X !* Oj GENERAL ZOOLOGY SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY commenced by the late GEORGE SHAW,M.D.F.R.S.&C. i PLATES from the first Authorities and most select specimens / // '// /S/V//fS//// /'// J / / S? ' *8 GRIFFITH. IVinted fa- G.MDde, XWaTkec, J.&A. Arch. Long-man.Hurst.Rees.Orme. & BrowruE-Jeffa-v. Sherwood. Nedev;fc Jones, Lttv&^tfhittaloer, Baldwin, Cradoci;&.To7;R.Sciiol«"y; J.Blact X: Son,A\"TLowe, J.Booth. R-Fenner, - GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME X. PART II. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S, BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR G. WILKIE; J. WALKER; J. AND A. ARCH; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; E. JEFFERY ; SHERWOOD, NEELEY, AND JONES j LAW AND WHITTAKER ; BALDWIN, CUADOCK, AND JOY; R. SCHOLEY; J. BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE; J. BOOTH; R. FENNER ; S. BAGSTER ; J. ROBINSON; RODWELL AND MARTIN; WALKER AND EDWARDS : AND J. HARPER. 1817. INDEX TO VOL. X.— PART II. ALAUD^ i P. Africana agrestis alpestris alpestris, var. arborea . arenaria . arvensis . Calandra Calandra, Calandrilla. campestris Candida. dftnpnsis 501 534 527 530 522 506 515 502 513 512 515 539 502 «nn ALAUDA Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . ] Lath. Ray. var. Lath JBonelli. Briss. p. 510 524 533 505 505 522 516 523 520 509 529 493 531 527 516 523 VI INDEX, ALAUDA mvtabilis. Gmel. . p. 511 505 503 532 532 536 517 536 540 517 519 517 525 525 542 512 539 511 521 542 535 530 502 526 424 425 435 428 427 AMPELIS coccinea. Gmel. . p. 426 Gmel. dice. Gmel. o — — garrulus, var. Lin. . . 423 •— — lutpiis /l^fl disc. . oh^Piiri Briss. - • •••• • • tersa 43° umbellata 437 Asilus. Ray. . . 742 Blue-bird. Cntesby. . 663 .,..,, , . — red -bellied Ed cristata. Briss. wards. . . 689 BOMBYCILLA . 420 •••• • T^fthpmici AO.1 Calendula Pensylvanica. Briss. . .761 Cardinalis. Briss. . 440 — — — Americanus. Briss. . .461 . Briss. . . AMPELIS Briss. . . 462 Briss. . . 465 Cardinalis purpurea. Briss. INDEX. vii Cotinga alba, Briss. p. 435 p. 439 Cephalopterus ornatus. Geoff. . . 437 Certhia Pinus. Lin. . 737 Chat, yellow-breasted. mis. . . 356 CHATTERER Wils. ed Pen. Catesby. American. blue-breast- Bohemian. Carolina. 424 423 432 421 breasted throated . . 423 caruncu1ated435 crested . 425 cupreous 426 grey . 427 grey. Lath. 430 pompadour 430 purple- . . 429 purple- . . 428 red . 425 red-winged 43 1 silky . 433 superb . 436 umbrella'd 437 variegated 434 yellow . 428 — — Cayanensis. Briss. . . 426 — — cinereo'purpurea. Briss. . . 430 — — Manaynensis. Briss. . . 433 ncema. Briss. . 434 purpurea. Briss. 43O rubra. Briss. 425 Creeper, black and 'white. Edwards. . . 639 Pine. Catesby. 737 yellow-throated. Catesby. . . 679 Curruca. Briss. . 581 • albo et nigro varia. Briss. . . 648 arundinacea. Briss. . .586 atricapilla. Briss. 648 • cinerea sive cine- raria. Briss. . 597 Eliot IB. Ray. 661 garrula. Briss. 580 Jamaicensis.Briss. 584 minor. Briss. 745 ncevia. Briss. 5QI ntevia Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . 6l5 rufa. Briss. . 668 • sepiaria. Briss. 66l 1 sylvestris seu Lus- ciniola. Briss. 581 Vlll INDEX, Cyanecula. Briss. p. 660 I Ficedula Jamaicensis. Gibraltariensis . Briss. . 660 Emberigajlavifrons. Sparrmann. 458 Briss. . p, 667 — — Jamaicensis major. Briss. . /02 • Ludoviciana. Briss. . .713 Madagascari- Fauvette, lesser. Bewick. 588 ensis major. Briss. . 371 reed. Beiviclc. 586 Ficedula. Briss. . 592 • — Bengalensis. Briss. • Boroonica. Briss. . . 601 Canadensis. Briss. . . 750 — — — Canadensis dnerea. Briss. . 636 — Canadensis • Madagascar!- ensis minor. Briss. . 720 *•• Martinicana. Briss. . . 699 Marylandica. Briss. . . 682 Pensyhanica. Briss. . . 730 Pensylvanica dnerea. Briss. . 652 Pensylvanica dnerea minor. Briss. 651 "" Canadensisjfus- ca. Briss. Canadensis ic- terocephala. Briss. . 623 || erythrocephala. Briss. 622 dnerea gutlure nigro. Briss. . . 624 • Pensyhanica dnerea ncevia. Briss. 636 — Pensyhanica Canadensis ma- jor. Briss. . 735 || erythrocephalos. Briss. 733 Pensyhanica Carolinensis. Pensyhanica • 744 |! gutture nigro. Briss. 740 Dominicensis. Pensyhanica 750 \ icterocephala. Briss. 623 Briss. Dominicensis dnerea. Briss. Dominicensis minor. Briss. Dominicensis 734 • Pensyhanica ncevia. Briss. . 715 Finch-cold. Edwards. 320 . 639 , FLYCATCHER FLYCATCHER, African p. 405 , agile . 415 American 362 — ash-coloured 398 azure . 383 — black . 324 black and white . . 323 -r black-breast- ed . • 360 — - black-cap 384 black-crown- ed . . 368 black- front- ed . . 407 ... black-throat- ed green. Edwards. 741 blue. Ed. 651 blue-headed 403 Bourbon brown Canada , Cape Cayenne chattering cinereous cinnamon 326 392 350 330 358 356 363 410 negal lied coach-whip 338 Cochin . 38O collared 374 Coromandel 375 coronated 345 crested Se- . 325 crimson-bel- • 391 desert . 414 INDEX. IX FLYCATCHER, dun p. 411 . .1 dusky . 405 — dusky. Pen. 385 . dwarf . 346 _ fan-tailed 340 , — — ferrugineous 395 — flammeous 372 green capt. Edwards. ed , 409 green. Pen. 366 green black- Wils. . . 366 — green Indian. . 688 grey , 343 grey-breast- . 347 — grey-necked 404 — i griseous 38/ — — — golden-crown- ed. Edwards. . 636 golden- ' throated . . 376 — — — golden-wing- ed. Edwards. . 624 Guava . 335 .- hanging . 366 — -* hooded . 379 hooded. Wils. 399 Indian . 397 Javan . 40O Latham's 336 • lesser crest- ed . , 381 Leuccmele 328 — little grey- blue. Edwards. . 652 — — - long-winged 382 INDEX. FLYCATCHER, luteous p. 359 Madagascar 371 Martinico 377 melodious 360 mustachoe 357 mutable 418 — naevous . 338 nitid . 388 — — — olive . 351 - — olive-colour- ed. Edwards. . 379 — orange- breasted . 348 rumped orange- passerine Paradise particolour- ed petty 406 337 416 342 347 — petechial 396 — Peivee. Wils. 385 — Philippine 339 — Phceby. Lath. Lath. pied pied, var. — — pileated . purple- throated red-bellied — , red-eyed 385 320 322 399 393 400 379 339 — red-faced •— red-throated. Edwards. . . 623 — red-vented 334 FLYCATCHER, rose- breasted . p. 412 round-crest- ed . . 412 _ — i rufous . 389 rufous-bel- lied . . 388 rufous-front- ed . . 373 rufous-vent- ed . . 367 rusty- throat- ed . . 39S Sandwich 394 Senegal 333 • small Ameri- can. Wils. . . 362 Society . 327 soft-tailed 407 solitary 349 southern 369 spotted 332 spotted yel- low . . 355 spotted yel- low. Edwards. . 738 ' spotted wing- ed . . 390 streaked 336 striped . 370 supercilious 386 — Surinam 340 — — - — swallow-tail- ed . . 413 tufted . 331 Tyrant. Lath. 343 INDEX, XI FLYCATCHER, undulat- ed . . p. 324 _ variegated 322 FLYCATCHER, yellow- tufted . . p. 354 „, __ ,. ,__ .. . ^arblin"1 382 ed. Lath. . . 334 GarrulusBohemicus. Ray. 421 GOLD-CREST . . 7^7 . „ _ .,_ common 75S — ... whiskered 352 ed . . 328 ed . . 402 whifrp tnilpfl ^^fi ________ mhv-crown- wood . 378 ed . . 760 Gracula carunculata. Gmel. '. . 499 Greenfinch^ red-headed. Edwards. . . 44Q Icterus Bengalensis. Driss. 491 Jacarini. Edwards. . 475 Kruka.Pen. . . 580 Lanius garrulus. Lin. 421 Neugeta. |8. Gmel. 427 LARK . . 501 African . 534 black . .511 Calandre . 513. , _ f^nnp *iin lied . . 342 lied. Lath. . . 358 breasted . . 364 crowned . . 364 ed . . 351 *• 'vrllow-liPicl- ed . . 410 — •— — vpllnw-nprfc- ed . . 353 ed . . 403 ed. Edwards. . 7 15 Edwards. . .362 — •———• VfllrtW- i cinereous . 524 crested . . 533 crested. Pen. . 505 — dusky. Lath. . 503 — dusky. Lewin. . 536 throated . . 368 ed.Wik. " . 376 Xll INDEX. LARK, ferruginous p. 52 field . . 52 Gingi . . 52 Locustella avicula. Ray. p. 595 Luscinia. Briss. . 576 — — lesser crested . 505 lesser fold. Willough. 527 — Louisiane . 529 Malabar . 531 marsh . . 523 — meadow . 539 Mongolian . 516 mutable. Lath. . 511 — New Zealand . 532 Pensylvanian. Ed- wards. . .517 Pipit . 542 sis. Briss. . .579 Manakin, blue. Edwards. 655 • purple-breasted. Pen. . . 429 Merula Americana tor- quota. Briss. . 493 " — • viridis Carolinen- sis. Briss. . . 356 MOTACILLA . . 544 A J J rock . .517 rufous . . 519 rufous-backed . 516 1 ' Acredula. Lin. . . 744 Gmel. . . 606 — (estiva. Gmel. 750 Senegal . 525 shore . . 530 shore. Lath. . 522 Siberian . 525 sky . . 502 testaceous . 521 Tit . 540 Tit. var. Pen. . 53(5 — tree. Bewick. . 527 undated . 535 tvkite. Lath. . 503 white-winged . 512 wood . . 500 • Yeltonian . 526 "" Afra . 5Gl Gmel. . .615 Gmel. . . 642 Gmel. . . 750 Lin. . .6\l Gmel. . 583 Gmel. . . 588 MOTACILLA asilus. Gmel. . . p. IND 693 677 553 648 572 735 605 614 729 627 554 i 553 703 600 6pX) 652 558 651 669 761 702 644 EX. MOTACILLA Gmel. Xlll campestris. p. 584 Camtschat- lel. . 603 cana. Gmel. 652 Canadensis. c 651 Capensis 549 Caprata. . 631 caryophylla- . 693 Cayana.Lin. 655 chloroleuca. . 734 chrysoce- el. . . 700 chrysoptera. . 624 cincta. Lin. 636 cinerea . 550 cinerea. Ray. 554 citreola 557 citrina. Gmel. 6O1 Coromandel- . 625 coronata. cristata. . 686 Curruca. . 580 cyane.Gmel» 655 cyanea. . 754 cyanura. . 647 Jcensis. Gn Lin. Lin. Gmel. Gmel. Lin. Pall. cea. Gmel. Gmel. , • Gmel. Gmel. phala. Gm Gmel. Lin. Lath. Gmel. Gmel. ica. Gmel. Gmel. Lin. Gmel. Gmel. Lin. Lin. Gmel. Gmel. Gmel. XIV INDEX. MOTACILLA cyanocepha- la. Gmel. . p. 684 Dominica. Lin. . . 612 __ _ dumetorum. Lin. . . 618 Erithracus. Lin. . . 674 • erythrogas- tra. Gmel. 672 ferruginea, Gmel. . . 643 i — fervida. Gmel. . . 635 - Ficedula. Lin. . . 592 - — Jlammea. Sparr. . . 692 flava . 500 ~Jlava. Briss. 554 . — jlava. var. Lath. . . 559 — - — — . flavescens 559 jlavescens. Gmel. . 619 Jlavescens. var. Gmel. . .619 • -Jlavicauda. Gmel. . . 362 •—jlavicollis. Gmel. . . 679 Jlavifrons. Gmel. . . 624 fulva. Gmel. 726 -Julicata. Lin. . . 616 fusca. Gmel. 685 MoiACiLLAjuscata. Gmel. . p. 609 • — • — foscescens. Gmel. . . 667 — — • — Juscicollis. Gmel. . . 680 Gibraltarien- sis. Gmel. . . 673 grisea. Gmel. 585 Guinnensis. Gmel. . . 678 Guiana. Lin. 691 gularis. Gmel. . . 667 • Hippolais. Lin. . . 746 Hirundina- cea. Shaw. . . . 6l3 — hortensis. Gmel. . .581 Hottentotta. Gmel. . . 573 Hudsonica 552 icterocephala. Lin. . . 623 — — incana. Gmel. 628 Indica . 563 — Javensis. 553 - •• Juncorum. Gmel. . .587 — leucomela. Gmel. . . 326 leucorrhoa. Gmel. . . 574 — lineata.Gmel. 656 — — — . littorea. Gmel. . .691 MOTACILLA livida. INDEX. MOTACILLA maura. XV Gmel. . p. 664 longicauda. . 750 Gmel. longipes. Gmel. . 721 longirostris. Gmel. . 630 Ludoviciana. Gmel. Lin. Gmel. Gmel. Luscinia. lutescens. macroura. maculata. Gmel. 713 576 701 724 571 — — — maculosa. Gmel. . . 715 madagasca- riensis. Gmel. . 579 • madagasca- riensis. var. Gmel. . 720 Maderas 548 — Maderaspa- tana. Briss. . 548 — • Maderaspa- tana. Lin. . . 72O -— — — Maderaspa- tensis. Gmel. . 579 ' — Magettanica. Gmel. . . 590 — magna. Gmel. . . 698 •" Massiliensis. Gmel. . .570 Pall. p. 640 — — mauritiana. Gmel. . 665 " melanoce- phala. Gmel. . 648 _— ^_. melanopa 558 — — — modularis. Lin, . • 661 montanella. Gmel. . . 626 — — — moschita. Gmel. . . 648 — multicolor. Gmel. 641 murma. Gmel. . .617 — — ncevia. Gmel. . .591 — — — — nigrirostris. Gmel. , .731 F— Noveboracen- sis. Gmel. . .681 ochrura. 634 Gmel. CEnanthce. Lin. . 565 olivacea. Gmel. . . 590 — — palmarum. Gmel. . 607 — — — passe rina. Gmel. . . 745 — . Patagonica. Gmel. . 603 — , pensitis. Gmel. .. . 629 xvi INE MOTACILLA Pcnsylva- nica. Lin. . p. 623 EX. MOTACILLA sheltobrius- chka. Lepech. p. 557 ..» ,. ClinJir Tin fif\r> Gmel. . 631 • petechia.Lin. /33 BecTcstein . .748 Gmel. . 617 • Phcenicurus. . 670 • pileata. Gmel. 569 • pinguis. . 637 • Protonota- -/. . . 642 • Provincialis. • 717 • pusilla. . 647 • Regulus.Lin.759 • Rubecula. . 711 • Rubetra. . 70S • Rulicola. . 709 • rufa. Gmel. 668 ruficapilla. '• 699 ruficauda. . 676 • salicaria.Lin.58Q • Sckcenoba- . 583 • semitorquata. . 594 • Sencgalcnsis. . 634 Gmel. . 689 Lin. Gmel. . 689 Gmel. . 694 Gmel. Gmel. . 569 rius* Gmt Gmel. . 645 Gmel. Gmel. . 611 White. Gmel. . 633 Lin. Shan. . 754 Lin. Gmel. . 723 Lin. Gmel. . 753 Gmel. Gmel. — — tnoracica 562 Gmel. . 738 nus. Lin. Titling Tj'n fi*7 1 TrnrhiJu* Gmel. Lin. . 742 Lin. Lin. . 763 INDEX. XV11 MOTACILLA Tschecants- chia. Gmel. p. 695 548 037 620 039 687 730 560 740 551 688 319 381 360 355 415 377 402 345 362 347 385 320 322 364 348 354 MUSCICAPA australis p. 369 sis. Lath. < 336 Gmel. . ^ . • Sparrman. . .342 Gmel. Briss. . . 397 Gmel. cristata. Briss. . 326 *^— — ^~« pT^rnlri °fi^ sis . . 361 Gmel. MUSCICAPA Lin. . - . 330 „ , , \fra cinerea. Briss. . 363 - olfoicctyyilld fusca. Briss. . 385 ___ -- IT- — CaroKncTtsis Vieil. r libra. Briss. . 464 —•••' mtltm^mm Cuvuncnsis SoS Briss. rufa. Briss. .388 - poppinifa'itrfi'^Ql var. Lath. sis . . 38O .. .. pnllirf^ *\*TA. __ . _ pnmnti ^^"l V. X. P. II. b XV111 INDl MUSCICAPA crepitans p. 338 „,.._ __ ,. cristata 325 2X. MUSCICAPA Jamaicensis. Briss. . p. 379 Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . .416 pitis ~Bonce Spei. Briss. 416 littorea 6^1 Wils. . . 399 _____ lntpji 35O phala . . 403 riensis. . .371 erythrogas- tra . . 40O riensis cinerea major. Briss. . . 398 riensis varia longicauda. Briss. . . 418 Gmel. . . 343 .... ..... ....... flabcllifcra 340 cristata. Briss. . 377 fusca. Briss. . 396 phala . . 406 Sparrman. . . 414 Gmel. . . 374 Gmel. . . 40O . mutata 4 1 8 — — — heemorrhousa334 INDEX. XIX MUSCICAPA mystacea p. 357 MUSCICAPA rufifrons p. 373 ii nitfTl1? /iOO sis . . 394 sis . . 333 landiae . .384 cristata. Briss. . 325 censis . . 366 pectore ritfo. Briss. 333 mis. . . 385 torguatOf Briss. . 374 phala . .410 Surinama 340 Wils. . . 376 „._ - . Tcctec 397 variegat'a 322 ..,,.,., . virens . 3C*S _______ rnitti/Jn JIfifc ^Fifl Nightingale. Pen. . 570 Vieil. . . 378 Edwards. . . 702 ....«.-i , ivhite Lftth. 5/6 (Enanthe altera Aldro- vandi. Ray. . 509 XX INDEX. Cfinanthe secunda, etjice- dula tertia Aldrovandi. Ray. . . p. 706 Paradise, pied bird of. Edwards. . .416 Parus Americanus. Briss. 737 i i Carolinensis griseus. Briss. . . 679 i cinereus. Briss. 597 Passer Virginianus. Briss , 587 Pettychaps. Lath. ' lesser. Lath. Phcenicurus. Briss. — torquatus. Briss. Pipra polyglotta. Wils. Pyet crested long-tailed. Edwards. RAMPHOPIS Brasilia . Brasilian Jacapa red-breast- Red-bird, summer. Ed- wards. V — — — Surinam. Ed- wards. 581 746 674 674 356 4J6 438 440 440 439 439 464 425 Red-pole9 yellow. Ed' wards. . p. /33 Red-breast, blue. Ed. 663 blue-tailed. 663 Pall. Red-start. Lath. . 671 grey. Ed. . 6/3 small American. Edwards. 362 Red-tail. Ray. REGULUS 674 • 757 Briss. 763 calendulas 700 cristatus. Ray. J58 non cristatus major. Briss. . J48 — — vulgaris . 758 Rubecula Carolinensis. Briss. . . 663 Rubetra. Briss. . • Anglicana. Briss. 32O • - Luscionensis. Briss. . .631 • Madagascarien- sis. Briss. . . 609 -- major sive Rubi- cola. Briss. . . 706 -- Philippensis. Briss. .. , -- Philippensis ma- jor. Briss. . 617 INDEX. XXI Rubetra Senegalensis. Briss. . p. 634 Ruticilla. Ray. . 670 STARLING, Dauurian p. 492 green . 490 • — Magellanic 488 Briss. . . 673 Sayacu. Edwards. . 44? Shrike, grey. Lath. . 427 Sparrow, American hedge. Edwards. . .584 hedge. Edwards. 6(5 1 — — — little brown. Catesby. . .587 • scarlet. Edwards. 462 SPECOTHERA . 480 Lath. . . 488 . ___ nlivo Ac\f\ eil]r /to*' fciiK . 4y, -. * — wattled . 498 STURNUS . . 482 Lath. . . 491 Spipola altera Aldrovandi. Ray. . ^ . 540 Stapazino. Ray. . 569 STARLING . . 482 var. Lath. . . 493 Indian. Edwards. . 491 • torouatus 403 ...... ...„.,. Phili jinq •— — vnlcrTri'3 /Ifl^ SYLVIA . . 575 Acredula . 744 — asquinoctialis 606 common . 483 XX11 INDEX. SYLVIA sestiva p . 750 SYLVIA cana. Lath. p. 652 Africana 615 — — — Canadensis.Lath. 651 agilis 732 canescens 608 — — — albicapilla 642 Caprata 630 albicollis. Lath. 750 — Carolinensis 752 ' Americana 611 i i niMTirvn vl 1 n IT**! 693 . — anilis 725 casta 731 • aquatica. Lath. 583 castanea 714 arundinacea 588 — Cayana 655 Asiatica 602 Cayanensis cceru- atrata 677 lea. Briss. 655 atricapilla 648 chloroleuca 734 • atricapilla var. chrysocephala 700 Lath. 650 chrysogastra . 726 aurantia. Lath, 572 chrysops 610 auricollis 735 chrysoptera 624 aurorea 605 cincta. Lath. 636 n 1 1 f n vv-» »-% *-» 1 i n 632 f\\-t-\ r*~nr* 597 < Awatcha 614 citrina 601 653 r< A i' 625 bananivora 729 coronata 636 ktM4kltf» 665 • , , 686 "Rln rMrVini'nT'rt 627 /-i 5SQ v^iirruca . Bonariensis 703 Cyane 655 Borbonica 600 cyanea 754 borealis 690 — • cyanocephala 684- BrasiUensis viri- — cyanura 646 dis. Briss. 691 — Dartfbrdiensis 7J7 • caerulea 652 f} in^^-vl --\»« 716 ccerulea. Wils. 653 Dominica 612 caerulescens 651 — — dumetorum (318 Caffra 669 Erithracus 674 • Calendula. Lath. 761 erythrogastra 672 • Calidris 702 ferruginea 643 Calliope 644 — — feryida 635 Cambaiensis 705 Ficedula 592 < . ' • campestris 584 — — flammea 692 INDEX. ;xxm SYLVIA flavescens p. 619 SYLVIA locustella p. 595 flavicollis . 679 longicauda 756 Jfaoifrons. Lath. 624 longipes 721 jlavigastra. Lath. 726 longirostris 630 Formosa . 683 Ludoviciana 713 — — — fulicata . 616 Luscinia 57G fulva . . 726 i , 701 lUlcbCLllo • furva. Lath. . 764 macroura 724 fusca. Lath. . 685 A'M /i r*<*t 1 rt 4 st i n -f- /> 571 fuscata . 609 maculosa 715 fuscescens . 667 Madagascariensis 579 Gibraltariensis 673 Magellanica / w 590 grisea . 585 magna 698 griseicollis . 685 — Magnolia 604 Guianensis . 678 maritima 739 Guira . .691 Massiliensis. gularis . . 667 Lath. 570 Guzurata . 725 maura 640 Hippolais . 746 . Mauritiana 665 i . Hirundinacea 613 . Mediterranea 693 . • hortensis . 581 . • melanocephala. Hottentotta. Lath. 573 Lath. 648 • ictefocephala 623 — minima 722 incana . 628 — — mitrata. Lath. 399 inornata . 696 modularis 661 juncorum . 587 montana 736 Kamtschatkensis 603 Montanella 626 lateralis . 659 • — moschita. Lath. 648 leucogastra . 622 multicolor 641 leucophea . 658 i — murina 617 leucoptera . 753 . nsevia 591 -< leucoptera. Wils. 722 nigricollis 704 leucorrhoa. Lath. 574 nigrirostris 731 leucura . 678 . — Noveboracensis 681 • lineata . 656 — ochrura 634 — livida . . 664 (Enanthe. Lath. 565 XXIV INDEX. SYLVA olivacea p. 590 SYLVIA Salicaria p. -586 i Palraarum 607 • Schcenobsenus 583 palustris 722 semitorquata 594 i - Par us 727 — — Senegalensis 634 — — passerina 745 — Sialis 663 — — Patagonica 603 Sinensis 6S9 — " Pensilis 626 — — Singalensis 689 . . ' Pensyhanica. Sperata 708 Lath. 623 spinicauda 694 • ' i — peregrina 621 Stapazina. Lath. 569 -. perspicillata 631 striata 645 petechia 733 subflava 61 1 Philippensis 616 Suecica 660 -• Phcenicurus 6/0 Sunamisica 633 • • • — pileata. Lath. 5C9 superciliosa 723 •*-." pinguis. Lath. 637 Surinamensis cce- Pinus 737 rulea. Briss. 687 — — ' plumbea 646 sutoria 753 • Protonotarius 642 — Sybilla 609 — Provincialis. ! Sylvicola 748 Lath. 717 Sylviella 599 — pusilla 647 tigrina 738 pusilla. Vieil. 744 Tithv-" 671 l iliij b . pusilla. Wih. 737 torquata. Vieil. 611 - rara 657 • Trichas 682 — • Regulus. Lath. 758 • Trochilus 742 Rubecula 711 » Trochilus tar. - Rubetra 716 Lath. 744 — Rubicola 709 Troglodytes. — — rubricata 697 Lath. 763 — rubricollis 703 — Tschecantschia 695 — — — rufa 668 — : — - utnbria. Lath. 637 • — ruficapiHa 699 undata 620 ruficauda 6/6 varia 639 rufigastra 619 Velia 687 — rufiventris 696 vermivora 730 • '•• russeicauda 675 • versicolora 666 —— sagittate 658 • vif ens 740 INDEX. XXV SYLVIA virescens p. 650 — — viridis. Briss. 684 7pvlnnif*a fififi TANAGEU, red-breasted, Edwards . p. 439 449 461 471 459 452 446 466 469 455 452 456 463 450 468 458 441 468 474 475 454 477 443 453 453 450 439 452 453 TANAGER . . 441 _ , \rnbovna 474 , .._ .. rude ed , hi irk A77 ed . . 444 Lath. . . 691 -— hi IIP /MS _ _ .,__« TTiirnuoise Lath. . . 440 __ - yellow-fronted TANAGRA ed . .479 ..,„ . _ , ._ albifrons ccerulea. Briss. o-rrv J.7J. m .. ,_ ntricQpillti Jacarini . 475 Mexican . 465 — • ' • Barbadensis ccerulea. Briss. Bonariensis . ccerulea. Briss. . XXVI INDEX, TANAGRA, Brasiliensis cinerea. Briss. . p. 443 • Brasiliensis Jlava. Briss. . . 468 Brasiliensis nigra. Briss. . . 475 — : Brasiliensis nigro-lutea. Briss. . 467 — Brasiliensis varia. Briss. . . 446 Brasiliensis viridis. Briss. . 460 caerulea » 448 ccerulea Nov—— _ • . . i yellow Catesby — Tfl.V«vn New Holland TROGLODYTES • ' _ , _. Europjcus . — thoracic , Timor T urdus Calliope. Lath. white yellow Gmel. Trichas. Lin. . VITIFLORA Tlnu yellow-headed WARBLER T-Tnttpntntto azure _. ,..,.,., ., , 7;r//r/7 Prn XXV111 WARBLE Lath. IND R, black and ivhite. p, 328 black and yel- . 604 black-backed 634 Blackburnian 627 black-cap . 648 blade-cap var. . 650 black-cheeked 610 black-headed. . 362 black-jawed 731 black-necked 704 black-poll . 615 black red-tail 6/7 black-throated. . .651 black -throated mis. . . 741 • bloody-sided 699 blue . 663 blue-green . 657 • blue-grey . 651 • blue-headed 684 • blue-mountain 736 blue-striped 656 -blue-tailed . 646 - blue-throated 6Go EX. WARBLER, cerulean, mis. . p. 653 low- Cambaian . /05 fanr -7O8 Caspian . 63O La^. •»' Ceylon Pen 688 .. . . chaste 731 — — chesnut-bellied 672 Pen. — — — — — cficsnut- sided Wils. . . 623 -—-•—- China 680 „„ „,.. Cino'ilrs** fiflO Pen. citron-bellied 619 : — citron-bellied. Lath. . .619 green. ed . .703 - DQiiurinn 605 • blue yellow- mis. . 737 • bogrush . 583 • Bourbon . 600 - brown. Brown 7^4 - brown-throated 667 - buff-faced . 701 . c* ml pan fi.52 „ , ,„._. H \virf fi±*7 backed. — • Epicurean . 592 pjnnafnriil finfi -ediing • oyi — i. flnvpn t)l 1 INDEX, XXIX WARBLER, garden p. .581 ™U tVirnnt fi43 WARBLER, long-billed p. 603 • long-legged 721 ™n}A Kolliprl 79.fi - — , . long-legged. Lath. . • 722 .. lon^-tailed . 7-^6 ed . . 636 i ,.—-. croldeiv winded 624 . Louisiane . 7i3 f^r-firtpf JP/JTJ fi'Z'7 Madagascar 579 green . 740 Lath. . . 664 Ma^ellanic . 5£)n „ . Mediterranean 6Q3 minute 722 — moor . 640 . Nashville . 622 grey-throated. Pen. . .... 652 Lath. . . 328 livid 664 11 Pine" 737 XXX INDEX. WARBLER, Pine Swamp . . p. 722 WARBLER, spotted-yellow. Lath. p. 681 1111 streaked . G58 sultry . 635 superb . 754 QTrU3| f*n<-* feybl . 609 C tJ i*/ T il ed . . 675 • by ml. Lai /i. . 708 •• red-throated. Lath. . . 623 umbrose. Lath. 637 ruddy . 697 : — undated. Lath. 609 Van Dieman 608 black . .641 ••' white-breasted 618 Lath. . . 648 white-collared 695 white-crowned 642 white-eyed . 720 rusty-headed 690 . rusty-sided . 659 • St. Domingo 751 — — — Sardinian. Lath. 648 — white-tailed 658 white-throat- ed • • 597 Lath. - . .753 1 ' •• Wnin-cnat . 700 • wood . 748 worm-eating 730 — yellow . 742 •' simole **&A yellow-backed oil — — yellow-bellied 619 •- sooty . 6l6 1 spotted-yellow 738 IND WARBLER, yellow-breast- ed . p. 682 EX. XXXI WHEATEAR, Provence p. 570 Pen. . . 680 -. - yelloAv browed 723 wards . .569 , spotted 571 Pen. . . 625 - - ijclloW"i)oll ed . 565 Whip-Tom-Kelly. . 345 WREN . . 762 Pen. . . 763 — brown . . 764 European . 763 __ &oldcnmcrested Pen 758 Lath. . . 750 yellow-rumped 715 mis. . . 636 yellow-tailed. Pen. . . 362 ,. --- ycTlow^throat- ed . . . 6/9 — — — . vpllnw-VPntpfl ^7^5 larger yeUow. White. 748 _. reed Lath 588 WAXWING . . 42O Bohemian . 421 Carolina . 422 WHEATEAR . . 564 — • -»•— lil'iplc-hood- — ruby-crowned. Pen. 66l i willow, least. Bewick. 746 willow t yellow. Bewick. . . 748 — wood. Lamb. . 748 yellow. Edwards. 744 yellow. Pen. . 742 Yellow-poll. Lath. . 752 Yellow-throat, Maryland. Edwards. . . 682 ed 568 — Cape 5**3 breasted . . 572 Directions for* placing the Plates in Vol. X. Part II. The Vignette represents the Brasilian Ramphopis about one fourth the natural size : it is described in page 440. 498 506 532 • Mm 32O 340 40O 413 421 430 435 457 46'9 483 491 mmmmtm Plate 46 to face page •17 AC> 5O - *o K1* 55 56 KJ , 5Q --..,,, , . . u „ 60 5^6 574 686 694 717 754 758 BIRDS. ORDER PASSERES. MUSCIC AP A. FLYC ATC HER. Generic Character. Rostrum subtrigonum, utrin- que emarginatum, apice in- curvo ; vibrissae patentes versus fauces. Nares subrotundae. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. Beak slightly triangular, notched on each side to- wards the tip,and incurved; at the base armed with bristles. Nostrils rounded. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. T HE individuals forming this genus are amongst the most beautiful of the feathered tribes ; they receive their name from their expertness in catch- ing flying insects, upon which they feed: they are found throughout both continents : some few feed on fruits. I have omitted many of the Lathamian spe- cies in the following descriptions, they having v. x. p. ii. 21 320 PIED FLYCATCHER. been formed into a genus, called Tyrannus by Vieillot, which not only takes in a number of Latham's Muscicapae, but also many Lanii that have been already described in this work. PIED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa atripapilla.) Mu. nigra, subtus Jrontisque macula alarumque albis, rectricibus lateralibus extus albis. Black Flycatcher, with the under parts, forehead, and spot on the wings, white; the lateral tail-feathers also white. Muscicapa atricapilla Lin. Syst. Nat, l. 326. §.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 935- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 46;. 2. Rubetra anglicana. Briss. Orn. 3. 436. 27. Traquet d'Angleterre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 222. Cold Finch. Edw. Gl. \. 30. Pied Flycatcher. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 135.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 391. B.— Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 88.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 324. 2 — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi Q,%—Beu>ick. Brit. Birds. 1. 195.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Mont. Sup. ABOUT the size of a Linnet : the beak is black: irides hazel : forehead white : crown of the head, cheeks, taking in the eyes, and whole upper parts, black: the lesser wing-coverts and the greater coverts of the primaries are dusky : the six first quills wholly dusky, the rest white at the base, increasing till the three last feathers are wholly white, except a spot of black near the point of FiarCATCHBK . PIED FLYCATCHER. $21 the outer web : the under parts of the bird, from chin to tail, are white : the tail is dusky black ; the two exterior feathers white on their outer webs, and near the shaft on the inner webs, ex- cept at the point : the legs are black : the female has no white on the forehead : the whole upper parts are dusky brown ; the under parts dirty white : in the wings the white is less conspicuous than in the male. These birds are subject to great variety : they are sometimes found mixed with grey on the upper parts, or spotted with white on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; others have white on the exterior feathers of the tail ; some have only the outer feathers marked with white ; there is another variety that has the white passing round the neck like a collar. The young birds at first greatly resemble the female, and in their change of plumage the males have all the intermediate changes from brown to black. It is found but rarely in this country, and ap- pears to be very local, only making its appearance in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Derbyshire ; in the former it is most common: it affects wild and uncultivated tracts of furze, and places where there are not many trees : its nest is constructed in the hole of a tree, and is composed of dry leaves mixed with broad pieces of bark, a little hay, and a few long hairs, with three or four feathers for a lining : its eggs are five in number, of a very pale blue, about the size and colour of 322 VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER. those of the Redstart, but paler :' it is also found in Sweden, and the northern parts of Russia. VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa variegata.) Mu.jusca, subtus fronte lateribus capitis lineaquc longitudinal! ab humero ad dorsum albis. Brown Flycatcher, with the under parts, the forehead, sides of the head, and longitudinal stripe from the shoulder to the back, white. Muscicapa variegata. Lin. Syst. Nat. I. 328. 21. — Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 949. Muscicapa atricapilla. £. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 468. 2. Pied Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 326. c. DR. LATHAM considers this species to be only a variety of the common Pied Flycatcher, but I cannot agree with him in that respect, as the country it inhabits is so very distant from those that that 'species frequents: it is the size of the White Wagtail : its prevailing colour is brown : the forehead, sides of the head, and all the under parts, and line from the shoulders to the middle of the back, white ; and the outer tail-feathers white at their tips. Inhabits India. 323 BLACK AND WHITE FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa bicolor.) Mu. nigra corpore subtus fronte orbit is uropygio fascia alarum rectricibusque apice albis. Black Flycatcher, with the body beneath, the forehead, orbits, rump, band on the wings, and tips of the tail-feathers, white. Muscicapa bicolor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 946. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 46Q. 4. Le Gobe-mouche a ventre blanc de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 542.— Buff. PL ErJ. 506. f. 3. Le Gillit de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 542.—- Buff. PI. Enl. 675 .f. \. Black and white Flycatcher. Edwards. GL 348. f. ]. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 32?. 4. THE Black and White Flycatcher has the fore- head, orbits of the eyes, fore-part of the neck, rump, under parts of the body, bastard wing, and stripe on the greater coverts, white : the rest of the plumage, the white tips of the tail-feathers excepted, black. The Gobe-mouche pie de Cay- enne of Buffon appears to be referrible to this species, only differing in having the rump black, and the tail of an uniform colour, without the white tips to the feathers : the female is of an uniform plain grey. Common in Guiana and Cayenne. 324 BLACK FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa lucionensis.) Mu. violaceo-atra, subtus obscure grisea, macula alarum alba. Violet-black Flycatcher, beneath dull grey, with a white ipot on the ears. Muscicapa lucionensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 476. 34. Gobe-mouche noir de Lu capite cristato, subtus, uropygio, rectricumque inter- mediarum apice albo, crissojlavo. Black Flycatcher, with the head crested ; the under parts, rump, and the tips of the middle tail-feathers, white ; the vent yellow. Muscicapa comata. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 941. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 474. 25. Tufted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 334. 18. THE Tufted Flycatcher is an inhabitant of Cey- lon : its beak is black : its head crested^ and, with the cheeks and chin, black : the hinder parts of the neck, upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, the same ; the two middle feathers of the latter with white tips : the legs ash-coloured : the sides of the neck, breast, belly, and rump, white : vent yellow. 332 SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Grisola.) Mu. subfusca subtus albicans, collo longitudinaliter maculatp, crisso rufescente. Brownish Flycatcher, beneath whitish, with the neck longitudi- nally spotted, and the vent rufous. Muscicapa Grisola. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 328. 20. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 949.— Briss. Orn. 2. 35? '. 1. pi. 35. f. 3.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 467. 1. Le Gobemouche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. BlJ.pl 15. f. 2.— Buff. PI. Enl. 565. f. I. Spotted Flycatcher. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 134.— Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. &7.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 323. 1 — Mont. Brit. Birds. 1 Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 196. THIS species is the size of a Titlark, being scarcely six inches in length : the beak is dusky : the irides hazel : the whole upper parts of the bird are brown ; the head obscurely spotted with dusky : breast and belly dull white : the shafts of the feathers on the breast dusky: sides under the wings tinged with dull orange : legs short and black : both sexes nearly similar. These birds come to us late in the spring, and depart in September : they frequent orchards and groves, particularly where cherries grow, of which they are very fond, and will destroy great quanti- ties, from whence they are called Cherry-suckers in many parts of Kent : their nest is formed of bents, moss, and such like materials, interwoven with spiders' webs, and lined with feathers : the SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. $33 female lays four or five eggs, very similar to those of the Redbreast, but rather less, and the rust- coloured spots more distinct, and more generally dispersed : when the young birds leave the nest, they are led by the old ones to some neighbouring wood or grove where there are abundance of insects : their note is only a simple weak chirp, which is very seldom exerted, and never till after their young have left the nest. They are not very uncommon in many parts of this country, especially Cornwall and Devonshire, and are found in most parts of Europe and Siberia. SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa senegalensis.) Mu. varia, supcrciliis albis, rectricibus extimis dimidiato-albis. Varied Flycatcher, with white eye-brows, and the outer tail- feathers half white. Muscicapa senegalensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327. 15. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 938.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 470. 8. Muscicapa senegalensis pectore rufo. Briss. Orn. 2. 374. 13. pi 37.f- 2. Gobe-mouche a bandeau blanc du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Wat. Ois. 4. 51B.—Buff. PL Enl. 567. f. 1. Senegal Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 328. 5. THIS is in length four inches and a quarter : its beak is black: the top of its head brown: from the head to the occiput is a white stripe : the hind 334 RED-VENTED FLYCATCHER. part of the neck and throat rufous white: back, rump, and scapulars, varied by blackish, white, and grey : upper tail-coverts black : wing-coverts with a white band : quills brown, with grey edges : cheeks black : fore-part of the neck, belly, vent, and edge of the wing, white : breast pale rufous : thighs brown and white mixed : tail black ; the four outer feathers tipped with white : legs black : female has a black band on the breast : the upper parts of her plumage black, clouded, with white, and only the two outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Inhabits Senegal. > RED-VENTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa haemorrhousa.) Mu. jusco-nebulosa, subtus alba, capite subcristato caudaque nigris, crisso rubro veljlavo. Brown-clouded Flycatcher, beneath white; the head slightly crested, which, with the tail, is black ; vent red or yellow. Muscicapa haemorrhousa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q41.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 475. 2(5. Yellow-vented Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 335. 19. — Brown. Illust. Zool. 76. pi. 31. Red-vented Flycatcher, Brown. Illust. Zool. 78.pl. 31. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 335. 19- THE Red and Yellow-vented Flycatchers of Brown appear to be the opposite sexes of the same bird, of which the following is the description : The red- vented is four inches and a half in length : UUAVA FLYCATCHER. ,335 it has the beak blueish : the head slightly crested, and black : the neck and upper parts of the body varied with brown : the tail black : the breast and belly white; and the vent red. The yellow- vented, which may possibly prove the female, is the same length as the other : has a black beak and head, the latter of which is crested : the sides of the neck, breast, and belly, are white : the vent is yellow ; and the tail is rather elongated, and dusky in colour, and has a white bar near the tip. Inhabits Java and Ceylon. GUAVA FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Psidii.) Mvijiuca, sultus alba, crisso Jla vescente, rostro, vertice, loris, pedibusque nigris, superciliis albis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath white, with the vent yellowish ; the beak, crown, lores, and feet, black ; eye-brows white. Muscicapa Psidii. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . g4l . — Lath. Jnd. On. 2. 475. 27. Petit Goiaver de Manille. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 5g. pi. 28. Guava Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 335. 20. FREQUENT on the guava trees, in the island of Manilla : it is rather less than the domestic Finch : its beak and legs are black : irides yellowish : eye- brows white : crown black : stripe from the base of the under jaw to the eye of that colour: the upper parts of the body umber-coloured : the quills and tail darkest : under parts of the body white : vent yellow. v. x. p. ii. 22 336 LATHAM'S FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Lathami.) Mu.fusca subtus alba, vertice genis maculaque gulari nigris. Brown Flycatcher, beneath white, with the crown, cheeks, and spot on the throat, black. Muscicapa barbata. Lath. 2nd. Orn. Sup. li. 7. Black-cheeked Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 221. 18. THIS is the size of the White Throat : the upper parts of the plumage are brown, the under yellow: the crown of the head and the cheeks black : the quills are dark brown, and some of them have yellow margins : the vent is white : the beak is black : legs lead-coloured : tail rather long. In- habits New Holland. STREAKED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa virgata.) Mu. subcristata fusca, subtus sordide alba, fusco-striata, Jiisci a alarum duplici rufa. Brown subcrested Flycatcher, with the under parts dull white, striped with brown, and a double rufous stripe on the wings, Muscicapa virgata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g4Q.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 486. 76. Le Gobe-mouche tachetc de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 545.— Buff. PI. Enl. 5?4.f. 3. Streaked Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 360. 67. PASSERINE FLYCATCHER. 33? THE Streaked Flycatcher is found at Cayenne : it is four inches and a half in length : its beak is black : the crown of the head is ash-colour and yellowish, mixed ; it has a slight crest : the upper parts of the body brown : the middle and greater wing-coverts are tipped with rufous, forming two bands of that colour on the wings : few of the secondaries have their edges whitish ; the rest of the quills are edged with rufous : the under parts of the body are brownish white, varied with longi- tudinal brown streaks : legs brown* PASSERINE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa passerina.) Mu. nigricans subtus alba, cauda nigrn. Dusky Flycatcher, with the under parts white, and tail black. Muscicapa passerina. Latli. Ind. Orn. 2. 4QO. 93. Passerine Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. \J5. THE Passerine Flycatcher inhabits the island of Tanna : the upper parts of its plumage are dusky black ; the under parts whitish : the tail is black. 338 NJEVOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa naevia.) Mu. nigricans subtus pallidior, dorso media humerisque albo- nebulosis. Dusky Flycatcher, beneath paler, with the middle of the back and shoulders clouded with white. Muscicapa naevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . g44. — Lath. Ind. Qrn. 2. 479- 49- Naevous Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 343. 39. ACCORDING to Dr. Latham, this species is eight inches and three quarters in length : its beak and legs are black : the irides are pale cinereous : the eyelids black : the plumage above dusky black ; below pale dusky : middle of the back and shoul- ders marked with white : legs black. Inhabits New Caledonia* COACH-WHIP FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa crepitans. ) Mu. cristata atra-cinerea, cauda subcuneiformi, gula striis trans- versis albis. Dark-cinereous crested Flycatcher, with a wedge-shaped tail, and throat with transverse white stripes. Muscicapa crepitans. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. 10. Coach-whip Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 222. 2i. THIS singular species has obtained the name of Coach-whip Bird in New South Wales, from the peculiarity of its note, which has some resem- RED-FACED FLYCATCHER. SS9 blance to the noise made by that instrument : its irides are blueish : the prevailing colour of its plumage is of a dull slaty black : the crown of the head is slightly crested : the chin and throat are varied with dusky white lines : the tail is wedge-shaped : its beak and legs are black : it is fond of honey. PHILIPPINE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa philippensis.) Mu. griseo-fasca, subtus albida, superciliis albis. Grey-brown Flycatcher, beneath whitish ; the eye-brows white. Muscicapa philippensis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 943. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 4. 476. 35. Le Moucherolle des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 565. Philippine Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 330. 29. NATIVE of the Philippine Islands : it is about the size of the Nightingale : the plumage on its upper parts is grey brown ; on the under whitish : the supercilia are white. RED-FACED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa erythropis.) Mu. supra varia subtus alba^f route rubra, sub alls rufa. Flycatcher varied above, and white beneath, with a red fore- head ; beneath the wings red. Muscicapa erythropis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 037- Red-faced Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 351. 50. 340 FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER. THE Red-faced Flycatcher is found in Siberia, about the borders of the river Jenisei : it has all the upper parts of its body varied ; the under parts white : under the wings rufous j and the fore-head red. SURINAM FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Surinama.) Mu. cauda rotundata apice alba, corpore nigro subtus albo. Flycatcher with a rounded white-tipped tail; the body black ; beneath white. Muscicapa surinama. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 325. 5.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 932.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 487. 78. Surinam Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 36l. 69. DESCRIBED by Linneus, but the size is not mentioned : it has the upper parts of the body black, the under white ; and the tail rounded, and tipped with white. Inhabits Surinam. FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flabellifera.) Mu. fusco-olivaceo, capite torqueque colli nigris, corpore subtus superciliis macula alarum rectricibusque lateralibus albis. Olive-brown Flycatcher, with the head and collar round the neck black ; the body beneath, eye-brows, spot on the wings, and outer tail-feathers, white. Muscicapa flabellifera. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. <)43. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 477. 39. Fan-tailed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 340. 33. pi. 4p. FLYCATCHER . FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER, 341 THIS beautiful species, which is figured by Dr. Latham, is thus described by that celebrated or- nithologist : " Size of the Bearded Titmouse : length six inches and a half: beak black, a little bent, and furnished with bristles at the base : the irides hazel : the whole head, taking in the eyes, is black ; this descends on the back part lower than the nape, from whence it passes forwards in a narrow collar to the throat: the chin, throat, and sides of the neck, except where this collar passes, are white; and over the eyes is a white streak like an eye-brow : the upper parts of the body are olive-brown, the quills darkest, and some of the wing-coverts tipped with white: the under parts yellowish rust- colour, growing whitish towards the vent : the tail is longer than the body, and cuneiform in shape ; the two middle feathers black, the other white : the legs dusky." According to Dr. Forster's account, it is very familiar, and will sit upon a person's shoulder, and pick the flies off: it always flies with its tail spread, and is continually on the wing in pursuit of insects : it has no song, but only a sort of chirp. It is called Diggo-zvagh-wagh by the New Zealanders. Dr. Latham mentions two varieties of this bird, one of which is darker in colour, and has the two middle tail-feathers of a sooty black, with white shafts, the other margins and tips being whitish ; the others have the inner webs deep black, the shafts paler black, and the outer webs almost wholly grey. The other variety has only the 342 YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. outer tail-feathers white ; the others white, with the margins dusky. PARTI-COLOURED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa dichroa.) Mu. corpore supra cinereo subtus olivaceo, rectricibus ochraceis cinereisque. Flycatcher with the body above ash-coloured, beneath ochra- ceous ; the tail-feathers ochraceous and grey. Muscicapa dichroa. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 949. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 4QO. 94. Muscicapa bicolor. Must Carls, fas. 2. pi. 46. Parti-coloured Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 218. p. THIS bird inhabits the southern parts of Africa : it is eight inches in length : the beak and tegs are dusky: the prevailing colour of its plumage above is ash-coloured, and below of an ochraceous yellow : the margins of the wing-coverts are hoary : the tail is nearly the length of the body, and is yel- lowish and grey in colour. YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flaviventris.) Mu. rtifescens subtusjlavcscens, macula auriuffifusca. Reddish Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with a brown spot on the ears. GREY FLYCATCHER. 343 Muscicapa flaviventris. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 70. ] Muscicapa ferox. /3. Lath. Ltd. Orn. 2. 485. 72. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.934. Petit Tyran de Cayenne. Buff. PL Enl. 57\.f.\. Le Moucherolle & ventre jaune. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 70. Tyrant Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 858. A. ABOUT six inches in lerigth : the prevailing colour of its plumage deep reddish brown : the wing-coverts brown ; the greater ones edged with whitish olive : ears with a brown spot : chin and breast whitish grey: lower part of the latter, belly, and vent, yellowish : beak and legs dusky. In- habits Cayenne. GREY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flavigastra. ) Mu. cinerascens subtusjlava, remigibus rectricibu&que obscuris. Ash-coloured Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the quills and tail-feathers obscure. Muscicapa flavigastra. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Hi. 14. Grey Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 223. 25. INHABITS New South Wales : the beak black : the upper parts of the body and wings pale grey : the under parts yellow : the quills and tail dusky black : legs dirty flesh-colour. 344 WREATHED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa sinensis.) /* virescente-grisea, subtusjlavescens, rostro, capite, pedibusque nigris, gula alba, collo inferiore pectoreque griseis, superciliis albis. Greenish-grey Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with the beak, head, and feet, black ; the throat white ; the lower part of the neck and breast grey ; and the eye-brows white. Muscicapa sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q42. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 475. 30. Le Gobe-mouche verdsUre de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 107- Wreathed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 336. 25. THIS bird inhabits China : its beak is black : irides red : eye-brows white : head black : hind part of the neck, rump, wing-coverts, and tail, greenish grey : quills yellow green : fore-part of the neck and breast greyish : the belly and vent pale yellow : legs black : the white line over the eyes is continued to the hind head, giving the bird the appearance of a ring or wreath round that part, from whence it receives its name. 345 CORONATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa altiloqua.) Mu, olivaceo-jusca, subtus albida, superciliis riifo-albis, alls cau- daquefuscis margine olivaceis. Olive-brown Flycatcher, beneath whitish j the eye-brows red- dish white ; the wings and tail fuscous, with olive margins. Muscicapa altiloqua. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 67. Le Moucherolle Altiloque. Vieil. Ois. deVAmer. Sept. 1. (5/. pi. 38. THE head, neck, back, and rump of the male are olive brown : the wing-coverts and quills are edged with green ; the tail the same ; the feathers dull brown above, and greyish beneath : from the beak passing over the eyes and terminating on the hind head is a reddish white line : the colours of the feathers over the ears are brighter than on the back : the under parts of the body are pale white, irregularly spotted with pale yellowish : beak and feet brown : length five inches and a third : female with the markings less distinct, and the colours less brilliant. This species is a native of the southern provinces of North America, and is also found in many of the West India Islands, particularly Jamaica, where it is called Whip-Tom Kelly, from its note, which is similar to those words. 34-6 DWARF FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa pygmaea.) M.v.Jusco-cinerea, subtus flavescens , capite cerviceque rufis nigro- maculatis, sub oculisfascia pallida. Brown-grey Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with the head and neck rufous, spotted with black ; beneath the eyes a pale stripe. Muscicapa pygmaea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 933. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 488. 84. Gobe-moucheron. Biff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 554. Le petit Gobe-mouche tachete de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 83 1./ 2. Dwarf Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 363. 15. THIS is the smallest species of the genus, being scarcely three inches in length : its beak is rather long and dusky : beneath the eyes a pale streak : the head and hind part of the neck are rufous, spotted with black : the back and wing-coverts are bright ash, with pale greenish edges : the wings are black edged with grey : the scapulars and rump are pale ash : all the under parts pale straw- colour : tail short and black : legs flesh-colour. Inhabits various parts of South America. 347 PETTY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa minuta.) Mu. olivaceo grisea, dorso supremo corporeque subtus mridi adum- bratis, striis alarum jlavescentibus spar sis. Olive-grey Flycatcher, with the upper part of the back and under parts of the body varying to green, and a few sprinkled yellowish stripes on the wings, Muscicapa minuta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 933. — Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 488. 85. Le Gobe-raoucheron. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 553, Petty Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 364. 76. ABOUT three inches in length : the plumage on the upper parts deep olive grey, tinged with green- ish on the back ; the wings blackish, slightly streaked with yellowish white : under parts of the body nearly similar to the upper : the breast slightly tinged with green : native of South America : not quite so large as the Golden-crested Wren. GREY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa armillata.) Mu. grisea subtus rufo-fmca, pectore cinereo, rectricibus tribus exterioribus apice albis. Grey Flycatcher, with the under parts brownish red ; the breast ash-coloured; and the three outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Muscicapa armillata. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 69. Le Moucherolle a bracelets. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 69. pi. 42. 348 ORANGE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. THIS bird has a dusky beak : a white stripe on each side the under mandible : orbits of the eye white : head, neck, back, rump, and middle tail- feathers, deep grey: quills and tail-feathers dusky, with grey edges ; the three lateral ones of the tail more or less tipped with white : the belly and vent are brown : the thighs yellowish red : the feet are brown : the breast slate-colour : the throat and upper parts of the neck red : length six inches and a quarter. ORANGE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa aurantia. ) Mtf . rtifo-virescens subtus alba, pectore aurantio, capite cervicegue olivaceofuscis, remigibus nigris margins rtifis. Reddish-green Fly catcher, beneath white, with the breast orange ; the head and nape olive-brown ; the quills black, edged with rufous. Muscicapa aurantia. GmeJ. Syst. Nat. 1. Q32. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 469. 80. Le Gobe-mouche roux a poitrine orangce de Cayenne. Biiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 537.— Buff. PI- %"*• 831./. 1. Orange-breasted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 301. 71. NOT quite five inches in length : beak dusky : head and hind part of the neck greenish brown : back rufous, tinged with green : quills black, edged with rufous: breast pale orange-colour ; rest of SOLITARY FLYCATCHER. 349 the under parts white : tail rufous : legs pale. Inhabits Guiana, frequenting the environs of woods. SOLITARY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa solitaria.) Mu. olivaceo-viridis, subtus alba, capile collogue ccBruleo-grisei§9 lateribus hypochondriisque Jlavis, alls caudaque fuscis margin? olivaceo-viridibus. Olive-green Flycatcher, beneath white, with the head and neck blue green ; the sides of the body and flanks yellow ; the wings and tail brown, with greenish olive margins. Muscicapa solitaria. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 143. Solitary Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. J43. pi. 14. THIS bird is five inches in length : its cheeks and the upper parts of its head and neck are blue grey : the breast is cinereous : its sides and flanks are yellow: its back and tail-coverts olive green : wings dusky ; the larger and middle coverts with white tips : the three secondary quills nearest the body edged with pale yellowish white ; the rest of the quills bordered with pale light green : tail- forked, and edged with light green ; the middle of the feathers coloured like the wings : from the nostrils to the eye is a white stripe : belly and vent white : upper mandible of the beak black ; lower light blue : legs and feet light blue : irides hazel. It inhabits woods in North America, but is very rare. 350 CANADA FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Canadensis.) Mu. cinerea subtus lutea, Ions luteis, vertice nigro maculato. Cinereous Flycatcher, beneath yellowish ; lores yellow ; crown spotted with black. Muscicapa Canadensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327- 13. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. gif.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 484. 65.-—Wils. Amer. Om. 3. 100. Muscicapa Canadensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 2. 406. 25. pi. 30. f-*- Canada Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 273.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 354. 5. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 1OO. 24. THE Canada Flycatcher is four inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are dusky : the crown of its head grey, spotted with black : cheeks with a black spot; space between the beak and eye yellow : upper parts of the plumage ash- coloured ; the quills and tail grey brown, with grey edges : wing-coverts cinereous : under parts of the plumage yellow, varied with small black spots on the neck and upper part of the breast : under tail-coverts dirty white. Native of Canada and other parts of North America. 351 YELLOW-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flavifrons.) M u. jlavo-olivacea, subtus fronteque jlava, pone oculos lunula alba, alis caudaquefuscis. Yellow-olive Ftycatcher, with the under parts and forehead yel- low; behind the eyes a white crescent; wings and tail brown. Muscicapa flavifrons. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q44. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 479. 48. Yellow-fronted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 342. 38. LENGTH five inches and a half: beak three quarters of an inch, of a pale lead-colour: the upper parts of the body yellow olive: forehead and un- der parts yellow : eye yellow ; round the back part of it a half crescent of white : the wings are brown, edged with yellow : quills nearly black, edged with the same : tail olive-brown, with the end palest : legs pale blue. Found in the Island of Tanna. OLIVE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicaga Caledonica.) Mu. viridi-olivacea subtusflavo-albida, gula crissoquejlavis, remi~ gibus ferrugineis. Olive-green Flycatcher, beneath yellowish white, with the throat and vent yellow, and quills rust-coloured. Muscicapa caledonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 944. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 478. 45. Olive Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 342. 35. V. X. P. II. 23 352 WHISKERED FLYCATCHER. " SIZE of a Chaffinch : length six inches : ge- neral colour of the plumage olive green on the upper parts ; yellowish white beneath: chin and vent yellow : quills ferruginous : legs dusky. In- habits New Caledonia:" described as above by Dr. Latham. WHISKERED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa barbata.) Mu. olivaceo-fusca, subtus uropygioque virescente-flava, vertice aurantio. Olive-brown Flycatcher, beneath and rump greenish yellow; crown orange. Muscicapa barbata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 933.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.488.86. Le Barbichon de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 830. /. 1. l.—Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 534. Whiskered Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 364. 77. THE beak of this bird is armed with strong bristles at its base, which are rather larger than the beak itself: the upper parts of the plumage are deep olive brown, the crown of the head, which is orange, excepted : the under parts are greenish yellow : the rump nearly yellow : legs brown : length about five inches : the female has the upper parts blackish brown tinged with green : the throat and upper part of the neck whitish : the lower •YELLOW-NECKED FLYCATCHER. part of the latter anid breast brown, with yellowish edges: belly and vent pale yellow : crown of the head with an oblong yellow spot. The sexes of this species are generally found together : they build their nests on the naked branches of trees ; it is about one foot in depth, and six inches in dia- meter, with a hole on one side for an entrance. This bird is found in Cayenne : its note is a soft whistle. YELLOW-NECKED FLYCATCHER. (iMuscicapa flavicollis.) Mu. supra viridis, vertice areaque ocidorum jlavescentibus, facie nigra, gutture remigum rectricumque margine jlavo, abdomine •virescente maculis tribus flams vario. Flycatcher above green, with the crown and space round the eyes yellowish ; the face black ; the throat, quills, and tail- feathers, edged with yellow ; - the abdomen greenish, varied with three yellow spots. Muscicapa flavicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q42. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 476. 32. Yellow-necked Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 337. 25. THE Yellow-necked Flycatcher is a native of China: it is in length six inches and a half: its beak and legs are reddish: the forehead and eye- brows are dusky black : from the gape to the eyes> on each side, is a dusky stripe : orbits of the eyes 854 YELLOW-TUFTED FLYCATCHER. yellowish, ending in a point behind : upper parts of the body greenish : quills dusky, edged with yellow : top of the head pale yellow : fore-part of the neck yellow, with an inclination to red on the sides of the breast : belly pale green, with three yellow spots : tail greatly forked, dusky, edged with yellow ; the two middle feathers with white tips. YELLOW-TUFTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa auricomis.) Mu. olivacea, vertice corpore sultus maculaque auriumjlavis, per oculos striga alba. Olive Flycatcher, with tire crown, under parts of the body, and spot on the ears, yeHow; through the eyes a white stripe. Muscicapa auricomis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xlix. 1. Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 215. 