exilis, Sterna, 292, 319

Fabricii, Larus, 267
faeroeensis, Capella, 146

Faeroeensis, Telmatias, 146
falklandica(us), Aegialitis, 62
falklandica, Attagis, 231
falklandica, Leucopolius, 62
falklandica, Megalestris, 244
falklandica, Oegialitis, 63
falklandica, Pernettyva, 62
falklandicus, Aegialites, 62
falklandicus, Attagis, 231
falklandicus, Charadrius, 51, 61, 62
falklandicus, Leucopolius, 63

falklandicus, Tetrao, 231
fasciatus, Limnodromus, 141
fasciolata, Scolopax, 147
Fedoa, 100, 224
fedoa, Limosa, 104
fedoa, Scolopax, 100, 104
fedoa, Vetola, 105
femoralis, Numenius, 97
ferruginea, Erolia, 202
ferrugineicollis, Totanus, 143
Ferruginous, Tringa, 202
fimbriatus, Phalaropus, 223
fissipes, HydrocheHdon, 292
fitzgeraldi, Attagis, 230
flavipes, Gambetta, 108
flavipes, Neoglottis, 109
flavipes, Scolopax, 106
flavi43es, Tringa, 106, 109
fiavirostris, Charadrius, 51
floridanus. Glottis, 115
fluviatilis. Sterna, 304, 305
forsteri, Chionis, 240
forsteri. Sterna, 310
foxii, Limosa, 102
Francsii, Uria, 349
franklini, Chroicocephalus, 280
franklini, Larus, 254
frankhni, Xema, 279
franklinii(i), Larus, 279
FRATERCULA, 365
frazari, Haematopus, 16, 17, 22
frazari, Totanus, 113
frenata, Gallinago, 150, 154, 156
frenata, Scolopax, 150, 153, 156
frenata. Sterna, 320
frenatus, Phalaropus, 223
fretensis, Belonopterus, 34, 37
frobeenii. Sterna, 304
frobeni. Sterna, 304
frobenii, Larus, 257
frobenii, Sterna, 304
fulicaria, Tringa, 217
fulicarius, Crymophilus, 218
fulicarius, Phalaropus, 217
fuliginosa, Haliplana, 315, 316
fuliginosa, Sterna, 302, 314, 316
fuliginosus, Blasipus, 254
fuliginosus, Haematopus, 26
fuliginosus, Larus, 254, 255
fuliginosus, Onychoprion, 315
fuHginosus, Totanus, 131
fulva, Pluvialis, 49, 50
fulvus, Charadrius, 47, 49, 50
fulvus, Pluvialis, 48, 50
furcata, Creagrus, 289
furcata, Xema, 289
furcatum, Xema, 289
furcatus, Creagrus, 288, 289
furcatus, Larus, 288
furcatus, Xema, 288
fusca, Hiaticula, 82
fusca, Squatarola, 82

374 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

fusca, Tringa, 219
fuscata, Sterna, 302, 314, 315
fuscicollis, Actodromas, 186
fuscicollis, Calidris, 187
fuscicollis, Erolia, 185, 187
fuscicollis, Heteropygia, 186
fuscicollis, Pisobia, 186
fuscicollis, Tringa, 180, 185
fuscocapillus, Totanus, 106
fuscus, Larus, 264, 266, 267

gaini. Sterna, 308
galapagensis, Anoiis, 334
galapagensis, Ilaematopus, 16, 21,

23
galeata, Gallinula, 6
galericulata, Sterna, 324, 326, 327
Gallinago, 145, 160
gallinago, Capella, 146, 147, 150
gallinago, Gallinago, 146
gallinago, Scolopax, 145
gallinula, Limnocryptes, 165
gallinula, Scolopax, 165
Gavia, 28

gayi, Attagis, 228, 229, 230
GELOCHELIDON, 297
georgiae. Sterna, 308
gigantea, Capella, 159
gigantea, Gallinago, 159, 163
gigantea, Homoptilura, 159
gigantea, Scolopax, 158, 159
gigantea, Xylocota, 159
glacialis, Alca, 347
glacialis, Fratercula, 366
glacialis, Larus, 260
glacialis, (?)Mormon, 366
glacialis, Tringa, 221
glacialis, LTria, 352
glareola, Rhyacophilus, 122
glareola, Totanus, 122
glareola, Tringa, 105, 122
glaucescens, Larus, 261
glaucodes, Larus, 280, 281
glaucoides, Larus, 262, 263, 265, 283
glaucopterus, Larus, 261
glaucopus, Charadrius, 49
glaucotes, Chroicocephalum, 282
glaucotis, Larus, 283
Glaucus, 253
glaucus, Larus, 253, 260
glocitans, Colymbus, 345
Glottis, 105

glottis, Totanus, 105, 115
gracilis, Aegialitis, 67
gracilis, Charadrius, 67
gracilis. Sterna, 312
gracilis, Tringa, 198
grisea, Calidris, 171
grisea, Scolopax, 140, 143
grisescens, Belonopterus, 33
grisescens, Vanellus, 33, 36
griseus, Eurynorhynchus, 178, 179

