WU 01418947 6 oO hd 2 2) x 12) = uw oO IMM UNIVERSITY t ’ — x1 ; ’ ors s Stee rt O29 8 eh Serle bsapviegd : : 4 eg:0 - eicreroeesene - et oe q ons ptecete ci ‘ts 4 ‘ . aot iad , j ' > iS ®. : ae ; 3 ? i ‘ ane ‘ : ‘ a ° : s ; ee AD Rh : ; : Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/p1transactions11conn y at 4. ie TRANSACTIONS OF THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY ARTS AND SCIENCES. VOLUME XI, (CENTENNIAL VOLUME.) NEW HAVEN: PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. 1901-1903. THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR COMPANY. SAE Seay) a a > TRANSACTIONS CONNECTICUT ACADEMY ARTS AND SCIENCES. VOLUME XI, (CENTENNIAL VOLUME) Pie 3 348 bai NEW HAVEN: PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. 1901-1902. THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR COMPANY. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1902, by Appison E. VERRILL, for the Academy ; in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Q I > ( THe AcADEMY REGRETS TO ANNOUNCE THE DEATH OF Proressor Jostan WiItLarp GIpps. Professor Gibbs was born in New Haven, Conn., Febru- ary 11, 1839, and died April 28, 1903. 9 At the regular meeting of the Academy held May 13, the following minute on the death of Professor Gibbs was unanimously adopted : The Academy has learned with the deepest regret and sor- row of the death of its most distinguished member, Professor Josiah Willard Gibbs, and desires to place on record its deep sense of the loss sustained by the whole scientific world, and in an especial degree by the members of this body. The first published investigations of Professor Gibbs ap- peared in the Transactions of this Academy in 1873, under the titles of “Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids,” and “A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by means of Surfaces,” and these were followed, in 1875 and 1878, by his celebrated papers on “The Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.” The great importance of this work is shown by the fact that the author anticipated, by purely theoretical considerations, a large number of the discoveries in Physical Chemistry which have since been made, and that he intro- duced, into this field, the most powerful method of theoreti- cal investigation now known :—a method, moreover, which, being independent of special hypotheses, seems destined to hold a permanent place among those great scientific methods which the lapse of time does not render obsolete. The Academy in emphasizing, in this memorial, the researches of Professor Gibbs published in its Transactions, is not unmind- ful of his distinguished achievements in other scientific lines, but it leaves to others the special mention of such work, proud of the fact that it recognized so early the value of his researches in Thermodynamics, and was instrumental in giy- ing that work to the scientific world. heared ie tipi VCE ALR RES FEN OE NC 2 ige Uteae s 7 Pe a ee BRIO SRG GAN at CONTENES OF PART I. Page rst om Orricnns. MEMBERS! AND PATRONS: .-'..-...-.-c-<-.<--------- li-vi PROCEEDINGS AT THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF THE ACADEMY, OCT. Us TEE) 2 Sch a RS se a pA ea eS vii HistoricAL ADDRESS By Hon. Smrcon E. BaLpwin. THE First CENTURY OF THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SSC THOR CLOTS IS Gps ee a ys See! a ee ese Se aele erepee xiii ADDRESS BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM NortH RICE. SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IN THE NINETEETH CENTURY-----_--_-.----------- XxXxvi ADDRESS BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM H. BREWER. THE DEBT OF Mis CENTURY: TO) LHARNED SOCIETIES 2. .---s.25-.22----2--- xlv TASONPAD DITIONS TO .THE: WIBRARY<<.5 ot. Job oc-e ote ceeeoeal lv Art. I.—OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIGESTION OF PROTEIDS WITH PAPAIN, By LarayetTTe B. MENDEL AND FRANK P. UNDERHILL.-.---------- 1 Art, II.—AppITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF THE BERMUDAS FROM THE YALE EXPEDITION OF 1901, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES. By ADDISON Re ROR: Teer LAL GB eo ses npn er ee A eet oy nn cate aya eee 15 Art, I1I.—VARIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE OF BERMUDIAN, WEST INDIAN, AND BRAZILIAN REEF CORALS, WITH NOTES ON VARIOUS INDO-PACIFIC ConA Geb VAD DISON bith WERREDI 2.222 beeen 28 Sok ee Se 63 Art. [V.—CoMPARISONS OF THE BERMUDIAN, WEsT INDIAN, AND BRAZIL- TAN CoRAaL Fauna. By Appison E. VERRILL. Plates 10-35_____- 169 Art. V.—NOTES ON CORALS OF THE GENUS ACROPORA (MADREPORA LAM.), WITH NEW DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF TYPES, AND OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES. By Appison EK. VERRILL. Plates 36, 36 A-F ----_- 207 Art. VI.—SomE SPIDERS AND MITES FROM THE BERMUDA ISLANDS. By INUTITEUAR BUG SR tS cS a > Ae ae te A 267 Art. VII.—MaRINE AND TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS OF THE BERMUDAS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. By Harriet RICHARD- SCM aL esicd—4 aes ook cis eS Oe A i ee IS tee Pia 217 Art. VIII.—ReEcONSTRUCTION OF A CRETACEOUS DINOSAUR, CLAOSAURUS ANNECTENS MarsH. By CHARLES E. BeEcHer. Plates 41-45_.____ 311 Art. IX.—THE ASCIDIANS OF THE BERMUDA ISLANDS. By WILLARD G. Warrior lates 46-64. 2. oo. cote eee ea BLE SO es tO LISD WS) THOS TENET BS a ERY ey SI ny a ee I CONTENTS OF PART IL. Art, X.—THE BrermMupA IsLANDS: THEIR SCENERY, CLIMATE, PRO- DUCTIONS, PHysioGRaPHY, NatuRAL History, AND GEOLOGY ; WITH SKETCHES OF THEIR KARLY HISTORY AND THE CHANGES Dur To MAN, By Appison E. VERRILL. Plates 65-104 ....____-. es Sy ee 413 InDEX TO Parr II 913 OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY, 1900-1902. President. CHARLES E. BEECHER. Vice President. RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN. Secretary. ALEXANDER W. EVANS. Librarian. ADDISON VAN NAME. Treasurer. MORRIS FE TYLER. Publishing Committee. GEORGE J. BRUSH. ADDISON E. VERRILL. RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN. EDWARD 8. DANA. CHARLES 8S. HASTINGS. CHARLES E. BEECHER. ADDISON VAN NAME. Auditing Committee. ADDISON E. VERRILL. ADDISON VAN NAME. LIST OF MEMBERS, 1899-1903. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Baupwin, Hon. Srmmreon Esen, LL.D., Bracu, Asst. Prof. FRepERIC Evisan, Ph.D., Breacu, JoHN KimpBerty, LL.B., BEEBE, Prof. WILLIAM, ‘ : BEECHER, Prof. CHARLES EMERSON, Ph.D., BENNETT, THoMAS Gray, Ph.B., BisHop, Lovuts Bennett, M.D., Buake, Henry Tayctor, M.A., Boxttwoop, Bertram B., Ph.D., BREWER, Prof. Wi~i1am Henry, Ph.D., BristoL, EUGENE Stuart, M.A., Brown, Rosert, M.A., Brownine, Asst. Prof. pie iuearay: Ph. 1D A Brusu, Prof. GrorGE Jarvis, LL.D., Bumsteap, Asst. Prof. Henry ANDREWS, Ph.D., Carma.t, Prof. WiLLIAM Henry, M.D., CHITTENDEN, Prof. RussELL Henry, Ph.D., Cuark, Prof. Joun E., : Cor, Asst. Prof. wee era Ph. D., CurRtTIs, GEORGE W., Dana, Prof. CE Agee SALISBURY, Ph. D., . Day, WILBUR FIsk, DEXTER, FRANKLIN BowpiTcH, Litt. D., Downs, EpGar SELAH, Ph.D., DuBois, Prof. Aucustus Jay, Ph.D., Eaton, Prof. DanreL Capy, Eaton, GEORGE FRANCIS, Ph.D., Evxin, WiLtiaM Lewis, Ph.D., Ey, Prof. Jonn Stang, M.D., Evans, Asst. Prof. ALEXANDER WILLIAM, “Ph, Diss Farnam, Prof. Henry Wo corr, R.P.D., Farnam, WILLIAM WuitTMaN, J.U.D., FisHer, Prof. Irvine, Ph.D., GALLAUDET, Epson FESSENDEN, Ph.D., Gripes, Prof. Jostan WiLtLarp, LL.D., Gooca, Prof. Frank Austin, Ph.D.., Goopwin, RALPH SCHUYLER, JR.. M.D., GRAVES, Prof. Henry SoLon, Harrison, Hon. Lynpe, Hastines, Prof. CHARLES eacion Ph. D., HENDERSON, YANDELL, Ph.D., Hitt, ALBert Banks, C.E., Hoppin, Prof. James Mason, LL.D., Horcukxiss, Justus S., Kinpie, Epwarp Martin, Ph.D., Kinespury, FREDERICK JoHN, LL.D., Kremer, Asst. Prof. DanreL ALBERT, Ph.D., New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven ieee Mass. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven Philadelphia, Pa. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven Dayton, Ohio New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven arate shite Conn. New Haven iv List of Members. KUNKEL, BEVERLY WavGH, Ph.B., Lapp, Prof. GEoRGE TRUMBULL, LL.D., Lockwoop, Asst. Prof. Epwin Hoyt, Ph.D., MacCurpy, GrorGE GRANT, M.A., MENDEL, Asst. Prof. LAFAYETTE Banani Ph. D., PatMer, Rev. CHarxes Ray, D.D., PENFIELD, Prof. SAMUEL LEwIs, Puruurrs, Prof. ANDREW WHEELER, Ph. D., Prerpont, Prof. James, Ph.D., Prrsson, Prof. Lous ee Rayno.ps, Prof. Epwarp ViLetts, D.C. is Rice, Prof. Witu1am Norra, LL.D., Riowarps, Prof. CHARLES BRINCKERHOFF, Rowe, Henry C., RusseE.1L, Prof. THomas HUBBARD, M. D., SARGENT, HENRY BRADFORD, SARGENT, JOSEPH B., : Situ, Prof. Gere Henry, LL. D., SmirH, Prof. HERBERT EUGENE, M.D., Smiru, Prof. Percry FranKLyn, Ph.D., Smirn, Prof. Sipney Irvine, Stureis, WiLtram C., Ph.D., Swain, Prof. Henry Lawrence, M.D., Toumey, Asst. Prof. James WILLIAM, TyLer, Morris Frank, LL.B., Van NAME, WILLARD Gipps, Ph.D., Van Name, AppIson, M.A., VaNVLECK, Prof. Joun Monrog, LL.D., VERRILL, Prof. Appison Emory, WasHINGTON, HENRY STEPHENS, Ph.D., Warrous, Prof. Grorcr Dutton, D.C.L., WELLS, Prof. Horace Lemur, WHEELER, Asst. Prof. Henry Lorp, Ph. D., WHEELER, Epwin Saxton, M.A., Waite, CHARLES ATwoop, M.A., Wairney, Ext, M.A., WILLiAMs, Prof. Baas SHALER, Ph. De, Wooprorp, Prof. ARTHUR BURNHAM, Ph.D., Wrieart, Prof. ARTHUR WILLIAMS, Ph.D., Wricat, Prof. Henry Parks, LL.D., New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven M idilletowan) Conn, New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven | New Haven New Haven Geteinds Springs New Haven - New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven Middletown: Conn. New Haven Locust, N. J. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Boiton, Prof. Henry CaRRINGTON, Ph.D., : 5 Washington, D. C. Catt, R. ELLswortn, Brooklyn, N. Y. Carter, President FRANKLIN, LL. D., Williamstown, Mass. GARDINER, JAMES TERRY, Ph.B., . E : , New York, N. Y. GitMAN, President Dante C., LL.D., — . : ; Washington, D. C: SKINNER, Prof. JosepH Joun, Ph.D., Boston, Mass. AOOTTION AL: ACTIV E Bacon, Francis, M.D., : Barney, Prof. SAMUEL Espen, C.E., BartTLett, Prof. CHARLES JOSEPH, M.D., Brirron, WILTON EVERETT, B.S., Evior, Gustavus, M.D., Emery, Prof. Henry Gaaaer Ph. i Footr, Harry Warp, Ph.D., JENKINS, Epwarp H., Ph.D., Linpstey, Prof. (Gaadiins Kee avon! M. D., Mrxter, Prof. WILLIAM GILBERT, Scuwap, Prof. J. C., Ph.D., Strokes, Rev. Anson PHELPS, JR., M.A., Winton, AnpREW Lincotn, Ph.bB WHEELER, LYNDE PHELPS, Ph.D., Woo.tsey, Prof. THEODORE SauispurRy, LL.B MEMBERS ist Or: PATRONS 1903. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven The following persons contributed to the special fund for publication of this volume: ADLER, Max, : d 5 ; Bacon, Francis, M.D., Baupwin, HENRY, ; : BaLpwin, Hon. Stmeon Epen, LL.D., BARTLETT, Prof. CHARLES JosePH, M.D., BeacH, JoHN KrmpBerzy, LL.B., Berse, Prof. WILLIAM, ; rie : BreecueEr, Prof. CHARLES Emerson, Ph.D., Bennett, THomas Gray, Ph.B., BisHop, Louts Bennett, M.D., Buake, Henry Tayror, M.A., ; 3 Boutwoop, Bertram B., Ph.D., Brewer, Prof. Witi1AmM Henry, Ph.D., BRISTOL, EuGeENE Stuart, M.A., Brown, Ropert, M.A Brusu, Prof. GEORGE mnie. LL. D., Carmatt, Prof. WitLIAM HENRY, MD. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven vi List of Patrons. CHITTENDEN, Prof. RussELL Henry, Ph.D., Cuark, Prof. Joun E., CLEAVELAND, Judge LIVINGSTON W. Cor, Prof. WesLry RoswELL, Ph.D., Curtis, GEORGE W. = Dana, Prof. ne SALISBURY, Ph. De Day, WiLpur FIskK, 4 Dexter, FRANKLIN BowDITcH, Litt, De, Divock, Henry Farnam, M.A., DuBors, Prof. Aucustus Jay, Ph.D., Dwicut, President Trworay, D.D., LL.D., Eaton, Prof, DaAnreEL Capy, Eaton, GeorGe Francis, Ph.D., Exror, Gustavus, M.D., Evkin, Witt1aM Lewis, Ph.D., Ety, Prof. Jonn Siang, M.D., Evans, Prof. ALEXANDER WILLIAM, Ph.D., Farnam, Prof. Henry Wotcort, R.P.D., Farnam, WiLLIAM Wurman, J.U.D., Fisuer, Prof. Irvine, Ph.D., Gress, Prof. Jostan WitLarD, LL.D., GILMAN, President DanteL C., LL.D., Goocu, Prof. Frank Austin, Ph.D., Hap.ey, President ArrHuR T., Harrtson, Hon. Lynpe, HastinGs, Prof. CHarues S., Ph. D., Hint, ALBERT BANKS, C.E., Hopp, Prof. James Mason, LL.D., Horcukiss, Henry L., Horcuxiss, Justus §., LL.B. JENKINS, Epwarp H., Ph.D., Kinespury, FrepERICK JoHN, LL.D., Lapp, Prof. GreorGe TRUMBULL, LL.D., Linpstey, Prof. CHarLes AuGustus, M.D., MacCurpy, GEORGE GRANT, M.A., MatHEerR, THomas W., ; MENDEL, Prof. wees Bakara! Ph. D., Mrxter, Prof. WILLIAM GILBERT, Ossorne, THomMAsS B., M.D., Paumer, Rev. CHARLES Ray, D.D., PENFIELD, Prof. SAMUEL LEwIs, Puevps, Prof. WitiiaAm Lyon, Ph.D., Pxuiturrs, Prof. ANDREW WHEELER, Ph.D., Prerpont, Prof. James, Ph.D., Pirsson, Prof. Louis VALENTINE, Raynoups, Prof. Epwarp VILETTE, D.C.L., Rice, Prof. eM Nort, LL.D., Rowe, Hmnry Russet, Prof. neni HvuBBarp, M. IDs, New Haven Longmeadow, Mass. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New York New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven Washinetows DACs New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven ‘Wataru , Conn. New Haven New Haven New Haven Florida New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven M tddletommn Conn. New Haven New Haven List of Patrons. Sauispury, Prof. EDWARD ELBRIDGE, Sanrorp, Lronarp C., M.D., SARGENT, HENRY BRADFORD, SARGENT, JOSEPH B., : SurrH, Prof. CHarLEs Henry, LL. D., SmitH, Prof. HERBERT Gaaanr, M.D., ’Sirn, Prof. PercEy FRANKLYN, Ph.D., SmirxH, Prof. Sipney IRVING, Stokes, Rev. ANSON PHELPS, JR., M.A., Stureis, WriLi1aM C., Ph.D., Sumner, Prof. WiLtttAM GraunaM, LL.D., Swat, Prof. Henry Lawrence, M.D., Toumey, Prof. James WILLIAM, Van Name, WILLARD Gipss, Ph.D., Van Name, Appison, M.A., VANVLECK, Prof. Joon Monroe, LL.D., VeERRILL, Prof. AppIsON Emory, Warrous, Prof. Grorer Dutton, D.C.L., WELLS, Prof. Horace LEMUEL, WHee ter, Prof. Henry Lorp, Ph.D., Waits, CHarLes Atwoop, M.A., WHITNEY, Et, M.A., Wrouiams, Prof. Haney. SHALER, Ph.D WitiiaMms, Prof. FREDERICK WELLS, Wootsey, Prof. THEoporE S., LL.B., Wricat, Prof. ARTHUR WiLLiams, Ph.D., Waraicut, Prof. Henry Parks, LL.D., vla New Haven New Haven New Haven New. Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven @oleuae Springs New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven Middletown, Conn. New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven New Haven ie THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS | AND SCIENCES. CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY, OCTOBER 1irts, 1899. NORTH SHEFFIELD HALL. AFTERNOON SESSION, 3 P. M. Reading of Communications from Corresponding Societies, by AtexanpEerR W. Evans, Ph.D., Secretary of the Academy. Address of Welcome, by His Honor Lyman A. Mutts, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. Address; The Debt of this Century to Learned Societies, by Professor Wiitram H. Brewer, Ph.D., President of the Academy. 4. Address; Scientific Thought in the Nineteenth Century, by Professor Wiriitram Norra Rice, LL.D., of Wesleyan University. [At the close of the addresses an opportunity will be offered for oral communications from delegates of Corresponding Societies. | EVENING SESSION, 8 P. M. 5. Address; The History of the Academy during its First Century, by Hon. Stazon E. Batpwiy, LL.D. Reception by the Academy of delegates from Corresponding Societies and invited guests, in Winchester Hall, from 9 to 11 P. mM. With the above program the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, the third in age of the learned societies of America, celebrated on the 11th of October, eighteen hundred and ninety- nine, its one-hundredth anniversary. By a happy coincidence the Centennial of the Academy came into near conjunction with the Bicentennial of Yale University, the foster-parent of the — Vili Centennial Anniversary. Academy, but at the same time was far enough removed to escape occultation. In the absence of his Excellency the Governor of Connecticut, who had official engagements elsewhere, the Lieutenant Governor, Hon. Lyman A. Mills, weleomed the Academy and its guests in the name of the State. _ The addresses of the occasion, by the President of the Academy ’ and two of its honored members, are printed in the pages that follow. Both to Judge Baldwin, of the Supreme Court of Con- necticut, who drew so faithful a picture of the Academy’s past, setting it in just relation to its environment and making even its more humble details attractive, and to Professor Rice, of Wes- leyan University, who so admirably outlined the course of scien- tific thought in the nineteenth century, the Academy is under great obligation for the service rendered. The cor dial greetings received from the correspondents of ind he Academy at home and abroad, conveying congratulations on the work achieved in the past and good wishes for the future, added much to the interest of the occasion. Their number and wide distribution, as shown in the subjoined list, bear witness to the sympathy which in this age unites the workers in science of all lands. Johns Hopkins University, Boston Society of Natural History, Harvard University, Field Columbian Museum, Connecticut Historical Society, Trinity College, : State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Wesleyan University, : New London County Historical Society, Linnean Society of New York, New York Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, Franklin Institute, Pennsylvania Historical Society, Missouri Botanical Garden, Academy of Science, Essex Institute, : : ; Georgia Historical Society, ; : Smithsonian Institution, United States Naval Observatory, Baltimore. Boston. Cambridge. Chicago. Hartford. Hartford. Madison. Middletown. New London. New York. New York. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. St. Louis. St. Louis. Salem. Savannah. Washington. Washington. Centennial Anniversary. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, , : : Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Weten- schappen, Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in N eder- landsch-Indié, Kéniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaf. ten, : : Government Observator Ys Meteorologisches Observatorium, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Queensland Branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, Académie des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux- Arts de Bélgique, Institut Météorologique de Roumanie, Société Linnéenne de Normandie, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Kongelige Frederiks Universitet, . Koninklijk Nederlandsch Meteorologisch Instituut, Naturforscher-Gesellschaft bei der Kaiserlichen Universitit, . Verein fiir Erdkunde, Royal Observatory, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Kongliga Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhiille, Nova Scotian Institute of Science, ; Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Medicinisch-Naturwissenschafliche Gesellschaft, Société Physico-Mathématique, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Schleswig- Hol- stein, Physikalisch- ékonomische "Gesellschaft, Geological Society, Mathematical Society, Royal Historical Society, Royal Society, Konglige Carolinska ‘Universitet, Literary and Philosophical Society, Wesfilischer Provincial-Verein fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst, Real Istituto d’Incor aggiamento, : North of England Institute of Hae and Mechan- ical Engineers, Geological Survey of Canada, 1X Amsterdain. Basel. Batavia. Batavia. Berlin. Bombay. Bremen. Bremen. Brisbane. Bruxelles. Bucharest. Caen. Caleutta. Christiania. De Bilt. Dorpat. Dresden. Edinburgh. Emden. Freiburg im Breisgau. Gorlitz. Gothenburg. Halifax. Helsingfors. Helsingfors. Jena. Kasan. Kiel. K6nigsberg. London. London. London. London. Lund. Manchester. Miinster. Naples. Neweastle-upon-Tyne. Ottawa. x Centennial Anniversary. Société Mathématique de France, . : : Paris. Observatoire Central Nicolas, ‘ : : Pulkowa. Reale Accademia dei Lincei, . . ; Rome. Societa Italiana delle Scienze detta del XL, . Rome. Academie Impériale des Sciences, . ; . St. Petersburg. Comité Géologique, ; : . : . St. Petersburg. Observatoire Physique Central Nicolas, . St. Petersburg. Russisch Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, St. Petersburg. Sociedad Cientitica de Chile, . : : : Santiago. Royal Society of New South Wales, i : Sidney. Museum, : ; 5 : : ; ; Trémso. teale Museo di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata, Turin. Konglige Universitet, —. 