4. THIS species is called Darwang by the natives of New Holland : it is larger than Sylvia modularise its beak and legs are black : the prevailing colour of its plumage is olive green on the upper parts, and yellow on the under f the crown is of this latter colour : from the gape passing through the eyes, and reaching to a tuft of yellow feathers on the ears, is a large patch of black : the outer tail- feathers are yellow. It is very abundant in New South Wales: its nest is fixed upon a slender SPOTTED YELLOW FLYCATCHER. 353 branch of a tree, to secure it from the attacks of those animals that would otherwise plunder it for sustenance. SPOTTED YELLOW FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa afra.) Mu. sordide flavescens atro-maculata, vertice rufo atro striato, cauda alisque riifis, his marginejiiscis. Pale Yellow Flycatcher, spotted with dusky ; the crown rufous, striped with black ; the wings and tail rufous, with their mar- gins brown. Muscicapa afra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 940.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 472. 15. Spotted Yellow Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 332. 12. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham as being " eight inches in length : beak somewhat broad at the base, slightly curved at the tip, and bristly at the gape : the crown of the head rufous, streaked with black : wings and tail rufous, the first edged with rusty brown : quills dusky brown : the body of a dirty pale yellow, marked on the upper parts and the neck with irregular dusky spots : on the sides of the neck two or three dusky blotches, and from the corners of the mouth a streak of the same : the under parts are marked with irregular spots, for the most part placed transversely, but in the thighs lengthwise : legs dusky ash-coloured. From the Cape of Good Hope." S56 CHATTERING FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa viridis.) Mu. obscure viridis subtus luiea superciliis maculaque sub oculis candidisy imo venire sordide albo, rectricibusjuscis. Dull-green Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the eyebrows and spot below the eyes white; the upper part of the abdomen white ; the quills fuscous. Muscicapa viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 936. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 482. 58. Pipra Polyglotta. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 90. Merula viridis Carolinensis. Eriss. Orn. 2. 315, 55. Le Merle vert de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 396. Yellow-breasted Chat. Catesb. Carol, l. 5Q.—Wils. Amer. Orn. l.90.pl. Q.f. 2. Chattering Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. l6Q.—<-Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 350. 4?. THIS remarkable species is about six inches in length: the wliole of the upper parts of its body are of a rich deep olive green, the tips of the wings and the inner webs of the quills and tail- feathers excepted, which are dusky brown : the throat and breast are of a bright yellow ; under the wings and the sides of the body the same : the belly and vent white : the forehead pale ash : lores black : from the nostrils a line of white ex- tends to the upper part of the eyes, which it nearly surrounds ; another white spot is situated at the base of the under mandible: beak strong and black: legs and feet pale blue: female with the spot between the beak and eyes dull brown, and those parts that are white on the cheeks of the male less pure. MUSTACIIOE FLYCATCHER. 357 This bird abounds in most parts of North Ame- rica during the summer months : it arrives in Pensylvania in May, and departs to the south in August : its favourite residence is in close hazel or bramble thickets, or underwood, where it takes unbounded possession, and will not let any person approach without assaulting him with a variety of strange and uncouth notes, it having the faculty of mimicing almost any noise that it hears, and which it will repeat during the whole night if the weather be fine. About the middle of May these birds begin to build their nests in a bramble or thick shrub, about four feet from the ground ; it is composed of dry leaves with layers of grape vine bark, and lined with fibrous roots and dry grass : the female lays four flesh-coloured eggs, sprinkled with brown and dull red spots : the young are hatched in twelve days, and are able to fly by the second week in June: the male is par- ticularly noisy duringthe time the female is sitting: their food consists of large coleopterous insects and whortle berries. MUSTACHOE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa mystacea.) Mu. virens subtusfava, icenia a rictu oris sub oculis nigra. Green Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with a stripe from the gape to the eyes black. Mufeticapa mystacea. Latk. Ind. Orn. Sup. U.S. Mustachoe Flycatcher. Lath. St/n. Sup. 11.221, 19. i 358 CAYENNE FLYCATCHER. THIS spirited bird is found in New South Wales : its length is about eight inches and a half: its beak and legs are black : the prevailing colour of its plumage is bright green on the upper parts, and greenish yellow on the under : from the gape to the hind head, passing beneath the eyes, is a broad black band, edged with yellow on the hinder parts. CAYENNE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cayanensis.) 'M.u.fusca subtus lutea, superciliis albis, vertice subaurantio. Brown Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with white eyebrows and orange-coloured crown. Muscicapa cayanensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327. 12. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 937.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 484. 68.— Briss. Orn. 2. 404.24.J5/. 38. f. 4. Muscicapa flava. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. l. 69. Gobe-mouche & ventre jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 550. — Buff. PI. Enl. 5&9.f. 2. Le Moucherolle jaune. Vieil. Ois. de PAmcr. Sept. 1. 69. pi. 41. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 359. 65. Cayenne Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 355. 58. — Lath. Sup. 173. THIS beautiful species is above seven inches in length : its beak is dusky : the crown is brown yellow : from the beak to the hind head, passing over the eyes, is a white streak: between the LUTEOUS FLYCATCHER. 359 gape and eye, and the latter and the ears, are two brown spots : all the upper parts of the body are brown, the feathers lighter on their margins : the wing-coverts and the upper ones of the tail are brown, their edges rufous : the chin is white, and the rest of the under parts bright yellow : quills and tail brown, edged with rufous. Inhabits Cayenne and St. Domingo. LUTEOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa lutea.) Mu. obscure Jlava tectricibus alarum remigibusque nigricante- nebulosis, cauda ad apicem nigricante. Dull-yellow Flycatcher, with the wing-coverts and quills clouded with dusky ; the tail dusky at the tip. Muscicapa lutea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 944. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 478.46. Luteous Flycatcher. Lath. Ind. Orn. 3. 342. "LENGTH six inches: beak three quarters of an inch, and lead-coloured; straight, rather stout, and a trifle bent at the tip ; base hairy : irides the colour of the beak : general colour of the plumage like yellow oker, mottled with dusky on the wing- coverts and quills : the tail is one inch and three quarters long, and dusky for one-third next the tip : legs of a pale ash-colour : claws black. This species is common at Otaheite, where it is known by the name of Oo mamao pooa hou." Dr. Latham. 360 MELODIOUS FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa Aedon, ) Mu. fusco-ferruginea subtus J?avescenti-albida, cauda elongata, rectricibus intermediis zubcequalibus, extima utrinque longe bre- viore. Rusty-brown Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with an elongated tail, the two middle feathers of which are equal, and the outer ones shortened. Muscicapa Aedon. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 478. 42. Melodious Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 215. 2. THE Melodious Flycatcher is found in various parts of Siberia : it is the size of the Red Thrush : the upper parts of the body are rusty brown ; the under white : the tail is elongated, and grey brown in colour : the two middle feathers largest, and of equal length ; the others much shorter : it has a beautiful song. BLACK-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa pectoralis.) Mu, Jlavo-virescens subtus Jlava, capite lateribus colli Jitsciaque pectoris nigris, gula juguloque albis. Yellow-green Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the head, sides of the neck, and band on the breast, black ; the throat and jugulum white. CAMBAIAN FLYCATCHER. S6l Muscicapa pectoralis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. 11. Black-breasted Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 222. 22. ABOVE eight inches in length: its beak is brown : the top and sides of the head, nape, and sides of the neck, and collar round the lower part of the latter, black: the rest of the upper parts of the plumage greenish yellow : the chin and throat white : the belly and vent yellow : wings and tail black; the coverts of the former with yellow edges, and the latter tipped with that colour : legs black. Found in New South Wales in April. CAMBAIAN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cambaiensis.) Mu. nigra nitens, dorso viridi-Jlavescente, corpore subtus Jul-vo- jlavo, tectricibus alarum Jascia duplici alba. Shining black Flycatcher, with the back greenish yellow; the body beneath fulvous yellow; the wing-coverts with a double white stripe. Muscicapa cambaiensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4QO. 97. Cambaian Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II.21Q. 12. THE Cambaian Flycatcher has a dusky beak : the upper parts of the body are black, with the back tinged with greenish yellow : wings with two white bars, formed by their coverts being tipped with that colour : under parts fulvous yel- low: legs blueish. Inhabits Cambaia. 36% AMERICAN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa ruticilla.) Mu. nigra subtus alba, pectore macula alarum bad remigum rec- tricumquejlavis. Black Flycatcher, with the under parts white 5 spot on the breast, base of the wings, quills, and tail-feathers, yellow. Muscicapa ruticilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.236. 10. — Gmel. Syst. Not. 1. g35.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 473. 22. — Vieil. Ois. de lAmer. Sept. 1. 6Q.—Wils. Amcr. Orn. l. 1O3. Muscicapa americana. Briss. Orn. 2. 383. 14. Motacilla flavicauda. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 997. female. Le Gobe-mouche d'Amerique. Buff. PL Enl. 566'. f. 1. 2. Le petit Noir-aurore. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 546. Le Moucherolle dorc. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. Q6.pl. 35. male. 36. female. Small American lledstart. Edwards. 80. — Catesby. Carol. 1. pi. 67. male. Yellow-tailed Flycatcher. Edwards, pi. 25?. female. Yellow-tailed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 301. Black-headed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 282. male. 301. young.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 427. 18. Small American Redstart, or Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 103. pi* 6. male.— 5. 115.pl. 45.y. 2. young. THIS species is four inches and three quarters in length : its beak is blackish : the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, are black ; as are likewise the wings, which have a broad orange stripe across their centre : the sides of the body and the tail are likewise orange, the two middle feathers, and the tips of the others of the latter excepted, which are black : . the belly, sides, and vent, are pale CINEREOUS FLYCATCHER. 3G3 orange : the female has all the upper parts of the body brownish ash ; the under parts white : the tail, wings, and sides of the body, pale yellow. It is found in most parts of North America, from Hudson's Bay to the West Indies ; appearing in the former place in the summer, and the latter in the winter. It is a vivacious bird, and frequently utters the notes sic sic sdic, occasionally interrupt- ing it by one like weesy yceesy weesy, while perched upon a leafless stem watching for its prey. CINEREOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa virens.) Mu.fusco-virens subtus lutea, super ciliis albis. Brown-green Flycatcher, beneath yellowish ; the eye-brows white. Muscicapa virens. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327. 11. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 936.— -Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 482. 57. Muscicapa carol inensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 2. 368. 7. Le Gobe-mouche brun de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. 0t>. 4.543. Cinereous Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 270. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 350. 47. THIS species migrates in Carolina, arriving there in the spring, and departing in the autumn : it is nearly six inches in length: the upper mandible of its beak is black, the lower yellow : the head and upper parts of its body are dark ash-colour : the wings and tail are browji, the former edged with white : under parts of the body white : legs black. 364 YELLOW-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa melanictera.) Mu. cinerea-Jiisca luteo varia, pectore luteo, capite nigro, remigi- bus rectricibusque obscuris jlavescente marginatis. Grey-brown Flycatcher varied with yellowish ; the breast yel- low; the head black; and the quills and tail-feathers edged with dull yellowish. Muscicapa melanictera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q41. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 475. 28. Yellow-breasted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 336. 21. CALLED Malkala-kourla in Ceylon, where it is greatly esteemed on account of its melodious song : it is the size of the Goldfinch : its beak is ash- coloured : the whole head is black: the upper parts of the body and wing-coverts grey brown, varied with yellow : quills and tail dusky, fringed with pale yellow : breast yellow. YELLOW-CROWNED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa audax.) Mu. nigricans rufo undulata, subtusjftavicans, vertice jlavo, uro* pygio caudaque rujis. Dusky Flycatcher, undulated with rufous, with the under parts of the body yellowish, the crown yellow, and the rump and tail rufous. YELLOW- CROWNED FLYCATCHER. 3f)5 Muscicapa audax. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 934. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 486. 74. Le Gobe-mouche tachete de Cayenne. ~Buff. PL Enl. 453. f, 2. Le Candee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 582. Yellow- crowned Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 358. 64. ABUNDANT in Cayenne, where it affects the low branches of trees, and insnares the insects that frequent the water : it is rather a large spe- cies, being eight inches in length : its beak is stout and black : the forehead, between the beak and eye, the chin and throat, white : crown yel- low : through the eye a dusky streak : the upper parts of the body dusky; the feathers with rufous brown margins ; wings the same : under parts of the body, from the breast, pale yellow, varied on the sides with long narrow streaks of dusky : middle of the belly and thighs plain : rump and tail rust-coloured : legs dusky blue : female with- out the yellow on the head: this is a very bold species. 366 HANGING FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa noveboracensis.) Mu. palllde viridis, capite cinerascente, abdomine media alba, macula varium lateribusque corporis Jlavis. JPale-green Flycatcher, with the head ash-coloured ; the middle . of the belly white ; spot on the nostrils and sides of the body yellow. Muscicapa noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4$g. Q2. Muscicapa pusilla. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 103. Green Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 274. Green black-capt Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 103. pi. 2S./.4. Hanging Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 174. 83. THIS bird is a native of the most swampy parts of North America, particularly those towards the Gulf of Mexico: it has a very fine note: it is four inches and a half in length : the forehead, supercilia, and under parts of the body, are yel- low: the line over the eye is the brightest; and the colour of the cheeks, belly, and vent, darkest, the latter particularly, where it is tinged with olive : the upper parts of the body are olive green : the wings and tail dusky brown ; the for- mer are very short : the legs and beak are flesh- coloured : the crown of the head is deep blue : the irides hazel : female without the black on the crown, but has that part olive yellow. This spe- cies appears to be very rare, by frequenting only the almost inaccessible parts of North America : RUFOUS-VENTED FLYCATCHER. its nest is made excessively neat, and of the shape of an inverted cone : it is composed of bits of sticks, dry stalks, weeds, paper, and such like, woven together with skill, and lined with dry grass: this bird lays five pure white eggs, with black spots at the large end : it has two broods in the year. RUFOUS-VENTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rufiventris.) Mu. nigro, aldomine cri-sso macula alarum basique cauda fulvo* rufis. Black Flycatcher, with the abdomen, vent, spot on the wings, and base of the tail, yellowish red. Muscicapa rufiventris. Lath . Ind. Orn. 2. 473 . 2 1 . — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.941. L£ Gobe-mouche de 1'isle de Bourbon. Buff. PL Enl. 5?2.f. 1. Rufous- vented Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 334. 1?. THIS, which is said to inhabit the Isle of Bourbon, is not quite five inches in length : it is entirely black, with the exception of the vent, spot on the wing, and under tail-coverts, which are rufous : legs pale red. v. x. p. n. 24 368 BLACK-CROWNED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa meloxantha.) M u. cinerea sultus Jlava, vertice alis caudaque nigris, rectricibus apice albis. Grey Flycatcher, with the under parts yellow; the crown, wings, and tail, black ; the tips of the latter white. Muscicapa meloxantha. Muse. Carls. Jasc. 4. pi. 97. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. t. 4. Black-crowned Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 22O. 15. THE Black-crowned Flycatcher has its beak black : the prevailing colour of its plumage above is dusky ash-colour : the wing-coverts are black, with their tips and edges yellowish : the quills are the same : the forehead and crown are also black, but the feathers are not bordered : the under parts of the body are yellow : the tail is short and blacka with a white tip : legs dusky. Locality unknown.. YELLOW-THROATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa manillensis.) Mu. grisea subtus jftava, dorso alisque castanets, fascia genarum duplici alarum solitaria rectricibusque lateralibus albis. Grey Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the back and wings chesnut ; cheeks with two, and wings with one white stripe; the outer tail-feathers also white. SOUTHERN FLYCATCHER. 369 Mxiscicapa manillensis. Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1. 943. — Lath. IncL Orn. 2. 477. 38. Gobe-mouche £ gorge jaune de Lu^on. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 57« pi. 26. Yellow-throated Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 340. 32. THE Yellow-throated Flycatcher is found in the Manilla isles : it is rather larger than M. cyanoce- phala : the beak and legs are brown : the top and sides of the head are black: the hind-head; is grey : the nape black : the upper parts of the body are grey, with a large chesnut spot on the back, extending over the wings, which have a white stripe : the quills are black, with brown margins : the cheeks with two white stripes : throat and middle of the belly yellow: breast reddish : sides of the body and vent white : tail white, the two middle feathers, which are black, excepted. SOUTHERN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa australis.) Mu. cinerea, corpore subtus superciliisquejlavis. Ash-coloured Flycatcher, with the under parts of the body and eyebrows yellow. Muscicapa australis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. I. 2. Southern Motacilla. White. Journ. 230. pi. Southern Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 219. 13. THE beak and legs of this species are pale brown : the prevailing colour of its plumage is 370 STRIPED FLYCATCHER. grey brown on the upper, and rich yellow on the under parts : the eyebrows are yellow ; and be- tween them and the ears the colour bifurcates, and is very faint : the tail is the colour of the up- per parts of the body : the chin and vent are pale yellow : it varies in having the edges of the quills whitish, and the wings brown : the lines above and behind the eye white ; and the tips of the two middle tail-feathers also white : it may pro- bably be the opposite sex. Inhabits New Holland. STRIPED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa striata.) Mu. cinereo-virens, dorso nigro striato, subtus jlavescens, gula lateribusque pectoris Jusco maculatis, rectricibus extimis tribus apice albis. Grey-green Flycatcher, with the back striped with black; under parts yellowish; the throat and sides of the breast spotted with brown ; and the three outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Muscicapa striata. Phil. Trans. 62. 406. and 428. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 930,— Lath. Jnd. Orn. 2. 481. 56. Striped Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 877. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 349. 46. THE Striped Flycatcher is in length five inches : its beak is black, with the under mandible yel- lowish at the base : the crown of the head is black : the back of the head varied with black and white : the back is greenish ash, with black MADAGASCAR FLYCATCHER. stripes : rump nearly the same : wing- coverts with a yellowish and a white bar : cheeks white : throat yellowish white, spotted with brown : breast and belly whitish : sides with black spots : tail brown ; the outer feather with a white spot on the inner web ; second the same, but the spot much smaller ; the next merely edged with white within : legs yellowish : the female has the head greenish yel- low, with the shafts black : the eyebrows yellow : the throat, cheeks, and breast, dirty yellow, varied with oblong brown spots on the sides : in other respects she resembles the male, but has not quite so many spots. Inhabits North America. MADAGASCAR FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa madagascariensis. ) Mu, olivacea, gulaflava,jugulopectorequejlamcantibus. Olivaceous Flycatcher, with a yellow throat, and yellowish jugulum and breast. Muscicapa madagascariensis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 940.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 472. 18. Ficedula madagascariensis major. Briss. Orn. 3. 482, 46. pi. 24. / 5. Le Vira-ombe de Madagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 198. Madagascar Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 333. 14. CALLED Tectec at Madagascar : it is the size of a Lark : its length is seven inches and a half: its beak is brown : the prevailing colour of its plum- FLAMMEOUS FLYCATCHER. age is olive green, with the under parts of the body darkest : the throat is yellow : the fore-part of the neck and breast are tinged with yellowish : the legs are grey. FLAMMEOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flarnmea.) Mu. nigra, dorso, tectricibus alarum minoribus, pectore, crisso, remigum secundariarum margine, rectricumque apice, aurantiis. Black Flycatcher, with the back, lesser wing-coverts, breast, vent, edges of the secondary quills, and tips of the tail-fea- thers, orange-coloured. Muscicapa flammea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 474. 23. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942. Flammeous Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 338. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 171. 26. THE male of this bird is thus described by Dr. Latham. " Length six inches : the beak black, with a slight notch near the tip: the plumage on the upper parts black : rump and upper tail- coverts a fine glowing orange : chin and sides of the head, beneath the eye, black : from the breast to the vent orange : vent yellowish white : thighs black : tail very cuneiform in shape ; the two mid- dle feathers three inches in length ; the outer one but an inch and a half; colour black j the ends of all, except the four middle feathers, more or less orange-coloured : legs black." The female RUFOUS-FRONTED FLYCATCHER, " has the head and back ash-coloured: chin black : breast and rump orange ; the rest of the under parts yellowish white : the wings black, with a bar of orange across the middle : the tail black above and yellow beneath. Inhabits India." RUFOUS-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa rufifrons. ) Mu. fusca, fronts dorso basique caudce rufis, remigibus nigris+ auribus pectoreque nigro maculatis. Brown Flycatcher, with the forehead, back, and base of the tail, rufous ; the quills black ; the ears and breast spotted with black. Muscicapa rufifrons. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. I. 5. llufous-fronted Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 220. 16. THIS inhabits New South Wales in the summer : its beak and legs are pale brown : the crown, nape, and upper part of the neck, wing-coverts, tip of the tail, belly, and vent, pale brown : the ears and breast are spotted with black ; and on the middle of the neck is a large patch of that colour : the forehead, middle of the back, and base of the tail, are of a bright rufous colour : the chin, fore- part of the neck, and breast, dirty white : tail long, and v/edge-shaped. 374 COLLARED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa collaris.) Me. cinerea, subtus alba, gutturejuscescente-badiof fascia subfus transversa nigra, rostra, alls, caudaque nigris. Grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the throat of a brownish chocolate, with a transverse black fascia beneath ; the beak, wings, and tail, black. Muscicapa collaris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 471. 11. Muscicapa raelanoptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 939. Muscicapa senegalensis torquata. Briss. Orn. 2. 370. 8. pl» 36. f. 1. Gobe-mouche & gorge brun du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 533. Gobe-mouche & gorge rousse. Buff. PL Enl. 567. f. 3. Collared Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 330. 8. THIS bird is in length near five inches : its beak is black : the head and upper parts of the body ash-colour : wing-coverts with a white fascia : quills black, with grey margins : throat and fore- part of the neck brownish chesnut, with a trans- verse black line on the lower edge, forming a sort of collar on the neck : breast and under parts of the body white : thighs varied with dusky and white : tail black : the outer web of the exterior feather white ; and the tips of the rest, the two middle ones excepted, of that colour : legs grey ; claws brown. Inhabits Senegal. 375 COROMANDEL FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Ponticeriana.) Mu. cinereo-grisea subtus alba, tectricibus alarum albo maculatis, rectricibus lateralibus griseo alboque dimidiatis, super ciliis albis. Cinereous-grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the wing-co- verts spotted with white ; the lateral tail-feathers half grey and half white ; supercilia white. Muscicapa Ponticeriana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 939.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 471. 14. Le Gobe-mouche de Pondichery. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 198. Coromandel Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 331. 11. THIS species is said to have a fine song : it is larger than the Domestic Finch : its beak and legs are black : the head is ash-coloured : the eye- brows are white : the hinder part of the neck, the back, wings, and tail, are ash-coloured grey: the wing-coverts have a white triangular spot at their tips : the fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, white : tail-feathers, the two middle ones excepted, grey half way from the base, with their tips white. Inhabits the Coromandel coast. 376 WHITE-TAILED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa leucura.) Mu. cinereo-grisea, subtus alba, rectricibus laterdlibus nigro al- boque oblique dimidiatis. Ash-coloured grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the lateral tail-feathers half black and half white ; the colours placed obliquely. Muscicapa leucura. Gmel. Sy&t. Nat. I. 939. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 471. 13. White-tailed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 331. 10. THIS species inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : it is in length four inches and a half: its beak and legs are black: the upper parts of the plumage ash- coloured grey ; the under parts white : the outer tail-feathers all white; the middle ones black, and the intermediate ones obliquely tipped with white, till that colour vanishes on the middle feather. GOLDEN-THROATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa ochroleuca.) Mu. olivacea subtus albida, gula margineque alarum Juscis, remi- gibus rectricibus que olivaceo-viridibus. Olive Flycatcher, beneath whitish, with the throat and edges of the wings brown ; the quills and tail olive green. Muscicapa ochroleuca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 946. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 489. 89. Muscicapa sylvicola. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 117. Yellow-throated Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 117. Golden-throated Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 276. — Lath. Gen. Sl/n. Sup. 173.80. MARTINICO FLYCATCHER. 377 THIS elegant species is a native of New York : the crown of its head, upper parts of the neck and body, are dirty oliv& green : the throat and margin of the wings splendid yellow: the primary quills and tail rich olive green : breast and belly white, tinged with yellow. MARTINICO FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Martinica.) Mu. capite cristato, corpore fusco subtus cinereo, remigum margine exteriore albido. Flycatcher with a crested head ; the body brown ; beneath ash- coloured ; the outer margins of the quills whitish. Muscicapa martinica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 325. 3. — Gmel. Syst* Nat.,1. 930.— Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 483. 62. Muscicapa martinica cristata. Briss. Orn. 2. 362. 3. pi. 3G.f. 2. Muscicapa albicapilla. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 66. (female ?) Gobe-mouche huppe de la Martinique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 540.— Buff. PI. Enl. 568. f. 1. Le Moucherolle a huppe blanche. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 66. pi. 37. female? Martinico Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 352. 52. THE Martinico Flycatcher is rather larger than M. grisola : it is in length six inches : its beak is brown : the head and upper parts of the body brown : feathers of the crown of the head long, and capable of being set up in the manner of a crest: the quills are brown, margined with whitish : under parts of the plumage cinereous : tail brown : legs grey. Inhabits Martinique. 378 WOOD FLYCATCHEfi. (Muscicapa rapax.) Mu. grisea, subtus alba, tectricibus caudee superioribus apice albis. Grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the tips of the upper tail- coverts white. Muscicapa rapax. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 81. Muscicapa querula. VieiL Ois. de V Amer. Sept. 1. 68. Xe Moucherolle plaintif. VieiL Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 68. pL 39. Wood Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 81. pi. 13. f. 5. THIS species of Flycatcher, which has a note expressed by the words peto-way, peeto-way, pee- way, has the top of the head dull grey : the cheeks, temples, nape, and upper parts of the neck and body, wings and tail, of an uniform grey colour, getting stronger towards the rump : the upper wing-coverts are tipped with white : the throat and all the under parts of the body are also white : the upper mandible of the beak is brown, the lower yellowish : the feet are dusky : the length is five inches and a half: it is called the Small Pewit in North America, where it arrives very late in the spring : it affects sequestered woods, where there is but little underwood and plenty of dead leafless twigs, upon which latter its riest is fixed : it is composed of moss, and is put together without any mud : it lays five clear white eggs : it is more numerous than the Black- cap Flycatcher. 379 HOODED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cucullata.) Mu. nigro subtus albat remigibus albo marginatis, rostro capiteque nigris. Black Flycatcher, beneath white, with the quills edged with white ; the beak and head black. Muscicapa cucullata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. 12. Hooded Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 223. 23. HEAD very full of feathers, which are black in colour : the upper parts of the plumage dull clouded black : the wings and tail pure black, the lesser quills excepted, which are edged with white : under parts of the body white : beak black : legs dusky. Inhabits New Holland. RED-EYED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa olivacea.) Mu. olivacea subtus albidior, superciliis albis, oculis rubris. Olive Flycatcher, with the under parts whitish ; the eyebrows white and eyes red. Muscicapa olivacea. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327. 14. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 938.— Vieil. Ois. de I" Amer. Sept. 1. 70.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 55. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 482. Muscicapa jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 410. 27. Gobe-mouche de la Caroline, et de la Jamaique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 359. Le Moucherolle olive. Vieil. Ois. de tAmer. Sept. 1. 70. Olive-coloured Flycatcher. Edw. Glean, pi. 253. Red-eyed Flycatcher. Catesb. Car. pi. 54.— Pew. Arct. Zool. 2. 17\.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 55.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 351. 52. 380 COCHIN FLYCATCHER. THIS species is five inches and a half in length : its beak is lead-coloured, the base of the under mandible excepted, which is pale : irides bright red : all the upper parts of the plumage are of an olive-brown colour : the quills and tail are deep olive, with white edges : from the gape passing through the eyes is a brownish streak, above which there is a whitish one : the under parts of the plumage are whitish green : legs brownish. Found in Carolina in the summer, and in Jamaica in the winter. COCHIN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cochinsinensis.) Mu. olwaceo-fusca subtus rufescens, cauda cuneata, rectricibus tribus exterioribus apice albo nigroque maculatis, Olive-brown Flycatcher, beneath reddish ; the tail wedge- shaped ; the three outer feathers spotted at their tips with black and white. Muscicapa cochinsinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Hi. 17. Cochin Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. App. 374. BEAK dusky : upper parts of the body olive brown, the forehead darkest : quills dusky, with a white spot on the outer margin : the throat and neck bright whitish red ; the rest of the under parts pale rufous : tail light olive brown, greatly wedged ; the three outer feathers tipped with white, LESSER-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. 381 and marked with a black lunule in the white: legs pale red : length near five inches. Inhabits Cochin China. LESSER CRESTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Acadlca.) Mu. subcristata Qinereo-viridis, subtus Jlavescente alba, fascia alarum duplici alba. Subcrested Flycatcher, of a grey green colour; the under parts of the body white, and a double stripe of that colour on the wings. Muscicapa Acadica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947. — Latk.Ind. Orn. 2. 489. 91. — Vieil. Ois. de FAmer. Sept. l. 71. Le Moucherolle d'Acadie. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1.71. Lesser crested Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 268.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 174. 82. THE lesser crested Flycatcher is a native of North America : the head, neck, and upper parts of the plumage, dirty ash-coloured green, the former slightly crested : the wings and tail dusky : the coverts of the wings with two white stripes, and the secondary quills edged with white : breast and under parts of the body whitish, tinged with yellow : legs black. 382 WARBLING FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa melodia.) Mu. olivaceo-viridis, subtus superciliisque albis, pectore virescente- flavdy alls caudaquefuscis margine olivaceis. Olive-green Flycatcher^ with the under parts and eyebrows white ; the breast greenish yellow ; the wings and tail brown, with olivaceous edges. Muscicapa melodia. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 85. Warbling Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 85. pi. 42. f. 2. LENGTH five inches and a half: upper mandible of the beak dull lead-colour, lower pale flesh : irides dark hazel : supercilia and under parts of the body white : the breast tinged with pale greenish yellow: upper parts of the body pale olive green : wings brown, edged with pale olive green : tail slightly forked, and margined with olive: legs and feet pale lead-colour: head with an inclination to ash-colour. It appears in Pen- sylvan i a in April, and departs about October: it has a fine note. ROSY-WINGED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rhodoptera.) Mu. subcristata fusca subtus alba, remigibus media rectricibusque a basi ultra medium roseis. AZURE FLYCATCHER. 383 Slightly-crested Flycatcher, brown above, white beneath, with the middle of the quills and base of the tail rose-coloured. Muscicapa rhodoptera. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. g. Rose-winged Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 222. 20. THE Rose- winged Flycatcher is an inhabitant of many parts of New South Wales : its beak, legs, and upper parts of its body, are brown : the feathers on the crown of the head have somewhat the ap- pearance of a crest, and are slightly spotted with black : the under parts of the body are white : the middle of the greater quills, and the four middle tail-feathers, are rose-coloured; the latter are orna- mented with a few black spots. AZURE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa caerulea.) Mu. carulea nitensf subtus ccerule¢i alba, macula occipitis pectorisque nigra. Shining blue Flycatcher, beneath blueish white, with a spot on the hind head, and over the breast black. Muscicapa caerulea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 943. — Lath. Ind< Orn. 2. 4/6. 36. Le petit Azur. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 554. Le Gobe-mouche bleu des Philippines. Buffi PI. Enl. 666. f. 1. Azure Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 33Q. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 172. 30. INHABITS the Philippine Islands and India : its length is six inches: its beak is black: the pre- v. x. p. ii. - 25 584 BLACK-CAP FLYCATCHER. vailing colour of its plumage is a beautiful rich azure blue, with a black spot on the hind head, and another on the breast : the quills blue black, edged with blue grey : the belly, thighs, and vent, blueish white : tail blue black : legs pale reddish brown. YELLOW-EARED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Novae Hollandiae.) subtus albida, sub oculis utrinque ad aures strigajlava . Brown Flycatcher, beneath whitish j beneath the eyes and near the ears a yellow stripe. Muscicapa Novae Hollandiae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 478. 43. Yellow-eared Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 215. 3. THE Yellow-eared Flycatcher is seven inches in length : its beak is yellowish : the prevailing co- lour of its plumage brown : ears and below the eyes yellowish : under parts of the body whitish ; belly pure white : tail with the two middle feathers shortest. Inhabits New Holland. BLACK-CAP FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa fusca.) Mu. Jusca subtus albo-Jtavicans, pileo marts nigro, famina jftavi- cantet caitda subforficata. BLACK-CAP FLYCATCHER. 385 Brown Flycatcher, with the under parts yellowish white ; the top of the head of the male black, of the female yellowish; tail slightly forked. Muscicapa fusca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 931.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 483. 63. — Vieil. Ois. de I9 Amer. Sept. 1. 68. Muscicapa Carolinensis fusca. Briss. Orn. 2. 367« & Muscicapa Phoebe. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 489, 88- female. Muscicapa atra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 946. female. Muscicapa Dunciola. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 78. Le Gobe-mouche noiratre de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Oi&. 4.541. Le Moucherolle noir&tre, ou le Pewit. Vieil. Ois. de I' Amer. Sept. 1.68. pi. 40. Dusky Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 275. female. Phceby Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 173. 79. Pewee Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 78.^. 13. f. 4. Black-cap Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 269. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 353. 53.—Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 53. THIS bird inhabits many parts of North America: it is rather more than six inches in length : the male has the top of his head black: the upper parts of the body, quills, and tail, brown ; the latter slightly forked : the beak and legs black : the female has her head dusky ; the top of it yel- lowish : the upper parts of her body dull olive grey : the quills and secondaries dusky, and the latter with the margins white : breast pale ash : belly yellowish: tail similar to the wings, with part of the outer web of the exterior feathers white. This species builds its nest in caves, sheds, under the eaves of outhouses, and such like places: it lays five pure white eggs, marked at the larger end with three or four red dots ; it has often three 386 SUPERCILIOUS FLYCATCHER. broods in the year, and generally two : it appears about March at Hudson's Bay, and disappears in August : it is there and at New York called Phceby Bird : it is fond of perching upon dead branches, and will utter the note pe-wee, pe-wittitee pe-wee, for a considerable length of time, occasionally stopping when it darts upon an insect, which it generally secures. SUPERCILIOUS FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa superciliosa.) Mu. cinerea subius incarnaia, superciliis rectricibusque duabus intermediis nigris, laleralibus albis. Cinereous Flycatcher, beneath flesh-coloured, with the eye- brows and two middle tail-feathers black; the outer ones white. Muscicapa superciliosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g44.~-Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 477. 40. Supercilious Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 341. 34. THE locality of this species is unknown : its length is four inches and a half: its beak is black: supercilia and spot before the eyes black : upper parts of the body greyish: under parts pale red- dish white : tail wedged : the two middle feathers wholly black, the next on each side black with white tips, and the rest all white : legs brown. 387 GRISEOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa gilva,) Mu. virescente-grisea subtus albida, alls caudaquejuscis. Greenish-grey Flycatcher, beneath whitish, with the wings and tall brown. Muscicapa gilva. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 65. Le Moucherolle gris. Vieil. Ois. de PAmer. Sept. 1. 65.pl. 34. THE Griseous Flycatcher is very much like Motacilla rufa at first sight, but greatly differs from it when examined: its beak and feet are brown : the head, upper parts of the neck and body are grey, tinged with green on the back: the quills and tail-feathers are brown, with pale margins : the under parts of the body are dull white : the sides and flanks are similar in colour to the back : the wings and tail are greyish white below : the bird is four inches and three quarters in length : it makes its appearance in the middle of the United States of North America about the end of April, and departs in the autumn. sss NITID FLYCATCHER. . (Muscicapa nit Ida.) Mu. pallide viridis, tectridbus alarum margine albot remigibuf rectricibusque nigricantibus margine Jlavo. Pale-green Flycatcher, with the edges of the wing-Coverts white ; the quills and tail-feathers dusky, with yellow margins. Muscicapa nitida. Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 48Q. 90. Nitid Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 173. 81. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham as being of a small size: with a black beak: pale green plumage, with the coverts edged with white : the quills and tail dusky, with yellowish edges : the legs black. Native of China. RUFOUS-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cinerea.) Mu. nifo-fusca, abdomine rufe¢e, capite collogue cinereist uropygio pectore caudaque rufis. Red-brown Flycatcher, with a reddish abdomen ; the head and neck ash-coloured ; the rump, breast, and tail, rufous. Muscicapa cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 933. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 488. 83. Muscicapa cayanensis rufa. Briss. Sup. 51.pl. 3.f. 3. Rufous-bellied Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 363. 74, NATIVE of Cayenne : length somewhat more than eight inches : the upper mandible of the beak RUFOUS FLYCATCHER. 389 dusky, the lower grey : the head, hind part, and sides of the neck, deep cinereous : the shafts of the feathers on the crown dusky: back rufous brown ; wings the same, edged with pale rufous : throat and fore-part of the neck ash-colour, edged with whitish : breast, upper tail-coverts, and rump, bright rufous: belly and vent pale rufous: tail similar to the rump : legs brown : varies in having the belly yellowish white. RUFOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rufescens.) Mu. rufescente nitens subtus rufo-alba, remigibus nigris> vertice , macula rufa. Shining reddish Flycatcher, beneath reddish white, with the quills black, the crown with a rufous spot. Muscicapa rufescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 932. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 487- 82. Le Gobe-mouche roux de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 549.— Buff. Pl.Enl. 453.f. 1. Rufous Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 362. 73. INHABITS Cayenne: length five inches and a half: beak stout and dusky: the crown of the head with a rufous brown spot : the upper parts of the plumage of a pale rufous : the quills black: the under parts of the body entirely white, with a slight tinge of rufous: legs dusky. 390 SPOTTED-WINGED FLYCATCHER. ' (Muscicapa maculata.) ferrugineo-fusca, suUus Jusco rttfescens, teclricibus alarum apiceferrugineo-albis, rectrice extima apice intus alba. Ferruginous-brown Flycatcher, with the under parts brownish red; the wing-coverts tipped with whitish ferruginous, and the tip of the inner web of the lateral tail-feathers white. Muscicapa maculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 945. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 480. 53. Spotted-winged Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 345. 43. THE locality of this species, which was in the late Leverian Museum, is unknown : Dr. Latham describes it as below : " Beak black : base of the under mandible yellow at the edges : the plumage on the upper parts of the body ferruginous brown, the head palest : on each of the wing-coverts at the tip is a round ferruginous white spot : the rump ferruginous : quills dusky : the under parts of the body pale reddish brown, changing to red- dish white on the bottom of the belly : vent the same, but the feathers tipped with a still paler colour : tail brown ; the outer feather marked at the tip of the inner web with white : legs black. Supposed to inhabit the Sandwich Islands." 391 CRIMSON-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa coccinigastra.) Mu. olivacea, gula alba, pectore abdomineque coccineis, fronte nigra, remigibus rectricibusque albo nigroque dimidiatis. Olive Flycatcher, with a white throat ; the breast and belly crimson ; the forehead black ; the quills and tail half black, half white. Muscicapa coccinigastra. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. I. 6. Crimson-bellied Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 221. 1?. pi. 134. THIS scarce bird is described by Dr. Latham as being " five inches and a half in length : beak and legs pale brown : plumage olive brown above, but from the base of the beak to the middle of the crown, taking in the eye, black, and passing back- wards into a point on the ears : the chin and sides of the neck are white : breast and belly deep crimson : the wings are black, but the quills are white half way from the base : tail longish : the two middle feathers wholly black, the others the same half way from the base, the rest of the length white : the wings reach one third on the tail. Inhabits New South Wales. " 392 RUSTY-THROATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa gularis.) Mu.fusca abdomine dnerascente, gula rectricibusque ferrugineis, superdliis albis. Brown Flycatcher, with the body ash-coloured $ the throat and tail-feathers ferruginous; eye-brows white. Muscicapa superciliosa. Mus. Carls, fas. 4. pi. 96. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. I. 3. Supercilious Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 220. 14. THIS is described by Sparrman : it is the size of a small Thrush : its beak is pale at the base and black at the tip : the upper parts and side of its head, its neck, back, and wings, are dark rufous brown : line from the nostrils to the hind head, passing over the eyes, white : the chin and throat pale rust-colour : the breast, belly, and vent, dull ash : the two middle tail-feathers dark brown ; the rest rust-colour, with their inner margins and tips brown : the tail itself rounded : legs pale brown : locality unknown. BROWN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa fuliginosa.) Mv.fuscajlavescente-marginata, sitbtus albida, pectore subrtifo. Brown Flycatcher, with the feathers edged with yellowish; beneath whitish > breast reddish. PURPLE-THROATED FLYCATCHER. 393 Muscicapa fuliginosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 932. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 487, 79- Le Gobe-mouche brun de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 536.—Buf. PL Enl. 5?4.f. 1. Brown Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 36l. 70. ONE of the smallest species of the genus, not being quite four inches in length : its beak is dusky : the upper parts of the plumage dark brown ; the feathers all margined with yellowish brown : the under parts whitish, with a tinge of rufous on the breast: the quills and tail fringed with whitish ; the latter even at the end : legs dusky: the female (?) has a slight tinge of green on the upper parts of the plumage: the breast is tinged with olive brown, and the belly with yel- lowish : the quills are likewise edged with reddish yellow. Inhabits. Cayenne. PURPLE-THROATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rubricollis.) Mu. nigra, menti gutturisque area ingente purpurea. Black Flycatcher, with the chin and large spot on the throat purple. Muscicapa rubricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . g33,—-Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 489. 87. Le Piauhau. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 588. Le Grand Gobe-mouche noir de Cayenne. Buff. PL Enl. 381. Purple-throated Flycatcher. LatL Gen. Syn. 3. 365. 77. 394 SANDWICH FLYCATCHER. THE Purple-throated Flycatcher is about twelve inches in length: its beak is dusky: the chin, throat, and fore-part of the neck, are of a splendid crimson, inclining to purple: the rest of the plum- age and legs black : it is sometimes found without the slightest trace of crimson on the throat. It inhabits Cayenne and other parts of South America: it is gregarious, is very lively, and is said to feed on fruits and insects : it has a sharp note not dis- similar to the word Pihauhaw, which it frequently utters. SANDWICH FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa sandvicensis.) Mu../ttscfl, subtus superciliisque albidis, pectoreferrugineo, tectri- cibus alarum remigibus rectricibusque lateralibus apice albis. Brown Flycatcher, with the under parts and eye-brows whitish ; the breast ferruginous; the wing-coverts, quills, and outer tail-feathers, tipped with white. Muscicapa sandvicensis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 945.— 'Lath. 2nd. Orn.1. 479. 51. Sandwich Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 344. 51. THIS bird is not quite six inches in length : its beak is black, with the base yellowish : the fore- head is buff- coloured : supercilia white : the upper parts of the body brown : wing-coverts brown, edged with pale ferruginous and tipped with white : FERRUGINOUS FLYCATCHER. 395 greater quills plain brown, with white tips : chin pale, varied with dusky : sides of the neck mottled with white : breast ferruginous : bell}7 and vent yellowish white : tail brown ; all but the two mid- die feathers tipped with white : legs black. In- habits the Sandwich Islands. FERRUGINOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa ferruginea.) Wlv.fusco-murina subtus Jlavo-alba, gutture candido, alls nigris, pennarum marginejerrugineo. Brown mouse-coloured Flycatcher, beneath yellow white, with the throat white ; wings black, their feathers margined with ferruginous. * Muscicapa ferruginea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 477. 41. Ferruginous Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 214. 1. THE Ferruginous Flycatcher inhabits Carolina and other parts of North America: it is the size of a Goldfinch : its beak is black, with chesnut edges : the upper parts of the body are grey brown : the wings and tail are black ; the quills of the first margined with rust-colour : the throat white : the rest of the under parts dirty yellowish white : length five inches and a half. 396 PETECHIAL FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa petechia.) Mu. fusca subtus cinerea rujb-maculata, gutture crissoque rufis. Brown Fly catcher, with the under parts of the body ash-coloured, spotted with rufous ; the throat and vent rufous. Muscicapa petechia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 328. 19. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q48.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 486. 75. Muscicapa murtinicana fusca. Briss. Orn. 2. 361. 4. pi. 38.y. I . Le Moucherolle brun de la Martinique. Buffi Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 563. Gobe-mouche brun de la Martinique. Buff. PL Enl. 568.j£ 2. Petechial Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 360. 66. THIS species inhabits Martinique : it is six inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are black : the upper parts of the body are deep brown : the quills plain brown : the throat rufous : the fore- part of the neck and breast cinereous brown : belly and vent cinereous, varied with rufous spots : under tail-coverts rufous : tail brown : all the feathers but the two middle ones margined with paler brown and white. 397 INDIAN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Tectec.) Mu.fuscapennisrufescente-marginatis,subtus rufescens, collo in- Jeriore sordide albo. Brown Flycatcher, with the feathers edged by reddish, beneath rufescent ; the under part of the neck dull white. Muscicapa Tectec. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 941.— Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 473. 20. Muscicapa borbonica. Briss. Orn. 2, 360. 2. pi. 3Q.f. 1. Indian Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 334. 16. SIZE of Muscicapa Grisola : length four inches and a half: beak brown; legs the same: head, hind part of the neck, and upper parts of the body, brown, varied with a few spots of rufous : quills brown, tipped with rufous : throat and fore-part of the neck dirty white : lower part of the body pale rufous : tail brown, edged with rufous : female dirty white, where the male is rufous. Inhabits the Isle of Bourbon. 398 ASH-COLOURED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cana.) Mu. cinerea, capite saturation, rectricibus nigris, duabus ex- timis apice cinerascentibus, remigibus intus albis. Ash-coloured Flycatcher, beneath darker, with the tail-feathers black ; the two outer ones tipped with ash-colour, and the quills white on their inner webs. Muscicapa cana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 940. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 472. 16. Muscicapa madagascariensis cinerea major. Briss. Orn. 2. 38Q. Le Kinki-manou. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 584. Grand Gobe-mouche cendre Madagascar. Buff. PL Enl. 541. Ash-coloured Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 332. 13. THIS species inhabits Madagascar: it is eight inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are black : the head, throat, and nape, dusky cinere- ous ; the rest of the neck and the upper part of the plumage clear ash : the quills dusky, with grey edges : lower parts of the body pale ash : vent white : tail black ; the two middle feathers ash- colour, with dusky tips, and the outer one on each side pale ash-colour at their tips. 399 PILEATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa pileata.) Mu. olivacea subtus Jlava, fronte genis menteque jlavis, pileo nucha torque colloque inferiore nigris. Olive Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the forehead, cheeks, and chin, yellow ; the upper parts of the head, collar, and under parts of the neck, black. Muscicapa cucullata. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 101. Sylvia mitrata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 528. 71. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 977- Le Gobe-mouche citrin de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 538.— Buff. PI. Enl. 666. Hooded Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. Wj.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 462. 68. Hooded Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. lQl.pl. 25. f. 3. THIS species is in length five inches and a half: its forehead, cheeks, and chin, are yellow, sur- rounded with a black band that covers the crown, hind head, and part of the neck, and descends over the breast ; from thence all the under parts are of a rich yellow : back and upper parts of the wings and tail olive yellow, with the inner webs and tips of the two latter dusky : some of the tail- feathers are slightly tipped with white, and edged with pale yellow olive : the female has the throat and breast yellow, and the black on the collar is more dull than in the male. v. x. P. u. 26 400 JAVAN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa javanica.) Mu. corpore nigro ferrugineoque vario subtus albo,jugulo nigro, superciliis albis. Flycatcher with the body varied with black and ferruginous, beneath white, jugulum black, eyebrows white. Muscicapa javanica. Mus. Carls, fas. 3. pi, 75. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 490. 95. Javan Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 218. 10. INHABITS Java: beak and legs black: eyebrows white : upper parts of the plumage dusky, with rusty edges : under parts white : on the front of the neck a black bar : tail long and rounded at the end : the four middle feathers black ; the others black, with white tips. RED-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa erythrogastra.) M,u. nigra, Jronte fasciaque alarum albis, pectore abdomineque coccineis. Black Flycatcher, with the forehead, and stripe on the wings, white ; the breast and belly scarlet. Muscicapa erythrogastra. Shatu. Nat. Misc. pi. 147. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 479. 50. Muscicapa multicolor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 944. Red-bellied Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 343. 40. pi. 50.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 216. 5. REID -BETLILIE3D RED-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. 