griseus, Limnodromus, 142, 143, 144

griseus, Macrorhamphus, 141, 142, 144

gronvoldi, Gelochelidon, 299

Grylle, 352

grylle, Alca, 351, 353

grylle, Gepphus, 352, 353

grylloides, Colymbus, 353

Guinetta, 122

gusdurnfordi, Haematopus, 24

guttata, Sterna, 302

Gyges, 337

GYGIS, 337

Gylochelidon, 300

Gymnoblepharum, 367

gymnostoma, Jacana, 2, 4

gymnostoma, Parra, 2

Gyralca, 347

haemastica, Limosa, 100, 101

haemastica, Scolopax, 100

haemastica, Vetula, 101

HAEMATOPUS, 15

haematorhynchus, Larus, 251

haematorhynchus, Leucophaeus, 251

Haliplana, 302

havelli, Sterna, 310

heermanni, Adelarus, 356

heermanni, Blasipus, 256

heermanni, Larus, 255

Helodromas, 105

Helopus, 300

helvetica, Squatarola, 41, 42

helvetica, Tringa, 41

Hemipalama, 173

hendersoni, Limnodromus, 140, 142

Heteractitis, 130

Heteropoda, 173

Heteropygia, 180

Heteroscelis, 130

HETEROSCELUS, 130

hiaticola, Aegialitis, 52

Hiaticula, 51

hiaticula, Aegialitis, 52, 54

Hiaticula, Charadrios, 51

hiaticula, Charadrius, 51, 52, 56

hiaticula, Tringa, 52

hilairea, Rhynchaea, 13, 14

Himantellus, 209

HIMANTOPUS, 209

himantopus, Charadrius, 209

himantopus, Ereunetes, 204

himantopus, Hemipalama, 204

himantopus, Himantopus, 211, 214

himantopus, Micropalama, 202, 223

himantopus, Totanus, 204

himantopus, Tringa, 202, 203

hirundinacea. Sterna, 302

hirundo. Sterna, 301, 303, 304, 305

310
Hodites, 126
Holopodius, 221
Homoptilura, 145

Index

375

Homoscolopax, 160
HOPLOXYPTERUS, 37

hudsonica(us), Limosa, 100
hudsonica, Numenius, 95
hudsonica, Scolopax, 100
hudsonica, Tringa, 136
hudsonicus, Numenius, 92, 93, 96, 98
hudsonicus, Phaeopus, 95, 96
hudsonius, Numenius, 95
hutchinsii, Larus, 260
hybrida, Hydrochelidon, 292
hybrida. Sterna, 291
Hydrochelidon, 291
Hydrocolocus, 253
HYDROPROGNE, 300
hyperborea, Tringa, 219
hyperboreus, Larus, 253, 259, 260,

262, 266
hyperboreus, Lobipes, 217, 220
hyperboreus, Phalaropus, 219
hypoleuca, Endomychura, 357
hypoleuca, Micruria, 358
hypoleucos, Actitis, 122
hypoleucos, Tringa, 122
hypoleucus, Brachyramphus, 355,

356, 357
hypomelaena, Jacana, 5, 6, 7
hypomelaena, Parra, 5
hypomelaena(?), Parra, 2
hypomelanus, Charadrius, 41
hypomelus, Charadrius, 41
Hypsibates, 209

lamaicensis, Charadrius, 70

iardreka, Scolopax, 100

ichia, Thalasseus, 328

imitatrix, Procelsterna, 331

impennis, Alca, 346, 347

impennis, Pinguinus, 347

impennis, Plautus, 347

imperator, Hydroprogne, 301

imperator, Thalasseus, 301

imperialis, Chubbia, 160

imperialis, Gallinago, 160

imperialis, Homoscolopax, 160

imperiahs, Scolopax, 160

Inca, 329

inca, Anous, 330

inca, Larosterna, 329, 330

inca, Naenia, 330

inca, Noddi, 330

inca. Sterna, 329, 330

incana, Scolopax, 131

incana, Tringa, 132

incanus, Heteractitis, 132

incanus, Heteroscelus, 131, 132

incanus, Lobipes, 223

incanus, Totanus, 132

ingae, Thinocorus, 232, 233, 235

innotata, Capella, 157

inornata, Symphemia, 128

inornata, Uria, 351

inornatus, Catoptrophorus, 128, 129

intercedens, Rhynchops, 343
intercedens, Ryncliops, 340, 343, 344
intermedia, Jacana, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12

intermedia, Parra, 10
intermedia, Rynchops, 340, 341

intermedins, Belonopterus, 33
intermedins, Numenius, 95
interpres, Arenaria, 135, 136, 138
interpres, Cinclus, 136
interpres, Morinella, 137
interpres, Strepsilas, 135, 136
interpres, Tringa, 134, 135
islandica, Alca, 348
islandica, Tringa, 168
islandicus, Larus, 260
islandicus, Numenius, 92, 93

JACANA, 1

jacana, Jacana, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

35
Jacana, Parra, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11
Jadreka, Scolopax, 100
jamesoni, Capella, 161
jamesoni, Chubbia, 160, 161
jamesoni, Gallinago, 161
jamesoni, Scolopax, 161
jamesoni, Xylocota, 160
jassana, Parra, 11
jourdaini, Phalaropus, 218

kaiurka, Cepphus, 354
Kittlitzii(i), Brachyramphus, 356
Kittlitzii, Chroicocephalus, 379
Kotzebui, 288
Kotzebuii, Rissa, 288
kumlieni, Larus, 265

labradora, Alca, 366

labradorica, Alca, 366

lachrymans, Uria, 350

lactea, Chionis, 241

lacteolus, Cepphus, 351, 353

lampronotus, Belonopterus, 30, 31,

33
lampronotus, Charadrius, 30, 31
lapponica, Limosa, 102, 103
lapponica, Scolopax, 100, 103
Laropis, 297
LAROSTERNA, 329
LARUS, 253
Larva, 365

larvatus, Charadrius, 65
lathami, Sagmatorrhina, 367, 368
laticauda, Bartramia, 86, 87
latreillii, Attagis, 228, 229, 230
Leimonites, 179
Leptodactylus, 85
Leptopus, 85
Leptosceles, 85
Leptoscelis, 85
lessonii, Dromicus, 78