4 : ; : Upsala. From these greetings we venture to select for reproduction here, on the ground of our inheritance of a common language and of other common heritages, the following : THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE Sends to the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences on the happy occasion of its celebrating the Centenary of its foundation brotherly greetings and hearty congratulations. From the earliest days the Royal Society has felt that its efforts should not be confined to the city whose name forms part of its title, and has always sympathized with, and, from time to time, has assisted undertakings for improving Natural Knowledge carried out in various parts of the world. It remembers with pride how since its early years it has been able to count as mem- bers of itself many distinguished men of science dwelling on the other side of the Atlantic, some of whom Connecticut can claim as its own. And to the earnest wish that the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences may enjoy continued prosperity in time to come it adds the no less sincere and earnest wish that the brotherly ties between those who on the two sides of the ocean are devoting themselves to improving Natural Knowledge may grow still stronger as the years pass on. Lisrrr, Pres. R. §. Centennial Anniversary. xi THE LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Present fraternal greetings to the Connecticut Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of their foundation. They look back with satisfaction on the exchange of publica- tions which has subsisted between the two bodies ever since their own foundation in the year 1865. They récognize with much pleasure the importance of the researches in Mathematical and Physical Science given to the world by the Connecticut Academy in a language which does not convey to them any suggestion of a foreign origin. In no coun- try has the value of these researches been earlier or more fully recognized than in Great Britain. They desire and expect a long career of increasing usefulness and honor for the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, which even now takes rank among the most ancient of the existing learned societies of the world. Signed in behalf of the London Mathematical Society. Kervin, President. JosepH Larmor, Zvreasurer. Roserr Tucker, | & A. E. H. Love, \ cretaries. London, July 31, 1899. THE COUNCIL OF THE MANCHESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Send most cordial greetings on the occasion of the Centenary of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. They recall the great services which the Academy has rendered, not only in the encouragement of scientific research within its own borders, but also by the singular merit of its publications, many of which they feel will rank as permanent landmarks in the history of Science. The Conncil feel that they can express no better wish than that the Academy may continue to flourish in a manner worthy of its past traditions. 3 26th September, 1899. Horacrt Lams, President. R. G. Gwyruer, | Honorary Francis Jones, $ Secretaries. xil Centennial Anniversary. Royat Oxssrervatory, EpInBuRGH. 27th September, 1899. To the Secretary Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, U. S. A. Dear Str—The Staff of this Observatory desire to join with me in most heartily congratulating the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences on the celebration of the hundredth anniver- sary of its foundation. On this auspicious occasion we particularly call to mind the distinguished services to the Sciences of Meteorology and Astron- omy done by your illustrious members Loomis and H. A. - Newton, whose names will ever be associated with the scientific progress of the closing century. Wishing the most complete success to your commemoration and regretting that it is not practicable for any of us to share per- sonally therein, Iam, Dear Sir, Very faithfully yours, Rapa CopELann. In addition to the greetings sent, several of the societies had. also appointed delegates to represent them at the Celebration, delegates of foreign societies being naturally chosen from their American membership. Some who had accepted appointment found themselves at the last moment unable to come. Actually present were these: from the Boston Society of Natural History, Professor Edward S. Morse; from Harvard University, Professor Charles R. Lanman; from the Connecticut Historical Society, Hon. Simeon E. Baldwin; from Wesleyan University, Professor William North Rice; from the Geological Society of London, Professors George J. Brush and Edward 8S. Dana; from the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, Professor J. Willard Gibbs; from the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mr. Richard P. Rothwell, of New York. With a reception tendered by the Academy to the delegates and invited guests, the celebration, and with it the record of the first century, was closed. THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. An Historical Address delivered before the Academy at its Centennial Anniversary, on October 11th, 1899. By Sm™MeEon E. BALpwin, LL.D. American science, and perhaps we may say American letters, first began to take shape in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Franklin was easily the first in each. One is almost tempted to declare that he was the first American who wrote good English: it is certainly safe to say that he was the first whose style of composition had a distinct and lasting charm. This gave wings to his scientific discoveries and conclusions, and made him a citizen of the world. It was natural that he should take the lead in introducing upon our continent the learned academy. The American Philosophical Society sprang from his creative touch, and had its first beginnings at Philadelphia in 1744. Bos- ton followed in 1780 with the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the list for the century was closed at New Haven with the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1799.* It is seldom that anything enduring is originally constituted in the form and manner which subsequently mark its character. In laying the foundations of the oldest of the societies which I have named, which was in 1743, it was Franklin’s aim to bring into association all who had any reputation for scientific attain- ments in the different colonies. While an organization was effected in 1744, no one came in, outside of Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey, and after a languishing existence of a quarter of a century it was merged with a local society of Phila- * An association called ‘‘The Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge ” existed in the city of New York in 1792, which met monthly; but it was not incorporated. Morse’s American Geography, ed. of 1792, 265. Trans. Conn. Acap., Vol. IX. b XIV Centennial Anniversary delphia under a charter from the State of Pennsylvania, incor- porating it as the American Philosophical Society for the Promo- tion of Useful Knowledge. Of this Franklin was the first President, and it has ever since maintained an honorable position in the republic of letters. ; In like manner the Academy, whose centennial we meet to-night to celebrate, was founded on the ruins of an earlier organization, the Connecticut Society of Arts and Sciences. In 1779, Benjamin Guild, a Harvard tutor, who was then planning the foundation of the American Academy at Boston, on his way back from Phila- delphia, where he had probably made himself acquainted with the constitution and methods of the American Philosophical Society, stopped over at New Haven to see one of its early mem- bers, President Stiles. The establishment of academies both at Boston and New Haven was talked over at length, and each soon made earnest efforts in that direction. A few months later, Mr. Guild was able to send Dr. Stiles a copy of the charter granted by Massachusetts for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In Connecticut, however, a less friendly spirit was shown. The relations: between the State and Yale College were somewhat strained. That institution had become a body of great and grow- ing importance. It was self-governing. The fellows or trustees were all Congregational clergymen, and perpetuated themselves by filling vacancies, as they might arise. No power of visitation had been reserved in terms to the State, when the charter was granted, and none was admitted to exist by the College authori- ties. It was obvious that any academy of arts and sciences which might be incorporated would naturally gravitate towards the College, and come ultimately under the leadership of the same set of men. There were those also, even among the Congregational clergy, by whom the College was viewed with some distrust. President Clap had been a Calvinist of the old school, but President Stiles was what in those days was denominated a Latitudinarian. He was of opinion that the true theory of Christian redemption was that—to use his own words in a letter to Dr. Franklin—a “ happy immortality” had thus been “ purchased for the virtuous and truly good of every religious denomination in Christendom, and for those of every age, nation and mythology, who reverence the Address by Professor Baldwin. XV Deity, are filled with integrity, righteousness, and benevolence.’’* Such sentiments did not generally prevail in the Congregational pulpits of the State, and those who did not share them were able to point to the declining state of the College church as evidence of their evil tendency. Under these circumstances a charter for “the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,” drafted by President Stiles, was sent by him to the Rev. Dr. Nathan Strong of Hartford for pre- sentation to the General Assembly at its May session, to be held in that city in 1781. The Academy was to consist of a President and Fellows, the first meeting to be called by Dr. Stiles and held at “the chapel of the College of Connecticut Hall in New Haven.” A blank was left in the draft for the names of the incorporators, which it was probably supposed could best be filled by Dr. Strong on consultation with the friends of the measure in the Assembly. Apparently it found friends in the upper house, for it was there passed, and with such inconsiderate haste that the blank was left unfilled, thus making the bill totally inoperative. In the lower house it received more careful attention. An amendment was proposed to make the Academy “at all times subject to the visitation and inspection of the General Assembly ” and the matter continued to the next session at New Haven.t In this disposition of it the upper house finally concurred, and after one or two similar continuances at subsequent sessions, Dr. Stiles evidently thought it best to make a fresh start on a different basis, for we find him, in 1783, in consultation with his cousin, Rev. John Devotion of Saybrook, over a new charter, for the “ Connec- ticut Academy of Sciences,’ making the Governor of the State the first President, and the Secretary of the State the “chief Secretary.” The Academy was to have power to establish a botanical garden and to purchase or erect a suitable building, con- taining a hall for its meetings, a library, and rooms adapted to the purposes of a museum. The first meeting was to be held at Middletown.? * Franklin’s Memoirs, Phila. ed. of 1834, i, 622. + Conn. State Mss. Archives, Colleges and Schools, 1763-1789, No. 134. The Yale Book, I, 331. ¢ Mss. Diary of President Stiles, Vol. 11, p. 282. This draft of a charter is also preserved in the Stiles Mss., in the Yale library. Xvi Centennial Anniversary A sedulous desire to avoid any marked connection with the Col- lege is shown in this scheme of organization. The arts were even excluded from the corporate name. It fared, however, no better than its predecessor; one cause perhaps, being that it provided that the proposed building should be free of taxation. The pub- lie mind, also, was full of other things. The era of the revolution had closed, but that of reconstruction, with all its possibilities, was now opening. ; Three years later, in despair of obtaining the legislation desired, a voluntary association® was formed at Hartford during the ses- sion of the General Assembly there, by the name of the Connecti- eut Society of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Stiles and Dr. Strong were among its active promoters, the number of whom was limited to sixty, and soon rose to over forty, the Lieutenant-Governor of the State being the first President. It was to have two semi-annual sessions, alternately at Hartford and New Haven, during the ses- sion of the legislature at each place. No prophet was needed to predict the practical failure of this scheme. It was an appendage to the General Assembly, but without its countenance. It had no fixed center nor place of abode. ; A learned academy must be the outgrowth, or at least must have the cordial support, either of a university or of a capital. It must draw its life from an exchange of the fruits of scholarship, or an exchange of news of scientific discovery. Nor can it be migratory. It must have a rod o7@, if it would exert a continuous and lasting influence. : But one paper was ever published by the Connecticut Society of Arts and Sciences—a dissertation on the Language of the Muhhekaneew Indians, by Rey. Dr. Jonathan Edwards, the younger. It is one of acknowledged merit, and was communi- cated to the Society in October, 1787. The times were then growing more and more unfavorable to the cultivation of any science but that of polities. The one great subject of thought was the formation of a better government for the United States. The Convention which * Stiles’ Diary, Vol. 10, p. 150. A search through the Journal of the May rater ine : Session, 1786, confirms the accuracy of Dr. Stiles’ entry as to its not being incor- porated. Address by Professor Baldwin. XVil framed the Constitution of 1789 had just closed its sessions. Whether to ratify or reject the work, whether to side with Ham- ilton or Patrick Henry, were questions which quite superseded any that could be raised by Dr. Edwards as to the analogy between the Hebrew and the tongue of the Muhhekaneews. Party spirit soon awoke, and whatever time Connecticut could give to academic subjects was devoted to readjusting the relations between the State and Yale College by bringing the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and six of the Assistants into her board of management. This was accomplished in 1792, and seven years later, on March 4th, 1799, a new organization was quietly effected at New Haven, under the name originally selected by Dr. Stiles. It was at first a voluntary association, but a few months later, at the October session of the General Assembly, in 1799, a charter of incorpora- tion was easily obtained. It included many of the members of the Connecticut Society of Arts and Sciences, but there was no formal merger of the moribund institution with that thus brought into existence. The first meeting of the Academy under its charter was held at the State House in this city on October 22d, 1799. There was an organization on asolid foundation. The President was the President of Yale College. The Vice-President was the Gov- ernor of the State, and the head of the ** Counselors ” was the Lieu- tenant-Governor ; both also being ew officio Fellows of the College. The charter did not specify the objects of the Academy, otherwise than by its name, and in the preamble, which declared that ‘ lit- erary Societies have been found to promote, diffuse and preserve the knowledge of those Arts and Sciences, which are the support of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, and to advance the dignity, virtue and happiness of a people.” These same words were repeated in the charter of the American Geological Society, when that was incorporated by Connecticut, twenty years later.* Any organization of which President Dwight was the head had from that fact alone an assurance of success. His strong, domi- nating character, active mind, and untiring energy, set the Acad- emy at once upon a course of useful activity. * Private Laws of Connecticut, Vol. 1, p. 1098. xviil Centennial Anniversary New Haven was but a small capital. Yale was but a small college. But there were then few larger cities, and only one larger college on the American continent. The membership of the Academy was co-extensive with the State, and embraced men of all parties and all shades of opinion. Among those named in the charter were Chief J ustice Swift of Windham, whose treatises on legal topics were among the earliest as they are among the best of American works of that character ; Josiah Meigs, an ardent Jeffersonian, then holding the chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Yale, but soon to find a more congenial political atmosphere in Georgia, where he went in 1801 to become President of its State University ; Noah Webster; Abraham Bishop, whose attacks on President Dwight in political addresses soon put an impassable gulf between them; Chief Justice Hosmer of Middletown; Judge Pierpont Edwards; Chief Justice Ellsworth of Windsor; and Dr. Bela Hubbard, rector of Trinity Church, and the leader of the Episcopalian clergy of the diocese. President Dwight was particularly interested in_ political science. He was also a close student of history, and saw the importance for the United States of reducing to proper form for future use all the historical and statistical material that, so famil- iar as to be uninteresting to one generation, is of priceless value to the next. Under his lead, in December, 1799, action was taken towards memorializing Congress to enlarge the objects of the national census of 1800, and to secure greater particularity in the returns. Cooperation in this effort was invited from the American Philo- | sophical Society andthe American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Academy also, a week later, agreed on a circular letter to be issued in its name, asking for statistical information as to the State of Connecticut and the several towns within its jurisdiction. The result of this request, which was followed up by newspaper addresses, and much private correspondence, was that such statis- ties were obtained from more than thirty towns ;* by far the most valuable being those for New Haven prepared by President Dwight. This piece of his work was published by the Academy in 1811, ina pamphlet of 84 pages, as the first part of the first * The Yale Book, fF, 333. Address by Professor Baldwin. xix volume of aseries to be entitled “A Statistical Account of the Towns and Parishes in the State of Connecticut.” It was fol- lowed, in 1815, by a similar account of the towns in Litchfield county, by James Morris, and in 1819, by one of those in Middle- sex county, by Rey. Dr. David Dudley Field of Haddam, father of an illustrious family. To this work Dr. Field added in 1827 a sketch of the history of Guilford and Madison.