Whe tea: ¢ ee 7 oh Ys ia pe Rai! oe Ni Hae ACN | it es ; i weap sh ats 4 wt 4 Ai brite? sn iatt + uit Le abst a fi ayy a hee Pe) Lab aay o3 f ie pitt a | # ; 1. or cae i aan or RFE se osc te Ree cue aint Ai i hn iN 1 ' Wy it Tea ‘ ah He i .S — see ? | ha : - : ae ~ = S Artaod Aas aD J J) bits A fit iy +e ae 4! TY; PHP Ri bevaeaee ded ba ye hs ema ape tate Gta tee ok ie nit : seis bis erat vine S Hi ni Tem t atten ati ‘. ae i etait ih i. teas ara < i wits mt) ‘ ‘ph reas aie OUR NEW LABORATORIES replacing those destroyed by fire some months ago, are of fire- proof brick construction and thoroughly equipped with the latest and best machinery and apparatus. With nearly two acres of floor space and improved facilities throughout, our plant is | now one of the largest devoted exclusively to the manufacture of STANDARD PHARMACEUTICALS, such as, U. S. P. Assayed and Standardized Fluid Extracts, Tinctures, Medicinal Syrups, Elixirs, Spirits, Wines, Cordials, Powders, Pastes, Embrocations, Lozenges, Hypodermic and Compressed Tablets, Surgical Dressings and Bandages, etc. SPECIALTIES used in VETERINARY and CANINE PRACTICE. VETRINOL (Veterinary Unguentine). Ideal antiseptic astringent ointment for Burns, Sores and Inflammatory Skin diseases. VETRINOL DUSTING POWDER. A dry dressing for Saddle and Collar Galls and all open sores on animals. ZEMACOL (Eczema Colloid), A specific for all eczematous conditions of cutaneous surfaces. CAPSICOL (| Solidified Embrocation). The best and handiest counter-irritant. { Takes the place of liniments, blisters, etc. KAODERMA. A soothing, antiphlogistic topical application. SYR. EUCALYPTUS COTFIP. For Coughs, Bronchitis, Laryngitis, Pneumonia, etc. THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY Main Offices: NORWICH, NEW YORK. NEW YORK OFFICE: 70 and 72 Fulton St. Branches: NEW YORK and CHICAGO. "Phone 3028 John. ges We make a specialty of preparing Private Formulas. Send yours in and get our prices. Write us for complete price catalogue, listing all goods of our make. CREOGEN-MARTIN (The Veterinarians Antiseptic.) Is invaluable in the surgical treatment of Bur- satti or summer sores, actinomycosis, fistulous withers, poll evil, trephining of the nasal and facial sinuses of the head, etc. In abdominal laparotomies a 1 or 2 per cent solution is very suitable for irrigating the ab- dominal cavity during operations. No toxic absorb- tion need be apprehended from the use of Creogen as is the case with Phenol or Hydrargri Bi Chloride. Creogen does not blacken surgical instruments, de- stroy their polish or injure their edge. As an anti- septic it covers the field of veterinary surgery in a most efficient manner. It answers equally well for the simplest as well as for the most complex and deli- cate surgical operations. If you are annoyed with cases of chronic psorop- tic, sarcoptic or symbiotic mange, or other forms of scabetic diseases of the skin among your equine, bo- vine or canine patients, that has previously resisted your best efforts to cure, a trial of Creogen will quick- ly convince you that it is without an equal for such dis- eases. There is no pharmaceutical preparation that will yield you larger dividends in your practice, than Creogen. Send. for.a sample. (1s free: 1 gallon $1.50, 5 gallons, $6.50, 10 gallons, $12.00, prepaid. W. J. MARTIN CHEMICAL CO., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS, KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS. 10 t . ~~ ‘ nexe-ofeit aap beniorasilie? ~§.. Richard Roe Verunnar generar SANMETTO A ao adel! eacguteecael DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS THE HORSE AND DOG. Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE —Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis— OR FROM ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT —Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine— ORDER SANMETTO Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA— many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito- Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys and Bladder—hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract. To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus: R SANMETTO—one bottle—original package. Dose :—For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day. For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day. Price One Bottle, $1.00. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable Druggists, Pamphlet on application. OD CHEM. CO., New York. 11 WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. New Books for Veterinarians. The greatest book on the subject ever published in ANY language. HANDBOOK OF MEAT INSPECTION Dr. ROBERT OSTERTAG, Professor in the Veterinae\High School at Berlin. AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BYy Earley Vernon Wilcox, A.M.,Ph.D., Veterinary Editor, U.S. Dept. of Agricwturé Experiment Station Record. \ WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY John R. Mohler, A.I1.,V.[1.D., Chief of Pathological Division U. S. Bureau Animal Industry. One vol., cloth, 634x934, 920 pages, 260 illustrations and one colored plate, $7.50. ——— =) a It describes minutely the normal appearances of parts and organs, and contains an elaborate account of all pathological conditions and processes with which the meat inspector comes in contact. This work contains not only the common conditions, but the unusual and puzzling as well. The discussion of the best methods of procedure with the meat of diseased animals is thorough, scientific and conservative. The chapters on methods of preservation and steriliza- tion of meat are up-to-date and of great value to packers and meat-dealers; and the chapters on meat poisoning and adulteration are of special interest to food chemists and Boards of Health. The work is exhaustive and authoritative because of Dr. Ostertag’s extended and excep- tional experience. It is a book greatly needed. The illustrations are very fine and the book altogether handsomely printed. By far the best work yet published on the subject, and is, I believe, destined to occupy an important place in veterinary literature.—George Lytle, M.D., Local Office of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Chicago, Ill. The work is a monumental one, and we are confident will hold its own in years to come.— The Veterinary Journal, Loudon. Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary | The Veterinarian’s Call Book (Perpetual.) Surgery. By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., By Roscok R. BELL, D.V.S., (Editor AMER- V.S., author of ‘‘ The Clinical Diagnosis ICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.) Besides 206 of Lameness in the Horse,”’ ‘‘ Tibio-Pero- pages for keeping accounts of patients, it neal Neurectomy,’’ translator of DeBruin’s contains 41 pages of valuable information. ** Bovine Obstetrics,’’ etc. Cloth, size 6x9, Full flexible leather, with flap and pocket, 317 pages, $3.50. Concerning this new $1.25. work attention is called to the following points: 1.—It discusses the subject upon Anatomical and Physiological Model of the the basis of veterinary investigations. 2.— Cow and Model of the Horse. By GEoRGE It does away with works on buman path- A. BANHAM, F.R.C.V.S._ Price of each ology, histology, etc. 3.—It explains each Model, including Explanatory Text, $7 50. question thoroughly both from a scientific These Models, colored to nature, show all as well as a practical point of view. 4.— the Skeleton, Muscles, Internal Organs, It is written by one knowing the needs of etc, in their relative positions. Opened, phy Sti 5.—It deals expanstiyely they measure Io feet by 3 feet. They show with a chapter on tumors, heretofore three different phases of the horse a¢ once, utterly neglected in veterinary pathology. and fold up into a flat compass, measuring 6.—The only work in English specializing only 3% feet by 13 feet. the subject. 7.—The only work thorough- ly taking into consideration American as : well as European investigations. 8 —Of- | A Manual of General Histology. By WIL- fering practical hints which have not ap- LIAM S. GOTTHEIL, M.D., Professor of peared in print, the result of large city and Pathology in the American Veterinary country practice. College, etc. Second edition, revised, cloth, size 5%x8, 152 pages, 68 illustra- A Treatise on Epizootic Lymphangitis. By tions, $1.00. Captain W. A. PALLIN, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, 53, x 8%, 90 pages, with 17 fine full page Horses’ Teeth. By WILLIAM H. CLARKE. illustrations, $1.25 postpaid. The author Fourth edition, revised, cloth, size54%4x7%, has endeavored to combine his own ex- 322 pages, illustrated, $2.50. A treatise on perience with that of other writers and so their mode of development, anatomy, mi- attempts to give a clear and complete ac- croscopy, pathology and dentistry; com- count of a subject about which there is pared with the teeth of many other land little at present in English veterinary lit- and marine animals both living and ex- erature. tinct. Any of the above books sent prepaid for the price. _A new complete and illustrated Catalogue of all our books for Veterinarians, giving full de- scriptions, and in many cases specimen pages, is in course of publication. It will be one of the handsomest catalogues of its kind ever published. When requested, we shall have pleasure in sending a copy, as soon as it is ready, to any Veterinarian. WILLIAM R: JENKINS, 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, cor. 48th Street, New York. 12 : i. va AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1905. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. PARIS, FRANCE, August I5, 1905. SLANDERS UPON THE AMERICAN VETERINARY PROFES- ston.—When I was in the States I was very often called upon by many friends to change my nationality—to become natural- ized. I did not. Whether I did right or not is-of no import- ance; but I did not, and since my return here, ten years ago, I have every reason to congratulate myself for not doing it, as I can now feel more pride and more at liberty when I have the opportunity to defend the land where I spent so many years of my life, and to speak for the profession, to the elevation of which I trust my modest efforts have contributed. I may be the only European who is willing and who can speak knowingly and without preconceived feelings of the Ameri- can veterinary profession. I may be the only Frenchman whose voice may try to stop slanders. It may be too weak to be lis- tened to, but if so, Icannot help it. I shall do my duty, any- how. In previous chronicles I have pointed out articles which were published in some French papers, where comptes rendus of the meetings of our national association were severely and wrongly criticized. JI have, in a paper presented to said association, re- called the imposed requirements for reforms and which were de- manded for the elevation of American veterinary science and for 667 668 EDITORIAL. the respect that American veterinarians would have the right to expect from their professional brethren of Europe. What the result will be, I do not know. I may hope that the meeting of the A. V. M. A. that has just beeu adjourned has not been closed without some action. If it has, let me call her attention to the following : * 4 * ‘Professor Hoffmann, of Stuttgart, gives an interesting account of his impressions of the veterinary profession in the United States in the Berliner Trerarztliche Wochenschrift of April 20. ‘“The American schools consist of private establishments and those attached to the universities. These latter are most primitive, and to him it appears strange that the large State in- stitutions, such as the University of Philadelphia, should have such a miserable place, insufficient in accommodation and badly equipped. The private schools, he says, are as bad, often con- sisting of small wooden sheds, with a board over them inscribed ‘Veterinary School and Hospital’ (‘ Vollends die Privatanstal- ten sind vielfach Kleine schmutzige Bretterboden mit der stol- zen Aufschrift “ Veterinarschule und Veterinar Klinik’). He says that there are no veterinary schools in America compara- ble to those of Europe. “In the cities there are a considerable number of veteri- nary practitioners, some of whom, in the large ones, make in- comes of 100,000 francs (£4,000) per annum ; some few whose practice lies amongst race horses more. Most only go in for horse practice on account of their value. In most of the large horse auction marts a veterznary surgeon will be found to be one of the owners or on the board of directors.* ; “Hoffmann makes some severe strictures on the reputed sur- gical dexterity of American practitioners, and says it simply consists in taking dangerous risks, as, for example, performing an operation on the patient standing, when in Germany he would be under an anesthetic. He says such are acrobatic per- formances, and that Americans have much to learn from Ger- many.” * *K * These absurd and untrustworthy remarks have been printed * (Italics are ours, A. L.) EDITORIAL. 669 in the German papers (the Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrifi of April 20); it has been translated and published in the Revue Générale of Leclainche (June 1), and the above clipping is cop- ied from the English paper, the Veterinary News. I suppose it will run the whole series of European journals. Of course, some will say, what can you do about it? I will leave my readers to answer whether they are satisfied to have the veteri- nary departments of our universities considered as ‘“ rudimen- tary organizations ;” if they are willing to have institutions like the New York State Colleges, University of Pennsylvania, and others called ‘“‘a miserable place,” “insufficient in accom- modation”’ and ‘‘ badly equipped,” which our French confrére calls “‘small wooden dirty shanties ;” and if they are willing that it should be admitted that America has not yet veterinary schools comparable to those of Europe, and finally, if they are satisfied to have their ability in surgery classified as ‘“ acrobatic performances?” If all those are to be accepted let them say so, but if they somewhat exist, it is certainly time for veterinary institutions in the United States to make changes; and what- ever those may be don’t give another chance for another writer to say that American veterinarians have yet much to learn from Germany. * 9 * INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES.—The Old World is undoubt- edly the country of Congresses. The one of Liege was scarcely closed than the one of Budapest is opened; the work of the Hungarian meeting is just brought to an end, and the Congress of Tuberculosis is beginning its seatings in Paris. All those gatherings, of course, are international, and necessarily in all the subjects that are presented and discussed are more or less of international interest. At the meeting in Budapest, matters of great importance were discussed, and I hope to be soon able to give concise reports of what has been done. In Hungaria, vet- erinarians were in large majority ; in fact I do not know if any other scientists but members of our profession contributed to the labors of the meeting. In the International Congress of Tuber- 670 EDITORIAL. culosis, which is holding its meeting as our readers receive their REVIEW, the veterinarians will not be in the majority, but never- theless the profession will be well represented. Indeed I find among the list of reporters on several of the questions which will be treated names with which veterinarians in America are familiar: Chauveau, Arloing, Cadéac, G. Petit, Moussu, Barrier, Leclainche, Cadiot, and others, for France; and many others as prominent from other countries. Dr. Theobald Smith will, as reporter for America, speak on the comparative study of the various tuberculoses. The questions which that Congress will be called to consider are numerous and the conclusions adopted will be important. I shall give you in one of my next all I can in relation to their connections with. our profession. No doubt the visit to the Museum gotten up for the occasion will be one of the great attractions of the Congress. * : * CAN ASCARIDES CAUSE DEATH BY PERFORATION ?—A question which has given rise to some little discussion was pre- sented alittle while ago in veterinary centres here: Can ascaris be the cause of death of an animal, by perforation of the small intestine? Prof. Moussu, of Alfort, had read a paper before the Société Centrale relating the history of a six-months-old colt having died so shortly after the first manifestations of illness that adiagnosis had not been made. At the post-mortema characteristic lesion (?) was found: near the small curvature there was a round hole, quite regularly circular, through which some ascarides were engaged. From this hole started a lacer- ation of the serous and muscular coats, ante-mortem in its char- acters. In front and behind the hole, in the intestine, ascarides were gathered in masses. The number of the parasites was esti- mated at several hundreds. The conclusion of the paper was that the intestinal perforation was the cause of death. It was evidently made by the ascarides. Prof. Moussu endorsed this opinion and for him there are conditions where ascaris can be the initial and direct cause of such accidents. oS EDITORIAL. 671 Prof. Railliet, of Alfort, who is well known as a naturalist and helminthologist, differed from his colleague. Truly asca- tides may promote rupture and laceration of the intestinal coats, but they cannot perforate, as it is well understood that the word perforation means the fact on the part of the parasite, to make its way, by means of its buccal structure, through the intesti- nal wall. For the professor this does not seem possible, as long as the intestine is free from any previous lesions. The discussion which followed was not without interest. Some had cases to speak of with incidents relating to ascarides ; a few were in favor of Prof. Moussu, while others did not wish to advance an opinion, and finally Prof. Desoubry seemed to close the discussion by recording the case of another animal, a male of twelve years of age, which, taken with colics, had died in afew hours. At the post-mortem ascarides in great number were also found in the abundant liquid that existed in the ab- dominal cavity. On the duodenum, at the small curvature, the folds of the mesentery were separated and between them there was a pouch, at the bottom of which was seen the intes- tine ruptured, and in which food and about fifteen ascarides had collected. Is it wrong to admit that these parasites were the starting cause of these lesions? There seemed to be no fosztive evidence that the perforation was due to ascarides. * * * But at the following reunion of those veterinarians, another case was mentioned and the post-mortem held in this case ap- pears to confirm the opinion of Prof. Moussu. ‘An ovoid mass was found about two metres from the pylorus and on the con- cave border of the intestine. This mass is situated between the two folds of the peritoneum, which is highly congested. It is formed of food and clots of blood, and contains a reddish liquid, in which swims one ascaris attached by its buccal extremity to the peritoneal fold. . . .. This pouch, bound downwards by the concave border of the intestine, shows on its inferior border a large blackish clot, adherent to the intestinal wall and in the centre of which exists an intestinal perforation, with borders 672 EDITORIAL. quite regularly circular and which has given passage to the ascaris. The characters of that solution of continuity seem to exclude the idea of a rupture so called, but on the contrary that of a perforation.” ; Which is right, the helminthologists or the pathologists ? * i * FOREIGN BODIES IN FEMALE BLADDER.—Veterinary pub- lications are rather poor in recording cases of hzmaturia due to the presence of foreign bodies in the bladder of the females of our domestic animals. A long paper on the subject was recently read before the Société Centrale which constitutes a most im- portant contribution to the history of those hematurias of vesi- cal origin. For us, ignoring the manner in which the foreign bodies reach the bladder, and the symptoms that followed, let us only consider what was removed from the urinary sac when they were examined by veterinarians. In the first, a long piece of wire rolled upon itself was found in the urethral canal and within the bladder a metallic ring covered with a thick coat of urinary sediment. Both of these removed, recovery soon fol- lows. In another mare, two metallic rings covered with sedi- ment and a porous body, perhaps a sponge, hardened by cal- careous salt, were extracted from the bladder. Ina third animal, it was a fork-like body,one branch of which was imbedded in the mucous membrane. Although hardened by calcareous deposits,it was extracted, but not without difficulty. Two metallic rings and a piece of wire were taken from the fourth; a calcareous sponge (?) from the fifth; a long spiral piece of wire, sharp and filed at both ends, was taken from the sixth and seventh. In the eighth asmall wooden fork with two sharp branches; in the last also a fork, to which were attached two lead shots as big as small cherries. It is quite strange that the lesions produced by the presence of these bodies were, so to speak, comparatively mild, taking in consideration the time they remained in contact with the bladder and judging from the extensive deposit of sedimentous matters they were covered with. EDITORIAL. 673 BIBLIOGRAPHY.—For my bibliographic notes I have re- ceived Archives des Sciences Biologiques, published by the Im- perial Institute of Experimental Medicine of St. Petersburg (Russia), Vol. XI., Nos. 1 and 2. This large publication is issued in French and in Russian. It isa good thing that the former was sent to me. It contains a long article recording numerous experiments which were carried out by Prof. W. N. Boldireff on ‘“‘ the periodic labor of the digestive apparatus out- side of digestion,” and presents no less than 22 important con- clusions, which seem to be well justified by the experiments re- lated. Besides this there is a report from Dr. D. Zabolotmy on ‘experimental syphilis in monkeys.” The conclusion of those experiments are resumed as follows: (1st) In this species of monkeys, inoculated with syphilitic virus, the disease develops regularly and the clinical symptoms are very similar to those observed in man; (2d) the primary characteristic ulcers ap- pear at the point of inoculation, 2-3 weeks after the infection ; (3d) the apparition of the chancre is first accompanied with a swelling of the ganglions,and then of a generalized polyadenitis ; (4th) with some monkeys there are secondary eruptions which disappear rapidly; (5th) second infection does not succeed ; (6th) the passage of the virus from one monkey to another al- ways succeeds. * * * I have also to acknowledge the receipt from J. B. Bailliere & Son of an additional volume to the ‘‘Cadéac Encyclopedia,” viz., the “‘ Pathologie Chirurgicale des Tendons des Muscles et des Nerfs” (‘Surgical Pathology of Tendons, Muscles and Nerves”). By J. Pader and C. Cadéac. Printed and bound in the same form and shape as the other 26 volumes which belong to the encyclopedia, the book seems to be a kind of special treatise on the subjects indicated in thetitle. It is divided into three principal chapters—diseases of tendons, diseases of mus- cles, and diseases of nerves. In the first the tendinous luxations in general and those special to the cap of the perforatus on the os calcis, to the lateral extensor of the phalanges and to the 674 EDITORIAL. tendon of the postea spinatus. ‘Then come the various tendon- ites, those due to traumatism, to sprains, the infectious tendon- ites and the parasites. Knuckling and sprung knees close that chapter. In the second the many affections of muscles are treated: bruises, ruptures, hernias, myosites, rheumatisms, for- eign bodies, tumors and parasites. In the chapter of the ner- vous diseases we find first the cerebral and medullary com- motion, contusions, wounds, abscesses, etc., as belonging to the nervous centres. In diseases of nerves the authors treat of compression, contusion, wounds, etc., neuritis and polyneuritis, tumors, and then some special paralyses as those of the fifth pair of cranial nerves, of the brachial plexus, of the radial, the obturator, femoral, great sciatic, etc. No doubt this is a great addition to the Encyclopedia. * * I must not omit to also acknowledge the receipt of the Zow- zstana Planter, with article from Dr. Dalrymple on sugar feed- ing; that of the sixth semi-annual report of the Chief of the Cattle Bureau of Massachusetts, Dr. A. Peters; and those of the Chief Veterinary Surgeon of the Cape of Good Hope and of his assistants for 1904—copy of those which were presented to both houses of Parliament by order of the Governor. A. L. THE RETIREMENT OF DR. SALMON. The veterinary ‘profession will regret to learn that Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, has tendered his resignation to the Secretary, and that it has been accepted. The regret will be genuine among those who have the welfare of the pro- fession closely at heart, since he was an exemplar of the best application of the highest principles of advanced scientific med- icine as applied to the control of animal diseases. Connecting himself with the Department of Agriculture in 1879, years be- fore the Bureau was instituted, he became its logical head at its inception, and from the most rudimentary beginning he has guided its footsteps through all these years, constantly enlarging EDITORIAL. 675 its influence and its capacity, each year more zealously safe- guarding the herds and flocks of the land ; extending the mar- ket for our animal products into every civilized country on the globe; driving from our shores scourges which threatened our live-stock interests, and fostering every principle of science and commerce affecting the conservation of the wealth of the nation and the health of its citizens. Twenty-one years is but a short time when estimating the progress of a nation; but in that time the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the wise and con- servative direction of Dr. Salmon, has made a record equalled by that of no other department of the National Government, and history will give to the dethroned chief the credit which political chicanery has temporarily wrested from him, for such work as he has done for this country cannot long be obscured from those who seek after the truth, and who are willing to place a wreath wherever they find a worthy brow. His record is one which is an inspiration and a glorious example to any profession or calling, and in the hearts of his colleagues his rep- utation is always safe; they know him for what he is and what he has been; they know that every act and every thought of the man _ has been in perfect accord with the most scupulous conception of honor; and that his actions in the only charge that was laid at his door were a monument to his nobility of character and his high sense of duty. The Bureau of Animal Industry is a model for the world, and Salmon has been the most potent factor in making it such. Shall this great name be sullied because political expediencies necessitate the production of a scapegoat? No; his work will stand for all time as the greatest example of professional devo- tion and administrative sagacity, and time will bestow upon him that justice which must for the present be withheld by the ex- igencies of political strife. DR. A. D. MELVIN. The vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. D. E. Salmon as Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Ag- 676 EDITORIAL. ticulture, has been filled by the promotion of Dr. Melvin, who has been designated by the Secretary as Acting Chief of the Bureau. His close association with the affairs of the Bureau in all its varied ramifications, makes his promotion peculiarly fortunate for the department and for the country, as there is not likely to be any radical departures from the policies which pro- duced such glorious results in the past twenty years. We are particularly pleased that the new chief should have been chosen from the veterinary profession, since there has arisen a subdued sentiment in the live-stock press for a stockman to occupy this high office, the most powerful advocate of this contention claim- ing that the position requires more than a professional man to direct the varied interests of the Bureau, advice upon purely professional questions being sought from veterinary lieutenants. Salmon has demonstrated, and we believe Melvin will confirm the proposition that a veterinarian can be as broad and as deep in executive matters as any man in any other walk of life. The possession of a diploma indicating professional training does not necessarily close avenues to other classes of knowledge. Dr. Melvin enters upon his important duties with the entire good-will of the profession, and we trust his administration may be as successful as that of his distinguished predecessor. HOW THE “REVIEW” SHOULD BE EDITED. We are truly yrateful to a number of correspondents for the kindly interest shown by them in this publication, and for their suggestions looking to an improvement in the quality and char- acter of its contents. We should feel the frost of isolation if we pursued our course from month to month without the assurances of our readers that they were watching our work in behalf of the profession, whose true representative this journal steadfastly aims tobe. It has been so oft said in these pages that the RE- VIEW is just what the profession makes it, that the repetition of the remark seems almost superfluous, if we had not the desire to impress this fact very strongly upon the minds of our readers. It is their contributions to its pages which make it worth while EDITORIAL. 677 to publish this magazine, and if their codperation were withheld it would soon cease to be of value to the profession. These ex- planations are offered to show how much their suggestions are welcomed, and how carefully they are weighed. We must con- fess, however, that some of the more recent recommendations are so radical and so opposing to the varied interests which the REVIEW represents, as to convince the editors that their estab- lished policy is the best for the greatest number. One correspondent of a practical turn of mind thinks that all theoretical papers and articles detailing research work and advances in the field of bacteriology and kindred subjects should be eliminated, and that the publishers should make arrange- ments with well-known surgeons throughout the country to con- tribute regularly papers upon practical every-day topics, leaving the other branches to purely scientific publications. A second correspondent is strongly impressed that the publication of so many papers upon commonplace topics is not in keeping with the dignity which the profession should maintain, and if he were the directing editor all such material would be eliminated, and space given only to articles eminating from the leaders in ad- vanced thought in veterinary science. Still a third gentlemen believes that the ‘‘news” of the profession would be more ac- ceptable to the readers of this journal, and he believes that if it had more correspondents throughout the country who would write newsy letters telling what this one and that one is doing, and giving ‘“‘matter that is more readable and interesting,” the subscription list would double itself in six months. He would at the same time “ boil-down ” the best articles in the foreign journals to the “bare facts,” thus “saving busy practitioners the time and annoyance necessary to wade through so much superfluous material.” The recital of these three divergent suggestions does not by any means exhaust the contents of a large pigeon-hole in which such communications are placed for reference and consideration. Many others are received, and some contain advice that is not only wise, but advice which is often adopted—to the infinite 678 EDITORIAL. benefit of all concerned. We selected these three as represent- ing the extremes of suggestions, and as a means of furnishing a text to justify our policy in furnishing monthly a great variety of material: articles upon veterinary science in its highest es- tate as it struggles to keep well up with the rapid advances in scientific medicine through the great research laboratories of the world; articles appealing to those who labor in the field of Government inspection ; articles and items tending to help and interest the men who are building up a better and a more worthy service in the army; articles which will be helpful to the members of the profession who labor with the “new”? dis- eases of the tropics, and which shall enlighten those at home about the new conditions met with in the Far East; articles which appeal to the vast army of general practitioners, which, whether in the form of papers or reports of cases will tend to make their work more intelligent, more interesting and better, by bringing out the most helpful suggestions in pathology, therapeutics, surgery, hygiene, etc.; articles that help all from every point of view, and so on and on. No one who labors in comparative medicine, in whatever field, must open his copy of this journal, run it through and Jay it down with a feeling that he has found zothzng to interest or instruct Azm. He must find it, for it is there. If scattered through the pages, items of news and scraps of miscellaneous notes, even a few mirthful squibs, can be collected to brighten the prose of scientific reading, we do not think we have committed a sacrilege. And this is the policy which has guided our efforts in the past’; and, viewed from all sides, it appeals to us as_ best for our large family of diversified tastes and varied interests. PRESIDENT LOWF’S AMBITION. Before the New York State Veterinary Medical Sociéty at its late meeting in Ithaca, President Wm. Herbert Lowe, of the American Veterinary Medical Association, spoke of his purpose to issue a call for oe thousand recruits to the membership of the national organization. When it is borne in mind that the EDITORIAL. 679 present membership is only a little in excess of six hundred, and that it has taken forty-two years to secure this number, the magnitude of his undertaking stands forth as a stupendous prop- osition. But its very audacity is one of its greatest charms, and makes its accomplishment more easy than though he had aimed his arrow at a lesser mark. Every one familiar with re. cent veterinary history knows that the New Jersey Napoleon usually does just what he says he will do, and, prodigious ashis . present burden seems, the REVIEW predicts his entire success, for not one avenue will be untraversed to accomplish what he has set out to do. Besides, he is absolutely irresistible, and while his subjects are protesting they succumb to his demands with submissive demeanor, later on to give thanks for the good he has done for them. His proposition briefly is that every one of the six hundred present members mast supply in 1906 two new members, and for fear some may fail he insists that three new members shall be pledged by those in the more populous cen- tres. While he spoke we heard three members absolutely pledge themselves to deliver up at least two recruits each next year. With such a leader—heart and soul in the work—the hour has come when the A. V. M. A. must go forward with a bound, and become the largest veterinary medical association in the world. Every one should rally around the Lowe banner, and the fulfilment of his great task will be much easier than would appear at its first contemplation. Now that the new pharmacopeeia is going into effect as the official guide for pharmacists, it is important, in view of the changes made in the strength of certain potent preparations, that prescriptions written with old preparations be not refilled. THE NUMBER AND VALUE OF HORSES IN THE UNITED STATES.—The number of horses, according to the Department of Agriculture returns, has risen from 14,213,000 in 1890 to 17,057,000 in 1904. In the same time their value has risen from $978,000,000 to $1,200,000,000. The greatest scarcity was in 1900, when but 13,597,000 were found. All this in spite of the fact that fifteen years ago it was said that the cable, the trolley and the bicycle—and later the auto trucks and automo- biles—were destined to put the horse out of business. 680 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. ORIGINAL ARTICIES: THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS ON WAYS VETERINARIANS MAY AID INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VETERINARY SCIENCES. By D. ARTHUR HuGHES, PH.D., D. V. M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY, U. S. Gov. INSPECTOR, EAST St. LOUIS. Presented to the 42d Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Cleveland, August 15-18, 1905. What is the central thought in the minds of the majority of men who attend the yearly gatherings of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association? Itis this. How shall I gain infor- mation which will be of service to me as a professional man? The kinds of information sought are as various as the fer- sonnel of the attendants at a national meeting. The Associa- tion has a national and an international character, for papers presented before it are from veterinarians in our domain and abroad. However most men who attend go to see operations or to listen to papers and discussions. A statement of the kinds of persons attending and the’classes of knowledge sought reveals how veterinary interests have multiplied since 1863, when the Association was founded, and in how many fields of endeavor veterinary knowledge is utilized for the benefit of animals as property, or by reason of the hurtfulness of animal disease to man. ‘There attends the practitioner who wishes to gain by lis- tening to the speeches of prominent medical men or surgeons, enjoys the criss-cross of questions and answers and goes away to try new things gleaned from the clinical experiences of others ; there attends the educator whose heart and soul, if he is worthy of his office, is engrossed with unquenchable longings for the betterment of the profession in all its activities, who points out error in professional practice, shortcomings in educational mat- ters, the advisability and urgency of stricter and higher profes- THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 681 sional training ; there attends the scientific investigator, collegi- ate or State, whose mind is heated over scientific queries or problems, who either reads a paper and stands the brunt of the fusillade of questions with which he is plied or makes sharp in- quiries himself on technical questions raised ; there attends the State veterinarian who is bent on gaining information on new diseases or old diseases which have found a foothold in neighbor- ing or distant States; there attends the member of a live-stock sanitary board whose interests are in sanitary measures relative to menacing epizootics and contagions; there attends the fed- eral government’s veterinarian or the veterinarian of other na- tionalities who, though he wishes information mainly on infec- tious and sanitary police, cannot be neglectful of any knowledge which the national meeting may supply. In all there is a hun- ger for knowledge. The motive for attendance of most men is the same: how shall I obtain knowledge of usefulness in my daily walk of life? Now, meritorious as the desire is to obtain knowledge use- ful for professional purposes, to assist in new professional en- deavor, the question may be asked, is the eagerness to receive knowledge on the part of our membership commensurate with the eagerness to give knowledge. An eagerness to receive knowledge will always hold its place as the chief incentive for attendance on the national meeting; but is it the most com- mendable motive ; is there nota better? In the excitement of discussion, points raised before the national association always have and always will kindle many expressions of opinion ; in- deed, this in one of the chief arguments in favor of national gatherings of any sort. Also in the inflammatory atmosphere of discussion or debate upon a mooted question in veterinary knowledge points may be raised which otherwise might not be thought of. Still, though a valuable way, zmpromptu discus- sion is usually not the best way to treat a scientific topic or subject. Here,in scientific matters, if anywhere, there is a call for calmness of mind and long reflection before statement is made, which will bear scrutiny or stand the fire of such a dis- 682 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. cussion. With the hope that I am not infringing on the right of criticism in this matter of the Programme Committee, it has occurred to me to suggest that, perhaps this year, certainly in the past, there has not been an absence of difficulty to ob- tain scientific papers sufficient in number and of the right sort for presentation before the national association. If so, the gen- tlemen of that committee should not think that their trouble is due alone to the fact that the papers asked are for the extra- ordinary occasion of a national assembly of veterinarians where the fire of criticism isso warm. The contention can be made and sustained that the rank and file of the profession have not that scientific enlightenment, that knowledge of what is known and what is not known in the science, nor that interest in sci- entific advancement for its own sake which makes men capable of thinking upon, working upon or writing upon a subject in veterinary medicine which would have anything of novelty if presented before a national assembly of veterinarians or printed in a veterinary magazine at home or abroad. For too much time cannot be afforded in a national meeting for mouthing upon old and well-known subjects. The purpose of a national meeting should be not only to build up the knowledge of indi- viduals attending it, but to advance the knowledge of the pro- fession as a learned body interested in investigations ; and how can this be done unless the papers presented are largely note- worthy for this characteristic. An eagerness to attend the na- tional meeting merely for the sake of hearing, entering into dis- cussion and learning is a good thing; an eagerness to present a paper, even though the contents contain nothing that is new, nor anything which stirs up the thought of those assembled is better ; but an eagerness to present a paper the embodiment of thought upon a new phase of our work, upon an investigation of a disease, upon a problem which cries for elucidation—to the preparation of which or the writing of which was given many days of study and many hours of reflection, an eagerness of this kind is best of all. A good motive is to attend the meeting without doing anything for it; a better motive is to assist at THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 683 the national gathering by obtaining special knowledge on some topic beforehand and to present that knowledge in a well- digested, thoughtful paper. The best object is how to advance the veterinary sciences through the medium of the national as- sociation. I. The status of veterinary writing at the present time. There is a greater blessing in giving than receiving knowl- edge; but the ability to work in new fields of scientific knowl- edge, to delve in a new topic in veterinary science never before handled by the investigator and the cultivation of an ardent de- sire to discover new things or toexplain vexatious problems will not be aided if the main aim of scientific study is forgotten or neglected. The main aim of scientific study is to make men capable of the pursuit of new knowledge through investigation, rather than to give them a stock-in-trade for practical useful- ness. The man who asks for a stock-in-trade which will enable him to receive some diploma, license or commission, asks for a scientific baggage of very doubtful usefulness. He is likely not a scientist; nor, if his mind does not change, will he be likely to add anything to scientific knowledge. The chief glory of the scientific school, properly so called, should be not so much to pass a man through an apprenticeship in cut and dried knowl- edge, but to place him in the fore-front of all recent knowledge in the sciences he studies, to put him in touch with all the re- cent aims, desires, hopes, investigations in all the branclies of medicine touching his intended profession and to stimulate whatever of scientific originality there is in him. This has been the dominant effort and the first thought in teaching of men like Bouley, Cadiot, Nocard and Vallée at Alfort, of Schtitz at Ber- lin, of Pfeiffer at Giessen, of Kitt and Friedberger at Strassburg, of McFadyean in London, of Pearson in Philadelphia, of Law at Ithaca. Yea, more, it must be held to steadfastly if the vet- erinary sciences are to advance. Far be it from me to draw a lurid contrast between the state of veterinary medicine on this continent and that in Europe. Nevertheless, in taking a view of the status of veterinary writ- 684 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. ing at the present time on this continent, we perforce find many limitations judged, first, by the books printed on veterinary medicine; and, second, by the scientific papers or articles printed. We are proud to possess under an American imprint the monumental work on veterinary medicine by Dr. Law, which sets the standard of what books on veterinary science should be. In it all recent knowledge touching every point covered is included. Withal because of the amplitude of the knowl- edge displayed and because of the manner in which it is presented, the work stands in equality, if not in superiority, on shelves in medical libraries with works of like ambitiousness and the same modernity in human medicine. Such is the am- bition of the writer in this his crowning work as an author, that, although only two or three years have elapsed since its publica- tion, it is under revision to bring it up to most recent knowl- edge. In American veterinary literature we have no books sim- ilar to it in scope. Indeed the amount of veterinary books ap- pearing from the veterinary press is very small, so that our mag- azines never threaten to be swamped by reviews and criticisms of such publications. Without making specific references I may say that in the last few years there have appeared from the American press books on veterinary specialties—like bacteriol- ogy, pathology of infectious diseases and surgery, the aim of which has been to study infections in America or surgery as it should be tanght here. But most of the works we are prone to use as text-books are either lumberly translations of foreign texts often inapplicable to American conditions or books which copy altogether too freely from European books or slavishly ad- here to their errors. In artistic illustration of scientific points, in inexactness of scientific language used at times and in the printer’s ‘‘ make-up” our books are in sharp contrast with the great modern works in human medicine. Nor need I speak with bated breath of the folly of using books in branches of human medicine like histology, embryology or materia medica and relying too much on the probability of the facts, true THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 685 enough, in human medicine, but likely wrong when applied to our animals. The time will come when our knowledge of these and other branches of comparative medicine will be so modern- ized as to necessitate scientifically accurate text-books on each _ branch entirely devoted to each. What now may be said of many of the articles on veterinary topics written in America. Obviously they are commonly very faulty. First of all their contents or subject matter are at fault. They are apt to be either a mouthing of old material or a repe- tition of the commonest things in text-books. When we com- pare, even for a moment, these papers with those printed in the great weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies or annuals in human med- icine we come at once upon the striking contrast. Human med- icine is so noble an art studied by so many mighty intellects that a discovery in it or a capacity for earnest productive thought in it is toa man nobility and honor. The zest for discovery, the eagerness to elaborate the thought upon it with scientific ex- actness and nicety is an inspiration. Secondly, scientific papers in veterinary medicine are faulty in treatment of the subjects chosen. Even if it be granted that the information which most of our writers wish to convey is new (which is untrue), most of them are wretchedly faulty in the way they present their infor- mation. It would seem that a thoroughly trained scientific mind which had worked upon a topic carefully and with that intensity characteristic of the modern scientist would loathe to present that information in anything but a scientific manner. Yet we find many of the articles bungling and disorderly. They lead to no conclusions, for it seems the authors have none to present. They begin in doubt; they continue in bewilder- ment; they end nowhere. Many of the papers printed show no realization of what science calls for in the way of obtainment and presentation of scientific matters, which are: first, new knowledge; second, scientific presentation of it. This may be very well borne into the mind of any one who will take the pains to compare many of our scientific articles with ambitious articles on a similar topic 686 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. printed in a magazine like Zhe American Journal of the Medt- cal Sciences. The difference is overpowering. In the articles thought worthy of being printed in the best American journals in human medicine or the allied sciences we find newness of material, scientific procedure, highly artistic illustration—every- thing fitting the dignity of the science. Likewise on the Euro- pean continent a similar standard is found both in publications on veterinary and human medicine. We need to be told over and over again that in our veterinary publications we are lag- ging far behind the Europeans and that our work contrasts very unfavorably with the work done for scientific advancement by the men in the profession of human medicine on this continent. Yet in the printed proceedings of the A. V. M. A. for 1904 are several articles which compare favorably with similar articles on similar topics in transactions of other scientific societies: notably the articles of Higgins, A. R. Ward, Moore and Milks. IT. The profession and the advancement of sctence. There are several reasons why professional men should be interested in scientific advancement. It is short-sightedness to exhibit a lack of interest in new knowledge, and it is a sign that the man is stagnant and old-fogyish. A study of the most prominent practitioners in any of the specialties in human med- icine or surgery, in any of the specialties in veterinary medicine or surgery, will prove that the most successful financially are those who are most zealous in the pursuit of new knowl- edge and in its application to their needs. They are ar- dently studying and carefully applying the new thought them- selves. In human medicine and surgery at least they are com- piling statistics on the results of their experience with methods, with instruments, with drugs, and are elaborating in the most careful manner their data for presentation before scientific so- cieties interested in their specialties. This in human medicine is not a mean, unprofessional and vicious desire to advertise. It is simply a genuine purpose to advance the special knowledge of a science that further acuteness and cleverness in that science may be obtained, discoveries announced and experiences recited. THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 687 Witness the laryngological, the gynecological, the otological and the rhinological societies in human medicine with their well at- tended meetings, their technical discussions and the publication of their work in transactions and in special magazines. It may be alleged that these societies have their counterpart amongst us; but this remains to be proven. High specialization and exclusive devotion of individual energies to it have their re- wards in human medicine in high fees easily obtained. With us no such specialization and no such fees are to be expected. Yet the particular branch of our work to which a veterinarian devotes himself makes something of a line of cleavage between him and the man whoapplies himself to another branch. This very devotion to a single branch ought to tend to the greater and greater possession of special knowledge of that branch with opportunities to assist in the advancement of science in that par- ticular branch. Roughly speaking we have the divisions of the army, federal veterinary inspection, State work, experiment station work, teaching and general practice. Does each yield its quota of men who attempt to advance science by investiga- tion and presentation of the results of investigations? Not at all. Nor until men with the requisite capacity bestir themselves will there be produced bodies of scientific papers equal in scien- tific import and content to papers on similar subjects in human medicine. For an illustration I may be pardoned for referring to. Dr. Liautard’s French, Italian, Belgian and English case reports towards the end of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. We all know that in America our practitioners and specialists are coming across numerous cases worthy of special report and pub- lication ; equally interesting, and in many cases, more interesting and unusual, and yet going unrecorded, than those summarized by Dr. Liautard. This I say not to depreciate Dr. Liautard’s efforts; but to show how pigmy our own efforts are. Evident- ly there is need for greater effort in America for the advancement of science. IIT. Some of the lines along which advancement might be made at the present time. 683 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 1. In the field of pathology. We do not prize enough the opportunities we have to perform post-mortem examinations; neither is the duty of making autop- sies sufficiently impressed upon us. The habit of performing post-mortem examinations stirs up wonderfully the interest in new knowledge. Men who are consistent in this matter find mysteries cleared up; come acrossextraordinary conditions, of- ten entirely beyond our efforts as medical men; bring to light very often things never before reported in the science. May I speak of my own experiences in this work? We federal veteri- nary inspectors are constantly coming across the most extraor- dinary pathological conditions in our post-mortem examinations. Numberless fat animals, frisky or otherwise seemingly well, at autopsy present amazing appearances which persons not accus- tomed to the work, and here I include our professional men, would never believe if merely told. We are constantly running across pathological conditions, the description of which, or notes on which, are not found in our works on pathology, and if de- scriptions of them alone were made they would not be given credence no more than a tale from the “ Arabian Nights.” This pathological material is, through carelessness or indifference, constantly being thrown away and the knowledge lost to science. The same carelessness prevails amongst practitioners and the same criticism may be urged against them. Yet in the field of pathology there are numerous kinds of pathological material which are desirable, numerous pathological facts of which we are ignorant. 2. In the field of tnfectious diseases and parasttisms. No one would dare to say that we now have knowledge of all the infections likely to attack our animals. The record ina scientific paper of an infection new to the science; or data tend- ing to prove that an old infection has been introduced amongst our flocks or herds are both contributions to our knowledge of infections. The Department of Agriculture is occasionally publishing papers recording the discovery of diseases present amongst our animals. These give us the hint of watchfulness THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 689 for the diseases indicated. The possible menace of European or Philippine infections not only is a warning, but points out the line upon which investigations may have to be made. Within the last few months has appeared from the Govern- ment Printing Office a work on ccenurus cerebralis, in which it is pointed out that, although this disease has been hitherto un- common here, it has been recently discovered plentifully enough in certain Western flocks. This has its lesson. There are many parasites which are not known to be a menace to the country which yet may become scourges. The life history of many de- structive parasites is not known. Many of the parasites, both ectozoa and entozoa, of the Philippines and West Indies have never been collected or reported. Parasitisms causing diseases, particularly those that are destructive, it is our duty to study and report. 3. In the field of veterinary hygiene and sanitary police. Many are the unsettled and mooted questions in veterinary hygiene. There are questions of feeding, stabling and carriage by land and sea which vex us and will bear investigation. Where are the papers on these questions recording the study and experiences of these points from men whom we would ex- pect to be interestedin them? Here is a line of thought which should especially appeal to the army veterinarians. In these subjects they may be expected to be adept. The intense study of them and investigation of the problems involved will goa long way to impress the intelligent officers of the value of the army veterinarian. As much as anything else it is the informa- tion on these points and the power to think on these points on the part of the army veterinarians in the regiments in India, which has gained the British “ A. V. D.” better recognition and higher rank. Many are the mooted questions also in sanitary police. Have we reached the limit of our knowledge on dips and dipping, on points concerning quarantine and quarantine measures? On prophylaxis, the prevention of infection? How often we miss knowledge of just how a particular infection is carried and there- 690 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. fore what sanitary measures are necessary. ‘The spirit of inves- tigation will find the clew and the record may be a contribution to knowledge. 4. In the field of veterinary medicine and therapeutics. The recent efforts to determine the exact value in veterinary therapeutics, on the part of Doctors Fish and Wilbur, of echi- nacea and calcium sulphide ; the recent gaging of the value of stovaine and adrenalin should teach us something. We are yet in infancy of our exact knowledge of the therapeutic effects of many drugs on our animals. In some drugs with a definite effect on man we find in our animals there is the opposite effect ; some- times the effect is 2z/ in the case of our animals; sometimes the method of elimination is different. A multitude of questions are to be studied. Dr. Fish, who was the first man in this country toardently plan a system of veterinary urine-analysis, has made several discoveries of importance and has demonstrated in his laboratory and recorded in British and American veterinary mag- azines the value of the study as an aid in diagnosis of difficult diseases. At the same time, last year and this year, he has is- sued from his laboratory publications, the object of which is to show the work done in investigations in urine-analysis, materia medica and veterinary physiology. These are efforts in the right direction: for they are researches making no compromise with falsity or supposition. 5. In the field of veterinary surgery. Even though it be granted that knowledge of an operation is best obtained by seeing a skilled surgeon perform it, by as- sisting him or performing it under his direction, it cannot be forgotten that there are numerous surgeons throughout the country, and the world for that matter, many of them very skilful, who are desirous of learning new operations, aud who, because of aptitude and adeptness, can learn them and apply them from reading about them, particularly if the description is aided pictorially through various forms of illustration. Com- paratively few prominent surgeons go the length of writing out detailed descriptions of operations with illustrative matter. It is THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 691 buncombe to say ‘‘a description of the operation is simply impos- sible.” The trouble is that surgeons either are incapable or un- willing to describe them. In human surgery there is much publi- cation of the techniqueof new, tried andapproved operations, neith- er time nor money being held back toaidtheart. At the World’s Fair in St. Louis last summer there was abundant proof of this. In the exhibits of the German physicians in the Palace of Edu- cation were rooms in which were exhibited by means of highly artistic colored plaster and wax casts the technique of most of the most difficult operations on the human eye and ear. There is, indeed, some enterprise in America on the part of our prom- inent veterinary surgeons to aid in description of operations through the versatility of the pen, drawing pencil and art brush ; and, the resourcefulness being granted, we might do more by taking cognizance of the ways of the French and the Germans. What is needed is a high-minded enthusiasm which is almost madness, on the part of our surgeons. The scientific knowledge which a surgeon has obtained should be the posses- sion of the profession. We have our books on surgery—W. L. Williams, O. Williams, Moller, Liautard, Merillat. What is needed is scientific papers on recent work. Dr. W. L. Williams admirably leads the way. IV. How veterinarians may aid in the advancement of sct- ence. 1. Prerequisites. What, it may be asked, are the prerequisites for scientific ad- vancement? ‘The first undoubtedly is that the individual who desires it shouid have time to aid in its accomplishment. He who thinks of nothing else whatever in the world but money has no time for other ambitions. But he who has that most desired luxury, “learned leisure,” that is time to devote to something higher than paltry pelf and who gives not himself up to indolence is the man who has the opportunity for self- improvement and to aid the science. The second prerequisite then is character: ambition, diligence, zeal—a zeal which is personal, professional and humanitarian, which aims at personal 692 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. advancement, advancement of the profession and advancement of the science inits value to humanity. The third prerequisite, but this can be bettered if the other two are present, is prepara- tion to aid in scientific advancement. No man is likely to ad- vance the science if he has not sufficient preliminary knowledge to know what is known and what is yet to be known in our work. He may have eyes, but not the preparation for seeing = nor the knowledge of what might be found. 2. Keeping up with the scientific literature of the times. Inno country is there such an abundance of high-class liter- ature which may be had by veterinarians free of cost than ours. The Department of Agriculture, through its various Bureaus, floods the country with scientific papers touching veterinary science or directly upon veterinary subjects, while allied de- partments are doing much thesame thing. The various States, through their agricultural colleges, experiment stations, and live-stock sanitary boards, are publishing papers of interest to veterinarians which, too, are free. The Canadian, British and foreign departments of agriculture are issuing papers on veteri- nary matters which may be had gratzs. Theagricultural press, with the bettering of veterinary education, is coming to rely more and more on our professional judgments. By use of the selective faculty any veterinarian interested in a special subject may obtain much literature upon it without cost to himself. This may save him the trouble of inquiry into a subject, when the answer has already been found for him. ‘This may keep his faculties wakeful on points in which he is interested or ought to be. Best of all, it may suggest points to him which belong to his scope for investigation. 3. Personal investigations or those carried on alone. An excellent means for stirring up the investigating spirit is to get the collecting habit. If men would begin the forma- tion of private collections of material relating to surgical or med- ical questions they would find their interest in investigations along the line of their particular scientific fad (if you would so call it) would increase manifold. A man may destroy all other THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 693 pathological material; but if he collects everything along one line—say the diseases of the teeth, or the diseases of the bones of the foot—it is a saving grace in the collecter. The personal- ity of the man is shown in these scientific collections, for they may illustrate any one point in the science, or several kinds of diseases, the causes of which may be obscure. Yet the value to the faddist or investigator and probably, after a while, to the science, cannot be gainsaid. The knowledge gained may be re- ported through photographs, drawings, the expression of facts proven by the specimens, or through exhibition of the speci- mens themselves. I have had reason to speak once before in this paper of para- sites. The science of parasitology can be greatly aided by pri- vate collections of animal parasites. The parasitic ectozoa and entozoa are an important phase of economic entomology. There are so many unsettled questions on the life history of parasites which vex us; which, if cleared up, would help our work in the suppression or extermination of them, that the collecting habit might well be the means of enlightening us. The studies in the therapeutic value of drugs in the domes- ticated animals, also, must be carried on by private individuals. Our ignorance of the therapeutic value of many drugs is such that there is here opportunity to make experiments and collect data. Inno other branch of our work, aside from pharmacol- ogy, is there such a scarcity of books, articles, writers. But these individual efforts will not have their influence and effectiveness without the results of collection or the tabulated data are prepared for the press and receive publication. What, then, should be said on this point. First a warning note should be sounded against the folly of hastiness. The scientific temper, paradoxical as it seems, calls for delay. Hesitancy about the propriety of publication, and care in the elaboration of details, are characteristic of the scien- tific worker. Mature work only can command respect. In the preparation of material for the press there should be, first of all, a study made of all previous knowledge on the 694 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. subject with exact reference to points already made by scientists who have gone over data in the same field. The novelty or value of the worker’s own material can thus be ascertained. Then should follow the collection of data obtained, tabulations of experiments or observations and the facts gleaned therefrom. Photographic work, dtawings from actual specimens, artistic representation in colors done from specimens, are an aid to sub- stantiate statements. The bulletins of the Pathological Divi- sion of the Bureau of Animal Industry which have been print- ed during the last few years, may be taken as models ; for they are among the best of our scientific publications. It is a duty incumbent upon those who are versed in knowledge new to the science to publish their results. The truth demands publica- tion and recognition. ° But why publish at all, we may ask, when we feel that the work meets with no response. There is a certain wrong- headedness in men who think they are scientific professional men when they are not acquainted with the advances made, or being made, in the biological sciences related to medicine ; nor are themselves stimulated to aid in the advancement of knowl- edge. ‘That advance is being made in a science is indicated by the amount, value and influence of the papers published for that end. Why are we amiss here? Not from lack of interest ; not from lack of pride in the work; but from lack of cogni- zance of methods for advancing the science, the grasping and publication of new knowledge. 4. By atding investigators in their work. Nothing is so foolish as the habit of wasting unusual path- ological material—a statement which will bear reiteration. For the lesions found may never have been noticed before: the con- ditions may never have been reported in the science. Science lags because of the waste. Specimens found may lead to the most important discoveries, elucidate a theory or lead to its abandonment. How often we hear the statement, ‘‘I wish I had saved the specimen ’’—a note of regret when the description of the speciman to another man brings out his judgment that THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, 695 the specimen was of unusual interest; if not lost would have been proof of scientific statements made about it ; and, if pre- served, might have been of perpetual value. This leads me to speak of the first means to aid scientists in investigation. (a) Sending pathological or other material to investigators. If we cannot use specimens ourselves, at least we can aid ' others by having the grace to send specimens to aid in their in- vestigations. ‘The means of preservation is easy—bones can be boiled out and sent dry; teeth the same way; or if the specimen is such that the contiguous or adjacent tissues should also be preserved, the specimens should be preserved like soft tissues. Soft tissues can be placed in five per cent. formalin, sealed her- metically in cans, boxed in saw-dust for expressage, which the receiver usually pays. Such specimens may be sent to those who are interested, great care being taken that the specimen is of such value as to pay for the bother. The places to send are: those veterinary colleges where investigators are known to be zealously laboring ; veterinariaus of the experiment stations; the United States laboratories. Besides, the sender will be ben- efited. He will know the results of the examination or inves- tigation ; he may receive slides of tissues taken from the speci- men,—sent for his own study ; if a paper is written, he will re- ceive mention and be personally stimulated. (6) Reporting new or unheard of findings to persons tnterestea im investigation. Sometimes accidentally, as it were, we run across some situ- ation of affairs which we have reason to believe is an infection ; or we find a disease which seems to be peculiar to a region though not an infection; or we have a case which baffles us. These, perhaps, we have not time to inquire into very scientifi- cally. These it is our duty to report to persons interested in in- vestigation. We should have an interest in-“ finding out” about these things. Curiosity is the mother of knowledge. How should we report them? By letter giving statement of condi- tion of affairs ; of regional effect, or case which tries us. The letter might be printed, or sent to persons interested. A paper 696 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. might be written and read before a society ending with the query—what is the cause? The problem may be a grave one and of interest to the whole profession ; the disease may become a menace to the agricultural interests of the whole country and a paper on it merit the attention of the National Veterinary So- ciety. That is, the condition noticed may be of great economic consequence to the State or nation. The report of an individual from a region, published, may lead to similar reports from other men and other regions, showing the disease to be widely preva- lent and yet little known about it by the general profession. The disease thus reported gets the knowledge on the veterinary forum and the individual and profession receives benefit. (c) By aiding investigators to obtain the data they destre. Several characteristics mark the scientific temper ; first, it kindles into enthusiasm when means to obtain new knowledge for the science is outlined and explained ; second, the scientific spirit shows a willingness to help freely and frankly an original investigator to obtain new light. The man who has the play of the scientific spirit in him shows an eagerness to help others, who, in a right spirited way, desire more light. This is a ben- efit to scientific advancement. It applies in veterinary thera- peutics. Many drugs are known to have a definite therapeutic value in human practice; but their effects on animals are not known. But to obtain the data the experiences of many men must be asked for and had in our profession before safe conclu- sions can be reached, and pronounced as definite conclusions in scientific papers on these drugs. Again it applies in the means which must be used to accumulate data to give a preponder- ance of evidence to support theories on transmissible dis- eases. For. example, in the question what is the chief port of entrance for the tubercle bacillus in the case of hogs; and, if there is one main port of entrance, what is the reason for it? This can be answered by the accumulation of data from those who are making numerous daily post-mor- tem examinations of hogs—that is by government inspectors. The question is worthy of an answer. Again it applies in THE PROFESSION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 697 the means which must be used to accumulate evidence to support scientific judgment on the distinctive value of disin- fectants—an economic question in veterinary hygiene and pro- phylaxis. For example, only recently, as a result of the accu- mulation of evidence has the Government dared to pronounce on the Beaumont wash as a safe destroyer of the Texas fever tick. None of these questions can be settled by one man’s ex- perience alone. They must be settled by the accumulation of data, the results to be embodied in scientific papers on veteri- nary therapeutics, sanitary science and sanitary police. V. Conclusion. When in an easy chair we sit thinking of some of the signs of progress amongst us and images float by marked “ raising of the standard,” “recognition of merit,’ we begin to feel that there are glimmerings of social change amongst us for the bet- ter, the perfection of scientific methods looking towards recog- nition of the value of our science to the municipalities, the States, the nation. Then when we are at work we are apt to gloat over our progress and take on nota little swagger that we are reaching our stature as truly scientific men. There is a strong pulsation in the veterinary body on this continent which omens well for the production of a healthier professional activity and a truly scientific spirit amongst us. Nevertheless, just as when questions which pertain to veterinary education, or the army, arise for discussion in the American Veterinary Medical Association or in the press we find we have much to add or eliminate before further progress can be made, so a question of vital importance like this of our duty in further- ance of the advancement of science, displays even more where the veterinary body on this continent is a little faulty. My ap- peal is for a telling earnestness in scientific discovery on the part of individuals capable of its attempt, for endeavor which will result in the production of papers remarkable for knowl- edge as new as it is helpful. ‘‘ Produce! Produce!! Beit the most infinitesimal particle of a product, produce it, in God’s name. Work! Work, for the night cometh when no man can work.” 698 L. A. MERILLAT. ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. By L. A. MERILLAT, V. S., CHICAGO, ILL. A Paper presented to the 42d Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Cleveland, Ohio, Aug, 15-18, 1905. The old adage that accidents will happen is not idle talk when applied to veterinary surgical operations. The accidents liable to occur during operations and the post-operative sequelz are circumstances of no small import. They underlie the very life of surgery, and especially veterinary surgery. As a subject for discussion, they deserve the highest and most scrupulous consideration. In practice they must be obviated at every time. The old practitioner knows too well that a brilliant surgical career is promptly shattered by a few misfortunes belonging to this category. While it is admitted that each surgical procedure has its share of accidents and sequelz in spite of efforts to pre- vent them, this fact must not be made an excuse. For the use of surgical methods that are of questionable rationality, and through which the percentage of accidents and sequele is raised above the normal number. To prevent accidents and sequelz is in fact the surgeon’s most potent mission. To lessen their frequency is to succeed as a surgeon; to augment them means disaster. Each surgical operation should be approached with due re- gard to these two items, whether the possible consequences are of the grave or trivial character. A trivial accident may be as - serious a matter in a valuable animal as a graver one would be in an animal of small value. Aside from the accidental injury of important organs with the surgical instruments in hand, the chief accidents occurring in veterinary operations are those incident to restraint, which will forthwith receive our consideration. ACCIDENTS OF RESTRAINT. The large subjects (the horse and ox), owing to the use of their powerful muscles to fight forcible restraint, are the most ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 699 ee ee eee - frequently injured. The small animals (dog and cat) are sel- dom caused to suffer bodily injury by forcible confinements for a surgical operation. We have in mind in our practice but a single accident to a dog from surgical restraint, and that one resulted in the death of a small Boston terrier puppy from suf- focation by flexing the neck too firmly while under restraint to have its ears trimmed. We have since learned that this acci- dent occurs frequently, and that each surgeon who practices trimming ears of dogs to a large extent, has killed at least one dog in this manner. | Restraining the horse is entirely a different proposition. In the recumbent position there is eminent danger of inflicting serious injury to the locomotory apparatus, and also the inter- nal organs, while in the standing position there is always some possibility of straining or bruising some part of the body. The accidents we have had during the past seventeen years enumer- ated in the order of their frequency and importance are: Fracture of the lumbar vertebre. Fracture of the femur. Azoturia. Facial paralysis. Brachial paralysis. Fracture of the ilium. Injury to the temporal-mandibular articulation. Exhaustion, collapse and shock. Internal hemorrhage. 10. Colics of the trivial character. Ii. Grave colics and rupture of the abdominal viscera. Fracture of the Lumbar Vertebr@.—This is one of the most serious, most unfortunate and most common of all the accidents occurring to horses secured in the recumbent position with ropes and hopples of whatever kind. It occurs most frequently in old horses, and especially in subjects that possess sufficient vim to offer forcible resentment to the discomfort of being tied ; but it may also occur to animals of any age. Animals having inflammatory osteophytes in the various articulations, commonly a GS eS is 700, : L. A. MERILLAT. the seat of lesions, are particularly susceptible, as might be also said of animals suffering from osteo-porosis. Aside from these predisposing factors, the cause of this injury is always traceable to faulty or careless management of the casting harness. The accident occurs most frequently after the horse is tied, and as the struggles are made more violent by the pain inflicted with the knife, but may also occur while the animal is but half tied, either during the tieing or untieing process. In securing horses in the recumbent position, either one or two principles must be followed : The first is to secure the legs in the //exed position, and the second is to fasten them in the extended position. ‘The various harnesses and side-lines, such as the Cowles, Miles or Ziegler, have for their objects the securing of the limbs in the flexed position, while the English hopples and the operating tables aim to fasten them fully extended. When using the former, the legs must be flexed firmly and securing upon the pelvis, so as to place the strong muscles en- tirely ‘out of commission.” The error which leads to this accident is that allowing the legs to remain half extended, thus making a fulcrum for leverage out of the hopples and ropes by leaving the legs in a convenient position to admit a free and forcible use of the large muscles. With the operating table or English hopples, the fulcrum is transferred to such a great dis- tance from the body as to entirely eliminate the forcibility of such a serious result as fracture of the spinal column. We have yet to have occur, or to learn of, a single accident of this character, where the restraining method respected either one of these two principles. But when they are disregarded, the accident will, I assure you, occur with uncomfortable frequency. Fracture of the Femur is by no means an uncommon result of surgical restraint, and may occur in animals of any age. It may occur in young animals before the diaphesis and epiphy- sis are firmly united ; in aged animals in falling violently upon the thigh, or in the middle aged from struggling violently with a partially released leg. In the young animals, being operated ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 701 ‘on for hernia, castration, etc., special pains must always be taken in view of this possibility. In aged horses the bedding must be made to offer ample protection against a possible vio- lent fall, as the patient is cast. And in the middle aged, and in fact any horse, where a hind limb is released with the pur- pose of operating upon it, care must be taken to prevent the accident by giving it some liberty during forcible struggling. Accidents of this character frequently occur from fixing the released hind leg toa ring on the wall or to a post, by means of a rope. Azoturia is one of the possible accidents of surgery in the horse, because a brief period of idleness very often precedes _ operative treatment, and because the excitement and struggles, incident to restraint, is quite sufficient to provoke an attack in the susceptible subject. The prevention is simple, and too well known to mention. Facial Paralysts.—Unilateral facial paralysis is another accident that is by no means uncommon. It is caused by per- mitting the subject to strike the side of the skull violently to the ground, or floor, while the operation proceeds. The injury occurs largely through the necessity of utilizing untrained as- sistance to manage the head. Striking the head on the floor injures the seventh cranial nerve, as it passes superficially through the mastoid region, towards the masseter muscle, and the immediate effect is the dropping of the under lip, and curv- ing of the upper one to the opposite side. We have had one case of concussion of the brain from this cause that died some days later from cerebral meningitis. "The mild cases of facial paralysis usually recover in from five to six weeks. Prevention consists of using a well-padded hood, deep bedding and good help. Brachial Paralysis.—Either partial or complete paralysis of the nerves radiating from the brachial plexus may occur from casting the horse violently upon the scapulo-humeral articula- tion, the fall bruising the plexus between the joint and the first rib, which form its external and internal relations. This acci- 702 L. A. MERILLAT. dent is either grave or trivial according to the severity of the. injury. The severe cases may never fully recover, or death may even ensue, while the milder ones make a tardy recovery: Slight radial paralysis may result on the operating table, either from violent traction upon the leg while struggling, or from lying heavily upon the shoulder on a table improperly provided with padding material. These cases, however, make a perfect recovery after two or three weeks of faulty extension of the carpus. Injury to the Temporal-Mandtbular Articulation may occur in the recumbent position from the ropes, English hopples or operating tables, and is invariably caused by improper manage- ment of the head. It is caused in the same manner as facial paralysis—by permitting the head to come in contact with the floor. ‘This action is quite common, but always escapes notice at the time it occurs, as there is seldom any sign of injury until after two or three weeks later, at which time the patient will begin to suffer pain while masticating food, and upon examina- tion the region of articulation will be found tender and swollen. Forcible opening of the mouth will likewise produce severe pain- The lesion usually takes the form of interarticular abscess, which will point and discharge synovia and eventually result in a par- tially anchylosed joint. The other case takes the form of a non-infective synovitis, and osteitis, but always with the same results. The patient will suffer great pain, lose flesh, suffer from periodical attacks of colic, and even die a lingering death. Exhaustion, Collapse and Shock.—These conditions are not traceable to restraint as often as to the operation itself. Both, however, contribute to their occurrence. The pain of a prolonged operation, added to the exhaustion brought about by resisting the restraint, very frequently leaves a post-operative condition which is very alarming. The subject will usually show the first signs of the condition by refusing to return promptly to the standing position, when released from the confinement, and after finally being assisted to its feet, will tremble, stagger and probably show slight pain of colic. In the mild forms the con- ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 703 dition aborts after several hours, while in others all the worse signs of shock may supervene, and threaten, if not take the patient’s life. This condition is most frequently a rope and hopple accident, and follows attempt to perform long, painful operations without an anesthetic. By using the operating . table and anesthetics, the veterinarian should have few cases of shock from the usual grist of horse operations, and when long, painful and sanguinary procedures are attempted, they are indis. pensable. Surgical shock has thus far been given very little thought by veterinary surgeons. Our literature has avoided this subject so remarkably well that one would be justified in doubting its very existence, but for the fact that it is before our eyes at every turn. Shock is observable to some extent after all operations, but is of serious import only when it threatens life. In equine Operations, it is seen chiefly after the treatment of large, lacer- ated wounds, the ablation of large tumors, the evacuation of intestinal gas, or thoracic fluid, the return of a strangulated hernia, the reposition or amputation of an inverted uterus and, in fact, any operation of sufficient magnitude to disturb the equilibrium of the circulation. Serious shock is the result of major operation, in which it is of much greater frequency in animals than in human operations. Our disregard for this con- dition is due to the dearth of major operations performed, as well as our failure to recognize shock, as such, when it occurs. In discussing this condition, a slight distinction may be made between collapse and shock. ‘The former is but an exhaus- tion of the nervous system, occurring during or immediately after the operation, while shock is seen from 30 minutes to 4 hours later. In the human being it is often observed as late as the third or fourth day following the operation, while animals that escape it for four hours may safely be pronounced out of that danger. To properly appreciate shock, it is best compared with hzemorrhage, to which it is perfectly analogous, with the excep- tion that in the former the blood remains in the vessels, while 704 L. A. MERILLAT. in hemorrhage it flows out of them. Shock appropriately de” fined, is but transfer of a large quantity of blood to the splanch- nic vessels, that is to say, animal is bled into the bloodvessels of the abdominal cavity, whose capacity is sufficient to contain the major portion of the entire blood volume. This phenome- non results from the starvation of the other organs and periph- ery and gives rise to a chain of symptoms familiar to every veterinarian—namely, tremors, cold perspiration beginning about the head, rapid respiration, blanching or cyanosis of the mucous membranes, running down pulse and often colicky pains. The condition is best treated by the administration of ammoniacal stimulants, energetic friction of the body and legs and finally the prompt resort to intravenous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections of normal salt solution. By prompt recourse to such measures, the mortality is greatly diminished. Prevention consists in securing animals intelligently by admin- istering anzesthetics for operations, and of avoiding the unnec- essary loss of blood. Internal Hemorrhage.—Rupture of bloodvessels within the cavities occasionally occur from restraining animals. In this class we have had one case of rupture of the coronary artery, followed by death as the operation proceeded, and one case of the rupture of the anterior mesenteric artery. The former was secured with ropes and hopples in the re- cumbent position and the latter in the stocks. The former groaned and strained violently throughout the operation, which was one of short duration. The latter plunged violently in the stocks while being operated on for a fistula of the withers. Colics.—We have frequently, while still using the ropes, had horses suffering from colicky pains upon regaining the feet after a recumbent operation, and occasionally from a severe attack, one case dying and on post-mortem revealed a rupture of the colon, Ruptures of the small intestines have been reported to us by several veterinarians. But rupture of the stomach we have never encountered or heard of. The Rupture or Strain of the Flexor Metatarst occurred in ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 705 two instances; one was in a pony being fired in the hock, while secured in the standing position with a single side-line. In a struggle the foot bearing the weight slipped violently back- ward, and upon rising, the leg hung limp in the typical attitude of this lesion. The other occurred by attempting to make a large horse rise to his feet, while still partially under the influ- ence of an anesthetic. In the struggle, one leg slipped back- ward, and as in the former case hung limp as if fractured, as he finally struggled to a standing posture. These two instances are valuable as warnings of the readiness with which a very serious and unfortunate accident may occur to a valuable horse. Fracture of the Iium.—We have had reports of fracture of the anterior angle of the ilium, caused by falling violently upon the hip, as the horse is cast, but we have reasons to believe that this accident is noted for its rarity. Aside from the following grave injuries, one must always take into account those of the most trivial character. Injuries which in the common rift of animals would not be considered of any consequence, might bring considerable anxiety to the owners of valuable animals. I refer here to bruises of the orbit, hip, stifle, shoulder, hock, knee, and to rope burns on the flexion surfaces of the legs. All of these injuries should, in justice to one’s reputation, be avoided by proper protection to the parts with sufficient bedding, padded operating table, or appropriately covered hopple and rope, and by using, if possible, trained assistance. ACCIDENTS OF ANAESTHESIA. We have mentioned above the necessity of using anzesthetics in certain operations in order to prevent accidents, and yet we are forced to admit that our remedy is not entirely without sin in itself. In fact, the accidents of anzesthesia are legion, yes, too numerous for comfort. Anesthesia in veterinary surgery belongs to the domain of surgical restraint. It is used to make our operations possible. If our dumb subjects could be spiked to the floor, so as to perfectly immobilize any seat of operation, I doubt very much 706 L. A. MERILLAT. whether chloroform would ever be used in our profession. We use chloroform to protect ourselves against injury, to prevent injury to the animals, and to render possible the carrying out of certain manipulations, but seldom, if ever, to relieve pain. This condition of affairs is of no special credit to us, although it may be defended on the ground of the time and the cost to perform operations in this strictly humane manner, and on the ground of accidents liable to result therefrom. The accidents and sequelze of anzesthesia are: I. Death from syncope, and asphyxia. 2. Bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia. 3. Chloroform dementia. 4. Blistering of the muzzle. Death from Syncope and Asphyxia. 'The death rate from general anzesthetics in animals is high. While there are no satisfactory statistics obtainable, it is evident from reports one gleans here and there, that the deaths are much more common than they should be, in view of the few animals anesthetized. The fact that there are few expert veterinary anesthetists, ac- counts for the numerous deaths. Veterinarians, as a rule, have very poor confidence in themselves, as administrators of anzes- thetics. Is it not a fact that in anzesthetizing dogs promiscu- ously we have an uncomfortable number of deaths, or narrow escapes of deaths? How often are we brought to the necessity of applying restoratives to our anesthetized dogs? I have had the privilege, during the past year, to see more than 500 dogs aneesthetized with chloroform bya medical student acting as an assistant in a large laboratory without a single death, and many of these experimental animals were subjected to frightful muti- lations, and kept under the influence as long as seven consecu- tive hours. ‘This fact should be a valuable hint for us to prac- tice the art in order to become proficient and thus gain confi- dence in our ability to administer anzesthetics without a great degree of danger. We cannot become proficient in this line by allowing anzesthesia to become more and more obsolete in our profession, as has been the case up to the present day. ‘To pre- ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. On vent death from a general anzsthethic requires experience. Verbal instruction alone will not suffice. An anzsthetist must acquire a knowledge of the exact action of the anzsthetic and must become an expert in recognizing that action upon the pa- tient. He must learn to pay strict attention to the anesthetic and give no part of that attention to the operation. To attain the best results and kill but few animals, the veterinarian should use chloroform for the herbivora, and ether for the carnivora. Chloroform is apparently safe for the horse and ox, but is dangerous for the dog and cat, for reasons I am unable to explain; while ether in the horse and ox is treacher- ous, inactive and unreliable. Mixing ancesthetics does not help matters, but instead increases the danger. In administering chloroform to the carnivora, an alarming number of deaths will occur from asphyxia, unless the anesthetist has had a wider experience than any veterinarian under ordinary circumstances can ever hope to attain. The course that has given us the very best results in the horse is that of dieting the subjects for 24 hours, and if a fat phlegmatic patient, a course of purging, exercising and dieting, covering a period of several days, prior to the time of operation. The chloroform is then administered with a sponge, capable of holding 2 to 3 ozs. of chloroform without dripping. This is held to the nostrils by means of a rubber sheet held firmly around the muzzle. The patient is made to inhale pure chloro- form during three to five inspirations, and then a little air is admitted, until the surgical stage is reached. Priox to all of this, the surgical field has been prepared for the knife, so as to shorten the period of anzsthesia. And herein lies the success of horse anesthesia. There are a few equine operations that consume much time, if all the preliminary steps are already executed. For example, in a foot operation: the horse is cast, the legs secured as desired, then all of the non-painful work is carried out—that is, clipping the hair, disinfection and paring of the hoof. Now being prepared to inflict the pain, the patient is carried promptly to the surgical state of ancesthesia, as above ’ 708 L. A. MERILLAT. mentioned. ‘The cutting is promptly executed and finished in 99 per cent. of the cases before the patient revives sufficiently to require more of the anzesthetic than was originally given. The dressing and bandaging is usually performed as the patient revives; that being completed, the subject is almost ready to regain the standing attitude, when the dressings have been adjusted. Whenever it becomes necessary to prolong the anzes- thetic state, the drug is given in but one nostril and in small quantities. In summarizing this subject, we would suggest the following recommendations : 1. Prepare the patient by careful dieting, according to the condition of flesh, and of the alimentary canal. 2. Execute all the preliminary steps of an operation before administering the anzesthetic, in view of shortening the duration of the aneesthetic state. In short make every effort to reduce the duration of the unconsciousness. 3. In the ordinary case administer 2 to 3 ozs. chloroform with comparative rapidity, first without air, and then after 3 to 5 inspirations allow a little air to pass through one nostril. 4. In subjects suspected of having any abnormality or con- dition that might provoke syncope administer the chloroform slowly and in smaller quantities. | 5. Use the very best quality of chloroform, and always, when possible, out of the freshly opened vial. 6. Avoid the use of chloroform in weak and debilitated subjects or in animals that have been under treatment with narcotic drugs, such as aconite, belladonna, opium, cocaine, etc. The same general recommendations will apply to etherization * of carnivora. Bronchitis and Pneumonia.—Chloroform and ether in the gaseous state are quite irritating to the aerial mucous membrane, and are hence quite liable to provoke serious inflammatory condition of the air passages. A slight cough is always ob- served after operations performed under anzesthesia, but espe- cially after a prolonged state of anzesthesia. Chloroform pneu- ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPEKATIONS. 709 monia is not as common in animals as in man, largely because of the shorter. duration of the operations, and. possibly on ac- count of the greater resisting powers offered by animals against pneumonia. It is seen in animals that have been kept under the influence too long, in debilitated subjects and in those exposed to infectious diseases of the air passages (shipping fever, etc.), and is comparatively rare where common sense dominates administration. Chloroform Dementia occurs as in the two foregoing acci- dents from prolonged use of the anesthetics. It is observed immediately after the operation. The subject instead of promptly reviving from the narcosis becomes delirious, will fight with the limbs, and if made to rise, will push the head to the wall, and act much as an animal suffering from staggers. The milder cases recover after several hours, while severe cases owing to the condition being aggravated with more or less shock will succumb. The condition never follows brief anzes- thesia. Blistering the Muzzle.—Chloroform will irritate the integu- ment of the lips and nostrils suficiently to warrant the use of a preventive measure, which is found in the simple precaution of anointing the muzzle in vaseline, prior to the application of the sponge. With these few commonplace remarks about restraint and anesthesia which in veterinary surgery belong to the same cate- gory the general section of our subject will conclude with a brief reference to the great accident of ‘‘ microbian infection ” of surgical wound. MICROBIAN INFECTION. Blood poisoning, suppuration and a few of the specific in- fections occur with remarkable frequency after veterinary surgi- cal operations. In fact, few operations escape this accident, which owing to the frequency might better be designated as a universal incident. The soiled condition of everything around a veterinary surgical operation is a dominating cause that can- not often be entirely eliminated. 710 L. A, MERILLAT. Among the accidents, or rather sequele of this character we have had follow our operations, are: 1. Infective inflammation leading to suppuration. 2. Infective inflammation leading to acute septiczemia or pyzinia. 3. Infective inflammation leading to extensive necrosis of the surrounding tissues. 4. Infective inflammation extending into vital structures, 2, é., the peritoneum, synovial apparatus, etc. Ss” Tetanus: 6. Malignant cedema. 7. Glanders. Infective Inflammation pistes to Suppuration.—The sup- purating process is such a common sequel of surgical operations upon animals, that it is ordinarily taken as a matter of course. Veterinarians are not very often surprised when their wounds discharge a purulent secretion. They expect it. The excep- tion is found in a few clinics, where exceptional efforts are made to prevent it. I am referring here to the usual operation performed in the routine of the most veterinary surgeon’s work. The prevention requires the inauguration of such tedious meas- ures, and its occurrence is usually regarded as such a trivial affair, that very few veterinarians use their best efforts in that connection. The graver infections enumerated as No. 2, 3 and 4, which are caused by the same infection as simple suppuration, but which are less frequent because of the great resistance of the domestic animals against them, on account of their infrequency, do not alarm the veterinarians to the same extent as the human surgeon. In a city practice, however, where large numbers of opera- tions are performed on animals, in all conditions of health and vitality, these grave afflictions command considerable respect. It is not unusual to have deaths follow such operations as tre- phining the skull, operations upon fistula of the withers, poll- evils, quittors, shoe boils, shoulder tumors, etc., because grave ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 711 septic infections have transgressed into the surrounding struct- ures, and have created fatal systemic disorders. To lessen a number of these sequele is an absolute and momentous necessity. Suppuration, unless extensive, is ordi- narily harmless, so far as destroying life is concerned, and, in fact, actually acts as a defence against graver developments of a given infection, but when the same organisms which cause it are very virulent or find a fruitful field from the lowered vitality of the tissues just operated upon, or from the low vitality ofa debilitated subject, there is always danger of provoking the grave microbian diseases. It is, therefore, evident that there are reasons to use preventive measures against infective inflam- mations in all veterinary operations. But what constitutes an infective measure in preventing microbian invasion into our surgical wound? Aseptic work? No! Aseptic work has been tried in veterinary practice, and has been found wanting. Practical experience in this direction directs us to advocate antiseptic work. ‘The liberal, and, of course, intelligent use of antiseptics of high potency offers the only solution of this prob- lem. While it behooves us to be scientific in the interest of the nicety of our craft, we must also be practical enough to apply methods which will fill the bill, from all standpoints, including the cost, speed and the results. Let us see what can be done in the direction of overcoming the terribly soiled condition of the environment, the patient, the surgeon’s hands and the surgical instruments. Given an operation, say upon a shoe boil, in a veterinary hospital of ordinary cleanliness, or if you choose ina livery stable, or farm barn. To make matters as bad as possible, let us suppose that the shoe boil has been lanced, and is discharg- ing pus. Such a subject will furnish the most intricate surgi- cal problem confronting the veterinary practitioner, who aims to respect intelligent technique, and if successfully mastered the solution of the problem should apply to the treatment of any of our surgical wounds. We should first learn to cope with: 712 L.. A. ‘MERILLAT. The Air, in which we are forced to operate. On the farm, out of doors, in a grass plot the best surroundings are found. If indoors the place must not be dusty. Shaking up a straw bed just before operating is not an exemplification of sound sur- gical knowledge, although it is one of our most common errors. In the hospital or stable, of any type, the operating room can be made free from dust in afew moments by sprinkling the floor and: air with some cheap antiseptic, like creolin. What- ever method is used, the surgeon must not neglect the principle involved, and that is that the air of city stables, and straw or hay dust, such as would be used for a bed in the country, are bearers of dangerous microbian infections. The Surgical Instruments.—The second item to be consid- ered is that of disinfecting instruments. In the hospital wherea heating apparatus is at hand, boiling is not an impractical meth- od, but the most sensible and rapid method of dealing with them, is to immerse them in,a 95 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, for afew moments. A salt-mouth jar protected at the bottom with some soft material, like rubber, cork or cotton to prevent dull- ing the edged instruments is the most convenient. Instruments may be kept in a jar as the patient is being secured, and other- wise prepared for the operation and just before using them they are taken from the jar with a forcep and placed into the instru- ment tray, or upon a clean towel. ‘This mode of disinfection is practical and effectual. The Hands.—The third item is the hands of the surgeon. The veterinary surgeon’s hands are always dirty. None of us have surgically clean hands at any time, especially if we are handling the dirty ropes and the dirty patient just a moment before the surgical wound is made. Systematic disinfection of the hands is both impossible and impractical. Impossible be- cause they are always putrid, and the time is too short to clean them, and impractical because valuable time would be lost if an attempt is madeto doso. Thesolution of this problem is found in avoiding digital manipulations. Keep your dirty hands out of your surgical wounds is a mighty pertinent command, homely ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 713 as it sounds. We must learn the appropriate use of the dissect- ing forcep, the tissue forcep, the wound retractor, the tenaculum, the needle holder, etc., and thereby dispense with the digital manipulation. It is seldom necessary to touch a surgical wound with the hands. The Patient.—Next comes the patient, which, by this time, has been properly secured. I say properly secured because the prevention of microbian infection depends largely upon having the seat of operation under good control. Flying particles are thus prevented from falling into the wound, and the technique can be more hurriedly executed. The seat of operation is then washed, clipped and shaved, and the surrounding parts are moistened with water to prevent loosened hairs from constantly falling into the wound. The surgical field itself is then washed with a strong antiseptic solu- tion. For this purpose the solution should be powerful. A I per cent. solution of mercuric chloride is none too strong. In such. a strength it is effectual and still harmless. The Operation.—The dissection of the tumor proceeds with the assistance of retractors, hooks and forceps, without touch- ing the parts with the hands. The sponging is done with an antiseptic solution, but care is taken to keep any antiseptic liquids from coming into contact with the woundedges. These edges, when brought together, must heal by primary union, and if sponged with an antiseptic of even nominal strength will lose its regenerating vitality, and unite poorly, if at all. Never sponge the edges of a surgical wound with an antiseptic when prompt union is expected. The putrid area of the shoe boil; that is the walls of the abscess will be all dissected out, except possibly the anterior wall. This may be sterilized with very strong antiseptic, the hot iron may even be used. We often use the hot iron here for the double purpose of arresting the hemorrhage and destroying the microdrganism of the abscess wall, but at no time should the wound edges be molested. Their vitality must be preserved. 714 L. A. MERILLAT. The edges are then brought together with appropriate sutures, using the needle holders and forceps. The patient is then returned to the standing position, and the sutures covered with some form of plastic dressing. Such a wound will again become infected on its inner aspects, but not until the edges have safely united. This case is related here to illustrate a brief method of pre- venting microbian infection in a practical manner on veteri- nary subjects operated upon in unclean surroundings, where aseptic work would be impossible. There are many details of some importance that might be properly mentioned here, if space would admit, but these are left to the surgeon’s in- genuity. SPECIFIC INFECTIONS. Accidental infection with specific organisms, is of somewhat rare occurrence in veterinary surgery. Our wounds are not endangered to any considerable extent with tubercular bacilli and anthrax, black quarter, malignant cedema and glanders are rare sequelz of surgical wounds. ‘Tetanus, however, occasion- ally follows our surgical operations. Docking the tail, castra- tion, and puncture firing are the special operations most likely to be followed by this affliction. The prevention in addition to the usual fight against microbian infection, consists of the free exposure of the wound, and the use of tetanus antitoxin. In castrations the tetanus bacillus is carried into the depth of the inguinal canal with the soiled ecraseur chain, emasculator or clamps. In docking they come from the infective stable floor, finding a favorable soil beneath the escar. In the puncture fir- ing operations they are carried beneath the skin, which structure they inhabit, by the hot iron ; the escar forming a suitable place for propagation. In addition to these operations tetanus may follow accidental wounds, surgically treated. Itis therefore advisable in practice to take careful steps looking to its prevention, when there is some danger of its occurrence ; that is, where the districts where it is prevalent, in the treatment of the kind of wounds that are ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 715 liable to cause the disease, and especially iu the treatment of wounds of valuable animals. A second specific infection we have observed on two occa- sions is that of malignant cedema. In each instance it followed surgical incisions about the withers. One case followed a severe operation for fistula of the withers that was carried out with ordinary care as to surgical cleanliness. The second case fol- lowed a simple operation upon a saddle sore. Malignant cedema, like tetanus, is due to a microdrganism of the anzerobic variety—the Baczl/us wdematis maligni—which is quite widely disseminated in dusty places and must, as a con- sequence, be taken into account in veterinary operations per- formed indoors. The disease follows accidental wounds, or operations, that admit organisms into the subcutaneous areolar tissue. Wounds about the shoulders, elbows, or withers seem to give the greatest number of cases. The disease is very fatal, and unless discovered early will rapidly develop beyond control. It is recognized by a very painful cedematous and emphysematous swelling, appearing at the seat of infection, in addition to a marked systemic derange- ment from the very beginning. Its course isa short one. Death occurs in from 24 to 48 hours after the appearance of the first symptoms. When the disease is recognized early, its progress can be controlled by free incision of the skin over and around the swelling, so as to admit air freely into the surround- ing tissue not yet invaded. Free injections of hydrogen per- oxide is also effectual as additional treatment. At best the. favorable cases make a very slow and tardy recovery, covering several weeks. THE BURSTING OPEN OF SUTURE WOUNDS. Is there any accident, sequel or incident in surgery any more provoking than the breaking open of the suture wound ? This accident is about as frequent as the wound itself. That is to say, almost all sutured wounds in large patients break open instead of uniting. An old practitioner once told me that he had no recollection of any suture wound ever uniting in his 716 L. A, MERILLAT. practice covering a period of more than a quarter of a century. He sutured all wounds requiring such treatment, but always provided his clients with directions for the open wound treat- ment that would surely be necessary in from three to six days on account of the inevitable parting of the sutured edges. Is this not practically the experience of all veterinarians? We suture wounds only to see them break open after a few days. The only exception is wounds on the forehead, acnestis, or croup where the parts are in the perfect state of repose that is essen- tial to prompt skin union. The causes of the difficulty in this connection, are: 1. Zhe Friction between the approximated edges, caused by the patient’s movements. Wounds located upon the limbs or over the large muscles are not easily immobilized and therefore do not permit the formation of the new uniting tissue necessary to prevent parting of the edges. _ 2. Pyrogenic Infection may also contribute to the bursting of stitches. Although an infective wound may unite fairly well, it usually follows the usual course of bursting open ina few days. 3. Tension of the Stitches which press upon the tissues and cause stitch necrosis, and, of course, opening of the wound therefrom. These three causes—that is, motion, infection and stitch necrosis—work hand in hand in many of our wounds ; not practically all of them. They present a problem that is difficult to solve. We must first attempt to cope with the first obstacle —motion—by suturing the wounds and managing our patients in such a manner as to prevent motion between the edges of wounds. Keeping the patient in a single position for a few days or immobilizing a joint or limb by bandages will always. materially assist in accomplishing the purpose. This, of course, must never be omitted, although that precaution alone will never be sufficient. It is also necessary to arrange the suture to the best advantage. In most wounds two separate sets of sutures are necessary. One set of the matress or button variety should be adjusted some distance from the edges of the wound ACCIDENTS AND SEQUEL OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. rally _with the intention of creating an immobile area within them. The second set unite the edges themselves. They should be so inserted as to bring the raw surface of the skin together, and never in-fold the skin, as stitches are very apt todo. This set of stitches must be of very fine thread, inserted with a fine needle, and must never be taut. They may then be applied very close to each other without harm. This method prevents stitch necrosis and motion to the highest possible degree. Infection is prevented by cleanliness, antisepsis and drainage. When stitching an unshaved skin, or one that is none too clean, it is good practice to pass the needle from within outward, so as not to carry infective matter upon or within the skin, into the depths of the wound. This method necessitates frequent threading of the ueedle, but it is worth while, in view of the better results obtained. Another item which materially lessens the danger of infecting wounds or sutures, is that of threading as many needles as will be re- quired to close a given wound. Each needle should be made to hold enough thread for one stitch, and neither it or the thread when once placed upon the needle should again be touched with the fingers, and all suturing should be done with the needle holder and forceps. Two New Jersey veterinarians—Dr. Henry Vander Roest, of Newark, and Dr. J. B. Finch, of Ramsey—have recently be- come enthusiastic owners of automobiles. These veterinarians use their automobiles in making their calls. If the case be one of urgency and the usual break-down occurs, they may have to walk the remaining portion of their journey. Not many would be sorry for them. RATIONAL DEFINITION OF AMATEUR.—An amateur as de- fined by the Louisville Horse Show Association, is one who has never taught riding or driving or trained or dealt in horses as a business, or ridden or driven in public for a consideration. Broader than the Newport rule yet strict enough to exclude out and out professionals, the Louisville definition seems an ad- mirable one, worthy of being adopted everywhere. The ques- tion as to who is an amateur gives rise to dissensions at horse shows year after year. 718 JOHN V. NEWTON. TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN VETERI- NARY PRACTICE. By JoHN V. NEwTON, V.S., TOLEDO, OHIO. Read at the 42d Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 15 18, 1905, To the Officers, Members and Guests of the American Veterin- ary Medical Association : You will pardon this brief history of my professional life. I do uot like to talk about myself, but it is no doubt more be- coming than to talk about others, sometimes. In the spring of 18761 desired to study for an M. D., so went to Toronto, Ontario, to prepare myself for matriculation exami- nation to enter the Toronto School of Medicine. In September I started to attend lectures, worked in the dissecting rooms, and secured books, etc. I think it was the first Monday in Novem- ber that I went to the opening lecture of the Ontario Veterinary College, having a cousin who was there the last year. Prof. Smith and my cousin persuaded me to make a change and study fora veterinary instead of for an M. D., saying I could get through in two years instead of four necessitated on taking the regular medical course. I was also told that in the veterinary profession I could get a good practice at once, whereas the medical profession was overcrowded. I took their advice, traded my old medical books, and while my family pro- tested, I have never regretted the change. I graduated in the spring of 1878, there being twelve in the class. I remember well that we, as a class, feeling we had so much more to learn, went to Prof. Smith and said we would all come another term and not go up for examination ; but Foxy Grandpa soon talked us out of that. Ispent the summer be- tween terms with Dr. Chas. Elliott, of St. Catherines, Ontario, who had a good practice and from whom I gained much practi- cal knowledge. After graduation, I naturally looked for a lo- cation, going to Buffalo, Detroit, Indianapolis and finally set- TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. 719 tling in Toledo, Ohio, a growing city at that time, of 40,000 inhabitants, and not a qualified man in it. I visited all the so- called veterinaries and found them all doing business and Oh! such a business. It really made me feel ashamed of my chosen profession. Take a mild case of colic that would recover itself if left alone: In the absence of the owner they would take a little spirits of turpentine and run it between the legs to keep up pain, etc., and never cost owner less than aten spot. It makes me smile when | think of the treatment for colic in the early days. Not acatheter or dental float in the city ; but it is different now. I was well dressed and had no bad habits at that time, and made it my business to call on the leading horsemen of the city ; but they all seemed to look upon a man who claimed to be a veterinary with suspicion, which was a little discouraging to a bashful young man who didn’t know a person in the city. I finally made the acquaintance of the most prosperous vet- erinary, who was doing a business of $3,000 a year. His in- struments consisted of a pair of fleams, a drenching horn and injection pump. He proposed that we go into partnership. I finally consented, getting books, instruments, etc. This part- nership lasted two weeks and was dissolved by mutual consent. I rented a barn and office and did a good business from the start. A day or two after moving into my new place, I had occasion to call on my former partner, and was somewhat sur- prised to see a large coffin painted on the wall with skull and cross bones and labeled “John V. Newton. Laid out Stiff.” I am still on earth. I have always attributed my early success to a great extent to two cases. I had these while in partnership. The first was that of a valuable Kentucky mare, the property of a prosperous merchant, who came to me to examine her eyes. After a care- ful examination I told him I could do nothing to permanently benefit her, but I could give him a soothing wash, although the mare would eventually be blind. He was astonished and said 720 JOHN V. NEWTON. he had several horse doctors examine the mare and they all told him they could cure her and that he had spent over $100 trying to effect a cure. Now, what this man did to advertise me for telling the truth was a plenty. | Second case. Thos. Cox, owner of the Transfer Company, called me in one day and said: ‘Young man, I want to see if you can tell me what is the trouble with a valuable mare I have.” I found a beautiful bay mare, worth $500, discharging from one nostril. In placing my hand in her mouth I found the third and fourth molars receded in jaw. I told the groom to take her back to the stall and the owner looked at me and said : ‘“Well, young man, do you know what the trouble is ?” ‘““ Yes, sir,’ I said. ‘‘ She has a diseased molar.” ‘What can you do for her?” ‘‘ Remove molar.” SAL rieht. | Whent ‘To-morrow at ten o’clock.”’ To say I was nervous at operating is putting it mildly, as I had never operated or seen it done; but I read up what little I could find and referring to my college notes I made up my mind to tackle the job, although, as some of you know, at that early day we did not get much instruction in dentistry. I ordered the mare to have no food or water, and at IO A. M. next day I found doctors, lawyers, preachers, business men, etc., on hand to witness the operation. I scarcely knew whether I was on foot or on horseback, but went to work as if I had oper- ated many times, and, strange to say, got along fine. When I removed trephine, oh, what a beautiful flow of pus, and when I punched the diseased teeth into the mouth the fourth was bad and the third bad enough. The owner showed the teeth to the crowd and said that every horse doctor in the city had exam- ined the mare and that he had paid $60 to a Detroit veterinary who made three trips to see her and was treating her for ulcers in the nose. TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. 2] ee a al tc he eet be ‘“This young man,” he told the crowd, ‘told me in less time than it takes me to tell you what the trouble was.” From that time until 1893 I had more professional work than I could do. In the fall of that year I was elected County Commissioner and in the fall of ’99 I was elected Sheriff. I kept an assistant and did some professional work when I was in office, but I think it a mistake for any of us, if we have good business, to go into politics. In my case it proved all right as in ’93 we had a depression in business and horses were so cheap they were not worth doctoring. In the first year of my pro- fessional life I had an amusing experience with one of the local veterinaries and an alderman of the city. In his absence I was called in tosee one of his patients and he was telling his fellow-councilmen about it and said “There was a new horse doctor in the city, boys. ‘He was called in to see one of my patients while I was in New York last week, and what do you suppose I found him doing? When I got back he hada barometer in the horse’s rectum, taking his temperament.” This same veterinary was on the witness stand ina horse case and the Judge asked him what his occupation was? He re- plied, ‘Iam a Veteran Surgeon, Your Honor.” ‘Well, Doctor, what did you give the horse?” ‘‘ Some digitalis, Your Honor.” ‘“What would be the action of that drug on the animal?” “Your Honor, it would be soothing to the mind, comfort- ing to the bowels, tonic and Iodine.” You will pardon me if I mention two other cases in refer- - ence to the purchasing of horses. Mr. M. sent me word he would be at my office at 2 p. M. to have a horse examined for soundness. While I was eating dinner a party called at the house and said he must see me at once. He said he had sold the horse for $450 on condition that I would pass on the horse as sound and if I would overlook a little defect he would give me $100 beside my fee for examination for soundness. I did not ask what the defect was, but told him I would give the pur- 722 JOHN V. NEWTON. chaser my candid and best judgment and would not take his money. He was amazed and said the horse was a good one but a lit- tle off in wind and would never hurt him and that I could never make $100 any easier. J examined the horse and found him a roarer. No sale. No $100, but had two good friends ever since. As to the second case, a Mr. M. called on me and said he wanted me to goto Jackson, Michigan, to examine a pair of horses for his father-in-law, who would meet meat the hotel. I was very busy and said I would rather not go. He replied that I must try and go as Mr. B. wanted me there in the morning and was able and willing to pay me well. So I went and met Mr. B. in the morning. He said: “T do not want Mr. D. to know I sent for you, so I will in- troduce you as a friend I met at the hotel.” On going to the stable I fourid a fine pair of bay four-year- old geldings. I examined them closely and found them sound and free from blemishes of all kinds, but the off horse’s feet were rather light in quarters. Mr. B. asked the seller to hitch the team, which he did, and wanted Mr. B. and myself to take them, but Mr. B. said: ‘‘ No, I want you to show the team to my friend.” As we drove away from the stable the oily dealer said to me, ‘TI know the old man telegraphed for you yesterday. If I sell this team I will make you a nice present.” Ireplied that I was acting for Mr. B. and if he sold the team he would owe me ' nothing. He insisted that he would still make me a present if he sold the team. When we returned to the stable Mr. B. called me into the office and wanted to know what I thought of the team. I explained to him that they were sound and a fine pair, but I was afraid the off horse would not stand the pave- ments, and that I was afraid they were too high-lifed a pair for him and I would not advise him to buy at the price of $1,250. He said he liked them and would call Mr. D. in to see if he couldn’t buy them cheaper. So he commenced to tell owner TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN VETERINARY PRACTICE, 723 how cheap he bought horses, as low as $350, and that he had won more than that in prizes with them and he ought to sell them cheaper. The seller replied: “I would rather you would not take this team at price named, as some man in New York will be glad to give me $3,000 for them next spring.” Finally Mr. B. bought the team for $1,250. When I returned home I met two dealers. ‘Hello, Doc, did the old man buy the team ?” weves.)? ‘Well, how much did you get from D.?” eNot a cent. ‘“You ought to have gotten $200 at least. You are easy. You won’t do. Get the money when you make a sale like that.” I charged the purchaser $30 and expenses, and when team was delivered the oily dealer came to my office and put five ten dollar bills in my pocket. L,told him he owed me nothing, but he replied that he was satisfied, and that he might want to sell another pair some day. Mr. B. had a handsome pair and in three weeks sent for me one Sunday evening to see the off horse. He had driven him about twenty miles and had both inside quarters bursted. Treated them and put on bar shoes. In about three weeks more the same team smashed a $1,000 carriage to atoms and permanently disabled the off horse, and, strange to say, that ended my horse business with Mr. B. He never liked me after- wards. I never in my life would act as agent for buyer and seller. It is not honest. If I had my professional life to live over I would rather never examine a horse for soundness; but you have to do it and my advice is, be thorough and honest with both buyerandseller. If you condemn a horse for unsoundness the seller as arule admires youforit. Ifhe is too narrow and dishonest to do so you do not want his trade or friendship. We should never give a certificate for less than five dollars. Make that your lowest fee and you will not have much trouble. W24 JOHN V. NEWTON. Another thing I would never do if I had my professional life to live over again is that I would not mix up in any patent medicine deal. It is a great mistake. I believe too that most of us are not particular enough about keeping our infirmary and office neat and clean. It pays to do so and to have our own buggy and harness and horse right and to be neat about our own person. It helps us in our business, gives a tone:to the profession and a social standing to our business. I often think that it is not to be wondered at that our profession is not re- spected as it ought to be as I frequently call on some veterinary and find him looking like some stable man. Office, infirmary and everything about untidy and often very dirty. We ought, too, to be particular about putting up our medicines in clean bottles. Write the directions plainly and do not wrap it up in some old newspaper. ‘That makes our profession look cheap. I am also anxious to learn and for twenty-seven years have been on the lookout for a cure forazoturia. Of course they get well, but many die in my hands that I know should recover. The President of the O. V. M. Association called on me last spring. I had a disagreeable patient and was going to perform ovariotomy and he said, ‘‘ Doc, remove her clitoris. ‘That will do the business; ”’ and to my surprise it worked fine and I have operated on one or more a week. It’s the old motto, “ Never too old or too wise to learn.” I will not take up any more of your valuable time. Yes, gentlemen, we have much to be proud of in looking over this intelligent audience. I am proud to bea member of the A. V. M. A. I always feel proud of our chosen profession when I attend these meetings. Iam proud of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. I have the first and last published. The thought suggests itself to me that this Associa- tion might be of more benefit to its members than it is now. Own a code of ethics and prohibit display ads,, etc. If this Asso- ciation would havean authorized cut the size of a dollar or smaller if you please, and have inscribed on the margin of same, ‘‘ Mem- ber A. V. M. A.,” to be used on our cards and stationery, would it not be a help to many? Iam so old I do not need it. DR. VON BEHRING’S BOVOVACCINE AS AN IMMUNIZING VIRUS. 725 DR. VON BEHRING’S BOVOVACCINE AS AN IMMUNIZ- ING VIRUS. By CLAUDE D. Morris, V. S., BINGHAMTON, N. Y. Presented to the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Sept. 12-15, 1905. In bringing to your attention the question of an immunizing virus as a medicant in treating bovine tuberculosis, I am asking - of you to take note that in the realm of medical science another step has been taken, which not alone adds to the glory of scien- tific achievements, but by a larger measure adds to the health and wealth of mankind. I assume it is generally known that during the last decade an effort has been undertaken to find a protective agent, an immunizing virus in the wide-world effort to exterminate tuberculosis. This great and lofty aspiration has reached the first step, to say the least, in its development toward ultimate fruition. If man can be immuned against small-pox by inoculation with living cow-pox bacilli; if cattle can be immuned from anthrax with similar methods, even if anti-toxines, the product of pathogenic bacteria do mitigate the ravage of a communi- cable disease, and also if a toxine is serviceable as diagnosing infectious and communicable disease in cattle, surely we must feel that this theory has a strong foundation to rest upon. It is the function of the medical art to not only cure disease, but to take such means as will alike prevent its propagation. T'uber- culin can serve but one purpose. It will unquestionably tell us of the existence of tuberculosis, but it in no way points to its extermination. The idea that all cattle reacting from tubercu- lin should be slaughtered is not sound in theory or practice, and up to the present time this idea is largely in vogue. I believe we are now about to enter upon a larger conception of a large question. The step of positive diagnosis has been taken. To lessen the disease or extinguish it is the next step. The latest investigation offers a virus as the means to be taken in this ac- complishment. About 1891 Professor yon Behring, of the 726 CLAUDE D. MORRIS, Marburg Institute, began an experiment with bovine and human tubercular virus. The extensive experiments carried on by von Behring cover every phase of the work accomplished along this line, the details of which are too great to discuss in a paper of this sort. I can only allude to the general results. The inoculating virus which Professor von Behring has named ‘ Bovovaccine”’ “ consists of living human tubercle bacil- li, whose action have been accurately tested. The tubercle ba- cilli have been dried without losing their vital powers in any way. ‘These dry tubercle bacilli, kept in sealed glass tubes, will retain their action on cattle unchanged for a period of thirty days, after which time, although the immunizing power is not en- tirely lost, it has become so weak as to render it ineffective in the dosage recommended.” There is a perfect analogy between this culture of live human tubercle bacilli with that of Jenner’s small-pox vaccine, or virus. A serum with live bacilli capable of generating specific disease, is called virus. In this case it is human tubercle bacilli in the virus. Dr. von Behring has named the treatment the “ Jennerization’’ method in honor of the progenitor of vaccine. ‘For the injection the bovovaccine is uniformly mixed with a freshly boiled and cooled 1 per cent. salt solution, which is done according to the following: The entire contents of a tube, 20 immunizing units, are placed in a mortar and crushed with the pestle ; then 2 to 3 c.c. salt solution are added and the mix- ture is rubbed untila uniform emulsion has been obtained. This emulsion is poured into a graduated cylinder holding 50 c.c. The mixture in the cylinder is then made up to 30 cc. and poured into a wide-necked sterilized bottle holding 100 c.c. The bottle then contains the inoculation substance ready for use, 2 c.c. of which will be the dosage for the first inoculation of acalf. For the second inoculation the dose would therefore be contained in to c.c. of the fluid, which is five times larger than the first dose. ‘The ready emulsion should be used as soon as possible, at the latest within 24 hours after it has been made.” —— DR. VON BEHRING’S BOVOVACCINE AS AN IMMUNIZING VIRUS. %27 The injection of the virus is easily done. Clip the hair over the upper third of the left jugular vein, cleanse the parts witha 2 per cent. lysol solution, compress the vein with the thumb until a distinct enlargement appears, then insert the canula, and if the vein has been punctured blood will flow freely from the canula ; if no blood comes partially withdraw the canula and reinsert in a slight direction from that of the first. Do not at- tempt to inject the virus until you are sure the vein has been properly punctured. ‘This much done, unite the syringe with the canula (which has been previously filled with the virus), and slowly inject its contents into the vein. Immediately after in- jection the parts should again be cleansed with lysol solution. With this done nothing further is necessary. The vaccination for tuberculosis, like that for anthrax, is done in two install- ments; the second injection follows three months later. The stability of the virus is such that enables it to withstand much of adverse condition without fear of deterioration. The records of treatment by this method show that a large number of cattle have been inoculated in several States in Ger- miny. ‘This immunizing method has received the sanction of the agricultural law in Hessia, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg and the kingdom of Saxony. We will not attempt to present details of the result, but suffice to state that, the result so far obtained has put the treatment within the sphere of what seems to be posi- tive results. The first publication of Professor von Behring’s _ method appeared during the year 1890. In the Summer of 1892 he held a course at his institute at Marburg, in which a number of veterinarians participated, among others County Veterinaria Schmidt of Giessen, Hessia. The Hessian gov- ernment authorized the latter to test Prof. von Behring’s method at an estate in the neighborhood of Griinberg. In order to prove the success of this method of immunization, he request- ed Dr. Eber, Dr. Schlegel and Dr. Lorenz, to aid him in this experiment. The result was very satisfactory. If we are to take Dr. Lorenz’s statement, in which he relates, ‘‘ After all that I have so far seen, I am under the impression that here we have 728 CLAUDE D. MORRIS. a method which insures success. ‘This method is of immense value, and surpasses all others as to cheapness and easiness of application. It will supercede all previously proposed methods and render them absolutely superfluous. “Tt is needless to mention that the successful suppression of cattle tuberculosis is of vast importance in the breeding of cat- tle. It would release agriculturists from a burden which has hitherto rested heavily upon them.” In the United States this loss amounts to millions of dollars yearly. ; ‘We must also take in consideration and calculate the loss in the production of milk, insufficient assimilation of food, and the lower percentage of nutrient substance contaived in this milk, and last, but not least, the threatening danger of disease to humanity.” As evidence of my confidence in Dr. von Behring’s immu- nizing virus, I have caused to be inoculated 12 calves, and have placed with that number 12 other calves for control. The first inoculation occurred July roth. ‘The data of the work on that occasion is brief, but withal interesting. Initial temperatures were taken, which were uniformly at 102 degrees, with one ex- ception, which was at 105 degrees; this was in a small four- weeks-old calf. Clinical temperatures were taken daily for five days immediately following the inoculation, and was uniform- ly at 103 degrees, including the morning of the fifth day, with the exception just noted. In this calf the temperature fell to the normal on the third day. ‘The average reaction was one de- gree for five days. The calves for this experiment were selected at random in the heart of a tuberculosis district, and in all prob- ability came from herds that are tuberculous. Be that as it may, it is not so essential except from the point of predisposi- tion, which would govern in a measure a varying degree of nat- uralimmunity. The experiment will be carried on along the course of natural infection. TWENTY-FOUR STATES now have laws governing the prac- tice of veterinary medicine. REPORTS OF CASES. 729 REPORTS OF CASES. ** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts tn building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’’ HYDRO-THORAX—A CASE-REPORT.* By RoscoEe R. BELL, D.V.S., Brooklyn, N. Y. It would probably have been more comprehensive to have given as a title for this case-report, ‘exudative pleurisy,” since the case in question was of such a nature. The term ‘ hydro- thorax”? is very vague, meaning a collection of fluid in the thoracic cavity from various causes, usually as a result of chronic disease of some of the internal organs. It may be considered by many of those present that there is little in such a condition to warrant the bringing forward of this subject before practitioners who frequently meet with such cases, particularly since the writer has nothing new in its path- ology or therapeutics to advance. Almost every veterinarian of experience has treated such cases, many successfully, but I am sure that there are few who have had sufficient success with their surgical treatment to cause them to feel complacent when, toward the termination of the inflammatory process, they dis- cover by physical and objective symptoms that their pleuritic patient is accumulating a plentiful supply of fluid within his chest. I know that it has been my experience to regard the recognition of such symptoms as the beginning of the end. I cannot tell how many cases of this nature have come under my observation in the last nineteen years; but I should roughly estimate the number at forty. In almost every instance I have resorted to the surgical removal of the fluid by various meth- ods—in some instances with every known aseptic precaution and with heroic medicinal efforts. The number that have re- covered under my care are so few as to make this condition one of the most grave met with in the course of practice, with as high a percentage of mortality as accompanies any condition not essentially fatal; far fewer recoveries than from tetanus, or any other usually fatal condition. Therefore, when one expe- riences a clean-cut, rapid and complete recovery after surgical removal of a very large quantity in a patient which closely approaches dissolution prior to the interference, it might be * Presented to the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, at Ithaca, Sept. 12-15, 1905. 730 REPORTS OF CASES. well to look into the means employed and which were followed by such happy results, in the hope that something may be dis- | covered to account for them. This case is therefore presented to you simply as a record, not as an effort to exploit displayed ability upon the part of the surgeon, but to inquire as to what factors conspired in this case to make the result different from that usually secured by him. I have no doubt each member of this body can turn to his note-book or memory and call to mind similar results, but I would not be surprised if the balance was not largely on the wrong side of the ledger. The patient was a bay gelding, five years old, in excellent condition, the property of a large department store, and had been in the city about a year. There was in this stable at this time ( June of the present year) an outbreak of influenza of a low type, and usually with pulmonary complications. Some twenty-five seasoned horses were sick, mostly with pneumonia. Ordinarily it is an exceptionally healthy stable, the horses being stalled on the second floor, with plenty of light and air, and ex- cellent drainage. Some half-dozen “‘ green’ horses had recently been introduced, but they were not sick, or at least not seriously affected. The subject of this report was first reported sick on the morning of June 18, when his temperature was 107.2-5, pulse 70, and with respirations of such a character that lung involve- ment was suspected, and a smart synapism was applied to the thoracic walls. A capsule containing acetanilid 2 dr., and digi- talis 15m., was given, directly followed by 120 gr. quinine in capsule. The patient was placed under alcoholic stimulants in his drinking water, and all the usual cares in a well-regulated hospital ward. June 19, temperature 106, 20th 106.2-5, 21st 107-106.1-5, and so it continued, dropping to 104.1-2 on the 24th, 103 on the 25th, the pulse running from 60 to 70 beats per minute. On the evening of the 27th the temperature rose to 103.1-2, the pulse to 80, the respirations had become accelerated and some- what more labored, confirming my fears of exudation. On the morning of the 28th temperature 103, pulse 90. Quinine and alcoholic stimulants had been regularly given ; Antiphlogistine applied to the chest walls every 24 hours for several days, suc- ceeded by oil-silk under along bandage. Acetanilid in 2-dr. doses was administered whenever the temperature reached 104 or more, which invariably reduced the fever and lowered the pulsations. REPORTS OF CASES. 731 At 12 o’clock on the 28th the temperature was 103, pulse 106, respirations distressing, the whole body swaying with the effort to breathe ; the nostrils were distended to their full capac- ity, and the patient appeared as though about to asphyxiate. At the nostrils there was a loud wheezing sound, similar to that of acute asthma. I decided to perform the operation of para- centesis thoracis, which was carried out in the following man- ner: The right side of the thorax was thoroughiy washed in a strong hot solution of -bichloride ; an ordinary ceecum trocar and canula, well sterilized, was inserted between the fifth and sixth tibs into the pleural cavity. The trocar was withdrawn and the end of a rubber tube was quickly slipped over the mouth of the canula, the distal end of the tube being immersed in a pail con- taining water, thus obviating the danger of air being sucked in through the canula. An abundant flow of light-yellow fluid im- mediately began, and continued for about two hours, during which time 32 quarts were removed, leaving in the pleural cay- ity about 14 quarts,judging by the distance from the puncture to the bottom of cavity. After the trocar was withdrawn the min- ute puncture was made to close by vigorous massaging, after which the operative field was again disinfected, the seat of the puncture covered by styptic colloid, and the whole chest en- veloped in a new white flannel blanket. The temperature (103) had fallen to 102, the pulse (106 when the operation began) was now 86, respirations much slower and less labored. The patient was now placed on fluid extracts of belladonna and nux vomica every three hours, alcoholic stimulants every four hours, qui- nine night and morning as an internal antiseptic and tonic. At 9 P. M. the patient was much more comfortable; temper- ature IOI.4-5, pulse 72. Treatment the same. June 29, 7.30 A. M., temperature 101.2-5, pulse 71, respira- tions 21. Treatment the same, with nutrients of strained oat- meal gruel with alcohol. June 30, 12 M., respirations very labored, temperature 103.I-2, pulse 90. Decided to withdraw the fluid from the thorax again, which was done in the same manner as on the previous occasion. Again 32 quarts were removed, leaving 14 as well as I could judge. At 9 P. M., temperature 101.3-5, pulse 66, respirations 20. July 1, temperature 100.4-5, pulse 60. Treatment the same. And thus the case continued, temperature ranging between 102 and 103.1-2, the pulse from 66 to 54, until July 13,when all medicines were discontinued, the patient being discharged on 732 REPORTS OF CASES. the 16th, with temperature, pulse, respirations, and lung sounds normal. During this period acetanilid and quinine were given in full doses at least once a day, even when the pulse was fast and weak, and in every instance there was a preceptible improve- ment in the pulsations, both in number and strength, contrary to the generally accepted action of acetanilid,though in conform- ity with the writer’s experience, which has been extensive. Stimulants were gradually decreased, though alcohol was taken in the drinking water throughout the convalescent period. When his appetite was entirely absent, strength being maintained by artificial nutrients, a bale of alsike clover was secured, which appeared to stimulate asplendid appetite, and he would consume large quantities of it, refusing all other kinds of hay, grass, mash, and grain. Ina short time his desire for grain returned, and by the time he was ready for outdoor exercise he was in better flesh than before the attack. This case is unique to mein that the horse made a rapid and perfect recovery, while other recoveries have been either imper- fect or very slow. ‘The very large majority died from empyema and general infection. STOVAINE substituted cocaine in most all of the laige clinics held in connection with recent association meetings, and in every case with the most gratifying results. FLIES IN STABLES.—Flies are a great nuisance in stables, worrying and irritating the animals. Some years ago investi- gations were made to ascertain the best means of getting rid of them. An efficacious plan was found to be to wash the places where they principally settle with a mixture of alum and white- wash. ‘The flies quickly disappeared from spots so washed, as the alum, by its astringent character, destroys the viscous sub- stances exuded by the flies, which enables them to attach them- selves to the smooth surfaces of windows and to ceilings. MEASURES TAKEN TO PREVENT RABIES.—The veterinary branch of the Department of Agriculture has had an order-in- council passed which gives it power to muzzle or confine dogs in districts where rabies (commonly hydrophobia ) is known or suspected to exist. Sheep owners near towns or villages will say ‘‘more power to the veterinary branch.” Human life and reason are too valuable to be allowed to be risked because of some people’s mania for dogs, and the community is to be con- gratulated that a vigorous hand isin control of veterinary police matters.—(Farmer’s Advocate, Sept. 15, 1905.) ~ ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. "33 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. BRITISH ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. The reorganization of the British Army Veterinary Depart- ment is to be proceeded with immediately. Under the new sys- tem the existing departmental title will disappear, those of the army veterinary services and army veterinary corps being sub- stituted. The latter will include all ranks below that of lieu- tenant colonel. This change has been rendered necessary by the abolition of the regimental and the extension of the station system, which is gradually to be introduced throughout the United Kingdom. ‘The non-commissioned officers and men of the army veterinary corps will be specially selected from the mounted arms on account of their fitness for the duties which devolve upon them. They will be attached to the respective station veterinary hospitals and be employed under the direct command of their own officers. It isclaimed that this system will be more economical, work more efficiently both in peace and in war, be easier of expansion in an emergency, ensure a better selection of subordinates, and render supervision by senior officers simpler and more effectual.—(Army and Navy Register, Sept. 2, 1905.) * a = ASSIGNMENTS OF NEW APPOINTEES. From the results of the examinations held in May last four appointments were secured, and they have been assigned as fol- lows: VETERINARIAN CHARLES A. Rapp (Iowa State College), 3d Cavalry, Fort Assinniboine, Montana. VETERINARIAN GEORGE A. HANVEyY, JR. (Kansas City Veterinary College, ’05), Artillery Corps, Fort Adams, R. I., for duty with the 11th Battery, Field Artillery. _ VETERINARIAN R. J. FOSTER (New York State Veterinary College, 02), 12th Cavalry, Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. VETERINARIAN JOHN H. OESTERHAUS (Kansas City Veteri- nary College ’05), 7th Cavalry, Philippines, and join regiment. Dr. T. EARLE Bupp, President of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, was a guest at the banquet of the Gloucester County Medical Society on Wednesday evening, Sept. 2oth. 734 SURGICAL ITEMS. SURGICAL ITEMS. By Drs. Lotis A. AND EDWARD MERILLAT, CHICAGO, ILL. Pectoral Fistule of the Horse.—Fistule, discharging their purulent secretions at the anterior or inferior aspect of the pec- toral region, are common abnormalities of the horse; and from the standpoint of persistence they equal, if not exceed, the other common fistule. In fact, a cure can seldom be effected by any form of intervention, and spontaneous recoveries are exceptional. They belong to the category of obstinate and refractory abnor- malities. They are usually caused by a punctured wound sus- tained by coming into violent contact with the shaft of vehicles, fences, etc. Other, though rarer, cases are caused from contu- sions of the inferior surface of the pectoral region by lying heav- ily upon the shoes or upon hard objects lying upon the stall floor or pasture lot. In this latter event the cutaneous and subcuta- neous bruise causes an abscess that burrows between the muscular layers and eventually affects the soft bony and cartilaginous structures of the sternum. Often the suppurating process is ac- companied by the formation of a large fibrous tumefaction of the muscles (muscular sclerosis), which becomes honeycombed with fistulous tracts. These are always located zz/erzorly, while those resulting from punctured wounds are located anterzorly. The anterior ones being the result of considerable violence, are some- times complicated with more or less extensive fracture of the sternum or contusion of the cartilage. In some instances even the ribs and costal cartilages are implicated. As in the case of all refractory fistule (poll-evil, quittor, etc.), the morbid phenom- ena are perpetuated by necrotic sequestra, poor drainage and constant aggravation of the part by the subject’s movements. Treatmeni.—The treatment is seldom satisfactory. In the z#- jertor vatiety operative treatment gives better results than when the fistulous orifice points axteriorly. Here the knife, by keep- ing along the median line, may befreely used to expose the seat of the disease, without endangering the patient’s life from exces- sive hemorrhage, but in the anterior variety extensive surgical intervention is quite hazardous, owing to the great vascularity of the region. It is quite impossible to make an exploratory opening of any considerable dimensions without severing one of the large veins or arteries for which the region is noted. And even when the orifice is enlarged it offers but meagre admission SURGICAL ITEMS. 7395 to the real seat of the disorder. That is to say, the necrotic centre is too remote to be easily teached with the purpose of re- moving the insulting matter, bone, cartilage, etc. Incisions lo- cated to give dependent drainage do not help matters, as here, too, the distance from the surface to the seat of the trouble is too great to admit of satisfactory surgical removal of all the spuri- ous substance upon which a cure would depend. In inferior sternal fistulz resolution may be hastened by first making a lib- eral incision, five to six inches long, along the median line, ex- tending from the surface of the body to the sternum, and then cauterizing the whole wound with a large hot iron. The cauter- ization widens the wound and delays its closure as the necrotic matter sloughs away and finds its way out of the wound. The cauterization should be repeated weekly until the necrotic centre has taken on a healthy appearance. In the anterior sternal fis- tulz the same treatment has never given any good results. The best results are attained by preventing them, when the punctured wound is sustained. The deep punctures of the breast should be promptly disinfected, to the remotest recess if possible. Irri- gation with a potent antiseptic liquid for no less than two to three hours and then follow by protecting the opening against subsequent microbian invasion, will often promote the prompt healing of such wounds, without the discharge of pus. When once the fistula is well established the only practical treatment is to keep the external orifice open and to irrigate daily with mercuric chloride solution, taking care to wash out the wound instead of overfilling it with the liquid. To leave such channels filled with liquid only aggravates the condition. When the pen- etration is several feet deep the posterior end can sometimes be located just behind the elbow, at which point a drainage open- ing can be made to good advantage, but when the tract ends be- neath the shoulder no such treatment is possible. The use of caustics is admissible. These should be applied in the dry form by inserting them into the orifice. They serve to keep the ori- fice from closing, and if inserted throughout the entire tract they transform the chronic inflammation into an acute process and thus hasten recovery. Purpura Hemorrhagica.—Will purpura hemorrhagica be- come a surgical disease? Since the year 1860 the domain of surgery has been gradually broadening. Each year has seen new diseases added to the surgeon’s list. Practically all the chronic afflictions of the bowels, kidneys, bladder, uterus, vagina and even the heart and lungs have passed to the surgeon’s care, 736 SURGICAL ITEMS. and now comes the claim that an acute constitutional disease is promptly terminated by surgical intervention. A veterinarian of good repute and wide experience vouches for the statement that serious attacks of purpura hemorrhagica are promptly ter- minated by d/ood letting. It is claimed that an otherwise hope- less case was recently cured by drawing some three gallons of blood from the jugular vein. The patient is described as hav- ing a high temperature, running down pulse, loss of appetite and enormous swellings on the head, abdomen and extremities and all of the signs of dissolution. After withdrawing the blood the temperature dropped, the pulse revived, the appetite returned, and resolution promptly supervened. The method is worth a trial. Thrombosis of the Ihac Arterzes.