376 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

Leucanous, 337
leuceretes, Larus, 260
leucocapillus, Anous, 332
leucocapillus, Micranous, 336
leucoceps, Gavia, 332
leucopareia, Hydrochelidon, 292
leucopareia, Sterna, 291
leucophaea, Calidris, 171
leucophaea, Scolopax, 143
leucophaea, Tringa, 171
LEUGOPHAEUS, 250, 251
leucophthalmus, Larus, 253
leucopodus, Haematopus, 24
Leucopolius, 51
leucopolius, Charadrius, 51
leucoptera, Ghlidonias, 291, 292
leucoptera, Hydrochelidon, 291
leucoptera. Sterna, 291
leucoptera, Uria, 353
leucopterus, Larus, 260, 262, 263
leucopus, Haematopus, 21, 25
leucopus, Ostralega, 26
leucurus, Himantopus, 210
leucurus, Scolopax, 145, 146
L'Herminieri, Anous, 315
Limnocinclus, 180
LIMNODROMUS, 140
LIMOSA, 99, 100
limosa, Limosa, 99
limosa, Scolopax, 100
livens, Larus, 269, 270
lobata, Tringa, 219
lobatus, Lobipes, 219, 220
lobatus, Phalaropus, 220, 223
LOBIPES, 219
lomatina, Tringa, 166
Lorn via, 348
lomvia, Alca, 348
lomvia, Uria, 348, 349
longicauda, Actiturus, 88
longicauda, Bartramia, 86, 88
longicauda, Lestris, 250
longicauda, Tringa, 86
longicaudatus, Actiturus, 87
longicaudis, Catoptrophorus, 127
longicaudus, Actiturus, 88
longicaudus, Stercorarius, 246, 249
longirostra, Numenius, 98
Longirostris, 140
longirostris, Heteropoda, 177
longirostris, Numenius, 98
longirostris, Scolopax, 140
lonnbergi, Gatharacta, 245, 246
lorata. Sterna, 319
loricata, Sterna, 319
lowi, Jacana, 1, 4
luctuosa. Sterna, 317
luctuosus, Haem[atopus], 26
LUNDA, 367
luzoniensis, Numenius, 93
luzoniensis, Scolopax, 93

LYMNOGRYPTES, 165

Lymnodromus, 140

maccormicki, Gatharacta, 246

maccormicki, Megalestris, 246
maccormicki, Stercorarius, 246
Macdougalli, Sterna, 312
Machetes, 208
Machophilus, 208
Macrodura, 145
macroptera, Atricilla, 274
macroptera, Tringa, 116
macropterus, Totanus, 116
Macroramphus, 140
Macrotarsus, 209
macroura. Sterna, 307
macrura. Sterna, 306
macularia, Actitis, 122, 125
macularia, Tringa, 122
macularius(a), Actitis, 123
macularius, Totanus, 123, 125
macularius, Tringites, 125
macularius(a), Tringoides, 123
maculata, Actodromas, 192
maculata, Heteropygia, 192
maculata, Pisobia, 192
maculata. Sterna, 319
maculata, Tringa, 188, 190
maculatus, Totanus, 105, 111
maculipennis, Hydrocoloeus, 283
maculipennis, Larus, 276, 280, 283
magellanica, Gapella, 153, 155
magellanica, Gallinago, 153, 155
magellanica, Scolopax, 154
magellanicus, Scolopax, 153, 154
magnirostris, Charadrius, 224
magnirostris, Phaetusa, 294
magnirostris, Sterna, 293, 294
magnirostris, Thalasseus, 294
magnus, Schoeniclus, 169
maior, Alca, 347
major, Cirrhocephalus, 276
major, GaUinago, 145
major, Scolopax, 145
malacophaga, Haematopus, 24
malouinus, Attagis, 231, 232
Malouinus, Tetrao, 231
maluina, Attagis, 231
mandti, Uria, 352
mandtii, Gepphus, 352
mandtii, Uria, 352
marginatus, Charadrius, 51
marginatus, Larus, 283
marinus, Larus, 253, 267, 268
maritima, Arquatella, 195, 196, 197,

198, 199
maritima, CaHdris, 195
maritima, Erolia, 195, 199
maritima, Tringa, 180, 195, 198
marmorata, Scolopax, 104
marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 355
marmoratus, Charadrius, 46

Index

377

marmoratus, Colymbus, 355
Mataeoptera, 347
mauri, Ereunetes, 176, 177
mauri, Heteropoda, 176
maxima, Sterna, 323, 325
maximus, Thalasseus, 323, 325
media, Capella, 145, 146
media, Gallinago, 146, 147
media, Scolopax, 145
medius, Larus, 260
Megalestris, 241
Megalopterus, 331
megalopterus, Atricilla, 274
megalopterus, Larus, 275
megalorhynchus, Charadrius, 42
megarhynchos, Squatarola, 41, 42
Meisneri, Cephus, 353
melanocephala, Arenaria, 139
melanocephalus, Strepsilas, 139
melanogaster, Vanellus, 41
melanogenys, Anous, 336
Melanolarus, 254
melanoleuca, Gambetta, 113
melanoleuca. Glottis, 113
melanoleuca, Neoglottis, 113
melanoleuca, Scolopax, 106, 110
melanoleuca, Tringa, 110, 113
melanoleucos, Mergulus, 346
melanoleucus, Totanus, 111
melanops. Sterna, 291, 292
melanoptera. Sterna, 314
melanopus, Numenius, 95, 98
melanopygia, Jacana, 6, 7, 9
melanopygia, Parra, 5, 7, 9
melanopygius, Totanus, 87
melanorhynchus, Larus, 283
melanorhynchus, Numenius, 92
melanorhynchus, Sternula, 320
melanosterna, 302
melanotis, Pisobia, 193
melanotos, Erolia, 190, 193
melanotos, Pisobia, 193
melanotos, Tringa, 188, 190, 191
melanotus, Tringa, 186
melanura, Rhynchops, 341, 342, 344
melanurus, Himantopus, 211, 212,