* It is to be regretted that the projected series was carried no farther. During its first twenty years of existence, the Academy held its annual meetings at the State House in New Haven, and its others at the residences of its members in succession. An oration by some person of distinction was a feature of the annual meeting, and at those held at private houses some paper of a less formal character was generally presented, or topics of general interest discussed. If one of the members was writing a book, some of the chapters would be likely to pass in this way, while in manu- script, before the Academy, and the views presented receive its friendly criticism. President Dwight’s defence of the common language of New England, and of the pronunciation of English by her people, contained in a letter to an imaginary Englishman, published after his death in the fourth volume of his ‘Travels in New England and New York,” was presented in this way as a communication to the Academy in 1813. In 1818, a report was adopted from a committee of which Pro- fessor Silliman was the chairman, urging the importance of a proper geological survey and map of the State. This was the ’ beginning of an effort to press the subject upon the attention of the legislature, which resulted, in 1835, in the appointment by the State of two members of the Academy, Dr. Charles Upham Shepard and Dr. James G. Percival, to undertake the work. Dr. Shepard’s report, which was mainly confined to mineralogy, was published in 1837, in a thick pamphlet of 188 pages, and Dr. Percival’s, with the geological map, followed five years later in a volume of much larger dimensions. The published transactions of the Academy, aside from the Statistical Account of the State, which was designed to stand by itself as a separate work, began with Part 1 of Volume 1, printed * This was the foundation of Smith’s History of Guilford, published in 1874. xXx Centennial Anniversary in 1810. The second part followed in 1811, the third in 1813, and the fourth and last in 1816. The range of subjects discussed was broad. Two papers read by Noah Webster in 1799 and 1806 had the place of honor, and treated of the supposed moderation in the temperature of winter in modern times. It was his opinion that the spread of population over the earth, and the attendant alterations in the face of the ground occasioned by clearing and cultivation, had resulted in a less equal and uniform distribution of heat and cold among the several seasons, but that the cold of winter was in the aggregate as great as ever, though less steady- Judge Daggett narrated the history of a law suit brought for destroying a dam across the Housatonic river, in which the defence was that ponding the water had been a cause of fever and ague. A lengthy paper by Dr. Benjamin W. Dwight, of Catskill, New York, a son of the President, on Chronic Debility of the Stomach, excited wide attention, and was republished in England. One of its positions might well commend it to English readers. ‘“ Wine, and wine only,” he wrote, “is recommended in holy writ for dyspeptic complaints. ‘A little wine for thy stomach’s sake, and thine often infirmities’ was the direction of the Apostle Paul to Timothy. The words ‘thy stomach’s sake, and thine often infirmities’ prove the disease to have been Chronic Debility of that viseus, with a numerous train of morbid sympathies ; and no prescription of Hippocrates could have been better.” Another son of the President, Sereno E. Dwight, then a mem- ber of the New Haven Bar, contributed a dissertation on the Origin of Springs. The volume closed with a mathematical demonstration of Stewart’s Properties of the Circle, by Professor Strong of Hamilton College. It contained also a number of papers on subjects of natural philosophy, and two from the pen of President Dwight, the more important one being Observations on Language, the theme of which was that the intelligence of any nation may be exactly estimated from its vocabulary. The year after the completion of Volume 1 of the Memoirs of the Academy (which was the style of the title adopted) President Dwight’s death sent the Presidency of the College, and with it naturally that of the Academy, into the hands of Dr. Day. Address by Professor Baldwin. XXi His horizon was not so broad as that of his predecessor in these offices, nor his executive powers of equal energy. Another cireumstance also now occurred to weaken the position of the Academy as an active force in the cultivation of the Arts and Sciences. In 1818, Professor Silliman undertook the arduous task of editing and publishing a scientitic periodical of a general character, and in July of that year, the first number of the “American Journal of Science and Arts” appeared from the New Haven press. He had made important contributions to the first volume of the Academy’s Memoirs, and had always been one of its leading spirits. Such, indeed, he continued to be for many years, but his main interest henceforth as to scientifie publications was naturally centered in the Journal, for whose regular issue he had become responsible, and which was soon called, in common parlance, by his name. To support his undertaking, a vote had been passed in February, “that the Committee of Publication may allow such of the Academy’s papers as they think proper, to be published in Mr. Silliman’s Scientific Journal.” Free use was made of this authority, and a large part of the contents of the Journal was for many years drawn from this source. In some eases this fact was noted in publication; but in most it was not. Among the more important communications to the Academy which were thus transferred to the Journal of Science may be mentioned a series of articles, some by Edward C. Herrick, and others by Professors Olmstead and Loomis, stating the observations and conclusions which did so much to eall general attention to the periodicity of meteoric showers and to confirm what is now the universally accepted theory of their cause. In 1826, when the Journal was in great need of financial sup- port, the Academy further voted to pay fora year the cost of printing such of its papers as might be published in it. In Bald- win’s Annals of Yale College,* published in 1831, it is described as a publication “honorable to the science of our common coun- try,” and having “an additional value as being adopted as the acknowledged organ of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.” The Christian Spectator, also, another New Haven magazine, which was founded in 1819, drew heavily from the productive
Wurtz: Comptes rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, 1880, xe, p. 1879.
* Martin: Journal of Physiology, 1884, v, p. 213; 1885, vi, p. 336.
Mendel and Underhill— Papain-digestion. 3
abundantly when these neutral fluids are heated. Its occurrence is too
characteristic and the quantities formed are too large to be ascribed
to traces of unprecipitated alkali-proteid. Peptones (in the older
sense) were obtained by concentrating the filtrates from the globulin-
like body and precipitating with a large excess of alcohol a substance
which gave the biuret reaction and was readily diffusible. From the
alcoholic solution, crystals of leucin were obtained. Martin experi-
enced more difficulty, however, in showing the presence of tyrosin.
No erystals could be obtained; but when the alcoholic peptone-
filtrate was dried, an extract could be prepared from it with absolute
alcohol. This solution gave Millon’s reaction and led Martin to con-
clude the presence of tyrosin. In his own words “we have, then, in
papain a proteolytic ferment acting almost exactly like trypsin : sim-
ilar in the proneness of decomposition in solution, in its erosion of
coagulated proteid: in the formation of an ‘intermediate’ body from
the proteid ; and the formation of a perfect peptone, and of leucin
and tyrosin.”’ Later Martin obtained impure crystals of tyrosm and
leucin from the dried papaw juice, and also apparently identified
them in small quantity among the products of the self-digestion of
this material. The crude way in which the material at his disposal
was prepared by no means excludes the possibility of previous decom-
position through the ageney of bacteria and the formation of bac-
terial enzymes.” This might, at least, reasonably be assumed of a
“yellow brown powder of sickly smell” obtained by drying, chiefly
in the East Indies, the juice of the unripe fruit in the open air and
under glass. Furthermore the quantity of leucin and tyrosin—if
such they were—obtained in the digestions with large quantities of
proteid, was extremely small when compared with the typical results of
tryptic proteolysis ; and Martin himself has been far more cautious in
drawing any final conclusion than have those who have subsequently
quoted his investigations. For he says: “It is evident moreover
that too general a deduction cannot at present be drawn as to the
nature of the proteolytic change, as to whether the agent acts like
animal pepsin or like trypsin.”’ In studying the literature of papain-
proteolysis we have been surprised to find upon what scanty and
meagre data some of the current statements on the subject are based ;
and we have dwelt particularly upon these widely quoted observa-
tions of “Martin to illustrate this point.
1 Martin: loc. cit., 1884, v, p. 280.
2Some commercial preparations have been reported to contain spores and
dead forms of bacilli. (Dowdeswell: Practitioner, 1883, xxx, May.)
’ Martin: Journal of Physiology, 1885, vi, p. 360.
4 Mendel and Underhili—Papain-digestion.
In 1892, Chittenden’ published the results of an extensive study of
the digestive action of “ Papoid,” a therapeutic agent prepared from
the various parts of the papaw plant, Carica papaya. The enzyme-
like character of the preparation was clearly shown by the readiness
with which it dissolved proteids like fresh and boiled fibrin, raw and
cooked beef proteids and coagulated egg-white in neutral, alkaline
and acid media, even in the presence of various antiseptic agents.
While the attention of this investigator was directed particularly
to the conditions under which the proteolysis proceeds best, he inci-
dentally made several observations with reference to the products
formed. With coagulated egg-albumin, a peculiar albumose-like
body, a deuteroalbumose, a fairly large amount of peptone and some
leucin and tyrosin were isolated. With raw blood-fibrin and cooked
beef-proteids similar results were obtained.’ Particularly conspic-
uous was a soluble albumose formed in the fibrin digestions. It was
completely precipitable from a neutral solution by heat and partook
of the general character of hetereoralbumose, being insoluble in
water but completely insoluble in salt solutions as well as in dilute
acids and alkalies. ‘This substance recalls the “globulin-like” body
described by Martin. While calling attention to the points of
resemblance between the action of papoid and trypsin, Chittenden
points ont that the latter is ordinarily associated with an alkaline
secretion, and as a proteolytic agent acts to advantage only in alka-
line fluids. On the other hand, the action of papoid in neu-
tral solutions is increased by the addition of a very small amount
of hydrochloric acid. Wurtz* has also stated that the liquid juice of
the papaw is neutral in reaction. Chittenden therefore merely con-
cludes “that the power possessed by papoid of dissolving various
forms of proteid matter is dependent upon an ordinary digestive
action akin to, or identical with, that of digestive ferments in general,
whether animal or vegetable.
In a subsequent paper from this laboratory* it was demonstrated
that not only are true albumoses (in Kiihne’s sense) formed by vari-
ous commercial papain preparations acting in different media, but
1 Chittenden: Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
1892, ix, p. 298.
* We learn from Professor Chittenden that the quantities of leucin and tyrosin
found by him were small at the most. ;
* Wurtz and Bouchut: Comptes rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, 1879,
lxxxix, p. 425.
4 Chittenden, Mendel and McDermott: American Journal of Physiology, 1898,
i, p. 255. The references to the literature are given in this paper.
Mendel and Underhill— Papain-digestion. 5
—contrary to the statements of several writers—peptones, 7. e.,
biuret-giving compounds not precipitable by ammonium sulphate
or zine sulphate, are formed in considerable amounts. The latter
were separated from digestive mixtures and their physiological
action was investigated. Previous to this Neumeister’ only had
directed attention to this point. His report is, however, very scanty,
and the commercial preparation of ‘ papayotin” which he used must
have been rather inactive ; for although it dissolved coagulated egg-
white in an alkaline mixture, it failed to digest fresh fibrin or to act
in acid or neutral solutions. He arrived at no definite conclusion
regarding the nature of the enzyme.
The present investigation is the outcome of an attempt to isolate
the end-products of the action of papain upon purified proteids.
Relying upon such statements as have been introduced into the
literature on this subject, we had expected to find a marked resem-
blance in character between the products formed by trypsin and
those resulting from papain proteolysis. Our experiments, on the
contrary, soon indicated that pronounced differences exist. From the
data accumulated we feel justified in reporting some additional
features regarding the action of the papaw enzyme. We have not
been fortunate enough to secure specimens of the fruit itself for
study ; but the results obtained with four commercial preparations
from different sources are fairly concordant and characteristic and
give no occasion to suspect the extensive admixture of other enzymes.
These preparations will be referred to below as Papain A, B, C, and
D; they were bought under the names of ‘“ Papoid,” ‘ Caroid,”
*Papain (Lehn and Fink’s),” and “ Papain (Merck’s)” respectively.
Our observations will be considered under four chapters in the part
following.
I. The Influence of the Reaction on the Proteolytic Action
of Papain.
A survey of the literature on the action of papain shows that the
observers have by no means been agreed regarding the conditions of
reaction under which proteolysis proceeds favorably. Wurtz, the
earliest careful investigator of this point, and Chittenden, who made
the most exhaustive study (with “ papoid”), both found the enzyme
active in acid, alkaline and neutral media, as already indicated.
Similar observations were made by Polak* with two papain prepara-
1 Neumeister: Zeitschrift fiir Biologie, 1890, xxvi, p. 82.
* Polak: Jahresbericht fiir Thierchemie, 188%, xii, p. 254.
6 Mendel and Underhili—Papain-digestion.
tions in the digestion of various proteids. While nearly all writers
have found that weakly alkaline fluids favor the action of papain,
there has been great diversity of experience regarding the influence
of acid reaction.’ Undoubtedly the conditions determining the
character of the acid reaction, @. ¢., the presence or absence of free
mineral acid, are of decisive influence and have been overlooked in
this connection, as frequently elsewhere, in discussions regarding
enzyme activity.” Our own experiments confirm the results obtained
by the three writers above named in showing pronounced proteo-
lytic activity in digestive mixtures with various reactions.
Methods. The general course of these experiments has been to
treat the proteid used with relatively concentrated solutions of the
enzyme preparation under examination, enough sodium fluoride
being dissolved in the mixture in every case to make the total
strength of this antiseptic equivalent to at least one per cent. Pre-
vious trials had demonstrated that this salt does not interfere seri-
ously with the action of papain.* The digestions were carried on in
an oven at 37°C. In the series of quantitative trials reported below
ten grams of moist coagulated egg-white, finely comminuted, were
used. To this, 50 ¢.c. of 0.2 per cent. HCl were added for the acid
digestions, 50 c.c. of 2 per cent. HNaCO, solution for the alkaline
digestions, and 50 ¢.c. of water for the neutral media. Finally 1.5
grams of papain were digested with 125 ¢.c. of water and 50 c.c.
of the filtrate were employed in each digestion. Each digestion
mixture was thus made up as follows :
10 grams of moist proteid (2.025 grams of dry proteid),
100 c.c. of fluid containing 1 gram NaF,
0.1 per cent. HCl, or
papain and+1.0 ‘“ HNaCOs, or
water.
Control trials were simultaneously carried out with boiled papain
solutions, and lastly the solvent action of the fluids used was ascer-
tained.” After allowing the digestive action to proceed at 37° C.
*For the literature references on this point see Oppenheimer: Die Fermente
und ihre Wirkungen, 1900, p. 186; also Pickardt : Centralblatt fiir Physiologie,
1900, xiv, p. 351.
* Cf. Hanford: American Journal of Physiology, 1900, iv, p. 250.
° Of. Chittenden, Mendel and McDermott: American Journal of Physiology,
1898, i, p. 259.
*The complete extent of digestive action is not always accurately represented
in this way, since what is estimated as undigested residue may frequently be
made up in part of transformation products, like antialbumid, resulting from
the work of the enzyme.
Mendel and Underhill—Papain-digestion. 7
with frequent agitation of the mixture for four hours, it was stopped
by heating, and the undissolved residue filtered upon dried and
weighed ash-free papers, then thoroughly washed with hot water
and dried to constant weight at 105° C. From the figures thus
obtained the percentage of proteid dissolved was calculated. The
results are tabulated below.
PAPAIN DIGESTION OF COAGULATED EGG-ALBUMIN.
(The figures indicate the percentages of proteid dissolved.)
Papain A. Papain B. | Papain D. | Controls with-
Medium. - | out Papain
unboiled boiled unboiled| boiled junboiled | boiled Solution.
0.1 per cent HCl, SHR ei2-0) |) 1405 2.9 | 40.6 5.4 | 6.0
1.0 se HNaCOs, 24.0 8.7 | 54.0 Lea 6G F 2.1 4.2
water, 16.6 0.8 41.7 4.0 Wau 6.1 2.4
In evidence of the statement already made regarding the activity
of papain preparations in both alkaline and acid media, we might
add many additional data. In numerous qualitative tests with vari-
ous papain preparations acting on fibrin, casein, boiled and unboiled
muscle tissue, in the presence of 2 per cent. NaF and in media
acid with 0.1 per cent. HCl, or alkaline with 1.0 per cent. HNaCO,
or 0.5 per cent. Na,CO,, or in approximately neutral fluids, vigorous
solvent action was always observed. In considering the relatively
weak digestive action noted above in the case of the acid mixtures,
it should be borne in mind that the strength of acid here recorded is
rather large’ and by a selection of more appropriate conditions the
solvent power could doubtless have been considerably increased.
IT, Are Leucin, Tyrosin and Tryptophan formed by Papain?
When trypsin acts upon ordinary proteids, leucin, tyrosin and
tryptophan (proteinochromogen) are speedily formed in considerable
quantities. These compounds do not arise in appreciable amounts in
pepsin- HC] digestion under ordinary circumstances, although some
recent experimental work leads to the conclusion that relatively
simple bodies (including leucin) may occur in prolonged proteolysis
with pepsin. Thus Lawrow’ found large quantities of leucin
formed by the self-digestion of 12 kilos of pigs’ stomachs with 35
1 Cf. Chittenden: Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and
Sciences, 1892, ix, p. 307.