—Thrombosis of the aorta, at its quadrification, extending downward into one or more of the iliacs, deserves more frequent mention among the diseases of horses. The disease occurs most frequently among race horses and fast harness horses at about the time of their maturity and after several years of speeding during their years of growth. The disease is manifested by the sudden appearance of an acute, painful lameness in one or both hind-legs during fast exercise. In some cases a furlong of fast work will provoke an attack, while in others the lameness may not appear until after a mile or more of violent exertion. In symptoms the attack simulates azoturia, with the exception that the pain is very transient. The subject suffers frightful agony, but only for a few minutes. Five to twenty minutes is the usual duration of the pain. The diagnosis is confirmed by a rectal exploration, which reveals an enlargement of the aortaand partial or even complete stenosis of one or more of the iliac arteries. The disease is incurable and has a well marked tendency to become more serious as an animal grows older. Affected subjects may, however, prove useful for slower work for several years. GLANDERS IN THE WILD WEST SHOW.—Reports from Cody, Wyo., the home of Buffalo Bill, received here to-day, are to the effect that the Wild West Show has been quarantined in France and that all of the 250 show horses, some valued as high as $2,000, have been shot, owing to glanders having broken out. It is also declared that the show has not been successful this year and that Colonel Cody is offering all of his ranch and cattle interests in this country for sale. These reports have not been confirmed.—(New York Journal, Sept. 20.) EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. VOW EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiAuTaRD. M.D, V. M PECULIAR DEATH OF A Doc [Lzeut, Tylny. Haigh, A. V. D.)|.—The following case was related to the author bya medical friend, owner of the animal. ‘The dog, bull mastiff, 18 months old, weighing about 80 lbs., has been in the owner’s possession ever since his puppyhood; was exceedingly good tempered, playing about with the children; has never been sick. He has never been allowed off the premises unattended, and when exer- cised was naturally somewhat excited and in high spirits. Find- ing such a big dog a nuisance, the owner sold him and took him from his residence to bring him to his new master. On his way to the railway station, the dog behaved in his usual man- ner and got quite quietly into an empty first-class carriage with his master. As soon as the train started he grew wildly excited, champing his jaws, foaming at the mouth, snapping in the air and jumping at the windows and refusing to be quieted. As he got perfectly furious, so much so that the owner became alarmed, he pulled the alarm communication and got out of the compart- ment as soon as the train stopped, and shut up the dog by him- self ; on the remainder of the journey the animal could be heard knocking himself violently for about twenty minutes and on the arrival of the train he was found dead on the floor, with his tongue hanging out of the mouth, black in color and nearly bitten off. No post-mortem was made.—(Veferinary News.) EXTRAORDINARY PASSAGE OF TAPE THROUGH A CAT’s IN- TESTINE [7. G. Hleathy, M. R. C.V.S.|.—This was a blue Persian cat, aged two years, which had spent the first year of his life in a hospital. It never looked in good condition and on that account had been sent to the country torecuperate. It did him good and his health was muchimproved. Four days before his death, he seemed dull and out of sorts, preferring to lay in a dark place and refusing all foods, lapping only a few drops of water. At intervals he would make efforts to vomit, but only succeeded in throwing up a little greenish fluid. He had two doses of castor oil without result. Towards the end of his life he had considerable flow of saliva from the mouth. Examination 738 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. per rectum revealed nothing. He finally was found dead one morning. At the post-mortem the bowels were found slightly congested and presenting a curious puckered appearance. On opening the stomach three inches of ordinary sewing tape were found projecting into the stomach through the pyloric orifice and on drawing it up it was found that it was continued down the intestine in its whole length to within five inches of the anus. It is remarkable that it should have worked its way so continuously and so far down the intestinal canal.—( Veter. Journal, May, 1905.) MESENTERIC ABSCESS DUE TO STREPTOCOCCIC INFECTION [Capt. W. A. Pallin, A. V. D.|.—This mare had exhibited general symptoms of debility following a severe attack of catar- rhal fever. Although placed under proper treatment and hygiene, she did not seem to improve, and aftera month she was still in very poor condition, continually lying down, showing occasion- ally symptoms of internal and slightly intermittent pain. In the presence of such a state of affairs and suspecting the forma- tion of a mesenteric abscess, unfavorable prognosis was made and subsequently the animal was destroyed. At the post-mortem, besides the lesions of chronic anzemia, there was found in the abdomen a large fibrous tumor-like growth,which was enveloped in the mesentery and firmly adherent to several folds of the large and small intestines. It was situated principally in the region of the diaphragmatic flexure and was with difficulty separated from the surrounding tissues. The growth when cut into was found to consist of dense fibrous tissue, permeated and intersected in all directions by sinuses containing large quantities of creamy kind of pus, containing large number of streptococci with vari- ous other pus organisms. The whole growth weighed 18% lbs., was more or less oblong in shape and measured 12 « 6 6 inches. There were several openings on the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines, communicating with the sinuses of the growth. The remaining organs were all healthy.—(Ved. Journal, May, 1905.) FRACTURE OF LUMBAR VERTEBR# [Caft. W. A. Pallin, A.V. D,.|.—A chestnut mare, five years old, ridden over a narrow bank, met with an accident, turned a complete somersault and laid on her croup in the ditch at the far side. On rising she is found with her back arched and a swelling across the loins ex- tending back over the croup, indicating considerable effusion. She is very stiff in moving, but this passes off after walking a few yards and finally she is led back to her stable, some EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 739 three miles off, where on arriving she is placed in a loose box and hot fomentations and liniment applied on her loins. For two days she seems to be doing well; on the third she is found down, with complete paralysis of the hindquarters. She is destroyed. The post-mortem revealed a comminuted fracture of the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrz with displacement ; lacera- tion of the spinal cord and extravasation of blood in the spinal canal of the lumbar and sacral regions with also extravasation into the muscles and tissues of the part, with again rupture of the ligaments between the two last lumbar vertebre. In the second sacral vertebree there was fracture of the base of the spinous process.—(Vet. Journal, May, 1905.) LUXATION OF VERTEBRA FOLLOWED BY FORMATION OF A CYST IN THE SPINAL CorD [G. B. Mower White, F. R. C. V. S., and F. Hobday, F. R. C. V. S.\.—The case illustrates the length of time an animal with such lesion can live, providing he is well looked after. An Aberdeen terrier jumped out of a carriage moving at the rate of ten miles an hour. He fell heavily and became paralyzed on the hindquarters. There was retention of urine for forty-eight hours and loss of sensation for three or four months. The treatment consisted in fomentations, sedative lotions, and in about a fortnight power of the sphincters returned, but the hindquarters remained paralyzed. Long treatment with strychnia, arsenic, iodide of potassium, massage, etc., was followed by little improvement, the best results obtained being that the dog was able to stand only a few seconds or perhaps walk a few steps. After 18 months of attention the animal had finally to be destroyed. The following are the results of the post-mortem examination : ‘‘ There was a displacement between the oth and roth thoracic vertebrz without any fracture. The spinal canal was not appreciably narrowed. On the outer and ventral surface of the dura mater, at the level of the injury, there was considerable fibrous adhesion between the dura and the bone. The spinal cord was markedly narrowed at the end of the 1oth thoracic segment, and on section but little normal cord substance could be seen. At the level of the 9th thoracic ver- tebrze there was an elongated cyst, measuring one inch in length and one-quarter of inch in its maximum diameter. It contained clear fluid. The cord above this level appeared normal to the naked eye, below it there was probably some slight shrinking of the cord substance.” —(Vet. Journal, May, 1905.) A MuscuLar ANOMALY IN THE Horse [Peter Haugh].— This was observed at the dissection of a horse in the Royal 740 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Veterinary College: ‘‘On reflecting the cervical portion of the trapezius so as to expose the second layer of muscles in the scapular region, a narrow muscular strip was disclosed. It had an origin by means of a broad aponeurosis from the fascia lying over the scapular attachment of the cervical rhomboid. This aponeurosis gave place to a narrow rounded tendon lying upon the supraspinatus muscle and running in a ventral direction. On about the level of the trapezius tubercle, the fleshy portion of the muscle began, at first narrow, but gradually broaden- ing, it crossed, in an almost vertical direction, ventralwards to the region of insertion of the deltoid muscle, in connection with which it ended in a flattened tendon.” —(Ved¢. Journ., June, 7905.) FOREIGN BODIES—C4SOPHAGOTOMY IN A TERRIER PUPPY [.S. 17. Woodward, M. R.C. V. .S|.—A fox terrier, nine weeks old, had a large swelling on the cesophagus in the lower third of the cervical region. Under chloroform and after disinfection of the region, cesophagotomy was performed and a simall chop bone removed. Sutures, dressings with solution of perchloride of mercury (I in 5000), milk diet for three days and complete re- covery in ten days: . . .. ANOTHER [427. R. CVS PA pug, four months old, refuses his food, stands with his back arched, has no pain. When he eats something, he vomits it. Later he passes clotted blood and rejects some per mouth. He dies. Post-mortem: A piece of bone has stuck in the cesopha- gus within the chest. It had evidently been there for some time and had made a pocket for itself. FISH-HOOK IN THE RECTUM OF A CaT [ Sampson Bennett, M. Rk. C. V..S.].—A cat has hanging from underneath the tail a piece of fishing gut about two inches long. It is painful to the cat when it is pulledon. The animal is chloroformed, and the cord is pulled again, a hard body is felt, which cannot be brought out. A small pair of pliers is then used, the metallic body is snipped and two pieces of a fish-hook are successively removed. (Vet. Journal, June, 1905.) AN INTERESTING CASE OF HERMAPHRODITE [Prof James Craig and Fred. Hobday|.—A black pug when three months old was noticed having protruding from the vulva a small pinkish body. ‘The animal looked to all appearances to be a female ; it had well-defined mamme, a vulva, a vagina. The projecting body had a bony centre and to the finger felt like a dog’s penis. When the animal was six months, this body had grown, and although it had no urethra, it showed a distinct glans penis ; it was a tolerably well-formed penis. The animal mic- EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 741 turated through an opening 1n the floor of the vagina. Under aneesthesia the abnormal organ was amputated. Three weeks later the dog died by a sequel to distemper. At the post-mortem the following were detected: Behind each kidney there was a small, oval body ; from the left one a small cord was running backwards and was continuous with an organ resembling the uterus of a young bitch. In this cord there is a corrugation like acoiled up tube. This left body is like a testicle and the cord the epididymis. The right body does not look so much like a testicle as the left, and the epididymis is not so well marked. The microscopic structure of these two bodies is that of a very young testicle. The uterus is typical as is found in a young bitch. It has two cornue anda body. The vagina and vulva forming the genital passage are normal. The testicles, uterus and vagina are fixed within the abdomen by folds of the perito- neum resembling the broad ligament. No prostate gland could be found. In this case the essential organs were male as far as the naked eye could judge, but that the other portions of the genital apparatus were female, the clitoris having reached an abnormally large size.—(Vet. Journal, June, 1905.) TRAUMATIC PROLAPSED RECTUM IN THE HorsE[2.A. Stock, Ff. R. C. V. S.|—Case 7.—Grey mare is in labor. Something protrudes a short distance from the rectum; it is the off hind foot of a colt which has forced through the roof of the vagina and floor of the rectum. It isa breech presentation. With dif- ficulty the mare is finally delivered of a fine colt foalalive. The wound of the rectum and vagina is closed with interrupted sutures. The next day, there is extensive prolapsus of the rec- tum. Hot fomentations, scarifying, washing out the rectum, astringent lotions. On the 3d and 4th days the swelling is enormous. On the sth and 6th days the symptoms subside, on the 7th the rectum has resumed its position. . . . . Case 2.— Fine, three-year-old filly, turned out into a meadow with cattle, is found in pain and straining. Blood oozes from the anus. The next day she had prolapsus. Two practitioners have one after the other failed in reducing it. The author is called and finds a wound through the rectum besides the protruding gan- grenous mass. It is decided to amputate the whole mass. It is divided into four parts, and one part at a time removed with the ecraseur. Hzemorrhage was abundant. Opiates and chloral were given, also cannabis indica. ‘The next day animal seems comfortable. Wound was cleaned; opium and lead wash injected. Recovery in ten days. .... Case 3.—Brown 742 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. colt, three years, muscular and full of life. With him there was great tenesmus and after one or two days the rectum was prolapsed. A practitioner is called, he reduces the organ and keeps it in place with two sutures of white leather. The ani- mal continues to strain and the author is called. The colt is very uneasy and makes violent efforts to defecate. The sutures are removed and the prolapsus at once returns. Rectal exami- nation reveals the organ empty, but with oats sticking here and there in the mucous membrane, and also a rusty nail, which seemed embedded in the coat of the intestine. Being far away from home, the author improvised an ox bladder and a piece of tubing, gave an injection with this and administered a pint and a half of warm ol. lini andchlorodyne. The wounds and protru- sion were dusted with starch and zinc ointment. Two days later the prolapsus was smaller and recovery occurred soon after.—(Vet. Journal, June, 1905.) FRENCH REVIEW. BysProf Ay LiAurarD, M, D., V.»M- RUPTURE OF THE POSTERIOR AORTA IN A MULE [JZ. Bon- net|.—This mule, which had rather become famous by his per- formance in the last Paris-Bordeaux race, is found one day out » of sorts and the author is called to see him. The symptoms that the animal present are very serious; they all point to an internal hemorrhage, and on account of the rapidity of their development, it is supposed that the lesion is located at the aorta. Evidently the animal is doomed, and indeed in a short time his agony begins and death follows. At the post-mortem, on removing the. skin, all the tissues seem bloodless, and the superficial vessels are empty and no blood escapes even to tinge the cellular tissue. On removing the fore legs, the axillary trunks are empty. On opening the abdomen, an enormous flood of blood escapes. The contents of the abdomeu float in a black mass of blood. ‘The liver and kidneys are pale in color. The posterior aorta is very thin. Its walls are no thicker than those of the posterior vena cava; they are soft and depressed, and back of the renal arteries there is a slit, two centimetres long, through the coats of the artery, with borders concave and slightly ecchymosed. In the thorax there is nothing abnormal. The heart contains no blood. The auriculo-ventricular valves are EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 743 rather thick. There are numerous spots of endocarditis.— (Journ. de Zobtechnie, March, 1905.) RESISTING POWER OF MULES TO PENETRATING WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN [JZ Audbry].—While in horses these kind of injuries are generally considered as very serious, on the con- trary in mules their termination is not, as the two following cases demonstrate : One, aged 30 years, thin, worn out and cov- ered with sores, receives on the left side of the abdomen several blows with the horn of a steer. A large wound is the result, and through it an intestinal circumvolution projects, hanging with folds of the omentum in the blood and the dirt on the ground. The protruding mass is washed several times with pails of water, is returned into the abdomen, the torn parts of the omentum are removed, ligatures applied on the bleeding vessels and the whole is closed with four stitches, involving muscles and skin. Eighteen days after, the mule was to work. Another, younger, 7 years, is run into by a stage; the pole enters the abdomen of the animal, which is thrown. He has a large, anfractuous wound back of the last asternal car- tilages. The skin and muscles are torn in pieces. In raising the superior flap of the skin, the large colon is exposed, pro- truding through the wound, but not otherwise injured. After thorough disinfection, the intestinal mass is kept in place by six stitches (quilled sutures). Fifty-eight stitches were used to close the muscular and cutaneous flaps. The recovery was com- paratively rapid; but it took two months before the animal could resume work on account of the cicatricial lesions of the flank, which interfered with the action of the hind leg.—(Rec. Mhyg. and de Med. Vet. Mil., and Rev. Gen., April, 1905.) MEASURES AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS [Vallée and Villejean]. —At a meeting of the Commission against Tuberculosis, it was resolved to have the following post bill made as public as pos- sible: ‘‘ Animals of the bovine specie being frequently tubercu- lous and the milk of cows affected with that disease being able to transmit this disease to man and specially to children, raw milk ought not to be used. ong boiling will remove the dan- ger. Milk which rises while on the fire, is not yet boiled. When it rises the skin over it must be cut and new boiling watched for. Never drink nor give to children any milk except bowled.” ‘The Commission then expressed two wishes: (1) It is desirable that only pasteurized, boiled or sterilized milk shall be allowed to enter into general circulation, or raw milk coming from stables where all the cows have been found free from dis- W44 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ease by tuberculin test, and will be submitted to sanitary inspec- tion. (2) Considering that a knowledge of the methods of milk control are not yet systematically organized in France, it is de- sirable that a course of milk inspection be immediately inaugu- rated in the national veterinary schools.—(Revue de la Tuber- culose, 1905.) TUBERCULOUS ENDOCARDITIS IN A Cow [MZ Bergeon].— The interest in this case rests on positive and well-marked sym- toms presented by the animal during life. The cow had been ailing for some time and was losing flesh. She had a large swelling on the posterior part of the trunk. The cough is hack- ing, dry and heavey. Respiration short and by jerks. Severe dyspncea is brought about by the slightest exertion. The pulse is small, weak and irregular. ‘Temperature 38.8 degrees C. Percussion reveals abnormal sensibility of the thorax and pro- motes coughing. It also reveals spots of dullness irregularly disseminated. Auscultation detects rales in various places ; respiratory murmur is scarcely perceptible and is absent where dullness has been detected by percussion. Beatings of the heart are irregular, strong, with violent pericardial sound; a fact which is peculiar with the nature of the pulse. On auscultating the heart a diastolical bellows noise is heard, stronger behind and at the base of the heart. ‘Tuberculin test gave a marked reaction. At the post-mortem extensive tuberculous lesions are exposed on the lungs, pleura and thoracic lymphatic glands. The pericardium is thickened and contains a certain quantity of liquid. Myocardium is thick also, specially on the left ven- tricle ; at the aortic opening, on the sigmoid valves and ona few points of the aorta, milliary granulations are found in quite great numbers. In the abdomen the kidneys are principally diseased; the right weighs 2 kil. 300 grammes.—( Revue Vet- erin., May, 1905.) DEATH BY RUPTURE OF A CARDIAC ANEURISM[J/r. Graux]. —The horse ‘“‘ Edison” is left at liberty in a riding ring and made to jump over bars at various heights. At the last jump, which measures 1 metre 20, the animal executes it without any appearance of great effort and drops dead on reaching the ground. ‘The most minute examination of the head, cranium and neck failed to reveal any lesion. The bones are perfect, there is no vertebral dislocation, no hemorrhage in the enceph- alic mass. On opening the chest the heart appears largely hypertrophied, of absolutely globular form. ‘The ventricular walls are thinned to such an extent that the right resembles a EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 745 large membranous pouch. ‘The pulmonary artery is narrowed a little above the right auricle. The pulmonary vessels and the heart are surrounded by a clotted mass of blood, indicating the rupture of an aneurism involving the origin of the pulmonary artery and also of the heart itself. —(Rec. @hyg. and de Med. Vet. Milit., 1905.) LINGUAL ACTINOBACILLOSIS MISTAKEN BY ITS APPEAR- ANCE FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN A STEER [G. /etzt].—This was a specimen exhibited by the author, who had received it from sanitary inspectors. The animal from which it came had been affected with visceral tuberculosis and on that account the tongue supposed to be the seat of tubercular lesions. The organ was literally full of nodules of various sizes, absolutely with the aspect of those of tuberculosis with the peculiarity that none was calcified. The size of the organ was not increased and free from the characters of the “ wooden tongue.” The tubercles are very abundant under the mucous membrane, invading as far as the extremity of the free part of the organ. They exist also in the muscular tissue and are principally gathered along the lingual artery. The lymphatic vessels and the subglossal glands are hypertrophied. The superficial nodules are adherent to the mucous membrane, project slightly on the surface, where a typical yellow orange coloration is observed. Sometimes, however, there is a slight depression. Although these are not typical of tubercular lesions, the general aspect is such that without the examination under the microscope the diagnosis cannot be established. This, however, removes all doubt. The tufts characteristic of actinobacillosis are readily made out and found accumulated in the nodules.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent., May 30, 1905.) ‘Two Currous Cases OF DELIVERY [Arthur Andrt|.—The first is that of a mare for which the author was called, and where he found an animal in labor with the four feet present- ing. Unable to return them he decided to perform embryotomy of the two fore legs—a difficult task as he did not have the proper instruments; still he succeeded in loosening the skin as far down as the elbow; he then applied the best he could all means of traction on these two legs, but not succeeding he has recourse to a rather severe method, in appearance at least, but which proved short and decisive. He fixed the cord attached to one leg on a solid spot and made the mare pull ahead; the first leg came out torn away. Repetition of the same method on the second leg and afterwards on the hind legs followed with the 746 OBITUARY. saine result. ‘The next day the mare was apparently well... . The second case relates the accouchement in a sow. In the district where Mr. Andri practices, there are many hog-breeding establishments, and so as to avoid too many requests for his ser- vices as accoucheur, he has drilled in some of these establish- ments one or two of the most intelligent women he could find and dressed them to deliversows. He selected for accoucheuses the women who had the smallest hands. Lately one of those sage-femmes was unable to call asow from her fourth little one ; she had delivered three alive, but this one was dead and in putrefaction. M. Andri opened the flank and through it was able to push the dead foetus out of the uterus and deliver it. Three other living youngsters were then delivered alive. The wound was disinfected, closed, and the mother was saved.— (Progrés Vétérinaire, May 25, 1905.) OBITUARY. EDWIN ROSS OGDEN, D. V.65., a member of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and one of the best known veterinarians in Northern New Jersey, died Thursday night, Sept. 21st, 1905, at his home in Orange, N. J., from an obscure stomach trouble. Dr. Ogden was born 51 years ago, and was the son of Mr. and Mrs. Elias R. Ogden. He was in business in Chicago, and about twenty years ago studied veterinary science and was graduated from the American Veterinary College, New York City. He removed to Orange in 1890. His wife, who was Miss Clara Morris, of Chicago, sur- vives him. THE NUMBER OF FEATHERS ON A HEN.—A company that manufactures poultry-feed has recently drawn no end of notice to itself by a guessing competition as to the number of feathers onahen. ‘Thousands of guesses were received. One competi- tor, evidently on.the lookout for a catch somewhere, estimated “none at all.” From this the guesses ran up into the hundreds of thousands, and even into the millions, the highest being 600,060,017. The correct number proved to be 8,120, and was announced by the company with a feeling of ‘‘ pardonable pride in having contributed to poultry science an item of information actually new.” SOCIETY MEETINGS. 747 SOCIETY MEETINGS. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The fifteenth annual meeting was called to order at Ir A. M. Tuesday, Sept. 12, by President George H. Berns, in the lecture room of the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, the room being fairly well filled, though it was raining. The roll-call was dispensed with and the attendance determined by a registry book—as follows: THE ATTENDANCE. G. S. Hopkins, Ithaca ; Robert A. McAuslin, Brooklyn ; Geo. H. Berns, Brooklyn; Mrs. Geo. H. Berns and Miss Nellie Berns, Brooklyn; Pierre A. Fish, Ithaca; James Law, Ithaca; Claude D. Morris, Binghamton ; Raymond C. Reed, Elmira; Robert J. Foster, U. S. Army; H. L. Lawrence, Syracuse ; A. W. Baker, Brasher Falls; T. D. Adlerman, M. D., New York City; Chas. H. Jewell, Vet. 13th Cavalry, Ft. Riley, Kansas; W. Huff, Rome; L. H. Howard, Boston, Mass.; J. M. Currie, Rome; Edward J. Nesbitt, Poughkeepsie; P. J. Axtell, Deposit ; W. N. Babcock, Scott; W. L. Williams, Ithaca; S. H. Burnett, Ith- aca; F. F. Fehr, E. Bloomfield; J. J. Lindner, Canandaigua ; Louis Juliand, Greene; L. L. Zimmer, Auburn; Mrs. L. L. Zimmer, Auburn ; Garry T. Stone, Binghamton ; G. A. Knapp, Millbrook ; George W. Meyer, New York City ; Hermann Kock, Brooklyn; Ward Giltner, Ithaca; Frank Hunt, Jamestown; Fred D. Fordham, Watkins ; Theodore B. Kellogg, Watkins; Howard J. Milks, Candor; Mulford C. Thompson, Newburgh ; E. F. Bettinger, Chittenango; A. W. Baker, Oneonta; James T. Glennon, Newark, N. J.; Thomas E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J.; Roscoe R. Bell, Brooklyn; C. J. Spencer, Dundee; Mrs. C. J. Spencer, Dundee; J. W. Turner, Lyons; A. J. Tuxill, Au- burn ; Charles Cowie, Ogdensburg; John A. Bell, Watertown ; F. H. Bishop, Rochester; Thomas G. Sherwood, New York City; G.C. Kesler, Holley; J. W. Corrigan, Batavia; H. S. Beebe, Albion; J. F. DeVine and wife, Goshen; Andrew Eng- - lish, Ithaca; D. P. Webster, Hilton; F. T. Gallagher; A. A. Fagundes; Carr. R.Webber, Rochester; P. I. Johnson, William- son; A. George Tegg, Rochester ; W. B. Smith, Ithaca; W.G. Hollingworth, Utica; A. H. Ide, Lowville ; J. L. Ronan, Corn- ing; Mrs. J. L. Ronan, Corning; E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn ; 748 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson. Many failed to register. The minutes of the last meeting were read by Acting Secre- tary Burnett, and were approved. President Berns read his annual address, which consisted of a brief estimate of the condition of the profession in the Empire State. As a special theme, he dealt with the great prevalence of glanders in the large cities in the eastern section of the State, particularly in New York City. While there had been no alarm- ing outbreaks in the large stables in the city, there was a steady spread of the disease among all classes of stables. Although a very large percentage of outbreaks are not reported to the health authorities through fear of exposure or quarantine, the statistics from the Health Board were quite alarming. Speaking more particularly for his own city (Brooklyn), he said that in the year 1904 more than 800 cases were on record, while in the first eight months of the present year there were more than 500. He be- lieves that $300,000 would not cover the loss to the horse owners of Brooklyn for this year. He felt that the present system of inspection and supervision is inadequate, and recommended the establishment of a Live-Stock Sanitary Board with autocratic power to deal with and stamp out the disease. Secretary Kelly had prepared a short report of the work of his office, which also embraces the treasurership, the latter sec- tion showing the financial condition of the society to be much better than at his last accounting. The following applications for membership were favorably recommended by the Board of Censors, and they were unani- mously elected : Newell D. Backus, D. V. M., Geneva, N. Y. H: S. Beebe, D. V. M., Albion, N: Y: Mulford Conklin Thompson, D. V. M., Attlebury, N. Y. Frank J. Baker, Brasher Falls, N. Y. D. D. LeFevre, D. V. M., Addison, N. Y. Alfred F. Bollinger, D. V. S., 24 Snyder Ave. “y Flatbush, Diy. Carr R. Webber, M. D. C., 156 Andrews St., Rochester, Ney J. Schurmacker, V. S., 113 East 84th St., New York City. Py jenatell, D. V. M., DegoeiN. Y: William Sheppard, M. R. C. V. S., Neck Road, Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, N. Y. A. H. Ide, Lowville, N. Y. The Prosecuting Committee submitted a report showing its SOCIETY MEETINGS. 749 work since the last meeting. Its work was confined largely to writing to alleged offenders, warning them that unless they desisted active prosecution would be begun. In most cases this was sufficient to cause the offenders to cease practicing. It ap- peared, however, that greater activity might have been exercised, though with the small funds little legal prosecution could have been indulged in. At 12.30 o’clock the meeting adjourned for the afternoon clinics, which were carried on until about 5.30, the convention reassembling in the lecture room at 7.30 Pp. M. for the literary and business programme. The Acting Secretary read a number of communications, and President Berns, recognizing Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Pres- ident of the American Veterinary Medical Association, in the room, extended him the courtesies of the floor and invited him to address the meeting, which he did in the following most in- teresting manner: DR. WM. HERBERT LOWE’S ADDRESS. “Mr. President and Gentlemen :— ‘“‘T have been attracted fora number of years to the meetings of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, not only on account of the value of the literary part of the programmes, but on account of the excellency of the clinics. As one who has watched the growth of this organization from its inception to the present hour I desire to take this opportunity to compliment you on what you have accomplished in this State and the magnificent State society you now have. I am glad to be here to-day in my official capacity as President of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association and personally witness the demonstrations and operations, hear the papers and discussions and to be able to meet so many of my professional friends and associates. ‘This is certainly an ideal place for the profession to meet, and one that offers many attractions to the visitor. The pro- fession throughout America, as well as yourselves, are proud of what Cornell University is doing for higher veterinary edu- cation under the directorship of that eminent educator, Prof. James Law. This modern—I might say model—veterinary college, with its laboratories, experimental farm, hospital, etc., is a thing of beauty as well as a thing of utility, and shall undoubtedly in the years to come be a joy and satisfaction to all those who may seek veterinary education within her con- fines. “But in appreciating this new up-to-date veterinary school, 750 SOCIETY MEETINGS, with its fine equipment and appointments, we must not forget the old school and its good work—the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered in 1857, and the American Vet- erinary College, in 1875, now consolidated and constituting the Veterinary Department of New York University—the New York-American Veterinary College. The self-sacrificing work of the pioneers in the cause of veterinary education and the ad- vance work of the profession will, however, be more fully appre- ciated and honored by generations to come. “The high standard veterinary education has attained in the Empire State is something that every true veterinarian is proud of and undoubtedly will aid the American Veterinary Medical Association materially in dealing successfully with the educa- tional problem in America. In veterinary education two names are pre-eminent—Ljautard and Law—both of whom we delight to honor. “It seems to me that we as a profession are not giving enough attention to applying our knowledge of veterinary science to agriculture and the live-stock interests of the State. Animal husbandry, breeding, maintenance, development, utili- zation of animals, the production of a sound and wholesome meat and milk supply, and veterinary sanitary control in gen- eral; giving the agriculturist and the live-stock breeder the benefit of veterinary science and art, thus adding to the public wealth while we are safeguarding the public health. Public sentiment ought to be educated along the lines indicated, with a view of obtaining the necessary legislation to accom- plish the desired end. Each State, in my opinion, should establish a State Bureau of Animal Industry under veterinary direction. “ Referring briefly to the mneeae Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, I would mention that the profession of the Empire State occupies a most noteworthy place in its history and in its activi- ties—in its birthplace, its founders, and in its presidents. The organization of the United States Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, now the American Veterinary Medical Association, was effected at a meeting held at the Astor House, in the city of New York, in the year 1863. Fourteen of the charter members were residents of N. Y. State—more than from any other State in the Union; New Jersey followed with nine charter members, the charter members from these two States exceeding in number those of all other States and countries combined. The rest of the country furnished 16, making 39 charter members in all. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 751 ‘‘New York State has also the distinction of furnishing more presidents of the A. V. M. A. than any other State, nine presi- dents having been elected from this State. “‘ Yet, strange to note, that, although her membership was 14 in 1863, it is only 54 in 1905. Inother words, she has added only 40 new members in 42 years—an average of not one new member a year. Why, there ought to be more from New York City alone than there are enrolled from the entire Empire State. “‘T find that a similar condition exists in a number of other States as regards representation in our national association. Therefore, I purpose as part of the work of my administration to use the influence of my office to get a larger representation from every American State, territory and province. I purpose to issue a call for 1,000 recruits to the American Veterinary Medical Association. This is not a large number to ask for when we take into consideration the large number of qualified veterinarians in America to-day. Every State and every county and province will be drawn upon. Iam going to ask every one of our six hundred members to do a part of this great work. New York State furnished the largest number of men for the United States Veterinary Medical Association in 1863. Shall it be said that she furnished the largest number of men for the A. V. M. A. in 1905? Every worthy and qualified vet- erinarian who is eligible to membership is wanted and such members of the profession should desire to have a vital connec- tion with the A. V. M. A. and receive the benefits of member- ship in the grand council of their profession. “* Every veterinarian should be a member of his State Asso- ciation and of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and he should read the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. He can- not afford not to be in touch with the work of the best men of the age and he is certainly not in very close touch with what others are doing if he ostracizes himself from the rest of the pro- fession. “Gentlemen, I trust I have not intruded too much upon your time and good nature. I thank you.” PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. At the conclusion of Dr. Lowe’s address, the literary pro- gramme was begun by the reading of a paper by Dr. Claude D. Morris, on ‘‘ Dr. yon Behring’s Bovovaccine as an Immunizing Virus,” which is published elsewhere in this number of the 752 SOCIETY MEETINGS. REvIEW. A number of inquiries were made of the essayist by members, to all of whom he replied that as yet he knew little about it, but had read his paper to inaugurate a series of ex- periments with it, promising that the Society should know the results when results were obtained. ‘“The Negri Bodies and the Diagnosis of Rabies,” by Cassius Way, detailed the further experiments of Prof. Veranus A. Moore in his efforts to obtain a rapid method of diagnosing this dis- ease, as usually the danger to bitten persons lies in the delay in determining the true nature of the trouble. By staining these structures it is claimed by the essayist that an almost positive diagnosis may be arrived at within twenty-four hours. The REVIEW hopes to secure this valuable paper, and publish it in an early number, as nothing so encouraging has been offered to the public for this purpose. Dr. Raymond C. Reed, gave a verbal description of a re- markable case treated by him last winter. A horse running away came into violent contact with a gate or fence, fracturing his skull so that a small portion of brain substance came out through his nostrils. It resulted in complete paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, which persisted for about twenty-one days, nourishment being administered by means of enemas. He afterwards recovered toa point where he could do ordinary work. This case brought out a lengthy and very interesting discussion, which was participated in by Drs. Williams, Fish, Bell, Corrigan, and others, in the course of which the question of rectal nutri- tion was fully gone into, some claiming that very little if any absorption of nutrient substances occurs and if it does the ab- sence of digestive juices prevents assimilation. Others thought that the empty intestine would attract the intestinal juices and possibly in this way the digestive enzimes could be brought in contact with the nutritive enema. One speaker told how he had used a stomach tube and pump to throw strained oatmeal well forward into the floating colon, in a horse suffering from tetanus with perfect trismus, and, that, although the animal could neither eat nor drink for nearly three weeks, it was not greatly emaciated and he was of the opinion that the patient re- ceived a great deal of nourishment, very much more than he could have gotten had the enema been delivered in the rectum. The theory as to the escape of brain substance was that the ter- rific concussion caused the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to open by bulging, into which fracture the brain substance pro- truded, and as the bony sides of the fracture returned to their SOCIETY MEETINGS. 753 position they ‘“‘ bit off ’ the protruding substance, and closed the cranial cavity, the tissue being then ejected through the nasal chamber. Dr. Reed has promised to write this case up for the REVIEW, which we are sure will be much appreciated and will, we believe, prove a record for veterinary annals. At about ro o’clock the evening session adjourned to con- vene at 9 o’clock on Wednesday morning. At 10 o’clock on the second day the meeting was called to order by President Berns, the room being much better filled than on the first day—new and well-known faces showing up all over the room. After a few business matters were disposed of the literary programme was promptly resumed. ‘* Empyema of the Facial Sinuses of the Horse,” by Dr. W. L. Williams, was a most excellent and instructive paper, being illustrated profusely by dry and wet specimens, which were passed around the room, enabling the essayist to punctuate every statement with an example of the same. Dr. E. B. Ack- erman personally thanked the essayist, saying that he had at that time a case under treatment which greatly perplexed him, and he felt that he could now undertake further treatment with a better understanding of the trouble. Several others spoke, mostly, however, in the way of inquiry, and all feeling that they had enjoyed a great treat from one who has bestowed upon the subject very careful and intelligent study. The REVIEW is to © have this paper as soon as some illustrative drawings can be made. . ‘* Hydro-thorax—a Case Report,” by Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, was next read and will be found in the regular department in this number. Numerous gentlemen related their experiences and treatment of this alarming condition, many telling of sponta- neous absorption, others attributing recoveries to various drugs, but all agreeing that the vast majority of such cases die. Those discussing this case were Drs. L. H. Howard, of Boston ; Nes- bitt, Berns, and Ackerman. ‘“* Arecoline Hydrobromate,” by Dr. Howard J. Milks, was a description of this drug and a review of the literature upon it, together with a number of experiments conducted last winter upon dogs and cats. In the case report “‘ Urethral Calculi,’ Dr. P. A. Fish had intended to detail the treatment of a Dalmatian dog, which he had operated upon twice recently to remove these bodies from the urethra just at the base of the os penis, the dog having been reported in excellent condition the day before the paper was to 754 SOCIETY MEETINGS: be read. Unluckily, however, the owner ’phoned the doctor that the patient was again in trouble, and so instead of a case report the patient himself was brought before the audience and placed upon an operating table, having first received one grain of morphine. Ether was administered as an anesthetic, and a fistulous tract through which urine was escaping (there being considerable orchitis and swelling of the sheath) was opened up and a catheter passed into the bladder, afterwards a catheter was sent through the entire length of the urethal canal, though be- fore the incision it met an obstruction at the seat of the former operations, which was then thought to be a third calculus. None being found upon exploration, it was concluded that a stricture and a fistulous opening existed. It will be interesting to know the fate of Dr. Fish’s patient. “Clinical Examination of the Blood of the Cow,” by Drs. M. C. Thompson and D. W. Dimock, was read by the former, and contained the result of much careful work, and will be valuable in establishing the normal blood of the bovine. It is likely, however, that the paper is more appropriate for publication than for presentation before a body of veterinarians, most of them hungry for practical subjects from men of large experience. “The Dental Formula of the Horse” was a short but valu- able contribution from Prof. Grant S. Hopkins, who exhibited many specimens showing variations in the numbers of teeth. There followed quite a lengthy discussion upon dentition and the significance of the so-called wolf-tooth, those taking part being Drs. Williams, Nesbitt, Reed, Corrigan, and others. ‘Clinical Examination of the Blood in Veterinary Practice,” by Dr. S. H. Burnett, was a chapter in the investigations which he has been conducting for several years, the details of which have been published in these pages. Here the author wished to show how the facts which have been brought out by these investigations can be utilized by the veterinarian in diagnosing, prognosing and treating diseases, just as urine-analysis can be made to serve such ends. Dr. R. C. Reed gave another verbal case report, this time “Myxedema in a Dog,’ which brought forth the interesting fact that when regularly treated with thyroid extract the swell- ings get smaller, the weight reduces, the patient brightens and gives every evidence of great benefit. Prof. Simon H. Gage gavean illustrated lecture on the even- ing of the second day entitled ‘Glycogen in the Muscle of the Horse,” which was a very scientific discourse, the speaker show- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 755 ing how the microscope could be utilized to detect the difference ‘between horse meat and other meats through the presence of glycogen. Many papers on the programme were not read, most of the authors not being present. It would seem that any gentleman who volunteers to present a paper before such a body, announces that fact upon the regular programme, and fails to be present, owes either an apology ora reasonable explanation of his failure to do so to the members. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. At the conclusion of the reading of papers the election oc- curred, and two candidates were placed in nomination for Pres- ident, Drs. W. L. Baker and W. L. Williams. It was contended that Dr. Williams had through his great work in the clinics of this Society brought it to a condition where it stood among the best State Associations in this country, and he was justly en- titled to receive the honor of election to the Presidency. ‘The membership took this view of it, and upon motion of Dr. Baker he was unanimously elected. The officers for the ensuing year are as follows: President—W. L. Williams, of Ithaca. Vice-President—E. B. Ackerman, of Brooklyn. Secretary-Treasurer—Garry T. Stone, of Binghamton. Censors—Charles Cowie, G. S. Hopkins, J. W. Corrigan, A. George Tegg, and E. J. Nesbitt. Upon motion of Dr. Bell, the By-Laws were suspended and two visiting veterinarians were elected to honorary member- ship. These were Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, President of the A. V. M. A., and Dr. Lester H. Howard, former President of the Massachusetts Veterinary Association, both of whom expressed their appreciation of the honor bestowed upon them. Resolutions were unanimously passed heartily endorsing the Army Bili prepared by the veterinarians of the Army, and they carried with them instructions to the President to appoint a committee to use its good offices in behalf of the Bill in the way the committee may think best. President Williams has an- nounced this committee as follows: Claude D. Morris, Chair- man ; James Law, and Roscoe R. Bell. Condolence resolutions on the death of Dr. James McKee, of Staten Island, were passed, and thanks were extended to the essayists, clinicians, officers, and all who contributed to the suc- cess of the meeting. 756 SOCIETY MEETINGS. NOTES OF THE N. Y. S. V. M. S. MEETING. Members from all over the State reported practice better than it had ever been. During the meeting the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners held a session and transacted routine business. The clinical programme was carried out almost to the letter. Only one announced subject failed to materialize and in its place two others were substituted. New Jersey sent three of her loyal sons to Ithaca—Drs. Wm. Herbert Lowe, of Paterson ; Thomas E. Smith, of Jersey City ; and James T. Glennon, of Newark. Dr. Lester H. Howard, of Boston, Mass., was an interested spectator at every session of the literary and clinical programme, and expressed himself as more than repaid for his attendance upon the meeting. Papers by practitioners were conspicuous by their absence. Theses by recent graduates may be full of interest and value, but hardly what is looked for at an annual meeting of the Empire State Society. Case reports, minutely and truthfully told, including post- mortem findings (should the case terminate fatally), are of as much if not more value than abstract theories, even though couched in the most elegant medical terms. The entertainment on Wednesday evening was enjoyed by all—the stereopticon lecture by Prof. Gage, the pathological and bacteriological exhibits, the anatomical and surgical specimens —were examined and well profited by. Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, of Utica, gave a dinner at the Clin- ton House on Wednesday evening to a number of the Alumni of the New York-American, those present being Drs. L. H. Howard, E. B. Ackerman, Wm. Herbert Lowe, Thomas E. Smith, James T. Glennon, Roscoe R. Bell and the host. President Berns drew a sad picture of the gradually increas- ing prevalence of glanders in the eastern portion of the State. It is more than likely that a generous appropriation by the Leg- islature to compensate owners for glanderous horses destroyed would doa great deal to eradicate the disease, if seconded by thorough disinfection and early diagnosis with malleine. When such an appropriation was available a few years ago, all sus- pects were promptly reported, while uuder the present system they are zealously concealed, certainly so long that great mis- chief is done. The tally-ho trip to Enfield Falls; the picnic in the Glen; SOCIETY MEETINGS. Tom the scramble over rocky cliffs, with maddening whirlpools so deep down in the cafions that a human looked like a microdér- ganism ; the moonlight homeward ride over mountain fastnesses and through deep valleys, followed by the rush for sleeping berths on the Road of Anthracite, are incidents of the last after- noon spent in the picturesque city by Cayuga Lake. With Dr. Williams and his charming wife as hosts, nothing was lacking to make the event an oasis in the desert-life of the denizens of the great hot cities of the East. The REVIEW has arranged with Dr. Williams to again re- port the clinic in that full and satisfactory manner pursued for the past few years, giving details of the surgical procedures, and the results of the operations, the latter consideration constituting the value of the report. We will here simply enumerate the cases presented at the various sessions: Castration of cryptorchid colt; poll-evil operation; defective molar and empyema of inaxillary sinuses; castration of colt (standing ); milk fistula (cow); rupture of the extensor pedis tendons in new born foal ; exhibition of recovered case to show absence of extensor pedis muscle, and peculiarities of action due thereto; exhibition of museum specimens from fatal cases; empyema of facial sinuses (second case ); ‘‘ear fistula,” or “ear tooth”; involuntary shak- ing of the head; ante- and post-mortem on tubercular cow; urethral calculi in dog. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The twenty-second semi-annual meeting was held at the Hotel Oneonta, Harvey’s Lake, on September 19, 1905, and was called to order at 10.30 A. M., by Ex-President Otto G. Noack. Reading of the minutes of the annual meeting was dispensed with. The Chair appointed Drs. Jacob Helmer, J. W. Saliade, and J. H. Timberman as temporary members of the Board of Trustees. The following mémbers of the Association were present: Drs. N. H. Allis, Louis Connolly, H. R. Church, G. B. Duboise, D. B. Fitzpatrick, S. J. J. Harger, Jacob Helmer, Edwin Hogg, W. Horace Hoskins, J. B. Irons, L. E. Meade, C. J. Marshall, J. C. McNeil, J. C. Newhart, Otto Noack, R. G. Rice, W. H. Ridge, J. W. Sallade, J. H. Timberman, and I. W. Zellers. The following visitors were present: Mrs. N. H. Allis, Mrs. Jacob Helmer, Mrs. W. H. Hoskins, Mrs. C. J. Marshall, Mrs. 758 SOCIETY MEETINGS. J. C. Newhart, Mrs. W. H. Ridge, Mrs. J. H. Timberman, Mrs. I. W. Zeller, Miss Hogg, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Moyer, Dr. and Mrs. W. B. Collom, Drs. F. A. Wiltrant, A. C. Foos, J. R. Sit- terly, H. Lutholt, D. S..Church, S. F. Hewitt, J. F. McNeal; Geo. W. Dunlap, H. S. Stoker, and Wilson S. Decker. The following were regularly elected to membership: Drs. G. W. Dunlap, Wilson S. Decker, Charles S. Gelbert, V. M. D., H. W. Witmer, V. S., Louis A. Mansbach, A. J. Mitchell, V.S., F. A. Wiltrant, A. C. Foos, J. R: Sitterly; V.%S.; H. Luthoig M. D. C., D. S. Church, V. S., James M. Sloan, and W. B. Col- lom. The application of B. F. Sutton was ordered to be held over till the March meeting. The following recommendations were made by the Board of Trustees and regularly adopted by the Association : Drs. Frank B. Bachman and George Duboise were reinstated to membership. - - - - H.D. Hackler and J. T. Kean are to be reinstated upon payment of back dues. - - - - The dues of M. B. Critchfield, L. O. Lusson, and S. E. Webber were remitted and the Secretary instructed to write a letter of condo- lence to Dr. Lusson expressing the sympathy of our Association for his total loss of sight. - - - -.The dues of Dr W.S: Kooker were remitted and his name ordered to be placed in the list of honorary members. Several of the members spoke of the valuable service rendered this Association and the profession at large in former years, by Dr. Kooker. His application for honorary membership was as follows: We, the undersigned mem- bers of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, in recognition of the valued services of Dr. W. S. Kooker, of Philadelphia, recommend his election to honorary membership. (Signed) W. Horace Hoskins, J. W. Sallade, W. H. Ridge, J. H. Timberman, Jacob Helmer. We recommend the suspension of the by-laws in order that Dr. Kooker may be made an honorary member at this meeting, in view of the condition of his health, and that we extend to him and his family our sympathy in their present affliction. Delegates to veterinary medical associations were called. Hoskins, Noack, and Marshall reported for the A. V. M. A. It was the general opinion of these delegates that this was the best meeting of the Association ever held. Our association has justly criticized and even opposed the subject of clinics as they have been conducted at certain times. The clinic at Cleveland was considered a success in every sense of the word and it is hoped SOCIETY MEETINGS. 759 that clinics of this character may continue to be an important feature of these meetings. Drs. Hoskins, Noack and Marshall also reported as delegates to the New Jersey State Veterinary Medical Association, which was held at Washington Park in July. The members appointed as delegates to the New York State Veterinary Medical Association, held in Ithaca, in the past week, failed to attend this important meeting. One of our members (Dr. R. G. Rice, of Towanda), attended the meeting at Ithaca and reported that our New York neighbors had a very good meeting. Dr. W. H. Ridge reported that the Keystone Veterinary Med- ical Association was doing the best work that it has ever done. Much regret was expressed by different members for the fact that so little interest is taken by our delegates in visiting the valuable meetings held by adjoining States. ‘The Secretary was instructed to make a more vigorous effort in the future in selecting delegates and urge them to attend these meetings. Some of the members considered this question so important that it was suggested that our association should pay traveling ex- penses, of at least one delegate, to these meetings. This ques- tion was referred to the Board of Trustees to be considered and their decision reported at the next meeting. Several members urged the importance of identifying our- selves more closely with the work of medical associations. The Secretary was instructed to request the Pennsylvania Med- ical Association to send a delegate to our next annual meeting. It was recommended that our publication committee take up the subject of publishing the minutes of our meetings in pam- phlet form and report at our annual meeting whether such a plan would be feasible and the estimated expense. A motion was made by W. H. Ridge, and regularly adopted, that we continue to employ a stenographer to report our annual meeting. The meeting was adjourned at one o’clock for dinner, after which a boat ride was taken on the lake. The members and visitors to the number of 42 participated in these pleasures, which were so thoughtfully and carefully arranged for us as a treat by the members in the Wyoming Valley. After the boat ride the gentlemen returned to the meeting hall and resumed work, while the ladies spent the balance of the afternoon on the launch and visited points of interest around the lake. 760 SOCIETY MEETINGS. President McNeil. with several other members, was prevent- ed from attending the forenoon session by a wreck on the rail- road. The President was on hand for the afternoon session and surprised the members by delivering a carefully prepared ad- dress. He was cheered to the echo for this, his maiden effort, and all are in hopes that he may continue to grow in the field of literature and oratory. The balance of the session was de- voted tothe reading of papers. The programme was as follows : ‘“Minor Operations,” S. J. J. Harger, ‘‘ Importance of Surgical Operations,” John W. Adams, ‘‘ The Work of the State Board,” Jacob Helmer, ‘“‘ The Tuberculin Test,” W. H. Ridge, ‘* The Vet- erinarian and Quackism,” Otto G. Noack, ‘‘Abnormal Colors in Milk,” S. H. Gilliland. All responded with carefully prepared papers except John W. Adams and S. H. Gilliland. The meeting adjourned at 6p.M. A pleasant ride was taken from the lake to Hotel Sterling in Wilkes-Barre, where a much desired supper was enjoyed by all. The pleasures of this meeting were concluded by a visit in the evening to one of the coal mines. This mine is about 1,100 ft. under ground. We were shown through one of the company’s stables where about 60 mules were kept. We were also shown an emergency hospital. We returned safely to the top of the earth a dirty and wiser crowd. It was conceded by all that our present meeting was the best semi-annual meeting ever held by our Association. C. J. MARSHALL, Secretary pro tem. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. This Association held its twelfth annual meeting at the Board of Trade Rooms, Reading, Pa., June 21, 1905. The meeting was called to order by the President fvo ¢em., Dr. Noack, at 1 P.M. The President, Dr. E. D. Longacre, being unavoidably absent, Dr. Wehr made a motion, seconded by Dr. Bieber, that Dr. Noack be appointed President pro ¢em., who then presided. The minutes of the previous session were read and approved as correct. Dr. Noack gave afew remarks complimentary to the Association. Members present were Drs. Wehr, Noack, Huyett, Burk- holder, Bieber and Kohler. Among our visitors was Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian. Collection of dues was now in order. All members present SOCIETY MEETINGS. 761 cheerfully responded, and are in good standing. ‘The Secretary read a number of communications of correspondence. Bills to the amount of seven dollars were paid by order. Dr. Noack reported as the delegate to the Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association and also to the Keystone Vet- erinary Medical Association. The collection of dues amounted to $12, leaving a balance after bills had been paid of $29.45 in the treasury. The various committees reported progress. Election of officers for the ensuing session resulted as follows : President—Dr. Wehr. Vice-President—Dr. Kohler. ‘Treasurer—Dr. Bieber. Recording Secretary—Dr. W. S. Longacre. Corresponding Secretary—Dr. Huyett. Trustees—Drs. Noack, McCarthy, and E. D. Longacre. Dr. Kohler read a valuable paper upon purpura hzemor- rhagica as follows: “Purpura hzmorrhagica is an eruptive, non-contagious fever, occurring as a sequel to some previous disease of a debili- tating uature, such as influenza, strangles, etc: Itis a disease of a septic nature, principally of the blood, affecting the capil- lary bloodvessels; or it may be due to the fact that the blood isin a more watery condition, as there is so much extravasation of blood serum ; this takes place especially on the mucous mem- branes, “ Asarule when this disease makes its appearance it fol- lows some debilitating disease. Filthy, ill-ventilated stables, impure air, etc., may prove to be exciting causes. ‘‘ Swelling of one or more of the legs is usually the first no- ticed symptom. On exercise the swelling disappears, but as soon as the animal rests the swelling comes on again. This swelling is often very characteristic, appearing as if a cord was tied around the limb in such a manner as to interfere with the circulation. All the visible mucous membranes are covered with patches, purple and red in color, of various sizes, often so large that the tissues commence toslough. These con- ditions are sometimes mistaken for glanders. The pulse varies in character ; in some cases it is much quicker than in others; the temperature is usually from 103 to 106°; there is in some cases swelling of the eyelids and nose, even the swelling sometimes becomes so severe that there is danger of suffocation. 762 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ‘The udder or sheath swell sometimes so severely that they slough. “The prognosis should be guarded, as some cases, while getting along very satisfactorily, and all of a sudden there will be a relapse, and the patient dies in a very short time. The symptoms of recovery are gradual improvement of appetite, the pulse becoming more regular, the swelling of the legs decreasing and recovery takes place in five to ten weeks. ‘“‘ Place the patient in the best quarters obtainable, free from unhealthy odors or dampness, plenty of dry bedding and all the pure air possible, as there is a deficiency of coagulable constitu- ents in the blood ; therefore potassium chlorate is recommended ; tincture of iron, oil of turpentine, bichromate of potash, etc., are recommended. In cases of a weak heart, give cardiac and dif- fusible stimulants; if swelling is severe around the nostrils ap- ply strong vinegar or plumbi acetatis solution, and sometimes it is necessary to perform tracheotomy. Sometimes a laxative is very beneficial. Give easy digestible food, such as steamed oats, bran, or grass if obtainable.” The treatment was thoroughly discussed by some members and Dr. Pearson. It was definitely decided that the best re- sults are obtained by the use of colloid of silver, given intraven- ously, with astringent washes locally. In serious cases, with much swelling, lance freely; the remaining treatment being symptomatic. Dr. Noack reported a case of purpura following a hemorrhage of the nostrils, the patient having three or four hzemorrhages previous to being afflicted with purpura. The essayists, Drs. Potteiger and Schneider, being absent, Dr. Wehr responded with reports of numerous cases of tetanus he had been treating with the antitoxin. He considers the antitoxin the best agent he has yet found, reducing the fatality better than with any other line of treatment. Dr. Wehr re- ports good results in five out of seven cases he had been treat- ing; but using heroic doses in starting, gradually reducing dose. The subject was well handled. Dr. Noack read a paper on ‘“‘ Needed Legislation to Control Rabies.” It was interesting throughout, and has plainly shown that our laws to that effect are lax, and measures should be taken immediately to amend same, or rather have laws enacted as some neighboring States have done. Dr. Pearson, in dis- cussing the question, remarked that in England by muzzling the dogs and preventing them from running at large that not a case of rabies had been reported for the last three years. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 763 The Secretary now read the veterinary bills which had passed the last legislature. Dr. Kohler related a number of outbreaks of hog cholera and swine plague, and insisted that we ought to have more stringent laws in regard to transportation of hogs to prevent the spread of this contagious disease. Dr. Pearson said that there was a valuable experiment being conducted at Washington at present, by professional men, on a serum for the treatment of hog cholera and swine plague. Dr. Wehr made a motion to adjourn, seconded by Dr. Bieber. W. G. HuvETT, Secretary. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. President Lowe announces his committees as follows: COMMITTEES 1905-1906. Executive.—M. E. Knowles, Chairman, Helena, Montana ; James Law, W. H. Hoskins, George W. Dunphy, Roscoe R. Bell, A. H. Baker. x-officto: William Herbert Lowe, J. G. Rutherford, W. H. Dalrymple, E. H. Shepard, Chas. E. Cotton, Richard P. Lyman, John. J. Repp, Geo. R. White. Finance.—kR. C. Moore, Chairman, Kansas City, Mo.; J. E. Ryder, John W. Adams. Publication.—Richard P. Lyman, Chairman, Hartford, Conn.; A. M. Farrington, E. M. Ranck, T. E. Smith, J. J. Repp. Intelligence and Education.—C. J. Marshall, Chairman, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. L. Williams, Geo. R. White, Leonard Pearson, A. T. Peters. Diseases.—Chas. H. Higgins, Chairman, Ottawa, Canada ; S. H. Gilliland, V. A. Moore, John R. Mohler. S. H. Ward. Resolutions.—M. H. Reynolds, Chairman, St. Anthony Park, Minn. ; S. Stewart, T.. E. Robinson, J. L. Robertson, W. H. Pethick. Necrology.—F. Torrance, Chairman, Winnipeg, Manitoba ; T. Bent Cotton, Wm. Dougherty, Geo. H. Berns, J. W. Scheib- ler. Army Legtslation.—T. Earle Budd, Chairman, Orange, N. J.; A. S. Cooley, J. R. Mitchell, J. C. McNeil, W. H. Kelly. Assoctation of Faculties and Examining Boards.—Chas. E. Cotton, Chairman, Minneapolis, Minn.; D. E. Salmon, J. G. Rutherford. 764 ; SOCIETY MEETINGS. ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The annual meeting of this Association will take place at the Victoria Hotel, Chicago, Dec. 5 and 6, the week of the great International Live-Stock Exhibit, and veterinarians attending this show are specially invited to be present at the meeting. In this connection it should be borne in mind that the annual meeting of the Illinois Association always occurs simultaneously with the Live-Stock Exhibit. Secretary Welch assures us that a valuable programme will be prepared for this meeting. Dr. G. Howarp Davison, of Millbank, N. Y., captured many ribbons at the Syracuse Horse Show with his wonderful ponies. SOUVENIR PosTaL CARDS have arrived at this office from the VIII International Veterinary Congress, the REVIEW being re- membered by Drs. Pearson, Moore, and Kelly. ASSININITY vs. SANITY.—Spencer Borden, who once cham- pioned the trotting horse of America when Colonel George E. Waring assailed the breed, now terms the trotters mongrels. The Fall River horseman seems to have once more transferred his allegiance, the change this time being from Randolph Huntington’s Clay-Arabs to English polo ponies. These, he maintains, ought to be admitted free of duty to the United States, and because the Treasury Department will not do so he demands the removal of Dr. D. E. Salmon, of the Department of Agriculture, who, he says, refuses to advise recognition of the stud book of the English polo pony breeders. In reply to Mr. Borden’s rough shod criticisms, Dr. Salmon has politely drawn attention to the fact that the ponies registered in the English stud book are of all breeds and no breeds. Of fifty- seven stallions entered in the first volume thirteen were of un- known blood and the others were of mixed running—Arab, Irish, Welsh, Exmoor and Shetland blood. Of 311 mares re- corded, more than one-half were of unknown breeding. As the law enacted by Congress expressly provides that only pure bred animals of recognized breeds can be admitted free of duty to the United States, Dr. Salmon says it would be a gross viola- tion of the statute to let in polo ponies registered in a stud book which requires no other qualification in foundation stock than that the height of the animals shall not exceed 14.2 hands.—(New York Flerald, Sept. 3.) NEWS AND ITEMS. 765 NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. BARR MARRIED.—The many friends of Dr. F. H. Barr, of Pana, III., will be pleased to learn that he has at last decided to forsake the ways of single blessedness and upon August 9th took unto himself a life partner in the person of Miss Susan Orr, of Decatur, Ill. Dr. Clarence C. Mills and wife, of Decatur, were witnesses of the happy event. Dr. Barr is a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College, class of 1892, is Assistant State Veterinarian, and one of the most prominent and enthusiastic members of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, whose members join in extending congratulations and best wishes for a happy voyage through life. (W. H. W.) BROKE Riss In BATHTUB.—Dr. John C. Wallace, veterinary surgeon and assistant superintendent of the Street Cleaning De- partment, who lives at Fifty-first Street and Third Avenue, is a heavy man and has a bathtub with high sides. Emerging from the tub Thursday morning, his hand slipped from the wooden covering of the side and he dropped back into the tub with a splash and a thud. He didn’t feel very well about it, but went about his business as usual all that day and the day following. _ Yesterday he felt much worse and called in Dr. B. E. Blaisdell, his physician. ‘“T believe I’ve got appendicitis.” he said, “and suppose I might as well be cut up now as later. Look me over.”” Dr. Blaisdell couldn’t discover symptoms of appendi- citis and took a look inside his patient with the aid of X-rays. They revealed two fractured ribs on the left side.—(V. VY. Sun, Sept. 3, 05.) TACT IN THE PROFESSION.—According to the Post-graduate, for August, 1905, the dean of a medical college has recently prophesied that under the more rigid requirements of medical education and of State license, we are soon to havea shortage of physicians. The journal quoted does not shudder at the thought, for it is pretty generally believed that there have been too many physicians. At the same time there is something to be said in favor of having a large number of born doctors cast off from the leash every year. The law of the survival of the fittest is one of nature’s most inexorable laws, and there are comparatively few physicians who find themselves so adapted to the environment of professional work that they are perenni- ally full of enthusiasm. The greater the number of physicians graduated, the larger will be the number of those who will work 766 NEWS AND ITEMS. for a lifetime with enthusiasm in furthering the ideals of char- acter and of work that are always before the physician who is fittest to survive. The rigid requirements of medical education and of State license will prepare a larger proportion of men for survival, but it is not always the man who is a “dig” at college, who carries into the sick room the bearing of cheer and of hope- fulness that is half of the entire duty of the doctor. Some of the most successful physicians have remarkably good results because they are not quite good enough students to comprehend sufficiently the seriousness of a case to carry into the sick room a face indicating such doubt that the patient accepts the sugges- tion and promptly succumbs. THE YEAST TREATMENT FOR BARRENNESS.—Dr. A. S. Alexander, of the Wisconsin Agricultural College, in the . Breeder's Gazette, thus ex- plains the theory underlying the good results obtained by yeast in its application to barrenness: ‘‘ The theory upon which the use of this inixture is based is that the usual cause of barrenness is bacteria of some sort or an other and that they give tise to an acid condition of the secretions of the genera- tive organs which is de- structive to the female ova and male spermatozoa. The yeast fungi (Saccharomyces) when introduced as suggest- ed are supposed to invade every part of the cow’s gen- WHY NOT GOOD FOR A MAN? erative organs, destroy all —New York Life. bacterial life and inciden- tally neutralize the acid condition referred to. We understand . that to Dr. Peters, of the Nebraska Experiment Station, belongs the credit of having discovered the first intimation of this method of treatment in a French medical book or journal. It is to be hoped that it will prove a success and readers are re- quested to give it a thorough trial and report results.” SurGIcAL GyMNnasTics.—The following special dispatch from Chicago was published in the New York Hera/d of Sept. IF GOOD FOR A HORSE, NEWS AND ITEMS. 767 10: “‘ Experiments which may result in knowledge permitting grafting of the heart of one animal upon another have been made by Dr. Gutherie and Dr. Carrell, of the University of Chicago. Hearts of dogs have been successfully moved up into the ani- mals’ necks and there performed theirfunctions. Circulation of the blood in dogs has been reversed without killing the animal, and many new things about heart action have been learned, ac- cording to Dr. Carrell, who will begin new experiments early in October. ‘ What we have learned,’ said Dr. Carrell to-day, ‘gives us hope that some day we may replace a wounded or worn out heart in a human being with the healthy, youthful and strong one from a living monkey.’ In his laboratory Dr. Carrell has switched the circulation of his dogs from some arter- ies, leaving them dry for a time, thus opening possibilities for new methods of surgery in cases of violent injuries. One of the dogs selected for experimeuting was lacking in the usual amount of hair. His circulation was switched to cure a goitre with success, and, according to Dr. Carrell, hair began to grow in places apparently bald. In another experiment the surgeon sawed off a dog’s leg and then grafted it on again without do- ing the animal permanent injury. Dr. Carrell was formerly a surgeon in the French army and is at the University of Chi- cago only to conduct his experiments. This work is only in its infancy,’ he said. ‘I expect it will be carried on by others, until finally it will be of great and lasting benefit to mankind.’ ” ROBERT KocH.—In answer to a valued correspondent, we append the following facts regarding the eminent German bac- teriologist :—Robert Koch is not a veterinarian. He was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1843, studied medicine at Gottingen, and it was while practicing at Wallstein that he began those bacteriological researches which have made his name famous throughout the world. In 1876 he obtained a pure culture of the anthrax bacillus, announcing a method of preventive inocu- lation against that disease seven years later. In 1882, largely as a result of the improved methods of bacteriological investiga- tion he was able to elaborate, he discovered the bacillus of tuber- culosis; and in the following year, having been sent on an official mission to Egypt and India to study Asiatic cholera, he identified the comma bacillus as the specific organism of that malady. In 1890 he promulgated tuberculin, and great hopes were entertained of its power to cure consumption, but it was absolutely without merit; but it has steadily increased in esteem as a diagnostic of that disease in animals, until to-day it is re- 768 NEWS AND ITEMS, garded as well nigh infallible. In r1g01 the great bacteriologist cast the greatest shadow upon his reputation by maintaining before the London Tuberculosis Congress that tuberculosis of humans and animals were not the same disease and were not intertransmissible. This statement has been disproven by the best authorities of all lands. Dr. Koch also investigated the nature of rinderpest in South Africa in 1896, of bubonic plague in India in 1897, and of African Coast fever in 1902. He be- came a member of the Sanitary Commission of Berlin anda professor at the School of Medicine in 1880. (ROR, By) ANTITOXINES OF TUBERCULOSIS IN MILK.—Figari re- ports his clinical observations with milk of immunized animals in tuberculosis. Experiments upon rabbits showed conclusive- ly that the milk of immunized animals when fed to rabbits was able to immunize them against experimental tuberculosis. Of a number of rabbits thus immunized, not one afterwards suc- cumbed to the infection. Two of the rabbits killed after three months showed perfectly healthy organs at autopsy,and had in- creased to a noteworthy extent in weight. On the other hand, the control rabbits that had received the same dose of the same germs, under the same conditions, simultaneously with the other animals, died a short time after the injection, and showed all the signs of acute tuberculous infection. In two infants that had been fed with the milk of immunized animals, the author was able to show the antitoxines and the agglutinin contained in that milk were absorbed and reappeared in the blood serum of these patients. In the first case the blood after several months’ feeding withthe milk of immunized cows showed an agglutina- ting power of 1 in 40 and an antitoxic power of 450 units, and in the second case the agglutinating power at the end of the ex- periment was 1:60. While two cases are not sufficient for defin- ite conclusions, the experiments recorded here were carefully conducted, and demonstrated that the human body, as well as that of lower animals, was capable of absorbing the agglutinins and antitoxines of tuberculosis contained in the milk of immu- nized animals. ‘This method of treatment not only endows the blood with means for specific defense against tuberculosis, but also beneficially affects the general nutrition of the body, in- creasing the patient’s weight and enriching the hemoglobin of his blood. The great importance of the milk of immunized animals in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis thus becomes apparent.—(Ae/orma Medica, July 8; New York-Phil. Med. Jour., Sept. 2.) NEWS AND ITEMS. 769 MILK INSPECTION.—The proper inspection of the milk sup- ply, according to the Charlotte Medical Journal, for August, 1905, especially of the larger towns and cities, would no doubt save thousands of lives during the summer months. This does not mean the simple chemical and bacteriological examination, but also the inspection of the dairies whence the milk is de- rived. The practical and modern farmer can soon be taught how to care for his cows, how to milk a cow and allow the least possible contamination in the milk, and how to keep the milk until it is delivered. By following out these rules he can ob- tain a much better price for the milk, for this is the milk that is demanded by the bottle-fed infant, and if properly diluted and prepared according to the age of the child makes the best substitute for mother’s milk. In some cities they have milk depots where the different constituents of the milk are put to- gether in definite proportions according to the orders of the at- tending physician. Although theoretically this is ideal, prac- tically it has not been as successful as obtaining the ordinary top milk from the dairies where strict cleanliness has been in- forced. The details of observing strict cleanliness are carried out in the following manner: The stables are washed out twice a day, the cows are kept clean, the udder is washed before milk- ing, the attendants are dressed in clean white suits, the hands are cleaned, and all means are used to keep the dust from the milk. The milk is put into a can, then packed in ice or sur- rounded by cold water, and kept till ready to be delivered. By this means a milk is obtained that contains no pathological bacteria and the fewest possible saprophytes. A sample from each dairy is examined bacteriologically and chemically ; in this way any irregularities on the part of the farmer or his at- tendants can readily be traced. This work can be established only by the perseverance of the medical profession. This sys- tom of milk inspection once installed so that this milk could be obtained everywhere, the question of infant feeding would be almost solved and then would result an important improvement of the large infant mortality. THE MorGAN FaMILy OF HoRSES.—Because the United States Government, through the Department of Agriculture, has been induced to lend a little aid to the commendable project of perpetuating the Morgan type of horse a small coterie of importers, breeders and others directly or indirectly interested ~ in exploiting foreign stock have uttered a wail similar to that which greeted the recent announcement that the Secretary of 770 NEWS AND ITEMS. Agriculture was going to see what could be done to foster and preserve the trotting-bred carriage horse of America. Though a great many horsemen have criticised severely the means adopted by Dr. D. E. Salmon, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, in dealing with the problem, the end he has in view is commended by nearly everybody in the horse world who has no axe to grind. With the Morgans, as with the trotting-bred carriage horses, Dr. Salmon has decided, it is said, to buy a stallion and a few mares of approved blood and type for one of the government stations and there conduct the experiments in breeding. As pointed out by the /era/d, and by numerous practical horsemen whose views were obtained and published last year, the plan adopted is so narrow in its limitations as to be of little importance, and, it is feared, of little real benefit to the horse breeding industry. By confining operations to the mating of a mere handful of horses, as Dr. Salmon purposes doing, the experiments will be reduced to the narrow scope of an individual breeder’s experiences, instead of being on a broad basis befitting the undertakings of the United States Govern- ment, as they might be if the appropriation available were used in the purchase of stallions to be kept for free or nominal ser- vice to approved mares in the horse-breeding sections, the de- partment, of course, reserving the right to buy any colt or filly at a fixed price at a certain age if wanted for government stud purposes. By this course many more stallions would be saved from destruction by the enterprising dealers who are all the time buying them up and using the knife to convert them into fash- ionable carriage horses for park and show ring work, while the number of foals produced under government supervision should be as fifty to one. It has been said that the ‘‘ old-fashioned Morgans” as a family were the nearest approach to perfection for all-round road work in light and heavy harness ever pro- duced in this country. More than half a century ago the Her- ald drew attention to thisremarkable family, saying :—‘ These horses have long and justly been celebrated for their admirable qualities. They are particularly remarkable for their great strength in proportion to their size and for their powers of en- durance. The Morgan horse, though a small animal, is noted for his bottom and hardiness, as well as for compactness and roundness of form. He is a very sprightly animal and is said to be more sagacious than the generality of horses.” The strik- ing characteristics of the Morgan horses of fifty years ago were their similarity of appearance and uniformity of character. They rae ee sarge chis -g Pees Sepp oe = a dit i ¥; Sea .¢* e8 NEWS AND ITEMS. rig | were rarely more than fifteen hands high, and were even more thick set than the hackneys of to-day, without the meaty, gross appearance so often noticeable in that family. Their heads were fine, with small ears, their necks well formed, though rather short, their chests broad and deep, backs short, quarters wide and powerful and legs short, flat and sinewy, with big bone and tendons. But their most prominent peculiarity was their carriage—stylish and proud to an extreme, with quick, short, trappy action, the knees bending remarkably. Before the Hambletonians and other fast trotting families became popular the Morgans were sought after and cultivated in all sections of the United States, Vermont having been well nigh depopulated of stallions to supply the breeding studs of the West and South with stock horses. When the craze for speed in harness horses became general the Morgans were supplanted in popular favor to a very great extent by the families from which Dexter, Gold- smith Maid, Lady Thorn and Lucy came, and breeders who possessed the best Morgans hastened to cross them with racing stock, the result being the practical extinction of the old-fash- ioned Morgans in nearly all parts of the country. Since the in- troduction of European fashions in driving equipages the extra- ordinary merits of the old-time Morgans have again come in for appreciation in a new capacity,and many horsemen were long ago impressed with the idea that steps ought to be taken to revive and perpetuate this valuable family of horses. First-class specimens of the breed are as scarce as hen’s teeth, yet a few remain, and these are highly prized for stock purposes. Through the efforts of Joseph Battell, a wealthy Vermont horse fancier, a stud book for Morgans was established about fifteen years ago, and breed- ing operations are now being conducted on systematic lines. ’ The origin of the Morgans is shrouded in mystery. The founder of the family was a big little bay horse, 14 hands high, weigh- ing about 950 pounds, foaled in 1789 or thereabouts and owned by Justin Morgan, of Randolph, Vt. He could outwalk, outtrot and outpull every horse in his section. Numerous attempts have been made to trace his breeding and he has been variously claimed as a Dutch horse from Esopus, N. Y.; a thoroughbred descended from Colonel James de Lancey’s Wildair, a French- - Canadian from the vicinity of Montreal and an Indian pony. Mr. Battell makes him out to be three parts thoroughbred, but this pedigree is not generally accepted, and it is refuted by the characteristics of the horse himself, as described by horsemen who had seen him. Whatever his inheritance he was a remark- 772 NEWS AND ITEMS. able sire, transmitting his own characteristics with great uni- formity to succeeding generations. Close inbreeding estab- lished the type. Finley’s Morgan ‘Tiger is one of the few typ- ical old-time Morgans, of which an accurate likeness has been preserved. This horse was foaled in 1846 at Bristol, N. Y., and was by May’s Morgan Tiger, son of Morgan Rattler, by Sherman Morgan, a son of the original Justin Morgan horse. Morgan Tiger’s dam was by General Hibbard, son of Woodbury Morgan, by the original Justin Morgan horse. Colby’s Young Green Mountain Morgan represents the type quite well. He was by Turner’s Sir William, who was by Green Mountain Mor- gan, out of a mare whose sire was Gifford Morgan and whose dam was by Gifford Morgan. As Green Mountain Morgan was ason of Gifford Morgan it will be seen how the early breeders sometimes doubled up the blood of a popular sire. Gifford Morgan was Woodbury Morgan, son of the original Morgan horse. Ben Franklin is one of the latter day Morgans, showing in his form the influence of his Abdallah blood. He was by Daniel Lambert, son of Ethan Allen, by Hill’s Vermont Blackhawk, son of Sherman Morgan, by Justin Morgan’s horse. Ben Franklin’s dam was by Addison, son of Hill’s Vermont Blackhawk. Denning Allen is another representative of the Ethan Allen branch of the Morgan breed. His sire was Honest Allen, son of Ethan Allen, and his dam was by Ward’s Flying Cloud, son of Hill’s Vermont Blackhawk. This horse was the sire of Lord Clinton, 2:08, one of the greatest trotters of his day. Shakespeare, a three-year-old colt, exhibited by Jay F. Carlisle at the recent Bayshore Horse Show, is regarded as a remarkably fine specimen of the Morgan family. He is a son of Gen. Gates, by Denning Allen, and his dam, Caroline, was by Daniel Lam- bert ; grandam Cleopatra, by General Putnam, son of Rollo, by Hill’s Vermont Blackhawk. At the World’s Fair in St. Louis last year Shakespeare, then only two years old, won the grand championship for the best Morgan stallion of any age. In this connection it is worthy of note that his sire, Denning Allen, won the blue ribbon when twenty years old at the National Horse Show, and that Honest Allen, Ethan Allen, Blackhawk, Gen- eral Putnam and, in fact, nearly all of his ancestors, were noted show horses in their day. Mr. Carlisle is about to establish a breeding stud, at the head of which he will place his handsome Morgan horse, mating him with mares of Morgan, Hambletonian and hackney blood, with a view to producing carriage horses of the fashionable type.—(New York Herald, Sept. 3.) VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 773 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places of meet- ing, and Secretaries’ names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medical Associations of the United States and Canada. Secretaries are re- quested to see that their organizations are properly included in the list. Name of Organization. American V, M, Ass’n........ Wet Med: Ass’n of N. J: .occc Connecticut V. M. Ass’n...... New York S. V. M. Soc’y... Schuylkill Valley V. M. A.... Passaic Co. V. M. Ass’n...... Texas V. M. Ass’n... see eee see ee et en eee Michigan State V. M. Ass’n... Alumni Ass’n N, Y.-A. V.C.. Illinois State V M. Ass’n..... Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad..... Illinois V. M. and Surg. A.... Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba....... North Carolina V. M. Ass’n... mntario Vet. Ass'n... ....cee V. M. Ass’n New York Co.,... Ohio State V. M. Ass’n....... Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n... Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n..... Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n Iowa State V. M. Ass’n....... Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n.. Pennsylvania State V. M. A... Keystone V. M. Ass’n see Colorado State V. M. Ass’n... Missouri Valley V. Ass’n...... Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n.... North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.... California State V. M. Ass’n... Southern Auxiliary of Califor- nia State V. M. Ass’n.... South Dakota V. M. A Ass’n Médécale Veternaire Wrancaise ““Laval,’’....... Alumni Association A. V. Col.. Province of Quebec V. M.A... Kentucky V. M. Ass’n....... Wolverine State V. M. Ass’n.. Washington State Col. V. M. A. Ohio Valley V. M. Ass’n..... Iowa-Nebraska V. M. Ass’n.. Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n.. Essex Co. (N. J ) V. M. Ass’n Date of Next Meeting. August, 1906, Jan. II, 1906. Sa.e ein © ees eo 0 S18 SiR, 6 6. © ©. 500 2.0 2d Tu-Wed Feb) April, 1906. Dec. 5 and 6, | Call otf Pres't, Call of Com, ey WCC © 620 See 6s 6 ee Ist Wed. Oct, | January, 1906. |Ist Wed, ea.mo.| ee ee eee ree ne March, 1906, | 2d Tues, Sept. Ist Mon, in June 3d Thursday June and Dec. January, 1906, Mch. Je.Sep, De ae je See © a @, 0 07a) 60 6.6 pe une 1st & 3d Thur, of each month, April each yr. ee ey isle 8 ce «ie ©.0. v6 Place of Meeting Name and Address Secretary. ae eens J. J. Repp, Phila,, Pa. Trenton. |W. H Lowe, Paterson. ye ee ae te We ‘B, K. Dow, Willimantic. |W. H. Kelly, Albany, N.Y. mere 'W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. Paterson, N.J.|H. K, Berry, Paterson, N. is Dallas. |E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie, Boston. F, J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass. ie: ear eroteters va teverecel C, L. Blakely, Augusta, Ottawa, |A, E. James, Ottawa. Lansing Judson Black, Richmond, 141 W. 54thSt)W. C, Miller, NY. City. Chicago, |W. H. Welch, Lexington, II] Sheboygan, |S. Beattie, Madison, Champaign. |J. M. Reed, Mattoon, SS ick ant F. Torrance, Winnipeg. Seas Seco T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, A ee C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto, 141 W. 54thSt/D. J. Mangan, N. Y. City. Columbus. |W. H. Gribble, Wash’nC.H. Pittsburgh. |F. Weitzell, Allegheny. Biaukete, « + cia ays F, F, Brown, Kansas City. cic Sipe J. G. Annand, Minneapolis. Metts sie! s'e'6 C, J. Marshall, Phila. Philadelphia. |C. J. Marshall, 2004 Pine St., Phila. Denver. |M. J. Woodliffe, Denver, 2) See B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City. Providence, |T,E,Robinson, Westerly,R I Fargo. E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks San Francisco|/P, H. Browning, San Jose. H. D. Fenimore, Los Angeles E, L. Moore, Brookings, BS Stee be Ste A. T. Peters, Lincoln. Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina. Lect. R’m La-|J, P. A. Houde, Montreal. val Un’y Mon. New York. |F. R. Hanson, N. Y. City. Mon, & Que. |Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q. . > eeteedaet als D, A. Piatt, Lexington. -'« We make a specialty of preparing Private Formulas. Send yours in and get our prices. Write us for complete price catalogue, listing all goods of our make. CREOGEN-MARTIN | (The Veterinarians Antiseptic.) Is invaluable in the surgical treatment of Bur- satti or summer sores, actinomycosis, fistulous withers, poll evil, trephining of the nasal and facial sinuses of the head, etc. In abdominal laparotomies a 1 or 2 per cent solution is very suitable for irrigating the ab- dominal cavity during operations. No toxic absorb- tion need be apprehended from the use of Creogen as is the case with Phenol or Hydrargri Bi Chloride. Creogen does not blacken surgical instruments, de- stroy their polish or injure their edge. As an anti- septic it covers the field of veterinary surgery in a most efficient manner. It answers equally well for the simplest as well as for the most complex and deli- cate surgical operations. If you are annoyed with cases of chronic psorop- tic, sarcoptic or symbiotic mange, or other forms of scabetic diseases of the skin among your equine, bo- vine or canine patients, that has previously resisted your best efforts to cure, a trial of Creogen will quick- ly convince you that it is without an equal for such dis- eases. There is no pharmaceutical preparation that will yield you larger dividends in your practice, than Sreoven. Send for a sample is iree.” 1 eallem $1.50, 5 gallons, $6.50, 10 gallons, $12.00, prepaid. W. J. MARTIN CHEMICAL CO., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS, KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS. ~ SS A POSITIVE REMEDY DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS ee \ ae THE Hehe AND DOG. Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE —Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis— OR FROM ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT —Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine— ORDER SANMETTO Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA— many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito» Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys and Bladder—hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract. To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus: R SANMETTO—one bottle—original package. DosE :—For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day. For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day. Price One Bottle, $1.00. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable Druggists, Pamphlet on application. OD CHEM. CO., New York. 11 WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. New Books for Veterinarians. The greatest book on the subject ever published in ANY language. HANDBOOK OF MEAT INSPECTION Dr. ROBERT OSTERTAG, Professor in the Veterinary High School at Berlin. AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY Earley Vernon Wilcox, A.M.,Ph.D., Veterinary Editor, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Experiment Station Record. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY John R. Mohler, A.I\.,V.l.D., Chief of Pathological Division U. S. Bureau Animal Industry. One vol., cloth, 634x934, 920 pages, 260 illustrations and one colored plate, $7.50. It describes minutely the normal appearances of parts and organs, and contains an elaborate account of all pathological conditions and processes with which the meat inspector comes in ponte This work contains not only the common conditions, but the unusual and puzzling as well. The discussion of the best methods of procedure with the meat of diseased animals is thorough, scientific and conservative. The chapters on methods of preservation and steriliza- tion of meat are up-to-date and of great value to packers and meat-dealers ; and the chapters on meat poisoning and adulteration are of special interest to food chemists and Boards of Health. The work is exhaustive and authoritative because of Dr. Ostertag’s extended and excep- tional experience. It is a book greatly needed. The illustrations are very fine and the book altogether handsomely printed. ‘ By far the best work yet published on the subject, and is, I believe, destined to occupy an important place in veterinary literature.—George Lytle, M.D., Local Office of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Chicago, III. The work is a monumental one, and we are confident will hold its own in years to come.— The Veterinary Journal, Loudon. Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary | The Veterinarian’s Call Book ( Perpetual.) Surgery. By W. E. A. WymaAn, M.D.V., By RoscoE R. BELL, D.V.S., (Editor AMER- V.S., author of ‘The Clinical Diagnosis ICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.) Besides 206 of Lameness in the Horse,’’ ‘‘ Tibio-Pero- pages for keeping accounts of patients, it neal Neurectomy,”’ translator of DeBruin’s contains 41 pages of valuable information. ‘* Bovine Obstetrics,” etc. Cloth, size 6x9, Full flexible leather, with flap and pocket, 317 pages, $3.50. Concerning this new $1.25. work attention is called to the following points: 1.—It discusses the subject upon Anatomical and Physiological Model of the the basis of veterinary investigations. 2.— Cow and Model of the Horse. By GeorGE It does away with works on human path- A. BANHAM, F.R.C.VS._ Price of each ology, histology, etc. 3.—It explains each Model, including Explanatory Text, $7 so. question thoroughly both from a scientific These Models, colored to nature, Showa as well as a practical point of view. 4.— the Skeleton, Muscles, Internal Organs, It is written by one knowing the needs of etc, in their relative positions. Opened, the student. 5.—It deals exhaustively they measure 10 feet by 3 feet. They show wie a cence on fe Bee olore three different phases of the horse a¢ once, sa the erly arerksa Eneka eaeeinlicine ad Ee ee ie a ee the subject. 7.—The only work thorough- only gy feet ayers oe ly taking into consideration American as 3 well as European investigations. 8 —Of- | A Manual of General Histology. By Wi1- fering practical hints which have not ap- LIAM S. GOTTHEIL, M.D., Professor of peared in print, the result of large city and Pathology in the American Veterinary country practice. College, etc. Second edition. revised, cloth, size 5% x8, 152 pages, 68 illustra- A Treatise on Epizootic Lymphangitis. By tions, $1.00. y Captain W. A. PALLIN, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, 534 x 8%, 90 pages, with 17 fine full page Horses’ Teeth. By WILLIAM H. CLARKE. illustrations, $1.25 postpaid. The author Fourth edition, revised, cloth, size54%x7%, has endeavored to combine his own ex- 322 pages, illustrated, $2.50. A treatise on perience with that of other writers and so their mode of development, anatomy, mi- attempts to give a clear and complete ac- croscopy, pathology and dentistry; com- count of a subject about which there is pared with the teeth of many other land little at present in English veterinary lit- and marine animals both living and ex- erature. tinct. Any of the above books sent prepaid for the price. _A new complete and illustrated Catalogue of all our books for Veterinarians giving full de- scriptions, and in many cases specimen pages, is in course of publication. It will be one of the handsomest catalogues of its kind ever published. When requested, we shall have pleasure im sending a copy, as soon as it is ready, to any Veterinarian. WILLIAM R: JENKINS, 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, cor. 48th Street, New York. 12 AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. NOVEMBER, 1905. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. BRUNOY, FRANCE, September 18, 1905. VIII. INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS.—As this will reach the REVIEW, our friends will expect that some news would appear in relation to the great international event which has just taken place, the VIII. International Veterinary Congress. And yet I am obliged to postpone my chronicle on this until next month. Although I was not able to attend the meeting, I was in hope to obtain sufficient information to say something, as I had taken my precautions to get newspapers or medical journals, and went so far as to request a friend to write me an article for the REVIEW. All have failed to realize. I have, however, something to say. Ever since the Con- gress was announced, the REVIEW published all the documents, notices and circulars that I received from the Secretary of the Congress, and our American friends have been told how they could become members by the payment of about four dollars, and in that way secure a copy of the comptes rendus and of the papers read. It seems, however, that my information did not reach all who now think the comptes rendus and papers are worth having, and so as to secure them they ask me what to do. I do not know if there will be extra volumes printed by the Congress, but at any rate those who wish to get one will do well to write to Professor Dr. Etienne de Ratz, Budapest VII, Rottenbiller Utcza 23, Hungary. That is the only way I can see to get out of trouble. THE VON BEHRING METHOD OF VACCINATION.—Early in 775 776 EDITORIAL. July the Secretary of the Commission instituted to test the value of the vaccination method of von Behring, reported that at that date the results seemed to assume a pretty marked as- pect. Among the animals which had received the virus on June 15 by venous injection, those that had been vaccinated had pre- sented no reaction after the injection, while among the control animals the tuberculous infection was evident and manifested by loss of flesh, rapid respiration, cough and elevated tempera- ture. With the animals which had received a subcutaneous injection the results were only a slight tumefaction among the vaccinated at the point of injection, and on the contrary on the witnesses there was the apparition of relatively large tumors at the same point. As all the animals had received the injection of the virus on June 15 I decided that after three months some marked changes could be observed in the animals, and yesterday (Sept. 14) I ex- amined the cattle. To the report that I have just given I will add that the vaccinated animals, tested by jugular injection, are in splendid condition and that to all appearances they are in perfect health. For the animals of control of that section, 35 per cent. have died with tuberculosis, and those that remain alive are no doubt aiiected. Among the animals of the other lot, those that were injected by the skin, whether in the vaccinated or the witnesses, I found that all, at the point of vaccination, had a swelling varying in size and in shape, with, however, this difference : in the vaccinated the swelling is more or less spher- ical and hard, while in the control subjects it is in all manifestly larger, some being as big as a small child’s head, and all are suppurating ; in one the abscess has ulcerated, and hasa dis- charge by two spots. Four animals, two vaccinated and two witnesses, have been put aside, in a separate barn, with a bull affected with tuberculosis, so as to test the result of contagion by cohabitation. So far there is nothing to say of the results. Are these conditions encouraging? Yes, perhaps for the vaccinated, inoculated by venous injection ; but for those which after three months are still carrying lesions on the skin from . (ee = ee © EDITORIAL. any the injection? At any rate, the post-mortem will tell all about it. All the living animals will be slaughtered by the end of October, and we will know. * * THE CUGUILLERE SERUM.—The number of specifics which have been and are yet recommended for the cure of tuberculosis, is very large, and their true value has not been fully demon- strated, as the examination, after post-mortem, is the only way by which the result can be positively established. It seems, however, that the treatment by the serum of Dr. Cuguillére dif- fers from those which I refer to. In a previous chronicle I spoke of this new treatment, and last September, while record- ing two recoveries that I had found in the Progrés Vétérinatre, I mentioned the fact that two other diseased animals had been placed under treatment, and that I would later on give the re- emit. Elere it ts: In another number of Progrés the records of the post-mortem are given and the bacteriological examinations of the lesions are made public. Dr. Martin-Roux, a bacteriologist in one of the hospitals of Paris, made the examination. In one letter he writes: “. . . . Ican say that there is a well-marked process of recovery by sclerosis, and that there is a very large number of phagocytes preceding the sclerosis. In other words, they at- tack the bacilli and when those are destroyed, sclerosis makes the cicatrix of recovery.” In another letter where he gives a description of his work and of what he has found in the lungs, in the lymphatic glands, and in the liver, his conclusions are that, ‘‘ Notwithstanding very careful study and research made on a certain number of specimens, “e has not found a single bacil- bes.” The experiment was carried on with a number of medical men and veterinarians as witnesses, and it is difficult to accept that they are all deceived or mistaken, and yet a few to whom I have asked a verbal opinion about the subject, seem to be rather prepared to ridicule it. MALLEIN AS A DIAGNOSTIC.—By the suddenness of its ap- vaie! EDITORIAL. parition,' the rapidity of its progress, the large losses that it creates, glanders may be considered as the most serious conta- gious disease of solipeds, and every means to discover and con- trol it is to be resorted to. Mallein has served very fortunately in doubtful cases and even in those that may be called entirely unsuspected, and yet, while it no longer needs any voice to proclaim its advantage, there is one indication that in practice it has failed to fill, viz.: the space of time which separates two consecutive tests, and during which the disease may appear, without it being possible to suspect. As mallein cannot be injected daily, not on account of the possible accoutumancy of the organism, but by the diff- culties of its application, one is necessarily unable to obtain in- formation on the concealed development of the disease during the three or four weeks that elapse between the first and the second malleination. It is this vaccuum that Mr. Mouilleron has tried to fill in controlling the hyperthermia observed in initial glanders and hence its diagnostic value. * 2k * For some time he has made observations, which can be briefly resumed as follows: When in a stable containing a cer- tain number of horses, some are found affected or suspicious, these are isolated, and all measures of disinfection being taken, all the other horses have their temperature taken every day at the same hour before having drank or eaten. ‘This temperature is registered carefully, and if during the time that elapses between two malleinations, without appreciable cause (lameness, colics or any other ailment) hyperthermia appears and lasts for several days, there is no doubt that one is in the presence of the con. cealed evolution of glanders. The diagnosis is always confirm- ed by the results of the second malleination or the appearance of unmistakable clinical signs of the disease. But if the tem- perature remains normal, without variation, the conclusion is that the horses are healthy and the second test with mallein is negative. EDITORIAL. 779 This application of thermometry may not be new, it is true ; but its practical application was worthy of record; and if St. Cyr has insisted on this value of the thermic reaction in the be- ginning of the infection, when he said that “although there were often absence of local lesions, the thermometer would towards the third or fourth day of the infection rise to 40° C. and more,” Nocard ‘and Leclainche have also made similar re- marks and insisted on them in their work, ‘‘Microbian Diseases.” * * This question of the hyperthermy by mallein has also been treated lately by Prof. Vallée in a communication at the So- ciété Centrale, which related to the observations of five horses suffering with chronic glanders, which presented a slight sub- acute attack and had failed to react to mallein. The test had been applied with care, the temperatures taken regularly with the same thermometer, the mallein was perfect, and yet the or- ganic reaction was absent; there was no local reaction, no ele- vation of temperature, and yet at the post-mortem of the five horses glanders was made evident by the nature of the lesions, by the bacteriological study and the inoculations of the lesions. But notwithstanding this negative answer to mallein, must tt lose any of its high diagnostic value? ‘The answer is cer- tainly : No. Its inoculation will always be the best of our means of diagnosis, and if, by chance, it may not give any indication on horses that carry deep and subacute lesions, it gives the most satisfactory results in cases of latent glanders, without external clinical signs, results described by Nocard and Leclainche as “a complete and characteristic reaction, viz., hyperthermy of 1.5° at least and a manifest organic reaction.” * * INTESTINAL CONGESTION Not DUE To THROMBOSIS.—In- testinal congestion or apoplexy of horses, localized as it gener- ally is to the large intestines, is characterized by a series of lesions well known—such as hemorrhagic cedemas of the coats of the organ, cedema which may reach several centimetres in thickness ; and, again, the mucous and submucous membranes 7380 EDITORIAL. are transformed into a soft mass, kind of jelly, of a dark red color. _ There is also blood that has escaped in the intestine and a rosy serosity more or less abundant, collected in the layers of the peritoneum forming the meso-colon. And finally the lym- phatic glands of the large colon are hemorrhagic. The etiology of this serious and so, often fatal affection is rather obscure, and its pathogeny is generally considered as related to the oblitera- tion of one of the arteries of the intestine by an embolism in one of the many ramifications of the main colic arteries. It is true, however, that a little careful thinking would easily upset the theory and that a consideration of the very anatomical disposition of the left and right colic arteries will be sufficient toshow the error of this admitted pathogeny. Yet the belief in its correct- ness is so strong that it would \seem impossible to demonstrate the error if it was not for the proof that can be obtained by the experimental method. This Prof. Coquot, of Alfort, with his assistant, have resorted to, and on one animal they ligated one of the colic arteries, watched for the resuits and made known the lesions found at the post-mortem. As far as the operation went it was a success, the subject being chloroformed and the manipulations strictly aseptic. The animal was kept under observation for seven days, and during that time never seemed to be in more perfect health. At the post-mortem a slight local adhesive peritonitis was found, and with it a very limited hypervascularisation of the peritoneum at the point where the ligatures of the artery had been applied. The mucous membrane of the intestine was. absolutely normal. The colic artery presented, between the two ligatures which had been applied on its course, a fusiform en- largement containing a large clot of black blood, surrounded by a grayish thrombus obliterating the artery. The microscopic examination of the condition of the artery demonstrates the complete obliteration of the artery. In the presence of the results obtained by this experiment. the authors present the following conclusion, which for them is based on observation, reasoning and experimentation: The EDITORIAL. 781 intestinal congestion of horses is not of thrombo-embolic origin. Another old belief passed off. * i * RADIAL PARALYSIS IN CATTLE.—Judging from the small number of observations on record, it seems as if paralysis of the radial nerve in cattle is comparatively rare. Indeed, if the cases observed in horses are quite numerous, the manifestations are well known, but investigations into veterinary literature dis- closes but few cases of it in cattle, whether in European or American periodicals. Dr. Wyssman, in the Wochenschrtft fur Thierhetlkunde, making allusion to this, mentions the fact that Carsten Harms reported a case in 1871, which was an incom- plete paralysis in a cow, and in which the animal recovered in 14 days without treatment. Again, Albrecht, during 27 years, saw but two cases of complete paralysis, in which recovery took place after three months only. ‘T'wo other cases were reported also—one by Lungwitz and the other by Bru. The etiology is incomplete and uncertain. It was observed in two cows after parturition. The disease seems to manifest itself in two forms. It is complete or incomplete. In the former the symptoms observed are as follows: at rest, there is extension of the shoulder joint and flexion of all the other articulations of the leg. The elbow is carried outwards away from the body ; the toes are flexed with the anterior wall resting on the ground. The shoulder is carried slightly forward. ‘The affected leg is unable to carry the weight of the body, and when the animal puts it on that leg, all the joints flex down. ‘The olecranon muscles, extensors of the forearm, are all relaxed. According to Wyssman, all the sensibility of the skin is gone. In the in- complete paralysis, the position of the shoulder is normal when the animal is at rest, but while walking there is a marked flex- ion at the knee and a sudden jerky throwing of the weight of the body on the sound leg. There is also a marked diminished sensibility on the tract of the nerve. In the case recorded by Dr. Wyssinan, which he considers as one of complete paralysis, the symptoms were those ordinarily observed, with the excep- 782 EDITORIAL. tion that the sensibility remained completely normal. ‘This he underlines. But it must be remembered that this continuation of the skin has already been observed by others, and consequent- ly its absence or presence cannot be of great value. ‘The treat- ment recommended in this case consisted in stimulating frictions made with a liniment over the paralyzed muscles. An improve- ment was noticed after a few days, but it took weeks and months before the animal could be considered as recovered, the long convalescence being due to the excessive atrophy of the olecranian muscles. *K & * ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—As I am out of town, I have not re- ceived all the journals, papers, books and communications that probably have been sent to me; they will receive their acknowl- edgment later on. For the present, however, I have had in hand the Kansas City Veterinary College announcement, which came with four numbers of the bulletin, a quarterly published by the said institution, and in which I find recorded some interesting reports which might have a wider publication. Our friend, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, has favored me with a bulletin of the agricultural station of the Louisiana State Uni- versity, where I read the ‘‘ Results of Further Experiments with Nodule Disease of the Intestines of Sheep,” or the “ Bare lot method of raising lambs.” In another abstract of the work done in the laboratory of veterinary physiology and pharmacology, under the direction of Dr. P. A. Fish, there are reprinted three serious articles, one on “The Effect of Molasses Feeding on Horses at Rest’’; a second on ‘The Source of Mucin in the Urine of the Horse,” and a third on “The Effect of Certain Drugs upon Metabolism as Determined by Urinary Examination.” And finally in Zhe Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, among lots of matters relating to agriculture, there is an illustrated long paper by D. Hutcheon, M.R.C. V.S., Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, with the following, which is not without interest : ‘““A SUCCESSFUL OPERATION ON AN OSTRICH.—TZo the EDITORIAL. 783 Editor, Agricultural Journal.—SiR:—Noticing a six-months’- old ostrich chick not eating, I thought it sick, and dosed it sev- eral times. The bird did not appear to be sick with any disease, but held its head and neck very erect, and seemed to be in pain. I kept a good watch on the bird for five days; by then it was reduced from a plump body to askeleton. I examined the neck and throat severai times, but could not notice the least indica- tion of any stoppage. Having concluded there must be a stop- page in the food passage where the throat empties in the stomach, I decided to operate by cutting a gash in the throat as near the body as possible. Having located the food passage, I opened it by another gash large enough to put in the hand, when F felt a large pineapple crown. ‘Thrusting in again, I took out a piece of rib bone about three inches long, with a very sharp point at one end. This had stuck fast in the side of the food passage just where it emptied in the stomach, and had stopped the pine crown from going any further. Mortification had set in around the wound. After putting vaseline and permanganate of potash into the wound, I sewed both the cut places up separately and dosed the bird with sweet oil, and letit go. Half an hour after it ate a little damp bran, and has completely recovered. It is now in good condition again. I may state that I don’t consider an ostrich swallowing a pine crown any way injurious; the fast bone was the cause of the trouble. Will you publish this for the benefit of other ostrich farmers ?— Yours, &c., CHAS. SPARROW.” * * *K PARIS, September 25, 1905. VIII. INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. — My chronicle for November left here ten days ago, but as I am anx- ious to have the readers of the REVIEW get some information in relation to the Budapest meeting, different from that which forms the body of my last letter, I take the chance of sending this at this late day with the hope that it may be in time for the November issue. As there will be more opportunities to write about the Congress later, I will to-day only give you the conclu- sions adopted by the Congress relating to tuberculosis and gland- ers as being the most important. They read as follows. Prophylaxy of Tuberculosts in Domestic Animals. “1. The struggle against tuberculosisis an urgent necessity, not only on account of the economical losses resulting from 784 EDITORIAL. it, but also on account of the danger of transmission to man. ‘2, It is indispensable that the fight should be carried on freely by the owners of animals (voluntary struggle), and that it receives a general application by the slaughtering of dangerous subjects and by vigorously avoiding the contamination of calves and of healthy adults. “The struggle against tuberculosis must receive an official help by having instruction given to the agriculturists upon the nature of tuberculosis, its mode of infection, the importance of tuberculination, and besides be supported by official subventions. “2. The struggle against tuberculosis by official and obliga- tory measures is desirable everywhere. Carried out wisely, it may arrest the ulterior extension of the disease and bring about its progressive disparition. “Tt demands slaughtering at short notice, of animals affected with tuberculosis at a dangerous degree (specially in cases of mammary, uterine, intestinal or pulmonary tuberculosis, accom- panied with loss of flesh), with indemnity paid to the owners by public funds, and again the forbiddance of taking skimmed milk out of codperative dairies until it is sterilized. Vaccination Against Tuberculosis tn Bovines. “The VIII. International Congress begs the governments of the various States to put at the disposition of whom has the right sufficient funds to make extensive researches upon the value of prophylactic'vaccination against tuberculosis of bovines, in the various conditions of agricultural practice. ‘“ Until definite determination of the limits of the efficacy of prophylactic vaccination, the application of sanitary measures, already successful, remains always necessary. Uniform Principles to Estimate the Reaction of Tuberculin. “7, The preparation and distribution of tuberculin ought to take place under the control of the State. “2, Only bovines whose temperatures at the time of the injection do not go beyond 39.5°C., ought to be tested with tuberculin. “3. In all bovines whose temperatures do not go beyond EDITORIAL. W85 39.5 °C. at the time of the injection of tuberculin, all elevations of the body temperature above 40°C., ought to be considered as positive reaction. ‘4. All elevations of temperature above 39.5°C. to 40°C., ought to be considered as suspicious veaction and appreciated ac- cordingly. Uniform Principles to Estimate the Reaction with Mallein. “1. To assert that a reaction produced by mallein as a diagnostic, confirmative or detector, it must have the characters of a typical reaction. ‘2. By typical reaction must be understood thermical ris- ings of two degrees at least, which go beyond 40°C., and which generally present, in the first day, an arrest or two risings and again a more or less elevated ascension in the second day and even sometimes in the third day, accompanied also with a local and general reaction. “3. All thermic risings below 40°C. and the great atypi- cal reaction require another verification. “4. Ascending, progressive thermic reaction is an indica- tion of glanders, although it may not be the ordinary type of the diagnostic reaction. ‘5. The formation of the typical local swelling at the point of injection is a sure proof of the existence of glanders, even with the absence of increase in the temperature and with- out the general organic reaction. “6, All malleined horses, which have reacted or not, must always be submitted twice to the test in a lapse of time of 10 to 20 days. ‘7. The preparation of mallein shall be allowed only to scientific institutions in the State or to places authorized and controled by her. “8. To appreciate all the value of mallein and find out the points still unexplained of its action, the Congress asks that governments shall appoint a committee to carry on this work.” A. L. 786 EDITORIAL. DR. SALMON’S SUCCESSOR. The profession of the country is much exercised over the vacancy now existing at the head of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, and the best means of preserving this important position to the veterinary profession, not only on account of the dignity and prestige which it bestows, but for the more patriotic consid- eration of the best interests of the live-stock industry and the general welfare of the country. That this branch of the gov- ernment has risen to the very highest rank and outstripped all similar bureaus in the world under the wise guidance of a vet- erinarian ; that it has given more in return to the citizens than any other department; that its regulations for transatlantic transportation yearly save millions of dollars to shippers in re- duced insurance and in mortality of transported animals; that the work of its scientists in the laboratories and the field have made plain the etiological factors in many mystifying diseases ; are merely a few of the considerations which make it appear un- grateful and unreasonable for certain stock papers to allege that the interests of the live-stock industry demand a layman at the head of this scientific bureau. Of course, under existing condi- tions such a step is impossible, as the organic law is mandatory that the Chief of the Bureau must be a veterinarian, but it is understood upon good authority that an effort is being organ- ized by some of the large ranch owners—mostly those who have been forced to obey the wise regulations of the department—to importune Congress to change this clause. If this were to be accomplished it would be a serious blow to a profession which has had to fight its way step by step to all the glory which now surrounds it, and it would be doubly unjust were this to be per- mitted, for in this case it would be shorn of honors which it has fairly won through its intrinsic worth and persistent efforts. But political experiences do not respect justice, or even the plain interests of the country, and the veterinary profession is again called upon to fight to hold the ground which its hard work has gained for it. It would seem to be unnecessary for the REVIEW 4 i EDITORIAL. "87 to urge upon its readers the absolute necessity for a determined effort to.hold this position against the sordid greed of those whose interests would be enhanced at the expense of the national wealth, for their familiarity with the great benefits which are flowing to the country through its magnificent operation are well known to all professional men. But a crisis now exists which demands of every veterinarian the spreading of this information among those who do not know the dangers lurking in the pro- posed action of the interested stockmen. Every Congressman should be seen by some loyal and earnest veterinarian, who should make them acquainted with the Bureau’s splendid record, and secure from him a pledge to defeat any legislation looking toward a change in the act by which the Bureau was brought into existence in 1883. One of the greatest weapons in the hands of the profession to-day is the opportunity to assure the country that the demand of the stockmen for a broad-gauged man of affairs at the head of the Bureau can be met without changing the law; that there are men within owv ranks who areas capable of administering its affairs in all its ramifications as there are without, with the ad- ditional accomplishment of possessing a thorough understanding of the dangers to be safeguarded by the importation of animal scourges from other lands as well as the control and sup- pression of those diseases which decimate our herds and flocks at home. The selection of Dr. Salmon’s successor is now receiving earnest consideration by the Secretary of Agriculture, who has assured a committee of veterinarians sent to Washington by a meeting of prominent members of the profession from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, that he was heartily in favor of appointing no one tothis important scientific post except a scientific veterinarian. He urged the committee to have the veterinary profession name its best man, to furnish data concerning his qualifications, and the committee left his presence thoroughly impressed with the sincerity of his express- ed intention. The committee reported these facts back to a 788 EDITORIAL, meeting of its sponsors, and it was deemed best to call upon the President of the American Veterinary Medical Association to start some movement to get an expression of the judgment of the organized profession of the country. Accordingly a call was issued for a meeting of the Executive Committee at Phila- delphia, Pa., on Wednesday, October 25, and the response to that call should be an inspiration to every man in the country to do all in his power in the presentemergency. Laying aside all personal considerations, the members started for the designated place from all sections of the country—from far-away Montana, Minnesota, Michigan, Tennessee, while every member living in States lying close by was in hand to do his share. The situa- tion was thoroughly discussed by all, and it resulted in the send- ing forth of a letter to each member of the A. V. M. A. explain- ing the gravity of the situation, with a request that he forward his first, second, and third choice for the position. It is hoped that by the time this number of the REVIEW reaches its readers every vote of the membership will have been counted, and the Secretary of Agriculture made acquainted with the profession’s estimate of the quality of the man who should fil the important position of Chief of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry. Aftter the Executive Committee had finished this phase of the subject a number of veterinarians not members of the coim- mittee, but drawn there by their interest in the matter, were in- vited into the room to discuss the best methods of combatting the expressed intention of certain persons interested in the live stock industry to secure a change in the law whereby a layman might be placed at the head of the Bureau. Vigorous and im- mediate action was advised, and a circular letter was issued to a list of more than eight thousand veterinarians in the United States appealing to them to wait upon their congressmen and urge them to use their best efforts to defeat any such legisla- tion. It is to be hoped that the prompt and vigorous efforts of the Executive Committee will result in a movement so irresistible EDITORIAL. 789 that such audacious legislation will not even be attempted, and should it reach its committee that it will never emerge from that body to harass the live-stock interests of the country and dishearten as noble a profession as ever struggled for justice. VON BEHRING’S “CURE” FOR TUBERCULOSIS. Professor von Behring, the famous German pathologist, who achieved great renown through his discovery of diphth- eria anti-toxin, and more recently of an immunizing serum for tuberculosis in cattle, has again startled the world by announc- ing that he has added to his list of medical triumphs a “cure ” for consumption ; but he will not for a year divulge the secret, wishing to reap financial advantages from it for that length of time. Like Prof. Koch, his great reputation commands the at- tention and respect of the world, though the method of using the lay press for transmitting the news to the world in an in- complete state is open to grave criticism by those who love the science of medicine and are jealous of the reputations made by its leading exponents. It is certainly not in keeping with med- ical ethics for so distinguished a.man, one whose slightest inti- mation of a conclusion is taken up with serious concern, to de- liver so incomplete a presentation of a great discovery before a medical congress and permit it to go before the world through the daily press in the same manner as sensational news. It is hoped that it will not share the fate of Prof. Koch’s famous announcement before the London Congress of 1901. Mean- while, the medical weeklies do not applaud his methods, and fear the effect on the science of medicine may be other than en- nobling. Of course, any views expressed on the merits of Prof. von Behring’s discovery are premature and speculative, as his methods are not known and the source of the combatant of the tubercle bacillus is only conjecture. BACK to the East for the A. V. M. A. in 1906. 790 EDITORIAL. THe eAy V. M. A. GORS ® EG) CONNECTICUT IN? rgom At the special meeting of the Executive Committee of the American Veterinary Medical Association, held at the Hotel Hanover, Philadelphia, Pa., Wednesday evening, October 25, the names of three cities were placed in nomination as the place for holding the convention of 1906, and each had its advocates, They were New Haven, Conn.; Lexington, Ky., and Kansas City, Mo. After a careful survey of the field and listening to ar- guments in favor of each candidate, the Committee decided that New Haven would be the best point at which to meet, as there appeared, among other reasons, real need of encouragement of the association spirit in the New England States, since the Association was growing much more rapidly in the Western States than in the section which gave it birth and nursed it until it was able to stand alone. Thus early, we cry: Get ready for New Haven. LAWS GOVERNING VETERINARY PRACTICE. We present.in this number of the REVIEW a complete 7é- sumé of every State in the Union in relation to the practice of veterinary medicine, showing which have veterinary laws, a summary of their requirements in preliminary education and professional training, licensing tests, registry, executive officer and his address, administration board, and general remarks. This very serviceable and instructive compilation has been fur- nished by Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, President of the New Jersey . Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, to whom the profession is indebted. It is the purpose of the REVIEW to make this list free from errors and to keep it up to date by revising and republish- ing it once every year, and the publishers ask the codperation of the executive officers of all boards to note carefully the in- formation given in respect to their respective States, and make whatever corrections are required through change of officers or of the laws. J2- Aloe? et — os SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. "Ol ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. OBSERVATIONS AND REFLECTIONS ON THE VETERINARIAN IN HIS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. By D. ARTHUR HUGHES, PH.D., D. V. M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY, U. S. Gov. INsPEcToR, EAst Str. Louts. *« Socially, the veterinarian has little place.’’—Common saying amongst men of the profession. If a man scans American veterinary literature; if a man searches every corner of the book-cases, he will find that noth- ing has yet been written which goes deeply into the subject of the veterinarian in his social relationships. Yet there is noth- ing that our professional men have more at heart than that a high value be set upon them and their families in the social structure of American life. The American veterinarian states that his work is of high value to the wealth of the republic and to the health of its citizens; he therefore asserts that a higher valuation should be set upon him as a unit in the social body. He is often, too, chagrined at what he believes are slights or snubs administered to him or his family in social relationships ; and he is, accordingly, mortified sometimes past endurance. But there is always some kind of a reason for everything under the sun. Perhaps there is wisdom in making a quiet study of the whole situation. With a kindly feeling, in the spirit of frater- nalism and consideration for members of the profession, I desire to make an examination of the profession as a factor in Ameri- can social life. In doing so I shall take up in sequence the fol- lowing topics: 1. Shortcomings of the veterinarian as a social unit as they are judged by social standard. 2. The reasons why the veterinarian is not given higher social standing. 3. Is the veterinarian as a social element in a transitional stage ? 792 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 4. The college and tone. 5. The veterinarian in his relation- ship to the higher individuality of society. 6. The veterinarian as a social unit in his relations to culture. 7. The veterinarian and pride. Let us proceed to the first topic : I. SHORTCOMINGS OF THE VETERINARIAN AS A SOCIAL UNIT AS THEY ARE JUDGED BY SOCIAL STANDARDS. The old world and the new world are in contrast in their conception of what constitutes the sesame to social position and power. In the old world hard and fast lines are drawn between class and class into which a man is born and from which a man may rise, but seldom does. Poor or rich “ birth,” “title,” count for everything. In the new world the assertion is made by many philosophers that the scales in the social strata have each a money value and that social standing takes its gradation thus from the billionaire downward to the penniless person. That this is in part true, no one can doubt. But the shafts the satir- ists and the cartoonists hurl at the parvenu and the nouveau riche, the new-rich for their vulgarity of mind, the clownish- ness of their behavior shows that there is an essential difference in mind and in manners between persons accustomed to wealth and those new toit. The truth is that it is not money alone which makes the American gentleman. Mrs. John Jacob Astor, the recognized leader in New York society, not long ago said that, in her opinion, the only gentleman in America was the university man. The storm of criticism which this statement brought forth has not yet died away. Her idea will never be approved altogether, for it will always be found that there are many university graduates neither genteel in their behavior nor gentlemen at heart. Besides there are many men who have never been within the confines of a university who are as great gentlemen as the present Joseph Choate, who, when at the Court of St. James, was applauded as the peer of all English gentle- men. Yet the idea Mrs. Astor had in mind was essentially cor- rect: for what are the social standards fostered by the univer- SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 793 sities and transmitted from one generation of students to the other? These standards have to do with clear and strong thinking ; the arousal and development of noble emotions and the exaltation of high standards of living. The first refers to the intellect; the second, to the emotions ; the third, to char- acter. It has never been the main purpose of the universities to bequeath to a man a modicum of learning wherewith he can eke out a livelihood and pass through the vicissitudes of life. Well enough if a man can get that while he attends; but the main purpose has been ever to give tone to the mind and char- acter. By a studious attention to the intellect the university spirit has always, in modern times at least, endeavored to cre- ate an earnestness for mental labor; an impartial study in everything upon which the searchlight of thought plays; a tol- erance for all views upon a subject, for each may have in it some truth ; a calmness inall thinking, for the end of this must be wisdom. Bystudious attention to the feelings the main idea of the universities has been to ennoble the life by drawing atten- tion to artistic masterpieces, the contemplation of which arouse worthy emotions and beautify the spirit. But to polish the in- tellect and arouse a sensibility to beauty in all its forms is noth- ing if the moral sensibilities are not stirred ; their neglect would be inexcusable. It has therefore been the office of the highest institutions of learning to make much of character. Character is there moulded by contact of student with student, whereby each feels the tonic influence of the place which makes for proper living. Though ideals of gentility are not set down in so many words, there is everywhere an applause of manliness and a coercion of the student body through its own collective action to propriety of conduct and sobriety of life. Whatever be the professional course a man may take these ideals are part of the very atmosphere of the place and they are transmitted as a precious heritage from one generation of students to another. The ideals of the universities have percolated through the strata of society and have been formative influences in the up- building of American civilization ; for they have everywhere 794 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. given an aroma to our social’ and governmental institutions. The American ideal of gentility is subtle and defies complete analysis. But the college manasacitizen is palpably supposed to possess, not only professional knowledge, but notions of in- telligence, nobility of emotion and character which have been here given in broad outline. Where now do so many veterinarians of to-day fall short of the standard by which the people believe they should be meas- ured? First, their mental equipment is not that which liberal- izes the mind and gives them that power of thinking intelligent- ly upon the hard problems which they will meet as men of affairs and as professional individuals in a social structure. Second, their training has too often been that of a narrow pro- fessionalism meted out in a few months. Third, they know nothing of and have never had their attention drawn to, nor nobly felt, the exalting and beautifying influence of art in any of its forms. Fourth, their minds are, perhaps, vulgarized by low ideals of conduct. Perhaps their teachers may have had no lofty conception of behavior, nor of decent speech before young men. Fifth, they may not have been accustomed to surround- ings where gentility is applauded, where habitual vulgarity is frowned upon. So partly, it may be, by reason of absence of moral pressure in the formative or moulding period of his student days, partly by reason of natural tendency, he has no high conception of the necessity for character in the scholar or professional man. If this be the case, his success is an anomaly as far as social standing goes. Hemay get a large practice; he may accumulate money. Yet his antecedents of breeding were wrong, his training narrow, his power of thought small. These forbid his setting a true valuation on social refinement, his ap- preciation of all the enjoyment in higher pleasures of the mind which a better training would have given him. | II. THE REASONS WHY THE VETERINARIAN IS NOT GIVEN HIGHER SOCIAL STANDING. This line of thought leads me to the main point at issue. a SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 795 We may as well be frank and say that the main reason why the veterinarian is not given a higher social standing is the inadapt- ability of the average veterinarian, as a social unit, to that con- spicuous social standing to which he aspires to rise. What is the usual state of mind of those who find fault with the social standing of the veterinarian at present? Is it not either that of a peevish, whining quarrelsomeness over the state of things lead- ing to constant complaints; or isit not that of a befogged mind which utters irrational statements? ‘The truth is that the social position of an individual largely depends upon personal worth ; and the social position of a collection of individuals largely de- pends upon the collective value or merit of theclass. If a class is given a certain grade or social position there is probably good reason for it. What is the reason for ostracism, if it exists, of veterinarians from the higher grades of society? The answer is unfitness—unfitness hitherto of the average veterinarian to conform to those high ideals of intelligence, manhood and social capacity, by which the grade of the individual is justly rated. This is illustrated very well in the case of his aspirations in the army. 1. The place of the army officer in American social life. The disclosures in the Taggart case, which have recently been aired in the newspapers, would seem to point to degenera- _tion amongst army officers, which the shallow-pates might be- lieve is a general condition of affairs. This is untrue. No grade of men in American social life has higher grade than the American army officer. Why is this so? Consider the families from which officers are taken. The young men who aspire to be officers are the pick of the flower of the many of the best families in the country. Consider their training at West Point with its stern mental drill, stern physical drill and stern moral drill—for that exact and implicit obedience to orders is the best moral drill. Consider the social antecedents of the men in their family relationships before they entered upon this discipline. Consider the rational social traditions of the army. Man for man the American army officer is better than 796 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. the British officer whose military training seldom equals that at West Point. Whatdo we find here: fixed social standards born of antecedents and traditions coming down through many decades. 2. The problem the army had to meet relative to the care of animals in camp and field. All commissioned officers in the army are social equals; but two branches of the service, the cavalry and artillery, have had to face the question of employment of something more than blacksmiths and farriers for skilled attention to sick animals in camp and field. At first skilful scientific men could not be found ; but latterly, with the opening of veterinary colleges and the advancement of veterinary education, there have come for- ward men to solve the question by offering professional aid. The problem was what social standing should be given to such men who were obviously above blacksmiths and farriers. The army took hold of this problem in a characteristic way. The worth of the men in every way was to pass through a series of trials; the trials were an evolution as they must be. ‘The mil- itary authorities employed, first, civil veterinarians in the army ; second, semi-official veterinariansin the army ; thirdly, we hope the evolution will be that they will employ veterinarians in the army as officers. If there should be social equality of the vet- erinarian and officer, as the modern veterinarian asserts, why did the army subject at all the veterinarian, as a social unit in its midst, to a slow evolution ? 3. The evolution of the veterinarian as a social unit in the army and the reasons for zt. Those who ask this question wonder why the army is so hard and fast as ever to have taken precautions to prevent the encroachment of veterinarians towards social equality with offi- cers. They forget what the tvpe of men is that leads the army. At first the veterinarians, if such they can be called, the army had to choose were, because of lack of good breeding, insufhi- cient training and incapacity to command respect, nothing more than social ciphers. A step forward was found to be necessary, SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 797 by reason of the demands for skilled, professional aid for ani- mals. The signs in our profession began to point to the possi- bility, on the part of the army, of finding an approximation to their demands : hence the employment of semi-official veterina- rians in the army. - What was done in order to test the quality of the men who might perchance present themselves for this po- sition midway between the civil veterinarian in the army and the veterinarian as an officer? ‘The bases for trial were made social, physical and mental—a nine days’ examination largely to test mental equipment, a physical examination and a scru- tiny of the man’s social fitness as attested by vouchers, which showed something of his antecedents, and his conduct during his visit to the regimental post where the examination was held, Two steps have already been taken in the evolution of the army veterinarian asa social unit: but the question is, why was it necessary that any precautions should have been taken at all ? The traditions of the army forbade intimate association of offi- cers with men who could not be in social equality with them. Experience had shown: that the earliest veterinarians in the army were little better than farriers, and were worthy of no more social attention than farriers; that, even with the incom- ing of the semi-official veterinarian in the army during the last five or six years, by far the great majority of men who presented _themselves for the position had to be turned back for unfitness. There can be no wrong in that conservatism of the army in not allowing social advantages to army veterinarians until true fit- ness was shown, until the men proved themselves of the right cut and a body of social precedents relative to army veterina- rians was established. The evolution of the veterinarian as a social unit in the army must follow the law of sociology ; that social recognition is not to be expected until the individual and the class he represents has attained to the social standard of ex- cellence in mind and spirit which such recognition demands. The future social standing of the army veterinarian will de- pend upon his ability to appreciate the demands of the situa- tion. The social standard of the army is not an unsettled mat- 798 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. ter. The status quo of the officer is fixed and never questioned ; it comes down as a heritage; it is preciously guarded, for the officer tolerates in those about him nothing short of equality. The real reason why he did not brook the veterinarian as his social equal was because he was aware of the status of the vet- erinarian in America. The history of the profession in America shows that in the past the mental and moral standards were so low as not to be considered standards at all; and there was good reason on the part of the army not to brook equality. There shortly came a gradual awakening of the intellectual conscious- ness—an appreciation of the mentality requisite for doing vet- erinary professional work. With this an inception of moral, consciousness, for the attempt to study veterinary medicine asa science brought with it a hatred of the humbugging quack. But both the intellectual calibre and the sense of rectitude of the veterinarian did not go far enough to fit in with army ideals. Besides there was an absence, for the most part, of esthetic qualities—gentility and social fitness. What now remains to be done: there must come to pass an evolution towards approximate equality. Theology and medi- cine, the chaplain and the human physician, are given equality in the army by reason of precedents and social antecedents which accord with army traditions. But in the case of the veterina- rian there must come an adjustment of himself to army needs. First, there must come an increase in his intellectual stature. Not only must he have professional knowledge, practical and theoretical, but military knowledge as well. In Europe and America we find in the matter of veterinary training two ex- tremes. The veterinary colleges in America pay absolutely no attention to the preparation of men for the exact needs of the army; in Europe very many of the veterinary schools have no other object whatever than to prepare their men for military life. We are not essentially a martial nation; yet there is no doubt an adjustment is necessary in the matter of education of veterinarians expressly for the army. For them, too, we need that severer mental training which takes account of liberalizing 9 bie i SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 799 eee studies—history, for example, American and European, such men would not hurt themselves to take, because history is knit into the very life of the officer. It is onlya sickly sentimen- tality which fails to see the part of the military man in the for- mation and protection of government. Again, modern languages might be learned, for German and French contain much of the latest scientific thought; French is the language adopted for diplomacy and Spanish is the language on our Mexican borders as well asin our foreign dependencies. In esthetic stature, too, there could be some improvement. Some acquaintance with and feeling for the best literature might be had, a sensibility to taste which has been part of the tone of prominent families from which so many officers have sprung. In moral stature, too, they could be improved. What is needed is grace of man- ner and susceptibility to nice points in social arrangements among gentlemen; the dignity of bearing which is not somuch an acquisition as something that proceeds from consciousness of value, ‘‘ the pith of sense and pride of worth”; the severe no- tions of duty which belong to the very nature of a protective force like the army. In a word evolution towards conformity with those standards adhered to by the army, which rightly per- sists in judging men by criteria of knowledge, taste and conduct. 4. General conclusions on the reasons why veterinarians are not given higher soctal standing. There is some folly then in taking umbrage at the attitude of the army towards the profession as it found it, and the stand it accordingly took. There is shallowness in that kind of talk which deals in irrational language, begotten of bad temper, at the action of the heads of the army. What the veterinarians in the army are really attempting to do is to obtain such recogni- tion as will eventuate in the companionship of the army veter- inarian with the West Pointer on terms of absolute social equal- ity. This should not be expected until the army veterinarian has had that care in the development of mental life, that care in the development of the physical being which gives the Ameri- can officer his cut and his carriage, that care in the development 800 D. AKTHUR HUGHES. of susceptibility to the graces of gentility combined with auster- ity on points of duty which are all bred into the American officer. Probably in some cases the social standing of the vet- erinarian in the army is due to obvious inequalities. The inequalities which have existed in the past between members of the veterinary profession and the army officers, which are gradually being removed, are not found in military life alone. The troubles of the army veterinarian, and the pre. carious social position in which he is placed, but illustrate the condition of affairs in civil life: for the civilian veterinarian as well as the military veterinarian, as social units, must admit that, as members of the social structure, their position is un- settled. It can be shown that in both civil and military life certain inequalities exist between members of the veterinary profession and members of other professions. But there exists also a strong prejudice against this profession, which, it is said, is felt particularly by families in which a veterinarian is ater familias. This prejudice had its origin in the fact that up to the last thirty years the word “veterinary” was synonymous with humbug, and the practitioner game for satirical cartoon. Only recently has there been any reason why this prejudice be removed ; and, stubborn as it is sometimes, it will largely dis- appear from the public mind, and from army circles, when the inequalities of this profession, as a whole, with the old profes- sions, are removed. If there have existed inequalities between this profession and others, and if there has been prejudice against it, the ill effects of both are not so much felt by the veterinarian as by his family in social relationships. A unit of society is the individual. But another unit is the family, for the social structure is composed of numerous families. In my study of the social standing of the veterinarian in America thus far, I have pointed out faults in the social situation and the remedy... Thus far my thought has been of the veterinarian as an individual. The varieties of faculty, the meanness or grandeur of his personality, the disci- pline to which he has been subjected, are what count for him SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 801 in social progress. Such is the constitution of the social struc. ture that the worth of a family as a social unit is gaged by the worth of its head; and the criteria are the potency of his intel- ligence, taste, conduct. On the last analysis, therefore, the re- sponsibility for inequality, prejudice, or ostracism rests with the individual who is its head. In civil life, as in the army, if a veterinarian’s family is denied the recognition of its place in the national social] structure which it thinks it deserves, the burden of proof lies with the veterinarian. Ill IS THE VETERINARIAN, AS A SOCIAL ELEMENT, IN A TRANSITIONAL STAGE? In the history of human medicine the followers of Escula- pius have had social trials similartoour own. ‘Time was when physicians to the human family had neither that kind of knowl- edge, of either medicine or surgery, to allow of their being call- ed scientists; nor were they, in social life, believed to be any- thing but knaves. Those who read the long history of human medicine will find centuries, coming very nearly down to our own era, in which medicine was a joke, when leeching and cupping were the regular procedure for fevers, and where the knife meant horror. The position which physicians have ob- tained in social life, the confidence which is now placed in them was only won after long struggle. The history of human med- icine is an evolution full of social tribulation and had its trans- itions from distrust of the people to full confidence. Similarly in veterinary medicine we must expect something of distrust until we can prove our worth; and this may not be obtained in a day, possibly not in this age. It is probable that in the estimation of the good people, in what they are pleased to call the higher walks of life, we are passing through a transi- tional stage. What has transpired in thearmy, the social status that has so far been won, must in the evolution of things lead to higher standards amongst us, finally to complete acknowledg- ment of the value of our science to the country and the race. But, as I have strenuously maintained, the standard of individual 802 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. value must be raised before social equality with the best of men can reasonably be expected. Though the position of the vet- erinarian in the army is as yet only semi-official it has its hope- ful side: for his semi-official life has many social elements which accrue thereto. In otherspheres of activity, where public officé is allowed us,—in municipal, State and national office we have the public trust and the public esteem. Why do we have this esteem if we have not proven our usefulness, if we have not “done the State some service.’”’ We should be proud to be State officials, as some of our number are, and veterinarians in — official life should so acquit themselves as to retain public es- teem and to raise, indeed, the public estimation of our profes- sion. That great gentleman, Joseph Addison, whose agreeable raillery at social inequalities in his day and the animosities be tween the gentlemen with hereditary estates and the gentlemen who had won money by trade later broke down their differences, has written : ‘‘ There was a secret, though unjust, way among men, of indulging the seeds of ill-nature and envy, by compar- ing their own state of life to that of another, and grudging the approach of their neighbor to their own happiness ; and, on the other side, he who is the less at his ease, repines at the other, ' who, he thinks, has unjustly the advantage over him.” With social movement comes social change ; but we must not expect the social change to take place until. the social movement has accomplished its purpose. At present it appears the upward movement of the profession would seem to be in a transitional period. Let us not indulge the seeds of ill-nature as long as an upward movement is taking place. IV. THE COLLEGE AND TONE. If the veterinarian, as a professional man, is in any way con- sidered to be unfit to enter into a given place in the social struc- ture, it may be that one reason may be found in the inadequacy of his collegiate training. It is not buildings, libraries and lab- oratories, but professors, students, accumulations of knowledge, \ wet bits i SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 803 and esprit de corps which really make a college. Every four years in an academic course the Jersonne/ of students change but the undergraduate body with its classes, groups, traditions, ideals lives on perennially. Because of this continuity of the ideals of college life it is necessary to engender in the individ- uals that moral tone which becomes an immovable tradition of the institution. ‘This, which is found in the academic col- leges, is of many fold more value in the professionali colleges. It is to the men in the future their mark, their type, their halo from which they cannot get away. If the professional college is within, or part of, a univer- sity community the tone of the professional college is the tone of the university. The saying in the old world is that when a man enters a university he is at once a gentleman ; for he is caught up in the spirit of the place and its flavor is forever af- terwards found in his life. This tradition is also found in the great American universities, Harvard or Princeton for instance, only the American universities are democratized by the influ- ences of American conditions which require a man to be valued entirely by his mental power and spirit and their efficacy. Somehow or other, though, the students of each university carry their peculiar flavor with them, the tone of the student body, the esprit de corps of the men make a university type. Yet the checks on misconduct, the stimulation of intellectual and moral energies, may be much the same in each. How then does this react on the professional colleges in their midst? It brings about an intellectual and moral keenness for ideals; it im- presses the individual into conformity with the type of univer- sity gentility ; it effects the graduates in their professional ca- reers, in their ideas of in what a profession consists, what pro- fessional ideals should be maintained, the conduct of a profes- sional man, his place as a social factor. If the professional man has social insignificance, where lies the fault as judged by the impress which his college has given him? It may possibly be found in the low plane of collective or individual life. If so, this is easily discovered by the fami- 804 D. AkTHUR HUGHES. lies or individuals he meets socially. The veterinary worker in the remote past has left us in a ridiculous plight to-day. How galling are the insinuations which sometimes leave us to sus- pect that our honest scientific thought or honest scientific pur- poses are taken for blinds or humbug. The problem is how shall the impress of the charlatan be removed? My answer is by instilling moral tone at the professional colleges, by insisting on propriety of conduct among professional students, by their subsequent adherence to veterinary ethics and acquitting them- selves like professional men. ‘The breeding of the man, the tone of his college training is impressed upon the people by the kind of work done, the value of professional judgment, the tone of mind, the flavor of the personality. V. THE VETERINARIAN IN HIS RELATION TO THE HIGHER INDIVIDUALITY OF SOCIETY. We may now carry this thought a little further and see how the collegiate atmosphere in which a man has been bred is ef- ficacious or a detriment to his subsequent career as an individual who claims part in the higher individuality of society. The ideals of leaders under whom a man has been bred are apt to become part and parcel of a man’s being. It is Henry Drummond who said: We go about with bits of the souls of others in us. This is what is meant by the transmission of per- sonality. ‘The echoes of men who have swayed our thoughts for years, who have had their impress on our minds, are found in our tendencies. So much do the atmosphere, the surround. ings, affect us, that we as men are largely made by our teachers. Rightly, then, do men ask, Where did you graduate? If, then, as is possible, some institutions are not free from the degrada- tion which the habit of continual swearing, obscenity, the telling of lewd stories and loose conduct brings, we may expect from them no high type of men as graduates. Medical students are apt to be loose—for the vileness with which they come in con- tact tends to looseness: so much the more reason is there for the bracing high-mindedness of the teacher, who is never gen- a nile heal SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 80d tlemanly when he stoops to tell vile stories which are apt to stick to the students’ minds, coming from such men, longer than the facts in the science they are paid toimpart. The pur- pose of education is not only the communication of knowledge, or the spur to the increase of scientific knowledge, but to give the mind tendencies towards the bracing air of high thinking. In what now do the influences which make for right ten- dencies consist? The influences are first from the student body. The contact of a man with many varieties of character, each stalwart after its kind, with many minds of high grade, with many kinds of knowledge, is a tonic which keeps a man on his mettle and tends to remove those blemishes of mind and char- acter which no other tonic can; at the same time the faculties and the moral tendencies are quickened to their highest and noblest activity. The influences are, second, from the professor. The students notice and are impressed by the ¢oute ensemble of the man—his dress, his bearing, his home life, his manners, his carriage before his students, his conversation, his public address, his written speech. The influences of students and professors, the full import of which defy analysis, react on the individual for his making or unmaking. If we study closely the profes- sor’s walk of life, the details of his conduct before young men ; if we follow the students who have been under his impress in their careers; if we notice the magnificent effects of the reaction of student upon student, we can see the value of the personal equation in the upbuilding of individuality. They have, there- fore, much to do, as they are transmitted to the profession, with raising or lowering the estimation of the veterinarian in social life. These influences display themselves, or work their way out, in the manner of living. They will tell whether or not the veterinarian is well bred ; they will be potent in the home life and the environment in which a man. finds himself; they will be powerful in attracting friends to him worthy of any noble man, for the higher attributes of mind are attractive to the best element of citizenship in whatever place; they will be found 805 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. kindred to those moral values which the church attempts to im- part; they will find their effectiveness in the public press, for writers will not fail to speak of higher types found in the social structure. It is useless for us to make assertions of equality with other professional men. It is useless to attempt to prove things merely by talk—the quality of men should show itself by being lived out in the life. Manners, dress, speech, conduct, habits of mind, attitude towards fellowmen, the tang of charac- ter and intelligence—these will mark the veterinarian among. men and betray him the low character or make him stand out the true professional gentleman. Now what does society expect a professional man to be? This can be illustrated in the old professions of law, medicine and theology. Lawyers, doctors and clergymen are always deemed to be the scholars of the community and leadership in all matters which require high thinking and intelligence is ex- pected of them. In the press and on the platform scholarship is supposed to mark their speech and their writings. They are to give the community wise direction in questions of health, property and morals. With the multiplication of the profes- sions there has come a borrowing by the new professions of the ideals prescribed for the old professions by the communities ; and the new professions, besides attending to the matters of their particular vocations, have participated in the leadership as well. Our own profession, as a new profession, must do much the same thing. A veterinarian’s personal life away from hoime, his family life, yea, shall I say, his church life, the going in and out in company of the members of his family, are some of the points which enter into the life of a veterinarian as a social ele- ment. But how do these things mark him in the community? It is a pleasant thing to notice how the finer elements in the social structure of a community find one another and cleave to one another. There is a bond between scholars of all kinds and everywhere: for refinement cannot help but find its relation- ships and communicate with the best elements of society. When fiat sre SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA, 807 refinement is found in an individual it has its bearing in the reputation of the man who possesses it. If a man in anew pro- fession conducts himself like the best examples of gentlemen of the old professions, there comes a trust in the individual in his professional capacity; and, with it, comes the delightful sus- picion that he can have utility in other capacities as well. Is not the ambition a noble one that, if professional men are to be community leaders in whatever is worthy and of good report, the veterinarian, as a professional man, should be the choice for community leadership? This is what I mean by the veterina- rian in his relation to the higher individuality of society: that he should have that vitality of mind, that attractiveness of spirit which makes him the leader, wherever he lives, as a scholar and a man. VI. THE VETERINARIAN AS A SOCIAL UNIT IN HIS RELA- TIONS TO CULTURE. = Those who have observed the esthetic side of man have no- ticed how large ashareit has in the cultivation of the refine- ment of mind and spirit of which I have just been speaking. A man whose mind is atrophied in its sensitiveness to the beauty in the world, to its representation in art in all its forms—paint- ing, statuary, architecture, music, poetry and literature in its highest appeals to the nobility in manhood—has lost much of the delight in life. It is strange that men can study the won- ders revealed in the analytical processes which obtain in the pursuit of science without having their minds aroused to the sense of wonderment at the marvellous structure of the body, nor the beauty of its mechanism, nor the handiwork of a great artist in itsdesign. Yet great artists, like Sir Edwin Landseer, have won renown and everlasting remembrance by casting the beauty of animal life on canvas; and who has not seen Rosa Bonheur’s great painting, ‘‘ The Horse Fair” in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and not been made a better man be- cause of it! Nor can any onesee the great English painting ‘‘ The Charge at Balaklava,” nor the French battle painting by Meis- 808 D, ARTHUR HUGHES. sonier in the same gallery without entering into the spirit of a cavalry charge and admiring both horse and rider. Nor is it possible for any one to see the bas-relief of Colonel Shaw upon his horse at the head of his regiment, done by Augustus St. Gaudens, and standing on Boston Common, without being trans- fixed by the enthusiasm of the artist in his conception of valor expressed in horse and rider; nor is it conceivable that any man can gaze upon the equestrian statue of General Logan, the Black Eagle of Illinois, which stands in Lake Front Park, Chi- cago, and which is the way the same great sculptor believed the General looked when he led his army into battle, without being carried away by the terrible intrepidity of steed and sol- dier. The professions have always been considered to contain men of taste. They do not need to be themselves artists, perhaps not even connoisseurs in art, yet it is expected of them that they will be men enough to appreciate and enjoy the various expres- sions of art. Inthe medical profession there have been many men who have done notable work in one of the best expressions of culture—the composition of excellent prose—for the flow of their language, the exaltation of their thinking and the finish which marks their writing has shown a well-developed sensi- tiveness to beauty in this which is only one of the forms of its expression. In the military profession, also, the cultivated British officers in the regiments in India have written and pub- lished hundreds of books which depict army life there, glowing with oriental color. Nor have the American officers been alto- gether backward in this matter, for who does not know General Charles King’s reputation as a writer; nor Colonel Roosevelt’s account of the Rough Riders. These pictures of travel, of fight, or regimental life, but illustrate that the men who can compose such writings, clad in decent English, are something more than humdrum doctors or soldiers. The professional man as a scholar is looked upon as a man of culture, and it is expected that a scholar should have some- thing of cesthetic sensibility. Are not the men in law, medi- Nice hie irate — FAS Sir <.#. - Deestay nf ae ELE Hy Br toc SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 809 cine and theology, learned professions, often markedly proficient in nice discrimination in thought and criticism? The learned professions are sponsors in communities for culture. Therefore it is, often enough, that members of the legal profession, of the medical profession, are readily chosen, as scholars, as commit- teemen on city library boards, art boards, boards concerned with city parks or gardens. Such men, it is thought, have an inter- est in those things which tend to beautify life and make earth a paradise. Is this thought to be ridiculed and thrown out of court by the veterinarian? Not atall. The thought is not far-fetched. The thing to be ridiculed is boorishness, absence of true culture displayed by the interest in vulgarity, by the dense insensibility to the beautiful things in life which it has been ever the joy and the duty of the learned professions to foster. I have been in homes of prominent veterinarians where the hall-marks of cul- ture were everywhere seen, where the hosts, men of great learn- ing in the science, exhibited their belief in the beautifying of the home, where buildings and grounds, the books and pictures, the graces of the family, the plane in which thought was cast, all betokened an interest in things which beautify life. What we need is the communication to members of the profession of such high impulses which will mark us, not only as profession- ally efficient, but as high types of manhood. ‘Then as social units we will be, as every professional man should desire to be, centres of culture. VII. THE VETERINARIAN AND PRIDE. What we need to have is a wholesome pride in our worth ; not to cheapen our science, nor to cheapen ourselves by that form of ignobility which stoops to low motives, and winks at the vulgar, the base and the vicious. If we have a pride in our personal worth and a pride in the nobility and worthiness of the profession; in our intellectual lives we will reach upward, plan grandly for increase of knowledge, have an eye upon advancing science, and by might and main 810 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. work for betterment all along the line. This wholesome pride has its place in the sustainment of our social character. If we have such pride in ourselves and what we represent, it will work itself out in two directions—professional pride and civic pride. Tobe of any value in the sustainment of character, wholesome pride must proceed from the conviction that the man is sterling, and that he right earnestly believes that the knowl- edge he has is abundantly useful to the community. Profes- sional pride therefore takes two forms—personal pride and pro- fessional pride as such. A man’s personal pride makes him a tireless worker in that form of labor which it is his joy to ac- complish ; it gives him a conviction of personal value to the community, made up of diversified elements, in which he has placed himself; it makes his reputation dear to him. A man’s professional pride as such, proceeds from the consciousness, born of years of study and experience, that his particular kind of pro- fessional knowledge, whether it is aware of it or not, has great value to the community in which he has a footing—the com- munity being part of society as a whole which is an amalgam of many communities. The cardinal values are two: to ani- mals as property, therefore the relation of his science to public wealth ; to animals as communicators of disease, therefore his value to the public health. A man’s professional pride pro- ceeds from his constant remembrance that he has value as an increment in the social constitution. However this is not all. The veterinarian is a citizen; therefore he should have civic pride. He is a citizen of profes- sional standing and heshould hold himself worthy of the rights which society accords to professional men. What then is ex- pected of him as a citizen who belongs to a profession? First of all, leadership in matters of professional intelligence ; secondly, leadership in matters of general intelligence ; thirdly, that bear- ing and deportment, as a citizen, characteristic of men of the learned professions. Such a pride, personal, professional and civic, is wholesome and will be the sustainment of any man who has large hopes and high aspirations. SOCIAL STANDING OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AMERICA. 811 A professional man is something more than a money-maker, an administrator of drugs, an authority on disease or expert on protective measures. He is in the world and doing part of the world’s work; but his professional business is only part of his work. In the turmoil of life the people expect that the profes- sional man, as a man of learning, shall stand for that high think- ing and noble living which from time immemorial the univer- sities have fostered and handed down as a tradition. In all our professional activities we should be faithful to this trust. As Thackeray, the satirist of social snobbishness, has written : Who misses, or who wins the prize, Go ; lose or conquer as you can, But if you fail, or if you rise, Be each, pray God, a gentleman. HiGuH TRIBUTE TO A VETERINARIAN.—Dr. W. H. Dalrym- ple, the distinguished professor of veterinary surgery in the State University of Louisiana, has done immense service to the agricultural interests of Louisiana in his consistent and insistent efforts to cheapen the cost of feeding work animals while main- taining them in the highest state of efficiency. In addition to this, his services have been of great value to our State in the many improvements along sanitary lines that he has so ear- nestly advocated in stock breeding, stock feeding, and in the general care of work animals.—(Louzstana Planter, Sept. 23.) THE ST. Louis VETERINARY DENTAL COLLEGE began oper- ations at Twenty-third and Locust Streets, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 2, 1905, and in a pretentious announcement says it will continue for eleven weeks. The frontispiece shows a handsome two-story brick building as the home of the institution, and a well-exe- cuted photo of a rather good-looking young man (J. W. Watson, V.S., Dean) follows... Then the curriculum is given, which consists of a department of physiology, one of anatomy, materia medica and therapeutics, pathology, and comparative operative dentistry. Every teacher has his photograph printed opposite his department. Apparently Dr. Watson is the only veterinarian in the faculty, as the materia medica instructor is an M. D. and the operative dentistry chair is filled bya D.D.S. The Regis- trar prints his photograph too, and the whole thing is completed by a picture of the skeletons of a horse and a man doing a cake- walk. 812 ; M. H. REYNOLDS. STABLE VENTILATION. By M. H. REYNOLDS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN. Presented to the 42d Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 15-18, 1905. I trust that this paper will not be misunderstood as an argu- ment against the wholesomeness of fresh air. But rather as an open study of certain important and perplexing problems in con- nection with the general subject of stable ventilation. Parks’ dictum, ‘‘ Disease and health are in direct proportion of the foul and pure air,” is probably a true statement, but pos- sibly based on a very erroneous theory. There are so many systems of supposed ventilation ; such wide variations in statements of writers on house and stable hy- giene ; such differences of opinion concerning the amount of air needed, and so little information that is based on any actual demonstration or other positive source of knowledge. The whole subject is in a very unsettled and unsatisfactory condi- tion. Any one who is interested may go into supposedly well- ventilated stables and find some of the inlets are letting air out, and some of the outlets are letting air in, and some are not work- ing at all. Cattle seein to thrive under what is apparently the worst possible conditions of stabling. Beef cattle fatten well, and dairy records are made in stables that are simply abominable from recognized standards of good stabling. And it is easy to find herds that are doing very badly in stables of apparently the best possible construction. Some of these problems ought to be cleared up in the near future, and we hope that work in prog- ress at the Minnesota Experiment Station may contribute toward this result. Stable ventilation in our northern States during our long and cold winters is a difficult problem at best. To get any- thing like the amount of air demanded by most authorities is certainly impracticable. If less is compatible with the health 7 eo er STABLE VENTILATION. 813 and comfort of our confined stock, it is very important that we know it and be quite sure of it. If what we call moderately or even decidedly foul stable air is not commonly inimical to the health and comfort of these animals, or to the owner’s profits, then it is of the utmost importance that we know this also. The standard set for people giving each person 1,000 cubic feet of air space and to keep the CO, below .07 per cent., is 2,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour. With a horse or cow weighing 1,000 pounds, these in proportion would be multiplied by about seven and this means approximately 14,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour per animal. This is an absolutely hopeless consideration in Minnesota at mid-winter with an outside tem- perature of 20° or 30° and even 40° below zero. A prominent writer on veterinary hygiene asks for 32,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour, per horse. The real problem, then, which we have to deal with, is how little air is compatible with normal health and comfort of the stock, and with economic feeding. In some cases our stock is confined in relatively smal! stables and in other cases they are confined in relatively large stables, and we have here two different problems to deal with. In the one case it is oxygen starvation, and in the other possible CO, or other chemical poisoning. Stable air as tt 1s.—Dr. Fred Smith reports the following analyses of stable air for CO,. Average of 28 analyses, .14 per cent. In another series of 25 analyses, made in the same stable, he found .21 per cent. The largest amount found in any analy- Sis was .266 per cent. and the least .057 per cent. Leblanc found in the air of a French military stable .7 per cent. of CO,. Dr. de Chaumont found in two stables respectively .I and .058 per cent. Marker found in a German stable .85 per cent. and 1.7’per cent. Dr. Angus Smith reports two analyses (no information concerning stable) of .083 and .087 per cent. F. Smith gives a total of .o6 per cent. as the limit of permis- sible CO, impurity, counting .o4 as the normal of outside air. It is difficult to estimate the value of these figures, because 814 M. H, REYNOLDS, we are given no information concerning the character of the ventilation, the distance from the floor at which the air samples were taken or from what portions of the stable. Some figures quoted by F. Smith in his ‘“ Animal Hygiene,” give the following, which is certainly somewhat surprising : “ Air taken six feet from the ground at the bottom of the stable contained .og per cent. CO,; at one foot from the ground, .06 per cent. CO,. Dr. F. Smith found .042 grains of some ammonia salt (not specified) in 100 cubic feet of air of a badly ventilated stable, and states that the albuminoid ammonia in a badly ventilated stable is always high, ranging from .039 to .193 grains per hun- dred cubic feet of air. In our own work with a steer closely confined in Stall 2, de- scribed later in this paper under ‘“‘ Experimental Work,” we obtained the following record of the percentages of CO, in this stall after confinement for varying periods as specified : Red Jim, weighing about 500 pounds, after six Outs, - enna _ « +» « . 04 Dena Red Jim, weighing about 500 poHnas: after twelve HOUTS,: pees « wake ot de os cies Averages of two 24 ae Deca i a ce + emeeegien Sao rn Ret C7 OUR Tas... so rings: a oo eee rn gee ea eae Yellow Jim, weighing about 700 pounds, after jb. OO = ae Yellow Jim, weighing abou Lee oP pareee after fifteen hours, . . . . \s\.eiaet gic eee = os Averages three 24 hour petiods, 5 plan 4), utes 1 Ommn After 42 hours, .. . _ i» >. OS an It should be said in oe tion - these figures, that the condition of the atmosphere in the stall varied greatly when these periods began. Onur records show also that frequently, perhaps I may say as a rule, the CO, content reduced rather than increased after varying periods of 6 to 24 hours. This may be due to the formation of ammonia (NH,) by fermentation, and i ee ee STABLE VENTILATION. 815 then union of this with the carbon dioxide (CO,) forming am- monium carbonate. A small portion of the CO, is probably taken up by the water present in walls and ceiling. These records were not taken for the purpose of determining the amount of CO, that would develop from an animal of given weight in this stall in given periods of time, but merely to get the percentage of CO, to go with the blood counts and other data for experi- meuts in progress. It should be borne in mind that with a small unventilated room the oxygen very rapidily decreases and the CO,, water, and other things increase very rapidly up to a certain point, but this does not hold true for the relatively large unventilated room. Respiration is a process by which oxygen is carried to the tissue cell or food material to be oxidized ; and includes the ox- idation ; and elimination of CO,. This involves a double series of exchanges,—one occurring at the lungs, and a reversed series occurring mainly at least in the tissue cells.’ Let us keep this clearly in mind for it is fundamental in our discussion. The quantity of oxygen absorbed and probably needed is in direct proportion to tissue activity. Gases in the blood are either in solution or in chemical com- bination. Most of the oxygen is in chemical combination with hemoglobin as oxyhzmoglobin, and is all the time under suffi- cient tension to continue its association with hemoglobin. These gases, the CO, in the blood and oxygen in the in- spired air are separated by an animal membrane; and nature is constantly endeavoring to equalizeand satisfy pressuresand chem- ical affinities between free gases and gases held bya liquid. Aside from chemical combinations each gas moves either way accord- ing to the partial pressure of the gases on one side and the ten- sion of the same gas in the liquid on the other. The tension _of oxygen in venous blood is estimated at 22.04 mm. mercury, and in alveolar air about 100 mm. The tension of CO, in the venous blood is 41.04 mm. mercury, and in the alveolar air 23. These pressures and tensions do not cover and account for all 8i6 M. H, REYNOLDS. exchange, however. The living tissue cells perhaps by simple chemical affinities may interfere. Landois holds that while these changes are essentially of chemical nature, certain physical forces play important parts. He holds that the association and disassociation are favored and hindered according to the partial pressures and tensions ; for example, hemoglobin in venous blood under low tension is ex- posed to oxygen under high partial pressure in the lung capil- laries and so takes it more rapidly and easily than when the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is very low. Each person or animal absorbs a certain volume per cent. of the respired oxy- gen of the air and excretes a certain per cent. of the CO, for the total airrespired. The horse consumes .437 grammes of oxygen per kilo of body weight per hour. The cow consumes .55 The factors that vary the proportions of oxygen consumed and CO, excreted are: body weight, amount of body surface, rate and depth of respirations. We have the lowest possible rate of respiratory change during fasting, something higher on a non-nitrogenous diet, higher still on a mixed diet, and the highest degree of respiratory activity on a nitrogenous diet. The volumes of oxygen absorbed and CO, developed, increase rapid- ly with increase of body temperature or physical activity. Mus- cular activity greatly increases the oxygen consumption. Physi- ologists tell us that even shivering multiplies the respiratory activity by two. External cold has a somewhat similar effect. Ts foul air harmful ?—Writers and teachers on the subject of hygiene, human and veterinary, have always taught that it is. ‘There are many classical examples which have been quoted over and over concerning the bad effect of foul air. They are presumably correct historically, but possibly the explanation has been wrong. An authority (Paige) tells us that diseases de- velop rapidly and tend to assume an acute character when sick animals are moved from good hygienic stabling to those that are dark and illy ventilated, and that wounds that are ordinarily trivial tend to become serious under conditions of bad stabling. The same authority tells us that malnutrition, enervation, loss ae 4 STABLE VENTILATION. 817 of flesh, inflammation of various mucous membranes, may result from the action of impure ait. The explanation given is that such condition of stabling tends to depress vital functions and lessen resisting powers. These general statements are unques- tionably true, but it is quite time to suspect their explanation. Weare told by older writers on animal hygiene that ‘organic matter’ from bodies of confined stock kept in badly ventilated and crowded stables may, by its decomposition, produce disease. Dr. F. Smith makes the following statement concerning ex- cess of CO. That it ‘produces serious changes in the blood, reducing circulation and causing great dyspncea. The animal becomes sleepy, the heart action fails, and anzesthesia is pro- duced.” Smith makes also the following statement: ‘CO, re- duces arterial tension and causes paralysis of the heart,” and states that it is rapidly fatal if it exists in a larger proportion than 1 per cent. This seems absurd when we have had a Jersey steer getting fat in 2.67 per cent. CO,. Available evidence.—Reynal and Reiset found that when an atmosphere was given an excess of oxygen and CO, that 17.23 per cent. of CO, might be present without injury to exposed animals. This was explained on the theory that the oxygen protected. A study of the effects of variations of the respired air on absorption of oxygen and excretion of CO, shows that as the oxygen content goes above normal there is no increase in the amount of oxygen absorbed. A decrease in the oxygen content of the respired air does not alter the amount of oxygen ab- sorbed until we reach the low level of 13 volumes per cent., but this is lower than we will find in any stable. Unquestionably excretion of CO, may be checked, difficult respiration occur, and even actual reabsorption of CO, provided there isa very high percentage of this gas in the stable air—and with oxygen normal. At 3 to 4 volumes present of CO, the excretion of this gas may be reduced 50 per cent. according to certain authors, but no ap- parent harmful effect has been shown. We remember also in this connection that the excretion of COz during a given period 818 M. H. REYNOLDS. may be quite independent of the percentage of oxygen in the air, and even of the quantity of oxygen absorbed. Ten volumes per cent. of CO, is commonly considered seriously toxic, but Wilson has shown that 25 and even 30 per cent. may be re- spired, for a considerable time at least, without harm. A good authority (Landois) tells us that tissue metabolism is not disturbed by variations of oxygen between 10.5 and 87. per cent. Below to.5 there is increased excretion of nitrogen, CO, lactic and oxalic acids. A large increase of CO, in the air may cause increased respiration, but the excretion of CO” and absorp- tion of O are both diminished. ‘Theoretically the reduction in excretion of CO, would continue until its tension in the blood equaled its partial pressure in the inspired air. The consump- tion of oxygen by the body is but little disturbed by diminished oxygen, so that an animal confined in any ordinary stable at- mosphere poor in oxygen would still carry on about the same rate of tissue change, so far as the action of diminished oxygen would be concerned. Worm-Muller reports that animals breathe naturally in an atmosphere containing 14.8 volumes per cent. of oxygen, but if this is reduced to 7 volumes per cent. the respirations become slow and deep and labored ; there is severe dyspnoea at 4.5 per cent. and rapid suffocation a 3 per cent. Speck more recently reports respirations quiet, and no material change in the oxygen absorbed at 13 volumes per cent., and even at 9.65, animals would get on surprisingly well fora long time. There was much less oxygen absorbed at 8 volumes per cent. and the respirations were deep and slightly hurried, but the animal soon dies (Speck). The total amount of oxygen taken in reduces with reduction of oxygen in the air down to 11.26 volumes per cent. Below this there comes a compensatory increase in the total amount of air respired. In general we may say that as the actual proportion of oxygen in the air decreases the relative proportion of oxygen absorbed increases down to 11.26 volumes per cent., below which figure the relative proportion of oxygen absorbed does not increase. Respiration in a small closed space causes rapid diminution STABLE VENTILATION. 819 eS aE ee eee of oxygen and, in the absence of ammonia, rapid increase of CO,, and a slight loss in the total quantity of gas content. If this space be large the CO, will increase considerably before the oxygen is injuriously reduced. An animal may be confined in a small space with pure oxygen to start with, or with air containing artificial surplus of oxygen, and ultimately die from reabsorbed and retained CO,. The blood will then contain very little oxygen and death come by true asphyxia. In a large space, however, death is said to occur from CO, poisoning when the air may still contain over 50 per cent. oxygen. But the per cent. of CO, must be many times larger than can be found in any stable that we may expect to find. Venous blood contains about 45 volumes per cent. of CO,. About 5 per cent. of this is in simple solution, Io to 20 per cent. in firm chemical com- bination ; 75 to 85 per cent. in loose chemical combination. But Suppose venous blood does contain 45 volumes per cent. of CO., we never have a higher partial pressure or proportion of CO, in the worst stables than approximately 2 per cent., which is about 50 times the proportion of CO, found in good air. There would be nothing whatever in this proportion of 2 per cent. to interfere with the release of CO, from the hemoglobin and no possibility of causing reabsorption in any probable stable percentage. Experimental work.—Certain features of ventilation work that have been in progress at the Minnesota State Experiment Station may be helpful here in this study of available evidence. The experimental work mentioned in this paper has been had in mind by the author for several years. The actual laboratory work was done almost entirely by an assistant, Dr. C. C. Lipp, to whom all credit is due for the very careful way in which he has done the large amount of slow, eye-wearing, and tedious blood and urine work, and for his very careful record work. We have been working for a year and a half, and while we are not ready to report, I may say that our results have been quite surprising at times and even confusing. Certain questions appeared at the very beginning, which 820 M. H. REYNOLDS. seemed to block the way until settled. Certain things must be established for a basis on which to build. It seemed necessary to establish, if possible, some standard or method of measuring the injurious physiological effect, if any, of naturally vitiated stable air of varying grades of impurity. We wished to estab- lish some means of determining a range of permissible impurity, above which the change in the atmosphere became distinctly injurious, and to define and establish also the injurious effects. Then again—we wished to establish something in the way of a standard of normal health so that we may be able to say that the animal with which we are working was in normal health at certain periods. We wished to determine also whether what is ordinarily called foul stable air is really injurious to the confined stock, a cause of discomfort to them, or inimical to the farmer’s profits. But the fundamental problem underlying all of this work is involved in an effort to determine the least amount of air change necessary to maintain normal health and comfort of confined animals. For the comfort of confined stock, economy of pro- duction, particularly with dairy stock, and for other reasons, it is important that no more air change in winter be induced than is really essential for health, comfort and profit. Method.—For this work we used a stall with cement floor- ing on concrete, hard brick walls, and board covered by heavy muslin ceiling, the walls and ceilings being painted. This stall (Stall 2) is nine feet by ten feet eight inches on the floor and eight feet two inches high, and contains 784 cubic feet of air. The window casings were made as tight as possible. The door is so arranged that we can water with a hose through a bored hole. The inside of the door carries the feed box and water pail. In the door is a small, tight window through which ob- servations may be made. For feeding, a small, close-fitting slide in the door is opened with the feed at hand ; this is thrown in and the slide quickly closed. Samples of air are taken by the ordinary water bottle and siphon method, the bottle being outside the stall. STABLE VENTILATION. 821 Three steers were used in this feature of our work and their results were studied at the end of periods varying from six hours to twenty-one days. Our percentage of CO, varied all the way up to 2.67 and the relative humidity up to 99, or practical sat- uration. Moisture gathered very freely on ceilings and walls and would even run down here and there intiny streams. Itis scarcely possible to imagine a stable where more unsanitary con- ditions, according to accepted standards, are maintained than in this stall. In some experiments we used one steer to vitiate the atmosphere, and then by making very quick changes introduced an animal from free air suddenly into Stall 2. In some cases we studied our subjects at varying periods of continued confine- ment. We compared the data thus obtained with similar data for the same animal under free air conditions. Our studies at first included the red blood cells, leucocytes, hemoglobin, promptness of coagulation and specific gravity of the blood. Later we took up the urine, making analyses and comparing under similar conditions as for the blood. Recently we have undertaken to secure our desired data and basis for es- timate, by intravenous urine injections for rabbits, studying the effect of this close confinement on the toxicity of urine, and have had some surprising results. If this does not give us the information desired, we will next take up the reducing power of the urine comparing for the two conditions; and then, if neces- sary, the bactericidal power of the serum, and the phagocytic power of the leucocytes. We hope to define and perhaps meas- ure the pathological effects, if any, of insufficient ventilation and determine an approximate estimate of the amount of venti- lation change that is really needed. Apparently we are a long way from our goal at present: but during the course of this work a considerable amount of infor- mation has accumulated that bears directly on the problem we are now discussing. After one of the longer periods of stall closure the air would be very disagreeable to a person entering. The saturation with moisture would be very evident and op- pressive. There would be some difficulty in breathing at first, 822 M. H. REYNOLDS. which soon passed away. ‘The person would shortly begin to perspire very freely and feel uncomfortably warm, but this sen- sation also passed away in a comparatively short time and the person soon became accustomed to the atmosphere. On passing out of the stall, the outer air seemed cold and very light or rare. Such a person would unconsciously take several deep respirations. The following table presents in a brief way a number of averages covering a long series of individual records :— TABLE OF AVERAGES. 5 eS She 2 - | D> Sai 2)G)e* a) 2/22) ya feelee Ridin it| * lath) ao |IBolms asl" eae aia [a Red. Jim -in openystaliy yea: hours to 4 weeks... . 166/24 IO1.3'54|1’ 46”, 1046,7621276|7768)|1023 Red Jim in closed stall 6 hours to 4o hours . . . |76)30/101.2/52/2” 6”| 1049)7021615/7425|1116 Yellow Jim in open stall 20 hours to 4 weeks. . . 66 24\101.4/52)1” 42”| 1054|8007559|8492| 982 Yellow Jim in closed stall 6| hours to 42 hours . . . 69|30/101.4|52|2’ 23”| 105317191587|8328) 944 * Time in minutes and seconds. This table shows the averages of a number of blood samples, taken at the close of a large number of periods of varying lengths as indicated in the first column. The blood for this work was taken from a subcutaneous ear vein. We tried repeatedly to use jugular blood, but found this procedure unsatisfactory with cattle for several reasons and gave it up. Iwill not go into details of the technique employed, but merely report in a general way that the blood counting was done with the ordinary Thoma-Zeiss. We tried the hematocrit, but did not find it satisfactory. Hzemoglobin was estimated with Fleischel’s heemoglobinometer. The period of clotting was estimated in the following way: a drop of fresh blood was re- ceived on a clean microscope slide and the needle placed in a handle for convenience was dipped in this drop of blood and raised at frequent intervals. When the needle took up a del- icate thread of fibrin this was then counted the period required > Sea STABLE VENTILATION. 823 for coagulation. Specific gravity was taken by benzole-chloro- form method. The estimation of CO, per cent. was done by the modified Hesse’s barium-oxalic method. The urine work for phosphates, sulphates, chlorides, albu- men—by centrifuge method. Urea was estimated by sodium hypobromite method with the Doremus ureometer. Sugar was estimated by the simple yeast fermentation test in graduated fer- mentation tube, and also by Fehling’s test as modified by Purdy. It will be seen by reference to the table that the only records materially varied in a long series of averages, as between open stall and closed stall, were the pulse, which was very slightly increased ; respiration, slightly increased ; temperature, slightly increased for one animal and not with the other. The average period required for blood clotting was quite materially increased. There was a moderate average decrease of red blood cells for both animals, also a slight decrease for white blood cells in each case. The ratio of red to white was increased in one case, de- creased in the other. It seemed probable in our first hasty reasoning that as oxy- gen decreased and CO, increased in the atmosphere of stalls, the ted blood cells would increase to compensate. But it is easy to see the error in this when we recall that each red cell loads up to its chemical capacity any way, practically regardless of the oxygen content of the air unless this be reduced to a point where there is no reasonable probability that it could ever occur under actual stable conditions. So far as we now know, the urine affords the best available evidence as to tissue metabolism. If respired air be actually bad in its physiological effect, then it must cer- tainly affect injuriously tissue metabolism, and this injuriously varied metabolism must show in some of its waste products in this excretion. The writer feels that it is very possible that we will find the desired standard and method of estimating un- favorable physiological effects in this product. Brown Sequard and d’Arsonval injected guinea-pigs with moisture accumulated in a closed room and concluded that it was toxic. Several experimenters, however, among them Das- 824 M. H. REYNOLDS. tre, Loye, and Lehman, deny the existence of such toxicity. Our experimental animals were confined in Stall 2, previ- ously described. The atmosphere was saturated with moisture and we had varying percentages of CO, all the way up to 2.67, with all of the mysterious organic materials that would be ex- creted from the lungs, according to all writers on animal and human hygiene, in a period of two or three or even ten days. None of the bodily functions were materially disturbed so far as we have been able to determine. The confined animals seemed to be in perfect comfort, breathing easily. They would rise and stretch lazily as thrifty, well-fed cattle do. We were not able to detect any evidence of unthrift whatsoever, or any injurious physiological effect. Indeed, one steer gained nearly a pound a day under such conditions for nearly fifty days, and a small, grade yearling Jersey at that. This was areal gain too. The weighings were sufficient in number and made under condi- tions that would exclude false gains. And as concerning the healing of wounds in unventilated stables, granting that this is a frequent experience, permit me to record the fact that we recently dehorned two of our experi- mental steers. One was confined in Stall 2 under the worst im- aginable conditions of stabling, so far as chemical contamina- tion of the air was concerned ; the other was in free air during the healing process. The steers are about the same age and apparently of about the same vigor of tissue nutrition and gen- eral health. There was practically no difference in the rapidity of healing. May it not be that when wounds heal badly in un- ventilated stables, it is so because of other factors than chemical contamination of the air ? The adaptability of the animal organism is very great. Claude Bernard showed that animals confined in small space acquired very marked tolerance of CO,, and other volatile bodies that accumulate, living for hours under conditions in which suddenly introduced animals die very promptly. In our experimental work with the steers it became very evident that when the air was gradually contaminated they ac- STABLE VENTILATION. 825 quired a very high degree of tolerance. For instance, the steer, Yellow Jim, after confinement in Stall 2, which was practically air-tight, for thirty-seven days seemed in perfect comfort. He would eat, drink, liedown, get up and stretch lazily: respiration and pulse but slightly disturbed, and he continued to make true gains at the rate of one pound per day for this period of 37 days. During this time steer was taken out once each week to weigh and to clean stall, and was out each time from 30 to 60 min- utes. Bearing in mind that this was a Guernsey of very poor beef type, to say the least, it would seem that this indicated a development of a very high degree of tolerance or practical im- munity. While I am writing this we have a steer (Brindle Jim) on his 21st day of continuous confinement, the longest continu- ‘ous period we have used thus far. This steer has not been out of the stall during this time and he has had no ventilation except that incurred in feeding by the method already described —no other ventilation except a trifling amount that occurs around a snug window casing, and around the close-fitting door. And yet this steer seems to feel well; he eats and drinks, rests comfortably, and appears to be in perfect health. We were unable to closely repeat Bernard’s experiment in full, substituting these larger animals, but would reasonably expect similar results. In one case we had a steer show a pecu- liar intoxication when he had been several hours in an unusually foul air (foul when he entered). This condition soon passed off after he was taken out. Since this paper was nearly finished, ‘The Year Book of the Department of Agriculture for 1904” has been received, and in Dr. Atwater’s report on “ The Respiration Calorimeter,” we find on pages 216 and 217 some very valuable evidence on this ques- tion and closely corroborating with men, results which we have previously had with cattle. Apparently this information was developed incidentally in the course of work with other prob- lems and was so surprising as to call for extension and reporting. Dr. Atwater reports that their subjects could apparently get along just as well with one-tenth of the ventilation usually ad- 826 M. H. REYNOLDS. vocated ; that the CO, in the respiration chamber is never less than 8 to 10 times the normal. In one case the subject breathed uncontaminated air for 24 hours, and then atmosphere that was rapidly contaminated, the rate of ventilation was much reduced and CO, allowed to accu- mulate until it reached 2.3 per cent.—normal air having about .03 per cent. ‘The subject was not told anything concerning the experiment in progress. ‘This was done so as to avoid any pos- sible mental suggestion effect. So far as could be detected the subject was in absolutely normal condition for the individual. He was not at all languid, mentally inefficient, or lacking in appetite. It should be explained in this connection that the air in the respiration chamber was kept dry and otherwise pure by chemical means. CONCLUSIONS. The Standard defines health as: ‘‘ That state in which all the natural functions are performed freely without pain or disease.” Gould’s Medical Dictionary gives it as: ‘“‘ That condition of the body and its organs necessary to a proper performance of their normal functions.” It has been shown that in the old stables of the Alfort Vet- erinary School, which were badly crowded and poorly ventilated, cases of pneumonia and severe wounds rapidly assumed a seri- ous character and often terminated fatally. After the buildings were enlarged and the sanitary conditions improved, the losses reduced materially. It is also recognized that if almost any epi- zootic occurs among horses—e. ¢., pneumonia, glanders-farcy, or influenzas—it is very much more fatal in badly ventilated stables than in stables where other conditions prevail. An oft quoted example is one concerning the French cavalry wherein it appears as a matter of record that an actual mortality of 19 per cent. was reduced to less than 7 per cent. within a few years by merely increasing air space. Boston suffered an his- torical outbreak of influenza among horses in the late ’50’s, and we are told that in these stables grouped as ‘‘ good,” “ fair,” and 7. Py ‘on SEE EES Sia STABLE VENTILATION. 827 “bad,” according to heat, light, dryness, and ventilation, that they gave a respective mortality in proportion of 1, 3 and 5s. We can easily accept a revised definition of ventilation and regard these statements as very probable. We need only to re- vise the explanation. It is perhaps not too early to express a preliminary opinion based on present available information and with the quoted definitions of health in mind: That when animals confined in unventilated stables are in- juriously affected, it is so because of lack of exercise, lack of sunshine, and a concentration of pathogenic microdrganisms : That the amount of CO, present under any probable condi- tions of stabling, or any probable lack of oxygen is not seriously important : That the amount of ammonia which accumulates under any ordinary conditions may be disagreeable, but not seriously harm- ful, except that it may possibly be slightly irritating to the ocular and nasal mucous membranes : That the amount of CO, present in an atmosphere is a very unreliable guide as to the hygienic condition of the stable or even of the air alone: That the elusive so-called organic matter if harmful at all is so because it furnishes favorable conditions and perhaps food materials for pathogenic bacteria. We may have a reasonable inference that a well-lighted but unventilated stable is very much superior from a sanitary stand- point to a supposedly well-ventilated but poorly lighted one, for the pathogenic microorganisms do not thrive in the sunlight. Apparently we need not plan our ventilating shafts, or any portion of the stable ventilation system with a special view to taking care of the carbon dioxide. Possibly CO,, within ordi- nary stable limits, is a good thing in taking care of ammonia by combination with it, forming ammonium carbonate, thus reduc- ing the loss of manurial value and lessening the disagreeable prevalence of free ammonia gas. Returning now to the original question, is ordinary chemi- 828 M. H. REYNOLDS. ically foul stable air objectionable, and subdividing this under three heads: rst, physiologically injurious (pardoning the para- dox); 2d, cause of discomfort to confined animals; 3d, inimi- cal to the owner’s profits. I feel inclined to answer concerning the first division that aside from the accumulation of disease- producing bacteria, it has not been proven, and there is some evidence to the contrary. Much more work needs to be done before we may be at all certain of our footing at several places. Second, it is not apparently a cause of discomfort. For the third division, that the question of profitable feed- ing under this condition, for milk, meat or labor is yet to be in- vestigated, and that there is practically no available evidence on this phase of the question. Dr. JAMES DESMOND, official veterinarian for South Aus- tralia, visited the Mount Serle Government Camel Depot, located deep in the country, requiring two days’ rough travelling, and castrated thirty bull camels. ‘They were cast and secured with ropes by the superintendent of the depot, assisted by natives, and the results were excellent. It has been the popular belief that this operation has a high mortality among camels. THE HorseE’s FuTURE.—The present swing of the horse- shows, more brilliant than ever before and more numerous in entries, continues to enforce the fact that the horse is among the most prized possessions of man. The amount of money spent in the purchase, fitting andexhibition of horses at these shows almost passes comprehension. It is a game at which the rich only can afford to play, except some dealers who handle horses of high enough class to win out through the advertising they obtain at the shows. It merely means that the horse both as a pleasure proposition and as a necessity for the use of city families, is in the highest possible favor and it does not at this time seem likely that any mechanical invention will displace him from this high pinnacle. Zhe Gazette advises all horse breeders who find it possible to attend one of these city horse shows and study the types on exhibition. ‘They can learn much that will be help- ful. They will see from a study of the pleasure vehicles, to which the high-priced horses are driven that animals of more bone and substance are needed than those which have been bred merely for racing purpose.—( Breeder's Gazette.) ade tai a ed Me Bian cepa REE 9 x. SEROTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 829 SEROTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DO- MESTIC ANIMALS. By ProF. E. LECLAINCHE, FRANCE. Report presented to the VIIIth International Veterinary Congress at Budapest. Trans- lated by A, Liautard. With the discovery of the attenuation of virus by Pasteur, the creation of serotherapy by von Behring marks the most magnificent victory of microby applied in medical science. Once more veterinary medicine has principally benefited by this discovery. Born of yesterday, serotherapy counts already many applications for the prevention and treatment of animal infections. Sera are prepared against tetanus, rouget of swine, streptoccocios, anthrax fever, gangrenous septiceemia, symtom- atic anthrax, aviary cholera, rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, pasteurellose (Schweineseuche), swine pest (Schweinepest), di- arthcea of calves, variola, vaccinia, septic pneumonia of calves, . . . For some of those diseases, the conditions of the practical usefulness of therapeutic sera are already established ; for others, in greater number, new researches are necessary. The dataalready obtained allow at least the giving of a general idea of the method, to lay down the conditions for its use and to meas- ure the field of its applications. That is the object of this re- port. I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SEROTHERAPY. Serotherapy utilizes one of the most general means of de- fence of the organism. The introduction in an organic centre of agents or substances able to influence anatomical elements, in particular the phago- cytes, to promote under certain conditions a more or less active elaboration of products to exercise a neutralizing action, partial or complete, upon the matters introduced. These produced 7- munizing substances are called anticorps. Anticorps pass in the plasma and particularly in the serum of the blood. The serum of the treated animals thus acquires 830 E. LECLAINCHE. neutralizing or immunizing properties towards the bodies which have served to obtain it. Active sera can be prepared in regard to living cells (mi- crobes, organic cells) or to very various substances. Two cate- gories of specific sera interest us for the present: those which result from the action either of pathogenous microbes (azd¢zmz- crobic serum), or of microbian secretions (aztztoxic serum). It must be remembered that if there exist immunizing sera exclusively antitoxic (tetanus), almost all are obtained with microbes and toxines at the same time (organic liquids or cul- tures), and that they are at the same time; with various degrees, antimicrobic and antitoxic. The most general characteristic of immunizing sera consists in their strict specificity. The serum prepared with a microbian variety is thoroughly active only in regard to it ; its action is not sufficient or absent towards other varieties. This notion is of the highest importance in the study of serotherapy. If infections from ‘“ parasites of necessity,” proceeding in all cases from a contagion immediate or not far off, are functions of germs identical between them, it is not always the same when the infection proceeds from the invasion of ‘ facultative para- sites.” The variety of conditions of maintenance in an external media is such that saprophytous microbian forms undergo un- limited variations and that the differentiation of the types be. come exceedingly precarious. If some specie like the bacillus of rouget, keep a remarkable fixity, bacteridies of various pro- ductions are no longer identical ; the deviations are more marked for the bacteria of symptomatic anthrax; their limits are un- certain with the pasteurella, the streptococci or the coli. Hence the necessity of multiplying microbian ‘“ breeds” for the preparation of some sera, and that of obtaining polyvalent sera, having an action as wide as possible. ‘The variability of microbian forms being unlimited, it is evident that it will be very difficult to obtain an ideal Aaxvalent serum, and that likely it will never be found. One can understand the only relative efficacity of some sera. SEROTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 83] In return it seems that the specificity of action of sera may serve to characterize pathological evolutions of doubtful or un- determined origin; a possible form of preventive or curative treatment by a given serum being related to the microbian spe- cie used for the preparation. The induction is just and the method attractive. Unfortunately a circumstance occurs which seriously complicates the interpretation of the results. Numerous classified affections are due to successive micro- bian invasions ; numerous modifications succeed or follow each other during any stage of the evolution. A serum active against the primitive period will let live secondary infections, which are more serious than the first ; it will appear efficacious. And again, a serum active against a secondary infection, more pre- dominant or present alone, will give the illusion of a heroic and complete interference. In fact, the identification of affections by specific sera is only sure for ‘‘ pure invasions,” that other methods of bacteriological diagnosis are sufficient to character- ize. ca : * Immunizing sera bring to the organism “ preventive sub- stances’? all prepared. Whatever may be their properties, whether more or less exclusively antimicrobic or antitoxic, sera remain comparable in their mode of action. The protecting impregnation takes place rapidly ; but it is temporary. These two essential peculiarities characterize the condition that Ehrlich has very happily called passzve zmmu- nity. Protecting matters introduced by any way, are resorbed in a few minutes and at once exercise their action. The defences of the organism are mobilized and after a few hours at most are able to resist all attacks and fight an invader. The advantages of this rapidity of action are easily perceived: serotherapy will permit to preserve individuals from a contagion, approaching very near or already existing; it will also permit to arrest an invasion already realized. By opposition, the granted protection is not lasting. The 832 E. LECLAINCHE. effect of the introduced substances does not survive them. These substances do not renew themselves, they are used or eliminated in short time. After twenty or even ten or eight days, in most cases the protection is no longer appreciable. Conditions of immunization are entirely different in vaccina- tion under its various forms (inoculation of an attenuated nor- mal virus, jennerization ... ). Here, protective substances are elaborated in the organism and by its reaction. This ‘ ac- tive immunity” is progressive and lasting. It begins shortly after the virulent insertion and is complete only ten, fifteen or twenty days after it. The immunizing secretion continues, al- though the provocating cause has ceased to act and the resis- tance slowly diminishes, to disappear only after several years in general. Those theoretical considerations dominate all the specific prophylaxy of infections: they permit to perceive and precise the indications of serotheraphy. (a.) Immunizing serum is specially Jrevenizve. It permits to protect at once individuals from a threatening or already realized contagion. Injections of serum should be renewed at short intervals if passive immunity must be kept up. (4.) Sometimes an active immunity can be obtained at once in mixing the serum and virus. This method of serovac- cinatton is more generally in use than vaccination properly so called, and it may be indicated to resort to it in preference. (c.) On account of its rapidity of action, immunizing serum is often curative. It permits to interfere advantageously in the course of an evolution already going on, to arrest it and to cure it; These three modes of utilization of serotherapy are briefly considered below. II. PREVENTIVE SEROTHERAPY. Preventive immunization by sera presents this first advan- tage, it is absolutely harmless. On the contrary, with the most perfect methods of vaccination, that is to say the inoculation of attenuated viruses, there is always’ possibility of accidents. SEROTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 833 The receptivity of the subjects inoculated varies in wide limits and such a vaccine, just sufficiently active to promote, in the great majority of cases, the necessary reaction for the creation of a refractory state, may give rise in few others to serious or fatal troubles. The conditions of those variations are so varied and so unforeseen that probably it will never be possible to avoid them entirely and that the use of vaccines will always imply certain risks. The loss resulting from immediate accidents is not the only objection to virus-vaccines. The operation is a danger to the sanitary point of view, as preventive vaccination may create a centre of contagion in a healthy region. Serotherapy would be an ideal method of immunization and of prophylaxy, if the length of duration of the granted protec- tion did not limit its use. It cannot be thought to keep up, by inoculations repeated at few days of intervals, the resistance towards a long threatening of infection and one cannot explain how the idea of utilizing sera in the prophylaxy of permanent contagions could ever be entertained. The method has precise indications: (a.) Serum is fully efficacious to avoid a temporary danger of infection. It will protect against tetanus or gangrenous septicemia, during the cicatrization of wounds. It will also allow the exposure, with impunity, of animals to a more or less sure contagion (at fairs, shows, etc.). In all those cases it is possible to keep up the immunity during the entire dangerous period. (2.) In regard to sanitary police, preventive serotherapy will render valuable services. At the beginning of an invasion of rinderpest, of foot-and-mouth disease, of variola .... it will protect the animals exposed to the contagion and avoid the heroic and expensive measure of slaughtering. The utilization of the method implies the immediate knowl- edge of the first centres of disease and their total extinction by decisive action. One cannot ask of serotherapy to arrest an extensive epizodty nor to protect large numbers of individuals 834 E. LECLAINCHE. against the unavoidable occasions of an indirect contagion, threatening for months or for years. (c.) It can be resorted to to protect temporarily certain classes of animals, notwithstanding the expenses required to keep up the refractory condition. Numerous will be the indi- cations to keep cavalry useful in time of war, to allow the exe- cution of works of urgent necessity, to save valuable individuals. (d.) The rapidity of the immunizing impregnation will allow sera to fulfill indications which vaccine could not. In already infected centres, serotherapy will immediately protect the con- taminated, prevent the contagion of the others and often save them from death. In these conditions, vaccines are powerless if the disease is of rapid diffusion and quick evolution. ‘They give a sufficient immunity only after 10, 15 or 20 days, when in a short few days the affectives are decimated or destroyed by chicken cholera, rouget, variola, etc. Vaccination will be useful to protect the contaminated in other diseases, anthrax for instance; but it may present in this case some danger. The germs of anthrax fever, symptomatic anthrax, rouget of swine... . remain in the state of sapro- phytes in the digestive tracts of the animals exposed to the in- fection, to invade the organism when some occasional circum- stance occurs. ‘The troubles resulting from the infection of the vaccines stimulate sometimes this invasion. The vaccinated succumb in various proportions, by the fact of the virulent germs introduced accidentally. It is not paradoxical to say that those vaccinated were killed, not by the vaccines, but by the vaccination. This is why, in centres seriously infected, it is prudent to resort first to an inoculation of serum. ‘This fulfills a double indication : it prevents with certainty precocious invasions, an- terior to the protection by the vaccine, and it puts the organism in a state of defence against an eventual invasion of virulent saphrophytes. ; Considered to this point of view, serotherapy is the logica : : t. 4 i . ‘ ; i. i | 4 ‘ = e 4 i | . | ¢ j SEROTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 835 complement of vaccination. The systematic use of Areventive vaccinations would without doubt restrain the utilization of sera to exceptional invasions outside of the ordinary centres. But experience shows that this general practice of vaccinations cannot be looked for. Interested owners always hope that con- tagion will be spared to their district or their animals. They will not go to an immediate expense so as to escape a danger which they consider far from them and uncertain. On the con- trary, they are ready for all sacrifices as soon as the disease is among their stock or close by. Serotherapy will interfere eff- caciously at this ultimate period; the contaminated shall be treated with the serum and vaccinated afterwards. III. SEROVACCINATION. Immunizing sera find another mode of utilization by their association with viruses. It then becomes possible to confer at once, with a minimum of danger, a strong and lasting actzve immunity. With vaccination proper, the normal defences of the organ- ism are attacked with attenuated viruses, unable to give rise to a severe development of the disease. With serovaccination, the serum introduced in the organism increases its resistance, mobilizes all its forces and it becomes possible to associate with it either viruses scarcely attenuated or even normal vir- _ uses. The association of serum with a virus implies different mo- dalities. One can: 1, inoculate successively the virus and after the serum ; 2, inoculate at the same time, in different parts, the serum and the virus; 3, inoculate successively the serum and then the virus; 4, inoculate the sero-virus mixture. It is easy to appreciate that the use of these various methods b depends on the respective powers of the serum and of the virus. , If the evolution progresses rather slowly and that one has a very active serum, the infection can be allowed to manifest it- self in some degree and then stop it, after a variable time, by the injection of the serum. The time between the two inocula- 836 E. LECLAINCHE. tions shall always be so much more shortened that the invasion is more difficult to control and one will, in some infections, be obliged to inject at the same time and in different parts, the serum and the virus. Finally, again, it will be better or neces- sary to placethe organism in a state of defence before attacking ~ it and then the serum shall be introduced a few hours before the virus. The szmultaneous method has a precious advantage, as it saves the double interference at a strictly fixed time. Experience shows that it is practicable most ordinarily, even for infections which progress rapidly, as rinderpest and rouget of swine. At any rate, there are powerful means of regulation in the fixation of respective doses of serum and of virus, as well as in the selec- tion of a virus with desirable activity. A last mode of association of the serum with the virus con- sists in the inoculation of a mixture of the two. The method is not at all identical to that of simultaneous inoculation. I have on various occasions shown that effects entirely different are obtained by inoculating the serum and the virus or the sero-virus mixture. For instance, for symptomatic anthrax, given doses of serum and of virus which remain harmless inoc- ulated, when mixed will kill with certainty, if inoculated at the same time but separately. With a direct action upon the virus—reduced to its mini- mum by the extemporaneous preparation of the mixture—local actions are exercised upon the tissues by the introduced serum. This one assists the local defence no doubt in neutralizing the toxine and facilitating phagocytose. In these conditions, the 4 destruction of the virus can take place zz statw and there is no active, lasting immunity ; the animals treated have only a pas- sive temporary immunity ; they are not vaccinated. ‘The same exists for symptomatic anthrax, after the inoculation to guinea- 4 pigs of a sero-virus mixture. On the contrary, most ordinarily the inoculation of the sero- virus mixture iS immunizing to the same title as simultaneous F | or successive inoculations of serum and of virus. ‘The nervo- ~ SEROTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 837 restraining action exercised locally upon the virus does not in- terfere with the vaccinating evolution and it is a warranty of the innocuity of the operation. And besides the technic of the oper- ation is much simplified. The sero-virus mixture must be prepared at the time of its use: a possible alteration of the virus at the contact with the serum will be avoided as well as the annoyances resulting from the presence of small precipitates. This association, of course, is only possible in using pure sera, without antiseptics added. This requirement is practically realizable and pure sera pre- pared and preserved aseptically can be obtained in French lab- oratories. The complications resulting from the use of antiseptised sera for sero-vaccination are quite serious. Injections must be made in different regions with different syringes. With pure serum, the mixture with the virus is made in the syringe and one injection only is required. The various methods of serovaccination are already applied for the prevention of rinderpest, rouget, anthrax fever, variola. . . . The method can be applied with most varied combinations and with all requirements. It is more in use than vaccination by attenuated viruses and is superior to it in some points. It is proved that the immunity which is granted is so much greater that the organism has been more severely attacked by the virus-vaccine. In the pasteurian vaccination, two viruses of different strengths are used, but both are notably attenuated. Serovaccination does at once give such a resistance that for the second inoculation a strong dose of virus can be used, scarcely attenuated or even normal. Let us see with an example: Pasteurian vaccination against rouget requires two inocula- tions made 12 days apart, with ovme-eighth of c.c. of attenuated virus. With serovaccination, half of one cubic centimetre of normal virus can be injected with the serum and 12 days later _ one-half of one cubic centimetre of virus also normal. Theory indicates and experience shows that by this last S38 E. LECLAINCHE. process an immunity more complete and lasting is granted more than with attenuated viruses. Serovaccination has again the advantage to reduce at an in- significant measure the losses following the operation. If there are great differences, permanent or temporary, in the receptivity of animals towards one inoculated virus, all those that are treated present, during the period of defensive suractivity which constitutes passive immunity, a comparable degree of resistance. It cannot be said that serovaccination is without danger nor that inoculation of a virus is never indifferent. It is indispen- sable that the serum and virus should be associated in proper proportions and according to their respective powers. I have shown that there exists in relation to this point an optimum connection and that the addition of too strong a dose of serum may as well as that of one too weak promote microbian invasion. The serum obtained from hyperimmunized animals may lose its properties and positively become predisposing ; sero-vaccines will kill inoculated animals, while the virus used alone will pro- duce accidents without severity. It is no doubt to variations in the immunizing value of the produced serum that must be attributed the accidents recorded some time ago in Germany with the sero-vaccines used against anthrax fever and rouget. Therefore the preparation of sero-vaccines requires constant attention. The origin of possible accidents being known, they will certainly be avoided by-a severe primary test of a// utilized collections of-serum. IV. CURATIVE SEROTHERAPY. Immunizing, antimicrobian or antitoxic sera do not act only as preventive agent ; they also have an action on the evolu- tions that are already started. Treatment by sera constitutes true specific medication and it is impossible to foresee the limits of its applications. The curative power of sera varies according to various infec- tions. It depends together from the activity of elaborated tox- — = q } 4 4 13 , a j SEROVTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 839 ines, from the rapidity of their resorption, from their fixation and finally from the stability of the combinations that they form with the cellular contents. In tetanus, it is already too late to interfere when the first symptoms appear. ‘Those are functions of an irremediable in- toxication of the nervous cell; the serum can neutralize the circulating free toxine; it is powerless against the fixed tox- ine. For other affections, toxines give rise at once on such cells, according to their electivity, to intoxications more or less serious and more or less lasting, which remain notwithstanding the sup- port of the antitoxines and which compromise the success of the treatment. By opposition, numbers of sera have curative properties well marked and some of them possess a marvellous efficacity. In a general way, sera are active during the first stages of microbian invasions. One understands that the useful period to interfere with them is so much limited that the infection de- velops more rapidly. Practical applications of serotherapy will already be subordinate to the ordinary course of the disease. In anthrax fever, serotherapy shall give manifest results in the treatment of the subacute external forms in man or animals ; it can also be resorted to in some cases of internal anthrax of cattle; but it shall be fatally powerless in subacute attacks. Again, in a general sense, recovery is so much more certain and complete that the treatment is applied early. In a few minutes, with one single injection, a disease will be cut short at its beginning ; a longer treatment and repeated in- jections will be necessary to master an extensive invasion. - Finally the effects of the medication are subordinated to the imminence of the mixed injections. ‘The specific serum will allow microbian crops, suradded or even substituted to the first, to subsist. An active serum against the various pathogenous species would alone be entirely efficacious and the variety of secondary invasions would require a “ polyvalency ” unboundly limited. $40 E. LECLAINCHE. In pure infections, the action of the serum seems sometimes miraculous. In rouget of swine, the disease is arrested in a few minutes in an advanced period; pigs already red are returned to life and cured in a few hours. The multiplicity of the conditions required for the efficacity of curative sera explains the part yet very limited that these play in therapeutics. The magnificent results obtained in the treatment of diphtheria and of rouget has not been found again with other diseases. Only partial successes have been obtained in the treatment of anthrax fever and of the streptococcics. For other sera the facts published to this day do not permit an authorized judgment. However, one must not ignore a curious application of sero- therapy in the treatment of post-vaccinal accidents. The few infections consecutive to the vaccination against rouget are very easily aborted with serum. It is sufficient to watch the vacci- nated and to make an injection if the coudition seems alarming in the days that follow the virulent inoculation. By this way the losses are reduced to naught. The same interference is in- dicated with vaccinations against anthrax in sheep and espe- cially in horses and cattle. The applications of serotherapy are multiplying in every direction and they are called to assume considerable importance. Microbian diseases are not the only ones amenable to that treat- ment. Already, immunizing sera are prepared against various intoxications and it can be presumed that some auto-intoxica- tions will one day be efficaciously treated by similar processes. The specific toxicity of sera towards organic cells will, no doubt, be utilized, and on that side also we can perceive numerous ap- plications. The difficulties of such study are great; patient and mi- nute researches alone bring definitive solutions. ‘The enthu- siasm stimulated by the acquired results explains the number of hasty publications and premature conclusions, but without justifying them. i} FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. S41 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. By WILLIAM F. WAuGH, M. D., CHICAGO, ILL. There are still a good many dark corners in medicine, and not a few of these might be cleared up were we to turn into them the light obtained from a study of the diseases of ani- mals. The present day sees the problems presented by malaria and yellow fever solved by a study of the mosquito. The spread of typhoid fever by the housefly, of tuberculosis by the bedbug, of plague by the fleas appertaining to rats and dogs, are more or less established. The diseases of animals, especially the domes- ticated beasts, transmissible to man, have been studied from one side or the other; but as yet the facts elicited by the physician of human beings and the modern veterinarian have not perhaps been correlated as closely as they might be. I have thought it might be worth while to present a brief sketch of this malady known as the foot-and-mouth disease, as it appears in man, with the hope that some of your readers may contribute something as yet unknown to us, that may aid in es- tablishing the recognition of the disease and its most effective management. The malady in question affects cattle, sheep, pigs and other domestic animals. It is an acute infection that spreads with unexampled rapidity. The period of incubation is less than five days. The attack begins with fever, and little vesicles ap- pear on the mucous membrane of the mouth, that enlarge and ulcerate. The animal wastes rapidly. The disease appears also upon the udders, the milk becomes yellowish, and becomes mu- coid in consistence. Tothe human species the infection is conveyed by the milk, and hence children are the usual sufferers. Milk products such as butter and cheese also convey the infection. It causes fever, diarrhoea and vomiting, an eruption of the intertrigo type, and an aphthous deposit on the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx. Hzemorrhages are common in some epidemics, of which some are quite fatal, though the mortality averages about $42 WILLIAM F. WAUGH. 8 per cent. Filters of unglazed porcelain arrest the passage of the smallest microorganisms known, but the virulence of the vesicular lymph remains after passing through these filters (Loeffler). The flesh of affected animals is not believed to carry this infection, and it seems likely that heat destroys it. If this be so, the milk may be rendered harmless by boiling. The only treatment suggested by the text-books on medicine is the application of powerful germicides, as strong as the tis- sues will bear, and frequently repeated. No special agent has been shown to be best suited to this affection, but saturated sali- cylic acid solutions, and lactic acid, have proved useful in other aphthous conditions. The strength of the patient should be carefully maintained by judicious feeding and suitable tonics. So far the books carry us. Limiting themselves to measures that have stood the test of time, anything experimental would naturally be excluded from their pages. But as there is nothing of any value in their limits, we are perforce driven to let the patient get through the best way he can, unaided, or to use some of the methods as yet on trial. Some of us have learned to credit pilocarpine with a remark- able power of combatting certain forms of invading microdrgan- isms, and especially the smallest known forms, such as the micrococci. The control exerted by this alkaloid over-erysipe- las has scarcely a parallel in the established therapeutics. Those who have employed this remedy in scarlatina report results little inferior. Its effects in foot-and-mouth disease might wisely be investigated. A dose of this agent sufficient to cause slight sweating or salivation will check erysipelas, and if the action is sustained by cumulative dosage the eruption gradually retreats until it is extinguished; but if the remedy is suspended before the complete disappearance of the eruption it will at once com- mence to spread at the edges and be reproduced. The control exerted over boils and other forms of suppura- tion by calcium sulphide has long been known. It is necessary to give the drug until the body has been so saturated with it that the breath and perspiration exhale the odor of suiphureted FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 843 hydrogen. This is best accomplished by administering small doses very frequently—gr. | every half hour until the charac- teristic odor has developed. Larger doses are frequently em- ployed, but they are apt to cause nausea before saturation has been reached. A considerable mass of evidence has accumulated showing the efficacy of calcium sulphide thus employed, in aborting gonor- thcea. Doses reaching 50 grains in 24 hours have been found effec- tive, and harmless, in acute forms. In France especially, and toa less extent in this country the sulphide has been employed as:a specific remedy for diphtheria, and many cases have been saved by it which were seen too late for antitoxin. It is impossible for any man of judicial temperament to peruse the reports of Robert Tissot and other French clinicians and not realize that we have in the sulphide the means of saving many of these lit- tle ones, who are lost by those who look upon antitoxin as the only remedy—and dismiss cases coming after the fourth day as the dentist does the party with the toothache—should have ap- plied sooner! Studies of the phenomena of leucocytosis have directed atten- tion tothe utility of nuclein, which when administered in doses not exceeding a drachm daily, of the standard solution, cause an increase in the number and the activity of the polynuclear or phagocytic forms. Under the prevailing belief as to the func- tions of these bodies this indicates the probable value of nuclein in ali diseases dependent upon the presence in the body of in- vading microorganisms. As this appears to add to the natural resisting powers of the body it is rather a special food than a medicine. Since nuclein does not produce such tangible and easily recognized effects as may be caused by carthartics of by vascular depressants, the physician must rely on results rather than direct observation to estimate its value. But nuclein cer- tainly causes leucocytosis as described, and whatever this is worth in the conflict with living disease-causes, we get from the temedy. The prognosis is largely influenced by the strength of the $44 WILLIAM F. WAUGH. patient’s resistance against the invading disease. Experience has shown that the vital force is developed or incited, by the persistent use of strychnine in doses regulated by the vascular tension, aided by digitalin when the heart displays special weak- ness, or modified by aconitine if there are areas of vascular spasm, and by veratrine if the elimination is notably deficient or the heart action is unduly excited. The use of these four remedies combined according to the needs, constitutes the basic treatment of the febrile state, Aer se. To this should always be conjoined the use of cathartics and intestinal antiseptics, since it has been ascertained that a large proportion of the symptom- complex, in any inflammatory or febrile malady, is directly due to the decomposition of the contents of the alimentary canal and autotoxeemia from absorption of the products. Calomel er. 4 and jalapin gr. ,3, repeated every half hour for six doses, and then followed by a sufficient saline laxative, may be first given ; this to be repeated until the bowels have been surely unloaded ; meantime the sulphocarbolates of zinc, soda and lime, should be given in doses of about 30 grains a day, more or less, until all unpleasant odor has disappeared from the stools; then just enough to keep up this effect. About 30 per cent. of the totality of the symptoms will have subsided by this time—and we think it is a pretty ordinary sort of a doctor who cannot bring a patient through safely when relieved of this much of his task. How much of this method is applicable to such maladies as they appear in domestic animals? ‘The same principles apply universally even though the details may vary widely. What is the best local antiseptic for application to the aph- thous patches? Lactic, benzoic, boric and salicylic acids; chlo- rine, iodine, bromine ; iodoform and its congeners, europhen, aristol and iodol; peroxide of hydrogen ; the volatile oils; re- sorcin; phenol, lysol, tricresol ; the corrosive salts of mercury, silver, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium ; arsenious acid ; and this is not a complete list by any means. One or other of these must be better than the rest—which is it ? Bad hygienic surroundings determine malignancy in all the 4 ve Pd > ‘g FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 845 group of infectious fevers as affecting mankind—is this equally true as regards animals similarly affected, or does continued contact with such morbific agencies beget immunity ? Should these things be too old a story to justify the Editor in printing any replies that may be sent to him, in the pages of the veterinary journal he so ably conducts, the writer believes the information sufficiently novel and valuable to the physician dealing with human beings to warrant its publication in a periodical circulating exclusively among M. D.’s, with whose editorial staff the writer is connected. VETERINARIAN UNDER NO COMPULSION To TREAT CASES. —Is a veterinary surgeon compelled to visit a horse when called upon in the district in which he is practicing, his fee being of- fered him before coming, and the horse dying through his neg- lect? What stepscan be taken ?—Swdhscrzber. Aus.—No, it is entirely at his own option whether he attends a case or not.— (Farmer's Advocate.) Dr. ADOLPH EICHHORN,whilein attendance upon the VII Ith International Veterinary Congress at Budapest, met Drs. Theiler and Stockman, of South Africa, who became much interested in the American method of dipping for the eradication of ticks. They asked Dr. Eichhorn to furnish them with a description of the Bureau system, saying that our method will be tried there, and should the oil not prove too expensive, it will probably be adopted. DESPITE the high entrance a of the Regents (48 counts), the New York-American Veterinary College has about twenty students in the freshman class. More than twenty-five earnest applicants were debarred from entrance through the rule that they must have 36 counts on entering. It seemsa pity that so many well-equipped young men are prevented from obtaining their education in veterinary science at schools which were al- ready far in advance in requirements of any in the country. The higher standard is, of course, the goal to which the profes- sion aspires finally, but it might be a more healthy growth if the schools outside of the Empire State moved up a peg, and those within the State remained where they were for a longer period, turning out men with a basic foundation fit for any superstructure. 846 REPORTS OF CASES. REPORTS OF CASES. ** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edihce ot pathological science.’’ A FEW CASES TREATED WITH ANTI-STREPTOCOCCIC SERUM.* | By Dr. J. G. PARSLOw, Iowa. It is in a brief way that I will review a few cases in which I have used the serum treatment during the past season. _Proba- bly some of you will consider those exceptional cases and hold me as being rather enthusiastic over results obtained. I believe, however, that all who will use this line of treatment with good judgment will hail it as one of the greatest therapeutical agents yet placed in the veterinarian’s hands. And I further believe that the efficacy of this particular serum will be found in many other forms of trouble than those cited by me here. I have grouped the cases, rather than give them in rotation as I met them. Case No. 7.—Brown mare, 7 years old, 1,350 pounds. Pur- pura hzemorrhagica: temperature 105%°F., pulse 70, exten- sive tumefaction of lips, face, breast, abdomen, thighs and legs. ‘Treatment.—For two days following my first visit this patient received a judicious amount of the following in- gredients: iron terchl., quinine, tinct. ergot, alcohol, spirits of terebinth., potash chlorate, creosote (beechwood), without favor- able results. In the meantime I provided myself with serum, and at this time gave 10 c.c. of it hypodermically. Restric- ted other treatment while I remained with the case, about five hours. During this time the temperature dropped two degrees. The pulse improved considerably in tone. I left iron sul- phate, quinine, pot. chlorate powders and alcoholic stimulants. This case being some distance from the office, I did not see it again, but inquired and directed by’phone. The favorable reports that I received daily from my patient convinced me of the merits in the new treatment. Though she received but one dose, there followed what I consider a rapid recovery froma very severe case. Case No. 2.—Bay gelding, 4 years old, 1,100 pounds. Pur- pura: temperature 10314°, pulse 58, light tumefaction about nostrils, abdomen and legs. Gave to c.c. of serum, hypodermi- * Read before the Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association, Jan, 25-26, 1905. ak REPORTS OF CASES. 847 cally, and left iron sulphate, quinine, pot. chlorate powders, with alcoholic stimulants. Did not visit case again : inquired and directed by ’phone. Stimulants administered but two days, when swelling almost gone. Powders continued for seven days, when case was discharged. Case No. 3.— September 9 : Bay gelding, 4 years, weightr, 400 pounds. Purpura, very acute, following a severe case of epizo- Otic cellulitis. Temperature 10514°, pulse 60. No desire for food. Abdomen tucked, extensive tumefaction of lips, face and all the joints of the legs, acute pain in right hind leg. Gave 10 c.c of the serum hypodermically, alcoholic stimulants three times a day. September ro: temperature 102°, pulse 56, eating some, leg not so painful, swelling slightly disappearing. Repeated the serum and continued stimulants. September 11: tempera- ture 101 ¥4", pulse 52, eating well, bearing considerable weight on leg, swellings rapidly subsiding. The serum was discon- tinued and powders of iron sulphate, quinine and pot. chlorate prescribed. Three days later the case was doing so nicely the stimulants were dropped. The powders were continued for ten days more, when nearly all traces of disease were gone. The patient had rapidly fleshed up and was practically discharged September 26. October 2, the owner called to tell me the horse had caught a slight cold that was causing him to make a wheez- ing noise in breathing. I gave him a few pot. chlorate powders to give him in feed and a terebinth. liniment to apply to the throat. ‘I'wo days later, or October 4, the owner thought the horse some better, but on the 6th, however, he was worse. On the morning of the 8th he so alarmed the owner that I was called. On arriving at the farm gate, I could hear my patient quite plainly. He was experiencing considerable difficulty in getting sufficient air. Looking him over, I noted that he had done well since I had last seen him, outside of the present tucked condition. There were some traces of the former trou- ble at knees and hocks—very little, however. Temperature now 105", pulse 52. All the trouble seemed to be in the glottis. Diagnosis : cedema of the glottis. Treatment: concluded to try Tallianine, so ro c.c. were given, intravenously. Terebinth liniment well rubbed into the throat. 9th, no better. Repeat- ed same treatment. roth, not quite so well, pulse and tempera- ture about the same, but breathing showed more inclination to strangle at times. I had little hopes of a tube doing other than prolonging life, so concluded to change treatment and risk him another day. I now gave 10 c.c. of serum, hypodermically, 5 S845 REPORTS OF CASES. c.c. on either side, immediately over the glottis. Liniment ap- plied as before. 11th, called up owner by ’phone. Held my breath while he related the fact that the horse was much better. I had liniment continued to throat and prescribed vegetable tonics in feed for seven days, when all symptoms had disappear- ed. ‘This patient continued to build up as rapidly as one could possibly be expected to. Case No. 4.—Colt, two weeks old. Pervious urachus. May 8: patient dull and listless, muco-purulent discharge from Schneid- erian membrane. ‘The urachus was sterilized as well as possible and ligated in common with a portion of the surrounding tis- sues. May 10: patient appeared about the same, though pre- pectoral glands somewhat swollen. ‘The ligature was now re- moved from urachus and by means of a probe the channel was searched for an inch or so, to ascertain if an abscess was form- ing above the ligature. A small amount of pus was found and washed out. The urachus remained closed above this point, so ligature was not replaced. May 11: on arriving learned the colt had been exposed to a cold rain the evening before. A careful examination at this time showed the patient to be suf- fering from a severe case of bronchial pneumonia. Temperature 106°. The prepectoral glands were much more swollen and pain- ful, caused, I think, by the streptococcic equi (strangles). Also left hock slightly swollen, hot and painful, as the result of in- fection by the urachus, although the latter appeared to be doing nicely. Warmed clothing was now placed about the chest and 2% c.c. of the serum given, hypodermically. May 12: colt looked some better ; temperature 104°. The serum was repeated. May 13: apparently much improved ; temperature 103°. Swell- ings in breast receding, also heat and pain in hock diminishing. Again repeated serum. May 14: the case was reported by ’phone to be all right, so far as client could see. May 17: dropped in to see colt and found him quite playful. Without going into details on any further cases, I wish to say that I have used the serum treatment in several severe cases of strangles, where the glands in the region of the throat were involved to such an extent as to leave the patient in a hazardous condition, only to find that in 24 hours much relief was mani- fested by the eating and the drinking of the subject, the hot and painful swellings fast cooling and relaxing, while the abscess was hastened in defining itself, preparatory to lancing. Two cases of pyczemia treated with it, one held out little or no hope to commence with and died in 24 hours; the other ei REPORTS OF CASES. ‘ 849 gave very desirable results from the one dose it received, and had it been repeated, as I feel now it should, there might have been a different ending to the story. RABIES IN A HORSE. By P. V. WEAVER, D. V. M., Brooklyn, N. Y. This occurred in a gray gelding, seventeen years old, used on a milk delivery wagon and never known to have been sick before. The animal seemed well up to October 14th, when slight nervous symptoms were noticed, which were aggravated upon the slightest provocation, the horse plungiug, champing the bit and difficult to control. The horse was returned to the stable by the driver as unmanageable. The stableman, supposing he hada case of staggers, attempt- ed to scarify. the palate, but fortunately did not carry out his purpose. On the morning of the 15th the patient was found trembling, extremely nervous, having a peculiar twitching motion of the lips, kicking viciously and biting at the manger. An abraded and contused wound was found over the eye, caused by the ani- mal rubbing it at intervals against the wall, and bleeding from a wound on the lips. The horse was isolated for destruction, and later found eat- ing his own manure and chewing the skin from the fore legs. When an object was placed before him, as a stick, he would ‘snap at it like a dog, and a piece of coal he ground to a powder. When left alone for a time the violent symptoms would abate, but the extreme nervousness was continuous, as noted in the trembling of muscles, twitching of the lips and startled appear- ance. In the evening violent symptoms appeared and in one mad paroxysm he completely fractured the tibia, which broke witha loud crack. The animal was then destroyed. VETERINARY SURGEON DESMOND, of Adelaide, South Aus- tralia, who has been delivering a series of popular lectures on diseases of domestic animals to farmers and breeders on behalf of his government, has temporarily suspended them to investi- gate a very prevalent disease of cattle which is locally known as “dry bible,” or impaction of the omasum. 850 SURGICAL ITEMS. SURGICAL ITEMS. By Drs. Louis A. AND EDWARD MERILLAT, CHICAGO, ILL. Surgical Advancement.—Although the field of veterinary surgery must always remain a limited one as compared with that of human surgery, there is still a broad field ahead for im- provement, both in the number of surgical diseases and in the quality of our surgical work. Our surgery is still crude, but strides are being made in the right direction. We are perform- ing more operations and we are performing them more intelli- gently than formerly. Better and longer college curricula, higher standards of matriculation and the educational influence of veterinary associations are having a telling effect in bringing the art of surgery toward the desired goal. The urgent demand of the day is to improve our surgical technique rather than to enlarge the scope of surgical intervention. ‘To improve our surgical work we should strive to master the art of restraint, to learn appropriate methods of relieving pain, to intelligently cope with hemorrhage, and to apply methods that will defeat microbian invasion into our surgical wounds. ‘To broaden the scope of surgery we must become better diagnosticians and better pathologists. Surgery can be successfully practiced only by competent men, whose education is ample and who do not lack an abundance of natural aptitude. A carpenter, black- smith or engineer possessed of practical judgment and a good education will always make a good surgeon. ‘The physician may give harmful medicines or improper directions for the care of the sick without exposing his ignorance of the disease under treatment, but the surgeon at each operation, must either reveal his skill or expose his deficiency. Ability to make correct de- ductions, to predict probable events, to operate well and to manage the after-care of patients are therefore essential attain- ments. ' Post-Mortem Examinations.—Failure to hold autopsies on all the available subjects is probably one of the most palpable mis- takes of the present-day veterinarian. In spite of the fact that much may be learned at each post-mortem examination made, and that accuracy in diagnosis must depend largely upon what is learned from such investigations, we still manifest a strong in- clination to neglect this manner of study. The post-mortem examination should be made the basis for our study of pathol- I OE Or ts 8 Se SURGICAL ITEMS. 851 ogy after leaving college. They should be methodically and skilfully carried out and in the manner to expose to view all of the organs of the body orat least all of the structures of the par- ticular part diseased. A careless or shiftless autopsy may be more misleading than instructive. Deductions from the post-mortem may usually be made by a macroscopic examination of the dis- eased organs. Occasionally it may be necessary to select speci- mens for the laboratory. In this connection the practitioner needs only to be proficient in the use of the appropriate “ field outfit’ for this purpose. The so-called research work, although mighty essential, cannot very well be continued to any great advantage in practice, as the qualifications of the research worker are essentially different from those of the surgeon. And besides the field of research and the field of practice are too broad for any one man to master. The full duty of the surgeon is done when he has intelligently submitted the pathological tissues to the experienced laboratory investigator, who by virtue of his special training is able to decide problems that the prac- titioner cannot hope to solve. By holding autopsies on the sub- jects we have had the opportunity of observing during the prog- ress of a disease is the only manner by which we are able to connect certain special symptoms with certain particular patho- logical processes. It begets the confidence in diagnosis that a practitioner desires to possess. ‘To examine our diseased dead will lead a step farther toward perfection in diagnosis, and per- fection in diagnosis will in turn bring the reward that all prac- titioners of surgery and medicine strive to attain, namely, suc- cessful treatment, whether surgical, hygienic or medicinal. Every post-mortem examination that is carefully made will suggest something of value or reveal some important feature of the disease that had not been previously taken into account. The diagnosis of diseases of dumb animals is so difficult that any veterinarian is very liable to error, not only in the diagno- sis but also in the performance of operations based upon wrong _ decisions. And while such errors must be expected in the con- ' tingencies of a surgical practice, they would be few and far be- tween if we learned our diagnosis from post-mortems. Knowl- edge thus acquired leads to diagnoses that announce the real pathological processes and not merely the name of the disease. Malignant Gdema is a disease that is occastonal/y encoun- tered by the American veterinarian. Some old practitioners claim to have seen numerous cases in a life-time, others have seen several, while not a few practitioners of wide experience ~ / 852 SURGICAL ITEMS. deny ever having recognized the disease at all. It is a very acute, very grave, and very fatal infectious malady resulting as a complication of accidental or surgical wounds, manifesting itself 24 to 48 hours after infliction of the injury, by the appear- ance of a hot, painful, rapidly-growing swelling containing gas that produces a crepitant sound on palpation. The cedema advances rapidly and at the same time causes serious systemic disturbances (dejection, pyrexia, anorexia, colic, etc.), from which the patient succumbs after three or four days of suffering. The disease has many points in common with symptomatic anthrax of young cattle. Like the latter, it has a brisk onset, course and termination, is due to an anerobic bacterium, and is mani- fested clinically by the appearance of an advancing emphysema- tous swelling that is hot, painful and crepitant and that soon becomes necrotic at the infected centre. In fact it could not easily be distinguished from any one isolated case of black-leg. Unlike black-leg, however, it is not a contagious disease in the generally-accepted use of the term. It is a simple accidental wound infection, like tetanus, and is not transmissible from one animal to another except by direct inoculation of the virus into a suitable abrasion. Malignant cedema affects the horse, the ox, the dog, the sheep and the goat. In this country no special reference has ever been made to the disease except in the horse. Whether the disease is really very rare in America or whether the veterinarian has not taken it into account remains to be seen: Law refers to it casually, while Moore does not include it among the infectious diseases of domestic animals. French veterinarians have recognized the disease since 1825, and Pasteur in the 60’s, while searching for the virus of anthrax, found the specific microorganism, which he called the septzc vebrzon. Koch refers to it asthe Bacillus wdematis maligni. It is a spore-form- ing rod, anzrobic, motile and 3 to 5 microns long by I micron broad. It is found abundantly in rich earth, dust and feeces, and also in the blood of the liver and portal vein of animals that have died from acute intestinal disorders or asphyxia, especially when the carcass has been expused to a high temperature. That the microorganism is not a rare creature is shown by the fact that rabbits will die from malignant cedema in twenty-four to forty-eight hours after subcutaneous inoculations with garden earth. When the bacillus is experimentally inoculated under the skin of any animal it immediately produces the characteris- tic phenomena above described. Blood inoculations are com- paratively innocuous. Chauveau claimed that one attack con- SURGICAL ITEMS. 8h3 ferred a lasting immunity against subsequent attacks. Experi- mental immunization with attenuated virus has proven a failure on account of being too transitory for any practical use. ‘The disease seems to be very common in Europe and may even be much more frequent in America than is generally supposed. It is quite safe to opine that many cases of acute, fatal blood-poi- sonings of domestic animals, especially those accompanied with considerable cedema, are due to infections of this bacterium. During the last four years we have met the disease a number of times in the horse, but we have never encountered it in the other animals. In our observations it resulted once from a puncture in the upper third of the scapular region, once from an operation upon a fistula of the withers, once from puncture sustained by falling with the shoulder upon a horse-shoe lying in the street with the nails upward, once from a saddle sore that was tampered with by an incompetent surgeon, and numerous cases from nail pricks in the feet. In all of the cases except the third one enumerated the wound was either sustained in a dusty abandoned place or else the patient was kept in such an environ- ment during the healing of the wound. ‘The first case sustained the puncture of the shoulder by coming in contact with a wagon standing in a dusty unused shed, and the one that followed the fistula operation occurred in a horse that was placed in an aban- doned dusty part of a large barn after the operation had been performed, In this case the infection occurred some two weeks after the operation and was evidently due to infection carried into the wound by the attendant who had charge of its care. Malignant cedema from nail wounds is a subject that requires further investigation. We have never made a pathological di- agnosis of the cases met, although the symptoms, both local and systemic, which are always plain, clearly indicated that the cases were typical. About thirty to forty-eight hours after picking up the nail the subject begins to show unusual signs of distress and very severe lameness. On paring the hoof no pus will be found, but instead a small amount of froth will bubble from the wound. ‘The systemic disturbance will continue incessantly, the pulse will beat seventy, the respirations will be greatly accelerated, the temperature is from 105° to 106° Fahr., and the anorexia is complete. ‘The patient will either refuse to lie down at all or else will rise and lie down frequently asif suffering from intestinal pain. On the third day the hoof will show signs of becoming loose and without suppurating will usually fall off on ; the fourth or fifth day unless the animal dies sooner. In some 854 SURGICAL ITEMS. cases the hoof retains its hold at the coronet and the cedema extends up the leg. The pathognomonic feature is the total absence of suppuration during the progress of the disease. Treatment.—The cases resulting from nail punctures to the feet are always fatal. Appropriate treatment would consist of free amputation of the infected part so as to admit air into the wound. Hydrogen peroxide irrigations should also be bene- ficial. When the disease occurs on the surface of the body a cure may be effected providing the nature of the disease is rec- ognized early, by freely incising the skin around the entire area. The incisions should be one to two iuches long and about two inches apart, and in addition the skin should be sep- arated from the subjacent parts by the insertion of a blunt in- strument into the incisions. Injections of hydrogen peroxide into the incisions are also helpful. If the disease subsequently traverses beyond the line of the incisions another line of in- cisions is made around the new area. ALL of the American delegates to the VIIIth International Veterinary Congress have returned to the States—Drs. Pearson, Moore, Kelly and Eichhorn. Dr. Pearson received the distinc- tion of being elected to the committee to arrange the programme for the next Congress, to be held at The Hague, in 1909. He also took part in the discussion on immunization of cattle against tuberculosis, and on that occasion addressed the Congress in German, a good authority saying that the Doctor spoke with re- markable thoroughness for a foreigner. A VERSATILE VETERINARIAN.—One of the old features of interest at the [Riverhead, L. I.] fair and a feature that fair- goers never tire of watching, is the horsemanship of Dr. A. E. Parry, a veteran cowboy, who has been track marshal for many years. The doctor was brought up on the western plains as a cowpuncher. He isa close friend of Buffalo Bill. Even though he has been away from the West for many years, he has lost none of his skill in throwing the lariat. Many a bad accident has been averted on the track through a runaway when his long lasso has gracefully circled over the head of the runaway and brought him up with a round turn. Dr. Parry always rides a real cow pony, which seems to know as much about the cow business as the doctor himself. Many fairgoers have witnessed this cowboy lasso a runaway in the past, but they have been denied this pleasure so far this year as all the horses have been behaving themselves pretty well.—(Brooklyn Eagle.) Snes SS i sal laaliteary tier — CORRESPONDENCE. 85 CORRESPONDENCE. or HOW THE GERMANS LEARNED TO CASTRATE CRYPTORCHIDS. BUFFALO, N. Y., October 9, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review: DEAR Sirs :—None are perfect, so “ give the Devil his due.” On page 668, AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, October, 1905, Prof. Hoffman is quoted as saying: ‘‘ Americans have much to learn from Germany.” In his diatribe on American methods he mentions an operation well known to all American veterinarians and made possible by the American emasculator. He says nothing, however, about an American demonstrating to the German schools the fact that cryptorchids cou/d be castrated with comparatively no more loss than in straight horses. The following story was told to myself and several others at the Chicago Veterinary College in 1891 by Prof. Billings: ‘““ While studying histology in Germany some years ago I ran across an American-born German who had taken his degree in Toronto. He was taking a post-graduate course in surgery. At that time the Germans were lecturing on cryptorchids and claim- ing the operation was too risky for profit, as almost every case proved fatal. This student volunteered to perform the opera- tion after the American fashion and to show how simple it was. The offer was accepted and at the appointed time the professors and students assembled. A fine animal furnished by the gov- ernment was ready for the demonstrator and after an anesthetic was administered the work started. The student was asked to explain as he went along. A professor sat on the floor at the opposite side of the animal, and when the student announced that he had the testicle the professor, who had had an under- standing with the others assisting, cut through the side, and in- setting his hand and arm caught the operator by the wrist and remarked, ‘How do you do, Dr. Wende?’ He held the hand until the others dissected down and made a careful examination of the parts, and, having killed the animal, proceeded to operate on another for practical results.” Dr. John Wende, of Buffalo, N. Y., is the man mentioned by Prof. Billings, and from his story cryptorchid castration in Ger- many as a successful operation owes its start to an American. I hope you will accept this as it was given to me, not in a boasting spirit, but merely as an illustration of what had been done by a man who was supposed to be studying new methods, 856 CORRESPONDENCE. but who found his own school far in advance of the one he was. attending in some lines. Fraternally yours, FRANK A. CRANDALL, Curator Zoblogical Park, Buffalo, N. Y. TALLIANINE AND NUCLEIN SOLUTIONS VERSUS COLLARGOLUM —LIOQUID HYDROL COMPOUNDS VERSUS VASOGEN COMPOUNDS. PROSPECT, OHIO, Oct. 16, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR SIRS :—In the August number of the AMERICAN VET- ERINARY REVIEW, Vol. XXVII., the clinical uses of Credé’s argenti colloidales were discussed in detail by the writer. Later Tallianine was offered and more recently yet a Nuclein solu- tion. The supposed action of Credé’s collargolum is a direct one, while Tallianine and Nuclein influence the course of a sep- tic state indirectly by increasing the numbers of leucocytes greatly. For some reason or other, the use of collargolum since about two years was followed by chills, hurried breathing symp- toms, which alarmed the owner of a horse greatly, and endan- gered the reputation of the surgeon. I have never seen any fa- tal results from its intravenous use, although to judge by the report of one Manitoba surgeon sent me some time ago, said gentleman concluded that the intravenous effects of collargolum are too active to suit him. Therefore Tallianine was received with pleasure. Toallianine is a better therapeutic agent in morbus maculosus than collargolum, but in septic cellulitis and lymphangitis of the hind legs of over-fed horses collargolum leads. The Nuclein solution is just as efficient as Tallianine and of as much value as collargolum. In special cases, such as lymphangitis of the hind legs of the over-fed horse, I prefer col- largolum to Tallianine and Nuclein. Whether Tallianine and Nuclein are as efficient preventives as collargolum, I have not yet had occasion to learn, while I know from former experiences that small intravenous doses of 1 per cent. solution of collargo- lum administered during catarrhal diseases of the upper air pas- sages will cause the animal to make an uneventful recovery and escape such sequels as morbus maculosus, ete. The vasogen compounds ought to be employed by every veterinarian. Those of greatest interest to us are iodine vaso- gen, creosote, pyoktanin. Since employing the vasogen com- Os rr y ———— = aro rt OBITUARY. 3 857 pounds with excellent results, I have run across liquid hydrol compounds, which are, as far as I can see, just as effective. W. E. A. WYMAN. DR. MC KILLIP’S ARYTENECTOMY OPERATION AT CLEVELAND SUCCESSFUL IN RESULT. CLEVELAND, OHIO, September 30, 1905. M. H. McKillip, M. D., V. S.. Wabash Avenue, Chicago ; DEAR SIR :—I write to inform you that the brown mare which I procured for you, for the operation of “ arytenectomy ”’ at the clinic of the A. V. M. A., has recovered. She was a typi- cal roarer and the cure is “complete.” Yours truly, W. J. TORRANCE, V. S. OBITUARY. JAMES B. RAYNER. Dr. James B. Rayner, West Chester, Pa., died from the in- firmities incident to old age, on Saturday, Sept. 30, 1905, at his home in West Chester. He was born in Lancashire, England, in 1825, and came with his father to this country in 1842. His father and all his brothers were veterinarians and highly re- spected citizens. He was a graduate of the Veterinary College of Philadelphia, was one of the early members of the United States Veterinary Medical Association, a charter member of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, and of the Keystone Veterinary Medical Association, and at the time of his death was upon the honorary roll of the two last-named organ- izations. He seldom missed a meeting of any association of which he was a member until the last year, when from failing health he was unable to leave his home, although he never failed to notify the Secretaries, to whom he expressed the deep- est regrets at his misfortune in not being able to be present. He was one of the most faithful members of our profession, and his loss will be keenly felt by his many friends. (Cc. J. M.) PURCHASER—“ When you sold me this horse you said he was without faults. Now I find he’s lame.” Horse Dealer— “Well, lameness ain’t a fault—it’s an affliction.” THE father of Veterinary Surgeon Desmond, of Adelaide, South Australia, died on Aug. 28, at Warrnambool, Victoria, aged 77. “af oe ar eeoeeveveeenene O99 O86 F.C eS B68 F.e'.8, 8.8 9) 6 0 A a DP aie 6 Srl Cle S18 e. ow OC Br ere, eB: oe eee eyes . 99°56 6. 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THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD.* By BuRTON R. ROGERS, D. V. M., CEDAR RAPIDs, IOWA. (Unofficial. ) It was the chance of a lifetime. As I sat in my chair not long ago there had come over me a peculiar power whereby I was able to see and talk—see and talk—mind you with the germs and microbes of the air and universe. They seemed everywhere, all busy bodies, some apparently doing good, while others were villanous in appearance and actions and seemed bent upon harm to everything about them. I accosted one of these industrious little fellows and was de- lighted to learn we could converse intelligently with each other. He was certainly surprised, when in answer to my unexpected question he sorrowfully exclaimed: ‘‘So you thought all germs were harmful, did you? Ah! It is too bad; so many have the saine view, and some of us are their best friends, too. Why don’t you know if it wasn’t for us the world would come to a standstill and all life on earth would cease. We cause decay, and without decayed matter no plant life can grow, and without plant life, animal life ceases. Without us the great cycle of perpetual life is destroyed. I suppose you know there are not more than eighty different elementary chemical substances in the world, and of these only sixteen are very common, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, iron, mercury, lead, and so forth. Not only this, but there is just so much carbon, so much oxygen, so much hydro- gen, so much nitrogen and just so much of each of the others and there never will be any more or any less of any one of these substances. But two atoms of hydrogen will unite with one atom of oxygen (H*O) and produce water, or three atoms of hydrogen will unite with one of nitrogen and produce ammo- nia (NH3). When anything is burning each of the atoms of carbon in the material will unite with two atoms of the oxygen and produce carbon-dioxide CO”. Again, the oxygen of the air combining with substances brought to the lungs by the blood produces carbon-dioxide (CO2) also. Later plants breathe this carbon-dioxide and build up the wood to burn or the plant foods to eat, generally by depositing the carbon in the plant and throwing off the oxygen free in the air for you and other ani- * Reprinted from Bulletin of Iowa State Institutions, July, 1905. THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 863 mals to breathe in again. You see pure carbon (coal for in- stance) is a solid and the plant could not absorb it, but if com- bined with oxygen it is the gas carbon-dioxide. That is one of the carbon and oxygen cycles. You see while the amount of oxygen may always remain the same, part of the time the big- gest share may be combined with two atoms of hydrogen and thus increase the amount of the compound water with a corre- sponding decrease in the amount of carbon-dioxide. It is as though you had a pound each of the colors red, blue and yellow, and mixed then: in various proportions you would have many different colors, but always the same amount of coloring mate- rials. Now carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the principle organic elements and all plants in which life is or has been contains them in various proportions and combined in an almost infinite number of ways. Sugar is 12 of carbon 22 of hydrogen, and 11 of oxygen or (C12H22O011). Fats usually contain twice as many atoms of hydrogen as of carbon and two atoms of nitrogen, for example, (C18H36N2). Strychnine has 21 of carbon, 22 of hydrogen, 2 of oxygen, 2 of nitrogen, and so on, no two different substances combined alike. Now you take oxygen into your lungs and plants take carbon-dioxide through their leaves, and while you require oxygen and plants require carbon-dioxide, you could not live on oxygen alone, nor could plants live wholly on carbon-dioxide, these two being acquired in both cases through their respiratory tracts. Man must obtain the other necessary substances through the digestive tracts and so must plants do the same and their roots are their digestive tracts. If man could swallow dry hard foods and they did not come in contact with alimentary fluids or liquids they would not dissolve and thus could not be digested. There are certain necessary foods in the soil or ground for plants and it is the rain or irrigation that dissolves them and transports a portion to the roots. Now both man and plants require nitrogen, the former 'to make muscle and the latter to make proteids (the proteids in plants when eaten by man also make muscle), and although three-fourths of the atmosphere in which they both exist is free nitrogen it is not in such a shape that it can be taken up by them through their lungs or otherwise. It is like men dying of thirst in an open boat in the ocean, although they are sur- rounded as far as the eye can reach by nothing but water. In the excreta of man, the guana, and the manure of animals nitro- gen exists and when decomposing combines with hydrogen and produces ammonia, the odor which you have often noticed. 864. THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. To-day large quantities of this are reaching the waterways and going out to sea. Did you ever wonder what would happen if all this offal would just remain and stay offal, or if the nitrogen taken in plant food would be eaten and made into more and more muscle, and when man or animals died they just remained as they were without decomposing and decaying, (the latter rendering the nitrogen so it could be taken up by plants) wouldn’t everything soon all turn into animals and offal? When all the nitrogen was gone—what then? I understand that for a long time scientists predicted and feared just such a thing would occur, and were at a loss to know what to do, and all the while we have, unconsciously to them and most of you even now, been solving this problem by decomposing all this organic matter, setting the nitrogen free with hydrogen in the form of ammonia and when oxidized in the presence of water forming nitrates with minerals that are soluble in water. And those who found this out now know us as the nitrifying and de- nitrifying bacteria. But you must understand there are greater numbers of us in some parts of the earth than in others. And we do more thanthat. If you should examine the little nodules or buds on the roots of leguminous plants, such as peas, beans and clover, you would find millions of us inside and our presence there converts or renders the free nitrogen in the air into sucha condition that it can be absorbed as a food by the plants, and we also leave additional nitrogen in the soil in such a form that subsequent plants can also absorb and assimilate it. When the government found this out they began to breed us, dry us, and put us up in packages similar to yeast cakes, and they are now utterly unable to supply the demand made by intelligent farm- ers who want to inoculate their soils with us. I have, also, some friends who cause the ‘mother’ to form on apple juice so vinegar can be made; one who causes the peculiar butter flavor ; and several others who cause milk to curdle so cheese can be made, in fact the different flavors are due to the different races of our kind. For years housewives have unconsciously added a sort of higher form of germ life to dough when using yeast cake, for yeast is simply a dried mass of useful germs. The yeast ferments the dough, producing alcohol (no licensed distillery though) and carbon-dioxide, the latter being the gas which causes the bubbles that make the dough rise. The heat of baking drives off the carbon-dioxide and the alcohol. Just be- cause some animals are dangerous you do not believe that all animals should be killed off, and likewise because some germs ns achateminitcghdeltaiciia sie sh iaaed Aedes tne toca 8 Cos epee ay THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 865 are dangerous it is no reason why all germ life should be exter- minated. You probably could not do so even if you so desired. We tear down the old so the new can be built up from it. We, the saphrophytic bacteria (decomposers of dead organic matter) as a class probably outnumber all other forms of life. We are everywhere; on your fingers, dress, hair, shoes, mouth, the earth,—in fact you cannot touch a spot but what you will come in contact with us. No! No! Don’t think hard of us for we have a right on earth, and when we cease that right so will you. And what are we ourselves, you ask, plants or animals? Well I am not going to tell you, but the big doctors and scientists talked and discussed and argued the question, and at last de- cided we were plants and included us with a class of life in cryptogamic botany, in a division called bacteria, the fission fungi, or better still schyzomycetes. We are, however, very small one-celled organisms which have life and do not pos- sess chloryphyll, this last being the green coloring matter in all plant life, which, in the presence of soluble iron and sun- light aids the taking up of nourishment. We have, however, some very distant relations which are real and true animals, being, like us, unicellular, but called protozoon, the lowest form of animal life. These are generally carried by mosquitoes, ticks and flies and if deposited into the blood of man or animals will be liable to set up the diseases of malaria, yellow fever, Texas fever, South African horse sickness, and so on.” I thanked him for his information and be replied, ‘“ But let me introduce you to one of your enemy germs: the one who causes pus in wounds and abscesses.” My new acquaintance began to converse at once and said, ‘‘ Yes, Mr. Nitrifier Germ is right. Ido not belong to the class or division of bacteria to whom you have been talking. Very frankly, while he does you good Ido you harm. I belong toa class of germs known as patho- genic bacteria, or those causing disease. Weare parasites ; that is, we live upon other life and take from them the nourishment we need but which they had intended for themselves.” This gentleman seemed quite well informed and volunteered infor- mation along lines not strictly connected with himself, “ As to ourselves,’ he said, ‘‘ we are round and may occur alone, in twos, threes, fours, or even more, while one race are bead-like, in a string or chain. The double one causes a pneu- monia of one kind, the single one a pysmia; one kind in chains causes erysipelas in man, and another one distemper in horses. 866 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. ‘Bacteria are divided into three main classes, according to shape, those round of which I just spoke, all diameters being the same ; second, the bacilli or rod-shaped, in which one diam- eter is longer than the other, and lastly the spirilla, which are twisted or corkscrew in shape. Of the last there is really only one variety and he is the fellow who is responsible for the pro- duction of Asiatic cholera. “There are, however, a large number of bacilli. One causes lockjaw. He isa peculiar fellow, and like some other germs cannot live in the air any better than fish can. The idea that so many people have that the rust on a nail causes lockjaw is indeed laughable, but I’ll explain that. Unless the germ is present lockjaw or tetanus is impossible. Supposing a boy steps upon a nail and it penetrates his foot, making a long, deep, nar- row wound which heals up rapidly from the outside, thus shut- ting off any air from the space inside where a few of the tetanic germs may have gained access and been imprisoned. Well, here Mr. Tetanus Germ and his family, which he has rapidly raised, thrive to their heart’s content. ‘They never leave this place of their own accord, and never enter any other part of the victim’s body, but just loaf here and spit away ; the longer they stay and the more that are born cause of course much more sputum or excrement. Did you ever see a person or animal poisoned by strychnine? Well, this sputum or tetanin, as it is called, is said to be the most poisonous substance known, and is many times more powerful than strychnine; in fact, acts the same way, but much more vehemently, and entering the blood, sets up the pain- ful convulsions and perhaps, later on, death. ‘The habits of the germ of diphtheria are like those of the tetanus bacilli in some respects, namely, that the germs themselves do not circulate or disseminate throughout the body, but remain in the throat and throw out a substance that is liberated into the child’s system, and this substance sets up the constitutional sickness character- istic of the disease. This substance has been separated and found to resemble the venom of certain dangerous snakes. ‘“’These poisonous products are called toxines, and when set free in the blood stream the condition resulting is termed tox- mia. Nature tries to counteract the effect of these toxines by manufacturing in the blood serum a substance that will neutral- ize and be antagonistic to it, and these are called anti-toxines. Artificial anti-toxines can be made by producing a mild form of the disease in lower animals, then keeping them under control, and when fully recovered, killing the animal and separating the a ic i 4 . ; . THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 867 blood serum, putting it into sealed bottles, and afterwards in- jecting it into the bodies of persons affected with these toxzemic diseases. Thus tetanus and diphtheria anti-toxines are made and used. “Malignant cedema, blackleg, anthrax, hog-cholera, swine plague, typhoid fever, and glanders are all caused by bacilli. “Tike other plants, we must have a soil to live and grow upon, and we find the best soil to be within the bodies of higher animals, as man, cattle, horses, birds, and so forth. But scientists and bacteriologists have wanted to study our life history, so they looked about and discovered what we liked best and furnished us an artificial soil or media, composed of either gelatin, beef- broth, potatoes, blood serum, or milk, and often add little deli- cacies in the way of soluble minerals, like the farmer adds ferti- lizer to the soil wherein he hassown his grain. He then plants each of us in a different field, so to speak, and then covers us with a glass so that no other germs can enter and begin to grow also, and crowd us out like weeds. In this way he can watch us grow day by day. We are very small and he is not able to see us separately; only in the aggregate. And just as you wound stand on the hilltop or mountain and look out over the valley you would see, perhaps, to the east a field of barley or corn, over here one of oats or wheat, or to the west one of rye; although you would not be able to see any single blade or grain, you know by the different appearances of the separated total, segregated and massed gross areas, that this is corn, that wheat, and so on. And so does the bacteriologist know this or that is a colony of tetanus, anthrax, cholera, or tubercular germs as the case may be, by the gross appearances. The mass may differ in color or manner of growth; it may upheave its soil or - leave it undisturbed, grow upright or spreading ; all of these points differentiating them fromeach other. A field of growing corn always appears this way, and a colony of growing tubercular _. germs always appears that way. “ All life, whether high or low, plant or animal, requires nourishment with which to build itself up, and of course at the same time there is going on a metabolic or destructive process, by which is formed a definite, synthetical chemical compound, and which becomes the excrement of that particular form of life. It is alaw of nature that no life can live in its own excre- ment. Its own waste products are poisonous to itself. Imagine yourself under such conditions. Being only unicellular organ- isms, and not possessing specific cells whose functions are to 868 THE STORY THE’GERMS TOLD. store away these synthetical compounds, as is the case with the higher plants ; for example, the nux vomica plant that stores away the strychnine formed, and your cereals depositing the starches, oils and protein in the seeds, it is necessary for us to liberate the substances and excrements which we form, free into the soil or media in which we grow, and divorce ourselves from it. If we are not changed to fresher soil, there will soon have come a time when we will have used up all the nourishment, and our own excrement will have become so great that it will be no longer possible for us to live here. Each germ produces a different product, and scientists give each a different name. Tetanus produces tetanin, glanders makes mallien, tubercular germs produce tuberculin, and most others a specific substance. ‘“And so investigators of diseases have worked upon the theory that if this substance was filtered out, leaving the germs and waste soil behind, the filtrate would kill the germs when in- jected into the system of a person suffering with that certain disease, or if injected into a person not affected with the disease would render his system an environment unfavorable to the ex- istence of the germs producing the disease, and therefore pro- duce a cure, or an artificial immunity.” Having some business to attend to, the Pus Germ wished me well and hurried away, so I turned my attention elsewhere. I had noticed for sometime a treacherous, sneaky-lookiug individual who had been trying to enter my nostril, but each time failing. I accosted him and seeing his game was up he sat down to rest, and at my request consented to give an account of himself if I would promise to not tell too much, for he said, “Tf it hadn’t been for that big strapping anthrax bacillus get- ting under one of those big microscopes that make us look a thousand times larger than we really are, they might never have known there was such thing as a germ, and would let us alone and not be fighting us all the time. I suppose you know he is the largest of all bacteria, sometimes being as much as twenty microns long and five microns wide, while we are much smaller, being from one-half to two microns wide, and from one to three long. A micron? Oh! This is the unit of measure in micros- copy and is equal to one twenty-five thousandths of an inch; so the largest of us are about one twelve-thousandths of an inch wide and one eight-thousandths of an inchlong. Therefore, in other words, 12,000 of uscan be laid side by side within a linear 7 | inch, and 8,000 of us can be similarly laid end to end, and ona © square surface inch with none on top of each other, about 100,- THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 869 000,000 can be accommodated. A hollow cubic inch will there- fore hold 10,000,000,000,000,000 of us. Pretty small aren’t we ? No wonder you don’t know as much about us as you would like to. When the anthrax germ was found, the scientists weren’t satisfied and kept looking for smaller ones until they found us out. In 1882 a great digger by the name of Koch found out our bad habits, and like the man addicted to the drink habit we gave ourselves away. ‘* A man had died of consumption, and Koch took some of the material from his lungs and put it in bouillon. I was one of the fellows in this matter and. oh, you don’t know we love bouillon ; it tastes so good and in it we grow so fast, and it helps us to repro- duce our kind very rapidly, an act which all life seems to find pleasure in doing. Later on he took us out of here and dropped upon us a red stain called carboli-fuchsin and when he tried to wash it out, he found he couldn’t do so any better than the Keeley cure or West Baden will remove the rosy from a booz- __er’s nose. Then he dropped a blue substance upon us and it was possible for him to wash that out of us, but not out of the substance or anything around us. And when he put us under _ a microscope to get a better view, the other things had the blues and we were fiery red, showing out as bright and distinctly as the stars on a dark night; and that is the way we were found out, Sir. It was asad day for us when Koch painted us red, but a gala day for human life, and man has been chasing us off the earth ever since. ¢ “It is my mission to hasten some people toward heaven, and to hustle others—ahem—by causing the disease, tuberculosis, or what is commonly known as consumption. Why in one year in the city of New York alone, we caused more deaths than resulted in the Japaneseand Spanish-American wars put together.” ‘Have you traveled much ?”’ Iasked. ‘‘ Yes, sir,” he replied, “‘ I have been in almost every country in the world, and have left myriads of my descendents in each and every place, but I have traveled more extensively in continental Europe and America, along va- tious routes and making my home one place and another. I have found my most delightful habitat or place to live, to be within _ almost any living mammalian body, man, cattle and hogs more _ particularly. When outside a living body, I find dark, ill-ven- _ tilated, close, and thickly populated places to be more favorable to my existence. I certainly do detest too much oxygen, fresh _ air or sunlight: the latter seems to dry us up, and wither us, so _ to speak. 870 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. “The first thing I ever remember about myself was being coughed up by a thin, pale, sickly looking man, who was tak- ing care of a herd of milch cows for a dairyman not far from one of your large cities. The man then spit me out upon the man- ger, where before long ‘ Old Bossy’ came along and licked up some of my comrades in this sputum along with her food as she was attempting to gather the very last morsel from her trough. Some of the rest of us remained for awhile, but soon drying and set free with and as dust in the air, I hovered around awhile in the atmosphere in the barns (for they were kept tight and close) and soon found myself being drawn upwards through the nos- trils of another cow, and in less time than it takes to tell it I was in her lungs, where I began to raise Cain. I found I couldn’t handle myself alone, so I began to reproduce and reinforce my kind by dividing and dividing like fish worms and each one of them again dividing, and so on, until we had things coming our way. It began to get awfully red and stormy about us, for the blood came here in torrents, and faster than it did anywhere else, and it became hotter too. I believe this is what the doc- tors call inflammation, and it was probably painful too, for the cow seemed in distress, and kept coughing to try and get us out, but we stuck like glue. Around on the edge of us it looked like a large Chinese wall was being built to keep us in so we could not go trespassing outside of our own reservation into any other part of the lung. I guess we staid here about a year and we were getting pretty tired of it, too, for it seemed as though that wall was getting stronger and stronger, and my hopes were as rapidly vanishing, until I remember one day, it was cold and damp and rainy, and the man who owned the cow in whom I lived had been to town and become drunk, thus neglecting to take care of his cattle, and ‘Old Bossy’ became sick with pneu- monia. I knewhere was my chance, for soon the wall in which I was enclosed began to soften because of the effusion of serum from the congested blood to the lungs, so it soon cracked, and when she coughed I took passage to the outer world without a moment’s delay. Some of my comrades concluded they would stay and pay her back for having kept them behind those walls so long. They knewshecould not do them any harm and keep them from the other parts of the lung as long as she was in such a weak condition due to the pneumonia. And I guess they did her up proper too, for I met some of the fellows who afterwards escaped, and they said they heard the veterinarian say, when he opened up her lung, that she had quick consumption also. THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 871 ‘‘ After this I wandered about quite a bit and at last sat down upon some corn where I found some of my people had preceded ' We were just then sort of ‘Weary Willies’ out looking for a place to live, when before we knew it a cow came along and swallowed corn, cob, and all, and we with it. After we were in her stomach we passed through a doorway into her intestines. We heard here that farther up there were beautiful homes in waiting for us, but that the route along the lacteals was a peril- ous one and that we had better band ourselves together so as to protect us from any attacks by the natives. At last, after losing a large number of our members, but of course reproduc- ing and reinforcing ourselves all the time, we at last reached the receptaculum chyle, being carried along with the chyle, which flowed from the intestines, where it had been manufactured. From here we passed forward through the thoracic duct along with the chyle, which really consists of food particles in solution that were going to build up all parts of the body and we knew we had only to follow them and we would soon reach our new homes. The slow white stream of the thoracic duct emptied into a larger one, more mirky, and dark red in color, which I learned to be the jugular vein; from here to the heart, to the lungs (a goodly number staying here however), and back to the heart again, and by this time the fluid that was transporting us had changed into a beautiful red; arterial blood they called it. At this point we all separated, some going in one direction and others in another, some to the head or legs, to the body or inter- nal organs, and even to the bones.” At this point I interjected, ‘* Who is your greatest enemy?” and he answered very prompt- ly and emphatically—‘t‘ NATURE!’ Say,do you know if na- ture would lay down, fold her arms, and let us alone for just twenty-four hours we would get such a start that no possible force on earth could stop us and inside of two years we would _ wipe out all the mammalian life in the universe. But I must explain some of nature’s methods in thwarting us in fulfilling our command—‘Go ye forth and: kill mankind.’ The blood is made up of three main elements ; first, the liquid, second, in it the red blood corpuscles and placques, and last, but not least, the wandering cells, white blood corpuscles, leucocytes, or _ phagocytes, as they are sometimes called. These last are na- _ ture’s standing army, and just as soon as any foreign substances _ or germs enter the system, they at once set up a pitched battle _ with the germs and are usually successful if there are not too 4 many making the attack or if the germs do not entrench them- 872 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. selves too soon and get out of the phagocytes’ reach. The germs and phagocytes killed in battle are carried away with, or as a part of the waste products of metabolism. The miseries of the gerin are not over, however, even if he has been successful in running the gauntlet of the phagocytes, for nature has supplied. man and animals with a thorough entrenchment or filter system, known in physiology as the great lymphatic system. When we are in the blood stream it is with difficulty, if at all, that we keep from being drawn, no matter how hard we may try to pre- vent it, into the powerfnl centrifical stream, and consequently, later on, into the meshes of this filter or lymphatic gland. You may have experienced little painful knotty swellings in the throat, under the ear and jaw, or in the arm-pits, a condition often caused by the overdistension of these filters with germs of some kind. We are no sooner here than nature gives forth her com- mand, and phagocyte after phagocyte stations himself on the outskirts and prevents us from escaping. Soon the engineering corps, consisting of a force of leucocytes, come with material and tools, and immediately throw up a temporary structure, com- posed chiefly of fibrous matter. Now this fibrous tissue is just exactly the same as healed scars in the skin after receiving a severe cut. We irritate the part where we lodge and nature sends here what are called white giant cells and circular row after circular row is made about the germs, followed later by in- serting between each of these giant cells a sticky substance which later dries. This together with what follows causes the formation of the tubercle which the doctors see at death. So when ‘osis’ means ‘a condition of ’"—‘ tubercleosis’ contracted to ‘tuberculosis’ means a condition of many many tubercles. Then come the masons and they build about us a prison of cal- careous matter so as to prevent our escape to any other part of the body where we might do harm. Cell after cell is built about us and the walls are being constantly strengthened and renewed, for all of us are trying to escape by breaking down the walls, overpowering the guarding phagocytes and sentinels and mak- ing a dash for liberty, to then go forth and build up new colo- nies in distant portions of the body. I was at this time living in the upper portion of the cow’s milk bag, and I saw many and many of my companions and their offsprings, as well as my own, escaping into the milk substance, and when the milkman came along, were transported to the outer world along with the milk. Every day I knew this milk was being carried to the hog pens and fed to twelve fine pigs. When the pigs had reached a matu- pind." tek te ee shanties cithiebenl 5. Dis aieee, weer THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 873 rity and fatness that would bring the top of the market, they were shipped away and slaughtered in a large packing house. I ran across one of my relatives later on, and he told me these hogs were condemned by the United States Government veteri- nary meat inspector because he said they were tubercular or consumptive; eight of them being simply rotten with the dis- ease. The packer is not to blame for the existence of the dis- ease in animals and no arguments based on the unequal distri- bution of wealth can prove him to be and he should be given due credit for the loss which he, and he alone sustains. “When they took the pigs away the cow’s milk was now used for another purpose, and it was taken up to the house and put on the table for the consumption of the family. Some was sent to town with the milkman. ‘This was the chance I had long hoped for, as I was tired of living in an ordinary animal’s body and wanted a change to higher life and different surroundings. So I bored myself through my cell and soon’I was floating in the milk stream. I had overheard the farmhand jokingly re- mark that the stork was soon expected up at the house, and therefore I was doubly anxious to get into the list of nourishing foods for the table, as I felt quite confident it would not be long before milk would be one of the only things the expectant mother would be able to retain upon herstomach. This is just one of the times when there occurs great debility and weakened vitality resulting from the extremely laborious and painful act of childbirth that we find the least resistance, and are able to make our most successful attacks and invasions. For nature seems to concentrate her energies to the successful genesis of the new life. In afew days she was able to take nourishment, as she had rallied from the shock, and I was in the milk which she first drank. I entered her stomach and passed at once to the intestines, where I met a large number of my friends, who soon informed me we had a snap, for somehow or other the phago- cytes and the rest of nature’s fortifications were in a weakened condition, lethargic so tospeak, and crippled, and that they were fast losing ground. They said the germs were invading every part of her body and would soon be in control. I began to travel around and I found this to be true, for the germs were building up large families and establishing new colonies (tubercles) every- where. I felt sorry for the poor woman, for she seemed in great distress and pain, and was continually coughing and having night sweats and frequent sinking spells, but duty was before me and I laid sentiment aside and soon entered the contest on 874 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. the side of my comrades. I saw she could not last long and I began to make plans for my escape, as I did not really fancy spending my eternity in the coffin and grave with her. So, along with some companions of mine, we wended our way toward her mouth. On this day the poor woman was alone with her baby, and she was crying until I thought her heart would break, for she was not to be lung on this earth, and as she hugged her child to her breast and kissed it passionately, again and again, my companions and | at various times passed from the mother’s mouth to that of the child’s. I was not much too soon, for in two days the poor woman had died; some of my comrades did not escape,,however. After I was in the child’s alimentary tract, I met a large number of my fellow germs, who had come the same route as J, and soon a number came along who had been left behind in the old cow at the barn. For after the death of the mother they were forced to wean the baby and feed it cow’s milk. Now the milk by this time was much fuller of germs, for they were gaining headway in the cow also. In the intestine of the child we again ran against nature in her en- deavor to destroy or get rid of us, because there was set up a very severe diarrhoea for the purpose of carrying us off bodily before we entered the system proper. When I saw the child was about to succumb, with my usual forethought, I made my escape. I thought I would die laughing though, as I sat on the bedpost while the Doctor was conducting the postmortem, and heard ‘him diagnose the cause of death as ‘cholera tnfantum?!/ for I knew right well my companions and I had caused its death and it was only natural for nature to set up the diarrhcea to flood us out. Better have given us due credit and said ‘Intes- tinal Tuberculosis.’ I became inquisitive here, as I wished to clear up a point I had long misunderstood, and I asked Mr. Tubercle Germ, “ Is consumption hereditary ?’ He replied ‘“‘ No sir, I do not think but one or two children were ever born with the disease. But nevertheless THIS is true: the predisposition and easy suscep- tibility to take it is often inherited, such as the debility and weak lungs that cannot resist the subsequent invasions of the virulent scourge. ‘Then, too, you can see the constant associa- tion of a susceptible child with a tuberculous parent favors its transmission by various mechanical means that consequently — give rise to very wrong impressions. | ‘“ But to go on—I now concluded to go back and help my associates or comrades in their battle with the old cow at the | | 2 Te | eS ee ee a ee THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 875 barn. For many years she had been the pride of the barnyard, but was getting quite thin, sickly and emaciated now, so the farmer thought he would sell her, and she soon went to a local market, where she was sold and killed as beef. It happened that a number of us were congregated together on one of the cuts and the portion with which I was sold went to a cheap free lunch saloon and boarding house combined. Some days later I heard the waiter call to the cook, ‘One thick rare steak, please. The cook then put this cut on the stove and browned the outside surfaces, and although the heat was too severe for a number, still a goodly number survived, and we soon found our- selves in the customer’s stomach. But here I had the most dif- ficult battle of my life, and I came near being annihilated, but after a while I entrenched myself, and, like a southern negfo, rather than be mobbed by the phagocytes preferred to be kept in prison. My comrades were confronted with the same difh- culties all along. Somehow or other this man’s system and health were superb, and he had a pair of bellows on him like an airship, and what is more it kept up so, and we could scarcely make any headway atall. This state of affairs kept up for more than twenty years, when he took a severe cold, followed by La Grippe, and his vitality consequently waned so that we felt more safe in going forth and building up new colonies. The people said he was never very well after that sick spell, and at last did what they called ‘turned into consumption.’ He died a slow, hard, painful death. Yes, I have been traveling these same routes for many years, sometimes remaining throughout the natural life of a body, and never being able to overcome it, but being repelled again and again in some, while sending many others to a premature grave. Constantly back and forth be- tween man and cattle, and swine, and poultry. I generally like to change my shape when in cattle, making myself broader and shorter, and for this reason many people have thought I was an altogether different individual when they looked at me under their microscopes. But I am the same fellow in cattle or man, as Dr. Garnault found when little tubercles began to form sub- _ sequent to his experiments to disprove Prof. Koch’s latest sweep- ing statement. A veterinarian in Pennsylvania found out the same thing to his sorrow when he accidentally cut his finger in _ performing an‘autopsy on a consumptive cow. Many others — _ have learned the same thing and you can get more information _ onthis point by writing to the government at Washington, D.C., _ for a free bulletin entitled ‘ The Relation of Bovine Tuberculo- 876 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. sis to the Public Health’! Remember, only one authenticated case is necessary to prove we can be transmitted from animals. to man, and a thousand negative experiments will not prove it . cannot be so transmitted. In this bulletin will be found au- thentic records of how a number of misses in a boarding school, all descending from healthy families, from as many different parts of the country, and while at school fed with milk from the same tuberculous cows, took the disease; how in a robust, healthy Scotch family, those who were constant users of milk from their ‘ Bossy’ took the disease, while the non-using mem- bers remained healthy, and so on, and so on, and so on, such cases are related, the facts discovered after the reasoning inves- tigations from effect to cause. The statistics from these invol- untary and accidental and unconscious occurrences can be seen to be of very much more vital importance than those experi- ments which reason from cause to effect and that are handi- capped by many unfavorable environments, especially the con-. sciousness of the experiment. “Then, too, in traumatisms or injuries of man and cattle that involve the peritoneum and expose it to the pathogenic germs. of the air, and the comparative powers of resistance to them, show that cattle withstand and even recover from infections that would rapidly prove fatal to man, and it seems this same ratio- of resistance should exist toward the germs of tuberculosis. Positive results from vice-versa experiments will therefore, not necessarily prove the converse to be true by mere assumption. “Next to nature one of our greatest enemies is the veterinary sanitarian. They are employed by the state and government as. investigators of animal diseases, and as inspectors of food pro- ducing animals and their products. ‘They detect and remove all animals affected with nocuous diseases, and put them and we germs with them, into great, large iron tanks into which they order steam to be turned under high pressure for a number of hours so that at the end of this time not a single living thing, germs, or the seeds and eggs of germs will have survived. I think this very unfair, for one of our commandments reads + ‘Thou shall’t kill’—and we are only doing our duty.” I could hardly agree with Mr. Tubercle Bacillus here, and now being thoroughly interested, I asked “ How does the in- spector see you if you are so small?” ‘Oh, no”! he replied, ‘he does not, for the inspector is a man who has attended a special school a required number of years, and has been gradu- ated a veterinarian, and further tested for proficiency by a tech- THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 877 nical civil service examination. While at college he learns all of our habits just as I have been teiling them to you here. This is the study known as bacteriology, and then following this he studies the effect we have on the live body, and this is called pathology. He may not be able to see any single one of us, but he is able to see millions of us when bunched together, for you remember I told you nature had a filter system and there we are in concentrated areas. Then he makes a visit to the prisons that nature has built. He can see these and he knows the prisons are of no use unless we are within, for nature tears them down just assoon as no longer needed. When he was a student he examined a large number of these prisons under the micro- scope and always found the inmates to be the germs of consump- tion, and he knows all other men have found the same condi- tion, and its infallibility prompts him to decide at once. And just as explorers know the germs of civilization have existed in any place so does the inspector know the germs of disease have existed, because of the specific changes wrought in nature. And just as men visit battlefields, for it is not to be presumed the veterinary inspector has acquired such a degree of ocular perfec- tion as to be able to distinguish these germs individually with the naked eye, he depends upon the debris left on the battle- ground where nature’s sentinels, the phagocytes and the offend- ing germs have fought for supremacy, and where embankment after embankment has been thrown up. And just as you might stand and look over the fence into a field where you see mound after mound rising from the ground; although you cannot see a single sign of life, you know those little hills (tubercles of or tuberculosis of the earth) were built by countless millions of small ants, and which, if you should get a closer view (a micro- scopic view, so to speak) you would be able to see them distinct- ly and separately. In case of doubt he reverts to his micro- scope.” As I had often heard men discuss various ways and means of eradicating this fatal disease, I wondered if my friend would volunteer any information as to whether and how the germ could be exterminated and made an extinct race. ‘‘ Just once,”’ I said “be sacrificing and I swear my word of honor to not be- tray you.” After much hesitation, but which I overcame with persistent urging, he proceeded. “You remember I spoke of Koch having discovered us. Well, a few years afterwards he began to further aid his fellow man by trying to discover a cure for the disease and worked 878 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. along the same lines men had in causing immunity to other — contagious diseases and the theories of which I will explain later. He was not successful in his experiments, however, and no other man has been for that matter, but he found this to be true: that when he injected this supposed cure into persons or animals affected with this disease, it always caused a typical, peculiar, rise and fall in the person’s temperature, but when in- jected into a person or animal free from the disease there was no such febrile reaction. He found this condition to be almost infallibly constant, and so you see when and where there was any doubt as to the existence of the disease a valuable and ac- curate test was at hand. Soin large commercial and govern- ment laboratories large quantities of the product of the growth of the germ of tuberculosis (or tuberculin) are manufactured by planting us in nutritive soil, and when we have fully matured, filtering soil, germs, and tuberculin, the tuberculin alone pass- ing through the unglazed porcelein filter. This filtrate is then diluted with glycerin and a 5% solution of carbolic acid, and standardized by testing its strength on experimental guineapigs, and then made such a strength that two cubic-centimeters is the diagnostic dose to inject for every 1,000 pounds live weight of the animal the veterinarian wishes to test. So you see the dts- ease does not always have to be discovered after the animal has been slaughtered, but can be detected while alive even uf it has not gone so far as to show external symptoms of coughing, ema- ciation and thinness. ‘Do you know, if they only knew it, there would be a fortune in it for some dairyman, if he would have all of his cows sup- plying milk to the consumer so tested for this disease under competent, reliable, municipal, state or federal supervision, and advertised as such. He could command almost any price for it from the intelligent populace. But here comes another point ; it must be under honest governmental jurisdiction and without political grafting and corruption, with a possibility of obtaining false certification of absolute health. Then, too, after a while, perhaps, subsequent to oft-repeated anti tubercular conventions which brainy delegates from all parts of the scientific world at- tend, we will be confronted with our worst enemy next to nature, the veterinarians and other sanitarians (and they really embody this one)—education. If the scientists, bacteriologists, eminent doctors and other such men find out as many more facts in the future as they have in the past decade, it will become mighty unhealthful and unpleasant for all pathogenic germ life, and THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. 879 especially my race, for they seem to have a concentrated antip- athy towards us. Then after they have learned all this and im- part it, together with the knowledge they already have, to the public at large, the people will begin to realize what a mighty though small enemy we are, andas this education becomes gen- eral they will take up arms and it will reach their represénta- tives in the law chambers, and furthermore the people will de- mand that they have this knowledge. Before long some Con- gressman will introduce a bill requiring every food animal which is born to have a metal tag placed in its ear, every state having an indicative serial number or letter, and every county in each state a sub-serial number, and this recorded either by the county or a sub-department created in the United States Department of Agriculture. A certificate shall be given with each animal and on the back of it a prescribed form to record all sales and trans- fers, and it shall follow the animal to its death or slaughter. (This system would have the added advantage, if I may depart, in producing accurate data as to the number and ages and there- fore the value of the unmarketed live stock in the country, create steady prices and obviate the losses of wild speculating.) ‘‘And whenever an animal is discovered by an inspector to have tuberculosis, he will at once go to the ear, get the tag number, and forward this information to the sub-department, which will in turn look up its nativity and history, ascertain its ancestors and descendants, and put under control for a time all of its associates. While thus under control they will be tested, the suspicious ones isolated, the worst of these disposed of in the most economical and innocuous manner, while the re. mainder will be put under environments unfavorable to our living, and giving the animal fresh air and any other therapeu- tic or curative treatment known. A thorough investigation of the food sources and of the healthfulness of the farm hands and attendants will be carried out. And, then, My Dear Sir, we will begin to hunt our hole and I begin to see our finish. For such a procedure carried on for a number of years, each year requir- ing less destruction, expense and vigilance, you can readily see tuberculosis will soon have been wiped out of the lower animal and there will be destroyed myriads of the beginnings and sources of the endless chains of consumption transmission. That means less in the human species and consequently less difficulty in legislating against personal liberty. Isolation laws which are coming will affect fewer people, and fewer isolation hospi- tals with their expenses will be required. The benefit to the 880 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. farmer can be paralleled to insurance and the introduction of well-bred stock. It will enharice his animals, and although he may not be able to realize its full benefits, those he leaves be- hind will. If young, he himself, may even realize it fully. Yes, I am sorry to say it can be done. As to apportioning the losses resulting from such a system, the animal should, perhaps, be appraised at a definite discount on its value as a normal ani- mal on the date of sale, and then this discounted value, less the amount it is worth as offal, be shared by the federal, state and county governments, the packer and the farmer or the feeder in such various percents that shall most efficiently, without undue hardships, stimulate the greatest efforts toward the eradication of the disease, or the government might, with state co-operation, test every beef animal in the country with tuberculin and the state and federal governments together buy up all the reacting animals at just a little discount from their normal market value, and ship them to one of the large unclaimed or unopened gov- ernment lands and ranges in the southwest, which would be divided into as many different sections as there are states in the Union, and here putting the cattle under conditions favorable to decreasing the amount of the disease in each animal and thus curing some. ‘Then after a sufficient length of time slaughter them as property of the government. The government ought to break nearly even for tuberculin is such an accurate diagnos- tic agent that it will detect animals so slightly affected (yet which is the beginning of all the bad cases) that their meat would be perfectly safe to eat. America’s meats and animals would then have a reputation unequaled in the world. Well, I must go.” “No! No!” Isaid, ‘‘ You remember you said you would explain immunity.” “Oh yes, I almost forgot, so I did, but I am beginning to realize that every thought I impart to you is my voluntary sui- cide, and-each, a nail in my coffin. In brief, there are four the- ories: Pasteur’s exhaustion theory ; Chauveau’s retention theory; Metchnikoff’s phagocytotic theory ; and Buchner’s alexine the- ory. In substance they are: those who agree with Pasteur be- lieve that when a germ enters the system, it takes from it and uses up or exhausts all nutritive or other substances necessary to its growth, and when there is a later exposure to the same disease, the germs are unable to thrive and multiply because there is nothing left for it to live upon. Chauveau believes that when a germ has existed in the system it has produced and a See ee Ant bate: THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD, 881 left behind excrements, sputum or other substanccs that are a detriment to the growth of the same class of germs that may afterwards enter the system. That is: the system retains sub- stances antagonistic to the germ. I partially explained Metch- nikoff’s theory when I spoke of the phagocytes contending in battle with the attacking germs and he believes it depends upon who is victor. He believes, also, that the leucocytes produce substances poisonous to the germs. Buchner believes the tis- sues of the body are stimulated to produce substances, alexines, he calls them, that hinder the germs’ development, and neu- tralize any of its poisonous products. Some believe the oxygen in the red blood corpuscles is liberated and the germs are de- stroyed by oxidation just as coal and wood are consumed. And then there can be another that may be called the drill, experi- ence skill, or training theory. That is to say, when the tissues are affected the first time, it is a novel occurrence and they are at a loss to know exactly what to do, but by necessitated expe- rience, they soon find a means of thwarting the invasions of the offending germs, and know what to do in any subsequent in- vasion. ‘This knowledge, ability, adaptability, and instinct is inherited by all the tissues that replace the old. Many of the old fortifications may remain forever. Artificial immunity pro- duced by vaccination may be explained by the same theory. Germs are grown in the laboratory and they are crippled and maimed by being heated but not sufficiently to kill the germ ; then these are intentionally injected into the system of the ani- mal which is desired to be made insusceptible to the disease. The germs in this weakened condition put up a battle as best as they can, however, along the same lines but not so forcibly as the fully virulent germ, and he is soon overpowered by the tissues. But in this battle he has disclosed his tactics, shown his weak points and strategies, and the tissues have profited by the experience, drill, and training, as directed by nature, and ammunition is now kept in readiness. Then the laboratory men produce another army of germs but which they do not so badly disable, and inject these into the system. Nature’s tissues now put up a battle they could not possibly have done at the first attack, because of the acquired training. The strength of the injected germs is being constantly increased until they are full strength and wholly virulent. By this time nature’s senti- nels can repel them successfully, and the animal is immune. Just as a man takes tobacco, whiskey and other narcotics; he can take little by little, and by constantly increasing that little, 882 THE STORY THE GERMS TOLD. can take an amount that would have killed him the first time. So a man can become used to some gernis and their poisonous products. The channels for their elimination and disposition are stimulated and made to act more readily. And just as men become champion prize fighters ; they do not challenge the ex- isting champion at once, but by contesting with those possessed of ordinary skill, and each successive time combatting with one of greater proficiency, the experience and gradual training fits them with the final ability to vanquish the champion. “ Well, Mr., I must go. ! ‘Do you see that stooped-over, pale, sickly looking fellow just going into that stuffy, sunless, ill-ventilated room? I am sure I will find some of my companions have taken up their abode therein, and I, too, will therefore try to make that my happy home fora while. We will make short order of him, you can certainly wager, so Good-by.”’ And Mr. Tubercle Germ was gone. NOTE.—Scientists and others will pardon the portions wherein the metaphors of the fable may have been carried too far and kindly not interpret them in any way as convey- ing, even remotely, any official views. If as a partial result of this effort it can be in the near future proudly stated that tuberculosis does not exist in lowa and the nation the ob- ject ot this will have been consummated, RECOVERIES FROM HyDROTHORAX.—Dr. W. E. A. Wyman, Prospect, Ohio, writes: “In regard to the interesting case of hydrothorax reported in the October REVIEW, I wish to say that all those cases which are punctured, even daily, in which the exudate does zo¢ contain streptococci, will make a recovery. The presence of streptococci represents a death verdict, and is of prognostic importance.” Dr. ADOLPH EICHHORN, who was in attendance upon the VIlIth International Veterinary Congress at, Budapest, has re- turned to his post at Great Bend, Kansas, and has resumed his duties with the Bureau of Animal Industry in field inspection. His sojourn in Europe was not only very enjoyable from an ed- ucational point of view, but it was profitable in a social sense, for he captured a fair daughter of Hungary for his bride, and ‘was recently showing her the sights of Gotham before taking her to the land of the hurricane. We wish the Editor of ‘ Ger- man Review’ much happiness in his new estate, and feel that with such pleasant companionship at home he wlll roll off many pages from the Teutonic tongue for the benefit of REVIEW readers during the coming winter. ah, — CS a ee EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 883 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M., D., V. M. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HYGROMA OF THE FETLOCK [J Bergeon |.—Although somewhatsimilar cases have been record- ed, this is very interesting by the enormous size of the tumor and the result obtained. The animal was a valuable one which carried the hygroma forsome time. ‘his had resisted all forms of treatment and had reached the size of a man’s head. Its large dimension interfered with the action of the joint and prevented the horse from working. The operation for radical cure was performed Nov. 10, as antiseptically as possible and consisted in four steps. In the first step a large cutaneous melon-shaped in- cision with removal] of the slip of skin exposed the pouch of the hygroma, which in the second step was freely opened, when the skin was taken off. The contents were a serous fluid with several clots in suspension. Inthe third step the internal mem: brane of the sac was carefully curetted and then coated over with fresh tincture of iodine. In the fourth step a drain was put in place, the wound closed with sutures and a free washing of the parts with lysol at 5 per cent., followed by an injection of van Sweitin’s solution; antiseptic dressings over it, daily in- jections of weak solution of tincture of iodine. Removal of the drain on Dec. 2d; dressing taken off on the 2oth. Results, radical cure, with only induration of the skin at the point of cicatrization.—(/Journ. de Zodtechnie, May, 1905.) THIRTY-FOUR LITRES OF URINE IN THE BLADDER OF A STEER [MZ Moulin|.—A steer of five years having vio- lent colics, the author made a diagnosis of gravel. Indeed, the animal has not passed water since the day before at least. At rectal examination the bladder is found enor- mously distended. There is great soreness on the penis, at the S curvature. The animal ought to be killed by the butcher, as there is danger of early bursting of the bladder. The owner objects and the author performs the classical opera- tion of urethrotomy; 34 litres of urine were collected in two pails. The animal, relieved for the time, kept urinating by the urethral wound, could be fattened and was ultimately killed. 884 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. The calculi found in its urethra, cause of the trouble, were principally made of carbonate of lime.—( Journ. de Zodtechnie, May, 1905.) TETANUS TREATED BY INTRA-CEREBRAL AND INTRA-RACH- IDIAN INJECTIONS OF ANTITETANIC SERUM [ Prof. Sendrazl and Adjunct Cuitl2|.—The two observations first recorded by the authors proved fatal. In one death occurred three days after the intra-cerebral injection of 5 c.c. of serum. In the other in twelve hours after the injection of ro c.c. In the two subjects the disease was undoubtedly made worse by the treatment. This contradictory result, different from that obtained with laboratory animals (rabbits and guinea-pigs) is probably due to the general © excitement caused by the operation itself, the means of conten- tion used or the anzesthesia. With the intra-rachidian injec- tions, three attempts, three failures. One, tetanus of twelve hours’ standing, receives in the lumbo-sacral joint 4o c.c. of serum; he dies in four days; a second, at the first ap- pearance of the tetanic symptoms, receives 30 c.c. of serum, which are repeated the next, and on the second day after ; death on the sixth day; in the third case, the symptoms have been present for three days; 40 c.c. of serum are injected ; death in five days. It must be said, however, that in those three ani- mals, there has been during the treatment some satisfactory ef- fects, an evident arrest in the progressive and rapid aggravation of the disease. The authors believe that, performed at the very first manifestations, in less severe cases, and especially when the wound of inoculation is on the hind quarters, better results might be obtained.—(Revue Vet., June, 1905.) PROPHYLAXY OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION IN Cows [ Prof. Ma- this|.—For the author, all abortion that is not due to trauma- tism (falls, blows, frights, etc.), or to a preexisting disease (indi- gestion, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.), ought to be considered to the prophylactic point of view as being of infectious nature, and as epizootic abortion is a contagious and infectious disease, all necessary prophylactic cares impose themselves. These are of various orders and have for subjects the cows that have aborted, those that are incalf, bulls and the barns or locals where they are kept. Aborted Cows.—As soon as the symptoms of abortion manifest themselves or immediately after the accident, the cow must be removed and isolated. The stall and the whole place where she was kept shall be disinfected. The aborted foetus and the envelope shall be buried deep. The aborted cow shall have the genital organs and the hind quarters disinfected EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 885 by daily washings, which will be kept up until all discharge from the vulva has subsided or even for a week after. The cow shall not be sent tothe bull for a month later and three months from the date she ought to have calved normally. Pregnant Cows.—Wash twice a week the external genital and tail with soap and antiseptic fluid, carefully opening the entrance of the vulva. Never inject the vagina, as it may promote accidental abortion. Do not use sponges for this disinfection, but clean cloth. From the fourth month and until parturition make every fifteen days a subcutaneous injection of 20c.c. of aqueous solution of phenic acid at 2 per cent. freshly prepared. Keep the abdomen of these cows free. Feed well up to the eighth month, reduce it some towards the end. Az//s.—’T hese shall be kept very clean and disinfected. The hairs of the entrance of the penis shall be cut short and the parts washed with soap and an antiseptic solution. The inside of the sheath shall be washed with the same twice a week and also before and after service with a cow. Parnus.—Thorough washing and disinfect- ing.—(/Journ. de Zovbtechnie, June, 1905.) PULMONARY AND CARDIAC ECHINOCCOSIS IN A Cow [JZ P. Bergeon |.—Suspected of tuberculosis by her owner, this animal presented such symptoms that at. first traumatic pericarditis was considered as the cause of herailment. But acloser observation made the owner discard this diagnosis, and decided to resort to tuberculin as the cow showed some manifestations at percussion and auscultation of the chest which justified the idea of tuber- culosis. Tested the next day, the reaction was negative. How- ever, as the condition of the animal was very critical, she was sold to the butcher. Post-mortem: a certain amount of liquid in the abdomen. Liver about three times its normal size and forming an enormous mass, bosselated with numerous grayish vesicles. Visceral peritoneum and Glisson’s capsule very thick. In cutting through the liver, the vesicles are opened and found lined with a cystic membrane containing hydatic vesicles. The whole organ weighed 18 kilogs. The kidneys were soft and dis- colored. The lungs were filled with hydatic cysts. The peri- cardium contains a certain quantity of fluid. Upon the heart, on the right auricle, there is a large cystic tumor which presses upon the anterior vena cava and gives rise to the venous pulse of the jugulars obtained during life and gave rise to the suspi- cion of traumatic pericarditis.—(Revue Veterin. July, 1905.) LIGATURE OF THE DIGITAL ARTERY IN DISEASES OF THE Foot oF THE Horse [JZ G. /Joly|.—The author has already 886 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. called attention to this mode of treatment in cases of lami- nitis, and since has performed the same operation on some 27 cases of various nature, with modifications which he has brought to the original modus operandz. Now this consists in applying only a ligature on the artery instead of cutting it. The exter- nal artery is ligated in preference to the internal. Silk is used instead of catgut and the ligature is applied lower than for high neurotomy, viz., on a level with the fetlock joint, where the artery is less covered by thenerve. Antiseptic dressing fol- lows. This treatment has been used in all cases of phalangeal osteitis accompanied with the various secondary phenomena known in clinical language as congestion of the foot, laminitis, essential contraction of the foot, navicular disease, etc., ete. Out of the twenty-seven cases where operation has been performed four only remained as lame after as before. The conclusions of M. Joly are that the operation has for effect to reduce the in- flammatory process. Its effects are not as quick as; neurotomy and possibly not as certain, but its action is absolutely harmless, free from complications and having always a tendency to reduce instead of increasing the existing lesion.—(Revue Generale de Med. Vet., July, 1905.) EXTRA-UTERINE GESTATION IN A COW—EXPULSION OF THE Fa:TaL REMAINS BY THE INTESTINE [JZIZ. Vignier and Suberviolle|.—Cows being at liberty fight and one of them is thrown down. She falls on the left side and is immediately taken with violent colics. Turning the head towards the flank, she is in great pain and moans loudly. The next day the colics, though still present, are less severe. The animal refuses her food, does not ruminate, has no elevation of temperature. Mild treatment is prescribed. Eight or ten days later, no change having been noticed, she passes in her feces several little bones, necrosed. Rectal examination reveals nothing, but in with- drawing the hand, this is impregnated with a characteristic odor of necrosis. Nothing abnormal found by vaginal exploration. Extra-uterine gestation with expulsion by the intestine of the foetal remains are suspected and the cowsent to the butcher. At the post-mortem it was found that towards the lower third of the posterior part of the left hypochondriac region there was a large ovoid pouch, adherent to the peritoneum and to the small intestine and which contained pus and fcetal bones. This pouch communicated by an opening with the cavity of the intestinal canal. ‘The uterus was normal and presented the condition of previous gestations. From inquiries into the history of the cow a en “ a atthe’ Pe ty . -— EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 887 it seems that she had been pregnant for about 12 months.— (Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet., July 1, 1905.) ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof, A. Liautarp, M. D., V. M. PROLAPSUS UTERI IN A COW—IT IS FIXED IN THE VAGINA [MZ. £. Renzz|.—Called to attend to a cow that calved the day before, he finds the animal with a prolapsus of the uterus and with a bandage holding it back. Prevented from removing it by the owner, he went home. The following day the animal is better, the prolapsus has diminished, and believing the cow cured, the bandage is taken off. Seven days after, all the symptoms have returned, the cow strains violently and the whole uterus is thrown out through the vulva. Renzi is called again. He re- duces the prolapsus as far as the vagina, but cannot go any further. Why? Because the uterine neck is completely closed over the displaced organ. What is to be done? The owner will not consent to an amputation of the uterus. The butcher offers too low a price for the beast. Would the cow, bandaged as before, support the uterusin her vagina? Itis worth trying. Antiseptic and astringent irrigations are made in the vagina ; during several days there is the mucous discharge, yellow- white in aspect and of unpleasant odor, characteristic of vagino-uterine catarrh ; the animal eats little, ruminates some, has a tempera- ture of 40-41° C., and notwithstanding repeated doses of chloral, continues in makiug violent efforts. After a few days longer, however, improvement begins to take place, gradually the cow seems better, health returns, and after six weeks appears per- fectly well and not disturbed by this new condition of the anat- omy of her sexual organs. She was fattened and didsome light work.—(// Veterinario di Campagna.) THE BONE OF THE NOSE OF CATTLE [Dr. Carlo Meoin |.— The first time the author had opportunity to observe a bone in the structure of the muzzle of cattle was when he filled the posi- tion of assistant to a laboratory of normal veterinary anatomy, when he found in the macerated skeleton of a few animals a bone of prismatic form, triangular in shape, situated a little above the incisive or small maxillary bone and continuous with the septum ‘asi. He then decided to make researches as to the frequency __ and the regularity of the presence of the little bony structure, 888 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. and has found that its presence is not constant. While almost always present in young calves and in very young animals, there have been many cases where, on the contrary, he has failed to find it. In animals advanced in years there are also many cases when it is absent. The breed of the animals does not seem to modify this general condition. As to the cause of this bony deposit, the question is not decisive, if perhaps the use as a means of restraint of the nose pinchers, is not the principal one, and if the local action of the jaws of the pinchers on the septum nasi with the continued irritation that may result on the car- tilaginous tissue is not sufficient to give rise to a bony ossifica- tion.—(// Nuovo Ercolant, April 15, 1905.) RACHIDIAN ANALGESIA WITH ‘TROPOCOCAINE [Dr. Tito Torrt|.—Tropococaine is an alkaloid which has been used more or less in human surgery in the shape of chlorydrate to obtain local anesthesia, and the author has experimented with it. The mode of injection is simple. On theselected point make the in- jection. The selected point is the centre of a triangle bound by the external angle of the two ilia as base and having for side the lines which would unite the same external angles of the ilia to the apex of the spinous process of the first sacral vertebra. In the centre the needle of the syringe can be introduced and reach the vertebral canal. Made on this spot, half of the whole animal is brought under the influence of the drug and all oper- ations can be performed without any manifestation of pain. The effects last from one hour and a half to one hour and a quarter. The doses experimented with of a ro per cent. solution were 20 centig. for large animals, 10 for dogs, 5 for smaller in- dividuals. For the author tropococaine ought to enter into general practice because the analgesia is very simple, and its use is not expensive ; the subarachnoid injection in proper dose is not dangerous or toxic; all the various species of domestic animals are constantly liable to its action; the anaesthesia oc- curs from 3 to 10 minutes after the injection and covers the en- tire half of the body of the individual back of the diaphragm ; lasting from one hour anda half to two; it never leaves any bad effect afterwards—(//7 Nuovo Ercolani, May, 1905.) HYSTEROCELE AND INDURATION OF THE NECK OF THE UTERUS IN A Cow [Dr. Pietro de Paoli|.—An eight-year-old cow was due to calve and soon presented the first symptoms of delivery, but after a short time, and notwithstanding the severity of the pains, she soon appeared again ina normal state. She did not calve. Two days later, the owner noticed on the left side of the € e 8 = EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 889 abdomen a large hemispheric swelling, and on the right another less marked. These were changing forms on account of the constant motions of the organs they contained. The author is called and with the general symptoms exhibited by the suffer- ing animal has no trouble to detect that the contents of the two tumors were of foetal nature. The examination per vagina re- vealed the neck of the uterus hard and fibrous, and the hand introduced in the rectum felt a displacement of the uterus, which had an almost vertical direction, a kind of ante-flexion. ‘The mother had to be sacrificed. She was slaughtered on the spot ; the abdominal walls were then freely opened, the uterus slit, the foetal envelops taken out and from them a live well-developed calf was extracted. The examination of the carcass of the mother revealed a large laceration of the left side of the abdomi- nal muscles, round in shape, with irregular borders and infiltrated with blood and serosity. The peritoneal cover of the uterus was congested, principally on the left side; the neck had the aspect of a cylinder with thick walls, very hard, specially towards the os, which was indurated and irregularly swollen. The foetus was in the left horn, and it was found that the serous membrane of the lateral face of that horn had a certain number of connecting bands which were adherent to the inside of the sac formed through the rupture of the abdominal walls.— (Clinica Veterinaria, June 10, 1905.) MULTIPLE CARCINOMA IN A SiuT [Dr. P. A. Pesce].— This case was observed in a setter. Some three years previous she was operated upon for a cancer of the mamme. She made a good recovery—cicatrization by first intention, leaving only two very little nodules in the thickness of the skin. A year after the animal was brought to the author. She had on the left side an enormous tumor as big as a boy’s head, well developed, but at the same time, although forming one mass, the two nodules, remains of the first operation, could be defined. Besides this, two small ggowths could be detected in the mammary tissue. An operation imposed itself to relieve the animal from her con- dition, so much more that her general constitution seemed to suffer from the presence and weight of the tumor. The removal of the growth was performed with most careful antisepsy and again recovery by first intention took place. But, notwithstand- ing it, the animal never recuperated her former condition. She gradually sunk to such a state that the owner ordered her to be killed. At the post-mortem it was found that the lung and the left ovary were also the seat of lesions of similar nature. In / 890 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. the lung there were two nodules, of different sizes and imbedded in the superficial parenchyma of the organ. In the ovary there was a tumor which had taken the place of the organ. All of which were of similar nature to the cutaneous lesion.—(Clznzca Veterin., June 24, 1905.) PROLAPSUS OF THE RUMEN THROUGH THE GENITAL Pas- _ SAGES IN A SHE GoatT [ Chesz Stefano|.—The author says that having never heard of a similar accident, this briefly told may prove interesting. He was called one morning to see a goat which the day before had had a difficult labor and afterwards had made violent expulsive efforts, which made her owner believe she might have a second little one. The next day she was found with a large mass protruding behind her. It was the rumen prolapsed through the vulva, still: covered by the omentum. The uterus and other organs were normal in their position. The animal was killed, and it was found that there was a longitud- inal laceration on the superior wall of the left uterine horn, measuring 10 centim. in length and extending to the neck of the uterus. It was through this laceration that the rumen had made its way. The right horn contained a fcetus in a normal position.—(C/znzca Vet., June 24, 1905.) Miss STELLA DE LIONCGHURT BERTHIER has entered the New York State Veterinary College with a view of specializing in ladies’ pet animals. ALL previous ring records at the Chicago yards were broken last week when the Pabst Brewing Co. paid $1,300 for a pair of Percheron geldings. This elegant team weighed 3,800 pounds and was actively competed for by a firm of New York dealers. The Blue Ribbon stables followed them up, however, to the figure mentioned—a price reported as $100 higher than the best previous record.—(Breeder’s Gazette.) INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN THE RAREFIED AIR OF COLOR- ADO.—Mark White, Jr., V. M. D., Denver, Col., writes under date of Oct. 18: “I find infectious diseases more virulent here than in any section I have ever been in. ‘Tetanus is very fatal. Surgical wounds readily become infected. A surgeon has a harder fight against germs here than anywhere in the United States. Germs grow under good conditions. I feel confident a large percentage of our dairy herds are tubercular; however, there have been no tests made by the State officials or individ- uals.” ee Se ee ee i ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 891 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. Dr. L. E. WILLYouNG, Vet. Art. Corps, Fort Sill, Okla., writes under date of Oct. 21: ‘It may be a pleasure to some of our army colleagues to learn that some members of the General Staff from Washington were here during the past week, and personally assured us that they favored our proposed bill ; also believed that the next session of Congress would provide for our wants.” Drs. GERALD E. GRIFFIN, W. A. Sproule, and L. E. Will- young, who are at Fort Sill, Okla., with the 2d Provisional Regiment, will return to their proper stations Nov. 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY. DISEASES OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, AND SWINE, By G. Moussu, Professor at the Veterinary College of Alfort, France, and John A, W. Dollar, M. aicox Sey hoor HM: Re Ts; President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, "ete. New York; Wm. R. Jenkins, 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue. 1905. The English-reading veterinarian has every reason to wel- come this composite production of the prolific pen of Dr. Dollar, for there has been a paucity of good treatises on the diseases of these domestic animals amounting to embarrassment. ‘Truly Prof. Law’s ‘“ Veterinary Medicine” treats in a very thorough manner the general, the contagious and the infective diseases of all animals, but their consideration runs through the various volumes, and is not specialized to the ruminants and swine. The volume under review goes into the details of their acci- dents, diseases, surgical operations, means of restraint, etc., in a minute and systematic manner, and the possessor of it can rely upon it as a thorough and complete text-book upon the subject. It is not merely a translation of Moussu, for Dr. Dollar has co- piously extracted from the reports of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, Dr. Law’s work, and many other sources, some of his credits dating as recent as June of this year, showing how en- ergetically he has collected data. He has divided his subject into eleven sections, and each section is subdivided into numer- ous chapters. Section I treats of diseases of the organs of loco- motion, including diseases of the bones, foot, synovial membranes and articulations, muscles and tendons, rheumatism. Section II, diseases of the digestive apparatus, including diseases of the mouth, salivary glands, tonsils and pharynx ; cesophagus; de. 892 BIBLIOGRAPHY. praved appetite, indigestion ; inflammation of the gastric com- partments ; enteritis ; poisoning ; parasites of the digestive ap- paratus; diseases of the liver. Section III, respiratory appa- ratus ; rulesfor examination; nasal cavity ; larynx, trachea and bronchi: lungsand pleure ; strictures within the mediastinum. Section IV, organs of circulation : cardiac anomalies ; pericar- ditis; endocarditis; bloodvessels; blood; lymphatic system. Section V, nervous system. Section VI, diseases of the peri- toneum and abdominal cavity: peritonitis; herniz. Section VII, genito-urinary regions: polypi of the glans penis and sheath ; diseases of the bladder; kidneys; genital apparatus ; mammary glands; milk secretion; male genital organs. Sec- tion VIII, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous connective tis- sue: eczema, phthiriasis; ringworm; warts in oxen; subcu- taneous emphysema. Section IX, diseases of the eyes. Sec- tion X, infectious diseases. Section XI, operations: control of animals; circulatory apparatus; locomotion; digestive appa- ratus; respiratory ; genito-urinary. Under these various headings Dr. Dollar has commanded the best authorities of the world, coupled with his own large expe- rience, and his labors have resulted in the production of a con- cise though complete treatise of nearly 800 pages, with illustra- tions numerous and pertinent enough to render the descriptions more clearly understood. A point of excellency is a table of contents well arranged to lead to comprehensive division of the material and an index which enables one to find any subject in the volume. The book is printed in Jenkins’ best style, bound in cloth, and.sells for $8.75. KENNETH LEIGHTON, ten-year-old son of Dr. John A. Leigh- ton, a well-known New York veterinarian and for many years professor of horse-shoeing and diseases of the feet in the New York-American Veterinary College, accidentally shot himself in the face at his home at 203 West 78th St., Oct. 19, the ball entering and passing through the cheek and lodging in the jaw bone. His father was absent on business, and, feeling his re- sponsible position as head of the house, the child went toa drawer and, securing his father’s revolver, undertook to place it under his pillow for emergency use in case the premises were vis- ited by burglars during the night, when it accidentally exploded, with the result indicated. He was taken to the Roosevelt Hos- pital, and at last account was doing well. ——sS Se ee ee ee ae | =. 4 p wins a a dean tale pamela SOCIETY MEETINGS. 893 SOCIETY MEETINGS. MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. The meeting was called to order July 13, 1905, at 2.30 P. M., by President Lees. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer’s report was given and re- ferred to the Finance Committee. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. The Chairman of the Committee on Colleges was not pres- ent at this time, but gave his report later. The following report on infectious diseases was given by Dr. Whitcomb: Since January 1, 1905, to July 1, 1905, there have been 5,942 cattle tested, of which 390 reacted. The follow- ing shows the work with glanders during this same period : Num- ber of horses inspected, 809; killed on inspection, 152; tested on inspection, 452; reacted when tested, 164; killed after test- ing, 102; quarantined for retest, 79; reinspected, 151; killed on reinspection, 9; total killed, 263. There was considerable discussion on the subject of glanders and the circular issued by the Pasteur Vaccine Co., and the point was brought out that if a positive reaction was given on first test that the animal would continue to react indefi- nitely. Dr. Ward stated that his experience was that mallein has uo curative value. It was moved by Dr. Gould, seconded by Dr. Mack, that the Committee on Resolutions should formulate a resolution show: ing the disapproval of the literature advertising mallein as a curative agent for glanders. On referring this to the Commit- tee on Resolutions it was found that there was only one member of the Committee present. It was moved by Dr. Leech, and seconded, that the President appoint two members of the Asso- ciation to fill the vacancies on the Resolutions Committee. Carried. Drs. Whitcomb and Ward were appointed by the Chair. At this point the question was brought up, whether this Association approved of the tuberculin test and a vote taken upon same, every member voting in the affirmative. It was then moved by Dr. Ward, seconded by Dr. Lyford, that the Resolutions Committee submit a resolution as to the reliability of the tuberculin test. Carried. The report of the Committee on Legislation and Empirics was given by Dr. Lyford, as follows: 894 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ‘‘ Shortly after our last winter’s meeting, I received a notice from our worthy President, stating that I had been appointed chairman of this committee, and, as I had so often served on similar committees, during the past twenty-five years, and, feel- ing that the results were neither beneficial to the profession nor myself, I forthwith addressed a letter to Dr. Lees to appoint in my stead a better man, so had considered myself free from this duty until our present programme reached me. As a conse- quence, I have not the honor of any share in what was done at the Legislature during the past season and am indebted to our Secretary, Dr. Annand, for the following report: ‘‘Our President and Secretary and a.couple of other mem- bers appeared before a committee of the House and Senate to consider a bill for an act to allow non-graduates, that had been in practice in this State for thirteen years, to appear before our State Examining Board and be registered and receive a certifi- cate, allowing them to practice and register as veterinarians. It is sufficient to say that the bill was tabled indefinitely and that our Presideut and Secretary should have praise for their timely good work in this matter. ‘Another bill was passed for the benefit of the Dairymen’s Association, which gives them the privilege of appointing a veterinarian to look after their interests in connection with the interests of tuberculous cows, conducted by our City Board of Health, and the autopsies and inspection held by the State Sanitary Board and the Government inspection. “Tt is sufficient to say that, though we have but commenced in this work, having inspected less than 50 head that were pro- tested, six cases have so far failed to prove tuberculous, after being condemned, this being more than has been allowed dur- ing the several years that the work has gone on without the dairyimen’s inspection. “JT know of no better reason for the appointment of the present incumbent as veterinary inspector for the Dairymen’s Association than that he was not acquainted with the commit- tee from the Dairymen’s Association, and, not having attended the Legislative Committee work during the past winter, had no knowledge that anything of the kind was ordered until he was asked to accept the appointment. This tallies with our previ- ous experience with our association committee work. The Chairman who had stayed at home and ‘sawed wood’ has landed the job with the salary, while those who did the work got on the opposite side of the ledger. Loss of time, with ex- Borsa. i = w SOCIETY MEETINGS. 895. penses included, and the usual amount of cussing that falls to one’s lot who has anything to do with politics. You may all remember the old Pinafore song, ‘Just stick to your desk and don’t go to sea and you are sure to be the ruler of your Queen’s navy.’ ‘There are several subjects for legislative work worthy of our consideration and should be looked into by this Association instead of turning it all over to a committee, who fails to see all the results that are to follow. Hence, no end of trouble has been our lot for the honors we have accorded the non-graduates by granting them certificates, thus giving them a footing and standing which they could never have attained themselves, thus reflecting upon our committee, our Association and our profession’s worth and work. Dr. Heck, of West Liberty, Iowa, has reported to me that they have a law which requires each member who holds a certificate to pay for its renewal $1.00 yearly, which proves quite a source of revenue. Dr. Mc- Eachran, of Eureka, Kas., reports that the degrees ‘ V. S.’ and ‘D. V. S.,’ etc., or the words ‘ Veterinarian’ or ‘ Veterinary Sur- -geon’ shall not be used by non-graduatesin their State. Dr. Brimhall, Redfield, S. D., says so far his State has failed to rec- ognize a non-graduate in any shape or form, and so have thus prevented their obtaining any standing in that State. I feel that any of these subjects are worthy of our most serious con- sideration and that any orall would be an improvement upon our present laws for the State of Minnesota.”’ After some discussion following this report, it was moved and seconded that the Legislative Committee take action with reference to the Iowa and Kansas practice laws, as recommended in Dr. Lyford’s paper. Moved: That the Legislative Committee devise and recom- mend to the Society some effective plan for eliminating from the State any and all illegal practitioners, or any not complying with the law, to the effect that none should be allowed to prac- tice other than those provided by law. The report of the Finance Committee, which included the report of the Treasurer, was read and accepted. The following applications for membership were presented : Dr. R. Donaldson, Argyle; Dr. J. A. Anderson, Fertile ; Dr. G. G. Goodrich, Pelican Rapids; Dr. R. Tiedt, Crookston ; and Dr. John F. Smith, Benson, Minn. There was considerable discussion by the members of the Association as to whether it was wise for the Association to ac- 896 SOCIETY MEETINGS. cept as members graduates from all veterinary colleves. It was moved and seconded that the list of colleges whose graduates were invited to membership in this Association, recommended at the Litchfield meeting, should be discontinued by this Asso- ciation, and that all graduates from all organized colleges that pass the examination of the Veterinary Examining Board may be eligible to membership in this Association. This motion was lost. Dr. Reynolds offered the following amendment to the above motion: ‘‘ That in the list of colleges whose graduates are eligible to our Association, as recommended at the Litchfield meeting, the following words be inserted: ‘This motion to be applied only to those who graduated prior to our July meeting, 1904.’ Seconded and carried. After the adoption of this amendment the above applicants were accepted as members of the Association. Under the heading of ‘‘ New Business,” it was moved by Dr. Reynolds, seconded by Dr. J. N. Gould, that the Secretary be instructed to have 250 copies of the constitution and by-laws printed, and insert a list of the members of the Association who are in good standing, and a portion of the practice laws which may be of interest to new graduates who are anticipating locat- ing in this State. Carried. There was considerable discussion concerning delinquents. Dr. Amos stated that at a previous meeting he had paid a spe- cial assessment levied in July, 1901, and had not been credited with the payment. It was moved by Dr. Reynolds and seconded by Dr. Gould, that Dr. Amos be credited with payment of special assessment, and that his account be balanced. Carried. President Lees ; We have some new business and I will call on the Secretary to give it to you. Dr. Annand then read the following letter : “Dr. J. G. Annand, Sect’y Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, Minneapolis - ‘“ DEAR DocTorR :—I hereby tender you my resignation as member of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association. I had the pleasure of being one of the charter members of this Association, and have enjoyed, for a number of years, meeting with mymany friends among the veterinarians of the State, and now that I have taken up my residence in a different State, I find it impossible to take active part in the Association and will prob- ably be unable to often be at the meeting, and therefore deem -—. - - Pe SOCIETY MEETINGS. 897 it wise to withdraw my name from the list. In doing soI wish to thank the members who have so loyally stood by me during the past. Very truly, S. D. BRIMHALL.” President Lees ; Gentlemen, you have heard the notice of withdrawal from membership of Dr. Brimhall. _ Dr. Amos: 1 move that that resignation be accepted and that Dr. Brimhall’s name be placed on the list as an honorary member of this Association for the services he has rendered this Association in the past. Dr. Lyford : I second the motion. Dr. Lees: It has been moved and seconded that the resig- nation of Dr. Brimhall be accepted and that he be placed on the membership list as an honorary member of this Association. All in favor of that motion will signify by saying “aye.” Carried. . Dr. Lees: It seems that the Secretary is very discouraged in his endeavor to get material for discussion here from the members and he would like some means suggested that would impose on the members a certain response to produce papers, to produce reading matter for. discussion. Now, if some of you gentlemen can suggest anything that will make it incumbent upon every member to get up a paper in his turn or out of his turn, in any way, we shall be pleased to hear it. We would suggest that we could take a list of names as they appear on our books and try and force on the members to furnish papers. The Secretary suggested that if a person could not be pres- ent, if he would only furnish a paper and give it to him to read that he could be furnished with a discussion of his paper even though he could not be present or even though at the time he did intend to come and found he could not. It seems that among all of us we should come to some arrangements whereby papers could be presented because they present a good deal of food for thought and discussion. We always learn something from them. Probably some of the members will kindly suggest something. There are several members on the programme now that have promised and we have them not nor their papers. Dr. Gould: Alphabetical rotation would be good. Not only the Association benefits by the paper, I do not care how small it is, but the writer himself does a great deal more. Dr. Ward: I will make a motion that the Secretary pick out four or five members alphabetically and give them the right to choose their own subject. I think if it is impressed upon the 898 SOCIETY MEETINGS. members of the Association they will get down to business and will furnish a paper. Motion put and carried. Dr. Ward: Your Committee on Resolutions is ready to re- port, and the Chairman has asked me to read the resolutions, on account of his eyes being poor. Dr. Ward then read the following resolution : THE USE OF MALLEIN AS A CURATIVE. ‘“\WWHEREAS, The attention of the Minnesota State Veteri- nary Medical Association has been called (through the medium of a circular sent out by the Pasteur Vaccine Co.) to the curative properties of mallein in glanders, be and it is hereby “ Resolved, ‘That we the Minnesota State Veterinary Medi- cal Association hereby denounce all such suggestions and rec- ommendations made by such Pasteur Vaccine Co., as being mis- leading and detrimental to the veterinary profession and also interfering with the State control of glanders as existing in this State; and, we hereby “ Recommend, ‘That all members of the Minnesota State Vete1inary Medical Society, if any such have been misled by such advertisement into using mallein as acurative agent, shall hereafter desist from using the same, inasmuch as it is detri- mental and dangerous, and it is not to be recommended in prac- pices”? The resolution was adopted. Dr. Ward: Your Committee on Resolutions on tuberculosis desire to report as follows: CONFIDENCE IN TUBERCULIN. “WHEREAS, Our attention has been called to an article in the Minneapolis 77zdune, under date of June 13, 1905, deroga- tive to the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for tubercu- losis, we the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association denounce said article as being misleading in its purport and detrimental to the interests of public health, as it interferes with the only method or means known to the veterinary pro- fession as a medium whereby they may determine the existence of tuberculosis in cattle; and, be it “ Resolved, That we the Minnesota State Veterinary Medi- cal Association, in session, hereby denounce said article as un- true and misleading and malicious in its intent, and that we recognize in tuberculin the only diagnostic agent known at the present time to the veterinary profession as a reliable agent and ee es a a al a es at SOCIETY MEETINGS. $99 to be depended upon in diagnosing tuberculosis, as the many post-mortem examinations in cattle throughout the different States bear witness, and that the States of Montana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Wyoming, Colorado, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and other States impose as an obligation, made so by law, tuberculin as a medium or diagnosis for tuber- culosis in the interests of the public health.” The resolution was adopted. Dr. Ward: 1 move that these resolutions on mallein be printed in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW and the reso- lutions on tuberculosis be printed in the Minneapolis 77zbume. President Lees: Any other daily papers so that it will come under the notice of the laymen ? Dr. Ward: In view of the fact that the Minneapolis 77z- bune printed the original article, I think it would be a good idea to offer that resolution for publication. The motion was carried. President Lees; We will call on Dr. Whitcomb for his re- port on Glanders Post-Mortems. Dr. Whitcomb: Mr. President and Members of the Associ- ation: This is the report of a few post-mortem examinations. THE POST-MORTEM OF GLANDERED CASES. “No. r. Black gelding, eight years old, belonging to Mr. M., of Cologne, Carver Co. History :—Horse had been in quaran- tine about eighteen months and had been tested and had reacted twice previous to my visit there on Sept. 21. Owner was quite confident that this test would free the animal from quarantine, as there had never been any clinical evidence of glanders, but in the morning we hada temperature reaction of 1042°, and a eee lata” typical, well-marked swelling at the point of injection. As the owner had a number of good horses, I advised him to have the horse destroyed; there is always considerable risk in keeping such an animal,as it may at any time develop clinical symp- toms and might cause trouble before the owner could tell that there was anything wrong. Owner finally thought best to have this done, if I would hold a post-mortem, which I consented to do, but told him not to expect too much, as we were often una- ble to find many lesions that would appear to them as bad as they expected glanders to appear. ** Post-Mortem :—On opening the abdominal cavity the large colon came into view first, and on moving it out of the perito- neal cavity found on its longitudinal muscular groove, two well- 900 SOCIETY MEETINGS. marked farcy buds, close together, which contained the charac- teristic sticky pus of glanders. These farcy buds were about the size of asmall marble. Also in the right lung, lower bor- der, were a number of small hard caseous nodules, and in the same lung an infiltrated lesion about the size of a person’s fist. This condition is described by Moore as ‘resembling a soft. sarcoma, of a dirty white color, of a gelatinous juicy consistency and very irregular in shape.’ No lesions could be found in the nasal mucous membrane or upper air passages. “ No, 2.—Oct. 19, 1904. Bay gelding, twelve years old, belonging to A. G. T. Co., Anoka Co. History :—This firm owned about one hundred head of horses. There was a history of glanders among these horses for years. Symptoms :—Typi-- cal reaction to mallein test, animal in a very unthrifty condition. No nasal discharge and but very slightly enlarged submaxillary glands. Post-mortem revealed but little. Ome small caseous nodule in the left lung, lower border, also some hzemorrhagic lesions surrounding a probable centre of infection from glanders in small intestines. Nothing more was found, as rain stopped our work. “ No. 7.—Oct. 20, 1904. Gray gelding, eleven years old, belonging to A.G. T. Co. This horse gave a typical reaction to mallein test, but there were no visible symptoms of the dis- ease except slight enlargement of submaxillary glands, and quite unthrifty condition. Post-mortem revealed but little in this case. Nothing could be found in the air passages or lungs. In the small intestines were the same haemorrhagic lesions as in No. 2. “ No. g.—Dec. 22, 1904. Small grey gelding, twelve years old, belonging to Mr. L., of Wells. Symptoms :—Discharge from both nostrils, which was somewhat intermittent. Sub- maxillary glands normal, thyroid glands much enlarged (larger than a person’s fist), which were of long standing. Horse had very severe fits of coughing and would then discharge freely from both nostrils. Voice changed. It was known that this animal had been exposed to glanders some time previous to this. consequently this and two other horses in the same barn were tested. All reacted. Post-mortem :—Two large ragged ulcers were found, one on each vocal cord, each about the size of a half dollar, very red in color, and extending down onto the arytenoid cartilage. Both lungs were affected with the nodular ~ lesions described by Nocard as ‘feeling like a bag full of shot ~ SOCIETY MEETINGS. 901 or peas.’ The bronchial and mediastinal glands were consider- ably enlarged.” ‘In none of these cases would it have been possible to make a positive diagnosis without mallein.” Dr. Cotton: 1 think that Dr. Whitcomb brought out one case there that ought to teach us a lesson. I know that two such cases were severe lessons to me in my practice. That is where they show no discharge at the nose and nothing typical in so far as the submaxillary lymph glands are concerned, and at times that irregular cough, and at times a little mucous discharge at the nose; but nothing that would warrant a man in being suspicious of glanders. I have had two outbreaks where such cases were the sources of infection and led to quite serious outbreaks. Ithink when we meet such cases with that history we are not doing justice to the client or owner unless we use mallein. Dr. Lees: Dr. Whitcomb, you mention a case where you just found a very small infection in the colon, do you not? That is the only lesion you found ? Dr. Whitcomb: Yes, in that case. Dr. Lees: Did you take any means of finding out by bac- teriological examination whether that was a true point of infec- tion or not? Dr. Whitcomb: 1 had no way of taking a culture, and we expected to find a little more on account of the condition these horses were in. ‘There had been so much glanders there that the owners were practically satisfied when they saw anything. We were trying to clean out the disease for them and killed _ quite a number of horses that did not show any plain symptoms. Dr. Cotton :. How much reaction did that horse give ? Dr. Whitcomb: Allof these were positive, probably 104° or 105°. They all showed positive reactions. Dr. Lees: I would like to ask Dr. Whitcomb if he ever had atest for glanders where he gota gla reaction and after- wards the animal did not react ? Dr. Whitcomb : No, 1 do not think so. I do not remember _ any case where I got a reaction and swelling—a typical swell- -ing—but what would react again. I think quite a number of slight reacting ones will not react the second time. Dr. Lees: 1 remember one case, and probably you retested the horse afterwards, in Belle Creek. That horse gave a re- action of 103.5. Do you call that a positive reaction ? _ Dr. Whitcomb: It seems as though it would be. ‘ 902 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Pres. Lees: You tested this horse again and it did not re- act, did it? Dr. Whitcomb: The enlargement was very little and the reaction very slight. This horse was apparently all right. The other horse was killed. Pres. Lees: The other horse was killed and I was suspicious of this particular horse and I thought he would react again. Dr. Whitcomb: ‘The reaction was so slight that it did not seem advisable to quarantine it any longer. Dr. Jennings: I would like to ask that when you test a horse that way and he reacts is there any law compelling the owner to test that horse again ? Dr. Whitcomb: Before he can be released from quarantine he should be retested. Dr. Ward: Our regulations require that so long as they ree act they must be kept in quarantine and are not released until they fail to react. We do not release them immediately they fail to react. We always give them another test, because there is that possibility that mallein may be thrown into them to overcome the temperature curve. We take no chances because we recognize the fact that there is only one way to do it and that is to do it thoroughly, and if we release anything that is suspicious we are not doing the man justice. Dr. Jennings: What is the expense ? Dr. Ward: The State tries to look after these cases. We try to put as much on the local boards of health as possible where there is a veterinarian. Many of the local veterinarians do not like to trouble with glanders. I know in private prac- tice the less I had to do with glanders the better I liked it. It is always raising a disturbance and the people were never satis- ‘fied. It seems to me that the object of this paper is to show how few lesions are found on post-mortem on these reactors. As I said this afternoon, in a good many of these clinical cases that you post-mortem you will find very few lesions, and in such cases where there are no clinical symptoms a man is simply up — against it when he makes a post-mortem. When he does find a small nodule it is a hard thing to convince the owner that that is the source of disease. A great many people imagine that you will find the same lesions as in tuberculosis, that you will find the lungs as full of abscesses and scattered all through the system. Dr. Gould; Some twelve years ago I had occasion to make quite a few post-mortems on glandered horses. Since then I © SOCIETY MEETINGS. 903 have not had the opportunity nor inclination to do so. On most of those that I did examine at that time all I found were some little nodules just under the pleura of the lung, and about the only way I could detect that was to scrape a knife across the surface and encounter those little nodules. They were very small indeed, but evidently nodules of that character. A great many gave fine reactions, but that was all I found. In some of the cases I did find a large abscess, but most of them were very obscure and I tried hard to convince the owner. Dr. Lees: Dr. Lyford has had quite an experience in test- ing with glanders. Probably we can hear from him. Dr. Lyford: 1 have forgotten it all. I had a good deal more experience without testing. Dr. Amos - 1 would like to say that I used the mallein test on an almost clinical case and got no reaction. Dr. Flarrison: Why not expect the same result as in the case of tuberculin? When in a case of physical symptoms you would not expect a reaction would you ? Dr. Amos. What I am getting at is that a case was brought to my office a little over a year ago, showing what I considered were almost clinical symptoms, although with none of the typi- cal lesions. I used the mallein test, but got no reaction, but it was a private test and not for the Board of Health. Before I had any time to follow up the case the horse was gone. It turned up afterwards, and Dr. Whitcomb and myself were at the farm and tested it again. It showed clinical symptoms, very little ulceration, but we had a reaction this time. We tested four in the barn and three of the others reacted. This had been an old case and trom what I found out afterwards it had been discharging from the nose for four or five years, but the first test—, and I made it just as carefully as any test we made, showed no reaction, not even a swelling in the neck. There was a small swelling about the size of one-half of a plum just where the needle was inserted. I could not explain it unless I got hold of a bottle of mallein that was not good. We have followed it up and since January destroyed nine that were exposed to that horse that refused to respond to the first test. Dr. Cotton: I think that oftentimes, at least it has been so in my experience, if you have a case of glanders, you have the history of its breaking down rapidly. We have our transfer horses, and proper condition arises they will break out with farcy sores on the side of the neck or head, and then you are called. _ The history is that the animal was perfectly clean up to three ; : 904 SOCIETY MEETINGS. el days prior to being called. I test the rest of the horses in the stable and as a rule we have a temperature before injection, but if you give them more than the ordinary dose you will have in every instance a typical reaction. I think in those instances you will have a decided local swelling or you do not havea temperature reaction. It has been my experience in large stables, and it is said that you do not have acute cases of glan- ders in horses, but do have it in mules. I do not agree with that, for they certainly do come down, although they will live along time. They come down in hot weather when they have hard work. It has been my experience that when kept in close quarters 90 per cent. in that stable will react, and in sixty days perhaps only two-thirds that reacted on first test will re- spond. ‘There is no question in my mind but that nature cures them. ‘There are two teams in this city tested over six years ago, reacting three times in succession, and on the fourth test . one animal failed to react, and the fifth time failed to react, and later 1 carried this horse through an acute case of pneumonia, and the animal is still working. What I fear is that you have a case of glanders and advise the owner to test all in the stable. You dwell on the infallibility of the test and you will put your- self in a bad position with the owner. About two weeks ago I killed two horses and tested all the animais and I have six other animals that I could not honestly call a decided reaction either in the local swelling or temperature reaction. I would havea temperature reaction over or above two degrees but no local swelling, and then another case with the local swelling but no temperature reaction. I have those animals in practical quar- antine and I do not expect that any of those animals in 60 or go days will react. The other horses, 38 in the stable, did not react positively. This put me ina peculiar position with the owner because I talked along the line of infallibility of mallein. Dr. Lyford: 1 had one case similar to that of Dr. Amos that went through two hands before it came to me. I think I have spoken of this in this Association once before or oftener. It runs along in the same line. Dr. Eddy was called and through some misunderstanding with the owner he did not satisfy the owner. The horse did not react. ‘The owner called on Dr. Brimhall. Dr. Brimhall visited the horse and injected it, and the man de- cided that before he got through he wanted all of the horses tested. I went out the next day and there was a day interven- ing after injection. Dr. Eddy made the injection and did not get any results. Dr. Brimhall then injected, and in two days I SOCIETY MEETINGS. 905 injected. I gave him about three doses, and there was not enough of the horse left to tell the story. Dr. Brimhall said he got a reaction of 102° or so, but it was not a clinical case, but broke down entirely and had a temperature of 106° when I tested. I think one or two of the horses in the stable reacted, but there was not any doubt of the success of the third injec- tion, because the horse was unable to stand. It was a clinical case and the owner would not have it killed until he had a re- action. Dr. Eddy told him the mallein test was infallible. I do not know whether the cause of this horse reacting was it had so much mallein in it or because it just got around to it. Dr. Whitcomb: In the case I refer to it was remarked that we would give him a double dose and we did, and we had the response. Whether that was on account of the lesions—it was an old case and it is my belief that the horse had the glanders and was almost a clinical case for four or five years. Dr. Ward: Dr. Sexton just telephoned that he will have a case of glanders to post-mortem at his infirmary to-morrow. Dr. Annand: I would like to report one case I had when I was working for the State. It wasat Walnut Grove. The man had lost some horses; in fact, he had traded for a pony and _ after having the pony for some time it began to run down and _ finally ‘‘croaked,” as he said. It was reported that there were other suspicious cases there. I went down and in taking the _ preliminary temperatures I found one that had a temperature _ of 103° and a fraction, but I do not remember just what it was. I tested all the horses. The point that I wish to make is that this one case was that I gave a double dose in order to get a re- action, and to my surprise the next day I had practically a normal temperature all day. There was no discharge from the nose, no ulcers present, neither were the submaxillary glands enlarged. JI was suspicious of the case, so put it under sixty days’ quarantine. I found a normal temperature at the time of next visit, and gave an ordinary dose of mallein and got a re- action. I merely recite this so as to show that in those acute _ cases where there is an elevated preliminary temperature you _ need not always expect a mallein reaction. Dr. Nickerson : | recently tested some horses, and I had five _ cubic centimetres and there were three clinicalcases. I did not _ give those two large horses over 4 of a cubic centimetre. One _ horse would weigh 1,500 pounds and the other1,600. The pre- liminary temperature was 101.8° and in one horse I had at 12, 2, and 4 o’clock a temperature of 106°. The other horse, at 2 906 SOCIETY MEETINGSs o’clock ran up to 102.6°. Those were not clinical cases and did not have #4 of a cubic centimetre. I took four preliminary tem- peratures and the next day the temperature was 105°. I think the place of injection makes very little difference. Dr. Whitcomb: In those chronic cases and some of the acute cases I generally give quite a large dose. I like to have them react well or not at all. Dr. Cotton: Oftentimes the syringe, when you depend on just one cubic centimetre, may have some of the mallein left in it, and it is always safer to put in a little more than one cubic centimetre. Pres. Lees: Have you all finished with the discussion of Dr. Whitcomb’s report on glanders? If you have, we will pro- ceed to the reports of cases, as given on the programme, by Dr. K. J. McKenzie and others. Gentlemen, you are all included injthe “ others:? EXPERIENCES WITH NEUROTOMY. Dr. Cotton: 1 wish to ask the members of the Association regarding their experience in neurectomy operations. In the opinion of the members, is it necessary after the high operation to have the animal rest ; that 1s, to get the best results? Why I ask this question, is that I have been in the habit of doing the lower digital operation, and I think this ought to be the best any way, and I have had varied successes. I was in Chicago last Sunday and was talking with two or three gentlemen down there about this and I was a little bit surprised that some of them took the stand and rather encouraged me as to the stand I had taken. What I mean is this, that in the digital operation, that is with the horses that have to work hard, I have always tried to get the owners to let them rest for at least three weeks. In so many instances they come back and tell me in three weeks the horses are lamer than ever. In some cases there is a neu- roma. Dr. Merillat said he absolutely refused to do neurectomy operations on grocery horses, etc., unless they would turn the animals out for three months. When you do the lower opera- tion and have the animal pounding on the street there is set up an acute disease and the horse will go lamer, especially when you do the low operation. He found that if you take those horses when they go lame again they will get well. I had ex- perience this month in a high-class coach horse belonging to a dealer. He undertook to show him the tenth day and the ani- mal was not purchased and in about three days this horse was SOCIETY MEETINGS. $07 very lame, yet I thought I had a very nice operation. There was a little stitch abscess and a little neuroma, and I have taken that out and asked him to lay the horse up for three months, but I do not suppose he will. I have had many cases like this where they go lame. I would like to hear the experience of other members. President Lees: Gentlemen, you are called upon by Dr. Cotton to furnish an opinion from your experience of such cases. We have all had such cases and probably can discuss them to some reasonable solution. Dr. Lyford: 1 had two cases. I operated on a case which the owner wanted to race within two weeks and I was anxious to do the best operation I could. I did not do the digital, but did the plantar; he had a rather small foot and the owner wanted to go right on. He wanted the horse to goin 2:10. [| told him he could, but should lay him up for at least five days toa week. I gave him cocaine and did it standing, and was through in half an hour. Everything went well; the horse went right into the stall, did not lead him 20 feet, and put on wet bandages, and took him out two or three times a day. That horse was unable to go out for three weeks. Whether the co- caine poisoned him or not I cannot tell. It seemedto. The leg swelled above the knee. I went right to my office after this operation, and a man was waiting for me with a little mare. I operated and he drove her home and did her up once a day and the following Sunday came over and asked me if he dared show this horse to an intending purchaser. I took the stitches out and in a couple of days he went out and raced and sold the mare for $125, but told the purchaser he could not deliver her for a week. This other horse after three weeks went out and raced all winter. It was the same cocaine used in both cases, and there was just that much difference in the result. I have found in several cases I have had just about such results from cocaine. Some cases have seemed to be poisoned and often laid up for one, two or three weeks. In these two cases the cocaine was out of the same bottle, and I cannot understand it. Dr. Cotton: Don’t you think we get neuromas in the dig- ital oftener than in the plantar? Dr. Lyford: Possibly ; I know there is trouble there often- times that wedonot getabove. I have gotten pretty near tired of the lower operation, and I get better results from the other one. I have had some horses where they have raced for years, but with trouble similar to yours later on. . 908 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. Cotton: 1 had a neuroma and it was as large as a small sized bean. The neuroma was half an inch in length and al- most half an inch in diameter within two weeks. Dr. Lyford: 1 have found several cases where lameness fol- lowed a blister of that kind. Dr. Jennings: Dr. Lyford, is it not somewhat dangerous to operate above the fetlock ? Dr. Lyford: Possibly it is because you unnerve the entire foot. If injured above the digital nerve the horse would pro- tect himself and you would know there was trouble. You may not get the results as far as lack of loss of lameness, and you would require the other to finish up. Dr. Jennings: 1 have not operated on many, but in the two. I did the foot came off. I operated on a livery horse and it went so lame in about two weeks that it could not get out of the barn. It came out all right, however. I did the lower opera- tion but did not use cocaine. Youspoke about the cocaine mak- ing it sore, but I did not use cocaine. It did not take but a few minutes to operate. President Lees ; 1 would like to ask some of the members. here if they have ever performed neurectomy with the high inside and outside low operation. Have you, Dr. Cotton ? Dr. Cottonceves: Dr. Lees: May I ask with what success ? Dr. Cotton : It was about like Dr. Lyford’s. The only case I ever did I had to go high afterwards and it was about three months. I do insist from the standpoint of the veterinarian’s position and the standpoint of the client that if the horse has pure and simple navicular disease that we are not warranted in doing the high unless we have done the low and then resorted to the high. If the owner understands this you are going to be able to collect two fees, and certainly you do not cut off the whole foot, and if it isa section it practically does no harm or any injury to the horse. President Lees: Have you done many operations from high inside and low outside? Dr. Cotton: No. Dr. Mack: \ have donea neurectomy this last winter. There was quiteaswelling on the inside. The results were good, but I agree with Dr. Cotton in having a long rest. I think a horse should have at least six weeks of full rest, and two or three months if we can get it. President Lees; \s there any more discussion on reports of / SOCIETY MEETINGS, 909 other cases? If there is not, I see Dr. Reynolds with his report on colleges. We had quite a discussion this afternoon, I might say for the benefit of those who were not here, on the respective standing of some colleges and I see Dr. Reynolds is here and I think he has some material to submit to you. Dr. Ward; While we are waiting for Dr. Reynolds, I would like to make a motion that this Association meet if possible Wednesdays and Thursdays. Our constitution requires that this Association have its annual meeting the second Wednesday in January, and when the amendment was introduced into the Legislature amending the veterinary practice act, altering the dates of meeting from the second Wednesday in October to the second Wednesday in January and July it was in view of meet- ing at same time as the Association did in winter, and the Exam- ining Board could finish their work and attend the meeting, and the new members could join the Association at the same time. I would make a motion that the meetings be called as required by the constitution, the second Wednesdays of January and July in each year, to convene in the afternoon. The motion was sec- onded. Dr. Leech : 1 would like to call the attention of the Secre- tary to the records and find out if that was not changed and if the books do not show that to conform with that at that time a motion was made and is on record to have it meet Thursday and Friday. Dr. Annand: Yes, that refers to the midsummer meeting. After further discussion it was moved, seconded and carried, that the Association reconsider the motion made July 16, 1903, to hold the meetings Thursdays and Fridays. It was then moved, seconded and carried that the semi-annual meeting of this Asso- ciation be held on the second Wednesday and Thursday of July and the annua] meeting heid according to the constitution. Dr. Lees then called on Dr. Reynolds for his report on Col- leges. REPORT ‘ON COLLEGES. Dr. Reynolds ; 1 will leave here on the table certain things for those who wish to look at them. They are catalogues, cor- respondence, etc., about colleges concerning which there is ques- tion. ‘They are labeled and if there is any one who wishes to look up any particular institution or ask questions concerning specific colleges, I will attempt to answer. I sent a circular letter, as I supposed, to certain of the repu- 910 SOCIETY MEETINGS, table colleges, asking for information concerning the number of students in attendance in the various classes, their average grade of qualification as matriculants as compared with those of prev- ious years. I will read short extracts from each one of the re- plies that will give the information you desire. The first one is from the Oxtarzo Veterinary College. ‘The letter is from Dr. Smith. ‘‘ With regard to the number of students in the college, there are about 130 in the senior class, 140 freshmen. Average educational standing of students is steadily and plainly improving. All havea fair English edu- cation. Some, especially those educated in the old country, are well equipped. About 90 per cent. of the students who went up for final examination were successful in passing. I believe most of our recent graduates are going into private practice.” He did not know whether any were coming to Minnesota. I asked in each case, how many are coming to Minnesota ? The next is from AdcK7lip. Seniors 34, juniors 35, fresh- men 28. In night class there are 25. Their night class stu- dents are permitted to take their first two years’ work in night classes, but the third year work must be taken and finished with the regular day class work. That night class work is to accom- modate men in the city who were unable to take day work— young men working at stock yards and other places and could attend in the evening. ‘Their report is that the average grade of educational qualification on entering is improving and they intend to put it up as rapidly as they can in competition with other colleges. Kansas City Veterinary College: 240 students ; 52 seniors, 82 juniors, 106 freshmen. Senior students are required to make complete dissection of horse, cow, and dog. Laboratory instruc- tion in pharmacy has been added to the course. About 60 per cent. go into private practice and the remainder in official ser- vice. So far as the writer knew, none were coming to Minne- sota. Ohio State University ; Seniors 16, juniors 22, freshmen 50. Average grade of men is better than formerly, many of their students coming from high schools and colleges. About 65 per cent. expect to go into private practice. The writer knew of none who were expecting to come to Minnesota. They intend to complete a clinical and pathology building and have plans calling for a $65,000 building. They have a new laboratory building costing $40,000, a very full stable, etc. From the Chicago Veterinary College ; ‘‘Three year school, [ele ere eS oe “oh er et a” | SR ees i ed ¥. Fe _ SOCIETY MEETINGS. 911 six months each. During 1904 and 1905 there were 105 fresh- men, 89 juniors, and 98 seniors. Of these 37 came from other schools to complete their courses here. Of the seniors 93 grad- uated and received degree of Doctor of Comparative Medicine. About Io per cent. go into government service, army veterinari- ans and Philippine services, and balance in private practice. Final examinations are oral, written and practical. T'wenty- four passed with honors, receiving an examination mark of 85 or more.” Veterinary Department of the Iowa State College: * 66 students taking veterinary course: 35 freshmen, 14 sopho- mores, 5 juniors, and 12 seniors. The average grade of senior students is higher than ever before and we are gradually work- ing toward higher standing.” With four year course of study they hope to graduate veterinarians in every sense of the term. Washington State Agricultural College: The Dean writes me that he estimates the students are about 25 per cent. stronger in their preparatory work than they have been in previous years. Their entrance requirements are higher than in some of the Eastern institutions and the Dean is looking forward to the day when he will have a four-year course required. Concerning this institution, in closing I wish to make a motion to the effect that the Veterinary College of the Washington State Agricultural College be added to our list of schools whose graduates are in- vited to membership in this Association. I am satisfied from what I have been able to learn of the institution that they are giving actual instruction of a good high grade. Concerning the /xdzana School there is difference of opin- ion. I have a fairly good opinion from one reputable man and condemning ones from other men. I am not prepared to rec- ommend concerning this school, but am convinced that the In- diana schocl is improving and they are trying to make a good veterinary college. The information obtained concerning the Ciucinnate Vetert- nary College is unfavorable. The Grand Rapids School, that has been so universally con- demned, and towards which there is so much hard feeling, is gtowing in size at least. They claim to have taken a new big building, established a three-year course and are apparently de- veloping into a veterinary college. There is a bitter feeling among veterinarians in that State against the institution. This institution is not added to our list and may not be for several years. 912 SOCIETY MEETINGS. I did not say a word about the Cornell University, the New York, or the University of Pennsylvanta. I have no reports concerning those and I did not receive any letters from them. Possibly there was a mistake in the mailing list, so I am un- able to get statistics. We know, of course, that the work of all three institutions is beyond question. President Lees: You have heard Dr. Reynolds’ report on colleges, which is very interesting. Any remarks? Dr. Cotton: I would like to state that I met Dr. Pritchard, Dean of the Indiana school, in Ne and he left me with a very favorable impression. President Lees: Dr. Annand has a little information to im- art. ‘ Dr. Annand: Article 4 of the Incorporation reads as fol- lows: ‘A meeting shall be held in the city of St. Paul, State of Minnesota, on the second Tuesday of January of each year here- after, at such time on said day and at such place in said city as the Board of Trustees shall designate and give notice of in such manner as may be provided by the By-laws of said association, said meeting to be known as the annual meeting, and shall be for the purpose of election of officers and the transaction of the general business of the association, etc.” Dr. Ward: Well, Iam corrected, and I presume Dr. Amos is. I was always under the impression that it was the second Wednesday. Dr. Annand : We held it Tuesday and Wednesday until it conflicted with the other meeting. Then it was suggested that we would hold it on Thursday and Friday as an adjourned meet- ing from Tuesday. Dr. Ward: \n order to have the meeting held the second Wednesday and Thursday it will be necessary to offer a motion at this meeting to amend the constitution at the next annual meeting. So I offer that amendment. Dr. Leech: 1 think it would be the sense of this meeting, without giving notice of six months or a year. Therefore, I think it would be advisable to get up the constitution in this way and at the next meeting vote be taken. Dr. Reynolds: Is that in the constitution or by- laws? Dr. Annand: In both. Dr. Reynolds: 1 am not quite certain that we can change anything appearing in the articles of incorporation. Dr. Annand: \t says in the By-laws, under Article III, ““ Notice of each general meeting (after the first, to be held on SOCIETY MEETINGS. 913 the second Tuesday of January, 1898) shall be given by the Sec- retary, etc.” In Article XI, under the Articles of Incorpora- tion, it states: ‘ Said Association shall have the power to adopt such rules, regulations and By-laws for the government and man- agement of said Association as they may deem proper and not conflicting with these articles of association. Said By-laws shall be adopted at the first annual meeting thereof, or at a spec- ial meeting thereof to be called for that purpose and said By- laws may be altered or amended at the annual meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose by a vote of not less than four-fifths of all members present and voting. Until By- laws have been adopted by said Association as aforesaid, the Board of Trustees may adopt By-laws and afterwards add to or amend the same, which shall continue in force until By-laws have been adopted by said Association as hereinbefore pro- vided.” Dr. Ward: 1 think that it would be as well for the Secre- tary when he has the new By-laws printed to embody the sec- ond Wednesday and Thursday of January, and then we can take a vote on it at the’ next meeting. I give notice at this meeting that I shall present an amendment to the By-laws to that effect, that the second Wednesday and Thursday of January of each . year shall be the days for holding the meeting. I present that now. .It is necessary to present it at this meeting in order to have it take effect. [It was suggested that Dr. Ward present this in writing. | Dr. Ward: It will be presented in this way that it will be on the minutes, practically in writing. Dr. Leech: 1 think at this meeting we could get the sense of the feeling of this society, and as we have ordered 250 new copies of the constitution, we could confer on this and have the printing done in that way and then not delay the matter for several months. j Dr. Annand: May I ask a question? Going back to get- ting out some more of these little books, I think I was requested _ to put in the list of members of this Association and their ad- dresses. What constitutes a member of this Association? Will the suspended members be included ? Dr. Ward ; If they are suspended they are not active mem- _ bers. My idea would be in printing the list to print. only those who are active members unless it is to print the names of all the graduates. I do not see why they should not be placed in _the directory, because it would really be a directory and in send- 914 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ing out the copies of those By-laws at the request of veterina- rians from other States, they could see where veterinarians are located. Veterinarians requesting these are usually looking for a location. I think it would be a good idea to embody all those who are graduates and licensed to practice in the State. Dr. Annand: Would it be feasible to have any mark to spa bee members of the Association ? . Ward: 1 do not know, I am sure. Dr Reynolds : It would be necessary to change the edit passed this afternoon, because that motion prints the extracts. from the law, the constitution and by-laws of this Association and the list of members, and a portion of the practice law. Dr. Leech: ‘That could be changed by inserting the word ‘s Achiners Dr. Reynolds: It strikes me that that is giving some nice free advertising to men who never come into this Association. Dr. Ward: Then I would do it this way: print the names of those who are licensed and just insert beside the names of those who are members of the Association the word “active”. Dr. Annand: Would it not be better to have a list of the members of this Association, and also a separate list of other graduates in the State? Dy. Ward: YT would be in favor of charging all members of the Association for those by-laws, because I know it is.a very common thing for the Secretary of this Association to receive letters of inquiry from other Secretaries and young men who are in college requesting a copy of the Minnesota practice act and copy of the constitution and by-laws of the State Association. My idea would be to have them printed the same as the lowa register is printed : showing the law, those who are licensed to practice, and giving a portion of the practice act, and charging so much per copy. Dr. Cotton: I do not agree with Dr. Ward in his statement to print all graduate names. As I understand it, this is a book gotten out by this Association and we should only print in this the list of members of the Association, and if a man is sus- pended it would be well to inform them thet such a book is to: be printed and if he wants to get in it, pay up, and he can get in the list. Dr. Leech ; \ think that was understood this afternoon, that the members of the Association were to be included. Dr. Reynolds: Atter further consideration, it is the reason- able duty of the Examining Board to get out a list of all gradu- I Sr a a. Satine Slee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 915 ates of the Examining Board, should we ever get enough money to pay travelling expenses and if we ever get an amendment to the practice act which calls for $1.00 per year for the renewal. Dr. Ward: JI move that only active and honorary members of this Association be included in the new book of by-laws and constitution. This was seconded by Dr. Leech. President Lees: I think you can insert that without a mo- tion. Dr. Cotton: As usual, I had a “dead one” to-day with a peculiar history, and the animal is now in my infirmary, and I do not know how I can get it over to Dr. Sexton’s for an au topsy, and if we can arrange it some way so that the members can move from his place over to mine I should certainly like to have them see it. Dr. McDonald saw the animal while it was living. About ten days ago I was called to see a case and supposed it was indigestion, and when I got there the animal was sweating profusely and practically pulseless and would not go to the floor but kept biting and pushing to the side of the wall, but did not go tothe floor. I gave the animal a dose of oil and it seemed to recover and get on its feet. ‘The next morning it had a repetition of those symptoms and was brought to the infirmary. I followed the same line of treatment and next day sent animal away apparently well, with the exception that it would walk with its hip down and cross its leg. The history of the animal when I was first called was that it had been going back all forenoon and was on one of our wholesale meat wagons and had been driven all forenoon and every time it stopped it would show symptoms of pain. This morning I was called out and put the animal on iodides and oils. This morning, accompanied by Dr. McDonald, I went out and found the animal in just about the same condition as before, and when he got to the infirmary he was practically pulseless and died in _ acouple of hours. I do not know what we shall find on post- _ mortem examination. 5 As there were no other reports to be made the meeting ad- _ journed until nine o’clock the following morning, to meet at Dr. Sexton’s infirmary. a CREMNIC, & July 14, 1905, the Association met at Dr. Sexton’s infirm- @aty. Clinic No. 1 was a black horse affected with a peculiar form _ Of lameness, and it was the desire to have the members express 916 SOCIETY MEETINGS. their opinions as to the locality of the lameness. About one- half of the members present gave it as their opinion that shoul- der lameness affecting the articulation of the humerus and scap- ula. The other members stated that it was at the articulation of the humerus on the radius and ulna. No. 2 was a black horse operated on by Dr. Lyford about six months ago for bursal enlargement of the sheath of the per- forans tendon at the hock. This case was so lame that the ani- mal was unable to use the limb. Dr. Lyford opened the sheath with a knife (his favorite radical operation for bursal enlarge- ment). At the clinic the animal showed little or no lameness and was working every day, but still showed considerable en- largement. No. 3 was a bitch spayed by Drs. Amos and Maek. No. 4 was a tenotomy performed by Drs. Gould and Peters for spring-halt, and also the cunean operation for spavin. No. 5, Dr. LaPointe, assisted by Dr. McDonald, performed tracheotomy. No. 6, Drs. Anderson and Jennings trephined for the removal of the fourth upper molar on the left side and the third upper molar on the right side. No. 7, Dr. Lyford performed double tibial neurectomy for the relief of spavin. No. 8, Dr. Lyford performed amputation of the penis. No. 9 was an autopsy conducted by Drs. Beebe and Whit- comb on an animal that was destroyed on account of gland- ers. They found the lungs completely filled with small tuber- cules and inflammatory adhesions of the pulmonary pleura to the thoracic pleura on the right side. The schneiderian mem- brane covering the septum of the nose was one mass of ulcers. No. ro, an autopsy held at Dr. Cotton’s infirmary by Drs. Beebe and Whitcomb. ‘This was the animal Dr. Cotton referred to at the evening session the previous day. Post-mortem re- vealed an old rupture of the diaphragm and a recent rupture of the stomach. J. G. ANNAND, Secretary. KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, A regular meeting of this Association was held at Donald- son’s Hall, Philadelphia, Tuesday evening, October roth, 1905, when the following members were present: H. P. Eves, D. B. Fitzpatrick, W. Horace Hoskins, Bassett Kirby, J. T. Kean, Charles Lintz, James T..McAnulty, C. J. Marshall, Adam W. tees | TX ee Aye Crim oe, ——— { SOCIETY MEETINGS. 917 Ormeston, Edgar W. Powell, W. H. Ridge, A. T. Sellers, W. J. Storm, Joseph W. Vansant, F. H. Schneider, Charles Dingley and W. S. Kooker. Minutes of previous meeting were read and approved. The Secretary spoke of the death and funeral of Dr. James B. Rayner, of West Chester. The following members attended the funeral: W. L. Rhoads, W. H. Ridge, W. Horace Hoskins, and C. J. Marshall. A suitable floral offering was sent by the Association. The following resolution was ordered to be spread on the minutes and a copy sent to the bereaved widow : “WHEREAS, A higher power has removed from among our numbers one who had more than passed the allotted time of three score and ten; and, “WHEREAS, For more than a half century he had filled faithfully the réle of a well-lived life, devoted to his profession, earnest in all his work, sincere in all his associations, honored and respected by every one who was privileged to know him ; and, ‘‘ WHEREAS, His record as an associate in our veterinary or- ganizations was a daily testimonial of appreciation of worth and an example to every young man entering our profession ; there- fore, be it “ Resolved, That in the loss of our fellow-member, James B. Rayner, we recognize the going out of one whose light for many years emblazoned our pathway with every help and good wish, and we shall ever cherish the memories that manned his life with the truest riches and honors ; and, further, be it ‘‘ Resolved, That we tender to his bereaved widow and brothers our sincere sympathy in their keen loss. “* 'W. Horace Hoskins, “°C. J. Marshall, “ Warren L. Rhoads.” A letter to the Secretary from Dr. W. A. Meredith, Corry, Pa., in reference to a peculiar form of lameness in his own driv- _ ing horse was read. Several members gave their views on the _ character of lameness as described in the letter and believed the ‘disease to be navicular arthritis. The peculiar condition of affairs at Washington in the Bureau of Animal Industry was discussed by all the members. Univer- sal sympathy was expressed in the loss of Dr. Salmon. For “more than twenty years the Bureau of Animal Industry has been __ the pride of the veterinary profession, not alone in this city, but Hi ah SOCIETY MEETINGS. in all parts of the United States. The amount of money saved to the stock interests by the wise measures adopted under the direction of Dr. Salmon would be hard to estimate. It is mil- lions every year. During Dr. Salmon’s term in this bureau the country has been freed from pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and- mouth disease. The cause of Texas fever has been discovered in his laboratory. ‘The country has been visited by no exten- sive imported animal plagues. The mistakes made and the complaints heard are very few when compared to the length of time that Dr. Salmon has held this position and the vast amount of work done under his direction. The nature of this work cannot help but cause some to be displeased. It was the earnest desire of every member that the noble work done by Dr. Salmon so long and so faithfully might yet be more fully investigated and that he could be fully vindicated and his hon- est, faithful character placed before the world in its true light. The profession in Pennsylvania still has implicit confidence in Dr. Salmon, and will do anything possible to get him rein- stated. The question of Dr. Salmon’s successor was also considered at this meeting. It is understood that Dr. Melvin has the ap- pointment temporarily. There was no criticism offered in ref- erence to Dr. Melvin. From his long experience in this Bureau we feel that Dr. Melvin is more familiar with the work than any other available person. ‘The question of the permanent ap- pointee should interest every member of our profession, espe- cially at this time, when some of the stock papers are advocat- ing the idea that the Bureau has outgrown our profession. The antiquated idea still exists in some parts of the country that a diploma closes all other avenues to a man’s common sense. This seems especially true in reference to a diploma from a vet- erinary school. We cannot understand why a man cannot be practical, broad-minded, and sensible, even if he is unfortunate enough to hold a diploma from a veterinary school. We can all agree with one point set forth in the articles advocating a practical stockman for the position, and that is the fact that we do not want a man who is only a profound scientist in this po- sition, but we do want a man who is familiar with the dangers — from invasions of infectious diseases and how to handle them. We believe that no country on earth has a better organized Bu- reau of Animal Industry than we have. No country inthe world is freer from animal plagues than the United States has been during the time that Dr. Salmon has had charge of the | : SOCIETY MEETINGS. 919 a Lt Bureau. If these facts were more generally known by our stock-raising people Dr. Salmon’s work would be more highly appreciated than it has been in the past and less trouble would arise in reference to procuring money from the Government to catry on this work. Nearly every question that arises in this Bureau in reference to carrying on this work, requires 4 knowl- edge of veterinary medicine to answer intelligently. Why put a practical stockman over this man? If this were done the Chief of the Bureau would be only a figure-head. He would be the clerk to the man whodid the thinking. We cannot believe that the intelligent stockmen themselves would consider such a move. Moreover, the experience of the veterinary sanitary or- __ ganizations of the various States has abundantly shown that if it is to be successful it must be under veterinary direction. The grave errors of method that have led to conflict with stockmen and that have prevented the proper development of such work , have been made by live stock sanitary boards or cattle commis- ‘sions a majority of whose members were not veterinarians or _ upon which there has been no direct veterinary representation. Our profession should turn the searchlight on the man that is selected to succeed Dr. Salmon. As the law stands at pres- ent, thisman must bea veterinarian. He should be well trained é in the branches that pertain tothis science. Aside from this, he must be familiar with the requirements from the stock-raisers’ _ standpoint. He must be in thorough sympathy with that side of é the question. He should be broad-minded, level-headed, practical and a representative of the best class of American citizen. He should be known to our profession as well as to the best men amongst the stockmen. Known for works already done along some lines that have benefited the stock industry. Such a man could be expected to grow and keep on with the good work already started by Dr. Salmon. We believe that it is our duty to hunt for such a man and not the duty of the man to hunt for the position. We have men in our profession that possess all these qualifications and we hope that the Secretary or Agricul- ture may appoint the right one. In order that the work might be properly organized and promptly carried into effect, the Chair was instructed to appoint _ acommittee of five to take up the question of how best to deal _ With the resignation of Dr. Salmon, what could be done to place __ the workings of the Bureau of Animal Industry before the pub- _ lic that the work could be investigated and the reasons seen why it should remain as it is under the charge of a veterinarian, and 920 SOCIETY MEETINGS. what can be done in reference to the selection of Dr. Salmon’s successor. The election of officers for the ensuing year was the next order of business. The following officers were unanimously elected : President—Edgar W. Powell, Bryn Mawr, Pa. 5 Vice-President—A. T. Sellers, Camden, N. J. Secretary and Treasurer—Adam W. Ormeston, 102 Herman Street, Germantown. Directors—C. J. Marshall, W. Horace Hoskins, W. L. _ Rhoads, H. P. Eves, Basset Kirby. Meeting was adjourned at 11 o’clock. C. J. MARSHALL, Secretary. MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The regular meeting of this Association was held at Young’s Hotel, Boston, Wednesday evening, September 27, at 8 o’clock. There were nine members present. ‘The minutes of the two previous meetings were accepted as read. Dr. Winchester moved that the rules be suspended, seconded by Dr. Lewis, and that the Secretary cast one ballot for the name of Dr. John M. Farquhar. Carried, and he was duly elected. Dr. Winchester gave an interesting account of the meeting of the American Association. Dr. Howard rendered an interesting account of the New York meeting at Cornell University. Meeting adjourned to Boston Veterinary Hospital, where an interesting clinic was held. A gray gelding, aged, work horse, was presented with the following history: Upon being worked, passed quantities of blood in urine, and recently had a severe attack of colic. Ap- petite good and body well nourished. Upon rectal examination found tumor on left side suspended just in front of pelvis. Animal destroyed and found cystic tumor weighing about 25 pounds and about twelve inches in diameter. Upon making incision found fluid, which looked like blood and salts of the urine. What was left of the left kidney was found in cyst and in the pelvis of same a calculus about the size of a gooseegg. It was concluded that the calculus was undoubtedely the exciting cause of the whole trouble. This was a particularly interesting case, as the animal in appearance was healthy and had a good © appetite. Adjourned 10.30 P. M. F, J. BABBITT, Seeretard a ae ee OS tgs Be 4 4 es OPM ea Sacre lente | a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 921 SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE OF THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE. The first regular meeting of the Society of Comparative Medicine for the college year was called together Oct. 10 at 8 p. M. by President Wills. Dr. V. A. Moore followed with an interesting and instruc- tive talk on ‘“ Veterinary Education in Europe”’, in which he gave a short description of the leading European colleges and the work they have and are doing. Dr. Moore is of the opinion that while the European veterinary colleges offer greater advan- tages for post-graduate work, the American colleges give the undergraduates better opportunities by bringing the students in closer contact with their professors. After a short discussion by members, the order of business was taken up. Roll-call showed 51 members present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. New members were pro- posed and elected. The officers for the present semester are : President—John Wills. Vice-President—W. Nelligan. Secretary—F. Wood. Treasurer—B. Weller. F. Woop, Secrezary. ONTARIO VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The Ontario Veterinary Medical Society in connection with the Ontario Veterinary College, met in the College Building on October 11th, at 7 P. M. Dr. Sweetapple occupied the chair and opened the meeting by giving a hearty welcome to the 250 gentlemen who were present, among whom were representatives of nearly every State in the Union, every Province of Canada, Newfoundland, the British Isles, West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, etc.), Venezuela, and the Argentine Republic. The object and use of the Society were next described and the names of the following as the permanent officials met with a hearty reception : President—Dr. Andrew Smith, F. R. C. V. S. First Vice-President—Dr. J. T. Duncan, M. D., V. S. Second Vice-President—Dr. C. H. Sweetapple, V. S. Third Vice-President—Dr. D. King Smith, M. B., V. S. 922 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The real business of the meeting was then proceeded with and the officers for the ensuing year were chosen. The election in each case being unanimous the honors were thus divided : Secretary—J. Fielding Cottrill. Assistant Secretary—A. S. Gebbie. Treasurer—W. H. Moffatt. Librarian—C. O. Maconachie. J. FIELDING COTTRILL, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The annual meeting was held Oct. 8, and the following off- cers were elected: President, Dr. John Reichel; Vice-President, Dr. Stephen Mockett; Treasurer, Dr. E. Yunker; Financial Secretary, Dr. Foster Wagner; Recording Secretary, Dr. Nelson Smith. Executive Committee, Drs. Herbert Williams, Caleb Crouse, and Howard Curtis. MARK WHITE, JR., V. M. D., Denver, Col., reports the ex- istence of a cat in Denver with twenty-four toes. It is three years old, with six toes on each foot, the extra toes making the ball of the foot larger. THE REVIEW is promiseda résumé of the work of the VIIIth International Veterinary Congress from the pen of one of the, American delegates, Dr. Eichhorn, who says the questions brought up there are of the greatest interest to every veterina- rian. BIG SHIPMENT OF HORSES.—$42,500 IN FREIGHT CHARGES. —San Francisco, October 18.—The Southern Pacific, Union Pacific, Illinois Central and New York Central roads are pre- paring to take across the continent the largest shipment of blooded horses ever made from San Francisco to New York. The horses are to be shipped on November 19 next from J. B. Haggin’s famous Rancho del Paso, which is to be sold in small tracts for farming purposes. The shipment will require four trains of twelve cars each, and they are to be run on passenger train time. The railroads will get for this shipment $42,500 in freight charges. In addition, there will be other expenses, which will bring the cost of sending this big shipment East up to $50,000. In the shipment there are to be about 600 horses, consisting of 503 brood mares and about 97 stallions. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 923 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places of meet- ing, and Secretaries’ names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medical Associations of the United States and Canada. Secretaries are re- quested to see that their organizations are properly included in the list. Date of Next Meeting. Place of Name of Organization. Meeting | | Name and Address Secretary. | August, Ig06, > American V. M. Ass'n........ N. Hav.,Conn|J. J. Repp, Phila., Pa | Vet. Med. Ass’n of N. J...... Jan. 11, 1906.| Trenton. |W. H. Lowe, Paterson. nENERTerat ay I~ ASSN)... 22 . eemeeeie: ode aPs c's wa 00 elo ere B. K. Dow, Willimantic. New York S. V. M. Soc’y....| Sept., 1906. Buffalo. |G, T, Stone, Binghamton. Pemmrmreenemyriey V. M.A | Soo Weeeeticte ps ere | eere wiutap oe see W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. Passaic Co V. M. Ass’n...... Monthly Paterson, N.J./H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J. meemexas V.M. Ass’n... ......] osieese ---+- Dallas. E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie. Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n..... Monthly Boston. F. J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass eeroerta Wed) Ass'n, 2. 2 ciededietaaiee = ve a |'c cow ee ae woe C, L. Blakely, Augusta, entral Canada V. Ass'n... . 2.) seiense sss -s> Ottawa. A, E. James, Ottawa. Michigan State V. M. Ass’n.,.|2d Tu-WedFeb| Lansing Judson Black, Richmond, Alumni Ass’n N, Y.-A. V.C..; April, 1906. [141 W. 54thSt;W. C, Miller, NY. City. Illinois State V. M. Ass’n..... Dec. 19 and 20,, Chicago, |W. H. Welch, Lexington, Ill Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad..... Call ot Prest. Sheboygan. |S, Beattie, Madison. Illinois V. M. and Surg. A....| Call of Com. Decatur. |J. M. Reed, Mattoon, Meransn of Manitoba’. . 5. ejiewema sce sss lescccccccens F. Torrance, Winnipeg. - North Carolina V. M. Ass’n,..|-.---+5-++++> eal A T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, @eeotario, Vet Ass’n,.........% AA ETE FER ee C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto, V. M. Ass’n New York Co... .| Ist Wed. Oct. |141 W. 54thSt/D. J. Mangan. N, Y. City. ’ Ohio State V. M. Ass’n....... January, 1906.| Columbus. /W. H. Gribble, Wash’nC.H. Western Penn V. M, Ass’n.../IstWea,ea.mo.| Pittsburgh. F, Weitzell, Allegheny. Missouri Vet. \led. Ass’n..... | Sarnia fame [aria 6. ate a)e/s ates F, F. Brown, Kansas City. meGenesee Valle. V. M. Ass’n...|----+--++-+> (Caegaeceek ee J. H. Taylor, Henrietta,N.Y. Towa State V. \I. Ass’n....... | January, 1906, Ames. H. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Minnesota Stare V. M. Ass’n..\Jam. 10-11, 06.) St. Paul. |J, G. Annand, Minneapolis. Pennsylvania “tate V. M. A...| March, 1906. eae eee w= |C. J. Marshall) Phila. Bieystone V. M. Ass’n........ = Tues, Sept. | Philadelphia. |A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her- man St., Germantown, a. Colorado State V. M. Ass’n,.. Ist Mon.inJune/ Denver. |M. J. Woodliffe, Denver. January, 1906. | Kansas City. Missouri Valley V. Ass’n Rhode Island V. M. Ass‘n...., i forth Dakota V. M. Ass’n....! California State V. M. Ass’n. Southern Auxiliary of Califor- nia State V. M. Ass’n... see ee eee Bl = Médécale Veternaire mewrancaise ‘‘ Laval,”’....... Alumni Association A. V. Col.. *rovince of Quebec V. M.A... mentucky V. M. Ass’n....... Wolverine State V. M. Ass’n. Washington State Col. V. M. A. | Dhio Valley V. M. Ass’n. er: Nebraska V. M. Ass'n. ouisiana State V. M, Ass’n. essex Co. (N.J ) V. M. Ass'n , a* B. F, Kaupp, Kansas City. 3d Thursday June and Dec. | Providence. |T,E, Robinson, Westerly,R.I january, 1906. Fargo. E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks '|Mch. Je.Sep, De|San Francisco|P, H. Browning, San Jose. - Jan. a Jy, Oct.| Los Angeles. |H.D. Fenimore, Los Angeles E. L. Moore. Brookings, wie olgiajars 2 «a she] a ee an A. T. Peters, Lincoln. Topeka, (Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina. ist & 3d Thur, |Lect. R’m La-|J, P. A. Houde, Montreal. of each month, |val Un'y Mon. April each yr. | New York. |F, R. Hanson, N. Y. City. 2 3 \steeokepeet Mon, & Que. |Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q. Ae | ee D. A. Piatt, Lexington. os ce ates |s . «s.r We W . Thorburn. Monthly Pullman, Wa.|Wm. D. Mason, Pullman. . +o eee ie Evansville, I’d|J W. Moses, Mt, Vernon, Ind. “0,6, cinteieeets s «|... ... on A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb. : +e. |..... E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, Bos. | cba eee. B. K. Baldwin, Newark. . PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. ‘= ~~. an 1 A New York office for the products of the Pasteur Institute is now _ established at 366-368 West 11th Street. ; These products comprise the Veterinary Biological Series, such as Anthrax Vaccine, Mallein, Antistreptococcic Serum, Antitetanic Serum, Blackleg Vaccine, Blacklegine (cord form), Blacklegules (pill form), © Tuberculin, Pasteur Rat Virus (‘‘ Mouratus ’’), as well as Antivenomous Serum, Pasteur Wine Yeasts, Eucamphol and Traumatol. Eucamphol, the great external and internal antiseptic, has the favor of the veterinarians everywhere. The wonderful Pasteur Rat Virus, devised by the Pasteur Institute for the extermination of rats and mice, .is successful even where they exist in extraordinarily large numbers. Any communication on any of these products or preparations ad- dressed to C. A. Welles at the above address, Chicago Office, 441-445 Wabash Ave., or San Francisco Office, 456 Montgomery Street, will receive immediate attention. SANITATION OF FAIRS. IN going the round of the Fairs this year, the splendid sanitary con- dition of many of them has been especially noticeable to visitors and has frequently been the subject of favorable comment. When large num- bers of people and a large exhibit of live-stock are gathered together, the surroundings soon become exceedingly disagreeable, unless steps are taken to maintain sanitary conditions. It has been very gratifying to notice the increased attention that Fair managers are giving to this important matter and the prevention of disease among the live-stock. There are many things that enter into the making of a successful Fair, and not the least of them is the comfort and pleasure of the visitors. At the following Fairs the sanitation of the buildings and grounds was es- pecially commendable : Sedalia, Mo. ; Hutchinson & Topeka, Kan.; Lincoln, Neb. ; Huron, S. D.; Hamline, Minn. ; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Sioux City, Ia.; Bozeman, Mont. ; Boise, Idaho. ; Springfield, Ill.; Pueblo, Col.; Indianapolis, Ind., and the Live-Stock Exhibit at the Lewis & Clark Exposition. At these Fairs, Kreso, manufactured by Parke, Davis & Co., of De- troit. Mich., was used as a disinfectant. The closets were cleansed and sprayed frequently with the solution, thus thoroughly disinfecting and deodorizing them. The horse and cattle barns were noticeably free from stable odors and also from flies, which certainly added immensely to the comfort of the animals, and no reports of infectious disease among the stock has reached us. In the sheep, swineand poultry quarters, the use © of this disinfectant brought about the same good results. These con- ditions are so much improved over what they were a few years ago that almost everybody commented upon it. We consider that a lesson is conveyed to the stockmen at these Fairs by the way they were kept in sanitary condition. If the product above © mentioned will overcome odors and disease germs under the trying con- ditions of a Fair, where great numbers of stock from all over the coun- try are collected, it will certainly give efficient service in disinfecting barns, stables, pens, etc., at home. For ‘‘ Practices for Sale, Assistants, and Assistantships Wanted,’’ etc., see lower half of inside back cover page. NON-POISONOUS —— NON-CAUSTIiC —— NON-CORROSIVE The success of Chloro-Naptholeum as a disinfectant and antiseptic for veterinary purposes has bred a great many similar preparations. In their physical appearance, all are more or less identical, but there is a vast difference in their chemical and bacteriological properties which is due to the raw material used, as well as the process proper. The creosote from which Chloro-Naptholeum is made is a genuine coal tar oil, carefully selected and specially prepared, so as to contain only the highly concentrated antiseptics, and to exclude all carbolic acid. These facts cannot be claimed by makers of other preparations; for many disinfectants offered receive no chemical care or supervision in their manufacture, and most of them use a cheap pine oil in order to make up bulk, so that when put to the test, they are at best, merely deodorants and have no disinfecting or antiseptic properties. The genuine Chloro-Naptholeum is always sold in sealed trade marked packages, and in quarts, half gallons, and gallons by representa- tive dealers, or direct. 9 East 59th Street, West Disinfecting Co., Inc., © Ne von. sy. Branches in all large cities. 4 iN Hol HE E VASOGE A vehicle that penetrates the epidermis was remarkable rapid Carrying its incorporated remedial agent to the underlying tissues it is immediately absorbed. Convenient Applicat Quick Meagits. Non-Irritating, Vasogen is an 0 with standard water, freely emt of Vasogen are application. Send twenty-five cents to samples : lodine Vasogen containing 107 lodine. lodoform Vasogen ‘6 3¢ lodoform. Creosote Vasogen s 207 Creosote. Pyoktamin Vasogen | és 2% Pyoktamin. Manufactured by VASOGENFABRIK PEARSON & CO., HATIBURG, GERMANY LEHN & FINK, Sole American Agents, 120 William Street, New York. SOSSSSSSSSHOSSHSHSSHSOSHSOSOSSOHOOOHOOOS OH SHSSHSHHOSHSHSOSSHSSSOSSSSHSOSOSOOOOOOSD he iit i a A most Popular Hypodemmic Syringe wilh the Velerinary Medical ProleSSion. Substantial in Construction. ‘dj]YSuUBUIYIOAA Ul JIAJJId DIMENSIONS OF CASE—6% inches in length, 2% inches wide, 2 inches deep, VETERINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. In Morocco case, velvet lined, containing two straight needles, one-halfcurved needle for intra venous injecticn, one trocar and canula, and twelve tubes for Hypodermic Tablets. Our Syringes are substantially made, especially for the use of Veterinary Sur- geons, with strong glass barrel of three drachms capacity, protected by fenestrated metal cylinder, with rings for thumb and fingers. By removal of the lower metal end, one or more tablets may be placed directly in the syringe —repiacing cap and attaching needle, water can then be drawn in upon the tablets and solution effected by shaking the syringe. Our syringes are made with needles to attach either by slide or screw-thread. In ordering specify which is preferred. Price of Syringe and case complete.........-..- ....$4.00 (reduced from §5.00., Extra NecdleS@ebraieue wot --c-- cscs ss aecscee aii -icietarel SB. Bac ey Wee Extra Needles, curved............ Bielcc even aicte cet Usttcsicssibnccecaceseeelit iam eee 35 FExtrad LORAG AH NGAMIIA ew saeebisve.s asses cb ke ee vepaeaminerecieh 5 olein:3n mes 50 , BUNTIN DRUG CO’S VETERINARY BULB SYRINGE For administering Liquid Medicines to Horses and Cattle by the Mouth or Rectum Every Syringe has Firm Name Stamped on the Hard Rubber Pipe LENGTH 10% INCHES ee, PRE Sensi of orrmam—one Mer 513 ©) 25QUNCES _ E-sunmm: e ff Consists of a substantial soft rubber bulb to which is ne attached a very strong, hardrubber pipe. In giving med- Me = icine or food with this Syringe there is no danger of in- juring the animal’s mouth or breaking the Syringe; any quantity, from a teaspoonful to two ounces may be given at one injection. BUNTIN DRUG CO., TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA Manvfacturers of Veterinary Hypodermic Tablets and Hypodermic Syringes (Length 10% inches.) Prices Bulb Syringes, 75c. each; per half doz., $4.00; per doz., $7.50. BUNTIN DRUG COMPANY, 600 Wabash Avenue TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA. EIMER & AMEND, Agents, 205-211 Third Ave., New York. 14 a“ BUNTIN DRUG CO.’S SOLUBLE HYPODERMIC TABLETS. Valuable Surgical Dressing, either dry or in solution. VETERINARY. oh er tube of - = Ne. ro tablets. MS} AP a14 Aconitine, Crystals............ .-.. oaentisa an evences IAOPT ie cicice sees $o 12 < as PaeeAcomitine, Crystals... 2... i-05 eee enemas ss aiae nie RSE Pincise ee. ORS Cx) BeuerAconitine, Crystals... ..:.. sc: cespeane eee nce alas TZ T Poss outs cate « 15 eee 116 Aconitine, Crystals ....... oC gts steiner so sentais'sta alate Set BE. s, bt ns ahah OEY, gates mperncompne, Crystals, ...<..,ccnseegases k ears SE 2OCe ate! OC OA eee 22 Ouge 118 Aconitine, Crystals ........... .. . Monae ccatetakte LATS wscilek PCy at 3 9 159 Arecoline "Hydrobrom ss a.s.p 0 eipeeteraae SNe AR eh Rea AES ee eee Oe Pee 160 Arecoline Hydrobrom ........... ... See ee Mate waek rig) aes .. 180 iro wO 8 ig Atropine Sulphate. ........ 2% = EEN OICDICING . ... 5. 0500s 00% 2 eae Pear Wg gee, fete I 00 : mealies (Knowles)... «ss senate Paee rs “eee ea es ewes) oats toes “POAIE 54 Ye Morphine Sulphs: Kccmencen 2 grs. "oO Atropine Sulph.... .. ..... I- 4 gr. ‘oO A@umire GIyst. Jo. .250. ces I-20 gr. Pe 104 Coniine Hydrobromate........ emis, Cntliasheukereceds T= 2.98. oocuace x's 43 oS = 128 Coniine Hydrobromate. -.- scuc.se..5- wee ceeen dunes LPiiceeeaccncas oS A meme Dicitaline, Pure. .c iaeeeeserine salicylate... .ncsvieen=:s- Mee gs e- sean ened kad sekceeenies Seen 50 N eemerine Salicylate ....suspasaiateetn asces<-vecen ws ) A ms PoE ee 75 = "= SReBENeL Ie SA liCvlate..ccccce MaauwevNemues s--¢ce-%> «9% LAST. chene so gee I 25 c — my mmetine salicylate.........gussecssuees les “Drek eye IeTS one. ...- 1 90 cS BREACHING Compound . .2... Mec eeeeeaeis 62 sos cece ses csegne ss + aa ve ihc sas I 00 < Eserine Salicylate ar ae I- 4@gr. 3:5 Pilocarpine Muriate...,... I- 2 gr. o 8) StrycHnine cece. 1 ...-cecces I- 8 gr. — SJ] 153 Eserine and Pilocarpine.... \...... cde CE RET SE On 2 al ata aes ; Eserine... os oO Pilocarpine 4 a=] 154 Colic (Forbes)...... PO oy te Oe A eee eee 275 — . { Eserine Salicylate......,.... I. gr. } ~~ 2° tere! UTE? Se eee 3% grs. = 98 oof eeeemine poe: pa er ae Sener seenae Biscisies 12 112 Strychnine Sulphate....... ....... Fenn Peleg i= <= \c\ec - oo ae 12 247 Strychnine Sulphate ....... .....- Sinieinin/eiaiay '<\< «l/c cece CPRMEEREEMEEEEIS > co cccas 13 148 Strychnine Sulphate............ sae ineiiee 3. 566 cents. cssecee 14 149 Veratrine Muriate..... oc0:3 0000 see Si Spee OS eee 12 Beam Wweratrine Muriate,..........-csecscorcns: Aone i, oe 14 dp) Please order. by number. Goods sent post-paid to any part United States or Canada upon receipt of price. 15 (A SOLUBLE POWDER.) ry om The Dechery Auto-Cautery. A Compact Instrument, Simple in Operation and always ready for Use, producing the maxi- mum heating effect without the use of compres-= sion bulbs, NO VETERINARIAN’S OUTFIT COMPLETE WITHOUT ONE. PRICE, $30.00. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., Sole U. S. Agents, 85 Water Street, New York City. STOV AINE. TRADE MARK REGISTERED. THE IDEAL LOCAL ANAESTHETIC FOR VETERINARY USE, COMPLETELY REPLACING COCAINE. Public Demonstrations at the following Clinics have confirmed its superiority over Cocaine: Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association, Bridgeport, Aug. 1, 1905. American Veterinary Medical Association, Cleveland, 0., Aug. 15-18, 1905. New York State Veterinary Med. Society, Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 12-15, 1905. The American Veterinary Review of October 1905, says : ‘““STOVAINE substituted cocaine in most all of the large clinics held in connection with the recent meetings, and in every case with the most grati- fying results.”’ Send for Literature. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., 85 Water Street, New York. 132 Chestnut St., 396 Atlantic Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Western Agents: R. R. STREET & CO., 184 Washington St., Chicago, Ill. 16 TALLIANINE (REGISTERED TRADE MARE) Diagram showing the increase in the consumption of Tallianine since its introduction to the profession in rgor to the end of the first six months of 1905. 24000 TUBES ea ve 22 bs 24 ry 20 ve 19 i 18 i 17 ” 16 “ 15 7) 14 " 13 " ~ © - - FIRST SIX MONTHS. ONLY. ~ - ie FO OW awe ef 190] 1902 1903 1904 1905 SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE. Address: WALTER F. SYKES & CO., 85 Water Street, New York. 132 Chestnut St. 396 Atlantic Ave. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Western Agents: R. R. STREET & CO., 184 Washington St., Chicago, Ill. ily NEW YOREGUN® UNIVERSITY. Hew York-American Veterinary Golfege. ( New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 1857, and the American Veterinary Col- lege, chartered 1875.) Session 1905-1906 will begin October 2d, 1905. Write for new catalogue and all information to A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.[1., DEAN, 141 West 54th Street, New York City. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, ESTABLISHED AT COR AW 21 Oa ve eS Ll SS, ee eC A ee BY CHAPTER 153, LAWS OF 1894. The best equipment for scientific and practical instruction, for undergraduates and post- graduates. Most varied practice for students in the free clinics. Regular graded course, three years of nine months each. Entrance by Regents’ ‘‘ Veterinary Student Certificate,” or by examination, September 15th, 1904. Matriculation September 23d, 1904. we % w Tuition Free to New York State Students. For extended announcement address, Professor JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S., Director. ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, Limited, 40, 42, 44 and 46 TEMPERANCE STREET, TORONTO, CANADA. Patrons.—Governor-General of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor o! Ontario. SESSION 1905-1906 BEGINS OCTOBER Ith. All Experienced Teachers. = - = Fees, $65.00 per Session. Prof. SMITH, V.S. (Edin.) F.R.C.V.S., Etc., Principal. CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE 2537 and 2539 State Street, Chicago, IIIs. Organized and Incorporated under the Laws of the State of Illinois, 1883. Requiar Session commences the first week in October in cach veal. For Prospectus giving all information as to curriculum, fees, etc., addrest the Secretary JOSEPH HUGHES, M.R.C.V.S., 2537 and 2539 State St., Chicago, Ilin. 18 OUR NEW LABORATORIES replacing those destroyed by fire some months ago, are of fire- proof brick construction and thoroughly equipped with the latest and best machinery and apparatus. With nearly two acres of floor space and improved facilities throughout, our plant is now one of the largest devoted exclusively to the manufacture of STANDARD PHARMACEUTICALS, such as, U. S. P. Assayed and Standardized Fluid Extracts, Tinctures, Medicinal Syrups, Elixirs, Spirits, Wines, Cordials, Powders, Pastes, Embrocations, Lozenges, Hypodermic and Compressed Tablets, Surgical Dressings and Bandages, etc. SPECIALTIES used in VETERINARY and CANINE PRACTICE, VETRINOL (Veterinary Unguentine). Ideal antiseptic astringent ointment for Burns, Sores and Inflammatory Skin diseases. VETRINOL DUSTING POWDER. A dry dressing for Saddle and Collar Galls and all open sores on animals. ZEMACOL (Eczema Colloid). A specific for all eczematous conditions of cutaneous surfaces. CAPSICOL {Solidified Embrocation). The best and handiest counter-irritant. Takes the place of liniments, blisters, etc. KAODERMA. A soothing, antiphlogistic topical application. SYR. EUCALYPTUS COTFIP. For Coughs, Bronchitis, Laryngitis, Pneumonia, etc. THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY Main Offices: NORWICH, NEW YORK. NEW YORK OFFICE: 70 and 72 Fulton St. Branches: NEW YORK and CHICAGO. ’*Phone 3028 John. Bas We make a specialty of preparing Private Formulas. Send yours in and get our prices. Write us for complete price catalogue, listing all goods of our make. CREOGEN-MARTIN (The Veterinarians Antiseptic.) Is invaluable in the surgical treatment of Bur- satti or summer sores, actinomycosis, fistulous withers, poll evil, trephining of the nasal and facial sinuses of the head, etc. In abdominal laparotomies a 1 or 2 per cent solution is very suitable for irrigating the ab- dominal cavity during operations. No toxic absorb- tion need be apprehended from the use of Creogen as is the case with Phenol or Hydrargri Bi Chloride. Creogen does not blacken surgical instruments, de- stroy their polish or injure their edge. As an anti- septic it covers the field of veterinary surgery in a most efficient manner. It answers equally well for the simplest as well as for the most complex and deli- cate surgical operations. If you are annoyed with cases of chronic psorop- tic, sarcoptic or symbiotic mange, or other forms of scabetic diseases of the skin among your equine, bo- vine or canine patients, that has previously resisted your best efforts to cure, a trial of Creogen will quick- ly convince you that it is without an equal for such dis- eases. There is no pharmaceutical preparation that will yield you larger dividends in your practice, than Creogen. Send for a sample. its free. 1 gallon $1.50, 5 gallons, $6.50, 10 gallons, $12.00, prepaid. W. J. MARTIN CHEMICAL CO., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS, KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS. Lam Richard Roe i \ ' Verena Queer A POSITIVE REMEDY DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS 5 231 HORSE eet) DOG. Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE —Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis— OR FROM ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT —Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine— ORDER SANMETTO Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA— -Many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito- Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys and Bladder—hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract. To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus: R SANMETTO—one bottle—original package. DoseE :—For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day. For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day. Price One Bottle, $1.00. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable Druggists, Pamphlet on application. OD CHEM. CoO., New York. 11 WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. New Books for Veterinarians. The greatest book on the subject ever published in ANY language. HANDBOOK OF MEAT INSPECTION Dr. ROBERT OSTERTAG, Professor in the Veterinary High School at Berlin. AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY : Earley Vernon Wilcox, A.M.,Ph.D., Veterinary Editor, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Experiment Station Record. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY John R. Mohler, A./1.,V.l1.D., Chief of Pathological Division U. S. Bureau Animal Industry. One vol., cloth, 634x934, 920 pages, 260 illustrations and one colored plate, $7.50. It describes minutely the normal appearances of parts and organs, and contains an elaborate account of all pathological conditions and processes with which the meat inspector comes in contned: This work contains not only the common conditions, but the unusual and puzzling as well. The discussion of the best methods of procedure with the meat of diseased animals is thorough, scientific and conservative. The chapters on methods of preservation and steriliza- tion of meat are up-to-date and of great value to packers and meat-dealers; and the chapters on meat poisoning and adulteration are of special interest to food chemists and Boards of Health. The work is exhaustive and authoritative because of Dr Ostertag’s extended and excep- tional experience. It is a book greatly needed. ‘The illustrations are very fine and the book altogether handsomely printed. By far the best work yet published on the subject, and is, I believe, destined to occupy an important place in veterinary literature.—George Lytle, MD., Local Office of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Chicago, Ill. The work is a monumental one, and we are confident will hold its own in years to come.— The Veterinary Journal, London. Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary | The Veterinarian’s Call Book ( Perpetual.) Surgery. By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., By Roscok R. BELL, D.V.S., (Editor AMER- V.S., author of ‘‘ The Clinical Diagnosis ICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.) Besides 206 of Lameness in the Horse,”’ ‘‘ Tibio-Pero- pages for keeping accounts of patients, it neal Neurectomy,’’ translator of DeBruin’s contains 41 pages of valuable information. ‘* Bovine Obstetrics,’’ ete. Cloth, size 6x9, Full flexible leather, with flap and pocket, 317 pages, $3.50. Concerning this new $1.25. work attention is called to the following points: 1 —It discusses the subject upon | Anatomical and Physiological Model of the the basis of veterinary investigations. 2.— Cow and Model of the Horse. By GEorGE It does away with works on human path- A. BANHAM, F.R.C.VS._ Price of each ology, histology, etc. 3.—It explains each Model, including Explanatory Text, $7 50. question thoroughly both from a scientific These Models, colored to nature, show all as well as a practical point of view. 4.— the Skeleton, Muscles, Internal Organs, It is written by one knowing the needs of etc., in their relative positions. Opened, the student. 5.—It deals exhaustively they measure 10 feet by 3 feet. They show with a chapter on tumors, heretofore three different phases of the horse a¢ once, utterly neglected in veterinary pathology. and fold up into a flat compass, measuring 6. The only work in English specializing only 3% feet by 1% feet. rae evucct. 7.—The only work thorough- Z y taking into consideration American as well as European investigations. 8 —Of. | A Manual of General Histology. By WiL- fering practical hints which have not ap- LIAM S. TE a aneee Professor of peared in print, the result of large city and Pathology in the American Veterina country practice. College, etc. Second edition, revised, cloth, size 5/28, 152 pages, 68 illustra- A Treatise on Epizootic Lymphangitis. By Hons, $1.00. Captain W. A. PALLIN, F.R.C.V.S_ Cloth, 5% X 8%, 90 pages, with 17 fine full page | Horses’ Teeth. By WILLIAM H. CLARKE. illustrations, $1.25 postpaid. The author Fourth edition, revised, cloth, size 5%x7%, has endeavored to combine his own ex- 322 pages, illustrated, $2.50. A treatise on perience with that of other writers and so their mode of development, anatomy, mi- attempts to give a clear and complete ac- croscopy, pathology and dentistry; com- count of a subject about which there is pared with the teeth of many other land Ifttle at present in English veterinary lit- and marine animals both living and ex- erature. tinct. Any of the above books sent prepaid for the price. _A new complete and illustrated Catalogue of all our books for Veterinarians giving full de- scriptions, and in many cases specimen pages, is in course of publication. It will be one of the handsomest catalogues of its kind ever published. When requested, we shall have pleasure in sending a copy, as soon as it is ready, to any Veterinarian. WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, cor. 48th Street, New York. 12 AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1905. Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R, Bell, from Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to 710 East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn, New York City. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. PARIS, FRANCE, October 15, 1905. VIlIrH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. — Oh! now all my European mail is filled with reports of the meeting at Budapest ; but when I consider that this chronicle will not reach the readers of the REVIEW before the month of December, I ask myself if it is worth while for me to repeat what I fancy many of our friends have already seen or read. Of course, the Congress was a grand success—it could not be otherwise. Vet- erinarians have always great reunions, and when are taken in consideration the fact that nearly 1,300 members had joined the Congress ; that all countries of Europe, with America, and even Egypt, India, Africa, and Japan, were represented ; that the gov- ernment of Hungary and that of the City of Budapest had given their moral and financial help; that the committee, with Dr. Hutyra at its head, and the ever-energetic General Secretary, Prof. Dr. Etienne de Ratz, had worked for months and prepared the magnificent reception all the visitors enjoyed, could it be otherwise for the VIIIth International Veterinary Congress to be a success, and, according to what I have heard from some, sur- passed those which preceded it? Iam pretty well convinced that the United States delegation will sanction what I say. It was certainly respectable in number, and, I dare say, in quality. There were Dr. V. A. Moore, of Ithaca; Dr. W. H. Kelly, of Albany, both of whom I had the pleasure to see here; Dr. W. J. Lintz, of Philadelphia; Dr. Moses Jacob, of Knoxville, Ten- 925 926 EDITORIAL. nessee; Dr. H. E. Titus, of Lafayette, Indiana; Dr. Leonard Pearson, of Philadelphia; and Dr. A. Eichhorn, of Washington. ok * The number of papers which were presented at the Congress was very large and one can readily calculate about the amount of work done. There were no less than 58, of which 14 related to tuberculosis from various points of view, and among the authors I find the names of Dr. A. de Jong, of Leyden; Dr. Lorenz, of Darmstadt; Dr. Thomassen, of Utrecht ; Dr. Bang, of Copenhagen; Dr. Rigner, of Stockholm; Dr. Hutyra, of Bu- dapest, etc., etc. There were 5 on each of the subjects of meat and milk inspection, on diseases produced by animal parasites and protozoa, and 5 on the establishment of uniform principles relating to the reaction of tuberculin and of mallein. The sub- ject of tropical diseases was the object of 3 papers by Dr. Theiler, Prof. Ligniéres and Piot-Pacha. Cancer of domestic animals was treated also in 3 papers. Then came rabies, swine epizootics, foot-and-mouth disease, the subject of serotherapy, and molasses feeding, each one being treated by two different reporters, and finally 13 others treated various sanitary subjects. The REvIEw has already published one of these papers, and I hope we will be enabled to do it with others later on. * 1 * ok Last month I gave a few of the motions voted at the closing seating; they related to the prophylaxy of tuberculosis. On this subject I must not neglect to point out at least one very in- teresting fact, for it is a victory of no small importance won against the advocates of the duality of the types of tuberculosis bacilli. It was at the seating of September 5th that the subject treated was “ Relations Between the Tuberculosis of Man, Cat- tle, Fowls and Other Domestic Animals (especially of dogs).” The final vote was as follows: ‘‘(1) Baczllt of bovine tuberculo- sts can infect man. Bacilli are found in man, which can be dan- gerous for animals. A reciprocate infection ts possible im some cases. (2) Lt ws destrable to continue researches to find out the pot to which aviary tuberculosis 7s a danger for man and a. ee — es EDITORIAL. 927 mammalas. (3) AT ANY RATE, IT IS INDISPENSABLE TO CON- TINUE IN TAKING PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST THE DAN- GERS THAT MAN MAY RUN FROM BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.” | The subject of a uniform formula for the issue of periodical sanitary bulletins was once more treated and recommended by special vote. In relation to rabies, the most severe regulations were rec- ommended—obligatory declaration, long quarantine, registra- tion and taxes on all dogs, muzzle carrying, death for street dogs or those that are not claimed from the pound. * * * By the above remarks one can get a little idea of the work done by those who were at Budapest. One word more, to glance _ at the closing seating and relate the two last motions. The _ president of honor then was my friend Dr. Lydtin, of Baden- Baden. Dr. Schmalz, of Berlin, after making important remarks on the growth and importance of the past and future international _ congresses of veterinary medicine, moved that ... “a _ permanent committee of congresses shall be appointed at this meeting, composed of two of the principal officers of the pres- ent congress, two of the members where the next meeting will _ take place and one from every country of the world. This com- mittee shall organize the congress, its work, etc., etc. . . .” Our American friends will be glad to see that among the names elected (Drs. Hutyra, de Ratz, Wirtz and De Jong, Lyd- tin, McFadyean, Binder, Degive, Arloing, Perroncito and oth- ers), that of Dr. Leonard Pearson, of Philadelphia, figures as representing the United States of America. Our friend is in good company. The other motion will be the subject of another considera- tion later on, as I have already taken too much space for to- day. * * * | The next congress will be held in 1909 in Holland. The place is not yet decided upon. 928 EDITORIAL. A NEw HypopERMIC SYRINGE.—Hypodermic administra- tion of drugs has not yet become as frequent in the practice of veterinary medicine as in human; still, many veterinarians have recourse to it, and for them the objections that the syringe of Pravaz sometimes offer, are no longer a secret. It is a valve too dry that does not work, a leakage that cannot be stopped, a sterilization imperfect, etc. I have seen lately used in human medicine an instrument which is called an “auto-injector,” which I hear will soon be admitted into veterinary practice. The auto-injector is always in working condition and permits thorough asepsy of the solutions which are injected ; these solutions are prepared in proper doses and kept in glass ampoules, which are fixed in such a way at one end that all the trocars of a syringe of Pravaz can be adapted to it (a, figs. 1 and 2), while at the other it can be fixed on the auto-injector (0, figs. 1, 2 and 4). Infact, with this new instrument hypodermic medication is made so simple and quick, so sure and safe that all the objections that have existed against this mode of medication have subsided. As to the auto-injector, it is only a minuscule pump, similar EDITORIAL. S 929 to those which are used to fill up the pneu of a bicycle, upon which a peculiar support is attached (fig. 3). To now work with the instrument: the point 4 of the ampoule is adapted to the instrument (fig. 4) and made firm, the point 4 is broken * off and the trocar of a Pravaz syringe placed on it and the instru- ment is then ready for work (fig. 5). The trocar passed to the alcoholic lamp is sterilized; it can be introduced through the skin and by the play of the piston of the syringe the solution is pushed out as in fig. 6. It is certain that by this method the liquid passing directly from the sterilized ampoule into the or- ganism, there is perfect asepsy and all accidents and complica- tions guarded against. * * My DEsk FULL OF DOCUMENTS FOR REVIEW AND CONSID- ERATION.—On returning to Paris after my vacation, I cannot tell the amount of documents that I found waiting for review and bibliographical notices. Letters were in large number, announce- ments of colleges, catalogues, books, etc.—the gathering was complete. I have set to work and answered all my letters; the announcements of the colleges I looked over and compared with those of last year, without finding much change or improve- ment, if any, and I concluded that all the efforts that were about being made to improve veterinary education had not matured yet. Of the catalogues, I noticed the one of Jenkins, the veter- inary book publisher; it is certainly worthy of examination, and it shows the progress that veterinary literature has made in America since a few years. Among the journals I found the Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, and the Arch- zves des Sciences biologiques, published at St. Petersburg, Russia. Finally, among the books I found Dr. Bell’s ‘‘ Call-Book,” Oster- tag’s ‘‘ Meat Inspection’? and Wyman’s ‘‘ Catechism of Veteri- nary Surgery.” Of the former it is useless for me to speak; the fact that for years it has been in use by practitioners, is sufficient evi- 3 4 B dence of its value. 4 Of the second, Ostertag’s ‘‘ Meat Inspection,” the excellent 930 EDITORIAL. review made of it inthe September number of Volume XXVIII, will displace me from its consideration. The value of the work has already been appreciated in previous pages. Of the third, Wyman’s “Catechism of Veterinary Surgery,” I have not seen any allusion appearing as yet in the REVIEW, and I may be al- * lowed to refer to it. * “4 *k In the preface Dr. Wyman says: ‘As a former teacher of veterinary students, I am fairly conversant with their needs. It has been my most earnest desire and effort to supply a work which, while scientific and modern, is free from matters of doubtful interest to the American student.” Has the author kept his word? It seems to me that the answer must be affirm- ative. ‘Catechism of Veterinary Surgery” is certainly a stu- dent-book, and one that every American and English reading veterinary scholar will do well to have in his library. ‘The mode of teaching resorted to by the author is not new, although in veterinary literature it has been used but little. Prof. Hanson had recourse to it in his book on theory and practice. No doubt the questioning does familiarize the student and bring to his mind at once the answers he must give, and the problem is not without difficulty for the author, as if the answers are easy for him the questions to put demand a great deal of atten- tion. Prof. Wyman has well filled the two parts. The questions are covering all the points necessary. All the answers are brought to the most scientific and modern standard of medical knowledge. Both are written without pretentious phraseology and the style such that it renders the reading easy. Only some 300 pages form this little volume, and yet what does it not con- tain that a student of surgical pathology needs? ‘Truly, plates are absent. ‘here are no illustrations, but certainly there was no use for them. It is not a work on operative but one on general surgery, and as such I am sure it fills well the need that students may have felt, and no doubt it will meet with the success it deserves. i EDITORIAL. 