214
melanurus, Rhyncops, 342
melodus, Aegialeus, 56
melodus, Aegialitis, 56
melodus, Charadrius, 56
menzbieri, Limosa, 103
Mergulus, 345

meridionalis, Gelochelidon, 297
meridionalis, Scolopax, 162
meridionalis. Sterna, 297, 303
Mesoscolopax, 90
mexicana, Sterna, 322
mexicanus, Charadrius, 209
mexicanus, Himantopus, 209, 210,

211,212, 214
mexicanus, Larus, 258

meyeri, Limosa, 102

Micranous, 331

microceros, Phaleris, 363

microceros, Simorhynchus, 363

MICROPALAMA, 202

Micropelama, 202 '

Microptera, 164

micropterus, Atricilla, 274

microrhyncha, Gygis, 337

microrhynchus, Numenius, 91

Micruria, 355

minima, Lymnocryptes, 165

minima, Scolopax, 165

minimus, Lymnocryptes, 165

minor, Hemipalama, 174

minor, Larus, 260

minor, Philohela, 164

minor, Rubicola, 164

minor, Rusticola, 164

minor, Scolopax, 164

minor, Uria, 346

minuta, Tringa, 179, 180

minutilla, Actodromas, 182

minutilla, Erolia, 181, 183

minutilla, Leimonites, 182

minutilla, Limonites, 182

minutilla, Pelidna, 182

minutilla, Pisobia, 182

minutilla, Tringa, 181, 182

minutus, Anous, 332

minutus, Hydrocoloeus, 284

minutus, Larus, 253, 284

minutus, Megalopterus, 335

minutus, Numenius, 90

mitchelli, Leptosceles, 86

mitchelli(i), Phegornis, 85

mitchellii, Leptopus, 85

mitchellii, Leptoscelis, 86

mitchellii, Phegornis, 85

modesta, Eudromias, 82

modesta, Squatarola, 82

modesta(us), Zonibyx, 83

modestus, Charadrius, 81, 83

modestus, Eudromias, 83

modestus, Larus, 254

modestus, Morinellus, 82

modestus, Vanellus, 82

modestus, Zonibyx, 81

molina, Belonopterus, 36

molouina, Attagis, 231

Moltke, Larus, 262

mongolus, Charadrius, 71

monocerata, Alca, 364

monocerata, Cerorhinca, 364, 365

monocerata, Ceratorhyncha, 364

montana, Eupoda, 77

montanus, Charadrius, 76, 77

montanus, Podasocys, 77

Morinella, 134

morinella, Arenaria, 135, 136, 137,

138
morinella, Tringa, 134, 136

378 Field Museum of Natural History -Zoology, Vol. XIII

Morinellus, 80

morinellus, Charadrius, 80, 81

morinellus, Eudromias, 81

Mormon, 365
miilleri, Larus, 267
multistriata, Hemipalama, 203
mystacalis, Inca, 330
mystacea, Uria, 363

Naenia, 329

naevius, Actidurus, 205

naevius, Charadrius, 41

naevius, Larus, 286

nana, Tringa, 182

nanus, Cephus, 346

natator, Totanus, 111

naumanni, Fratercula, 365

nebularia. Glottis, 115

nebularia, Scolopax, 115

nebularia, Tringa, 115

nebularius, Scolopax, 105

nebulosus, Charadrius, 82

necrophagus, Chionis, 241

neglectus, Epitelarus, 251

neglectus, Procellarus, 251

nelsoni, Larus, 262, 266

nelsoni, Sterna, 314

Neoglottis, 106

Neomenius, 90

Neopisobia, 180

nigellus, (?)Totanus, 170

niger, Anous, 331, 332

niger, Haematopus, 26

niger, Hydrochelidon, 291

nigra, Hydrochelidon, 292

nigra, Jacana, 6, 7

nigra, Parra, 6

nigra, Rhynchops, 339, 340, 341, 342,

344
nigra, Rynchops, 339, 343, 344
nigra, Scolopax, 15
nigra. Sterna, 291
nigricans, Alle, 345
nigricapillus, Stercorarius, 247
nigricollis, Himantopus, 209, 213
nigricollis, Hypsibates, 210
nigricollis, Macrotarsus, 210
nilotica, Gelochelidon, 297, 298, 300
nivalis, Coleoramphus, 240
nivea, Sterna, 338
nivea, Uria, 353
niveifrons, Charadrius, 51
niveus, Larus, 253
nivosa, Aegialitis, 59, 60
nivosa(us), Aegialitis, 57
nivosus, Aegialites, 60, 65
nivosus?, Aegialites, 59, 67
nivosus, Charadrius, 57, 58, 59, 60
nobilis, Capella, 157, 158
nobilis, Gallinago, 145, 157, 158, 162
nobilis, Scolopax, 158
Noddi, 331

nodirostra, Phaleris, 362, 363
nodirostris, Phaleris, 363
notata, Actitis, 125
novaezealandiae, Limosa, 102, 103
noveboracensis, Limnodromus, 144
noveboracensis, Scolopax, 140, 143
NUMENIUS, 90
nutans, Scolopax, 143
nuttalli. Sterna, 298
NYGTICRYPHES, 13

oahuensis, Arenaria, 135
oahuensis, Tringa, 135
oblita, Rynchops, 340
occidentalis, Aegialitis, 59, 63
occidentalis, Belonopterus, 34, 35,