401 THE Red-bellied Flycatcher is very abundant in Norfolk Island, in the southern ocean: the male is in length four inches and a half: his beak is black, with the base of the under mandible yellow- ish : the forehead and lower wing-coverts are white : the breast and belly are deep crimson : the vent reddish: the rest of the body, wings, and tail, black : legs very slender, and yellowish brown : the female is brown in those parts where the male is black, and has the space between the beak and eye, and the chin, cinereous brown : the vent, sides, and thighs, yellowish white j and the breast and belly pale orange. This appears to be a very variable species, as Dr. Latham commemorates no less than five varie- ties : the first has the head, neck, back, and wings, slaty black : the quills and tail black : the chin and throat pale dusky: forehead with a white spot: breast purplish : belly and vent white : the second has no white on the forehead, but has a white streak over the eye : the chin is also white : the prevailing colour of the plumage is black : the breast and belly crimson : vent white : and tail very short : the next has an oblique white stripe on the wing, and most of the outer tail-feathers white : the fourth has the plumage black above and deep crimson below : forehead with a small white spot just over the beak, and on the wing- coverts are a few faint white markings ; the last has the prevailing colour of the upper parts grey black : the chin, fore-part of the neck, and breast, crimson : spot over the forehead, a broad longitu- 402 WHITE-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. dinal streak on the wings, and all the belly and vent white. This bird is not only common in the sequestered parts of Norfolk Island, but is also found at Port Jackson and its vicinity, but not very numerous in the latter place. WHITE-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa albifrons.) Mu. supra nigro-Jusca, jugulo et pectore sordide albis, abdomine dilute Jerrugineo,fronte albida, pedibus nigris. Flycatcher above black brown, with the jugulum and breast dull white ; the abdomen pale ferruginous ; the forehead white, and feet black. Muscicapa albifrons. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p48. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 469. 5. White-fronted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 175. THE White-fronted Flycatcher is very similar to the Pied Flycatcher, but differs in many re- spects : it is near six inches in length : its beak is black : its forehead dusky white : the hinder part of the head, nape, shoulders, and wing-coverts, dull black : primaries dusky brown, with rusty margins : secondaries black : fore-part of the neck and breast dusky white, with brown shafts to the feathers: under parts of the body pale ferruginous: tail- feathers and legs black ; the former about two ipches in length. Inhabits the country about the Cape of Good Hope. 403 YELLOW-HUMPED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa spadicea.) Mu. rubro-fusca subtus obscure Jlavescens, uropygiojlavo, remigi- bus rectricibusquefuscis. . Red-brown Flycatcher, beneath dull yellow, with the rump bright yellow ; the quills and tail-feathers brown. Muscicapa spadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 937. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 484. 67. Yellow-rumped Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 354. 57. BEAK brown : the upper parts of the body red- dish brown : the wing-coverts with rufous mar- gins : the quills brown : rump yellow : under parts of the body and vent dull yellow : tail brown. Inhabits Cayenne : length about seven inches. BLUE-HEADED FLYCATCHER, (Muscicapa cyanocephala.) Mu. rubra, subtus juscescens, capite cceruleoy rectricum apice nigro. Reddish Flycatcher, beneath brownish, with the head blue, and the tip of the tail black. Muscicapa cyanocephala. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 943. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 477. 37. Gobe-mouche a tete bleuatre de Lu$on. Sonner. Voyt Ind. 57. pi. 26./. 1. Blue-headed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 339. 31. 404 GREY-NECKED FLYCATCHER. THE Blue-headed Flycatcher is the size of the Linnet : its beak is brown : its head is of a deep blue black : the throat, back, wing-coverts, and tail, deep red j the tips of the feathers of the latter black, and forked : the breast, belly, and vent, pale brown : legs brown. Inhabits Manilla. GREY-NECKED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa grisea.) Mu. nigra, subtus ru&escens, gutture griseo, tectricum alarum fascia alba, cauda subcuneata. Black Flycatcher, beneath reddish, with the throat grey ; a white fascia on the wing-coverts, and the tail slightly wedge- shaped. Muscicapa grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q42.—Latk. Ind. Orn. 2. 476. 31. Grey-necked Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 337. 24. THE upper parts of the plumage of this species of Flycatcher are black, with a white bar across the wing-coverts : the fore-part of the neck is dark ash : the breast and belly are pale red : the tail is slightly wedged, and the feet are yellowish brown. It inhabits China. 405 DUSKY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa obscura.) Mu. fusca subtus cinerascens, abdomine rufo, cauda integra, rec~ tricibus apice acutiusculis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath ash-coloured, with the belly rufous ; the tail entire ; the tips of its feathers sharp pointed. Muscicapa obscura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 945. — Lath. lud. Om, 2. 479. 52. Dusky Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 344. 42. THE Dusky Flycatcher is a native of the Sand- wich Islands, and measures near eight inches in length : the beak and legs are dusky : the prevail- ing colour of the plumage brown above, and pale ash-colour, tinged with rufous, beneath: tail long, the feathers slightly pointed, and even at the end. AFRICAN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa ochracea.) Mu. collo pectoreque cinereo-jerrugineis, alls caudaque nigro- cinereis. Flycatcher with the neck and breast rusty grey ; the wings and tail blackish grey. Muscicapa ochracea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 472. 17. African Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 175. 406 ORANGE-HUMPED FLYCATCHER. THIS greatly resembles the Ash-coloured Fly- catcher : it is in length eight inches and a half : its beak is brown : the head and upper parts of the body brownish : the wing-coverts and quills black, edged with white : neck and breast rusty grey ; the feathers greatly elongated, especially beneath the ears, where they are raised into a small tuft : belly rusty ochre : tail black at the tip and inner sides ; the outer edges white : legs black : claws yellowish. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. ORANGE-RUMPED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa melanocephala.) Mu. capite collogue nigris, dorsofulvo, corpore subtus albo ma- culis nigris, alls caudaquefuscis, uropygio aurantio. Flycatcher with a black head and neck ; fulvous back ; body beneath white, with black spots ; wings and tail brown ; and rump orange. Muscicapa melanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Hi. 16. Orange-rumped Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 11.225. 27. THIS bird has a tail composed, something like that of the Soft-tailed Flycatcher, of distinct hairy filaments : its head and neck are black : the back and rump are orange red : the wings and tail are brown : the under parts of the body are white : the beak and legs are dusky. Inhabits New South Wales : carries its tail erect. 407 BLACK-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa nigrifrons.) Mv.fusca, subtus olivaceo-fusca, fronte temporibusque nigris, mente gulaquejlavis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath of an olive brown, with the fore- head and temples black ; the chin and throat yellow. Muscicapa nigrifrons. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q3Q. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 471. 12. Black-fronted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 331. 9. THE Black-fronted Flycatcher is four inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are dusky : the prevailing colour of the plumage brown on the upper parts, and olive-brown on the under: the forehead and temples black, ending in a point behind the eyes : the chin and throat yellow : the two middle tail-feathers plain brown, the rest olive brown : locality unknown. SOFT-TAILED FLYCATCHER, ( Muscicapa raalachura.) Mu.fusca subtus ferruginea, gula cinerea, cauda longa cuneata rectricibus pinnulis disjunctis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath ferruginous, with the throat ash- coloured, the tail much wedged, and its feathers composed of soft disjointed plumes. Muscicapa malachura. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Hi. 15. Soft-tailed Flycatcher. Lin. Trans. 4. 240, pi. 21.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 224. 26. 408 SOFT-TAILED FLYCATCHER. THIS most singular species is thus commemo- rated in the second Supplement to the General Synopsis of Dr. Latham : " Length from beak to rump three inches : beak brownish black ; base furnished with strong bristles : nostrils low down on the beak : the general colour of the plumage ferruginous, but the feathers of the upper parts of the body and wings are streaked down their mid- dle with brownish black : the middle of the belly nearly white : over the eyes, arising at the base of the beak, is a pale blue streak : throat and fore-part of the neck of the same blue colour : the feathers of the rump are soft, long, and silky: wings short, nearly reaching to the base of the tail j the quills are dusky, edged with ferruginous : the tail is four inches or more in length ; the shafts very slender and black, the webs on each side consisting of minute slender hairy black filaments, placed at distances, and distinct from each other, as in the feathers of the Cassowary : legs pale brown : the female is like the male in colour, but wants both the blue streak over the eye, and the chin and throat are of the same colour as the rest of the under parts. " Inhabits New Holland ; being found about Sydney and Botany Bay in marshy places, abound- ing with long grass and rushes, which afford it an hiding place, and where, like the Bearded Tit- mouse, it is supposed to make the nest : when disturbed, its flight is very short, and it is found to run on the ground with great swiftness : feeds on small flies and other insects : known in the GREEN FLYCATCHER. 409 country by the name of Merlon Binnion, or Cas- sowary Bird." GREEN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa nitens.) Mu. viridi-aurea, alis atris, gutture pectoreque rufis, uropygio abdominequejlavis, cauda elongata. Golden-green Flycatcher, with the wings dusky; the throat and breast rufous ; the rump and abdomen .yellow ; the tail elongated. Muscicapa nitens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942. — Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 475. 29. Green Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 336. 22. THE Green Flycatcher has its head, back, and wing-coverts, of a beautiful variable green-gold colour : wings dusky : throat and breast dun-co- lour : belly and rump yellow : the outer edges of the tail-feathers green, the inner dusky: tail much elongated. Inhabits India. 410 YELLOW-HEADED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa ochrocephala.) Mu.Jlavescente-viridis subtus alba, capite collo pectoreque aureo- Jtavis. Greenish-yellow Flycatcher, beneath white, with the head, neck, and breast, golden yellow. Muscicapa ochrocephala. Gmeh Syst. Nat. 1. 944. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 479. 47. Yellow-headed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 342. 37. SAID by Dr. Latham to be in " length five inches and a half: beak seven lines, rather stout, and bent only at the tip ; nostrils covered by a membrane ; base of the beak bristly: irides hazel: the head, neck, and breast, golden yellow : upper parts dusky pale yellowish green, inclining on the rump to ash-colour : belly, thighs, and vent, white : legs black : claws long. Inhabits Queen Charlotte's Sound, in New Zealand." CINNAMON FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cinnamomea.) Mu. Jlavicante cinnamomea t alarum fascia, tectricumque opice jlams, remigibus atris margineferrugineis. Yellowish cinnamon-coloured Flycatcher, with a stripe on the DUN FLYCATCHER. 411 wings, and the coverts, at their tips, yellow ; the quills dusky, edged with ferruginous. Muscicapa cinnamoraea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 93 7«— Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 484. 66. Cinnamon Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 354. 56. THIS Flycatcher is a native of Cayenne: its length is eight inches : its beak is black : the ge- neral tinge of the plumage is yellowish cinnamon- colour, varied on the upper parts ; and the rump and under parts are paler, and almost yellow in colour : wings with a yellow bar, arising from the coverts, being tipped with that colour : quills dusky, edged with rust-colour. DUN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa sibirica.) Mu.fusca subtus cinerea, gula crissoque albo maculatis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath ash-eoloured, with the throat and vent spotted with white. Muscicapa sibirica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 936. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 482. 59. Dun Flycatcher". Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 390. A. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 351.49. THE prevailing colour of this bird is brown, in- clining to ash-colour beneath: the throat and vent are spotted with white. Found in the eastern provinces of Siberia, and in Kamtskatka. 412 ROSE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rhodogastra.) Mv.fusca subtus pallida, pectore roseo, tectridbus alarum albido marginatis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath pale, with the breast rose-coloured ; the wing-coverts edged with whitish. Muscicapa rhodogastra. Lath. Lid. Orn. Sup. Hi, 13. Rose-breasted Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 223. 24. THIS bird has the breast of a beautiful rose or carmine tint, but the rest of the under parts of the plumage are white : the upper parts are pale brown : the wing-coverts are sprinkled with a few pale spots: the beak and legs are brown: the irides are blueish. Inhabits New South Wales. ROUND-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa coronata. ) Mu. crista erecta rotundata, corpore supra fusca, subtus crista lateribusque capitis cocdneis. Flycatcher with an erect rounded crest, with the body above brown ; the under parts, crest, and sides of the head, scarlet. Muscicapa coronata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 932. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 487. 81. Le Rubin, ou Gobe-mouche rouge huppe. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 547.— Buff. PI. Enl. 675. f. 1. Round-crested Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 362. 72. FlLTCATCHMIR SWALLOW-TAILED FLYCATCHER. 413 KNOWN by the name of Putillas in South Ame- rica : the beak of the male is brown ; and the crown of his head is ornamented with a most singular rounded crest, very similar to that of Pipra rupicola ; it is of a most splendid crimson colour, as are also the sides of the head, and all the under parts of his body ; the rest of the plum- age brown; the quills edged with grey: legs red- dish : female without a crest, and with those parts of her body, which, in the male are crimson, merely tinged with that colour : the rest of the plumage is also much paler: length five inches and a half. Inhabits the borders of the river Amazons. SWALLOW-TAILED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa forficata.) M u. cauda longissimaforjicata, corpore pallide griseo subtus albo, tectricibus alarum cinereis albido undulatis, inferioribus rubris. Flycatcher with a very long forked tail, pale grey body, beneath white ; the wing-coverts ash-colour, waved with white ; under the wings red. Muscicapa forficata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q3l.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 485. IQ.— Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1.71. Le Moucherolle a queue fourchue du Mexique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 564.— Buff'. PI. Enl. 677. Le Moucherolle & queue fourchue. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1.7L Swallow- tailed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 356. 60. 414 DESERT FLYCATCHER. THE Swallow-tailed Flycatcher is thus noticed by Dr. Latham. " Bigger -than a Lark in the body : length ten inches, of which the tail is five : the beak is straight, eight lines long, compressed, and weak ; the colour of it black : irides red : the head and back are light grey, with a little tinge of red : the under parts of the body white ; beneath the wing red ; and when closed a little of this colour appears just above the bend of it : the lesser wing-coverts are ash-colour, with pale edges, giving the appearance of scales ; the greater wing- coverts marked in the same manner, but blackish : the quills black, edged with grey : the tail is greatly forked; the outer feathers are five inches long, and the middle ones but two ; these are all black, edged with rufous grey, but the outer ones have the exterior webs white for half their length : the legs are black. Inhabits Mexico." It varies in the length of its tail. DESERT FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Deserti.) Mu. corpore ex ferruglneo nigricante^fuliginoso, alts caudaque nigricantibuSf rostrojlavicante. Flycatcher with the body of a ferruginous sooty black, with the wings and tail dusky, and beak yellowish. Muscicapa Deserti. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 944. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 478, 44. Muscicapa fuliginosa. Mus. Carls, fas. 2. pi. 4f. Desert Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. IL 217. 7- ACTIVE FLYCATCHER. 415 THIS bird, according to the account in the Mu- seum Carlsonianum, inhabits the deserts of Africa, between the river Heni and the spring Quamo- dacka: its beak is yellowish : legs black: the pre- vailing colour of its plumage dusky ferruginous : the wings and tail black ; the latter much longer than the body. ACTIVE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa agilis.) TMLu.fusco olivacea subtus albida, gutture subriifo, remigibus cau- daque nigricantibus. Olive-brown Flycatcher, beneath whitish, with the throat red- dish, the quills and tail dusky. Muscicapa agilis, GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 948. — Lath. Ind. Or??. 2. 486. 77. Le Gobe-mouche olive de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Oist 4. 544.— Buff. PI. Enl. 574./. 2. Active Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 36O. 68. THE Active Flycatcher is four inches and a half in length : its beak is blackish : the upper parts of its plumage are olive brown ; the under dirty white: the throat inclines to rufous: the quills and tail are dusky black ; the latter is rather elon- gated, and is edged with olive brown: legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne, and, like the rest of its tribe, lives upon flying insects. v. x. p. ii. 27 416 PARADISE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Paradisi.) Mu. capite cristato nigro-virescente, cor pore albo, cauda cuneataf rectricibus intermediis longissimis. Flycatcher with a crested blackish-green head, white body, wedge-shaped tail, with the two middle feathers very long. Muscicapa Paradisi. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 324. 1. — GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. giQ.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 481. 54. Muscicapa cristata alba Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. Orn. 2. p. 4l4.2Q.pl. 41. f. 2. Le Moucherolle huppe £ tete couleur d'acier poli. Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois.4. 558. Pied bird of Paradise. Edwards. Glean, pi. 113. Paradise Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 345. 44.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 172. x. /3. castanea subtus alba, collo inferior e pectoreque griseis. Chesnut-coloured, beneath white, with the lower part of the neck and the breast grey. Muscicapa Paradisi. /3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 48O. 54. Muscicapa cristata Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. Orn. 2. 418. 31. pi. 4l.f. 1. y. pectore ceerulescente. With a caerulean breast. Crested long-tailed Pye. Edwards. Glean. 325. THIS singular and variable bird is about the size of a Lark in the body, but measures upwards of twenty inches in length, owing to its long and disproportioned tail, which is generally about four- teen inches long : its beak is dusky : its head, hind part of the neck, and throat, are greenish black ; the feathers on the former are very long, PARADISE FLYCATCHER* 417 and form a crest : the back and rump are white : the wing-coverts and tail-feathers the same, with their shafts black : the greater coverts and quills black, fringed with white : the fore-part of the neck, and all the under parts of the body, pure white : tail wedged : legs ash-coloured. It varies in being rather smaller, and in having the upper parts of the body (the top of the neck excepted) pale chesnut, and the neck and breast grey ; the quills and tail-feathers are also pale chesnut : it is likewise observed to have its breast of a blueish ash : the female has the tail-feathers much shorter than those of the male. This bird is found in the southern parts of Africa, and is particularly fond of the borders of rivers, as its food, consisting of insects, is most abundant in those situations. 418 MUTABLE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa mutata.) Mu. capite cristato nigro-virescente, cauda cuneata rectricibus in- termediis longissimis, palpebris cceruleis. Flycatcher with a blackish-green crested head, a wedge-shaped tail, with its two middle feathers longest, and blue eyelids. Muscicapa mutata. Lin. Syst. Nat. l. 347. 2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q3O. — Lath* Ind. Orn. 2. 481. 55. Muscicapa madagascariensis varia longicauda. Briss. Orn. 2. 430.36.pl. 40. f. 1. Gobe-mouche a longue queue et ventre blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 568.— Buff. PI. Enl. 248. /. 2. Gobe-mouche & longue queue de Madagascar. Buff. PL Enl. 248. f. 1. var. Schet-all. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 568. var. Schet vouloulou. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 56g.var.' Mutable Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 347. 45. AT first sight this greatly resembles the pre- ceding, but it is not much more than half the size, measuring only a foot in length, of which the tail is upwards of seven inches : its beak is blackish : its irides are yellow, and eyelids blue : the head, neck, and back, are greenish black ; the latter is varied with white : the wings black ; with a white fascia: the breast and under parts of the body white : the two middle tail-feathers very long and white, with their shafts and a spot at their tips black ; the rest of them white on their inner, and black on their outer webs : it varies in having the body and tail of a clear cinnamon colour, and in MUTABLE FLYCATCHER. 419 having a mixture of white on the thighs : it like- wise varies in having the body of a chesnut hue, and in having the two middle tail-feathers white, and fringed with black for half their length ; the four next on each side chesnut, and the outermost feathers black, with the inner web white. All the varieties are common, in the island of Mada- gascar, and are known by the names Schet, or Schet-vouloulou. 42O BOMBYCILLA. WAXWING. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, basi paulo depressum et trigonum ; supra convexum, versus apicem deflexum, utrinque emarginatum. Nares ovatae, plumis mini- mis obtectae. Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex- teriores basi sola connexi. Beak short, slightly depress- ed and triangular at the base ; above convex, to- wards the tip bent down, and emarginate on each side. Nostrils oval, covered with small feathers. Feet four-toed, with the outer one connected at the base. JL HE Waxwings, which have been detached from the Chatterers by Monsieur Vieillot, have a most remarkable and peculiar appendage on the tips of some of the quills, which has very much the ap- pearance of red sealing-wax, and by which they may be distinguished at first sight from any other known genus of birds. They were considered by the older ornitholo- gists as forming a distinct genus, but were placed by Linneus, in his Fauna Suecica, in Lanius; but in the Systema Naturae, in Ampelis, in which lat- ter circumstance he has been followed by most modern authors. They feed on berries, but of their nests we are ignorant. BOHEMIAN 421 BOHEMIAN WAXWING. ( Bombycilla Boliemica.) Bo. occipite cristato, remigtbus sccundariis apice membranaceo colorato. Chatterer with a crested occiput, and the tips of the secondary quills with a coloured membranaceous appendage. Ampelis Garrulus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 297. l.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.838.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 363. 1. Garrulus bohemicus. Ray. Syn. p. 85. A. Bombycilla bohemica. Briss. Orn. l.p. 333. 63. Lanius garrulus. Lin. Faun. Suec. 82. Le Jaseur de Boheme. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 42Q. pi. 26.— Buff. PL Enl 261. Bohemian Chatterer. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 112. pi. 48.—- Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 91. 1. — Letoin. Brit. Birds. 2. 65. — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. ll.—Pult. Cat. Dors. 11. THIS is the only species of Waxwing that is found in Europe : its length is about eight inches: its beak is black : irides purplish : the head and upper parts of the body vinaceous brown, dashed with ash-Colour, lightest on the rump ; the feathers on the crown of the head are long, and form a pointed crest, reclining backwards, of a chesnut colour; over the eye is a black streak, passing from the beak to the hind head : chin and throat black : breast and belly pale purplish ash-coloured brown, lightest towards the vent: the greater coverts of the primaries black, tipped with white ; greater quills black ; the three first tipped with white, the others with yellow on their outer mar- CAROLINA WAXWING. gins; the secondaries tipped on the outer web with white, terminating in flat horny appendages, the colour of red sealing-wax ; these appendages vary in number, some birds only having four or five on each side, and others having as many as eight ; the tail is also adorned with them in few specimens, but such are very rare : the tail is black, with a yellow tip j it is dashed with cine- reous at the base : its under coverts are pale ches- nuti legs black. The Bohemian Waxwing, as before observed, is a native of Europe, and is occasionally captured in this country : it is supposed to bfeed in Bohemia and other parts of Germany, where they are very abundant : it has been observed from St. Peters- burgh to Italy, but in the latter country it is very rare : it feeds on berries of all sorts, particularly those of the mountain ash ; but of its nest we are quite ignorant : this bird is said to be good eating. CAROLINA WAXWING. (Bomby cilia carolinensis.) Bo. occipite cristato, abdomine Julvo, remigibus secundariis apice membranaceo color ato. Chatterer with a crested occiput, yellow belly, and the tips of the secondaries with a membranaceous appendage. Bombycilla carolinensis. Briss* Orn. 2. 337» !• CAROLINA WAXWING. 423 Ampelis Garrulus. /3. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 297. l.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 838.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 364. 1. Chatterer of Carolina. Catesb. Carol. 1. 46.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 207.— Edwards, pi. 242.— Lath. Gen: Syn. 3. 93. 1. A. American Chatterer. Wils. Amer. Orn. THE Carolina Waxwing, which has been gene- rally confounded with the Common or Bohemian species, which it is, very like, has the belly of a pale yellow, and the wings of both sexes are of a plain colour, and the female is destitute of the red appendages to the quill-feathers. This species is found throughout the whole of North America, from Carolina to Mexico ; but of its habits we are as much in the dark as we are respecting the European species : it is known by the names of Chatterer and Recollect in the United States, where it makes its appearance in June when the cherries are ripe, and in the au- tumn when the cedar berries are in perfection : they generally arrive in large flocks. 424 AMPELIS. CHATTERER. Generic Character. Rostrum recttim, couvexum, subincurvatum, utrinque einarginatum. Nares setis tectae. Pedes simplices, digitis tri- bus anticis, uno postico. Lingua acuta, bifida. Beak straight^ convex, slight- ly incurved, and emargin- ated on each side. . Nostrils covered with bristles. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. Tongue acute and bifid. A the Chatterers but one are natives of America : they feed on fruits and berries, but of their manners of life we are utterly ignorant, as they do not reside near the habitations of man, and no person has yet discovered their haunts, or the period of their incubation. 425 CRESTED CHATTERER. (Ampelis cristata.) AM. cctpite cristato, alls caudaque nigris, abdominc genisque albis, dorso rubro. Chatterer with a crested head, with the wings and tail black, the abdomen and cheeks white, and the back red. Ampelis cristata. " Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 841. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.368. 14. Crested Chatterer. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 1QQ. 4. THIS species inhabits America : it has the head crested : the back red : the cheeks and belly white ; and the wings and tail black. RED CHATTERER. (Ampelis carnifex.) AM. rubr a fascia oculari remigum rectricumque apicibus nigris. Red Chatterer, with a band through the eyes, and the tips of the quills and tail-feathers black. Ampelis carnifex. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 298. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 83Q.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 366. 7. Cotinga rubra. Briss. Orn. 2. 351.7- Cotinga rouge ou 1'Ouette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 452. — Buff. PI. Enl 378. Red bird from Surinam. Edwards. 1. 39. Red Chatterer. 'Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 97. 7. 426 CUPREOUS CHATTERER. THE note of this bird is very similar to the word Ouette, from whence it has received a correspond- ing name by the natives of the parts it inhabits : it is in length seven inches : the male has the beak dull red : the head is crested, and with the lower part of the back and belly, tbe rump, thighs, and vent, is of a bright crimson ; the rest of the plumage is of a dull red, with the tips of the feathers dusky : the tail is crimson, with the tip black : the legs are dirty yellow : the female is entirely of a reddish brown, with the wings and tail tipped with black, as in the male. This bird is very common in Cayenne, Guiana, and many other parts of South America. CUPREOUS CHATTERER. (Ampelis cuprea.) AM. olivacea, pennis apice cupreo-aurantiis, pileo rubro, genis aurantiiS) pectore abdomineque sanguineis margine viridi-niten- tibus. Olivaceous Chatterer, with the tips of the feathers of a golden copper ; the top of the head red ; the cheek orange ; the breast and abdomen blood-coloured, edged with shining green. Ampelis cupre^. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 366. 8. Ampelis coccinea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 83 9. Cupreous Chatterer. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 190. 2. VERY similar to the preceding, but sufficiently distinct: its prevailing colour is olive, with the GREY CHATTERER. 427 feathers glossed with bronzed copper, and orange at the tips : the crown of the head is red : the breast and belly are of a blood-red colour, with the margins of the feathers glossed with green : the cheeks are orange : legs brown. Inhabits Surinam. GREY CHATTERER. (Ampelis cinerea.) AM. cinereo-grisea, subtus grisescens, rostro pedibusque rubris. Ash-coloured grey Chatterer, beneath greyish, with the beak and feet red. Ampelis cinerea. Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 367» 11. Lanius Neugeta, |3. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 298. 7. Variete du Guiravou. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 461. Cotinga gris de Cayenne. Buff. PL Enl. 699. Grey Shrike. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 184. 36. A. THIS species is only seven inches and a half in length : its beak is red : the prevailing colour of its plumage is cinereous ; paler beneath ; the quills and tail are dusky : the legs are red. In- habits the swampy places in Guiana. 428 YELLOW CHATTERER. (Ampelis luteus.) AM. corpore supra fusco olivaceo, subtus uropygio rectricibusque lateralibus luteis, macula Jaucium alba. Chatterer with the body above of brown green ; beneath, rump, and lateral tail-feathers, yellow; and a white spot near the gape. Ampelis lutens. Muse. Carls. 3. 70. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.368. 13. Yellow Chatterer. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 190. 3. THIS anomalous species is six inches and a half In length : its beak and legs are black : the sides of the gape have a white spot : the upper parts of the plumage are olive brown : the under parts yellow, getting paler towards the vent, where it is white : rump yellow: the two middle tail-feathers black, with yellow tips ; the others dull yellow. PURPLE-THROATED CHATTERER. (Ampelis Cayana.) AM. nitida ccerulea, collo subtus violaceo, remigibus rectridbusque nigris ceeruleo marginatis. Shining blue Chatterer, with the neck beneath violet ; the quills and tail-feathers black, margined with blue. Ampelis cayana. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 298. 6. — GmeL Syst. Nat. \. 840. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 365. 3. PURPLE -TB11EASTEB CHATTERER - PURPLE-BREASTED CHATTERER. 429 Cotinga Cayanensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 344. 32. pi. 34. f. 3. Cotinga de Cayenne. Buff. PL Enl. 624. Le Quereiva. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 444. Purple-throated Chatterer. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 95. 3. INHABITS Cayenne : its length is eight inches and a half: its beak, tail, and legs, are black: the prevailing colour of its plumage blue -green, va- ried with black, the bases of the feathers being of the latter colour, giving it that appearance : the greater wing-coverts and quills black, with blue edges : the chin, throat, and fore-part of the neck, of a most splendid purplish crimson. PURPLE-BREASTED CHATTERER. (Ampelis Cotinga.) AM. nitidissima ccerulea, subtus purpurea, alis caudaque nigris. Chatterer of a most splendid blue ; beneath purple; with the wings and tail black. Ampelis Cotinga. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 298. 4.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 840.— Briss. Orn. 2. 340. pi. 34. f. 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 364. 2. Le Cordon bleu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4, 442. p. 21. Cotinga du Bresil. Buff] PL Enl. 188. male. 186. female. Purple-breasted Manakin. Pen. Gen. Birds, p. 63. pi. 9. — Edwards. 34O. male. 341. female. Purple-breasted Chatterer. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 94. 2. LENGTH eight inches and three quarters : beak black : the head, all the upper parts of the body, 4SO POMPADOUR CHATTERER. and wing-coverts, of a splendid glossy blue : the greater coverts, wings, and tail, black : the throat and fore-part of the neck purple, varied with three or four irregular patches of bright scarlet : breast with a blue band, and in some individuals another of scarlet ; rest of the under parts of the body blue : legs dusky : the female has all the upper parts of the body of a beautiful blue, and the throat, neck, and breast, purple : the belly and vent blue, in some places varied with black. In- habits Brasil. POMPADOUR CHATTERER. (Ampelis Pompadoura.) AM. purpurea, tectricibus alarum proximis ensiformibus elongatis carinatis rigidis. Purple Chatterer, with the feathers of the greater wing-coverts sword-shaped, stiff, elongated, and carinated. Ampelis Pompadoura. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 298. 2. — GmeL Syst. Nat. ]. 83Q. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 365. 6. Cotinga purpurea. Briss. Orn. 2. 347« 5. pi. 35. f. 1. Cotinga cinereo-purpurea. Briss. Orn. 2. 349. 6. pi. 35. f. 2. young ? Le Pacapac ou Pompadour. Biffi Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 448. — Buff. PL Enl. 279. Cotinga gris-pourpre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 450.— -Buff. PL Enl. 699. young ? Grey Chatterer. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 97. 6. A. young ? Pompadour Chatterer, Edwards. 341. — Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 96.6. ial>le~enrheume by the Creoles : it is five inches in length : its beak and legs are black: the upper parts of the head and the cheeks are blue : the hind part of the head and neck, the upper parts of the back, and the scapulars, are black : the throat, neck, breast, lower part of the back and rump, blue: the upper wing-coverts glossy blue green : the greater ones black, with blue edges : quills black, part edged with green, and the rest with white: the belly, thighs, and vent, yellowish white ; the sides spotted with black and blue, and the thighs with black : tail black : it varies in having the lower part of the back and the rump black; the wing-coverts black, with blue e.dges ; the upper tail-coverts green ; the belly," sides, thighs, and vent, white ; and the quills and tail black, with purplish edges. Both varieties are found at Cayenne and Guiana, and, according to Brisson, in Barbadoes. BLACK-FACED TANAGER* (Tanagra melanopis.) TA. cinerea, capite anterius colloque toto inferior e nigris. Grey Tanager, with the head in front, and the whole of the lower part of the neck black. Tanagra melanopis. Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 422. 10. Tanagra atra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 8Q8. Le Camail, ou la Cravatte. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 254.— Buf. PI. EnL 714. /. 2. Black-faced Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 222. 10. SPOTTED GREEN TANA(?ER. 455 THIS, like the Crested Tanager, is found only in the open places of Guiana, where it is very rare : it is in length seven inches : its beak is black, with the base of the under mandible whitish : the front of the head, the cheeks, chin, and fore- part of the neck, black, the colour ending in a point on the breast : the prevailing colour of the plumage is cinereous, with the under parts palest, and the quills and tail darkest : legs dusky : the female has the head and fore-parts brown, where the male is black ; and the plumage is pale yel- lowish ash on the upper parts 5 the under parts are the same, but the colours are much paler. SPOTTED GREEN TANAGER. (Tanagra punctata.) TA. viridis nigro punctata, subtusjlave scent e-albida. Green Tanager spotted with black, beneath yellowish white. Tanagra punctata. Lin. Syst. Nat. I. 316. 21. — Grnel. Syst, Nat. 1. 897-— collo inferiore pec- toreque nigris. Dull yellow Tanager, with the abdomen spotted with black, and the under part of the neck and breast black. Tanagra flava. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. sgQ.— Lath. Ind. Oni. I. 431. 4O. Tangara brasiliensis flava. Briss. Orn. 3. 3Q. 22. — Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 300. pi. 3. Yellow Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 244. 42. THIS singular species is the size of a Lark : its beak is black : all the upper parts of its plumage are dark yellow : the lower part of the neck and the breast are black : the belly is spotted with black, and towards the vent is plain dark yellow : the quills and tail are dusky, with green edges : legs cinereous. Inhabits Brasil. WHITE-HEADED TANAGER. (Tanagra albifrons.) TA .Jusco-nigra, subtusjlavescens, gula juguloque pallide rubris> pectore alisque purpureo~rubri$,fronte albo. Brown-black Tanager, beneath yellowish, with the throat and jugulum pale red, the breast and wings purple red, the fore- head white. SILENT TANAGER. 469 Tanagra albifrons. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 431. 30. Tanagra leucocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 8Q6. Tanagra brasiliensis leucocephalos. Briss. Orn, 3. 35. 20. White-headed Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 243. 40. ABOUT the size of T. violacea : beak and legs yellow: forehead white: all the upper parts of the body dusky brown : throat and fore-part of the neck reddish : breast and wings purplish red : belly and vent pale yellow: tail dusky brown. Inhabits the mountainous parts of Brasil. SILENT TANAGER. (Tanagra silens.) TA. viridis, capite subt usque incana, super ciliis vitta acularifas- ciaque jugulari nigris. Green Tanager, with the head and under parts hoary, the eye- brows, stripe near the eyes, and band on the throat black. Tanagra silens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 432. 42. L'Oiseau silentieux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 304. Tangara de la Guiane. Buff. PI. Enl 742. Silent Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 204. 1. THIS solitary bird, is found only in the thick woods of Guiana : it is in length seven inches : its beak and legs are black : its prevailing colour is green, with the head and under parts of the body hoary ; the sides of the head black : the eyebrows and throat white ; the latter with a black crescent beneath : shoulders yellow. 470 GREY-HEADED TANAGER. (Tanagra guianensis.) TA. viridti, capite cinereo-cano,frQntefasciaque verticis duplici rufis. Green Tanager, with the head of an ashy grey, with a band on the forehead and another on the crown rufous. Tanagra guianensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 893. — Lath, Ind, Qrn. 1. 427. 24. Le Verderoux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 272. Grey-headed Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 231. 25. RATHER more than five inches in length : fore- head with a rufous spot on each side, above which is a band of the same colour that passes back- wards to the nape; the rest of the head is ash- coloured grey : the body is coloured with various shades of green. It is a native of the close forests of Guiana, * . CHINESE TANAGER. (Tanagra sinensis.) TA. viridi-olivacea, subtus Jlava, remigibus rectridbusque Jlavo marginatis, basi remigumjerrugineo. Qlive-green Tanager, beneath yello^, with the quills and tail- feathers edged with yellow, and the base of the former rust- coloured. RUDE TANAGER. 471 Tanagra sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 897- — Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 4<26. 22. Mesange de Nanquin. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 204.pl. 114. Chinese Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 220. 23. THIS is one of the few Tanagers that are found in the old Continent : it is a native of China, and is as large as the Domestic Finch : its length is five inches and a half: its beak is red brown at the base and yellow at the tip : the upper parts of its plumage are olive green : its quills are dusky, with the base rather rust-coloured and the edges yellowish: between the beak and eye is a yellowish white spot : all the under parts of the plumage are yellow, the belly and vent being palest : tail the same as the wings : legs dusky. RUDE TANAGER. (Tanagra rudis.) TA, rostro jugulo pedibusque fusco-cinereis, pectore dbdomine crisso uropygioquejerrugineo-rufis, reliquisjusco-nigris. Tanager with the beak, jugulum, and feet, brown ash ; the breast, abdomen, vent, and rump, rusty red ; and the other parts of the body brown black. Tanagra rudis. Mus. Carls. A. pi. 94. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xlvii. 2. Ilude Tanager. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2O5. 3. DESCRIBED in the Museum Carlsonianum, where it is stated to be a native of the Coromandel Coast : 472 PARADISE TANAGER, it is about eight inches in length : its beak is grey brown : the top of its head, nape, and betweei} the shoulders, are blackish : the back and rump are rusty brown : the wings and tail dusky : the breast, belly, and vent, rusty red : the legs ash- coloured. PARADISE TANAGEU. (Tanagra Tatao.) TA. violacea, dorso m'gro, uropygio Jidvo, capita wnV/z, pectare alisque violaceis. Violet Tanager, with a black back, brown rump, green head, and violet wings and breast. Tanagra Tatao. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 315. 1 l.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 893.— Lath. Lid. Orn. \. 428. 31. Tangara. Briss. Orn. &. 3. 1. pi. l.f. \.-Buff. PI. Enl. f.f. 1.— 127./ 2. Le Septicola. Buff. Hist. Nut. Ois. 4. 17g.pl. 13. Titmouse of Paradise. Edwards. 349. Paradise Tanager. Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 236. 32. THIS most elegant species is described in Dr, Latham's Synopsis as being " somewhat less than a Goldfinch : length near six inches : beak black: the upper part and sides of the head yellowish green : the feathers small, and seem distinct from each other : the hind part of the head and neck, the upper part of the back and scapulars, of a velvety black : the lower part of the back and PARADISE TANAGER. 473 rump of a bright fire-colour, verging to orange towards the tail : the throat and fore-part of the neck glossy violet blue : breast, belly, sides, and vent, sea-green : thighs dull green : the lesser wing-coverts green gold ; the middle ones blue ; and the greater violet blue : the quills black, with blue margins : the second quills, tail, and legs, black : the female and young males differ from the above description, as they have not the fire- colour on the lower part of the back : the male gains this at a mature age, but it is ever wanting in the female, as that part is wholly of an orange- colour, and in general the whole plumage is less brilliant ; not but both males and females vary much, as some of them have been of a bright red both on the back and rump, while others have those parts wholly of a golden yellow." This bird appears in large flocks in the neigh- bourhood of Cayenne, about September, and fre- quents a particular large tree when the fruit is just set, upon which it commits its depredations : it remains there about six weeks, and returns in April and May, when the fruit is ripe : it is only found about this one tree : in confinement it will feed on bread and meal, but it has no song. It is very common in the inhabited parts of Guiana at certain seasons. 474 GREY TANAGEF, (Tanagra grisea.) TA. olivaceo-grisea, subtus grisea, alls caudaque nigricantibus griseo marginatis. Olive-grey Tanager, beneath grey, with the wings and tail dusky, with grey edges. Tanagra grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 392. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l. 428. 30. Le Gris-olive. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 2/7.— Buff. PI. Enl. 714. **. Grey Tanager. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 23$. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 236. 31. LENGTH five inches : beak black : the forehead and space between the eyes grey : the upper parts of the plumage olive grey: the wings dusky black, -with grey fringes : the quills and tail dull black, but darker than the wings : under parts of the body grey. Found in Guiana and Louisiana, AMBOINA TANAGEK^ (Tanagra amboinensis.) TA. nigro cyanoque varia, subtus nivea, macula tectricum pur» purea, caudafusca apice nifo. Tanager varied with black and blue, beneath snow white, with a purple spot on the wings, and brown tail with a red tip. JACARINI TANAGEfc. Tanagra amboinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 805. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.431. 41. Tanagra amboinensis cacrulea. Eriss. Orn. 3. 12. 5. Calatti. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ow. 4. 301. 5. Amboina Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 24-4. 33. CALLED Calatti in Amboyna : it measures six inches and three quarters : the crown is black : the upper parts of its body are variegated with blue and black : the rump and upper tail-coverts are pale blue green : the upper wing-coverts are blue, with a purple spot : the quills are varied with blue, black, and green : the cheeks, under parts of the neck and breast, blue : belly, thighs, and vent, white: tail brown, with the tip of a greyish rufous colour. JACARINI TANAGER. (Tanagra Jacarina.) TA.atro-violacea, alissultus albicantibus,cauda divaricata bifwrca. Dark violet Tanager, with the wings beneath whitish, and the tail divaricating and forked. Tanagra Jacarina. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 314. 4.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 890.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 42Q. 32. Tanagra brasiliensis nigra. Briss. Orn. 3. 28. l6t Le Jacarini. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 293. Moineau de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 224. Jacarini. Edwards. 306. Jacarini Tanager. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 238. 34. 476 JACARINI TANAGER. THE Jacarini Tanager receives its appellation from the Brasilians : it is the size of the Gold- finch : its beak and legs are cinereous : the pre- vailing colour of its plumage is black, glossed with blue and green : the inside of its wings are white, and its tail is rather forked : the female is entirely grey : but during the season of moulting the male is also of that colour, from which it may be found in all the intermediate stages from grey to black. This bird is extremely abundant at Guiana, and particularly frequents coffee trees in newly culti- vated places : it is very destructive to the rice- fields. Buffon says the male is remarkable for hopping upwards frequently from the branch, first alighting down on one foot and then the other, each leap being accompanied by a note that is far from unpleasing, and spreading out the tail at the same time : the female lays two greenish white eggs sprinkled with red spots, particularly at the larger end : the nest is about two inches in dia- meter ; it is constructed of dried herbs, and is of a hemispherical shape. 477 BLACK TANAGER. (Tanagra atrata.) TA. air a nitens, dorso subviolaceo. park shining Tanager, with the back pale violet. Tanagra atrata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.315. g.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Sg2.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 430. 35 Black Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 241. 38. THIS species is the size of a Thrush, and is wholly of a black colour, with the back glossed with blue : its legs and beak are also black. It is found in the East Indies. NEGRO TANAGER. (Tanagra cayanensis.) TA. nigra mtida, pectore utrinque alisque subtus flams. Shining black Tanager, with the breast on each side and wings beneath yellow. Tanagra cayanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 894. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 430. 34. Tanagra cayana, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 3l6. 14. Tangara cayanensis nigra. Briss. Orn. 3. 29. l^.f. 2.f. 1. Le Tangara Negre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. l^.—Buff. PL Enl 114. f. 3. Negro Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 240. 3(5. INHABITS Mexico, Brasil, Guiana, and other parts of South America : it is about five inches in 478 CHESTED TANAGER. length: its beak is dusky: the bird when at rest appears to be wholly black, with a blue reflec- tion : but when examined, a small space on each side of the breast of a yellow colour presents it- self; but when the wings are closed it cannot be seen : some of the quills are also white on their inner webs : its legs are dusky. CRESTED TANAGER. (Tanagra cristata.) TA. nigricans, crista aurantia, gula uropygioquejulvis. Dusky Tanager, with an orange crest, and fulvous throat and rump. Tanagra cristata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.317. 24.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 898. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 422. 9. Tanagra Cayanensis nigra cristata. Briss. Orn. Sup. 65. pi. 4. f.3. La Houppette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 240,—Biiff: PI. Enl. 7. f. 2. male ? 301. f. 2. female ? Crested Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 221. 8. SIZE of the Domestic Finch : length upwards of six inches : beak black : head with an orange- coloured crest : chin pale buff: outer edge of the wing, near the head, white: scapulars likewise with a band of that colour : lower part of the back and rump pale buff-colour : rest of the plum- age dull black : legs lead coloured : the buff spot FURROW-CLAWED TANAGER. 479 on the chin is wanting in some specimens, and the edge of the wing is occasionally yellow. This species is very abundant in Guiana, but it does not frequent the woods, being only found in the most open places : it feeds on small fruits. FURROW-CLAWED TANAGER. (Tanagra striata.) TA. nigra subius Jlava, capite cceruleo nigroquc striatd, dor so in- Jlmo aurantio. Black Tanager, beneath yellow, with the head striated with blue and black, and the lower part of the back orange. Tanagra striata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 899. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 423. 14. L'Onglet. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 256. Furrow-clawed Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 224. 14. THIS curious bird has a very singular formation of claw, each having a furrow on the sides parallel to the edge, and from this it takes its name : it is supposed to inhabit South America, and is in length seven inches : its head is striped with alter- nate lines of black and blue : the upper part of the back is blue, and the lower part bright orange: the under parts of the body are yellow : its upper wing-coverts, quill, and tail, are black, fringed with blue : its upper tail-coverts are brown olive. v. x. p. ii. 31 480 SPHECOTHERA. SPHECOTHERA. Generic Character. Rostrum basi crassum et gla- br uin, valid um, supra con- vexum, versus apicem de- clive : orbita nudae. Nares orbiculares. Beak thick and smooth at the base, strong, above con- vex, towards the tip bent down : orbits naked. Nostrils rounded. JL HERE is only one species known of this genus, which is described by Mons. Vieillot, but nothing is known of its habits. 481 GREEN SPHECOTHERA. (Sphecothera viridis.) SP. supra virescens, subtusjlavo-viridis, capite, rostro, pedibusque nigris. Sphecothera above greenish, beneath yellowish, with the head, beak, and feet, black. Sphecothera viridis. Vieil. Analyse d'une nouvelle Ornithologie E'ldmentaire, p. 68. (H). THIS bird is the size of the Greater or Pied Butcher bird : it has the upper parts of the plum- age greenish, and the under yellowish green : the head, beak, and feet, are black. It inhabits New Holland. 482 STURNUS. ST A RLING, Generic Character. Rostrum subulaluni, angula- tum, depressum, obtusius- culum : mandibula supe riore integerrima, margini- bus patentiusculis. Nares supra marginal*. Pedes simplices, digitis tri- bus anticis, uno postico. Beak awl-shaped, angulated, depressed, and obtuse: the upper mandible entire, the margins rather gaping. Nostrils above margined. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. T HE Common Starling, which forms the type of this genus, is so well known and fully described in the following pages, that any general account of the habits of the genus in this place is un- necessary. N s TAMOS- <&. 483 COMMON STARLING. (Sturnus vulgaris.) ST. rostrojlavescente, corpore ceneo-nigro nitente, punctis albis. Starling with a yellowish beak, shining brassy-black body, spotted with white. Sturnus vulgaris. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 1. — Lin. Faun. Suec. No. 213.— Gwe/. Syst. Nat. 1. 801.— Briss. Orn. 2. 43Q. 1.— Ray. Syn. p. 67. A. l.—Lath. Lid. Orn. 1. 321. 1. L'Etourneau. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 176. pi* 15. — Buff. PL Enl. 75. Solitary Thrush. Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. young. Stare, or Starling. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 104.^. 46.— -Pen. Arct. ZooL 2. 331. A. — Will. Orn. lQ6. pi. &f.--Albin. Birds. I. pi. 40. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 32. — Lewin. Brit. Birds. 2. pi. 56. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 1Q5. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 8. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. pi. 2. 1.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 137. — Mont. Orn. Diet. v. 2. — Beivick. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 88. FEW birds are better known than the species now under consideration, upon which account the description need not be very laboured : its beak is blueish at the base, and yellow towards the tip : irides hazel : the head, neck, and upper parts of the back, are black, glossed with purple and green, according to the light; the feathers on the neck are long, narrow, and pointed : the breast, lower part of the back, the wing-coverts, and rump, are black, varied with dark green ; the entire plumage, except the throat, is beautifully sprinkled with spots, white on the breast, and yellowish brown on the head and back: the greater 484 COMMON STARLING. quills are dusky on the inner webs, and black on their outer ones, the exterior feathers excepted ; the rest of the quills are of a dark cinereous, edged with green, and the border itself reddish brown : the tail is similar to the quills : legs reddish brown : the sexes are very like, but the male exceeds the female in weight. The young of this species differs so very ma- terially from the old as to have deceived one of the most acute ornithologists, the late Colonel Montagu, who has described it in the Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary, under the name of the Solitary Thrush ; but as this bird was re- ceived from a distant part, and does not breed in the neighbourhood of the spot near which he re- sided, it is not very surprising that he should be deceived, as the specimen in question (which is now in the British Museum) has not much the appearance of the common Starling, otherwise than belonging to the genus where Colonel Mon- tagu should certainly have placed it, and not in Turdus, as described in the Ornithological Dic- tionary. As the young bird may not be well known to all, the following account of it from the above work may not be unacceptable : its beak is dusky, and not tipped with yellow as in the ma- ture bird : "• The general colour of the plumage is brown, the upper parts and sides of the head, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain, except the tips of the feathers on the back being paler, giving that part a slightly spotted appearance : the chin is sullied white : above and COMMON STARLING. 