*Lawrow: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1899, xxvi, p. 513.
8 Mendel and Underhill—Papain-digestion.
litres of 0.6 per cent. HCl at 40°-45° C. for two months. Experi-
ments of this type will scarcely appeal to one as offering reliable
evidence regarding the work of the enzyme pepsin, especially as no
control experiments to show the influence of such large excesses of
free hydrochloric acid are presented. How vigorously dilute acids
alone may act on proteids has been shown by Fr. Goldschmidt.*
More important, however, are experiments like those of Pfaundler.’
This investigator showed that while in prolonged pepsin-HCl diges-
tion there arise products which no longer give the biuret reaction,
leucin and tyrosin cannot be found ready formed. Tryptophan, in
particular, has always been regarded as a typical product of tryptic
enzymes, although Malfatti® has recently observed that it may be
formed by extracts of the stomach. He gives no conclusive proof,
however, that the action is due to the enzyme pepsin. Tyrosin has
not been found among the products of pepsin-proteolysis.
Bertrand‘ and others have shown that extracts of Russula delica
and other species of fungi contain an oxidizing enzyme, which they
named tyrosinase, and which brings about a black coloration when
added to solutions containing tyrosin. The reaction is one of oxida-
tion and may be observed with many genera. Harlay*® has subse-
quently asserted that this reaction is a delicate test for the presence
of tyrosin and enables one to distinguish between the products of
peptic and tryptic digestion. With peptic digestion mixtures the
extracts of Russula yield a red, then green color; tryptic products
turn red, then black. Applying this test to the products of papain
digestion, Harlay® has observed a resemblance in reaction to that
obtained with the peptic digestion products. Although these obser-
vations, published during the progress of our experiments, were
made with extracts of a different member of the papaw family, viz.,
Carica hastifolia, they lend additional evidence to the results which
we have obtained with the closely related species.
‘Goldschmidt : Ueber die Wirkung von Siuren auf Eiweissstoffe. Inaugural-
Dissertation, 1898, Strassburg.
* Pfaundler : Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1900, xxx, p. 99.
* Malfatti: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1900, xxxi, p. 48.
* Bertrand: Bulletin de la société chimique, 1896 (3), xv, p. 793. Bourquelot:
Bulletin de la société mycologique de France, 1897, xiii, p. 65. Cf. also Green:
The Soluble Ferments and Fermentations, 1899, pp. 299, 300.
’ Harlay : Journal de pharmacie, 1899 [vi] 5, p. £25.
* Harlay: Abstract in Journal of the Chemical Society, 1900, Part I, July,
p. 419.
Mendel and Underhill—Papuin-digestion. 9
We have searched for leucin, tyrosin and tryptophan among the
products of papain digestion under a variety of conditions. In a
very large number of experiments we have uniformly failed to
detect them. They are therefore, in our opinion, not normal products
of the proteolytic action of papain. Enzyme preparations from
four different manufacturers were tested in solutions of differing
reactions and on the following proteids: casein, fibrin, coagulated
ego-albumin, muscle tissue (boiled and unboiled). Only in one
series of experiments, viz., those with unboiled muscle tissue, did the
products already referred to regularly appear. These cases will be
considered in detail below.
Methods. The digestions were carried out at 35°-38°C. in the
presence of two per cent. sodium fluoride, or thymol, to avoid bac-
terial decomposition. The reaction of the digestive mixtures varied
as described on page 6. At the end of varying periods of time
they were filtered and neutralized, when necessary; the fluids were
then heated on the water-bath, and after the removal of the charac-
teristic albumose-like body which usually separates out, they were
concentrated to a small volume and set aside in a cool place to allow
bodies like leucin and tyrosin to crystallize out. Finally the residues
were extracted with warm alcohol to remove some of these latter
compounds and eliminate the greater part of the soluble pro-
teids. The alcoholic extracts were in turn concentrated, allowed to
stand, and carefully examined under the microscope for crystals of
leucin and tyrosin. Trytophan was searched for by the bromine-
water test both in the original concentrated neutralized solution and
in the final alcoholic extracts.
The results of over sixty trials made with the four papain prepara-
tions (more particularly with papain A, B and D) and with the pro-
teids mentioned, were entirely negative so far as the appearance or
detection of leucin, tyrosin or tryptophan was concerned. The
observations were so concordant in this respect, that it is scarcely
necessary to enumerate the variations in time of digestion, the reac-
tion of the digestive media, the quantity of enzyme used and other
details. Comparisons with control trials always indicated a vigorous
digestion in every case. In some instances the digestion was allowed
to continue at 35°C. for over a month without altering the results
noted. Only with fresh muscle tissue were these tryptic end-products
obtained. When hashed muscle (lean beefsteak), washed.free from
blood with water, was digested with papain in the presence of two
per cent. sodium fluoride, the tryptophan reaction was repeatedly
10 Mendel and Underhill—Papain-digestion.
obtained in the acid digestions; and frequently typical leucin crys-
tals, less often characteristic tyrosin crystals, could be detected with
the microscope. There was no difference in the three papain prepara-
tions in this respect. The suspicion that the meat thus prepared long
after the death of the animal might be contaminated with bacterial
enzymes, led to the use of dog’s and rabbit’s muscle removed from the
f reshly killed animal immediately after perfusion of the blood-vessels
with isotonic sodium ebloride solution to wash out the blood com-
pletely. Precisely similar results were obtained with such material
in the acid and neutral media. Finally trials were made with muscle
tissue previously heated in boiling water. With the boiled muscle
no leucin, tyrosin or tryptophan was ever obtained. These facts
seem to indicate the existence of an enzyme in the muscle tissue
which may assist in the proteolysis accomplished by papain on the
fresh tissue and may carry the action to a stage where relatively simple
products are formed. The self-digestion (autolysis) of muscle after
exclusion of bacteria by the use of chloroform-water, was observed
long ago by Salkowski.’ He failed to find leucin and tyrosin among
the products. More recently Jacoby* obtained large quantities of
leucin, tyrosin and also tryptophan in the self-digestion of the liver,
These observations indicate an explanation for the exceptional results
obtained with fresh muscle tissue in our papain digestions, by refer-
ring to the muscle itself the active agent in the production of trypto-
phan, etc., in these cases—a conclusion which is supported by the
uniformly negative results obtaimed with the heated tissue.
ITI, The Nature of some Products of Papain Proteolysis.
While the experiments just outlined indicate the marked difference
between trypsin-and papain-proteolysis so far as the end-products
formed under ordinary conditions are concerned, a closer study
of the primary products has shown them to resemble in many respects
the bodies obtained under similar conditions in pepsin-hydrochloric
acid digestion. Our investigation in this direction has been confined
to the proteid casein, since this is readily obtained in large quantities
in a state of considerable purity. The products formed from casein by
pepsin-hydrochloric acid have been investigated by Chittenden® and
'Salkowski: Archiv fiir Physiologie, 1890, p. 554; Zeitschrift fiir klinische
Medicin, 1890, xvii, Supplementband, p. 77.
*Jacoby: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1900, xxx, p. 162.
* Chittenden: Studies from the laboratory of physiological chemistry, Yale
University, 1887, ii, p. 156; 1889, iii, p. 66.
Ok oe
a TU
Mendel and Underhill—Papain-digestion. 1]
his pupils, and more recently by Fr. Alexander.’ The latter employed
the method of fractional precipitation introduced by E. P. Pick’ for
the albumoses. We have followed their scheme of analysis quite
closely, and refer to the papers of the writers mentioned for the
details of the method. The separation of the individual caseoses was
made in the neutralized and somewhat concentrated digestion filtrates,
after removal of the characteristic albumose-like substance which has
already been referred to as precipitating when heat is applied.
Instead of reproducing our protocols at length, we give an outline of
one of several experiments with casein and then add a brief resumé
of the main results ascertained from all the trials.
Experiment A. In this experiment 14 kilos of moist casein obtained from
skimmed milk and purified by re-precipitating three times were treated with
21 liters of 0.25 per cent. Na,COs,4 grams of papain A and strong alcoholic
thymol solution. The mixture was kept at 38° C. for 11 days. During this inter-
val portions had repeatedly been withdrawn and examined for leucin, tyrosin and
tryptophan (as described on page 9) with negative results. Therefore 4 grams of
papain were again added. After digesting for 7 days longer, during which time
samples had again been withdrawn and examined for leucin, etc., with negative
outcome, the material was filtered and neutralized with acetic acid, whereupon
a-very slight precipitate was obtained. The filtrates were then concentrated as
already indicated, until they contained about ten per cent. of dissolved substance.
On treatment of the carefully neutralized fluid with saturated ammonium sul-
phate solution, Fraction I., which began to be precipitated when a content of
2.6 c.c. of saturated ammonium sulphate solution in a total volume of 10 c.e.
was reached, was completely separated when 6 c.c. of the sulphate solution were
present. In a large portion of digestion material this fraction was then precipi-
tated by mixing ten volumes of the digestive solution with nine volumes of
ammonium sulphate solution (following Alexander),* and after standing, this frac-
tion was filtered off completely. In this filtrate the lower limit of precipitation
was found to be 5.1 c.c., and the upper limit at 6.7 c.c. of ammonium sulphate
solution. Fraction IT. was then separated from a larger quantity of the original
material by adding one volume of it to three volumes of saturated ammonium sul-
phate solution. For this filtrate obtained therefrom, lower and upper precipitation
limits of 7.8 ¢.c., and about 9.5 c.c. of ammonium sulphate solution respectively
were ascertained. Fraction III. was therefore removed by saturating the remainder
of the original digestion material with ammonium sulphate crystals and filter-
ing after some hours. When the salt-saturated fluid thus obtained was further
treated with ;,n sulphuric acid (saturated with ammonium sulphate) a precip-
itate, Fraction IV., separated. It was relatively large in quantity and was
removed by adding one-half volume of the salt-saturated acid to the entire fluid.
The filtrate still gave a strong biuret reaction, indicating the presence of pep-
1 Alexander: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1898, xxv, p. 411.
® Pick: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1897, xxiv, p. 246.
3 Alexander: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1898, xxv, p. 418.
12 Menilel and Underhill—Papain-digestion.
tones. The latter were removed by precipitation with an equal volume of Lugol’s
solution saturated “with ammonium sulphate. This peptone precipitate could
always be divided into two fractions, one insoluble (V) and the other soluble
(VI) in 95 per cent. alcohol. These portions both gave the biuret reaction.
Experiment B. This was carried out under precisely the same conditions as
Experiment A, except that 2.2 liters of 0.02 per cent. HCl were added instead of
the alkali. A total of 8 grams of papain A was added, and the digestion stopped
after 28 days. - No leucin, tyrosin or tryptophan were found. The results of the
fractional analysis are given below.
Experiment C. Alkaline digestion containing 300 grams of freshly precipi-
tated casein, 1500 ¢.c. of 0.25 per cent. Na,COs, 4 grams of papain B and thymol
solution. Digestion at 38° C. for 26 days.
Experiment D. Acid digestion like Experiment C except that 1500 c.c. of
0.02 per cent. HCl were added in place of the alkali.
Experiment E. Alkaline digestion like Experiment C, the enzyme used being
papain C. Digestion at 38° C. for 26 days.
Experiment F. Acid digestion like Experiment D, with papain C. Digested
at 38°C. for 26 days.
A summary of the results of the fractional precipitation of the
digestion products according to the general plan outlined under
Experiment A follows. The figures given indicate cubic centimetres
of saturated sulphate solution in a total volume of ten cubic centimetres.
FRACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PAPAIN DIGESTION.
Preparation | Conditions of} Limits of |_ Limits of Limits of ‘Character of} Character of Character of —
Tsed. Experiment. | Fraction I. Fraction IL./FractionII[. FractionIV.| Fraction V. Fraction VI. —
Papain A 4 |A: alkaline | 2.6—6.0 | 5.1—6.7 | 7.89.5 light more than VI light
apain*) |B. acid | 2.6—5.8| 6.1—6.9)| 76—9.5 le heavy, | eae 66
e C. alkaline | 2.4—2 | 5.38—? | 7.8—9.5 s ae be
Fapain By D. acid 2.22 | 5.5—2 | 8.0—9.5| light is i)
Papain Cs |=: alkaline | 2.6—? | 5.5—2 | 7.89.5 very light) light. more than V
P | |F. acid 2.4—? | 5.382 | 8.0-9.5 | heavy |morethanVI| light
Pepsin! | Acid 2.64.4 | 5.2-7.2 | 8.29.5
The results obtained with different enzyme preparations and under
varying conditions show a fairly close agreement with one another
and a resemblance to those already published by Alexander for the
gastric digestion of casein. He concluded that at least four caseoses
and two casein-peptones are formed in the pepsin-hydrochloric acid
proteolysis of casein. Our results indicate that similar products may
arise through the action of papain, and they lend additional emphasis
to the specific character of papain as an enzyme.
* Alexander: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, i898, xxv, p. 418.
Mendel and Underhill—Papain-digestion. 13
IV. General Conclusions.
The observations recorded in this paper indicate that papain
belongs to a class of enzymes which differs somewhat in type from
the two proteolytic enzymes that have received most careful investi-
gation in the past, viz., pepsin and trypsin. " While the products of
the papain digestion of proteids resemble quite closely those of pep-
sin so far as these have been examined in detail, the enzyme differs
from ordinary animal pepsin in that it acts readily in both neutral
and alkaline media. On the other hand, although papain is com-
parable with trypsin in exerting a solvent action in fluids of various
reactions, the failure to form leucin, tyrosin and tryptophan in
appreciable quantities—at least under conditions in which they are
readily formed in large quantities by other tryptic enzymes—places
it in a class of its own for the present.
The failure of papain to conform exactly with any of the standards
set in the past for proteolytic enzymes need not surprise us. The
more carefully such enzymes—especially those from vegetable
sources—are being examined with reference to their activities, the
more varied are found to be the manifestations which characterize
and distinguish them. We may refer, for example, to bromelin, the
proteolytic enzyme of the pineapple (Ananassa sativa), which has
been studied very thoroughly by Chittenden.* Bromelin readily
forms leucin and tyrosin in large quantities in both acid and neutral
media, besides the characteristic proteoses and peptones.* This
recalls the proteolytic enzyme of the yeast, discovered by Salkowski*
and quite recently found by Hahn and Geret* in the yeast juice
expressed by Buchner’s method. It acts with intense vigor, giving
rise readily to leucin and tyrosin ; peptone is not obtained and albu-
moses occur only in traces; acid reaction is favorable, while alkalies
retard digestion with it. The circumstance that the favorable reac-
tion corresponds with the one best for pepsin, while the products
formed resemble those resulting in trypsin proteolysis (the absence
of peptones being unique), has led Hahn and Geret to classify this
yeast enzyme by itself and to give it a new name: yeast endotrypsin,
1Chittenden : Journal of Physiology, 1893, xv, p. 249.
*In unpublished experiments by O. H. Schell, Ph.B. and one of us, tryp-
tophan and other end-products were found in addition to those already described.
’ Salkowski: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1889, xiii, p. 527.
4Hahn and Geret: Zeitschrift fiir Biologie, 1900, xl, p. 117.
14 Mendel and Underhill— Papain-digestion,
Similarly the enzyme found by Green’ in the germinating seeds of
Lupinus hirsutus acts in acid media, forming leucin and tyrosin ;
but the primary products are also found. Related enzymes have
been described by others. The proteolytic enzyme of the pitcher
plant, Wepenthes, which Vines has studied, seems to resemble pepsin
most closely ; for it acts only in acid fluids, forming large quantities
of albumoses, small amounts of peptone and only traces of leucin, if
any. Tyrosin has not been obtained. In writing of various vege-
table enzymes, Vines says: “It is a remarkable fact that, whatever
may be the reaction of the medium in which they can work, all these
enzymes are essentially tryptic in their mode of action ; in fact it is
not improbable that this may be a characteristic feature of all vege-
table proteolytic enzymes whatsoever.” On the contrary, we
believe that the actual experiments of Vines, as well as the work
recorded in this paper, make it more probable that plants, like
animals, produce various kinds of proteolytic enzymes.*
Apri, 1901.
1Green: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 1887, B,
elxxviii, p. 39.
2 Vines: Annals of Botany, 1897, xi, p. 563; 1898, xii, p. 546.
$ Vines: loc. cit., 1898, xii, p. 555.
+Of, Pfeffer : Pflanzenphysiologie, 1897, i, p. 511-512.
II.—AppDITIONS TO THE FauNA oF THE BERMUDAS FROM THE
Yate Expepitrion OF 1901, wirn Notes on OTHER SPECIES.
fSoeby A, EK. VERRIce.
Tue following additions to the fauna of the Bermudas are due
almost entirely to the large collections made in the spring of 1901,
by Mr. A. H. Verrill, who was there from March 7th to May 9th,
and the writer, who took part in the work from April 10th to May
9th. Dr. W. G. Van Name joined us during the latter part of the
time, but he worked chiefly on the Tunicata, which are not included
in this article.
About 75 species of insects and 25 species of spiders were also
obtained. Many of these were not before known from Bermuda,
but they will be treated in subsequent articles. The numerous
Isopoda and Amphipoda, and most of the Annelida, also remain to
be studied, as well as many of the smaller shells, among which there
are probably many additions to the fauna. There are also some
additional land shells, Myriapoda, earthworms, ete.
I have added notes on some of the rarer or less known species,
of those previously recorded,* where such information seemed partic-
ularly desirable, for the benefit of future students.
That so many species of comparatively large and conspicuous
marine animals could be added in a few weeks to the fauna of a
locality, where so many previous collections have been made, may
seem strange. This is due, however, partly to a very careful scru-
tiny of the hiding places of those forms that depend upon conceal-
ment for their safety, partly upon the fact that localities were visited
where we did not collect in 1898, in which certain species seem
to be localized, and perhaps, in some cases, upon the earlier season
of the year (March), when some of the new forms came into shallow
water to spawn.