36, 37, 39
occidentalis, Cerorhinca, 364
occidentalis, Charadrius, 59, 60, 63,

64, 67, 75
occidentalis, Ereunetes, 177
occidentalis, Haematopus, 24
occidentalis, Larus, 268, 269, 270
occidentalis, Numineus, 99
occidentalis, Recurvirostra, 215
occidentalis, Rhynchaea, 14
occidentalis, Vanellus, 34
oceanicus, Totanus, 131
ochropus, Helodromas, 115
ochropus, Totanus, 115
Ochthedromus, 51
Ochthodromus, 51
ocrophus, Tringa, 105, 115
Ocypetes, 232
Odurella, 145
Oedicnemus, 224, 225
Oedicnemus, Charadrius, 224
Oedicnemus, Fedoa, 224
Oerolia, 179
okenii, Charadrius, 56
Ombria, 361
Onychoprion, 302
orbignianus, Thinocorus, 234
orbignianus(?), Thinocorys, 233
orbignianus, Tinochorus, 234
orbignyanus, Thinochorus, 234
orbignyanus, Thinocorus, 233
orbignyanus, Thinocorys, 235
orbignyanus, Thynocorus, 233
orbignyanus, Tinochorus, 234
orbignyianus, Thinochorus, 235
orbignyianus, Thinocorus, 234, 235
orbignyianus, Tinochorus, 234
oreophilos, Charadrius, 44
Oreophilus, 78
OREOPHOLUS, 77
orientalis, Charadrius, 50
orientalis, Eurhinorhynchus, 179
ostragelus, Haematopus, 23
Ostralega, 15
Ostralegus, 15

Index

379

ostralegus, Haematopus, 15, 24
Oxyechus, 51

pacifica, Erolia, 200, 201

pacifica, Pelidna, 200, 201

pacifica, Scolopax, 131

pacifica, Tringa, 200

Pacificolarus, 254

Pagolla, 51

palaeartica, Xema, 291

pallescens, Stercorarius, 250

palliatus, Haematopus, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21,22, 23
pallida, Gallinago, 154
pallidissimus, Larus, 261
pallidus, (?)Oreophilus, 80
pallidus, Thinocorus, 235, 236
paludosa, Gallinago, 158, 162
paludosa, Scolopax, 145, 158
paludosa, Xylocota, 158
panayensis, Onychoprion, 313
paradisaea. Sterna, 306
paradisea. Sterna, 307, 312
paraguaiae, Capella, 150, 152, 155,

156
paraguaiae, Gallinago, 151, 153, 154,

156, 157
paraguaiae, Scolopax, 145, 150, 153
paraguaiae, Telmatias, 150
paraguayae, Gallinago, 151, 153
paraguia, Gallinago, 153
paraguiae, Gallinago, 153
parasitica, Lestris, 248
parasiticus, Larus, 246, 247
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 247, 248,

249, 250
pardela, Charadrius, 41
Parra, 1

parvxis, Numenius, 99
patagonicus, Thinocorus, 238
Pavoncella, 208
paykullii, Scolopax, 143
pectoralis, Charadrius, 46
pectoralis, Pelidna, 191
pectoralis, Pisobia, 193
pectoralis, Tringa, 192
Pelidna, 179
Pelodes, 291
Pernettyva, 51

personatus, Chroicocephalus, 278
personatus, Larus, 278
peruviana, Jacana, 9, 10
peruvianus, Charadrius, 70, 71
peruvianus, Oxyechus, 71
peruvianus, Thinocorus, 236
petrificatus, Ereunetes, 173
Phaeopus, 90

phaeopus, Numenius, 92, 93, 95
phaeopus, Phaeopus, 93
phaeopus, Scolopax, 90, 92
Phaethusa, 294
PHAETUSA, 293, 294