485 behind the eyes the feathers are paler than those adjacent: from the beak to the eye dusky: the feathers on the throat and neck beneath are pale yellowish brown at their tips, whitish at their base, which gives that part a mottled appearance: the upper part of the breast plain brown, but rather paler than the back ; the sides under the wings nearly the same : the lower breast and belly down to the vent mottled, or streaked with brown and white, the middle of the feathers being of the former colour : the under tail-coverts pale brown, with a rufous tinge : the quills and greater coverts of the wings are brown, margined with rufous : the tail is a little forked : the feathers are brown, their margins tinged with rufous : the legs are rather long in proportion, strong, and, with the toes and claws, are of a yellowish brown colour : the middle toe is closely connected to the outer as far as the first joint." The Starling, like many other birds, has been found entirely of a white cast, with reddish legs and beak : it likewise occurs in all the stages be- tween that and the common appearance ; also in having the ground colour cream-colour, spotted with pure white : again it has been observed with the upper parts of its plumage of a rufous ash, inclining to yellow, the breast being slightly spotted. This species constructs an artless nest in the old deserted habitation of a Woodpecker, in the hollow of a tree, naturally formed, or in old build- ings, pigeon-houses, and such like situations ; it is 486 COMMON STARLING. made of dry grass or leaves, on which the eggs are placed ; they are of a light blue colour, and are four or five in number : many of these birds are taken during the winter in dovecotes, and by some they are accused of feeding on the eggs of the pigeons, but most probably without founda- tion : their usual food is insects, but in default of these they will eat grain and fruits ; in a state of domestication they will readily eat meat of any kind, and will become extremely docile, imitat- ing the human voice, whistling, &c. ; their na- tural note is a shrill whistle. In the winter these birds fly in large flocks, and associate not only with their own species, but will intrude themselves into the company of Crows, Pigeons, and Thrushes of the gregarious kinds : in the evening they appear in the greatest numbers, as- sembling in marshy places, where they roost among the reeds: their flight is not undulated, but smooth and even, and they walk very easily in the manner of a Wagtail ; but when many congregate they may be known by their peculiar tumultuous and disorderly flight, which is compared to a kind of vortex, in which there is an uniform circular revolution, and at. the same time a progressive advance. The species is abundant throughout the old con- tinent from Norway to the Cape of Good Hope, and in this country it has been observed to migrate during very severe winters, retiring westward into Devonshire and Cornwall, and returning eastward as soon as the frost breaks up. 487 COLLARED STARLING. (Sturnus collaris.) ST. Jusco-nigricans, dor so maculato, uropygio albo vario, gula albafusco maculata, remigibus caudaque apicefuscis. Brown-dusky Starling, with the back spotted, the rump varied with white, the throat white, spotted with brown, and the quills and tail tipped with brown. Sturnus collaris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 805. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 323. 5. Motacilla alpina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 957. La Fauvette des Alpes. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 156. pi. 10.— Buff. PL Enl. 668.f. 2. Alpine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 434. 25. Collared Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 8. 5. THIS bird inhabits the southern Alps of Europe, particularly the lofty mountains of Auvergne and Dauphiny : it is in length six inches and a half: its beak and legs are brownish, with the base of the former yellowish : the upper parts of the body dusky, spotted with paler: rump varied with brown and white : quills blackish ; the inner webs and tips edged with rufous : throat white, with brown spots: breast grey brown : belly brown, the sides darkest: tail brown, tipped with pale rufous : it is a solitary and retired species, seeking the most sequestered places : it feeds on insects and seeds, and is very shy. M. Meyer forms a genus for this species, by the name of Accentor. 488 CHILI STARLING. (Sturnus Loyca.) ST.Jiisco alboque maculatus, pectore coccinco. Starling spotted with brown and white ; the breast crimson. Sturnus Loyca. Molin. Chili. 325.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 804. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 12. Magellanic Starling. Lath. Syn. Sup. IL 174. 2. . THIS approaches very close to the Magellanic Starling, but is destitute of the crimson markings near the eyes and the lores. The male has the breast crimson, and the rest of his body variegated with brown and whitish : the female is pale grey, with the breast tinged with dull crimson. This species is found in Chili : it constructs its nest in cavities in the ground : it lays three eggs, that are of a grey colour varied with brown : the natives are said to esteem it very much on account of its song, which they hold in great veneration : its plumage is also of value to them, as they form it into ornaments. MAGELLANIC STARLING, (Sturnus militaris.) ST. griseus, pectore gulaque sanguineis cauda subfurcata. Grey Starling, with the breast and throat blood- coloured ; the tail slightly forked. MAGELLANIC STARLING. 489 Sturnus militaris. Lin. Mont, if? I. p. 52/. — Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 803.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 323. 4.—Daud. Orn. 2. 305. Etourneau des terres Magellaniques. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 3. l$Q.—Buff. PL Enl. 113. Magellanic Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. p. 7. 4. LENGTH eight inches and a half: its beak is dusky : the upper parts of its plumage are brown, the edges of the feathers being palest: between the beak and eye a spot of crimson : the sides of the neck are black : behind the eye is a white streak, and at the base of the under mandible is a spot of that colour : the chin, fore-part of the neck, breast, bend of the wings, and upper part of the belly, deep crimson : the sides of the body and thighs arc black, the feathers bordered witl) cinereous : the vent, under tail-coverts, and tail, black ; the latter slightly forked : legs brown : some specimens have a white line beginning at the nostrils and terminating on the hind head, but such have not the spot at the base of the under mandible ; they may be immature birds. Native of the Falkland Islands : supposed to feed on insects. 490 PERSIAN STARLING. (Sturnus moritanicus.) ST. cinereus, capitis parte inferiore gulaque cinereo alhoque variis, venire cano riifescente maculato, rostro apice nigro. Ash-coloured Starling, with the lower part of the head and the throat varied with grey and white, the belly hoary, spotted with rufous, and the beak black at the tip. Sturnus moritanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 804.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 11. Etourneau more. Daud. Orn. 2. 302. Persian Starling. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. }?4. 1. INHABITS the alpine parts of Persia : its nest is placed in holes and cavities of rocks : it is about the size of the Skylark : its beak is tipped with black: the prevailing colour of its plumage is cinereous : the fore-part of the head and the throat variegated with white, and the belly spotted, with rufous. CAPE STARLING. (Sturnus capensis.) ST. nigricans, capitis lateribus subtusque albus. Dusky Starling, with the sides of the head and the under parts of the body white. Sturnus capensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. CONTRA STARLING. 491 1. 802.— Briss. Orn. 2. 446. 2. pi. 41. f. 3.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 322. 2. L'Etourneau pie du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. IQl.—Bujf. PI. Enl. 280. Cape Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 5. 2. THE Cape Starling is the size of Sturnus vul- garis : its beak and legs are yellowish : the head, neck, back, wings, and tail, are black : from the base of the upper mandible arises a streak of white that surrounds the eyes, and increases in size so as to cover nearly the whole sides of the head, where it is produced into a stripe that reaches down each side of the neck, and meets the white on the breast : the belly, vent, and rump, are also white : the scapulars and edge of the wing are tipped with white. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. CONTRA STARLING. (Sturnus contra.) ST.JUSCUS, macula oculari, fascia alarum, abdomineque albis. Brown Starling, with a spot near the eye, a band on the wing, and the abdomen white. Sturnus contra. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 4. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 803. Sturnus capensis. j3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.322. 2. Icterus bengalensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 94. 9. Black and white Indian Starling. Edtuards. Glean. 2. 187. Contra Stare. Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 21. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 5. 2. A. 492 DAUURIAN STARLING. THE Contra Starling may possibly be only the immature plumage of the preceding, which it greatly resembles, having, like that species, the head, neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars, black : a white line also is observed to arise from the beak, which inclines to the hind head : beneath the eye is a white spot, and round the upper part of the neck is a band of a dingy white : the upper wing-coverts are black, varie- gated with six white spots : the under parts of the body, from the breast to the vent, are white : the quills and tail are black : the legs yellowish brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and is known by the name of Contra. DAUURIAN STARLING. (Sturnus Dauuricus.) ST. corpore supra atro-violaceo, subtus cinerascente-albo, capite cerviceque ccerulescente-canisj verticis litura violaceo atra. Starling with the body above dark violet, beneath greyish white, with the head and top of the neck hoary blue, the crown with a dark violet stripe. Sturnus Dauuricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 806.— Pall. Act. Holm. 1778. 3. 198.— Lath. 2nd. Orn. 1. 325. 13. Etourneau de la Daoure. Daud. Orn. 2. 302. Dauurian Stare. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 175. 3. INHABITS the willow plantations of Dauuria : it is in length six inches : its beak is blaek : irides CRESCENT STARLING. 493 brown : between the beak and eyes is a streak of white, and another over the eyes : the prevailing colour of the plumage is dark blue black: the head and nape are blueish white : the crown of the head in the male has a violet black stripe ; in the female it is brown: the wing-coverts are black, tinged with green ; the quills are black, the two nearest the body with white tips, and the rest tipped with white on their outer webs : the under parts of the body sullied white : the tail greenish black, its coverts violet : legs blue black. The eggs of this bird are of a ferruginous colour, tinged with blue ; they are three in number. CRESCENT STARLING. (Sturnus torquatus.) ST. supra fusco rufescente nigricanteque varius, subtus flavus, fascia pectorali curva nigra, rectricibus tribus lateralibus albis. Starling above brown, varied with rufous and dusky ; beneath yellow, with a curved band on the breast black ; the three outer tail-feathers white. Sturnus ludovicianus. /3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 322.3. Alauda magna. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 28Q. 11. — Gmel. Syst. Nat* 1. 801. Merula Americana torquata. Briss. Orn. 2. 242. 15. Le Merle a collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3?6. Large Lark. Catesb. Carol. 1 . pi. 33. Crescent Stare. Pen. Arct. ZooL 2. \gi.-Lath. Gen. Sy//. 3. 6.3. 494 CRESCENT STARLING. THIS bird, which appears specifically distinct from S. ludovicianus, is in length eleven inches : its beak is dusky : the top of its head and neck are brown, with their sides pale grey ; the crown is marked with a stripe of the latter colour ; be- tween the beak and eye is a yellowish spot, and above each eye, pointing backwards, is a stripe of the same : the upper parts of its plumage are brown, varied with red and dusky: the greater quills are plain brown, and the lesser ones are spotted with rufous, having the ground colour brown : all the under parts of the plumage are yellow, a crescent-shaped mark on the breast ex- cepted, which is deep black : the tail is brown, sprinkled with rufous on the outer margins; its under coverts are grey : legs and claws brown : the young are nearly destitute of the crescent on the breast. Common in North America, where it is known by the name of the Meadow Lark, as it principally affects meadows, and rarely perches on trees: it is migratory and gregarious : its legs are pure white. 495 LOUISIANE STARLING. (Sturnus ludovicianus.) ST.griseofuscoque maculatus, subtus Jlavus, linea capitis super- ciliisque alb is, gula nigra. Starling spotted with grey and brown ; beneath yellow ; with a line on the head and the eyebrows white ; the throat black. Sturnus ludovicianus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 802. — Brlss. Orn. 2. 440. 4. pi. 42. f. 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 323. 3. Etourneau de la Louisiane. Buffi Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 1Q2. — Bujf. PL Enl. 256. Louisiane Starling. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 1Q3. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 6. 3. THE Louisiane Stare is common in some of the provinces of North America : it is in length nine inches and a half: its beak is whitish at the base and brown at the tip : the upper parts of its plum- age are varied with brown and reddish grey : its head has three white stripes, one of them over each eye, and the other down the crown : edge of the wing yellow: the quills rufous grey, varied with brown on the outer webs : the cheeks, throat, fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, of a clear yellow ; the fore-part of the neck being orna- mented with a fine patch of black, the ends of each of the feathers of which it is composed being tipped with grey : the sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, sullied white, sprinkled with a few v, x. p. ii. 32 GREEN STARLING. brownish spots : tail like the quills, with the inner edges of the four exterior feathers white: legs and claws grey. OLIVE STARLING. (Sturnus olivaceus.) ST.fusco-olivaceus, subtusjlavescens, mtta oculari ccerulea. Olive-brown Starling, beneath yellowish, with a stripe near the eyes blue. Sturnus olivaceus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 10. Sturnus fuscus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 805» Brown Stare. Osbeck. Voy. Chin. 2. 328. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 11. 10. THIS bird is described by Osbeck: its beak is whitish red : the orbits and space round the eyes are bright blue : the whole body, wings, and tail, are pale olive brown, the belly palest, and sprinkled with yellowish : legs pale red. In- habits China. GREEN STARLING. (Sturnus viridis.) ST. viridis subtus cczrulescens , macula sincipitis poneque oculos unica, scapulari duplici alba. Green Starling, beneath blueish, with a spot on the sinciput, SILK STARLING. 497 another beyond the eyes, and a double one on the scapulars white. Sturnus viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 805. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 9. Green Stare. Osbeck. Voy. Chin. 2. Wj.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 10. 9. DESCRIBED by Osbeck, in his Voyage to China, as a native of that country : it has a tuft of black and white feathers on the forehead and chin, with a white spot on the front of the crown, and another beyond the eyes : the upper parts of its plumage are green : the scapulars are adorned with two white spots : the wings green, with the outer webs and the shafts of the feathers white : the fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, pale cserulean : the tail very similar to the wings, but the outer webs of the feathers are not white : legs grey blue. SILK STARLING. (Sturnus sericeus.) ST. pallide griseus, capitejlavescente-albo, basi remigum albo, re- migibus rectricibusque nigris. Pale grey Starling, with the head yellowish-white, the base of the wing white, and the quills and tail-feathers black. Sturnus sericeus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 805. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 324. 8. Silk Starling. Brown. III. Zool.pl. 11.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 10. 8.—-Lath. Syn. Sup. 137. 8- WATTLED STARLING. LENGTH about eight inches : beak and legs red- dish : the entire head and the fore-part of the neck yellowish white, the crown inclined to dusky: the upper parts of the body pale cinereous : wings glossy black: quills white at the base: the under parts of the body of the same colour as the upper, but paler; the vent inclining to white: tail similar in colour to the wings, about two inches and a half in length, and even at the end. The female is brown where the male is black : the crown is also black : the forehead varied with white and black, and the sides of the head and spot behind the eyes white: the wings incline to cinereous, and are very glossy : the rurnp is white : the tips of the tail-feathers white. Inhabits China. WATTLED STARLING. ( Sturnus carunculatus.) ST. uiger, dorso tectricibusque alarum jerrugineis, ad basin man- dibultz injerioris palea duplid carunculatajulva. Black Starling, with the back and wing-coverts rust-coloured, and at the base of the under mandibles of the beak a double carunculated fulvous wattle. Sturnus carunculatus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 805. — Lath. Tnd. Orn. 1.324.6. Wattled Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 9. pi. 36. 6. THESE most curious birds are described by Dr. Latham in the following manner. " Size of our &: Female COCKSCOMB STARLING. 499 Starling: length nearly ten inches: the beak rather long and somewhat bent ; it is sharp at the tip, but a trifle flatted; the colour is black, tinged with blue towards the base : irides dull hazel : from the angle of the lower mandible springs a carunculated orange-coloured membrane, tending downwards like the wattle of a cock; this is about a quarter of an inch in size : the general colour of the plumage is dull black, but the back and wing- coverts are ferruginous : the legs are black. The female is wholly of a dull ferruginous brown : the bill and legs are the same as in the male, but the wattle is not so large, nor is it very conspicuous, except in old birds. This species is found in New Zealand, particularly in the southern island, where it is pretty common : it has a weak piping voice, not worthy being called a song." COCKSCOMB STARLING. (Sturnus gallinaceus.) ST. cinereus, regione oculorum nuda, ad basin mandibulce infe- rioris palea duplici, cristaque vertici menlranacea bifida erecta Julva. Cinereous Starling, with the space round the eyes naked, the base of the under mandible with a double wattle, and the crown with a bifid, erect, membranaceous and fulvous crest. Sturnus gallinaceus. Lath. Lid. Orn. 1, 324. 7- Gracula carunculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 399. Cockscomb Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 9. 7. ,500 COCKSCOMB STARLING. A VERY singular species : it is in length rather more than six inches : beak brown \ from its lower mandible depends a deep orange-coloured double wattle, above an inch in length ; the crown of the head is also ornamented with two similar ex- crescences, one placed behind the other ; the region of the eye is bare of feathers, and is of a yellow colour : the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a dirty slate, with the under parts of the body palest : the quills and tail black : legs pale yel- lowish brown, very long. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 501 ALAUDA. LARK. Generic Character. Rostrum subc ylindricum,ma- gis minusve crassum ; basi pennis minimis recumben- tibus tectum. Lingua bifid a. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. Unguis posticus rectior, di- gito longior. Beak subcylindrical, more or less thickened ; covered with small recumbent fea- thers at the base. Tongue cloven at the tip. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. Hinder claw straight, and longer than the toe. JL^ARKS are distinguished from all other birds by the superior length of their hinder claws, which, in some of the species, are upwards of an inch in length, and totally incapacitates them from perch- ing on trees ; consequently, they rest on the ground, where they all place their nests : some few that have shorter claws perch upon trees, but only on the larger branches. From the situation of their nests they are greatly exposed to the at- tacks of predaceous animals of the weazel kind, &c. which destroy great numbers of the eggs and young: the Cuckow also frequently deposits its eggs in them. These are the only birds that sing during flight, 502 SKY-LARK. and there are few persons that have heard their song but must have admired the various modula- tions of their melodious strains, which may be heard when the performers are invisible from the great height to which they soar. Their usual food consists of insects and their larvae ; they will also eat seeds, and in a state of confinement will eat bread, eggs, &c. SKY-LARK. (Alauda arvensis.) AL. nigricante grueo rufesccnte et albido varia, subtus riifo-alla, rectricibus extimis daabus extrorsum longitudinaliter albis, in- termediis interior*, latereferrugineis. Lark varied with dusky grey, reddish and white, beneath red- dish white, with the outer webs of the two exterior tail- feathers white, and the two middle ones with their edges fer- ruginous. Alauda arvensis. Lin. Si/si. Nat. 1. 287. J. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 209. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 791. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4QI. 1. Alauda vulgaris. Briss. Orn. 3. 335. 1. L'Alouette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 1. pi. I.— Buff. PL Enl. 363. f. 1. Skylark. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 136. — Pen. Arct. ZooL 2. 3p4. A. —Albin. Birds. I. pi. 41.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3(58. I.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 220. — Will. Ang. Q,03.—Leuin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 89. — Wale. Syn. pi. 18Q. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Sup.—Beuick. Bril. Birds. 1. 178. |3. toto luteo-alba. Entirely of a yellowish white colour. Alauda Candida. Briss. Orn. 3. 33Q. pi. IQ.f. 1. SKY-LARK. 503 Alouette blanche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 20. White Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 369. A. y.fusco-nigra. Variety of a brown black. Alauda nigra. Briss. Orn. 3. 340. B. Alouette noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 22.— Buff. PI Enl. 650. f. l. Dusky Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3/0. 1. B. THIS delightful singingbird is about seven inches in length : its beak is dusky ; the base of the under mandible yellowish : the feathers on the top of the head are dusky, edged with rufous brown ; they are rather elongated, and may be set up like a crest; the back of the head is inclined to cine- reous : the feathers on the upper part of the body are reddish brown, with the middle darkest, and the edges pale : the under parts are dirty buff; the neck and breast are darkest, and streaked with dusky : quills brown, with the outer webs and the tips lightest : the tail is dusky brown, the two middle feathers darkest, with light rufous edges ; the outer feather is white on the exterior web and tip of the inner; the second that colour on the outer web only, and the next with a slight edging of white on the outer web: legs dusky; claws dusky, the hind one very long and straight : the female differs in being much less than the male. This species is subject to considerable variety, some being found of a pure white, others of a light cream-colour ; again mixed brown and white, with the belly white ; and also of a dusky black, the hind part of the head, the beak, and legs, 504 SKYLARK. being dirty yellow, and some of the feathers on the under side being edged with white. A very well known species, and one whose history most persons are acquainted with : it is very common throughout this country, and is almost universally diffused over Europe ; it is likewise found in many parts of Asia and Africa ; in Egypt they generally appear for a few days in the month of September: immense quantities of these birds are said to be taken in Germany, for which there is a duty paid at Leipsic, that at the rate of one half-penny per dozen amounts to about 12,000 crowns per annum, which may seem pro- digious, but from Michaelmas to Martinmas the fields are literally covered with them : they are likewise taken in great abundance in England and other parts of Europe. If the above account re- lative to the duty be correct, the enormous quan- tity of upwards of seventeen millions must be caught in one twelvemonth's time ! which appears too great a number for any person to appreciate ; and which is certainly too improbable to occur : no doubt Dr. Latham, from whose work the ac- count is extracted, must have been misinformed as to the sum. In the morning early these birds may be ob- served rising perpendicularly in the atmosphere to a great height, singing the whole time most delightfully, and increasing as they mount, till they are nearly imperceptible ; upon their descent they fly in an oblique direction, unless attracted by their mates, or alarmed by the sudden appear- LESSER-CRESTED LARK. 505 ance of a predaceous bird, when they fall like a stone : they are most abundant in the more open and highest cultivated situations abounding in corn, being but seldom seen in extensive moors at a distance from arable land : they place their nest on the ground amongst grass or corn, between two clods of earth ; it is composed of dried grass and other vegetable substances, lined with very fine dry grass : the female lays four or five dirty white eggs, blotched and spotted with brown ; she has generally two broods in the year. LESSER-CRESTED LARK. (Alauda cristatella.) AL. capite cristato, corpore supra Jusco subtus albicante, remigi- - bus rectricibusque jiiscis , pcdibus subrubris. Lark with a crested head, the body above fuscous, beneath whitish, with the quills and tail-feathers brown, and feet red- dish. Alauda cristatella. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 499. 26. Alauda nemorosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 797. Alauda cristata minor. Rail. Syn. p. 69. A. 5. — Briss. Orn. 3. 361. 9. Le Lulu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ols. 5. /4.—Biif. PL Enl. 503. f.2. Crested Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1'. 1-41. Lesser-crested Lark. Will. Ang. p. 207. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 391. 24. — Lcivin. Brit. Birds. 3. 9. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. 506 WOOD-LARK. ORIGINALLY described by Aldrovandus, who tells us that it is not so brown as the Greater-crested Lark, and the tuft on the head is larger in propor- tion to the size of the bird, and that the legs are red : all other authors have given the above de- scription, from which it should appear that it can- not be a species, as it could not well have passed unnoticed so great a length of time as has elapsed since Aldrovandus wrote. Colonel Montagu appears to think that it is only an accidental variety of the Lesser Field Lark, as in Harmonia Ruralis that bird is figured for the one now under consideration ; and Dr. Latham received a specimen of that bird from Yorkshire under the name of Lesser-crested Lark. Dr. La- tham informs us that it is said to fly in flocks, contrary to the Greater-crested Lark, and that it is for the most part met with in woods and thickets, where it makes its nest : he also tells us that it is found in Italy, Austria, Poland, and Siberia ; and according to Mr. Bolton is abundant in Yorkshire, but the latter fact cannot be substantiated, as it is shewn above, that he has mistaken the Lesser Field Lark for this bird. WOOD-LARK. (Alauda arborea.) AL. nigricante griseo ritfescenteque varia, capite mtta annulari alba cincto. Lark varied with dusky, grey, and reddish ; the head with an annular stripe bordered with white. WOOD-LARK. 507 Alauda arborea. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 287. 3.— Lin. Faun. Suec. 2ll.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7Q3. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 1. 492. 3.— • Briss. Orn. 3. 340. pi. 20. f. 1. L'Alouette de bois, ou le Cujelier. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 4. 25. —Buff. PL Enl. 660. f, 2. Wood Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool. 13?.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 395. B. — Albin. Binds. 1. pi. 42. — Will. Orn. 204. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 371. 3. — Levoin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. QO. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. igo.—Beivick. Brit. Birds. J. 183.— Mont. Orn. Diet, I.— Mont. Sup. IN plumage this species greatly resembles the Skylark, but it is much less than that bird, and only measures six inches in length : its beak is dusky, with the base of the under mandible whitish : irides hazel : the feathers on the crown and upper parts of the body are dusky, edged with light reddish brown ; on the former they are elon- gated, and form a slight crest at the will of the bird : from the beak over the eye is a narrow yel- lowish white band surrounding the crown of the head ; the feathers over the ears are brown, be- neath which is another light band : quills dusky, slightly edged with brown : neck and breast yel- lowish white tinged with brown, and marked with dusky spots: tail short; the two middle feathers brown, the next dusky, and the four outer ones on each side black, with dirty white tips ; tail- coverts very long and brown : legs yellowish flesh- colour : hind claws long, and slightly bent. This species can be easily distinguished from the Skylark during flight, as it does not mount in the air in a perpendicular manner, and continue hovering and singing in the same spot like that 508 WOOD-LARK. bird ; but will often rise to a great height, and keep flying in large irregular circles, singing the whole time with little intermission, sometimes for an hour together : it will also sing when perched on a tree, even in the dead of winter, should the weather be fine : its song is more melodious than the Skylark's, and is continued throughout the year, except during the months of June and July. This bird feeds on grain, seeds, and insects : it builds its nest very early, and the young are capa- ble of flying in April ; the nest is placed under a tuft of high grass or furze, or in a low bush ; it is made of dry grass, lined with finer grass and a few hairs : the eggs are brown, varied with dusky and ash-colour, particularly at the larger end ; they are mostly four in number, and are rather less than those of the Skylark : it often has two broods in the year. It appears to be a general inhabitant of Europe, but is not so plentiful as the Skylark : in Devon- shire it is found more abundantly than in any other part of England, particularly in the winter season, when they are said to be excellent eating, and are very fat : it is rarely seen in greater flocks than six or seven. 509 ITALIAN LAHK. (Alauda Italica.) AL.Jusco-castanea subtus alba, capite mtta annulari albicante, rectrice extima alba, proxima apice alba, Chesnut brown Lark, beneath white ; head with an annular whitish stripe ; the outer tail-feather white, and the next at the tip white. Alauda Ttalica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 793.— Briss. Orn. 3. 355. 7. —Loth. Ind. Orn. 2. 492. 4. Giarola. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 47. Italian Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3/3. 4. THIS scarcely appears to be more than a variety of the young of the Wood Lark, except being much larger than that bird even when full grown : it was taken in Italy : its length is eight inches : its beak is red : the upper parts of the plumage are chesnut brown, with the feathers edged with pale reddish white, especially those of the hind head, which greatly inclines to white : the breast, belly, and sides, are white : the outer tail-feather is white, the next has the tip white, and the rest of the tail is chesnut-brown with pale edges : legs flesh-coloured : claws whitish. 510 CAPE LARK. (Alauda capensis.) AL. rectricibus tribus later alibus apice ulbis,gula lutea nigro mar- ginata, superciliisjtavis. Lark with the three lateral tail-feathers white at the tips ; the throat yellow, margined with black ; eyebrows yellow. Alauda capensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 288. 8. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798. — Lath* Ind. Orn. 2. 498. 10. Alauda Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. Orn, 3. 364. ll.pl. 19. /. 3. Cravate jaune, ou Calandre du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. pi. 54.— Bu/. PI. Enl. 504. f. 2. Cape Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 384. 18. LA Cravate jaune of Buffon is found at the Cape of Good Hope : it is eight inches in length : its beak is yellowish horn-colour : the upper parts of the plumage are brown, with the shafts of the feathers darkest : over the eye is a streak of yel- low, and one of brown beneath, passing to the ear : the chin and throat are orange ; the rest of the under parts yellowish white : the four outer tail-feathers are tipped with white : the legs are dusky ; the hind claws slightly bent : the male has the yellow on the throat bordered with black, and the stripe above the eye deep yellow : the breast varied with brown, grey, and pale yellow, and the belly and sides reddish yellow: the female sometimes has the breast spotted with brown. 511 BLACK LARK. (Alauda tartarica.) AL.fusco-nigricans, pennis albido marginatis, remigilus rectrici- busque nigris. Dusky-brown Lark, with the feathers margined with white, and the quills and tail-feathers black. Alauda tartarica. Pall. It. 2. 707. 15. pi c. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. fgS.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4Q6. 15. Alauda mutabilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 796. var.? Mutable Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 381. 14. var. ? Black Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 380. l3.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 177. 15. THIS equals the Starling in size : its beak is of a yellowish horn-colour, with the tip brown : the prevailing colour of its plumage is dusky black ; the edges of the feathers of the head and neck being dusky white, and of the upper parts of the body pure white : quills black : the two middle tail-feathers black, with pale edges, the next with the edge at the tip pale, and all the rest plain black : legs black; the hind claw nearly straight: the females and young are brown : the feathers on the upper parts of the body are bordered with grey, and of the under with whitish : the quills and two outer tail-feathers are edged with white: legs brown. Inhabits the arid deserts of Tartary : during the summer is found but sparingly, and singly; but upon the approach of winter it becomes gregarious, and frequents inhabited places. v. x. p. 11. 33 512 WHITE-WINGED LARK. A variety of this species frequents the country about Astrachan in the winter, and towards the spring retires to the most sequestered places near the Volga : it is rather smaller in size than the first described, but in other respects it approaches very near to that bird, having the whole plumage black, with the edges of the feathers on the hind part of the neck and back hoary : the quills and tail are tipped with brown, the latter slightly forked, and the outer feathers not brown at the tip: legs and claws black: the female has the forehead hoary : the plumage of the young in- clines to ferruginous. WHITE-WINGED LARK. (Alauda Sibirica.) AL. Jlavo-ferruginea subtus albida, jugulo Jerrugineo vario, re- migibus secundariis maxima parte albis. Rusty-yellow Lark, beneath whitish, with the jugulum varied with ferruginous, and the greater part of the secondary quills white. Alauda sibirica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7@Q.— Pall. It. 2. 708. 15. Alauda Calandra. j8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 497. 17. White-winged Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 353. PLENTIFUL in the vicinity of the river Irtis, in Siberia, and is probably a variety of the preceding species : its size is the same as that bird : its beak CALANDRE LARK. 513 is livid at the base, and brown at the tip : the crown of the head, the ears, lesser wing-coverts, and tail-coverts, of a yellowish rust-colour: the first primary quill wholly white, the next of that colour on the margin, and the greatest part of the secondaries the same : the under parts of the body sullied white, with the fore-part of the neck varied with rust-colour : legs grey. CALANDRE LARK. , (Alauda Calandra.) AL. rectrice extima exterius iota, secunda tertiaque apice, albis, fascia pectoralijusca. Lark with the whole of the outer web of the exterior tail-feather, and the second and third at the tip, white ; breast with a fus- cous band. Alauda Calandra. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 288. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 800.— Briss. Orn. 3. 352. 6. pi. 20. f. 1 — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 496. 17. Calandre Lark. Edwards. Birds. 268. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 382. 18.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 177. 15. THIS species has been observed throughout the greatest part of Europe, and also in many parts of Asia, frequenting the deserts of Tartary, and the vast tracts of the Russian empire : Edwards af- firms that it is found in America, but that account is doubtful : in its native countries it is often con- fined for the sake of its song, which is greatly 514 CALANDRE LARK, esteemed by many, as it not only has a fine note of its own, but will imitate that of many other song birds, as the Goldfinch, Linnet, &c. : it con- structs its nest after the manner of the Skylark, on the ground, and lays four or five eggs. It is rather more than seven inches in length : its beak is rather short, and is of a pale horn- colour : the upper parts of its body are variegated with brown and grey, the shafts of the feathers being of the former, and the edges of the latter colour : the quills are very dark, with their outer webs brown edged with whitish : the throat is white, bordered on the lower part with a black lunulated stripe, beneath which, towards the breast, the feathers are dirty white, varied with black : the belly is white, and the sides of the body and thighs reddish brown : the outer tail- feather is white on the outer and tip of the inner web ; the next is bordered on the outer web with white, and is tipped with that colour ; the third is edged with grey, and tipped with white ; and the fourth is merely tipped with grey: the rest of the tail is black : the legs are pale grey : the male is rather larger than the female, and has his back of a darker black. 515 SAND LARK. (Alauda arcnaria.) AL. nifesoenti-gilva, nigro maculata, subtus alba, fascia pectorali maculari, media interrupt a, nigra, cauda nigra, rectricibus la- teralibus oblique albis. Reddish ash-coloured Lark, spotted with black; beneath white, with a black band on the breast, composed of spots, inter- rupted in the middle; tail black, the outer feathers white towards their tips. Alauda calandrilla. Bonelli, Memoires de VAcademie de Turin. THIS bird has the upper parts of its body of a reddish grey, sprinkled with black : the under parts white, with an interrupted band on the breast composed of black spots : tail-feathers black, with the first obliquely tipped with white on the outer web ; the second with the tip and outer margin only of that colour ; the third and fourth with only the outer web, towards the tip, white. Inhabits France. 516 MONGOLIAN LARK. (Alauda Mongolica.) AL. capite colloque ferrugineis, vitta annulari verticis marginal* maculaque media albis, gula macula nigra bifida. Lark with the head and neck ferruginous, with an annular stripe on the edge of the crown, and a spot in the middle white ; throat with a bifid black spot. Alauda Mongolica. Pall. It. 3. 697. 19. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 799. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 497. 18. Mongolian Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 384. 16. THE Mongolian Lark is much superior in size to the Calandre, and has a finer note : it inhabits the salt meadows, on the Chinese frontiers, be- tween the rivers Argun and Onon : its beak is stout as in the Black Lark : the head and neck are rust-coloured, with the crown of the former deepest in colour, encircled with white, and orna- mented with a distinct white spot in the middle : the throat is ornamented with a large divaricating patch of black. RUFOUS-BACKED LARK. (Alauda fulva.) AL.Jusco-nigricans, cervice dorso scapularibusque rufo aurantiis, alts caudaque obscuris. Brown-black Lark, with the neck, back, and scapulars, reddish orange ; the wings and tail obscure. RED LARK. 517 Alauda fulva. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 492. 2, Alauda rufa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 792. L'Alouette noire £ dos fauve. Bu/. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 23. L'Alouette noire d'Encenada. Buff. PI. Enl. ?38.f. 2. Rufous-backed Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 371. 2. MUCH smaller than the Sky-Lark, scarcely mea- suring five inches in length : the beak, legs, head, throat, fore-part of the neck, under parts of the body, and upper tail-coverts, are dusky brown : hinder part of the neck, the back, and scapulars, rufous orange : lesser and middle wing-coverts dusky, edged with fulvous : quills and tail deep dusky brown, the outer feathers of the latter edged with rufous. Inhabits Buenos Ayres. RED LARK. (Alauda rubra.) AL. obscure fusca, subtus fulvo-rufescens maculis fastis varia, genis nigricantibus, superciliis pallide rufis. Dull-brown Lark, beneath fulvous red, varied with fuscous spots; cheeks dusky ; eyebrows pale rufous. Alauda rubra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 794.-—LaM. Ind. Orn. 2. 494. 10. Alauda pensylvanica. Briss. Sup. 94. Alouette a joues brunes de Pensylvanie. Bitff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 58. Lark from Pensylvania. Edwards. Birds. 297. Red Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool. 140.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 279-— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 376. 8.— Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. g3.—Mont. Orn. Diet. I.— Mont. Sup. App. 518 RED LARK. As large as the Sky-Lark : its beak is blackish : the upper parts of the body are dusky brown : a black stripe passes through the eyes, and a clay- coloured one is situated above it: the irides are dark : the under parts of the body are pale red- dish brown, varied with dusky spots: legs dark brown : hind claw slightly curved. Common in North America, and is said to have been captured in England, but not upon good grounds, as Ame- rican animals have generally proved distinct to any found on the old continent, when they have been properly examined : it has been confounded with some other species, as the two Waxwings and va- rious other birds have been confounded. Colonel Montagu describes as a species the fol- lowing, which he says was taken in Middlesex *, and which he considers to be the Red Lark : " This species is rather superior in size to the Sky -lark : the beak is dusky above, whitish beneath, except at the point : irides hazel : the upper part of the head, hind part of the neck and back, rufous brown, each feather a little dusky in the middle : over the eye a pale ferruginous streak : chin and throat the same : the ear-coverts inclin- ing to dusky: from the beak under the eye a narrow dusky line : the sides of the neck and breast ferruginous, with dusky spots : belly and under tail-coverts ferruginous white : greater quill- feathers dusky, slightly edged with yellowish white ; the rest of the quills deeply margined with rufous : some of the larger coverts the same, but * Which we doubt. RUFOUS LARK. 519 those immediately impending the secondary quills have whitish tips, making a small bar across the wing ; one row also of the smaller coverts is tipped with white, making another line of that colour across the superior part of the wing: the two middle feathers of the tail are dusky, deeply margined with rufous brown ; the outer feather is white, the next is white on the exterior web, and part of the inner web towards the tip : the shaft dusky ; the rest are dusky : legs yellowish brown : hind claws as long as the toe, and some- what curved." RUFOUS LARK. (Alauda rufa.) AL. nigricans rufo nebulosa, corpore subtus gulaque albis, rec- tricibus duabus extimis albo marginatis. Dusky Lark, clouded with rufous, with the body beneath and the throat white, the two outer tail-feathers edged with white. Alauda rufa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4()S. 22. Variole. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 63. Petite alouette de Buenos Ay res. Buff. PL Enl. ?38.f. 1. Rufous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 388. 20. THE Rufous Lark is five inches and upwards in length: its beak and legs are brownish: the crown of the head and upper parts of the plumage dusky, varied with rufous: the greater quills grey, the lesser brown, all bordered with rufous : th.e £20 FERRUGINOUS LARK. fore-part of the neck rufous, darkened with black : the throat and all the under parts of the body dirty white : the tail-feathers brown, all edged with pale rufous but the two outer ones, which have white edges. Found in South America, in the vicinity of the Rio de Plata. FERRUGINOUS LARK. (Alauda Gorensis.) AL. nigro-maculatajerrugineo'jusca subtusjerruginea, abdomine albo, cauda nigricante, rectricibus extimis oblique albis. Rusty-brown Lark spotted with black, beneath ferruginous ; the abdomen white ; tail dusky, with the outer feathers ob- liquely marked with white. Alauda Gorensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liii. 1. Ferruginous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 229. 5. BEAK brown : the feathers on the crown of the head, nape, and upper part of the back, dusky, with rufous edges: back and rump ferruginous: quills with their margins pale: chin and under parts of the body rust-colour ; the feathers on the throat and breast streaked with dusky: belly nearly white, with dusky spots: vent white : edges of the tail-feathers white ; the outer feather with a triangular white spot on the tip, and the two middle feathers rusty brown : legs pale : locality unknown. 521 TESTACEOUS LARK. (Alauda testacea.) At. testacea subtus albida, vertice tectricibusque alarum nigro maculatis, rectricibus quatuor exterioribus testaceo-albis. Testaceous Lark, beneath whitish, with the crown and wing- coverts spotted with black, and the four outer tail-feathers of a testaceous white. Alauda testacea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 500. 29. Testaceous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 393. 2?. DR. LATHAM, on the authority of Mr. Pennant, describes this species as a native of Gibraltar : its " beak is black : the upper parts of the body tes- taceous : crown of the head dashed with black : the wing-coverts marked with the same: the under parts of the body testaceous white : quills dusky ; the secondaries deeply margined with testaceous ; the edges of the greater pale : four of the middle tail-feathers marked as the quills ; the others tes- taceous white : legs yellow : hind claw a trifle in- curvated." 522 SIBERIAN LARK. (Alauda flava.) AL. rufa, griseo varia subtus albay vertice nigro maculato, fascia pectorali suboculari lorisque nigris. Rufous Lark, varied with grey, beneath white, with the crown spotted with black, a band on the breast and beneath the eyes, and the lores black. Alauda flava. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 800. Alauda alpestris. £. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 498. 21. La Ceinture de Pretre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 6\.—Buff. PI. Enl. 650. f. 2. Shore Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 38?. IQ. A. FOUND in Germany, Prussia, Russia, and Siberia, but not very abundant, particularly in the former places: its length is somewhat less than six inches: the beak is lead-coloured : the forehead, chin, throat, and sides of the head, are pale yellow: between the beak and eye is a spot of black, which passes beneath the eye, and unites with a larger spot near the ear : the top of the head and upper parts of the body are varied with rufous and grey brown: the crown is spotted with black: the quills are grey, edged with darker : the breast has a large spot of black ; the rest of the under parts are whitish : the rump is slightly inclined to yel- low : the outer tail-feathers are edged with white, and the others with grey, with the middle of each nearly black : the legs are lead-coloured j and the hind claw is almost straight. GINGI LARK. (Alauda Gingica.) AL. cinereo-fusca, capite cinereo, subtus vittaqueper oculos nigra. Brown-ash Lark, with the head ash-coloured, the under parts of the body and stripe through the eyes black. Alauda Gingica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 496. 14. La petit alouette grise de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 203. pi. 113. f. 2. Gingi Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 380. 12. NATIVE of the Coromandel Coast : it is four inches and a half in length : beak pale rufous grey : the head greyish ash : the upper parts of the plumage greyish brown : the whole of the under parts, and stripe through the eyes, black : the legs pale rufous grey. MARSH LARK. (Alauda Mesellana.) AL. rufa,fusco varia subtus rufescens, pectorefusco maculato, fasciis tribus subocularibusjuscis. Red Lark, varied with brown, beneath rufescent, with the breast spotted with brown, and three stripes beneath the eyes brown. Alauda Mosellana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 794.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.4Q5.11. Le Rousseline, ou PAlouette de marais. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 6o.—Buf. PI. Enl. 661. f. 1. Marsh Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 377- Q. CINEREOUS LARK. COMMON in marshy places in many parts of Germany, particularly in Alsace, and the borders of the river Moselle, in the neighbourhood of Metz, in the autumn : it is said to be a very charming songster : its length is six inches and a quarter : the entire plumage inclines to rufous ; on the top of the head, and upper parts of the neck and body, varied with brown : beneath the eye are three stripes of brown : the sides of the head and throat pale rufous : the breast and thighs rufous, the former striped with brown ; the rest of the under parts rufous white : tail dusky brown, with rufous edges : beak, legs, and claws, yel- lowish. CINEREOUS LARK. ( Alauda cinerea. ) AL. tittered, abdomine albo, remigibus rcctricibusque fuscis, rec- trice extirna extus apice alba. Cinereous Lark, with the abdomen white, the quills and tail brown, the outer feather of the latter tipped with white on the exterior edge. Alauda cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 499. 23. Cinereous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 388. 21. LOCALITY unknown, but supposed to be from the Cape of Good Hope : it was described by Dr. Latham from a specimen in the late Leverian SENEGAL LARK. 525 Museum : it is six inches in length : the upper parts of its plumage cinereous : the under parts white : the quills and tail dark brown ; the outer feather of the latter white near the tip : legs dusky. SENEGAL LARK. (Alauda Senegalensis.) AL.fnsco griseoque varia subtus albida, collo inferior e Jitsco ma- culatOy rectricibus duabus extimis extus nifo-ctlbis. Lark varied with brown and grey, beneath whitish, with the lower part of the neck spotted with brown, and the two outer tail-feathers with their exterior webs reddish white. Alauda Senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 797. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 500. 28. Alauda Senegalensis cristata. Briss. Orn. 3. 362. 10. pi. 19. /•2. Grisette, ou Cocheris du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 79. — Buff. PI. Enl. 504. f. ] . Senegal Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 392. 26. THE Senegal Lark is six inches and a half in length : its beak is horn-coloured : the feathers on the upper parts of the body are brown in the middle and grey at their edges, giving those parts a variegated appearance : the quills are grey brown, with grey borders on their outer webs, and rufous on their inner: the throat is whitish, spotted with brown j the rest of the under parts plain whitish : the sides of the body are tinged YELTONIAN LARK. with rufous : the outer tail-feather is nearly all rufous; the next has the outer edge of that colour; and the others, with the exception of the two middle ones, which are grey, are plain brown : legs and claws grey. YELTONIAN LARK. (Alauda Yeltonensis.) AL. nigra supra rufescente varia, sexta remigum margine ex- teriore alba, rectricibus duabus intermediis rufis. Black Lark, varied with rufous above, with the outer web of the sixth quill white, and the two middle tail-feathers rufous. Alauda Yeltonensis. Phil. Trans. Lvn.p. 350. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 406. 16. Yeltonian Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 228. 3. THIS species is the size of a Starling : its beak is black at the base and pale at the tip : the pre- vailing colour of the plumage is black, with the head, back, and shoulders, varied with rufous : the outer web of the sixth quill-feather is white : the two middle tail-feathers are rufous ; the rest are similar to the upper parts of the plumage: the hind claws nearly straight. Very abundant near the Volga. FIELD LARK* (Alauda agrestis.) AL. rubro-^fusca subtus maculata, gula abdomineque albis9jugulo pectoreque obscure Jlavescentibus. Red-brown Lark, spotted beneath, with the throat and abdomen white, the jugulum and breast dull yellowish. Alauda minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 793 ,—Lath, 2nd. Orn, 2. 494. 8. Lesser Field Lark. Witt. Ang. p. 20?. Tree Lark. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 181.? Field Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool. I3g.—Pen. Arct. Zool 2. 3Q5. D. — Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 375. 6. — Leivin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. $2. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 1Q2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1, — Mont. Sup. THIS species measures six inches and a half in length : its weight is five drams and three quar- ters : its beak is dusky above and whitish beneath : irides hazel : the upper parts of the plumage are of a light yellowish brown, with the middle of each feather dusky brown : the coverts of the wings are tipped with whitish : the rump is plain light brown : the throat and breast are of an ochra- ceous yellow, the feathers of the latter with their centres dusky black : belly yellowish white : the outer tail-feathers white ; the next slightly tipped with that colour ; the rest dusky : legs yellowish brown; claws horn-colour; the hind one short and hooked. This bird greatly resembles the Tit-lark, but the beak and legs will enable any one to dis- tinguish it with certainty : the present species v. x. P. ii. 34 528 FIELD LARK. having the beak much broader at the base than that bird, and having the legs yellowish brown, and not dusky; this has also the hind claw shorter and more curved. The manners of this bird also greatly resemble those of the Tit, but it is a soli- tary species, never associating in flocks as that bird is accustomed to do, but appearing, to be thinly scattered over the more enclosed places, not being seen on the moors and downs, where the Tit-lark is most abundant. The nest of this bird is placed only amongst high grass in the most cul- tivated parts, where there are plenty of trees : it is composed of dry grass, fibrous roots, and a little moss, lined with fine grass and hair : its eggs are of a dirty blueish white, blotched and spotted with purplish brown : they are four in number. The song of this bird, which is only uttered during its descent from flight, is greatly superior to that of the Tit-lark, though somewhat similar. Its flight is very peculiar, mounting up in a flut- tering manner, and after some time descending to a neighbouring tree with motionless wing and expanded tail, and then pitching on the ground, warbling during its descent. It is found in the western and southern parts of England, and in South Wales. 529 LOUISIANE LARK. ( Alauda ludo viciana. ) AL.JUSCO nigricans subtus fulva, jugulo pectoreque \flavescente~ griseis, pectorefusco maculato. Dusky-brown Lark, beneath fulvous, with the jugulum and breast yellowish-grey, the latter spotted with fuscous. Alauda ludoviciana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7Q3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 494. p. La Farlouzanne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 38. Louisiane Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 376. 7- LARGER than Alauda agrestis, which it greatly resembles : it is seven inches in length : the upper parts of its body are varied with greenish and dusky brown: the wing-coverts and quills are blackish brown, bordered with paler brown : the throat, neck, and breast yellowish grey, the two latter spotted with brown ; the rest of the under parts fulvous : the outer tail-feather half brown, half white, the next tipped with the latter colour, and the rest of the tail plain brown. Inhabits Louisiana. 530 SHORE LARK. (Alauda alpestris.) „ AL. rectricibus dimidio interior e albis, gula Jlava, fascia subocu- lari pectoralique nigra. Lark with the inner half of the tail-feathers white, the throat yellow, and a band beneath the eyes and on the breast black. Alauda alpestris. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 289. 10. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 800. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4Q8. 21. Alauda virginiana. Briss. Orn. 3. 36f. 12. Le Haussecol noir. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 55. Shore Lark. Pen. Arct. Zool 2. 278. — Catesb. Carol. I. pi. 32. —Phil. Trans. LXII. 3g&.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 385. 19. A VERY abundant species in North America, visiting the country about Albany in the early part of May, and retiring to the northern parts to breed : in the winter it makes its appearance in Virginia and Carolina : it is called Snow-bird, or Ortolan ; the former from its being abundant in the winter, and the latter from its delicious flavour: during the winter many are captured by horse- hair springes, which are placed in the snow : it feeds on grain, grass, and the buds of the birch : it is quite destitute of a song. The length of this species is six inches and a half: its beak and legs are black : the upper parts of its body are reddish brown, striped with dusky : the forehead and space round the eyes are of a clear yellow : from the beak, passing beneath the eye and on the sides of the neck, is a stripe of MALABAR LARK. 531 black, which ends at a small distance below the ears : the throat and fore-part of the neck are pale yellow ; the latter is varied with a broad band of black: all the rest of the under parts are pale yellow : the tail-coverts are pale rust-colour : the tail itself and wings are similar in colour to the upper parts of the body, with their edges rather paler: claws black: the female differs slightly from the male, having the back grey, with the shafts of each feather darker brown than in him, and the crown is not black, but dusky. MALABAR LARK. (Alauda Malabarica.) AL. fusca pennis rufo marginatis, apice albo maculatis, collo rufescente rhaculis sagittatis nigris. Brown Lark, with the feathers edged with rufous and tipped with white, the neck reddish, spotted with black arrow-shaped marks. Alauda malabarica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 795. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 495. 13. L'Alouette huppe*e de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 203.^/. 113. f. 1. Malabar Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 379. U. INHABITS the Malabar coast : length above five inches and a half: the beak is black : the feathers on the crown of the head are brown, tipped with white : back and wing-coverts brown, edged with 532 NEW ZEALAND LARK. pale "rufous, and marked with a small white spot at the tip of each feather : quills dirty brown, edged with pale rufous: the neck pale rufous, with each feather black on the shafts : the throat and belly rufous white : the tail similar to the quills : legs pale rufous. NEW ZEALAND LARK. (Alauda novae Zaelandiae.) AL. obscura pennis cinerascente marginatis, abdomine, que albis,fascia oculari nigra. Obscure Lark, with the feathers edged with greyish, the ab- domen and eyebrows white, and a black band near the eye. Alauda novae Zealandiae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 49?. 19. Alauda novae Seelandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 799. New Zealand Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 384. 