The illustrations are mostly from colored drawings, made from
life, by Mr. A. H. Verrill. Others are from photographs made by
him, either from living or freshly killed specimens. It is unfortu-
nate that the colored figures could not now be reproduced in colors
by the Academy, for in these groups of soft-bodied animals the
colors are often highly characteristic, as well as beautiful.
The marine invertebrate fauna of the Bermudas, now known,
includes about 900 species. The known fishes are about 200.
* Species previously recorded are in italic type. Those now first recorded
(so far as known) are in black-face type.
16 A. E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
CRUSTACEA.
DECAPODA.
Epialtus bituberculatus M. Edw. (?) var. Bermudensis Ver.
PuatTe I. Ficure 1.
This form differs so decidedly from the several so-called varieties
of E. bituberculatus figured by A. Milne-Edwards (Crust. Reg.
Mex., p. 137, pl. xxvii) that it seems necessary to give it, at the
least, a varietal name. Indeed, the differences are so great as to
indicate a distinct species, but, unfortunately, we obtained only a
single example. It resembles the E. Braziliensis Dana, considered
a variety by A. M. Edw., more than var. affinis Stimp. From both
it differs in having a much longer and differently shaped rostrum ;
in the more transverse front edge of the carapax and the much
deeper emargination on the sides ; the more prominent lateral tuber-
cles; the much longer legs and chelipeds ; and especially in the
much longer and differently shaped chele.
The length of the rostrum to that of the rest of the carapax is as
1:1.62 ; the length of the carapax (without rostrum) to its breadth
is as 1:1.30; the length of the chele is equal to that of the carapax
to base of rostrum; the length of the chelz to the breadth is as 3:1,
their distal portion being decidedly the larger. Total length of
carapax and rostrum, 15.7"; greatest breadth, 12.3"; length of
rostrum, 12™"; of chelz, 10.3™™.
The sides of the carapax are deeply concave in outline between
the two tubercles ; the anterior tubercles are much the larger, but
the posterior are a little more prominent and more acutely angular,
their anterior edge being incurved. The rostrum is rather long with
the outlines in front of the eyes distinctly incurved, but the tip is
obtusely rounded; there is a pair of distinct angular denticles in
front of the eyes, back of which the outlines are nearly parallel.
The front margins of the carapax are nearly transverse, sloping but
little from the orbits to the antero-lateral tubercles, which are
bluntly rounded.
The color in life was brownish purple, becoming greenish antes
riorly and grayish on the legs ; on the poster ior part of the carapax
there is a large, broad Aaaned spot of cream-color. Chelipeds yel-
lowish brown, the claws whitish.
Flatts Inlet, cut out of a deep hole in a ledge, one specimen only,
April, 1901 (A. H. V.).
The E. bituberculatus is recorded from Chili, Panama, Florida
(var. affinis), Brazil, ete.
A. EF. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 17
Pericera subparallela Stimp.
Pericera subparallela Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, vii, p. 182
[54], 1860, (St. Thomas.) A. Milne-Edw., Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 54, pl. xiii,
figs. 3-dd, (Gaudaloupe. )
A single specimen of this species, from Bermuda, was in the col-
lection of 1898. It has been determined by Miss M. J. Rathbun.
Platypodia spectabilis (Herbst).
Cancer lobatus Milne-Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., i, p. 375.
Attergatis lobatus Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1860, p. 74.
Lophactea lobata A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Museum, Mem. I, p. 249, pl.
xvi, fig. 3; Crust. Reg. Mexico, p. 242. Rankin, Annals N. York Acad.,
xii, p. 529.
PuaTe I. Ficure 2.
Several specimens of this beautiful species were obtained under
stones and among bright colored sponges. In life its colors are very
bright, but imitative of sponges, etc. The carapax is bright orange-
red with particolored, irregular, broad streaks, blotches, and angular
or rounded ocellated spots of various sizes. These generally have a
small, bright yellow center, surrounded by a wide white band,
which is edged with bright blue and surrounded by a thin black line.
The arrangement of the spots and blotches is variable. Sometimes
small, round, ocellated spots, with the several colors distinct, occur
on the large light blotches, either singly or in lines or groups;
others are scattered over the carapax. The chelipeds and legs are
colored in the same way, but here the spots mostly take the form of
half-bands, or angular patches at the joints. The tips of the claws
are black. The larger patches of color are often unsymmetrically
arranged on the carapax, which tends to obscure its outline and
increases the imitative effect.
Cardiosoma Guanhumi Latr. Great Land Crab.
M.-Edw., Ilust. ed. Cuvier, pl. xx, figs. 1-li. S.I. Smith, these Trans., ii, p.
143, pl. v, fig. 3, 1870.
In addition to the locality for this large land crab on Cooper’s
Island, mentioned in my former paper (vol. x, p. 573), we this year
found its large holes in considerable numbers near the shore at
Hungry Bay, on the south side of the Main Island. As the holes
are very deep and generally excavated among stones and the roots
of trees, it is very difficult to dig them out. They are said to come
out of their holes in the night, in summer. If so they might, per-
haps, be captured by torchlight.
Trans. Conn. Acap., Vou. XI. 2 OctoBeER, 1901.
18 A. E Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
Cyclois Bairdii Stimpson.
Cyclois Bairdii Stimpson, Notes on N. Amer. Crust., II, Annals Lyc. Nat.
Hist. New York, vol. vii, p. 237 [109], 1860, (Cape St. Lucas.)
M. J. Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, p. 610, 1898; Bull. Univer. Iowa,
1898, p. 290, (Bahamas.)
Puatse II. Ficurss 1, 2.
In life the carapax is pale yellow or yellowish white with several
rows of lemon-yellow spots and with rather numerous smaller spots
of bright red or crimson, chiefly near the lateral margins and on the
antero-lateral teeth. Chelipeds and legs brighter yellow, banded
and spotted with bright red. The chelz have a large crescent-shaped
spot of red on the inner side at the joint, and the tips and dorsal
spines are red ; two spots of red on the carpus. Ambulatory legs
brighter yellow, with three or four bands of red and purple at the
joints and with marginal lines of purple ; eye-stalks orange and yel-
low. Two living specimens of this species, about two inches broad,
were taken by A. H. Verrill, in shallow water on a sandy bottom,
near “ Waterloo,” Castle Harbor, April, 1901. The cast shells, some
of them of larger size, were also found on the north side of Long
Bird Island, opposite the sand flats, in May.
It was originally described from Cape St. Lucas, where it is abun-
dant. Specimens from Panama (Capt. J. M. Dow) are in the
Museum of Yale University. Miss M. J. Rathbun has recorded it
from the West Indies. She considers our specimens identical (judg-
ing from the photographs).
Clibanarius Verrillit Rathbun.
Amer. Journ. Science, xi, p. 328, April, 1901.
PuatTe VIII. Ficure 2, 3.
A few small specimens that appear to belong to this species were
taken this year, at Hungry Bay. The figure, here given, is from
one of the original types.
Albunea oxycephala Miers.
Puate VIII. Ficure 1.
A large and perfect living specimen of this fine species was dug
out of the sandy beach, between tides, near Hungry Bay, February,
1901, by Mr. T. G. Gosling, and presented to us. The photograph,
here reproduced, was from this specimen. No other example was
found. It is probably rare at this season of the year, but like
ITippa, it may be more common in summer. Its color, in life, was
,
A, E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 19
yellowish white, or about the color of the shell-sand in which it
lives.
/
Tozeuma Carolinensis Kingsley.
Tozeuma Carolinensis Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1878, pp. 90,
328, 1879, p. 413, pl. xiv, fig. 8; Amer. Naturalist, xxxiii, p. 715, fig. 8, 1899.
A small, slender and delicate shrimp. Rostrum long, flat, and nar-
row, its edge nearly straight above, without teeth, above or below
but with a fine spinule at the base, back of the eyes; at tip, which’
is subacute, there are fine spinules, and hair-like ones below.
Chelipeds much shorter than the other legs, with a short swollen
claw and a short, round carpus. Second pereipods much longer and
more slender, with a small chela and a short carpus.
Other legs long and slender, not chelate ; eye-stalks are short,
swollen at base.
Dredged in three fathoms, on a soft weedy bottom, in Castle
Harbor, May, 1901.
Thor Floridanus Kingsley.
Thor Floridanus Kingsley, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1878, p. 95; op.
cit., 1879, p. 421, pl. xiv, fig. 6; Amer. Naturalist, xxxiii, p. 718, fig. 20,
1899.
A small, stout-bodied, smooth shrimp, with large conspicuous
black eyes, on stout stalks, and a short rostrum, not quite reaching
the tips of the eyes, and having four or five acute denticles on the
sloping upper edge ; but none below. The anterior feet are stouter
and shorter than the next pair, wlth small, rather short chele.
Those of the second pair are decidedly longer and filiform, with
minute chele and a very slender, 5-jointed carpus. The other legs
are of about the same length, but stouter and subequal.
The body and legs are translucent whitish with minute specks of
orange-red ; eye-stalks, antennal scales, and outer maxillipeds tinged
with orange in formalin (this color was not noted in the living
specimens). Eggs rather large, not very numerous, orange in
formalin.
Dredged in “ The Reach,” in two to three fathoms, shell-sand and
mud, May 5th, 1901. Two females with eggs.
Gnathophyllum Americanum Guerin.
Gnathophyllum Americanum Guérin, in La Sagra’s Hist. I. Cuba, vol. vii, p.
xx; atlas, vol. viii, pl. ii, f. 14, 1857. ;
Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xi, p. 328 (note), April, 1901; Pontonide, sp.,
these Trans., x, p. 579.
2020) A. EB. Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
The carapax is smooth, curiously banded with black and yellow.
In the egg-bearing female it is much swollen laterally. The first
and second legs are chelate. The first leg is smaller and somewhat
shorter ; its carpus is elongated and clavate, longer than the chela.
The second leg is much shorter and rather larger, and its chela is
strong but not much enlarged ; carpus shorter than chela (about
one-half as long) ; hand much longer than claw. Other legs simple,
slender, subequal, the last two rather longer. Rostrum short, ob-
liquely truncated ; the tip is acute and reaches almost to the end of
the ocular peduncle, or to the base of the eye; basal part of the
upper edge is short and straight, smooth ; it then slopes rapidly to
the tip, with about five close teeth. Eye-peduncles project straight
forward, and are of moderate length ; a spine is situated below and
back of its base and above the base of the antenna. The edge of
the carapax is cut away at the bases of the antenne and then
extends forward. Abdomen is swollen and the edges overlap in an
angle below it, so as to conceal the cluster of eggs.
Color, in life, is conspicuous and characteristic. The carapax and
abdomen are covered with many narrow, transverse bands of bright
yellow and black of about equal width. The telson is pale yellow
with basal and terminal spots of orange. Antenne purplish blue ;
eye-stalks light yellow ; legs pale yellow, each with two dark blue
bands edged with orange ; chelipeds with a single, blue carpal band,
edged with orange; chele pale yellow. This curious species, of
which only a few poor specimens have been previously recorded from
Bermuda (Amer. Journ. Sci., xi, p. 328, 1901), was taken alive at
Hungry Bay, April 5th, 1901, by A. H. Verrill, who made a
colored sketch of it.
This specimen is a female carrying a large cluster of eggs.
STOMATOPODA.
Pseudosquilla ciliata Miers.
Pseudosquilla ciliata Miers, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. V, vol. v, p. 108,
pl. iii, figs. 7, 8, 1880. Brooks, Voy. Chall., xvi, pp. 53-55, pl. xv, fig. 10,
1886. Bigelow, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, p. 499, 1894. Rankin, Annals
N. York Acad. Sci., xii, p. 545, 1899.
P. stylifera Von Martens (t. Miers).
The color of this species is quite variable, like that of Gonodacty-
lus chiragra, with which it is often associated. Frequently the colors
are imitative of the sandy bottom, the back being variegated or
specked with white on a gray or pale yellow ground ; in other cases
A, EF, Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 21
it is dull yellowish green or dark olive-green, but nearly always there
is a pale median dorsal stripe of light gray or whitish, and usually a
similar, but less distinct, stripe on each side. Frequently there are
three pairs of blackish spots ; one pair on the thorax, one on the first
abdominal segment, and another at the base of the telson.
It was not uncommon, swimming near the bottom, in shallow water
at Hungry Bay and at Long Bird Island. It was also found in cavi-
ties in loose stones, below low-tide. Clusters of its eggs were found
in such cavities, April 19th; they were greenish yellow and resemble
those of G. chiragra, which were found at the same time. This
species resembles the latter in form and appearance, but it is usually
larger and swims more freely, so that most of our specimens were
taken with a hand-net, while swimming. It was not taken by our
party in 1898, for lack of information as to its habits.
It can be distinguished at once from G. chiragra by its lacking
the bulbous enlargement of the chelipeds.
It has been recorded from various parts of the Indo-Pacific region,
including the Hawaiian Is., and also from the West Indies.
ARTHROSTRACA.
Cyamus fascicularis V., sp. noy. Sperm-whale Louse.
PuatTe VIII. Ficure 4.
Specimens of a slender-bodied Cyamus, which is probably a new
species, were taken from the body of a young sperm whale, taken
off Bermuda and brought to St. George’s for exhibition, in April.
This species is much more slender than those of the right whales
and allied cetaceans. The two branchial segments are about as
wide as the following ones, and bear fascicles of small, short, some-
what unequal branchiz, scarcely longer than the segments. There
are about 10 to 12 branchial filaments in each of the four groups.
The first segment is consolidated with the head, which is narrow
and rather long, with conspicuous eyes. Antenne are about 2 the
length of the head. First pair of legs small, beneath the second.
The hands of the second pair are not much swollen, and have two
strong denticles, besides a similar one at the distal angle of the
carpus. The three posterior feet have a recurved denticle on the distal
angle of the carpus.
Color, yellowish white ; branchie have small black spots. The
specimens described are females. No males were taken.
Length of body and head, 9™™; greatest breadth of body, 3.5™™.
22 A. E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
Orchestia agilis Smith.
Report U.S. Fish Com. for 1871 and 1872, I, p. 555 [261], pl. iv, fig. 14, 1878.
This abundant New England Amphipod occurs in equal abundance
at Bermuda, under decaying sea-weeds at high-tide mark, on all the
shores.
CIRRIPEDIA.
Balanus declivis Darwin, var. cuspidatus, nov.
Balanus declivis Darwin, Mon. Cirripedia, ii, p. 275, pl. vii, figs. 4a—-4d, 1854.
(West Indies.)
Our specimens differ as a variety from the typical form described
by Darwin, in having the summit of the rostrum divided into 4 or 6
acute denticles ; it is very convex and considerably incurved. The
summit of the carina is bilobed by a narrow incision. ‘The base is
membranous and very obliquely placed, owing to the downward pro-
longation of the rostrum, as in the type.
Long Bird Island, on the flats, imbedded in a blackish, massive
keratose sponge (Spongia, sp.), which often lives half buried in
the calcareous sand at low tide, and which also harbors a small
Alpheus and several isopod crustaceans.
This is a very singular barnacle, remarkable for the peculiar
oblique membranous base, and the pointed basal end of the rostrum,
which are characters developed to suit its mode of life, imbedded up
to its aperture in sponges. The type was from the West Indies, in
sponges.
Tetraclita porosa (Gm.) Darwin.
Darwin, Mon. Cirripedia, ii, p. 330, pl. x, figs. 1-1m, 1854.
This is the common, small, sessile barnacle found on the rocks
between tides, with the general appearance of some species of
Balanus. It can easily be distinguished by the 4-parted shell.
Catophragmus imbricatus Sowerby.
Sowerby, Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Plate. Darwin, Monog. Cirrip.,
ii, p. 490, 1854,
Puate VIII. Ficures 8, 9.
Several specimens of this interesting barnacle were found on
littoral rocks. They are all young (about 5 to 8"™™ in diameter) and
agree well with the young one described by Darwin, from Antigua.
The eight primary mural plates are pointed and surrounded and
partially concealed by about three alternating whorls of smaller,
pointed plates, rapidly decreasing in size exteriorly. The opercular
A, E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. — 23
scuta are strongly concentrically ribbed and have a deep, median
radial sulcus. The base is calcareous, but thin. The color is pure
white.
MOLLUSCA.
CEPHALOPODA.,
Loligo Pealei (Lesueur) By. Squid.
Loligo Pealei Verrill, Annual Report U. S. Fish Com. for 1879 [pp. 182-161],
plates xxvi to xxxii, 1882; Verrill, these Trans., vol. v, 1879, pp. 308-340,
pl. xxix, figs. 1-4, pl. xxxvii, figs. 1-3, pl. xxxix, fig. 4; pl. xl; pl. xlv,
figs. 3, 4.
A single specimen of this species, about 6 inches long, was found
floating and nearly dead at Long Bird Island, near the shore, April,
1901.
Ommastrephes Bartramii (Les.) D’Orb. Flying Squid.
Sthenoteuthis Bartramii Verrill, these Trans., v, pp. 223, 288, 1881; Annual
Report U. S. Fish Com. for 1879 [pp. 112-114], 1882.
I was told by the fishermen that schools of the flying squid
(O. Bartramii) are often seen, and that it is sometimes used for
bait.
In this connection, it is of much interest to record that among
large numbers of the shells of Spirula Peronii, cast up on the beach
at Elbow Bay, March 10th, several were found by A. H. Verrill with
portions of the flesh still attached. Two of these were preserved in
formalin, with the remnants of the animal. This proves that this
species lives not far away from that shore, and it may be abundant
just outside the reefs, in rather deep water.
GASTROPODA.
TECTIBRANCHIATA.
Dolabrifera ascifera (Rang) Morch.
Aplysia (Dolabella) ascifera Rang, Hist. Nat. Aplys., p. 51, pl. iv, figs. 7-9.