PHALAROPUS, 216, 217

Phaleris, 362

PHEGORNIS, 85

Philadelphia, Chroicocephalus, 283

Philadelphia, Hydrocoloeus, 284

Philadelphia, Larus, 283, 285

Philadelphia, Sterna, 283

philadelphiae, Larus, 283

PHILOHELA, 164

PHILOMACHUS, 208

Phoetusa, 294

pikei. Sterna, 306

pileatus, Anous, 334

Pingouin, 347

Pinguin, 346

PINGUINUS, 346

pipixcan, Hydrocoloeus, 280

pipixcan, Larus, 254, 278

Pisobia, 179

pitanay, Haematopus, 22, 23, 24

Planetis, 302

platyrhynchos, Phalaropus, 217

platyrhynchus, Phalaropus, 217

platyrostris, Phalaropus, 217

Plautus, 345, 346

PLOTUS, 345

plumbea, Hydrochelidon, 292

plumbea. Sterna, 292

plumbiceps, Cirrocephalus, 276

PLUVIALIS, 44

pluvialis, Charadrius, 44, 47

PLUVIANELLUS, 84

Podasocys, 76

polaris, Mormon, 366

polaris, Uria, 349

poliocephalus, Larus, 276

pollicaris, Rissa, 287

polynesiae, Totanus, 131

pomarinus, Coprotheres, 247

pomarinus, Larus, 246

pomarinus, Lestris, 246

pomarinus, Stercorarius, 246, 247

pomatorhina, Lestris, 247

pomatorhinus, Stercorarius, 247

pontilis, Brachyramphus, 358

Pontochelidon, 300

portlandica. Sterna, 307

pratii, Haematopus, 18

prattii, Haematopus, 18

Procellarus, 251

PROCELSTERNA, 330

Prohaematopus, 15

Psalidorhamphos, 339

psammodroma, Charadrius, 52

Pseuduria, 352

psittacula, Alca, 361

psittacula, Ombria, 361

psittaculus, Cyclorrhynchus, 361

psittaculus(a), Phaleris, 361

psittaculus, Simorhynchus, 361

ptilocnemis, Arquatella, 197, 198, 199

ptilocnemis, Erolia, 197, 198

380 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

ptilocnemis, Tringa, 196, 197, 198

Ptiloscelis, 39

ptiloscelis, Vanellus, 39

PTILOSGELYS, 39

PTYCHORAMPIIUS, 360

Ptychorhamphus, 360

pugnax. Machetes, 208

pugnax, Pavoncella, 208

pugnax, Philomachus, 208

pugnax, Totanus, 208

pugnax, Tringa, 208

punctatus, Macroramphus, 144

punctatus, Totanus, 116

pusilla, Aethia, 363

pusilla, Ciceronia, 363

pusilla, Erolia, 175

pusilla, Tringa, 173, 182

pusilla, Uria, 363

pusillus, Ereunetes, 173, 174, 175,

177
pusillus, Simorhynchus, 363
pygmaea, Aethia, 363, 364
pygmaea, Alcella, 364
pygm(a)eus, Eurynorhynchus, 179
pygmaeus, Simorhynchus, 364
pygmea, Platalea, 178, 179
pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus, 179
pyrocephalus, Charadrius, 61, 62
pyrrhothorax, Charadrius, 51

quarta, Erolia, 199

quoyi, Haematopus, 15, 28

ramicivorus, Thinocorus, 238
recognita, Melanosterna, 313
recognita, Sterna, 313, 314
RECURVIROSTRA, 214
regia. Sterna, 325
regius, Thalasseus, 325
resplendens, Charadrius, 39
resplendens, Ptiloscelis, 40
resplendens, Ptiloscelys, 39, 40
resplendens, Vanellus, 40
Rhamphosynthlipis, 359
Rhincops, 339
RHODOSTETHIA, 285
Rhyacophilus, 105
rhynchomega, Squatarola, 42
Rhynchophilus, 106
Rhynchops, 339
Richardsonii, Larus, 285
Richardsonii, Lestris, 248
ridgwayi, Anoiis, 333
ridibundus, Larus, 253, 274, 275
Riga, Larus, 286
ringvia, Uria, 350
RISSA, 286
Rissa, Larus, 286
robusta, Tringa, 106
robustus, Totanus, 106
rogersi, Calidris, 166
rosea, Rhodostethia, 285

rosea. Sterna, 312

roseiventris, Gavia, 282

roseiventris, Larus, 282

roseus, Larus, 285

roseus, Rhodostethia, 285

Rossia, 285

rosaii, Larus, 285, 286

Rostratula, 13

rousseaui, Anous, 334

royana, Gygis, 338

rubecola, Charadrius, 82, 83

rubecola, Squatarola, 82

rubidus, Charadrius, 170

rubidus, Oxyechus, 70

rufa, Tringa, 166, 167

rufescens, Actitis, 206

rufescens, Phalaropus, 217

rufescens, Tringa, 205

rufescens, Tringites, 206

rufescens, Tringoides, 206

rufescens, Tryngites, 205

ruficollis, Charadrius, 78

ruficollis, Erolia, 180

ruficollis, Limonites, 180

ruficollis, Oreophilus, 78, 79

ruficollis, Oreopholus, 78, 79

ruficollis, Phalaropus, 219

ruficollis, Pisobia, 180

ruficollis, Trynga, 180, 181

rufinucha, Aegialitis, 73, 76

rufinucha, Charadrius, 74

rufinucha, Octhodromus, 76

rufinucha, Pagolla, 74

rufinuchus, Ochthodromus, 76

rufiventris, Numenius, 95

rufus, Calidris, 166, 167, 168

rufus, Canutus, 167

rufus, Numenius, 95

rufus, Phalaropus, 217

rumicivorus, Thinocorus, 232, 236,

237
rumicivorus, Tinochorus, 238
russata, (?)GalIinago, 146
Rusticola, 163, 164
rusticola, Scolopax, 163
Rusticula, 163
rusticula, Scolopax, 163
Rygchopsalia, 339
RYNCHOPS, 339

sabini, Larus, 289, 290
sabini, Xema, 290

sabini(i), Xema, 290
Sagmatorrhina, 367
sakhalina, Erolia, 201
sakhalina, Pelidna, 200, 201
sandvicensis. Sterna, 323
sasashew, Totanus, 111
scapularis, Grylle, 353
scapularis, Jacana, 9, 10
schinzi, Pelidna, 185
schinzii, Erolia, 199