931 I also had in my mass of American news a pamphlet, reprint from the annual report of the N. Y. Zoological Society, headed ““Osteomalacia of Primates in Captivity,” a clinical and patho- logical study of ‘‘cage paralysis,’ by Dr. Harlow Brooks and Dr. W. Reid Blair, the latter of whom kindly sent it to me with his compliments. I address him here my double thanks, for the compliment he has paid me and for the pleasure he has given me in reading this little essay. The authors described a form of disease which every one that has had much to do with animals in captivity have no doubt observed, and I, as one of them, remember observing it in menageries, specially that of Central Park, in New York, when in its infancy. The disease is well described and the illustrations very good, which are re- produced from a valuable addition to the scanty literature on the subject. It may not be the first, but it is opening the right door for further investigations. It is very interesting. A. L. THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Stock papers continue to publish editorial articles and let- ters from correspondents upon the subject of the qualifications which should be possessed by the Chief of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry. For reasons best known to the writers of these screeds, they persist in painting the veterinarian as an individ- ual possessed of no other intelligence than that which is neces-_ sary to enable him to practice his profession or look through a microscope ; that he could expand his mind in a career devoted to the study of animal diseases, animal husbandry, agriculture and allied subjects, to even broader fields, is preposterous in their _ view; yet, according to these writers, a ‘‘ stockman” has in his _ grasp a superabundance of knowledge upon every phase of the _ Bureau’s work. ‘The contention from the veterinarian’s stand- point is that a veterinarian, simply for the reason that he is a _ veterinarian, is not necessarily qualified for the expansive posi- tion under consideration ; but we assert with confidence be- _ gotten of conviction that we have men within our ranks as cap- 932 EDITORIAL. able, and more capable, of directing the affairs of the Bureau than can be found in any other class of men in this country, for, possessing practical and theoretical knowledge of the dangers from the scourges liable to be brought to our shores, as well as the conservation of our commercial relations in other lands by a strict scrutiny of animal products intended for shipment abroad, he can more intelligently direct all departments of his Bureau in harmony with these paramount considerations. On the other hand, the “ stockman,” having more in mind the com- mercial aspect, is likely to subjugate safety in expansion of trade to reckless haste in yielding to the demands of those pri- vate interests which would require but a short time to undo all that has been accomplished in the twenty odd years that the Bureau has battled to build up a foreign confidence in the vast products of our animal industry. A correspondent. of the Breeder's Gazette, signiug himself ‘“Robert Gibbons,” writing from Wayne County, Mich., has a long letter in its issue of Nov. 22, and takes for his text the editorial in this journal for November. He republishes the major portion of our article, leaving out those portions which were not suited to his purposes, and criticizing our views from the standpoint of the stock-raiser. The portion which he omits to reproduce is a sufficient reply to any argument which he puts forth ; yet he maliciously emasculates our whole contention by making extracts only wherever it suits his weak position. The larger part of the duties of the directing head of the Bureau as enumerated by Mr. Gibbons are, we submit, such as to require technical veterinary knowledge. He says: ‘‘/¢ has to do not only with the diseases of live stock, but with the indus- try wn relation to the welfare of the country at large. It inspects the live stock before slaughter, takes the lead in combatting the spread of diseases from one State to another, and makes regula- tions for stamping them out. It regulates the shipping of live stock, and looks after the lines of transportation and takes action necessary to insure proper sanitary conditions. Tt looks after foreign markets and prevents the importation of diseased ant- EDITORIAL. 933 mals from abroad. It ts always ready to give information regarding the live-stock industry tn other lands and the charac- teristics of foreign breeds. The stock-raiser, the packer, the dairyman, the importer and the exporter, expect the Bureau to look after their interests and furnish them with desired tn- formation.” After enumerating all these scientific duties, to perform which only a man possessing a technical and true knowledge of the varied subjects can hope to intelligently succeed, Mr. Gib- bons has the effrontery to conclude: “ Under such demands the only safe man for rts chief ts one thoroughly informed regarding all phases of the industry wt 1s charged with caring for.’ His evidence is stronger than our own argument that a veterinarian is the oz/y man who can properly fill the position, for to be “thoroughly informed regarding all phases of the industry ” one must have received thorough instruction regarding the diseases of animals in his basic education, and in securing this knowledge he would naturally receive recognition from his instructors in the form of a diploma. Upon that foundation, then, he could go on and build so as to be “thoroughly informed regarding all phases of the industry.” But without it he cannot build. In the garbled extracts made by Mr. Gibbons from the RE- VIEW we held to this view, which the following paragraph shows, omitted by him presumably for the reason that it did not serve his biased deductions : ‘‘One of the greatest weapons in the hands of the profession to-day is the opportunity to assure the country that the demand of the stockmen for a broad-gauged man of affairs at the head of the Bureau can be met without changing the law; that there _ are men within owr ranks who are as capable of administering its affairs in all its ramifications as there are without, with the additional accomplishment of possessing a thorough understand- ing of the dangers to be safeguarded by the importation of ani- mal scourges from other lands as well as the control and sup- pression of those diseases which decimate our herds and flocks at home.” 934 EDITORIAL. No better argument to refuse to change the law could possi- — bly be put forth than Mr. Gibbons has furnished in his concep- — tion of the duties of the position, and we strongly urge Our com- fréres to quote him freely in their campaign of education before : their Congressmen. 2 WHAT THE PROFESSION HAS ACCOMPLISHED IN JOURNALISM. The REVIEW has ever insisted that efforts to produce results — in professional journalism can only be successful when the ~ members of that profession enter with proper spirit intothe ~ making of that success. It is the aggregate of their contribu-— tions—whether it be an abstract theory, the record of a demon- strated truth in the field of bacteriology or preventive medicine, — a report of an interesting or unusual case, or even a matter of professional news ; whether it be the story of a movement to se- cure wise and needed legislation, or the crystallization of an ef- — _ fort to raise the standard of education ; whether it be the scru- tiny of the literature of other tongues translated and sum- | marized to increase the total of our knowledge, or the plain statement of the transactions of medical association meetings— _ whatever be the character of the contribution, it all goes to con- — sume our interest, to increase our knowledge, to ennoble our ambitions, to broaden our characters, to render our interest in our work more intelligent and more tenacious, and in every way to make of us better and more earnest and more scientific © veterinarians. : The great family of REVIEW readers have yearly fallen in” | more deeply with this idea, and if we are to take the evidence © of our esteemed contemporary from the Pacific Coast as expres- _ sive of the general appreciation of the profession as to how well they have accomplished this, they may well feel satisfied with their work. But the editors of this journal, while sincerely appre- ciative of the generous words of the Western Veterinarian, de sire to have it well understood that what has been accomplished is no measure of what is im store for its readers, for its motto EDITORIAL. 935 has ever been, ‘‘A Journal of Veterinary Progress,” and the REVIEW is in better position to realize this than it has ever been. We republish the following editorial from the Western Vet- ertnarian for November with pride: “THE AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. “The above is the title of undoubtedly the best veteri- nary journal printed in the English language to-day, and while we are not familiar with the many journals published on the European continent, we believe that the REVIEW ranks with the best. What veterinary publication can present, as the REVIEW has done in its September issue, one hundred and thirty-four pages of printed matter, every word of which is practical and of vital importance to the veterinary profession? All of this valuable reading matter is procurable for the exceedingly small sum of twenty-five cents. How any veterinarian, be he engaged in active practice, research work, or filling some Federal, State, County or Municipal position, can manage to get along and keep up with the rapid progress of modern times without being a regular subscriber to the AMERICAN VET- ERINARY REVIEW is something that we think can hardly be explained. As far as we are concerned, we have been a regular subscriber since our student days, and from that period up to the present time there has been nothing to which we looked forward to with more pleasure and antici- pation than the regular monthly visit of the REVIEW. ‘“As each year rolls by we get our volume bound and place it in our library with a feeling of pride that we have added to our collection a complete work of such value that if lost it could never be replaced. “Tn our daily practice we frequently come across ob- scure cases that necessitate the consultation of our text books, and where text books fail to provide us with the required information, as they usually do, we resort to the bound copies of our REVIEW with the result that it is rare 936 EDITORIAL. indeed when we fail to find the chronicled experience of other practitioners in regard to similar cases. For this and many other reasons we consider the bound volumes of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW to be the most valuable of our literary collection.” AN EXPLANATION AND A MORAL, The late arrival of the November REVIEW upon the desks of its subscribers was occasioned by the breaking of some of the fundamental machinery in the press-room a few hours before the last form was run off, necessitating a delay of five or six days during which the requisite repairs were made before com- pletion of the printing. Meantime every effort was made to enlist neighboring press-rooms in our behalf, but all were run- ning at their full capacities, and no course was open except to “rin and bear it.” When the REvIeEw finally was delivered to the New York Post-office, and before it reached its subscrib- ers, anxious letters began arriving from all quarters inquiring the cause of the unusual delay. To all such inquirers, the above explanation is offered, with assurances that there is little likelihood of a repetition of the misfortune. Meanwhile, the circumstance serves to show how necessary the monthly visits of the REVIEW are to veterinarians who read it, and consequently how much is lost by those who do not read it. AT the recent meeting of the lowa-Nebraska Veterinary Med- ical Association, at Omaha, Neb., the members presented Sec- retary A. T. Peters with a beautiful loving cup in grateful recognition of his long, faithful, and valuable services to the organization. His effort to relinquish the Secretary’s portfolio in favor of new blood did not meet with success, the member- ship believing him to be an ideal Secretary, and one who had done a great deal toward making the Association the success which it undoubtedly is. His full report of the deliberations of the late meeting will be found elsewhere ; also two of the papers read. THE NEGRI BODIES AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 937 ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE NEGRI BODIES AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. By Cassius Way, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. Presented to the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Sept. 14, 1905. At a meeting of this Society held at Brooklyn in September of last year we had the pleasure of discussing the Van Gehuch- ten and Nelis method of diagnosing rabies.* It is obvious to those who have to deal with this disease that a quick means of diagnosis is of great importance. In making a diagnosis by means of the inoculation of experimental animals, which is often impossible owing to the decomposition of the material to be used, the time consumed is sufficient for the person or animal which chanced to have been bitten by the supposed rabid dog to develop the disease and succumb to its ravages. This fact has stimulated a great deal of thorough research on this subject. Since Pasteur introduced and perfected the diagnosis of rab- ies by means of animal inoculation, Babes, Van Gehuchten and _ Nelis, and Negri have each produced a method for the rapid diagnosis of this disease. Itis necessary that a desirable method should fulfill the following requirements: 1. It should demon- strate the lesions characteristic of the disease at the earliest time at which they appear. 2. The technique of the method should not be so complicated and difficult as to render the accomplish- ment impossible under the practical conditions which are met with. 3. It should demonstrate lesions even after they have been moderately affected by post-mortem changes. Babes described certain changes consisting of a proliferation of small round cells about and within the capsules of the nerve cells. In addition to this he found what he accepts as constant and positive lesions in the medulla oblongata consisting of a * Moore, V. A. and Way, C. ‘‘ A Rapid Method for the Diagnosis of Rabies.’’ Am. _ Vert. REvIEw, Oct., 1904. 938 CASSIUS WAY. collection of round embryonic cells about the central canal and especially about the large modified cells of the motor centres of the bulb and cord for which he proposed the name “ rabic tuber- cle.” ‘This method does not seem to have been very popular, as it is said the lesions are not constant in rabies and may occur in other conditions. : Later Van Gehuchten and Nelis discovered in the spinal and plexiform ganglia of rabid patients certain lesions which they considered as characteristic and diagnostic of this disease. These lesions consisted in the atrophy, the invasion and destruction of the ganglion cell as a result of new formed cells evidently from the endothelial capsule. With us this method proved to be very satisfactory providing the disease was allowed to run its full course. However, when the animal was killed before the ter- mination of the disease the lesions might be present or absent, depending on the length of time the disease had continued. With this method it is necessary that the disease shall run its natural course, thus precluding an early diagnosis. In 1903, Negri, of the University of Pavia, made some im- portant observations on the pathology of rabies. He described small bodies or cell inclusions, since called Negri bodies, which he found in the Purkingie cells of the cerebellum and in the large ganglion cells of the Ammons horn. Negri believes these bodies to be the etiological factor of the disease and classifies . them among the protozoa. In his original paper he states the following: the bodies are specific microdrganisms which are characteristic of the disease, found only in animals affected with rabies ; they appear comparatively early in the disease, he having found them on the seventh day. However, they appear in larger numbers and are of greater size as the disease progresses and are most numerous and largest at the time of the natural death caused by the disease; no special technique is necessary to demonstrate these bodies; their constant appearance in cases of rabies forms a basis for a positive opinion and diagnosis and they are affected very little by decomposition of the surround- ing nervous tissue. THE NEGRI BODIES AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 939 While his findings did not attract much attention at first, a number of workers have studied and reported on those bodies and the method has been employed in a number of laboratories in diagnosing rabies. The present status of the knowledge concerning the etiology of rabies together with the constant demand for quicker and better means for diagnosing the disease has led me to bring be- fore this Society the results of the work we have done during the past year on this new method of diagnosis. Our purpose has been to verify Negri’s findings concerning the morbid changes which he described in the nerve cells of the brain and which he considers to be characteristic of this disease. During the past year we have demonstrated satisfactorily the Negri bodies and during the past six months have used this method in making diagnoses, and in many cases we have veri- NEGRI BODIES IN NERVE CELLS, a. Cell body. b. Nucleus. c. Nucleolus. d. Negri Bodies. 940 CASSIUS WAY. fied the diagnosis based on the microscopic examination by animal inoculations. These bodies or cell inclusions vary in shape. The most common forms are round or oval, the round ones being from .5 to 23in diameter, while the oblong ones vary from .5 x 1.5 to 5 x 2743; irregular forms are occasionally seen, however ; the round or oval ones are by far the most common. In preparations stained with eosin and methylene blue they appear as bright red bodies containing one or two nuclear like struc- tures which are surrounded bya number of other small, circular, regular bodies. They are said to preserve their form even when the brain tissue has undergone marked degeneration, after pro- longed immersion in glycerine and after several days’ drying. Personally we have not made a study of rabid brains under such conditions, with the exception of one case, where the brain had decomposed to such an extent that it was structureless and of | the consistency of watery pus. In this case tle Negri bodies were not found and the extensive decomposition precluded ani- mal inoculation. In regard to the frequency in the occurrence of these bodies I take the liberty of quoting from Dr. Poor’s article, ‘‘ Recent Studies in the Diagnosis of Rabies” (Medical Record, April 15, 1905): ‘‘ Taking the combined statistics of six European labor- atories, we have a total of 550 observations. In 344 cases the lesions described by Negri were found. In every one of these cases the animal was proved to have rabies by the biological test. In 206 cases the lesions were not found. Out of this number, 11 cases were proved by inoculation to have had rabies. From these figures one may conclude that the finding of these lesions is practically conclusive evidence of the existence of rabies, and that in the failure to find them we have a possibility of about 5 per cent. error.” In investigating this method in the laboratory of the Health Department of New York City, Dr. Poor states that of the sixteen cases occurring naturally, z. e., from the bites of animals proved to be.rabid, 13 were dogs, 3 were horses, and one was a human case. All of these showed THE NEGRI BODIES AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 941 the Negri bodies, the diagnosis being made by microscopical ex- amination. In reference to these bodies being characteristic of rabies only, Poor makes the following statement concerning the control cases, z. e., animals affected with other diseases which he has examined: “In none of these cases was anything resembling Negri’s corpuscles found, except in one of the cases of experi- mental tetanus. In this case there were a few minute eosino- phile bodies occurring as inclusions in the Purkingie cells of the cerebellum. They showed no internal structure and did not look exactly like even the structureless bodies found in rabies, and it is my feeling that one familiar with these inclusions would not mistake them in making a diagnosis. * * * So far as I know, the study of these bodies has not progressed suf- ficiently far to throw light on this subject.” The technique of this method is comparatively simple. In our work we have found the Hippocampus major or the Am- mons horn the best and most convenient source of material. The tissue may be fixed in Zenker’s fluid, carried through and sectioned, preferably by the paraffin method. When the sec- tions are stained with eosin and methylene blue (Sat. Alc. Soln. of eosin 10-15 minutes, Loeffler’s alkaline methylene blue 3-5 minutes) the bodies stand out as bright red inclusions within the blue nerve cell. In our work we have found that by using Zenker’s fluid as a fixing agent the best results may be obtained. With this method of fixation and staining a diagnosis may be made in from 18 to 24 hours. While in this preliminary paper we simply wish to present our findings in regard to the morbid anatomy of rabies, we are ‘constrained to make a few suggestions concerning the handling of rabid material. From what has been said, it is evident that this method can only be used by those familiar with laboratory technique and who have the facilities for such work. In this respect it differs from animal inoculation, which can be made by any practitioner. The importance, however, of knowing that a dog that has bitten animals or people has rabies, is suf- ficient to overcome the objections tothe method and to warrant 942 CASSIUS WAY. the extra trouble of sending the material to some laboratory. In our experience, we have found that the simplest and safest method of sending suspected material to the laboratory is to cut off the head and neck close to the shoulders, pack it ina pail of ice and ship by the first express. In conclusion, I would state that we have in this method a means of diagnosing rabies which appears to be the best of any yet suggested, for it approximates more closely than any other the following necessary requirements, namely: It enables one to detect the lesions (1) which seem to be quite constant and char- acteristic, (2) which appear comparatively early in the course of the disease, (3) which may be determined by a practical method of technique, (4) which appear to be constant and defi- nite enough to make an opinion concerning diagnosis possible; and (5) lesions that are little affected by moderate post-mortem changes. While it is obvious that further work should be done on dis- eases of the nervous system, especially tetanus, in order to de- termine whether or not these. bodies are constant, it seems fair to conclude from the present status of experiments and knowl- edge that this method is affording a long desired means for making a rapid diagnosis comparatively early in the course of the disease. Up to October 1, 17,479 more horses had been sold in the Chicago market than during the same period in 1904. Dr. JAMES A. WAUGH, of Pittsburgh, Pa., recently found a nine-pound calculus in the colon of a horse that died of intes- tinal obstruction. CATTLE FEEDING EXPERIMENT.—The Nebraska Experi- ment Station has just issued Bulletin No. go, giving a report of a cattle feeding experiment in which several forms of rough- ness common in the West were compared. This is a 22-page bulletin, illustrated, which sets forth very clearly some perti- nent facts relative to the economical production of beef—facts which should be of interest to every cattle feeder. The bulle- tin may be obtained free of cost by residents of the State upon writing to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Neb., for Bulletin No. go. PROLAPSE OF THE RECTUM. 943 PROLAPSE OF THE RECTUM. By S. H. BAUMAN, V. S., BIRMINGHAM, IOWA. Read before the Annual Meeting of the Iowa State V. M. Association, Prolapse of the rectum is rather uncommon in the horse, but is quite common in the pig and occasionally met with in the dog. We may have eversion of the anus, or it may be eversion of the rectum. In eversion of the anus it would be simply an inflamed cedematous condition of the mucous mem- _ brane, or it may be caused by hzemorrhoids which protrude through the anus. If there is not sufficient space for the mu- cous membrane in the anal canal, it naturally pushes outward. In other cases prolapse is due to the loosening of the innermost lining of the rectum from its deeper muscles. It is naturally held in place by the sub-mucosa, and if this is unduly stretched by inflammation or the passage of hard feeces, the motility of the anal mucous membranes is abnormally increased, so that it is | forced out of the anus with every increase of abdominal pressure. _ Ifthe power of the sphincter muscle is also weakened, the ten- __ dency to prolapse is increased. If the rectum, not merely its mucous membrane, but whole rectum is loosened from its attachments to the levator muscle, so that it protrudes through the sphincter, the condition is known as prolapsus recti. At this point I wish to explain the disposition of the peritoneum in the posterior portion of the ab- dominal cavity in the relation tothe rectum. As it passes in the pelvis the membrane gradually leaves the rectum within about five inches of the anus, first leaving its superior surface, then sides and then in the inferior surface to become reflected in the male on to the superior wall of the bladder, forming the recto-vesical pouch and in the female on to the superior wall of the vagina, forming Douglas’s pouch. ‘The recto-vesical pouch of peritoneum extends back to within about three inches of the anus, while the Douglas’s pouch in the female extends back some further, so that if prolapse is present in an ex- treme degree a loop of the intestines may pass in this perito- 944 Ss. H. BAUMAN. neal pouch and out through the anus, causing a rectal hernia. This condition in the horse and dog is quite serious and needs prompt attention. The protruded parts soon become dark- ened and gangrenous, and will cause death from septic infec- tion if not properly and promptly treated. In pigs prolapse of the anus is not as serious as of the rectum. It is not uncommon to find them at the packing houses, and usually called piles by the inspectors, and, I think, are passed by them as fit for food. Etiology.—The conditions which bring about prolapse are commonest in the young animal. Long standing diarrhoea may influence the mucous membrane and swell the sub-mucous and perirectal connective tissues and relax the sphincter muscle. Even without such inflammatory process the connective tissue in the young animal is very soft, and its muscular system is less developed than in later life. In the young animal, too, the curvature of the czecum is less marked thanin the adult. So that the closure of the pel- vic cavity is almost a muscular one. Another cause is constipation, which sets up inflammation of the mucous membrane and causes straining. I have seen pigs that were fed exclusively on butter milk at a creamery which were affected with prolapsus recti, when there would be from four to eight inches of the rectum protruding. Internal heemor- rhoids and rectal polypus may also lead to invagination. Treatment.—The treatment in prolapse of the anus and rec- tum should be somewhat different with the horse than with the smaller animals, as the horse is more susceptible to peritonitis than the pig and dog. The chief trouble to deal with is the straining, which often takes place after the rectum is replaced and causes a return of the prolapse, which is to be guarded against by keeping the animal as quiet as possible, resort being had to the medicinal use of morphia, given hypodermically or in the form of suppository, if necessary. In the horse the prolapse, if of recent occurrence, should be reduced, if possible, by careful manipulation with the fingers. EO i lee PROLAPSE OF THE RECTUM. 945 Hot applications should be applied to the parts, when it can be easily reduced. But, if of some days standing, with more or less adhesions, it will be more difficult. If, after having reduced the prolapse, you find it will re- cur, the method recommended by Mueller, called tobacco pouch suture, should be resorted to, which is as follows :— Irrigate the rectum with warm water until you have it en- tirely free from feces. A heavy, stout linen or cotton tape should be passed through the skin in and out completely around the exterior of the anus, the two ends being drawn together rather tightly, like the strings of a purse or a bag, using a loop knot. This method would require almost the entire attention of an attendant, in order to be at hand to untie the tape before defecation. ‘The string would likely have to be kept in place from 24 to 36 hours. This method should, however, only be used after unsuccessful efforts have been made in keeping the bowel back in its normal position, as the suture of itself will cause more or less irritation and straining. If the prolapse is large, hard and dark colored, including a considerable portion of the rectum, it should first be scarified with a sharp-pointed knife blade. The cedematous mucous mem- brane will be found to be very vascular and will bleed freely from the scarification, and with the aid of hot applications will be effectual in reducing the size quite considerably. Astringent lotions, such as zinc sulphate and plumbi acetate may also be used to bathe the parts with. The hot applications and astring- ent lotions should be used several times daily, and the prolapse will gradually grow smaller until it will revert of itself. In the pig the prolapsed rectum is usually brought to our notice after the inversion has taken place from three to four weeks. Upon examination we find from four to six inches of a hard cedematous mass adhered together, which is of a dark red or black color, impossible to return and must be excised. The bowel should be resected and the cut ends united by suture. The pig should be placed upon its side or back and etherized. A word of caution about producing anesthesia in the pig, lest you 946 Ss. H. BAUMAN. might have the same experience I had with my first one, might not come amiss. In this instance the A C E mixture was used, the pig was placed upon its back, only a small quantity poured on a piece of gauze and inserted into a funnel-shaped leather cone, with about five-eighths (5g) inch opening in the small end, was placed over the nose and mouth. About three inhalations of the mixturé in this way was sufficient, for after removing the cone, the victim was dead. After this experience ether alone was used; even it must be used with caution; a considerable quantity of air must be admitted in the cone. I think the cone made of wire screen covered with gauze to admit the free in- ‘halation of air would answer the purpose better than a leather cone, however, after your patient is thoroughly under the an- gesthetic. ‘The index finger of the left hand is passed into the lumen, the outer bowel is then cut across inferiorly very near the sphincter and the vessels ligated if necessary ; this cut opens the peritoneal cavity. If any prolapse hernia then exists, it can be replaced and the peritoneal surfaces are stitched together with silk or catgut. ‘The inferior wall of the inner bowel is then cut across, and its upper cut edges stitched to the cut edges of the lower bowel, the ends of the suture being used as tension threads, the inner and upper bowel walls being sutured as fast as the cuts are made. In this way retraction of the peritoneum and bloodvessels are avoided. ‘The peritoneal cavity does not usually extend to the superior portion of the prolapse. It fre- quently happens that the circumference of the outer bowel is so much greater than that of the inner, that it is difficult to adjust the two accurately. The after-treatment should consist in careful attention to the diet, which should be sparing and of a kind likely to influ- ence the consistency of the faeces and keep them soft. This | after-treatment should be followed out even where the prolapse has been replaced without excision. THE SURGICAL CLINIc has recently been interjected into the meetings of the California State Association with great success, and the interest and attendance have redoubled. cane eee RADIAL PARALYSIS IN THE HORSE. 947 RADIAL PARALYSIS IN THE HORSE. By EARL STEWART, V. S., NORTH BEND, NEB. Read before the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, Oct. 12, 1905. In studying the lameness or pathological condition produced by paresis of the radial nerve, it is well to notice the nerve and the structures supplied by it. The radial is the largest of the brachial plexus ; it derives its fibres from the seventh and eighth cervical and from the dorsal roots of the plexus, and is directed backwards and downwards, on the inner face of the subscapu- laris and teres major muscles, crossing their diréction. In this portion of its course, it proceeds parallel to the humeral artery, from which it is separated by the ulnar nerve. Arriving at the deep humeral artery, which it leaves on the outside, it passes behind the humerus with the divisions of that artery, and enters between the caput magnum and brachialis anticus. After creep- ing along the posterior border of the latter muscle, it gains the anterior face of the ulno-radial articulation, where it is cov- ered by the two principal extensors of the metacarpus and the phalanges, and meeting the radial artery it accompanies it on to the oblique extensor of the metacarpus. ‘There it terminates by two branches, which enter the texture of that muscle. In its course it successively gives off: (1) Before leaving the in- ternal face of the limb to pass beneath the mass of extensor muscles of the forearm, a very thick fasciculus, composed of ‘several branches, descending and ascending; the latter bend round the terminal tendon common to the latissimus dorsi and teres major to become lost in the body of the great extensor. ‘The others reach either the long and middle extensors or the inferior portion of the principal muscle, the large extensor. (2) Behind the arm, filaments to the caput medium and anconeus and several cutaneous ramuscules, disengaged from beneath the former muscle, that descend beneath the skin on the anterior face of that part. (3) In the antibrachial region branches to the extensor metacarpi magnus and flexor metacarpi externus and the two extensors of the digit. 948 EARL STEWART. Thus we see that the radial nerve is distributed to and there- fore stimulates the whole mass of the extensor muscles of the forearm and foot, besides a flexor of the latter, and that it en- dows the integument of the anterior antibrachial region with sensibility. On account of its position and course and relations, the radial nerve is exposed to compression and mechanical vio- lence. It is therefore much more frequently the seat of injury than the other nerves of the fore limb. Bilateral radial paraly- sis of central origin is said to have occurred, but aimost all the veterinarian is called on to treat is peripheral unilateral par- alysis. This condition was first described in 1850 by Goubaux and since that date a large number of cases have been recorded. Etiology is complex, but mechanical injury is by far the most common cause of this paralysis. Bruises about the shoul- der or arm from kicks, blows from the carriage pole, collisions agaiust the jambs of doors, slips and falls, pressure from tumors, may all produce it. Prolonged compression resulting from the animal lying in an awkward or enforced position is, however, much the most frequent cause. Radial paralysis is often a se- quence of casting. When the horse has been kept down for a long time with its legs crossed, or in the ordinary position, and especially when under such circumstances it has struggled vio- lently, as a rule though not always, the lower limb is the one affected. So, when necessary to cast a horse it is advisable to. select a good soft place and not keep the horse down any longer than is necessary. Several cases of radial paralysis occurring during work or in the stable and quite apart from mechanical injury, have been recorded by Dollar-Moller, Goubaux, Cadiot,. and other authors. ‘The radial nerve may become paralyzed in consequence of excessive contraction of the muscles which it supplies, but in cases of this kind either the nerve itself is in- jured or the paralysis is due to inflammation of the muscle or polymyositis consequent on excessive work. Radial paraly- sis is described under rheumatic paralysis and that of infection — or toxic origin, but these are very rare. The co-existence of radial paralysis and fracture of the first rib has been demon- RADIAL PARALYSIS IN THE HORSE. 949 strated by many post-mortems ; but Cadiot says that in most cases post-mortem examination of animals suffering from the disease fails to demonstrate the existence of fracture of the rib. The reverse is true, however, viz., that fracture of the upper part of the first rib is usually accompanied by radial paralysis, a re- sult due to the proximity of the radial nerve to point of frac- ture. Radial paralysis may be divided into three classes: Com- plete, incomplete, and partial paralysis. In complete paralysis the joints of the affected limb, with the exception of the shoul- der, are usually flexed when the horse is resting. In conse- quence of loss of powerin the triceps and anterior brachial mus- cles, the arm by the contraction of the coraco-radialis, while the metacarpus and phalanges are flexed by the action of the pos- terior antibrachial muscles. The knee is carried in advance, level with or in front of a vertical line dropped from the point MIS £m, 3 of the shoulder. The hoof is usually rested on the toe, but when advanced beyond the vertical line just mentioned it may be placed flat on the ground, the joints then being less marked- ly flexed. When the limb as a whole is flexed it may be brought into a normal position by thrusting back the knee with sufficient force to counteract the action of the flexor muscles. In walking the shoulder and arm are more or less carried, the lame limb be- ing moved as a whole, but as the lower portions of the limb are insufficiently extended, the stride is much shortened. The least attempt at placing weight on the leg causes all the joints to become flexed and the shoulder and arm to suddenly drop; the anima! feeling itself falling, instantly transfers its weight to the opposite limb. At a more rapid pace the animal goes on three legs, as though suffering from an exceedingly painful con- dition. Incomplete paralysis may either constitute a stage in recov- ery from complete paralysis or be an independent condition. At rest the limb is held as in the preceding form, but the entire plantar surface of the hoof more frequently comes in contact with the ground. In moving lameness is less marked, and in- 950 EARL STEWART. stead of occurring at every step may only appear at intervals, varying in length with the degree of paralysis, rapidity of movement and smooth or rough character of the ground. The limb is slowly advanced, the stride shortened, and the hoof car- ried or dragged along the ground. The animal stumbles over the smallest obstacle, the limb immediately becoming flexed. In partial paralysis most of the muscles supplied by the radial retain their function and disturbance is much less marked. Asa tule, the position of the limb at rest is normal; during movement it is freely extended, the stride is of ordinary length, and the joints do not collapse when weight is placed on the limb, slight lameness is visible at a trot, the shoulder and arm being more or less markedly carried forward without, however, rolling outwards as in paralysis of the suprascapular nerve. Pathogenosis.—Even in cases of complete paralysis, cutane- ous sensibility is usually normal or only slightly diminished, a fact attributed to the less susceptibility to injury of the sensory as compared with the motor fibres. This is probably an error, however, the persistence of sensation being due to a collateral innervation, any deficiency being supplied by neighboring nerves. Sometimes sensibility to pain is markedly diminished and cases are not infrequently seen in which the anterior and external surfaces of the forearm are insensible. Like loss of sensation, vasomotor disturbance is rare, though abundant per- spiration, corresponding in area to that of the paralyzed muscles, ~ has been described. Localized swelling is almost always due to violence, followed by hemorrhage and sanguineous infiltration of the subcutaneous and muscular tissue, though it may also follow muscular rupture, heemogiobinuria, or local strain. The condition recognized as ‘‘radial paralysis” is not in- variably of nervous origin; sometimes it follows muscular inju- ries. At the post-mortem of certain horses which had been over-driven and showed symptoms of complete radial paralysis, Frohner found the radial nerve intact, while the muscles it sup- plies were swollen, infiltrated and yellowish; their fibres had lost the normal striation and had undergone granular degenera- ee ee i tices a | RADIAL PARALYSIS IN THE HORSE. 951 tion. In this form the paralytic symptoms are accompanied by those of acute inflammation of muscle. Diagnosis presents no difficulty, except in partial paralysis. It should be remembered that in most attacks of this kind, when the horse is trotted, the point of the shoulder is jerked forward each time the limb comes to the ground, while Jameness is marked. You will, therefore, not confuse this peculiar jerking movement of the point of the shoulder with the deviation out- wards—a symptom peculiar to paralysis of the suprascapular nerve, before the postea spinatus muscle becomes atrophied. The symptoms of complete radial paralysis are at first sight somewhat alarming and explain the view so often taken by owners, dealers and empirics, that the arm or one of the phalan- ges is fractured. Under two conditions this paralysis is very grave: (1) When it is bilateral, because the horse is obliged to remain lying for a long time, and (2) when an animal in consequence of some severe operation on the right fore foot has been forced to remain lying for a long time on the left side (or vice versa), and paralysis occurs from continued pressure. If under such circumstances the horse cannot stand on the diseased foot, it is evidently in great danger. The course taken by radial paralysis depends on its cause as well as on the gravity of the injury to the nerve and neighbor- ing tissues, but as it is impossible to detect the actual lesions, nothing precise can be said under this head. Sometimes the symptoms diminish within a few days, and the animal rapidly recovers ; but more frequently they persist unchanged for sev- eral weeks; improvement then occurs and usually makes good progress. The paralysis generally persists for a month to six weeks. ° Prognosis is generally favorable. Out of 68 cases recorded by Cadiot only two proved incurable, so the common termina- tion of unilateral radial paralysis is recovery; but in obstinate cases the atrophy of the muscles which occurs at a certain stage _ tenders the prognosis somewhat graver. Treatment,—Exercise favors recovery, but it is important 452 EARL STEWART. not to return the animal to heavy work too soon. Relapses have often been seen and are almost always troublesome. Electricity and massage and the application of powerful douches are rec- ommended and are no doubt beneficial. Borman recommends the subcutaneous injection of 3 to 6 grains of strychnine nitrate, My treatment is blistering repeatedly the affected limb and turn- ing the horse out where he can exercise and give him 311 doses of iodide of potassium, alternated with 311 doses of nux vomica. Wuar BECOMES OF THE GRADUATES.—A graduate of the New York State Veterinary College has gathered the following data regarding the fate of the class of 1905: F. W. Andrews is practicing at Mt. Kisco, N.Y. . . . P. J. Axtellis practies ing at Deposit, N.Y... N. D. Backus’1s’ practicnmaaas Geneva, N. Y. . . . F. J. Baker is practicing at Brasher Falls, N. Y. . . . A. A. Brockett is practicing at djieee Falls, N. Y. . . . R.M. Buffington is a Government in- spector at Kansas City, Mo. . . . A.J. Burley is practicing at Herkimer, N.Y. . . . A. K. Dean is a Governmieguae spector in Chicago, Ill. . . . W.W. Dimock is preparing to practice in Hartford, Conn. . . . A. English—Assistant in Anatomy in the N. Y.S.V.C. .. . . R. W. Gannettis prac ticing in Newark, N.Y. . . . M. Hamilton is practicing in Delhi, N.Y. . . . H. L. Lawrence has a Government in- spector’s appointment for Kansas City, Mo., to take effect Jan. 17,1900. . . . C. Linch is assistant for Wm) H. Kelly am Albany, N. Y. . . . F.H. McNair, assistant in physiology and materia medica in N. Y.S. V. C. -. . Ald. Masonme practicing in Syracuse, N. Y. . . . W. M. Pendergast is practic- ing with his brother, James Pendergast, in Syracuse,N.Y. ... EF; EB, Smith is practicing in Denver, Col. . . . H.J. Smygem is practicing at Schoharie, N. Y. . . . C. H»#Taytor, assis- fallin surgery in the N. Y.S.V.C.. . . FE. E. Vaueee practicing in Breokfield, N. Y. . . . M. C. Thompson is practicing at Newburg, N. Y. . . . J. Traum is a Govern- ment inspector in Chicago, Il]. . . . W. Treman is associ- ated with Dr. English, of Jersey City. . . . P. V. Weaver is assistant for Dr. Bell in Brooklyn. . . . R. Whiting is preparing for Government inspection by taking a post-graduate course in the N. Y. S. V.C. His marriage to Miss Ida M. Coan of Ithaca, N. Y., took place Oct. 8th, at Niagara Falls, N. Y. REPORT ON PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. 953 REPORT ON PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. By S. H. KINGERY, CRESTON, IOWA. Presented to the Meeting of the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, at Omaha, Nebraska, October 12, 1905. Observation is the basis of all investigation, but observation in the narrower sense need not be particularly treated here. To recognize certain diseases, those of the conjunctiva, for example, by merely looking at them, and it is only necessary to see them often enough in order to have their essential characteristics well impressed on the memory. In this way we think we are able to recognize many diseases of the lids, of the conjunctiva, of the cornea, and of the iris; butare we? Observation, therefore, alone without accessories, would leave us in the lurch. Recurrent or periodic ophthalmia is said to be an inflamma- tory affection of the interior of the eye, but that throws no light on the pathology, and are we not still groping in the dark as to what it is and its causes, but positively know its results? As to the causes, I have nothing new to offer, but humbly ask for information. We will now dwell for a short time on the changes that take place in its progress. We see hyperemia in various structures, which is not, strictly speaking, a disease, but merely a token of disease, and which accompany a large number of inflammations of the eye. If the hyperzemia becomes so pronounced, which it invariably does, that an exudate is formed, there is general in- flammation of the interior of the eye. This exudate may be ex- tremely scant, fibrinous, deposited on the anterior or posterior surface of the iris, the pigment layer at the edge of pupil becom- ing adherent in places to the capsule of the lens—posterior sy- nechia. Pain is not always proportionate to the severity of the attack, the lachrymation and photophobia being in this respect much more trustworthy guides. Many patients have been _ brought to us with the client remarking, “ Doctor, this horse’s a eye (or eyes, as the case may be) seems to be clouded,” and, in ‘ looking at an affected eye, there is noticed: 954 S. H. KINGERY. First, pericorneal injection, in which the red color due to the blood increases in intensity according to the severity of the in- flammation ; Second, a loss of the velvety blackness of the pupil. This is the result of a moderate haziness of the aqueous, with or with- out floccull ; Third, a loss of smoothness and polish in iris. This is the result of a delicate fibrinous exudate upon the back of iris ; Fourth, a contracted, nearly immovable, unsymmetrical pu- pil. The posterior synechia protrude into the pupillary area as small brown dotlets. This condition is detectable by the use of atropia. Atropia, therefore, is an indispensable accessory to the diagnosis of inter- nal inflammations. Unfortunately, its use is very often neglect- ed, and many cases of internal inflammations fall into the veter- inarian’s hands after having been mistreated as a conjunctivitis. Hyperzemia accompanies internal inflammations almost without exception. ‘The case may run its course in two to four weeks, even without treatment, and apparently leave no particular dis- turbances in its trail. The exudate becomes absorbed, the ad- hesions are broken up, undoubtedly by the ceaseless activity of the play of the pupil, as the owner reports eye cleared without any treatment ; but sucha favorable course must be an exception in untreated cases. It is rather the rule that adhesions to the capsule of the lens become permanent by the change of the ex- udate into connective tissue. It must be remembered that the iris is extraordinarily inclined to relapses ; hence the name pe- riodic or recurrent, and that adhesions but increase this tendency. The greatest danger to vision lies in the circumstance that the entire pupil may be filled with exudate, as is very often the case, during one of several attacks of severe internal inflamma- tion, and that this exudate becomes organized into a connective tissue membrane, and that vision is necessarily reduced, as we have often seen it, to the mere perception of light, a condition that might with propriety be termed occlusion of the pupil. But matters change when, with or without occlusion of the REPORT ON PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. 955 pupil, repeated relapses, as we see them, do occur; and in this case, the eye shows the aqueous more hazy and increased, as recognized by the greater depth of anterior chamber, the retinal veins tortuous. Although the cornea has not, and cannot have, bloodvessels of its own, it is by no means cut off from the nutrition supplied ‘by the blood current. At the corneal margin superficially there lies a network of bloodvessels ready at any moment to push on into the cornea new formed vessels, as you have no doubt ob- served them, which condition, if not arrested, rapidly approaches the severe inflammatory form in which the exudate, rich in pus cells, saturates the tissues of the iris, and its overflow settles in the anterior chamber. The color of iris now becomes a green- ish yellow, so characteristic in this disease. Hyperaemia of bloodvessels can be plainly seen, and rupture of some undoubt- edly takes place, as is indicated by change of color of aqueous, light to red. This, being mixed with pus cells that have al- ready escaped, can be plainly seen to change its location as head is moved. Again, this hypopyon, or collection of pus in anterior _ chamber, is susceptible in numbers of cases of such a rapid ab- ; sorption that no trace of it may be detected the next day, much _ toour surprise. We have had it happen in several cases. : Relapses come and go, but the result is the forming of a cir. cular adhesion between iris and lens. Now the aqueous accu- -mulating in the posterior chamber, as is the case earlier in the progress of the inflammation, which results in the iris bulging forward, the eye’s tension increased, as you all know; and, if some radical operation be not resorted to and thus reéstablish connection between posterior and anterior chambers, as we have partial occlusion now, the eye will be hopelessly lost from the . “resulting increase of pressure within it.. Numbers of cases go __ this route annually. | frognosis.—Doubtful. Treatment.—Various forms of treatment have had their trials, with success by some veterinarians, others very little, if 956 S. H. KINGERY. any. General tonics internally are indicated in all cases. The most important element in my mind in the treatment of internal inflammations must be the effort to prevent or overcome as far as possible these adhesions between iris and lens. For that reason atropia is the drug indicated. Kali-iodide, adrin, or epinephrin hydrate and boric acid locally. Corneal punctures repeated are useful to release aqueous deposits when tension is pronounced. I have not tried iridectomy as yet, but would like to see it tried, especially where we have adhesions and they so extensive, as we see them sometimes, as to threaten total syne- chia during any future recurrence. In conclusion, I wish to say that, in presenting what I have to you, gentlemen, I have done it with the object of enlighten- ment, and hope the discussion following will help all. I am not sure but that the profession along this line is, and has been, drifting with the tide, from which I hope each one of us thus afflicted may raise his individual standard higher. To err is human, but isit not true we all guess and trust to luck when it comes to the diagnosis and treatment of the eye? I ask with all sincerity, how many of you, gentlemen, are satisfied with your- selves along this line? I can openly answer for one: I am not. IpLE Hours Pur to Goop Usr.—While spending an en- forced protracted visit to Nashville, through the presence of an impenetrable quarantine against his Louisiana home, on ac- count of yellow fever, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple occupied his time in preparing a splendid bulletin on Texas fever, giving a gen- eral summary of our knowledge of the subject to date. He concludes with a plea in behalf of the cattle industry of the South, showing that with federal assistance the great parasitic pestilence can be removed from the pasture fields of Dixie, and — through this means the greatest embargo on this vast source of | revenue can be raised. He also assisted in growing some Sveg- omyta fasciata, which astonished some of the natives, who were 4 ignorant of the presence of the yellow fever mosquito in the Tennessee Capital. Through it all, he kept contributing arti- cles to the papers upon subjects and in a manner to create a hetter understanding of and greater confidence in his beloved — profession. VON BEHRING’S STATEMENT. 957 VON BEHRING’S STATEMENT AT THE PARIS TUBER- CULOSIS CONGRESS OF OCTOBER, 1905. TRANSLATED BY IL. VAN Es, M. D., V. S., AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, FarGO, N. D. The current number of the “ 7ydschrift voor Veeartseny- kunde’’ contains an authorized French translation of v. Beh- ring’s communication, a free rendering of which into English may be of interest to REVIEW readers. It runs as follows: During the course of the last two years, I have come to recognize with certainty the existence of a curative principle, entirely different from the antitoxic principle which was de- scribed by me fifteen years ago. This new curative principle plays the essential part in the immunizing action of my “‘ bovovaccin,” which since four years has given an account of itself in the fight against bovine tuber- culosis in agricultural practice. This principle depends on the impregnation of the living body cells by a substance derived from the virus of tuberculosis and which I have named T C. When T C has become an integral part of the tissue cells of animals treated with it, and when its properties have been changed by the cells, I designate it under the formula of T X. In the tubercle bacillus T X or rather T C preéxists as an agent endowed with a great number of extraordinary qualities. This agent, in the bacillus tuberculosis, performs the function of a formative substance. Besides, it possesses fermentative (especially catalytic) qualities. This agent can electively fix other substances by contact (a phenomenon known as “‘ absorption”’) ; furthermore, it possesses _assimilative qualities. In one word it represents the apparent vital principle of the bacillus. To me it appears that in the immunizing process of bovines against tuberculosis, the TC of the bacillus is freed from acci- dental substances; it exerts a symbiotic action on the interior of the body cells, more particularly on the cellular elements, which make up the germinative centres of lymph tissue. On 958 L. VAN ES. the one hand the presence of T C is the cause of the sensitive- ness of Koch's tuberculin and on the other hand of the protec- tive reaction against tuberculosis. The road by which I arrived at the conception of the method of antt-tuberculous immunization sketched above, has been a long one and many obstacles had to be conquered. ‘This conception of a cellular immunity, which is quite different from the humor- al anti-toxic immunity, I would not have reached without a very intimate knowledge of the work of Metchnikoff on phagocyto- sis. If I wished to demonstrate in detail the proofs of the correct- ness of my conception, I would be obliged to detain you for many hours. I have shown a part of them in the first fasciculus of a book which will be called ‘‘ Modern phthisio-genetic problems and phthisio-therapy in the light of history.” A few passages of this first fasciculus have just appeared in “Tuberculosis” of Sep- tember, 1905. I will only endeavor to describe the nature and mode of ac- tion of the new method of therapeutics, resulting from my scien- tific studies on tuberculosis. This new method, I believe, has the calling to protect man, threatened by phthisis, against the deleterious consequences of tuberculous infection. I consider it a great honor to be able to make before the gen- eral assembly of the Paris Congress a short communication on “A Means of Combat Against Tuberculosis bya New Remedy.” I suppose that my method of vaccination against bovine tuberculosis is known. Without having a desire to insist, one must be willing to admit, that I have considered all the possi- bilities of applying this procedure in combating human tuber- culosis. My experience, however, has caused me to definitely cf reject the introduction into the human body of living tubercle bacilli for a therapeutic purpose. i Therefore, the anti-tuberculous treatment in man commences, as far asl am concerned, with the discovery of the remedy about which I will speak. Oy WR AES tet Ce ERAS CS New ee oe VON BEHRING’S STATEMENT, 959 After the above made sketch of the immunization method against tuberculosis, it will be clear without further details, that I have busied myself, without interruption or rest in order to spare the body the tedious and dangeious task of the elaboration of TC. To this I have come by experiments 77 vztvo. Speak- ing according to Ehrlich, I have transformed an active immuniz- ation into a passive immunization. I can assure you, that but rarely in my life I have experienced more joy, than during the days, weeks, and months, when the casual connection which binds vaccination to immunity appeared to me with an ever- growing clearness, as a result of the repeated observations dur- ing innumerable experiments on animals; one riddle after another solved itself as to the nature and mode of action of.anti- diphtheritic serum. Condensing in a few words the results of my labors, I will say that in order to set free TC from substances which hinder its therapeutic action, it is well to destinguish three groups of bacillar substances : 1st. A substance only soluble in pure water and which pos- sesses a fermentative and catalyticaction. From this substance, soluble in water, the toxic ingredients of Koch’s tuberculin are derived. This substance has all the chromophilic, physical and chemical qualities of Volutine, described by our Marburg botanist, Arthur Meyer. I call this substance T V. In order to give an idea of the toxic power of T V, I can say, that one gramme of this substance, in the dried state, is more powerful than one liter of the tuberculin of Koch. 2d. A globulinous substance, only soluble in neutral salt (for example, the chloride of sodium at 10 per cent.) ; this sub- stance isnamed by me T G L;; it, also, is toxic in the manner of Koch’s tuberculin. 3d. Several non-toxic substances, soluble only in alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc. When the tubercle bacillus is once freed of these three substances, there remains a body, which I designate as ‘“ Restbacillus.” This Restbacilius still possesses the form and staining quali- 960 L. VAN ES. ties of the bacillus tuberculosis. By means of suitable prepara- tions, it may be modified in sucha way, that it becomes an amor- phous substance directly absorbable by the lymph cells of the guinea-pig, rabbit, sheep, goat, bovine and horse. The amor- phous substance is acted upon and changed by the lymph cells of those various animals and the cells become oxyphilic or eosinophilic. Parallel to the metamorphosis of the cells under the influence of TC, the state of immunity of the body is evolved. A fundamental fact is that T C, a non-reproductable substance, possesses in the meanwhile the power of giving rise to tuber- cles. The tubercle thus formed does not caseate and never Soft- ens. It corresponds exactly with the tuberculosis granulation of Laenec. Under certain conditions T C can also determine the “gray infiltration” and the “ gelatiniform infiltration ” of Laenec. By experiments on different mammalia, I have been able to convince myself that T C preéxisting, as I have said, in the bacillus tuberculosis, may be formed zz vztro, in such a way as to form a remedy, which also may be applied, without danger in human therapeutics. The therapeutic part of my book, which should appear next year, will not be published until the thera- peutic efficiency and the harmlessness of my new remedy will be demonstrated by clinicians, more versed than myself in the knowledge of the individual varieties of pulmonary phthisis and its prognosis. On the other hand, it appears to me necessary that other sci- entists, working in other laboratories, check the therapeutic ac- tion of my remedy on animals and observe the fact, thus far known, of a therapeutic agent of a similar value. You know that until now, Koch’s tuberculin and his new tuberculin (T R), Maragliano’s serum, that of Marmorek and many other prep- arations mentioned as specific, have had, according to their inventors, a preventive and curative effect; but you also know, that following them, many other observers have not suc- ceeded in obtaining similar good results, especially in the guinea-pig. ——<- » ee 7 ae oy * ; 4 j . - ‘ : r VON BEHRING’S STATEMENT. 961 I hope to be more fortunate and also that those scientists to whom upon my return to Marburg, I will entrust my remedy, so that they may experiment with it, will obtain in their laborato- ries results of the therapeutic effects as good and even better than myself. I beg you not to forget that my communication of to-day recalls singularly the one which I made in 1890 on a new rem- edy against diphtheria. My conviction of the capital import- ance of this discovery has, in the course of those fifteen years, been confirmed in the whole world in a glorious fashion. . However, after my communication, there passed not less than four years before the practitioners became confident. May- be I would have waited still longer for the knowledge of the correctness and importance of my scientific assertions, had not my great friend, Emile Roux, arisen at Buda-Pesth, in order to fight with me the “ murderess of children,” diphtheria. How much time will yet have to pass before the discovery and use of my new remedy against tuberculosis receives the pub- lic sanction, which will give it the stamp of practical value, I do not know. Many factors here may intervene, my pleasure in the work and my activity, my skill as a tactician and also good fortune, that it may give me a battle companion of the value of Roux, having the same conquering force and the same disinterestedness beyond all suspicion, and yet I hope that the next tuberculosis congress will take notice of considerable prog- ress accomplished in the battle against human phthisis. Is GERMANY REAPING ITS REWARD FOR ITS EMBARGO ON AMERICAN MEATS ?—Zeriin, Oct. 72. —The meat famine in Ger- many has reached a crisis. Horseflesh has risen in price and _ dogfiesh is no longer obtainable. Many municipalities have be- gun buying carloads of sea fish at the coast towns and selling them at cost price to their citizens. This expedient was first adopted at Solingen, but has now spread to various Westpha- lian cities, to Posen and even to Bavarian towns. Reports from all parts of the country describe measures that are being taken _ toabate the famine. ‘The price of meat has risen nearly 50 per _ cent. in the past year.—(Vew York Journal, Oct. 12.) a 962 ADOLPH EICHHORN. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE VIIITH INTERNA- TIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS.* ) Translated and Arranged by ADOLPH EICHHORN, B. A. I., Great Bend, Kansas. I took the earliest opportunity to arrange and translate the resolutions adopted by the VIJIth International Veterinary Congress at Budapest, hoping that the members of the profes- sion will find it of great interest to learn the results of the work which that body of the most eminent men of our profession carried out on that occasion, on scientific questions of the ut: most importance, not alone from the standpoint of animal hus- bandry, but also from a still more important standpoint, the protecting of the human family from dangers of infection through animals. Suppression of Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals. ‘1. The suppression of bovine tuberculosis is urgently nec- essary, not alone on account of the great economic losses it inflicts, but also for its danger of infection to the human race. 2. The stock owners can adopt measures to suppress bovine tuberculosis, and their aim should be directed toward it. ‘The suppression should consist in slaughtering all animals which would spread the infection, and protecting calves and healthy animals from infections. ‘The governments should assist in the eradication of bovine tnberculosis, by educating the people as to the nature of the disease, of the mode of infection, and of the importance of the tuberculin test. In the suppression of bovine tuberculosis, tuberculin is the most recommendable diagnostic agent. The dosing of tuberculin and the distribution of the same, should be under government control. ‘Tuberculin should be delivered only to veterinarians. ? 3. It is also recommended to adopt legislative measures in the work of suppressing bovine tuberculosis. If they are ap- — plied in the right direction, the spreading of the disease may be [* The resolutions referring to the prophylaxy of tuberculosis, vaccination against — tuberculosis, to establish uniform principles to estimate the reactions of tuberculin and ~ mallein, were published in the November REVIEW, pages 783-785 having been trans- lated and forwarded by Prof Liautard, but they are included here on account of their | importance and the differences in translations.—R. R. B.] ORES ee ee VIIITH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 963 prevented and may result in the gradual diminishing of the disease. The legislative measures should require: (a) that it shall be compulsory for veterinarians to report all cases of tu- berculosis which come under their observation ; (b) that owners of tuberculous animals, which are dangerous for spreading the infection (as animals with tuberculosis of the udder, uterus, in- testines, also the lungs) should receive financial compensation from the State and be slaughtered. Creameries should be prohibited from returning skimmed milk without its steriliza- tion. Protective Inoculations against Tuberculosis. The VIIIth International Veterinary Congress requests the governments to aid with the necessary means the experiments on protective inoculations which may be extensively adopted according to different circumstances. However, until the es- tabiishment of the definite value of the protective inoculations, the successful veterinary police measures used up to date should be continued in the future. The Establishment of Untform Principles for Judging the Tu- berculin Reaction. 1. The production of tuberculin and its distribution should be placed under government control. 2. Such cattle only are to be submitted to the tuberculin test as those whose temperature at the time of injection does not exceed 39.5°C. 3. Inanimals having a temperature at the time of injection below 39.5°C., a rise to 40°C. or over should be considered a positive reaction. 4. Arise in temperature to 39.5°C. and not over 40°C. should be considered as a doubtful reaction, and every case is to be considered individually on its merits. The Establishment of Untform Principles for Judging the Mal- lein Reaction. I. From a diagnostic standpoint the mallein reaction can only be considered positive when it produces a typical reaction. 2. A reaction is typical when the temperature rises at least 2° C., at the same time that it does rise to over 40°, and dur- ing the first day the fever line shows a plain or two summits, and on the second and sometimes even on the third day a slight _ or higher elevation is present. The rise in the temperature is accompanied with a local and general reaction. 964 ADOLPH EICHHORN. 3. The risings below 40°, also those without a typical re- action, demand a reéxamination. 4. The slow rising to a stationary high temperature proves. glanders even then, when it otherwise deviates from a typical reaction. 5. The typical local infusion at the place of injection is a positive sign of glanders even then, when the rise in tempera- ture and also the general organic reaction is absent. 6. All animals submitted to the mallein test, whether they reacted or not, should always be tested the second time in from 10 to 20 days. 7. The production of mallein should be exclusively carried out in State scientific institutions or in such which are under State control. 8. The Congress requests the governments to send out com- missions to establish definitely the value of mallein and also for the establishment of the doubtful manifestations in the mallein reaction. Preventive Inoculations against Fool-and-Mouth Disease. 1. Experience proves that the established, restrictive san-. itary police measures adopted immediately after the appearance of foot-and-mouth disease, under veterinary supervision, are fol- lowed by excellent results. 2. It is advantageous if one government notifies the other by telegraph of the appearance of the disease. 3. Considering the interesting results with the protective inoculations, the Congress found it desirable that the govern- ments should study the practical value of these inoculations. Suppression of Hog Cholera with Reference to Protective [nocu- lations. I. For the suppression of hog cholera (under which in a broader view the frequent mixed infections with swine plague should be understood), sanitary police measures and hygienic provisions are necessary. 2. Up to date there are no protective nor curative inocula- tions known which could be recommended. Further experi- ments will have to determine whether the present methods are to be followed or new methods should be looked for. The Extirpation of Rabtes. I. Measures for the suppression and final extirpation of rab- ies in a State can only be successful when the veterinary police VIIITH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 965 protective regulations in neighboring countries are also ad- equate and strictly executed. It is, therefore, urgently nec- essary that the action of veterinary police in all countries with regard to hydrophobia, should be based on the same principles. II. Compulsory notification hitherto held necessary only for cases of actually rabid or suspect animals must henceforth be extended to animals bitten by rabid or suspect dogs. This obligation shall be incumbent, not only on the owners and on all persons included under Section g of the law of infectious dis- eases, but also on all such persons as know that animals have been bitten by such dogs. III. It is to be considered whether it be not desirable to ex- tend the quarantine for dogs to a wider space than hitherto, and to a longer time than three months. IV. It is desirable that a law equally valid in all countries, and strictly executed, should be introduced, for the control of dogs, and that this law should contain the following provisions : I. Every dog in town or country, without exception, is to be registered and entered in a list for assessment ; 2. All dogs registered are to be provided witha badge on the collar, such badge bearing the name of the owner and the dog’s number in the assessment list ; 3. Dogs without badges are to be impounded, and unless claimed within a certain period destroyed. SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY. Milk and its Treatment, with Special Regard to the Reform in Milking, in Accordance with Hygienic Requirements. 1. It is necessary that milk hygiene, the bacteriological practice of milk and the police control of milk should be taken up as a subject in the curriculum of veterinary high schools. 2. Strict control should be kept that names as “‘ milk free from tuberculosis,”’ “‘ milk for children,” “‘ hygienic milk,” and similar other expressions should not be used for means of adver- tisement, and that the marketing of such milk should demand certain requirements. These are the continual control of the health of the animals, their feeding and stabling, cleanliness during milking, and immediate cooling of the milk after milking. It is necessary for the legislative regulations relative to the control of milk, to express that the milk brought to market be free of all foreign particles. or the practical control of this the following method may be recommended: the milk which is 966 ADOLPH EICHHORN. to be examined is placed in a one-litre vessel of light glass, in which no sediment should form inside of three hours. Falsification of Meat and of Alimentary Meat Products, and New Methods of Examinations for their Determination. The VIIIth International Veterinary Congress decides, that only agents known to be harmless—as salt, saltpetre, sugar, further smoking—may be used for conservation of meat and its products. All other substances which are purposely added to them, with the object of conservation or coloring, should be prohibited: (1) because they are used for defrauding purposes, or to improve the appearance of the goods from its natnral state; and (2) because their ill effects on the health are un- certain. The Question of Molasses Feeding. . The physiological section of the VIIIth International Veter- inary Congress decides that molasses is an important food, from an economical and dietetical standpoint. The determination for the material which is to be used for its absorption should be based on physiological and economical principles. PATHOLOGICAL SECTION. Relationship between Tuberculosis of Men, Cattle, Poultry and of Other Domestic Animals (Especially of the Dog). The Congress expresses : | 1. That bovine tubercle bacilli may infect men; that tubercle bacilli may be found in men which can be very danger- : ous to cattle; that in certain cases mutual infections are possi- ble. 2. It is desirable to search further as to what degree tuber- culosis of fowls endangers men and other mammals. 3. That by no means can the preventive measures be spared which are useful to protect men from the danger of bovine tuberculosis. Dr. MARK WHITE, JR., Denver, Col., was called to see a cow supposed to be choked. She proved to have a two-inch sack needle sticking through her tongue. At the reception given by the Grand Duke Joseph at the Royal Palace to delegates to the XIIIth International Veteri- nary Congress, Drs. Pearson, Kichhorn, Moore, and Kelly received invitations. Dr. Pearson was honored by quite a long interview with the Grand Duke. REPORTS OF CASES. 967 REPORTS OF CASES. ** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’ SARCOMA OF THE INFERIOR MAXILLA OF A HORSE. By A. T. KINSLEY, M. Se., D. V. S., Kansas City, Mo. About the roth of August, ’05,a grey gelding, used in a transfer barn, began to diminish in flesh and had little desire to eat. It was thought that the horse had been overworked and only needed a few days’ rest to recuperate. After he had re- mained in the feed lot 3 or 4 days and did not regain his appe- tite the stable man made a more careful examination and found an enlargement on the left inferior maxilla, and, supposing it was an abscess, sent the horse to the hospital for treatment. A careful examination revealed no defect of the teeth. The growth was apparently attached to the maxilla, was quite hard and no pus or other pathological fluid was found on exploration. No specific diagnosis was given except that the growth was a tumor of some kind. The horse was returned on August 30, ’05, as he was unable to eat, was very weak and emaciated; the tumor had rapidly _ increased in size; it was distinctly observable from a front view, being on the left inferior maxilla (see cut 1); the extent of the growth is more clearly shown by the curvature of the crown _ piece of the halter (see cut 2). Post-Mortem.—A new growth about the size of a cocoanut | and of about the consistency of fibrous connective tissue was found just anterior to the angle of the inferior maxilla. (See cut 3.) On section there were only three small points that con- _ tained any osseous tissue. (See cut 3,a,b,c.) The destruction _ of the osseous tissue was so complete that the third, fourth and fifth molar teeth were easily removed with the finger and thumb. _ The lymphatic glands of head, entire cervical region and anterior thoracic region were normal, as were all other struc- ‘tures except the left inferior maxilla. The growth was diag- ‘nosed microscopically, from sections of ethbedded tissue, mixed- celled sarcoma. (See cut 4). Note.—LI, Champlain, D.V. S., Photographer. ay, REPORTS OF CASES. 968 *1OUIN} JO }Ua}xe Surmoys SE ENG) a “S[[IXBU IOLIasUI Ya] JO a]3ue ay} UO 1OUIN} By} SurmoysS ‘I. ung REPORTS OF CASES. 969 OO ————— a fe Fi t 3 = 2 aes vl = ee ~ oF a 4 ‘ " — t Le ° “ @ . > Z anf =: ie gee ‘ i<2 ae! ©) _—" — a. " ee ee < «’? rr i ‘ - : Ce. . st ~ . -&- 7 oy Pigg Sy 5 | ~ 1 eT rhe Sp 7 4 . ae We : ~ 7 er = P , : af ~ teks ny ~ a + > < Bans be 3% P : > . r : s ; Curr: Left inferior maxilla divided just anterior to angle showing extent of tumor and three small points of bone, a, b, and c. Cut. 4. Microscopic section of tumor showing variety of cells. 6500. 970 REPORTS OF CASES. AN ABDOMINAL TUMOR IN A DOG. By A. T. Kinsey, M. Sc., D. V. S., Kansas City, Mo. An English male pointer dog, about six years old, was brought to the clinic of the Kansas City Veterinary College on Septem- ber 18, 1905, for treatment. The dog had been kept by a private family and allowed the freedom of the yard, was quite active and a very hearty eater. About the first of July, 1905, the dog was noticed to be less active and would frequently refuse to eat any food at all. He gradually became emaciated, was less prone to exercise and would not touch food for three or four days at a time, although he apparently drank more water than usual. Upon examination, a large resistant growth was detected in the anterior part of the abdominal cavity. The growth was ap- parently attached, for on changing the position of the dog it re- _ mained practically stationary. It was impossible to positively determine the exact nature of the growth without an explora- tory operation. The dog was anesthetized, the abdominal cavity opened and explored, and a tumor was found attached to the stomach and mesentery, and so closely adherent to the spleen aia that it was impossible to remove the growth with- out removing that organ. The tumor apparently originated from the gas- tro-splenic omentum and received its blood supply from the splenic vessels. It was lobulated (see cut 1) weighed sixty-five ounces, and was about the consistency of brain tis- sue. Microscopically it was found to be a lympho- sarcoma (see cut 2). Two days after the operation the dog walked out of his cage and was photograph- — ed (see cut 3). He died on the fourth day after the operation of peritonitis. Gur 1. Notre,—L], Champlain, D, V. Showing lobulation of tumor. S., Photographer, 971 REPORTS ‘OF CASES, iy k ‘ Cur 2. tion of tumor showing lymph vessels and sarcomatous Microscopic sex 3s Showing dog two days after operation. . er 972 REPORTS OF CASES. AN UNUSUAL CASE. By H. Furstrow, V. S., Norwalk, O. On Jan. 3, 1905, Mr. Moss, of Greenwich, called at my office with a five-year-old bay mare, and said that he would like to have her spayed. Upon inquiry, he said the mare was all right except when in heat, but when in heat would kick everything to pieces. He said that perhaps I knew her. I told him I could not place her just then. ‘ Well,” he said, ‘‘you remem- ber last spring that Dr. Wiggins wrote you about a mare that kicked, and asked what you would charge to operate on her.” I said I did. ‘‘ Well,” he said, ‘‘ shortly after getting your reply she kicked his buggy all to pieces and he got disgusted and sold her to me. Now I will leave the mare with you and when she is ready to go home let me know, and I will ride home with my neighbor. Shortly after he came back and got the mare, saying he was going to take her home with him as his neighbor had got drunk and would not let him ride; but he would bring the mare back again in a few days. I said all right, but did not ex- pect to see him, thinking some one had discouraged him in regard to the operation. But upon my arrival at my office the next morning, I found him there with his mare, having come in 18 miles. I looked her over; she appeared healthy in every way, except she was very much drawn up in the flank on ac- count of having two long trips and not very much to eat. He informed me that she was just getting over her heat. I never thought to ask him if she had been bred after looking her over and seeing she was so gaunt, and his telling me that she was just getting over her heat. I said I would write him when he could come after her, and he departed. I washed her out that day and the following day starved her; the third morning got her ready to operate upon. After dinner put her in the stocks and proceeded with the operation. After cutting through the vaginal wall, and, with the back of my right hand on top of the uterus, going after the left ovary, I thought it felt hard below; so I turned my hand over and felt, and, to my surprise, found she was in foal. So I came out without removing the ovary, thinking she might strain and throw out the intestines and foetus, and that would be the end of her. But, after thinking it over for a minute, I decided to remove them anyway, and trust to luck. So, after washing my hands and arms, in I went and removed one ovary after the other. I sponged her off ex- ternally, let her out of the stocks, and placed her in a well- foe ae » REPORTS OF CASES. 973 bedded box stall. Gave her mashes, with soda hyposulphite Zi, three times aday. Kept her seven days and she never missed afeed. Then informed owner tocome and get her. When Mr. M. came after her, I informed him that she was in foal, asking him when he bred her. He said in June, to a son of Wilton. “Well,” I said, “I expected her to abort before this, but when she does let me know,” which he promised to do. But, not hearing anything from him until this summer, I wrote him in regard to her. A few days afterward I received a letter saying the mare foaled a nice live filly in May; that it was well developed and spry as a kitten, and that the mare had never kicked since. I talked with several physicians (M. D.’s) and also with sev- eral prominent veterinary surgeons, some of whom were profes- sors in the colleges, in regard to whether this foal would develop or not, and there were a great many different opinions, some claiming it would mummify, others that she would abort, and still others thought it would develop all right. I have never known of a case like it before; that is why I have written this for the REVIEW. DIAPHRAGMATOCELE. By E. L. Moore, D. V. §S., South Dakota Agricultural College, Brookings, S. D. The patient, a bay gelding, weighing about 1,200 pounds, ‘was used on the tank wagon of a threshing outfit. The history was that on the Thursday preceding, the horse had been driven to one of the lakes in the immediate neighborhood and that evening had been fed heavily on oats, “‘a bushel apiece,” with- out any hay. On the way to town the following day the horse was taken sick and threw himself violently to the ground “ until”, as the owner expressed it, “I thought he would break his ribs”. Reaching town that evening (Friday) an empiric was called, who diagnosed the case as ‘‘ trouble with his water-works”’, and gave during the night spirits of nitrous ether, laudanum, sulphuric ether, and what else the owner knew not. Asa final resort the empiric gave a vapor bath, applied hot salt and turpentine to the horse’s loins, and placed a piece of onion in the end of his penis. Receiving a call on Saturday morning, after a twenty mile drive I reached the much “doctored” horse. Animal bathed in perspiration, pulse at maxilla imperceptible, con- junctiva injected and of a dark red color, respirations labored 974 . REPORTS OF CASES. (about 26), temperature 103.8° F. Pawing with the front feet, occasionally looking toward the left side of the body and lying down, usually stretching out on his side. On causing him to stand, a rectal examination revealed the presence of a few balls of feces, dry, easily breaking up, of a sour ‘‘ ensilage-like ” odor, and consisting of unmasticated and undigested oats; the cecum and colon full of feeces of a doughy consistency. A diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, probably involving the small intes- tines, was made and a doubtful prognosis given. It may be noted that the attendants stated that during the preceding night he had frequently sat on his haunches like a dog, remaining in this position for a few minutes at a time; however, at no time while under my care did he assume this position nor did he throw himself violently tothe ground. He was given one ounce of nux vomica and two ounces of ammonium carbonate in the form of balls, shortly followed by two ounces of oil of turpen- tine, two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia, and raw linseed oil sufficient to make one and a half pints. Copious rectal in- jections of cold water and soapsuds. were given at half-hour intervals. In two hours the horse was easier, conjunctiva clearer, but pulse imperceptible. Although straining violently at intervals, no faeces were passed. Later he stood quietly, rest- ing first one hind foot then the other, and was removed toa dry stall, staggering slightly as he walked. At 2.00 A. M. he fell on his right side dead.. He was dragged out of the barn and a hurried post-mortem made by lantern light. Large intestines normal in appearance; to the left of the median plane and somewhat dorsal was a vertical rupture of the dia- phragm about a hand’s-breadth in length and through which passed twelve or fourteen feet of the small intestines. This portion had become strangulated and was of a port-wine color. The chest cavity was not auscultated in making an examination of the patient ante-mortem. ‘This was an important omission. TWO INTERESTING CASES OF AZOTURIA. By GEORGE ALEXANDER Dick,-D. V. M., Kane, Pennsylvania. Case No. 7.—Was called to see beautiful Percheron mare, weighing 1,800 pounds, at 3 Pp. M. She had been standing in the stable for a week and was taken out to be exercised right after dinner. The mare had gone but ashort distance, when she became unsteady on her hind limbs and shortly she fell down, but got up at once and was taken to the barn. When I REPORTS OF CASES. 975 reached the stable the mare was in some pain, lying down and rolling and then getting up; would walk around the box stall two or three times and lie down again, all the time passing considerable flatus. Pulseand temperature normal. I diagnosed the case “colic,” and administered chloral hydrate, 271i, which seemed to ease her at once. At 7 P. M. of the same day, the stableman came running to me and said the mare had azoturia, and if I didn’t hurry she would be down beforeI got there. We hurried to the barn; the mare was walking around the stall in great pain, with perspiration dripping off her, and her hind quarters lowered half way to the floor, Three men held her while I quickly catheterized her and I got a flow of characteris- tic coffee-colored urine that we find in azoturia. The instant the urine started to flow the mare began to straighten up, and by the time I had relieved her of all her urine (there was about two quarts) she seemed as well as ever, but I administered so- dium bicarbonate (32 viij) and followed with epsom salts (1b.i) and strychnia (gr.i). The mare has never shown any signs of azoturia from that time. Case No. 2.—A Percheron team—a horse and a mare—had been standing in the stable a week ; they were hitched tosleighs and had gone but a mile when both went down, and were un- able to rise. They were both hauled to the stable on sleighs, and about the same time I arrived. I diagnosed the cases as azoturia, and as neither of them had urinated I proceeded to catheterize them. I first catheterized the horse and got about two quarts of characteristic coffee-colored urine, and then I cath- eterized the mare, but instead of the coffee-colored urine I gota flow of about two quarts of xormal colored urine. The symp- toms in the mare were in other respects the same as the symp- toms of the horse. I administered soda bicarbonate ( 2 viij) fol- lowed by epsom salts (2 viij) and strychnia (gr.i). The sodium bicarbonate and epsom salts were repeated in an hour. Both animals made rapid recoveries. VENTRAL HERNIA IN A MARE, By M. M. Wire, B.S., M. D. C., Shreveport, La. On July 1, I was called by Dr. T. E. Schumpert, of this city, to goto Bethany, a town about twenty miles away, to see his fine race mare. The mare, having a five-months’-old colt, was sent out to pasture and by a reliable man, made the trip fine, but next 976 REPORTS OF CASES. morning a swelling was found under the belly, as was reported to Dr. Schumpert, and by him to me. I could not go at the time, and never heard any more from the mare until August 20, when she was brought back to town. She was very much emaciated, and had an enormous enlarge- ment on both sides just in front of the stifles. The doctor telephoned me to see the mare, which I did. I was instructed by the doctor to have the mare destroyed if the enlargement could not be reduced. I diagnosed it as hernia and had her destroyed. Post-mortem :—Rupture of the abdominal wall just to the right of the median line, extending from the pubis toward the sternum, about eighteen inches in length. There was no in- flammation present. The edges were smooth and glistening and had healed entirely. THREE of the chief cities of Ohio (Dayton, Columbus and Cleveland) have municipal meat and milk inspection laws. THE English Parliament will be asked to offer a $200,000 prize for a cure for consumption, and as the project has the approval of the Government, its adoption is assured. ‘This is the outgrowth of the discussions at the Tuberculosis Cougress. It is expected that the prize will stimulate research in time for the result to be announced at the next Tuberculosis Congress, which is to be held at Washington in 1906. WANT To AFFILIATE THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE WITH TORONTO UNIVERSITY.—On November 8th, Hon. Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, was waited upon by a deputation, consisting of the Educational Council of the Ontario Veterinary Association, with a request that the Ontario Veterinary College be affiliated with the University of Toronto. The members of the deputation were Dr. C., Elliott, St. Cather- ines, Chairman; Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Dominion Veterinary Director-General; Dr. Andrew Smith, Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College ; Dr. Tennent, London ; Dr. Quinn, Bramp- ton, and Dr. Lawson, Dundas. ‘The object is to bring the insti- tution under the control of the Government, with a view to raising the entrance examination, extending the course from two to three terms, and raising the standard of the profession to equal the best in Britain or the British possessions. Mr. Mon- teith promised to bring the matter before his colleagues, and also before the University Commission.—( farmer's Advocate, Nov. 22.) EE _ | ; SURGICAL ITEMS. 977 SURGICAL ITEMS. By Drs. Louis A. AND EDWARD MERILLAT, CHICAGO, ILL. PRESENT-DAY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TETANUS. Tetanus has been recognized and described as a fell disease of mammals since the days of Hippocrates. It was mentioned by hippiaters of the pre-Christian era. During all of these cen- turies and until 1854 its pathogenesis was shrouded in mystery. Billroth, during the 50’s, basing his deduction on clinical obser- vations, asserted that it was due to a virus elaborated in or in- oculated into a wound. The mysterious cases having no per- ceptible preexisting trauma were ascribed to exposures to cold or over-exertion. Thus, during the 50’s, 60’s, 70’s and early 80’s tetanus was supposed to be both ¢vaumatzc and zdiopathic. At times it was even thought to be epidemic or endemic, chiefly on account of the large number of cases that occurred in wound- ed soldiers after great battles. After Prague 4,000 soldiers died _ of the disease. In 1884 Nicolaier while studying the pathoge- __nicity of the microbian flora of the soil was attracted to the nu- “merous cases of tetanus that resulted in cavies and rabbits from subcutaneous inoculations of earth. He was able to reproduce the disease by inoculating other rabbits with the pus extracted from the wounds of those having died from the earth inocula- tions. Cultures made from the wounds of the dead rabbits were soon proven to possess equal virulency. ‘The cultures made by Nicolaier were, however, not pure. ‘They were a mixture of a variety of microorganisms. A few years later Kitasato succeed- ed in obtaining a pure culture of the specific agent by submit- ting the mixed cultures to the influence of heat. It was found that by heating the cultures to 80° C. all the microdrganisms _ perished but one, a motile, pin-shaped bacillus, which was soon _ proven to be the real cause of the mischief, and which has since been known to the medical world as the Baczllus of Nicolazer. t During the next few years following Kitasato’s discovery it _ developed that pure tetanus bacilli injected into suitable wounds _ were not capable of producing the disease unless associated with { the other microdrganisms. Fora time this revelation threatened to upset the entire proposition. It was argued, and on pretty Substantial grounds, that the Bacz//us of Nicolater was not the Specific germ of tetanus because it would not propagate and pro- uce the disease when experimentally inoculated into suscepti- 978 SURGICAL ITEMS. ble subjects. ‘The confusion was soon cleared up when it was shown that if pure cultures, including the toxins elaborated zz vitro, were injected into animals they proved to be actively path- ogenic. Positive results were also obtained when the pure cultures were injected with other microorganism, notably the Bacillus prodigiosus. ‘These experiments showed forcibly and conclusively that the accidental tetanus infection is always a mixed one, and that the associated microbes play the part of forming a suitable environment for the growth of the specific germ which unassisted was proven incapable of successfully re- sisting the battling phagocytes, and hence incapable of elabo- rating its poison in sufficient quantity to determine the disease. The Bacillus of Nicolater has a much wider dissemination than was once supposed. It is found in abundance in rzch earth. In certain districts, if not in all cultivated lands, any given sam- ple of earth contains them. It is found in abundance in street dirt, in the zz¢estines and dung of herbivorous animals, espe- cially in that of the horse, in the dws¢ of dwellings, on the stad/e floors, on the skin of animals and of man working with the soil or in stables, in the s&zz of the azrty boy's hands, in the dust of hay, on vegetables such as potatoes, turnips, carrots, etc., which are soiled with earth, on stable implements, on the clothing of hostlers, etc., etc. The specific germ, in fact, is found almost everywhere, like the microdrganisms of putrefaction, but unlike the latter they’are less frequently pathogenic, because their pathogenicity depends upon a chain of conditions which are seldom ever com- bined. First, they must be inoculated with other suitable mi- crodrganisms. These microdrganisms must be capable of pro- ducing food that remains in the sheltered field for the growth of the specific germ. If they caused a phlegimon, the suppurat- ing process would, in most instances, admit air to the wound and thus destroy the azwrobic microbe of Nicolaier. An infil- tration of serum sufficient to furnish food for the bacillus but without causing the formation of pus (in the strict sense of the term) is the only focus that will admit of a tetanic intoxication. ~ Second, the wounds must be either deep or perfectly sheltered, and since stich wounds usually become the seat of an acute ab- scess, tetanus is impussible from most of them. The waz/ punc- ture that inflicts but little, although just sufficient injury, is therefore the favorable environment. Third, the injured subject or at least the injured region must be incapable of offering ade- quate resistance to the microbian invasion. Animals in the best a a a ee Se Se en SN) Ure eee hited ns te -*) my : Ss 4 bd > i F SURGICAL ITEMS. 979: of health require a much more virulent infection than those de- bilitated by overwork, poor diet and bad sanitation of the habi- tat. A tetanic infection of but nominal virulence would be de- stroyed by the leucocytes ina perfectly healthy subject, while the debilitated or emaciated would succumb. Experimental proofs of this are legion, and the statement is borne out by clini- cal observation. The physical and chemical characteristics and the physzologz- cal action of the poison elaborated in the infected focus by the Bactillus of Nicolater is the most interesting as well as the most important part of the study of tetanus, in that it abounds with various suggestions as tothe appropriate therapy, and reveals the cause of the tenacity of the disease. Tetanic toxin or the poison of the tetanus germ was studied by Nicolaier, Kitasato and Brieger soon after the discovery of the bacillus. The latter extracted several bases which he des- ignated /etanzne, cetanotoxine, spasmatoxine and hydrotetanine, each of which produced convulsions in experimental animals. The first two produce typical tetanus and death, while the latter causes ptyalism and convulsions. The product is obtained by filtration through porcelain, by which process it is separated from the microorganisms of the culture. It is a soluble product and is similar in its action to digestive ferments. Tetanic toxin is one of the most potent of poisons. Infinitesimal quantities are capable of causing death. It is formed at the seat of inoculation only, as the microbes that produce it never leave the initial wound. It is not, like _ other toxins, absorbed by the lymphatics or bloodvessels, but - follows the nerve trunks to the nerve centres, where it becomes “fixed”? in the nerve cell protoplasm. Tetanic toxin loses its identity as soon as it reaches its destination. /¢ forms into a new substance that is permanent, refractory to any attempt at elimination, and no longer susceptible to the neutralizing effect . Vof antitoxin. These discoveries throw a vivid light on the stub- _ bornness of tetanic spasms and expose the foolishness of many of the lines of treatment that have been recommended. _ ‘Tetanus is acute, sub-acute and chronic, depending upon the ‘amount of toxin that becomes “fixed” in the nerve centres, which in turn is dependent upon the amount absorbed by the -herves. Acute tetanus is fatal in 100 per cent. of the cases, with _the possible exception of canine tetanus. Dogs have recovered om acute tetanus, but the other mammals, including man, ways succumb. The mortality of the sub-acute cases is about 80 980 SURGICAL ITEMS. per cent. and will depend much upon the care, the treatment and the complications. In the absence of complications the chronic cases nearly all recover in the horse, the ox and the dog. What then should be the treatment? Given a sub-acute case of tetanus at its very beginning, the surgeon should make some attempt to arrest the formation of the poison at the seat of infection, providing the operation will not require transgression upon important organs: tendons, joints, synovial membranes, etc. Extirpation, re-amputation and free incision with antisep- tic irrigations must not be omitted in view of what is known of — the disease. While the benefit derived may not be immediately _ observed, it will have a perceptible effect upon the duration of — the disease. To prevent the further elaboration and absorption — of toxin is important. This being done, the next duty is to ad- minister at least twenty cubic centimetres of antitetanic serum with the view of neutralizing the /vee /oxzm that has not be- come “ fixed.” The injections may be repeated every third day, especially in the cases where the wound has not or cannot be ‘fully extirpated.” These two efforts, well executed, leave but a single pathological condition to deal with, and that is the ‘“‘ fixed ’? new substances in the nervecells. With the assurance that no new poison will be added to that already localized in the nerve centres there will always be more assurance of a re- covery. This latter condition must be treated with medicants that will tend to diminish the contractions of the muscles and with agents that will prevent constipation and colics. The standing position, maintained with slings comfortably adjusted, — is essential, since tetanic large animals soon die in decumbency. Liquid food, enemata, removal of accumulated food in the bue- cinators are not to be omitted. Potassium bromide, physostigma, belladonna, and chloral stand high among the useful antispas- modics for tetanus. ‘The actual benefit derived from them is — but slight. They serve to palliate the discomfort by lessening 4 the force of the contractions and by lowering the sensibility. — These drugs should not be given with the expectation of actual- 4 ly curing the contractions. "They might be entirely omitted without altering the results in most cases, but since the practi- tioner finds it necessary to administer something in the form of an internal medicine and since they may do some good, the in- — ternal medication with narcotics in small sensible doses should not be neglected. ‘Tetanic contractions can be entirely relaxed with chlorofor inhalations, but they return with renewed force as the anzesthet- | PTZ POEUN Sa - f -SURGICAL ITEMS. 981 ic state subsides. Carbolic acid administered internally or sub- cutaneously has a remarkable influence on the tetanic spasm, which effect has placed many cures to its credit. The effect noted in a number of cases of sub-acute tetanus, is that of reduc- ing the force of the contractions and of prolonging the intervals between the paroxysms. The permanent benefit derived from the hypodermic administration of the drug does not, however, counterbalance the harm done by inflicting pain and provoking spasms, through pricking the skin at such frequent iutervals. If carbolic acid is selected as the antispasmodic remedy it should be given per os. From time to time new medicines have been lauded as hav- ing a more or less specific action on the tetanic contraction, but thus far none have proven sufficiently potent to gain permanent recognition as such. The cure of tetanus depends more upon the severity of the disease than upon any form of treatment known to the therapists of the day, yet by combining all of the possibilities together, many of the apparently hopeless, sub- - acute cases in domestic animals can be guided safely to conva- _ lescence. The acute cases all die and the chronic ones will re- _ cover without much interference. 5 *K * % * _ A NEW METHOD OF RESUSCITATING APPARENTLY ; DEAD ANESTHETIZED SUBJECTS. te The New York Medical Journal, September, 1905, reports _ the following phenomenal resuscitation of a man from death by chloroform syncope. ‘The subject—a man who had sustained a Serious thoracic wound, exposing the lung—collapsed from syn- cope twenty minutes after the chloroform had been stopped. _ After artificial respiration proved ineffectual, and some two min- “utes after the heart had stopped, the surgeon introduced the “hand into the wound and massaged the patient’s heart. Forty to sixty seconds later it began to beat. The operation was then _ completed and the recovery followed without further trouble. _ A similar case is reported in the August Lancet, 1905. This ‘Subject was a woman submitting to an operation for laryngeal ‘Carcinoma. The heart stopped before the operation had begun. ‘Tracheotomy and artificial respiration proving ineffectual, the ‘Surgeon hurriedly performed laparotomy and massaged the heart through the diaphragm. After fifteen to thirty seconds the heart began to beat and the patient lived for fourteen hours. In this case the heart was stopped at least ten minutes. If the mas- ‘982 SURGICAL ITEMS. sage had been begun earlier and if the patient had been in bet- ter general health it is evident that death would not have super- vened. These two cases are not without interest to the veterinarian. Deaths from anesthesia always place the surgeon in a mighty uncomfortable situation. There is probably noaccident or event occurring in a surgeon’s practice that is more appalling, and since the cases are such that death is inevitable the veterinarian would be justified in resorting to this radical measure. In the large animals a laparotomy along the costal margin on the left side would admit the hand to the region of the heart, and the massage could be carried on through the diaphragm as was done in the above case. Dr. CHARLES E. Corron, Minneapolis, Minn., has occupied his splendid new hospital on Fourth Avenue South. . A NEw VETERINARY COLLEGE.—We have received the an- _ nouncement of the opening of the St. Joseph Veterinary College, Southwest corner Missouri and King Hill Avenues, South St. Joseph, Mo., which occurred the first of October. It is chartered _ under the laws of Missouri, and the course extends over three sessions of six months each. C. E. Steel, D. V. S., is dean of the faculty, and professor of theory and practice of veterinary medicine; A. J. Farley, A. B., B.S., D. V. S., professor of anat- omy; J. E. Blackwell, assistant professor of anatomy; J. Han- — son, V. S., M. D., professor of physiology; E. C. Carle, D. V. M., professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; F. H. Ladd, M. D., professor of chemistry; A. R. Timerman, M. D., profes- sor of general pathology; H. Marshall, V. M. D., professor of histology and microscopic methods; O. W. Everly, D. V. S., — professor of bacteriology and meat and milk inspection; H. V. Goode, D. V. S., professor of veterinary surgery, dental surgery, and ophthalmology ; W. E. Weihe, D. V. M., professor of ob- stetrics, hygiene, and zootechnics; L. R. Baker, V. S., profes- sor of shoeing and lameness ; W. C. Bender, Ph. G., professor of pharmacology; C. W. Meyer (attorney at law), lecturer on vet- erinary jurisprudence; J. H. Lomax, demonstrator of anatomy. The requirements for admission are: ‘‘ Every student must fur- — nish satisfactory evidence of a good common school education, previous to his admission, or he may pass an examination in those branches ordinarily taught in the common schools.” The ~ new school opened with an enrollment of 35 students. | EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 983 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof, A. LIAUTARD, M. D., V. M. THE TRANSMISSIBILITY OF TUBERCULOSIS OF THE MONn- KEY TO THE OX AND GOAT, WITH OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE REACTIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED ANI- MALS TO TUBERCULIN [A. Z. Mettam, B. S.,M. R.C. V. S.]. —After relating a series of experiments which he has made on guinea-pigs, bulls and goats with tuberculous products obtained at the post-mortem of a monkey, the author presented the fol- lowing conclusions: Tuberculosis of the monkey can be trans- mitted to theox and tothe goat; tuberculin if givenin dosesabove the ordinary reveals tuberculosis, even if the animal has already within a short period of time received the usual dose as a test. Tuberculin does give a certain degree of immunity to tuber- culin, but this immunity may be overcome by giving massive doses. An animal which has received a massive dose of tuber- _ culin will not react to an ordinary dose of tuberculin, though known to be tubercular and capable of responding to tubercu- lin. In those cases where there is reason to suspect the prior use of tuberculin it is justifiable to use an increased dose at the time of testing. This increased dose will do no harm. An im- munity to tuberculin may have disappeared after a lapse of ten or fourteen days and an ordinary dose of tuberculin will then cause a reaction in a tubercular animal though it has been tested previously. The reaction is most likely to be pronounced _ if a massive dose isgiven. A small dose of tuberculin will give _ areaction, but the reaction will probably be delayed.—(/Journ. _ of Comp. Pathol., June, 1905.) CANCER OF THE HORN-CoORE OF CATTLE [XK. Hewlett, M. _ &. C. V. S.|.—This disease, known as “ horn-core disease of cattle,” or “cancer of the horn-core,” is quite frequently met in _ the City of Bombay Presidency. The author has observed twelve cases of it during the last two years. The disease takes its name from the fact that the horn-core is the most prominent part affected. All breeds of cattle are subject to it—a blow is very _ Often the starting cause. The left horn is most commonly af- _ fected, although sometimes both organs are diseased. At first 984 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. there is a drooping of the horn; this increases until it hangs down and becomes loose. ‘There is greyish, thick, foetid dis- charge. The horn gets soft. After amputation the frontal sinus is seen filled with new growth. When this is removed it soon reappears, assuming the cauliflower appearance. ‘The dis- ease does not seem to cause much pain to the animal ; asa rule, there is no constitutional disturbance ; however, if ie growth is left to develop the animal soon loses its condition and wastes away. Microscopical examination made on the cuts taken from six of the cases the author has observed, revealed the nature of the growth, viz., epithelioma. It is supposed that the disease begins in the mucous membrane of the sinus and from there in- vades the horn-core and gives rise to osteitis of the surrounding structures.— ( Journ. of Comp. Pathol., June, 1905.) [From the illustrations given by the author, and comparison with others which we have seen, we are justified i in the belief that the same affection is also found in the United States.—A. L.] A CuRIOUSLY SYMMETRICAL FRACTURE OF EACH HUMER- us IN A Doe [Percival Smith, M. R. C. V.S.).—A four or five-year-old spaniel having sustained a severe injury, could not walk, was unable to rise and when made to do so staggered about. A fracture of both arms was diagnosed after examination, and as the animal was in great pain, the owner had him destroy- ed. At the examination of the bones it was found that in both the outer tuberosity and articular surface of the lower extremity of each humerus were separated from the balance of the bone. The upper extremity, the body, and the inner tuberosity and articular surface of the lower extremity of each humerus form- ing one piece, isolated from the other small fragments.—( Ve¢e7~ mary Journal, July, 1905.) AN EXTRAORDINARILY HIGH TEMPERATURE [Fletcher Prime, M. R. C. V. S.|.—Early in 1902,0n a voyage with 820 horses from Fiume to the Cape, the author was called one even- ing (when about 4° north of the equator and the whole ship was like an oven) to a Russian cob standing on the lower deck near the engine room. The animal was standing with all four legs astride; there being great difficulty of breathing and the pulse almost imperceptible. On taking the animal’s temperature the mercury went up to the top of the thermometer past 110° F. Another test with another thermometer gave the same result. Death occurred five minutes later.—(Veterzn. Journal, July, 1905.) ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HorRSE’S MANDIBLE eS rena ‘ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 985 [R. G. Linton|.—A lower maxillary observed by the author has presented interesting peculiarities, when compared with a normal bone of an animal of the same age and size. On the outer surface, the general attachment of the masseter muscle is not remarkable, but the postero-inferior border of the bone is very peculiar. The general outline is broken and the convex- ity of the border is replaced by a wide notch, which above ends at the point about where the straight line below the condyle ends, and below presents a large tuberosity, the maxillary tuber- osity. On the inner side of the plates of the maxillary there is a large, rough surface. One of the most remarkable features of this bone is the increase of the angle formed by the ramus and the body of the bone. While in the normal mandible the angle is about 130°, in the abnormal specimen this measures 135°. The increase of the angle was not associated with any unusual relation between the length of body and length of the ramus. In a normal mandible the distance between the most anterior end and its condyle, the total length of the mandible being taken as 100, it was 64-65; and in the abnormal bone 64. It seeins that this peculiar condition existed only on the left half of the whole maxillary.—( Veterinary Journal, July, 1905.) RUPTURED LUNG IN THE HorseE.—In the Record, two cases of such lesion are recorded: The first (by W. E. Schofield) was found at the post-mortem of a horse that had died during the night, without any evidence of the slightest struggle having taken place. In opening the thorax, it was found full of blood, and when the lungs were removed, the left lung was found rup- tured on its inner face for almost its entire length, having a gap between both extremities of the rupture, which measured 20 inches in length. ‘There were no other lesions. . . . The second case is recorded by J. McRae Frost, M.R.C.V.S. There is little history about it. One morning blood was noticed in the horse’s stall. When seen by the author he is in a prostrate condition, with cold extremities, weak pulse, temperature 102. Nothing definite is detected at auscultation. Caffein and digi- taline are prescribed. In the afternoon the animal grows worse, and, notwithstanding treatment, he dies during the night. On _ Opening the thorax, the cavity is found a third full of blood. On removing the lungs, lesions of old pleurisy are observed and the apex of the right lung is surrounded by a dark clot of blood and on washing this away the pleura is seen ruptured on the inner surface, with the lung tissue for an area, about the size and shape of the palm of the hand, presented an appearance 986 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. strongly resembling a sponge stained with blood. The lung was easily torn and the bronchia, as well as the trachea, were filled with blood.—(Veterin. Record, July 8-15, 1905.) A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOR ANAISTHETISING CATS AND Docs [H#. Gray, M. Rk. C. V. S.|.—This has been used by the author during the last twenty years, and after having tried from time to time the various inhalers placed on the market, he has discarded them all for this plain and very efficacious domestic article, which is within the reach of every one. ‘The appliance consists in a 2 or 3 pound glass jam-pot, having a large opening but a slightly contracted neck. Sometimes he uses instead a 2 or 3 pound “ Cerebos” salt tin canister, which has a blunt free edge in consequence of the rim being slightly turned in and flattened. ‘he advantage of this latter over the former has much to commend it. It is lighter and unbreakable. Both apparatuses are easily sterilized. Into the bottom of this a clean piece of cotton wool is placed, having two drachms of chloro- form sprinkled over it. This is then held over the muzzle, or rather the muzzle of the animal is pushed into the lumen of the pot, which is held by the right hand, while the left hand seizes — and holds the animal by the scuff of the neck, the legs being — held by an assistant, who takes the two fore arms in his left and — the two hind ones in his right hand, the animal lying on his ~ side. Of course the apparatus is held so that the ingress of air — is regulated according to requirements.—(Veterznary Record, — Aug. 19, 1905.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiAuTARD, M, D., V, M. | DIFFUSE ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE FAcE [Prof. G. Moussu]. | —At one of his clinical lectures the Professor presented the © head of an adult cow, which in her condition could no longer be kept for milking purposes. The head presented a peculiar as- pect, due to a thickening of the lower part of the head, thicken-_ ing which gradually increased from the top of the head down | to the lips, where it was very large, giving to that part of the body the true aspect of the head of an hippopotamus. ‘The de-— formity did not extend upwards beyond the limits of the face, — which then was wider than the cranial region, and then ex- tended to the cheeks and subglossal region. The profile view of - EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 987 the head was not deformed in the front and face, but the cheeks were enormous, the lips very thick, the commissures thick and indurated. The skin was tense, hard, inelastic, not cedematous except in the intermaxillary space. There were no fissures, no lesions of continuity. This condition has developed slowly and taken months to reach this aspect. The mucous membrane of the cheek is like the skin involved in the diseased process. At first the case was supposed to be one of sclerodermy, localized in the face ; or, again, one of elephantiasis. Finally with the lesions before him the characters of actinomycosis were so evi- dent that the help of the microscope was not necessary. The tongue was entirely intact and the cheeks and lips the only parts affected. It is regrettable that no specific treatment had been used, asit might have saved the cow.—(Rec. de. Med. Vet., Aug. 15, 1905.) RHEUMATISMAL LAMENESS AND TREATMENT WHICH SEEMS TO Have Curep It [A. Mideler|.—This is the history of an army horse which in the space of three years and a half has been disabled thirteen times with lameness, which was consid- ered of rheumatoid origin (lesions of tendons and articulations, lameness of the fore legs, of the shoulder), which on the last occasion moved from one leg tothe other in one night, being relieved from the lameness of the right, to be affected on the left fore leg by the next day. For this last time the treatment consisted in frictions made over the shoulder with a liniment made of formic acid 2 grammes, alcohol 30, water 50. The fric- tions were renewed for five days in succession. It is a year since he was discharged and returned to work.—( Rec. de Med. Vet., Aug. 15, 1905.) THE DRESSING OF WOUNDS WITH AMBRYL [Prof. Coguot]. —This is a mixture of wax and rosin, solid when cold, liquid when warm, which allows it to be thrown on the surface of wounds, making an aseptic cover, soft and perfectly isolating, and which acts first by its initial thermality and afterwards by the adhesion and elastic compression it exercises. It is applied by a peculiar apparatus, with which it is heated and easily ap- plied on wounds, on old wounds, infected and suppurating, those of the withers, when there is extensive undermining, and ‘in synovial wounds it has excellent results. With recent wounds, not suppurating or consecutive to operations, there is no suppur- ation, and cicatrization takes place rapidly. During operations it acts as a strong and instantaneous hzmostatic, specially if heated to 100°-125°C. It protects a wound also from any infection, as 988 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. proved by several operations, even when infected substances are in contact with the layer of ambryl that covers the wound. The author claims in favor of this dressing: Hzeemostasis, facility and rapidity in the application of the dressing, possibility to use material and bandages not sterilized, absence of suppuration and active leucocytosis, acceleration and regularity in the cica- trization.—( Bullet. Soc. Cent. de Med. Vet., Aug. 30, 1905.) Two CASES OF DYSTOKIA IN THE SLUT, BY DEVELOPMENT OF A Fa@:TUS IN THE Two HORNS OF THE UTERUS [ /. Cuzlle]. —When there is but one fcetus in the matrix it generally occu- pies only one of the horns. The author has observed two cases where the development took place in the two horns. In one, observed after death, when at post-mortem the position was _ found, the left horn contained the posterior part of the body and the right horn the head, neck and fore legs. One front leg was already engaged in the body of the uterus and that only could have been felt during exploration. In the other case, the fore leg was detected in the vagina and by pulling on it the foetus was extracted. During the extraction the neck was much elongated, and bent back over the walls of the chest. The head came, and at the same time the croup. It is provable that the | development of this foetus was also in the two horns and thatits — elongated form allowed its extraction by force.—( Revue Veterin., | Aug. 1, 1905.) TUMOR OF THE BLADDER IN A DOG—CONSECUTIVE HyDRO- NEPHROSIS.— [MM F. Suffran and A. Daille|.—Hunting dog, — five years old, has been losing flesh for a short time ; coat is dull and rough; hairs standing, eyes sunken, general functions normal; § tuberculosis suspected; negative results by tuberculin. When the animal is left out of his kennel, it stretches down to urinate, makes violent efforts and only expels a small quantity of urine, reddish, drop by drop, or again in afine stream. Examination:— Catheter enters well into the bladder. Rectal exploration re- veals normal condition of the bladder. In feeling the abdomen, the bladder is found enormously distended, about the size of a_ child’s head and filling almost entirely the abdominal cavity. — There is albumin and hematuria. Under the microscope it shows numerous red globules, leucocytes, various microbes, a few vesical cells, no renal cells, no renal tubes. Diagnosis :— Probably a tumor of the bladder. Post-mortem revealed double © hydronephrosis. The right kidney as big as two fists, the left _ smaller. Ureters largely dilated, funnel-like in shape. Bladder — enormously distended, contains dark, hemorrhagic urine, with — EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 989 detritus. The primitive essential lesion is a tumor situated on the supero-lateral walls of the bladder, quite near the neck of the organ and formed of polypous masses, a kind of cauliflower ; it is soft, friable, easily torn, ulcerated here and there and closes almost entirely the openings of the ureters, and hanging partly over the urethral opening which it closes as a valve, and yet allowing the entrance of a catheter. The histological examina- tion of the tumor classified it~as a fascicular fuso-cellular sar- coma.—( Revue Veter., Sept. 7, 1905.) DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN A MARE [G. Farent].—Rec- ord of a post-mortem made on an animal that died suddenly on a racetrack as it was about winning the race: A laceration— 20 centim. in length—was found on the diaphragm, with part of the stomach and large colon in the thoracic cavity. In the mid- dle of the diaphragm above the right pillar there is another lac- eration, running horizontally, and measuring 15 centimetres in length.—( Revue Veter., Sept. 1, 1905.) PUNCTUATING WOUND OF THE CEREBRAL VENTRICLE— TOLERATION OF THE BRAIN [WIZ Bissauge and Naudin|.— The brain, which is in most cases so easily disturbed by the slightest cause, can sometimes tolerate extensive lesions fora longtime. A small dog of common breed, aged 8 years, was sud- denly taken with a violent attack of epilepsy, which lasted about 15 minutes. After the acute manifestations there remains symptoms which leave no room for hopeful recovery and the ani- mal is destroyed. On exposing, at post-mortem, the cranial box, a small blackish spot is observed, which does not disappear by scraping of the bone ; it runs through its thickness and is traced on the internal face of the parietal bone. ‘The dura mater is the seat of chronic inflammation. The surface of the brain is smooth, the circumvolutions almost entirely gone. The hemi- spheres are fluctuating, and on the right side a small brown spot is observed, corresponding exactly to that of the parietal bone and meninges. The hemispheres accidentally cut, give escape to about 50 grammes of liquid. When this is out the cerebral tissue drops down. ‘The middle and lateral ventricles are freely communicating. The ventricular walls are very thin, no thicker than a sheet of paper. Evidently there has been an old lesion with a sharp body, which has run through the bone, perforated the right ventricle and leaving aslight osteitis of the parietal, a localized pachymeningitis and encephalitis, with exudative in- flammation of the inner face of the right ventricle. This lesion must have occurred several months previous and presented a err ea Sales 990 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. certain extent without giving rise to sensible manifestion.— (Rev. Générale, Aug. and Sept., 1905.) SALIVARY CALCULUS IN STENO’S Duct [D. Moreau|.—A calculus, existing for two years, had grown rapidly lately and had to be removed. An incision upon it allowed its dislodg- ment. It measured 75 millimetres in length, 116 in circumfer- ence, and weighed 77 grammes. The wound healed without leaving a fistula.—( Rev. Gen., Aug. and Sept., 1905.) SoME RARE CLINICAL CasEs [P. Leblanc]|.— Complete Ab- dominal Cryptorchidy tn a Cat.—At 18 months the testicles had not made their appearance. The owner waits a few months longer and finally wants the cat operated upon. It was done by opening the left flank, first for removing the left testicle, the right being taken off after opening the right flank. Cicatriza- tion by first intention. [Why not operate through the median line?—EpitTor]. Lateral Inguinal Cryptorchidy in the Dog.— Aged 18 months, a dog is about to be castrated. Placed in po- sition, only the left testicle is present; it is removed. During the operation, the right inguinal is raised now and then by a round body. ‘This is cut upon and it proves to be the atrophied right testicle, which was held in the inguinal canal. Azkyloble- pharon in a Dog.—This condition was observed in a five-weeks’- old pup, otherwise in perfect condition and well developed. He was operated on by an incision through the groove of union of the two eyelids easily noticed. Both eves were treated in the same way, with no special cares afterwards. Double Symble- pharon m a Cat.—A five-year-old cat has an entropion of both upper eyelids and adhesion of the palpebral and ocular con- junctivee. The indications were to divide the adhesion, which prevents the elevation of the upper eyelid and then operation of the entropion to prevent the formation of a new adhesion. The operations were performed and three weeks later recovery was complete.—(/Journ. de Zobtechnie, August 31, 1905.) DUTCH REVIEW. By L.. Van Es, M, D., V. S., Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. OBTURATION OF THE BRACHIAL ARTERY IN THE HORSE. —Schimmel and Reeser describe a case which was exhibited at the surgical clinic of the Government Veterinary School of Utrecht. The owner of the animal stated that the mare, which went sound when taken from the stable, showed lameness of the Meh ee wy 4s EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 991 right fore leg after some exercise. After a few moments’ rest the lameness disappeared. Whileat pasture, no lameness could be observed, but when the animal was used on the plow the im- pediment in locomotion soon became so severe that the mare threatened to fall. This condition had lasted for six months. For the purpose of examination the animal was ridden under the saddle. At first it appeared perfectly sound and showed con- siderable spirit. After 7 to 8 minutes something abnormal in the gait became noticeable. ‘The elevation of the right carpus became less ; higher up, however, the leg was brought forward quite well and the shoulder was not held back. While trotting, the reduced flexion of the carpus and the dropping on the sound leg became more and more apparent. After some twelve min- utes the animal seemed to be losing the control of its flexors. From the carpus downward the leg was swung forward with a marked hyper-extension of the phalangeal articulations. Like in chronic founder, the toe of the shoe could be plainly seen when the animal came toward the observer. If the trotting was _ continued the animal became so lame that it seemed to be falling. _ Upon examination, the mare seemed to be suffering quite se- _ verely, perspired over the whole body (the lame leg also), the nos- _ trils were dilated, the eyes slightly protruding. Forward move- _ ments of the lame leg were accompanied by powerful contractions of the anconeus group of muscles and by a similar hyper-exten- sion as was observed while trotting. The limb was put down with a trembling, uncertain and feeling motion, which apparently _ was very painful. The limb wasrepeatedly drawn upward with- out receiving the body weight ; when this was done the opposite leg soon assumed this function. Everything pointed that the same painful pin pricks were being experienced by the animal which are present in similarconditions inman. When the ani- mal was allowed a few minutes’ rest, the normal gait returned, but when trotted the same symptoms promptly appeared. As to _ diagnosis, the presence of an obstruction in the brachial artery could not be doubted. It was not probable that the obstruction was higher up, as the shoulder muscles were apparently well ‘ supplied with blood. The cause of the obstruction could not be ascertained. Upon the unfavorable prognosis, the animal was _ disposed of by the owner.—(TZydschrift voor Veeartsenykunde, ' May, 1905.) 4 Dr. JOHN HE. SPINDLER, V. M. D.., of Pittsburgh, Pa., has _ Tecovered from a five weeks’ siege of typhoid fever. 992 THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN AUSTRALIA. THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN AUSTRALIA.* By W. T. KENDALL, M. R. C. V. S., Principal of the Melbourne Veteri- nary College. [The career of a veterinary surgeon is one likely to particularly com- mend itself to young Australians. It will interest many to hear that it is proposed that the precedent established by the affiliation of the Edin- burgh Veterinary College with the University of Liverpool should be followed in Australia. The Victorian Government has at present under consideration a scheme for taking over the Melbourne Veterinary Col- lege, and having it affiliated with the University of Melbourne, and so provide a University course in this profession. Mr. W. T. Kendall, M.R.C.VS., in the following article, deals lucidly with the advantages and difficulties of the career.—Editor Lz/.] The demand for well trained veterinarians is continually in- creasing, and no profession offers a more suitable field for young Australians, who are notoriously fond of animals and an outdoor occupation, possessing as it does all the scientific interest per- taining to human medicine and surgery and requiring equally highly trained perceptive faculties and manual skill. While most other professions complain of being overcrowded, the veterinary profession is yet in its infancy in this country. In Victoria there are not more than about eighty veterinary sur- geons, half of whom have had no special training, while in the adjoining States the number is still smaller. It is only within recent years that the intimate relationship between animal and human diseases has been thoroughly rec- ognized, that many of them are intercommunicable, and that a proper knowledge and application of veterinary science are of the greatest importance to public health. ANIMAL DISEASES INCREASING. The higher state of domestication into which animals are being brought owing to the great development of the dairying industry, and the general advancement of agriculture and stock ‘breeding, have led to an enormous increase in the number and prevalence of animal diseases, as may be noticed by the para- graphs continually appearing in the daily press, and there is a general outcry amongst stock-owners for more veterinary aid. Several diseases, baffling in their character, indigenous to the country, resulting either from inseparable natural conditions or climatic influence, call for special and particular investiga-— * From Lzfe, Melbourne, Australia, Sept 15, Tg0S, THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN AUSTRALIA, 993 tion, to determine the causes, and, if possible, discover the reme- dial and preventive measures to be adopted. In this matter, the experience of other countries counts for nothing. Original and scientific research can alone accomplish anything. To follow this up successfully, something wider in its aims than a private institution is desirable. Were a public institution subsidized by the Government, or, say, endowed by wealthy stock-owners, much might be done in this direction. A private institution is not necessarily more than self-supporting. Where a public in- stitution is made the theatre of operations, all surplus funds may be devoted to the furtherance of the object in view, to additions and equipment for investigation work and experiment. The various Commonwealth and State Departments requir- ing a veterinary staff are either manned by laymen, under- manned, or not manned at all. In Victoria, with the exception of the Department of Public Health, which only possesses one veterinary officer, and the Defence Department, which has one retained principal veterinary officer and six subordinates on a militia footing, there are no veterinary surgeons employed in the public service. In many large provincial towns and in the majority of coun- try districts, the stock owners are without veterinary aid. Thou- sands of valuable animals die annually from preventable or cura- ble diseases, causing incalculable loss to the Commonwealth. SCOPE OF VETERINARY WORK. The days are gone past when the principal duties of a vet- erinary surgeon consisted of bleeding, blistering and physicking horses or helping a cow to calve. He now takes an important patt in the prevention and suppression of animal diseases, and so contributes largely to the preservation of human health, and in order to do this he must study the laws which govern the origin and spread of disease. The veterinarian, therefore, takes a leading part in bacteri- ology and in investigating the causes of diseases, cultivation of vaccines, anti-toxins and therapeutic sera for the prevention or treatment of human and animal diseases. The profession thus opens up a wide field for work. OPPORTUNITIES FOR VETERINARY SURGEONS. The stock branch of the Agricultural Department, which the present Director, Dr. Cherry, proposes to reorganize, should offer openings for two classes of veterinary surgeons, viz., those pos- 994 THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN AUSTRALIA. sessing a good practical knowledge of the causation of the diseases in stock and able to readily diagnose them during life, and form a sound judgment on the post-mortem appearances of diseased organs and tissues, and one or two highly trained bacteriologists and pathologists; the former to do the outdoor or field investi- gations, and the latter to attend to the laboratory work. Simi- larly those possessing special adaptability and training should be selected as inspectors of dairy herds and of meat, both for home consumption and for export. A large number of stock inspectors, most of whom are lay- men, are engaged in the different Commonwealth States. These positions will be taken by trained veterinarians when a sufficient number of qualified men are available. Already, inquiries are being made for good men in the adjoining States, and several important positions are now held by-graduates of the Melbourne Veterinary College. The Government Veterinarian of South Australia, the Directors of the Sydney and Perth Zoological Gardens, one Government Veterinary Inspector, and the lec- turer to the Agricultural College are all graduates of the insti- tution. In Victoria, several important positions are held in the Com- monwealth military forces by locally-trained men, while others occupy official positions in connection with racing and hunt clubs, agricultural societies, etc. All countries that have any claim to be regarded as advanced, employ a large number of veterinarians to conserve the health of their live stock. In New Zealand, which is far ahead of any of the Australian States, no less than thirty qualified veterinary surgeons are employed by the Government in inspecting live stock and meat for export and home consumption, with the re- sult that the extra price obtained from the consumer more than pays the cost of the whole service. Private practice also offers a certain amount of scope for specialization. One who prefers equine practice and operative surgery will necessarily confine himself largely to hospital and city work. ‘The canine specialist will also require to locate himself in one of the larger cities, while the veterinary surgeon who prefers mixed or cattle practice, will find his field in one of the many extensive farming or dairying districts, and, if he so desires, he can combine farming with his profession. Another field for specialization is the study of parasitic dis- eases of animals, which account for a large percentage of the mortality amongst our flocks and herds. THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN AUSTRALIA. 995 PREPARATION FOR THE PROFESSION. The course of instruction for students intending to qualify for the profession extends over a period of four years, and, the curriculum being very similar to that of the medical schools, a good education is required. When the proposed affiliation of the College with the University of Melbourne is accomplished, students will require to matriculate before entry. In addition to this, it is advisable for the student to obtain as much practical experience amongst all classes of farm stock ° as possible. This can only be obtained on a farm or at an agri- cultural college, and I knowof no better preparation than a year or two at one of the latter. More thana fourth of the suc- cessful graduates at the Melbourne Veterinary College had pre- viously graduated at one or other of the Agricultural Colleges, and shown special aptitude in the handling of live stock. If he has had this previous training he already knows how to approach an animal with confidence, and is more easily trained to observe symptoms and secure the patients for exami- nation or operation. It is not advisable that he should enter college before he is seventeen or eighteen years of age, for, although he might pass the required examinations, he cannot obtain his diploma until he is twenty-one. It is quite a mistake for parents to think that because a boy is fond of riding on horseback he will necessarily make a good veterinary surgeon. He must not only be fond of animals and in sympathy with their ailments and troubles, but he must bea careful observer and be able to draw correct conclusions from his observations. The symptoms he will have to interpret in - diagnosing the diseases of animals are all objective ones. The patient can give him no verbal information, and such as he can obtain from the owner or attendant is often misleading, conse- quently he has to depend upon his own perceptive faculties and the knowledge he gains by experience. The medical practitioner is occupied in dealing with the dis- eases of the humanspecies only. The veterinarian has to make himself acquainted with the diseases of several, and it is neces- sary that he should be thoroughly conversant with the habits and ways in both health and disease. PROFESSIONAL COURSE. Each candidate for the diploma authorized by the Veterinary Surgeons’ Act of Victoria must, during his academical course, 996 THE VETERINARY PKOFESSION IN AUSTRALIA. be subjected to and pass four examinations in the foiiowing order: The first examination at the end of the first sessional year, the subjects being elementary anatomy, practical chemis- try, elementary physics, biology (botany and zoology). Second examination at the end of the second year: anatomy of the do- mesticated animals, physiology, histology, veterinary hygiene, sanitary science, dietetics, and stable management. The third examination at the end of the third year: morbid anatomy, pathology and bacteriology, materia medica; therapeutics and toxicology, and the principles and practice ‘of shoeing. The fourth and final examination, provided the student has passed all the others, is held at the end of the fourth year, the subjects being the principles and practice of veterinary medicine, princi- ples and practice of veterinary surgery, the examination of horses and cattle as to health and soundness, and meat inspection. The cost of the College course is twenty-five guineas per annum. In addition, there will be a small amount required for text-books, dissecting instruments, microscopic apparatus, etc. The students are all externs, So that board and iepeing must also be reckoned upon. The large amount of national wealth involued in the live stock industry, the increasing prevalence of animal diseases, and the immense annual losses sustained from preyentable causes, together with the increasing value of individual animals, assure a wide field of usefulness for well-trained veterinary surgeons. Dr. GEORGE MAGEE, of Uniontown, Pa., is a regular at- tendant at the monthly meetings of the Western Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association, and it is flourishing. DAIRVING AS A PROFESSION.—Dr. G. VY. Ellbrecht, Copen- hagen, Denmark, who is soon to enter upon his duties as Goy- ernment Dairy Inspector for Denmark, has enrolled as a gradu- ate student in the Wisconsin College of Agriculture for the pur- pose of pursuing advanced studies along dairy lines. Mr. Ell- brecht has a grant from the Danish Government for three years’ study of dairy proplems and conditions. He has spent a year and a half in Europe and will now spend a year in America, de- voting most of his time at the University of Wisconsin. The position that Mr. Ellbrecht is to fill has been vacated by Mr. B. Boggild, the well-known writer and authority on Danish dairying who has recently been promoted to Professor of Dairy- ing at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College of Copen- hagen.—( Breeder's Gazette.) -* diheninn te Cc i ae eee CORRESPONDENCE. 997 CORRESPONDENCE. NEBRASKA OMITTED FROM THE LIST OF STATES HAVING VET- ERINARY LAWS—HER LAW CRITICISED. NEWMAN GROVE, NEBRASKA, Novy. 20, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review ; DEAR Sirs :—Kindly publish the following to get the views of the veterinary profession. I see by the November REVIEW a list of States with veterinary laws, with Nebraska omitted, which I consider a mistake in one sense and not in another. Viewed in its proper light, we had a law passed that went into effect July Ist. Drs. Peters, Ramacciotti and Anderson are the State Board appointed by the Governor. No more worthy and honorable men are in the State of Nebraska, who I am certain are worthy the highest honors the veterinary professiou can bestow. This law, I understand, was written by one of the best lawyers in the State, and, if so, in my estimation, his ability is not shown in the bill to any one who will read it as published, and the only good it does is to compel future graduates that locate in this State and those who are now in the State, to take the examina- tion. I am positive a non-graduate stands no chance of passing if all examinations are as severe as their first. Now, if you will read the law carefully, you will find that a non-graduate cannot use the title conferred by any college (not the words exactly, but the meaning). Now, here is where I claim that great lawyer failed in his duty. He should have said, after a certain date, I claim, and, if the editor will look the matter up he will see, that if I or any other graduate located in the State of Nebraska or any other State who has had conferred upon him an honor- able and legitimate title by an honorable college, recognized by the Federal or State governments, can pass no law that will de- prive him of that title. It cannot hold in law, which the Board will find out if it attempts to prosecute any graduate who was in the State before such a law was passed. With a non-graduate it is different; the title does not belong to him, as he never earned it by education or any other honorable way, but just Stole it, and by using it he isa fraud. You will notice it in- jures no one but a graduate, as he wants the title. Now, non- graduates can practice, as they always have, as “ horse doctors ”’; there is no law here to prohibit any one from practicing, so long as he does not use the title conferred by a college. The title “horse doctor,” or ‘stock doctor,” is not used by a college 998 CORRESPONDENCE. and the most of the farmers know all veterinarians as ‘‘ horse doctors”; they come into the office, and ask for the ‘‘ horse doctor,” and you say ‘‘ yes”’; or, “are you the person who doc- tors cattle, cows or hogs?” You never hear them say, ‘‘are you the ‘veterinary,’ or the ‘veterinary surgeon?” In time they may be educated to use either of these terms, but not as long as Nebraska is loaded down with the class of farmers it now has. Their children may, as their education is superior. A law can be passed for future protection, as all States have that right, so the law to graduates or others that newly locate in the State would have to pass the State Board examination if they wished to use the title. The law does only one good, and that is to stop travelling quacks that journey into a town and advertise as the “great Doctor So-and-so, veterinary surgeon and dentist.” It does not prohibit him from going from farm house to farm house, asking farmers if they wish their horses’ teeth fixed, as long as they don’t call themselves “‘ veterinary den- tists’; but just say ‘‘I fix horses’ teeth and guarantee satisfac- tion or no pay; that’s all that is necessary. The law has not stopped one of them and never will. Nebraska will have to do better than that, if it wishes to benefit the profession, as this law does not benefit it in the least, and I cannot see why money was wasted in getting such a law passed. Respectfully, H. THOMSON. [The REVIEW makes its apologies to Nebraska, and will have the omission supplied in the next publication of the list.—R. R. B.] DR. CONKEY DEFENDS THE GRAND RAPIDS VETERINARY COLLEGE. GRAND RAPIDs, MicuH., Noy. 24, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review: DEAR SiIRS:—Will you kindly allow me a word in reply to Dr. Reynolds, of Minnesota, whose article appears on page gII, Vol. XXIX., No. 8, of your excellent journal, to which I have been a subscriber for more than twenty years. Dr. Reynolds presumes to pass judgment upon the Grand Rapids Veterinary College, and yet he has probably never set foot in our city, and by what right does he do so? Is this in accord with the professional ethics of the A. V. M. A.? The Doctor says that the Grand Rapids Veterinary College ‘has been universally condemned.” His conception of the word “ wni- versally ’? must be very limited if he thinks that the veterinary CORRESPONDENCE. 999 foreign element of Michigan, who belong tothe A. V. M. A,, constitute the professional universe. Dr. Reynolds says “there is a bitter feeling among veteri- narians inthe State against the iustitution.”” We acknowledge some truth in this assertion, inasmuch as this foreign element is sucking the “tit of jealousy” and its lacteal fluid has always been of a bitter repugnant nature. One of the members of this foreign element was, once upon a time, State Veterinarian of Michigan for four years, during which time he attempted to “call” the G. R. V. C. at acom- mittee meeting of the Committee on State Affairs in our legis- lative hall, but was himself ‘‘ called’ and shown to be an alien, which disqualified him for the position he then held, and for which the old S. V. M. A. was at the time grooming him for re- appointment. He has since taken out his naturalization papers and has continually been trying to get back at the college for showing him up in his true light. Now, Mr. Editor, the Grand Rapids Veterinary College is doing business on the “square,” and God knows it is bad enough for men living in Michigan to speak ill of us, but when men like Dr. Reynolds, of Minnesota, takes up the cudgel for our professional enemies, without first coming to us and investigat- ing our work in a gentlemanly manner, and then for him to laud a short five-and-a-half months’ two-session school, is going too far. If the Doctor wishes to make a personal investigation we shall be glad to have him do so, and he can draw on the college through the Fifth National Bank of our city for his expenses, an offer which is extended to any official of the A. V. M. A., but we do hope that he or they will refrain from attacking us in the dark in an underhanded manner. There is not one professional man or State official in Michi- gan who has ever set foot inside of our college, at 38 and 4o Louis Street, that speaks ill of us. We challenge Dr. Rey- nolds or any other man to disprove this statement. Further, the college is conducted in as honorable and up- tight a manner as is any like institution on the American Con- tinent, and we will stack books for inspection with any and al] colleges from date of their organization, and will pit our alumni against that of any veterinary college on the Continent. Fur- ther, we will pay all expenses of such an investigation if we fall below second place. Now, then, gentlemen, come and see us before you do any 1000 CORRESPONDENCE. more talking, as we believe ours the Jest equipped, largest and most commodious, most sanitary and best lighted veterinary college on the American Continent. If we are mistaken we shall “deem it a favor if they will come and point out our error. Dee. L: CONKEY, Principal. SIMPLE BUT EFFECTIVE OPERATION FOR “* SAND-CRACK.”’ DENVER, COL., October 30, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review: DEAR Sirs :—In looking over text-books you find the treat- ments for ‘‘sand-crack ”’ too numerous to commit to memory, and still harder to put in practice, many of which are not at all practical. In order to be fully prepared to perform them all, one must have an express wagon to haul the appliances, many of which are imaginary. The operation which I wish to call attention to is in my hands quite simple and easy to perform, by the aid of a twitch, side-line in case of the hind hoof, or stool in case/of the fore, and a sharp knife. Simply make an incision through the periople, and into the coronary band, about 3g to % inch deep and ¥% to1 inch long. The incision should be made at right angle to the hoof crack, so that if the crack was prolonged it would strike the middle of the incision. The length and depth of the incision should be to suit the severity of the crack, etc. The wound should be dressed as an open wound. I find tannoform ung. very good—made with tan- noform one drachm, petrolatum one cunce. Mix and apply daily. A word may be said as to shoeing, which should always be a heel-and-sole pressure rubber-pad shoe, or a bar shoe. In case of quarter-crack, the shoe-bearing portion of the hoof, posterior to the crack, should be cut down so that there will be no weight on this quarter. ‘he toe and opposite side of the hoof should be lowered so as to shift the weight on the sound portion. In case of toe crack, the hoof should be leveled perfectly. The hoof for one inch on each side of the crack should be cut away, so that no weight will come on the toe for an inch on either side of the crack. The hoof should be as above, and shod with a heel-and-sole pressure rubber pad, with oakum and tar. In case of severe lameness, rest for a few days, but in case RE in pehg tions FEET —— Tay CORRESPONDENCE. 1001 of no lameness the animal may work. Our text-books warn us against the cutting of the coronary band, and in so doing they scare the life out of the surgeon. In my opinion and experience, you may cut the coronary band as much as you like, so long as you make your incision longitudinally. The escar made in this manner brings about a weld of the superior portion of the crack, which grows down, leaving a sound hoof wall, which is stronger than before. I have performed and seen performed by good surgeons many opera- tions for ‘‘ sand-crack,”’ but this is the best, in my judgment. MARK WHITE, V. M. D. OBITUARY. JOHN ARCHIBALD BELL, V. S. Of cerebral meningitis, on Oct. 10, at his residence in Water- town, N. Y., Dr. John A. Bell died, after a short illness. The deceased was a well-known and valuable member of the pro- fession of the Empire State, having been foremost in all move- ments looking toward the advancement of his profession. Dr. Bell was born at Sharpton, Canada, in 1857, and graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1880, locating in Watertown soon after completing his education, where he always enjoyed a lucrative practice. He was a charter member of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society and had been one of the most regular attendants at its annual meetings, the writer having had a pleasant conversation with him at the last meeting at Ithaca in September. For many years he was a regular member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, but his name fails to appear in the list of 1893 and 1894. He was appointed as In- spector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, in 1890, in charge of the port of Cape Vincent, and held the position at the time of his death. He took an active interest in the affairs of his adopt- ed city, and will be greatly missed in a business and social sense. _ He was a prominent member of the Order of Elks, holding the office of Esteemed Leading Knight at the time of hisdeath. He was also a member of the Masonic Fraternity and of the Odd Fellows. He is survived by a widow and a daughter. A TEAMSTER in Oakland, Cal., arrested for driving a lame horse, said his employer was trying to cure the horse by Chris- _ tian Science, and had made him take off a poultice from the . * horse’s leg. 1002 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. Tie Church Society for Promoting Kindness to Animals, an English organization of which Queen Alexandra is the first patron, is sending a deputation to America to enlist the cooper- ation of President Roosevelt in persuading the great powers to extend the terms of the Geneva Convention in the interest of animals. A circular issued by the society states that at the forthcoming Peace Conference at The Hague the revision of the Geneva Convention is almost certain to be taken under consid- eration, when the society, which has for years past been endeav- oting to educate public opinion upon the subject, will urge the representatives of the great powers to make the words in the convention, “sick,” “wounded,” and ‘“‘disabled,” which now apply to men only, applicable to animals also. This done, those who after a battle tend wounded horses, will, if wearing the badge of the Red Cross, be protected equally with those who tend wounded men.—(Army and Navy Journal. ) R. T. WHITTLESEY, D. V. S., has been tendered and has ac- cepted the chair of comparative anatomy at the Los Angeles (Cal.) College of Physicians and Surgeons. The Western Vet- erinarian congratulates the profession of California on the honor done the profession by the appointment of one of its members to a professorship in a medical college, as showing the change in the feeling of the members of the medical profession toward the veterinarian in the past few years. A Man Dyinc oF GLANDERS.—Dr. J. W. Robinson, Coal Harbor, North Dakota, sends the REVIEW an article extracted from the Minot (N. D.) Opézc, of October 17, giving an account of the case of Orland D. Barlow, aged 40 years, who resides in Minot. While working a claim 18 miles north of Minot he ac- cidentally scratched the palm of his hand and caused a suppurat- ing wound. In hitching up his horse he placed the palm of his hand against the body of the horse [possibly over an open farcy- bud]. A few days later he was taken suddenly ill, and inside of a week his case was diagnosed by several local physicians as glanders. Dr. H. C. Belyea, of Williston, was then called, and he confirmed the opinions of the local physicians, and said there — was absolutely no hope for the patient. The account says the State veterinarian was notified, but his decision in regard to the horse had not been received. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1003 SOCIETY MEETINGS. WAKE UP, SECRETARIES! For a long time the REVIEW has been carrying in its table of ‘“‘ Veterinary Medical Association Meetings,” the naimes of almost half a hundred of such organizations. Quite a large number of these fail to make any report of their deliberations for publication, although they have repeatedly been extended the courtesy of as many pages as they may require for that purpose. Many of them furnish full and delightfully interesting stories of what takes place at their meetings, to the infinite benefit and edification of their fellow veterinarians. Why not all? We would especially like to hear from the Central Canada Veteri- nary Association, Veterinary Association of Manitoba, North Carolina V. M. A., Western Pennsylvania V. M. A., Genesee Valley V. M. A., Colorado State V. M. A., Rhode Island V. M. A., South Dakota V. M. A., Kansas State V. M. A., Association Médécale Veterinaire Francaise ‘‘ Laval,’ Province of Quebec V. M. A., Kentucky V. M. A., Washington State College V. M. A., Ohio Valley V. M. A., Louisiana State V. M. A., and Essex Co. (N. J.) V. M. A. If the Secretaries of any of the associa- tions named above believe that they have permanently disband- ed, we would be glad if they will notify the REVIEw, as it is our desire to make our records absolutely reliable and free from dead material. IOWA-NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. This Association convened in the Assembly Rooms of the Water Commissioners, at 9.30 A. M., October 12, with Dr. Geo. P. Tucker in the chair. The first order of business was the roll-call. Next the reading of the minutes of the previous meet- ing, which were approved as read. _. President Tucker then gave his address, which was brief, _ but to the point. The Doctor reviewed the present conditions of the veterinarians and spoke of the general prosperity. He mentioned that the colleges were well attended and that the en- 1004 SOCIETY MEETINGS. rollments were larger than in the best days before the panic of 1893. He also stated that the increase of State laws would bring about better conditions for the veterinarian and would help the colleges in securing students with better educations. He complimented our colleges for striving to make their curric- ulum more perfect each year. He advised veterinarians to be- come judges of live stock, so that they could intelligently speak on the value of the various breeds and types of domestic ani- mals and be advisors in their community on such subjects. He was pleased to see such a large attendance arid hoped the Iowa- Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association would grow to be one of the largest organizations ofits kind in the West. He thanked the members for their attention and hoped that they would have a profitable and enjoyable meeting. The Secretary-Treasurer was called upon to make his report. His report showed that it took a great deal of correspondence to keep an organization of this kind going. He reported that he would have a printed list of the books belonging to the Univer- sity Medical Library and that these would be available to the members of this organization. He stated that subjects would be looked up for any member who requested the same. He hoped that the members would avail themselves of this oppor- tunity and use the books belonging to this library. He also re- ported on the bulletin to be issued by the lowa-Nebraska Veter- inary Medical Association, and stated that this bulletin would make its appearance in the near future. The bulletin is not to be a technical bulletin, but is to contain short items of interest to the members in this section of the country. The report of the Secretary was discussed, and it was the unanimous consen- sus of opinion that a bulletin devoted to the interests of this Association would be of great benefit to its members. The first paper on the programme was that by Dr. Earl F. Stewart, of North Bend, Neb., on ‘ Radial Paralysis*.” ‘This brought out a great deal of discussion. Dr. Anderson said that he had seen a number of similar cases in his practice and was very much interested in the Doctor’s paper and argument. He said that he had these cases occur soon after the animals had been cast for operation. After a liberal discussion it was found> that these cases were more common than first thought and that their pathology was not clearly defined in our text- books. On account of the absence of Drs. Bostrom and Leslie, Dr. ~ * Published elsewhere in this number of the Review. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1005 D. H. Miller, of Harlan, Iowa, gave a short talk on “ Packing the Alveolar Cavity with Gutta-Percha.” He said that it was especially indicated where there was a profuse discharge and where the tissue did not seem to heal and would become necro- tic. He said that after plugging such cavities that they would heal quite rapidly. He stated that he heated over a lamp three sheets of the ordinary gutta-percha used in dental work andthen . made it into the shape necessary to fill out the entire cavity and that it would soon become solid. He said that he had used this method for the last three years with very gratifying success and stated that it could be applied with very little trouble. Dr. Schaefer stated that for a number of years he had used this same treatment in cases similar to those described by Dr. Miller. Dr.’ Anderson stated that he believed this should only be applied in tare instances, for he stated that sometimes where the cavity does not heal it might be due to cancerous conditions of the bone or tissue. He described a case that would not yield to treatment and which upon microscopical examination proved to be sarcomatous. At the request of Dr. Stewart, Dr. Miller reported a peculiar case of a horse suffering from an ulcerated tongue, which proved to be cancerous. The Doctor stated that he removed a large portion of this organ and that the horse had to be fed with a stomach tube for 112 days. The horse was very much emaci- ated and could not stand up, but he said that at this time the horse seemed to be improving and that there was a possible ‘chance for him to live. Dr. C. A. McKim reported a horse having large pustules and ulcers on the tongue. At first he thought it was glanders and placed the horse in quarantine. Dr.Simpson reported an interesting case of a mule that had an enlargement on the left side of the abdomen. The animal lost flesh very rapidly and became very poor and died. Post- mortem examination revealed a large sarcomatous tumor, weigh- ing 150 pounds, which involved the stomach, liver, and intes- tines. Dr. Tucker was of the opinion that sarcomatous tumors were on the increase. Dr. Vincent related an instance where a horse was found to have running sores and upon examination found that the entire toof of the mouth was very much enlarged by the growth and that all six of the molar teeth were loose and could be extracted with the hand. He pronounced the case incurable and the same died within two weeks. 1006 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. Anderson spoke of the peculiar growths that are found around the eyes, teeth, and face. He stated that the bones were very soft and had very little resistance and that they were very vascular. He believes that these cases are more numerous and that they are on the increase. Dr. Koto stated that when operations are resorted to, they should be sure to remove all of the affected tissue, otherwise they are sure to re-occur. He gave an instance where all of the tissue including the eye had been removed and the animal re- covered. He also related his experience with spinal meningitis in cattle and stated that the bacteriological examination re- vealed the organism and that it was the same as that found in the human being. The Association then adjourned to meet at Dr. Ramacciotti’s Infirmary at 1.30 P. M. The following operations were performed : Tenotomy, Dr. L. A. Merillat. Neurotomy, Dr. L. A. Merillat. Removal of the third molar, Dr. J. S. Anderson. Removal of a large sarcomatous growth on the eye, Dr. H. Jensen. Removal of a bursa, Dr. L. A. Merillat. Neurotomy for spavin, Dr. J. S. Anderson. Castration of a cat, Dr. C. A. McKim. The clinics were pronounced a success. They were indeed the most enjoyable feature of the entire meeting. Dr. Ramac- ciotti had some very good subjedts and the operations were per- formed promptly. In the evening the members of the Association attended the Horse Show in a body. On account of the President being called home the Vice- President, C. E. Stewart, called the meeting to order on Octo- ber 13, at 9.30 A. M. The first thing on the programme was the election of officers. Dr. D. H. Miller, of Harlan, lowa, was nominated for President. It was moved and seconded that the rules be suspended and that Dr. Miller be elected by acclama- tion, which was carried. Dr. G. R. Young was nominated for Vice-President, and likewise the rules were suspended and he was elected by acclamation. Dr. A. T. Peters was again nomi- nated for Secretary-Treasurer. He protested, assuring the mem- bers that,it would be better for some one else to take this office. He was finally prevailed on to take this office. The first paper on the programme was that of Dr. Kingery on SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1007 ** Periodic Ophthalmia*.” This paper provoked a lively discus- sion, which was participated in by Drs. Merillat, Schaefer, Miller, S. Stewart, Anderson, Jensen, and Young. After a long dis- cussion it seemed to be the concensus of opinion that this dis- ease needed careful investigation and that the present methods of treatment were not altogether satisfactory and that the prac- titioners should try and study its pathology and its infectious- ness thoroughly in order to bring about some more rational way of preventing this disease. It seemed to be the opinion of all those discussing this disease that it was the duty of the vet- erinarians to discourage the use of animals afflicted with this disease for breeding purposes and that the veterinarians should inaugurate a campaign of education among their clients to that effect. Dr. Gain was then called upon to give a talk on “ Notes from County Fairs.” The Doctor spoke of his experience in judging at county fairs. He found that 46 per cent. of the draft stallions and 65 per cent. of the mares that were four years old aud over were unsound. The Doctor’s talk seemed to bea great surprise to the veterinarians present. ‘They had not realized that there were so many unsound sires and mares in the coun- try and they felt that it was their duty to inform the breeders and stockmen of this fact and try to reduce this by giving them information that would prevent them from purchasing animals with such defects. This was discussed thoroughly by Drs. McLeod, Koto, and Anderson. The Association adjourned to meet again at I.30 P. M. The meeting was called to order by Dr. Stewart, the Vice- President. The first number on the programme was his talk on ‘“‘ Veterinary Sanitation.” He spoke of tuberculosis in swine constantly increasing and showed how this would affect the farmers and stockmen in the future if it was not checked. He stated that it was very prevalent in some dairy districts in his State and that the packers have spotted these districts and are very cautious in buying hogs that come from these districts. He also exhibited some very good photographs of a horse af- fected with maladie du coit. He also spoke on the outbreak that occurred in his State some time ago and the preventive measures used to keep this disease from spreading. He ex- hibited some eggs of the Texas fever tick which were taken from animals shipped into his State during the summer months and caused an outbreak of Texas fever there. * Published elsewhere in this number of the REVIEW. 1008 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The Chair recognized Dr. Kingery, who with a few well- chosen words presented the Secretary with a loving cup as a gift from the members of the Association. The cup had been purchased by a comunittee consisting of Drs. Jensen, Miller, and Kingery. ‘This was a total surprise to the Secretary. He ap- preciated very keenly the gift from the Association, whose Sec- retary he has been for a number of years. The Vice-President next called on Dr. Merillat. The Doc- tor excused himself for not having a paper. He laid the blame on the Secretary for not having notified him soon enough that he was to have one. The Doctor commended the Association for taking up the work of stock judging, stating that it was a step in the right direction. Every veterinarian should become acquainted with this important work so that he can become a competent adviser in this branch of our profession. He also suggested that the veterinarians practice to become better diag- nosticians, for he considered this one of the weak points of the veterinarian. He also suggested that wherever it was possible a post-mortem examination should be held to verify the diagno- sis. He stated that where a pathological or bacteriological ex- amination could not be made by the doctors themselves that it be sent to some school forexamination. He suggested that the practitioner have proper restrainments for confining animals. He said it was not necessary to have a number of them, but that the operator should become thoroughly acquainted with whatever inethod was used, so that he could use it well. When- ever restrainment is used and the animal properly confined, it adds much to the operation. A surgeon should have at least one of the operating tables now in use and should have the nec- essary instruments at his command. He stated that this would give the practitioner a standing in his community. Dr. Meril- lat’s remarks brought out a discussion, Drs. Schaefer, Jensen, S. Stewart, and Kingery taking part. This concluded the papers. Upon motion of Dr. Jensen, which was seconded by Dr. Schaefer, Dr. L. A. Merillat was elected an honorary member to the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association. The Chairman then called for reports of the committees. Dr. Baldwin, Chairman of the Auditing Committee, handed in his report, which was ordered placed on file. Next was the re- port of the Committee on Resolutions. The following resolutions were adopted : “« Resolved, That we, the lowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, hereby extend a vote of thanks to the Omaha SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1009 Water Board for the use of its rooms for holding our annual meeting. ‘“« Resolved, That we, the lowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, second and join with the Missouri Valley Veteri- nary Medical Association in inviting the American Veterinary Medical Association to hold its next annual meeting (1906) at Kansas City, Mo. Resolved, That we congratulate Dr. H. L. Ramacciotti on his courage in bearing the affliction which has befallen him in the loss of his foot and that we extend to him our fullest sym- pathy. ‘“ Resolved, That we give Dr. H. L. Ramacciotti a hearty vote of thanks for providing a place and facilities for holding the most valuable clinical session in the history of this Associa- tion. “ WHEREAS, Professor Hoffman, of Stuttgart, Germany, has made a biased and misleading report on the veterinary colleges in the United States and on the skill of American veterinary surgeons ; : ‘‘ WHEREAS, The veterinary journals of Europe have given wide publication to the same; therefore, be it “Resolved, That we, the members of the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association in convention assembled, regret the very discourteous and erroneous report of Professor Hoff- man ; also regret the wide publicity given to this report, found- ed as it is on very incomplete and biased observations ; and be it further “Resolved, That we appreciate Professor Liautard’s prompt refutation of said statements in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEw, October, 1905, and heartily endorse his statement that Professor Hoffman’s remarks were ‘absurd and untrustworthy’. “Resolved, That we greatly appreciate the professional in- terest of Dr. L. A. Merillat in attending and contributing by surgical operations in the clinic and by a paper for the pro- gramine of our meeting, and extend him a vote of thanks. “Resolved, That we, the lowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, extend a vote of appreciation for the courtesy shown its members by the Omaha Horse Show Association. “Hal C. Simpson, “J. S. Anderson, ‘H. HK. Talbot.” The following were present at the meeting of the Iowa- Nébraska Veterinary Medical Association: F. E. Brazie, Harlan, 1010 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Ia.; D. H. Miller, Harlan, Ia.; R. R. Hammond, Cherokee, Ia.;. C. E. Stewart, Chariton, Ia.; P. O. Koto, Forest City, Ia.; J. G. Parslow, Shenandoah, [a.; Harry Crandall, Creighton, Neb.; John A. Berg, Pender, Neb.; I. W. McKachran, Geneva, Neb.; W. D. Hammond, Wayne, Neb.; V. Schaefer, Tekamah, Neb.;. T. Knaak, Coleridge, Neb.; G. R. Young, Omaha, Neb.; S. H. Kingery, Creston, Ia.; George Springer, Hastings, Neb.; H. N. Hall, Roseland, Neb.; A. F. Baldwin, Creston, Ia.; H. T. Hahn, Falls City, Neb.; C. Goodwin, Waterloo, Neb.; C. C. Fouts, Chambers, Neb.; Jas. Vincent, Shenandoah, Ia.; R. A. Hunt- ley, Pawnee City, Neb.; Otto Underberg, Madison, Neb.; W. H. Wellen, Elgin, Neb.; G. P. Statter, Sioux City, Ia.; J. S. Ander- son, Seward, Neb.; Peter Simonson, Fremont, Neb.; W. E. von Nordheim, Harvard, Neb.; Earl F. Stewart, North Bend, Neb.; Hal C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.; W. W. Talbot, Oskaloosa, Ia.; J. H. McLeod, Charles City, Ia.; Geo. P. Tucker, Lincoln, Neb.; Will R. O’Neal, Lyons, Neb.; Chas. A. McKim, Lincoln, Neb.; M. V. Byers, Osceola, Neb., J. W. Haxby, Villisea, Ia.; J. L. Hoylman, Wilsonville, Neb.; H. Jensen, Weeping Water, Neb.; M. T. Bernard, Grand Island, Neb.; J. H. Gain, Lincoln, Neb.; John Konkright, Friend, Neb.; H. L. Ramacciotti, Omaha, Neb.; A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb.; C. M. Day, So. Omaha, Neb.; A. T. Everett, So. Omaha, Neb.; D. C. Scott, Omaha, Neb. A. T. PETERS) Secreiary. CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO: CIATION. [Abstracted from the ‘* Western Veterinarian,” | The regular quarterly meeting was held September 13, 1905, at the Agricultural Building of the State University, Berkeley, California. Prior to the meeting the members spent an enjoyable half hour viewing an exhibit of pathological specimens and imicro- scopic slides prepared by Drs. Ward and Haring. The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. R. A. Archibald, at 2 P. M. Roll call showed the following members present : Drs. Whit- tlesey, Morrison, Summerfield, Shaw, Donnelly, Sorenson, Wil- liams, Outhier, Hogarty, Jackson, Fox, Danielson, Somers, Faulkner, Haring, Spencer, Sr., Spencer, Jr.. Keane, Dawdy, Gordon, Segsworth, Blemer, Creely, Browning, Ward, and Arch- ibald. Honorary member, Mr. Fred J. Sinclair, business man- ager of the Western Veterinarian. Visitors: Drs. Eastman, SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1011 Diete and a number of students from the San Francisco Veteri- nary College. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap- proved. : The Board of Examiners reported favorably on the applica- tion for membership of Dr. C. B. Outhier. The report was duly accepted and filed. The Clinic Committee, consisting of Drs.. Donnelly, Jackson, and Hogarty stated that they had, as announced in the pro- gramme, arranged fora clinic to take place at the Oakland Vet- erinary Hospital at 7.30 P. M. The Judiciary Committee, through its chairman, Dr. Archi- bald, reported progress and presented the July number of the Western Veterinarzan as patt of its report. Dr. Archibald also said that the committee had under consideration the advisabil- ity of the resignation of its present members, with a view of permitting other members of the Association to aet onsaid com- mittee and distinguishing themselves in the prosecution of illegal practitioners. With that end in view he called upon the members for volunteers to act upon the Judiciary Committee, with negative results, as no one present seemed desirous of ob- taining the privilege of covering themselves with glory in that particular direction. In response to a query as to how such a great honor was conferred upon a member acting on the Judici- ary Committee, the chairman stated that the member would most likely get his name in the daily newspapers occasionally. No volunteers for positions on the Judiciary Committee present- ing themselves, the matter was dropped for the time being. Under the head of reading of papers and discussions, Dr. Chas. H. Blemer was called upon to entertain the meeting, which he did by giving an interesting address upon ‘‘ The Veterina- rian and the Live Stock Press,” Dr. Blemer being editor of the Live Stock and Davy Journal; his address dealing with the sub- ject from the viewpoint of an editor of a stock paper was well received and provoked a discussion which was participated in by every member present. Dr. H. A. Spencer on being called upon to open the discus- sion responded by stating that he was not on the programme as an essayist, but that he had prepared a short article entitled ‘‘ Am I Right?” which having a direct bearing upon the subject in- troduced by Dr. Blemer, he desired the privilege of reading at this time, it being in the nature of an argument in regard to the stand taken by Dr. Blemer. Permission being granted, Dr. 1012 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Spencer gave his views from the standpoint of a practitioner upon the subject matter of veterinarians answering queries and disseminating veterinary information through the columns of stock and dairy journals. Dr. Whittlesey stated that he was not prepared with an address owing to the fact that his typewriter was not in working order. Dr. Blemer in reply to some of the arguments advanced by Dr. Spencer stated that his paper was willing to reciprocate. If the members of the veterinary profession would give his publi- cation the support they should give it he would be willing to discontinue the answering of veterinary queries and the dissemi- nation of veterinary information amongst the laity. . Dr. Ward agreed with both Drs. Blemer and Spencer as he believed they were both right. In view of his position with the University it was necessary for him to answer queries regarding the treatment of sick animals. At the same time he felt ashamed every time he did so as the descriptions and symptoms of sick animals usually given were so vague that it was impossible to answer queries in anintelligent manner. As far as he was con- cerned it was hard enough to make a diagnosis in the presence of a sick animal, not to mention the description of such by a lay- man and usually not a very intelligent layman at that. In re- gard to instructing farmers concerning milk fever he thought it was his duty to give them all the information at his command. In fact his official position compelled him to do so. He recently had an experience in Haywoods, where he had been called to treat a cow with milk fever. The cow got well and now the farmer treats such cases himself. Dr. Summerfield thought there were two sides to the ques- tion. He being acountry practitioner was frequently consulted by farmers who lived a long distance from his office; too far for him to respond to calls to milk fever cases. Heasked what was he todo? Let such people lose their stock or instruct them how to save them? He was in the habit of telling them how to treat such cases. Dr. Keane thought it was unprofessional to withhold useful knowledge not only from the profession but from the laity. Dr. Dawdy said, that were he a millionaire he would agree with Dr. Keane, but being dependent upon his veterinary knowl- edge for his livelihood he did not agree with him. Of course salaried veterinarians like Drs. Keane and Ward were required to disseminate useful knowledge. ‘That was part of théir offi- cial duty. . SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1013 Dr. Spencer, Sr., did not think it was necessary for Dr. Sum- merfield to tell all the farmers in his community how to treat milk fever. Might haveto do so in extreme cases which could be handled in a way that would work no injury. As it is now some farmers are using a bicycle pump for every disease cows become affected with. Knew of a case of obstetrics in which the owner gave air treatment and the cow died. Could not be convinced that it was right to put remediesin the hands or men who were too ignorant to know when to use them. Thought men who spend lots of money for education should be pro- tected. Dr. Spencer, Jr., believed that the dissemination of prescrip- tions through the medium of stock journals was wrong. Asan illustration, a short time ago he saw a prescription fora uterine injection in a stock paper. It was an ounce of permanganate of potash to a quart of water. Would like to see the effects pro- duced by such an injection. Thought the milk fever problem had gone so far that it was useless to discuss it. Dr. Segsworth thought that everything was fair in war. Editors were right to maintain a veterinary department and practitioners were right to keep their knowledge to themselves. Dr. Gordon cited an instance where a man came nine miles to Hanford to buy a milk tube. He had a pump but no tube. Not being able to procure a tube he let the cow die rather than call in a veterinarian. Knew that all the farmers in his com- munity would treat their own cases if able to make diagno- ses. Dr. Faulkner told of a farmer calling him in to treat a case of milk fever. Made one visit and gave airtreatment. On the following day he learned that this same farmer had another case besides the one he treated, which they treated themselves after having seen how it wasdone. ‘The cow he treated made nice recovery, but the other cow died from septicaemia of the udder. Dr. Archibald believed that after people had had bad luck applying the treatment themselves they would eventually con- clude that it was cheaper to employ an expert and have the treatment applied properly. He thought that the members were paying too much attention to the discussion of the milk fever problem and not giving the other features of Drs. Blemer and Spencer’s papers the consideration they deserved. Dr. Danielson thought there were two sides to the question. He believed that any proper knowledge given to the public did 1014 SOCIETY MEETINGS. no harm to the professional man. Considered that the dissemi- nation of good literature amongst the laity was a benefit to the practitioner. Dr. Haring stated that his duties frequently required him to talk at farmer’s institutions on the subject of animal diseases, such as anthrax, blackleg, tuberculosis, and other matters per- taining to veterinary sanitary science, and he was usually re- quested to give his views on the air treatment of milk fe- ver. Dr. Creely thought that Dr. Blemer was correct from his standpoint. He was making a living by conducting a stock paper and if he published a veterinary page in his journal and made a profit thereby he had a perfect right to do so. Person- ally he had discontinued to answer queries for stock papers. He had done so, but usually endeavored to answer them in such an ambiguous manner that the information conveyed to the laity did no harm nor did it do much good. Where a query came from a locality possessing a qualified veterinarian he usually advised the party making inquiry to consult said veterinarian. By conducting a veterinary page in this way no harm to the profession could result. Dr. Somers knew that a great many prescriptions were taken out of stock papers and were used indiscriminately by the laity ; while this was wrong he thought the public should know about treating milk fever and such conditions. Dr. Sorenson was satisfied that readers of stock papers and journals were invariably our best clients. Dr. Williams agreed with Dr. Sorenson. Believed no good could come of a discussion on the milk fever problem as it had gone too far to be affected by any action the Association might take in the premises. Dr. Outhier thought that the publication of veterinary in- formation did not seriously affect the profession. Dr. Donnelly also believed that information disseminated by stock papers did no particular harm, neither did it do any good. Mr. Sinclair, editor of the Butchers and Stockgrowers Jour- nal, frequently had letters from subscribers requesting informa- tion regarding veterinary problems. ‘To these he suggested that they consult the veterinarian located in their community. He thought this the best way to answer, notwithstanding the fact that he was in a position to command the best veterinary advice obtainable. Personally he considered the proposition wrong and looked upon it as an endeavor on the part of the inquirer to SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1015 obtain five dollars worth of information for a two-cent stamp. Dr. Spencer, Sr., thought it was causing unprofessionalism and that veterinarians should take some steps to protect them- selves. He further believed that the ordinary Jayman was un- able to properly interpret answers to queries or to make proper application of the remedies prescribed in that way. The President in closing the discussion stated that he agreed with Dr. Danielson and others regarding the dissemination of intelligent literature amongst the laity. While good literature, in his opinion, made better clients, poor literature of the style usually seen in the veterinary columns of agricultural and stock papers was a standing menace to the profession. Dr. Chas. Keane, State Veterinarian, was then called upon and responded by reading an interesting and practical paper on “Some Live Stock Diseases and Their Relation to the Public Health.” The paper was well received and provoked a good and enjoyable discussion. Dr. Whittlesey when called upon to open the discussion re- sponded by stating that in his opinion the whole proposition came down to a question of educating the public to take a proper view of the dangers to the human race existing in the forms of some animal diseases. Take for instance glanders; personally he had known of a number of friends and acquaintances who had succumbed to this dreaded disease, yet notwithstanding this fact the ordinary layman places little or no importance upon the ever-existing presence of the disease, more especially if it is one of his own animals which is affected. He did not think glanders was very contagious for the reason that there is a very small percentage of those exposed who contract the disease. In regard to the treatment of glanders did not believe it should be permitted by sanitary authorities. Thought it possible that cases of glanders did recover, but so far it had not been proved to his satisfaction. He also mentioned the fact that two friends doing sanitary police duty had contracted glanders. One of these, Dr. Ward B. Rowland, of Pasadena, contracted the disease eight years ago and was still far from being a well man. Dr. Spencer, Sr., knew of a number of cases of parties con- _ tracting anthrax from skinning and handling animals that had died from that disease. He also knew of an instance in which a few years ago a number of cattle died from anthrax and the meat of same was preserved in the form of dried beef and sold as such. Knew of several cases of glanders contracted by own- ers handling affected animals. Thought it probably a good 1016 SOCIETY MEETINGS. idea for some few of the laity to get killed off in this way. Dr. Spencer, Jr., did not regard mallein as having any value as a curative agent. Had also seen cases that reacted to mallein give negative results upon post-mortem. Dr. Danielson stated that he was in favor of shooting cases. of glanders as found. Dr. Creely thought that a veterinarian was liable when he destroyed a case of glanders without the consent of the owner. Dr. Blemer’s experience was that most men will hide cases of glanders to prevent their destruction by the authorities. Dr. Whittlesey cited some experiences Dr. Archibald and he had had in Bakersfield some years ago to show that in some cases it is better to destroy the animal and put the burden of proof upon the owner of same. Dr. Blemer cited an instance to show how obstinate some individuals become over a case of glanders. An old empiric to prove that an animal in his charge did not have glanders, or if it had, was not dangerous, took some of the discharge from the horse’s nostrils and rubbed it in his own; also took a drink from a bucket of water that the animal had been slobbering in, not- withstanding the fact that it was a malignant case of glan- ders. Dr. Spencer, Jr., did not think that glanders was very con- tagious. The discussion closed by the unanimous adoption of the fol- lowing resolutions, introduced by Dr. R. A. Archibald at the request of Dr. R. T. Whittlesey : WHEREAS, The Pasteur Vaccine Company is sending out literature in the form of advertising matter advocating and recommending the use of mallein for the cure of glanders ; and WHEREAS, We, the members of the California State Veteri- nary Medical Association, believe that the use of mallein except for diagnostic purposes is against the best interests of the pub- lic and detrimental to the veterinary profession; therefore be it Resolved, That so long as the Pasteur Vaccine Company continues to advertise and recommend the use of mallein in the treatment of glanders, we suggest that the members of this or- ganization desist from using mallein or any other product of the said Pasteur Vaccine Company, and that we respectfully recom- mend veterinarians throughout the United States to do likewise ; and be it further SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1017 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Western Veterinarian and the AMERICAN VETERINARY RE- VIEW for publication. Nominations for officers for the ensuing year, the election to take place at the annual meeting, being the next order of busi- ness, the President called for nominations for the several offices. The following were made: For President—Dr. R. A. Archibald. Vice-President—Dr. P. H. Browning. Secretary—Drs. Dawdy, Fisher and Blemer. Treasurer—Dr. Carl W. Fisher. Board of Examiners—Drs. Spencer, Creely, Fox and Sum- merfield, three to be elected. Dr. Spencer, Sr., moved that a vote of thanks be extended to Drs. Ward and Haring for their kindness in providing accom- modations for the holding of the meeting and other courtesies extended. Carried. Dr. Creely moved that a vote of thanks be extended to Drs. Blemer, Keane and Spencer, Sr., for the able manner in which they had entertained the meeting. Carried. After transacting some routine business the meeting adjourn- ed to meet at the Palace Hotel, San Francisco, on Wednesday, December 13th, 1905. THE CLINIC. was a great success, the attendance being very large and the interest acute. The operations performed during the Clinic were as fol! lows : Castration of a Cryptorchid, by Dr. H. A. Spencer, of San ose. : Odphorectomy of a mare per vagina in the standing position, by Dr. P. H. Browning, San Jose. Odphorectomy of a cow through the flank, by Dr. P. H. Browning. Median neurectomy, by Dr. E. J. Creely, of San Fran- cisco. Cunean tenotomy on two cases, by Dr. R. A. Archibald, of Oakland. Odphorectomy of a bitch, by Dr. R. T. Whittlesey, of Los Angeles. Passing Phillips’ tube, by Dr. L. A. Danielson, of Mas dera. 1018 SOCIETY MEETINGS, ILLINOIS STATE V. M. ASSOCIATION. LEXINGTON, ILL., October 29, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR Sirs :—Will you once more kindly change the date of meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association to December 19 and 20? This change is made necessary by the fact that our annual meeting is always held during the same week as the Interna- tional Live Stock Exhibit. As the date of that exhibit has been postponed until December 16 to 23, we have changed our time of meeting to conform with theirs. We are looking forward to this meeting with a great deal of pleasure, and feel that we are going to have a great meeting. Below is an incomplete list of papers already promised : Ds, W.; . Scott, Oak Park, “iObstetrics:” Dr. H. A. Presler, Fairbury, ‘‘ The Etiology of Azoturia.” _ Dr. W. F. Weese, Ottawa, ‘‘ Nervo-muscular Diseases affect- ing Locomotion.” Dr. T. J. Gunning, Neponset, ‘‘ Some Things I Should Like to Know.” Dr. James Smellie, Eureka, “‘ Indigestion in Cattle.” Dr. E. L. Quitman, Chicago, ‘‘ Changes in the 8th Revision of the United States Pharmacopceia.”’ Dr. W. J. Martin, Kankakee, ‘‘Gelsemium.” Dr. N. P. Whitmore, Gardner, ‘ Cirrhosis of the Liver.” Dr. L. C. Tiffany, Springfield, “‘ Hemorrhagic Septiczemia.” Dr. W. C. Galbraith, Wheaton, ‘ Strangulated Herniain Stallion.” Dr. J. D. Nighbert, Pittsfield, ‘‘ Misplaced Bowel as an Ob- stacle to Parturition.” | Drs. L. A. Merillat, Chicago; Geo. Bajenes; Sidell; Hare Beckley, Rockford; N. I. Stringer, Watseka; and W. J. Law- son, Petersburg, subjects not yet given. Reports of Cases—Dr. J. H. Crawford, Harvard, ‘‘ Urinary Calculi”’ and ‘‘ Foreign Body in Bladder,” and Dr. C. G. Glen- denning, Clinton, ‘‘ Two Unusual Cases of Choking.” At our banquet on the evening of December 1gth, at the Victoria Hotel, we expect several veterinarians of national rep- utation as our guests and speakers. On the following morning we will hold our clinics at the Chicago Veterinary College and the Chicago members are interesting themselves and hustling to give us a large and interesting clinic. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1019 We hope no veterinarian in attendance at the International Exhibit will fail to call during the meeting. Sincerely, W. H. WELCH, Secretary. ILLINOIS VETERINARY MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASSOCIATION. The meeting was called to order at the Beardsley one Champaign, by the President, Dr. F. J. Bliss, of Earlville, on August 16, 1905. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approv- ed, and absentees noted. The meeting opened with a fair at- tendance and with the usual interest. The President’s semi-annual address was instructive and was received with applause. There were three applications for membership : Robert Com- mins, of Rosehill; C. W. Walton, of Rantoul, and T. W. Cork- ery, of Urbana, who were elected unanimously. A communication from Dr. H. P. McKinney, of Neoga, was received, with a paper on ‘ Peritonitis.”’ It was read and de- fended by Dr. W. A. Swain. Dr W. A. Swain reported for discussion the similarity be- tween azoturia and spasms of the glottis, which was discussed with heated interest and brought forth many valuable points for the members of the Association. A bill of the Secretary for printing the programmes and stamps was presented and allowed, and an order issued on the Treasurer for $5.15. Received on membership fees $15; dues $1.50; total receipts $16.50. Meeting adjourned to meet at 7 P. M. Dr. R. W. Braithwait, with his coachman in a tallyho coach waiting at the exit of the hotel, and with that clear coolness upon his wholesouled countenance, extended an invitation to each and every veterinary surgeon who attended this meeting to take a trip over the beautiful city, which he praises so highly. It was with anticipations of the keenest pleasure that the invi- tation was accepted with as much pride as the donor had in presenting it. Committee on Programme—Dr. W. A. Swain, Dr. R. W. Braithwait, Dr. C. W. Walton. Meeting adjourned to meet Jan., 1906, at Decatur. jas. M. REED, Secretary. 1020 SOCIETY MEETINGS. MARYLAND STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. This Society met Friday evening, November 24, at 7 o’clock, at Joyce’s Hotel, Baltimore, with Dr. Frank H. Mackie, Presi- dent, in the chair. A full attendance of members from all parts of the State was noted. A delightful supper was indulged in by those present, after the proper disposition of which the main business of the meet- ing was attacked. The possibility and probability of an attempt to change the law relating to the position of Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry was fully discussed and the advisability of prompt ac- tion realized. It was moved by Dr. Wm. Dougherty, seconded by Dr. J. P. Grogan, “‘that the Secretary endeavor to obtain the signa- tures of all registered veterinarians in the State of Maryland by the best mode possible, to a letter to the representatives in Con- gress, protesting against changing the present law relating to the position of Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the supplanting of the veterinary Chief by the appointment of a layman.” ‘The motion was carried. The names of several applicants for membership in the So- ciety were recommended and placed in the hands of the Board of Censors. ane meeting then adjourned. Wo. H. MARTENET, Secretary. MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The regular monthly meeting of this Association was held at Young’s Hotel, Boston, Wednesday evening, October 25th, at 7.30 P. M. There were sixteen members present. Minutes of previous meeting were accepted as read. On motion of Dr. Winslow, seconded by Dr. Perry, it was voted to dispense with the routine business. Then adjourned to the rooms of the Electro Radia- tion Co., 532 Columbus, where an interesting lecture and dem- onstration was given by Dr. Strong, of Tufts College, of an X- Ray machine, also high frequency current as used therapeutical- ly. On motion of Dr. La Baw, seconded by Dr. Playdon, it was voted to extend a vote of thanks to Prof. Strong. Adjourned 10.15 P. M. F, J. BABBITT, Secretary. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1021 NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS. The organization meeting of the newly appointed Board was held at Albany, October 27, at 3 o’clock. Dr. Charles E. Clay- ton, of New York City, was elected President, and Dr. Wm. Henry Kelly, of Albany, Secretary. The chairs were assigned as follows: Anatomy and surgery, Dr. C. E. Clayton ; physiol- ogy, Dr. T. O'Dea; chemistry and therapeutics and materia medica, Dr. E. B. Ackerman; obstetrics, Dr. A. G. Tege; path- ology, diagnosis and practice, Dr. Wm. Henry Kelly. IOWA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The eighteenth annual meeting of this Association will be held at Ames, Iowa, January 11, 12, and 13, 1906. We expect to have a splendid meeting, and all are invited to be present, Hat C. Simpson, Secreary. As illustrating the versatility of the modern veterinarian, Veterinary Surgeon Desmond, of Australia, recently won high honors in the International Smallbore Rifle Match between the Southfields (London, Eng.) Miniature Club and the Metropoli- tan Club of South Australia. DEATH OF Dr. W. Horace Hoskins’ MOTHER.—We much tegret to announce the death from pneumonia of Mrs. Jane Hoskins, which occurred at her home in Rockdale, Pa., Nov. 22, after a short illness. She was seventy-seven years old and one of the most prominent women in Delaware County. Bereft of her husband many years ago, she was left with the care and rearing of four boys, and it has been the comfort and glory of her old age to witness each one of them assume a high position in the world’s work, due in great measure to her own loving guidance in their earlier days. Her sons survive her, and are as follows: Atwood B. Hoskins, prominent business man and well-known pigeon fancier of Rockdale; Dr. W. Horace Hos- kins, known everywhere for his prominent work in behalf of his chosen profession of veterinary medicine; Prof. J. Preston Hoskins, an instructor in Princeton University ; and Rev. Frank Hoskins, a Presbyterian missionary minister, stationed at Beirut, Syria. All veterinarians will extend to Dr. Hoskins their warm- est sympathy in his great bereavement. 1022 NEWS AND ITEMS. NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. D. H. MILLER, of Harlan, Iowa, has located in Des Moines, Dr. Fred. E. Branzie has succeeded to Dr. Miller’s prac- tice in Harlan. IN Uruguay, until within a few years, the sale of hides was the only part of the cattle industry that yielded any cash, the meat being mostly discarded as of no value. PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE (Canada) council has been talking about meat inspection, and the Farmers Advocate (Winnipeg) strongly urges that none other than a veterinarian be selected for the position. “You ARE MAKING A GREAT SUCCESS OF THE REVIEW, and I do not see how any good practitioner can be without it and keep up with the times.”—( 7. C. Norton, D. V. M., Terri- torial Veterinarian, Phoenix, Arizona.) Dr. MARK WHITE, JR., of Denver, Col., reports meeting a very bad case of distemper in a fourteen-year-old fox terrier dog. Its owner states that the dog has lived. in Denver all its life, and had not previously had the disease. Dr. Loomis, formerly assistant to Dr. Thomas G. Sher- wood, of New York, and Dr. H. J. Milks (N. Y. S. V. C., ’o4) have leased the office and hospital of the late Dr. John A. Bell, of Watertown, N. Y., and begun practice at that place. Dr. W. C. RAvEN, formerly of Nashville, Tenn., who did so much to make the meeting of the A. V. M. A. in 1897 a success, has located at Hemet, California, where he has pur- chased a ranch, and proposes to do a little practice on the side. PRESIDENT W. L. WILLIAMS, of the New York State Veteri- nary Medical Society, has appointed the following Committee on Legislation ; Roscoe R. Bell, Brooklyn ; James Law, Ithaca ; Ar- thur O’Shea, New York, with the President and Secretary ex officio. PROF. WILFRED LELLMAN, of New York City, has been largely quoted by the New York Herald as having carried out experiments upon a large number of calves with the bovovac- cine of Prof. von Behring, and he is confident that all are im- mune to the disease. Dr. S. H. BAuMAN, President of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association, has been very ill for some time with typhoid fever. His wife and three daughters have been prostrated with the same disease. We are glad to learn through Secretary Hal C. Simpson that all are doing well. NEWS AND ITEMS. 1023 MARRIAGES.—C. M. McFarland, D. V. S. (K. C. V. C., 1900), St. Joseph, Mo., to Miss Anna R. Brown, of same city, peeertte es P50). ee Ee ean eS 5. (KC: .C., ’o5), Manhattan, Kansas, to Miss Montgomery, of Council eaave; =. . Iv Wi MeBachran DV. S. (K..€:V. C705), Geneva, Neb., to Miss Gertrude Gough, Minneapolis, Minn., July 11. OPEN-AIR TREATMENT FOR CATTLE.—It is understood that the Dominion Minister of Agriculture has authorized the Vet- erinary Department to institute an experiment with the cattle of the Nappan (N. S.) Experimental Farm, which reacted some time since when subjected to the tuberculin test, first by Dr. Hall, V. S., of Amherst, and subsequently by Dr. J. H. Frink, V.S., of St. John. The idea is to submit both those which re- acted and those that did not to the same open-air treatment as is now resorted to in the case of human beings affected with tuber- culosis. By removing them to a suitable place, where they will be isolated, a series of experiments may be carried out to deter- mine the curative action on cattle of the outdoor and nutrition system of treatment. Theimportance of the subject would seem to make it desirable that the Dominion Veterinary Service should institute such an investigation, and under the competent direc- tion of Dr. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General, arrive at some definite conclusions that would be of service to the live- stock interests of the country.—(/armer’s Advocate, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Nov. 29.) How THE VETERINARY CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL MAKES It Pay.—We find the following item in the Rural New Yorker of recent date: ‘‘A subscriber from Indiana sends us an adver- tisement of the Veterinary Science Association, London, Can- ada, and two letters which they have sent him in reply to his inquiry. Theadvertisement is headed ‘ Farmers’ Sons Wanted.’ It promises $60 a month and expenses. In the first letter he is offered $60 a month, promised $50 a month for expenses and ad- vance of $240 in salary for the second year. How does he want his salary paid, by the month or week? They are just itching, it would seem, to get the money to him. It is so easy, it seems like finding money. The work is to be: ‘ Looking after the advertising and agents, shipping goods, attending to correspond- ence, keeping track of the business and such other work as the office duties may require.’ That certainly seems like a snap, and no wonder the young man wrote back that he was ready to go to work. From their anxiety to have a man in this particu- 1024 NEWS AND ITEMS. lar field, one would expect a prompt engagement, but no. The young man would require some preparation to fit him for the work. For this he needs a book. It is their book. It isa large book. It is a valuable book. If the young man will send on $3 they will send him the book. ‘That is as far as negotiations have gone yet. If the young man should send for the book, they would then probably want him to demonstrate his ability to fill the position by sending on a further remittance for some other valuable product, and soon. It is the old scheme. Un- der the promise of an easy job and big money at home, you are induced to makea remittance for something you don’t want, and wouldn’t buy. The promise of a’ salaried position is a fake pure and simple, and one of the meanest fakes of which we have any knowledge. We refused this advertising years ago, and would not carry a line of it under any consideration. Put this in the list of this things to be let alone.” A Doc AT THE TELEPHONE.—Good dog stories have been scarce of late, and only for that reason are we moved to present one that appears with many more exclamation marks than it deserves in the Buffalo Courzer. A dispatch to that paper from Sayre, Penn., tries to make us believethat about the queerest thing that ever happened in that part of the country was the answering of a telephone call one day last week by Ring, a par- ticularly able hunting dog owned jointly by two not very near neighbors. Ring was at the house of one of his owners when the other wanted to use him and announced the desire over the wire. The mistress of the house answered the call and said that, as she was alone, there was nobody to take the dog over to the other place, and that he would have to be sent for. The distant part proprietor didn’t have time for that, so he asked that the telephone receiver be held to the animal’s ear in an attempt to see if he could not be informed of what was on foot and be per- suaded to make the journey alone. This was done, Ring evi- dently recognized the absent master’s voice, gave what seemed to be comprehending and delighted attention to the brief expo- sition of a proposed hunting trip, and then, when let out of the door, ran madly by the shortest course to his second home. This story, presumably, is true as regards its facts, but the de- ductions from it are more than rash, and the dog is credited with knowing a good deal more than there is any real probabil- ity he did know. ‘There is hardly a chance that he had the faintest comprehension of the use of the telephone. Probably he did recognize the voice, and probably he did get some vague, NEWS AND ITEMS. 1025 dim notion that the man he heard was bound afield. There- upon he took the first opportunity to investigate the mystery at the only place that promised an explanation. ‘The understand- ing of the message was entirely imaginary, and the assumption of the understanding was only another case of supposing that when, in given circumstances, an animal does what a man would have done in the same circumstances, he does it for the clearly argued reasons that would have moved the man. ‘That is the most misleading of delusions, and to it is due all the nonsense which makes so many “ nature stories” so irritating to minds with even the beginning of the scientific instinct.—(J. Y. Times, Nov. 23.) THE BIOGRAPHY OF A POPULAR VETERINARIAN.—At the annual meeting of St. Andrew’s Society, held at Ottawa, Can- ada, Nov. 2, Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General of the Dominion and Vice-President of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association since his election to membership in 1902, wasunanimously chosen President of that large Scottish or- ganization. In connection with this event, we find the follow- ing sketch of the distinguished veterinarian’s life in the Ottawa Free Press of Nov. 3, and we are sure it will be of interest to REVIEW readers: “J. G. Rutherford, V. S., chief veterinary in- spector, Ottawa, one of the best known men in the Canadian West, wasborn at Mountain Cross, in Scotland, in 1857, his father being the Rev. Robert Rutherford, Newlands, Peeblesshire, and his mother, Agnes Gunion. Mr. Rutherford’s success in his special line of work is an example of natural bent and concen- tration, for the record shows that he attended the Glasgow High School till he was 15 and then he became an agricultural student at Haddington, later under Robert Scott, of Philipaugh, Selkirkshire, and then with a private tutor at Edinburgh. When he came to Canada in 1875 he continued his studies at the On- tario Agricultural College, Guelph, where he took the first prize for his year in practical agriculture. He then spent a year on the Bow Park farm at Brantford, one of the greatest stock farms in Canada. Entering the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, he graduated in 1879, carrying off the gold medal. Dr. Rutherford first opened an office at Woodstock, Ontario, but in addition to his practice entered into the work of shipping horses to Great Britain and importing high-class breeding animals from that country. During this time he visited and took lec- tures in the leading veterinary colleges of Scotland and the United States. In 1884 he moved to Portage La Prairie and 1026 NEWS AND ITEMS. from that time forward no man has been more intimately con- nected with the development of the Canadian West. Before proceeding west he was a veterinary inspector for the province of Ontario and he was immediately appointed to a similar post in Manitoba, which office he held until 1892, when he resigned in order to enter the arena of politics. Portage La Prairie is the centre of the wealthiest agricultural districts of Manitoba, and Dr. Rutherford rapidly worked up an extensive practice and earned the reputation of being one of the most skilful and best informed veterinariansin Canada. In 1901 he was made special veterinarian of the quarantine department by the Dominion gov- ernment, and sent to Great Britain, with headquarters at Glas- gow, to inspect cattle being shipped to Canada, to prevent the importation of animals having tuberculosis or other diseases. In the performance of his duties he visited the farms of the leading breeders in Great Britain and from May to November traveled no less than 15,000 miles. In February, 1902, he was appoint- ed chief veterinary inspector for the Dominion, with head- quarters at Ottawa. In 1904 his title was changed to that of veterinary director-general. Dr. Rutherford first entered public life in 1892 when he was elected member for Lakeside in the Manitoba legislature by a large majority. He at once became one of the forces in the Liberal party in Manitoba. He was again elected in the general election of January, 1896, but re- signed shortly after to contest the Dominion constituency of Macdonald. He was nominally defeated in this election, but the seat being voided because of corrupt practices, Dr. Ruther- ford was returned in the subsequent bye-election and sat in the Dominion House until 1900. Dr. Rutherford has been ever ready to forward the interests of Manitoba generally and of the prosperous town of Portage La Prairie. In this connection he has been called upon to fill the following positions: President of the Horse-Breeders’ Association of Manitoba, President of the Manitoba Veterinary Association, President of the Portage and Lakeside Agricultural Society, and of the St. Andrew’s Society. He was one of the founders and until his removal to Ottawa, chairman of the Portage La Prairie General Hospital. Dr. Rutherford is a Mason, a member of the A. O. U. W., and in religious belief isa member of the Church of England. He married in 1887, Edith, daughter of Washington Boultbee, Esq., of Ancaster, Ont. As a speaker he has gained high repute, having a vein of very caustic sarcasm relieved by a flow of real wit and humor.” VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 1027 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places of meet- ing, and Secretaries’ names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medical Associations of the United States and Canada. quested to see that their Name of Organization. American V. M. Ass’n........ Vet. Med. Ass’n of N. J Connecticut V. M. Ass’n “els ‘eee sees ' New York S. V. M. Soc’y.... Schuylkill Valley V. M. A.... Passaic Co. V. M. Ass’n Texas V. M. Ass’n... eee eee Michigan State V. M. Ass’n... Alumni Ass’n N, Y.-A. V.C.. Illinois State V. M. Ass’n Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad..... Illinois V. M. and Surg. A.... Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba se eee V. M. Ass’n New York Co,...| Ohio State V. M. Ass’n....... Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n... Missouri Vet. Med, Ass’n..... Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n Iowa State V. M. Ass’n.......! Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n. . | Pennsylvania State V. M. A...) Keystone V. M. Ass’n Colorado State V. M. Ass’n... Missouri Valley V. Ass’n ..... Rhode Island V, M. Ass’n.... North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.... California State V. M. Ass’n... Southern Auxiliary of Califor- nia State V. M. Ass’n.... South Dakota V. M.A....... | Nebraska V. M. Ass’n........ Kansas State V. M. Ass’n.... Ass’n Médécale Veternaire Francaise ‘‘ Laval;”’....... Alumni Association A. V. Col.. Province of Quebec V. M.A... Kentucky V. M. Ass’n....... Wolverine State V. M. Ass’n.. Washington State Col. V. M. A. Ohio Valley V. M. Ass’n..... Iowa-Nebraska V. M. Ass’n.. Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n.. Essex Co. (N. J ) V. M. Ass’n Secretaries are re- organizations are properly included in the list. sg ke + asso | Name and Address Secretary. Aug, 21-24, ’06|N. Haven, Ct. J. J. Repp, Phila., Pa. Jan. 11, 1906.| ‘Trenton. |W. H Lowe, Paterson. Seniesa 4 ER eS Selle B, K. Dow, Willimantic. Sept.,1906. | Buffalo. |G. T. Stone, Binghamton. Dec 20. Reading, Pa. W. G, Huyett, Wernersville. Monthly. Paterson, N,J. H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J. Boca act tants SR eis | Ottawa, °|A, E. James, Ottawa. 2d Tu-WedFeb Lansing Judson Black, Richmond, April, 1906, |141 W. 54thSt)W. C. Miller, NY. City. Dec. 19 and 20,|_ Chicago, /W. H. Welch, Lexington, II] Call of Pres't. | Sheboygan, |S. Beattie, Madison, Jan., 1906, Decatur. |J. M. Reed, Mattoon. SEM ial tins eda wei ayate'a a keace \F. Torrance, Winnipeg. Wea Ss Sh licx c.ctesiac kes T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, “auc 3 Saeed eee ..-|C H. Sweetapple, Toronto, Ist Wed. Oct. |141 W. 54thSt|/D. J. Mangan. N, Y. City. January, 1906.) Columbus, |W. H. Gribble, Wash’nC.H. Ist Wed, ea.mo Pittsburgh. |F, Weitzell, Allegheny, Deed eee eure Hoja wid sip'aviads| kt a). brown, mansasi City: ica ea rene ihe |....2...++|J- H. Taylor, Henrietta,N.Y. Jan, 11-13 ’o6, Ames H. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Jan. 10-11, '06.| St. Paul, WEN eG 1G 0\e i ae 2d Tues, Dec, | Philadelphia. J. G. Annand, Minneapolis, C, J. Marshall, Philadelphia A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her- man St., Germantown,Pa, M, J. Woodlifte, Denver. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City. IstMon.inJune| Denver. January, 1906. | Kansas City. 3d Thursday June and'Dec. | Providence, |T,E, Robinson, Westerly,R.I January, 1906, Fargo. E, J. Davidson, Grand Forks Mch. Je.Sep, Dc'San Francisco|P, H. Browning, San Jose. Jan. Apl. Jy, Oct.) Los Angeles, |H.D. Fenimore, Los Angeles MP Sci reer a E. L. Moore. Brookings. as & ciate iofel leita lfctehotets et terse tate Hans Jenson, Weeping Water «3 6 ate eee Topeka. (Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina. 1st & 3d Thur, |Lect. R’m La- J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. of each month, |val Un’y Mon. April each yr, | New York. |F, R, Hanson, N, Y. City. Mon, & Que. |Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q. D, A. Piatt, Lexington. W. W. Thorburn. Pullman, Wa.}|Wm. D. Mason, Pullman, Evansville, I’d|J.W. Moses, Mt. Vernon, Ind. A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, B. K. Baldwin, Newark, eee renee ereece er ee or ee eC ey ry eeeceeeeesreerelesecesesessens oc e's sie wee ee ale ce o co ole PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; single copies, 25 cents. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage ts forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. 0. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. ANTIPHLOGISTINE has found a permanent place in veterinary practice and never disappoints when applied according to indications for its use. ABBOTT’s ALKALOID PREPARATIONS continue to increase in popularity among veterinary practitioners because of their uniformity—which brings uniform results from their administration. Dr. PHILLIP’s STOMACH TUBE is endorsed by veterinarians every- where. VETERINARIANS in general, and those of Greater New York in partic~ ular, will be pleased to see a select list of veterinary preparations and drugs in the centre of page 27 (adv. dept.), manufactured by Mr. C. F. GRUBEL, NEW YORK. To those who have not used the VASOGEN PREPARATIONS; it is something you should not fail to avail yourself of. PYyOKTANIN VASo- GEN which contains 2 per cent. pyoktanin, is an especially useful prep- aration in the hands of veterinary practitioners; containing all the ANTISEPTIC, DISINFECTANT and ANALGEsIC properties of the Pyoktanin, with the additional advantage of being ready for application without further preparation ; being suspendedin a medium that carries it quick- ly into the most remote corner of wounds, and renders it invaluable in the treatment of foot wounds in horses. THE IODINE VASOGEN promises to be very valuable in the treatment of thickened tendons and tendonous sheaths ; being used with thorough massage of the parts. PRACTICE FOR SALE. A good.practice in town of 13,000 inhabitants with a good surrounding farming country and no opposition and not a vet within 12 miles, Best of reason for selling, Address GEO. D. WaRREN, Milford, Mass. SEPTEIFIBER, 1905, NUTIBERS WANTED. The publishers will pay 25 cents apiece for September, 1905, numbers of the AMER- ICAN VETERINARY REvirw. Address RoBpERT W, ELLIS, Business Manager, 509 West 152d Street, New York. NON-POISONOUS —— NON-CAUSTiIC —— NON-CORROSIVE Chloro-Naptholeum is made from genuine coal tar oil. carefully selected for the purpose and specially prepared by fractional] distillation according to our own specifications, so as to contain only the highly concentrated antiseptics, ie., the aromatic hydro-carbons of double nu- cleus, the Pyradine and Chinoline bases, and the three isomeric cresols, ortho, meta and para, excluding all carbolic acid, on account of its poisonous effects and lesser antiseptic efficiency. Every batch is made under the direct supervision of our chemist, and the process of saponifi- cation is so directed as to always yield a uniform product. For the sterilization of the skin and mucous membranes, or for therapeu- tic purposes, the effect of Chloro-Naptholeum is unsurpassed. As a wash or dip it is now employed by thousands of Veterinarians and Live-stock Breeders and proves an unfailing remedy for Lice, Mange,: Itch, Ticks and other parasites. Supplied in sealed, trade-marked cans by dealers in quarts, half gallon cans, gallon cans, five gallon cans. Literature on request. 9 East 59th Street, West Disinfecting Co., Inc., © “New York city. PF SSOFHOSSGHOHSSHOS SOHHOHHOHSOS HOSS HSHHSHHHHSHHHHHOHOOOOD VASOGEN A vehicle that penetrates the epidermis with remarkable rapidity carrying its incorporated remedial agent to the underlying tissues, where it is immediately absorbed. Convenient Application. Quick Results. Non-Irritating, Send for literature giving instances of tts successjul use by prominent veterinarians. Vasogen is an oxygenated hydrocarbon that forms a clear solution with standard drugs, rendering those which are otherwise insoluble in water, freely emulsifiable in it. The penetrating and absorbing qualities of Vasogen are demonstrated by its presence in the urine soon after application. Send twenty-five cents to pay expressage on any of the following 9OOO9OOS O9O9900F 69900008 9% samples: lodine Vasogen containing 107 Iodine. lodoform Vasogen se 3% lodoform. Creosote Vasogen 66 20% Creosote. Pyoktamin Vasogen * 2% Pyoktamin. (In four ounce bottles.) Manufactured by VASOGENFABRIK PEARSON & CO., HATIBURG, GERMANY, LEHN & FINK, Sole American Agents, 120 William Street, New York. OOOO 9OSOO9SS50SHHO9O9OH HHH 99999995 HH999OOOF 13 See SADA Aaa AAA AAADAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAL » Sis lal A most Popular Hypodermic Syringe wilh ine Veterinary Medical ProteSSion. 2S mon TN ; HITT Tm me Nm i igs ALL Substantial in Construction. ‘diqgsuemysoA, U] JajJad = DIMENSIONS OF CASE—6% inches in length, 2% inches wide, 2 inches deep. VETERINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. {n Morocco case, velvet lined, containing two straight needles, one-halfcurved needle for intra venous injection, one trocar and canula, and twelve tubes for Hypodermic Tablets. : Our Syringes are substantially made, especially for the use of Veterinary Sur- geons, with strong glass barrel of three drachms capacity, protected by fenestrated metal cylinder, with rings for thumb and fingers. By removal of the lower metal end, one or more tablets may be placed directly in the syringe —replacing cap and attaching needle, water can then be drawn in upon the tablets and solution effected by shaking the syringe. Our syringes are made with needles to attach either by slide or screw-thread. In ordering specify which is preferred. Price of Syringe and case complete..... Sn usinetee ses $4.00 (reduced from $5.00., xtra Needles; Straighty eine: ce siciciee ive l= -m ce ee ROS ie EEE BIG onic eae SS FSxtra Needless GUEVEC i. ca ciccicisei.c cies) \sciatscinie'esslencotats A OOORS sidakive. se Cee een 35 Fextracbrocatand (Carubay ocicselejsca c= om aia wlete slatalnieieie/sieneisleletateieiave Betisdanoac:

cae APR AL ) ar 5 a 60 MEOIGIICINE 6. cecucct ap OMEege sas) [asec ses: saie i 7) 7 a rer I 00 Colic (Knowles)........- RWS aici ais de am eee eh Feo Sole wee he: 54 Morphine Sulph.....,..... 2 gTs. Atropine Sulph. .. .. ..... I- 4 gr. Aeomre Cryst \.... 5. 2s: - I-20 gr. Goniline Hydrobromate :.Jvpiseseacc s- coocns eS Oe We ere pcre 43 onine Hydrobrqomatesc-weaee estes sar ccc sacs ne 3 a ee 60 Bicstaline, Pure > .vscs pasmeeee> lsse=* I- 8 gr 20 Pigitaline, Pure........ ceseeavasthe abe ee 35 BEVITIC: 0 cn v css > svclseeeeete eae as thay snr 6s) tse 18 BRPOUING © 22 5s si-- ose os 2g ae 27 Eserine Salicylate... ..... .. 50 Eserine Salicylate .... : 75 Beerine Salicylate.....5.. -asc« SOO i ae 5 OR ae eas | I 25 Beecine Salicylate. ......:cccene eens ee vel as wawmee ss 1h 9 6: bere, Sa 1 go Eserine Compound ............... «++ Bee ee Str ae siatire ca taelacs ate I 00 EserineSalicylate ........ I- 4 gr.) Pilocarpine Muriate....... I- 2 gr. Strychnine swe) <<: caves. 1- 8 gr.) Eserine and Pilocarpine.... + EAU oe ES ae I 50 | Eserine Pilocarpine BE OLBES) . . o's o's, = <'sia Saleen Cae ae eee nem» 275 { Eserine Salicylate Pilocarpine Mur. Hyoscyamine Sulphate, Crystals 85 Hyoscyamine Sulphate, Crystals I 30 Morphine Sulphate........ccscscsensuewscdeucwscese -- 19 Morphine Sulphate........... 27 Maronine oulphate........ «secu. Pt RRINe ANG ACTOPING ....5.- scene. samidicn cuca se sce wieieeir=nissinaeis 40 ! Morphine Sulph..... .....-. Atropine Sulph.............. Morphine and Atropine....... 1... .-- --sccvcee-coe--csecenseccesencss 45 Morphine Sulph... ........ Atropine Sulph. ............ RT CTINE eee cob ie > c'e o6s ccecic.clo heeegeauenr oer 14 DMEROIVORTING Cecces ccc <-2 0-+2-- = ae 17 Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals....... shade 55 Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals...... . ....-...-:- Se go Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals. .... 2... .sse.--...05-- 1 Io Sodium Arsenite ................. © cesses -o-cees 12 Strychnine Sulphate....... BER Ooi ooo nee : 12 Strychnine Sulphate ....... .....- RigntcteleteMcsisle\e e010’ 13 Strychnine Sulphate ........ ..... BA Sec SOR 14 Veratrine Muriate...... BEA ose ois «siete Br occoe46 emgage 12 Reeetttine Murtidtec..ts.........-0-ss6ee = GOO 14 ig ag5 oom “a-s O . SSS mae = oP ¢ ASE p= oy qo ono ons = bo & €enus soho OnmaA <= a | = 'e c S a) es 2 pea ee aso i =) 335 — i? 2) ~— o 8S @ Ei ae 5 = =i < 8b ~ = & oO + a) eo of 2 oO = a oR fe Y + <— CAs Se YY 3 ir) I = 1 23 a> LJ (a) = No a WERKE, ld | ee a Nt = . 4 Oo 7) tess Goods sent post-paid to any part United States or Canada upon receipt of price. 15 The Dechery Auto-Cautery. A Compact Instrument, Simple in Operation and always ready for Use, producing the maxi- mum heating effect without the use of compres= sion bulbs, NO VETERINARIAN’S OUTFIT COMPLETE WITHOUT ONE. PRICE, $30.00. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., Sole U. S. Agents, 85 Water Street, New York City. STOVAINE. TRADE MARK REGISTERED. THE IDEAL LOCAL ANAESTHETIC FOR VETERINARY USE, COMPLETELY REPLACING COCAINE. Public Demonstrations at the following Clinics have confirmed its superiority over Cocaine: Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association, Bridgeport, Aug. 1, 1905. American Veterinary Medical Association, Cleveland, 0., Aug. 15-18, 1905. New York State Veterinary Med. Society, Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 12-15, Igo5. The American Veterinary Review of October 1905, says: ““STOVAINE substituted cocaine in most all of the large clinics held in connection with the recent meetings, and in every case with the most grati- fying results.”’ Send for Literature. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., 85 Water Street, New York. 132 Chestnut St., 396 Atlantic Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Western Agents: R. R. STREET & CO., 184 Washington St., Chicago, Ill. 16 —— a a AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. JANUARY, 1906. Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R, Bell, Srom Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to 710 East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn, New York City. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. PARIS, November, 15, 1905. Dr. SALMON’S RETIREMENT.—The resignation of Dr. Sal- mon and his retirement from the direction of the important work of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has created in Europe a positive sensation among sanitary officials and scientific socie- ties. All regret the departure of the one who had done so much valuable work, and are looking for his possible reinstate- ment. Veterinary journals on the Continent are making allu- sions to the event and consider it a serious loss. At one of the late meetings of the Société Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire, of which Dr. Salmon was one of the corresponding members, the General Secretary, Prof. Railliet, of Alfort, read the follow- ing remarks, of which this is a translation: “Tt is my duty toinform the Society of the sad news which we have * ‘Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” by Prof. K. Winslow, M. D., M. D. V., has its third revised edition just out. Another issue ane Jenkins? house. So much good has already been written on the volume of Prof. Winslow that there re- mains very little, if anything, to say. The book has reached“a third edition ; it is the standard work, I believe, in almost all the veterinary schools of the United States ; students read it, practitioners consult it—what better proofs of its value! Yet this third edition contains new subjects—adrenalin, soluble silver compounds; gelatin and calcium chloride as hzmosta- tics; orthoform, tallianine, oxygen treatment for milk fever in cows; serum therapy with antitoxins, vaccines and toxins; stomach tube, etc. A glance at this shows that the third edition is truly revised and improved, and not merely a reprint of a previous issue. It will certainly meet with the success of its predecessors, and will deserve it. AM CHRISTMAS Day, with Sunday immediately preceding it, made two days of idleness for city works horses, conceded to be the ideal period to induce attacks of azoturia, was this year in- tensified, and Tuesday, Dec. 26, splendid truck horses dropped in the streets of Gotham like revolutionists in the Russian Cap- ital. The Bureau of Animal Industry would do a great service if it would investigate the etiology of this fatal malady. EDITORIAL. 1037 DR. MELVIN CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Secretary of Agriculture Wil- son has again demonstrated to the country his entire capacity to do the right thing at the proper time by the promotion of Dr. A. D. Mel- vin to the position of Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. During the recent agita- tion of the subject of the permanent head of this bur- eau, the Secretary stoically main- tained that the position was essentially a scientific one, although many of the questions with which it had to deal required the mature judg- ment and knowledge of a broad-guaged man of affairs, and his quest for such an individual was diligently and intelligently pursued. But the incumbent, in his reckoning, must first of all possess a fundamental scientific veterinary education in order to qualify him for the important work of the Bureau. After a careful survey of the field he found that he had in the Assis- tant Chief of the Bureau a man who not only possessed the qualifications which he sought, but one who had in addition a thorough familiarity with the workings of the Bureau in all its departments ; one who had grown up with the work, and who had had large experience with its operation in relation to stock- 1038 ; EDITORIAL. men and live stock in the commercial aspect, particularly in the great Western centres. The live-stock press heartily urged Dr. Melvin’s appointment, while the profession of the country en- dorsed his sterling qualities and scientific fitness for the office. The appointment not only happily terminates a contest for the position which was becoming unpleasant through the ardent partisanship of the friends of various candidates, and kept the subject open for the ill-advised agitation of certain in-' terests for the modification of the law permitting the selection of other than a veterinarian, but it is extremely beneficial for the morale of the service, since the promotion of those who have given the best years of their lives to the cause is an inspir- ation to the members of the staff to labor for advancement through such recognition of their worth. The new Chief was born in 1862, and consequently is at the zenith of robust manhood, with the mature judgment of, long training, close observation, and ambition to make for him- self a name in his higher sphere. Coming from the premier live-stock district of the West, he passed the major portion of his youth upon a stock farm, which gave him that practical knowledge of the subject which can best be studied under nat- ural conditions. He graduated from the Chicago Veterinary College in 1886, and received his appointment in the Bureau the following autumn, being assigned to duty at Chicago in connection with the memorable campaign for the eradication of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle. The following year he was transferred to Baltimore in the same work, and in 1890 he took charge of the supervision of Southern cattle transporta- tion and the inspection of actinomycotic cattle. This same year he was sent abroad to investigate reports of diseased cattle being received from America, being stationed at Liverpool, though his duties took him to Germany and other continental countries. His performance of the important work to which he was assigned, and the satisfactory reports transmitted by him, won the confidence of his superior officers, and in 1892, he was returned to Chicago and placed in charge of meat inspection at 't : EDITORIAL. 1039 the most important station in the country. Here again his thorough methods recommended him for higher service, and in 1895 he was called to Washington and promoted to Chief of the Inspection Division. Three years later he was again recognized and was appointed by the United States Civil Service Commis- sion a member auxiliary of the promotion board for the De- partment of Agriculture to represent the Bureau of Animal In- dustry. Faithful to every trust reposed in him, he was in 1899 selected for the post of Assistant Chief of the Bureau, which he has filled with such capacity ever since that his succes- sive elevations to Acting Chiefand now the Chieftaincy were but natural sequele. SIR JOHN McFADYEAN. Honor conferred upon an individual member of a profession necessarily reflects credit upon the profession of which the re- cipient of such honor is a member. It seems doubtless true that ‘‘some are born great ; some achieve greatness; while some have greatness thrust upon them.” . It is questionable, however, whether those of us who make . up the rank and file, so to speak, of the veterinary profession can lay claim to such distinction as ‘‘ greatness,” coming to us through any of the channels cited in the above quotation. And yet, we can have the honest satisfaction of feeling, and know- ing, that we belong toa “great”? profession; made so, by the greatness achieved by some of its members, and in recognition of which, high honors have, from time to time, been bestowed upon them, and through them, upon the profession of which they form an integral part. In this republican country of ours, no man, no matter what his attainments may be, ever dreams of being the recipient of such an honor as that of knighthood, bestowed upon him by the Chief Executive of the Nation. Still in the older countries, under monarchal forms of government, such a dignity is fre- quently conferred by the reigning monarch, as a State acknowl- 1040 EDITORIAL. edgment, upon individuals who have rendered eminent and val- uable service to the State, along certain important lines. The veterinary profession can already boast, however, of having within its ranks men whose services, through distin- guished professional attainments, have been rewarded with the honor of knighthood; but the latest recipient, and one who is, perhaps, the most popular and deserving, as well as the young- est, is Professor John McFadyean, Principal of the Royal Vet- erinary College, London, and which he received at the hands of King Edward VII. on the occasion of the birthday of the lat- ter on November oth last. In bestowing this honor upon one of our members, King Edward has not only honored the entire profession, but has publicly given acknowledgment of the importance of our call- ing. And, it is an honor well deserved, so far as McFadyean is concerned ; for no man has worked more earnestly, assiduously and successfully for the advancement of comparative pathology and veterinary science than he; as no doubt many of us on this side of the Atlantic are fully aware. A short outline of Sir John McFadyean’s professicnal ca- reer, which we reproduce from the Veterinary Record (London), will doubtless be of interest at this time and in this connection. “John McFadyean is a Scotsman who graduated from the Royal (Dick) College, Edinburgh, in 1876. He comes from a well-known family of agriculturists, and in his early days had the advantage of a practical acquaintance with all the domes- tic animals. “On obtaining his diploma he took the position of Profes- sor of Anatomy at the Dick School, where Professor Walley was Principal. It is worthy of note here that hardly any man who has made a mark in our profession has achieved distinction except through the portal of anatomy. “ During Professor McFadyean’s career at the Dick College he attended the classes at Edinburgh University and took the B. S. degree, and also qualified as a doctor with the degrees of Master of Surgery and Bachelor of Medicine. He then made EDITORIAL. 1041 a specialty of pathology and bacteriology, and was appointed professor of these subjects at the Dick College. His work on tuberculosis soon obtained for him wide recognition as a mas- ter in scientific research, and on a vacancy occurring at the Royal Veterinary College in London he was appointed Profes- sor of Pathology, and, shortly after, Principal of that institu- tion. “There are few diseases of the domestic animals to which he has not contributed useful and sound information. Tuber- culosis, glanders, swine fever, anthrax and rabies would all have been less understood if John McFadyean had not worked atthem. Inquiries by the Local Government Board and by the Board of Agriculture have both been enriched by his cau- tious and intelligent researches. “Select Committees and Royal Commissions have been largely guided and assisted by his knowledge and experience. A vast army of students are indebted to him for their training and acquirements, and veterinary literature owes much to his arduous endeavors. We are all proud of him, and the agricul- tural as well as the veterinary sciences are indebted to him for the solution of many practical problems. : “Sir John McFadyean is still ayoung man. His rapid pro- gress to the eminent position he now holds has been earned by hard work and the possession of a first-class intelligence. We look forward to his attaining still higher honors, because his thirty years of work leaves him with a probability of another twenty years in which his industry must result in the further advance of comparative pathology.” We cannot all expect to be “knights”; we cannot all ex- pect to be leaders ; but we can all do our part in the “ranks” to the very best of our ability. This is how men of the Mc- Fadyean stamp have attained distinction—by hard, honest, earnest work in behalf of the profession to which they belong. We sometimes hear expressions of discouragement at the profession not receiving the recognition which we feel is its due. Such a State acknowledgment of the veterinary profession, by 1042. EDITORIAL. the bestowal of such a high honor upon one of its members, as that of which Professor John McFadyean-has recently been the recipient, should be encouragement to all of us, and stimulate us to renewed and greater earnestness in our endeavor to con- tinually keep on elevating our beloved profession to where it rightfully belongs. N2/ desperandum. The REVIEW congratulates Sir John, and bespeaks for him many more years of usefulness in behalf of veterinary science. EMBLEM OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. A correspondent suggests that an emblem be adopted by the American Veterinary Medical Association which its members may use upon their stationery, in the same manner as Members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons have done for many years. While the suggestion is a good one, it is by no means a new one. In fact, a special committee was appointed | by the United States Veterinary Medical Association as long ago as 1892 to consider this subject, and at the meeting in Chi- cago in 1893, the committee reported through its chairman, the late Dr. A. W. Clement, of Baltimore, Md., as follows: “ Your committee would suggest the adoption of the seal of this Association, reduced to the following sizes: one of the size of a quarter of a dollar for bill-heads and letter-heads, and one of the size of a dime, which may be used on visiting cards, if so desired. Your committee would recommend that the emblem be not given out untilsuch time as a charter of incorporation of the Association be obtained.” This report was adopted by the votes of a very large repre- sentative meeting, but it remains inoperative by reason of the failure of the Association to obtain a corporate charter. . The great growth of the organization, its expansion into inter- national proportions, and its wide influence since the adoption of this tentative report, would seem to be sufficient grounds for bringing the report of the committee up for reconsideration, and if in the judgment of the Association it is deemed wise the last sentence can be expunged, thereby making the emblem available, in conformity with our correspondent’s suggestion. EDITORIAL. 1043 MORE MONEY FOR THE VETERINARY DEPART- MENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ‘ By the will of a Philadelphia philanthropist, the Veterina- ry Department of the University of Pennsylvania receives an endowment of $50,000, which makes a total of $250,000 which this school has been the recipient of within about one year. First, an unnamed donor gave $100,000; then the State Legis- lature appropriated a like sum, and finally the late Mr. Gilling- ham has brought the sum up toa quarter of a million. Now that the Keystone millionaires have gotten the habit of drop- ping coin into the U. P. hat, we hope they will keep it up until the round million is reached. It would be only right. Why don’t some of New York’s multi-millionaires (many of whom are in mortal fear of dying rich) remember the pioneer colleges of the country, now consolidated, under the broad wing of New York University, which has demonstrated its capacity to administer trust funds in a satisfactory manner, and start the old schools into renewed vigor ? A CASE REPORT THAT MEANS SOMETHING. “An Open Navicular Bursa” is the title of a case report ap- pearing in this number of the REvIEw, from the pen of Dr. Ray W. Gannett, of Newark, N. Y., anditis one of peculiar interest to the veterinary practitioner, not only on account of the fre- quency with which the traumatism occurs, and the unfortunate termination of the majority of such deep punctures, but also up- on the wisdom in reporting it in view of the result of the oper- ation. In the present case, no other termination could have been looked for, because of the niggardly hesitancy of the owner, but it points to a possible recovery with earlier operative interfer- ence, and conclusively shows that such a case was necessarily fatal under the ‘‘ waiting’ method of treatment. The majority of our case reports are those of ‘ wonderful ” recoveries, reflecting great credit upon the surgeon, while the reverse is better calculated to be of real service to the profession, 1044 EDITORIAL. for whose benefit they are ostensibly recorded. Dr. Gannett’s example is presented thus prominently, because his contribu- tion is, in our judgment, an ideal “case report,” and one which | will be appreciated by our practitioner-readers. BESIDES the excellent original article in the present num- ber by Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, entitled ‘‘ Problems Confronting the Veterinary Profession,” the author is preparing for the REVIEW, a mass of carefully collected facts concerning ‘The Fight Against Texas Fever in the South,” the result of much study and correspondence in search of exact data. Later on two more important papers from the same pen will appear, viz. “The French Meat Inspection Regulations Compared with the American,” and ‘The German Meat Inspection Regulations Compared with the American.” Knowing as we do the amount of correspondence that the preparation of these two articles are costing Dr. Hughes, we feel that he is placing his con/réres _ undera great debt of gratitude to him. WE welcome to our desk the first (November) number of the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Bulletin, published monthly by the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, at Lin- coln, Neb., and edited by Drs. V. Schaefer, S. Kingery and A. T. Peters. Asstated in its prospectus, ‘it aims to report in- teresting cases and give news items that are of interest to its members.” ‘The REVIEW sincerely hopes that it will receive generous support, as there is no agent so productive of interest and fraternalism as frequent communication through the med- ium of printers’ ink. WE have received the first installment of a translation of a paper entitled ‘“‘ Diagnosis and Treatment of Ventral Hernias in Bovines,” being a résumé of clinical lectures by Prof. Ch. Besnoit, professor of bovine pathology at the Veterinary School of Toulouse. It is being translated from the Revue Vétért- naire by Prof. Liautard, is profusely illustrated, and will re- quire several numbers of the REVIEW to complete it. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1045 ORIGINAL ARTICLES. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. By D. ARTHUR HuGHES, PH. D., D. V. M., CoRNELL UNIVERSITY, The profession of veterinary medicine in thiscountry must expect to confront many problems which will present them- selves for solution. Some are now before us. Others will appear. All must be grappled in the vigorous American man- ner. ‘he way they are met and solved determines the speed with which veterinary matters will progress on this continent. There are several advantages of having a panorama of the problems of the day pass before our eyes. Some may have escaped our attention; others may never have been thought of ; still others may never have been considered as problematic at all. No one treating of prominent veterinary problems can, of course, stop tospeak of personal problems or peculiar p‘oblems of localities. The prominent problems are only those of national importance, that is those which may interest the national veterinary body. When we inquire what these prob- lems are, we immediately find personal idiosyncrasy determin- ing the answers. What is a problem—a grave question—to one man, is nothing to another. He would pooh-pooh it as no problem at all. Nevertheless, certain of the problems which I shall spread upon paper are intermittently discussed amongst us. Others are in the minds of many thinking men. Still others should be considered as problems of to-morrow, if not of to-day. What I propose to do isto set in order, one after the other, problems, for the most part unsolved, which must shortly, if not now, receive the earnest attention of the body of veteri- nariansin America. My method will be suggestive rather than expositive. Why not expositive? Many of the problems involve questions of professional policy. Many, though they may be cleared up by virile yet sagacious action of veterinarians who hold high sta- 1046 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. tion in the states or the nation, are not yet ready to be met and solved. Many, which look simple on the face of things, are in reality full of difficulties, which the thoughtful cannot help but perceive. For the most part I will not stop to expatiate on the questions, simply present them suggestively, expecting at the same time that the recognition of them by the reader will be enough stimulation to his mind to work upon them. Ina word my purpose is to give a digest of certain veterinary problems prominent at the present time. I. EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS. In taking a general survey of professional problems there will be no demurrer from my contention that over all of these, educational questions take the first place. We may, therefore, epitomize the following topics: 1. The chaotic condition of American veterinary education at the present; 2. The relation of veterinary medicine to agriculture; 3. The education of the people in veterinary matters by the national and state govern- ments ; 4. The overlapping of the veterinary profession upon other professional activities; 5. The international relationships of veterinarians ; 6. The migration of men from the ranks of this profession to human medicine. t. The chaotic condition of American veterinary education at the present time. The tilt between Doctors Liautard and Law at the St. Louis meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association on: ‘“ Needed Reforms in Veterinary Education in the United States”? and the heated discussion which followed * gavea strik- ing exposition of the chaotic state of veterinary education in the United States to-day. When it is remembered that these men represent the best European training, that they were both pioneers in veterinary education in this country, that they are both fully cognizant of conditions here, the picture they give is all the more striking. Dr. Liautard speaks of the ignorance *See Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1904. Pp, 202- 227, PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1047 that is usually allowable on entrance to the colleges, of the curricula which are not lived up to, of the diversity of time allowance for degrees. Inthe discussion there came out points relating tothe diversity of standards, the variety of titles on the completion of a course, the diverse means of operating schools. The chaos in veterinary education was shockingly exhibited. 2. The relationship of studies tn veterinary medicine to studies in agriculture. Perhaps also, in addition to the lack of sufficiently high standards in our colleges and the unfaithful adherence to pub- lished curricula, there is commonly not sufficient attention paid to comparative studies of the domestjcated animals with which it is our lot to deal. The time and the efforts of professors of veterinary science is probably too much engaged in attention to questions which pertain to the horse rather than to the wider interests which are represented in the agricultural world by the other domesticated animals. The capital of the nation is so largely agricultural and, to the agricultural interests, live stock means so much more than the one genus to which the students of the veterinary colleges give so much of their time, that it is questionable whether we do not devote too little time, in the veterinary colleges, to the otherfarm animals. We are all well aware how close are the relations of veterinary science to the agricultural sciences ; yet we are prone to overlook the necessity of combining studies in both branches in order that we may be fully prepared as veterinarians to meet the ueeds of the national live stock interests. In some of the great Universities, on the same campus with other professional colleges, are to be found separately managed and organized colleges for veterinary science and agricultural science respectively. The students of each college in these institutions are required to hear lectures on veterinary science in its relations to agricultural interests at the veterinary college, or onagricultural questions relating to the veterinary profession at the agricultural college, before they can obtain their degrees in agricultural or veterinary science 1048 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. respectively. Again a six years’ course in agriculture and veterinary science is laid out for those students, greatly inter- ested in both branches in the large sense, who wish to make a liberal preparation to serve the national, state or local agricul- tural interests as veterinarians. Such students, having the full advantage of both colleges, at the termination of their work, have the degrees of both colleges. ‘There seems to be a call for large agricultural as well as veterinary knowledge from veterinarians who would best serve the live stock interests. In other institutions, here and there throughout the country, we still find a professor of veterinary science in an agricultural college which has not a large enough veterinary department to grant a veterinary degree; or we find a number of veterinary professors in an azricultural college teaching several courses in this science and a veterinary degree granted. Again, in other States, as in Pennsylvania, we find veterinary medicine taught in the State University in a city ; while the land-grant college of agriculture, where agricultural science is taught, is situated in a distant part of the State. The problem of combining purely agricultural knowledge with veterinary knowledge, for the interests of the veterinary student, is variously attacked in the States of the Union. The opinion is growing that he who has simply the veterinary knowledge obtainable in an isolated college of veterinary medicine has neither the requisite prepar- ation to serve the agricultural interests of the commonwealths nor sufficient knowledge to compete successfully for State posi- tions with those who have studied long in both Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 3. The education of the people in veterinary matters by the national and State governments. We sometimes hear protests among veterinarians against the policy of the national and State governments of dissemina- ting broadcast among the people knowledge on veterinary mat- ters. They sometimes question the propriety of the acts of veterinarians who devote their talents, at the request of nation- al or State authorities, to write chapters in books or bulletins on PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1049 a EE a eee veterinary questions which are to be published and freely dis- tributed in the length and breadth of the land. The question is not skou/d it be done. That has beenanswered. It has been done, and will continue to be done. The question is has our profession, or any profession, a right to consider its professional scientific books closed to the public gaze? Is our knowledge, or any knowledge, sealed because it is professional ; or does all knowledge of this kind belong to whoever desires it? The names of those who have written such books as the “ Special Report on the Diseases of the Horse” and the “ Special Report on the Diseases of Cattle” are among the greatest in the profes- sion in America. The men who are writing the bulletins on vet- erinary matters coming from the Experiment stations are among the most ardent of our younger veterinarians. The real prob- lem that besets the profession is not should this kind of thing be done, but, as the people are getting this enlightenment, how are we accordingly to acquit ourselves. It is a fact, patent to all, that we must be superior to this knowledge; that our own enlightenment must be so far in advance of the lights the people possess that even higher knowledge shall be sought for by the people from us and our knowledge and our skill and our value be the more appreciated. 4. Lhe overlapping of this profession upon other professional activities. All young veterinarians feel, when they get into the practi- cal work of life and are in the thick of their professional labors, how much their responsibility is as representatives of a science which is not even yet weighty in its public appreciation—not so weighty at least as we know it should be. Our own profes- sion overlaps other professions in such a way as to keep us constantly upon the gaz vve when talking scientifically with men in the other scientific professions. It has been my good fortune to obtain the close friendship, for instance, with some of the industrial chemists who stood very high in the opinions of the great packing companies by reason of their researches into bacteriological and biochemic questions relating to destructive 1050 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. bacteria and meat preservatives. These men are quick to see nice scientific distinction, explanation, or plausible ground for opinion. ‘They are masters of chemical technique and the laboratory methods of the great new science of bacteriology. Nothing escapes them when they are making inquiries which may lead them further afield in their researches. The veteri- narian’s acquaintance with the retrograde changes which occur under pathological conditions and of bacteriology in its rela- tions to biochemic problems brings veterinary science into touch with industrial chemistry and the great problems which harass and perplex the chemist. Sometimes our veterinary bacteriologists actually perforce encroach upon the work of the human physician. For instance, in the Hygienic Laboratory of the University of California the sputum analysis, diphtheritic and typhoid bacterial work is done by Drs. Ward and Haring, both accomplished veterinarians. Again in dairy bacteriology and milk inspection we are largely seeking for bacterial flora causing disease in man. ‘The overlapping of the profession of veterinary medicine with that of human medicine is seen again in the fact that so many men with the degree of medical doctor find delight in teaching in our profession. But again our pro- fessional men, in a good sense, trespass upon the profession of human medicine as medical writers. Dr. Loomis, head of the Loomis Pathological Laboratory in New York—which is one of the most celebrated pathological laboratories in this country— recently edited a series of volumes the ‘‘ American System of Medicine” in which we find Dr. Law writing a section on rabies and anthrax. Nor is this more than is to be expected: fora profound study of the medical sciences, upon whatever genera they are applied, inevitably leads to the width of knowl- edge I have suggested. With care and constant study the complexity of the medical sciences, whatever be their applica- tion, must call for the nicest tact and finest thinking. ‘A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Drink deep, or take not of that Pierian spring. ” 5: Lhe international relationships of veterinarians. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1051 The problem of the establishment among the scientific pro- fessions of the worth of the medical sciences in their veterinary application, of which I have just been speaking, has another phase when we consider the international relationships of veter- inarians. Perhaps there is no more common scientific gathering than the human medical congresses held in different countries, nor any more common occurrence than the passing of physicians from one country to another as representatives. In some of these, veterinarians are accorded a hearty welcome, and a request is made for them as delegates. For instance at the International Tuberculosis Congresses we find a goodly sprink- ling of veterinarians, and some of them, like McFadyean and Nocard, have made their weight felt in them. We have too few International Veterinary Congresses, though it was well that one was held last summer at which Drs. Pearson, Moore, Kelly and Eichhorn attended. There is nothing like travel to engage the mind to new ideas of scientific or practical applica- tion. But when the veterinarian becomes a mere ‘ globe-trot- ter’? it may lead him to make misrepresentations of things he sees or hears like the slanders of Professor Hoffmann of Stutt- gart ;* this blights the interests of American veterinary medicine, or a true estimate of American veterinary institutions, in Europe ; and causes our work to be looked down upon by veterinarians in other countries. Ostertag of Berlin, the celebrated authority on meat inspection, who visited us after the St. Louis exposi- tion and saw some of our best colleges in operation, staying at one a week, thought better of us. Such cordial relations, simi- lar totha t American veterinarians bear to Dr. Rutherford, of Ot- tawa, Dominion Inspector General, and his colleagues in Can- ada, count for much. International courtesies bring favor to our point of view. Nevertheless there is always a question how are we to avert the disasters which wilful misrepresentation or misunderstand- ings bring to us. : *Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift Apr. 20, 1905. See AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, Oct., 1905. P. 668. 1052 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 6. The migration of men from this profession to human med- 2cime. There is a problem before us which has a bad effect on the morale of the profession, namely the relinquishment of the vet- erinary profession by many of our best young men. ‘There are some reasons for it—in practice, the variability in the prices of live stock from season to season and its effect on fees ; the malo- dorousness that the name ‘‘ vet”? has given us and the stigma and jibes which have to be borne by the wives of ‘‘ horse doc- tors’’; the smallness of fees in practice when compared with those obtained in the other professions; the cramped life from smallness of salary in the government service. All these bring about the rush for the “‘M. D.” degree. There are, however, those who desire the degree of ‘‘M. D.” not because they desire primarily to forsake our profession, but that they desire the de- gree to accompany their own veterinary degree. Sometimes this shows that they think little of their own professional cog- nomen. Again it may be the acknowledgment of a wish on their part to find lodgement against jibes; for, when they have the ‘‘ M. D.”’ degree they are able to point to the fact they were capable of winning a degree in human medicine also. Again, they may desire that title to bolster them up when their ability is challenged. The story is told of the late lamented Huide- koper that once in the Spanish war in Cuba, when he was sneered at as a veterinarian, he was able to answer a challenge of his ability to aid the human surgeons in the pressure of their work at Santiago. When his proffered aid to them was all but refused, the fact that he was an M. D. from Pennsylvania, as well asa veterinarian from Alfort, won his point. Still the plan of most of those who take the “‘ M. D.” degree, or who purpose taking it, seems to be that they wish ulti- mately to leave the profession. The men who wish to study human medicine are apt to be the better kind of young men in our profession. ‘They are men who can measure well the situ- ation of affairs in both professions. They have ambition enough and pluck enough to take advantage of the situation found. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1053 People are always asking this class of our young men why they do not study human medicine. The general tendency of it all is to sap the profession of its best class of young men. II. PROBLEMS WHICH MAY BE PENDING FOR THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECT UPON OUR PROFESSION. No one will deny that commercial issues in this country often have a scientific aspect. The manner that events turn in the making of certain treaties and conventions ultimately may have a great effect upon the veterinary profession here. A num- ber of years ago a threatened investigation by the British Par- liament into the manner animals were carried over to Great Britain had its effect upon us by the institution of a veterinary inspection at our ports of sea-going animals and the hygienic conditions of their shipment. The outcry of the Germans against our pork, which they said was infested with trichine, was answered by the institution of a veterinary inspection here for trichinosis of all pork to be carried there. "The immense export trade of meat and meat products with Great Britain ne- cessitated the development of a system of inspection of live stock and carcasses for that trade. The suppression of foot-and- mouth disease here in 1902 was necessary, not only to protect our own herds, but that we might retain our great live stock export trade with Great Britain. At that time the United Kingdom threatened to shut us out, a thing which actually oc- curred in the Argentinian trade with Great Britain, which was closed, because of foot-and-mouth disease present in and near Buenos Aires, from rgor to the close of 1903. So to-day there are at least three commercial questions, which the newspapers are discussing each of which concerns our profes- sion : and the way two of them are solved will have considerable effect in interesting young men in our profession. The ques- tions are: 1. How are we to recover our trade with Germany and France in live stock and meat products, or how are we to carry our export trade on to the Kuropean continent? 2. Is 1054 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. Federal inspection to be extended to coverall packing houses which wish to enjoy an-interstate and foreign trade so that their products may go out under Federal certification ? 3. How is the question of Federal Pure Food Enactments to turn? 1. Zhe scientific aspect of the question whether or not the Amer- wcan live stock trade ws to be extended to the European con- tenent. The Federal law of 1891, which initiated the animals and meats inspection service, had in view the two lines of traffic— the interstate and foreign commerce. The two ends in view were to assure the healthfulness of meats for home consump- tion ; but especially to satisfy the demands of the foreign mar- kets for animals and meats guaranteed to be fit for food under Federal certification. The meat inspection service, indeed, was largely built up in keeping with the demands of foreign pur- chasers. If, therefore, there is any likelihood of the American trade being carried into Germany or other countries, it is neces- sary at present to study conditions of the respective countries. In the case of Germany at present it will be found that the trade conditions have a decidedly scientific phase to them. If the Consular Reports from Germany, during the last two years, are studied, it will be found that the harsh scientific Meat In- spection Law in Germany, which has been carried out so punc- tiliously, is creating a meat famine there—that the methods of inspection, the cost of inspection and the extremely high cus- toms tariff on meats—which becomes much higher in March, 1906—are creating a panic. But if the Germans were to let down their barriers a little to our trade, the scientific sentiment which initiated these over-rigorous meat inspection laws would probably still prevail. It is necessary, therefore, for us to study the prevailing opinions on inspection in Germany so that we can meet their conditions. If trade relations are instituted the new trade relations will have an effect on our profession. It is just possible that the examinations for the position of in$Spector may necessitate longer preparation, more subjects and higher requirements. If this is true, the veterinary colleges will feel it. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 105d 2. Is Federal inspection to be extended to cover all packing houses which wish to enjoy the tnterstate or foreign trade ? Though the Federal law of 1891 requires all packing houses, rendering works, etc., which are in the interstate or foreign trade, to ask for and receive government inspection of all their products, the authorities, from lack of sufficient appropriations from Congress, have thus far been unable to give the inspection to all houses asking for it. The government has never desired to discriminate against any concerns, of course ; but, because of limitation of funds, rationally concluded to use the money at hand to inspect the bulk of the trade at the centres from which it fowed. But if more money is obtainable what will be the outconie? There will be an extension of the inspection to many new centres ; there will be a requirement for more men on the inspection staff; more chiefs will be required—numeri- cally and in utility the service will be strengthened. One step has been taken, the bulk of the trade is under Federal supervi- sion ; the second step is to greatly extend the inspection to cover all houses which do any interstate trade whatever ; the last step would be to extend the inspection so that little meat, if any, could be sold without it had passed Federal inspection. But these are problems for the future. 3. How ts the question of Federal Pure Food Enactments to turn? Any one who has studied the numerous monographs on Pure Foods published by the Bureau of Chemistry of the De- partment of Agriculture and who has had an eye on the pure food movement in America since 1898, will have been impres- sed with its significance. The questions of adulterations and standards for food products are so closely associated with the questions of pathology and bacteriology and chemistry in their relations to veterinary governmental inspection of animals and their products, that they need more than a passing thought by veterinarians interested in the scientific work of the government touching veterinary science. The astonishing work of the 1056 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. States for pure foods during the last few years, and the investi- gations of the Bureau of Chemistry, are outgrowths of the same movement at home and abroad. The movement, at least, should be watched. III ‘THE PROBILEM OF THE STATUS OF THE VETERINARIAN IN THE ARMY. The vexatiousness of the present status of the veterinarian in the army, I confess, makes me attempt to reflect very calmly on the way out of the difficulty. It is only that I feel so deeply the influence of the problem that I continue to give it my calmest thought. I have often thought when we mention the fact of the inferior station of the veterinarian in our army, as compared with the veterinarian in European armies, that the fact loses all its weight by remaining asa mere statement. If we are to make this statement effective in army circles we must subject the statement toa rigorous analysis before them, then will the statement assume the might of a trip-hammer. If we study closely the European schools for the preparation of veterinari- ans for the army, their curricula, their methods, their ideals, we could learn much where weare at fault. If we were to study the data on army training in India of the veterinarian, we could learn more. Still further if we made a complete study of the British, French and German veterinary corps—their constitu- tion, how officered, the duties of army veterinary officers, grada- tions in the corps, promotion, we would get, not only sugges. tions which would help us in our own problem, but material to display by contrast to the authorities here the differences be- tween army veterinarians here and abroad. After comparative studies have been made, and reliable data obtained, the material should be used by competent men for argumentation in our favor. In a comparative study of American and European conditions, based on studies from the respective War Depart- ments, we could point out with certitude the gain to the Amer- ican army, should our men be given rank, in money saved through better veterinary aid for the care and cure of animals, PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1057 prevention of disease and class of animals obtained. There is no greater absurdity than the thought that a change in the lot of the army veterinarian is to be brought about by mere talk. Nevertheless it is well to array such impressive facts, as the contrasts between Europe and America bring out, in the form of argument for our interest. IV. COMMON PROBLEMS OF PRACTITIONERS. The daily life of the practitioner is beset with entangling problems. Perhaps the foremost of these isa question of adapt- ability—how to adapt his scientific knowledge to practical needs. The curricula of the best veterinary schools contain numerous studies in scientific theory carried out a great deal in accordance with the ideals of specialists in individual branches. Too much cannot be known of pure science, be it directly applicable in the practical walk of life or not. The way the various scientific specialists crowd courses into the curricula is sometimes almost disconcerting. In either a direct or indirect way all know- edge of scientific theory has practical utility. The veterinary educators, however, have the problem how to bring about a greater adaptability of the mass of theory that must be given in the veterinary course to practical needs in the outside world. In human medicine the students take hospital work nearly daily as they go along in their course; moreover, the trend of the times is to make compulsory their stay in hospital work for a year or two after graduation. We men in comparative medicine have hospital work during our course, but we cannot compel men to stay and do hospital work after graduation. We should compel our students during their college course of three or four years to spend each summer in practical work with a reliable practitioner. The secretary of the faculty orclerk of the college should be able to certify that the practitioner was of the right stamp, and that the work of the student was satisfactorily done with him. Many men do this. Others state that they wish to do so did not the necessity of making money divert them from their intention. This should not be listened to; each student 1058 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. should be obliged to take three or four summers’ work before a degree is granted him. Again the practitioner has to deal with the problem how to meet the ignorance of the locality in matters touching his calling, how to bring the community up to its needs for his advice and usefulness. C. H. Marshall, Ph. D., Professor of Bacteriology in the Michigan Agricultural College, in his article, ‘“‘’The Vet- erinarian in his relation to the hygiene and sanitation of the farm’ * has this in mind when he writes, ‘‘ they (veterinarians) seem constantly beset with troubles and obstacles which are ap- parently sometimes insurmountable in our present condition of organized society. The stockman assumes the attitude of an- tagonism toward the veterinarian, thinking, I suppose, that his is a professional graft, without allowing the farmer his due. I am led to think, therefore, that this state of things is in no small part brought about by an unsympathetic relation existing between the veterinarian and his agricultural patron.” On both sides, that of the farmer and that of the veterinarian, there is likely to be misunderstanding and jangling. The problem with which the practitioner is here beset is how to avoid this com- mon occurrence. There are three other prominent problems which harass the general practitioner: how to meet the impudence of coachmen, horsemen, stablemen ; how to manage the special lines of pro- fessional work for which his practice calls; how to adequately provide for the care of sick animals. The proprietor or the sta- bleman is likely to runaway with the idea that he knows more about that horse than you do, that the horse would have gotten’ well whether you attended to it or not. The various kinds of animals with which we have to deal bring out questions arising from our pecuniary problem: to which genera can we be most useful ; in what way; what will be our personal profit? Hence the tendency, depending upon the aptitudes of the man, to specialize in a particular professional branch. ‘The problem of * AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, July, 1905, Pp, 370-377. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1059 the adequate provision for the care of sick animals is sometimes agrave one. The armies in foreign parts and our veterinary colleges have their hospitals for the treatment of animals. The practitioner must own a hospital or else his serious cases become very troublesome, for there are no city hospitals to which his patients can be sent. Perhaps the thought is sentimental, but it seems to me that here is an object for private charity. If the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals had the means and the philanthropy to set up hospitals in the towns and cities for the shelter and care of animals—particularly accident cases and those of sudden illness—the work would be a good one; or if the municipalities had stich hospitals, these would be instances of humanitarian work of which the public would be proud. V. ETHICAL PROBLEMS. There are certain ethical problems which are of moment, each of which have far-reaching effect upon our professional -conduct. We can look about us and find human physicians for the most part working harmoniously side by side or together. Competition among them makes keen rivalry for practice; but seldom do we see open antagonism among them, less seldom do the regular line of physicians jar in consultations or ethical points. On the other hand nothing is more common than to see veterinarians bitterly fighting one another. There are wars of words amongst us, sometimes open affronts or insults. Another ethical question which confronts us constantly is: how are we to manage the charlatan; how in a dignified way to show his imposture ; how to deal with him in our daily life. In human medicine, also, we find little or no dissension between the great schools of human medicine—between representatives, for in- instance, of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the col- leges interested in Bellevue hospital in New York. Yet in our profession, for some reason or other, we find an acrimony of the schools—bickerings over the standing of this or that institution. We cannot help but have a bias for this or that college, but we should not let our bias carry us to the length of vituperation. 1060 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. VI. PROBLEMS IN PATHOLOGY AND SANITARY MEDICINE. Some of the greatest problems confronting us, problems mo- mentous to the live stock industries, are those connected with the pathology of infectious diseases and sanitary medicine. These problems may be grouped under four heads: diseases of which the etiology is unknown; diseases of which we are ut- terly incapable at present of discovering the cause; the great problems in sanitary medicine; the question of the partnership of veterinary interests against epizodtics. 1. Dzseases of which the etiology 1s unknown. When this topic is mentioned, any veterinarian well ac- quainted with his science will immediately think of one or more diseases of which at present the etiology is unknown. In the Philippines, for instance, what is the cause of dhobie itch and contagious lymphangitis, of nagana and mal de caderas? In this country what causes maladie du coit, more particularly what causes contagious abortion? If one were to set down dis- eases of which we do not yet know the cause, the list would cover an octavo page. Yet our most successful attack and erad- ication of these diseases requires that we know the cause. 2. Duseases of which we are incapable at present of discovering the cause. In a remarkable article on ‘Invisible Microdrganisms” from the hand of Dr. Marion Dorset, the present Chief of the Biochemic Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, at Wash- ington, we have a summary of the diseases of which we are at present incapable of discovering the cause.* Since the year 1898 it has become known to us that there are microérganisms, setting up the direst diseases, which are ‘‘ ultramicroscopic,” that is, they belong to “an unknown world of infinitesimally small creatures whose existence had previously only been sur- mised,’ and their infinitesimal character makes them at present invisible even with the highest power of our best microscopes ; which “can pass readily through ordinary porcelain and earth- * Twentieth Aanual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 139 157. PROMINENT VETERINERY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1061 ern filters ’ and ‘“‘one at least (horse sickness) is not withheld even by the finest pored filter known.” The studies since 1898 have also taught us, Dr. Dorset states, ‘‘ that clear fluids which yield no culture, by whatever method used, are not necessarily sterile, but may be very infectious and in the highest degree dangerous to men and animals.”” Some of the diseases set up by invisible microédrganisms are: foot-and-mouth disease, bovine pleuro-pneumonia, horse sickness, bird pest, sheep pox, rinder- pest, rabies. 3. Great problems in sanitary medicine. There are many great problems in sanitary science at pres- ent, the solution of which is of the highest importance to us. In the worst scourge of all, tuberculosis, two questions press upon us: the question of intercommunicability of the disease ; the question of vaccination against it. The numerous experi- ments which have been made since 1902—when Koch threw before us his famous dictum that bovine tuberculosis was in no sense dangerous to man; nor was human tuberculosis capable of propagation in the animals—tend to disprove Koch’s state- ment ; indeed the evidence which has been educed since 1902 is swamping to Koch. Over and over again it has been shown that human tuberculosis is readily enough communicable to animals, even to the apes, a genus anatomically closely allied tous. But the question of the transmissibility of bovine tuber- culosis to man will bear even further investigation yet. In the question of vaccination of animals to bring about, if possible, a serviceable immunity against tuberculosis, Professor von Beh- ring, the discoverer of anti-diphtheritic serum, has done much work. In this country Drs. Leonard Pearson and Gilliland have carried on extensive investigations along the same line.* The practicality of producing a sufficient immunity in bovines against tuberculosis, to be of value in the live stock trade is, as Dr. Law has stated, at present to be doubted. Nevertheless the question is of the greatest interest to all scientific men as well as to practical stockmen. *See AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, Sept. 1905 and Dec., 1904. 1062 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. Texas fever is the bane of the live stock interests of the South. The South is fighting against the disease and hopes to remove in time the curse that it is to the trade of the Southland. The Federal government is planning to press the disease ever further towards the Gulf. In some of the States methods, all tending to eradication, are being tried. Immunization experi- ments of most interesting character are being carried on. Asthe momentousness of the question to southern agricultural inter- ests is of so grave character we should have an epitome of the work of the South against the disease set before us as soon as possible. An authoritative study of this disease of that kind would indicate the lines along which the fight against the dis- ease will be made. Glanders deserves greater study than has yet been given to it. When we have such antipodes of thought on the curative prop- erties of mallein as those emanating from Drs. Liautard and Schwarzkopf, and the united thought expressed in the propa- ganda of the Live Stock Board of Minnesota, there is evidently need of a close scientific investigation of this point needed. The disease, unhappily, is very prevalent in all great cities. At least I found it a very common disease in the stables of New York City when I practiced there. There is criminal carelessness on the part of the Health Boards of the cities when they do not give wide circulation among the people of the facts concerning the indubitability of its contagiousness for man and beast. The city boards of health ought to take up this question more seri- ously. Cholera in swine gives us a problem of considerable magni- tude. The cause of the disease and its methods of communica- tion are well known to us. The problem is how to control it or stamp it out; this becomes the more emphatic when we re- member that the disease causes losses estimated at fourteen mil- lions of dollars per annum. Recovery occurs in some cases of cholera, as we notice in the abattoirs, on post-mortem inspection, occasionally, the sequele of the disease. But the number that recover is small and the low condition in which pigs are left in PROMINENT VETEKINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1063 convalescence is shown in the stock yards by their unthrifty ap- pearance and the weakness of their locomotion. The govern- ment helps in every way possible to control the disease: by al- lowing no cholera hogs to leave stock yards which they have once entered ; by demanding the destruction of such animals in the abattoirs and their tankage; by sending notices to State veterinarians from which the pigs came apprizing them of the facts. However not enough yet has been done against the dis- ease. Rinderpest is the disease most to be dreaded at the present time. The problem is how to prevent this terrible disease from breaking into an extensive agricultural country like ours. The scientific reports of the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department tell us of the prevalence of the disease in the Phil- ippines. Ourconstant trade with Europe makes us rationally dread the disease; while our growing intercouse with the Phil. _ ippine archipelago makes another reason for fear. How easily foot-and-mouth disease crossed our borders, and at what a cost did we stamp it out! What might happen, in case rinderpest did enter the country, in losses to our agricultural interests cannot be estimated. The widest circulation should be made, especially on our Western coast, of knowledge of the disease. There are certain questions touching veterinary sanitary science and police which the problem of infections raises. There is not sufficient knowledge of diagnosis of the menac- ing infections among veterinarians. When foot-and-mouth dis- ease broke into the country there were not more than two or three men in the country who could be depended upon to accurately diagnose the disease. If rinderpest should appear on the Western coast it is doubtful if more than a small half dozen of us could be depended upon accurately and positively to diagnose the disease. There is not sufficient impression upon the minds of veterinarians of the gravity of infections, nor of the appall- ing losses sustained by them. There is not sufficient recogni- tion of the national importance of these grave sanitary ques- tions in their relation to the national agricultural interests. 1064 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 4. The question of the partnership of veterinary interests against epizootics. What we need is codperation among the veterinary organi- zations throughout the country for the understanding of menac- ing epizootics or contagions. Diseases have nothing to do with the individual States of the Union as such. They are questions of geographic conditions which often have nothing to do with the political borders of the States. Our State veterinary organ- izations are backward in certain matters. There is not enough coéperation of associations in different States to learn of epi- zootics, or mayhap contagions, occurring under the same geo- graphic conditions. Associations of States under the same geographic conditions should unite for the discussion of prob- lems, send delegates to study these matters with other associa- tions. Something has been done, of this kind, in Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri. VII. THE SOCIAL PROBLEM. In a democratic country and in a democratic age, when the governing theory in the national social order is that there is no distinction between person and person in points touching citi- zenship under the national government and equity before the law, it is absurd that anything except personal worth to the people, good citizenship, the tincture of the moral life, and the puissance of the brain of a man should be set up as criteria — from which to judge his value. It is the office of the humorists in the national press to take hold of ignorance parading as knowledge, of villainy masquerading as sainthood, of puffery cloaking emptiness, of dullness usurping the place of cleverness, of moneyed people pretending to be cultivated and make merry over them all—hold some up to ridicule, others to scorn and lampoon others into oblivion. In the history of our profession, therefore, there has been a chance for the humorists among the people to laugh at the ignorance of our forebears, the “ horse- doctors.” The fault we have to find is that the humorist, quick as he is to see a point to poke fun at, is a little loathe to leave PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1065 the field where he has revelled when the sober scholar takes the place of the charlatan. The net result is that a prejudice is likely to be left against the man who supplants ignorance with modern science. It is the amusing side of the case, as well as the serious side of the case, which makes the social problem vexatious. Let us keep laughing, for the concachinnation started by the humorists holds ignorance up to contempt. VIII. LEGISLATIVE PROBLEMS. According to Dr. W. H. Lowe’s report on “ Laws Governing Veterinary Practice’ * there are yet twenty-six States, territo- ries, districts or dependencies which have no veterinary law. That is, within the United States or its dependencies there are twenty-six large sections where there are no laws governing prac- tice of veterinary medicine, no examining boards, no sanitary protection for the people from diseases of animals—except froin the restrictions which the Federal government can impose be- cause of its sovereignty in matters of interstate commerce, Whatever State veterinary laws there are must necessarily lack uniformity, from the very nature of State rights which bring into being State constitutions, which are very different, the one from the other: consequently lack of uniformity in veterinary laws is to be expected. However, veterinarians must, from personal interest, be prime movers in the institution of veteri- nary laws in the regions where no law governing veterinary practice now exists. Their duty is to see, when the time comes, that laws are formed which will be in concord with professional, educational standards ; be for the best veterinary interests of the State, and afford sufficient protection to graduate veterinarians. As long as there are so many regions within the country where there is ample opportunity for untrained men to do veterinary work, there will be found persons willing to do it. Persons with any grade of knowledge, or degree of ignorance, can migrate from one region to another until they can find a foothold. The office of State veterinarian has not yet assumed the * AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, Nov., 1905. Pp. 858-861. 1066 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. power nor the influence which it deserves, and which sanitary science demands. In a few of the States, like New York, Penn- sylvania, and perhaps Illinois, we find the prerogatives of such an office recognized. If the office were less a political one, and more one where personal scientific worth was given its due rec- ognition, more could be expected of the officers. Many States have no State veterinarian ; others have State veterinarians who are only political jobbers ; others have State veterinarians whose ~ work for their States, and the science, is well known to the best men in the American Veterinary Medical Association. The time will come when the State veterinarians, as a body of men interested in regional sanitary problems, which also sometimes become of national importance, will be more influential in the national veterinary association and upon the government. The State veterinarians in the national association will have their own section interested mainly in State or regional problems,— State veterinarians from contiguous States working hand in hand therein. IX. PROBLEMS OF THE PRESS. Of all persons who have interest in prominent veterinary problems of to-day the writers and publishers of books, and the writers and publishers of journals, have most concern. They are alive to the trend of the times and must have their ears to the ground, so to speak, that they may catch which way thought is to move. Of all persons, then, in the profession or interest- ed in it, theirs is the greatest problem. 1. Problems of writers of veterinary books and the publishers. The chief problem of the writer of any book, and this ap- plies to veterinary books as well, is to know when a work is timely. Book writers and publishers aim to take advantage of the right occasion to produce a book. ‘Timeliness is an element of success. But erudition in a science like ours is not obtained ina day. A work in any branch of the science must not only have readable and enjoyable form; must not only be a good scientific exposition of the theme, but must have the element a. PROMINENT VETERINARY PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. 1067 of freshness, that is it must contain recent knowledge newly presented—otherwise it would be both stale and untimely. The books and pamphlets which have been produced during the last twenty years by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture have had these characteristics in a marked degree. Indeed, if one looks over the files of the Divi- sion of Publications of that Department, he will see how every _movement of agricultural interest, both practical and scientific, has been watched by the Government and the leadership taken in it. Veterinary authors here and there throughout the country published independently, lead veterinary movements and moulded scientific thought. But the tendency has been for these men, who have been in the forefront of our scientific knowledge, sooner or later to write for the national or State governments and their work passed to the people through goy- ernment channels. 2. Veterinary journalism and prominent veterinary problems of to-day. He has a hard task who has in his hands a leadership of the profession in his office as a veterinary journalist. His position obliges him to participate in wise guidance and leadership in these or similar questions. We hear much in the daily press of “a nose for news,” as a necessity for success in journalism. An ability to catch the currents of thought of the day; to be able to enter intelligently into the movement of the mind of the people ; to make intelligible to the mass its own difficulties; to make a way through these difficulties and so clear the air of popular thought through the instrumentality of breezy yet luminous language is indeed a rare gift in scientific journalism. With the advent of a new profession and its increased potency over a con- tinent like this, it becomes imperative for the veterinary jour- nalist to be alert in his watchfulness of the movements of the science of the day; to have a keen appreciation of the merit of situations ; to enter intelligently into them and to strike fire for the furtherance of scientific movements. The AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW aims to give its un- 1068 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. divided attention to every interest which concerns the American veterinarian ; in all truthfulness it enters, with unbounding en- thusiasm, into those questions of professional importance which plague the mind or make despondent the spirit of our scientific men. Of all questions of to-day the gravest, perhaps, was that which vexed us recently ; but is happily now settled. Thesuc- cessor of Dr. Salmon in the most important post of Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, at Washington, is Dr. Melvin. After nineteen years of singular devotion to the work of the Government, as a United States In- spector in the Bureau, as Chief of the largest official station at Chicago, as Assistant Chief at Washington, he has now been appointed Chief in the room of Dr. Salmon. After Dr. Sal- mon’s resignation a boom was started in certain quarters to place ‘‘a practical stockman”’ at the head of this most influen- tial Bureau of the Departinent of Agriculture. But when it was completely realized by the live stock interests that, in Dr. Melvin, they had a man born on the plains of Illinois, experi- enced on the cattle and sheep ranges of the West and for years at the largest market, Chicago, a man efficient on the practical side, as well as on the scientific side, the opposition began to subside and live stock papers like the WMatzonal Live Stock Re- porter at St. Louis and the Grover’s Journal at Chicago, began to canvass loudly in his interests and to write long editorials in his behalf. The honor bestowed upon him by the appointment is auspicious: for it opens a new era in which stockmen will more likely be favorable to the scientific purposes of the man they have recently supported. At thesame time the profession, of which he is a representative, would vote him their con. fidence. Best of all, this appointment is an encouragement to all young scientists in the public service: that Dr. Melvin, who gave nineteen years of his young manhood to serve the nation- al veterinary interests, should now, in the ripened years of his maturity, be made their Chief. BACTERIA OF THE SKIN OF THE HORSE. 1069 BACTERIA OF THE SKIN OF THE HORSE AND THE ACTION OF DISINFECTANTS UPON THEM. By WALTER M. PENDERGAST AND CHARLES LINCH. A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, 1905. INTRODUCTION. | A study of the literature shows but few investigations or experiments to determine the efficiency of the ordinary methods of skin disinfection (employed in clinical surgery) in the pre- paration of an aseptic operative field among the domesticated animals. Any one who has followed a number of operations in the horse, either in clinic or in practice, is impressed by the oc- currence of the large number of wound infections. It is claimed that domesticated animals as a class are less susceptible than man to pyogenic infection. This is probably true for cattle, sheep, swine and carnivora, but the horse seems to be equally susceptible with man. Modern surgery as practiced to-day has been made possible by two things; one was the discovery of anzesthesia (which will not be discussed here) and the other the firm establishment of the Listerian principle of surgical cleanli- ness. This change, as great as it seems, has been brought about in the last 20 years. Prior to that time even the minor opera- tions were faced with terror by the surgeon. Considerable work has been done along this line in human surgery, and we have a fair knowledge of the action zz vztro of the more common disinfectants upon the organisms usually met with in wound infection. The importance of surgical an- tisepsis is evident to any veterinarian, for the percentage of surgical cases followed by wound infection resulting in local in- flammation, abscesses, septiczemia, scirrhous cord, etc., appears to be higher than is consistent with good surgery. The com- mon traumatic infections and surgical inflammations mentioned above present no differential characters and have, as far as we are aware, no specific etiological factor, but may be caused by one or more of a number of species of microorganisms. It 1070 PENDERGAST AND LINCH. would appear that the infections following surgical operations, result more often from the bacteria present in or upon the skin than from those introduced from other sources where ordinary care is used. It appears desirable to determine the number, and if possible, the varieties of bacteria present in the normal skin of the horse, and the efficiency of the methods of preparing a sterile operative field as given by our standard authors. In our work we have endeavored to obtain some data on the bacteria normally present in the skin of the horse, and the action of a number of disinfectants upon these microédrganisms. We have adhered as closely as possible to the rules laid down in modern text-books. In examining about ro horses we found a great variety of organisms, such as micrococci ; streptococci; diplo- cocci; sarcina staphylococci; 2. subtz/es and other motile and non-motile rods. A comparison of the skin of the horse with that of man shows a thicker layer of dead epithelium, with longer and deep- er seated glands and hair follicles. This being true, it is evi- dent that the desired condition of asepsis is more difficult to secure in the horse than in man. A good disinfectant, it would seem, should possess the following properties: It should be of sufficient strength to destroy all pyogenic bacteria ; it should be penetrating, should act quickly and should not be too irritating to the tissue.. A glance at the accompanying charts will show the extreme dificulty experienced in disinfecting the normal skin of the horse, and will also show that in but few cases did we obtain the desired aseptic condition. METHODS OF MAKING CULTURES AND PLATES. The cases for these experiments were obtained from the horses used in the surgical exercises. Several areas were selected, one for each disinfectant used, and one for the check. Each area was well scrubbed with soap and warm water, shaved and washed with sterile water. The disinfectants were applied as follows: A piece of cotton was saturated with the disinfec- tant, which was well rubbed into the skin for about two min- BACTERIA OF THE SKIN OF THE HORSE. 1071 utes. Then cotton pack, well saturated with the disinfectant, was placed on the area and allowed to remain for ten minutes. All instruments used in making the cultures were sterilized by boiling. The hands of the operator were thoroughly washed with soap and warm water and disinfected with mercuric chlor- ide, 1-1000. The disinfectant pack was removed, the field rinsed with sterile water, and a piece of skin 15 m.m. long by 5 m.m. wide was excised. ‘This piece of tissue was divided into three equal parts; one of these was placed in a tube of sterile bouillon, one in a tube of liquefied agar, and the other in a tube of liquefied gelatin. Each tube was well shaken, and the agar and gelatin tubes were plated ; later, the agar plates and bouil- lon tubes were placed in the incubator at 37°C. for 48 hours before examination. The gelatin plates were grown at room temperature. All instruments were placed in a dish of carbolic acid 5 per cent. after each piece of tissue was excised, so as to prevent carrying organisms from one field to the other. When ready to use for the next field the instruments were taken out of the carbolic acid and rinsed in sterile water. After two days the bouillon cultures were examined in hang- ing drop and stained preparations. The different genera of bac- teria were found bya microscopical examination of the bouillon tubes, both in hanging drop and stained preparations. The genera most frequently found were (1) micrococci, (2) bacilli, (3) bacteria, and (4) streptococci. Table I. Of the micrococci the staphylococcus and diplococcus forms were most frequently found. The streptococcus appeared in but one case and that in the check. A bacillus was found very frequently which closely resembled the A. szbtz/es in cultural characteristics, and was the cause of many of the overgrown plates. The material for these cases was mostly taken from the region between the hock and the external angle of the ileum. The 24-hour sublimate pack was applied to the frort leg just above the fetlock ; the skin was thick here, and from its loca- tion was much exposed to contamination. In an experiment of this kind the results must vary considerably. Some of the - 1072 PENDERGAST AND LINCH. horses had very thick skin, while others were comparatively thin skinned, and the amount of filth on the skin varied consid- erably, as did also the amount and the length of the hair. From the results tubulated in Plate II we may draw the fol- lowing conclusions: Plate II shows that carbolic acid and trikre- sol killed the staphylococci and sarcina in every case ; also that the streptococcus appeared but once, and that was in the check. Bacilli were found 5 times in the trikresol, but 3 of these were spore bearers. (Consult table II.) Average of the number of colonies on the plate cultures on all the cases examined gives for each disinfectant the following number of colonies : Alcoholic sublimate Agar plates 4 colonies Pack 24 hours Gelatin plates 4 Me = §& colonies Trikresol 2.5 per cent.,10 min. Agar He 5 A Gelatin ‘ 3 ae me Carbolic 5 per cent., 1o min. Agar » 4 BS Gelatin ‘ 5 ‘(ae $3 Creolin 5 percent. 1omin. Agar “s 4 ‘i Gelatin ‘‘ 6 ‘6 eer = ~ x os os Dace Qa n |} w Q a Carbolic acid 5 per cent. . o 2 fe) oO 2 3 Hgcl, 1:1000. . ) 2 5 2 I 2 | Hgcl, 1:1000 alcoholic solution. fe) 3 wo Meee I I : Creolin 5 per cent. oO 3 3 2 3 I = Trikresol 2.5 per cent.. . oO I oO oO I 5 Lysol 3 per cent . oO 2 3 2 3 I Alcohol. Hgcl, 1: 1000, 24 hr. pack o 2 2 I 2 2 j Kreso 5 per cent. : oO 3 2 I 2 I , Check I 3 4 o Pete Table showing thie number of sterile plates, and those that developed from 1 to 3 colonies each, and those with from 3 to 10 colonies each and from 10 to 20 colonies each, and those which showed over 20 colonies each : Over 20 col. ad Sterile plate} 1to 3 col. | 3to 1ocol. | 10 to 20col. each. Disinfectants. Agar.| Gel. |Agar.| Gel. |Agar.| Gel | Agar.| Gel. Agar.| Gel. ~Carbolicacid ga maeel, 1:1000....., Alcoholic Hgcl, 1:1000 Creolin 5 per cent. Trikresol 2.5 per cent.. Lysol 3 percent... Ale. Hgcel, pack 24 hrs. Kreso 5 per cent. a OrrWOOCOC COR OOnNOH OH HO Or NWWNHKBN ND OW HN NHHN ND ONN OHH O HW NAW WwW HW NW O.0.4.0 4 » OO RirS See O.O O OO 0 AN Own OOHHO Sw = © 0 Oss » 0 PENDERGAST AND LINCH. 1074 saie[d ulyejeg pue ivesy 94} uo parvodde yey} satuojoo jo 19quinu 9y} SUIMOYS IIquL 1s to use animals from h We wish to express our thanks surgical exercises, and Dr. V. A. to Dr. W. L. Williams for allow- ing us Moore for his advice and assist- REFERENCES, ance in the work. Disinfection and Disinfectants, Disinfection and disinfec- Frick. Antiseptic treatment of wounds. Bartley’s Medical Chemistry. = o =} a s set iets £43 2-23 mm ’ tants. Stovey, Emily M,A. Bacteriology Tech- nique for nurses, ‘YOIYO PUL SJULIJUISIP SNOLIVA dy} YIM Sasvd g oO e+ Beles 2 OI SI 4 Zz1|+001| z | apt1a4¢ v Leer SOx | 1 8 9TII94S$ Ge-|- 6S -|.6 LV | alias bv |+gb | ve Zz ¢ Oteie Ae | 1 z 6 aon 1G. (+r Ol 8 12D ‘“Aesy | aH | suesy [aD ‘yosyQ 2s | ‘quad aed Sosa1y *O901:1 +¢ +¢ +z +z +1 +2 b te |e ¢ Sel Eo ena ae ay 6 g 9 ¢ v z Z | d[IIo}yG| +1] ez | C1 9 + Zz I 2 | a[T1019 [em a Zz =| z +] z I 2]1194S} I 9[TI9}G)} z 9 aml _9]TI949) ¢ +2 v Og lnc + v +2 I + 1 +1 heatrste) iY by Zz oe + I I v be |S 9 Zz S I 9 I 3 (A Tae al (aN ed 9 Sy I 8 1 ead 0 Fad cy S vo L kg 9 z 6$-_.|. on iia 6 Iesy | "jagiesy|) ‘ay ‘1Iesy| [9D |aesy| "aD Iesy| ‘PS Iesy] ‘jag | “1esy youd ‘14 *quU99 *yu90 *yua9 *‘OOOI:I “OOOLiL © [93 FY ‘quad 19d be *a3F II[OYoo|y| 19d € josAT JadSzjosa1 x11 ted Sutjos19 *[93 H S10YOdIV > $ ploe d1]oq1eD ‘UMOISIBAO Saye]d = + ISVIDAY ‘as¥o JO"ON TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN THE OX. 1075 TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN THE OX. By A. T. KInsuEy, M. Sc., D. V. S., KANnsas Crry, Mo. CASE I.—APRIL 13TH, 1905. ffistory:—Three-yeat-old cow of common breed; fed chop and bran twice a day, and prairie hay and alfalfa while tied in the barn at night, and run in the orchard where there was suffi- cient blue grass to pick on during the day. The cow had been sick about one week. Symptoms :—April 13th, 1905.—Inappetence, temperature 104.5 ; pulse, 100 ; respiration, 54. April 15th.—Inappetence, temperature 103.6 ; pulse, 104; Fic. I—ANTE-MORTEM APPEARANCE OF Cow. respiration, 38; slight cough; sensitive over precordial area, and heart sounds seemed distant. | April 18th.—Inappetence ; temperature, 104.8; pulse, 125; respiration, 68 and painful; cough ; some cedema in pectoral region ; marked sensitiveness over precordial area ; heart sounds very distant ; severe diarrhoea. The case was diagnosed trau- 1076 A. T. KINSLEY. Fic. II. Cross SECTION OF HEART AND COVERINGS IN CASE OF TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS. » eee, Ae ae TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN THE OX. 1077 matic pericarditis and sent to the Kansas City Veterinary Col- lege Hospital for further observation. Date | Resp. | Pulse | Temp. Remarks. 4-19 44 120 105 20 60 II4 106 Oedema more marked. 21 28 104 104.2 Respiration more labored. 22 24 112 104.8 Heart sounds very distinct. 23 24 IIo 104-5 24 24 100 103.8 25 36 112 103-9 Coughing more frequent. 26 32 312 103.8 27 32 104 103-2 28 32 II2 103-4 29 30 120 102.5 5-1 28 120 103.0 Heart sounds less distinct 2 28 128 102.4 | 32 130 103.5 4 30 136 103.4 5 32 103.5 Heart sounds so confused could 6 30 103.6 not count rate. 8 28 103.8 9 28 103.5 10 30 103 12 28 102.8 13 32 102.8 14 30 102.8 15 30 | 101.8 On studying the above tabulated symptoms it will be noted that the temperature gradually subsided, respiration gradually became more labored, the pulse rate increased until finally no distinct heart sounds could be detected. The precordial area gradually increased and there was a constant inappetence and diarrhoea resulting in extreme weakness and emaciation and the cow was destroyed on May rSsth. Post-mortem :-—Quite marked cedema in the pectoral region ; pericardial sac enlarged, being about the size of a three-gallon pail and filled with a purulent fluid. There was an organized exudate firmly adhering to the pericardium and epicardium and occupying about one-third of the enlarged space of the peri- cardial sac, as is distinctly shown in the accompanying cut (a). The pericardium and epicardium were much thickened, as shown in cuts (band c). One-half of a horn hair pin, shown in 1078 A. T. KINSLEY. cut (d), was found projecting through the wall of the reticulum (e), through the diaphragm and into the pericardial sac. The hair pin was surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule. CASE II.—SEPTEMBER 13TH, 1905. Fitstory:—An aged Holstein cow, said to have become sudden- ly sick in February, 1905, and was ina serious condition for about one week and then began to improve, but did not fully recover. She was kept in a blue grass pasture through the summer and fed chop feed, but continually remained thin in flesh and had a rough coat and almost a constant diarrhcea. About September Ist, an oedematous condition in the pectoral region was noticed by the owner ; about the same time she began to refuse her food. Symptoms :—Inappetence, dry muzzle, temperature 103.5 ; pulse 120, small and wiry ; splashing sound with each heart beat ; obstructed venous circulation, causing distention of the jugular vein, as shown in Fig. 1 ; increased precordial area of dullness; respiration 30; a marked cedema extending from the inferior posterior cervical region almost to the udder (see Fig. 1); cough ; diarrhcea; emaciation. Case diagnosed traumatic peri- carditis and sent to the Kansas City Veterinary College Hospital for post-mortem examination. Post-mortem :—Marked cedema of the venter surface of the abdomen, thorax, and extending up into the cervical region ; large quantity of coagulable fluid in peritoneal and pleural cavi- ties ; thick fibrous cord extending from the reticulum through the diaphragm to the pericardium. A piece of bailing wire about four inches in length was found imbedded in the fibrous cord. Pericardial sac was very much enlarged, weighing 4o pounds, and containing about 3% gallons of purulent fluid. The exudate had not organized in the pericardial sac as in Case 1. Theepicardium and pericardium were in places fully one- half an inch in thickness. NoTE.—Photographs taken by Ll. Champlain, D, V. S. Dr. O. L. Dyson, B. A. I., Inspector in charge at Chicago, has resigned from the Bureau Service. REPORTS OF CASES. 1079 REPORTS OF CASES. ** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’’ AN OPEN NAVICULAR BURSA. By R. W. GANNETT, D. V. M., Newark, N. Y. I was called twelve miles to attend a valuable road mare which two days previously had stepped on a shingle nail. Found clear synovia flowing from a wound about 1 cm. pos- terior and to the left of the point of the frog on the right hind foot. Diagnosed an open and infected navicular bursa. Gave owner an unfavorable prognosis with ordinary treatment, but advised that resection of the flexor pedis tendon be performed at once, as the only chance of saving the animal. He, how- ever, could not be made to see the necessity for so much cutting and would not allow me to operate. As next best treatment, the hoof was pared, cleansed and disinfected. The nail wound was cut out until blood flowed freely and then injected with hydrogen peroxide for several minutes, followed with tincture of iodine. The surgical wound was packed with sublimated ab- sorbent cotton and hoof was bandaged. Owner was directed to syringe wound twice daily with hydrogen peroxide, alternated with tincture of iodine; also to observe antiseptic precautions with syringe and dressings and to keep the foot constantly bandaged. He seemed rather inclined to dismiss my services ; so I heard nothing of the case for fourteen days, when I was again called, and found the mare exceedingly lame and emaciated. The nail-hole had closed, but was opened after considerable ef- fort, when pus and reddish synovia again flowed in abundance. I told owner that the case was virtually hopeless, but that there was a small chance of success by operating, which I did not care to do after so much delay. Finally, nearly three weeks after the nail was picked up, the mare was cast, chloroformed and complete resection of the flexor pedis tendon was perform- ed—not underaseptic conditions, itis true, butas nearly so as possible in a box stall with fresh straw for an operating table. There was evidence of acute inflammation all through the horny and sensitive frog, and when the tendon was reached it appeared dark and necrotic for a considerable extent; so the 1080 REPORTS OF CASES. incision severing the tendon was made somewhat posterior to the navicular bone. On opening the navicular bursa a quan- tity of pus and synovia escaped and the nail wound could now be traced into the bursa. The periosteum was completely eroded from the navicular bone and a transverse fracture was to be seen a trifle to the right of the median line (nail wound was to the left). All necrotic shreds of tendon were removed. The wound was disinfected with a 1-1000 mercuric chloride so- lution and packed with dry absorbent cotton, which had beens dusted with iodoform. ‘This was covered with oakum and tar bandages. The patient stood chloroform and operation well, arose in half an hour and actually placed weight on the diseased foot, which she had refused to do for several days. The dressing was left in place seven days, but at the end of five days the owner stated that the mare seemed much worse, refused to eat, and seemed to have chills. He, however, failed to notify me of the change, as requested, as I was twelve miles away. On the seventh day dressing was removed, saturated with blood and pus. The wound was apparently doing well. The navicular bone was entirely covered with granulations, and the space made by severing the tendon was being rapidly filled. I ad- vised owner to destroy the animal, as it remained down most of the time and was gradually succumbing to some form of blood poisoning. The wound was dressed as before, but patient died in three days. A CASE TO DIAGNOSE BEFORE POST-MORTEM. By W. P. HILL, Veterinarian 12th Cavalry, U. S. Army, Fort Ogle- thorpe, Georgia. A cavalry horse attached to Troop I, 12th Cavalry, was re- ported by the farrier of the troop to be holding his off hind leg up when he went to take him from his stall about 6.30 A. M. the morning of Nov. 3d last. The farrier raised the foot up to examine it, when the horse fell heavily, but regained the standing position shortly afterward. Dr. R. L. Foster, Veteri- narian 12th Cavalry, saw the animal and made a careful exami- nation of the entire limb, but could detect no apparent lesion, so asked me to come and examine him. I found him in consid- erable pain, holding the leg well off the ground ; pulse and tem- perature about norinal. Suspecting a high fracture, we exam- ined him per rectum, but found evervthing all right; the iliacs “pls Sag TEA REPORTS OF CASES. 