Dolabrifera ascifera Morch, Mal. Bl., xxii, p. 176. Sowerby, Conch. Icon.,
xvi, pl. i, figs. 6a, 6b. Pilsbry, Man. Conchology, xvi, pt. 63, p. 124, pl.
xxxiv, figs. 17, 19, 20. 29; pl. lxv, figs. 10, 11. Berg., Verh. k. k. Zoél. Bot.
Gesellsch., Wien, xxii, 1872, p. 441, pl. v, figs. 25-29; pl. vi, figs. 1-10,
anatomy.
Puate II. Figures 6a, 6b. Puate Il]. Ficure 2. Puate IV. Ficure 12.
A rather small, ovate, light-colored species, the body covered with
small, low, rounded verruce ; the head with small papille.
24 A. E. Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
Body depressed, broadly rounded posteriorly ; foot broad, the
edges thin and undulated. Mantle-lobe over the gill-cavity is short,
leaving an open sinus at each end of the cavity. Tentacles and rhino-
phores about equal in length and similarly folded, the tentacles
broader or more expanded distally.
Color of upper surface pale yellowish gray and brown, or light
fawn-color, mottled with yellowish white ; head paler. Under side
of foot blue with white spots.
Length, 60™", in life; breadth, about 30™". The shell is narrow,
oblong anteriorly, elongated, with a much produced beak, which is
tapered but blunt. The sinus is slightly concave and about 3 the
total length of the shell, ending in a very obtuse angle. The anterior
and inner margins are nearly parallel, narrowing slightly anteriorly ;
the anterior edges obliquely truncate, with rounded angles.
Hungry Bay, April 5, 1901, under stones at extreme low-tide.
Two specimens found together, as if breeding. (A. H. V.)
Dolabrifera virens V., sp. nov.
PuatE II. Ficures 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b. Puate IV. Ficure 11.
Fic. 1.—Dolabrifera virens V. About 4 natural size.
A rather large, yellowish green species, covered with small, elon-
gated, conical, acute or distally branched papille.
Body broad-ovate, broader and well rounded posteriorly ; the
whole upper surface of the body and head is covered with conical
papille, 1 to 2™™ long, part of which are acute at tip and part are
divided at the end into 2 to 4 small branches. Rhinophores shorter
and much smaller than the tentacles, deeply folded and enlarged at
the ends. Tentacles very large, elongated, with broadly expanded
ends, the edges undulated and thin. Mantle-lobe rather small, nearly
semicircular, leaving a small open sinus at each end of the branchial
cavity.
Color above, in life, dull yellowish green, with ill-defined blotches
of pale brownish, and with white spots ; the papille are mostly lighter
and more yellow; margin pale bluish with white specks ; under
A. E. Verrili— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas, — 25
surface olive-green, spotted with white. Rhinophores green, with
white spots and edges.
Length, in life, up to 100" ; breadth, about 50™".
The shell is firm, calcareous, rather oblong, with the beak produced
and grooved or sometimes spoon-shaped, being concavely excavated ;
the sinus is incurved and has the inner margin thickened ; anterior
end obliquely truncated and angular; a thin, high, median, vertical
crest or keel runs about 4 of the length, on the inside. Left margin
nearly straight or slightly incurved. The outer surface is faintly
radially ribbed. The shell varies considerably in form in the several
examples examined, and especially in the ratios of length to breadth,
as shown in the two figures given. The beak may be acute or spoon-
shaped ; in one it was wholly lacking, due apparently to injury and
partial repair. In one specimen the shell was in two parts, having
been broken before death and only slightly repaired.
Hungry Bay, under stones at low tide, April 5, 1901, 5 specimens.
(A. H. V.) Another specimen was taken in May by Mr. W. G.
VanName. .
Tethys (Aplysia) morio V., sp. nov.
Puate Ill. Ficures 5, da.
A very large species, over a foot long, dark umber-brown or nearly
black, without definite spots, but with black stripes on the head, and
with very large broadly overlapping lateral flaps.
Body thick and stout, swollen, very obtuse posteriorly. Head
and neck thick and stout (but perhaps not seen fully extended).
Lateral natatorial flaps very wide and overlapping about half their
breadth, entirely free posteriorly, and extending to the end of the
short foot. Rhinophores rather small and short, conical. Tentacles
large and very broad, foliaceous, with thin expanded margins.
Color of body and exterior of flaps very dark umber-brown or
brownish black, with few obscure dusky blotches on the sides of foot
and with a purplish tinge along the edges of the flaps. Head, above
and on the sides, covered with a number of narrow, purplish black,
longitudinal stripes.
Length, in life, when not fully extended, 400™™ ; height, 145™™,
The shell is very thin, transparent, pale yellow, oblong-ovate,
obtusely rounded anteriorly, with the posterior sinus long and only
slightly incurved ; beak rather prominent, scarcely incurved, with a
reflexed membranous edge, which also extends along both posterior
margins. In the formalin preparation there is no calcareous layer
present. The surface is concentrically undulated and faintly longi-
26 060A. EB. Verrilli— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
tudinally grooved. Length to breadth as 3:2. Length, 60™” ;
breadth, 40™™.
No mantle-pore could be found, nor any distinct pore for the
“opaline gland”; the latter probably discharges through many
minute pores.
A single specimen was found in Castle Harbor, March 21, cast
upon the beach but still living and not damaged. (A. H. V.)
This species resembles Z. imegaptera V., in the great size of its
lateral flaps, but differs very decidedly in its colors and other char-
acters.
Tethys (Aplysia) tarda V., sp. nov.
Puate III. Fieurss 4, 4a, 40.
A rather small, short, thick species, with relatively narrow side-
flaps and short rhinophores; dusky yellowish brown, irregularly
streaked with darker brown or blackish on the head and sides.
Body ovate, obtuse posteriorly, the foot not produced. Head
small, emarginate ; neck short and thick. Rhinophores short, sub-
conical, tapered. Tentacles larger and rather longer, wide at base,
deeply folded. Side-flaps unusually narrow, scarcely meeting over
the back, and apparently not capable of being used for swimming,
the edges undulated and free to the posterior ends, which extend
nearly to the short tip of the foot. Branchial siphon elongated,
expanded distally. Mantle over shell with a small, simple, nearly
central pore, often with white streaks, or rows of white spots, radi-
ating from it.
General color usually is dark dusky brown or umber-brown. The
ground-color is a dull, dark yellowish brown on the sides and head,
but irregularly blotched, striped and streaked with dark, dusky
brown or sepia. The streaks on the head mostly take the form of
narrow lines, those on the sides of the body are broader and more
irregular, and are united by transverse lines, so as to form a coarse,
irregular reticulation. Edges of side-flaps and siphon bluish gray
with a purplish tinge, or grayish white. Inner surface of flaps dark
brown with dark gray blotches. Shell-mantle dark brown, irregularly
spotted with grayish white, some of the spots usually arranged
radially around the central pore. Siphon similar in color, Tenta-
cles and rhinophores light brown, with transverse patches or lines of
dark brown.
Length, in life, 62™™ ; height, 30™™.
The shell is thin, translucent, pale yellow, ovate-elliptical, rather
narrow, ratios as 3.2:2; the posterior end is produced, with the
A, E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
bo
~I
beak rather acute, not incurved, but with a small, narrow, reflexed
terminal and marginal fold ; posterior sinus rather long, decidedly
incurved, ending anteriorly in a broadly rounded angle; the anterior
half of the shell forms about half of a regular ellipse. In the forma-
lin preparation there is a thin, white posterior calcareous layer, that
has mostly fallen off. The surface is slightly undulated concentri-
cally. Length, 32™™; breadth, 20™”.
Cony Island, buried in sand nearly out of sight, April 4; also at
Long bird Island, in shallow water, in May, buried in sand, with
only the back slightly exposed. (A. H. V.)
This species seems to live habitually nearly buried in sand. It is
very sluggish and probably cannot swim freely, at least in confine-
ment it made no effort to swim. Its back, as exposed, resembles in
color a keratose sponge found in the same localities and partly buried
in the sand.
In color and form this species somewhat resembles 7: Floridensis
Pilsbry (Man. Conch., xvi, p. 82, pl. xxxvii, figs. 15-19), but the
latter is described as having the side-flaps “ample,” while in the
present species they are unusually small. The shell of FVoridensis
is wide, and quite different in form, being nearly as broad as long,
while in our species it is unusually narrow. In respect to the form
of the shell, 7: Braziliana D’Orb. is much like this, but it has large
side-flaps, a tubular mantle-pore, a long neck, and other differential
characters.
Tethys dactylomela Rang.
Verrill, these Trans., x, p. 545, 1900.
Puate Ill. Ficure 3.
This was very common this year on the shores of Castle Harbor,
breeding in April. Its eggs were laid in clusters of long thin, terete,
yellow strings, attached by one end to weeds; the eggs are very
small and very numerous, in 6 to 8 rows. The colors were generally
as ordinarily described, the ground-color varying from light yellow
to dark olive-green. A few that were nearly albinos were seen, and
one that was melanistic, the ground-color being so dark that the
round black spots were barely visible.
Placobranchopsis niveus V., sp. nov.
Puate IV. Figure 10.
A very small, nearly pure white spécies. Mantle broad-elliptical,
slightly emarginate anteriorly, and with a distinct lateral branchial
28 A. E. Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
sinus ; its surface is minutely papillose and rough. Head broad,
with the angles somewhat produced into short, broad tentacles.
Rhinophores stout, rather long, strongly folded, of nearly uniform
breadth, obtuse. Foot wider than the mantle, and only slightly
longer, the edges thin and undulated, the anterior angles a little pro-
duced but obtuse. Gill plumose, attached for about half its length,
white. The mantle contains spicules, but, as preserved in formalin,
it is soft and rather thick.
Color pale grayish white or translucent white, specked with flake-
white, and with a purplish gray visceral organ showing through on
the back.
Length, in life, 16™™.
Harrington Sound, in shallow water, on the under side of a coral
(Lsophyllia dipsacea), April 9th; also in Castle Harbor, low-tide,
under stones, in May.
Runcina inconspicua V., sp. nov.
Puate III. Ficure 6.
A very small dark green and ‘brown species. Head bilobed and
emarginate in front with a pair of small, round black eyes near the
front edge. Mantle oblong or subelliptical, evenly rounded poster-
riorly. Foot wider than mantle, with thin undulated margins, well
rounded posteriorly. Gull small with fine filaments situated under
the right mantle-border, near the posterior end.
Color of mantle very dark green or greenish brown with a narrow
orange border ; upper side of foot light green, specked with white
and edged with a narrow orange or violet line.
Length, 2 to 3™™ in life.
Castle Harbor, at low-tide, under stones, in May. Several speci-
mens,
NUDIBRANCHIATA.
Elysia ornata (Swainson) Ver.
Thallepus ornatus Swainson, Treatise Malac., pp. 250, 359, 1840, from a draw-
ing, (West Indies, )
Dalabrifera (2) ornata Pilsbry, Man. Conchology, vol. xvi, p. 126.
Puate IV, Ficure 5.
This beautiful species was originally imperfectly described, as
indicated above, from the West Indies. The description was from
a colored drawing only, and was so imperfect that the place of the
species in the Mollusca has never been settled. The colors, as
A, E. Verrill—Adiditions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 29
described, are so characteristic and striking that there can be no
doubt of its specific identity with our specimens.
The body, in life, is usually yellowish olive-green, but it varies
from light yellowish green to dark olive-green ; both surfaces of the
flaps and the sides of the body are finely specked with black and
flake-white dots, often appearing to be slightly raised above the sur-
face. The side flaps are wide with thin flexible and usually undu-
lated margins, which are elegantly bordered with a narrow bright
orange band, outside of which the edge is marked by a black line.
The folded rhinophores are large and long, with the posterior side
orange and the edge black. There is often a white patch on the
top of the head. Under side of foot paler green than the body.
This interesting species was found pairing and spawning in con-
siderable numbers on the shore of Castle Harbor in March, by A.
H. Verrill. It occurred mostly on a curious bright green alga
( Caulerpa clavifera), on which it laid its eggs in a long coiled ribbon.
According to the notes, the egg-band, when first laid, floated freely
in the water, being attached only by the proximal end, but it was
afterwards cleverly coiled up and attached for its whole length by
the parent, before being left to its fate. The species became com-
paratively rare in a few days, perhaps retiring into deeper. water.
Only a very few could be found at the same place after my arrival
in April. The last specimens seen occurred April 17th.
Elysia subornata V., sp. nov.
Prats IV. Ficure 4.
Head large ; body elongated, acute behind ; neck long in exten-
sion. Rhinophores large and long, folded and strongly expanded
at the tip. Side flaps large, pointed posteriorly ; their outer sur-
faces and the sides of the body are covered with small scattered
verruce.
Color of body and outside of flaps olive-green, finely mottled with
grayish white. Close to the edge there is a very narrow orange-
brown line ; the extreme edge is darker brown. Inner surface of
flaps dark green with pale dendritic and inosculating vessels. Rhin-
ophores marked distally with brown; more proximally there is a
gray patch ; base green specked with gray.
Length, up to 25™™ in extension.
Castle Harbor, under stones, iu May. Rare.
This species is evidently closely allied to 2. ornata, but the latter
was very constant in its markings, in over 200 specimens examined,
30 6A. &. Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
and did not show, in any case, the distinctly, though minutely,
papillose surface of this species, which also appeared later and with
somewhat different habits.
Elysia flava V., sp. nov,
PuaTe IV. Ficure 1.
Body much elongated in extension ; head relatively small, bilobed
in front. Rhinophores rather small, about as long as the breadth of
the head, folded but not much expanded distally. Side flaps mod-
erately wide, undulated, rounded anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, and
extending nearly to tip of the pointed foot.
Color of head, neck, rhinophores, back, and foot light yellow, with
white specks on the back, and faint dull brown markings back of
the head and on the sides of the neck. Outside of the flaps olive-
green, specked with white and covered with very minute papille ;
edges of flaps flake-white, with dendritic branches of white extend-
ing inward. Inner surface of flaps are almost black, due to the very
dark or blackish green, arborescently branched internal organs.
Length, about 18™™ while living and in extension.
Castle Harbor, at Waterloo, under stones at low-tide, April 17,
1901. . Rare.
Elysia picta V., sp. nov.
Piatt IV. FIGURE 2.
A small, very brilliantly colored species. Body rather stout.
Head large and neck rather long; rhinophores long, clavate, and
deeply folded ; their length is equal to twice the breadth of the head.
Side-flaps large and broad, their edges thin and strongly undu-
lated ; they extend posteriorly to the tip of the foot.
Color of upper side of head, upper part of sides of neck, and
whole of back and inner surface of flaps dark reddish brown, with a
purplish spot between anterior ends of flaps; front of head bright
red; aline of the same red runs back on each side of the neck and
along the entire edge of the flaps to the end of the foot; below
this red border there is a band of bright blue ; middle of head and
bases of rhinophores light yellow, and this color extends backward
as a broad median stripe on the neck, thus forming a cross-shaped
mark of yellow, which terminates posteriorly in a blue spot on the
neck, and in a blue band on each rhinophore ; on the latter the
blue is followed by a brown band, this by a wider red band, while
the tip is brown. A blue spot centered ‘with yellow surrounds the
genital openings, on the right side of the neck.
A. E. Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 31
- Outer surface of lateral flaps olive-green below, becoming yellow-
ish above, and nearly white next to the blue submarginal band ; its
surface is thickly specked with yellowish white.
Length, 16™™ ; length of rhinophores, 3.5™™,
Hungry Bay, April 5, 1901, under stones at low-tide ; two speci-
mens, pairing. (A. H. V.) Very rare.
This species can be recognized at once by its many brilliant colors,
and especially by the marginal bands of red and blue, and by the
yellow cross on the head and neck. It can swim freely by means of
its large side-flaps. .
Elysia papillosa V., sp. noy.
Puate LV. FIGure 3.
A small, grayish, distinctly papillose species. Body rather elon-
gated in extension; head large; neck long ; rhinophores large ;
strongly folded and wide at the tips. Side-flaps large, thin, usually
with the edges deeply undulated. | Whole surface of body, head,
and outside of flaps thickly covered with small conical papille.
Color of head, neck, and outside of flaps grayish blue, paler ante-
riorly, and spotted with darker gray on the outside of the flaps, and
specked with flake-white over the whole surface. Inside of flaps
darker ash-gray ; the edges bordered with white. Rhinophores are
like the head, but with two indistinct transverse bands of orange-
brown on the posterior side.
Length, about 12™™ in extension.
Hungry Bay, under stones, at a very low-tide, April 5, 1901.
(AE ¥’.)” Rare:
This species can swim freely by means of its ample lateral flaps.
Lamellidoris aureopuncta V., sp. noy.
Puate IV. Ficure, 9.
A very small, nearly white species, with a row of small, round,
yellow spots near each lateral edge of the mantle.
Body elliptical, obtuse at both ends. The foot is longer and
wider than the mantle; anteriorly it is subtruncate with obtuse
angles, posteriorly it is rather obtuse and not much produced. The
mantle is evenly convex, nearly smooth, but hardened by spicules.
Rhinophores small, slender, acute, with many oblique plications
and no distinct sheath. Gills 6 or 7, simply pinnate, with fine
branches, retractile.
32 A. E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
Color of mantle and foot and gills pale, translucent, yellowish
white, with whiter specks, due to spicules ; near each lateral margin
of the mantle there is a row usually of five small, round, golden
yellow spots, to which the name refers. A greenish visceral organ
often shows through on the back. Rhinophores yellowish.
Length, 10™™ ; breadth, 5™™, in life.
Harrington Sound, in shallow water, under corals, April 28, 1901.
Lamellidoris miniata V., sp. nov.
PuatTEe III. Ficure 1.
See figure 3, below.