Index

381

schinzii, Schaeniclus, 188

schinzii, Tringa, 186, 200

schistisagus, Larus, 268

Schleepii, Lestris, 248

Schoeniclus, 180

scolopacea, Limosa, 140

scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 140, 141,

142
scolopaceus, Macroramphus, 141
scolopaceus, (?)A'Iacrorhamplius, 142
scolopacina, Gallinago, 146, 148
SCOLOPAX, 163
scoresbii, Gabianus, 252
scoresbii, Larus, 251
scoresbii, Leucophaeus, 251, 257
scoresbyi, Leucophaeus, 251
scrippsae, Brachyramphus, 357
scrippsi, Brachyramphus, 357
scrippsi, Endomychura, 357
Semi-alba, Sterna, 338
semi-collaris, Nycticryphes, 13, 15
semicoUaris, Rhynchaea, 14
semicollaris, Rostratula, 14
semi-collaris, Totanus, 13
semipalmata, Heteropoda, 175
semipalmata, Scolopax, 126, 127
semipalmata, Symphemia, 127, 129
semipalmata, Tringa, 173
semipalmatus(a), Aegialeus, 53
semipalmatus, Aegialitis, 54
semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus,

127, 129
semipalmatus, Charadrius, 51, 52,

54
semipalmatus, Ereunetes, 174
semipalmatus, Scolopax, 126
semipalmatus, Totanus, 126, 127
senicula, Uria, 359
septentrionalis, Aegialitis, 52
septentrionalis, Charadrius, 52
septentrionalis, Rissa, 259
serranus, Hydrocoloeus, 278
serranus, Larus, 274, 277, 278, 282,

284
serrata, Sterna, 302
sibiricus, Larus, 280
simonsi, Attagis, 229
simonsi, Oreophilus, 79, 80
Simorhynchus, 362
simplex, Phaetusa, 294, 296
simplex. Sterna, 293, 294
skottsbergii, Procelsterna, 330, 331
skua, Buphagus, 242
skua, Catharacta, 241, 242, 243
skua, Megalestris, 242
skua, Stercorarius, 242
smithsonianus, Larus, 263, 264, 265,

268
sociabilis, Charadrius, 84
sociabilis, Pluvianellus, 84
socialis, Pluvianellus, 84

solitaria, Tringa, 106, 116, 118, 120,

121
solitarius, Helodromas, 117, 118, 120
solitarius, Rhyacophilus, 117
solitarius, Totanus, 117
solitarius, Tringa, 119
spadicea, Sterna, 315
spectabilis, Scolopax, 162
speculifera, Sterna, 294
speculiferus, Totanus, 129
spinosa, Asarcia, 3
spinosa, Fulica, 2
spinosa, Jacana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12
spinosa, Parra, 1
spinosus, Charadrius, 37
spinosus, Hoplopterus, 39
SQUATAROLA, 41
squatarola, Charadrius, 42
squatarola, Squatarola, 41, 42, 43
squatarola, Tringa, 41
staebleri. Sterna, 323
stagnalis, Totanus, 109
stagnatilis, Totanus, 108, 113
STEGANOPUS, 221
stenodactylus, Phalaropus, 223
STERCORARIUS, 246
STERNA, 301, 302
Sternolophota, 329
Sternula, 301
stolatus, Charadrius, 37
Stolida, 331

stolida. Sterna, 331, 332
stolidus, Anous, 332, 333, 334, 335
stolidus, Megalopterus, 334
Strepsilas, 134

stricklandi, Capella, 163 ,

stricklandi, Gallinago, 160
stricklandi, Gallinazo, 162
stricklandi, Xylocota, 162
stricklandii, Chubbia, 162, 163
stricklandii(i), Gallinago, 162
stricklandii, Scolopax, 160, 162
subarquata, Scolopax, 180, 202
subarquata, Tringa, 202
subarquatus, Ancylochilus, 202
subleucopterus, Laroides, 263
subminuta, Erolia, 181
subminuta, Pisobia, 181
subminuta, Tringa, 180, 181
subruficollis, Tringa, 205
subruficollis, Tringites, 207
subruficollis, Tryngites, 205, 206
subulirostris, Chroicocephalus, 283
suckleyi, Cerorhina, 364
suckleyi, Larus, 259
suckleyi, Sagmatorrhina, 365
superciliaris, Burhinus, 228
superciliaris, Oedicnenus, 228
superciliaris. Sterna, 317, 319
superciliaris, Sternula, 319
superciliosa, Mormon, 364
superciliosa, Phaleris, 362

382 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII

superciliosus, Anous, 333
surinamensis, Chlidonias, 292, 293

surinamensis, Hydrochelidon, 292
surinamensis, Sterna, 291, 292
Svarbag, Uria, 348
swainsoni, Thinocorus, 238
Symphemia, 173
SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS, 359
Synthliborhamphus, 359

tahitensis, Numenius, 97
tahitiensis, Numenius, 97

tahitiensis, Phaeopus, 97
tahitiensis, Scolopax, 97
taitensis, Charadrius, 49
Telmatias, 145
temminckii, Tringa, 179
tenuirostris, Aegialeus, 59
tenuirostris, Aegialitis, 59
tenuirostris, Anous, 336
tenuirostris, Calidris, 169'
tenuirostris, Charadrius, 58, 59
tenuirostris. Sterna, 331
tenuirostris, Totanus, 166, 169
tephras, Stercorarius, 248
tereticollis, Sterna, 330
teretirostris. Sterna, 330
ternominatus, Charadrius, 69, 70
testacea, Erolia, 202
testacea, Scolopax, 179, 180, 202
tetracula, Alca, 362
tetraculus, Simorhynchus, 362
THALASSEUS, 323, 326
Thalassites, 293
thayeri, Larus, 262, 265
THINOCORUS, 232
Thinocorys, 232
tibialis, Numenius, 97
Tinochorus, 232
Torda, 347
torda, Alca, 347
torquata, Scolopax, 90
torquatus, Charadrius, 70
torquatus, Ocypetes, 232, 238
torquatus, Oxyechus, 70
totanirostris, Charadrius, 79
totanirostris, Morinellus, 78
totanirostris, Oreophilus, 78, 79, 80
totanirostris, Oreopholus, 77, 78
Totanus, 105