17. pi. 51. SAID by Dr. Latham to be " in length seven inches and a half: beak half an inch, pale ash- colour, with the upper part black: the upper parts of the body are dusky, edged with pale ash- colour : above the eye a white streak ; through the eye one of mottled black : fore-part of the neck marked as the upper parts, but much paler : breast and belly white : vent pale cinereous : legs reddish ash-colour : claws black ; hind one almost straight, and half an inch in length. Inhabits Charlotte Sound, and called Kogoo aroure" 'LAMX. 53S CRESTED LARK. ( Alauda cristata. ) AL. rectricibus nigris, extimis duabus margine exteriore albis, capite cristato. Lark with black tail-feathers, the two outer of which are white on their exterior edges ; head crested. Alauda cristata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 288. 6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 796. — Briss. Orn. 3. 35?. Q.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 499. 25. Le Cocheris, ou la grosse Alouette huppee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 66.— Buff". PI. Enl. 503. f. 1. Crested Lark. Will Aug. 208.—Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 52. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 889. 23. LARGER than the Sky-lark : length about seven inches : beak brown : irides hazel : head with the feathers on the crown much elongated and form- ing a crest, which is darker in colour than the rest of the plumage : the back ash-coloured, and spotted with brownish, but less than in the Sky -lark : the rump scarcely spotted : the breast and belly yel- lowish white : the throat slightly spotted with dusky : tail rather short ; the two outer feathers with their exterior edges white, tinged with red. Found in many parts of Europe, but not in England : it is a fine songster, but does not equal the Sky-lark : it delights in frequenting the banks of rivers and lakes : its nest is placed carelessly on the ground, if possible where junipers are abun- dant: its eggs, which are said to be deposited twice a year, are four or five in number. 534 AFRICAN LARK. (Alauda Africana.) rufo alboque varia, subtus alba maculisfuscis, aUscau- daquejuscis. Lark varied with brown, rufous, and white; beneath white, with brown spots ; wings and tail fuscous. Alauda africana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 499. 24. Le Sioli du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 65.—Biif. PI. Enl. 712. African Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 38Q. 22. THE beak of this bird is black : the feathers on the upper parts of the body are mostly dark brown in the middle, rufous on their margins, and white at their tips, giving those parts the appearance of different shades of those colours : the under parts of the body are white, varied with longitudinal spots of brown : the wing-coverts, quills, and tail, brown, edged with white : legs brown : the hind claws above half an inch in length, and straight. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : length eight inches. 535 UNDATED LARK. (Alauda undata.) AL. cristata nigricans rufo varia, subtus alba, pectore nigro ma- culato, tectricibus alarum majoribus apice albis. Crested dusky Lark, varied with rufous, beneath white, with the breast spotted with black, and the greater wing-coverts white at their tips. Alauda undata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 79?.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 500. 27. La Coquillade. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 77<-—BufF. PI. Enl. 662. Undated Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 391. 25., FOUND in Provence : it is nearly seven inches in length : the beak is rather stout ; its upper mandible is brown, and lower whitish : the crown of the head is slightly crested, the feathers being dusky in the middle, and white on their edges : the head, upper parts of the neck, and body, are varied with dusky and pale rufous : the greater coverts are tipped with white : the quills are brown, with some of them edged with rufous, and the rest with white : the throat and all the under parts of the body white, with the neck and breast striped with dusky : tail brown, edged with rufous : legs yellowish. This delightful songster was sent to Buffon, who first described it, and states that both sexes are always found together, whether in search of food, which consists of insects, or during the period of incubation : its song is commenced at sun-rise. 536 ROCK LARK. (Alauda obscura.) AL. olivaceo-fusca nigricante varia subtusjlavicans, lateribus colli pectoreque maculis fusee see ntibus, rectrice extima dimidiato, secunda apice albo-cinerascente. Olive-brown Lark, varied with dusky, beneath yellowish, with the sides of the neck and breast with brownish spots, half the outer tail-feathers, and the tip of the second, of an ashy-white. Alauda obscura. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 4Q4. 7. Alauda Petrosus. Mont, in Lin. Trans. 4. p. 41. pi. 2. egg. Dusky Lark. Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 94.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 22;. 2. Sea Lark. Wale. Syn. pi. 193. Tit Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool.folio.pl. P. l. ? var. Rock Lark. Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. MR. LEWIN appears to be the person that first ascertained this to be a distinct species, although perhaps the author of British Zoology was the first that mentioned it ; for in the folio edition of that work he has given a figure of a bird shot on the rocks of Carmarthenshire, which he calls a variety of the Tit-lark, and which appears to agree tolerably well with the present species : Colonel Montagu has well described it in the Lin- nean Transactions, and has appended to his de- scription an account of its habits ; the former I shall extract verbatim, and give the substance of the latter. " The bird weighs about seven drams : the length six inches and three quarters : the beak is ROCK LARK. 537 dusky ; near seven eighths of an inch long from the apex to the corner of the mouth : irides hazel: the upper part of the head, back of the neck, and tail-coverts, are of a dark brown : the back and scapulars of the same colour, obscurely marked with dusky strokes ; above the eyes, and beneath the ear, is a lightish coloured stroke : the throat whitish; the breast and belly yellowish white, the former blotched with large dusky spots ; the sides marked with strokes of the same: under tail- coverts light brown ; the two middle feathers of the tail dark brown, the others dusky ; the outer one of a dirty yellowish white on the interior web and the point of the exterior ; in the second feather the light colour is just visible at the end : the quill-feathers and wing-coverts are dusky, slightly edged with light brown : legs and toes dusky : claws black : hind claw four tenths of an inch long, and somewhat crooked. The female resembles the male. The young birds are not maturely feathered till after the winter of their first year ; till then their upper parts have a tinge of olivaceous ash-colour; beneath the lighter parts are yellowish, and the coverts of the wings more deeply margined with light brown : the base of the under mandible and legs less dusky." Colonel Montagu ascertained this to be an in- habitant of Britain in the year 1791, during the course of a journey in South Wales, where he ob- served it in great abundance, and found several nests with eggs, proving beyond a doubt that it was not an accidental visitor, but that it breeds in 538 ROCK LARK. this country : he afterwards found it not uncom- mon on all the abrupt rocky coasts from Kent to the Land's-End, in Cornwall : it appears to be en- tirely confined to the vicinity of the sea, as it is never found, even in winter, at a great distance from the shore : it commences breeding early in the spring, and places its nest on the ledge of a rock near the sea, where there are a few scanty bushes or tufts of grass : it is formed of dry grass, marine plants, and a small quantity of moss, and lined with fine grass and a few long hairs : the eggs are four or five in number, of a dirty white, sprinkled with numerous specks of brown, darker and confluent at the larger end, appearing on that part wholly of that colour j they weigh about thirty-six grains, and are rather larger than those of the Tit-lark. At the commencement of the spring it begins its song, which greatly resembles that of the bird above mentioned ; and like that species it mounts in the air, and returns to the ground or some neighbouring rocks with ap- parently motionless wings. 539 MEADOW-LARK. (Alauda campestris.) AL. rectricibus fuscis, inferiori medietaie, exceptis intermediis duabus albis, gula pectorequejlavescente. Lark with brown tail-feathers, the base half, except of the two middle ones, white ; the throat and breast yellowish. Alauda campestris. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 288. 4.— -Lin. Faun. Suec. W.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.794.— Briss. Orn. 3.34Q. 5.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 405. 12. Alauda spinolette. Lin. Syst. Nat. l. 288. 7. — Gmel. Syst. Nat'. 1. 794. 4. La Spipolette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 43. Meadow-lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 378. 1O. THIS equals the Tit-lark in size : the upper mandible of its beak is dusky, the under one is flesh-coloured: the upper parts of the plumage are greyish olive brown : over each eye is a white stripe : the under parts of the body are dirty yel- lowish white, the lower parts of the neck and breast being striped with longitudinal spots of dusky : the outer tail-feather white half way from the tip on the inner web, and entirely so on the outer ; the next with a small spot of that colour on the tip ; all the rest of the tail but the two middle feathers, which are grey brown, are dusky: the legs and claws grey brown. This species is common in many parts of Italy and in Carniola: it affects damp and sheltered places. TIT-LARK. (Alauda pratensis.) AL. viridi-fisca, rectricibus duabus extrorswn albis, linea super" ciliari alba. Greenish-brown Lark, with the two outer tail-feathers externally white, eyebrows white. Alauda pratensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 287. 2. — Lin, Faun. Suec. 2lO.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7Q2.—Briss. Orn. 3. 343. 3.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 403. 5. Spipola altera Aldrovandi. Ray. p. 80. 4. L'Alouette de pres. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 31. pi. 3.— Buff. PI. Enl. 660. f. 1. Tit-lark. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 395" c.—Pen. Brit. Zool. 138.— Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 43.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3/4. 5.-~WilL Ang. 110. 206. — Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. p. 1Q8.— Wale. Syn. 2. pi. IQl.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. App. —Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 185. THE Tit-lark is about five inches and three quarters in length : its beak is slender and dusky, the base of the under mandible excepted, which is paler : irides hazel : the upper part of the head, and the plumage above, is of a dusky brown ; the edges of the feathers palest : the quills are dusky brown, slightly edged with paler : from each side the under mandible arises a line of dusty, which passes down the sides of the throat ; which, with the under parts of the body, are dirty white : the sides of the neck and breast are marked with oblong dusky spots: tail dusky brown, edged with paler; the outer feather, with the exception of TIT-LARK. 541 the base of the inner web, white ; the next with a little white at the tip : legs brownish. This is a very common bird in many parts of this island, and remains here the whole year : it affects barren situations of all sorts," whether swamps and marshes, or mountainous moors : its nest is placed on the ground amongst furze or long grass ; it is made of bents, dry grass, and stalks of plants, lined with fine grass and horse- hair : the eggs are generally six in number, but vary considerably in size and colour ; some are of a dark brown, others whitish, speckled with rufous brown, or of a pale brown, tinged with red : the Cuckow is said to deposit its eggs in the nest of this species. During the period of incubation the male sits upon an adjoining tree, and pours forth its short but pleasing song ; it likewise sings in the air, increasing its song as it descends to the branch on which it is going to perch. In the winter these birds frequent the low grounds in search of insects and worms, and fly in small flocks. Colonel Montagu appears to consider this and the following species as the same in the Appendix to the Supplement of the Ornithological Dic- tionary. 542 PIPIT LARK. (Alauda sepiaria.) AL. rectricibusfuscis, extima dimidiato alba, secunda apice cunei- formi alba, linea alarum duplici alba. Lark with brown tail-feathers, the outer one half white, the second with a wedge-shaped spot at the tip of that colour, and a double line of the wings also white. Alauda sepiaria. Briss. Orn. 3. 347. Alauda trivialis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 288. 5. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 403. 6. Alouette pipi. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 3Q. pi 4. Pipit Lark. Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 44.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.— Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. App. THE top of the head and the whole of the upper parts of the body are of a rusty olivaceous brown, striped with dusky : the wing-coverts and quills are dusky ; the former are edged with pale oliva- ceous brown, the primary quills excepted, which are bordered with olive green : the sides of the neck, breast, and sides of the body, streaked with oblong dusky spots : the whole of the under parts pale ferruginous ; darkest on the breast, vent, and under tail-coverts, and lightest on the chin : rump plain brown : the two middle tail-feathers dusky brown, with pale margins ; the outer web of the exterior feather on each side white, towards the tip brownish ; the web also white, except at the base ; the second feather is white at the tip only, and the rest are dusky black, slightly edged with greenish brown: legs dull yellow: claws horn- colour j the hinder one slightly bent. PIPIT LARK. The weight of this bird is five drachms and a half: its length is six inches and a half: its beak is dusky, with the sides and base of the upper mandrble dull yellow : irides hazel. The Pipit Lark frequents the same places as the preceding species, to which it is most decidedly greatly allied, although the proofs given in the Ornithological Dictionary are not quite conclu- sive enough to warrant their being considered as one species ; as the Pipit not only differs in the colour of its plumage, but is of a much superior size, and has the hinder cl,aw nearly straight, and longer than the toe, whereas the Tit-lark has it bent, and shorter than the toe. It is to be hoped that future Ornithologists will pay particular at- tention to this species, to ascertain if it be a species or not. This bird appears in the neigh- bourhood of London, in the autumn, in flocks ; it has alsobefen captured in Cornwall and Devonshire in the winter. v. x. p. n. 35 544- MOTACILLA. WAGTAIL. Generic Character. Rostrum gracile, cylindri- cum, rectum, apice sub- emarginatum. Cauda elongata. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico: un- guis posticus longior. Beak slender, cylindrical, straight, and slightly notch- ed at the tip. Tail elongated. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind : the hinder claw rather long. rr^ JL HE Wagtails are principally confined to the continents of Europe and Asia, where many of the species are very numerous : they do not hop, like the generality of small birds, but run nimbly along the ground, and are easily distinguished by their lively motions, and by the continual jerking up and down of their long tails. They frequent the borders of pools and rivulets, picking up the worms and insects that inhabit those places : for the most part they have a weak and vacillating flight, during which they make a twittering noise : they seldom perch, and they mostly construct their nests on, or very near, the ground. 545 WHITE WAGTAIL. (Motacilla alba.) Mo. pectore nigro, rectricibus duabus lateralibus dimidiato oblique albis. Wagtail with a black breast, and the two lateral tail-feathers obliquely half white. Motacilla alba. Lin. Syst. Nat. l. 331. 11.— Lin. Faun. Suec. 252.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 960. — Ray. Syn. 75.—Briss. Orn. 3. 461. 38.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 501. 1. — Shaw. Nat. Misc. pi 20/. La Lavandiere. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 251. pi. 14. f. 1. — Buff. PL Enl. 652. f. 1. Collared Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3Q6. White Wagtail. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 142. 55. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2, 396. •B.— Will. Aug. 237. — Albin. Birds. 1. pi 49. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 395. l.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 178. I. —Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 230.— Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3, pi. QS.— Walc. Syn. 2. 226.— Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 5.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. ].. 188. LENGTH about seven inches : weight about six drachms : beak black : irides hazel : forehead, cheeks, and sides of the neck, white : the hind part of the head and neck, the chin, fore-part of the neck, and upper parts of the breast, black ; the edges of the two latter are bordered slightly with white, in the form of a gorget: the back and rump are deep cinereous, in some approaching to dusky : the wing-coverts and secondary quills dusky, bordered with light grey : primaries black, with pale edges : the lower part of the breast, and the under parts of the body, white: the tail- 516 WHITE WAGTAIL. feathers are black, with the exception of the ex- terior one on each side, which has the outer web entirely, and the middle part of the inner web, white : legs black. The female is dusky where the male is black, and >the rump and back incline more to cinereous. The young have no black on the throat till the returning spring, but about the beginning of March they obtain it : in the autumn the black feathers, on the chin and throat of the old birds, fall off, and are replaced by white ones, leaving only a black crescent-shaped patch on the breast. Dr. Latham mentions having seen a va- riety white, except on the hind parts, which were yellowish : he also describes a bird which came from Lu^onia, which differs in few particulars from the first described, as it has the throat and a band on the wings white, and the black on the breast joins that of the hind part of the neck, and forms a collar of that colour : in other respects it is nearly similar. The »est of the Water-wagtail, or as it is called in many parts Dish-washer, or Washerwoman, is placed either amongst a heap of stones, in the hole of a wall, or on the top of a pollard tree ; it is composed of moss, dry grass, and fibrous roots, woven together with wool, and lined with feathers or hair : the female lays four or five eggs, which exactly resemble those of the Cuckow ; they are white, spotted with light brown and ash : the parent birds are very attentive to their young, and continue to feed them for three or four weeks after they are able to fly ; they will defend them WHITE WAGTAIL. 54-7 with great courage when in danger, and upon the approach of a Hawk will give an alarm, and pursue it in company with the Swallows: they are ex- tremely nice about their nests, and will remove any dirt or extraneous substances, as bits of paper, straws, and the like, which have been placed as a mark for the nest : they constantly reside in the vicinity of watery places, feeding on flies and other insects that frequent those parts : in the winter they change their abode, and haunt marshes that are overflowed by the tide, in the southern parts of England ; in the northern parts and in Scotland they are seldom seen during that sea- son of the year, but upon the return of spring they go back to their former situations, and ap- pear to be gregarious at that time, as immense numbers are often seen on new ploughed land. They are very active birds, continually in motion, and leaping after flies and other insects, after which it will sometimes wade a short distance in the water : the note of these birds is small and insignificant, but is continually repeated, especially in the spring. This species appears to be pretty generally dif- fused over the old continent, the most northern parts excepted. 548 PIED WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Maderas.) Mo. nigra, ventre,fasciaque alarum longitudinali albis, rectrici- bus duobus intermediis nigris, lateribus albis. Black Wagtail, with the belly, and a longitudinal band on the wings, white; the two middle tail-feathers black, the lateral ones white. Motacilla maderaspatensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 961. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 502. 2. Motacilla maderaspatana. Briss. Orn. 3. 478. 44. Pied Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 397. 2. THE Pied Wagtail has the beak, head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body, black ; the under parts, and an oblique bar on the wings, white : the two middle tail-feathers black, and the lateral ones white : the female has those parts grey that are black in the male. Inhabits Madras. TSCHUTSCHI WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Tschutschensis.) Mo. oli vacea jusca, subtus loris Jasciaque duplici alarum alba, rectrice prima tota, secunda latere interiore alba. Olive-brown Wagtail, with the under parts, lores, and double band on the wings, white ; the whole of the outer tail-feather, and the inner edge of the second, white. CAPE WAGTAIL. 549 Motacilla tschutschensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 962. — Latk.Ind. Orn. 2. 505. 12. Tschutschi Wagtail. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 397- n.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4O3. 10. THIS has the crown of the head and the back deep olive brown : the wing-coverts and primary quills deep brown ; the tips of the middle and greater coverts are white, forming two bars of that colour on the wing : between the beak and eye is a white spot : the breast and belly are white, with a tinge of ferruginous : the vent is pale yel- low : the outer tail-feathers white, except the base of the inner web ; the rest of the tail dusky : tail very long: legs black. Native of Tchutschi. CAPE WAGTAIL. (Motacilla capensis.) subtus albida, fascia pectorali Jusca, superciliis albis, cauda nigra, rectricibus lateralibus oblique albis. Brown Wagtail, beneath whitish, with a brown band on the breast ; the eyebrows white, and tail black, with the lateral feathers obliquely white. Motacilla capensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 24. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 979.— Briss. Orn. 3. 476. 45. pi. 25. f. 3.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 505. 10. La Bergeronette du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 273.— Buff. PL Enl. 28.f. 2. Cape Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4O2. 8. SIZE of Motacilla alba : beak dusky : the upper parts of its plumage brown : the eyebrows whitish : 550 CINEREOUS WAGTAIL. the quills brown, with grey edges : the under parts of the body dirty white, the sides inclining to dusky : breast with a dusky band : the two outer tail-feathers tipped with white ; the rest of the tail black: legs dusky. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. CINEREOUS WAGTAIL. (Motacilla cinerea.) Mo. cinerea subtus alba, fascia pectorali fusca, rectrice prima alba, secunda basi apiceque alba. Cinereous Wagtail, beneath white, with a brown band on the breast, the first tail-feather white, and the second at the base and tip of that colour. Motacilla cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 961. — Briss. Orn. 3. 465. 39. pi. 25. f. 1.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 502. 3. Bergeronette grise. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 26l.—Buff. PI. Enl. 674. 1. Cinereous Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 397. 3. NOT uncommon in many parts of Europe, but it is not found in England : it measures six inches an^i upwards in length : its beak and legs are brown : the upper parts of its head, neck, and body, are greyish ash : the wing-coverts and secondary quills are dusky, edged with whitish : the greater quills are blackish brown : the breast is marked with a dusky band, but the rest of the under parts are whitish : the outer tail-feather is GREEN WAGTAIL. 551 white, except towards the base of the inner web ; the next has the tips of each web white, and the base of the inner web black ; the rest of the tail is dusky black : the female is destitute of the pec- toral band. In the summer this species appears in pastures, and in the winter it approaches the rivulets in search of insects that frequent the water : its nest is placed near the ground in wil- lows or such like trees: it has two broods in the season. GREEN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla viridis.) Mo. pattide viridis subtus alba, capite cinereo, alis caudaque cine- reis albo marginatis. Pale-green Wagtail, beneath white, with the head grey, and the wings arid tail cinereous, edged with white. Motacilla viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 962. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 505. 13. Green Wagtail. Brotvn. Illust. Zool. 86. pi. 33. — Lath. Gen. Syn.4.403. U. DESCRIBED by Brown in his Illustrations of Zoology, but the length is not mentioned: its head, wings, and tail, are cinereous ; the two latter edged with white : the neck, back, and breast, pale green : the belly white. Inhabits Ceylon. 552 HUDSONIAN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Hudsonica.) 'Mo.ferrugineo-fisca subtus albida, collo subtus striis obscuris, rectrice extima alba, secunda alba margine intus nigro, tertia disco albo. Rusty-brown Wagtail, beneath whitish, with the neck beneath with obscure striae; the outer tail-feather white; the second white, with the inner margin black, and the third with the disc white. Motacilla hudsonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 503. 6. Hudsonian Wagtail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 231. 3. DESCRIBED in the second Supplement of Dr. Latham: length six inches: beak yellowish brown: plumage above brown ; the feathers edged with ferruginous : quills dusky ; the secondaries with rusty margins : chin and throat pale rust-colour, streaked with dusky : breast, belly, and vent, dusky white : the outer tail-feather white ; the next of the same colour, with the inner edge brown; the third dusky, with the shaft white; the rest plain dusky : legs similar to the beak. Inhabits the country about Hudson's Bay. 553 BLACK-CROWNED WAGTAIL. (Motacilla atricapilla*) ^lo.fusco-rubra subtus alba, vertice remigibusque nigris, rectrici- busjuscisjlavescente dimidiatis . Red-brown Wagtail, beneath white, with the crown and quills black; the tail-feathers half fuscous, half yellowish. Motacilla atricapilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup.liii. 1. Black-crowned Wagtail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 231. 4. A NATIVE of New South Wales : it is the size of the White Wagtail : its beak is yellow : the crown of the head is black : the back and wings are reddish brown: the quills are black: the under parts of the body are white, the breast inclining to orange ; the tail reddish brown at the base, and yellowish at the tip : legs yellow. JAVAN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Javensis.) Mo.fusco-olivacea. subtus flaw, collo inferior e pectoreque griseis, rectrice prima tota, secunda tertiaque later e interiore apiceque albis. Olive-brown Wagtail, beneath yellow, with the lower -parts of the neck and breast grey ; the whole of the first tail-feather, and the second and third, on the inner web and tip, white. Motacilla javensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 4/4. 42. pi. 25. f. 2. Motacilla Boarula. ft. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 503. 4. Bergeronette de Java. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 272. Javan Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 399. 4. A. 554 GREY WAGTAIL. THIS species approaches very near, but cannot be associated with, the Grey Wagtail, as its re- sidence is so remote, this being found in Java, and the latter inhabiting only Europe, unless the bird mentioned by Adanson be the same which he calls the Ortolan of Senegal; but most probably it is a distinct species. The length of this bird is seven inches: its beak and legs are grey : the head, upper parts of the body, and upper tail-coverts, are olive yellow : the greater wing-coverts and quills are brown, the base of the secondaries excepted, which are white: the throat and neck are grey : the rest of the under parts are yellow, towards the vent deepest : the six middle tail-feathers are dusky, the two next white within and at the tip, with the outer edge dusky ; the outer one white, the base of the shaft excepted, which is dusky. GREY WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Boarula.) Mo. cinerea subtus Jla^a9 rectrice prima tota, secunda latere in- teriore, alba. Cinereous Wagtail, beneath yellow, with the whole of the first tail-feather, and the inner web of the second, white. Motacilla Boarula. Lin. Mant. 1771. SZf.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. QQj.—Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 502. 4. Motacilla flava. Briss. Orn. 3. 471. 4l.pl. 23.f. 3. Motacilla cinerea. Ray. Syn. 75. 3. GREY WAGTAIL. 555 Bergeronette jaime. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 268.— Buff. PL Enl. 28. f. 1. male. . Yellow Wagtail. AlUn. Birds. 2. pi. 58. female. Grey Wagtail. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 144.— Will. Aug. 238. — : Edwards, pi. 25Q. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3Q8. 4. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 178. 4.— Don. Brit. Birds. 2. pi. 40. — Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 95.— Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 22?.— Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1.1QO. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup. THE winter plumage of the Grey Wagtail is as follows: beak dusky: irides dark hazel: the crown of its head, cheeks, back of the neck, back, and scapulars, dark cinereous : rump greenish yellow : eyelids, chin, throat, and breast, buff-coloured yellow; behind the eye a line of the same : eye- brows pale : wing- coverts and quills black, the former edged with light brown, and the latter slightly edged on the exterior webs of the pri- maries, and the three next the body deeply mar- gined on their outer webs with yellowish white ; the inner webs of all, except the three or four largest, are white at the base : the belly pale yel- low : the vent, sides of the upper and the under tail-coverts, bright yellow : the outer tail-feather is entirely white ; the second white, except on the outer web, which is black to within half an inch of the end ; the third similar to the last, with a small streak of black on the edge of the inner web ; the two next black ; the middle ones dusky, tinged with ash, and edged with yellow towards the base : legs dusky brown : both sexes are simi- lar. About the beginning of March the chin and throat become black, and by the end of that month 556 GREY WAGTAIL. the summer plumage is obtained, when the sexes may be discriminated by the colour of the chin and throat, which is rather of a dusky hue in the female, and pure black in the male; in both it is bordered with white : at this time the breast and belly of the male become of a brilliant yellow ; and in the female they are brighter than in the winter. This elegant species is a constant inhabitant of the southern parts of England in the winter, re- tiring to the northern about April, and continu- ing there till September : it is supposed to breed in Cumberland and the adjoining counties, as young birds have been shot in June. Colonel Montagu relates an instance, on the authority of Mr. Tucker, of a pair being seen in the summer of 1808, in Devonshire, upon the borders of the Dart, near Ashburton, to which belonged four young birds that had recently left their nest, which is said to be constructed of dried fibres and moss, lined with hair, feathers, or wool ; it is placed on the ground, not far from the water : the eggs are six or eight in number, of a dirty white, marked with yellow spots. This species, like the White. Wagtail, is solitary, except in pairing time : it frequents watery "places, particularly small shallow streams, for the insects, on which it feeds: it is found in many parts of Europe, and Linnaeus asserts that it is gregarious : the length of this species is seven inches and three quarters. 557 YELLOW-HEADED WAGTAIL. (Motacilla citreola.) Mo. cinereo-ccsrulescensy capite collo corporeque subtus Jlams, nucha lunula nigricante. Grey-blue Wagtail, with the head, neck, and body beneath yellow ; the nape with a dusky crescent. Motacilla citreola. Pall. Trav. 3. 696. 14,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 962. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 504. 9. Motacilla sheltobriuschka. Lepech. Trav. 2. 18?. pi. 8./. 1. Yellow-headed Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 401. 7.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 297. G. DESCRIBED by Pallas, who informs us that it is extremely common in Siberia, and that its habits are similar to the others of its tribe : it is rather larger than, but similar to, the Yellow Wagtail : the head, neck, and all the under parts of the body, are yellow : the back is of a blueish ash- colour: the nape of its neck is marked with a dusky crescent : in other respects it resembles the Yellow Wagtail. 558 DAUURIAN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla melanopa.) Mo. ccerulescenti-cinerea subtus flaw, loris guttunque nigrisy superciliis rectricibusque utrinque tribus lateralibus albis, ex~ tima margine exteriore nigra. Blueish-ash Wagtail, beneath yellow, with the lores and throat black ; the eyebrows and three lateral tail-feathers on each side white, the outer one with the exterior edge black. Motacilla melanopa. Pall. Trav. 3.696. 1 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 997. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5O3. 5. Dauurian Wagtail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 231. 2. THE prevailing colour of this bird, which slightly resembles the Yellow Wagtail, is blueish ash on the upper parts, and yellow on the under : over the eyes is a white streak, commencing at the gape : the lores and throat are black : the three exterior tail-feathers are white, except the outer edge, which is black. It inhabits the eastern parts of Dauuria. NEW HOLLAND WAGTAIL. (Motacilla caerulescens.) Mo. pallide ccerulea, subtus jlavescens, vlula alba, remigibus rec- tricibusque nigris. Pale-blue Wagtail, beneath yellowish, with the spurious wing white, the quills and tail-feathers black. Motacilla caerulescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Hit. 2. New Holland Wagtail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 232. 5. TIMOR WAGTAIL. 559 BEAK and legs black : the prevailing colour of the upper parts of the plumage pale blue, of the under pale yellow : the quills and tail are black ; the latter very long : the spurious wing whitish. Inhabits New South Wales. TIMOR WAGTAIL. (Motacilla flavescens.) Mo. cinereo-grisea, subtus Jlavat super ciliis flams, remigibus rec- tricibusque nigris, fascia alarum alia. Ashy-grey Wagtail, beneath yellow, with the eyebrows yellow, the quills and tail black, and a white band on the wings. Motacilla flava. |8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 504. 8. Bergeronette de Pisle de Timor. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 2?5. Timor Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 401. 6. A. THE Timor Wagtail has its beak black, and slightly curved : the upper part of its plumage is greyish ash-colour : the eyebrows and under parts of the body are yellowr : the greater wing-coverts are tipped with white: the quills and tail are black : the legs pale red : hind claws very long. Inhabits Timor. v. x. p. n. 36 560 YELLOW WAGTAIL. (Motacilla flava.) Mo. pectore abdomineque jiavis, rectricibus duabus lateralibus di- midiato oblique albis. Wagtail with the breast and abdomen yellow, and the two outer tail-feathers obliquely half white at the tips. Motaciila flava. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 331. 12. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 253. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 963.— Ray. Syn. 75» A. 2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 504. 8. Motacilla verna. Briss. Orn. 3. 468. Bergeronette de Printemps. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 265. pi. 14. f. \.-Buff. PL Enl. 674. 2. Yellow Wagtail. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 143.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 396. F._ mil. Aug. 138.pl. 68.— Edwards. 258. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.400. 6.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 179. — Lenin. Brit. Birds. 2. pi. 97.— Wale. Syn. 2. 228.— Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 15.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup.— Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 191. LENGTH six inches and a half: beak black : irides hazel : the upper part of the head, the coverts of the ears, and back of the neck, pale olive green : the back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and rump, dark olive green : eyebrows white : quills dusky; those next the body, and the greater coverts, edged with yellowish white : the whole of the under parts, from the chin to the vent, bright yellow : tail dusky, except two of the outer feathers that are half white, half black, divided obliquely, and leaving the outer web of the ex- terior one white ; the two middle feathers with a tinge of olive : legs black : the hinder claws very AFRICAN WAGTAIL. 561 long, and slightly curved: the female has the colour of the under parts of the body very pale, nearly approaching to white : the young birds are less vivid in their colour than the old, which also become very pale in the winter, and possess an olivaceous band on the breast. This agrees in habits and general manners with the other species of the genus : its nest is placed on the ground, and is composed of dried stalks and fibres, and lined with hair : the eggs are very like those of the Sedge Warbler, are four or five in number, of a pale brown, sprinkled with a darkened shade. It visits the southern parts about March, and returns in September : it delights in moist meadows and corn-fields, but it does not affect watery places so much as the other indigenous species. It is found in Sweden, Russia, Siberia, and France, remaining the whole year in the latter place. AFRICAN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Afra.) Mo.Jlavescentefusca subtusjlava, crisso albo, superciliis alis cau- daque nigris. Yellowish-brown Wagtail, beneath yellow, with the vent white, eyebrows, wings, and tail, black. Motacilla Afra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 962.— LaM. Lid. Orn. 2. 505. 11. La petite Bergeronette du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 274. African Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 402. 0. THORACIC WAGTAIL. THE African Wagtail inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : length about six inches and a half, of which the tail is nearly half: the beak is black: the upper parts of its plumage are yellowish brown : the eyebrows, wings, tail, and legs, are black : the under tail-coverts are white : the rest of the under parts of the plumage yellow : the hind claws very long. THORACIC WAGTAIL. (Motacilla thoracica.) Mo. griseo-olivacea, subtus jlavescens, gula alba, loris fasciaque pectorali nigris. Greyish-olive Wagtail, beneath yellowish, with white throat, black lores, and pectoral band. Motacilla thoracica. Shaw. Nat. Misc. vol. 22. Le Plastron noir. Le Vail. Ois. d'Afriq. pi. 123. Thoracic Warbler. Shan. Nat. Misc. vol. 22.pl. 969. THE Thoracic Wagtail inhabits the interior of Africa : it is described by Mon. Le Vaillant in his splendid work on the African Birds. TMOMACIC 563 INDIAN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Indica.) Mo.griseo-virescens subtusjlavescens,pectore lunulis duabus nigris confluentibus, rectricibus duabus extimis Jemoribus crissoque albis. Greenish-grey Wagtail, beneath yellowish, with two black con- fluent lunules on the breast ; the two outer tail-feathers, thighs, and vent, white. Motacilla Indica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g62.—Lath. Ind* Orn. 2. 503. 7. Le Bergeronette grise des Indes. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 207. Indian Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 3Q0. 5. INHABITS the East Indies : beak pale rufous : irides yellow : head, hind part of the neck, lesser wing-coverts, back, and rump, dirty greenish grey : the greater wing-coverts yellow ; the secondary quills part brown, part yellow; the primaries dirty brown, with yellow margins : breast with two lunulated black bands, coalescing at their tips, and connected with a line of the same colour in the middle ; the rest of the breast, throat, and belly, whitish yellow : thighs and vent white : the two middle tail-feathers greenish grey; the rest dusky brown ; the two outer ones white : legs pale rufous. 564 VITIFLORA. WHEATEAR. Generic Character. Hostrum basi altius quam la- tum, rectum, inter nares angulosum, et ad apicem incurvatim. Nares~ obovatae, depressius- culae. Pedes digitis tribus anticis, uno postico ; digitus ex- terior medio basi subtus connexus. Beak higher than broad, straight, between the nos- trils angulated, and bent down towards the tip. Nostrils suboval and depress- ed. Feet with three toes before, and one behind ; the outer toe connected with the middle at the base. A HE birds belonging to this genus are of a very timid nature, retiring beneath stones and turfs upon the appearance of the least danger, or even upon the motion of a cloud, which has devised a very easy method of capturing them, as mentioned in the account of V. CEnanthe, which is the only indigenous species : they all feed upon insects, and are of a solitary disposition : they have been separated from the modern genus Sylvia, and placed by themselves, agreeably to the excellent arrangement of the older naturalists, but which has been subverted, in many instances, by later writers. 565 WHITE-HUMPED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora CEnanthe.) Vi.dorso cano,fronte superciliis uropygio basique caudce albis, per oculos fascia nigra. Wheatear with a hoary back; the forehead, eyebrows, rump, and base of the tail, white ; and a band of black through the eyes. Vitiflora. Rail. Syn. 75. A. 1.— Briss. Orn. 3. 499. 33. Motacilla CEnanthe. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 15. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 254:.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. ]. 906. Sylvia CEnanthe. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 520. 79. Le Cul-blanc, Vitrec, ou Motteux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. MJ.—Buff. PL Enl. 554. f. 1. 2. Wheatear, Fallowsmich, or Whitetail. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 157. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.420. P. — Will. Ang. 133. pi. 41. — Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 55. — Edwards. Birds, pref. p. 12. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 465. 75. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 182. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 110. — Lin. Trans. 4. p. 1?. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 241.— Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 9. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Sup. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 229. fi.Julvo albidoque varia, jugulo griseo maculato, rectricibus duabus intermediis toto nigris. Varied with fulvous and white, with the jugulum spotted with grey, and the two middle tail-feathers entirely black. Vitiflora grisea. Briss. Orn. 3. 452. 34. pi. 21. f. 2. Motacilla CEnanthe. /3. Lin. Syst. NaL 1. 332. 15. Sylvia CEnanthe. /3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 530. Cul-blanc gris. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 244. Grey Wheatear. Pen. Brit. Zool. App. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 46/. y. supra cinerea, grheo-fusco varia. Above ash-coloured, varied with grey brown. Vitiflora cinerea. Briss. Orn. 3. 454. 35. pi. ll.f. 3, Cul-blanc cendre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 245. Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 468. B. 566 WHITE-RUMPED WIIEAT£AR. THIS species of Wheatear is six inches and a half in length : its beak is black : irides hazel : from the beak, passing through the eyes, and end- ing on the ears, arises a black streak: the eye- brows are white, and join a spot of that colour on the forehead: the upper part of the head and back are hoary grey : the quills are dusky, edged with pale rust: wing-coverts black, tipped with rusty yellow: rump, upper and under tail-coverts, white ; tail with its two middle feathers, with one inch, and the rest half an inch, black at their tips : under part of the neck buff-coloured : breast and belly yellowish white : legs and claws black : the female is rather heavier than the male, but her colours are not so beautiful ; the white line over the eye and on the forehead is very obscure, as is also the black streak which passes through the eyes : the back is varied with grey and brown : the young bird resembles the female. There are several varieties of this species de- scribed by authors : the first is mentioned by Bris- son, who observes that it has a mixture of whitish and fulvous on the upper parts, and that the lower part of the neck is varied with small grey spots : its two middle tail-feathers are entirely black ; and its beak and legs brown. Mr. Pennant also men- tions one that approaches very near the last : an- other described by Brisson has the rump grey- brown, and the upper parts of the body varied with that colour and grey. There is a white variety in the British Museum, which was killed on Dart- moor, by P. Ilbert, Esq. who sent it to Montagu. WHITE-RUMPED WHEATEAR. 56? These birds, which are very abundant in many parts of Britain, arrive in this country in March, the females generally appearing first : they con- tinue migrating till May, when the young are hatched. They are not gregarious, seldom more than a pair or two being seen together, except towards autumn, when they appear in small flocks of forty or fifty : the numbers that are taken in the neighbourhood of East Bourne, in Sussex, are really astonishing, when we consider that so few are ever seen together, generally amounting to upwards of 1800 dozens in number annually; as many as 84 dozens are recorded to have been captured in one day on the South Downs by a single shepherd. They are caught in a singular manner, by placing two turfs on edge in the shape of a Roman T ; at each end a small horse-hair noose is fastened to a stick, which the birds, either in search of food, or on the appearance of a hawk, or the motion of a cloud, get under for shelter, being very timid animals, and are certain to be en- tangled in the noose. Pennant informs us that they sold at the rate of six-pence per dozen : they cannot be had now for more than treble that sum, even in the height of the season. It used to be a common custom for the inhabitants in the vicinity of the traps to visit them, take out the bird, and leave a penny for the shepherd, but that is in a great measure abolished. Numbers of them are picked and sent up to the London poulterers, and others are potted, and are as much esteemed in England as the Ortolan is on the continent. They breed under shelter of a clod or turf, on 568 BLACK-HOODED WHEATEAR. heaths, or newly ploughed lands, or in old de- serted rabbit burrows ; if the latter, the nest is ge- nerally placed very far within : it is composed of dry grass and moss, mixed with wool, rabbit fur, &c. and lined with feathers, hair, or wool, and is very neatly put together : the eggs are five or six in number, of an uniform pale blue colour, and weigh about forty-three grains. The White-rump has a very pretty song, which is occasionally uttered on wing, especially during the breeding season, at which time it also dis- plays its tail in a very extraordinary manner : its food consists of insects; but in rainy seasons, when there are but few to be procured, it will feed upon worms. During the months of August and Sep- tember the migration of these birds commences, and they assemble in quantities on the Sussex and Dorset downs, preparatory to their departure, which is believed to take place in the night. They are found in most parts of Europe, and have been observed in the Isles of Orkney and Zetland, and on the continent still farther north : they likewise inhabit Asia. BLACK-HOODED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora pileata.) Vi. capite rectricibus intermediis laterabusque apice nigris, super- ciliis,f route, mento, uropygio, abdomineque albis. Wheatear with the head, middle tail-feathers, and tips of the lateral ones, black ; the eyebrows, forehead, chin, rump, and abdomen, white. RED WHEATEAR. 569 Sylvia pileata. Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 531. 84. Motacilla pileata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Black-hooded Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.471- 80. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham, who informs us that it is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Schaap Wagter : it is the size of the White-rump : length . six inches : beak black : head black, uniting on each side the neck with a deep crescent of the same : the eyebrows are white: forehead and chin the same : the back and wing russet-brown : rump, belly, and tail, white, the whole of the two middle, and tips of the other, feathers of the latter excepted, which are black. It approaches near to the common species. RED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora rufa.) Vi.ferruginea, alls Jus cis, area oculorum caudaque nigris, rec- tricibus extimis latere albis. Ferruginous Wheatear, with the wings brown, space round the eyes and the tail black, and the sides of the outer tail-feathers white. Vitiflora rufa. Briss. Orn. 3. 459. 37. Sylvia Stapazina. Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 530. 80. Motacilla Stapazina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 966. — Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.331. 14. Cul-blanc roux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 246. CEnanthe altera Aldrovandi. Rail. Syn. p. /6. 2. Stapazino. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 241. Q. — Rail. Syn. 81. No. 13. var. Russet Wheatear. Edwards. Birds, pi. 31.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 468. 76. 370 PROVENCE WHEATEAR. TAKEN at Gibraltar and near Bologna: about six inches in length : the male has the head, neck, back, and breast, of a faint dirty orange; the back darkest, and the breast palest : the lower part of the back has a crescent of black spots : the rump, lower part of the belly, and upper tail-coverts, are white : the chin, cheeks, and throat, black : the wings light brown : the two middle tail-feathers black ; the rest white, edged with black : beak and legs black: the female differs in having the throat white. Willoughby describes a bird that has the wing-feathers half black, half yellow ; the throat, breast, and belly, white ; and the tail to- wards the base yellowish : in other respects it agrees very well with the above. It was taken near Nismes. PROVENCE WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora massiliensis.) Vi. rufa, subtus rufo-alba, pectore nigricante maculata, vertice cerviceque rufo fuscescentibus, macula sub oculis cchroleuca, rectricibus duabus extimis totis albis. Rufous Wheatear, beneath reddish white, with the breast spotted with dusky ; the crown and nape reddish brown ; spot beneath the eyes ochraceous white, and the two outer tail-feathers en- tirely white. Sylvia massiliensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.531. 85. Motacilla massiliensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 9^5. Fist de Provence. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. IQt.—Buff. PL Enl. 654./. 1. Provence Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 471. 81. SPOTTED WHEATEAR. 571 THIS bird receives the name of Fist from its cry, which is said to resemble that word : it is a timid species, hiding itself beneath a turf or stone when disturbed : its length is seven inches : beak dusky: top of the head, and hind part of the neck, pale rufous brown ; the tips of the feathers dusky: upper part of the back rufous : lesser wing-coverts and quills black, edged with rufous : beneath the eyes a yellowish white spot : neck and breast spotted with black : the rest of the under parts reddish white: tail slightly forked, dusky black; the two middle feathers edged with rufous, and the four next with white : the two outer ones en- tirely of the latter colour: legs yellowish. In- habits Provence. SPOTTED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora maculata.) Vi. nigro-maculata supra fusca subtus albida, orbitis ochroleucis, uropygio fusco, cauda nigra basi alba, rectricibus extimis ex- terius et apice albis. Black spotted Wheatear, above fuscous, beneath white ; orbits yellowish white ; rump brown ; tail black, with a white base, with the outer margin and tip of the exterior feather white. Sylvia maculata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 86. Motacilla maculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Pivote ortolane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. igs.—Buf. PI. Enl 654. f. 2. Spotted Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 472. 82. 072 ORANGE-BREASTED WHEATEAR. THE upper part of the plumage of this bird is brown, spotted with dusky black : the wing-coverts and quills black, edged with sullied white : pri- maries black : rump and upper tail-coverts brown : eyelids yellowish white : neck and breast spotted with black : under parts of the plumage dusky white : sides spotted with dusky : tail black, with the outer webs and tips of the exterior feathers, and the bases of the rest, white : legs yellowish. Inhabits Provence with the last, which it greatly resembles : it may possibly be a variety of that species. ORANGE-BREASTED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora aurantia.) Vi.Jusca, subtus aurantia, gutture albido infra nigro vario, tec- tricibus alarum majoribus caudaque albis, rectricibus Juscis^ la- ter alibus apice albis. Brown Wheatear, beneath orange-coloured, with the throat whitish, varied with black beneath; the greater wing-coverts and tail white ; the feathers of the latter fuscous, the outer ones tipped with white. Sylvia aurantia. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 531. 83. Motacill a aurantia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q65. Motteux ou Cul-blanc brun-verdatre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 248. Orange-breasted Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4/O. 79- LENGTH six inches : upper parts of the plumage dark brown, varied with greenish brown : the CAPE WHEATEAR. 573 greater wing-coverts, upper and under tail-coverts, white : throat dirty white : fore-part of the neck the same, sprinkled with dirty black : breast orange, palest on the lower parts : all but the two middle tail-feathers with white tips ; the rest of the tail brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. CAPE WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora Hotentotta.) Vi.fulvofusca, gula abdomineque inferiore albidis, superiore uro- pygioque fulvis, tectricibus caudcs superioribus Jlavicantibus, cauda nigra basi alba, apice alb Ida. Fulvous-brown Wheatear, with the throat and lower part of the belly white ; the upper part and rump brown ; the upper tail- coverts yellowish; the tail black, with a white base and whitish tip. Sylvia Hotentotta. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 531. 82. Motacilla Hotentotta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 965. Grand Motteux ou Cul-blanc du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 248. Cape Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 470. 78. THE Cape Wheatear, as its name imports, is found at the Cape of Good Hope : it is eight inches in length : the crown of the head and the breast are varied with dark and pale brown : the upper parts of the plumage fulvous brown : rump with a pale fulvous band : upper tail-coverts white : wings brown, edged with yellowish : upper parts of the belly and sides fulvous j lower part of the 574 RUFOUS WHEATEAR. former dirty white : under tail-coverts yellowish : the base of the tail is white, the middle black, and the tip whitish, except of the two middle feathers, which are fulvous. RUFOUS WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora leucorrhoa.) Vi. rufo-Jusca, subtus ochroleuca, uropygio tectricibus basiquc caudce albis. Red-brown Wheatear, beneath yellowish white, with the rump, base, and coverts of the tail, white. Sylvia leucorrhoa. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 531. 81. Motacilla leucorrhoa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 966. Motteux du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 24p. Cul-blanc du Senegal. Buff. PL Enl. 583./ 2. Rufous Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 499. 77. THIS bird is rather larger than the White-rumped Wheatear : it is a native of Senegal : length seven inches : beak black : the upper parts of the body are reddish brown ; the wing-coverts and quills are margined with rufous : the rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and base of the tail, are white : the breast inclines to reddish, and the rest of the under parts are yellowish white : the legs are black : the tip of the tail is similar to the quills. WHEAT -EAR . 575 SYLVIA. WARBLER. Generic Character. Rostrum gracile, rectum, cy- lindricum, mandibulis sub- aequalibus. Nares obovatae. Pedes simplices, digitis tri- bus antiois, uno postico. Beak slender, straight, cylin- drical, the mandibles nearly equal. Nostrils slightly oval. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. JL HE Warblers, as they now stand, form one of the largest divisions of birds, which it is impossible to separate into genera on account of the great number of species, that are either not sufficiently well figured, or are merely known from descrip- tion ; but it is to be hoped that some future or- nithologist will undertake the laborious task of separating the birds belonging to the genera Lus- ciniola, Ficedula, Curruca, and others, of the older authors ; as the present genus consists of an hete- rogeneous assemblage of small birds, having a few characters in common : many are noticed for their charming songs : they perch on trees, and proceed upon the ground by leaps, and some are distinguished by their peculiar flight; their prin- cipal food is insects, but some few will eat berries and fruits: they are found in all parts of the globe, v. x. P. ii. 37 576 NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. (Sylvia Luscinia.) SY. rufo-cinerea subtus cinereo-albay rectricibusjusco-rufis. Red-grey Warbler, beneath cinereous white, with the tail of 3 brownish-red. Sylvia Luscinia. Scop. Ann. l. 227 • — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2,. 506. 1. Motacilla Luscinia. Lin.Syst. Nat. 1.328. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 244. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 95O.—Ray. Syn. 78. A. 2. Luscinia. Briss. Orn. 3. 397- 13. Rossignol. Buff. Hut. Nat. Ois. 5. 81. pi. 6.f. l.—Buf. PI. Enl. 6\5.f. 2. Nightingale. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 145.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 416. A. — Albin. Birds. 3. 53. — Albin. Song Birds. 67.— Will. Ang. 220. pi. 41.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 408. I. —Lath. Syn. Sup. 180. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 233.— Le'win. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 99. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 229.— Dow. 8™*- Birds. 5. pi. 108 — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 199«— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup. |3. tota alba. Entirely white. Luscinia Candida. Briss + Orn. 3. 401. B. Rossignol blanc. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. o. 114. White Nightingale. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 412, OF all the Warblers this appears to be the greatest favourite, not on account of its plumage, which is extremely simple and elegant, but for the charming melody of its voice, which enlivens the solitary gloom of night to the bewildered tra- veller. It is the largest of the genus found in England : it is the size of a Skylark : its length is about six inches : beak brown : irides hazel : w^s ^;:r -&J?C3?&33^ -^^m^^l^^^^n NIGHTINGALE NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. 577 the head and upper parts of the body pale tawny : the quills brown, their outer webs reddish brown: the under parts are grey brown : the tail deep tawny red: female rather less, but similar in colour. Notwithstanding this bird is common in this country, it never visits the northern parts, and but seldom occurs in the western counties of Devonshire and Cornwall, although it is plentiful in the adjoining counties of Somersetshire and Dorsetshire, and the two former places are well wooded, and apparently equally calculated for its abode : its northern bounds appear to be about Doncaster, in Yorkshire ; but on the continent it occurs in Sweden and Germany much farther north than many parts of Scotland. In Asia it extends even to Siberia and Kamtschatka : in the eastern quarter of the globe it appears to be most abundant, and appears at all times in India, Persia, China, and Japan, where it is greatly prized. In Aleppo these birds are tamed, and are let out for the evening for the purpose of entertaining by their song. The males appear about the latter end of April, or the beginning of May; the females about a week or ten days later : the male never quits the spot first resorted to, but entices the female with his song. Shortly after their arrival the nest is constructed ; it is fixed in a low bush or hedge, well covered with leaves, and is composed of dry leaves and grass, and lined with hair or down; it is often 578 NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. placed upon the grotjnd amongst the same mate- rials with which it is composed : the eggs are four or five in number, of a greenish brown : the female alone performs the business of incubation, while the male amuses her with his delightful song; but as soon as the young are hatched he ceases, and assists the female in procuring food : when the young are able to provide for themselves, the fe- male, it is said, provides for a second brood, and the male recommences singing : they will often have three, and in hot countries four broods in the year ; but Colonel Montagu doubts whether they have more than one, at least in this climate, unless the first be destroyed accidentally. They are very solitary birds, never uniting into flocks, and residing wholly in close woods and thickets, where they are seldom seen : their food consists principally of small worms, insects, and occasionally a few berries : they are often taken for the sake of their song, and although very shy are easily captured, being taken with snares or twigs of birdlime. Young ones are frequently brought up from the nest, and when well managed will sing all the year round, except during the time of moulting : of the superior melody of the song of .these birds it is useless to give an account, as it must be known to all ; it is sufficient to state that it is generally uttered in the still summer's night, when all nature is silent. There are two or three varieties mentioned; one is much larger, and is said to sing even better j another entirely white j and it has been MADAGASCAR WARBLER. 579 found with the head, neck, wings, and tail, white ; the rest of the plumage pale brown and white mixed. MADAGASCAR WARBLER. (Sylvia Madagascariensis.) SY. oliwceo-fusca, capite rufo, gula alba, pectore rufescente, ab- domine riifo-Jitsco. Olive-brown Warbler, with a red head, white throat, reddish breast, and reddish-brown abdomen. Sylvia Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 507. 2. Motacilla Madagascariensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q52. Luscinia Madagascariensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 401. 14. pi. 22. f* 1. Foudi-jala, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.116. Madagascar Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 412. 2. THE Madagascar Warbler is the size of the Nightingale : it is in length six inches and a half : its beak and legs are deep brown: the head is rufous : the coverts of the ears are brown : the upper parts of the body are olive-brown : the throat is white : the breast pale rufous, and the belly olive-brown, with a tinge of reddish : the upper parts of the tail are olive-brown, and the lower olive. Inhabits Madagascar. 580 BABBLING WARBLER. (Sylvia Curruca.) SY. suprajfusca, subtus albida, rectricibusfuscis, extima marginc tenuiori alba. Warbler above brown, beneath whitish, with the tail-feathers brown, the outer one with the inner margin white. Sylvia Curruca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 50Q. 9. Motacilla Curruca. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 329. 6. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 247.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 954. Curruca garrula. Briss. Orn. 3. 384. 7. Fauvette babillarde. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 135.— Buff. PL Enl. 580.f. 3. Kruka. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 422. u. Babbling Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 417. 6. THIS is a very noisy and restless bird: it is abundant in gardens in Pisa, where the natives call it Bianchetto : it is likewise abundant in other parts of Italy and France : its eggs are said by some to be greenish, with brown spots ; but by Linneus they are described as cinereous, sprinkled with ferruginous : its food consists of insects and their larvae. The bird is five inches in length : its beak is dusky : the crown of its head is grey: beneath the eye is a stripe of deep cinereous: the upper parts of the neck and body resemble the crown, but incline to brown: the quills are brown, margined with white on their inner edges, and with reddish grey on their outer : the primaries are edged with cinereous : the under parts of the body, and edge of the wing, are reddish white : GARDEN WARBLER. 581 the tail is brown, with grey edges ; the outer web and tip of each side feather is white ; the rest of the inner web ash-coloured, edged with white : tail slightly forked : legs brown. GARDEN WARBLER. (Sylvia hortensis.) SY. griseofusca, subtus rufo alba, superciliis albidis, remigibus cinereo fuscis, margine griseis, rectricibus fuscis, extima extus et versus apicem intus albida. Grey-brown Warbler, beneath reddish white, with the eyebrows whitish; the quills grey-brown, edged with grey; the tail- feathers fuscous, the outer feather whitish on the outer web and towards the tip within. Sylvia hortensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 507. 3. Motacilla hortensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q55. Curruca. Briss. Orn. 3. 372. 2. Fauvette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 117 . pi. J.—Buff. PL Enl. 579./.1- Petty-chaps. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 413. 3.— 'Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 234. l.—Lemin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 100.— Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 230. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Sup. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 209.? THIS is in length six inches : weight about five drachms : beak dusky above ; the base of the under mandible yellowish : irides hazel : orbits white : the prevailing colour of the upper parts of the plumage light brown, inclining to olive: quills dusky, edged with olive : beneath the ear a dash 582 GARDEN WARBLER. of cinereous : throat, neck, breast, and sides, dirty white ; the two latter inclining to brown : belly and under tail-coverts white : tail similar to the wings : legs blueish brown : both sexes are alike. This species is found in Sweden, Italy, England, and other parts of Europe : in this country the males arrive about the last week in April, the females some days later : it frequents fields and gardens, and builds its nest in a thick bush, or on pea-sticks ; it is composed of dried fibres, wool, and a little moss, outwardly, the inside lined with horse-hair j it is flimsily put together : the eggs are generally four in number, of a dirty white, blotched with light brown, especially at the larger end, where there are also some spots of ash. The young remain in the nest till they are nearly feathered. The song of this bird is only inferior to that of the Nightingale, either in melody or variety : some of the notes are sweetly and softly drawn, others are quick, lively, loud, and piercing, reach- ing the ear with pleasing harmony, like the whistle of the Blackbird ; by some the song is thought superior to the Nightingale. Its general food consists of insects ; but it will also feed on fruits, resorting, in the autumn particularly, to gardens with other birds of a like disposition, for the sake of the currants and other fruits. This was first discovered to be a native of Eng- land by Sir Ashton Lever, who took several in Lancashire; but since that time it has been ob- BOGRUSH WARBLER. 583 served in most of the southern counties, even to Devonshire : it is most abundant in Lincolnshire: according to Bewick, it occurs in Northumber- land. BOGRUSH WARBLER. (Sylvia Schoenobaenus.) SY. testaceo-fusca, subtus pallide testacea capite maculato. Testaceous-brown Warbler, beneath pale testaceous, the head spotted. Sylvia Schcenobasnus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 510. 10. — Scop. Ann* I. 235. Sylvia aquatica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 510. 11. var. Motacilla Schoenobaenus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 32Q. 4. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 246.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 053. Motacilla aquatica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 953. var. Curruca sylvestris seu Lusciniola. Briss. Orn. 3. 3Q3. 11. Fauvette des bois ou Roussette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 13Q. Aquatic Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4Ip. 8. var. Reed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 418. 7. Bogrush Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 4 19. L. SIZE of Sylvia Hippolais : the beak dusky : the whole of the feathers on the upper parts of the body brown, edged with rufous ; quills the same : the under parts of the plumage incline to rufous; the tail is entirely brown : the legs are whitish. The nest of this bird, which inhabits France, Italy, and Sweden, is composed of moss and wool, and lined with the latter : the eggs are plain sky- 584 SIMPLE WARBLER. blue, and are four or five in number : it has a pleasing song, which is uttered through the winter : bath young and old birds are very tame, and the former are easily reared : it is a migrative species, wintering in the southern provinces of France. The Aquatic Warbler of Dr. Latham does not appear specifically distinct from the above, as it only differs in having the belly and rump whitish, a white spot near the outer angle of the eye, and a band of white at the base of the wing : it is found in the same situations as the former, and is called by the Italians, Grisato. SIMPLE WARBLER. ( Sylvia campestris. ) i Sv.fusca, capite virescente-cinereo, rectricibus concoloribus , ab- domine albido. Brown Warbler, with the head greenish-ash ; the tail-feathers of the same colour ; the belly white. Sylvia campestris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 544. 139. Motacilla campestris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g53.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 329- 5. Curruca jamaicensis. , Briss. Orn. Snp. 100. Habit-uni. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 336. American Hedge Sparrow. Edwards. Birds. 122./ 1. Simple Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 500. 134. THE Simple Warbler is the size of Sylvia mo- dularis : its beak is black : the head and neck are GRISLY WARBLER. 585 greenish ash-colour above : the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, are rufous brown ; the under parts brownish white: legs brown. In- habits Jamaica. GRISLY WARBLER. (Sylviagrisea.) SY. cinereo grisea, vertice, rostro, gutture pectoreque nigris, stria oculari, recticum apice, abdomine crissoque albis. Cinereous-grey Warbler, with the crown, beak, throat, and breast, black; stripe through the eyes, tip of the tail-feathers, abdomen, and vent, white. Sylvia grisea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 88. Motacilla grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. §64. Grifin de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 408.— Buff. PL Enl. 643. f. 1. 2. Grisly Warbler. Lath. Gen. Sijn. 4. 4?3. 84. INHABITS Cayenne : length four inches and a half: the male has the beak black: the crown of the head dusky black : the upper parts of the body are ash-coloured grey, edged with grey: the wings and tail are the same, but bordered with white : through the eye a white stripe: the throat, fore- part of the neck, and breast, are black : the belly, thighs, and vent, are white : the legs are ash- coloured : the female has all the upper parts of her body deeper ash than the male, and those parts that are black in him are dusky in her. 586 SEDGE WARBLER. (Sylvia salicaria.) SY. cinerea, subtus alba, superciliis albis. Cinereous Warbler, beneath white, with white eyebrows. Sylvia salicaria. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 516. 26. Motacilla salicaria. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 8. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 2AQ.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 955. Curruca arundinacea. JBriss. Orn. 3. 378. 5. Fauvette des roseaux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 142. — Buff. PL Enl. 581. f. 2. Reed Fauvette. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 215. Sedge Bird, or Warbler. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 155. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 41p. M.—Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 6O. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 430. 21. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 180. 21. — Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. 105.— Don. Brit. Birds. 2. 48.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mow*. AN elegant species : it is five inches and a half in length : its beak is dusky above, and whitish beneath : irides hazel : crown of the head and upper parts of the body yellowish brown : the crown and back spotted with dusky : wing-coverts dusky, edged with olive-brown ; quills the same : over the eyes a stripe of white : all the under parts yellowish white, the breast and sides darkest : tail similar to the wings, and rounded; its coverts tawny : legs dusky. This bird greatly resembles the Reed Warbler, but the latter wants the white stripe over the eyes, and the feathers on the back and wing-coverts are not dusky : the eggs and nest greatly differ. RUSH WARBLER. 587 The Sedge Warbler is found where there are abundance of reeds and sedges, by the sides of rivers and marshes : the nest is sometimes fastened to two or three reeds, either on the ground or some distance up ; it is also placed occasionally on a short tuft of the same, or in a low bush, or willow stump j it is composed of moss and dried stalks, lined with dried grass and a few hairs : the eggs are five or six in number, of a light brown colour, varied with darker shades : the young will desert the nest if any one approaches it. The note of this bird is so varied, that it has obtained the name of the English Mock-bird, as during the breeding season it is singing continually, and imi- tating the song of the Skylark and Swallow, and even the chatter of the Domestic Finch ; it also sings during the night, and if silent, a stone thrown into the bush where it is perched will cause it to begin singing instantly. RUSH WARBLER. (Sylvia juncorum.) car, subtus dilutior, cauda subfurcata. Brown Warbler, beneath palest, with the tail slightly forked. Sylvia juncorum. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 511. 14. Motacilla juncorum. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 952. Passer Virginianus. Briss. Orn. 3. 101. 14. Little brown Sparrow. Catesb. Carol. 1. 35. Rush Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool 2. 415. 323.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 420. 10. 588 REED WARBLER. THE Rush Warbler is less than S. modularis : it is scarcely five inches in length : the prevailing colour of its plumage is brown, with the under ^parts palest : the tail is greatly forked : the beak and legs are brown. It is common near habita- tions in Virginia and Carolina, and feeds upon insects. HEED WARBLER. (Sylvia arundinacea.) SY. supra olivaceo-fasca subtus albida, loris et orbitisfusco-albes- centibus, angulo carpi subtus luteo-fulva, cauda subcuneata fusca. Warbler above olive-brown, beneath whitish, with the lores and orbits brownish-white; the angle of the wings brownish-yel- low beneath 5 the tail slightly wedged and brown. Sylvia arundinacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 510. 12. Motacilla arundinacea. Lightfoot. Phil. Trans. Ixxv. p. 8. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 992. Lesser Fauvette. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 212. Reed Wren. Phil. Trans. Ixxv. p. 8. pi. I.— Lath. Syn. Sup. lQ4.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 114. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Sup. THE Reed Warbler is scarcely five inches and a half in length : its beak is broad at the base ; it is dusky above and yellowish beneath : irides hazel : the upper parts of the plumage are plain olive-brown : from the beak to the eye is an ob- scure lightish streak; the eyelids are also light, REED WARBLER. 589 but the eyebrows are like the rest of the head : the under parts of the body yellowish white ; the throat, and down the middle of the belly, are lightest ; the sides incline to reddish brown : the quills and tail are dusky, edged with olive-brown ; the feathers of the latter are wedged : legs dusky brown : both sexes are similar. The nest of this bird is curiously suspended between three or four reeds, or upon some plant overhanging the water; it is fastened by means of dead grass, of which, and reeds, it is principally composed on the outside; the lining consists of the flowery tufts of the reeds, dead grass, and a few horse-hairs ; it is very deep in proportion, which gives great security to the eggs, as the nest is perpetually swinging about with the wind, every gust forcing it nearly to the water. The eggs are four or five in number, rather larger than those of the Sedge Warbler, of a greenish white, blotched with dusky brown, particularly at the larger end. About the latter end of April or the beginning of May this species makes its appearance, and is found during the summer in many parts of the eastern division of the kingdom, but has not been seen to the west as far as Wiltshire or Somerset- shire : it is very abundant near the river Coin, in Buckinghamshire, among the reeds : it is a very shy bird, and is difficult to meet with : its note is similar to that of the Sedge Warbler, with which it is often confounded. 590 OLIVE-COLOURED WARBLER. (Sylvia olivacea.) SY. olivacea, pectore abdomineque albis. Olive Warbler, with the breast and abdomen white. Sylvia olivacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 90. Motacilla olivacea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. Olive-coloured Warbler. Brown. III. Zool. 33. pi. 14. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 473. S6. SIZE of Sylvia modularis : its beak is whitish, with a few yellow bristles at its base : the head and upper parts of the plumage are olive: the breast and belly white. Inhabits Ceylon. MAGELLANIC WARBLER. (Sylvia Magellanica.) SY. Jlavo-fasca, nigro undulata, subtus cinereorfava nigricante transversim striata, cauda breviore nigra lineis transversis. Yellow-brown Warbler, waved with black, beneath cinereous yellow, transversely striped with dusky ; the tail short, with black transverse stripes. Sylvia Magellanica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 528. 75. Motacilla Magellanica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 979. Magellanic Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 464. 72. " LENGTH four inches and a half: beak half an inch : visage somewhat prolonged : irides reddish : FIG-EATING WARBLER. 591 upper parts of the body yellow-brown, waved with black, with a mixture of red, especially on the sides over the wings : under parts cinereous yel- low, crossed with blackish: tail cuneiform, yel- lowish brown, mixed with red, and barred with black lines ; it is very short, the longest feather being only one inch : legs three quarters of an inch long, but stout, and of a yellow colour. In- habits Terra del Fuego." Described by Dr. Latham from Sir Joseph Banks's drawings. FIG-EATING WARBLER. ( Sylvia naevia.) SY. rufo-fusca^ Jlamcante cinereoque varia, subtus alba, pectore jlavicante nigro maculato, remigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus margine albis. Red-brown Warbler, varied with yellow and cinereous; beneath white, with the breast yellowish, and spotted with black ; the quills and tail dusky, margined with white. Sylvia naevia. Lath. Ind. Orn.1. 517. 29- Motacilla naevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 957. Curruca naevia. Briss. Orn. 3. 389« 9- Fauvette tachetee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 1^9. — Buff. PL Enl. 581. f. 3. Fig-eater. Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 26.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 433. 24. LENGTH five inches and a half: beak and legs reddish: the upper parts of the body and wings reddish brown, varied with yellowish and cinere- v, x. P. ii. 38 592 EPICUREAN WARBLER. ous : the quills dusky, edged with white : the breast yellowish, spatted with dusky ; the rest of the under parts white : tail slightly forked, the same colour as the wings. Common in the vicinity of Bologna, in Italy, in cow pastures : its nest is placed about twelve inches from the ground, on a shrub or bush ; and, according to Buffon, it is very courageous in defence of its young, as it will sooner lose its life than they should be hurt. EPICUREAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Ficedula.) SY. subfusca, subtus alba, pectore cinereo maculato. Brownish Warbler, beneath white, with the breast spotted with cinereous. Sylvia Ficedula. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 517. 28. Motacilla Ficedula. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 10. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 251. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 956. Ficedula. Briss. Orn. 3. 369. 1. Becfigue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 187. — Buff. PI. Enl. 668. f:1' Epicurean Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 419. K« — Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 432. 23. As its name imports, this species is greatly prized on the continent as a very great delicacy, particularly in the autumn, when it feeds upon, and commits great havoc on, figs and grapes : it is rather small, measuring only five inches in length : EPICUREAN WARBLER. 593 its beak and legs are dusky: the orbits of the eyes are reddish white : the upper parts of the plumage are grey brown : the greater wing-coverts are cinereous brown, tipped with white, forming a bar of that colour on the wings ; the quills of which are cinereous brown, edged with greyish brown, the three nearest the body excepted, which have white edges : the under parts of the body grey white : the breast tinged with brown : the outer tail-feather on the exterior web is white, as is the next for two-thirds of its length : the rest of the tail is dusky, edged with grey brown : the female is paler in colour. Found on all parts of the con- tinent from Sweden to Greece, retiring to the southern parts on the approach of winter : they are so abundant in the islands of Cyprus and Candy, that 10OO or 120O pots of them, filled with vinegar and sweet herbs, are exported from thence and sent to Italy annually. HALF-COLLARED WARBLER. (Sylvia semitorquata. ) SY. fusca subtus dilute cinerea, vertice flwvicante olivaceo, stria pone oculos cinerea, tectricibus alarum remigibusquefuscis, rec- tricibus cinereus acutis, lateribus intus albis. Brown Warbler, beneath pale grey, with the crown olive yel- low ; stripe behind the eyes ash-coloured ; the wing-coverts and quills brown ; the tail-feathers acute and cinereous, the outer ones white within. Sylvia semitorquata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 542. 129. — Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 43. Motacilla semitorquata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. Figuier a demi-collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 316. La Fauvette & demi-collier. VieiL Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 43. Half-collared Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 410. 311. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 494. 124. INHABITS Louisiana: length four inches and a half: beak dusky above and whitish beneath : crown yellowish olive : behind the eyes a stripe of cinereous : upper parts of the plumage brown ; wing-coverts the same, edged with yellow: pri- maries and secondaries brown, the former edged with whitish, and the latter with olive, and tipped with white : the lower part of the neck with a yellow stripe like a half collar : under parts of the body pale cinereous, the belly inclining to yellow: tail ash-coloured; the four outer feathers edged with white on the inner margins, all the feathers pointed : legs dusky. 595 GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. (Sylvia Locustella.) SY. Jusco-viridis maculis nigrkantibus subtus Jlavescens, pectore saturation, cauda cuneata rectricibus apice mucronatis. Brown-green Warbler, spotted with dusky, beneath yellowish, with the breast darker; the tail wedged, the tips of the feathers pointed. Sylvia Locustella. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 515. 25. Locustella avicula. Will. Orn. 151. — Ray. Syn. 7O. A. ?. La Locustelle. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 42. Fauvette tachet6e. Buff. PL Enl. 581. f. 3. Grasshopper Warbler. Pen, Brit. Zool. 1. 15&— Pen. Arct. ZooL 2. 419. L.— White. Hist. Selb. 45. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 429. 2O. ?— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 24O. 9. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. —Mont. Sup. LENGTH rather more than six inches: beak dusky above, white beneath : irides dark hazel : the whole upper parts of the bird are olivaceous brown ; the middle of each feather dusky, except on the neck, which gives it a spotted appearance: quills dusky brown, the edges lighter and tinged with olive : eyelids, chin, throat, and belly, yel- lowish white : breast, sides, and thighs, inclining to brown, the two last faintly streaked with dusky : under tail-coverts very pale brown, marked down the shafts with long pointed dusky streaks : tail similar in colour to the quills, but greatly wedged ; the two middle feathers being two inches and a half long, and pointed at the tipsj the outer feather only one inch and a quarter, and rounded GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. at the tip, the intermediate ones decreasing in sharpness as they approach the sides : legs pale brown : claws light horn-colour ; the hind claw short and crooked. This species receives its name from its note, which greatly resembles that of the Mole Cricket*, or Field Cricket t, and which is generally uttered about dusk ; further than that it is destitute of a song : it is a very local species, principally con- fined to the south-western counties of England, the south of Wales and Ireland; by Colonel Mon- tagu its eastern range is fixed in Hampshire, but many specimens have been taken at Coombe Wood, near London. The males generally arive first, appearing about the second week in April, when they settle upon the highest sprigs of bushes and furze, and utter their singular note : the fe- males arrive about ten days after, when the males cease singing in the daytime: the nest is built in thick brambles or furze ; it is like that of the White-throat, composed of dried stalks and goose- grass, lined with fibrous roots, and of a flimsy con- struction : the eggs are blueish white, and are not spotted : they weigh twenty-one grains. * Gryllotalpa vulgaris. Latreille. f Acheta campestris. Fabricius. 597 WHITE-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia cinerea.) SY. supra cinerea, subtus alba, rectrice prima longitudinaliter di- midiato alba, secunda apice alba. Warbler above cinereous, beneath white, with the outer tail- feather longitudinally half white, the next tipped with white. Sylvia cinerea. Lath. Jnd. Orn. 2. 514. 23. Motacilla Sylvia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 9. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 250.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 956. Parus cinereus. Briss. Orn. 3. 549 . 4. Mesange cendree. Ruff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 4QQ. 3. jS. supra rufo-cinerea, subtus rufo albat gula alba. Above of a reddish ash, beneath reddish white, with the throat white. Curruca cinerea sive cineraria. Briss. Orn. 3. 376.pl. 21. f. 1. Fauvette grise, ou la Grissette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 132. — Buff. PI. Enl. 579. f. 3. Le Bouscarle de Provence. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 134.?— Buff. PI. Enl. 655. f. 2.1 White-throat. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. l6o.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 422. s.—Will. Ang. 210. — Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 58. — Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 104.— White. Hist. Selb. 103.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 428. 19. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 21Q. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. THE White-throat weighs about four drams* and is in length five inches and three quarters: its beak is dusky brown above, whitish beneath : irides yellowish : the whole of the upper parts cinereous brown, the wing-coverts darkest, edged with brown, and tinged with rufous : quills dusky, slightly edged with grey-brown : under parts of the plumage grey-brown, the thighs and breast 598 WHITE-THROATED WARBLER. darkest; the latter in some tinged with rosy: tail similar to the quills ; its outer feather white, ex- cept the base of the inner web : legs pale brown : female like the male. A variety is mentioned by Colonel Montagu which has the irides paler yel- low ; the whole of the upper parts rufous brown ; the coverts of the wings and quills next the body deeply margined with bright rufous ; throat and belly silvery white ; breast inclining to brown, darker on the sides; in other respects like the above. Dr. Latham also mentions a variety which is considered a distinct species by Buffon : it dif- fers from the first in being fulvous throughout : it was found in Provence. This is a very common species in England : it is a bird of passage, arriving with others of this genus in the spring, when it enlivens the hedges with its song, which is attended with a peculiar motion of the wings : it is very shy : its nest is placed two or three feet from the ground ; it is made of goose-grass, lined with fibres and moss, with a few long hairs, but is of a very flimsy con- struction: the eggs are four or five in number, of a greenish white colour, speckled with light brown or cinereous : during the spring the feathers on the head are generally erected, forming a slight crest : its principal food consists of insects and berries, but in the autumn it will eat cherries and other ripe fruit ; and in France during that season it destroys the fig and olive : in the autumn it departs from this part. 599 LESSER WHITE-THROAT. (Sylvia Sylviella.) SY. cinereo-fusca subtus sordide alba, rectricibus duabus inter- mcdiis brevioribus subulatis. Grey-brown Warbler, beneath dull white, with the two middle tail-feathers short and awl-shaped. Sylvia Sylviella. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5 15. 24. Lesser White-throat. Lath. Syn. Sup. 185. 152. pi. 113.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 23Q. 8. — Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pi 86,— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.—Mont. Sup. THE Lesser White-throat was first described by Dr, Latham from specimens transmitted by Mr. Lightfoot, from Buckinghamshire, where they were taken near Bulstrode, during the months of May and June : it is less than the common White- throat : its length is five inches and a quarter : weight rather more than three drams : the beak is dusky : irides yellowish, with a tinge of pearl : the upper parts and sides of the head are dark ash-colour : the rest of the upper parts grey-brown : quills and tail dusky, edged with ash : under parts from throat to vent, including the tail-coverts, silvery white : the outer tail-feathers white, except at the very base of the inner web : legs dusky lead-colour : both sexes nearly similar. This bird builds in brambles and thickets : the nest is situated very near to the ground, and, like that of the White-throat, is very flimsily put tor- gether ; it is composed of goose-grass and wool, 600 BOURBON WARBLER. with a few hairs that scarcely serve the purpose of a lining : the eggs are four or five in number, of a blueish white, sprinkled at the larger end with brown and ash-colour ; but occasionally the egg is nearly covered with spots. It does not appear to be plentiful in this coun- try : in the eastern parts, as about the fens of Lincolnshire, it is most abundant: in the north of Wiltshire it is not uncommon, where it generally arrives in the latter end of April : it may be easily discovered by its shrill note, which is hardly worth being called a song ; which, however, it so mo- dulates occasionally as to be very pleasing when close : it generally resides in the thickest bushes : it has never been seen as far west as Devonshire, or farther north than Lincolnshire : Dr. Latham says he received this species from Sweden, by the name of Motacilla Curruca. BOURBON WARBLER. (Sylvia Borbonica. ) SY. griseofusca, subtus Jlamcante sordide grisea, remigibus rec- tricibusquefuscis, margine griseo fastis. Grey-brown Warbler, beneath dirty yellowish grey ; the quills and tail brown, edged with grey-brown. Sylvia Borbonica. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 533. 95. Motacilla Borbonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 081, CITRINE WARBLER. 601 Ficedula Borbonica. Briss. Orn. 3. 510. 60. pL 28. f. 3. Petit Simon. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 280. Figuier de 1'isle de Bourbon. Buff. PI. Enl. 705. f. 2. Bourbon Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 475. 92. THE Bourbon Warbler flies in flocks : it feeds on insects : its nest is formed in the spring, of dried plants, lined with hair : it lays three blue eggs : it is a native of Madagascar and the Isle of Bour- bon : it is the size of the White-eyed Warbler : its beak, legs, and upper parts of its body, are grey-brown : the quills and tail plain brown, edged with grey-brown : the under parts of the plumage dirty yellowish grey. CITRINE WARBLER. ( Sylvia citrina. ) , supra atro-striata, gems, gutture pectoreque albis, cauda iiigra apicejlava. Yellow Warbler, above striped with dusky, with the cheeks, throat, and breast, white ; the tail black, tipped with yellow. Sylvia citrina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 529. 76. Motacilla citrina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 979. Citrine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 464. 73. " SIZE of a Wren: length three inches and a half: beak three quarters of an inch long, straight, and black : irides very pale blue : plumage above yellow, streaked with dusky : sides of the head, beneath the eye, fore-part of the neck, and breast, 602 ASIATIC WARBLER. white : belly, thighs, vent, and rump, yellow : tail short, only half an inch long j colour of it black, with the ends of the feathers of a dull yellow : legs one inch long, dusky : claws large. Inhabits Dusky Bay, New Zealand." Described by Dr. Latham from the same source as the Magellanic Warbler. ASIATIC WARBLER. (Sylvia Asiatica.) SY. Jusca subtus Jlavicans, capite collogue nigris, loris gulaque dlbis, cauda elongata. Brown Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the head and neck black 5 the lores and throat white ; the tail elongated. Sylvia Asiatica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 554. 174. Asiatic Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 247. 27. THE Asiatic Warbler is a native of Guzurat, in India : its beak is dusky : the head and neck are black : the upper parts of the body brown : the lores and chin are white : the under parts of the plumage are yellowish ; the breast is spotted with white : the tail is very long and wedged ; the five outer feathers on each side pale at the tip from the middle : it varies in having the forehead, eye- brows, under parts and tips of the five outer tail- feathers, white. 603 LONG-BILLED WARBLER. (Sylvia Kamtschatkensis.) Sv.fusca, subtus dilutior, abdominis media albo, fronte, genis, mentoque dilute-ferrugineis. Brown Warbler, beneath paler, with the middle of the belly white ; the forehead, cheeks, and chin, pale ferruginous. Sylvia Kamtschatkensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 162. Motacilla Camtschatkensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 986. Long-billed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 420. o. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 245. 20. NATIVE of Kamtschatka : the beak is rather elongated : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are olive-brown : the forehead, cheeks, and chin, are pale rust-colour. PATAGONIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Patagonica.) SY. cinerea, mento, gula, superciliis rectricibusque extimis albis, alls fuscescente variis, tectricibus fascia fuscescente, remigibus marginefuscis. Cinereous Warbler, with the chin, throat, eyebrows, and outer tail-feathers, white ; the wings varied with brownish, their coverts with a brownish band, and the quills edged with brown. Sylvia Patagonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 517. 30. Motacilla Patagonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 958. Patagonian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 434. 2& 604 BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER. THIS species inhabits the sea-coast of Terra del Fuego : it measures nine inches in length : its beak, which varies very much in size, is black : the upper parts of the body are ash-coloured : the eyebrows, chin, and throat, are white : the wing- coverts are tipped with pale brown ; the quills are dark ash, with brown edges : the under parts of the body are pale ash, striped with white: the tail-feathers are cinereous, the outer ones ex- cepted, which are white: the supposed female has fewer stripes of white on the breast. BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER. ( Sylvia Magnolia.) SY. nigra subtus Jlava, fronte, loris, maculaque annum nigris, uropygiojlavo, superciliis crissoque albis, cauda subfurcata. Black Warbler, beneath yellow, with the forehead, lores, and spot on the ears, black ; the rump yellow, and the eyebrows and vent white; tail slightly forked. Sylvia Magnolia. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 63. Black and Yellow Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 63. pi. xxm. /»- LENGTH five inches : beak black : front, lores, and behind the ear, black : over the eye a white stripe, and immediately below another of the same : crown dark ash : back nearly black ; shoulders slightly streaked with olive : rump yellow : tail- coverts deep black : inner webs of the lateral tail- DAUURIAN WARBLER. 605 feathers white, with the tip black; the middle feathers entirely black: the under parts of the plumage rich yellow, spotted from the throat downwards with black streaks: vent white: tail slightly forked: wings black, crossed with two transverse white bars : legs brown. This species inhabits the banks of the Miami, near its junction with the Ohio ; it is also found on the Mississippi and in the vicinity of Philadelphia : it delights to sit on the highest branches of the trees. DAUURIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia aurorea.) SY. subtusfulva, vertice cermceque canis9fronte maculaque alarum albidis, gutture atro, rectricibus fulvis, intermediis duabus nigris. Warbler beneath fulvous, with the crown and top of the neck hoary ; the forehead and spot on the wings white ; the throat dusky; the tail-feathers fulvous, with the two middle one^ black. Sylvia aurorea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. 66. Motacilla aurorea. Pdll. Trav. 3. 695. 15.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.976. Dauurian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 460. 64. FREQUENTS the willows in the neighbourhood of the river Selinga, in Siberia, and on the confines of China: it is a very familiar and common species : it is the size of the Redstart : the forehead is 606 EQUATORIAL WARBLER. whitish : the crown of its head and the nape are hoary : the back and wings are black, the latter marked with a triangular white spot : the throat and fore-part of the neck are black : the under parts of the body are deep yellow ; the tail is also yellow, the two middle feathers excepted, which are wholly black. EQUATORIAL WARBLER. (Sylvia ^Equinoctialis.) SY. virescentejiisca, subtus ochroleuca, gula pectoreque flavescen- tibus, remigibus, cauda pedibusquefuscis. Green-brown Warbler, beneath yellow white, with the throat and breast yellowish ; the quills, tail, and feet, brown. Sylvia aequinoctialis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 542. 127. — Vieil. Ois, de VAmer. Sept. 2. 26. Motacilla aequinoctialis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. Figuier olive de Cayenne. Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 315.— Buff. PI. Enl.685.f. 1. La Fauvette olive. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 26. pi. 81. Equatorial Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 403. 122. THIS bird is above five inches in length : its beak is black : the upper parts of the plumage are greenish brown : the quills and tail dusky brown : the throat and breast pale yellow : the under parts of the body yellowish white : legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne and North America. 607 PALM WARBLER. (Sylvia Palmarum.) Sv.fusca, subtus sordide ochroleuca, abdominejlavescente, uropy- gio olivaceo, rectricibus duabus extimis fascia intus prope api- cem alba. Brown Warbler, beneath dull yellow white, with the belly yel- lowish ; the rump olive, and the two outer tail-feathers with a white stripe near the tip within. Sylvia palmarum. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 544. 136. — Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 21. Motacilla palmarum. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 951. La Fauvette Bimbele. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 21. pi. 73. Bimbele* ou fausse Linotte. 'Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 330. Palm Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 498. 131. CALLED Bimbele by the negroes of St. Do- mingo: its length is five inches : the upper parts of its plumage are brown, the head deepest: wings and tail brown, with paler edges: rump and upper tail-coverts olive-green : the throat, fore-part of the neck, and breast, yellowish white : belly and vent pale yellow : the two outer tail-feathers with a white band on the inner web near the tip. In- habits the island of St. Domingo, among palm- trees, where its nest is constructed : the female lays two or three eggs : their principal food con- sists of seeds and insects : it has scarcely any song, but what little there is, is far from being unpleasant. v. x. P. n. 39 608 VAN D1EMANS WARBLER. ( Sylvia canescens. ) SY. fusco-canescens subtus alba, capite nigro, /route albo striata, pectore arissoque striis nigris. Hoary-brown Warbler, whitish beneath, with the head black"; the forehead striped with white, and the breast and vent with black. Sylvia canescens. Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 553. 168. Van Dieman's Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 187. 153. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham : " Length six inches and a half: beak the length of the head, colour black : forehead marked with white striae : space over the eyes and the cheeks whitish: back brown, mixed with white : wings pale brown ; the edges of most of the feathers fulvous on their outer margins, forming a spot of the same on the wings : tail shorter than the body, somewhat cuneiform in shape ; the outer margin of the feathers, half way from the base, pale fulvous ; the two outer ones on each side marked with a white spot within, at the tips : the under parts of the body white : the breast and vent striped longitudinally with white : legs black. Inhabits Van Dieman's Land." 609 DUSKY WARBLER. (Sylvia fuscata.) Sy.fusca, subtus grisea, cauda cequali longa. Brown Warbler, beneath grey, the tail even and elongated. Sylvia fuscata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 535. 101. Motacilla fuscata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 , 982. Figuier brun du Senegal. Buffi PI. Enl. 584. f. 1. Undated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 471. 97- LENGTH six inches : the beak dusky : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage brown ; the quills and tail darkest ; the latter even at the end, and much elongated : the under parts of the plumage grey : legs yellow. Inhabits Senegal. SYBIL WARBLER. (Sylvia Sybilla.) SY. nigricans, subtus albatpectore rufo, macula alarum alba. Dusky Warbler, beneath white, with the breast red, and spot on the wings white. Sylvia Sybilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 523. 50. Motacilla Sybilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 337. 44.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.992. Rubetra madagascariensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 489. 1S.pl. 24./ 4. Traquet de Madagascar. Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 231. Sybil Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 450. 47. 610 BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER. LARGER than S. rubicola : the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, are black; the edges of the feathers of the back and wing-coverts tawny : the quills near the body have a white spot on them : the whole of the under parts white, with a stripe passing over the lower part of the neck like a half collar : the breast is reddish : the tail en- tirely black : it has much the appearance of the Stone Chat Warbler. Its native place is Mada- gascar. BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER. (Sylvia chrysops.) SY. rufo^fusca subtus alba, genis nigris, sub oculis stngajlava. Red-brown Warbler, beneath white, with the cheeks black, and beneath the eyes a yellow stripe. Sylvia chrysops. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. 5. Black-cheeked Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 248. 31. LARGER than the Domestic Finch : beak dusky : tongue jagged at the tip : the plumage above dusky brown : through the eye an irregular stripe of yellow: cheeks and sides of the head, surround- ing the eye, black : chin blue-grey : under parts -of the body dirty white. Inhabits New South Wales. 611 YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER^ (Sylvia Americana.) SY. cinereo-ccerulea, axillis olivaceo luteis, gula pectoreque flams, abdomine tectricumque alarum apice albis, caudce apice pallido. Grey-blue Warbler, with the axillae of an olive yellow; the throat and breast yellow ; the abdomen and tips of the wing- coverts white ; and the tip of the tail pale. Sylvia americana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. 40. Sylvia torquata. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 38. Motacilla americana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 960. Yellow-backed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 440. 36. La Fauvette £ collier. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 38. pi. QQ. THE Yellow-backed Warbler inhabits America: its beak and legs are pale brown : the head, hind part of the neck, and back, cinereous blue : be- tween the shoulders olive yellow: tips of the wing- coverts white, exhibiting a bar of thatcolour: throat and breast yellow: belly white: tip of the tail pale. FLAXEN WARBLER. ( Sylvia subflava. ) Sv.Jusca, subtus alba, cauda cuneiformi* Brown Warbler, beneath white, with the tail wedged. Sylvia subflava. Lath. Ind. Orn. % 535. 102. Motacilla subflava. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier bloud du Senegal. Buff. PL Enl. 584. f. 2. Figuier aventre gris du Senegal. Buff. PI. Enl. 584. f. 3, Flaxen Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 478. 98. 612 JAMAICA WARBLER. LENGTH not quite five inches : beak dusky : the upper parts of the plumage brown ; the rump palest : the tail short and wedge-shaped: the sides of the body pale red; the under parts white: legs yellow : the female has the under parts grey. In- habits Senegal. JAMAICA WARBLER. (Sylvia Dominica.) SY. cinerea subtus alba, macula ante oculos luteay pone alba, infra nigra. Cinereous Warbler, beneath white, with a spot of yellow before the eyes, and one of white behind, the latter with a black one beneath. Sylvia dominica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 538. 114. Motacilla dominica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 334. 26. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 980. Ficedula dominicensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 3. 520. 65. pi. 27. /3. Figuier cendre & gorge jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 300. Jamaica Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 485. 110. THE length of this species is four inches and a half: its beak and legs are brown : the upper parts of its plumage are cinereous : between the beak and eye a streak of yellow j beneath the latter a spot of black, and behind it one of white : wing-coverts brown, with two bands of white: quills grey brown, edged with grey : throat and forepart of the neck yellow ; from thence to the SWALLOW WARBLER. 61 3 vent white : sides of the breast sprinkled with small spots of dusky : tail like the quills, with a white spot near the tips of the inner webs. In- habits the West Indies. SWALLOW WARBLER. (Sylvia Hirundinacea.) SY. corpore supra nigro, jugulo pectoreque coccineis, abdomine albo striga longitudinali nigra, crissojulvo. Warbler with the body beneath black ; the jugulum and breast crimson ; the belly white, with a longitudinal black stripe ; the vent fulvous. Sylvia hirundinacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Iv. 13. Motacilla hirundinacea. Nat. Misc. A..yl» 114. Swallow Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 250. 39. FOUND in New South Wales : the whole of the plumage above is black: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and the breast, crimson : the rest of the under parts white, divided down the middle with a broad black streak : vent and under tail-coverts orange. 614 AWATCHA WARBLER. (Sylvia Awatcha.) Sv.fusca, gula pectoreque albis nigro-maculatis, remigibus primo- ribus margine albis, rectricibus basi aurantiis. Brown Warbler, with the throat and breast spotted with black ; the primary quills edged with white, and the base of the tail- feathers orange. Sylvia Awatcha. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 553. 167. Motacilla Awatcha. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 986. Awatcha Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 422. T. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 184. 150. THE Awatcha Warbler has the crown of the head, and upper parts of the neck and body, deep brown : from the nostrils to the eye an oblique stripe of white : throat white, its sides spotted with black : breast also white, sprinkled with spots of black : sides of the body rusty : middle of the belly and margins of the greater quills pure white: base of the five outer tail-feathers deep orange, tips brown : the two middle feathers totally brown. Inhabits Kamtschatka. 615 AFRICAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Africana.) SY. nigra, pennarum margine rufo-griseo, subtus rufo albida, ver- tice rufo. nigricante maculato, gula stria utrinque longitudinal! nigra, rectricibusfuscis rufo marginatis. Black Warbler, with the edges of the feathers red-grey, beneath reddish white ; the crown of the head red, spotted with dusky ; the throat with a longitudinal black stripe on each side ; and the tail-feathers brown, edged with red. Sylvia africana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 518. 32. Motacilla africana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 958. Curruca naevia Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. Orn. 3. 3QO. 1O. pi. 22. f. 2. Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 160. African Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 436. 28. THE African Warbler is rather more than seven inches in length : its beak is grey brown : the crown of its head is rufous, and striped with dusky : the hind part of the neck, the back, and scapulars, are black, with rufous grey edges : the quills, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the same, but edged more deeply with rufous : the throat is ornamented with a longitudinal black streak on each side : the under parts of the body dirty rufous white; the sides sometimes dashed with dusky : the tail slightly wedged ; its four middle feathers brown, with reddish margins ; the four outer ones rufous outwardly, with brown shafts : legs grey brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 616 SOOTY WARBLER. (Sylvia fulicata.) SY. nigro-violacca, crisso castaneo, macula tectricum alba. Violet-black Warbler, with the vent chesnut, and spot on the wing-coverts white. Sylvia fulicata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 53. Motacilla fuiicata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 336. SQ.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1-990. Rubetra philippensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 444. 31. pi. 23.f. 2. Traquet des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 230. — Buff: Pl.EnL J85./. K Sooty Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 451. 49. LENGTH rather more than six inches : the beak and legs brown : the prevailing colour of the plumage violet black : the wings with a white bar : the under tail-coverts pale chesnut. In- habits the Philippine Islands. PHILIPPINE WARBLER. (Sylvia Philippensis.) ST. violacea nigra, subtus rufescente alba, capite rufescente albo, collo sordide rubro9 fascia pectoris c&rulescentet rectricibus ex- timis extus rufo albis. Violet-black Warbler, beneath reddish white, with the head reddish white, the neck dull red, a blue band on the breast, and the exterior tail-feathers reddish white on the outer edges. MUR1NE WARBLER. 617 Sylvia philippensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 525. 56. Motacilla philippensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Rubetra philippensis major. Briss. Orn. 3. 446. 32. pi. 21.f. 3. Grand Traquet des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 230. — Buff. PL Enl. ISS.f. 2. Traquet de Manille. Salern. Orn. 225. Philippine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 453. 52. LENGTH six inches and a quarter : beak dirty yel- low: head reddish white, inclining to yellow: back, wings, and tail, violet black ; wing-coverts with a stripe of white, and outer edge of the wing with another : some of the greater coverts have white tips, forming a third stripe of that colour : the neck dirty red : breast with a blueish band : belly and vent reddish white : the outer tail-feathers with rufous white margins on the exterior web : legs ferruginous. Inhabits the Philippine Isles. MURINE WARBLER. (Sylvia murina.) SY. murina, capite, collo caudaque nigris, stria oculari, abdominc, rectricumque extimarum margine albis. Mouse-coloured Warbler, with the head, neck, and tail, black ; stripe through the eye, abdomen and margins of the outer tail-feathers white. Sylvia murina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 528. 73. Motacilla murina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 9/8. Murine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 463. 7O. 618 WHITE-BREASTED WARBLER. LOCALITY unknown. " Size of the Domestic Finch: head and neck black : the body and wings mouse-coloured : from the beak through the eye, passing down on each side of the neck, a white streak: the belly white, except the middle, which is black : the tail black ; the outer feather rather shorter, and fringed with white."— Dr. Latham. WHITE-BREASTED WARBLER. (Sylvia Dumetorum.) SY. cinereo-fusca, capite c&rulescente, gula pectoreque a Ibis. Grey-brown Warbler, with the head blue, and the throat and breast white. Sylvia dumetorum. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 522. 45. Motacilla dumetorum. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 334. 31. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 985. White-breasted Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 447. 41. THE White-breasted Warbler has all the upper parts of its body grey brown ; the throat and breast white, and the head blueish. It inhabits Russia. 619 YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia flavescens.) SY. fusca, subtus Jlavescens, temporibus albidis, rectricibus remi gibusque margine rufo-fmcis. Brown Warbler, beneath yellowish ; the temples white ; the tail- feathers and quills edged with red-brown. Sylvia flavescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 534. 98. Motacilla flavescens. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1.982. Figuier a ventre jaune du Senegal. Buff: PI. Enl. 582. f. 3. Citron-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 477. 95. LENGTH above four inches : the beak and legs are dusky : the upper parts of its head and body are brown ; the quills are dark brown, edged with reddish brown: the sides of the head are whitish: the under parts of the body pale yellow : the tail similar to the quills. Inhabits Senegal. CITRON-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia rufigastra.) SY. olivaceofusca subtus rufo-jlavescens, remigibus rectricibusgue Juscis. Olive-brown Warbler, beneath reddish yellow 5 the quills and tail-feathers brown. Sylvia rufigastra. Lath. Ind. Orn. V. 534. 99- Motacilla flavescens. ft. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 282.— Buff. PL Enl. 582. f. 1. Citron-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 477. 95. A. 620 UNDATED WARBLER, PERHAPS a variety of the preceding, from which it differs in being smaller, in having the tail shorter, and the body beneath tinged with red : the sides of the head are not pale, as in the above-men- tioned. UNDATED WARBLER. (Sylvia undata.) SY. nigra, pennarum margine rttfo, subtus alba, uropygio rufo, cauda cuneiformi, rectricibus remigibusquejuscis, margine rufo- albis. Black Warbler, the feathers edged with rufous; beneath white ; the rump rufous ; the tail wedged, its feathers and the quills brown, margined with reddish white. Sylvia undata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 534. 100. Motacilla undata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 982. Figuier tachete du Senegal. Buff. PL Enl. 582. f. 2. Undated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 477. 96. THIS greatly approaches the Yellow-bellied Warbler, and is even conjectured to be the male of that species by Buffon ; but the cuneiform and elongated tail appear to remove it from that bird : it is found in the same country, Senegal : its length is four inches: its beak is black: the upper parts of its body are black, edged with rufous : the quills and tail are brown, edged with rufous white: runip plain deep rufous: under parts of the body white. 621 TENNESEE WARBLER. (Sylvia peregrina.) SY. olivaceo-jlava subtus alba, genis pileoque pallide ccendeis^ super ciliisjlavis, caudajurcata . Olive-yellow Warbler, beneath white, with the cheeks and top of the head pale blueish, the eyebrows yellow, and the tail forked. Sylvia peregrina. Wilt. Amer. Orn. 3. 83. Tennesee Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 383. pi. xxv.f. 2. THE back, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and tail- coverts of this bird, are of a rich yellow olive : wings deep dusky, broadly edged with yellow olive : cheeks and upper part of the head light blueish, tinged with olive : line from the nostrils over the eye pale yellow, fading to white : throat and breast pale cream-colour : belly and vent white : tail forked, olive, shaded with dusky : beak strong, the upper mandible dusky, the lower pale : irides hazel : legs purplish brown : the female less brilliant in colour. Inhabits the Tennesee country,, in North America. 