A small, bright red, finely papillose species. Head rounded,
emarginate in front, with a pair of slender oral tentacles. Body
elliptical, strongly convex. Foot thin, wider and much longer than
the mantle, its anterior angles produced into folded lobes. Rhino-
phores rather large, fusiform or subclavate ; thick and strongly
plicated, basal part smooth; tip naked, acute and white ; no evident
sheaths. Gills about eight, rather large, simply pinnate, with fine
filaments, retractile. Surface of mantle covered with minute, conical,
pointed papille.
Color of mantle bright red or deep orange-red, with an obscure
median brownish stripe ; gills and middle of rhinophores darker red,
surrounded at base with grayish blue; the rhinophores are tipped
with white. Foot and head paler orange or pinkish.
Length of foot, of largest, in extension, 107"; of mantle, 7°5™™ ;
another was 6™™ long, 3°5™™ broad.
Castle Harbor, under stones at low-tide, April 10th and 17th, 1901.
Lamellidoris lactea Ver.
These Trans., x, p. 548, 1900.
Puate IV. Ficures 8a, 8b.
A few additional specimens of this rare species were obtained.
In these the dorsal surface of the mantle and the sides below its
border were milk-white, spotted and specked with purplish gray or
pale lavender, some of the spots near the middle being larger and
roundish ; there was a tinge of orange around the bases of the gills
and on the low thick sheaths of the rhinophores. The gills are
rather long, simply pinnate; about 7 to 9 were counted. The
rhinophores are small, conical, dark gray.
A. E. Verrili—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. — 33
Lamellidoris (?) olivacea V.
Doris (?) olivacea Verrill, these Trans., x, p. 548, 1900,
Pirate 1V. Ficure 7.
A larger and better specimen of this species was obtained this
season. ‘The central area of the back, in this example, is covered
with small, conical, whitish or grayish papille. The rhinophores are
long, tapered, subacute, with an orange ring at base. The wide
undulated mantle-border contains spicules.
Chromodoris (?) roseopicta V.
These Trans., x. p. 549, pl. Ixvi, fig. 1, 1900.
Fie. 2.—Chromodoris roseopicta V., gills in profile, enlarged. 2a.—The same,
posterior view of gills. 3.—Lamellidoris miniata V. Head and front part
of foot, enlarged.
Larger and better specimens of this beautiful species were obtained
this year; they show that some of the characters of the type-speci-
men were due to immaturity or imperfect expansion.
In the best examples the mantle border is broad, strongly undu-
lated, and projects beyond the margins of the foot. The back is
everywhere covered with prominent rosy-tipped, rather blunt
papille ; some of these, larger than the rest, form three rows of 5 or
6 along the back, and these are surrounded at base with bright
yellow specks. The rhinophores, in expansion, are clavate-fusiform,
stout, subacute, plicated, bright red, striped with narrow lines of
white spots. The gills are large and long, about 24; of these 12 or
14 are simple, long, tapered, pinnate plumes ; behind and within
these there is, on each side, a gronp of 5 or 6 smaller divergent
plumes, which arise in a subspiral manner from a common stem.
The color, in general, is the same as in the type.
Harrington Sound, Hungry Bay, Long Bird Island, etc., usually
on the under side of a massive, brown keratose sponge (.Spongia, sp.)
Trans. Conn. Acap., Vou. XI. 3 OcroBER, 1901.
34 A. E. Verrilli— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
Scyllea pelagica (Linné).
A single large living specimen of this species was found at Long
Bird Island, on the flats, in May. Its color was light orange, with a
marginal band of deep orange, edged with white around the lateral
lobes and along the upper lateral margins of the body; sides of
body were specked with flake-white, but without purple spots.
Back of rhinophores deep orange ; edges white.
Length, 55™™.
Facelina Goslingii V., sp. nov.
PLATE IV. Ficure 6.
Body, in life, when extended, elongated and rather slender, tapered
to an acute point posteriorly. Head large, rounded, with a pair
of very long, slender, tapered, acute tentacles. Rhinophores much
smaller, not half as long, acute, with strong plications on the
distal portion, naked near the base. Foot with the anterior angles
prolonged into a pair of long, tapered, tentacle-like organs, more
than half as long as the true tentacles and similarly colored. Dorsal
papille numerous, long, very slender, fusiform, acute, easily decidu-
ous, arranged in numerous (about 10 to 12) double groups along
each side, leaving a broad naked dorsal region. The anterior groups
contain numerous crowded papille, in two or more transverse rows ;
the posterior groups gradually diminish till the last contain very few
papillee.
Color of back pale, translucent, grayish white, with a median
stripe of white, edged with narrow red lines, and with a lateral stripe
of orange on each side along the bases of the papille, which are
white crossed by numerous bands of light rose-red or pink. Head
white in front, tinged with pink around the mouth and with a median,
usually Y-shaped streak of red on the front and extending between
the tentacles, and an ocellated, round, blue spot at the upper base
of each tentacle ; back of neck with a median blue streak. Tentacles
and tentacular processes of foot white proximally, then with a light
red band followed by a wide blue distal band. Rhinophores nearly
white. Foot edged with blue anteriorly.
The odontophore has but a single row of teeth ; these have broad,
thick bases and taper rather rapidly to the acute, naked, somewhat
incurved tips. There are about 10 to 12 acute serrations on each
edge, the distal ones becoming very small. The cutting edges of
the jaws are brown and chitons with a submarginal rib ; the two
edges form nearly a right angle, when flattened by pressure.
A. E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas, 35
Length, in life, 35 to 45™".
Taken in considerable numbers in the mangrove swamp at Hungry
Bay, on a filamentous green alga, March 10th, 1901 (A. H. V.). In
April (5th) both the alga and the mollusk had disappeared.
This is a very handsome and active species. It is difficult to pre-
serve entire, for it casts its papillz very readily when irritated in any
way.
It is named in honor of Mr. T. Goodwin Gosling, of Bermuda,
who first discovered it. I have referred it to Facelina with some
doubt, for its anatomy has not yet been fully studied.
PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Volva uniplicata (Sowerby).
Ovulum uniplicatum Sowerby, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1848, p. 135.
Volva uniplicata Tryon, Amer. Marine Conch., p. 93, pl. ix, fig. 98, 1873.
-The purple variety of this species was found adhering to a purple
specimen of Gorgonia flabellum, from Castle Harbor reefs.
PULMONATA.
Among the Pulmonata, apparently not before recorded, are the
following :
Melampus bullimoides Mont. Shore of Hungry Bay.
PBlaumeria heteroclita Mont. Shore near Hungry Bay, under stones.
Also an undetermined, small, strongly depressed, smooth, helicoid
shell, 8 to 10™™ in diameter; the aperture is simple, lunate; lip
acute ; umbilicus open and deep, but not very large. Hamilton, in
gardens.
BIVALVIA.
Cardium medium Linné.
A single dead specimen of this West Indian species was found in
the cavities of a stone fished up from about 100 feet deep, otf the
outer reefs.
ECHINODERMA.
Only one species, so far as positively determined, was added to
the Echinoderma this year. This was an interesting simple-armed
astrophytid (Astroporpa affinis), which was found clinging to a
Verrucella from off the outer reefs.
Several other species of special interest were obtained, which we
did not collect in 1898.
360 OA. EB. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Astroporpa affinis Lutken.
Lutken, Addit. ad Hist. Ophiur., II, p. 154, pl. v, figs 5a, 5b, 1859.
Four specimens of this rare species were found clinging to the
branches of a large gorgonian ( Verrucella grandis V.), brought up
from about 100 feet, off the outer reefs, on a fisherman’s hook. The
color, as dried, after a few days, is light yellowish or grayish-brown
on the raised annulations of the arms and ribs, and darker brown on
the annular grooves.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Luidia clathrata (Say).
Asterias clathrata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., v, p. 141, 1825.
Luidia clathrata Lutken, Vidensk. Meddel., p. 37, 1859. A. Agassiz, N.
Amer. Starfishes, p. 117, pl. xx. Perrier, Arch. Zodl. Exper., v, p. 252,
1876. Sladen, Voy. Challenger, Zoél., vol. xxx, pp. 245, 353, 1889.
Several fine specimens of this species were taken on a white shell-
sand bottom in shallow water, at Trunk Island, Harrington Sound.
It also occurred at Long Bird Island and other localities, on shell-
sand bottoms in shallow water. Its presence is indicated by a star-
shaped impression in the sand. But it moves about under the sand
with remarkable rapidity, when disturbed, by means of its large
ambulacral tubes, so that it is not easy to capture it, after it has
taken alarm.
Its color in life is generally light cream-color, often with a rosy or
flesh-colored tint, and frequently with a darker grayish or greenish
median streak on each ray. It becomes at least a foot in diameter
at Bermuda.
Linckia Guildingii Gray.
Linckia Guwildingii Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 285. Perrier,
Arch, Zoél. Exper., iv, p. 408, 1875. A. Agassiz, N. Amer. Starfishes, p. 105,
pl. xiv, figs. 1-6. H. L. Clark, Ann. N. York Acad., xi, p. 412, 1898.
Verrill, these Trans., x, p. 671. (Ophidiaster, by error, on p. 584.)
Ophidiaster ornithopus Mill. & Troschel, Syst. Aster., p. 31, 1842.
Linckia ornithopus Vervill, these Trans., vol. i, p. 367.
Several small specimens of this species were taken, mostly at
Hungry Bay and Long Bird Island, under stones below low-tide.
It is dull orange or orange-brown in life.
A, E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. — 37
ECHINOIDEA.
The most interesting species of this group, taken this year, is the
following :
Evhinoneus semilunaris (Gm.) Lam.
Echinoneus semilunuris Lam., Anim. s. Vert., p. 19, 1816. A. Agassiz, Revis:
Echin., p. 118 (Syn.), 333 (deser.), 550, pl. xiv, figs. 1-5, pl. xxxviii, fig. 26,
1872.
Echinoneus gibbosus Lam., Anim. s. Vert., p. 16, 1816.
Echinoneus elegans Desor, in Agassiz, Mon. Echin., p. 47, pl. vi, figs. 4-6, 1842.
Echinoneus conformis Desor, op. cit., p. 48, pl. vi, figs. 11-21, 1842.
This interesting species appears not to have been obtained there
for many years, though it was recorded by Mr. A. Agassiz. Two
living specimens were taken at Hungry Bay in March, by A. H.
Verrill. They were found buried in sand and gravel, under stones,
in small tide-pools, at extreme low-tide. Their color in life was
purplish red or bright copper-red.
HOLOTHURIOIDEA.
Holothuria Rathbuni Lampert.
Holothuria, sp., Rathbun, these Trans., v, p. 141, 1879. (Description. )
Puate I. Ficures 6a, 60, 7.
The most interesting holothurian was a large species of Holothuria
which has the habit, unusual in this genus, of burrowing deeply in
the sand at and below low-tide mark on the sand flats, much like the
Avrenicola cristata, with which it is usually associated. It makes a
distinct mound of sand around the mouth of its burrow, which runs
obliquely downward, often to the depth of two feet or more.
This holothurian itself, when expanded, was often 18 to 20 inches
long and 1 inch to 14 inches in diameter in the middle.
It is usually long-fusiform in extension, tapering gradually to each
end. Its color is usually gray, pale grayish brown, or purplish brown,
with irregular rows of roundish brown or purplish spots. It is often
stained with rusty brown or yellow. The surface is papillose, and
the integument is firm and tough.
This was not uncommon on the flats exposed at low-tide at Long
Bird Island, and other similar localities. A single specimen was in
Mr. Goode’s collection of 1876, without special locality.
This is probably H. Rathbuni Lamp., recently recorded from Ber-
muda by Mr. H. L. Clark (Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., xxix, pp. 343,
344, May, 1901). :
380 OA. E Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
ANNELIDA.
CHZETOPODA.
An important collection of marine annelids was made this year,
but it has not yet been studied in detail. A number of new forms
are known to be included in the lot. Among the additional genera
are Terebellides, Pterosyllis, and others.
Several interesting species of earthworms were also obtained, but
they have not yet been examined with care.
The following large and handsome new Pectinaria was found in
considerable numbers :— ,
Pectinaria regalis V., sp. nov.
Puate VIII. Ficurss 6, 7.
A large, stout species, with large groups of bright golden, acute
opercular sete, of which there are 11 to 13 in each group, the outer-
most and two to four of the inner ones much smaller than the rest.
Opercular disk broadly rounded, smooth, with the dorsal edge
erenulated, and with a slender acute antenna on the ventro-lateral
angles; astouter, bent, obtuse lobule stands at the base of the ventral
edge, on each side. The ventral lobe has about ten slender mar-
ginal papille on each half of the ventral edge, besides three or four
smaller ones on the incurved lateral edges.
The buccal segment bears a pair of slender tentacular cirri, longer
than the antenne, and below these, on each side, four rounded
prominent lobules. The gills are large, the anterior pair much the
larger; below each gill there is a prominent transverse ridge
separated below by a median glandular pad. Similar ridges occur
on the next two segments, but the fourth ventral pad is bilobed.
On fifteen segments, following the 2d branchial, there is a con-
spicuous dorsal fascicle of golden sete, largest on the 3d to 9th.
The two next segments appear to lack dorsal set; the next (last
thoracic) has a small group of recurved sete on the dorsal side-
The caudal region has five segments, besides the caudal, which is
semicircular, with about 24 rounded marginal papille. Rows of
uncini begin on the 4th post-branchial segment.
Length, up to 95™" ; diameter, 12-13™™.
The tube is regularly tapered and considerably bent ; it is com-
posed of rather large, nearly uniform, rounded grains of calcareous
sand. This fine species was found at Cony Island and the
“ Scaur,” between tides, in shell-sand. Very local.
A, EF. Verrill—Additions to the Fuuna of the Bermudas. 39
Arenicola cristata Stimpson,
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, p. 114. Webster, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 25, p. 328, 1884.
This large species was very common at low-tide and down to three
fathoms at several localities, especially at Long Bird Island on the
flats, Castle Harbor at Waterloo and Tuckers Town, at Hungry
Bay, ete. It makes a conspicuous burrow, at the mouth of which
there is usually a long cylindrical or coiled roll of mucus, nearly an
inch in diameter.
Fallacia protochona (Schmarda) Quatr.
Hesione protochona Schmarda, Neue Wirb. Thiere, I, p. 79, pl. xxviii, fig.
226, 1861. Quatrefages, Hist. Nat. des Ann., II, p. 98, 1865. Webster, op.
cit., p. 311, pl. viii, fig. 21, 1884.
Puate VIII. Ficure 5.
Some large and fine specimens of this species were taken in 1901.
Some of them were at least six inches (150™™) long while living.
They were mostly found under stones at low-tide at Hungry Bay,
the Secaur, Cony Island, Castle Harbor, ete.
Some of the largest were found swimming rapidly at the surface,
by rapid undulations of the body.
In life the color is pale brownish yellow, striped longitudinally
with many fine dark brown lines.
GEPHYRZA.
Sipunculus nudus Linné (?)
Selenka in Semper’s Reisen in den Philippinen, ii, Bd. iv, 1883.
Ward, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxi, pp. 147-182, 1891.
A large species, 200 to 250™™ in length and 15 to 20"™ in diameter
when expanded. It contracts variously in formalin, sometimes to
a cylindrical form, 150™™ in length and 10 to 12™™ in diameter ; in
other cases the middle of the body is much narrower and both ends
are bulbous.
The body is longitudinally sulcate, with about 32 grooves, sepa-
rating wider muscular bands. These are crossed by numerous circu-
lar grooves and bands, which divide the surface into more or less
conspicuous squarish or oblong areas, which are often distinctly
raised, especially posteriorly. The posterior end is suddenly tapered
to an obtuse point, the tapered portion being nearly smooth, but
longitudinally suleated ; that portion of the base of the proboscis
which is visible is closely covered with small broad-based, obtuse,
conical, pale brown verruce.
40 A. EF. Verrili—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
The anus is a conspicuous transverse slit, on a slightly raised or
thickened brownish area, covered with radial grooves. The nephri-
dial pores are very distinctly transversely bilabiate ; they are sepa-
rated by about seven longitudinal muscular bands, and are situated
on the eighth muscular band in front of the anal pore.
The color in life is brownish flesh-color, or light yellowish brown.
In formalin it is dull, pale yellowish brown, a little darker on the
posterior end and at the base of the proboscis, as well as around the
anal pore ; the surface has a glistening appearance.
One specimen is somewhat darker, being covered with fine dark
brown specks, which form alternately lighter and darker, very
narrow stripes on the body, two narrow dark lines being situated on
each longitudinal muscular band.
The internal anatomy has not yet been studied sufticiently to
determine positively whether this be identical with the European
S. nudus, which has been reported also from Florida,
Sand flats of Long Bird Island, in deep burrows, April, 1901.
Physcosoma, sp.
A large species, 150 to 175™™ long, and about 8 to 10™™ in diame-
ter, when expanded.
It was translucent flesh-color, finely specked with yellowish brown.
The two long and large segmental organs showed through the integ-
ument as purplish folded tubes 20 to 30™™ long.
There are 20 wide muscular bands ; seven on each side between
the anal and nephridial pores and six between the two latter. The
surface is covered with fine granule-like elevations; around the
posterior end is a wide zone of larger, crowded, low, yellow, rounded
verruce, not chitinous; a similar zone surrounds the base of the
proboscis. On the inner surface of the longitudinal muscles are
scattered, oblong, low, verruciform bodies, about .5™™ long. The
intestine is long and large, forming about 45 spiral turns. The
transverse muscles form thin narrow bands or lines, very near
together.
Thalassema Baronii Greef.
Thalassema Baronii Greef, Acta Ac. Germ., xli, p. 151, 1879. Shipley in
Willey’s Zo6l. Results, part iii, p. 745, pl. xxxiii, figs. 1 and 7, 1899 ; Proc.
Zo61, Soc, London, 1899, p. 55. Selenka, Challenger Voy., Zodl., xiii, p. 1.
Puate V. FIGURE 9.