totanus, Scolopax, 105, 111
totanus, Totanus, 106
townsendi, Aphriza, 132
townsendi, Haematopus, 27
townsendi, Tringa, 133
townsendi, Uria, 355
townsendii, Aphriza, 133
trachydactyla, Scolopax, 147
tricolor, Phalaropus, 223
tricolor, Steganopus, 221
tridactyla, Rissa, 286
tridactylus, Larus, 286

tridactylus, Rissa, 286

trifasciata, Hiaticula, 62

trifasciatus, Charadrius, 61

trifasciatus, Hiaticula, 61

TRINGA, 105, 188

Tringites, 205

Tringoides, 122

Trobeni, Sterna, 304

troile, Uria, 350

troille, Colymbus, 348

troille, Uria, 350, 351

trudeaui, Sterna, 308

Trudeaui, Thalasseus, 310

TRYNGITES, 205

Tryngodes, 122

tschegrava, Hydroprogne, 300, 301

tschegrava. Sterna, 300

tschuktschorum, Arquatella, 196

tschuktschorum Erolia, 196, 197

tschuktschorum, Xema, 290

tundrae, Charadrius, 54

Tyloramphus, 362

typicus, Charadrius, 45

typicus, Larus, 264

undulata, Capella, 158

undulata, Homoptilura, 158
undulata, Scolopax, 145, 158
unicolor?, Haematopus, 28
URIA, 348

uropygialis, Limosa, 102, 103
urvillii, Eudromias, 82
urvillii(ei), Squatarola, 82
urvillii, Tringa, 81

Vaginalis, 240
vaginalis, Chionis, 241
VANELLUS, 28
vanellus, Tringa, 28
vanellus, Vanellus, 28, 29
vanrossemi, Gelochelidon, 297
varia, Tringa, 41
variabilis, Asarcia, 3
variabilis, Parra, 1, 2
variegata, Erolia, 179
variegatus, Numenius, 93
variegatus, Tantalus, 93
variegatus, Totanus, 87
vegae, Larus, 262, 265, 266
venturii, Thinocorus, 238
veredus, Charadrius, 76
verreauxi, Larus, 272
Vetola, 100

vigilans, Burhinus, 225
violacea, Jacana, 2, 3
violacea, Parra, 2
Viralva, 291
virgata, Aphriza, 133
virgata, Strepsilas, 134
virgata, Tringa, 132, 133
virgatus, Strepsilas, 134
virgianus, Charadrius, 49

Index

383

virginiacus, Charadrius, 46
virginianicus, Charadrius, 47
virginianus, Charadrius, 47
virginicus, Charadrius, 46, 47
virgininus, Charadrius, 46
vittata, Sterna, 308
vocifer, Aedicnemus, 226
vocifer, Burhinus, 225, 226, 227
vocifer, Oedicnemus, 227
vocifera, AegiaHtis, 68, 71
vociferus, Aegialites, 71
vociferus, Charadrius, 51, 68, 71
vociferus, Dominicanus, 272
vociferus, Oxyechus, 68, 70, 71
vociferus, Scolopax, 111
vulgaris, Arenaria, 169, 170
vulgaris, Phalaropus, 219
vulgaris, Rusticola, 163
vulgaris, Vanellus, 28

Warnecki, Larus, 288
wiedi, Actitis, 125
wilsoni, Catharacta, 246
wilsoni, Charadrius, 73, 74
wilsoni, Eudromias, 74
wilsoni(i) Gallinago, 147
wilsoni, Ochthodromus, 72, 73, 76
Wilsoni (ii), Phalaropus, 222
wilsoni, Scolopax, 148
wilsoni, Squatarola, 42
wilsoni, Steganopus, 223
wilsoni, Sterna, 304

wilsonia, Aegialitis, 72, 73
wilsonia, Charadrius, 51, 73, 74

wilsonia, Ochthodromus, 74
wilsonia, Pagolla, 74
wilsoniana, Aegialitis, 72
wilsonianus, AegiaHtes, 72, 73
wilsonii, Charadrius, 73
wilsonii, Phalaropus, 221
wilsonii, Scolopax, 147
wilsonii. Sterna, 303
wilsonii, Tringa, 182
wilsonii, Xema, 274
wilsonius, Aegialites, 73, 76
wilsonius, Aegialitis, 72
wilsonius, Charadrius, 73
wilsonius, Ochthodromus, 72, 73, 74
Winterfeldti, Charadrius, 133
woznesenskii, Xema, 290
wrangeli, Brachyrhamphus, 355
wrangeHi(i), Brachyramphus, 355
wumizusume, Uria, 359
wymani, Larus, 269

xanthocheilus, Charadrius, 49
XEMA, 289
Xylocota, 145

Zema, 289
ZONIBYX, 81

zonorhynchus, Gavina, 258
zonorhynchus, Larus, 258

x^f^DIWO UST JUN 1- lSr«

QL Fieldiana: zoology

1

F^

V.13

pt.l

no. 3

Serial*

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