622 NASHVILLE WARBLER. (Sylvia leucogastra.) SY. olivaceo-Jlava cinereo variegatis, subtus, uropygio tectricibus- que caudce Jlai)is, venire albo, vertice maculis spadiceis, cauda subfurcata. Olive-yellow Warbler, varied with ash, with the under parts, rump, and tail-coverts, yellow ; the belly white; the crown with chesnut spots ; and the tail slightly forked. Sylvia ruficapilla. Wits. Amer. Orn. 3. 120. Nashville Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. I20.pl. xxvu.f. 3. LENGTH four inches and a half: beak dusky ash : irides hazel : upper parts of the head and neck pale ash, inclining to olive : crown spotted with patches of deep chesnut : orbits of the eye pale yellow : back yellow-olive, slightly striped with ash : rump and tail-coverts rich yellow-olive: wings nearly black, broadly edged with olive : the under parts of the body bright yellow, except the middle of the belly, which is white : tail slightly forked, and dark olive : legs pale ash : feet dirty yellow. Inhabits North America. 623 YELLOW-CROWNED WARBLER. (Sylvia icterocephala.) SY. nigra, subtus albida, pileo luteo, fascia oculari nigra, duabus- que alaribusjlavescente. Black Warbler, beneath white, with the crown yellow, a black stripe near the eye, and two yellowish ones on the wings. Sylvia icterocephala. Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 538. 113.— Vieil. Ois. del9 Amer. Sept. 2. 31. Sylvia Pensylvanica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 540. 120.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 99. Motacilla icterocephala. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 334. 25. — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 980. Motacilla Pensylvanica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 19.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 971. Ficedula Canadensis icterocephala. Briss. Orn. 3. 517. 64. pi. 17.^2. Ficedula Pensylvanica icterocephala. Briss. Orn. Sup. 105. 78. Figuier £ tete jaune, de Canada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 299. Figuier a poitrine rouge. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 308. La Fauvette & tete jaune. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 31. pL 90. Red-throated Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean.pl. 301. Red-throated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 49O. 11(5. Chesnut-sided Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 99. xiv.y: 5. Quebec Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 408. 305.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.484. 109. LENGTH rather more than four inches: beak and legs dusky : the crown of the head yellow : between the beak and eye a spot of black, and beneath the latter a white mark : the hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the plumage, black, the feathers edged with yellowish green : v. x. P. IT. 40 624 GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. the quills dusky, edged with olive green and whitish j ^vings with two yellowish bands : throat and under parts of the body whitish : tail similar to the quills, with the inner webs of the three outer feathers yellowish white from the middle to the end: it has been found with the top of the breast and sides deep red, in other respects the same as the above. This inhabits the continent of North America, appearing in Canada and Pensylvania in April, and disappearing in the autumn: it frequents shrubs. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. (Sylvia chrysoptera.) SY. atro-cinerea subtus alba, vertice maculaque alarum Jlavis, gula nigra, rectricibus extimis albo-maculatis. Dark-grey Warbler, beneath white, with the crown and spot on the wings yellow, the throat black, and outer tail-feathers spotted with white. Sylvia chrysoptera. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 541. 123. — Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 3?. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 113. Sylvia flavifrons. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. 69. Motacilla chrysoptera. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 20. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 971. Motacilla ftavifrons. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 976. Ficedula Pensylvanica cinerea, gutture nfgro, Briss. Orn. Sup. 109. 80. Figuicr aux ailes dorces. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 311. La Fauvette chrysoptere. Vieil • Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 37. pL 97. Golden-winged Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean, pi. 290. COROMANDEL WARBLER. 625 Yellow-fronted Warbler, Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 404. l$6.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 461. 67. Golden- winged Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4Q2. 118. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 403. 2Q5. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 113. xvi.y; 6. SIZE of the Petty chaps : beak and legs black : the middle of the crown yellow: through the eyes a streak of black, bounded by white above : the upper parts of the body deep ash: the wing-coverts spotted with yellow: the chin, throat, and fore- part of the neck, black : the rest of the under parts white : quills and tail deep cinereous ; the outer feather of the latter with a spot of white near the tip of the inner web : both sexes nearly similar. Inhabits Pensylvania. COROMANDEL WARBLER. (Sylvia Coromandelica.) SY. nigrat tectricibus alarum mitioribus macula Jlwmcante9 rcli- quis macula alba notatis, uropygio abdomineque rufescente, hoc nigro-fasciato. Black Warbler, the lesser wing-coverts with a yellowish spot, the others with a white one ; the rump and abdomen rufes- cent, the latter striped with black. Sylvia Coromandelica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 55. Motacilla Coromandelica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Petit Traquet des Indes. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 207. Coromandel Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 452. 51. THIS inhabits the Coromandel coast: its beak and legs are black : the irides are reddish yellow: 626 SIBERIAN WARBLER. the head, neck, breast, lesser wing-coverts, quills, and tail, black, all but the two latter, with a yel- low spot on each feather : the middle and greater wing-coverts are edged with yellow, and spotted with white in the middle : the belly and rump are pale rufous, banded with irregular black stripes. SIBERIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Montanella.) SY. subtestaceafusco-maculata, subtus dilute ochracca, verttcefusca nigro, iuperciliis gulaque ochraceis, auribus nigris. Subtestaceous Warbler, spotted with brown; beneath pale ochra- ceous ; with the crown brown black ; the eyebrows and throat ochraceous ; the ears black. Sylvia Montanella. Lath. Ind.^ Orn. 2. 526. 60. Motacilla Montanella. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Siberian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 456. 56. A NATIVE of the Dauurian Forests: rather larger than S. Rubetra : crown of the head dusky : eye- brows yellowish : coverts of the ears black, and situated in an area of grey : back testaceous, with brown spots : wings brown ; the primaries edged with grey, and the secondaries with white: chin sometimes yellowish, at others white: the feathers on the throat with their bases brown : under part& of the body pale ochraceous : tail pale cinereous, the two middle feathers, and the outer one, shorter than the rest. 627 BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Blackburniae.) SY. pileo atro, linea vcrticali et suboculari loris pectoreque media Jlavis, fascia alarum crisso rectricibusque extimis tribus albis, per oculos vitta nigra. Warbler with a black crown, a vertical stripe, and another above the eye, the lores, and middle of the breast, yellow ; a fascia on the wings, vent, and three outer tail-feathers, white; through the eyes a black stripe. Sylvia Blackburniae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. 70. — Vieil. Ois. de I9 Amer. Sept. 2. 3G.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 64. Motacilla Blackburniae. Gmel.Syst. Nat. 1. 977. La Fauvette Blackburniae. Vieil. Ois. de I9 Amer. Sept. 2. 36. pi. 96. Blackburnian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 46l. 67.*— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 412. 3l7.—JVils.. Amer. Orn. 3. 64. pi. xxnr. /.3. A NATIVE of New York : it is thus described by Dr. Latham : " Crown intensely black, divided by a line of rich yellow : from the corner of the upper mandible another of the same ; through the eye a black one, reaching beyond it, bounded beneath by a narrow yellow line : sides of the neck, throat, and middle of the breast, yellow : sides spotted with black : vent and thighs white : lesser wing-coverts black ; the greater white ; primaries dusky ; the middle tail-feathers dusky \ the three outer ones on each side white." 628 GREY-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia incana.) SY. capite, colli lateribus tectricibusque caudce superioribus griseis, gula aurantia, mento pectorequejlavis, subtus Jasciaque alarum duplici alba. Warbler with the head, sides of the neck, and upper tail-coverts, grey ; throat orange ; chin and breast yellow ; beneath, and double stripe on the wings, white. Sylvia incana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. QQ.— Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 45. Motacilla incana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 976. La Fauvette a tete grise. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 45. Grey-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 402. 291. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.461. 65. THE Grey-poll Warbler inhabits New York : its head, the sides of its neck, and the upper tail- coverts, are grey : the wing-coverts have two white bars ; the primary quills are dusky, edged with grey: the throat is orange: the chin and breast pale yellow : the belly whitish ash : the tail is similar to the wings. PENSILE WARBLER. . ~ (Sylvia pensilis.) SY. grisea subtus jlava, abdomine superciliisque albis, loris fla*vo maculatis, tectricibus alarumfasciis alternis albis nigrisque. Grey Warbler, beneath yellow, with the abdomen and eyebrows PENSILE WARBLER. 6'29 white ; the lores spotted with yellow, and the wing- coverts with alternate black and white bars. Sylvia pensilis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. 41. — Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 20. Motacilla pensilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 960. Cou-jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. \65.-Buff. PI. Enl. 686. /•!• La Favette & Cou-jaune. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 20. pi. 72. Pensile Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 441. 37. THIS elegant little species receives its name from the singular manner in which its nest is sus- pended : it is composed of the small dry fibres of plants, roots, and decayed leaves ; and is fastened by its top to the extremity of a branch that reaches over the water ; the opening is at the bottom, and about midway up is a kind of partition, which de- scends to the bottom, which is lined with soft down, and upon which the eggs are placed : they are three or four in number, and the parents have often two, and sometimes three broods in the year. The following is the description of this industrious little creature : it is four inches and three quarters in length : its beak is dusky : the head is greyish black, getting paler towards the nape : the back of the neck and back are deep grey : the eye- brows and orbits are white : between the beak and eye a few yellow spots : wing-coverts barred with white and black : quills edged with grey : the throat, neck, and breast, yellow : the sides of the neck sprinkled with dusky, and of the body with black : belly white : tail dark grey, with the four outer feathers marked with large white spots : 630 LUZONIAN WARBLER. legs greenish grey. The song of the male is very agreeable, and is continued all the year ; the fe- male is also said to possess a slight song : their food consists principally of insects. They are na- tives of St. Domingo. CASPIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia longirostris.) SY. cinerea,) subtus atra, rostro longo. Cinereous Warbler, beneath dusky ; the beak long. Sylvia longirostris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 104. Motacilla longirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 978. — Gmd. It. 3. Q8.pl- 19- f- 2- Caspian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 245. 22. INHABITS the mountains in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea: the beak is rather long: the upper parts of its plumage are cinereous ; the under parts black. LUZONIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Caprata.) SY. nigra, uropygio, crisso, maculaque tectricum alari attis. Black Warbler, with the rump, vent, and spot on the wing- coverts, white. Sylvia Caprata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 52. SPECTACLE WARBLER. 631 Motaciila Caprata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 335. 33.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. I.Q86. Rubetra lucionensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 442. 30. pi. 24. f. 2. male. f. 3. female. Traquet de 1'isle de Lugon. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 22Q.— Buff. PI. Enl. 235. / 1. 2. Luzonian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 451. 48. THE male of this bird has the beak and legs dusky : the lesser wing-coverts nearest the body and the vent are white, and the rest of the plumage blackish brown: in some the rump is whitish : the female is brown above, and rufous beneath: her throat is whitish: the rump and upper tail-coverts are pale rufous, and the under dirty rufous white: the tail is brown. Inhabits the Isle of Luzonia. SPECTACLE WARBLER. (Sylvia perspicillata. ) SY. nigra, tectricibus alarum macula alba notatis, orbitia nudis Jlavicantibus rugosis. Black Warbler, with a white spot on the wing-coverts ; the orbits naked, rugged, and yellowish. Sylvia perspicillata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 54. Motaciila perspicillata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g6Q. Clignot ou Traquet a lunette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 234. Spectacle Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 452. 50. THIS is a very singular species, and is well marked by the following peculiarities: its eyes AUTUMNAL WARBLER, are situated in a naked wrinkled space, resembling lichen, and which gives the bird the appearance of wearing spectacles : its irides are yellow, and the pupil blue : the general colour of its plumage is black : the wing-coverts have a white spot on them, and in some specimens the under tail- coverts are white : the tail itself is even at the end. Found about Montevideo, and other parts in the neighbourhood of the river Plata. AUTUMNAL WARBLER. ( Sylvia autumnalis. ) SY. olivaceo-viridis subtus alba, gula pectoreque sordidejlavis, alls fasciis duabus albis. Olive-green Warbler, beneath white, with the throat and breast dull yellow ; the wings with two white stripes. Sylvia autumnalis. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 65. Autumnal Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 65.pl. xxiu.f. 4. SCARCELY five inches in length : the upper man- dible of the beak brown ; lower, and orbits of the eye, yellow: the upper parts of the plumage olive- green ; the back streaked with dusky : wings dusky black, edged with olive, and crossed with two bars of white : primaries tipped with, and the three secondaries nearest the body edged with, white: chin and breast dull yellow: belly and vent white : legs dusky brown : feet and claws PERSIAN WARBLER. 633 yellow: tail-coverts ash, tipped with olive: tail black, edged with dull white : the three exterior feathers with a white mark near the tip. This bird passes through Pensylvania in October, when it is very abundant, though rare in the spring : it frequents marshy places amongst wil- lows : the male has a slight warble : about the first or second of November it retires. PERSIAN WARBLER. (Sylria Sunamisica.) SY. cinereo-rufescens, mento gulaque nigris, ptctore abdomineque rufescentibus, pennarum apice albo, crisso nivco, rectricibus in- termediisfuscis, later alibusfulvis. Cinereous-red Warbler, with the chin and throat black ; the breast and belly reddish, the tips of the feathers white ; the vent pure white ; the middle tail-feathers brown, and outer ones fulvous. Sylvia sunamisica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 166. Motacilla sunamisica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 9^8. — Gmel. It. 4. 181. 182. Persian Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 246. 24. THE prevailing colour of the Persian Warbler is reddish ash : the wing-coverts and quills are white on the outer margins and tips : the eyebrows are white : the chin and throat black : the breast and belly are pale rufous, the feathers tipped with white : the two middle tail-feathers are brown, the rest fulvous : the vent is white. This species is a native of the alpine parts of Persia. 634 BLACK-BACKED WARBLER. (Sylvia ochrura.) SY. capitc cinereo, cervice dorsoque antice atris,jugulo pectorequc splendide nigris, abdominejlavo. Warbler with a cinereous head ; the top of the neck, and upper part of the back, dusky; the jugulum and breast shining black; the belly yellow. Sylvia ochrura. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 165. Motacilla ochrura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 978 — Gmel. It. 4. 178. Black-backed Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 245. 23. • THE beak of this species is brown : the crown and nape are grey brown ; the lower part of the latter and the back are black : the throat and breast are shining black ; the belly is yellow : the rump and vent are grey and white mixed: the legs are dusky. It inhabits the mountainous parts of Persia. SENEGAL WARBLER. (Sylvia Senegalensis.) Sv.fusca, remigibus interius rufis, rectricibus nigris apice albis. Brown Warbler, with the quills rufous within, and the tail-feathers black, tipped with white. Sylvia senegalensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 526. 6l« Motacilla senegalensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 333. 22. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 974. Rubetra senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 449- 29- Senegal Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 456. 57. SULTRY WARBLER. 635 THE Senegal Warbler is rather above five inches in length : its beak and legs are brown, as is the prevailing colour of the plumage : the quills are rufous, with brown edges : the tail is black, tipped with white, the two outer feathers excepted, which are entirely black. Inhabits Senegal. SULTRY WARBLER. ( Sylvia fervida.) Sv.fusca, pennarum margine rufo9 subtus ochroleuca, alarum ma* culis duabus albis, cauda utra. Brown Warbler, with the feathers edged with rufous, beneath yellowish white; the wings with two white spots; the tail dusky. Sylvia fervida. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 525. 50. Motacilla fervida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Traquet du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 228.— Buff. PI. Enl. 583./. 1. Sultry Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 455. 55. THE beak and legs of this bird are black : the upper parts of its body, head, and neck, are deep brown : the wings are the same, but edged with rufous, and spotted with white, as in S. Rubetra : the under parts of the body are yellowish white, the breast inclining to rufous : the tail is dusky, with pale edges. Inhabits Senegal. 636 GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. (Sylvia coronata.) SY. supra nigro cinereoque varia, subtus alba, pileo uropygio hypochondriisque Jlavis, fascia ocular i alis caudaque nigrican- tibus. Warbler varied above with black and grey, beneath white, with the crown, rump, and sides, yellowish 3 a stripe on the eyes, wings, and tail, dusky. Sylvia coronata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 538. 115.— Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 24. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 138. Motacilla coronata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 31. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 974. Ficedula pensylvanica cinerea naevia. Briss. Orn. Sup. 110. 81. Figuier couronnc d'or. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 312. Figuier de Mississippi. Buff. PL Enl. 73 l.f. 2. ? La Fauvette couronnee. Vieil. Ois. de I9 Amer. Sept. 2. 24. pl> 78. male. pi. 79. young. Golden-crowned Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean, pi. 2Q8. Yellow-rumped Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 138. xvu.f. 4. 5. 121. XLv.f. 3. winter dress. Golden-crowned Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 403.— Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 486. 111. j8. superciliis, orbitisque albis, pectore fascia Jlava. With the eyebrows and orbits white ; breast with a yellow band. Sylvia cincta. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 53Q. 1 16. Motacilla cincta. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 334. 27. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.980. Ficedula canadensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 3. 524. 6/. pi. 27. /•I- Figuier a ceinture. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 303. Belted Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 408. 306.—Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 487. 112. y. corpore supra griseo-olivacea, gula juguloque rufo cinereoque mriis. GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. 63? With the body above olive-grey, with the throat and fore-part of the neck red and grey mixed. Sylvia pinguis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 543. .132. Motacilla pinguis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 9/3. Figuier grasset. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 3 19. Grasset Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 411. 314.— Lath. Gen. $ gula pectoreque albis,fere impunctatis. With the throat and breast white, scarcely spotted. Sylvia umbria. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 518. 34. Motacilla umbria. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . Q5Q. Fauvette ombree de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 162. Fauvette tachetee de la Louisiane. Buff. PI. Enl. 70p.^ 1. Dusky Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 410. 309. Umbrose Warbler. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 437. 30. THE four species of Warblers, designated by the names of Golden-crowned, Belted, Grasset, and Umbrose, by Dr. Latham, are said, by Mons. Vieillot, to form but one genuine species ; and, as the differences are but trifling, he most probably is correct. The usual appearance of this bird agrees tolerably well with the following description ; after which the several varieties will be noticed. Its beak is dusky : the upper parts of its plumage are grey blue, spotted with black : the crown of the head, rump, and sides of the breast, yellow, the latter sprinkled with a few black spots : the cheeks and throat whitish : through the eyes a band of black: wing-coverts and quills dusky; the first with two bands of white, and the latter edged with grey : fore-part of the neck and upper part of the breast black, varied with grey blue : the rest of the under parts of the plumage are white ; the sides slightly spotted with dusky : tail similar to the quills, with a spot of white at the tips of 638 GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. the inner webs of the three outer feathers : legs dusky. The first variety principally differs in having a white line over the eyes, and their orbits being also of that colour : the fore-part of the neck and breast are only spotted with blackish, and not, as in the former, a stripe of that colour varied with blue ; the yellow on the sides of the breast is pro- duced into a slender band that encircles that part; and the plumage above is very deep grey blue, scarcely spotted with black. The next, or Grasset Warbler, has the body above greyish olive, sprinkled with black: the throat and fore-part of the neck are varied with pale rufous and ash-colour; in other respects it agrees with the first. The Umbrose Warbler is destitute of any par- ticular marks on the lower parts of the throat and breast, those parts being white, with one or two dusky spots : it likewise wants the stripe through the eyes, so conspicuous in the first described. All the above varieties are found in the United States, where they make their appearance in the spring, and return in the autumn : they get very fat before their departure, when they are greatly prized as a delicacy. This species arrives in Pensylvania in October, where it remains three or four weeks, feeding on red cedar berries ; it then leaves, departing to the south : about the middle of April it returns : it is a lively active bird, but has scarcely any note, having only a kind of chirp, which is frequently repeated : its nest and eggs are unknown. 639 WHITE-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia varia.) SY. albo nigroque maculata, fasciis duabus alarum albis, cauda furcata. Warbler spotted with black and white, with two white bars on the wings, and the tail forked. Sylvia varia. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 539- 118. Motacilla varia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 23.-~Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.979- Ficedula dominicensis varia. Briss. Orn. 3. 529. 69. pi. IJ.f. 5. Figuier varie de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 305. Black and White Creeper. Edwards. Glean.pl, 300. White-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2> 402. ZQS.—Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 488. 114. FOUND in many parts of North America and the West Indies : it is the size of the Blackcap : length nearly five inches : beak dusky : crown of the head white ; the sides black, with two streaks of white: the back, rump, and throat, white, varied with large black spots : wing-coverts black, with two white bands : quills dusky, edged with grey : some of them nearest the body are nearly white : breast and sides white, spotted with black : belly white : tail slightly forked, dusky, edged out- wardly with grey, and the exterior feathers whitish on the inside: legs greenish brown. V. X. P. II. 41 MOOR WARBLER. (Sylvia maura.) SY. atra, subtus alia, uropygio lateribmque colli albis, jugulo hi* tense ferrugineo, macula alarum basique caudcz albis. Dusky Warbler, beneath white, with the rump and sides of the neck white ; the jugulum bright ferruginous ; a spot on the wings, and the base of the tail, white. Sylvia maura. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 526. 62. Motacilla maura. Pall. Trav. 2. 708. 17. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 975. Moor Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 458. 60. FIRST described by Pallas, who informs us that it is found amongst the birch-trees that are scat- tered in the forests of Ural, and in the fields be- tween the rivers Tobol and Irtisch, in Russia : it feeds on insects, and places its nest in the deserted habitation of a mouse or other quadruped, in holes of trees: it has a slight resemblance to the Whin Chat, which it equals in size : its head and neck are black, edged with paler : back and base of the wings the same, the latter with grey edges: wing- coverts with an oblique yellowish white stripe j wings brown : rump and base of the tail white : throat ferruginous : sides of the throat, and all the under parts of the body, white : tail black : the female and young have the head grey, varied with brown ; the back the same, and the rest of the plumage much paler. Dr. Latham mentions a bird, which he considers a variety of the above: it RUFOUS AND BLACK WARBLER. 641 differs in having the plumage rufous brown on the upper parts : the eyebrows are rufous ; the secondaries are edged with the latter colour j and the two middle tail-feathers are wholly black : it was found on the ice between Asia and America. RUFOUS AND BLACK WARBLER. (Sylvia multicolor.) Sv. nigra, pectore, colli lateribus, tectricwn alarum majorum apice, caudaque dimidiata rufis, abdomine crissoque albis. Black Warbler, with the breast, sides of the neck, tip of the greater wing-coverts, and half the tail, rufous ; the abdomen and vent white. Sylvia multicolor. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 541. 126. Motacilla multicolor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. Figuier noir. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 314. Figuier noir et jaune de Cayenne. Biif. PI. Enl. 3Ql.f. 2. Rufous and Black Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 493. 121. OCCASIONALLY met with at Cayenne : it is five inches in length : its beak and legs are brown : the head, throat, and upper parts of the body and wings are black, the tips of the greater wing- coverts excepted, which are rufous, and form a band of that colour on the wings : the sides of the neck and breast are also rufous : the middle of the breast, belly, and vent, are white : the base half of the tail is rufous ; the tip black. 642 WHITE-CROWNED WARBLER. (Sylvia albicapilla.) SY. nigra, sultus albida, gula, macula verticis oculorumque alba. Black Warbler, beneath whitish, with the throat, spot on the crown, and behind the eyes, white. Sylvia albicapilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 87. Motacilla albicapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. White-crowned Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 472. 83. THE White-crowned Warbler inhabits China: its length is seven inches : its beak and legs are black : the whole of the upper parts of the plum- age are also black, with a white spot on the crown of the head, and another behind the eye : the chin is likewise white : the under parts of the body are sullied white. PROTONOTARY WARBLER. (Sylvia Protonotarius.) SY. Jlava, uropygio cinereo, crisso albo, remigtbus cinereo nigri- canteque variis rectricibus lateralibus intus albis. Yellow Warbler, with an ash-coloured rump, white vent, quills varied with cinereous and dusky, and the outer tail-feathers white within. Sylvia Protonotarius. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 542. 128.— Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 27. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 72. Motacilla Protonotarius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. GILT-THROAT WARBLER. * 643 Figuier Protonotaire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 31 6. Figuier a ventre et tete jaunes. Buff. PL Enl. ?Q4.f. 2. La Fauvette Protonotaire. Vieil. Ois. de PAmer. Sept. 2. 1J.pl. 83. Protonotary Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 410. 310.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4Q4. 123. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 242. \\.-Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 72.pl. xxiv.y^ 3. THIS species, which has received the name of Protonotaire, is a native of Louisiana; but it is not common : it is about five inches in length : its beak is dusky : the head, neck, breast, and belly, are yellow : the vent is white : the back olive yel- low: rump cinereous: quills dusky and cinereous: tail with the bases of the inner webs of the three outer feathers white ; the fourth feather with a white spot on the same part, and the rest of the feathers dusky black : legs black. GILT-THROAT WARBLER. (Sylvia ferruginea.) SY. supra cinerea, subtus albida, gula colloquejerrugineis. Warbler above ash-coloured, beneath whitish, with the throat and neck rust-coloured. Sylvia ferruginea. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 526. 64. Motacilla ferruginea. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1 . 976. Gilt-throat Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 45g. 63. ACCORDING to Mr. Pennant, this bird inhabits the banks of the Tunguska river in Russia: it 644 RUBY-THROAT WARBLER. has the throat and neck of a rich ferruginous : the upper parts of the body cinereous, and the lower whitish. RUBY-THROAT WARBLER. (Sylvia Calliope.) §\.fusco-f err \iginea, subtus jlavesccnte alba, gula cinndbarina albo nigroque marginata, loris nigris, superciliis albis. Rusty-brown Warbler, beneath yellowish white, with the throat vermillion, bordered with black and white ; the lores black, and the eyebrows white. Motacilla Calliope. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 977.— Pall. Trav. 3. 697. 17. Turdus Calliope. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 331. 14. Turdus Caratschatkensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 817. Kamtschatkan Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 28. 14-— Lath. Syn. Sup. 140. pi. in frontispiece. Ruby-throated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 463.-— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 343. E. LENGTH about six inches : beak dusky, with a black tip : the upper parts of the plumage pale brown, similar to the Nightingale : spot between the beak and eye black, reaching rather below the latter : eyebrows white : the chin and throat of a beautiful pink or vermillion colour, bounded on each side with a black and white streak : the rest of the under parts yellowish white : tail similar to the upper parts of the plumage: legs dusky: claws black. Inhabits the eastern provinces of Siberia BLACK-POLL WARBLER. 64>5 and Kamtscbatka : it is an excellent songster, and warbles during the night : it is fond of perching on the highest trees. BLACK-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia striata.) SY. nigro-striata, supra cinerea, subtus alba, vertice nigro, genis niveis. Warbler striped with black; above ash-coloured; beneath white; crown black; cheeks snowy white. Sylvia striata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. ^7- — Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 22. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. 4Q. Motacilla striata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 976. Black-poll Warbler. Pen.Arct. Zool. 2. 401. 2QO. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 4. 460. 65.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 243. 13.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. 40. pi. xxx./; 3. male. 6. 101. pi. ^iv.f. 4. female. La Fauvette rayee on Le Sailor. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 22. pi. 75. male. pi. ?6. female. THE male Black-poll Warbler has the crown black : the upper parts of its plumage cinereous, streaked with black : the wing-coverts and pri- mary quills dusky ; the former with two bars of white ; the secondaries are edged with white : the cheeks and throat are white, the latter streaked on each side with black : the breast and belly are dirty white, longitudinally streaked with black : the tail is dusky; the tips of the two outer feathers with a large white spot : the legs are whitish : the female wants the black crown j the double bar 64-6 BLUE-TAILED WARBLER. on the wing-coverts is not so distinct ; and the tail has a very minute white spot at the tip. This bird inhabits New York and Newfoundland. PLUMBEOUS WARBLER. (Sylvia plumbea.) SY. plumbea sultus cinerea, remigibus rectricibusque ofrscuris. Lead-coloured Warbler, beneath ash-coloured, with the quills and tail-feathers obscure. Sylvia plumbea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 553. 171. Plumbeous Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 188. 156. LOCALITY unknown : it is a small species, mea- suring scarcely four inches in length : its beak is short, and is of a dusky brown colour : the upper parts of the plumage are very deep lead-colour : the quills and tail are dusky : the under parts of the body pale cinereous : legs deep brown. BLUE-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia cyanura.) SY. cinereo-jlavescens, suUus superciliisque jtavo-albis, alls can- daquefuscis, uropygio rectricumque marginibus cceruleis. Ash-coloured yellow Warbler, with the under parts of the body DWARF WARBLER. 64-7 and the eyebrows yellowish white ; the wings and tail brown ; the rump and tail-feathers edged with blue. Sylvia cyanura. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. 65. Motacilla cyanura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 9/6. Blue-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 45p. 63. COMMON in the early winter months among the rivulets of Siberia : the upper parts of its plumage are cinereous yellow, tinged with green : the eye- brows, throat, and under parts of the body, are yellowish white : the sides of the breast are orange- coloured: the quills are brown, with their outer edges greenish yellow, and their inner yellow : the rump is blueish : the tail-feathers are slightly pointed, and are of a deep brown colour, with pale blue edges, appearing wholly of that colour when closed. DWARF WARBLER. (Sylvia pusilla.) Sv.fusca sultus pallida, cauda prope apicemfasciafiisca. Brown Warbler, beneath paler, with a fuscous stripe towards the tip of the tail. Sylvia pusilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Im. \6. Motacilla pusilla. White. Journ.pl. in p. 257« Dwarf WarbJer. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 251. 42. SOMEWHAT like the Superb Warbler : it has the upper part of its plumage brown, the under pale ; with a band of brown towards the tip of the tail, which is even at the end: its beak and legs are black. It inhabits New South Wales. 648 BLACK-CAP WARBLER. ( Sylvia atricapilla.) SY. testacea, subtus cingrea, pileo obscuro. Testaceous Warbler, beneath ash-coloured, with the top of the head obscure. Sylvia atricapilla. Lath. Ind. Om. 2, 508. 6. Sylvia melanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 509. 7. var. male. Sylvia moschita. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 509. 8. var. female. Motacilla atricapilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 18. — Lin. Faun. Succ. 256. — Gmel Syst. Nat. 1. 970. Motacilla melanocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 970. var. Motacilla moschita. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 970. var. Curruca atricapilla. Briss. Orn. 3. 380. 6. Fauvette a tete noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. I25.pl. 8.f. 1. Black-cap. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 148.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 418. F. — Ray. Birds. 79. 8. — Witt. Ang. 225.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 415. 5—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. llQ.—Moni. Orn. Diet. 1, — Beivick. Brit. Birds. 1. 217. Sardinian Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 236. 2. var. Rufous-crowned Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 236. 3. var. /3. corpore toto albo nigroque vario. With the whole body varied with black and white. Curruca albo et nigro varia. Briss. Orn. 3. 333. Black-cap Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 416. A. y. supra nigricans, lateribus griscist gula alba. Above dusky, with the sides grey and the throat white. La petite Columbaude. Biiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 131. Blap-cap Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 416. B, THE Black-cap Warbler weighs about four drachms and a half: length near six inches : beak brown : irides dark hazel : the male has the upper part of his head black : the hind part of the neck BLACK-CAP WARBLER. 649 grey brown : back greyish brown, tinged with green : quills and tail dusky, margined with dull green : breast and upper parts of the belly light ash : legs lead-colour : the female is known by her head being dull rust-colour ; she is also supe- rior in size : this species is variable : one has been found in Sardinia with a red band over the eyes, and another with a rufous crown ; both are said to be rather smaller than the Black-cap : it has also occurred with its whole plumage varied with black and white: likewise with the upper parts deep dusky ; the throat white, and the sides grey. The song of this bird is very fine, and by many is thought as much of as that of the Nightingale, which has caused it to be called the Mock Night- ingale in Norfolk ; it has not, however, quite so much compass as that bird : it is a migrative species, coming here early in the spring, and re- turning in September : it is very partial to orchards and gardens ; not but it affects woods and thick hedges : its nest is placed in a low bush or shrub ; it is made of dried stalks, grass, and wool, and lined with fibrous roots and horse-hair; the out- side is sometimes covered with green moss: the female lays five pale reddish brown eggs, mottled with a deeper colour, and sprinkled with a few* cinereous spots : during the period of incubation the male assists the female, and should any one approach the nest, shortly after the young are hatched, they will leap out and forsake it entirely. The Black-cap is very fond of berries of various 650 GREENISH WARBLER. kinds, particularly those of the ivy, upon which "it feeds upon its first arrival, if there be not a suf- ficient supply of insects, which are its principal food. GREENISH WARBLER. (Sylvia virescens.) SY. fusco-virescens, pileo nigricante, cervice cinereo, superciliis albis, alis caudaque nigricantibus. Brown-green Warbler, with the top of the head dusky, the nape ash-coloured, the eyebrows white, and the wings and tail dusky. Sylvia virescens. VieiL Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 40. Sylvia atricapilla. S. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 50Q. 6. Fauvette verdatre de laLouisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 1(52. — Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 40. Black-cap Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 41?. c. THIS equals the Black-cap in size : its beak is dusky : eyebrows white : the top of the head dusky : the hind part of the neck is deep ash ; the sides and back pale brown, tinged with green : the wings and tail green-brown : throat white : rest of the under parts grey. Inhabits Louisiana. 651 BLUE-GREY WARBLER. (Sylvia cserulescens.) SY. supra ccerulea, subtus alba,jugulo nigro, alis caudaque nigri^ cantibus. Warbler above blue, beneath white, with the jugulum black, and the wings and tail dusky. Sylvia caerulescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. 3p. — Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 25. Sylvia canadensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 539. U7« — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 115. Motacilla caerulescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 960. Motacilla canadensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 336. 42. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.991. Ficedula Canadensis cinerea ipinor. Briss. Orn. 3. 527. 6B.pl. 27-/. 6. Figuier bleue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 304. Petit figuier cendre de Canada. Buff. PL Enl. 685. f. 2. Fauvette bleuatre de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 164. La Fauvette bleuatre. Vieil. Ois. de I9 Amer. Sept. 2. 25. pi. 80. Blue-grey Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 440. 35. Blue Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean.pl. 252. Black-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 399. 2,Q5.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 487. 110.-— Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 115. xv.f. 7. THE Black-throated Warbler is four inches and a half in length : its beak is black : the upper parts of its body deep grey -blue : quills dusky black; the primaries with a white spot near the base, and edged with pale grey-blue : the sides of the head, the throat, and fore-part of the neck, are black : the belly and under parts whitish; the CJERULEAN WARBLER. sides spotted with black : the tail -feathers grey- blue ; the three outer ones white at the base and tips within ; the two next whitish at the tip : legs brownish : it varies in not having the sides sprinkled with black. Native of North America and the West Indies : it is migratory. CERULEAN WARBLER. (Sylvia caerulea.) SY. supra cinerea aut c&rulea, subtus alba, alls caudaque nigri~> cantibus, remigibus later alibusjere albis. Warbler above cinereous or .blue, beneath white, with the wingg and tail dusky, the outer feathers of the latter nearly white. Sylvia caerulea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 540. lll.— Vieil. Ois. de I9 Amer. Sept. 2. 3Q.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 141. Sylvia cana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 543. 133. female. Motacilla cssrulea. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 337. 43. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 992. Motacilla cana. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 973. female. Ficedula pensylvanica cinerea. Briss. Orn. App. 107. 79- male. Figuier gris-de-fer. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 309. male. Figuier cendre £ gorge cendree. Buff* Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 319. female. La Fauvette gris-de-fer. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 30. pi* 88. male. Little blue-grey Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean, pi. 302. male. Grey-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 411. 315. female. —Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 496. 128. female. Cserulean Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 405. 299. male.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 490. 1 1/, male.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 141. xvn. AZURE WARBLER. THIS elegant species has the beak black, with the base of the under mandible reddish : eyelids white ; from the beak to the hind head a stripe of black : the head and upper parts of the plumage blue-grey : wings grey-brown ; the quills edged with whitish within, and some of them with the outer edges and tips of that colour: the under parts of the body white : the eight middle tail- feathers dusky blue, the outer ones tipped with white. The female has the plumage in general ash-coloured, the head and upper parts deepest : the quills are edged with whitish : the outer tail- feather is nearly all white, the next so towards the tip, and the third slightly tipped with that colour. This bird is migratory, arriving in Pen- sylvania in the spring, and retiring in the au- tumn : its nest is very singularly constructed : it is cylindrical, and is placed between two branches of a tree; the top is open; its outside is com- posed of moss and lichen neatly put together, and the lining consists of horse-hair. AZURE WARBLER. (Sylvia azurea.) SY. ccerulea subtus alba, lateribus pectoris cceruleo maculatis. Blue Warbler, beneath white, with the sides of the breast spotted with blue. Sylvia caerulea. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 141. Caerulean Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. I4l.jp/. xvu.f. 5. 654? AZURE WARBLER, FOUND during the summer in Pensylvania, fre- quenting the borders of streams and marshes : it- is migratory, and retires very early in the autumn towards the south. It is thus described by the author of American Ornithology : "It is in length four inches and a half: the front and upper part of the head are of a fine verditer blue; the hind head and back of the same colour, but not quite so brilliant : a few lateral streaks of black mark the upper part of the back : wings and tail edged with sky-blue ; the three secondaries next the body edged with white ; and the first and second rows of coverts also tipped with white : tail-coverts large, black, and broadly tipped with blue : lesser wing-coverts black, also broadly tipped with blue, so as to appear nearly wholly of that tint : sides of the breast spotted or streaked with blue: belly, chin, and throat, pure white : the tail is forked ; the five lateral feathers with a white spot on each side, and the two middle slightly marked with the same : from the eye extends a line of dusky blue: from the nostrils, passing over the eye and reach- ing to the ears, is a white stripe : beak dusky above, and light blue beneath : legs and feet light blue." 655 INDIGO WARBLER. ( Sylvia Cyane.) SY. supra iota cyanea subtus nivea, striga a rostro ad alas atra. Warbler entirely blue above, beneath snowy, with a dusky stripe on the sides of the neck from the beak to the wings. Sylvia Cyane. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 541. 122. Motacilla Cyane. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 992.— Pall. It. 3. 697. 18. Indigo Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 243. 15. THE prevailing colour of this bird's plumage is deep blue on the upper parts, and white on the under : the sides of the neck are black : the outer tail-feathers are white. It inhabits the country between the rivers Onon and Argun, in Dauuria, in the spring, but is not common. CAYENNE WARBLER* (Sylvia Cayana.) SY. c&rulea, capistro, humeris, alls caudaque nigris. Blue Warbler, with the capistrum, shoulders, wings, and tail, black. Sylvia cayana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 545. 143. Motacilla cayana. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 336. 40. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 990. Sylvia cayanensis caerulea. Briss. Orn. 3. 533. 72. pi. 18>f- 1. Pitpit bleu de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. MQ.—Bnff. PI. Enl. 669. f. 2.f. 1. var. Blue Manakin. Edwards. Glean. 263. var. Cayenne Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 502. 138. v. x. p. ii. 49 656 BLUE-STRIPED WARBLER. LENGTH nearly five inches : beak dusky : fore- head, upper part of the back, wings, and tail, deep black: rest of the plumage blue: legs grey: it varies in having the throat black, and the head blue, in other respects the same : another variety has been observed with the head plain blue, and the rest of the plumage similar to the first de- scribed. Inhabits Guiana. BLUE-STRIPED WARBLER. ( Sylvia lineata. ) SY. subtus ccerulea, linea alba a pectore ad crissum producta, •verticis macula longitudine fronteque cceruleis, Warbler beneath blue, with a white stripe from the breast to the vent, and the forehead and longitudinal spot on the crown blue. Sylvia lineata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 546. 145. Motacilla lineata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 990. Pitpit a coeffe bleue. Buffi Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 342. Blue-striped Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 504. 140. THE Blue-striped Warbler inhabits Cayenne : its beak and legs are black : the forehead is of a deep bright blue, passing over each eye to the middle of the back : on the top of the head is a longitudinal blue spot : on the breast begins a white stripe that reaches to the vent, and increases in width as it passes backward : the rest of the under parts are blue. 657 BLUE-GREEN WARBLER. (Sylvia rara.) SY. cceruleo viridis subtus albidis, cauda alisque nigricanlibus, rcc- tricibus lateralibus extus albis, margine viridibus. Blue-green Warbler^ beneath whitish, with the tail and wings dusky; the lateral tail-feathers white on their outer webs, and edged with green. Sylvia rara. Wils. Amer. Orn. a. lip. Blue-green Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 1 19. pi. xxvii./ 2. THIS bird appears about Cumberland River in North America in April : it is four inches and a half in length : the upper parts are verditer, tinged with pale green, brightest on the forehead; lores, line over the eye, throat, and under parts, pale cream-colour : cheeks tinged with greenish : tail and wings dusky ; the former marked on the three outer webs with white, and edged with greenish ; and the greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with white : beak with the upper mandible dusky, the lower, and the legs, blue. 658 STREAKED WARBLER. ( Sylvia sagittata.) SY. nigro sagittato-striata, corpore supra fusco subtus albo, v£r- tice nigro striis albis, per oculos vittajerruginea. Warbler striped with black sagittal marks, with the body above fuscous, beneath white ; the crown black, striped with white ; through the eyes a ferruginous stripe. Sylvia sagittata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. 3. Streaked Warbler. Lath. Sun. Sup. II. 247. 29. THIS fine songster is the size of Sylvia modu- laris : its beak is black : the upper parts of its body, wings, and tail, are dusky, spotted with blackish sagittal marks, and inclining to ferruginous on the rump : the crown of the head is black, and the under parts of the body are white ; the former is marked with white sagittal spots, and the latter with black : from the nostrils, passing through the eyes, and reaching to the hind head, is a ferru- ginous streak : tail brown, the feathers loosely webbed : legs dusky. WHITE-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia leucophaea.) Sv.fusca sublus albo-ccerulescens, macula remigum rectricibusque, duabus intermediis exceptis, albis. Brown Warbler, beneath whitish blue, with a spot on the RUSTY-SIDED WARBLER. 659 quills, and the tail-feathers white, the two middle ones ex- cepted. Sylvia leucophaea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Iv. 10. White-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 24Q. 36. THE White-tailed Warbler is an inhabitant of New Holland : it is brown above : the quills are black, with a patch of white across their middle : the under parts of the body are blueish white: the tail is greatly elongated, and has all but the two middle feathers white : legs lead-colour. RUSTY-SIDED WARBLER. ( Sylvia lateralis.) SY. griseo-ceerulescens subtus albida, alls uropygio rectricibusque lateralibus viridibus, loris nigris. Blue-grey Warbler, beneath white ; with the wings, rump, and lateral tail-feathers, green ; the lores black. Sylvia lateralis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Iv. 12. Rusty-sided Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 250. 38. THIS bird is the size of a Wren : its beak is dusky : the greater part of its head and wings, the lower part of its back, and all but the two middle tail-feathers, green : the hind part of the neck, the upper part of the back, and two middle tail-feathers, are blue-grey : the sides of the body are rust-coloured ; the under parts are white : be- tween the beak and eye black : legs pale. It is found in New South Wales. 660 BLUE-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia Suecica.) JSy. pectore ferrugineo fascia ccerulea, rectricibus fuscis versus - basin ferrugineus. Warbler with a rust-coloured breast, striped with blue; the tail- feathers brown, rusty towards the base. Sylvia suecica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 521. 43» Motacilla suecica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 336. 3?. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 25p.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 989. Cyanecula. Briss. Orn. 3. 413. 19. male. Cyanecula gibraltarensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 416. 20. female. La Gorge-blue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 206. pi. \ rostrot gula fasciaquc ocularijusca. Brownish Warbler, beneath varied with dusky and reddish grey; the beak, throat, and stripe on the eye, brown, Sylvia fuscescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 537. 109. Motacilla fuscescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g84. Ficedula jamaicensis. Eriss. Orn. 3. 512. 6l. Figuier brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 2Q2. Brown-throated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 482. 105. INHABITS Jamaica: length five inches: beak and legs pale brown : the upper parts of the plum- 668 RUFOUS WARBLER. age, the quills, and tail, the same : from the beak, passing through the eyes, a dull brown stripe : throat dull brown : rest of the under parts varied with dusky and rufous grey. RUFOUS WARBLER. (Sylvia rufa.) SY. ru*b-grisea, subtus riifescens, temporum stria longitudinal?, remigibus rectricibusque rufescentibus. Reddish-grey Warbler, beneath reddish, with a longitudinal stripe on the temples, and the quills and tail-feathers reddish. Sylvia rufa. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 516. 27. Motacilla rufa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 955. Curruca rufa. Briss. Orn. 3. 38?. 8. Fauvette rousse. 'Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 146. Rufous Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 431. 22. LENGTH not quite five inches : the beak is grey- brown : the upper parts of the body are rufous grey ; the under parts are sometimes pale rufous, at others white : the cheeks are marked with a stripe of rufous : the quills and tail are reddish grey, edged with pale rufous : legs brown. This species inhabits France and Germany: it generally resorts to gardens, and fixes its nest, which is con- structed of dried herbs, and lined with hair, on a low bush or plant : its eggs are five in number, and are of a greenish white, sprinkled with a darker colour. 669 CAFFRARIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Caffra.) SY. otivacea, gula caudaquejerrugineis, superciliis allis. Olive Warbler, with the throat and tail ferruginous ; the eye- brows white. Sylvia Caffra. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 514. 22. Motacilla Caffra. Lin. Mant. 1771. p. 527. — Gvnel. Syst. Nat. 1- 997- Caffrarian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 426. 17. NATIVE of the Cape of Good Hope: the head and back are olive : the quills are brown : the eyebrows white : between the beak and eyes black : the breast and belly whitish: the throat, rump, and tail, ferruginous j the feathers of the latter tipped with brown, and even. 670 REDSTART WARBLER. (Sylvia Phoenicurus.) SY. gulanigra, abdomine caudaque rufis, capite dorsoque cano, Warbler with a black throat, red belly and tail, and hoary head and back. Sylvia Phcenicurus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 511. 15. Motacilla Phoenicurus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 335. 34 Lin. Faun. Suec. 25f.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 987. Ruticilla. Raii. Syn. 78. A. 5. — Briss. Orn. 3. 4O3. 15. Rossignol de muraille. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 170. pi. Q.f. 2. — Buff. PL Enl. 33l.f. 1. 2.— -Buff. Hist. Prov. 1. 501. Redstart. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 146. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 41 6. B. — Will Aug. 218. — Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 50.— Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 40.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 421. 11.— Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 108.— Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 82. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 208. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Sup. THE Redstart is five inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are black : irides hazel : fore- head white : crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and back, deep blueish grey : cheeks and throat black : the breast, sides, and rump, rusty red : quills and two middle tail-feathers brown ; the rest of the tail-feathers red : female light brown, with a dash of grey on the head and back : the chin is whitish : the red is not so bright as the male. The Redstart is far from a shy bird, as it will often build its nest and rear its young in some hole of a wall where persons are continually pass- ing, but upon being disturbed will immediately TITHYS WARBLER. 671 forsake the place : it is generally found near ha- bitations, in villages, and small towns : its nest, as before mentioned, is generally built in old ruinous walls, or hollow trees ; it is composed chiefly of moss, and lined with hair and feathers ; the eggs are five or six in number, of a fine blue, not much unlike those of the Hedge Warbler, but larger, and of a lighter cast. The young, at first, are speckled all over. Its song is rather agreeable, and it will imitate that of other birds in confinement, which, how- ever, but few individuals of this species will bear, unless they be brought up from the nest: it is migratory, appearing about the middle of April, and retiring the latter end of September or be- ginning of October ; it is rarely seen farther to the north than Yorkshire, or to the west than Exeter. Its food consists of insects and worms: when perched, it has a peculiar method of wagging its tail. TITHYS WARBLER. ( Sylvia Tithys.) SY. remigibus nigricantibus , rectricibus nifis, intermedia pari nigro extrorsum rufescente. Warbler with dusky quills, and rufous tail-feathers ; the two middle ones black, outwardly rufous. Sylvia Tithys. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 512. 16.— Scop. Ann. 1. 233. Motacilla Tithys. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 335. 34. fi.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 987- j8. Redstart. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 423, c. V. X. P. II. 43 672 CHESNUT-BELLIED WARBLER. THE male of this species is greyish on the upper parts : his throat and breast are black : the belly is whitish between the thighs : the rest of the plumage varied with black and white : the female is entirely of a fuscous brown : both sexes have the two middle tail-feathers brown, and the rest brown at the tips : the vent and bases of the outer tail-feathers are red. Found in Italy: its eggs are whitish. CHESNUT-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia erythrogastra.) SY. subtus badia, capite nucha alarumque speculo albis, genis, temporibus, collo, interscapulio et alis aterrimis, uropygio cau- daque badiis. Warbler beneath chesnut-coloui'ed, with the head, nape, and spot on the wings, white; the cheeks, temples, neck, between the scapulars and the wings, dark ; the rump and tail chesnut. Sylvia erythrogastra. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 513. 18. Motacilla erythrogastra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 975. Chesnut-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 424. 13. DISCOVERED by Gueldenstaedt among the gra- velly hollows of the Caucasian mountains : its nest is placed between the branches of the sea- buckthorn : it is a migratory species, retiring to the south in the winter when its food becomes scarce : it is fond of the berries of the plant above mentioned, and will feed on insects, like the rest GREY REDSTART WARBLER. 673 of the genus : the male has his beak black : the irides brown : the crown and nape are sullied white : the feathers at the base of the beak are deep black, as are those of the throat, cheeks, temples, neck, and between the wings : the mid- dle of the quills, from the third to the tenth, is white, forming a spot across them : the breast, belly, vent, rump, and tail, are deep chesnut : the knee is black : legs and claws the same : the fe- male has the rump and tail paler than the male ; the tips of the two outer feathers, and the whole of the inner ones, are brown : the rest of the plumage is ash-coloured, palest beneath, with a tinge of rufous. GREY REDSTART WARBLER. (Sylvia Gibraltariensis.) SY. cinerea,fronte, temporibus gulaque nigris, occipite abdomine- que inferiori albis, uropygio caudaque aurantiis, rectricibus in- termediis fuscis. Cinereous Warbler, with the forehead, temples, and throat, black ; the hind head and lower part of the belly white ; the rump and tail orange, and the middle tail-feathers brown. Sylvia gibraltariensis. Lath.Ind. Orn. 2. 513. 17. Motacilla gibraltariensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 987. Ruticilla gibraltariensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 407- 16. Rossignol de muraille de Gibraltar. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ols. 5. 177. Grey Redstart. Edwards. Birds, pi. 2g.—Pen.Arct. Zool. 2. 417. c. — Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 423. 12. 674 RED-TAIL WARBLER. INHABITS Gibraltar : size of the Redstart : beak dark brown : forehead, sides of the head, and throat, black : hind head white : top of the head, neck, back, wing-coverts, breast, and upper part of the belly, blue-grey : lower part of the latter white : quills grey-brown, with white margins : rump and tail orange ; all the tips of the feathers of the latter brown ; the two middle feathers en- tirely brown : legs brown. RED-TAIL WARBLER. (Sylvia Erithracus.) SV. dor so remigibusquecinereis3abdomine.rectricibusqucrufis, ex- timis duabus cinereis. Warbler with the back and quills ash-colour; the belly and tail- feathers rufous, the outer feathers cinereous. Sylvia Erithracus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 513. 19. Motacilla Erithracus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 335. 35.— Lin. Faun. Suec. 258.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 988. Phoenicurus torquatus. Briss. Orn. 3. 411. 18. male. Phoenicurus. Briss. Orn. 3. 40g. \J. female. Rouge-queue & collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 180. Red-tail. Ray. Syn. 78. 5. 2.— Will. Ang. 218. ?. 2.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 425. 14. LARGER than the Redstart: beak dusky: the top of the head, hind part of the neck and back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, grey : rump rufous: greater wing-coverts and quills grey- brown, margined with rufous : throat and under REDDISH-TAILED WARBLER. 675 parts of the body whitish grey, irregularly varied with pale rufous : sides and under tail-coverts pale rufous ; tail deep rufous, and somewhat forked : legs black : according to Buffon, the male has a large brown lunulated mark on the fore-part of the neck, with the concave part uppermost ; he has also a small spot of that colour between the beak and eyes, and the two middle' tail-feathers are also brown. This species inhabits the southern parts of Europe, frequenting woods and low bushy places : its nest is placed within a short distance of the ground ; it is composed of moss without, and wool and feathers within : the eggs are white, va- ried with grey, and are five or six in number. The bird is accounted very fine eating in the autumn, as it is then very fat : it feeds on worms, flies, and other insects : its song is very trifling. REDDISH-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia russeicauda.) SY. griseo-fusca, rectricibus lateralibus rufis. Grey-brown Warbler, with the lateral tail-feathers red. Sylvia russeicauda. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 17. La Fauvette a queue rousse. Vieil. Ois. de PAmer. Sept. 2. 17. pi. 71- THIS species has a very great affinity to Sylvia erithracus and S. ruficauda, but may be readily 676 RUFOUS-TAILED WARBLER. distinguished from the former by having the mid- dle tail-feathers of the same colour as the rest of the body, and from the latter by the same parts not being orange : it is about five inches and a half in length : its beak and feet are black. It inhabits North America, from Georgia to Hudson's Bay : it is migratory, arriving at the latter place in April, and retiring to the south in the autumn. RUFOUS-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia ruficauda.) SY. Jusca subtus alba, dor si colore in rufum vergente, tectricibus alarum caudaque rufis, gula alba,Jusco maculata, pectore dilute fusco. Brown Warbler, beneath white, with the back inclining to rufous ; the wing-coverts and tail rufous ; the throat white, spotted with brown ; the breast pale brown. Sylvia ruficauda. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 51Q. 37. Motacilla ruficauda. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Fauvette de Cayenne £ queue rousse. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 163. Rufous-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 439. 33- INHABITS Cayenne: it is five inches and a quarter in length : the upper parts of the plumage are brown, with the back inclining to rufous : the quills are edged with rufous : the wing-coverts and tail are entirely of that colour : the throat is BLACK RED-TAIL WARBLER. 677 white, edged with pale rufous, and dotted with brown : the breast is pale brown : the under tail- coverts are tinged with rufous : the rest of the under parts white. BLACK RED-TAIL WARBLER. ( Sylvia atrata.) SY. nigra, vertice plumbeo, remigibus atris; secundariis tnargine exteriore albis, rectricibus rujis; intermediis duabus atris. Black Warbler, with the crown lead-colour ; the quills dusky ; the outer margin of the secondaries white ; the tail-feathers rufous, the two middle ones dusky. Sylvia atrata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 514. 21. Motacilla atrata. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 988. 162. Black Red-tail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 426. 16. LOCALITY unknown : the prevailing colour of its plumage is black : the top of the head lead- colour : the quills dusky : the outer edges of the secondaries bordered with white : the feathers of the back have dusky margins : the two middle tail-feathers are dusky, the others red : the bird is about six inches in length. 678 GUIANA RED-TAIL WARBLER. ( Sylvia Guianensis.) SY. grisea, subtus alba, alts caudaque longa rufis. Grey Warbler, beneath white, with the wings and elongated tail rufous. Sylvia guianensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 514. 20. Motacilla gujanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 988. 161. Rouge-queue de la Guiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 186. — Buff. PL Enl. 686. f. 2. Guiana Red-tail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 426. 15. THIS inhabits Guiana : it is six inches and a half in length : its beak is pale : the upper parts of its body are grey : the wings and tail entirely rufous, the latter very long : the under parts of the body are white : the legs are pale flesh- coloured. EQUINOCTIAL WARBLER. (Sylvia leucura.) Sv.fusco-t estacea subtus alba, uropygio pallido, rcctricilusfasciis obsoletis. Testaceous-brown Warbler, beneath white, with the rump pale, and the tail-feathers obsoletely banded. Sylvia aequinoctialis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 553. 169. Equinoctial Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 187* 154. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. 679 THIS bird inhabits Christmas Island: it is as large as the Domestic Finch : its beak is dusky : the prevailing colour of its upper parts is testa- ceous brown, the rump palest : the quiJls and tail are brown, the latter slightly forked, and crossed with obsolete bars : the under parts of the body are white : it has a short but not unpleasing warble. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia flavicollis.) SY. grisea, subtus alba, ad latera nigro-varia, fronte, fascia ocu- lari rectricibusque nigris, lateribus interiori latere albidis, ma- cula utrinquead basin rostri guttureque Jlavis. Grey Warbler, beneath white, towards the sides varied with black ; the forehead, stripe through the eyes, and tail, black; the lateral feathers white on their inner webs ; a spot on each side the base of the beak and the throat yellow. Sylvia flavicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 518. 35.— Vieil. Qis.de lAmer. Sept. 2. 45.— Wils.Amer. Orn. 2. 64. Motacilla flavicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Parus carolinensis griseus. Briss. Orn. 3. 563. 10. Mesange gris & gorge jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 454. La Fauvette gris a gorge jaune. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 45. Yellow- throated Creeper. Catesb. Carol, l.pl. 62. Yellow-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 400. 280. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 437. 31. — Wils* Amer. Orn. 2. 64. xui.f. 6. THE Yellow-throated Warbler is five inches and a quarter in length : its beak is black ; forehead 680 YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. the same, with a spot of yellow on each side near the base of the beak : from the beak, passing through the eyes, is a stripe of black : the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, are of a beauti- ful grey : the wing-coverts are brownish, and are marked with two white bars : the quills are also brownish, but paler than the coverts : the throat and fore-part of the neck are bright yellow, and are bounded by the streak that passes through the eyes : the rest of the under parts of the plumage are white, sprinkled on the sides with black : the tail is slightly forked, and has all but the two middle feathers whitish on the inner webs : the legs are brown : the female is destitute of the black and yellow markings on the head. This bird is very abundant in Carolina. YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia fuscicollis.) SY. mrescentefusca^pectore aldominequejla'ois, cauda virescente, tectricibus alarum remigibusquejuscis, margine rufescentibus. Greenish-brown Warbler, with the breast and abdomen yellow ; the tail greenish ; the wing-coverts and quills brown, with reddish margins. Sylvia fuscicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. 38. Motacilla fuscicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Fauvette de Cayenne & gorge brune et ventre jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 163. Yellow-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 440. 34. NEW YORK WARBLER. 681 NATIVE of Cayenne : the upper parts of its head and body are greenish brown : the wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with pale rufous : throat greenish brown : breast and belly yellow, tinged with fulvous : tail-coverts greenish. NEW YORK WARBLER. (Sylvia Noveboracensis.) Sv.cinereojuscoque varia, subtus Jlavicans nigro varicgata, su- pcrciliis albis. Cinereous Warbler, varied with fuscous; beneath yellowish, varied with black ; the eyebrows white. Sylvia noveboracensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 518. 33.— VieiL Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 26. Motacilla noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 958. Fauvette tachetee de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 161. — Buff. PI. Enl. 752./. 1. La Fauvette brune. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 26. pi. 82. Spotted Yellow Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 482. 106. female. New York Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 409. 308. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 436. 29* A SOLITARY species, inhabiting New York and Louisiana : it is five inches and three quarters in length : its beak is black : all the upper parts of the body are variegated with grey and deep brown : the eyebrows are white : the under parts of its plumage are yellowish, striped with black, the streaks on the sides and breast broadest : legs pale 682 YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLER. reddish brown : the female, -which is that of the Yellow-spotted Warbler of Latham, is rather less than the male, and has the under parts whitish. YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLER. (Sylvia Trichas.) SY. olivacea, corpore subtusjlavo, fascia oculari nigra. Olive Warbler, with the body beneath yellow, and stripe through the eye black. Sylvia Trichas. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5 19. 36.— Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 28. Turdus Trichas. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2Q3. 7. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 811. Ficedula marylandica. Briss. Orn. 3. 506. 58. Le Figuier aux joues noires. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 2Q2. La Fauvette aux joues noires. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 28. pi. 85. male. pi. 80. female. Maryland Yellow-throat. Edwards. Glean.pl. 237. Yellow-breasted Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 283.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 43S. 32. P. fascia transversa capitis alba,femoribus crissoque aurantiis. With a transverse white stripe on the head, and the thighs and vent orange. La Fauvette & poitrine jaune de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. I6l.—Buff. PL Enl. 709. f. 2. Orange-thighed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 284. Yellow-breasted Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 430. 32. A. THIS elegant species, which inhabits various parts of North America, is subject to slight varia- tions in its plumage : it is of a small size, only measuring five inches in length: its beak is brown: KENTUCKY WARBLER. 683 the plumage above is deep olive-brown : the fore- head is black: the crown of the head reddish yellow : the quills are fringed with olive-yellow : the sides of the head are black : the throat and breast bright yellow : the belly and vent are yel- lowish white : the tail is similar to the quills : the legs are dull flesh-colour : it varies in having a transverse band of white on the top of the head, passing from eye to eye : the sides, thighs, and vent, are orange, the former palest: legs reddish: in other respects similar to the first. The last is the male, according to Vieillot. KENTUCKY WARBLER. (Sylvia formosa.) SY. olivaceo-viridis suUusjlava, vertice, lorisque nigris, superciliis maculaque infra oculosjlams, capite subcristaio. Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the crown and lores black ; the eyebrows, and spot beneath the eye, yellow ; the head slightly crested. Sylvia formosa. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 85. Kentucky Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 85. pi. xxv./. 3. LENGTH five inches and a half: head slightly crested: the crown deep black, towards the hind part spotted with light ash : upper parts of the body olive-green : tail nearly even at the end, .and of a rich olive-green : its inner webs, and those of the wings, dusky : the lores, and a stripe on each 684 BLUE-HEADED WARBLER. side of the neck, beneath the eye, black : the eye- brows, spot beneath the eye, and the under parts of the plumage, brilliant yellow : legs flesh-colour : the female has but little black on the crown, and is destitute of the spot beneath the eye. This bird is common in Kentucky and the Ten- nesee country, among low and damp grounds, where it builds its nest on a tuft of grass, or in a low bush ; it is composed of dry loose grass and weeds, and lined with hair: the eggs are four in number, pure white, with reddish spots. About April it arrives in Kentucky from the south, and remains there till the approach of cold weather, when it disappears ; it is a restless quarrelsome species. BLUE-HEADED WARBLER. ( Sylvia cyanocephala.) SY. viridisy capite tectricibusque alarum superioribus caruleis, gula cana, remigibusfuscis margine viridibus. Green Warbler, with the head and greater wing-coverts blue j the throat hoary ; the quills brown, edged with green. Sylvia cyanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 546. 144. Motacilla cyanocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 990. 163, Sylvia viridis. Briss. Orn. 3. 53 1 . 70. pi. 2S.f. 4. Pitpit vert. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 338. Blue-headed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 503. 130. NOT quite five inches long : beak brown : the head, and upper wing-coverts, blue: the throat GREY-THROATED WARBLER. 685 blue-grey : the rest of the body, and the greater coverts, bright green : the quills brown, with green margins : legs grey/ Inhabits Cayenne. GREY-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia griseicollis.) SY. supra fusco-virescens, gula gilva, pectore hypochondriis tec- tricibusque caudce infer ioribusjlavis, venire rectricibusque late- ralibus albis. Warbler above brown-green, with the throat grey; the breast, sides, and under tail-coverts, yellow; the belly and outer tail-feathers white. Sylvia griseicollis. Vieil. Ols. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 29. Sylvia fusca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 543. J31. young? Motacilla fusca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 973. young? Figuier brun-olive. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 318. young. Olive-brown Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 411. 313. young. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 495. 126. young. INHABITS Louisiana: the legs and beak are brown : between the latter and the eye is a spot of white : the eyelids are also white : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are green- brown : the quills and wing-coverts are brown, edged with yellowish : the throat is whitish grey : the breast, sides, and under tail-coverts, are yel- low : the belly is white : the tail similar to the quills, with the outer feathers white : the young differs in having the throat, fore-part of the neck, 686 CRESTED WARBLER. and sides, whitish and grey, mixed : belly yel- lowish white ; and the middle tail-feathers tinged with yellow. CHESTED WARBLER. (Sylvia cristata.) SY. supra fuscescente viridis, sultus virescentegrisea, capitis critta nigricante fusca, marginc alba. Warbler above brown-green, beneath green-grey, with a dusky brown crest on the head, margined with white. Sylvia cristata. Lath. Ind. Orh. 2. 541. 125. Motacilla cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. Figuier huppee de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 314.-— Buff. PI. Enl. 391./. 1. Crested Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4Q3. 20. THE Crested Warbler is in length four inches z its beak is dusky brown : the upper parts of its plumage are greenish brown ; the under greenish grey : the feathers on the top of the head are blackish brown, edged with white, are much elon- gated, and may be elevated at pleasure, and form a crest : legs yellowish brown. This frequents the open parts of Guiana: it feeds on insects. < CR1ESTEB WAMB1LE1R, 687 RED-BELLIED WARBLER. ( Sylvia Velia.) SY. nigra viridi-cceruleo varia, ventrefulvo, uropygio viridi-aureo* Black Warbler, varied with green-blue, with the belly fulvous, and rump golden green. Sylvia Velia. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 546. 146. Motacilla Velia. Lin. Syst. Nat. l. 336. 41. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1-991. Sylvia surinamensis caerulea. Briss. Orn. 3. 536. 73. Pitpit varie. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 341. Pitpit bleu de Surinam. Buff. PL Enl. 66g.f. 3. Red-bellied Blue-bird. Edwards. Birds. 1. pi. 22. Red-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 504. 141. BEAK lead-colour ; the under mandible whitish: the upper parts of the head, neck, and back, are black, variegated with blue-green ; the greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail, are black, bordered with blue : the rump is of a golden green : the throat is violet, as is the fore-part of the neck, but the latter is varied with brown : the rest of the under parts is rufous : legs ash-coloured : it varies in having the forehead golden green ; and also in having the belly and rump reddish. It is a native of Surinam and other parts of South America : it is greatly esteemed as food, and is considered as fine as the Ortolan. v« x. P. ii. 688 GREEN INDIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Zeylonica.) SY. viridis, subtusjlavescens, alls nigris,fasciis dudbus albis. Green Warbler, beneath yellowish ; wings black, with two white bars. Sylvia zeylonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 91. Motacilla tiphia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 331. 13. male. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q63. Motacilla zeylonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. female. Ficedula bengalensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 484. 47« Le Figuier vert et jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 278. Ceylon Warbler. Brown. III. Zool. p. 36. pi. } 5. —Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 474. 87. — Lath. Sup. 474. Green Indian Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. 1. 15. male./?/. 79. female. Green Indian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 474. 90. LENGTH above four inches : beak dusky, with a yellowish base : the upper parts of the plumage olive-green ; the rump palest : lesser wing-coverts deep brown : the middle and greater ones the same, tipped with white, forming two bars of that colour on the wings : quills and tail blackish, with yellow edges : cheeks and under parts of the body pale greenish yellow : legs dusky : the opposite sex differs in having the crown and nape black. Inhabits Bengal and Ceylon. 689 CINGALESE WARBLER, f ' . .'• - avaf loris nigris, alls ctzruleisfasciis duabus albis. Olive Warbler, beneath yellow, with the lores black, and wings blue, with two white bands. Sylvia Pinus. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 537. Hi. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 25.?— Vieil. Ois. de PAmer. Sept. 2. 44. Sylvia pusilla. Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. \J. Certhia Pinus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 187. \G.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 478. Parrus americanus. Briss. Orn. 3. 576. 15. Le Figuier des sapins. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 296. — Vieil. Ois. de I' Amer. Sept. 2. 44. Pine Creeper. Catesb. Carol. 1. p. 46.pl. ^.-—Edwards. Glean. pi. Itf.f. 1.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 25. pi. xix.jT. 4.? Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. lf.pl. xxvm. /•*• Pine Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 412. 318.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 483. 107. FREQUENT among pine trees, in Carolina, in the summer, and in Pensylvania from April to Sep- tember, departing to the south in the latter month : its length is nearly five inches : its beak and legs are brown : the head, hind part of the neck, back, 738 SPOTTED YELLOW WARBLER. and rump, olive : upper wing-coverts brown, tipped with white, and forming two bars of that colour on the wings : quills brown : through the eye a black streak : the throat, neck, and breast, yellow : belly and vent white : tail brown, slightly forked : the outer webs of the exterior feathers white : the female is entirely brown. This bird has very much the manner of a Creeper, running up and down the decayed trunks of trees in search of insects and their larvae. SPOTTED YELLOW WARBLER. (Sylvia tigrina.) pennarum margine olivaceo, subtus nropygioquejla'va, abdomine inferiori sordide ochroleuco, litura aurium rufa, rec- tricum remigumque margine olivaceo. Brown Warbler, with the edges of the feathers olive ; the under parts and rump yellow ; the lower belly dirty yellow-white ; spot on the ears rufous ; the tail-feathers and quills edged with olives Sylvia tigrina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 537. HO. — Vieil. Ois. dc VAmer. Sept. 2. 34. Motacilla tigrina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q85. Ficedula canadensis fusca. Eriss. Orn. 3. 515. 63.pl. 2/.f. 4. Figuier tachete de jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 203. La Fauvette tigree. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 34. pi. $4. Spotted Yellow Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean.pl. 257. Spotted Yellow Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 407. 302.— Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 482. 106. CAPE MAY WARBLER. 739 LENGTH four inches and a half: beak dusky : the upper parts of the plumage brown, the feathers edged with greenish: spot on the ears rufous : the greater wing-coverts with a white fascia: the quills edged with olive-green: the throat, fore-part of the neck, upper part of the belly, the sides, and rump, yellow ; the neck and breast spotted with dusky: the lower part of the belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, dirty yellowish white : tail similar to the quills, with the two outer feathers whitish on the inner webs near the tips ; it is slightly forked : legs brown. Inhabits North America and the West Indies. CAPE MAY WARBLER. (Sylvia maritima. ) ;Sv. olivaceo-Jlava, subtus ochroleuca, superciliis, menio, lateribus- que colli flaws, fascia alarum alba, rectricibus tribus exterioribus intus macula alba, caudafurcata. Olive-yellow Warbler, beneath yellowish white, with the eye- brows, chin, and sides of the neck, yellow ; a white bar oa the wings ; the three outer tail-feathers with a spot of white within, and the tail forked. Sylvia maritima. Wils. Amer. Orn. 6. 100. Cape May Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 6. 100. pi. Liv.f. 3. THE Cape May Warbler is five inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are black : the upper parts of the head deep black : line from 740 GREEN WARBLER. the nostrils, over the eye, chin, and sides of the neck, rich yellow : ears orange : at each angle of the eye is a spot of black : hind head, back, rump, and tail-coverts, yellow olive, thickly streaked with black : the exterior edges of several of the greater wing-coverts are pure white, forming a broad bar on the wings ; rest of the wing dusky, slightly edged with dark olive-yellow : the sides beneath the wings are also of the latter colour, striped with black : belly and vent yellowish white : tail forked; the feathers dusky black, edged with olive- yellow ; the three outer ones on each side marked on their inner vanes with a spot of white : the yellow on the throat and sides of the neck reaches nearly all round it, in the manner of a collar, and is very bright. It inhabits swamps on the Cape May coast. GREEN WARBLER. (Sylvia virens.) SY. olivacea, gutturenigro,peciore, collicapitisquelateribusjlavist abdomine, crisso alarumquejdsciis duabus albis. Olive Warbler, with a black throat j the breast and sides of the head and neck yellow ; the abdomen, vent, and two bars on the wings, white. Sylvia virens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 537- 112.— Fi«7. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 33. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 137. Motacilla virens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q85. Ficedula pensylvanica gutture nigro. Briss. Orn. App. 104. 77- GREEN WARBLER. 741 Figuier a cravatte noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 298. La Fauvette & cravatte noire. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 33. pi. 92. Black-throated Green Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean.pl. 300. Black-throated Green Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 137. xvu. /.3. Green Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 404. 297.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 484. 108. BEAK black: the upper parts of the plumage olive-green : the sides of the head and neck bright yellow : wing-coverts olive-green, with the mid- dle and greater ones tipped with white, forming two bars of that colour on the wings : quills cine- reous, edged with white : throat, and fore-part of the neck, black : the upper part of the breast yel- low ; the lower part, belly, and vent, white : the sides of the body varied with black and white : the tail ash-colour ; the three outer feathers with a tinge of white on the inner web : legs brown. This arrives in Pensylvania in the month of April, in its passage northwards, and returns in Sep- tember. 742 YELLOW WARBLER. (Sylvia Trochilus.) SY. cinereo-i)irenst alls subtus rectricibusquejlavescentibus, super- ciliis luteis. Grey-green Warbler, with the wings beneath and quills yel- lowish, the eyebrows yellow. Sylvia Trochilus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 550. 155. Motacilla Trochilus. Lin. Syst. frat. 1. 338. 4Q. — Lin. Faun., Suec. 264. — Gmeh Syst. Nat. 1. 995. Asilus. Briss. Orn. 3. 479. 45. — Rail. Syn. 80. A. 10. — Will. Ang. 228. Le Pouillot. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ols. 5. 344. Yellow Wren. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. \5\.—Pen.Arck. Zool. 2. 319.— White. Hist. Selb. p. 28. and 55. — Hayes. Brit. Birds. pi. 38.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 512. 147.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 238. 7.—- Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 14.—Leivin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 113.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup.— Bewick. Birds. J. 222. THE Willow or Yellow Warbler weighs rather more than two drams and a half: its length is five inches and a quarter : the beak is dusky above and yellowish beneath : irides hazel : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are of a greenish yellow-brown : the quills are dusky brown, edged with yellow ; their coverts are yellow : the under parts of the plumage are white, tinged with yel- low: on the breast are a few yellow streaks : thighs yellow : tail similar to the quills, slightly edged with yellow : over the eye a faint yellow streak : legs light brown : the female can scarcely be clis- YELLOW WARBLER. 743 tinguished from the male, except in being rather paler. This species greatly resembles the Pettychap Warbler, from which it may be readily known by its' superior size : it also approaches the Wood Warbler, which is known by its white belly and tail-coverts : it is very abundant in some places, affecting wooded and enclosed situations, where willows abound : it arrives here early in April, and soon commences its song, which is simple, and similar to the words twit, twit, and is uttered while running up and down the branches of trees in search of insects : in the beginning of May it makes an oval nest with a small opening at the top, composed of moss and dried grass, lined with feathers, and placed in the hollow of a ditch or low bush : the eggs are six or seven in number, white, spotted towards the larger end with fer- ruginous ; some are sprinkled all over with that colour : it disappears in the autumn, and is abun- dant in many parts of Europe as well as England, 744- LESSER WOOD WARBLER. ( Sylvia acredula.) SY. supra fusco-virens, subtus jlava, gula pecloreque albo-Jlaves- centibus. Warbler above brown-green, beneath yellow, with the throat and breast yellowish white. Sylvia Trochilus. /3. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 550. 155. Sylvia pusilla. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 30. Motacilla acredula. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 338. 4Q. |3. Ficedula Carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 486. 48. Le Figuier brune et jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 295. ? Yellow Titmouse. Catesb. Carol. \ . pi. 63 . La Fauvette naine. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 3Q. pi. 100. Yellow Wren. Edwards. Glean.pl. 2?8.f. 2.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 420. N. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 513. THE plumage on the upper parts of this species is very similar to that of the Yellow Warbler, but is more inclined to brown ; beneath it is olive- green: in other respects it agrees with that species. Buffon describes a bird which approaches very near to this, only differing in being somewhat larger: the upper parts are olive-green; the under yellow : found with the former. It is a native of North America, Jamaica, and other of the West India islands : it feeds on insects. 745 PASSERINE WARBLER. (Sylvia passerina.) SY. cinerea, subtus griseo alba, superciliis albidis, remigibus cau- daque atris. +• Cinereous Warbler, beneath greyish white, with the eyebrows white ; the quills and tail dark-coloured. Sylvia passerina. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 508, 5. Motacilla passerina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q54. Curruca minor. Eriss. Orn. 3. 3/4. 3. Passerinette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 123.-— Buff. PI. Enl. 579. /.2. Passerine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 414. 4. LENGTH rather more than five inches : beak brown : irides red-brown : the upper parts of the plumage pale cinereous : eyebrows white : the under parts of the body pale greyish white : quills and tail dusky : legs lead-colour. This species makes its nest in a low bush close to the ground : it is constructed of dry grass and herbs, and lined with finer materials: the eggs are of a dingy white, varied with two shades of green, especially at the larger end ; they are four in number. The note is very trifling, consisting only of a chirp. It is a native of many parts of Europe, but does not occur in England. 746 PETTYCHAP WARBLER. (Sylvia Hippolais.) Sy. virescente-cinerea, subtus jlavescenst abdomine albido, super- ciliis albidis. Greenish-ash Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the belly whitish, eyebrows white. Sylvia Hippolais. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 507- 4. Motacilia Hippolais. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. ?. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 248. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 954. Least Willow Wren. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 223. Lesser Pettychaps. Lath. Gen.Syn. 4. 413. 3. * Pettychaps. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. \4§.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 418. G.—Latk. Gen. Syn.A. 413. 3. *—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 236. 4. Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 101. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup. THE Lesser Petty chap Warbler weighs scarcely two drams : its length is about four inches and a half : it is the smallest bird found in England, the Golden-crested Wren excepted : it greatly resem- bles the Yellow Wren ; its principal marks of dis- tinction from which consist in the prevailing colour being scarcely tinged with yellow, and in having the legs dusky : both sexes are the same in plumage. Common in many parts of Europe ; with us it is the earliest species of Warbler that arrives, being often heard in the beginning of March, and to- wards the latter end of that month appearing in great numbers ; next to the Wryneck it is the first migrative bird that appears : upon its arrival PETTYCHAP WARBLER. 747 it commences singing, and prepares its nest, which is composed of dry leaves and coarse dry grass externally, and fine downy feathers within ; its shape is oval ; it is generally placed on or near the ground, in a tuft of grass or low bush : the eggs are six in number, white, sprinkled with purplish red at the larger end, and one or two spots at the sides. The note of this bird, which Is continually repeated, is extremely simple, and not at all interesting, except from its being the harbinger of spring : it has a resemblance to the words chip chop chop, chip chop, or, according to some, chiff chaff: it is continued throughout the summer. This is a very hardy bird, and is greatly diffused over England, being found in all places where the woods and hedges afford it shelter : it often remains here till the latter end of Octo- ber, and even through the winter, as it has been seen by Colonel Montagu in Devonshire in the months of December and January, but the season was extremely mild, the thermometer being but once below the freezing point. 748 WOOD WARfeLEll. (Sylvia Sylvicola.) Sir. virescens subtusjlavescens, superciliis, luteis, abdomine crisso* que niveis. Greenish Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the eyebrows yel- low, and the belly and vent snow white. Sylvia sylvicola. Lin. Trans. 4. 35. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. Sup. liii. 1. Motacilla Sibilatrix. Naturf. 27. 47. 4. Regulus non cristatus major. Will. 164. — Briss. Orn. 3. 482. A. Yellow Willow Wren. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 220. Larger Yellow Wren. White. Selb. 55. Wood Wren. Lin. Trans. 2. 245. pi. 24. — Lin. Trans. 4. 35. pi. 2.f.l. egg.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 23?. 6.— Mont.' Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Sup. DESCRIBED by Mr. Lamb as a new species of Warbler in the second volume of the Linngean Transactions, though noticed before by Mr. White, in his Natural History of Selborne ; but as it has been again described by Colonel Montagu in the fourth volume of the former work, the description there given will be repeated. " This species weighs about two drams, forty grains : the length five inches and a quarter : the beak is dusky : irides hazel : the upper parts of the head, back, scapulars, and upper coverts of the tail, are of a lively yellow-green : over the eye is a bright brimstone-coloured stroke : the cheeks and throat yellow : the upper part of the breast white, tinged with yellow; the lower part, belly, and under tail- '•In YEILILOW I WOOD WARBLER. 749 coverts, pure white : the quill-feathers are dusky, edged on their exterior webs with yellow-green : the tail very little forked, coloured like the wing- feathers, except the two outermost, which want the yellow margins : the legs are of a yellowish brown. The female caught on the nest weighed three drams :" her plumage corresponds with that of the male. This is a migrative species, the males arriving towards the latter end of April, ten days or a fort- night before the females ; they both depart in Sep- tember. It is not a rare bird, as it appears to occur in all parts of England, in places congenial to its habits: it seems most partial to oak and beech woods, where it may be found by its pecu- liar note, which is compared by Colonel Montagu to the word twee, drawn out to some length, and repeated five or six times successively, terminat- ing with the same notes delivered in a hurried manner, at which time it shakes its wings ; the latter only takes place during the incubating sea- son, after which it is not so vociferous. It makes ks nest on the ground, beneath the shades of trees or bushes, constructing it of dry grass with a few dead leaves, and a little moss externally, and lined with finer moss and a few long hairs : it is oval, and differs materially from those of the Yellow Willow Warbler and Pettychap Warbler, as those birds line the nest with feathers : the eggs weigh from eighteen to twenty-two grains; they are white, sprinkled with rust-coloured spots, in some parts confluent j they are six in number. 7£0 YELLOW-POLL WARBLER. This bird appears to have remained in obscurity from its great similarity to the Yellow Willow Warbler, and to the Pettychap Warbler, both of which approach very near to this in size and colour, It differs from the former in having the plumage more vivid in colour, and in the belly and under tail-coverts being pure white, whereas in that bird they are tinged with yellow ; and from the latter in its superior size : its manner and habits are likewise different. . It is found in Germany, where it is also migra- tive. YELLOW-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia aestiva*) SY. vifidi-olwacea subtusjlava, gutture pectore hypochondriisqud maculis nifescentibus, rectricibus lateralibus intusjlavescentibus. Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the throat, breast, and sides, spotted with reddish, and the outer tail-feathers yellow within. Sylvia aestiva. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 551. 157. — Vieil. Ois. dc I'Amer. Sept. 2. 35. Sylvia albicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 535. 104. Motacilla aestiva. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1 . 996. Motacilla albicollis. GmeL Syst. Nat. \ . 983. Ficedula canadensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 492. 51. pi. 26. f. 3. Ficedula dominicensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 494. 52.pl* 26. f. 5. Le Figuier tachete. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 285.— Buff. PL Enl. 5S.f. 2. Figuier a gorge blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 287- YELLOW-POLL WARBLER. 7,51 La Fauvette tachet6e. Vieil. Ois. de PAmer. Sept. 2. 35. pi. 95. St. Domingo Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 479. 100. Yellow-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 2Q2.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 515. U8.—Lath. Syn. Sup. ]83. LENGTH nearly five inches : beak blackish : irides blue : the upper parts of the body are olive- green : the under parts and the head fine yellow : the neck, breast, and sides, longitudinally spotted with reddish : the quills and tail are brown, edged with olive-green ; the two middle feathers of the latter entirely dark brown ; the outer ones yellow within : legs blackish : one sex has the top of the head greyish. Common in many parts of America and the West Indies : it appears in Canada and Hudson's Bay in the summer, and retires in the autumn to the south : it breeds in the latter place, and its nest is constructed amongst willows ; it is com- posed of moss, hair, grass, and feathers, well woven together; it is placed at various heights from the ground : the female lays from three to five white eggs, sprinkled with rusty spots : it has a very agreeable note. v. x. p. ii. 48 752 OLIVE WARBLER. ( Sylvia Carolinensis.) SY. viridi-olivacea subtus Jlavescens, remigibus taudaque fuscis, rectricibus Jlavo marginatis. Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the quills and tail brown, the feathers of the latter edged with yellow. Sylvia carolinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 551. 158. Le Figuier de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 285. — Buff. PL Enl. 58./. I. Yellow-poll. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 515. 148. var. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 183. Olive Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 307. THIS species approaches very near to the Yel- low-poll Warbler, differing only in having the whole of the upper parts brown, the forehead and under parts of the body excepted, which are of a pure immaculate yellow: it inhabits the same parts as that bird, and is considered to be a variety of it by Dr. Latham. 758 WHITE-WINGED WARBLER. (Sylvia leucoptera.) SY. viridi-jlava, subtus lutea, tectricibus alarum superioribus apice albis, cauda viridis. Green-yellow Warbler, beneath yellow, with the tip of the upper wing-coverts white ; the tail green. Sylvia leucoptera. Vieil. Ols. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 28. La Fauvette leucoptere. Vieil. Ois. de FAmer. Sept. 2. 28. pi. 84. LENGTH four inches and a half: beak black ; its sides white : the whole of the upper parts of the body yellowish green, inclining to brown; the upper wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a bar of that colour on the wing; the bend of which, with the cheeks, throat, and under parts of the body, are fine yellow : the tail is dark green : the legs are black. It is an inhabitant of North Ame- rica : it somewhat resembles the Pine Warbler. TAILOR WARBLER. (Sylvia sutoria.) SY. totaflava. Warbler entirely yellow. Sylvia sutoria. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 551. 150. Motacilla sutoria. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. QQj.—Zool. Ind. p. IJ. Tailor Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 515. 149.— Ind. Zool. pi. i. 754 SUPERB WARBLER. THIS dextrous Warbler is only three inches in length, and weighs but ninety grains : it is en- tirely of a light yellow colour. It inhabits India, and is remarkable for the construction of its nest, which is extremely curious : it is composed of two leaves ; the one generally dead, which it fixes at the end of a branch, to the side of a living one, by sewing both together with slender fibres ; the lining is composed of feathers and soft vegetable down : the nest and birds taken together are so buoyant, that the leaves of the slenderest twigs are generally chosen for the purpose, as the nest then becomes less likely to be attacked by predaceous animals ; occasionally two living leaves are sewn together : its eggs are pure white. SUPERB WARBLER. (Sylvia cyanea.) SY. nigro-cyanea sultus alba, capite nigro-sericeo tumido, sinci- pite genis lunulaque cervicis cceruleo-nitidis, fascia per oculos mgra. Black-blue Warbler, beneath white, with the head swelled, and of a silky black ; the hind part of the head, cheeks, and lunule on the top of the neck, of a shining blue ; stripe through the eyes black. Sylvia cyanea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 545. 142. Motacilla cyanea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 991 . Motacilla superba. Shaiv. Nat. Misc. vol. 1. Superb Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 501. 137. pi. 53.—Sha*v. Nat. Misc. 1. pi. 1O. '.1-HJ1& SIIFEIIB WARBLJER SUPERB WARBLER. 755 THIS highly elegant species is thus described by Dr. Latham, who has also given a figure of it. " The length of this beautiful species is five inches and a half: the beak is black : the feathers of the head are long, and stand erect like a full crest ; from the forehead to the crown they are of a bright blue ; from thence to the nape black like velvet : through the eyes from the beak a line of black : beneath the eye springs a tuft of the same blue feathers ; beneath these, and on the chin, it is of a deep blue, almost black, and feeling like velvet: on the ears is another patch of blue, and across the back part of the head a band of the same ; the whole giving the head a greater appearance of bulk than is natural : the hind part of the neck, and upper parts of the body and tail, deep blue black; the under pure white: wings dusky; shafts of the quills chesnut : the tail two inches and a quarter long, and cuneiform ; the two outer feathers very short : legs dusky brown ; claws black." Inhabits Van Dieman's Land : it varies slightly in its markings, particularly about the head, where the blue patches often become confluent: some have the shafts of the quills blackish instead of chesnut. This bird forms the type of the genus Malurus of Vieillot, possessing the following cha- racters. Beak very slender, straight, entire, and short; the base ciliated: legs very slender: the outer toes united to the second at the base : wings stout : tail very long and slender. 756 LONG-TAILED WARBLEll. (Sylvia longicauda.) SY. olivacea, vcrtice-riifescente, remigibus olivaceofuscis, rectrici- bus longis angustis, intermediis longioribus. Olive Warbler, with the crown reddish ; the quills olive-brown ; the tail-feathers long and narrow, the middle ones very long. Sylvia longicauda. Lqth. Ind. Orn. 2. 545. 141. Motacilla longicauda. Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 954. Petit figuier & longue queue de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 206. Long-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 501. 136. DESCRIBED by Sonnerat, who tells us that it is abundant among the trees that adorn the shrub- beries of the Chinese : that it is very tame, and has an agreeable note : the top of its head is pale rufous : the hind part of the neck, back, rump, wing-coverts, and tail, are pale olive-green: the quills are olive-brown : the tail is long and slender, and is composed of very narrow feathers ; the two middle ones are as long as the body. 757 REGULUS. GOLD-CREST. Generic Character. Rostrum tenue, breve, rec- tum, lateratim subcom- pressum. Nares pennis duabus recum- bentibus tectae. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. Beak slender, short, straight, compressed at the sides. Nostrils covered with two recumbent feathers. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. rr JL HE genus Regulus was first established by Ray, but by Linnaeus and his followers it was placed amongst the birds belonging to kindred genera under the name of Motacilla : the indivi- duals composing this genus subsist upon insects, worms, and seeds. 758 COMMON GOLD-CREST, (Regulus vulgaris.) * RE. virescens, remigibus secundariis exteriori mar gine flaws, media albis, vertice luteo. Greenish Gold-crest, with the exterior edges of the secondary quills yellow ; the middle white ; the crown yellow. Regulus cristatus. Ray. Syn. p. 79. A. 9. — Briss. Orn. 3. 579. 17. Motacilla Regulus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 338. 48. — Ldn. Faun. Suec. 262.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 995. Sylvia Regulus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 548. 152. Roitelet, Poul, Souci. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. p. 363. pi. 16. f. 2. — Buff. PL Enl. 651. 3. — Buff. Hist. Prov. 1. 50g. Golden-crested Wren. Pen. Brit. Zool. 153. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 32\.— Will. Ang. p. 227. — Edwards, pi. 254. l.—Albin. Birds. I. pi. 53.— Hayes. Brit. Birds.pl. 38. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 508. 145.— Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. l\2.— Walc. Syn. 2. 243. — Don. Brit. Birds. I. pi. 4. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. — Shaw. Nat. Misc.pl, 165.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 2.— Mont. Sup. THIS elegant species is the smallest bird found in Europe, measuring scarcely three inches and a half in length, and the body, when stripped of its feathers, but little more than an inch : its weight is between seventy and eighty grains : its beak is black : irides hazel : the crown of the head is ornamented with a crest composed of a double series of feathers arising from each side, and nearly meeting at their points; the exterior are black, the interior bright yellow ; between which, on the crown, the feathers are shorter, and of a fine deep orange: the forehead, chin, and round the eyes, COMMON GOLD-CREST. 759 whitish : the hind part of the head, neck, and back, greenish : quills dusky, edged with green j at the base of the secondaries is a black bar, above which the coverts are tipped with white, forming a narrow bar of that colour ; and above that the lesser coverts are black, tipped with white, re- sembling two obscure bars : the plumage beneath brownish white ; the belly lightest, and tinged with yellow : the tail slightly forked ; its feathers dusky, edged with yellowish green : the female had the head less crested, and the crown bright yellow instead of orange : the young do not attain the crest till autumn. There is a beautiful white variety of this species in the British Museum, which was captured in Devonshire. Montagu has given a very pleasing account of the manners of this species in the introduction to his Ornithological Dictionary, of which the fol- lowing is an abridgement. A nest containing ten young birds was placed in a small basket near the window of Colonel Montagu's study, for the pur- pose of enticing the old birds, who soon made their appearance, and became very familiar ; the female attending upon the young, even when the nest was placed far in the room, or held in the hand : the male constantly accompanied the fe- male as far as the window-frame, but would not venture within the room; he never uttered any note except the female was out of sight, and then only a slight chirp : the female repeated her visits every two or three minutes, for full sixteen hours daily, each time loaded with food, which the 76O RUBY-CROWNED GOLD-CREST. young devoured in great quantities, considering their diminutive size, consuming above their own weight in four days. The nest is composed of green moss, interwoven with wool, and lined with a profusion of small feathers, which completely conceal the eggs: it is often placed among the branches of ivy, or beneath the thick stem of the fir : the eggs weigh about nine or ten grains, are from seven to ten in number, and are of a brownish white colour, darker at the larger end. The song of this species is repeated at intervals during the day, in the spring, but is discontinued when it has young : it is a very active species, and braves the severest winters : it delights in woody countries, particularly where fir abounds : in all parts of England it is very abundant, as it is likewise in Europe and the rest of the old con- tinent, but does not occur in America : its food consists of insects, small worms, and seeds. BUBY-CHOWNED GOLD-CREST. (Regulufi Calendulas.) RE. einereo-virens, linea verticals rubini color e abdomine alisyue subtusjlavescentibus. Brown-green Gold-crest, with a ruby red stripe on the crown ; the body and wings beneath yellowish. Regulus Calendulus. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. RUBY-CROWNED GOLD-CREST. 761 Motacilla Calendula. Lin. Syst. Nat. I. 337. 47. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 994. Sylvia Calendula. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 54Q. 154-. Calendula Pensylvanica. Briss. Orn. 3. 584. 18. Roitelet rubis. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 373. Ruby-crowned Wren. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 413. 300.— Edwards. Glean, pi. 254. f. l.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 511. 146. — Wils. Amer. Orn. THIS greatly resembles the former species, but is nevertheless very distinct: it is much larger than that bird, measuring above four inches and a half in length : its beak is dusky : the upper parts of the plumage are of a brown olive, the rump being palest : the wings are adorned with two yellowish stripes, and the head with a spot of a bright ruby-red colour : the under parts of the body are yellowish white, the breast greatly inclining to yellow : the quills and tail resemble those of the former species : the female is desti- tute of the red on the head : it varies in having the hind part of the head striped with crimson. Inhabits North America : its habits are similar to those of the European species, with which it has been confounded by many. 762 TROGLODYTES. WREN. Generic Character. Rostrum gracile, integrum, mandibulae sequales. Ala breves rotundatae. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. Cauda ascendens. Beak slender, entire, the man- dibles equal. Wings short and rounded. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. Tail bent upwards. HIS genus, like the preceding, was established by the older ornithologists, but by the moderns placed with the rest of the Warblers : there are but two species, one of which is an inhabitant of the old continent, the other of the new ; they both feed on insects, worms, and small seeds. 763 EUROPEAN WREN. (Troglodytes Europaeus.) TR. griseus, alls nigro cinereoque undulatis. Grey Wren, with the wings undulated with black and grey. Motacilla Troglodytes. Lin. Syst. Nat. i. 337. 46. — Lin. Faun. Suec. I6l.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 993. Sylvia Troglodytes. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 547 . *48. Troglodytes. Ray. Syn. 80. A. ll.—Wils. 164. 42. Regulus. Briss. Orn. 3. 425. 24. Troglodytes, Roitelet. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 352. pi. 16. f. 1 Buff. PI. Enl. 651. f. l.—Buf. Hist. Prov. 1. 510. Wren. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 154.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 322.— Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 53. B. — Hayes. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 111. — Wale. Syn. 2. 242.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 506. 143. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 227.— Mont. Orn. -Diet. 2. Troglodytes Europseus. Leach. LENGTH four inches and a quarter : beak dusky brown, and nearly straight : irides dark hazel : the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, deep reddish brown, obscurely marked with transverse dusky lines : the eyebrows pale-coloured : the quills and tail dusky brown, the latter crossed with undulated dusky black lines, the former spotted with light brown : the plumage beneath light rufous brown, the sides and thighs with darker lines : the under tail-coverts spotted with dusky and white : legs pale brown. This bird is found throughout Europe, and, like the Gold-crest, defies the severest winters, approaching, during that season, the habitations of man : it commences building its nest very early 764 BROWN WREN. in the spring ; it is constructed with very great art, but, unlike other birds, this does not begin at the bottom of the nest, but traces the outlines first : it is of an oval shape, and is composed of various materials according to the substance with which it is in contact ; if it be built against a tree covered with white moss, it is made of that ma- terial; if with green, that is the substance chosen: it is invariably lined with feathers, and has a hole near the top for an entrance. The eggs are seven or eight in number, white, slightly marked with reddish spots at the larger end. The song of this bird is greatly esteemed, being a pleasing but short warble; it is continued throughout the year: its tail is generally carried erect. BROWN WREN. (Troglodytes furvus.) , dor so, alls caudaque lineis atris. Brown Wren, the back, wings, and tail, with black stripes. Motacilla furva. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 994. 168. Sylvia furva. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 548. 151. Brown Warbler. Brown. Illwt. ZooL 68. pi. 18. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 508. 144. THE Brown Wren is four inches and a half in length : its beak is slightly bent, and of a yel- BROWN WHEN. 765 lowish brown colour : the prevailing colour of its plumage is brown, the belly palest: the back, wings, and tail, are striped with dusky bars : legs yellow brown. Inhabits Surinam, and other parts of America. END OF VOL. X. On the First of July 'will be published, Price 6s. plain, 7s. Gd. coloured, No. XV. OF MALACOSTRACA PODOPHTHALMA BRITANNIA; DESCRIPTIONS OF BRITISH CRABS, LOBSTERS, &c. BYWM. ELFORD LEACH, M.D. F.R.S.—L.S., &c. ILLUSTRATED WITH HIGHLY FINISHED FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES, BY JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S., &c. 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