Length, in life, in extension, 50 to 65™", diameter 12 to 15™",
but the form is very changeable. The color of the body was bluish-
A, FE. Verrill— Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 4]
green, striped longitudinally with about eight bands of bright pink
or light violet-red, these stripes being of nearly the same breadth as
the green ones. Proboscis similar to the greenish parts of the body,
but rather lighter, or more distinctly bluish, without stripes.
The body, in expansion, was usually thick-fusiform or larger in
front of the middle. The proboscis was usually short, stout and
blunt, but changeable according to state of expansion.
Three specimens were collected on one of the serpuline atolls near
Hungry Bay, at.a very low tide in March. They were imbedded in
loose sand and gravel. (A. H. V.)
TURBELLARIA.
POLYCLADIA.
Thysanozoon nigrum Girard.
Thysanozoon nigrum Girard, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 1387,
1854 (from Cape Florida).
Thysanozoon Brochti, var. nigrum Lang, Die Polycladen, Fauna und Flora des
Golfes von Neapel, p. 535, 1884.
A large, nearly jet black species, thickly covered above with large
obtuse or subacute, unequal papille.
Body broad, oblong-elliptical, with thin undulated margins, used
actively in swimming. Tentacular lobes elongated, projecting
upward and forward, deeply folded. A small, roundish or cordate
cerebral cluster of minute ocelli, surrounded by a small pale area.
Whole dorsal side covered with rather closely crowded papille, part of
which are much smaller than the others; they are mostly tapered
and rather obtuse, but many are fusiform and subacute.
Color usually nearly pure black, sometimes with patches of dark
gray and fine specks of white, and with faint yellowish reticulated
lines anteriorly ; under side light smoky brown. Papille blackish,
often tinged with greenish yellow.
Length, in life, up to 60™™ ; breadth, 30 to 45™™.
Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound, in May, usually found swim-
ming actively at the surface, but sometimes living under stones.
It was called “sea-devil” by some of the fishermen, probably
owing to its black color.
Thysanozoon griseum V., sp. nov.
»~
Puate V. FIGuRE 7.
Body usually oblong-elliptical or ovate in extension, but change-
able. Length to breadth often as 2: 1. Dorsal surface thickly cov-
42 A. E, Verrill—Additions to the Fuuna of the Bermudas.
ered with elongated, acute, unequal papilla. Tentacular folds prom-
inent, not very near together. Cerebral ocelli form two slightly
separated, small, nearly semicircular groups, surrounded by a pale
area. Color of dorsal side mostly brownish gray, tinged with yel-
low, and with a broad median stripe of white, on which the papille
are also white ; the other papille are spotted with orange, white,
and dark brown. Tentacles gray, spotted with flake-white. On
their anterior edges there are, apparently, many minute black ocelli ;
other black specks that may be ocelli form a row on the front margin,
between the tentacles and on the lateral margins as far back as the
cerebral ocelli, or farther.
Length, 35 to 40™™ ; breadth, 16 to 20™™.
Harrington Sound, under dead corals, in April.
This may, perhaps, prove to be only a pale variety of ZT. nigrum,
when a larger series can be studied, but aside from the difference in
color, the separate groups of cerebral ocelli and the more prominent
tentacles seem to be important characters. Only one specimen was
taken.
Pseudoceros bicolor V., sp, nov.
Puate V. FiGurRE 5.
Body broadly elliptical with very thin undulated edges. Pseudo-
tentacles are broad, short, rounded folds with a deep sinus between
them, and with numerous minute ocelli on their front edges. . Far-
ther back than the bases of the pseudotentacles there is a round
median group of numerous small cerebral ocelli. There are also
two small light colored elevations.
Color of the central area very dark, almost black, with acute
lobes of the same color extending toward the margin, which is
translucent white, tinged with gray.
Length, about 30" ; breadth, 15™™, but the form is very change-
able.
Long Bird Island, under stones at low-tide, April, 1901 (A. H. V.).
Pseudoceros aureolineata V., sp. nov.
PLATE V. FIGURE 6.
Body broadly elliptical, with thin undulated margins, but very
changeable in form. Pseudotentacles broadly folded, bearing numer-
ous small ocelli on the margin ; rows of similar ocelli extend along
the whole margin of the body. A round cluster of small cerebral
ocelli is situated anteriorly.
A, E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 48
Color, above, in life, light purplish-brown or purplish fawn-color,
irregularly spotted and specked with white, and with a median row
of white spots or small blotches ; toward the margin is a row of
greenish spots, about at the edge of the brown area. The margin is
translucent white, with a narrow, bright, light orange line at the edge;
Under side anteriorly specked with fiake-white.
Length, about 25™™; breadth, 18 to 20™".
Long Bird Island, under stones just below low-tide, April 19,
rare.
Stylochus Bermudensis V., sp. nov.
Body oblong-elliptical in life, with thin undulated edges. Ten-
tacles not long, rather far apart, situated about at the anterior fourth,
conical and subacute in extension, short and blunt in partial contrac-
tion. Ocelli form a cluster in the base of each tentacle, and two or
three marginal rows along the anterior part of the body, extending
back past the middle.
Color, above, grayish green on a white ground color. The greenish
color forms specks and blotches over the surface, with the white
ground-color showing between them, and specked with flake-white.
Just back of the tentacles there is a transverse row of three white
spots, the median one the largest ; under side white, mouth central.
Length, 18™™ in extension ; breadth, 8 to 9™™.
Harrington Sound, in shallow water, under corals, April 14, 1901.
The only specimen found was accidentally lost before a detailed
figure had been made. The clusters of cerebral ocelli were not
noted.
Discocelis binoculata V., sp. nov.
Puate V. Ficures 3, 4.
A long, narrow, very active and changeable species, with thin and
much undulated edges ; anterior end generally obtusely rounded ;
posterior end tapered. Breadth to length often as 1 to 6 or 8, in
extension.
The cerebral ocelli form two distinct round clusters, separated by
a space greater than their diameters.
No marginal ocelli could be seen in one specimen, but in others
there seemed to be a row of very small ones anteriorly.
Ground-color, pale flesh-color ; light pink ; pale yellowish-orange ;
or salmon, paler and translucent toward the margins; a row of
about 12 orange-brown, ronndish spots along each side of the back,
44. A. E, Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
about midway between the middle and the edges; outside and
between these are numerous small specks of the same color. A
median pale gastric streak extends from the ocelli to near the pos-
terior end; it is usually bordered by a deeper colored, salmon or
light orange band.
The stomach is long and narrow, occupying most of the length of
the body behind the eyes. It gives off, mostly at right angles, a
large number of narrow, lateral, dendritic branches. The pharynx
is not very long, subcentral, lobulated.
Length in extension, up to 30 or 40™" ; breadth, 6 to 8™™, but it
often contracted to a shorter and broader form.
Under stones and dead corals, and in their crevices, at low-tide,
Long Bird Island, April 19th and 29th, It is a very active species
and creeps rapidly into holes and crevices, when disturbed.
This closely resembles, in color, general appearance, and in the
cerebral eyes, the Leptoplana Alcinoi of the Bay of Naples, as
figured by Lang (Polycladen, p. 486, pl. ii, figs. 2 and 5). But our
specimens appeared to have a row of small, anterior marginal ocelli,
that are not present in the former.
Discocelis cyclops V., sp. nov.
PuaTe V. FiGure 1.
Body usually much elongated, rather narrow, with thin, more or
less undulated margins ; anterior margin usually obtusely rounded ;
posterior end often tapered.
The two cerebral groups of ocelli are semicircular or semiellipti-
cal and very close together, so that they seem to form a single,
rather conspicuous, rounded or elliptical eye, of larger size than
usual in this group. Around the front margin there are also two or
three rows of minute ocelli, which extend somewhat farther back
than the cerebral groups.
Color of the body usually pale, translucent flesh-color or pale
cream-color, but nearly white toward the margins ; there is a rather
wide median dorsal stripe of orange-brown, made up of minute
round brown specks; similar specks are scattered over the whole
surface, except near the edges, which are pale and translucent.
One specimen was, in general, reddish brown, due to the color of
the dendritic gastric branches showing through. Another was
nearly white, specked with orange. The dark median gastric stripe
is often bordered with whitish.
The mouth is far forward, only a little behind the eyes.
A. E. Verrili—Additions to the Fuuna of the Bermudas. 45
The proboscis, which is often ejected in formalin solution, is large
and clavate, four-lobed at the end, 12 to 14™™ lony.
Length, up to 75 to 90™™ ;_ breadth, 10 to 15™", in extension ; P7 often
contracts into much shorter and broader forms.
Harrington Sound, April 28th, on under side of dead corals, in
shallow water. Castle Harbor, at Waterloo, low-tide, under stones,
May 5th. The Scaur, under stones at low-tide, May.
This species is here referred to the genus Diseocelis with some
doubt, for its anatomy has not yet been sufficiently studied.
Trigonoporus microps V., sp. nov.
PLATE V. FIGURE 2.
Body thin, usually long and narrow, very extensile and change-
able, the edges usually much undulated and very thin ; both ends
may be subacute in extension. When fully extended the body is
very narrow, the breadth being about one-sixth to one-eighth of the
length.
Cerebral clusters of ocelli are lacking; but numerous minute
ocelli are scattered over the anterior dorsal region and along the
anterior margins, becoming much more numerous and crowded into
several rows close to the anterior end. The stomach is very long,
extending through most of the length of the body, and it gives off
very numerous, nearly transverse, lateral branches, which are sub-
divided into numerous dendritic branchlets. :
Color of the body pale flesh-color or cream-color, the stomach and
its branches showing through as rather darker pale ocher or
brownish markings.
Length up to 50 or 60™™ ; breadth, in extension, 5 to 10™™.
Castle Harbor and “The Scaur,” under stones at low-tide; May
Ist to 5th.
This species closely resembles 7. cephalophthalma, of the Gulf of
Naples, (see Lang, Polycladen, p. 503, pl. ii, fig. 1), in form and in
the arrangement of the ocelli. The latter, however, differs in color
and, apparently, in the relative length of the median gastric cavity,
which is about one-third the total length, yet when more fully
studied they may prove to be identical. The internal reproductive
organs of our species have not been studied, so that its generic
position is not positively settled. I have placed it in Trigonoporus
mainly because of its close resemblence to the Naples species, as to
form of body and arrangement of the ocelli. In the latter the gas-
tric streak is white, bordered and continued by orange-brown, other-
wise the upper side is pale greenish gray.
46 A. EB. Verrilli—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
Leptoplana lactoalba V.
These Trans., x, p. 595, fig. 9, 1900.
Nu@erous specimens of this species were taken in 1901, many of
which differ from the typical form, in being more or less tinged
with flesh-color or pale yellowish brown. For this variety it may
be convenient to have a special name. No differences, except in
color, were noticed.
Var. tincta, nov.
PuaTe V. Ficure 8.
Color of dorsal surface pale flesh-color, light salmon-color, or pale
brownish yellow, due to numerous minute specks of pigment scattered
in the tissues ; margins paler ; not very translucent. In this species
the principal or most conspicuous cerebral ocelli form a pair of round
clusters, well apart, on slightly elevated verruce. There is a simple
row of two or three ocelli behind the round groups and a crowded,
usually curved row in front. The stomach is not very long. No
marginal ocelli were observed.
The form is very changeable and the species is very active, both
in creeping and swimming.
Length up to 40 or 50™; breadth, 18 to 25™,
Long Bird Island; Harrington Sound; Castle Harbor, etc., under
stones and corals. Common.
NEMERTINA.
Two or three additional species of Nemerteans were obtained in
1901, but they have not yet been fully studied.
The most interesting one was taken singly, two or three times,
under stones, at low-tide. It was 150 to 175™™ long, and about 4 or
5™™ broad. It was somewhat flattened, except anteriorly. Its color
was bright orange or scarlet ; no eyes were seen. It appeared to be
related to Polia or Eupolia.
A species of Zineuws was found in May by Mr. W. G. Van Name,
among algve, in a rather brackish pond near Bailey Bay. It was
dark grayish brown on the upper side, paler beneath. Length, 75 to
100™", It occurred in considerable numbers, but it has not yet been
studied with care.
The terrestrial nemertean (Zetrastemma agricola W. Suhm) was
found common in April, near Hungry Bay, under stones and burrow-
ing in the soil like an earthworm. They were from 2 to 4 inches
A, E. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 47
long, when extended, but they are said to grow to the length of 6
inches. They are quite active and can be kept alive for a long time
in jars of moist earth. They occurred not only near the shore, but
on the uplands where the soil was almost dry. The larger ones, in
life, were dark grayish brown or slate-color along the back, but the
smaller ones were nearly white.
ANTHOZOA.
ACTINARIA.
Cerianthus natans V., sp. nov.
Puate IX. Fuicure 6.
Body in extension when swimming, rather long, bulbous or clavate
near the base and enlarged rapidly close to the disk. Outer tenta-
cles about 38, subequal, tapered, not very long, thin, length usually
less than one-half the diameter of the disk; they appear to form
two or three rows. Inner or oral tentacles much smaller and more
slender, about 24, apparently forming two series, owing to their
alternate positions.
Color of body orange-brown, tinged with yellow. Outer tentacles
reddish brown, crossed by five or six bands of white; disk yellowish
around bases of tentacles with a brown spot in front of the base of
each ; central part of disk bluish gray. Oral tentacles nearly white;
mouth yellow, with lines of red running in from between the oral
tentacles.
Length, in life 110™™; diameter of column, 10 to 22™; of disk
and tentacles, 45™™, length of outer tentacles, about 10™™.
Cony Island, floating free among alge, March 26,1901. (A. H. V.)
This species, when kept in confinement, could swim about actively
by expelling water from the pore in the bulbous base. Only one
example was taken. The tentacles are much shorter than usual in
this group.
Epicystis osculifera (Lesueur) Ver.
Verrill, these Trans., x, p. 556, 1900.
Puate VII. Ficure 1.
Numerous specimens of this elegant actinian were obtained, some
of them of large size. These render it still more probable that this
form is distinct from: £. crucifera, for it seems to have a character-
istic pattern of colors.
48 A. EF Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas.
The column is usually streaked with light red and pale pink, much
as in erucifera, but the tentacles are longitudinally striped with
green and white, one of the green stripes on the outside and two on
the inside being dark green, while the lateral ones are light green ;
there is often an inner median streak or spot of yellow or orange ;
the bases are surrounded by dark green. lines which run in on the
disk as radial lines. The disk is generally lined or striped radially
with green and white, variegated with orange and dark green spots.
The lips are bright yellow, edged with green. The suckers: are
bright red and form short rows on the upper part.
There are usually only 6 or 12 of the primary and secondary ten-
tacles that have more or less evident transverse raised ridges on the
inner face of the tentacles. One of these usually occupies the inner
end of each of the six infoldings of the disk.
It is sometimes 150™™ or more in diameter.
Hungry Bay; Castle Harbor; Harrington Sound. It lives
between stones and in crevices of rocks and corals.
Lebrunia Dance (D. & M.) Ver.
Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vii, p. 46, fig. 15, 1899. These Trans., x, p. 555,
pl. lxvail, fig: 3; pl. lix, fey 11900;
Puate VI. Ficure 1.
A number of large specimens of this species were obtained. They
varied considerably in color, but none were distinctly green like
those obtained in 1898.
The column, tentacles, and disk were generally light yellowish
brown or fawn-color. The branchiz were usually darker brown,
often light umber-brown or chocolate-brown. The tentacles often
had pale tips. The gills in extension were usually much longer than
the tentacles ; they were much branched arborescently, but they had
few or no distinct rounded acrorhagi.
In this last character and in color they differed decidedly from
the 1898 specimens, described and figured by me in 1900, and agreed
nearly with JZ. neglecta, as described by McMurrich, from the
Bahamas.
Phellia simplex V., sp. nov.
Column slender, elongated, often vermiform, changeable, covered
with a closely adherent, brownish or dirty epidermis, except close to
each end,
Tentacles about 24; inner ones slender, tapered but little, longer
and larger than the outer ones, and equal to the diameter of the
disk ; outer ones small.
A, EF. Verrill—Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas. 49
Color of disk usually buff, with white radii; tentacles translucent
buff with a broad proximal patch of flake-white, beyond which there
are two or three transverse bands of dark reddish brown. The
lowest of these bands is W-shaped; the others are simple annula-
tions.
’
Length, in life, 18 to 24™™ ; diameter, 4 to 5™™,
Long Bird Island, under stones at low-tide, April 19th; also at
Waterloo, Castle Harbor.
This species has the aspect of an Eidwardsia, but its basal disk is
well developed.
Phellia rufa Ver.
These Trans., x, p. 557, pl. Ixviii, fig. 2, 1900.
PuaTE VI. Ficure 5.
Numerous fine specimens of this species were found under stones
in several localities, but it was particularly abundant and large at
Waterloo, Castle Harbor, where the tidal streams from the adjacent
caves flow out of the stony shores between tides.
At the latter locality specimens very much larger than the types
were obtained. Some of these, in life, were 75 to 100™™ long, and
20 to 36™™" in diameter of body, with a correspondingly increased
number of tentacles, which were often 96 to 120 ; the inner 12 are
often erect and decidedly the largest The form of the body is very
changeable.
In nearly all cases the column is a deep brownishred or dull
salmon-brown, and the tough epidermis, which adheres very closely
and extends nearly to the tentacles, is wrinkled in contraction. The
disk and tentacles vary much in color, but are nearly always hand-
somely variegated with red, salmon-brown, or purplish brown, and
flake-white. The tentacles are generally banded with flake-white
and often they have two or three W-shaped bands of dark purplish
brown or reddish brown. The disk has radial stripes or spots of the
same brown colors, alternating with white, or the brown spots may
be V-shaped.
Aiptasia tagetes (ID. & M.) Andres.
Puate VI. Ficure 6.
Verrill, these Trans., x, p. 557, pl. Ixvii, fig. 2, 1900.
This species was found very common in 1901, and numerous
marked variations in its colors were observed.
Trans. Conn. Acap., Vou. XI. 1 OctosER, 1901.
50