1081 were pulsating normally, and moving the leg in all directions did not help our diagnosis. Dr. Foster had examined the foot thoroughly, so we could not locate the trouble there. We had him put in slings, but these he fought, throwing himself over on the sound hind leg and squatting on his hocks ; so we let him down in the box stall, where he lay stretched out with the lame leg uppermost, which gave us a good chance for further examin- ation. The whole leg seemed as warm as the other; there was no swelling at any point, but on following the bones down with firm pressure with the knuckles of the hand, we found he flinched decidedly over the head of the tibia. This was the only tender spot we could find on the whole leg. From this symptom I thought it must be a ‘‘ green-stick” fracture near the head of the tibia. Anyhow, we let him lay, awaiting what time would develop till the next morning. Nov. 4th, 8 A.M., horse standing up install, eats and drinks well, temperature 103° ; pulse 85; foot still suspended and very restless ; continually jumping forward on other hind leg; the leg at the head of the tibia was considerably swollen and was still tender on pressure, which I thought was due to relaxation of the périosteum. We tried him again in slings, but he had to be letdown. So he lay inthe stall well bedded down and was turned every few hours ; he could not raise himself when on the lame leg, but as soon as turned over he was able to stand. Nov. sth, 8 A. M., horse up and down at intervals thiough the night ; he is beginning to get bed sores and show the signs of continued pain, having a haggard look and tucked flank ; temperature 104°, pulse 80 and weak; swelling a little larger at head of tibia, but no crepitation ; examined per rectum again, but could detect nothing abnormal. Gave stimulants and febrifuges. Nov. 6th, 8 A. M., horse still hoiding leg up; gets up and down; symptoms same as the preceding day. Appetite re- mains good ; mucous membranes deeply injected. Nov. 7th, 8 A. M., horse was in a miserable condition ; all symptoms aggravated; whereupon we recommended his de- struction, but the Survey Officer, as we were not positive of our diagnosis, would not sanction his slaughter and ordered him to be kept for further observation. Nov. 8th, 8 A. M., horse standing up, and, lo! and behold!! standing solidly on the lame leg and holding up the other ; lam- initis evidently having attacked the supporting extremity com- pelled him to stand on the diseased leg. From now on he would 1082 REPORTS OF CASES. shift his weight from one leg to the other, temperature 104° ; pulse 90 and very weak. What now was the diagnosis? Nov. gth, 8 A. M., horse getting steadily weaker, though still using both hind legs at intervals as on previous day. We again recommended that heshould be killed before he died from exhaustion; this time the Survey Officer was willing that he should be destroyed. He walked out of the stall sound on the lame leg. Post-mortem.—Head of the tibia normal; all bones of the leg normal; the whole length of the popliteal artery was blocked by thrombosis ! Remarks.—No previous history of lameness! No sweats, with the affected leg cold! No perceptible regurgitation of the iliacs ! Experience surely is an important teacher ! FISTULA OF KAR—REMOVAL OF EAR TOOTH. By G. L. MEHOLIN, V. S., Fairfax, S. D. I have a report of a case that appeared very strange to me, and I thought it might be of some interest to the readers of the REVIEW. I was on a business trip to one of our neighboring towns some days ago, and the veterinarian there drew my attention to a mare that had been brought to him with a fistulous sore at the base of the ear, but not very tender to the touch, and it had a hard lump about the size of a good-sized walnut below the sore ; and he asked me to assist him in operating on the lump, as we could readily see that this was the cause of the trouble. We cast the mare and he made an incision about two inches in length down over the hard lump and through to it, and I as- sisted in dividing the tissues over the hard piece of bone, as we thought, which seemed to be loose at one end and secure at the other. I grasped it at the loose end with a pair of small forceps and he continued loosening the tissues, when it gave way in nice shape, and when we got it out it was a molar tooth without any roots, but well formed. It was setting in the tissues, and seemed to have no relation to the bone whatever. Now, how can you account for this tooth being in this very unexpected place? Can it be that this tooth being a temporary molar, and loosening naturally on the inside first, was pressed around by the permanent one, worked up the side of the face and finally lodged at this place? I asked the boy who brought the mare if he ever noticed any swelling about the left side of the REPORTS OF CASES. 1083 face, and he said that they never did, and that the mare was quite a pet with them, and if there had been anything wrong with her at any time they would have noticed it. I can only think it barely possible that another young animal might have been playing and happened to throwa loose molar in the mare’s ear, but I could find no scar inside the ear or any marks of vio- lence anywhere in the region of this sore, only a small opening about large enough to admit a small knitting needle and sup- purating only a little. [NorrE.—The presence of a ‘‘ wild tooth’’ at the base of the ear is fairly common in horses, and are also found in the superior maxillary sinus, the testicle, and the ovary. In the malar bone (their most com- mon location) they often remain long unremarked, until either acute in- flammation produces swelling and pain or until the fistulous opening draws attention to it. The explanation given in ‘‘ MOller’s Surgery ”’ is: ‘‘The phenomenon must be referred to the development of embryonic ‘branchial arches and clefts. Sometimes the lateral plates of these vis- ceral cavities areruptured, and remain so, thus giving rise to fissures in the ear, pharynx, cesophagus and neck (fistula auris et colli congenita), whilst partial persistence of the unruptured embryonic furrows pro- duces blind sacs and dermoidcysts. The dental furrow which occurs in this portion of the embryonic apparatus results from a primitive fold of the buccal epithelium, which asin the jaw, can{produceenamel. The teeth are oftenest found in the squamous portion of the malar bone. Several (from two to four) may be present ; they resemble molars. Sometimes a cyst alone is present, and the tooth wanting.’’ Where treatment is necessary the swelling is opened to the bottom, the tooth removed, and the cavity treated antiseptically. Recovery usually in four to six weeks. —EDITOR REVIEW. | RUPTURE OF THE INTESTINES IN A HORSE. aa L. Moore, B. S., D. V. S., South Dakota Agricultural College, Brookings, S. D. The interest in this case lies in the complete absence of any appreciable cause, and the mild character of the symptoms up to within the time of death. The patient, a grade Percheron mare, was taken sick on Sunday, Oct. 29th. Thesymptoms shown were as follows: Partial loss of appetite, standing with the head pendant and eyes semi-closed, frequent elevation of the upper lip; or, assuming a position of sternal decubitus, she would remain thus, and occasionally look around at her right flank, for an unknown period, or until approached by some per- son. Defecation infrequent, pulse 36, respirations 8 and of the abdominal type, temperature 100.4° F., conjunctiva congested and slightly tinged with yellow, but later assuming a more nor- mal appearance. During the course of the week she received a 1084 REPORTS OF CASES. laxative diet and was given purgatives, consisting of raw linseed oil, hypodermic injections of eserine sulphate, or magnesium sulphate, as the condition of the bowels would seem to indicate. While defecation was thus kept fairly constant and the faces were maintained in a moist condition, at no time, however, was there the response to this form of treatment that one would ex- pect. The condition of the horse remained practically un- changed until Monday night, Nov. 6th. At 7 o’clock she was found lying down and refused to get up, but at 10 o’clock she was standing as usual. On Tuesday at 5 A. M., she was in great pain and in ten minutes was dead. An autopsy was performed three hours later. On opening the abdomiual cavity there was found to bea most diffuse and intense peritonitis. In it was an estimated thirty litres of a serous exudate containing some false membranes floating free and a few small flakes of faeces. The peritoneum, diaphragm, and czcum were intensely congested - and inflamed, and were covered with false membranes; the double colon congested ; stomach, small intestines and floating colon more normal in appearance. ‘The liver somewhat friable ; the cellulo-adipose tissue around the kidneys infiltrated with serum. At the base and toward the right of the caecum was a rupture involving an area of the mucous coat about 18 cm. in diameter. On removing the faces from this area the muscular coat was seen to be lacerated and marked with small black blood clots, the rupture extending obliquely forwards toward the apex of the colon for a distance of 20 cm. and ultimately involving the serous coat. The contiguous serous surface of the cecum was swollen, and an area about 8cm. in diameter was of a green- ish black color. ‘The ingesta and mucous coat of the remain- ing portions of caecum and double colon were normal in odor and appearance, with the exception of the first portion of the double colon, which emitted an undeniable odor of sulphuretted hydrogen on incision, while the mucous coat was infiltrated with gas, giving it a blubbery appearance. There was a com- plete absence of any indication of obstruction by the ingesta, or of the possibility that the lesion was of parasitic origin, or of any history of external violence or concussion. ‘There was no explanation to be given of the cause. While it is not believed that the rupture involved all of the coats of the intestine from the onset, still the presence of false membranes free in the serous exudate and on the surfaces of the organs within the ab- -dominal cavity, and the appearance of the lesion of the cecum itself would indicate that the accompanying peritonitis was not REPORTS OF CASES. 1085 developed entirely within the few hours preceding death. Yet here was a horse with a most grave lesion, ultimately suffering from as severe a case of peritonitis as it has been my opportuni- ty to perform an autopsy upon, and showing none of the classi- cal symptoms of such a condition up to within practically the time of death. INTESTINAL CALCULUS IN A HORSE. By Cuas. Lincy, D. V. M., Assistant to Wm. HENRY KELLY, V. S., Albany, N. Y. On November 5th was called to see an aged mare manifest- ing symptoms of colic. This animal had been treated by one of the local veterinarians since the 3d. Upon my first visit I informed the owner that I thought this horse was suffering from stoppage of the bowels, and administered aloes, ether, chloral, cannabis indica and chloroform, which seemed to relieve the ani- mal for a time, but these spasmodic colic pains would return at intervals of about 20 minutes. Chloral, belladonna, cannabis and hyoscyamus were left with the stableman to be given every two hours, or whenever the colicky pains were noticed. The temperature at this time was 100.5, pulse 56 and respiration 12. On the 6th I ordered enemas of warm soapsuds, to which was added some glycerine. Physic operated on the 7th, colicky pains ceased and animal seemed to be on a fair road to recovery, but continued to physic until Sunday. November 12th, when I ad- ministered an ounce of laudanum. In the evening I was called, as the animal was again manifesting symptoms of colic, and up- on my arrival I found her temperature 102.2 with pulse very weak. ‘Treated her much the same as on the previous occasion, except the aloes. Kept up same treatment during the 13th; animal was very weak and ate nothing. On the 14th made rectal examination, but could find nothing abnormal, except the rectal mucous membrane was highly inflamed and the rectum was einpty, nothing having been passed since the 12th. The temperature at this time was 104.2, pulse 66 and respiration 14. Gave sps. mindererus, belladonna and digitalis. The next day the temperature was normal again and the animal started eating, but on the following day, the 15th, the symptoms of colic return- ed. The same treatment was continued and in addition 1 pint of raw linseed oil was given, as nothing had passed the bowels since the 12th. Ordered another pint to be given the following morning, if the bowels did not move during the night. The 1056 REPORTS OF CASES. animal died November 17th, just 12 days from the time of beginning the treatment. On post-mortem the double colon was found to be very much distended with food and a calculus, somewhat granular, rough in character and weighing 7% pounds, was found in the double colon just at the beginning of the floating colon, which completely blocked the bowels. The liver was greatly engorged with blood, but the other organs seemed normal. DENTIGEROUS CYST. By H. M. STEVENSON, V. S., Perry, Iowa. On December 11th, 1905, a three-year-old filly was brought to my imfirm- ary with a large bony tumor on the left inferior mira 1-1" 17a; about two (2) dm. long and one (1) dm. in diam., ex- ete ada ae act oss the maxillary space. There was a fistula at the lower portion of tu- mor, from whic hia small quan- tity of pus exuded. The third ame fourth molar teeth were Dentigerous Cyst on Left Inferior Maxillary of Three-year old Colt Containing 431 Teeth. Removed Dec. 11th, 1905, by H. M. Steven- ‘0a h at son, Perry, Iowa. sunken. Diagnosts: —Dental fistule, with (very) large formation of hyperostosis radicis. Operation :—After thorough disinfection and shaving, a ‘‘T ”’ REPORTS OF CASES. 1087 shaped incision was made and tumor removed with chisel, to- gether with 431 teeth. These teeth all had enamel on crowns and pulp at root, and had been growing about one year. The horse is making an uneventful recovery. The principal interest to me at least is that I do not know of any literature that records a dentigerous cyst on the inferior maxilla. RABIES IN A HORSE. By MARK WHITE, V. M. D., Denver, Cclo. ’Phone call, Nov. 15th, to come at once to see a horse sup- posed to be choked, which proved to be rabies. History :—Bit- ten three months before on nose by a dog while being driven by owner on streets of Denver. He performed his usual labor the day of the 14th, but refused his supper and exhibited some nervousness. On the morning of the 15th, bit his owner on upper arm through coat sleeve. I noticed on observation at 10 o’clock on the morning of the 15th, extreme nervousness, viciousness, pawing, urinating fre- quently, perspiring, frothing at the mouth, pupils dilated, char- acteristic stare, frightful mutilations of skin of thoracic region. Injected morphine gr. iij, atropine gr. i, under skin, with no re- sults. Horse died, suffering extreme agony, at 3 P. M. Rabies is uncommon in Denver and in Colorado. CONGENITAL PARESIS OF THE LARYNX IN A KITTEN. By MARK WHITE, V. M. D., Denver, Colo. Persian kitten, four months old, when offered food would vomit. Owner stated that kitten had been troubled this way all its life, and had been in very good health otherwise. On auscultation loud murmuring rales could be heard at the larynx. In my opinion this is a case of congenital paresis of both sides of the larynx or paralysis of one side. Prescribed strychnia. Owner reports some improvement. Can any of my brother veterinarians differ with me, or say that itis a reflex ? ProF. LEONARD PEARSON was in New York recently in- specting some of the fine private stables for points to be utilized in the construction of the new model veterinary hospital being erected at the University of Pennsylvania. 1088 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. GERMAN REVIEW. By Apotpu Ercunorn, D, V.S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Great Bend, Kansas, MULTIPLEX ADENOMA IN THE LARGE INTESTINES OF A Cow [Zwaenopoel|.—An emaciated cow showed chronic di- gestive disturbances, diarrhoea and tenesmus ; a tuberculin test proved negative. After slaughtering the animal, the large in- testines, especially the mucous membrane of the cecum and colon, contained numerous swellings, while the mucous mem- brane of the small intestines appeared normal. The swellings varied in size from a pea to a hickory nut; the larger ones were irregular in shape and had a cauliflower appearance. The mu- cous membrane of the intestines was of the same formation over the swellings as in their neighboring parts. Theswellings were soft, and were located only in the mucous membrane; the muscular layer, alsothe serous membrane, were intact. The mesenteric lymph glands were not hypertrophied. On micro- scopical examination the swellings were identified as adenomas.— (Berliner Thterarzt. Woch.) THE SERO-DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS [Dr. Schutz and Dr. Miessner|.—The authors made extensive investigations to clear the question as to the value of the agglutination method inthe diagnosis ofglanders. The experiments were made with mal- leus bacilli, which were destroyed by exposing them for two hours to 60°C. and then emulsified with a carbolic salt solu- tion (0.5 per cent. carbolic acid, 0.85 per cent. salt solution). To 2 c.cm. of this emulsion, the blood serum of the suspected animals was mixed in various quantities. The mixture was then placed in an incubator and kept at 37°C. temperature for 24 —30 hours. The results of these experiments were, that while the blood serum of horses free from glanders agglutinated the bacilli at the most in proportions of 3:400, those of gland- ered animals as a general rule produced a reaction even in pro- portions of 1:1000-2000. The blood serum of artificially infect- ed horses with a virulent culture gave a reaction beginning on the fifth to seventh day from the time of infection, which in- creased in the following four to five days (in one case to 1:8000), and then remained at that height for about one month, while after that time it gradually diminished (to 1:800--400). Accord- EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 1089 ing to this, with the agglutination method an infection of glanders can be determined which occurred eight to fourteen days previous to the test. From a practical standpoint this is of great value for retesting the horses in stables where already infected horses have been destroyed ; the test is to be made two to three weeks after and in this way the new infection can be determined by the reaction. T’wo experiments lead to the result, that previously injected mallein has no effect on the ag- glutination. The blood serum of horses free from glanders has not agglutinated the cultures in higher proportions than 1:800, while in those affected with pneumonia or pleurisy, the propor- tion even reached 1:1000. In the Pathological Institution of Berlin, in two years, the blood serum of 2209 horses has been examined with the following results: Of 1911 horses free from glanders, in 1232—64.8 per cent. the pe Serta agglutinated 1:100—300. 363—19.0 ‘“ * 1:400 135— 7.1 a3 “ Ts 4 ( 1:500 123— 6.4 ‘as ia a a9 ia I:600 wi— 2.2 « “ uc “6 64 I:800 i 0.5 ce ‘aS ‘a5 a ‘aS I:I000 while a reaction higher than 1:1000 could not be observed in a single case. Of 298 glandered horses, in 6— 2 _ per cent. the blood serum a5 Be omated 1:400 Tos 4 ¢ ts ce 2 ie 500 44—14.8 a3 ‘a3 ce ce a9 I: :-600 47—15.8 ac a3 ac a4 a9 1:800 75—25.2 a9 cc ia ia “6 I:I1000 49-—16. 4 zs «cc “cc “ 73 I:1500 65-21. 8 a4 a9 Lk Ge as a4 I:2000 These uncertainties in the agglutination are somewhat reduced by the fact that the smaller proportions in the agglutination are as a general rule in such horses which are affected with asevere and extensive form of the disease ; further, that in glandered horses, the agglutination power of the blood serum is with the passing of time gradually diminished in the way ‘that from the tenth to eleventh day following the infection, for a month it corresponds to 1:2000, then from two to three weeks it drops to I:1500, I:1000, 1:800, 1:600, 1,500 ; while on the other hand, in horses free from glanders, the agglutination power of the blood serum does not change. The authors applied the agglutination method in numerous cases in practice and based on their experi- 1090 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ences they recommend the following method for the eradication of glanders: (1) 20-50 gm. of blood is taken from the glan- dered or suspected horse, the bottle is carefully marked and ac- companied with the history and other data regarding the infec- tion, etc., is sent to the experiment: station. (2) All horses of which the blood serum agglutinated 1n proportion of 1:1000 or higher should be destroyed. (3) The same way all horses should be destroyed of which the blood agglutinates only in proportions of 1£:500--800, but otherwise show the clinical symptoms of glanders. (4) All other horses in which the ag- elutination is 1:500-800, should be isolated, and only destroyed in such cases, when justified, by a second test at which the pro- portion of agglutination changed; on the other hand, they may be pronounced free of glanders when at the second test it remains unchanged. (5) After establishing glanders, the blood of horses in the same stand should be tested after three weeks, and this should be repeated as often until the last two tests show in allhorses individually a uniform reaction.—(Arch. f. Wss- ensch u. prakt. Thierherlk.) RADIUM AS CURE FOR RABIES. —Tizzoni, professor of the Bo- logna University, observed during his experiments that the rays of radium acting on vials containing the virus of rabies render them harmless; further that rabbits inoculated with the virus of rabies, then exposed to the rays of radium, remain edhealthy, while all the control animals without exception succumbed in- side of six days. In fact, the rays of radium proved to possess curative actions, as rabbits already affected, and submitted to proper treatment, recovered. The treatment consisted in plac- ing the salt of radium. before the eyes of rabbits for one hour daily. The action of the rays had no ill effect on their eyes. PARALYSIS OF THE OBTURATOR NERVE [Rexvz/ius].—Re- turning from manceuvres a five-year-old army horse was taken into the stable, apparently in normal condition. On the follow- ing day, however, the horse showed great lameness on the right hind leg. At rest there was no sign of any affection, the animal placing the weight normally on that leg; but on walking, even making the first steps, the stifle and hock joints of the right hind leg were more flexed and the animal carried the leg forwards and outwards with such a force that he could hardly keep its equilibrium, placing the leg suddenly on the ground. The horse could not be induced to trot. From these symptoms the author diagnosed paralysis of the obturator nerve. ‘The treatment con- sisted in applying liniments to the hip and surrounding regions Te, . Lae ast ‘ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1O9L and complete rest for four weeks was ordered, then the horse was exercised regularly ; acomplete cure followed in ten weeks. ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A, LIAuTARD, M, D., V. M. A FASCICULAR FIBROMA OF THE INFERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL IN A THREE-YEAR-OLD FILLY [Dr. G. Giovannoli|.— This form of neoplasm is not frequently observed in that region, nor in such a young subject. The history is that it made its appearance some ten months previous and has grown steadily ever since, until it reached the size it presents, viz.: as big as two men’s heads united together. It is situated forward of the um- bilicus and occupies partly the umbilical and partly the epigas- tric region. Its base measures 15 centimetres, and the growth has a fibrous consistency. It is round, somewhat bosselated, and presents near the base three other growths, which are mingled with the principal one. The color of the tumor is grayish in some points, and of lighter huein others. Theskin that covers it is perfect and free from excoriations. Is it painful? Per- haps not, but the animal defends herself when attempts are made to feel it. However, the surrounding cellular tissue, which is injected and swollen, is quite painfulto thetouch. The general condition of the animal has suffered much by the presence of this growth, as the mare is much emaciated and anemic. ‘The oper- ation of removal was performed with all antiseptic cares, with but little haemorrhage, an injection of antitetanic serum being made immediately after. The tumor weighed 4 kilog. 566 gram. (over nine pounds), and measured 69 centimetres in diameter. Its nature was made out by microscopic examination. Two weeks after the operation the animal presented marked signs of improvement in her condition and recovery followed without complication.—(// Nuovo Ercolant, June 30, 1905.) MEGASTOMA ENTERICUM IN A Doc [Dr. Stlvio Sartirame]. —The history of this dog is as follows: Aged five years, he had distemper when one year old and has been healthy since, until eight or ten days ago, when he refused drinking, vomited viscous rosy, rather bloody liquid, and in the last four days has had con- vulsions, epileptiform accesses, followed by comatous state. The dog is in good condition, but is much depressed in aspect ; he cannot stand on his legs; all his muscles are relaxed ; his 1092 EXTKACTS FROM EXCHANGES, whole body is flabby and without feeling. While he is examined he has one of his convulsions—taken with tremblings of the whole body; he has tonico clonic contractions of the extremi- ties ; he moans, and from his mouth there escapes abundant sa- liva. The pulse is almost imperceptible. The eyes are vitreous and during all his struggles the dog strikes his head violently against the floor. This condition lasted for about ten minutes and was followed by sudden comatous state. ‘The animal was immediately destroyed. At the post-mortem the lesions were found principally in the abdominal cavity, and consisted in hand- some manifestations of acute enteritis. The mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine was thickened, cedematous, and in many places, principally in the duodenal portion, was the seat of small haemorrhagic spots. The contents of the intestines were only a viscous, dense, rosy brown fluid which under microscropic examination revealed the presence of many epithelial patches, a few blood corpuscles, with thousands of Megastomt entericum, many of which were still moving more or less actively, while others remained immobile in the fluid. The flagellum of these parasites was distinctly made out, especially in treating the specimens with iodine and iodide of potassium.—( Archiv. Scren- tif. della R. I. and A. Veter. Italiana, June, 1905.) THE PATELLAR DESMOTOMY REDUCED TO THE SIMPLEST MetHop [Dr. Pinarol’|.—The author performs this opera- tion with the bovines in the standing position and with the aid of only one assistant. ‘The inner face of the thigh and the ud- der are well disinfected and the animal is placed in such a posi- tion that the ligament which is to be cut is well stretched ; to this effect, it is not absolutely necessary to raise the opposite leg, but only make the animal stand firm and plumb. Dr. Pin- aroli uses only a strong scalpel, with straight cutting edge and convex back. He holdsthe instrument in such a way that the thumb and index finger of the right hand (if one operates on the right) or of the left (if it is on the left), presses on the lower third of the blade, sharp edge turned forward ; then, pushing the index finger of the opposite hand in the hollow that exists between the internal and the middle ligament, he inserts the instrument from behind the ligament to cut in pushing forward ; a slight noise of the ligament giving away indicates that it is cut. Theoperation lasts just the time to push and draw the in- strument. ‘The doctor has never had any accident.—(C/znzca Veterinaria, 1905.) CYSTITIS WITH PECULIAR LESIONS IN A STEER [Dr. Real a ee EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1093 Riccardo|.—This animal had been turned out in soft muddy land, in which he sank and passed the night, while the rain that had dropped made the ground still softer. He was so exhausted that he had to be dragged to his stable. He remained lying down for four consecutive days, eat and ruminated. This was not known until 15 days later, when it was observed that the animal had difficulty in urinating, and the author was called. He found the poor brute in slings, improperly applied, and very painful for the animal. When they were taken off the steer laid down. The urethra was enormously swollen. Rectal examination revealed a bladder very hard. Hot fomen- tations were applied on the urethra and on the loins; the ani- mal after an hour passed urine of a strong nauseous odor and mixed witha great quantity of muco-purulent material. The treatment was repeated during the day and night. The next day, at the rectal examination, the bladder felt in the same con- dition of hardness, which indicated that the walls of the organ were considerably thickened. A diagnosis was made of puru- lent hypertrophic urethro-cystitis. The animal being in bad condition was killed. At the post-mortem, besides the enor- mous condition of the urethra, it was found that the bladder had contracted adhesions with the tissues around it, had the shape of a heart, bosselated and lardaceous. An incision made through the walls allowed the escape of a little urine mixed with muco-pus, and on the inside of the organ there were seven ridges, kind of columns. These were covered with small neo- formations. The walls of the bladder were hard, cartilaginous- like and two centimetres thick. The whole organ weighed one kilogramme.—(Grornale della Reale Soc. ad Acad. Veter. Ital., Sept., 1905.) FLOATING KIDNEY IN a Cow [Dr. Reali Riccardo|.—This animal is in apparently healthy condition, but had been restless the night before and remained lying down. Her temperature is normal, appetite and rumination, as well as defecation and micturation, are normal also. The respiration is a little accel- erated, and is performed in three distinct steps. The animal turns her head toward her left flank and is almost constantly licking it. She gets up easily when she is lying down, but re- mains standing only for a short time. At the rectal exploration a tumor is felt, hanging from the lumbar region. Is it a float- ing kidney ? The next day the animal is in the same condition, but it is reported that the tail seems to be less free in its mo- tions and that it remains applied against the anus and the vulva. 1094 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. On examination of the urine, albumen is detected. On the third day the loss of motion of the tail is more marked. By the rec- tum the floating body is again detected, and it is quite sore on pressure. The diagnosis being established, the animal is sent to the slaughter-house, where, when the carcass was being dressed for market, the left kidney was found situated more forward than the right and hanging from the lumbar region by a relaxed pe- duncle made of cellulo-adipose tissue and a fold of the perito- neum. Otherwise the kidney was healthy.—(Gzornale della Reale Soc. ad Acad. Veter. Ital., Sept., 1905.) Post-PartuM MENINGITIS [Dr. Gino Giovannols|.—A|- most all kinds of conditions have been considered as predispos- ing causes of meningitis; but one seems, in the eyes of the au- thor, to have been overlooked, viz., the influence, on the devel- opment of meningitis after parturition, the loss by death of the new born can have. Without desiring to attribute to our ani- mals the excessive sensibility that can be admitted in human beings, Dr. G. G. relates four cases where meningitis occurred after parturition and after a various lapse of time with death of the new born. For the author, mares are more subject, although other females can also be sick withit. Probably the nervous feel- ings of mares are more highly developed. At any rate, in the four cases which are related, the time that elapsed between the death of the new born and that of the mother fer meningztzs, has never been very long; on the contrary, in the 1st case the mother died 20 days after her offspring, in the 2d case 23 days, in the 3d only 5 days and in the 4th after 9 days. The symp- toms were evident and no possible error of diagnosis could be made. Post-mortem confirmed it. If the death of the new born cannot be considered as a cause of the meningitis, it may be wise for practitioners to bear in mind the information given by these four cases. Perhaps similar occurrences may be observed in other females, and ought to be recorded.—(// Nuovo Erco- lagen Oct. 75, 1905.) Dr. G. Ep. Leacw has abandoned the wintry climate of Minnesota to find a new home inthe sunny South. He ex- pects to find a desirable location in Oklahoma. ALEXANDER H. WADDELL, M. R. C. V.S., Stamford, Conn., formerly Veterinary Captain in the British Army, madea pleas- ant visit to the ReviEW Dec. 22. Captain Waddell spent ten years with the A. VY. D. in India, and his account of his tropi- cal experiences was most entertaining. SURGICAL ITEMS. 1095 SURGICAL ITEMS. By Drs. Louis A. AND EDWARD MERILLAT, CHICAGO, ILL. ABDOMINAL FCQATATION IN A BITCH. The frequency of abdominal fcetation in domestic animals is not known tothe writer. It is frequently referred to in text- books ; it is encountered occasionally by abattoir inspectors, but it is not frequently reported by practitioners. Whether this aberration of gestation is not always diagnosed, or whether it seldom discloses its existence by causing symptoms which would attract attention to it, is also not known to the writer. The case reported herewith answers the following description : fFiistory.—A four-year-old bull-terrier bitch, weighing about 35 pounds, after the usual period of gestation, showed all of the signs of approaching parturition, with the exception of total absence of lactation. The abdomen was distended (somewhat bloated), and the patient manifested a desire to hide away as if searching for a suitable bed upon which to give birth to her young. There were no labor pains, but the typical whining of intestinal pain was in evidence. As these symptoms continued for three days, professional advice was sought by the owner. An examination led to a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, with a non-commit- tal statement as to the pregnancy. The abdomen was too full, too distended, and too bloated for fruitful palpation. A liberal dose of castor oil was given at the time of the first examination and a second one twenty-four hours later. The second dose, or both doses caused active purgation and afforded relief that seemed to indicate a perfect cure. As mo pups were born, and since the bitch presented no further signs of ill health, the idea of preg- naucy was abandoned. Three months after the first examina- tion a second attack of acute intestinal obstruction occurred, which required the administration of several doses of castor oil and liberal massage of the abdomen before relief was afforded. These attacks recurred at intervals of three to five months for two years, each one seeming to be more obstinate than the pre- ceding. Between the seizures of intestinal obstruction the ap- petite was normal and as a consequence a good condition of flesh was maintained throughout the entire period. An exam- ination made while the bitch was in perfect health revealed the presence of a somewhat obscure tumor in the abdomen. Its nature could not be determined owing to the fat condition of 1096 SUAGICAL ITEMS. the animal. It appeared to be attached to thespleen. Its mo- tility and size perhaps led to this conclusion. When the seizures of intestinal pain occurred, palpation would fail to locate the supposed new growth. At the end of about two years, during which time many expert gynzecologists were consulted, the pa- tient suffered one of the usual attacks, which became compli- cated with general septic infection. There was excruciating pain on palpation of the abdomen, and after several days a sec- ondary abscess appeared in the submaxillary lymphatic gland. The secondary abscess was lanced and irrigated’and the castor oil purges moved the bowels whenever given. The bitch, however, remained sick, and as a consequence lost sufficient flesh to unmask the true nature of the affection. By palpating the abdomen the fcetus presented itself as a hard, elongated, movable mass. It could be moved about the abdominal cavity at will, and its outlines could be easily determined. Operation.—The patient, after the necessary preparation to perform a clean abdominal operation, was placed on the opera- ting table in the dorsal recumbent position and anzesthetized with ether.’ An incision, three inches long and about two mil- limetres from the median line, was made across the umbilicus. That is to say, the umbilicus occupied the centre of the incision. The wound was held apart with retractors and the pup removed with the second and third fingers. When brought through the incision the ilium and jejunum were adhered to the foetus in the most tangled fashion. At this stage of the operation the patient was turned slightly to one side and the work of disconnecting the adhesions was commenced. ‘These manipulations consumed some time and produced considerable shock. ‘The adhesions were torn apart at some points and dis- sected at others, according to their stability. The initial sup- purating focus, from which the secondary abscess above men- tioned proceeded, was found in one of the tangled loops. There was, however, no perforation, nor gangrene, which would ne- cessitate resection. When the foetus was finally freed from its tangled position a part of the mesentery and omentum was found to be loosened from their respective attachments. These were ligated and removed. ‘The intestines were returned and the wound closed with buried and superficial sutures and a protec- tive dressing applied. The post-operative shock was consider- able, but was controlled by administration of aromatic spirits of ammonia and hot coffee. Convalescence followed without event. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1097 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL. The bill which has been slowly working its way to the hands of the Secretary of War, has finally received the endorse- ment of the General Staff, and has been submitted to Secretary Taft, who incorporates it in an appendix to his annual report, In this appendix he publishes a synopsis of eleven bills with a view to sending them to Congress soon. In the Army and Navy Journal of recent issue we find a summary of these bills as embodied in the Secretary’s report, and No. 7 is the Veteri- nary Bill. It is in substance as follows: (7) “A bill to increase the efficiency of the veterinary ser- vice of the Army.” This measure provides that veterinarians appointed to the Army shall be required to pass a satisfactory examination, and after ten years’ service shall have the pay and allowances of first lieutenants, mounted, with certain provisos ; that they shall be on the same footing as commissioned officers as to tenure of office, retirement, pensions, and increase of pay. Judging from this, the word “ rank,” which carries the com- mission, has been eliminated, but the Army veterinarian will gain retirement, pension, increase in pay (that of first lieutenant mounted) after ten vears’ service. This is a material improve- ment over existing conditions, though the coveted “rank ” seems to be begrudged to our profession in the Army. Half a loaf is much better than no bread, and now that this Bill is to be sent to Congress with the approval of the War Department, it will have an excellent chance to become a law. The veterinarians in the Army are prohibited by the regu- lations from putting forth any effort to effect its passage ; they must rely upon their colleagues in civil life to create a senti- ment favorable to their cause among Senators and Congressmen. The proceedings of the two Houses of Congress must be closely watched, and when this bill is offered and referred to the Com- mittee, all the machinery at the command of the profession 1098 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. must be set into vigorous motion and kept going until the vote is taken and the President’s signature attached. The A.V. M.A. has a Committee in readiness, the New York State Society has another, and other State Associations are on record to this end_ The Army veterinarians, who have most at stake, can be relied upon to sound the alarm at the crucial moment, and the RE- VIEW will be on guard as far as lies in its power. We must all strike when the iron is hot. \ HIGH TRIBUTE TO THE ARMY VETERINARIAN FROM ONE WHO KNOWS HIM. Fort RILEY, KANSAS, November 29, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR SirS:—In the last number of your very valuable magazine, I read an article on the ‘ Social Status of the Veteri- narian.” I agree with it in every word, but I do not think the author of the article gave the Army veterinarian all the credit he has won for himself and is winning every day. For the past three years I have been director of the Training School for Farriers and Horseshoers, and have been an officer of Cavalry for nearly fifteen years; in this capacity I have been in- timately associated with several veterinarians of the Army, and I feel that I can justly lay claim to knowing the class of men that make up this splendid corps. However, far be it from me to say anything derogatory of the old-time veterinarian, as he shared the hardships and privations of many severe campaigns without a murmur, and cared for the horses as faithfully as his limited education permitted, and, in the majority of cases, that ended it. But a new era has opened inthe Army for the veterinarian ; he is now an instructor of officers; for the knowledge of the horse is eagerly sought after by all. This intimacy has formed much closer ties than formerly, and we appreciate the fine gen- tlemen the modern colleges are sending us. I think I am voicing the opinion of the majority of officers in saying that we are proud of our veterinarians. They, as a class, hold themselves just as high as any other branch of the service and maintain it ; this is as it should be. I believe, and many other officers to whom I have talked agree with me, that the time is near when the veterinarian will ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1099 be commissioned. His position now is practically the same as that of an officer, but he gets few of the advantages—namely, retirement and promotion. It is by the giant strides he has made in his profession, and the high moral standard he has set for himself, that this end will be accomplished. The method which this corps has set for its own protection is also very laudable; the antecedents of every applicant for the position of veterinarian in the Army, are thoroughly investi- gated, thus the Board knows what kind of man comes before it. With this high standard demanded by their own cloth, it is no wonder that the corps of veterinarians in the Army has gone on improving until we now havea class that is a credit to the mounted service. Very respectfully, W. C. SHORT, Captain 13th Cavalry. THE MIssouRI STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY EXAM- INERS, consisting of Dr. H. Bradley, Windsor, Mo., Dr. E. F. Hendy, Jefferson City, and Dr. D..F. Luckey, Columbia, held an examination in Kansas City, December 21-2-3, for non- graduates who desire to secure a certificate to practice under the new Missouri law. AN EXPERT’S OPINION OF AMERICAN HorskEs.—Edwin Howlett, the ‘“‘ Father of Coaching in France,” sailed yesterday on the Amerika, of the Hamburg line, on his way to Paris, after his first visit to the United States. Mr. Howlett thinks that the horses to be seen in New York and vicinity are much better than those of Paris. ‘tI have enjoyed every minute of my stay,” said the veteran driver. ‘The residences of the wealthy over here are far more sumptuous than I have ever seen abroad, the theatres are more wonderful—in fact, everything seems to be on a grand scale. And the horses. I cannot say I have seen a lame horse since Icame here. All the animals at the Horse Show, which I attended, were wonderful. I have been out driving several times with society women who were my pupils in Paris, and on the roads the horses I saw were, on the whole, excellent and speak well for American breeding. One thing that astonished me was the luxury in which horses are kept. ’ I have been out to Georgian Court, Mr. George Gould’s place, and I have seen the stables of Mr. H. McK. Twombly at Morristown, and those of Mr. C. K. G. Billings. I never dreamed of such luxury for horses as that in which Mr. Twombly’s are kept. There is nothing in Europe that can be compared with it. I hope to get over here again.”—(Vew York Herald, Dec. 10.) 1100 LIVE STOCK IN GERMANY. LIVE STOCK IN GERMANY. In view of the reported meat famine in Germany, a com- parison of the number of live stock in that country with that in the United States may be of interest. Although cattle breeding is said to have made greater progress than any other branch of agriculture in Germany, that progress is far from being commensurate with the increase in population and the consequent consumption. The following table, compiled from census statistics, shows the number of each kind of live stock in Germany on January 10, 1873, January 10, 1883, December 1, 1892, and December 1, 1900, together with the corresponding number of live stock on farms and ranches in the United States at the nearest census. For comparison with the statistics of earlier years, the live stock not on farms and ranches in the United States, returned for the first time in 1900, have been excluded, although such animals are included in the German statistics. Number of live stock in Germany and the United States. ——_ Germany, ; Germany, Germany, Kind. 1g00. 1892, | 1883. 1873. U. S., 1890.|U. S., 1880.|/U.S.,1870. Neat cattle: Germany . | 18,939.692 | 17,555,834 | 15,786,764 |15,776,702 Us Ss os 2 ... . | 67,719,400 51,648,792 | 20;eemrae soa oom Swine: Germany .. . | 16,807,014 | 12,274,442 | 9,206,195 | 7,124,088 Us... .. . . . | 62,868,047 |°57,426,859 aeiy germ © )25, oan Sheep: Germany... 9,692,501 | 13,589,662 | 19,189,715 |24,999,406 Be... 2 tk... | 61,503,713) 40,876,312 \Aeeeee.074 |23,4770aee Goats: Germany... 3,266,997 | 3,091,503 | 2,640,994 | 2,320,002 Horses: Germany... 4,195,361 | 3,836,273 | 3,522,545 | 3,352,231 Wes... .. «618,267 ,020) 15,266, 244nmee as 7,459 | 7) ta Mules and asses : Ger- i a 7,848 6,703 9,795 13,315 (Se 3,264,615 | 2,315,074! 1,812,808 | 1,125,415 To compare the growth between live stock and population in the two countries, the following table is inserted, showing the number of live stock for each 100 inhabitants at the vari- ous dates: LIVE STOCK IN GERMANY. 1101 Number of live stock per roo inhabitants in Germany and the United States. Germany, | Germany, | Germany, Kind. 1900. 1892. 1883. 1873 U. S., 1890./U. S., 1880./U. S., 1870. Neat cattle: Germany.. 33.6 S55 34.5 38.4 See 89.1 QI.5 79.1 72.8 Swine: Germany... 29.8 24.6 20.1 17.4 i rT 82.7 QI.2 99.2 65.2 Sheep: Germany... P7352 27.5 AY oie. 60.9 By) ie sh 80.9 64.9 84.1 73-9 Goats: Germany... 5.8 6.3 5.8 yf Horses: Germany .. . 7.4 7.8 y ee | 8.2 oS rr 24.0 24.3 20.6 22.5 Mules and asses: Ger- ae .OI .OI .02 .03 eee >t), 4.03 2.7 2.6 | 2.9 In Germany the number of swine alone has increased more rapidly than the population. While there has been an actual increase in the number of other kinds of stock, with the excep- tion of sheep, there has been some falling off as compared with population. In the United States, on the other hand, the number of each kind of live stock, except sheep, shows a large increase each de- cade, and for the thirty years from 1870 to 1900, in the case of Sheep as well as other animals, even more rapid an increase than the increase in population. The number of swine and sheep in proportion to the population reached the highest point in 1880 and the number of cattle and horses in 1890.—( Crop Reporter, U. S. Dept. Agric., December, 1905.) RESULTS FROM STERILIZED AIR IN PARTURIENT PARESIS. —J. F. DeVine, D. V. S., Goshen, N. Y., writes under date of Dec. 12: “It might be of some interest to REVIEW read- ers to hear the results of the sterilized air treatment among country practitioners. I have treated twenty-seven cases this year, with one fatality. It is my custom, when they are con- scious, or when they begin to regain consciousness, to administer a few doses of strychnia and digitalis to tone up the nervous system and prevent cardiac failure.” 1102 IN MEMORIAM. IN MEMORIAM. CONTRIBUTED FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE TOMB OF YE OLD-FASH- IONED VETERINARY SURGEON. By S. R. Howarp, V. S., Hillsboro, O. Beneath these stones lies a vetinary Whom many thought was quite contrary. He kept his instruments clean and neat, And was two yards high in his stocking feet. With caustics he had spiteful power, With bike pumps he was not in flower. Now his ecraseur is rusted o’er, His probang now is chewed no more. No deadly drugs in double doses fly, Hence tape-worms sing a martial symphony. Emetics wrench no more ye poisoned pup, Nor keen cathartics scour diseases up. His tooth rasp now is cold and still, No soapsuds now his pump doth fill. His firepot now affords no flame. Zt’s now d—-d, that’s all Azs fame. He killed with laudnum and with steel, (For this his conscience did not feel). He did his d—-dst, that was nil, For sure death lay in every pill. He’s dead, he’s dead! And very few have sobbed Since had he lived we’d all been robbed. Some doubt that he resigned his breath, Some vow he even buncoed Death. * * * * Requiescat in pace. * *K * kK These are the words of legions who Owed him accounts years overdue. ’ Ir is said that 800,000 domestic animals, valued at 000, are slain by wolves every year in the Russian empi Dr. D. ArTHUR HucuEs, B. A. L, East St. Louis, $6,000- re. Ill., had an interesting and instructive article in the Breeder's Gazette of Dec. 6, on “ Argentina as Our Competitor.” _ FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA. 1103 FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA. The following important correspondence and documents are explanatory of the movement which is now taking definite form in the Dominion of Canada to raise the standard of veterinary education to a higher plane and to place it firmly under Goy- ernment control and protection : OTTAWA, Dec. 21, 1905. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, D. V. S., New York City. SiR :—I have been instructed by Dr. Rutherford to forward to you a copy of the resolution passed by the Ontario Veteri- nary Organization Association Committee, and presented to the Hon. Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, Toronto; also, a copy ofa letter, which was sent to every veterinarian in the Province of Ontario.: The Veterinary Director-General deems it advisabie, to keep you in touch with this highly important movement, in the en-. deavor of improving the status of veterinary education in Can- ada. Yours faithfully. GEORGE HILTON, for Veterinary Director-General, * Te The Fon. Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, Toronto, Ont. - Sir :—We desire respectfully to bring to your notice the following resolutions which were unanimously passed at a meet- ing, held this day, of the Special Organization Committee of the Ontario Veterinary Association. Resolved :— (1) That this Committee is of opinion that in view of the large live stock interests of Ontario, not to speak of the rest of the Dominion, and of the importance to stock owners of the maintenance for the veterinary profession of a standard of edu- cation equally high in proportion as that demanded for the other branches of learning in this Province, the time has now atrived for the Provincial Government to take control of veter- inary education and to assume at least part of the expenditure required to put it on a satisfactory basis. (2) That this Committee would therefore respectfully recom- mend to the Provincial Government the advisability of estab- lishing in connection with the University of Toronto a Faculty of Comparative Medicine to be endowed from the funds of the Province to such extent as may be necessary, in conjunction \ 1104 FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA. with the fees chargeable to students, to carry on the work in a manner creditable to the Province and on a standard equal to | that obtaining elsewhere in British Possessions. (3) That the work of establishing and maintaining the On- tario Veterinary College, an institution which has been of the greatest benefit to the live stock interests, not only of Ontario, but of the whole North American Continent, having been hitherto carried on by the sole efforts and at the expense of one individual, Professor Andrew Smith, this Committee is of opin- ion that in the making of any new arrangements that gentle- man’s interests should be carefully conserved and would suggest that he should be appointed Dean of the above proposed Faculty of Comparative Medicine, and further, that the premises owned and occupied by him as the Ontario Veterinary College should be utilized by the University in the teaching of Comparative Medi- cine. (4) That in the event of the suggestions contained in the foregoing clauses meeting with the approval of the Members of the Provincial Government this Committee would be willing, as representing the Veterinary Surgeons of Ontario, to render any required assistance in arranging details and especially in out- lining the work of the proposed new Faculty as regards matricu- lation, curriculum and final examination. (5) That in order to put the recommendations outlined above into effect it will be necessary to place the whole matter of veterinary education in Ontario under legislative control and to that end this Committee would respectfully suggest the in- troduction by the Government of a measure providing for the maintenance of a standard of veterinary education in accordance therewith. In the preparation of this measure also this Com- mittee would be willing to assist. (Signed) Cuas. ELLiorr, Chairman. W. Lawson, _J. F. Quinn, J. H. TENNENT, J. G. RUTHERFORD. C. HEATH SWEETAPPLE, Secretary Ontario Organization Committee. Toronto, Nov. 8, 1905. * OTTAWA, Dec. 13, 1905. DEAR SIR:—I beg to enclose herewith copy of a memo- FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA. 1105 randum presented to the Hon. Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, Toronto, on the 8th day of November last, by the Organization Committee of the Ontario Veterinary Association. The memorandum speaks for itself, and shows very plainly the line of action which it is desired the Provincial Govern- ment shall follow. Professor A. Smith accompanied the delegation, and spoke strongly in favor of the proposed change. The Minister expressed himself as being in full sympathy with the spirit of the memorandum, especially with the view of the fact, the delegates did not press upon too high a standard of matriculation. It was generally conceded that the examination for high school entrance would be sufficient. I would impress upon you the importance of bringing your personal influence in favor of the proposed line of action, to bear upon your representative in the legislature, whether he is a supporter of the Government or not. If your member belongs to the Opposition, it might be well to interview the defeated Government candidate, with a view of getting his support for the measure. I am at present far from well, and do not know whether I will be able to attend the annual meeting of the Association or not. So Iam adopting this method of informing you as to the present condition of affairs, and hope you will do all you can to improve the status of your chosen profession. Yours faithfully, (Signed) J. G. RUTHERFORD. “THE REVIEW keeps well abreast with advancing knowl- edge of the day, and I consider that no veterinary surgeon prac- ticing his profession should be without it. I recommend it to all our graduates.”—(C. Heath Sweetapple, V. S., Ontario Vet- erinary College. ) ~ PROFESSOR YOSHITARO NAKAMURA, graduate of the Im- perial Agricultural College in Sapporo, Japan. is at the Minne- sota State School of Agriculture taking a special course in animal industry and meats. He is especially interested in the packing business, and has visited the big plants in this city and elsewhere. Professor Nakamura says that on account of the Buddhist religion the Japanese have been averse toeating meats, but now that Japan is adopting the Christian religion the prej- _ udices against eating meats have toacertain extent disappeared. (Chicago Veterinary College Bulletin.) 1106 BIBLIOGRAPHY. ‘BIBLIOGRAPHY. TexT Book oF VETERINARY MEDICINE. By James Law, F. R. C, V. S., Director of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., Vol, I. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 1905. Published by the Author, The fifth and last volume of Prof. Law’s ‘‘ Veterinary Medi- cine’? had been delivered but a short time when a new edi- tion of Volume I. was demanded, and the author has taken this opportunity to increase the value of his treatise by adding more than one hundred and fifty pages to Vol. I, embracing the more important achievements made since the first edition was published. Among the new material are articles on croupous laryngitis in solipeds, tracheitis, deformities of the trachea in solipeds, distortions of the trachea in dogs, fractures and ruptures of the trachea, abscess of the trachea, tumors of the trachea and bronchi, the treatment of catarrhal bronchitis, microbian bron- chitis in dogs, chronic bronchitis in the dog, infectious broncho- pneumonia of cattle, septic pleuro-pneumonia in ruminants and pigs, broncho-pneumonia from inhalation in various animals, chronic fibrous pneumonia, purulent pleurisy (empyema) in all species of domesticated animals, dry pleurisy in the horse and ox, pulmonary emphysema in cattle, tumors of the lung and pleura, parasites of the lungs, heart and pleura, diseases of the mediastinum, glanders nodules in the mediastinum, case- ating lymph-adenitis of sheep, parasites of the mediastinum, ad- herent or dry pericardium, traumatic pericarditis, rupture of the pericardium, hydropericardium, calcification of the heart, dis- eases of the blood, etc. The care which Dr. Law exercises in making certain that every recent fact obtained in relation to pathology and treatment is included in his system of medicine should-inspire those who place it in their libraries with the feeling that no matter what subject is to be looked up they will find nothing omitted. The REVIEW expressed its very favorable consideration of this work on the appearance of the first edition, and the revision makes it much more valuable. ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGY FoR VETERINARY STUDENTS. By D. Noél Paton M, D., B. Se., F. R C. P., Ed., Examiner in Physiology for the Royal College of Veter- inary Surgeons, Late Protessor of Physiology Royal Dick University College, ete. W. T. Keener & Co , Chicago, 1905. The author states his scheme as ‘an attempt to give the essentials of general physiology and of the special physiology of. the domestic animals in a form suitable to the requirements of -_ ow PF —_ pa BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1107 students and practitioners of veterinary medicine.” ‘The book is not intended to take the place of the demonstrations and practical work from which alone physiology can be properly learned, but merely to supplement these and to focus the infor- mation derived from them.” In the light of these statements, an examination of the volume of over 400 pages gives the im- pression that the author has succeeded admirably, for beginning with ‘“ protoplasm,” he follows it up with the ‘‘ cell,” until the ‘tissue’? is formed, with a description of the various kinds of tissue, lengthily describing the ‘‘ master tissues,’’? muscle and nerve. These are exhaustively treated and interspersed with explanatory drawings and diagrams which facilitate an easy understanding of hisstatements. Passing on, ‘“‘thesenses”’ are described, from ‘‘common sensibility ” to the « special senses,”’ which also are illuminated by helpful diagrams, especially the section on “vision.” ‘ Hearing”? is treated in the same intel- ligent manner, as are “taste”? and ‘‘smell.” Then the ‘“ nerv- ous system,” the “nutrition of the tissues,’ the blood being lengthily described, followed by a general consideration of the circulation, respiration, food and digestion, internal secretions, and excretion of matter from the body. ‘‘ Reproduction” forms the last section, except an appendix, which treats of some ele- mentary facts of organic chemistry. The examination which we have been able to give this work has left a very favorable impression, as it appears that the essen- tials have been included, with nothing omitted except the pad- ding which in some text-books of physiology require a vast amount of reading to extract them, resulting in much confusion to students and those who do not have the time nor inclination to make the search for facts. We commend the work heartily in the sense that it reduces the study of physiology toa ‘‘ reasonable ”’ basis, and the author has done for the reader what is a difficult task upon his own account. Well printed, well bound, intelligently illustrated, Messrs. Keener have placed a “reasonable” physiology before the profession at a “‘ reasonable”’ price, $3.00 net. CONSIDERATION FOR THE HorskE.—‘‘ Would you mind walking the other way and not passing the horse?” said a cab- man with exaggerated politeness, to the fat lady who had just paid the minimum fare. ‘‘ Why?” she inquired. ‘‘ Because if e sees wot ’e’s been carrying for ashilling ’e’ll ’ave a fit,” was the freezing answer.—(London Globe.) 1108 CORRESPONDENCE. CORRESPONDENCE. THE PRESENT STATUS OF VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE. PHILADELPHIA, December 21, 1905. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR SirsS:—‘‘ What is the present status of vaccination against tuberculosis of cattle?” This is a question that I am asked so frequently that I am persuaded that there is much in- terest in the subject and so I am sending you this communica- — tion for publication at this time, although I have in preparation a more exhaustive report. There is no need for reviewing here the history of vaccina- tion against tuberculosis and the successful early work in this direction that was done by Trudeau, de Schweinitz, Koch, McFadyean, Pearson and Gilliland, von Behring, Neufeldt, Schuetz, Klimmer, Hutyra, Friedman, Baumgarten and others. The question is as to the preseut status of the method. This subject was fully discussed at the VIIIth International Veterinary Congress held in September in Budapest and also received some attention at the International ‘Tuberculosis Congress held a month later in Paris. | It is agreed that the principle of the artificial immunization of cattle against tuberculosis is established. That it is possible to render cattle immune to tuberculosis cannot be doubted. A large volume of unquestioned results from reliable and inde- pendent sources lead one irresistibly to this conclusion. The experiments published by Pearson and Gilliland in the AMERI- CAN VETERINARY REVIEW in December, 1902, furnished con- clusive evidence on this point. This work has since been amply confirmed by numerous investigations. The most recent evidence comes from a Commission of French veterinarians as- sociated with Prof. Vallée. Under the direction of this dis- tinguished scientist, a number of cattle were vaccinated with | vaccine supplied by von Behring. ‘These vaccinated cattle, to- gether with unvaccinated controls were subsequently inoculated with tuberculosis and were exposed to natural infection. Re- cently, a part of the experimental cattle have been killed, and it is reported that most of those vaccinated had escaped infec- tion, while those unvaccinated were more or less infected. This additionally confirms the Pennsylvania work of 1902, precisely as the experiments of Hutyra, Eber, Lorenz, Koch, Schuetz it. aT eS CORRESPONDENCE. 1109 and Neufeldt have tended todo. But none of this work car- ries us much, if any, further toward the practical protection of cattle on farms. It merely strengthens an already proven point and does not show how long immunity will endure, nor does it point out the best or cheapest way to apply vaccination under practical conditions, z. e., the proper dosage, the best way to prepare the vaccine, whether to vaccinate once or oftener, the intervals that should be allowed between vaccinations, the ages at which vaccination may be applied safely and with success, etc. Moreover, the secondary or later effects of vaccination must be determined. On this point, there is already conflicting: and rather disquieting evidence from several European sources. Both Marks and Caspar report serious injury to calves as a re- sult of vaccination with von Behring’s vaccine. Marks, in- deed, claims that he has infected calves with this material. In a recent number of the Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift (Nov. 25th, 1905) Baron Aubier—Sunicken’s experience with von Behring’s vaccine is reported. He has had 120 calves vac- cinated each year for two years and now advises strongly against its use. He says that his calves have been actually poisoned. In the same issue of the above named periodical, a report appears on the work of an Italian Commission, somewhat similar to the French Commission, that has investigated von Behring’s vaccine. Four calves were reported on; all had been tested with tuberculin and did not react, two were then vaccinated and two were unvaccinated controls. The two vaccinated were in- oculated with a culture of tubercle bacilli from a tuberculous cow. When killed, one showed lesions of tuberculosis at the point of inoculation ; the other showed lesions at the point of inoculation and also lesions in a mediastinal gland and in one lung. Of the two controls, one was inoculated with a supposedly virulent culture of bovine tubercle bacilli furnished by von Behring and showed no lesion whatever. [If this culture had been used ona vaccinated animal it would have been like test- ing armour plate with putty bullets.] The other unvaccinated control was inoculated with material from a tuberculous cow, the same as was used for testing the two vaccinated calves, and was found upon autopsy to be infected at the point of inocula- tion and in the correlated lymphatic glands, but the distribution of lesions appears to have been less extensive than in one of the vaccinated animals similarly inoculated. Other cattle in this experiment remain to be slaughtered. The result, however, was . 1110 CORRESPONDENCE, similar to that in an experiment of Hutyra, wherein one of his cattle vaccinated with von Behring’s material succumbed to tuberculosis following test inoculation quite as readily as ani- mals not vaccinated. So the reports conflict, and it is not surprising that the In- ternational Veterinary Congress refused to endorse vaccination as a reliable protective measure, but, instead, by formal resolu- tion, recommended that public funds be made available for further testing this method under practical conditions and de- clared: ‘Until the field of usefulness of vaccination against tuberculosis is established the continued employment of the sanitary measures proven to be successful must be regarded as essential,” The work of Koch, Schuetz, Neufeldt and Meissner and the work of Hutyra reported at Budapest confirmed the work of Pearson and Gilliland and denoted strongly that a fresh, fluid vaccine, as has given such excellent results in Pennsylvania, is more potent, and is safer for the operator, than the dry vaccine of von Behring. Altogether, the discussion was encouraging to those who are working in this field, but it showed clearly that the process is as yet only on a tentative and experimental footing. No one yet knows the end results of vaccination and there can be no doubt that far better methods are developing than are yet available. It was also made clear that a certain claim as to 30,000 suc- cessful vaccinations means merely that this number of cattle have been vaccinated without having been killed or materially injured in alarge percentage of cases. Whether they will ulti- mately be injured or whether they are protected against tuber- culosis only time can tell. LEONARD PEARSON. VETERINARY SURGERY. The skilful surgeon is he who can successfully prepare a subject for the mechanical applications of veterinary science. : GRAND RApPIps, MICH., Dec. 12, 1905, Editors American Veterinary Review: DEAR SIRS :—We have come to look upon the REVIEW as authority regarding all live topics of our chosen profession, yet we occasionally find an article from the pen of some member of the profession who does not seem to understand the subject at hand in its many phases. CORRESPONDENCE. ye hb A member of the A. V. M. A., in a paper read at their last meeting in Cleveland, entitled ‘‘ Accidents and Sequel of Sur- gical Operations,” has enumerated many complications of a serious nature following his surgical career of the last seventeen years. When we turn to page 700 of the AMERICAN VETERI- NARY REVIEW, for October, and read his argument we are not at all surprised at the results of his work. He says: “In securing horses in the recumbent position, either one of two principles must be followed: The /vs¢ is to secure the legs in the flexed position, and the second is to fasten them in the ertended position. ‘The various harnesses and side-lines have for their objects the securing of the limbs in the flexed position, while the English hopples and the operating tables aim to fasten them /w/ly extended. When using the former, the legs must be flexed firmly and secured upon the pelvis, so as to place the strong muscles entirely ‘out of commission.’ The error which leads to this accident is that allowing the legs to remain half extended, thus making a fulcrum for leverage out of the hopples and ropes by leaving the legs in a convenient position to admit a free and forcible use of the large muscles. With the operating table or EAuglish hopples the fulcrum is transferred to such a great distance from the body as to extzrely eliminate the forcibility of such a serious result as fracture of the spinal column. Ve have yet to have occur, or to learn of, a single accident of this character, where the restraining method respected either one of these two principles (the English hopple or the operating table), But when they are disregarded, the ac- cident will, I assure you, occur with uncomfortable frequency.” Surely the Doctor has been the victim of the “ Printers’ Devil’; we cannot believe that he would lead us back to a _method which has been so disastrous and which is so vividly de- picted in Fleming’s ‘‘Surgery.” If the Doctor will turn to page 48, ‘Operative Surgery,” by Dr. Geo. Fleming, C. B., L. L. D., F. R. C. V. S., he will find that this noted veterinarian, too, had much the same experience as he, resulting in fourteen vertebral fractures. The Doctor will also find that Fleming, too, used the ‘“‘ Eng- lish hopple,’” which he recommends as being superior to a method which will flex the limbs. We have had ten years added to our experience over that of the writer, making twenty-seven years, and have cast more than a thousand cryptorchid (ridgling) horses for the well-known abdominal operation, without a single accident, tosay nothing of ~ a . 1112 CORRESPONDENCE. the thousands of other operations upon both horses and cattle, with but two accidents; one, a mare, twenty-eight years old, thrown for tibial neurectomy, crossed her hind legs just as the word “‘ pull” was given, falling while thus entangled, breaking her femur. The other was a fractious yearling colt; our secur- ing apparatus was adjusted and at the word “pull” he reared, falling over backwards, fracturing his skull. 4 We have operated in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan, with uniform results, and have always used the first method, “ flexed position,” as mentioned in the REVIEW. Further, Mr. Editor, we have come to the conclusion that fractures and other injuries to horses from casting are the “‘se- quelz” of poor tutorage, poor judgment and bad management on the part of those concerned. We have cast horses ina 8x1oft. box, on an 8x12 rostrum,and on a smooth cement floor, for abdom- inal operations, with uniform good results, but would not secure an old sub. for dissecting with the “English hopple” from a humane point of view. We have not only read in Fleming’s work, page 48, of frac- tured “spinal column,” but have known of a goodly number oc- curring where veterinarians had hoppled all four feet together as a means of surgical restraint, and the man who says that hop- pling all four feet together, as is done with the English hopple, “transfers the fulcrum to such a distance from the body as to entirely eliminate the possibility of a fracture of the spinal column” is not well up in “geometry,” to say the least, as all of our observations have been exactly the reverse, and we have never before heard of a broken spinal column from any other ~ method than that practiced by the “‘ English hopple,” so called. L. L. CONKEY. HE CARBOLIC ACID TREATMENT FOR TETANTS. MircHeti, Sovran Daxora, Dec. i9, 1905. by Drs. Merillet in the December REVIEW on “ Present-Day Knowledge of T The many specimens were long studied by the veterinarians and students, each feeling more fully impressed with the import- ance and growth of this branch of tne Bureau service and appre- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1125 ciating the privilege of having so close at hand the opportunity of observing the efficient inspection system under the masterful direction of Dr. Bennett. The visitors were extended the courtesy of a visit to all parts of the plant and considerable time was spent on the various kill- ing floors studying inspection methods. This with a second visit during the evening to the Horse Show terminated another very pleasant and instructive session of the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association. F. F. BRowN, Secretary. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. RESIDENT STATE SECRETARIES, 1905-1906. President Lowe announces the following appointments. United States. Alabama—W. B. Fleming, Montgomery. Alaska— Arizona—J. C. Norton, Phoenix. Arkansas—R. R. Dinwiddie, Fayetteville. California—Archibald R. Ward, Berkeley. Colorado—George H. Glover, Fort Collins. Connecticut—George W. Loveland, Torrington. Delaware—H. P. Eves, Wilmington. District of Columbia—A. D. Melvin, Department of Agri- culture, Washington. Florida—J. G. Hill, 324 Forsythe Street, Jacksonville. Georgia— Hawaii—W. T. Monsarrat, Honolulu. Idaho— Illinois—L. A. Merillat, 1827 Wabash Avenue, Chicago. Indiana—G. H. Roberts,214 N. Meridian Street, Indianapolis. Iowa—H. C. Simpson, Denison. Kansas—Charles H. Jewell, Fort Riley. Kentucky—D. A. Piatt, Lexington. Louisiana—Robert A. Phillips, Plaquemine. Maine—A. Joly, Waterville. Maryland—Dickinson Gorsuch, Glencoe. Massachusetts—Francis Abele, Jr., Quincy. Michigan—S. Brenton, 121 Alexandrine Avenue, Detroit. Minnesota—K. J. McKenzie, Northfield. Mississippi—W. R. Edwards, Vicksburg. 1126 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Missouri—W. S. Cass, St. Louis. Montana—M. E. Knowles, Helena. Nebraska—H. L. Ramacciotti, 856 S. 28th Street, Omaha. Nevada—J. Otis Jacobs, 120 West Avenue, Reno. New Hampshire—Lemuel Pope, Jr., Portsmouth. New Jersey—James T. Glennon, 109 Plane Street, Newark. New Mexico— New York—J. F. Devine, Goshen. North Carolina—A. S. Wheeler, Biltmore. North Dakota—B. O. Minge, Langdon. Ohio—Pau] Fischer, Columbus. Oklahoma—Harry F. Steele, Eighth Cavalry, Fort Sill. Oregon—J. H. Creamer, Portland. Pennsylvania—Otto G. Noack, 54 S. Sixth Street, Reading. Philippines—G. E. Nesom, Dept. of Agriculture, Manila. Porto Rico and Cuba—N. S. Mayo, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Rhode Island—Thomas E. Robinson, Westerly. South Carolina—Louis A. Klein, Clemson College. South Dakota—E. L. Moore, Brookings. Tennessee—George R. White, Nashville. Texas—W. A. Knight, Houston. Utah— Vermont—F. A. Rich, Burlington. Virginia—John Spencer, Blacksburg. Washington— Maynard Rosenberger, Pullman. West Virginia—Leon N. Reefer, 1321 Chapline Street, Wheeling. | Wisconsin—Charles Schmitt, Dodgeville. Wyoming— Canada. British Columbia—S. F. Tolmine, Victoria. Manitoba—F. Torrence, Winnipeg. Northern Territory—J. F. Burnett, Macleod. Nova Scotia—W. H. Pethick, Antigonish. Ontario—J. H. Tennent, London. . Quebec—A. A. Etienne, Saint Hyacinthe. South America. Argentine Republic—Pedro L,. del Carril, Buenos Ayres. Australia. South Australia—J. Desmond, Adelaide. SOCIETY MEETINGS. LI VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK COUNTY. The regular monthly meeting was called to order December 6, at 8.30 P. M., Dr. J. E. Ryder in the chair. Roll-call was dis- pensed with. The minutes of the previous meeting were adopted as read. Members present :—Drs. R. W. Ellis, J. E. Ryder, C. E. Clayton, Roscoe R. Bell, J. L. Robertson, A. O’Shea, T. A. Keller, R. S. Mackeller, T. G. Sherwood, Robert Dickson, R. W. McCully and D. J. Mangan. Jl7sztors -—Students of the New York-American Veterinary College. Dr. Dickson had several specimens, which were very inter- esting. One was a large piece of joist which a polo pony, while kicking in the stall, drove into its back. The Doctor removed the piece of wood and the animal lived for a day or two. On post-mortem he found the eighth rib broken, the lung severed, and the diaphragm and liver punctured. Dr. Dickson’s other specimens were removed from a horse which had distemper and recovered. A few days after he dis- charged the case he was called and found the animal lifting one and then the other hind leg; the penis was considerably swollen and the horse was unable to urinate. The case looked like one of paraphimosis. Examining the animal the next day, he found a calculus, about the size of a marble, lodged near the ex- ternal opening of the urethra; this the Doctor removed, and a large quantity of urine was immediately passed. Some time after, Dr. Dickson was again sent for. When he arrived at the stable he found the same symptoms present as before. This time he removed a large stringy foreign body from the urethra, which relieved the animal at once. The specimens were exam- ined by all present, and it was agreed that the stringy body was a thickened portion of the lining membrane of the urethra. Dr. Ryder reported a case of a horse down in a straight stall, showing a remarkable muscular paralysis of the entire body. Profuse perspiration, temperature 109°, pulse 106, respiration 126 per minute. Three times during an hour the animal showed all the symptoms of dying, respiration being suspended for several seconds. Strange tosay, the next morning the horse was up looking fairly bright and ate about two quarts of oats for its breakfast, and at present is working every day. Dr. Ryder would like to know the cause of this phenomenon. ‘The Doctor promised to report this case in full for publication. 1128 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The report of the Treasurer for the past session (1904-1905) was accepted as read. Dr. Clayton regularly moved that the Association reimburse the College for a blanket which has been lost. Dr. Clayton stated his reasons for this motion. The motion was duly sec- onded and carried. Next in order was the election of officers for the coming year. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell was unanimously elected President of the Association. Dr. Chas. E. Clayton was likewise elected Vice-President. Dr. D. J. Mangan was reélected Secretary and Treasurer. Dr. Bell then took the chair, and in a short address advo- cated the reviving of the question-box, and a display of more enthusiasm in the matter of papers and reports of cases. Regarding the subject of illegal practicing in Greater New York, he advised the publication of a register showing all those who are licensed and entitled to practice. Several members promised to procure copies of the veterinary registers in the dif- ferent counties of Greater New York. Meeting adjourned. D. J. MANGAN, Secretary. OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The next annual session of the Ohio State Veterinary Medi- cal Association will be held at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, on Tuesday and Wednesday, January 16 and 17, 1906. Many interesting papers are promised ; and as for the clinics, the reputation of the past is sufficient guarantee that its high standard will be maintained. AIl graduate veterinarians are in- vited, and those not members and are eligible to membership, we should be pleased to receive their applications. Wo. H. GRIBBLE, Secretary. DURING the discussion as to the best means to prosecute il- legal practitioners at the December meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County, it was shown that funds would be necessary, and Secretary D. J. Mangin very mag- nanimously contributed his yearly salary as Secretary ($50) for the purpose. This generous donation should stimulate others to ‘get the habit.” NEWS AND ITEMS. 1129 NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. J. H. Hanna, Burlington, Kansas, has recently com- pleted a very fine hospital and is engaged in equipping it with the latest and best appliances for carrying on a general veter- inary practice. Mrs. Dr. A. H. BAKER, of Chicago, was an exhibitor at the Madison Square Cat Show, New York, the first of this month. Her principal exhibit was Champion “ Hawthorne,” and she was well up in the ribbons. Dr. J. V. LADDEy, formerly Inspector, B. A. I., has just re- turned from the Philippine Islands, where he has been engaged in sanitary inspection work for the Insular Board of Health. He is at present stopping at his home in Arlington, N. J. Dr. E. H. SHEPARD, Cleveland, O, made a professional call to southwest Kansas in the early part of December. While ex route he stopped off at Kansas City and took notes as to where the meeting of the A. V. M. A. might be held in 1907. Dr. J. F. DEVINE, Goshen, N. Y., frequently attends meet- ings of the Orange County Medical Society, as an invited guest, remaining to the banquet on the 5th ult., which he report great- ly enjoying. We commend this example to all veterinarians. Dr. LEwIs R. BAKER, recently in charge of the U. S. In- spection Service at So. St. Joseph, Mo., has been given charge of the larger station at Kansas City. Dr. Ditewig, of Cincin- nati, succeeded him at St. Joseph. fs WE acknowledge receipt of the proceedings of the eighteenth annual session of the Louisiana State Agricultural Society and the seventh of the Louisiana Stock-Breeders Association, held at Shreveport, La., March 14-16, 1905, through the courtesy of Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, the dual Secretary. “THE BULLETIN OF THE KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COL- LEGE” for September—October is received and contains many interesting articles by members of the faculty and alumni, to- gether with pages of personalties concerning alumni and stu- dents. FP Dr. JuL1us HvELSON, Inspector-in-charge, B. A. I., Jersey City, N. J., and Professor of Cattle Pathology at the New York- American Veterinary College, accompanied by Mrs. Huelson and a party of friends, visited Cuba the early part of December, and he reports having enjoyed the sea-trip very much. Dr. B. C. Davis, for some time an Inspector on the B. A. I. in South Dakota, was married to Miss Margaret Brown, of Car- 1130 NEWS AND ITEMS. rollton, Mo., December 20. After a short wedding trip to the Doctor’s former home in Mississippi, he will locate in Carrollton and enter into general practice. Dr. A. L. BAILEY, formerly of Lowell, Mass., now of Poca- tello, Idaho, was married to Miss Florence Boob, November 25, at the home of the bride’s parents in Kansas City, Mo. Dr. Bailey is in charge of the U. S. Inspection Station at Pocatello, Idaho, to which place he will return following the wedding journey to the Doctor’s old home at Lowell. A TELEGRAM from Marseilles, France, states that ‘‘all the horses belonging to the Wild West show of Col. W. F. Cody were killed Dec. 7. Although the government veterinarians had certified that glanders had been entirely eradicated from the stud, Col. Cody and his partner, James A. Bailey, decided on this radical measure in order to allay the fears of the farmers regarding the spread of the disease.” Dr. W. D. CRITCHERSON, one of the oldest and most suc- cessful practitioners of New York City, has retired from active practice, and has, we understand, purchased a farm in Virginia, whither he will remove and lead the quiet and dignified life of a country gentleman. His professional friends wish him long life to enjoy his well-earned respite from the exactions of routine practice. MARRIAGES.—J. M. Parks, M. D. C., of Chicago, Sept. 12, to Miss Edith Winifred Coffin. - - - Oscar S. Phelps, M. D. C., Beaver Dam, Wis., Oct. 25, to Miss Martha F. Can- dess, Clear Lake, South. Dakota. - - - Harvey A. Alcorn, M. D. C., Harlan, Iowa, Nov. 28, to Miss Margaret Moore. - - -. B. W:. Murphy, M. D. C., B. A. I., Southitigiesenh, tian recently, to Miss Annie Elizabeth Stuppy. Dr. LEONARD PEARSON, of Philadelphia, delivered a most interesting lecture before the January meeting of the Veteri- nary Medical Association of New York County on “ The VIIIth International Veterinary Congress,’ and the large audience was delighted with his graphic description of the social and scien- tific aspects of the great veterinary event. Incidentally he was elected an honorary member of the Society. Dr. W. H. DALRYMPLE, of the Louisiana Agricultural Ex- periment Station, has a letter in the Breeder's Gazette of Dec. 27, on “Opening South American Trade.” His aim is to show that it would be vastly to the advantage of the Spanish Amer- icans to buy Southern cattle immune to Texas fever, rather than to purchase non-immune British animals and run the risk of " - — Ss NEWS AND ITEMS. 1131 ieee Se eee ee losing them soon after arrival from the disease “ tristeza,” which is identical to our Southern tick fever. PRoF. FRANZ MUELLER, emeritus director of the Royal Vet- erinary Institute of Vienna, Austria, Knight and holder of the Francis Joseph, Leopold, Sava and other medals, died Oct. 16, at the age of 89. He was a prominent educator and advo- cate of higher education in his country, and was the author of an authoritative work entitled “The Exterior and Conforma- tion of the Horse”. He was the father-in-law of Prof. John Esoker, of the Royal Veterinary Institute of Vienna, author of a text-book on veterinary jurisprudence. THE NEw York ZOGLOGICAL SOCIETY, which controls the New York Zodlogical Park at One Hundred and EKighty-third Street and Southern Boulevard, has appropriated a liberal sum for a new pathological laboratory, hospital, pharmacy and library, the plans of which are now in the hands of the architects for final corrections. ‘The contracts for the buildings will be let in a few weeks, and Dr. W. Reid Blair, the veterinarian in charge, writes that it is expected that the additions will be ready for occupancy by the early spring. ‘‘ Gone—yet memory makes my twilight blest. I see thy face, I hear thy bark, And in the deep heart of my breast Thy dearest presence lingers long.’’ * * * ‘“ Ah, but we miss thee here, pet ; Our eyes grow dim ; We see thy picture thro’ a veil of tears; The world seems wrapped in fog, Its brightness half gone out without thee, Our pet, our friend, our dog”’ * * * Dr. R. H. McMuLLEN, of Buffalo, N. Y., will sail from Seattle, Washington, on Jan. 6, for Manila, Philippines, where he will resume his duties as veterinarian for the Bureau of In- sular Affairs of the War Department. Dr. McMullen has been spending several months at his home, after having served about two years in the Archipelago. In writing to have his REVIEW sent to Manila he says: “I would not care to be without your valuable publication while in the Archipelage, as its columns are the best means by which we ‘exiles’ keep in touch with the progress of our noble profession in the Homeland.” RODERICK McLEoD CAMERON, a wealthy resident of Staten Island, has begun a test suit against the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which exacts of all owners 1132 NEWS AND ITEMS. of dogs in Greater New York an annual tax of two dollars, one dollar being the fee for renewals. For many years this fee has been paid by dog owners with a feeling that it was unjust; that a citizen should not be compelled to pay a tax to support a private corporation, and Mr. Cameron is joined in his fight by many disgruntled owners. The Society will vigorously con- test the suit. The outcome will be watched with interest. THE MAINE BOARD OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS have issued a list of all persons who have a legal right to practice veterinary surgery, medicine and dentistry in the State of Maine. They issued three forms of certificates: (A) To graduates who were practicing in the State February 22, 1905, and graduates who pass the examination of the Board; (B) To non-graduates who were practicing when the act was approved (Feb. 22); (C) To non-graduates who were practicing dentistry when the act was approved. As a result there have been registered : (A) Graduates, 36; (B) Non-graduates, 51; (C) Non-graduate den- tists, 8. Total, 95. Dr. A. Joly, Waterville, is Secretary of the Board. RAISING A DISCOURAGED HorskE.—Dr. F. D. Rodifer, of Constantine, Michigan, writes giving a novel means of raising a discouraged horse from a persistent recumbent position. The case as related is as follows: A heavy draft horse, down and un- able to rise from lymphangitis, a large abscess having formed, and the owner had ordered him destroyed. By way of experi- ment seven and one-half grains of barium chloride, dissolved in one dram of water, were injected hypodermically under the mane, and the abscess was opened. In three minutes the horse jumped up and ran off, straining and stooling at every jump. He returned to camp next day very much improved, and went to work again in a week with no other treatment.—(Chzcago Veterinary College Bulletin.) LONDON’s ANIMAL HospItTaL.—A building a short distance from Victoria station, London, has been converted into a hospi- talfor animals. It is divided into wards with rows of padded benches, neat boxes, or comfortable stalls. Thesick animals of the city will be brought here. Only a portion of the building can be fitted up now, as $25,000 more is needed to complete the work. Inorder to help raise this, 2,000 churches in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man. and the Channel Islands, made a recent Sunday “ Animal Sunday.” Packages of litera- ture telling about the work were distributed by boys and girls. The preachers spoke on the subject of kindness to animals, NEWS AND ITEMS. 1133 pleading with their people to help raise the money to complete the hospital. Dr. Roscoe R. BELL, the newly-elected President of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County, has entered upon his duties with a righteous determination to en- thuse the membership to greater attendance and more interest in the programme. In his remarks upon assuming office he made an earnest appeal to each one present to attend the Janu- ary meeting himself and bring one other member or visitor with him, or as many as possible, but certainly one. He point- ed out that with the vast veterinary population of the Metropo- lis, the very largest and best meetings could be held one evening inevery month of any location in this country, or possible in the world—if the members of the profession would but appreciate their grand opportunity. It was also proposed to take up the question of illegal practitioners during the winter, and do what is possible to rid the community of every individual who is practi- cing without the legal right to do so. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE (purified, not the Epsom Salts of commerce), is being experimented with by medical men asa local anesthetic. Dr. Samuel J. Meltzer, of New York, read a paper on the subject before the New York Academy of Medi- cine on December 7. He has found that it is capable of pro- ducing profound anzesthesia—local anzesthesia when injected- subcutaneously, and anesthesia of the lower portions of the body when injected within the meninges of the spinal cord. One cubic centimetre (about a quarter of a teaspoonful) of a 25 per cent. solution to each 25 pounds of the patient’s weight injected within the spinal meninges is the average amount of the drug required. While not entirely free from danger, it is only the respiration that may be affected injuriously ; the cir- culation is unaffected. The rachidian injection of the salt was used in a case of tetanus in a boy at Roosevelt Hospital, and was followed by recovery. HorsE INCREASES WITH AUTOMOBILE.—Faris, Dec. 1.— M. Lavalard, one of the directors of the great Paris company controlling the omnibus traffic, has just delivered a lecture in which he declares that the more automobiles that are manufac- tured the greater will be the number of horses. M. Lavalard contends that automobilism accustoms men to rapid traveling with the consequence that purchasers of horses seek a swift animal. M. Lavalard alsosays that successive inventions, such as railways, have led to the transformation of the horse—not to 1134 NEWS AND ITEMS. its disappearance. He shows that since the advent of the Paris subway the Compagnie Générale des Omnibus has purchased some three thousand more horses, and that whereas there were in France 5,386 automobiles and a little more than three mil- lion horses in 1904, the numbers increased in 1905 to 17,407 automobiles and 4,227,850 horses.—(Sfeczal to New York Her- ald, Dec. 3.) [Novre.—M. Lavalard was elected an honorary member of the American Veterinary Medical Association at the meeting in Cleveland last August.—EpITor. | A VETERINARIAN’S EQUESTRIAN WIFE.—London, Dec. 16. —One of those rare sporting events in which a woman pits her jockeyship against that of a man was made at Epsom this week. Mrs. Aggio, wife of a well-known veterinary surgeon, and Mr.. W. Wyatt, of Epsom, made a match to ride a race over a mile course on the flat for £100($500) aside. The conditions were that the owners should be up, Mrs. Aggio, riding her six-year-old gray mare of sixteen hands; and Mr. Wyatt a gray gelding of fourteen hands. ‘The latter animal won in Ireland and also at Melton Mowbray. Mrs. Aggio went to scale at 11 stone and Mr. Wyatt at 9 stone 6 pound. With the weights so much in his favor, odds of 2 to 1 were laid on the man’s mount, but to the surprise of most of the spectators Mrs. Aggio won easily. Sending her mare to the front soon after the start, she made nearly all the running and scored a decisive victory by eight lengths. The event recalls other achievements of women in the saddle. Perhaps the most notable of recent years was when, last spring, Mrs. Frank Buckland, at the East Kent Point to Point Steeplechase, rode a good second to her hus- band.—(W. Y. Herald, Dec. 17.) VON BEHRING’S METHOD OF IMMUNIZATION ENDORSED.— In the Zeztschrift fuer Tiermedizin we find the report of Dr. Strelinger on the use of bovovaccine based upon an experience of three to three and a half years. Dr. Strelinger says, that he has been carrying on the bovovaccinations since 1902, and that altogether so far 880 calves have been submitted to this vacci- nation. He states distinctly, that in not a single case has he experienced unpleasant complications, which could have been traced to the bovovaccination itself. The bovovaccinated ani- mals have been tested clinically once every half year with tuberculin, and whilst a number have been killed meantime, 590 animals were submitted in August last to the tuberculin test, and only nine of them reacted. However, Dr. Strelinger does not say that these 1'% per cent. might be classified as having NEWS AND ITEMS. ng S35: contracted tuberculosis since the time they were bovovacci- nated, but to the fact, that already at the time a number of ani- mals older than four months were bovovaccinated, without ap- plying the tuberculin test, and that in quite a number of cases, the bovovaccinated ones reacted quite distinctly, from which he draws the conclusion that they were already tuberculous at the time. THE VETERINARY PROFESSION APPRECIATED.—The Far- mers Gazette refers in an appreciative way to the decision of the Royal University to establish a Bachelorate and Doctorate of Veterinary Science in connection with the University. Edi- torially, that influential journal says: ‘ The effect of this is to place the veterinary profession on precisely the same footing as law, medicine and engineering, and we think none will be found to cavil at the justice of the proceeding. ‘The surprise is that a vocation which exacts such a comprehensive course of study from its aspirant members should so long have lacked that university recognition which entitles it to rank among the ‘learned’ professions. The Royal University has reflected credit on itself by leading the way in this laudable direction, and there can be little doubt but the precedent set will sooner or later be followed by some of the chief English and Scotch universities.” The second sentence in the quotation would not apply to Toronto University, in that the Queen City isa flag- rant offender in casting its aegis over a second-rate school. In Manitoba, the University chaps are too busy watching the oppo- site sects to bother about such inferior (!) professions as agricul- ture or the veterinary. Why not a good strong veterinary ‘course outlined for the West, by the University of Manitoba in connection with the College of Agriculture ?—(Farmers’ Aduo- cate, Winnipeg, Man.) ENGLAND’S Doc LOVERS RALLY TO SAvE THEIR PETS FROM QUACK VETERINARIANS.—London, Dec. 2.._Dog owners have to be careful where they take their sick pets for treatment, ‘for it would appear that even in the eminently respectable West End of London serious danger lurks at the hands of to all out- ward appearances skilled, but bogus, dog doctors. So serious has the evil become that the National Canine Defence League has been forced to make strenuous efforts to bring to public no- tice the evils of administering to dogs so-called remedies com- pounded by unqualified practitioners. A letter which the Dazly Maz/ received from Mr. J. S. Hurndall, consulting veterinary surgeon to the league, points out that drugs advertised and sold 1136 NEWS AND ITEMS. as vermifuges, or worm destroyers, are in most cases the cause of serious injury to the dogs treated. ‘‘The growth of quack dog doctors and bogus medicines during the last few years has been simply appalling,” adds the Fellow of the Royal College of Vet- erinary Surgeons. ‘‘’ These dog specialists, as they call them- selves, are especially prevalent in the West End. ‘They are usually dog dealers with a good knowledge of canine habits, but an absolute ignorance of medicine. One of their favorite reme- dies is ground glass mixed with linseed meal or treacle and made into pills. This remedy, which is a survival of mediaeval prac- tice, cannot possibly do any good and generally sets up an acute irritation, frequently resulting in death. On one occasion three valuable dachshunde were brought to me in terrible agony, and in spite of all my efforts they died shortly after their arrival. I found that their owner had dosed them with a certain widely advertised syrup remedy, which in certain cases and in certain stages of the disease is poisonous.”——(.Sfeczal to N. Y. Herald, Dec; -3.) FRENCH EXPERIMENTS WITH VON BEHRING’S BOVOVAC- CINE SUCCESSFUL.—The Society of Practical Veterinary Medi- cine, of Paris, which is one of the most progressive bodies in that country, has recently concluded its experiments with von Behring’s Bovovaccine. Some time ago, we believe during the month of December, 1904, learning of the claims made by Prof. von Behring, in regard to his discovery of immunizing cattle against tuberculosis with his bovovaccine, they decided then to try and see whether the claims made were justified and whether its use could be applied in their country ; and in accordance _ with that resolution, they inoculated a number of calves with bovovaccine, and now Prof. Vallée, who is the natural succes- sor of Nocard, sustains the claims made by Prof. von Behring, inasmuch, that while the inoculated animals, together with the control animals, after being infected by both artificial and nat- ural means, on one side we have the animals that are alive, and which have received the injections with bovovaccine, en- tirely healthy and thriving, those that were killed, post-mortem examinations failed entirely to reveal the presence of any tubercle bacilli. All others of the infected ones, which have not received the treatment, have already either succumbed to the effects of the disease, or are in a very poor condition. A cable to the Chicago Dazly News, speaking of this matter, says: ““ Pavis, Dec. gth, 7905.—Experiments just finished at Melun, near Paris, are believed to prove conclusively the truth of Prof. NEWS AND ITEMS. ip et, Behring’s statement, that he is able to render cattle immune to tuberculosis. . Prof. Vallée, the best-known veterinary sur- geon in France, inoculated twenty cows with Prof. Behring’s bovovaccine and then submitted them to the conditions of infec- tion. An autopsy performed on these animals has proven them entirely without tuberculous lesion of any sort. On the con- trary, twenty other cows submitted to the same conditions with- out prior inoculation with bovovaccine, all showed profound lesions, a number of them dying and others being found in ad- vanced stages of the disease. This brilliant successful result revives the hope that the experiments now being prepared with a view to human inoculations will have the same happy out- come when put to the test next February.” DR PEARSON’S IMPRESSIONS OF EUROPEAN CONGRESSES. —In an interview published in the Philadelphia Pudic Ledger of recent date, Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian of Penn- sylvania, dean of the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania, spoke as follows: “The Eighth International Veterinary Congress held at Budapest was a great success. It had 1400 members from thirty countries. The membership was made up very largely of official delegates from universities, veterinary schools, municipalities and States. The congress was welcomed and entertained by the Archduke Joseph and the Hungarian Government, and the meetings were held in the House of Parliament. Seven days were devoted to the hearing of papers and discussions on the causes, prevention and cure of diseases of animals and on the promotion of animal husbandry. My chief interest was in the discussion on the vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis. In connection with this I reported on the work in this line that has been conducted by the Penn- sylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board. Studies of this subject have been carried on by several investigators in Europe. The concensus of the opinion was to the effect that this discovery is destined to be of great practical value. More extensive studies, and I think I may safely say more pro- ductive studies, because of broader scope, have been made in this subject here in Pennsylvania than elsewhere, and it was most gratifying to find that the researches recently made at the German Institute for the Study of Infectious Diseases and at the Veterinary College in Berlin, which were reported at Buda- pest by Prof. Robert Koch and by Professor Schutz, have con- firmed the higher efficiency of the method that we have devel- oped as compared with that of von Behring. The importance I ilaie NEWS AND ITEMS. of the subjects discussed at this meeting is indicated by the fact that infectious and preventable diseases of animals cause in the United States losses aggregating from $150,000,000 to $200,000- ooo each year, and upon veterinary protection from disease depends the prosperity and integrity of the vast animal indus- try which represents an investment of $3,600,000,000 in this country aud which produces an annual revenue of almost $2,000- 000,000. The enormous responsibillity resting on them was thoroughly appreciated by the members of the congress, and the discussions were carried on with a dignity, seriousness and scien- tific spirit that were quite in harmony with this responsibility. At the Tuberculosis Congress in Paris one of the questions that received much attention was -the relationship of bovine to human tuberculosis. The position that has been held by the scientific students of this question in this country was sustained, and it is now generally agreed that it is not only possible that tuberculosis may pass from cattle to man, but that proof of such passage is fully established. Of course, no one holds that this is the chief or even one of the most important sources of human infection, but it has nevertheless been shown to have existed in 14 per cent. and in 30 per cent. of different series of cases studied by German and English commissions respectively. So the danger is one that must be guarded against. Something of a popular sensation was made in Paris by Prof. von Behring, who announced that he had discovered a cure for consumption. But as he did not follow the usual custom of scientists and inform his colleagues as to the nature of his discovery and the facts upon which his claims are based the general view was that one should reserve opinion until he presents evidence to support his claims. The world has been disappointed so often in such mat- ters that one is not justified in accepting such statements with- out positive proof. While one is naturally predisposed to believe the claim on account of von Behring’s position and great achievements we must not forget that Koch, a man greater than von Behring, sadly disappointed the world a few years ago by the premature announcement of a cure for tuberculosis that did not give the results that were expected. And von Behring has made claims and statements on other occasions that are not now accepted and are believed by men competent to judge to be un- sound. Moreover, the commercial instinct is more highly developed in von Behring than in any other contemporary scien- tist. So, for the present, I shall neither reject nor accept his statement, but shall hope that he may be able to sustain it.” VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 1139 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places of meet- ing, and Secretaries’ names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medical Associations of the Un ited States and Canada. Secretaries are re- quested to see that their organizations are properly included in the list. Name of Organization. American V. M. Assn ....... Vet. Med. Ass’n of N. J Connecticut V. M. Ass’n...... New York S. V. M. Soc’y... Schuylkill Valley V. M. A.... Passaic Co V. M. Ass’n Texas V. M. Ass’n... ~seees see eee se eee see ee et ee eee Michigan State V. M. Ass’n... Alumni Ass’n N, Y.-A. V.C.. Illinois State V M. Ass’n Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad..... I}linois V. M. and Surg. A... Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba....... North Carolina V. M. Ass’n.. eentasio Vet, Ass'n.,........- V. M. Ass’n New York Co.... Ohio State V. M. Ass’n....... Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n.. Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n..... Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n... Iowa State V. M. Ass’n....... Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n Pennsylvania State V. M. A... Keystone V. M. Ass’n wwe Colorado State V. M. Ass’n... Missouri Valley V. Ass’n ..... Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n... North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.... California State V. M. Ass’n... Southern Auxiliary of Califor- -, nia State V. M. Ass’n.... _ South Dakota V. M. A Nebraska V. M. Ass’n Kansas State V. M. Ass’n.... | Ass’n Médécale Veternaire mrancatse “S“\aval’....... Alumni Association A. V. Col.. _ Province of Quebec V. M.A... Kentucky V. M. Ass’n....... Wolverine State V. M. Ass’n.. Washington State Col. V. M. A. Ohio Valley V. M. Ass’n..... lowa Nebraska V. M. Ass’n.. Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n.. .|Jan, 1o-11, *| June and Dec. Date of Next Meeting. Place of Meeting ] Name and Address Secretary. Aug, 21-24, ’06|N. Haven, Ct. Jan. 11, 1906. | Trenton, “Sept.,1906. | Bufialo, “Monthly, |Paterson, N. J. ee at) Dallas. Monthly Boston. Ref oecuriaie OMewas | Feb 6,7, 1906; Lansing April, 1906, 141 W. 54thSt Call of Pres’t, | Sheboygan. Jan., 1906, Decatur, | “ist Wed. Oct. | Jan.16-17'06. | Columbus, . Ist Wed,ea.mo | Pittsburgh. Jan, 9-11, ’06, | ; 'o6.| St. Paul, Maree mOO0, \|>.. .....). sat 2d Tues. Dec. | Philadelphia. IstMon,inJune} Denver. Feb, 12-13, ’06 | Kansas City. Providence, January, 1906, Fargo. |Mch. Je.Sep, Dc/San Francisco Jan. Apl. Jy, Oct.) Los Angeles, July, 1906. Brookings. January 10, Topeka, 1st & 3d Thur, |Lect. R’m La- of each month, |val Un'y Mon. April each yr. | New York Mon, & Que. ey em ee PO ee OC Pullman, Wa. es oe Evansville, I’d 000 ©» 6B emee mofo «0 «eo © © 6m ee © €d 00 6 eC emmmme le ce ee 2 0 es See \J. J. Repp Phila., Pa. W.H_ Lowe, Paterson. B. K. Dow, Willimantic. G, T, Stone, Binghamton. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. H.K, Berry, Paterson, N J. E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie, F. J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass C. L. Blakely, Augusta, A, E. James, Ottawa. Judson Black, Richmond. |W. C. Miller, N Y. City. F. H. Karr, Pana. Ss Beattie, Madison, J. M. Reed, Mattoon. F. Torrance, Winnipeg. T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, .|C H. Sweetapple, Toronto. D. J. Mangan. N. Y. City. W H. Gribble,Wash’nC.1. F, Weitzell, Allegheny. F, F, Brown, Kansas City. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta,N.Y. H. C. Simpson, Denison, Ian J. G. Annand, Minneapolis. C, J. Marshall, Philadelphia A. W, Ormeston, 102 Her- man St., Germantown,!a M. J. Woodlifie, Denver, B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City T.E. Robinson, Westerly, R 1 E, J. Davidson, Grand Forks P. H. Browning, San Jose. H.D. Fenimore, Los Angeles E. L. Moore Brookings. Hans Jenson, Weeping W ater Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina. J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. F. R. Hanson, N. Y. City. Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q. D A. Piatt, Lexington. W. W. Thorburn. Wm. D. Mason. Pullman. J W. Moses, Mt. Vernon, Ind. A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance, foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; single copies, 25 cents. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. THE REVERE RUBBER COMPANY on page 27 (adv. dept.) call attention to a beautiful calendar that they offer to REVIEW readers who may desire to have it grace their offices, and express that desire in a letter to the company as instructed. TRAGLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY on the top of page 27 (adv. dept.) have a very attractive collection of floats, files, rasps, etc., and will be pleased to send an illustrated catalogue to any REVIEW reader that requests it. EIMER AND AMEND, closing in rapidly on its three score years of establishment, are still doing business at the old stand, and extending their usual courtesy to their many and appreciative patrons. Do ALL VETERINARIANS APPRECIATE the value and convenience of the BUNTIN DRUG COMPANY’S VETERINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE? Jf so, not one will be without it; for with its several needles and a dozen little vials filled with soluble tablets of alkaloids suited to the veteri- narian’s requirements, it gives one the feeling of being ‘‘ fully armed ”’ and ‘‘ eager for the fray.”’ WE have frequently had inquiries from the REvrEW readers as to where they could get an ambulance, and were at a loss to tell them ; but our ‘‘ bulletins’’ for some months back have been complete even to veterinary ambulances. So that all that a veterinarian desiring to pur- chase an ambulance need do, is to turn to page 22 (adv. dept.) of the REVIEW and secure the name and address of one of the finest designers and builders of ambulances in the country, viz. : RECH-MARBAKER Co. ON the page opposite the above adv., veterinarians will find some- thing to interest them in Awnvi-Ir1s, the product of a New England laboratory. SANITAS PREPARATIONS ARE STANDARD, and have stood the test of time. They can have no stronger recommendation. WILLIAM R. JENKINS that enterprising veterinary book publisher who has for a decade made New York the headquarters for veterinary publications, continues to place before the veterinary profession of America (regardless of expenditure in its accomplishment) the very highest grade of veterinary works and text-books ; printed on the best paper procurable, and handsomely bound. His list on page 12 (adv. dept.) is especially attractive. REVIEWS 1905 WANTED. The REVIEW publishers will pay 25 cents a piece for copies of the REVIEW of July. September and October, 1905. Address RoBT. W. ELLs, Bus. Mgr., 509 West 152d Street, New York. THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY Specialists in the manufacture of STANDARD PHARMACEUTICALS, such as, U. S. P. Assayed and Standardized Fluid Extracts, Tinctures, Medicinal Syrups, Elixirs, Spirits, Wines, Cordials, Powders, Pastes, Embrocations, Lozenges, Hypodermic and Compressed Tablets, Surgical Dressings and Bandages, etc. oP) AYE ee VETRINOL SYRUP OF (Veterinary Unguentine). Ideal antiseptic astringent ointment for EUCALYPTUS COMPOUND. Burns, Sores and Inflammatory Skin diseases. For the treatment of oe. VETRINOL DUSTING POWDER. Coughs, Bronchitis, Laryn- A dry dressing for Saddle and Collar Galls gitis Pneumonia. etc in and all open sores on animals. ’ J *) horses, cattle and dogs. Endorsed and prescribed : by prominent veterinarians, SAN-KREO. with remarkably successful A synthetic antiseptic results. | and disinfectant—non-car- | | bolic—non-poisonous. One | | | part to 100 of water makes KAODERMA. a safe, effective germicide A soothing, antiphlogis- | for treating all live stock. tic preparation, composed | of Dehydrated Aluminum | Silicate, Boric Acid, Salol, ZEMACOL (Eczema Colloid). ‘ A specific for all eczematous conditions of Gaultheria and Eucalyptus, | cutaneous surfaces. combined with chemically CAPSICOL (Solidified Embrocation). The best and handiest counter-irritant. Takes the place of liniments, blisters, etc. THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY Main Offices: NORWICH, NEW YORK. NEW YORK OFFICE: 70 and 72 Fulton St. Branches: NEW YORK and CHICAGO. Phone 3028 John. pas- We make a specialty of preparing Private Formulas. Send yours in and get our prices. Write us for’complete price catalogue, listing all goods of our make. pure Glycerine. | CREOGEN-MARTIN (The Veterinarians Antiseptic.) Is invaluable in the surgical treatment of Bur- satti or summer sores, actinomycosis, fistulous withers, poll evil, trephining of the nasal and facial sinuses of the head, etc. In abdominal laparotomies a 1 or 2 per cent solution is very suitable for irrigating the ab- dominal cavity during operations. No toxic absorb- tion need be apprehended from the use of Creogen as is the case with Phenol or Hydrargri Bi Chloride. Creogen does not blacken surgical instruments, de- stroy their polish or injure their edge. As an anti- septic it covers the field of veterinary surgery in a most efficient manner. It answers equally well for the simplest as well as for the most complex and deli- cate surgical operations. If you are annoyed with cases of chronic psorop- tic, sarcoptic or symbiotic mange, or other forms of scabetic diseases of the skin among your equine, bo- vine or canine patients, that has previously resisted your best efforts to cure, a trial of Creogen will quick- ly convince you that it is without an equal for such dis- eases. There is no pharmaceutical preparation that will yield you larger dividends in your practice, than Greogen. Send’for‘a sample. Tts@imee, 1 callam $1.50, 5 gallons, $6.50, 10 gallons, $12.00, prepaid. W. J. MARTIN CHEMICAL CO., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS, KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS. / Sa? 1 [Richard Roe : oe s "we M Ne 5 SANMETTO A 55 inhi _REMEDY DISEASES OF THE GENITO- URINARY ORGANS a Ae ELE) Feet ee DOG. Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE —Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis— OR FROM ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT —Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine— ORDER SANMETTO Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA— many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito» Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys and Bladder—hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract. To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus: R SANMETTO—one bottle—original package. Dose :—For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day. For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day. Price One Bottle, $1.00. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable Druggista, Pamphlet on application. OD CHEM. CO., New York. 11 WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. New Books for Veterinarians. The greatest book on the subject ever published in ANY language. HANDBOOK OF MEAT INSPECTION Dr. ROBERT OSTERTAG, Professor in the Veterinary High School at Berlin. AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY Earley Vernon Wilcox, A.M.,Ph.D., Veterinary Editor, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Experiment Station Record. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY John R. Mohler, A./1.,V.l1.D., Chief of Pathological Division U. S. Bureau Animal Industry, One vol., cloth, 634x934, 920 pages, 260 illustrations and one colored plate, $7.50. ee PSE: 7 It describes minutely the normal appearances of parts and organs, and contains an elaborate account of all pathological conditions and processes with which the meat inspector comes in tt at This work contains not only the common conditions, but the unusual and puzzling as well. The discussion of the best methods of procedure with the meat of diseased animals is thorough, scientific and conservative. The chapters on methods of preservation and steriliza- tion of meat are up-to-date and of great value to packers and meat-dealers; and the chapters on meat poisoning and adulteration are of special interest to food chemists and Boards of Health. The work is exhaustive and authoritative because of Dr. Ostertag’s extended and excep- tional experience. It is a book greatly needed. The illustrations are very fine and the book altogether handsomely printed. By far the best work yet published on the subject, and is, I believe, destined to occupy an important place in veterinary literature.—George Lytle, M.D., Local Office of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Chicago, Ill. The work is a monumental one, and we are confident will hold its own in years to come,— The Veterinary Journal, London. Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery. By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., The Veterinarian’s Call Book (Perpetual.) By Roscok R. BELL, D.V.S., (Editor AMER- V.S., author of ‘‘ The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse,’’ “‘ Tibio-Pero- neal Neurectomy,”’’ translator of DeBruin’s ** Bovine Obstetrics,’’ etc. Cloth, size 6x9, 317 pages, $3.50. Concerning this new work attention is called to the following points: 1.—It discusses the subject upon the basis of veterinary investigations. 2.— It does away with works on human path- ology, histology, etc. 3.—It explains each question thoroughly both from a scientific as well as a practical point of view. 4.— It is written by one knowing the needs of the student. 5.—It deals exhaustively with a chapter on tumors, heretofore utterly neglected in veterinary pathology. 6.—The only work in English specializing the subject. 7.~-The only work thorough- ly taking into consideration American as well as European investigations. 8 —Of- fering practical hints which have not ap- peared in print, the result of large city and country practice. A Treatise on Epizootic Lymphangitis. By Captain W. A. PALLIN, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, 34x84, 90 pages, with 17 fine full page illustrations, $1.25 postpaid. The author has endeavored to combine his own ex- perience with that of other writers and so attempts to give a clear and complete ac- count of a subject about which there is little at present in English veterinary lit- erature. ICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.) Besides 206 pages for keeping accounts of patients, it! contains 41 pages of valuable information. Full flexible leather, with flap and pocket, $1.25. Anatomical and Physiological Model of the Cow and Model of the Horse. By GEorGE A. BANHAM, F.R.C.VS._ Price of each Model, including Explanatory Text, $7 50. These Models, colored to nature, show all the Skeleton, Muscles, Internal Organs, etc., in their relative positions. Opened, they measure Io feet by 3 feet. They show three different phases of the horse at once, and fold up into a flat compass, measuring only 3% feet by 1% feet. A Manual of General Histology. By Wi:- LIAM S. GOTTHEIL, M.D., Professor of Pathology in the American Veterina College, etc. Second edition, revised, cloth, size 534x8, 152 pages, 68 illustra- tions, $1.00. Horses’ Teeth. By WILLIAM H. CLARKE. Fourth edition, revised, cloth, size54%x7%, 322 pages, illustrated, $2.50. A treatise on their mode of development, anatomy, mi- croscopy, pathology and dentistry; com- pared with the teeth of many other land and marine animals both living and ex- tinct. Any of the above books sent prepaid for the price. _A new complete and illustrated Catalogue of all our books for Veterinarians giving full de- scriptions, and in many cases specimen pages, is in course of publication. It will be one of the handsomest catalogues of its kind ever published. ‘When requested, we shall have pleasure in sending a copy, as soon as it is ready, to.any Veterinarian. WILLIAM R: JENKINS, 85! and 853 Sixth Avenue, cor. 48th Street, New York. 12 AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. FEBRUARY, 1906. Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R, Bell, from Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to 710 East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn, New York City. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES PARIS, FRANCE, Dec. 15, 1905. THE FRENCH EXPERIMENTS WITH BOVOVACCINE.—At last the experiments of Melun are over. Begun a year ago, thanks to the energy of the Perpetual Secretary of the Société de Médecine Vétérinaire Pratique, Mr. Rossignol, who succeeded in obtaining funds from private sources, and from the official assistance of societies, and from departmental as well as from the General Government, these experiments, carried on by Prof. Vallé, were closed on Dec. 3d, 1905, by the slaughter- ing of all the animals, viz., the vaccinated and their controls, an even number in each series, whether the vaccinated in- cluded those that received the bovovaccine through the veins and were infected in the same way, or those that were vac- cinated by an injection under the skin and were infected in the same way; or, again, those which after having been vac- cinated were exposed by cohabitation with tuberculous animals. The objects in view were of two kinds: (1) to find out if the bovovaccine was harmless (that is, would not give tubercu- losis to those which received it); (2) if it was efficacious and would give immunity. The first was demonstrated by the fact that vaccinated in December, 1904, those which received the bovovaccine at that time were free from disease in June, 1905, when the infection of experimentation was carried out. IIAI 1142 EDITORIAL. I have kept our readers au courant of what was going on. To-day I resume the results, which went beyond all expectations : 6 vaccinated and infected by venous injections, when slaughtered were free from any tubercular lesions, one had only trifling lesions of old chronic pneumonia, not of tuberculous nature. The 6 controls were all diseased ; of 7 vaccinated and infected through the skin, 5 were completely zzdemune of tuberculous lesions, 2 had little remains of adenitis at the seat of injection, the 7 controls were all infected and had more or less extensive lesions. Of the vaccinated subjects which had been exposed to cohabitation two were killed and found free from disease. Two others which had been exposed to this more natural mode of infection were sent to Alfort, where they are still kept exposed to be slaughtered after a certain lapse of time, thus preventing the possible supposition that the exposure had not been suffi- ciently long for the infection to take place. x oe Such are, in a few words, the results that were presented at the general slaughtering. Are they conclusive? Are they final? Yes, conclusive because these experiments have proved that cattle can be vaccinated against disease; and not final be- cause before deciding we must wait for the results of further inquiries and experiments that Prof. Vallé is carrying out on guinea-pigs with material obtained from the slaughtered ani- mals ; to decide if, as it is claimed by some adversaries of the method, those lymphatic lesions are not the carriers of latent infection, which at a later date might develop. The results of these will be published later on. Will the method of von Beh- ring be a practical one, and will it enter into the domain of general execution ? Iam afraid that the impression is that it will not, unless some important modification of serious natures are made in the manipulations of the vaccine. For the present all that can be said is that, all is well that ends well, and certainly Dr. von Behring can feel proud of the success obtained at Melun. EDITORIAL. 1143 THE IIp. Darry ConGRESS.—The International Congress of Budapest was scarcely closed when that of Tuberculosis was opened in Paris, and this last event had just ended its labors when another international meeting was called to order, viz. : the IId. Dairy Congress, the first having been held two years ago in Brussels. Opened on October 16, it lasted until the 19th. The work of the Congress was divided into six sections, which were themselves subdivided into a number of subsections, some of which related to the technology of milk and were of little interest to veterinarians, while in others there were subjects interesting to general medicine, and especially to veterinary science, and having veterinarians for reporters. Among those were the ‘ Hygiene of the Cow-Shed,” in which five important questions were the occasions of interesting re- ports. The five questions were treated as follows: (1.) What are the most practical means to insure the keeping of milch cows in excellent hygienic conditions and to protect the milk from being soiled while the animal is milked? (2.) The official duties in the control of the cleanliness of cow barns. (3.) In the actual stage of science, define the pathological conditions which render milk dangerous for use. (4.) The obligation of submitting to the tuberculin test milch cows whose milk is to be used for the alimentation of children. (5.) Statistics on the frequency of the elimination of bacilli of tuberculosis through udders apparently healthy, compared to that of well clinically characterized tuberculous mammitis. Measures to be taken to the sanitary point of view. * i * The following resolutions were adopted by the Congress: (1.) That departmental or provincial committees be ap- pointed, whose duties shall be to urge the improvement of stabling by the organization of conferences, competitions, prizes, and whatever means they may see fit. ‘1144 EDITORIAL. (2). That veterinarians have charge of close inspection of all dairy establishments. (3.) That milk introduced in cities or places of large ag- glomeration of people, be submitted to a control analogous to that relating to meats. The Congress recognized and declared that all milch cows affected with an infectious disease may give a milk which is dangerous to the health of the people, and expressed the follow- ing wishes : (1.) That all females used for the production of milk for consumption be provided with a health certificate delivered by a veterinarian, and that all dairy establishments be the ob- ject of repeated sanitary inspection. (2.) That all tuberculous milch cows, even without any appreciable clinical sign, giving a marked and positive reaction to tuberculin, be removed from the dairy, or that her milk be used only after having been heated toa temperature sufficiently high and long to render the tuberculous bacilli harmless. [This was not voted at the General Meeting. | (3.) That the milk shall be used raw only when coming from cows that have not reacted to tuberculin, test ape been made under a competent organization. (4.) All commercial products of milk coming from tuber- culous animals must be sterilized before being exposed for con- sumption. * x * The next congress will take place in 1907 at The Hague, in Holland. * * ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS IN THE Doc.—The list of the aspergilloses is still rather limited, and although the writings of Meyer, Emert, Kitt, Rivolta, Perroncito, Bollinger and many others have made known a few facts relating to the presence of some of the varieties of aspergillus and principally the A. fumigatus, as causes of diseases, the history of those afiec- tions is rather meagre. Indeed, while birds, wild as well as EDITORIAL. 1145 domestic, have furnished the largest number of instances where aspergillus have been found, while men have also been the sub- jects of recorded cases of nasal mycosis, according to Neumann, the observations of Schtitz, Zurn, Martin, Roeckl, Mazzanti and Rivolta are the only ones which tell us of the pathogenic role played by aspergillus, which was found in cases of broncho-mycosis, pneumomycosis observed among a few mammialia, such as horses, oxen, cows and lambs. Aspergillus has also been found to be the cause of parasitic otitis in man and also in dogs, as observed by Gotti, Zurn, and Spinola. With this brief history, the two cases that I have found in the Clinica Veterinaria from Prof. Stazzi, of the Milan School, are interesting, showing as they do the presence of a nasal mycosis in dogs, probably consecutive to an attack of rhinitis, having for cause a foreign substance, small splinters of wood, of straw, etc., carriers of aspergillus on its surface. These cases were accompanied with symptoms of chronic coryza, with more or less abundant muco-purulent discharge, which being examined with the microscope revealed the presence of the fungi. In some cases the discharge is not sufficiently abun- dant to be noticed. The rhinitis caused by the aspergillus more than any other inflammatory lesion or neoplasms of the nasal membrane, gives rise in nervous and irritable animals to serious reflex manifestations, such as epileptic or even rabiform symptoms. In one dog, Prof. Stazzi noticed that he had become irrita- ble concealing himself in dark corners of the house; that he frequently shook his head with rage; that he had nervous mo- tions, choreiform contractions, some of which pointed somewhat to rabies. The dog died. At the autopsy, only a brownish spot, covered with a dark green surface, was found on the in- ferior turbinated bone, which by microscopic examination re- vealed the presence of the A. fumigatus. In another case the growing threads of the fungus were ob- served in the nasal discharge. ‘The frontal sinus was trephined, appropriate injections prescribed and followed by the slough of 1146 EDITORIAL. a thick piece of mucous membrane having a strong mouldy odor. The dog rapidly recovered afterwards. * zi * THE FEMALE VETERINARIAN.—Quite an interesting pro- fessional problem has lately agitated the veterinary world of England, stirred the professional press, and, no doubt, also found its way into daily journals. I refer to the appointment which was made under peculiar circumstances of a lady to the position of veterinary inspector—I say peculiar circumstances, as, accord- ing to some editorial notes, it was almost under threat that the election was successful. An appointment was open in an Irish district, and the Coun- cil gave it to a lady, Miss Cust, who had studied at the late New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, went through a four-year course, and received numerous testimonials from the various professors of her ability, and is said to be equal to a large pro- portion of the members of the profession in scientific knowl- edge and surgical dexterity ; and, yet, says one of the journals, “We understand that the Galway election has been vetoed by the Department of Agriculture,” to whom the appointment was to be submitted, and because probably the lady is not an M.R.C. V.S. Notwithstanding all the efforts made by Prof. Williams, the honorable body had refused to examine her for the diploma, as in its estimation women are not eligible. What the next step will be, will be interesting to watch ? It seems as if the Council of the R. C. V. S. will probably be obliged to modify its ruling, although it has to support it the judgment of a Scotch Court, in which it was held that the term “student,” referring to admission of candidates for exam- ination before the R. C. V. S., implies ‘‘ male student.” That a new ruling is necessary must be evident. Ladies are now entering veterinary schools in almost all parts of the world. Russia, France, America, and Australia have their lady veterinarians. Some specialties of veterinary science can be well filled by them, and the presence of one of them at the International Veterinary Congress at Budapest, where she was ae ae EDITORIAL. 1147 one of the most eminent speakers, and the recent election of one as Member of the Société Centrale de Médecine Vétéri- naire of Paris, all tend to prove that soon England also must come in line and throw open the doors of the profession equally to students of both sexes. * * * THE FUNCTION AND CONSTANCY OF THE PALATINE RUG&. —It is certain that every function of the organism has been the subject of many inquiries by physiologists, and that for anato- mists and zodlogists every organ and their every constituent have been the object of many observations. Among these, the mouth and the various structures that belong to it have always been of great interest and the field for many beneficial observations. But, as remarked, Mr. R. G. Linton, of the Anatomy Department of the Royal Veterinary College of Edinburgh (? ), so far compar- atively little work has been done on the, rugze which are present in the mouth of mammalia on the hard palate, and it is under the title of ‘‘ The Morphology of the Mammalian Palatine Ruge”’ that he has published in the Veterznary Journal of October, 1905, the results of a series of observations which he has made, and where he records the examination of as many animalsas he probably had an opportunity to make and which show that the comparison that he has made is certainly not without interest when are taken in consideration the great variety of ruge met with, the difference in their number, etc. Indeed in comparing a series of palates, variations are found in the number of ridges; in the character of their summits; in the nature of their slopes ; in the intervals that separate them and in the distance to which they extend backwards on the bony plate. The series of animals subjected to the observations of Prof. Linton covered some 42 subjects belonging to 13 different Species, viz: Marsupials, edentates, ungulates, ruminates, ro- _dentia, myomorphs, hystricomorphs, lagomorphs, hydeacoidia, Carnivora, insectivora, chiropteraand primates. The plates that illustrate his article are suggestive of the many variations of the Tugee, as demanded by the peculiar modes of feeding of each in- 4 1148 EDITORIAL. dividual. Without following the author in the description of each, I will only relate the general conclusions that are sum- marized by him. ' *k ‘i * “ The first point is the remarkable similarity which is found in the rugee of members of entirely different sub-orders and the great dissimilarity which may exist among the members of the same sub-order. Animals having no zodlogical relation, but which agree in the general form of their rugze, live mainly on the same kind of food, and where one section differs from others of the same sub-order there is a difference in the character of their food. It is quite clear that the great majority of ani- mals have the rugee directed towards the back of the palate, and this arrangement seems to be the best, if their function is to aid in the feeding process. At the same time there are many in- stances where the posterjor rugze are directed forwards; and others, again, where the folds are so directed. No hypothesis of sound basis has suggested itself to explain this peculiarity. An interesting point observed is the difference found in the rugze of certain ruminants, notably the ox and sheep. In the main they are similar, but those of the ox are richly and finely den- tated, while those of the sheep aresmooth. Frequently animals that have their main rug devoid of dentation have their pos- terior ones dentated, finely or coarsely. In all cases the best developed and most prominent folds are those situated at the » front of the palate, and in the majority of cases these become blended with their fellows from the opposite side or else are so placed as to alternate and have their median ends passing over the middle line. The folds at the back part of the palate, on the other hand, often not so well developed as those 1n front, usually fail to reach the median raphé, or, if they do reach it, do not become blended with their fellows.” * *k Some time last summer I was asked here about the Veteri- nary School of Montreal. As the work of that noble pioneer, my old friend, Prof. McEachran, has stopped by the closing of EDITORIAL. 1149 the Veterinary Department of McGill University, I answered that there was no school in Montreal, and on the insistence of my inquirer that I was mistaken, I wrote to America. Un- fortunately the friend I wrote to was no better informed; his answer was negative. Finally, I received a short time ago the Annuaire de l’Université Laval, of Montreal, and there I was shown my ignorance. ‘There is a School of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science attached to the University. In existence since 1886, it is under the control and submitted to the inspection of the Secretary of Agriculture of the Govern- ment of Quebec, from which it receives financial support. The course of study is three years, of eight months each. Degrees of Bachelor or of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine are granted by the institution after examination. In the last session there were 15 students, and although this number is small, there is no doubt of an increase in the attendance at an early date, as the need of educated veterinarians is being appreciated by the people of the Province of Quebec. The faculty is composed of eight professors, five of whom are veterinarians. I would like to ask if there are any graduates of Laval Vet- erinary School in the A. V. M. A.?* No doubt the require- ments of the institution entitle them to admission. AL. STATEMENTS WHICH CALL FOR IMMEDIATE OF- FICIAL REFUTATION. The London Lancet has been investigating the business of the slaughter of animals for food and the dressing and packing of meat as pursued in Chicago. In its issue for December 3oth, in an article entitled “‘ the American Beef Trust and Chicago Stock Yards,” our contemporary, basing its statements on in- vestigations by a special sanitary commissioner of its own, * Without referring to the records, the following names of members of the A. V. M. A., graduates of the Veterinary Department of Laval University, suggest themselves : A. A, Etienne, St, Hyacinthe, Quebec; F, T. Daubigny, Montreal (Dean of the De- partment) ; and A. Joly, Waterville, Maine, And right good members they are too.— R.R. B. 1150 EDITORIAL. draws a revolting picture of the industry. Its strictures relate mainly to the uncleanliness which is said to accompany the work—uncleanliness of a sort to favor the contamination of food products with pathogenic germs. This accusation is a very grave one, and should at once be nailed asan unmitigated fabrication, or, if true in any degree, the faults complained of should be eliminated from the possibility of such criticism. But, among the Lance?’s statements there are some which are certainly devoid of any truth, and if, as we suspect, the entire article is based on such defective information, the whole story may be thrown out as unworthy of any belief whatever. For example, it says that hogs are the only animals examined by the Government inspectors, and of them only such as are des- tined to furnish food products for exportation to countries that would not otherwise accept thein, those intended for Great Brit- ain and domestic consumption not being inspected at all. From what we know of the methods of the Bureau of Animal Industry, from the annual report just issued, from innumerable statistical articles printed in this journal from the most reliable sources, we unhesitatingly brand the statements of the sanitary commissioner of the Lancez as a tissue of falsehood. On account of the high position occupied by that journal in the medical profession of the world, the official head of the De- partment of Agriculture should address such a vigorous letter to its editor, substantiated by facts, as to cause him, in the in- terests of truth and decency, to recall the lying reports of his unworthy correspondent. A NEW THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN AZOTURIA. Before the recent annual meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, Dr. H. A. Pressler, of Fair- bury, Ill., read a paper dealing with this much discussed and little understood subject, and the REVIEW has been fortunate in securing it for publication in this number. The author dis- cusses many of the theories which have been advanced by EDITORIAL. 1151 writers in various countries since the recognition of the disease more than a quarter of a century ago; but he does not bring forward all of them by any means, as indeed he could not in the space of time usually allotted to a single paper at an association meeting, so numerous have they become as time has accumulated. They are almost as diverse as they are numer- ous, there being a new theory promulgated with every author who attempts to explain the causes in operation to produce the well-known and rather constant symptoms presented by its vic- tims. Dr. Pressler has opened up an entirely new line of thought, and attributes the entire phenomena to the Strongylus armatus, which he claims produces circulatory obstruction by throm- bosis. It will be difficult, we believe, for those who have had large experience with the disease to accept this conclusion, based upon the fact that this parasite has been found by the author in post- mortems upon animals dead of azoturia, because their presence is open to the suspicion of being merely coincidental, since they are present in most adult horses. Bollinger found them in go to 94 per cent. of horses examined, while Ellenberger dissected 85 horses and found scherostoma in 84 of them. Dr. Pressler has worked out a rather ingenious theory, but it will not strongly appeal to practitioners who have given the rather constant symptoms, with the almost unvarying history of a short idleness, careful thought; and particularly those who have carefully autopsied their fatal cases in the hope of finding some clue tothe mysterious causative agent. The REVIEW has in previous issues detailed many cases occurring in direct oppo- sition to the usual history: convalescents from debilitating diseases, after depletion by physicing, enforced idleness through enfeebled appetite, etc.; but there are exceptions to all rules, and the rule is that azoturia occurs in plethoric subjects, which have become accustomed to regular work, and then are laid by for a short period (a few days), while in robust health. If the period of idleness be prolonged to ten days or two weeks there 1152 EDITORIAL. is little danger of an attack, the system having accommodated itself to the new conditions ; so that the factors which produce the disease are brought into activity while the organism is ad- justing itself to lesser requirements of energy. Prof. William Williams, among the first to describe it 27 extenso, has offered the most rational explanation of its etiology, though his theories need elaboration in the laboratory by those who have the time; the facilities and the ability. Our Bureau of Animal Industry, unparalleled in its service to stock-owners and the veterinary profession, has given but comparatively little attention to the diseases of the soliped, save in the matter of dangerously con- tagious diseases, such as glanders and maladie du coit. The af- fection under consideration, while not transmissible to other animals, sometimes assumes almost the proportions of an epi- zootic, particularly after a universal holiday, like Christmas, New Years and Thanksgiving, especially where they fall on days preceding or following Sunday, thus giving two successive days of idleness to horses that usually perform regular daily work. ‘The victims are mostly valuable draught animals, worth ‘several hundred dollars each, and the loss is felt keenly by thei: owners. ‘The veterinary profession, in its present knowledge of the disease, is practically powerless to intelligently prescribe for these patients, and it is an embarrassment to our progress which should not be permitted to exist if it is possible to remove it. Will not the directing authority of the Bureau start a scientific and systematic investigation into the nature and cause of azoturia, to the end that intelligent prophylactic or curative measures may be adopted whereby this great bane of valuable horses may be prevented or rendered less fatal ? If the new Chief of the Bureau can place before the country a solution of this subject, his profession, as well as the great horse industry, not only of this country but of the world, will rise up and call him blessed ; and our splendid Bureau will add another diadem in the magnificent crown which it wears as the result of its marvelous discovery of the causative agent of Texas fever and swine plague, and its glorious achievements in driving EDITORIAL. 1153 from this land the great cattle scourges, pleuro-pneumonia con- tagiosa and foot-and-mouth disease. COMMON LOCATION OF DENTIGEROUS CYSTS. The following characteristic note from our valued and valu- able collaborator, Dr. W. L. Williams, of the New York State Veterinary College, will serve to make a correction of a state- ment in the January REVIEW : **You should take to reading the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, as it is a very practical publication and not infrequently has thingsin it which would be instructive to you if carefully studied. For example, in the editorial note on page 1083 of the current REVIEW, you represent Moeller as saying : ‘The teeth are oftenest found in the squamous portion of the malar bone.’ What? The malar bone? Nonsense! My copy of Moeller says * Schlafenbein,’ z. ¢., temporal bone, and that is where the teeth occur. Possibly some translator has confused you.” Of course, Dr. Williams is right, both in his contention and in his prognostication as to how the error was made. In re- plying to our contributor, who was badly at sea, we consulted Dollar’s translation of ‘‘ Moeller’s Surgery,” and copied his ex- planation of the phenomena and the seat of their most frequent occurrence literally, without giving thought to the palpable error which Dollar made. Our own experience and the exami- nation of many specimens, should have cried out! against such a bungling statement. Had we confined ourselves to the RE- ViEw files, and referred for information to the master description of these monstrosities as given by our own Williams, in his eu- phonious article, ‘‘ The Teratology of the Hyo-Mandibular Gill- Slit in the Horse, ” published in June, 1904, we would not have had to take up so much valuable space in this number to sus- tain our position as authority on “‘ wild teeth.” R. R.B. PROGRESS AND POVERTY IN ILLINOIS. The recent meeting of the State Association of Illinois, at Chicago, was probably the best and most representative 1154 EDITORIAL, gathering of veterinarians ever held by the profession of. that State. There were about seventy members in attend- ance upon the meeting, and almost a third as many visit- ors; twenty-six new members were added to the roll; of papers presented for consideration there were a full baker’s dozen, and a satisfactory clinic was conducted. Enthusiasm was manifest throughout the proceedings, and all in all the meeting was a symptom of professional progress that augurs well for the future in this great live-stock centre; but (there is alwaysa “but”) the President in his annual address drew attention to a sicken- ing state of affairs in the chief veterinary position of the State Government. ‘That an unqualified occupant of the office of State Veterinarian should continue to exist there as an affront to the profession of the State and Nation is certainly exaspera- ting, and the Association should not rest until this stench is re- moved from the nostrils of the profession of the country, as it retards progress, stifles respect, and holds us up to the ridicule of every sister science, who are everywhere at this time extend- ing their hands to us in token of recognition and affiliation. Dr. A. M. FARRINGTON, Chief of the Inspection Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has been promoted to the position of Assistant Chief of the Bureau, whitch was made va- cant by the elevation of Dr. Melvin to the head of the service. These promotions are very satisfying to the profession as show- ing the just reward of faithful and intelligent service, and will go a long way toward increasing the efficiency of the work in the various departments of the Bureau. . GEORGE FAYETTE THOMPSON, editor of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, is dead, and the country has sustained a great loss, for his was one the brightest minds in the service of the Department of Agriculture, as the incomparable publications of the Bureau since his connection with it, fully attest. His name was prominently urged for the position of Assistant Secretary of Agriculture upon the death of Mr. Brigham. | ; ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA. 1155 OR 1G AATEC EES... ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA. By H. A. PRESSLER, D. V..S., FAIRBURY, ILLINOIS. Read before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, at Chicago, Dec. 19, 1905. The subject as it appears on the programme is, “Etiology of Azoturia.”” When I stop for a moment to consider that I have undertaken to explain to you what scientific investigators of the world have failed to positively and satisfactorily do, I am intimidated by my own boldness. I therefore beg you to per- mit me to affix an interrogation to the subject. Considering azoturia and the cause, writers differ. Former writers have classed this disease under so many different heads that recent writers have experienced some difficulty in finding a new name. Thus (r.) Williams attributes it to ureemic poisoning. (2.) In France, it has been looked uponas spinal myelitis. - (3-) Weiman, a rheumatic lumbago. (4-) Dieckerhoff defines it as an acute general disease of the horse, manifested by a severe parenchymatous inflammation of the skeleton muscles, with a bloody infiltration of the bone marrow, especially the femur, and with acute nephritis and hemoglobinuria. He attributes the attack to exposure to cold. Dr. Law refutes the above theories in the following way: (1.) The fact of the sudden onset of the disease in the most acute form, is evidence sufficient against ureemic poisoning. (2.) Post-mortem does not always reveal the pathological con- dition of the spinal cord. (3.) The fact that the seat of affection in many cases apparent- ly confined to the brachial muscles, manifested by local con- gestion, would not substantiate rheumatic lumbago. (4.) If exposure to cold were the cause, the attack would be far more common in cold weather, when the horse is suddenly © 1156 H. A. PRESSLER. exposed to cold drafts between open doors and windows, than when he is harnessed and driven so as to generate profuse animal heat. Yet attacks in the stable are virtu- ally unknown, and in almost every instance the onset oc- curs during a short drive. Friedberger and Frohner say that the epithet ‘‘ rheumatismal may be correctly applied to almostall cases that we meet in practice. They quote Goring as having produced the disease experimentally by exposure to cold, and go on to explain that rest in the stable before the attack causes extreme sensitiveness to cold that is generated by warm environment. The implication of the lumbar, pelvic and femoral muscles, they explain by the stimulation of nutritive metamorphosis by the action of cold on the sensitive skin. Quoting Dr. Law, there are serious objections to the accept- ance of this as the essential cause : (1.) The disease is not confined to cold seasons ; it occurs also in summer, when the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor. (2.) It is more common in the Northern States during spring and autumn. (3.) The popular writers, quoted with approval by these au- thors, call it ‘‘ Monday disease,’ ‘‘EKaster disease,” etc., in- dicate the prevalence in Europe also of the malady in more temperate climate. Another theory is that this disease is due to the peculiar- ly arranged anatomical circulatory apparatus of solipeds, whereby the blood surcharged with albumen improperly oxi- genized is emptied into the venacava. ‘The blood in this con- dition is unable to maintain the health and nourishment of the nerve centres and muscular tissue. The question in my mind is, if nerve centres be poisoned by the increased amount of oxygen, in contact with the blood, which is surcharged with albumen, why is butone leg affected, as often seen, and then perhaps not until the animal has been driven several miles. ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA. 1157 earners Sd Sd ee epee tk If coloring of urine be due to disintegration of blood cor- puscles, as some writers have intimated, why do we not have the same in other diseases, as in averlicat It would seem, if there were an excess of albumen stored up in the blood by forced idleness and liberal feeding, that the kid- neys would when called upon to perform their herculean task eliminate some albumen. But albumen in the nrine seems to be absent in this disease. Yet the kidneys do eliminate it in other diseases. Neither do I believe that oxygen taken into the animal economy by natural channels becomes a poison, but in all circumstances a purifier, life-preserver and sustainer. It seems strange to me that in the creation of solipeds, a mis- take was made by an insufficient blood circulation through the liver, after every means was provided for the system to maintain itself, every excretory organ, and secreting gland arranged for its function, the nervous system so wondrously planned, in fact every other provision made to keep the machinery in running order, from the time food enters the mouth until digested, as- similated and passed out in the form of waste. It seems strange that this great mistake was made, and that so many animals are compelled to suffer and die. If the horse has developed from the process of evolution, na- ture in her process would have provided for such a need asa mat- ter of necessity. If, on the other hand, God in his infinite wis- dom created all flesh, he has made no anatomical omissions in its construction. Hence I cannot believe either. I believe that azoturia iscaused primarily by the parasite Strongylus armatus or known as the Sclerostoma equinum (the Strongylus armatus,so named “ Strongylus”? meaning round, and “‘ Armatus” meaning armed). This parasite is of a gray, brown color, varying in length from % to 2 inches, thickest at the anterior end and gradually becoming smaller toward the posterior part, ending ina blunt point. Quoting Dr. Law, the mature worm inhabits the cecum and colon and the immature the same organs, encapsuled in little pellets of manure, and in cysts of the mucosa, but also a part in the arterial system, es- 1158 H. A. PRESSLER. pecially in the anterior mesenteric artery and other gastric and in other intestinal trunks. The mature sclerostomata are found attached to the mucosa of the large intestines, into which the head is sunk, for the purpose of sucking blood, and they may be gray, brown or red, according to the quantity of blood which they have imbibed. The sexually immature sclerostoma- ta are found in little pill-like masses of ingestain the large in- testine, and from which they project part of the body through a narrow opening. Another habitat is in cysts of the mucosa of the czecum and colon, and less frequently of the small intes- tines. Individual cysts varying in size from a pin-head to that of a hazel-nut, and containing the young worm rolled upon itself, and vatying in size, but always asexual. In some cases the cyst is found empty, with a small opening showing the means of escape of the parasite. A third habitat of the mature worm is in the bloodvessels, especially the posterior aorta and its di- visions, and still more constantly the anterior and other mesen- teric arteries. I believe that azoturia is caused by the migration of the para- site into the aorta and carried with the circulating blood until the calibre of the vessel becomes too small for the passage of the body where circulation stops, unless reéstablished by anasto- mosing vessels. Again, in encysting themselves in aneurisms, often particles of the cyst or mucous membrane become de- tached and circulate until reaching the capillaries, where they are arrested, stopping or retarding, circulation. I have found that specimens obtained in the aorta and mesenteric arteries when placed in a weak preserving agent become dissolved, leav- ing small particles of their own tissue, which fall to the bot- tom of the containing bottle. SoIthink in many case after the migratory stage in the aortaand other inhabited bloodves- sels, they disintegrate and enter the smaller channels of circula- tion. Coming as do the parasites from the intestinal tract, it is quite probable they carry more or less infection with them, which enters the blood, thus accounting for the presence of the streptococcus in the subarachnoid fluid. Further, some cases a e =. ~ / c a_i are et ee Kary’ Nott aera ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA. 1159 of azoturia terminate in death in a short time. I have known cases to die in a few hours’ time. Consider the fact that the parasites do inhabit the aorta and irritate the walls of the same, in numerous places producing arteritis. Also that the tunica intima possesses a certain vital pro- petty of coagulating blood when ruptured. When a coag- ulum forms and floats to the diverging vessels an obstruc- tion is formed. ‘The increased blood pressure caused by the accelerated heart-beat during motion, pain and excitement, to- gether with the efforts of the animal, produce an extreme dila- tion of the aorta, finally causing death from hemorrhage, or formation of athrombus. The region showing marked swell- ing and congestionin most cases are regions supplied by short trunks carrying alarge quantity of blood in proportion to their length and terminating in capillaries which supply the large muscles involved in this disease. It is quite reasonable to suppose that there is a stoppage of circulation with all the results following to just the extent this stasis is maintained. Ifcirculation is reéstablished by osmosis, the recovery is correspondingly so. If osmosis fails to reéstablish circulation and nourish the muscular and other tissues involved, atrophy and even complete degeneration fol- lows, as seen in some cases following azoturia. On account of the iliacs and femorals being large vessels, and there is not as free anastomosis as in larger vessels, the volume of blood passing to supply the larger muscles is propor- tionately great. This amount of blood driven with accelerated heart action and assisted pressure of the aorta produces intense pain and paralysis. Embolisms of the intestinal arteries often produce inflamma- tion and effusion of blood into the intestine or between the walls. The same condition doubtless will result from embolism in the renal vessels. The walls of these by continuous dilations lose their power of contraction, and weaken in this way, allow the sanguineous fluid laden with the product of decomposition to escape with the urine into the bladder, which is so character- 1160 H. A. PRESSLER. istic of this disease. As we all know, azoturia is usually pre- ceded by a period of idleness ; during this period the parasites are most active, and migrate into the larger vessels. Also dur- ing this period of idleness the animal is strengthened and the volume of blood is increased. When starting out after a time of quietude the blood which had passed to perform digestion is called upon to supply the muscles in motion. ‘Thus the current is changed to some ex- tent, carrying with it the offending members. To substantiate my belief, allow me to give you a brief his- tory of a few cases which I have met within practice. Most cases of azoturia that I have seen during the past three years that I have been observing, had this parasite, and usually accompanied by the Sclerostoma tetracanthum. Patient, a bay mare, was brought to me for treatment, suffer- ing fromcolic. Animal would paw, lie down, roll, get up and exhibit all symptoms of colic. I prepared a dose of medicine and administered the same. Talking with the owner, he told me that he had driven a distance of five miles, and the animal took sick when withina haif mile of town, and wanted to lie down. While talking further with the owner, I noticed in a short time the animal begin to have some difficulty in getting up, began to sweat and show symptoms of azoturia. In a short time she was no longer able torise. The muscles of the rump and hip were congested, and passing the catheter the urine was the characteristic color of azoturia, from which it was suffering. I informed the owner that the animal would remain down for some time, and possibly would never get up, as it was apparently a severe case, the limbs being quite stiff. In about two hours, to my surprise, the animal got upon her feet and, assisted, walked about fifteen feet to a box stall. She was notable to be taken home for three days. A day or two following, a large draft mare was brought to me from a distance of five and a half miles, suffering apparently with colic. Owner had not noticed anything before stopping intown. We gave medicine for colic, but shortly after we ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA. 1161 noticed swelling of the muscles of the shoulder. This animal did not become unable to rise, but was very stiff, and could hardly use front limbs. Was taken home the following day. ‘On examination of feeces from both casesI found present the parasite in question. In August, 1903, I was called to see a case, in consultation. Found a young bay mare that had taken sick one week pre- vious. Had got uponits feet in afew days, and became worse, and was exhibiting the most peculiar gait in walking. The back was arched, stifles flexed, also lower joints, so that the weight was borne on the toes. A short distance away was a fresh passage, which contained both parasites in remarkably great numbers. The animal died the day following, and the doctor in charge held a post-mortem. He informed methat he found aclot of blood around the aorta. In October, 1903, was called to see a black mare that was down with usualsymtoms. Constantly grew worse, and died in about forty-eight hours. Post-mortem revealed S¢rongylus ar- matusin the colon and in'the posterior aorta, within a throm- bus. If time would permit, I could mention many other cases. But the cases which I have cited, with numerous others that might be mentioned, are sufficient evidence in my mind to sub- Stantiate my theory, or at least to stimulate further investiga- tion along this line, until itis proven true or false. ‘“ I COULD not possibly get along without the REviEw.”—(Z. Royer, V. S., Shawano, Ws.) Dr. W. A. MEISER, V. S., of Meiserville, Pa., is taking a post-graduate course at McKillip. THE MEAT INSPECTION SERVICE OF THE BUREAU OF ANI- MAL INDUSTRY. —In the meat-inspection service, which was conducted at 151 establishments in 52 cities, 40,221,013 animals were inspected at time of slaughter, almost all of which had also been previously inspected on the hoof. Practically all the meat that enters into the interstate and foreign commerce of the country has been inspected under the direct supervision of the Department of Agriculture. — (Refort of the B. A. I., 1904-5.) 1162 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. THE ADVANTAGES OF THE SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE TO STOCKMEN. THE WORK OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGAINST THE DISEASE. By D. ArTHUR HUGHES, PH. D., D. V. M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY. (From the annual illustrated number of Zhe National Live Stock Reporter, January I, 1906. Revised. ) Inasmuch as in the month of February, according to the law, the national quarantine against splenetic or Texas fever among cattle in the Southern States is renewed, an explanation of the work the General Government has done and is doing for the control of the disease is opportune and appropriate for the present number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. At the same time perhaps it is fitting that information on this line of thought should emanate from the National Stock Yards, the official station which does by far the largest part of the work in the supervision of Southern cattie proceeding northward in stock cars from below the quarantine line for immediate slaughter, in accordance with the provisions of the regulations of the Department of Agriculture. The last fifteen years’ experience of a quarantine against Texas fever, has caused stockmen to think much of the national importance of the presence of that disease in the South. As time has gone on, during that period, there has largely come about a changed opinion, on the part of numerous stockmen, on the intent and purpose of the quarantine and with it a changed attitude towards the measures set in motion by the General Government for control of the disease. Instead of open or covert antagonism to preventive measures, we find an accord- ance with the plans and purposes of the Government. ‘Time was when the majority of stockmen thought only of the disad- vantages of the quarantine: they are now seeing that the quar- antine regulations were promulgated for the general good of the live stock trade as a whole. They are coming to see that the seeming hardships imposed by the quarantine were a bless- a en ——— SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 1163 a eee ing in disguise: for the regulations were instituted with the purpose of reducing the death rate caused by the disease, and to restrain its ravages for the general good of the whole live stock industry. I propose, therefore, in this paper, to study, first, the conditions which lead to a quarantine of the affected district ; second, to trace the events previous to 1889, when the quarantine was started, and subsequent to it, which made a quarantine expedient and reasonable; third, to point out the advantages which the quarantine has brought to the live stock trade as a whole. THE CONDITIONS WHICH LEAD TO A QUARANTINE OF THE AF- FECTED DISTRICT. If now we study the conditions which lead toa quarantine of the affected district, two great facts were to be found which concerned the industry: first, the fact of the presence of an alarming disease among the cattle of the affected district or rather a capability of the disease being propagated through ani- mals of the affected district ; second, the fact of the ravages caused by the disease. Though twenty-five years ago there was profound ignorance and skepticism in regard to the nature and even the existence of the disease among cattle owners. Nevertheless, the presence of a disease, little understood; known to be widely prevalent and extending its ravages to cattle from elsewhere coming into prox- imity with Southern cattle from the quarantined area in the fields, or indirectly in places where they had been, soon came to be demonstrated. The demonstration of the presence of the disease .was the ravages which it was making. Some of the facts on the destructiveness of the disease to cattle ill of it, which were ascertained, caused great io amongst owners north, east and west. As early as 1814 it was known that cattle from South Car- olina, though themselves apparently in perfect health, when brought into contact with cattle from Europe or the interior, conveyed a disease to them which generally proved fatal. In 1164 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 1850 cattle began to be driven from Texas through Arkansas to Missouri and Kansas as feeders. Persons having cattle near where these animals had been trailed reported losses from a mysterious disease which carried off commonly 90 per cent. of their cattle. Between 1850 and 1860 when cattle driven into the States of Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Iowa and Illinois, were grazed with native cattle the latter were swept away by a disease similar in appearance and effects. At the close of the Civil War, in 1868, the herds of Texas cattle driven into IlIli- nois, Indiana, Pennsylvania and New York caused similar de- vastations. For example, at Tolono, Ills., where 15,000 to 18,000 Texas cattle had been landed that summer, every native animal of the bovine race was lost, 926 head in the Township ; 5,000 head in the County. Loda, Ills., lost 1,800 head ; Warren County, Ind., 1,500 head; Jasper County 400 head; Marion County, 100 head. Between 1868 and 1884 the ravages continued. ‘ During all this time the cattle driven from Texas and Indian Territory to the Northwestern States and Territories for grazing left a deadly trail behind them, which was destructive to the native cattle that crossed it. The stock yards and the stock cars became more and more infected, and cattle purchased in the public markets and taken back to the farms for feeding were in so many instances found to have contracted the disease that pur- chasers avoided such places as much as possible. Even our — export cattle that were given the greatest care en route became infected, and as many as two or three hundred would sicken ina single ship. This brought American cattle into disrepute and threatened to lead to annoying restrictions or even prohibi- tion by foreign governments.” It looks as if alarming con- ditions like these called for the intervention of some power which would institute measures for the good of all concerned. EVENTS, PREVIOUS TO 1889, WHICH MADE A NATIONAL QUARANTINE EXPEDIENT. The unhappy conditions observed must necessarily be met SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 1165- and controlled. We may, therefore, now trace the events pre- vious to 1889, when the quarantine was started, and subsequent to it, which made a national quarantine expedient and reason- able. First of all we may consider what made a national quar- antine expedient. The events, previous to 1889, which made a national quar- antine expedient were: 1. The realization that a widely de- structive contagious disease was actually present amongst our herds, which rapidly disseminated itself, and was causing greater havoc than the dreaded contagious pleuro-pneumonia among cattle which the Bureau of Animal Industry was at that time stamping out. Though little was definitely known of “ Southern Fever,” as it was called at the time, its dissemina- tion through Southern cattle became strongly believed in. 2. The Northern States had made quarantine laws discriminating against Southern cattle. 3. There was a growing hostility be- tween the twocommercial sections interested in the cattle trade, both of which took a stand and each, as they believed, having reasons for it. There could be no doubt that wholesale losses were being caused by a single definite disease and more and more events incriminated cattle from sections of the South. These facts were: the coincidence that the disease was set up among all . animals of the bovine race in the north, west and eastern parts of the country which grazed on or near the trail over which Texas cattle had passed or with these cattle at any time 30, 60 or even go days after the occurrence; together with the fact that the symptoms before death, and the appearance of the organs of the carcasses after death, in every instance were the same. Indeed so well understood did this become that the States through which these animals were likely to pass, from dread of the disease, enacted quarantine measures against it. Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois and eventually many other States. passed laws, some of them probably too stringent, regulating the passage of Southern cattle through their territory. 1166 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. Here indeed was a problem involving a possible animosity between the States. There were millions of cattle in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana and throughout the stretch of the South which sought a market in Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City and the other marts of trade. On the other hand, there were millions of cattle in the more Northern States liable to destruc- tion from a fatal disease which those animals carried. As the exact cause of the disease was not known at that time there was ground for differences of opinion on this point. On the one hand there were the observations of the cattle men of the South- west and Middle West that the herds from the Gulf Coast carried with them some kind of a poison which destroyed all herds in their regions with which the Gulf cattle came in contact. On the other hand, the owners of Gulf Coast cattle were exasper- ated at the allegations of the cattle men in the Middle West and Northwest, and claimed that their cattle were healthy. The Gulf Coast owners were not only hostile to the men of the western, plains, but asserted that the quarantine laws of the Northern States were discriminations against their cattle to re-. duce competition of their enormous herds with other cattle in the live stock markets. Such was the situation of affairs which made it necessary for the Federal government to take a hand »for the assistance of both parties. At any rate a quarantine of | cattle which carried the poison was evidently expedient. EVENTS PREVIOUS TO 1889, AND SUBSEQUENT TO IT, WHICH MADE A NATIONAL QUARANTINE AGAINST SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER REASONABLE. We may now study the events previous to 1889 and subse- quent to it, which madea national quarantine against splenetic, Southern or Texas fever, not only expedient, but veasonadle. ‘While pointing out the reasonableness of the institution of a quarantine, we may, at the same time, point out why changes are’made from time to time in the quarantine line. LI. The reasonableness of the quarantine. The wisdom of the institution of a quarantine is found: 1. In SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 1167 the necessity for dealing rationally with the facts causing the differences between stockmen and destroying harmony in the live stock trade; 2. By reason of the fact that a particularly careful study by the Bureau of Animal Industry showed that a line could be found stretching across the country which separated the affected from the unaffected region; 3. The discovery of the cause of the disease and a series of facts which corroborated the original discovery. Between the years 1865 and 1884 it began to be established beyond controversy that there was such a thing as that ‘which people called by the various names, murrain, acclimation, Spanish, Southern or Texas fever; it was known to devastate many regions ; and the losses caused by it brought about a clash- ing of commercial interests which made it reasonable that the National Government should take hold of the problem. The teasonableness of sucha proposal consisted in the fact that there was a dispute as to the existence of the disease; there were doubts, if it existed, as to the accountability of Southern cattle ; the greatest industry, or one of the greatest industries, of a series of States covering the grain regions of the Central West and Northwest was becoming arrayed in disagreement with a tier of States in the warmer cattle raising climate further south. He who reads with close attention the first two annual re- ports of the Bureau of Animal Industry will find that between 1884 and 1886, therefore, the National Government carried on a most careful investigation to discover the precise geographi- cal distribution of Southern cattle fever. The first report de- tails the location of the infection between the Atlantic coast line and the Mississippi river; the second report, its location from the Mississippi to the Rio Grande. Six classes of facts served as a basis for decision of the local- ization of the infection. All of them were based upon three well established conclusions: 1. That cattle from the perma- nently infected district which were taken beyond this district, and where the infection did not exist, contaminated pastures, and in that way disseminated the disease among the native 1168 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. cattle in the non-infected district; 2. That cattle from the non- infected district which were taken into the infected district contracted the disease and suffered with the same symptoms as those which contracted it in the non-infected district from ex- posure to the infection of Southern cattle; 3. that the native cattle of the infected districts enjoyed an immunity from the disease, and, as a rule, do not'suffer from it, either on their native pastures or when they were driven into the non-infected section. ‘To determine whether a certain region was infected, the following had to be established: 1. Can cattle from this region cause disease ; 2. Do native cattle of this region contract the disease ; 3. Do cattle from the non-infected section brought into this region contract the disease. ‘To determine whether a region was non-infected, the following had to be established : 1. Cattle of this region do not cause the disease; 2. The cattle of this section, when pastured upon ranges over which cattle from the infected region have recently grazed, contract the disease ; 3. Cattle brought to this section from non-infected parts of the. country do not contract the disease unless they have grazed upon pastures recently infected by Southern cattle. That correct data could be obtained relative to these points a request was sent out in 1885 by Norman J. Colman, Commis- sioner of Agriculture, to thousands of cattle men in all the countries of Texas, requesting for definite, reliable and abundant information which would lead to a correct demarcation between the infected and the non-infected region of that State. When a multitude of answers to the set of questions, of the kind which were requested, had been received, they were collated, studiously examined and a definite and safe line of demarcation accordingly drawn and based alone on the observations of cattle men as to the effect of moving cattle from one given part of the State or the country to another. In that year it was found that 1,557,503 cattle, or one-fourth of the total assessed in the State of Texas in 1885, were free from the imputation that they caused Southern fever. ‘The extreme care in finding the line of demarcation between the infected and non-infected regions of SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 1169 ee Texas was exercised east of the Mississippi. Through infor- mation furnished by the cattle men; through information fur- nished by its special agents and inspectors, the Government came into possession of abundant evidence on the location of the disease. Shortiy after the obtainment of this information came the discovery of the cause of Texas fever, backed up by a series of facts which corroborated the discovery. The survey of the permanently infected district had just been completed and maps made marking out the line when, in 1889 and 1890, the discov- ery was made that a definite species of tick, which commonly infected the cattle in the infected region, was the agent which chiefly aided in carrying the disease from one animal to another. Without going over the scientific facts which were discovered in Support of this opinion, it is enough to record Dr. Kilborne’s observations made after careful experiment at Washington : I. that Northern cattle pastured in a field with cattle from the infected region which were infested with ticks contracted sple- netic fever; 2. that Northern cattle pastured in a field with cattle from the infested region that were carefully freed from all ticks by hand picking did not contract splenetic fever; 3. that Northern cattle pastured in a field where no cattle from the in- fested region had been, but over which had been scattered a large number of ticks, contracted splenetic fever. This shows that ticks of a definite species were the communicators of the virus of splenetic fever to susceptible animals. A definite kind of tick was at the bottom of the mystery. Even though there was much evidence at hand which, be- cause of the disturbances in the public mind about the disease, because of the investigations which had definitely settled upon the permanently affected district, because of the discovery of the cause of the malady, made Government intervention reasonable : nevertheless, for three years yet, namely, not until 1889, did the Government believe that there was sufficient reason to promul- gate an order imposing so far-reaching a quarantine. On July 3, 1889, however, the first Secretary of Agriculture, 1170 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. Jeremiah M. Rusk, issued the first order setting in motion a quar- antine against the deadly malady. ‘The main points of the order were similar to those at present in vogue—referring to sanitary measures for southern cattle ex route, the unloading into separate pens and the disinfection of cars—except that the first order was a mild one, for there was no requirement that southern animals be shipped only for slaughter. ‘A rigid com- pliance with the above order will insure comparative safety to northern cattle and render it unnecessary to adopt a more ' stringent regulation, such as the absolute prohibition of the movement of Texas cattle except for slaughter during the time of the year that this disease is fatal.” In subsequent orders this “ more stringent regulation ” has been added and it is in force to- day. IT. Why modifications are made tn the quarantine line.— Considerable progress has been made since 1889 in the control of splenetic or Texas fever, which accounts for the constant modification, year by year, of the Federal regulations for the transportation of cattle. Progress is constantly being made in lessening the area of the infected district. In many sections county after county, which were originally placed below the quarantine line, have been released from restrictions for the reason that, through the intermediation of the State authorities, the ticks have been destroyed and the danger of infection through tick agency been removed. ‘The State authorities, usually near the quarantine line, are endeavoring to clear other counties of ticks; so year by year the quarantine region is diminishing in extent instead of extending as it was before 1889. The Federal authorities codperate with the State authorities to further their desires in the matter of elimination of the ticks which are the agent of the contagion. Indeed, the Federal government invites the codperation of the States for the elim- ination of the disease which is an embargo on the live stock trade of the South with the North. It virtually encourages the eradication of the diseases on the part of the States. The States may extirpate the ticks county by county and so q | ; . é SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 1171 push the quarantine line further southward ; they may cooperate through live stock interests—live stock associations, corpora- tions and individuals—for the dipping of cattle to rid them of ticks, which would allow them to pass northward with safety to the animals there. The problem of finding an inexpensive dip which would rapidly destroy the ticks without hurting the animals, now it has been solved, removed the terror of this disease to the industry. Commendable zeal was shown for twenty years in the endeavor tosolve this problem. The Beau- mont sulphuretted petroleum dip of Texas will probably prove the destroyer of the tick which transmits the plague. For the last two years the Federal Government has authorized its use for the destruction of ticks on animals which are tocross the quaran- tine line northward. THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE HAS BROUGHT TO THE LIVE STOCK TRADE. If the conditions up to 1884, and afterwards for that matter, found in the live stock industry made it expedient that a quaran- tine against splenetic or Texas fever be begun, and if the study of the region where the disease was present, and of the disease itself, made it reasonable that a quarantine should be imposed, what now, we may ask, are the advantages of the quarantine against Texas fever to the live stock trade as a whole? The main point in the Federal law which established the Bureau of Animal Industry, it seems, is that the aim of the Bureau shall be the contro] and eradication of contagious or in- fectious communicable diseases among animals. The office of this organ of the Federal Government would seem to be, there- fore, to institute regulations and to set on foot means making for the control, and looking towards the extirpation, of contagions which menace the live stock interests and threaten to create the greatest havoc among our flocks and herds. Large mindedness would seem to be necessary in the formation of such measures. When a disease is rampant and threatens the national live stock = 1172 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. industry the interests of all concerned must beconsidered. The safety of the public wealth in live stock, which, in the case of cattle, reaches billions of dollars, forbids, it appears, that the Government should take sides with an interested party alone for its particular benefit. The justice of the regulations, as they have been applied in the national quarantine against splenetic fever, is shown- in the direct and indirect results of their application. The direct results may now command our attention. First, the very general fears of stockmen, on account of the disease, which were so disturbing before the quarantine was begun, have been allayed. Alarm has ceased. Second, the mortality from the disease has been greatly reduced. Third, the restricted trafic in animals from the affected region has prevented the spread of the disease northward, eastward and westward. Fourth, instead of advancing at the rate of forr miles a year, it is losing ground and is steadily being pushed further South. The hope is that in process of time the disease may be banished from the continent. Fifth, the presence of the disease in the aifected region now has no ill effect on our export trade. Before the quarantine, among mixed herds of Southern and Northern animals exported from New York and Boston, as many as two or three hundred died of Texas fever in a single voyage. Foreign countries feared its introduction among their herds. The disease threatened at one time to shut us out from the European trade. Sixth, stock men are becoming recon- ciled to the wisdom of the preventive measure of quarantine, and see in it an advantage to the larger interests of the traffic in Southern stock. The methods of shipment under Fed- efal supervision, the feeding along the way in separate pens, the unloading into pens set apart, the disinfection of cars, have silenced the arguments of people against Southern stock, and allayed all fear oi danger from the plague. The way is open for Southern animals to successfully compete in open market with other stock. Besides there have been two indirect results. First, the SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 3 eS a quarantine measure has indirectly aided in the improvement of the breeds of Southern cattle. Necessity is the mother of invention. A practical and highly successful method has been devised to bring about, through blood inoculation, an artificial immunity of animals from elsewhere to the plague found in the South. Blooded stock, Herefords and Shorthorns principally, after having been made immune, have been sent South without harm and the Southern herds are showing wonderful improve- ment. Second, the bad blood which was shown at the strin- gency of the quarantine fifteen years ago, and the disbelief, on the part of numerous stockmen, that their cattle were either diseased or caused disease, lead to the greatest zeal in the inves-. tigation of the cause of Texas fever. When it was discovered that the tick, (Bodphilus annulatus) was the agent which car- tied the disease to susceptible animals, the discovery bore further fruit in the investigation of dipping methods to destroy the tick. The Beaumont sulphuretted petroleum, harmless as it is to the cattle, yet deadly to the tick, inasmuch as it has thus been found to be satisfactory, may well be a great boon to the live stock trade. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT. In order to make the main points brought out by this paper a little more clear, we may summarize as follows: I.—The conditions which lead to a quarantine of the affected district were : 1. The presence in the South of an alarming contagious disease among cattle, the cause of which was not known. 2. The fact of the ravages caused by the disease. L1.— The events previous to 1889, and subsequent to it, which made a quarantine against Texas fever expedient and reasonable, A.—The expediency of the quarantine determined by: 1. The observations made that a disease brought by Southern cattle was decimating the herds elsewhere. 1174 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. The observation that in every instance the symp- toms and appearances after death of animals con- tracting the disease were the same. 2. The Northern States had made quarantine laws dis- criminating against Southern cattle. 3. The growing hostility between the two commercial sections interested in the cattle trade. B.—The reasonableness of the quarantine determined by: 1. The necessity for dealing rationally with the facts causing the differences between stock men and de- stroying harmony in the live stock trade. 2. The investigations by the Bureau of Animal Industry showed that a line of demarcation could be made between the infected and non-infected district. 3. The cause of the disease had been discovered and a series of facts were obtained which corroborated the discovery. C.—Moderation and prudence shown by the Government in the institution of regulations. 1. No hastiness shown in that, though there was abun- dant evidence at hand for a quarantine in 1886, no quarantine was started until 1889. 2. The mildness of the quarantine regulations of 1889. D.—Some reasons for the modifications of the regulations concerning transportation of cattle. 1. The eradication of ticks by the State authorities. 2. The cooperation of the Federal Government with the State authorities looking towards the extermination of ticks. ITI.—The advantages which the quarantine has brought to the live stock trade as a whole. A.—What the duty of the General Government in the matter of animal plagues would seem to be: 1. The institution of regulations making for the control and looking towards the extirpation of contagious diseases. SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER QUARANTINE. 1175 2. Not to take sides with any particular party, but exer- cise authority for the general good. B.—How the justice of the regulations, as they have been applied in the splenetic or Texas fever quaran- tine, has been for the advantage of stock men: . The alarms of stock men have ceased. . Mortality from the disease has been minimized. . The disease does not now spread North, Eastand West. . The disease is losing ground. . The presence of the disease in the South has now no ill effect on our export trade. 6. The regulations have silenced the arguments against Southern stock. 7. Indirectly, the quarantine has aided in the improve- ment of breeds of Southern cattle. 8. Indirectly, it has quickened the endeavors to discover a method to destroy the ticks which transmit the plague. mn B&W DN ESERINE QUICKLY RELIEVES CHOKING-—Dr. E. E. Bittle, of New Castle, Pa., writes under date of Jan. 17: “I thought possibly it would be interesting to some of the readers of the REVIEW to know that one grain of eserine, administered hypo- dermically, relieves choke in the horse. Don’t smile at this; but try it.” THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION will not go begging for invitations for meeting places in 1907. We have no doubt but that the cordial advances made by Lex- ington, Ky., and Kansas City, Mo., for the meeting of 1906 will be continued in 1907, while Denver, Col., comes forward with a strong bid from professionals and civilians. But the latest aspirant for consideration is conveyed in a letter from far- away Honolulu, three thousand miles out in the Pacific Ocean, where Dr. Monsarrat says the Association will have a hearty welcome, and he personally pledges that we will all have a good time. At this writing, we know of at least three who would make the trip if the Executive Committee so decrees, and these are James L. Robertson, Wm. Dougherty, and W. Horace Hoskins, with the next President ex officte. 1176 W. J. MARTIN. GELSEMIUM (YELLOW JASMINE). By W. J. MarrTIn, V. S., KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS, Read before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association at Chicago, December, 1905. Parts used.—The dried rizome and rootlets of gelsemium super virens. Prepared in the form of a tincture or fluid ex- tract. The powdered drug is still used to a certain extent in human practice. Although the U. S. Pharmacopceia specifies that the dried sizome and rootlets be used in preparing the tincture and fluid extract, those prepared from the green and fresh roots are by far the best and most active medicinal prepa- rations. It should be constantly borne in mind that there is a great variability in the strength of the various preparations of this drug offered for sale to consumers, and this no doubt is the cause of the many conflicting opinions among practitioners regarding its therapeutic efficacy, hence care should be exercised to see that only acarefully prepared and physiologically active prepar- ation of the drug be used in order to insure the best results in practice. Physical characteristics.—Gelsemium is a graceful climbing plant indigenous to the Southern States of North America. It grows to a great height on trees and walls. It flowers in the eatly spring months, and during this period gives forth a deli- cate and refreshing odor to the atmosphere in its immediate vicinity. The plant grows in rich moist soil along the seacoast from Virginia to Florida. The flowers are also a narcotic poison. Gelsemium readily yields its properties to water and dilute alcohol. It contains in its somewhat complex composition a resinous gum, starch and albumen, together with the alkaloid gelsemine and gelseminic acid. The alkaloid gelsewine is said to contain all the medicinal constituents of the crude drug (this I doubt), but, owing to its difficult extraction and the small amount of alkaloid contained in the crude drug, its high price renders its use all but prohibitive for veterinary practice. GELSEMIUM. By Phystological actions.—The physiological action of gel- semium is very similar in both man and the lower animals. In all these the effects of the drug in toxic doses as well as in non- toxic doses is perceptible in from 10 to 20 minutes and extend over a period of from two to three hours on an average. In toxic doses its effects are marked by extreme muscular relaxa- tion and weakness, such as a staggering gait, dilated pupils, ptosis, shallow respiration and labored breathing ; the pulse is weak and thready, temperature of the body will often be sub- normal, skin will be covered with a cold clammy sweat, and in the dog and cat, severe tetanic convulsions will be present until death occurs from paralysis of respiration. In man the most prominent symptom of gelsemium poisoning is dropping of the lower jaw, though this does not occur in our patients. After death from poisoning from gelsemium, the heart will continue to beat for a short time. Gelsemium appears to act almost wholly upon the cerebro- spinal system, first affecting the motor and secondly the sensory portions. In poisoning by the drug the posterior extremities of the body (in the horse, cat and dog) are the first to become affected, showing well marked clonic and tonic convulsions to a much greater extent than the anterior extremities. When ad- ministering the drug in large doses we should constantly bear in mind its tendency to paralyze the motor and sensory ganglia and thereby cause death by asphyxia due to paralysis of the muscles of respiration. In both man and animals that have died from gelsemium poisoning, post-mortem examination does not reveal, microscop- ically at least, any important physiological lesions of the body ; under the microscope, however, marked structural lesions have been lately discovered in the nuclei of the motor nerves, or so- called “* Nissil bodies.” These changes are termed by physiol- ogists as ‘“chromatolysis”’ of the cells, which constitute the nuclei of the motor cerebral nerves. Therapeutics.—Gelsemium has long been used in the South- ern States in human practice as an arterial and nervous se- 1178 W. J. MARTIN. dative and febrifuge in the treatment of the low forms of inter- mittent and malarial fevers so prevalent in that region. The drug has also been highly recommended in the treatment of pneumonia, pleurisy, spasmodic laryngitis, cough, etc., in man. From a careful perusal of veterinary therapeutic literature, I have found that the use of gelsemium is not as well known in our profession as it should be, and it isowing to this fact that I have in this paper endeavored to call attention to its valu- able therapeutic properties, and am firmly of the opinion that it should be considered as one of the standard medicinal drugs of veterinary materia medica. In the treatment of the early stages of pneumonia and pleurisy in the horse, gelsemium given in small and repeated doses, every two or three hours, effectually assists in lowering high temperature, lessens the rapidity of respiration, relieves pain and promotes diaphoresis of the skin, and greatly assists in, cutting short the period of the disease. The use of the drug is contraindicated in those pneumonic affections when in the sec- ondary stage, when the heart’s action is weak, and consolida- tion of the parenchymatous structnre of the lungs has taken place. In spasmodic cough and laryngitis in the early stages, the drug affords great relief, allaying pain and dyspnoea by its antispasmodic action on the mucous membrane of the fauces and bronchi. In the treatment of hysteria in the mare and bitch, the drug is of the highest value, and should, in my opinion, be the first drug to be administered in this disease. In cases of difficult or protracted parturition in the mare, we often find the animal in an extremely weak and exhausted condition after the delivery of the foal ; it is at this time when post-partum pains are very apt to supervene and quickly lead to prolapsus uteri if not promptly _ checked. A full dose of the fluid extract of gelsemium at this time promptly relieves the bearing-down pains without in the least constipating the bowels, as does opium or its alkaloid, morphine. In medical literature we find mention of numerous cases of GELSEMIUM. 1179 tetanus in man that have been cured by administering large doses of gelsemium. In some of the cases mentioned, as much as 40 minims of the fluid extract of the drug were given every two hours until a subsidence of the most acute symptoms had occur- red, and then being followed by 20 minims every two hours for several days. One patient in particular took four fluid drachms of the fluid extract daily for a whole week. I have used gel- semium extensively in the treatment of tetanusin the horse for many years, and while I have never administered a single dose of the drug in this dreadful disease without the animal ex- periencing almost immediate relief, to a great extent, I must confess that as a curative agent it has not proved to be any more successful in the treatment of this disease than any other drugs in our materia medica. . However, in the early stages of tetanus, I give the animal large doses of gelsemium and keep it up as long as there is any hope of relieving its sufferings. It is best administered in this disease per rectum. In the Jour. of Com. Med. and Vet. Archives for Sept., 1896, Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, of Utica, N. Y., records a case of tetanus in a horse which was cured by the use of large doses of the fluid extract of gelsemium adminis- tered per rectum. The animal was placed in slings during the treatment. In all the animal received 4 pints of the drug. In my practice gelsemium has proved to be the best nervous sedative in the treatment of azoturia, especially in the initial stage of the disease. When you are hurriedly called to a case that has just gone down and you find the animal lying flat on its side aud unable to rise, the body covered with a profuse per- spiration, the animal highly excited, pawing wildly with its fore and hind extremities, throwing its head backward to such an extent that the occipital crest rests on the ground with the nose in the air, the conjunctive highly congested, showing marked cerebro-spinal congestion or hypergzemia, and severe _. nervous spasms of the muscles of locomotion—the whole animal economy demanding the prompt and energetic administration of an efficient nervous sedative. It isinsuch cases that gelsemium 1180 W. J. MARTIN. has given to me the highest degree of satisfaction, not only by calming an over-excited animal and insuring it a grateful rest and relief from its agony, but also permits the practitioner to more closely study the case, as well as to give a breathing spell to the tired owner and attendants. In such cases of azoturia I never think of administering any other drug but gelsemium, and have always found its action to be most prompt and highly beneficial. I could mention hun- dreds of such cases of azoturia that have been placed on the high road to recovery by the timely administration of a few doses of this drug, and I would advise each and every one of you to give it a trial when called upon to combat this most dis- agreeable disease. Even in those cases of the disease when there is no possible hope of the animal’s recovery, a full dose of the drug at regular intervals will do much to allay the poor animal’s frantic sufferings and smooth its pathway to the grave. _ Conium maculatum and calabar bean when combined with gelsemium increase its therapeutic activity, though I much prefer to use it uncombined. In poisoning by gelsemium the best antidote is atropine and morphine given hypodermically, or when this is not to be obtained carbonate of ammonia may be given internally, followed by alcoholic stimulants, fresh air, walking exercise, if possible, together with hot applications and friction to the extremities. DEATH AT WHOLESALE AND IN A Hurry.—Columodza, Mo., Jan. 17.—Hundreds of cattle are dropping dead in southeast Missouri from an unknown cause. In one herd alone 113 cat- tle died instantly, and in another forty, and it is feared that if the cause be not ascertained the cattle in the affected region will be entirely exterminated. So far the trouble has been con- fined to New Madrid and Mississippi counties. One farmer, while standing in the field examining a fine beef with a view to ship- ping it to market, turned his head for a moment to answer some one who called to him from the rear. He heard a thud, and turning around saw the steer lying flat on its back, stone dead, its mouth half full of unconsumed herbage.—(New York World, Jan. 17.) STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA IN STALLIONS. 118f STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA IN STALLIONS. By W. C. GALBRAITH, V. S.,WHEATON, ILL. Read before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, Dec. Ig, 1905. I have always considered this unfortunate condition in stallions to be one of the most critical and treacherous we come in contact with. I can well imagine myself out in the country with a fine, valuable stallion on my hands, suffering from strang- ulated inguinal hernia; and to think how powerless we are, with but limited assistance at hand, which is usually the case, and the patient suffering the most agonizing pain, with no chance for his recovery, except by a scientific operation ; then the question immediately arises, can this operation be performed successfully, without leaving the horse a gelding, which un- doubtly would decrease his value at least seventy-five per cent. (75%)? Let us briefly run over the anatomy of the parts which we are about to consider in this operation. In stallions and geld- ings, the inguinal canal leading from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum, consists of a flat, somewhat funnel-shaped passage about four or five inches in length, but may vary in measure- ment in different subjects. The upper ot internal opening (annulus abdominis) is from one to one and a half inches in length; it extends in an oblique direction from behind, forward and outward, and is sit- uated one and one-half to two inches from the oblique branch of the os pubis and four to six inches from the linea alba. Anteriorly and inwardly the abdominal ring is bordered by the posterior edge of the internal oblique abdominal muscle, posteriorly and outwardly by the cremaster or spermatic cord. The vessel supplying the posterior portion of the abdominal walls passes about three-fourths of an inch from its posterior angle and on its inner side. The inguinal ring or outer ab- dominal (annulus inguinalis), consists of a slit between the inner and outer terdinous aponeurosis of the external oblique abdom- inal muscle, whose posterior inner angle lies about one and one- 1182 W. C. GALBRAITH. fourth inches in front of the branch of the os pubis, and about two and one-half inches from the middle line of the abdomen ; its normal length is about four inches; it likewise passes for- ward and outward, and opens when the thigh is directed back- ward and abducted. The interior inner wall of the inguinal canal is largely formed by the inner oblique abdominal muscle, the outward by the crural arch or Poupart’s ligament. Some of the possible causes of strangulated inguinal hernia are: Abnormal width of the annulus abdominis, severe exer- tion, hard draft on soft ground, struggling under restraint, violent kicking, slipping so as to spread the thighs extremely, large developed testicles, the act of copulation, causing pressure of the viscera toward the pelvis; its production is favored by all circumstances which increase abdominal pressure. Symptoms.—Colicky pains are first noticed and most gener- ally looked upon as such, at the outset, but they continue and rapidly become more severe; the patient lies down, gets up, and so on repeatedly, then tries to roll on his back, stretches out as if to urinate, kicks with foot on affected side. As you observe closer, you will notice stiffness on the affected side and traction of testicle, lies down and throws himself again and again, then rises in front and sits up like a dog; pulse runs fast and hard. As time passes sweat bedews the body, and you will notice straining as if to defecate. Your anodynes will now have little effect. Should we be called toa stallion showing such symptoms, it is always our duty to examine the scrotal and in- guinal regions, and rectal examinations will certainly verify our diagnosis. Treatment.—Inguinal hernias are always dangerous. ‘Take into careful consideration the physical condition of your patient, as you will have to aneesthetize, and put under severe restraint. Note as near as you can the character of the hernia you may have to deal with, and it is well to remember that incomplete inguinal hernias are more frequently strangulated than those of greater extent. Your treatment must be early and decisive, and should your medicinal treatment and manipulations not STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA IN STALLIONS. 1183 have the desired effect, you must proceed to operate at once. Procedure.—-Everything in readiness, you cast your patient, having the hind quarters raised high enough to cause the bowels to descend forward somewhat, to relieve all the pressure you can upon the pelvic region ; draw the limb on the affected side out as far as possible. The patient now in position, you might try further with manipulation ; if no relief or reduction, resort to the knife. First, thoroughly wash and cleanse the surrounding parts, clip all hair that is necessary, shave the parts where incision is to be made, disinfect and dress cuts with an antiseptic, which- ever you are most familiar with, or have handy, say creolin, eucamphol, or such like; be sure and get all parts clean, legs and hoofs by all means, and you proceed to adininister chloroform. When anesthetized, have some one continue administering suf- ficiently to keep your patient where you want him. This you can direct yourself, if your assistant is not experienced. Make incision external and slightly forward of the testicle, down onto the inguinal canal as near the internal ring as you can. When down to the canal, make a small opening through its peritoneal tunic so that you can admit your forefinger close or tight to the ring; here you will feel the engorged bowel ; slip your finger as tight as you can to the edge of the ring as a guide; now force your tenotome through carefully ; it is best to have the cutting edge outward and, if you can, forward ; now press the handle and let it cut through the edge of the ring, which will give away readily ; then gently force your finger forward. I would suggest some antiseptic oil, say olive ; now force into the opening to lubricate the finger, then withdraw your knife and force or press the bowel into the abdominal cavity. You may now even have to resort to rectal manipulation to effect this easily. Then explore the parts and see that all is back in place and proceed to wash and dress the wound with bichloride (1 to 1,000), dry the surrounding parts and seat of operation ; stitching is not necessary unless you have made a large incision. You now re- \ 1184 WwW. C. GAILBRAITH. lease the patient; if he is resting, leave him in the recumbent position until muscles are nicely relaxed. It is well to keep him on his feet for 48 hours and have perfect cleanliness about his stall. Subsequent treatment consists of comfort, sedatives, enemas and restricted diet. Drs. Gro. O. ForsyTH, Columbia, N. J., and John G. Feaster, Jacobstown, N. J., were bitten by a rabid horse the latter part of January. Both veterinarians are under treatment at the Pasteur Institute, New York. Dr. W. H. DALRYMPLE, of the Louisiana State University and Experiment Station, was prominently urged, says the New Orleans Picayune, as successor to Major J. G. Lee, Commission- er of Agriculture and Immigration. Mr. Chas. Schuler, a prom- inent planter and member of the State Board of Agriculture and Immigration, received the appointment. DOMESTICATED WHALES.—Professor Muller, of St. John’s, Newfoundland, who was the first man to discover that whale flesh could be prepared for eating, has now succeeded in domes- ticating a herd of more than fifty sulphur cow whales, and has verfected an apparatus for milking them. The milk is fresh and sweet, and peculiarly rich in nutritive and medicinal qualities. The yield froma full-grown whale is from five to seven hogs- heads a day. It is much thicker and richer than the best Jersey milk, and possesses a peculiarly pleasant and distinctive flavor which those who have tasted it pronounce superior to any known milk. Chemical analysis has shown that the milk of the sulphur whale is rich in those products which give to cod liver oil its value as a remedial food. Professor Muller has in- vented and patented a process for making leather from the in- ternal membranes of the whale. When tanned and finished, it is of great durability and fine texture. Besides its superior quality, the whale leather furnishes single pieces of much greater dimensions than it is possible to procure from any other animal. It is possible, according to the inventor, to obtain from the skin of a full-grown sulphur whale a strip of leather about 300 feet in length and three anda half feet in breadth. From the pleural lining a tube of leather 25 feet in diameter can be obtained. Large quantities of whale meat are being sold in the West Indies, and the natives declare that they infinitely prefer it to South American jerked beef. PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. 1185 PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. By Dr. BOWLBY, TWEED, ONTARIO, CANADA. Read at the Annual Meeting of the Ontario Veterinary Association, at Toronto, Ontario, Dec, 22, 1905. At the midsummer meeting I, along with others, was selected to prepare something for the programme for the annual meet- ing, and, having signified my willingness, have made an en- deavor to keep my word. I have often thought that a great deal of our benefit was lost through our trying to show our superiority over one another. Now, I do not mean to deprecate the good opinion we are apt to hold of ourselves, but we too often select a subject that many of us are not conversant with, or is rarely met with, and make it bristle with peculiar professional terms, so that, how- ever good the paper may be, the greater part of the benefit is lost to the masses. Then, again, I fear that we are far too prone to advertise our successes rather than to admit our failures. It is for these and other reasons now that I have selected the subjects of ‘“‘Phymosis and Paraphymosis” for my paper; not because I have any special knowledge to impart, as it consists for the most part of a partial history of a few cases that have come under my observation ; but because most every one must have met with it; and with which I have had little success in treatment. As I understand the two diseases, phymosis consists of the constriction of the prepuce which prevents the protrusion or withdrawal of the penis; and paraphymosis of the enlarged penis itself, both troubles likely to be co-existent and frequently the one depending upon or exciting the other. . There is another and almost analogous trouble, viz. : a par- tially paralyzed condition of the penis, or rather its supporting muscles and ligaments, which I believe to be responsible for the majority of the cases of paraphymosis through allowing the penis to be gradually distended with blood by gravitation and 1186 DR. BOWLBY. by partial erections and not having the muscular tenacity to repel the engorgment. The penis being a dependent and necessarily a loosely sus> pended organ, favors this condition, and every ounce of blood that finds its way to the anterior part of the organ acts asa leverage on the already overtaxed suspendings at the posterior portion of it. While injury may in some cases be the exciting cause, I be- lieve that the injury frequently occurs after the other trouble is well seated, and many cases reported and appearing to us as those caused by injury are those in which the injury is secondary. Just here I would like to venture the opinion, although I cannot support it with any written authority, that the enlarge- ment of the prostate and probably Cowper’s gland by either muscular or nervous pressure to be responsible for the semi- paralyzed condition of the penis. The trouble occurring most frequently in the aged animal and in the entire animal bears this out; ©. That there is but partial paralysis is advanced by the fact of there being in some cases partial erections and I have noticed in one almost perfect emissions. I will now give ashort synopsis of a few cases I have noticed. No. I.—Aged gelding, well cared for and in good condition. Penis gradually protruded, with little swelling at first, but gradually increasing. Tried supports, cold applications, astrin- gents, tonics, etc., but to no purpose. Finally amputated about six inches of the penis with good results, the swelling receding and the organ retracting. No. [/.—Three-year-old gelding. When brought to me the organ was protruding several inches and swollen, the sheath hard and hot and prepuce constricted. Eventually an abscess, which proved to be that of strangles, formed in the sheath, broke and the trouble gradually subsided under ordinary treatment. No. [1/,—Five-year-old stallion. Trouble first noticed in serving a mare. ‘The organ protruded about eight or ten inches, with only a little swelling. Supported by bandages and tried PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. 1187 to keep it in place by packing with batting, etc.; applied cold applications, astringent lotions, gave iron, strychnine, damiana, tonics and alteratives. Only a partial recovery effected. No. /V.—Fourteen-year-old stallion. Trouble began in March, the organ protruding more and more and sweliing increas- ing each day until it hung fully 24 inches and was five or six inches in diameter. Tried scarification along with other treat- ment, but to no avail. Had the animal shot. No. V.—Imported stallion, 12 years old; trouble began in April with five or six inches of protrusion, but no swelling, and in about three weeks had reached a length of about ten inches with a little swelling, where it remained in spite of any treatment that at least three other veterinarians besides myself could devise. On the advice of one of them the horse was kept through the summer and worked some in the hope that with good treatment, regular exercise and the colder weather of the fall some benefit might be got. The cold weather had the op- posite effect, for the organ became frostbitten and got gangren- ous, elongated to more than 20 inches and badly swollen. In the following spring I was called in and amputated about four- teen inches. The horse made a good recovery and has been doing regular work for over two years. No. V7.—Within the last few days I had another case in an imported stallion, 17 years old, andin good condition. Trouble of about ten days’ standing when I saw it first. Protrusion of 20 inches or more and five or six inches through. Very little constitutional disturbance. On account of the age of the horse and the cold weather at the time, advised his destruction, and he was accordingly shot. In none of these cases was there any injury at first ; on some injury occurred after the elongation of the organ. From my experience the practice of the old adage of an ounce of prevention being worth a pound of cure holds true. If the owners of stallions were more exacting in the selection of a groom and the groom were careful in the selection of mares and the time of breeding them, the stallion not expected to do too 1188 DR. BOWLBY. . much work in a given time, his general health better looked after and he not asked to travel too far, his virility might be prolonged and much of this trouble averted. My experience leads me to the conclusion that those cases resulting from in- jury or some immediate exciting cause recover, while those re- sulting from senile decay do the opposite. While the admission of almost uniform failure may not bring me much glory, yet it may possibly bring from some more fortunate practitioner some suggestions that may lead to happier results. CANADA’S BAR AGAINST THE AMERICAN HoG.—The Do- minion Minister of Agriculture (Hon. Mr. Fisher) is to be com- mended for the prompt action taken in regard to the importa- tion of American hogs. The unrestrained privilege of slaugh- tering in bond of hogs drawn from the unlimited corn-fed sup- plies of the States, would incidentally have left farmers at the mercy of the packers, but probably the real basis of the Gov- ernment’s action is to preserve the hog stock of Canada from disease. For several years our efficient Veterinary Director- General (Dr. Rutherford) and staff have battled with hog cholera, which by herculean efforts and the expenditure of thousands of dollars for compensation has been got under control. Letting down the bars to the American hog lots, might mean any day the complete undoing of all this valuable work and the ruin of the industry for years to come. Only those thoroughly ac- quainted with the facts, or have suffered from visitations of swine disease, caa realize the gravity of the menace. The new order just issued from Ottawa rescinds sections 45 to 52, inclu- sive, of the Animal Quarantine Regulations of 1904, and sub- stitutes therefor a provision that all imported swine must be ac- companied by a certificate signed by a veterinarian of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, stating that neither swine plague nor hog cholera has existed within a radius of five miles of the premises in which they have been kept for six months preced- ing the date of shipment, but such swine shall be subjected toa quarantine of 30 days before being allowed to come in contact with Canadian animals. ‘This stops importation for immediate slaughter and doubles the period of quarantine. Swine found to be suffering from contagious disease will be subject to slaught- er without compensation.—(farmers’ Advocate, Winnipeg, Manitoba.) ao ee THE SPAYING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 1189 THE SPAYING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. By CHARLES FRAZIER, B. S., M. D. V., Dean of the McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, Illinots. An article in the December REVIEW concerning the spaying of a pregnant mare, by H. Fulstow, of Norfolk, Ohio, recalled to my mind some data on this subject which may be of interest to members of the profession. During the years of 1904 and 1905 the writer, while con- nected with the School of Veterinary Science of the Washington ~ State College, spayed and had under observation 863 head of range cattle. On account of the peculiar methods of handling’ he range cattle and the comparatively low value of old range cows, every animal which was to be sold out of the herd was spayed, regardless of age, condition or pregnancy. Of the cattle spayed 226 were past three years old and ranged in age from three to fifteen years and some possibly older ; 67 of these were pregnant. On account of the conditions under which they were kept, no idea as to the exact length of pregnancy could be obtained. ; As to the results of the spaying, the following notes, as taken from the records, will be of interest : Four animals died as a result of the operation. Invariably these were fat cows spayed late in the season, and death was caused by complications arising in the laparotomy wound. No preguant cows died as a direct result of the operation. Three cows gave birth to living calves within sixty hours after the operation, the calves and mothers both surviving. Eleven cows aborted within sixty hours after the operation, the labor pains being brought on asaresult of the shock accom- panying the confining of the wild cows in the chute and the subsequent operation. So far as could be learned, nearly all cows which aborted were in an advanced stage of pregnancy. Three of these cows died later as a result of retention of the placental membranes and neglect of the owners. Those cows which did not abort immediatly following the 1190 CHARLES, FRAZIER. operation, carried their calves to full term or about full term. As a whole, these calves were fully developed physically. A large percentage ( about 85 per cent.) lived and thrived. The remainder lacked vitality and soon died, most of them without getting up. This may be the result of premature birth. The cows of this group almost invariably had more or less trouble in giving birth to the calves. Apparently the dystokia was caused by irregularity and weakness of the labor pains, which may have resulted from the disturbance to the nervous mechan- ism of the generative tract by the ovariotomy. ‘There was also a great tendency towards retention of the afterbirth in these cows. It was necessary to rely upon the owners of the herds for some of the above facts. MORE INSPECTORS NEEDED FOR THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.—Congressmen are beginning to be besieged with de- mands for some quick legislation to facilitate shipment abroad of American meat. Secretary James Wilson, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture made the statement a few days ago that unless Congress speedily grants the emergency appropriation of $135 000 asked for by him to supply additional” inspectors and microscopists, it is probable that more than $50,000,000 worth of orders for American pork and beef products placed by German dealers will go unfilled. On March 1, next, Germany will put into operation its new tariff law on products coming from the United States. There is now in that country a meat famine, and the German dealers in an- ticipation of the new tariff law are flooding the packing houses of this country with orders. This has resulted in such an im- mense business for the American packers that they are now embarrassed for lack of inspectors. This fact alone, states Sec- retary Wilson, has led him to call for the emergency appropri- ation and is no violation of the law of Congress that prohibits members of the Cabinet from contracting for services without the consent of Congress. Secretary Wilson declared that he had created no deficiency, but that on the contrary he was ask- ing only for an emergency appropriation to change the condi- tions, which an enormously increased business of the last few months with no increase in the inspection force had created.— (Washington Correspondence American Cultivator, Jan. 20.) REPORTS OF CASES. 1191 REPORTS OF CASES. ** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts tn builting up the solid edifice of pathological science.”’ FIXED THORACIC CHOKE—AN OPERATION MADE THOROUGHLY CLASSICAL BY USING A PHILLIPS ‘‘PERFECTED’’ TUBE, WITH A FEW SUGGESTIONS ABOUT CHOKES. By J. M. Puinuires, D. V. S:, St. Louis, Mo. At the last meeting of the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation, held at Cleveland, Ohio, Dr. J. H. Blattenburg, of Lima, Ohio, demonstrated an operation to reduce a fixed choke * by hydraulic pressure. The procedure was applying a mouth speculum and passing a piece of hose by way of the mouth into the cesophagus to (in this case) the imaginary obstruction. This done an incision was made through the skin directly over the cesophagus, about midway of the neck, the cesophagus loosened from its surround- ing tissues and drawn through the incision made, and _ ligated, including the tubing that had previously been passed into it. A force pump was then attached to the tube and water pumped into the csophagus, thereby dilating it and driving the obstruction into the stomach. It was an operation that I judged at the time deserved more thought and attention than it seemed to attract. It appealed to me particularly, for I saw greater possibilities in the opera- tion, as the following report of a case, with comments, will show. Ten years have elapsed since I began the use of the Phillips Stomach Tube as a probang, and for liquefying oats and chaff chokes, and floating and siphoning out an impacted mass. Yet up to this time I had in every case been able to relieve my sub- jects without adopting any extraordinary means until the 2oth of November last. History : Brown horse, 12 years old, weight 1,200 lbs., belong- ing to Mr. J. H. T., a retail carpet dealer of this city. The horse had been boarded ina livery stable, and fed on oats and corn. He was considered a gluttonous eater, as the following history of a former choke, together with this one, will prove : On June 3d I was called tosee him. I found no hay in the 1192 REPORTS OF CASES. manger, and no grain in the trough, but there was chaff and sawdust on the floor. He was evidently choked on this proven- der. It was a thoracic choke that was unusual, in that it caus- ed great suffering, as evidenced by his squealing aloud and retching terribly, andthe perspiration dripping from all over the body, withthe cesophagus bulging full of saliva. With one assistant I passed the Phillips ‘‘ Perfected ”’ Tube per nasi to the offending mass without any extraordinary demonstration on the part of the patient. The saliva was siphoned out. The continuous-stream injection pump was then attached and placed into a pail of warm water and a few short strokes made with it, then detached quickly, allowing some of the diluted chaff to escape. I now put more pressure on the tube, and the pump attached again and pumped, and detached again. In the third attachment the water found easy access into the stomach. Now a few gallons of water were pumped into the stomach and the tube withdrawn, leaving the horse with the same good ap- petite that had gotten him into trouble. His second attack, the most interesting and unusual, was on Nov. 20th. When I was called to see him at 5.30 A. M. he was not the suffering patient that he wason June 3d. Salivation profuse, retching some, cesophagus bulging with saliva and masticated food (oats and corn), a grand attempt of nature to produce the very effect that the operation later on did effect, z. é., dilatation of the cesophagus and pressure on the offending matter. I inquired into the kind of food he had been eating and was told that it was corn on the cob and oats. On in- spection I found no grain and but a few pieces of corn cobs leftin the trough. With plenty of confidence born of past ex- periences, I proceeded as before, passing the tube through the left nostril into the cesophagus, siphoning out the saliva, which was mixed with masticated corn and oats, and injecting and siphoning until the return flow was clear. I then knew what the choke consisted of, a piece of corn cob he must have swal- lowed in his greed that had lodged near the cardiac orifice of the stomach. As the tube was in position I attempted to dislodge the choke without the use of the stilet, giving several pounds press- ure, but without relief. My next step was to withdraw the tube and insert the stilet (which makes a very stiff and light-weight probang), and again inserted the tube and applied about 20 to 25 lbs. pressure against the cob, without any apparent benefit. Thus far in the operation the horse made no resistence to the ee ee. pan REPORTS OF CASES. 1193 treatment, excepting to retch whilst applying the pressure against the cob. I now knew that I had ‘an exceptionally bad case, but decided to give him a little time, so had him tied to a brick wall until my round in the afternoon, when I expected to find it necessary to perform the emergency operation. Fear- ing a possible difficulty in the operation, I called in my brother, Dr. S. E. Phillips, to assist me. Ifound my patient with the cesophagus again filled with saliva. I backed the horse into the stall and applied an H. & D. dental halter, tying the horse to both sides of the stall as for dentistry. Then applied an H. & D. mouth speculum and inserted a Phillips tube probang per orem. ‘This procedure -he objected to, breathing heavily and fighting, though he had not objected to its reaching the cesophagus per nasal chamber (I have always found that the horse objects to passing a probang through the mouth, and thatit interferes more or less with the respirations). I presseda possible 25 lbs. weight against the tube, holding the pressure on it for some time in the hope of tiring the excited muscles that were retaining the cob, but without results. I then removed the tube probang. To divert one moment from the casein hand, to causes and effects in using a probang per orem. Is it any wonder that a horse fights a probang passed through the mouth? (1.) A probang of any kind lifts the pal- ate and an artificial opening is made so that air enters the trachea through the mouth, which is wholly unnatural in the horse. Air passing in and out through this unnatural channel draws the excessive secretions from the mouth and those that are in the cesophagus, which is generally mixed with the food, into the trachea. This saliva, when the palate is in position, is carried over the palate and is discharged through the nasal chambers. This same physiological action we particularly ob- serve in cases of laryngitis and pharyngitis, when all or nearly all the food swallowed is returned through the nostrils. | (2.) A probang passed through the mouth lies close down upon the epiglottis, pressing upon it and interfering with its easy move- ment. Whena probang is passed through the movth, the mouth must be opened tothe “mz to avoid injuring the instru- ment. A speculum must be used. A horse does not fight a speculum under ordinary circumstances, but the condi- tions under which it is now used, though it may save the probang, it may lose the horse. (3.) With this, then, we add the third reason why the horse fights the probang: A horse 1194 REPORTS OF CASES. cannot swallow with the mouth widely opened ; the attempt is weak and defective. With the mouth thus fixed, the probang is pushed into the distended cesophagus, displacing the saliva, which is often mixed with food, and forcing it out over the glottis and begins dropping into the trachea. Now the horse attempts to swallow, which if unrestricted would close the glottis, raise the larynx, constrict the pharynx, and allow its es- cape through the nose. But with his inability to swallow, great quantities often go pouring into the trachea, causing violent coughing and distress. Since it is only in the act of swallowing that the epiglottis covers the glottis, protecting the trachea from the introduction of foreign substances, how important it is that the mouth be. not gagged open, that the palate be left in its normal position, and the epiglottis unmolested in order to allow this now most important physiological action to take place when so much foreign substances are passing over the trachea. To resume, I prepared the field for the operation by shav- ing the hair and disinfecting the skin, and injecting cocaine along the line of incision, which was about six inches long, at the middle between the throat-latch and shoulder and fairly above the jugular vein. I inserted the tube through the left nostril to the cob, not using the stilet. The horse made no demonstration in this procedure. I looped the end of the tube in the halter band and fastened it. I made my incison and dis- sected the cesophagus with the enclosed tube from its loose con- nective tissues surrounding it, and brought it to the surface of the wound. I then wrapped a two and one-half inch cheese- cloth bandage about four times around it and tied the ends tightly together, thereby binding the cesophagus tightly onto thetube, that no fluids pumped into the cesophagus below could pass the bandage. I now attached the force pump and pumped very lively for a dozen or more strokes, and detached the pump; some water returned. Not being positive that the work was completed, I again made the attachment and pumped the livelier and longer and was now satisfied that the cob had passed, since the water did not bulge the cesophagus while pumping. We pumped now about two gallons of water into the stomach, cut off the bandage and removed the tube, re- placed the cesophagus, disinfected the wound, put four stitches into the upper half of the wound, laid a twist of medicated cotton into the wound from its upper to its lower extremities, which was to be removed the next day and not to be replaced REPORTS OF CASES. 1195 again. I left an antiseptic solution to be applied three or four times daily. The operation was not attended with a loss of four drachms of blood. The horse made no demonstration excepting the one- fourth minute that the water was bulging the cesophagus, when he rapped against the stall twice with hisright hind foot. All of the wound that was stitched healed by first intention. The stitches were all removed on the fourth and fifth days. The horse was ready for service on the tenth day. A Few Suggestions about Chokes.—(1.) Drenches of oils are useless and often dangerous. There is no oil as slippery as the saliva that is now so abundantly secreted. The benefit in the drench is not in the oil as oil, it is in the excitement caused by the drenching that detracts the mind from the choke, giving the involuntary muscles no hindrance to resume their rhythm of movements that will carry an ordinary chokedown. In drench- ing, some of the oil or drench finds its ways into the trachea, thereby causing a violent fit of coughing, and in this act we have the same effect produced on the mind as above mentioned, with the addition that in coughing there is often an expulsion of quantities of saliva and food from the engorged cesophagus, thereby relieving the choke in proportion to the amount of food dislodged. (2.) The belladonna drenches, on which so much stress is often given, are lost in the slimy mass it enters. Not enough of it comes in contact with the cesophageal mucous membrane (which is not an active absorbtive membrane) to have any appreciable effect on it in the length of time occupied in an ordinary choke. Some benefit might be gotten by using the hypodermic syringe injecting it around the cesophagus. (3.) To excite an animal in order to obtain the same physiological ac- tions is more rational, without the danger attendant upon the drenchings. (4.) Ordinary chokes are most easily reached by a tube probang through the nasal chamber, entailing no danger to the animal, causing less distress, and leaving all of the organs used in the act of deglutition free to act in protecting the en- trance to the lungs. (5.) A probang passed per orem should be the rarest necessity. (6.) In athoracicchoke an attempt should be made to dislodge it by the use-of a probang. (7.) In case of failure to dislodge a thoracie choke, the operation of ligating the cesophagus and applying hydraulic pressure should be re- sorted to. This suggests the question of the possibility of rup- turing the cesophagus in this operation. It is my opinion that there is but little danger, for the mucous membrane lining the 1196 REPORTS OF CASES. cesophagus is thick and tough, and the muscular coating quite heavy, making a tube of quite a degree of resistance. It is elastic enough also to allow of considerable dilatation. (8.) In case of a choke in the cervical region, consisting of a potato, apple or like matter, and it seems too large to be forced through the entrance to the stomach, I would suggest that the cesopha- gus be laid bare, as in above reported case, and taken up in the left hand. With the right hand holding the knife, a Miles cas- trating knife, or one similar to it but better, z. ¢., one with a little longer point that stands at a more obtuse angle to the handle. (This is a good knife for many operations, as deep shoulder abscesses, foot cases, etc.) The cesophagus is punctured at the inferior extremity of the foreign body. Now with the short, strong, active cutting end within the cesophagus, and no cutting edge in contact with the walls of the cssophagus you have the simplest proposition of slicing the potato or apple, or even breaking up as hard a substance as acob. The disadvan- tages of trying to do the same work with the cesophagus 27 sz¢z are, (1) the depth of the punctured wound through the skin, connective tissue and cesophagus makes it in a degree dangerous ; (2) the cesophagus is so unstable in its position and lies in such loose connective tissue that it would be next to impossible to get the pressure necessary to cut a foreign substance without having the blade slip off and wounding the cesophagus. Whereas, in the operation of dislodging the cesophagus there will be no wounding of it excepting the mere puncture that will need no especial after-treatment. The treatment following would be as of a large surface wound as instanced in the above report. INTESTINAL CALCULUS. By FRED B. GAGs, Veterinarian Artillery Corps, U.S. A., Fort Meyer, Va. On being called to the stable, early one Friday morning, I found a horse, about 9 years of age, suffering from what at first appeared to be a bad case of spasmodic colic; but upon making a careful examination I was convinced that his trouble was something much more serious than this form of colic. The in- creased “spasmodic rumbling” so common in this form of colic REPORTS OF CASES, 1197 *was absent, and I could detect no peristalsis. On making a rectal examination I found the same empty, but could find nothing wrong. While down he was in great pain and endeavored to keep on his back most of the time, which symptom caused me to sus- pect a strangulated hernia, but finding that this did not exist, my diagnosis was “obstruction of the bowels.” As the animal was suffering great pain, morphine gr. iij was at once given, followed in about one-half hour bya ball containing aloes 3 x, as he was a large horse. He remained quiet under the morphine for about 2 or 3 hours, when the same symptoms reappeared. Rectal injections were now given, without any results. The morphine was re- peated, and he was kept under this or chloral most of the time. During this time temperature and pulse were about normal. Saturday, A. M@M—Symptoms about the sameas previous day, as regards temperature and pulse, animal is constantly lying down and getting up, almost always rolling on his back while down. Olei limi, qt. i., was now given and heat applied over abdomen, followed by opiates as needed, and strychnine gr. % three times a day. Sunday, A. M. —Symptoms about same as previous day. Bowels have failed to act. Temperature 102°, pulse 60, strong and full. Animal, although he has not eaten anything, is very strong when walked around. Opiate treatment fo: pain; strychnine continued. Atabout 8 p. M., asthe bowels had not acted, and as there seemed to be no prospect of them doing so, I administered eserine gr. ij., pilocarpine gr. iss. intratrach- eally without any result. Monday, A. M.—Symptoms same as regards temperature, pulse, and pain. Animal now walks ina circle at times, and Ttemains standing longer. Stimulant treatment alone now used ; strychnine three times a day. Tuesday a. M—Animal now appears quite dull; walks ina circle most of the time and shows very little pain. Tempera- ture about the same as previous day; pulse about 8o, getting very feeble. The attendant was cautioned about being careless around him, as the animal would be liable to die at a mo- ment, which he did at noon. Post-mortem revealed a sand calculus, weighing about 2 pounds, and as large as a large cobble stone, firmly wedged in the floating colon at about 1 foot from its origin with the great colon. This calculus seemed to be composed mostly of sand 1198 REPORTS OF CASES. and was so hard that it could not be broken with an ordinary * hammer. ‘The physics had worked perfectly as far as this ob- struction, and in my opinion forced it into the floating colon as far as itlodged. It must have formed gradually in the great colon, as this animal had been in the battery for about 4 years, and had never been on sick report before. A CASE OF DOUBLE SCROTAL HERNIA. By B. Rover, V. S., Shawao, Wis. Subject Percheron stallion colt, eight months old; shortly after birth an enlargement of the scrotum was noticed, which disappeared at about two months of age, only to return again one month later. No attention was paid to it until on December 1st, the colt was noticed to be ill. The following day the writer was called. Symptoms.—Animal in considerable pain; had not partaken of any food for 24 hours; scrotum enlarged to the size of a man’s head, very sensitive; sheath cedematous; pulse 70, tempera- ture 102°, respiration 40, general condition of animal good. Diagnosed strangulated scrotal hernia. An examination per rectum revealed a hernia of both inguinal canals. Treatment.—Placed animal in dorsal position, and attempted to reduce hernia by both external and internal manipulation, but failed; then decided to operate as follows: Produced anzesthesia by administering chloroform ; used all aseptic precautions pos- sible under the circumstances; made an incision in scrotum about one inch from median line about six inches in length down to hernial sac; divided very carefully the sac its entire length, which was about ten inches ; was able then to reduce hernia without enlarging internal ring ; applied a strong ligature around hernial sac and spermatic cord as close to inguinal ring as possible; then removed sac and testicle. The opposite side was operated on in like manner, but the hernia was not strangu- lated. The scrotum was packed with gauze, which was removed the following day. Up to this writing (Dec. 13) animal is doing well. ) CONGENITAL DISPLACED TESTICLE OF DOG. By MarxK Wuits, M. D. V., Denver, Colorado. English setter dog, nine years old, had history of disturbed sleep, uneasiness, pain, urine showing blood and mucus occa- sionally. An examination showed an enlargement the size of be ences ae ee » eee REPORTS OF CASES. 1199 a large English walnut, lying just superior to the penis and about five inches anterior to the testicular region, which showed firmness and pain upon pressure. There was a purulent dis- charge from the prepuce, which gave off a very offensive odor. My diagnosis was ‘“ infected lymph-gland,” having received its infection from the prepuce. An operation revealed the enlargement to be a testicle (which I removed), which was im- prisoned in connective tissue. This displaced testicle was responsible for the catarrh of the prepuce and bladder, also the pain. When the dog attempted to urinate he suffered pressure- pain, followed by retention of thé urine, and in course of time the holding of urine brought about catarrh of the bladder, which latter reached the sheath. The testicle had a tendency to enlarge, but was imprisoned by connective tissue, thereby producing preputeal pain, which was aggravated by sexual ex- citement. Treatment was castration, washing out sheath with perman- ganate of potash solution and giving buchu internally for ten days. Good recovery. EMBOLISM OF THE HEART, By Dr. A. L. HAGGERTY, Coldwater, Mich. On January 11, 1906, I was called to see a seven-year-old black gelding that had been acting very uneasy all day, and upon arriving found him walking uneasily around his stall, oc- casionally looking at his side and straining as if to urinate. The pulse was imperceptible, breathing a trifle fast, temperature normal, and on examination per rectum found the bladder only partly filled; I then gave morphine sulphate, gr 1ij, hypoder- mically and waited for half an hour; then gave fluid extract of opium, 21; fluid extract belladonna, 3ij; etheris nitrosi, 2 ij; chloroform, 31; aqua, Oi. The man then said we had better go to supper, which we did, and upon returning found the pa- tient the same as before, the medicine having no effect. I then gave morphine sulphate, gr iij, and in about fifteen minutes he walked to the centre of the stall and seemed to have a convul- sion by jumping into the air and stiffening out ; he then stood with all four legs extended panting like a dog, and stood there for just one minute ; then he seemed to go into another convul- sion, and this time fell dead. I told the farmer that I did not know the exact cause of death, but wonld hold a post-mortem, and accordingly had him 1200 REPORTS OF CASES. sent to the rendering works, where I opened him and found all the organs of the abdominal cavity in a fine healthy condition, and lungs also; but upon opening the heart found the right side healthy, but the walls of the left were contracted, and upon opening found a large fibrinous clot protruding from the left ventricle into the common aorta and completely stopping the circulation. It ,was loose. This I call a heart embolism. Would like to hear from veterinarians who have had anything similar. AN OUTBREAK OF ANTHRAX. By R. W. GANNETT, D. V. M., Newark, N. Y. I post-mortemed a cow July 29, that had suddenly died. Nothing wrong was noticed at 2.30 Pp. M., but three hours later she was found dead. Owner stated that another had suddenly died on July 23. The principal lesions were: liver enlarged and softened, small intestines hemorrhagic, kidneys petechiated, both lungs hzemorrhagic, trachea and bronchi filled with a frothy exudate, mucous membranes of trachea very dark. Spleen not enlarged. The condition of the internal organs and the two sudden deaths indicated an infectious disease. Smears were prepared from the spleen. ‘They were heated over a gas jet, stained with carbol fuchsin and examined with an oil immersion objective. Each preparation showed the large rod-shaped, square-ended bacteria of anthrax in long chains. Portions of organs were packed in ice and sent to the New York State Veterinary Col- lege, where pure cultures of Bacterzum anthracis were obtained. Another cow and a horse died July 30th. The remaining four cows and three horses on the farm were unaffected. This disease, occurring in an uninfected locality, caused considerable excite- ment. An attempt was made to trace its origin. It was found that, during July four other cows had suddenly died on different farms, all within a radius of one mile. One carcass was taken six miles away and fed to a herd of swine, which soon became infected with a disease that was subsequently diagnosed as an- thrax by Dr. W. H. Salisbury, of Clifton Springs, N. Y. None of the dead animals were deeply buried. A farmer who skinned two dead cows suffered for two months from malignant pustule, but recovered. An old grey horse kept in the village one and one-half miles from any previous case of anthrax became sick Aug. 4, was treated five days for enteritis, but died. Post-mortem — — REPORTS OF CASES. 1201 and microscopical examination were immediately made, which led toa positive diagnosis of anthrax. After the first diagnosis all animals dead of the disease were deeply buried. Everything in any way connected with the sick or dead animals was disin- fected or burned. There was no further spread of the disease. No vaccine nor anti-toxin were used. The sudden arrest of the outbreak was apparently due to proper disposal of dead ani- mals and careful disinfection. SHEEP SCAB AND CATTLE MANGE. — According to the last annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, in the work of eradicating sheep scab and cattle mange in the West during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905, there were 53,680,786 inspections and 16,873,659 dip- pings of sheep, and 14,085,267 inspections and 563,394 dip- pings of cattle. To RESUSCITATE THE ASPHYXIATED.—Rythmical traction of the tongue has long been one of the most effective means of reviving a person who has been drowned. Dr. Laborde, who has carried on extensive investigation on the effect of tongue traction as a means of resuscitation, maintains that often, al- though the organism has apparently ceased to live externally, it lives internally. That is to say, life is still latent, and while there is latent life there isa hope of saving a drowned or asphyx- iated person. The function which it is most necessary to re- vive is the respiratory. Experimenting upon dogs, Dr. La- borde found that two or three hours after apparent death had set in it was sometimes possible to secure resuscitation. A vig- orous half bulldog weighing thirty-five pounds was chloroform- ed to such an extent that respiration had entirely ceased. Af- ter a quarter ofan hour’s traction of the tongue the animal came to. ‘The experiment was tried again until complete as- phyxiation had occurred, and traction was not resorted to till five minutes later. The dog, who has appropriately been named Lazarus, this time appeared to be dead. One hour and two hours of traction followed, with noresult, but after another half hour a respiratory cough showed that life was present. The dog soon revived. It occurred to Dr. Laborde that it would be a good idea to substitute a mechanical device for the cloth covered hand. ‘The first apparatus made was driven by clockwork. The more improved apparatus now used is operat- ed by an electric motor. By means of this instrument it is pos- sible to subject the tongue to continuous traction for three hours. 1202 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. GERMAN REVIEW. By ApotpH Eicunorn, D. V,S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Great Bend, Kansas, STRENGTHENING THE VIRULENCE OF THE HUMAN TUBER- CLE BACILLI TO THAT OF THE BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI [Dr. A. De Jong, Letden|.—Only few experiments have been conducted to raise the virulence of human tubercle bacilli. That such a procedure is possible, was proved by the experi- ments of the author. In 1900, a goat was inoculated intraven- ously with a thoroughly mixed suspension of human-sputum tu- bercle bacilli. The animal became sick, with fever. After 46 days the goat was more lively, ceased to cough, and an increase in weight was noticeable. A swelling formed at the place of in- jection due to transgression of tubercle bacilli into the connec- tive tissue, which swelling remained unchanged. Four months after the injection the animal was subjected to a tuberculin test, which resulted in a stormy reaction. Further symptoms were not observed in the following three years. After this time, the goat again became ill (discharge of pus from the swelling at the place of inoculation, elevation in temperature, cough) and died 145 days after these symptoms appeared. Autopsy: At the place of inoculation two caseous herds, the retro-pharyn- geal lymph gland tuberculous, also the right brachial, the latter badly affected. The abdominal cavity showed no abnormality, with the exception of one calcareous herd in the portal lymph gland. In the lungs extensive tubercular changes, with forma- tions of caverns, on the mucous membranes of the trachea tuber- cular ulcerations. Withthesame human tubercular material, at the same time with the goat, two cattle were inoculated ; on them, however, it had very little effect, and after slaughter they revealed only very slight tubercular changes. From this fact, also from the slow progress of the disease in the goat, it is ap- parent that the used tubercle bacilli possessed only a slight virulence. Now, to prove whether any, and what change the disease producer has suffered during its three years’ residence in the body of the goat, a guinea-pig was inoculated with ma- terial from the brachial gland; the test animal succumbed 84 days after the infection. From this animal a cattle-blood serum culture was made, and another goat inoculated on the ea IE al EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1203 right side of the neck subcutaneously, with a quantity of o.or5 gm. of this culture. This animal died after 34 days, from a very severe general tuberculosis, with a loss in weight of 6 kg. The bacilli, therefore, had an increased virulence in this goat. With the material of the mediastinal glands of this goat, a two- days’-old calf was inoculated on the side of the neck, which re- sulted in the death of the animal in 19 days. A mixed infec- tion was proved in this case, of tubercle and necrosis bacilli. Notwithstanding this, the tubercular changes were very exten- sive, herds were present in the retropharyngeal, mesenteric, in the right brachial, glands, kidneys, spleen and lungs. From this calf, the author, then further inoculated a guinea-pig (death in 43 days), and from the tubercular material an arti- ficial growth was made which was again inoculated in a three- months’-old calf subcutaneously (35 mg. of the culture). After 25 days this animal also died with manifestations which, ac- cording to Koch and Schiitz, could only be produced by bovine tubercle bacilli, ‘The autopsy was as follows: Tuberculosis of almost all lymph glands, the liver, spleen, kidneys, miliary tuberculosis of the lungs, and the pleura. According to Koch’s apprehension, this calf died of bovine tuberculosis. But as it was shown, this was not the case, as the animal succumbed on account of an infection through bacilli which were of human origin, and which could not even induce in cattle a noteworthy affection through intravenous inoculations. The virulence therefore in this case was increased by a passage through two goats, one calf, and two guinea-pigs. A second line of experi- ments was made in such a way that from the goat which died after 314 years bya passage of the bacilli through a guinea- pig, a calf was inoculated subcutaneously. After 116 days the animal was destroyed. The autopsy revealed progressive tuber- culosis, however, without being considerably extended (herds in the right brachial, inferior cervical and mediastinal glands). With the brachial gland of this calf a guinea-pig was infected, from which a culture was made, and with this a 121-days-old calf inoculated. The same died after 30 days, and on autopsy manifested the same lesions as the last one related in the for- mer experiments, miliary tuberculosis being present on the pleura. In this case also the original slightly virulent tubercle bacilli of human tuberculosis had the same results, which, ac- cording to Koch, could only be attributed to the producer of bovine tuberculosis. The author concludes from his experi- ments that there is no difference in the species or characteristics 1204 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. between the human and bovine tubercle bacilli, and that Koch’s theory is wrong. A human bacillus of slight virulence can be strengthened by passage through animals to a virulence which, the bovine tubercle bacillus possesses.—(Zentralbl. f. Baktereol.) Two REpoRTS ON Horsk-SICKNESS [Prof Dr. R. Koch]. —in his investigations on horse-sickness in Africa, Koch aimed first of all to obtain an improved serum-immunizing method against this dreaded malady. He succeeded in susceptible ani- mals to produce a slight attack of the disease, with a combina- tion of virus and serum, from which they recover and then remain immune against the disease. Further experiments proved that only by the most particular execution of all the details of the method can a positive immunity be produced, and on account of this reason Koch, in a supplement to his report, gives a careful description on the preparation of the virus and serum. ‘The immunization extends through seven acts, and requires about 10-11 weeks; on the other hand, Koch hopes to be successful in simplifying this method by reducing it to 4-6 weeks.—(Arch. f/ Wissensch. u. Thierh.) TREATMENT OF INDIGESTION IN CATTLE WITH BARIUM CHLORIDE [ Dr. Kreutzer|.—In the “common” indigestion of cattle and in acute cases of tympanites, the author achieved brilliant results with barium chloride; 12-18 gm. of this remedy administered internally in two doses, 3-4 hours apart, resulted as a rule, in a case of indigestion, in from 1 to 2 hours’ time in the evacuation of the bowels, and rapid returning of rumination. Acute tympanites is eliminated in a shorter time by the admin- istration of barium chloride than with any other remedy in from 3-10 minutes. The most dangerously appearing tympanites can be removed with absolute certainty! [? A. E.] Positively they are phenomenal results, and it deserves a careful trial.— (Wochensch. f. Thierh. u. Vachz.) HA&MOGLOBINAMIA AND TETANUS IN A HorsE [Szg/e]. —A 2%-year-old mare, being kept in the stable for some time, was taken out to plow; a sharp east wind prevailed at the time. In less than half an hour, the typical symptoms of azoturia ap- peared, the urine being almost black incolor. On the following morning the mare showed pronounced symptoms of tetanus; complete trismus ; the ears were held stiff; dilatation of the nasal openings, projection of the membrana nictitans, all muscles hard as a board,etc. ‘T‘he urine was the sameas on the previous day. The animal died. A similar case was observed by Zurn, also one by Friedberger-Frohner.—/ Wochensch. f. Thierh. ) EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1205 INJURIES OF MEN BY RABID AND SUSPECTED RABID DoOGs. —The Veterinary Report of the official veterinarians of Prussia - contains statistics on injuries of men received by rabid or sus- pected dogs, in the year of 1903, which is as follows: 307 per- sons were bitten, of which 211 were male and 96 female. The injuries were inflicted by 194 animals—namely, 183 dogs, 6 cats, 2 cows, I horse, 1 hog and 1 sheep. Of the 194 animals, 14 escaped and could not be examined ; of the other 180, 27 were found suspicious. To the Institution of Infectious Diseases at Berlin, 153 brains were sent for examination, of which 140 proved the infection of rabies. Of the 307 injured, 281 received the preventive treatment. Thisamounts to92.0 per cent. The comparing figures of previous years were: 1898, 29.0 per cent. ; Zao0, 80.5 per cent; 1900, 82.3 per cent, ; 1901, 73.1 per cent; 1902, 90.8 per cent—the populace apparently having more and more faith in the preventive treatment. Of 26 persons who did not undergo the preventive treatment, 17 received some other kind of medical aid, while 9 remained without any treatment. Of all injured 7 became affected with lyssa, 6 of them died and I recovered. Of the 7, 5 received the preventive treatment, 1 received some other medical aid, while 1 was without treatment. Those affected with lyssa received the following injuries: 1 on the neck, 2 on the forearm, 3 on fingers, 1 on the heel. The 4 injured who died in spite of the preventive inoculation, death came on the 38th, 56th, rroth and 135th day respectively after the biting.—( Deutch. Thier. Wochenschr. ) How MAny SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS CAN A VETERINARIAN EXAMINE DAILY, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS ? [Kumbert Muller|.—As the Government meat inspection law of Germany prescribes a uniform method for the examination of slaughtered animals, the maximum work of the inspector can be now easier established than formerly. According to Muller, for the inspection of the different animals, the following time is required: 7 minutes for cattle (horse), 3 for hogs, 1% for calf, 1% for sheep; these relate to healthy animals. Considering the daily employment of an abattoir veterinarian, M. is of the opinion that it should not exceed six hours, in which he is to be allowed two half-hour rests. Taking as a base the above num- bers one veterinarian could inspect in one day 52 cattle (horses) or 120 hogs, or 240 calves or sheep. Should animals be found diseased, especially affected with tuberculosis, and if the in- specting veterinarian is required to pass immediately on them, the number is lessened correspondingly. [How many inspectors 1206 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. would it require in our large abattoirs should the inspectors devote the above time for the inspections ?—A. £.] GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P. O'Leary, D. V. S., Inspector Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. FOREIGN Bopy IN THE CHSOPHAGUS OF THE Horsk [ 7zer- arzt M. Jensen|.—I was requested to treat a middle-sized five- year-old Jutland mare which frequently vomited after eating. As the animal had earlier shown similar symptoms, which dis- appeared without interference and did not require professional aid, the author did not consider the case serious. He exam- ined the cesophagus the whole length of the neck, but found nothing that could obstruct the food in its passage to the stomach. ‘The mare appeared perfectly normal apart from the occasional vomiting. I decided, with the consent of the owner, to watch the progress of the disease for a day at least. Next day the animal showed alarming symptoms and drastic meas- ures were urgently necessary. The mare was placed in posi- tion and the probang pushed into the cesophagus. (The probang used in this case was 6%4 Danish feet in length.) The instru- ment met with resistance as it had passed in a distance of about 6 feet. I believed as a result of the obstruction that the for- ward end of the catheter had arrived in the stomach andthat the perceptible resistance then present was dependent upon the food found in the stomach. We withdrew the probang and ex- plained to the owner that there was no particular obstruction to be found in the cesophagus. However, it was possible that a needle or some similar pointed object was firmly lodged in the mucous membrane of that organ, and therefore that was the cause of the vomiting. However, it was desirable that a second veterinarian should be called in consultation. This was done; unfortunately, however, the second expert could not help. The mare died a few days afterwards, and on post-mortem there was found beside the appearance of a mechanical pneumonia a hay ball about the size of a duck egg solidly wedged in the cesopha- gus close to the opening in the diaphragm. According to this I erred in the diagnosis. He claimed this mistake would not have happened if the probang used by him had been somewhat longer (at least 7 Danish feet). Whether the horse could have been saved with such a probang remains a question, because the hay ball was wedged into the cesophagus in the most extra- EXTkACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 1207 ordinary manner.—(MJaanodsokr. f. Dyrlaeger. 17 Band, 2, Fleft, Ber. Tier. Wochen.) CONCERNING THE IMMUNIZATION OF CATTLE AGAINST TVU- BERCULOSIS [ Koch, Schiitz, Newfeld and Meiszner|.—After a careful compilation of literature on the subject and a sharp criticism especially of the published results of von Behring and his collaborators relating to the methods of immunization against bovine tuberculosis, the authors set forth the results of their investigations. The experiments may be divided into two groups ; the first includes 18 calves, about 6 months old, which were previously treated by a double intravenous injection with various sources of human tuberculosis and later were tested with a highly virulent miliary tubercle culture for their im- munity. The calves received with the first preparatory treat- ment, some I cg., some 2 cg., suspended in 5 c.cm. and roc.cm. of an 0.8% normal salt solution. In the second treatment all re- ceived an injection of 5 cg. in the veins. All the animals were subjected to the test for their immunity by an injection of 2 cg. of the highly virulent miliary tubercle culture XIV. In the case of calves No. I to 6 an interval of 40 days elapsed between the last preparatory treatment and the miliary tubercle injec- tion. This interval was extended to 3 months in the case of calves No. 7 to 18, because the authors were of opinion that immunity takes place very slowly, therefore the control inocu- lation should be delayed as long as possible. Out of 4 calves prepared almost in the same way, one calf became severely in- fected after the control injection and these had received at that time only 1 cg. of the human tubercle bacilli culture in the first preparatory injection. It seems, according to the view of the authors, that the quantity of the culture used for the first injec- tion had especial influence on the rapidity of the appearance of immunity. Thesecond group of experiments included 3 calves. Since the 2nd injection of the preparatory treatment had caused only a slight reaction, the authors injected 3 calves with a 3 cg., 2 cg. and 1 cg. of human tubercle bacilli from an attenuated culture once into the veins. Beside the practical advantage which the single injection offered against the double, the authors were guided by the fact that in the case of asses and goats im- munity was produced by one injection only. Post-mortem re- vealed the 3 calves completely free from tuberculosis. The authors received similar results from a single preparatory treat- ment of 2 calves with an attenuated variety of miliary bacilli which by double application had already immunized a calf. 1208 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. One of these experimental calves still lives and is in excellent condition ; the other upon post-mortem was free from tubercu- losis. ‘The authors draw the following conclusions from their experiments: They have successfully immunized cattle against highly virulent bacilli of miliary tuberculosis by a single injec- tion of from 1 to 3 cg. of the bacilli of human tuberculosis or an attenuated bacilli of miliary tuberculosis. The bacilli used for this purpose and those cultivated in glycerine bouillon must have attained an age of from 30 to 4o days. ‘They are dried between filter paper and the required amount mixed with Io c.cm. physiological salt solution and injected into the vein. Complete immunity of the inoculated calves appears three months after the inoculation. The authors hold upon the strength of the described experiments that the problem of the immunization of cattle against miliary tuberculosis is solved, in so far as we know now the conditions under which we are able to immunize laboratory experimental animals with great cer- tainty against considerable quantities of the most virulent materials, and as we can say in comparison with other diseases, just so with tuberculosis, of which it was doubted up to withina few years that a genuine immunity could be obtained and that such an immunity can be procured by a comparatively simple method with a high degree of certainty. The application will determine the practibility of the laboratory experiments.-— (Archiv fiir Wissen. und prak. Trerhelkunde, 31 Ba., Heft 6.) A CASE OF INTESTINAL VOLVULUS CAUSED BY FACAL Ac- CUMULATION AND ITS CURE THROUGH THE USE OF ARECOLIN [Paul Knoll, Dresden|.—A horse was brought to the author for treatment which, according to the statement of the owner, was restless for a long time and continually pawed in the stall. The owner supposed it was a case of colic. The examination resulted as follows: Patient, a dark brown gelding, about 20 years old, pulse 58, temperature 38.7° C., respiration 16 ; auscul- tation of the abdomen gave no indication of intestinal peristalsis ; on the contrary, not a murmur was heard. In the stall the pa- tient laid down suddenly and at times supported himself on his knees, whilst at the same time he stood on his hind feet. He suspected intestinal volvulus, and therefore undertook a rectal examination. The hand being introduced into the rectum a distance of 50 cm., nothing abnormal was discovered, whilst at a distance of 60cm. from the anus the hand could not be pushed any further, since further passage was obstructed by a plainly- felt twist. He had attained so far the certainty that he had to EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1209 deal with a case of volvulus, and called the attention of the owner to the seriousness of the situation. Treatment consisted of rectal injections of 114 bucketfuls of soap suds at first, which was shortly afterward rejected by the bowel and passed out with- out any fecal matter present. Next he injected arecolin 0.16 in one dose. A few minutes afterwards the horse began to sali- vate intensely and in about 15 minutes a lively peristalsis set in. At the expiration of half an hour as he was in the act of giving a second rectal injection he was astonished to find the rectum completely filled with feces. The effect of the strong dose of arecolin wasimmediate. After the lapse of an hour the completely exhausted horse, on which the already typical cold flank perspiration had broken out, was well again.—(Berlener Trerarztliche Wochenschrift.) A CASE OF UVEITIS MALLEoTICA [/. De Haan].—On ac- count of the extreme rarity of glandered affections of the eyes, the following is well worthy of notice. In the case of a horse suspected of glanders there had formed an eye-disease resembling moonblindness. The cornea appeared cloudy, and there had formed an exudate on the floor of the anterior chamber. After destruction of the animal a saggital incision was made through the eye and on the posterior surface of the iris were seen sev- eral grayish-yellow nodules about the size of a pin-head in the midst of a grayish-yellow coating. Microscopical examination showed a number of smaller nodules over the whole of the uveal tract and a small celled infiltration. Bacteriological ex- amination, inoculations made on suitable media from the exudate proved the presence of glanders bacilli in pure culture. Presumably the question is one concerning a metastatic form of the disease.—(Fortschr. d. Vet.-lyg., 3 Jahrg. Heft. 3.) PARTURITION FEVER BEFORE CALVING [ /egorow|.—The author recites the case of acow which immediately became sick. No indication of parturition being present, although the owner declared the cow should have calved that morning. The animal lay motionless ; temperature 36.8 C. ; breathing difficult ; rumi- nation suspended ; the head inclined to one side; the pupil did not react to light; in a word, the animal was comatose; the natural excretions lacking. On the other hand, there was an abundant secretion of milk. Treatment: Air infusions into the udder, likewise massage, clysters and rubbing of the body with turpentine and oil. Nine hours after this treatment the cow stood on her feet and next day gave birth to a healthy calf.— (Veterin. Feld. Westrick.) 1210 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiauTArD, M, D., V. M. In1ac THrompBosis [ &. Rutherford, F. R. C. V. S.).— After two or three days of rest, a horse being put to light work is suddenly taken wrong behind; he is put in the stable, lays down, and when made,to get up is unable to stand and is placed in slings. Seen by the author, he found the animal standing on three legs, ready to fall when the slings are taken off; his pulse is thready, about 100, ears cold. Both hind quarters are cold way down to the feet. The penis is paralyzed and hangs out of the sheath. Examination per rectum reveals embolism of the iliac arteries. The horse died ina few hours. ‘‘ Post-mortem showed complete plugging of the external and internal iliacs on the near side and of the internal on the off. A probable cause of the thrombus was a tumor, some three or four inches long, not unlike a good sized kidney potato, which was in close con- tact with the aorta and iliac underneath them—~. e., with the surface of the tumor towards the pelvis. What this tumor was was not made out, but the right kidney, which was 31 Ibs. in weight, was apparently similarly affected. Another like de- posit was in the middle of the right lung.” Besides these in- teresting lesions, the rapid fatal termination of the case and mode of manifestation of the trouble were unusual.—( Veterinary Record, Sept. 9, 1905.) COMPLETE TRANSVERSE RUPTURE OF THE SMALL IN- TESTINE IN THE Horse |W. &. Schofield, Lieut. A. V. D.). —A horse of rather sluggish disposition is taken with slight colicky pains about an hour after light work. An aloetic ball is given. ‘The next day his pulse has gone to 62 and his mem- branes are slightly injected. Otherwise no change. Passed no feeces, but urinated once or twice. Rectal exploration is nega- tive. The day following the temperature is 102°, the pulse 75. The horse shows slight restlessness. Opiates, mustard on the abdomen, and clysters are ordered. The day after his pulse is 82, with double beat. No feces. On that day in the after- noon he started trembling violently, and this lasted for an hour. At 3.30 of that afternoon his temperature goes up to 105.2", the pulse becomes imperceptible. Death at 9 p.m. Post- mortem examination.—A large clot of blood is found attached to a part of the small intestine ; also numerous solid lumps of EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1211 ingesta, some free and others attached to the clot. The ab- dominal cavity contains a large quantity of fluid, mixed with blood and ingesta. There is general peritonitis. After remov- ing the intestines and, in making a careful examination, a piece of the ileum, about four feet in length, is fouud intensely in- flamed and gorged with blood, and in the centre of this the bowel is observed completely ruptured and the mesentery slightly torn. The point of rupture was seven feet from the ileo-czecal valve.—( Veterinary Record, Sept. 16, 1905.) DISTEMPER IN Docs [Zhomas Parker, M. R. C. V. S.|.— The author, in September, 1904, inoculated 60 puppies against distemper with the first and second vaccine of Physalix. All the puppies did well, and, with one single exception, the experi- ments appeared a success. ‘‘ But,” says Mr. Parker, ‘ after taking the precautions of choosing strong healthy puppies, isola- tion for two or three weeks, inoculating when in strong robust health, using prescribed precautions after the first vaccine and also after the second, after vaccinal period giving plenty of good food, fresh air and exercise, isolated on farms, bringing into new kennels when about six to seven months old, I was much surprised to find that, even although the puppies were well during and after inoculations, the mortality was greater among the 60 puppies inoculated than a similar number of un- inoculated puppies isolated under similar conditions, the results in figures being 42 contracted distemper, 14 remained unaffected, 8 recovered, 22 died, 19 destroyed.” The conclusion of the majority of the committee which made the experiments some time ago, seems to be the correct one.—(Veterinary Record, Sept. 16, 1905.) A MISTAKE IN D1acGnosis [A].—A fox terrier, about 12 years old, had been in the habit of fetching and carrying stones for many years. He had been known to swallow some. One day he was observed by several parties to swallow several. Although he never had seemed to be troubled from this habit, the day after he had been seen swallowing several he was taken very ill, frequently vomiting bile-stained mucus, having diarrhoea of a reddish color and refusing all food, but drinking water in large quantity. Seen by the author, the day after he was taken sick, having heard the history and the repeated as- settion that the dog had swallowed stones, a diagnosis of ob- struction of the bowels was made by adding to the history the fact that there had been no defecation for 48 hours, and that slight pressure in the umbilical and hypogastric regions caused 1212 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. much pain, and that in the epigastric region hard bodies could be felt, which were supposed to be stones. Laparotomy was ad- | vised and performed immediately, with all antiseptic precau- tions, but no stones were present. A kind of bunch of grapes was felt when the fingers entered the abdominal cavity, and that was the liver, which was hugely enlarged, so much so that it filled the hypogastric region. The dog having died at this time of the operation, the post-mortem was made at once. ‘The bowels were empty, the liver enlarged, engorged with blood, and ‘“‘knobby” on its outer surface. Sections showed large venous spaces. There was atumor in the stomach, probably a mucoid fibroma. ‘There wasan old adhesion between the caecum and the duodenum ; this last showed scars of old ulcers. ‘There were also lesions of the valves of the heart and pericarditis. Both kidneys were cirrhotic; prostates enlarged. The case proved to be a good example of how easy one can make a wrong diagnosis.—( Veterinary Record, Sept. 23, 7905.) A DENTIGEROUS CYST IN THE TEMPORAL BONE OF THE Horse [W. W. Grasby, M. R. C. V. S.|.—History of a mare, four years old, which has a small discharging fistula at the base of the left ear. A probe inserted in it went down some six inches. A large abscess soon formed, the animal was in great pain, especially when the jaw was moved as in feeding. The abscess was freely opened and two mal-formed and molar-shaped odontomata removed. ‘They were fixed in the petrous temporal region and were extracted with forceps. The animal was of a somewhat irritable temper before the operation, but since has been perfectly quiet. Recovery was complete.—( Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1905.) A CASE OF PARTURIENT APOPLEXY TREATED WITH Oxy- GEN—RECOVERY AFTER A RELAPSE [,S. £. Holman, M. R. C. V. S.|.--A pure-bred Jersey cow had parturient apoplexy and was treated with oxygen, manifesting the usual rapid improve- ment. Unfortunately, through neglect on the part of the assistant — to carry out the treatment as directed, the animal, which had been standing and eating for 24 hours, had a relapse. However, with reinflatine of the udder, inhalation of oxygen and caffeine, the animal was once more revived and saved. The inhalation of oxygen was resorted to as an experiment, which the author thinks might be omitted.—( Veterinary Record, Sept. 23, 1905.) Two Curious AccIDENTS.—Relating to the death of two animals—one is a mare which had fallen with the angles of her jaws on the edge of the manger and got cast, her head being se- EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1213 cured and attached with the chain of the halter, passing over her head, behind the ears and finally over the peak of the nostrils. The trachea was thus tightly pressed on the top edge of the manger and death occurred by strangulation. In the other case, the animal, while crib-biting, had put its head over the top bar of her stall and caught hold of the second bar below with its teeth. At that time he probably slipped down in his stall, was unable to regain his feet and was also choked to death. —(Veterinary Record, Sept. 2}, 1905.) Two CASES OF POISONING BY DATURA STRAMONIUM IN THE Horse [Caft. H. A. Sullivan, A. V. D.|.—Both cases were treated with solution of permanganate of potassium every three hours, followed by suitable doses of sulphate of magnesia, tur- pentine liniment on the loins and extremities. ‘he character- istic symptoms observed were: paralysis of the salivary nerves, causing dryness of the mouth; paralysis of the third pair of cranial nerves, causing dilatation of the pupil and imperfect vision ; paralysis of the inhibitory fibres of the par vagus in the heart, leading to rapid action of the heart.—( Veterinary Record, Sept. 23, 1905.) AN ABDOMINAL Wounp [W.. H. Williamson, M. R. C.V.S.). —A punctured wound, about 1% inches long, with a yard of mesentery protruding. - The case was seen at night and only a tallow candle at hand to operate. The mesentery was cut off, the remainder pushed back. As the peritoneal wound could not be found, two strong silk sutures were applied through the skin and underlying tissues. Dressing of the wound with chinosol solution. Recovery in a week.—(Veterinary Record, Sept. 23, 1905.) Bekcrcecta DUE TO FacaL OssTRocTions [Cagt. H. A. Sullivan, A. V. D.|.—Supposed to be’ due to hardened feecal obstruction, this paraplegia was treated by oils, after 24 hours, and followed later on by salicylate of eserine gr. ss. After its effect the animals showed improvement and recov- ered in a week.— (Veterinary Record, Sept. 23, 1905.) ESERINE AND STIMULANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF COLIC [G. C. Lowe, M. R. C. V. S.|.—Two cases are recorded. One of flatulent colic, relieved with sulph. of eserine gr. ij. and aro- matic spirits of ammonia Zijss. The other was one of im- paction of the colon, with a temperature of 102-103 F. The treatment consisted in aromatic spirits of ammonia 3 ijss., tinc- ture of nux vomica, 31, given in a draught after eserine er. ij. had been injected hypodermically. The draught was 1214 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. renewed during the day.—(Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1905.) PERITYPHLITIS IN THE Doc [Z£. AH. Livesey, M. R. C. V. S.|.—Half-bred collie, 15 years and 3 months old, had had previons attacks of gastritis. One night has violent pain, pant- ing and looking uneasy ; cried out loud when touched ; partially paralyzed. Breathing almost entirely pectoral, belly drawn up, tense and painful. Bladder normal, no obstruction in the rec- tum. In hypogastric region a lump about the size of a pigeon’s egg is felt. Diagnosis, intestinal obstruction, prob- ably at the ileo-ceecal valve. After preparation, operation is performed. When the abdomen is opened the intestines are found empty except at the ileo-czecal valve, where it was much distended with impacted ingesta. Caecum also distended with feecal concretions. These were broken down, and by gentle pressure moved down the entire intestinal tract. The bowels were not opened. The wound was stitched with two rows of sutures. The recovery progressed nicely. Six weeks after the operation a bone was given to the dog; he was quite sick and suffered by it, but recovered ultimately, and now he is enjoying good health.—( Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1905.) Dr. T. EARLE Bupp, of Orange, New Jersey, has been elected President of the Orange Board of Education. Good for Dr. Budd. OUTDOOR TREATMENT FOR TUBERCULOSIS.—As our read- ers are aware, last summer the herd of cattle at the Experi- mental Farm, Nappan, N. S., was found to be tuberculous. So as to make perfectly sure of the exact condition of affairs, the animals were held for a second test. It has now been found out that, out of seventy head, about sixty are tuberculous. It has been decided to ascertain whether there is any possibility of cure for animals from this disease, and to have the same system tried as is now thought to be successfully applied to human be- ings. With this object in view, some forty head are picked out —about ten healthy and thirty diseased—to be kept this winter as much as possible in the open air, with only an open shed for shelter ; to be fed reasonably well and to be watched care- fully and tested from time to time later on, to see what the re- sults may be. The rest of the animals are being destroyed. It is hoped that this course of treatment will result in the dis- closure of information that will be of very great value to stock- men, not only in Canada, but throughout the world.—( Farmers’ Advocate, Winnipeg, Manitoba.) SURGICAL ITEMS. 1215 SURGICAL ITEMS. By Drs. Louis A. AND EDWARD MERILLAT, CHICAGO, ILL. PRACTICAL ASEPSIS. The use of the term ‘practical asepsis’’ is made necessary in veterinary surgery because of the existence of certain inimi- cal condition which cannot be ignored. Everything more or less closely identified with the veterinary surgical operation is abominably filthy (germ ridden). The surgeon figuratively speaking must actually ‘wade through germs.” The magni- tude of the precautions necessary to effectually cope with this ever-existing situation is often out of proportion to the impor- tance of the whole proposition. The ever-existing filth and the relatively small economic importance of each surgical proced- ure necessitate the application of a ‘‘ practical asepsis” that will create the best possible conditions ‘‘ under the circumstances.” It is important to learn and to adopt the best method of meeting this adverse situation. To create an aseptic, or at least a safe condition in a badly septic environment is often possible, but the same universal success as in hu- man surgery cannot be expected. Asepsis depends not only upon observing every standard detail, but also upon the general cleanliness of the surroundings. When everything is dirty around an operation or around the surgical convalescent microérganisms will often creep into the wounds through means that defy explanation, and thereby defeat the possibilities that are so often claimed for veterinary operations. Operations per- formed in well-equipped operating rooms or out of doors and upon patients placed afterwards in reasonably clean environ- ments yield the highest percentage of so-called aseptic results. Country operations are more successful in this connection than those performed in the large crowded cities, although it must not be forgotten that abominable conditions may also exist in cer- tain country stables. On the whole, however, microdrganisms are less abundant in the country districts. This is particularly true of pyogenic bacteria. The reverse may be the case with other bacteria. To take the best advantage of the situation the following recommendations are made : 1. Egutp the operating room as follows :—(1.) Sterilized bandages of muslin each about five yards long. About two or \ 1216 SURGICAL ITEMS. three dozen of these can be kept in a large salt-mouth, glass- stopper bottle containing a solution of mercuric chloride 1-1000, These bandages are removed from the bottle for immediate use, and as they have bathed in the solution for some days their sterilization is perfect. (2.) Sterilized cheese-cloth, in lieu of gauze packing, is kept in exactly the same manner, loosely, wrapped in the form of bandages to make it convenient to handle as packing. (3.) Sterzlized sponges used for bailing blood from the surgical wound are kept in a quart salt-mouth, glass-stopper bottle containing the same solution or alcohol. (4.) Sterelized sutures are kept in a Jar of alcohol and are un- raveled through a small perforation in the lid. These may con- sist of large balls of linen thread or silk. In addition, sterelezed silk and sterilized cat-gut in hermetically sealed bottles, in limited quantities, may be kept, for special procedures. (5.) A large jar of 95 per cent. carbolic acid to sterzlize instruments. This jar has a carpeted bottom to prevent blunting the knife points placed blade downward into it. (6.) Adsorbent cotton in the original package. All of these articles are sensible, economical, practical and last, but not least, effectual in bringing the results desired. 2. Use no less than five clean, white, porcelain pans for each operation. . Pan No. 7 contains soap, hot water, scissors, razor and a sponge or pledget of cotton. It may be an ordinary metal bucket. It is used to carry out the first step of disinfect- ing the operating field. As the dirt and hairs are dispatched with these implements, the pan is made too dirty for future use at the same operation. When the cleansing is finished this pan is emptied and set aside, to be used as a ‘“‘slop pan,” to receive dissected tissues, soiled sponges, etc. Pax No. 2 contains mer- curic chloride 1-500 or even 1-200 and a number of small pled- gets of absorbent cotton or several sponges. It is used to steril- ize the operating field. The pledgets of cotton or the sponges are taken from the pan and used to wash the skin one after an- other. They are not carried back and forth from the patient to the pan. When one is soiled it is set aside or thrown into pan No. 1, which has been emptied of its dirty water to receive all the soiled articles. This pan is then used to immerse the sur- geon’s hands. ay Wo. 3 is the bailing pan. It contains a very weak antiseptic solution or sterilized water, and several sponges or a number of pledgets of cotton. It is the assistant’s pan. The sponges or pledgets of cotton are used by the assistant to bail or wipe the blood as the surgeon proceeds with the dissec- ot SURGICAL ITEMS. 1217 tion. These sponges or cotton wads when soiled or over-filled with blood are cast aside or else thrown into pan No. 1, be- cause if rinsed in the same solution it would soon be bloody, probably septic, and unfit for the intended purpose. Fan No. gis the instrument pan, and contains a 3 per cent. solution of carbolic acid and all of the surgical instruments required for the operation and which have previously been bathed in the 95 per cent. solution. A clean zzstrument table may be used as a sub- stitute for this pan, but the former is preferable because it keeps instruments from becoming too badly infected from septic tissues and from air that has not been entirely cleared of its dust. Pan No. 5 contains a 3 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, as many threaded needles as will be stitches required to close the wound, a needle holder and a dissecting forcep. When the operation is complete the dissecting forcep is taken in the left hand and the needle holder in the other. The needles are picked up with the forcep and placed in the jaws of the needle holder. Then the lips of the wound are lifted with the forcep and the stitches adjusted. This manipulation eliminates the direct use of the fingers, which have become more or less contaminated during the operation and which are never entirely’ safe enough to touch the recent wound. All of the other pre- cautions are useless if at the very end of the procedure the wound is “ pawed over” with the hands. 3. Avord operating im a dusty environment, especially in the dust of a stable or of a veterinary operating room, and se- cure the patient so that the struggles will not send flying parti- cles into the wound. Flying hairs may be eliminated by brush- ing the patient and then dampening the surface of the body, especially immediately around the seat of operation, with a wet cloth. 4. Use only sterilized dressings, provide effectual and ade- quate drainings, and avoid unnecessary after-care. Leave a well-drained wound much to itself, rather than submit it to the mercies of the unskilled attendant. Remember that dryness is the ideal condition to prevent microbian growth. 5. Use only perfectly sterilized sutures. ‘Thread the nee- dles before the operation begins. Thread each needle with just enough thread for a single stitch to prevent dragging them over dirty parts of the patient or operating table. Insert them only with the needle holder. Use absorbable thread for buried su- tures. 6. Secure the patient so that the seat of operation is under 1218 SURGICAL ITEMS. perfect control. Unless the operator respects this recommenda- tion all of the other efforts are absolutely useless. General an- zesthesia is especially commendable. Dust, flying litter, hairs and the dirty hands are certain to contaminate the wound if the patient is permitted to thrash about. 7. Avotd the unnecessary use of the bare hands. The fact that the veterinarian’s hands are always more or less infested with pyogenic microorganisms, together with the difficulty of keeping them from coming into contact with dirty objects as the operation proceeds renders this precaution specially important. “IT is a great pleasure fora veterinarian to forward his subscription when he knows he will receive such full value for his money as the editors of the REVIEW are giving. »—(S. G. Flendren, Arlington, N. /.) PRESENT STATUS OF THE HORSE.—With recollections of a remarkably successful season fresh in mind amateur and pro- fessional horsemen are looking ahead in full confidence that the achievements of the new year now beginning are likely to surpass those of the season just ended in nearly all sporting and commercial lines appertaining to the horse. Notwithstand- ing the fact that automobile factories and salesrooms are spring- ing up like mushrooms on all sides, while millions of dollars are being poured out in promoting this latest mechanical sub- stitute for the horse, favorable omens for the future of equine sports and business interests abound on every hand, affording ample proof that the motor car, like the trolley car, the bicy- cle, the steam car and all the other old and new harbingers of a ‘“‘horseless age,” is as powerless as the rest to supplant the no- ble animal that has made present day civilization. possible. Even the automobile enthusiast now recognizes that John Splan was right when he said in answer to the prophets of a “‘horseless age” a few years ago :—‘ Yes, the automobile will put the horse out of business about the time the typewriter takes the place of the piano.” As briefly recorded in the Aer ald \ast Sunday, horse shows, coaching, riding, racing and, in fact, nearly every sport or pastime associated with the horse made distinct gains in public favor last year, while all market records for the sale of horses were surpassed in New York, Chicago and other great distributing centres. That further and perhaps greater gains will be made in 1906 seems to be the consensus of opinion everywhere in the field of sports and commerce.— (New York Herald, Jan. 8.) ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 1219 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL. Secretary Taft still has before him the eleven Army bills recommended by the General Staff. It is the purpose of the Secretary to send these bills to the House and Senate Commit- tees on Military Affairs with a letter in each case recommend- ing that they receive favorable consideration. It is probable _that he will take them up for consideration early next week and transmit them to Congress before the end of the week.— (Army and Navy Journal, Jan. 13.) As explained in the REvrEw for January, the Veterinary Bill is No. 7 of these eleven bills, and if the programme out- lined above is carried out, the bill which holds our interest will be in the Military Committees before this number of the RE- VIEW reaches its readers. By reference to the report of the annual meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, printed in the regular department, the President, Dr. T. Earle Budd, who is chairman of the Committee on Army Legis- lation of the American Veterinary Medical Association, makes vigorous reference to the subject in his address, declaring that he will go to Washington and personally appeal to President Roosevelt in behalf of the measure. The New York State Veterinary Medical Society is also ready to act in furthering its passage through Congress, and with the endorsement of the General Staff and Secretary Taft’s recommendation that it re- ceive favorable consideration, it would appear that no circum- stance could arise to defeat the Bill. NOTES FROM THE PHILIPPINES. Dr. R. J. Stanclift, Senior Veterinarian of the 8th U. S. Cavalry, Cavalry Garrison, Fort Wm. McKinley, Rezan, P. L., under date of June 12, writes to Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, who has kindly offered the matter to the REVIEW as of interest to its readers : “I have had a chance to make several post-mortems (not all on cases that I lost either) and have a nucleus for a collection 1220 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. of parasites (entozoa) which I hope toenlarge. But, surprising as it may seem, army horses here are not infested with many intestinal parasites, especially the more common species prev- alent among animals in the States. I have a good specimen of Spiroptera scutata in the epithelium of the stomach. All au- thors say it has been seen in the cesophagus, but never in the stomach. So I am hoping to find other infestations that have not been described before. Anyhow, I shall get a collection which I hope will be good enough to loan to the New York State Veterinary College on my return. ‘“T have an article or two blocked out: one on canker and the results of my treatment tried for three years at Jefferson Barracks. The other is on ulcerative or epizootic lymphangitis, as I have a number of cases which may be of interest to the veterinarians in the United States. * ‘‘ Unfortunately for me, I have not seen any surra as yet, and I hope we do not have any here. But there has been an out- break in the De Laguna Bay, and I hope to be sent up there to study it for a few days. ‘‘ T have been studying a skin disease in horses called here dhobie itch. I have not been able to find a parasite as the in- citing cause. ‘The disease is amenable to an anti-parasitic treat- ment, so I am nearly convinced that it isascabies. I hope to find the cause. ‘The Government laboratories at Manila are not doing any research work on veterinary lines, but there is a great field here. ‘‘ We arrived here during the dry season and took station here about six miles from Manila in this part of the fort which is in process of construction. When completed Ft. Wm. Mc- Kinley will accommodate 6,000 troops of artillery, cavalry, in- fantry, engineers, signal corps and the first division of the hos- pital corps. So the fort is a little city in itself. We havea launch which makes three trips a day to Manila. Wealso have a good road, so that one can ride into Manila easily without be- ing fatigued. ‘“‘ We have at the fort a complete sewer and water system— the water comes from an artesian well about 1000 feet deep. As it is free from contamination the health of the Post is very good. “ T am kept fairly busy, as we have about 950 animals in the post and expect an increase of about 400 about the first of Au- * We trust Dr. Stanclift will furnish these articles to the ‘‘ Army Veterinary Depart- ment ”’ of the REVIEW.—EDpirTor, ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1221 gust. I hope to be moved this winter to another station, so as to get into a new field and see more of the country. ‘The City of Manila is of the old Spanish type, interesting at first, though later, of course, one may tire of it a little. The natives are principally Tagaloes, but not of the pure stock. I would like to get back further into the country and see them in an aboriginal state if possible. These people look like a mixture of Chinese and Malays. Some of the people show negroid or Papuan features. All of the laboring class are small as far as height goes, but they are muscular. The country around here (Rezan) is laid out in rice fields, or paddy’s, as they are called, with bamboo and palm trees. Vegetation is luxuriant now that the rain has started.” * 2k Under date of Nov. 15, Dr. Stanclift writes : ‘“A surra board is to be appointed here ( Ft. Wm. McKin- ley, Rezan, P. I.) for the investigation of the disease. It has not yet been ordered, but I have been promised that I will be put on it; so I may have a chance to do some research work. ‘“T am very busy, as I have the mounts of eight Troops of Cavalry and one Battery of Field Artillery to look after. Three troops are in the Moriquissa Valley, so I ride up there frequently and enjoy the trips very much. I have had two cases of /7- laria oculi in the last three months and operated successfully in both cases. I have had three cases suspected of glanders; but the disease, after all, did not appear. Tested with mallein and animal inoculation of guinea-pigs; all negative. I have an occasional case of lymphangitis ; operated on one to-day. The remainder of my cases are principally foot diseases, canker, various trumatisms, punctured wounds and some cases of lamin- itis, besides minor wounds and tendonitis. As a rule treat- ment works out very satisfactorily, considering the bad condi- ditions sometimes. “‘T have finally gotten an appropriation of $5,000 for a vet- erinary hospital, so that looks encouraging. There is a rumor and well founded I think, that we of the 8th Cavalry will go to Camp Statunburg about jan. 15, when the 2d Cavalry goes back to the United States. ‘As usual, I am in good health. The dry season has started and the weather is fine. Nice cool nights, when a blanket is very comfortable. The temperature during the day does not get over 85° F. You see this is better than snow and zero weather.”’ 1222 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. EXAMINATIONS FOR ARMY VETERINARIANS. The War Department is preparing to hold another examina- tion for candidates desiring to enter the military service as veterinarians. ‘This examination will probably be held some time during the early spring, the date not yet having been de- cided upon. ‘There are at present two vacancies, both in. the Cavalry, and should the present Veterinary Bill before Congress become a law there will be at least three more, on account of re- tirements. "Those wishing to take part in the examination should write at once to the Military Secretary, Washington, D. C., for permission to do so. x * *K THE following cheering but laconic message from our friend, Dr. Olof Schwarzkopf, will explain itself to Army Veterinarians: ‘Honolulu, H. T., Dec. 25.— Sail to-night from here for Guam and Manila. Happy New Year. Every- thing O. K.” A later note from Dr. W. T. Monsarrat, of Honolulu, told of the pleasant visit he had from Dr. and Mrs. Schwarzkopf, and said that both were in the best of health. * * > VETERINARIAN BURT ENGLISH, 2d Cav., then at Manila, P. I., was on Oct. 24 granted leave of absence for one month and fifteen days, with permission to visit China and Japan, effective on or about Dec. 15. On the expiration of his leave he was au- thorized to await at Nagasaki, Japan, the arrival of his regi- ment, leaving Manila on the transport scheduled to sail on or about Jan. I5. NEW JERSEY EXAMINATIONS.—The New Jersey State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners was in session at the State House, Trenton, Jan. 26th and 27th conducting an ex- amination of candidates for license to practice veterinary medi- cine in that State. The next examinations by the New Jersey Board will be held in June. COLORADO BIDDING FOR THE A. V. M. A. MEETING OF 1907. —Quitea strong movement is on foot to secure the meeting of the National Association next year. The State Association at its recent meeting appointed a committee of its members to attend the New Haven meeting to create a sentiment favorable to Den- ver. The Denver Convention League and the Chamber of Com- merce will join with the veterinarians of the city and state to entertain the Association, and the feeling is one of confidence that a successful meeting could be held at the Colorado Capital. AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 1223 AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS. The present and prospective standing of the live meat ani- mals and packing-house products which comprise the surplus of the United States exported to principal foreign markets is the subject of a bulletin recently prepared by the Division of Foreign Markets, Bureau of Statistics, of the Department of Agriculture. This bulletin contains a large amount and variety of hitherto uncollected information. The United Kingdom imposes no duties whatever on the importation of live meat animals or packing-house products. Live animals are likewise admitted free of duty in the Nether- lands and Denmark, while packing-house products are admitted into these countries and Belgium either free or at low rates of duty. Considerably higher duties are imposed on these pro- ducts when imported into other European countries, and im- portant advances are being made by several of these coun- tries. A Notable Tariff Year.—The year 1906 will undoubtedly prove a notable one in the tariff history of Europe. ‘There has been no general revision of tariffs since the nineties, when the French tariff law was enacted and Germany and Austria-Hun- gary entered into the series of commercial treaties by which the duties they imposed on products coming from all countries en- joying the most-favored nation treatment were fixed, until the close of 1903. As that time approached, important tariff changes were ad- vocated in many quarters. Switzerland on October 10, 1902, Germany on December 25, 1902, and Russia on January 13, 1903, adopted new schedules which however were not to go in- to effect without subsequent action. In Austria-Hungary about the same time a new bill was introduced which has not yet been enacted into law. Almost without exception the changes made by Germany and Switzerland and proposed by Austria-Hungary affecting meats and meat products carried considerable advances. By treaties subsequently entered into with other countries, the rates for the most favored nations were somewhat reduced, but were kept generally higher than the conventional rates which they superceded. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in the conclusion of treaties, and up to the present time Switzer- land has entered into treaties only with Germany and Italy, although its new tariff went into effect January 1, 1906. 1224 AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS. The Russian and German tariffs and treaties are to go into effect March 1, 1906. Of the treaties negotiated by Russia under the new tariff, only one, that with Germany, has been finally ratified. Ger- many has succeeded in renewing treaties with all the countries with which it formerly had treaties, making concessions in rates, with the exception of its commercial agreement with the United States. This leaves as the basis of the right for mutu- ally favored commercial relations between the two countries only the old treaties concluded with Prussia and other German States before the Empire was established, some of which date back as far as 1827 and 1828. Disadvantages tn France and Spain.—At the present time all of the fourteen countries under consideration in the bulletin, with the exception of Spain and France, admit the products of the United States at rates no higher than those imposed on similar imports from other countries. The commercial agree- ment of 1898 with France grants the minimum rates of duty on certain specified products, which include canned meats, sausages and similar products, and lard. Other packing-house products and all meat animals of United States origin imported into France, together with all articles imported into Spain from this country, are subject to the higher rates of duty. Equality in Switzerland.—Prior to January 1, 1906, Swit- zerland also imposed on American products its general tariff rates. The conventional rates, which had formerly heen accord- ed to imports from this country, were withdrawn in 1900 after the abrogation of certain articles of the treaty between the United States and Switzerland, but when the tariff went into effect the Swiss Government, without treaty obligation to do so, restored American goods to an equality with those of other countries. Preferment 7n Cuba.—In the markets of Cuba articles im- ported from the United States enjoy an advantage over those imported from any other country. "Thus American cattle are admitted at 4o per cent. lower tariff rates than those imposed on imports from other countries, and other live meat animals and packing-house products at a reduction of 20 per cent. This preferential treatment of United States products is guaranteed by the treaty of 1903. Sanitary Restriciions.—In several countries special restric- tions for alleged sanitary purposes are in force, some of which operate to the advantage and some to the disadvantage of AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 1225 United States products. In the United Kingdom, for example, the importation of cattle at the present time is prohibited from our great South American competitor—Argentina—as well as from Uruguay and from Russia and various other European countries, while from the United States such animals are ad- mitted subject to slaughter at port of entry within ten days after disembarking. The sanitary regulations of Germany, however, operate very much to the disadvantage of American products. The prohibition of importing canned meats and sausage, while of general application, strikes the United States most severely, since it formerly furnished the bulk of these products. The importation of cattle and fresh beef from the United States is prohibited. Even a more general prohibition is enforced against Russia, covering swine and sheep as well as cattle ; but cattle from Austria-Hungary and Switzerland are admittted under certain restrictions. All meat products are subject to a rigid inspection. France likewise requires the inspection of all meat animals and fresh meat imported, as well as sausages when imported from the United States. A certificate of inspection from the United States Department of Agriculture is required for all salted, pickled, or smoked pork imported from this country. Meats may be imported only at designated custom-houses and in certain forms of shipment, in order that rigid inspection may be performed. For this inspection, as in Germany, fees are charged, which naturally tend to increase prices and thus to limit importation. Italy prohibits the importation of American swine, but per- mits the importation of pork when accompanied by an official inspection certificate; and Russia prohibits the importation of all forms of pork and pork products, with the exception of lard and hog products for industrial use. - In several countries the importation of oleomargarine is per- mitted only when its nature is clearly indicated. In some cases all oleomargarine colored artificially is absolutely prohibited. Greatest Meat Surplus Country.—No other country pro- duces so great a surplus of meat as the United States. During the year ending June 30, 1904, the exports of live meat animals and packing-house products were valued at $217,000,000. No other country, except nearby Ireland, sends so many cattle to the English market. The exports of United States cattle to British ports during 1904, amounted to 387,000 head, valued at 1226 AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS. $36,000,000, and along with them were exported 223,000 sheep, worth nearly $2,000,000. Belgium has become an important destination for United States cattle, and more than 18,000 were exported there during 1904. The cattle shipments to Cuba, which prior to 1898 sel- dom reached 10 head a year, amounted to 135,000 head, valued at $2,000,000. Beef is exported from the United States chiefly in the form of fresh meat, and this is nearly all sent to British markets. This trade has increased while the exports of other kinds. of beef have become less during the fifteen years 1890-1904. ‘The United States exported to the United Kingdom 171,000,000 pounds of fresh beef in 1890 and 298,000,000 pounds in 1904. Trade in Bacon, Hams, and Pickled Pork.—'The exports of bacon have declined since 1890. In that year 450,000,000 pounds were shipped to the United Kingdom, 37,000,000 to Belgiuin, and 12,000,000 to the Netherlands; while in 1904 the quantity exported to the United Kingdom was only 197,000,- 000 pounds, to Belgium 12,000,000, and to the Netherlands 2,000,000 pounds. On the other hand, the exports of hams increased. In 1890 there were exported 65,000,000 pounds tothe United Kingdom, and in 1904 the amount was 170,000,000 pounds. With some countries, however, there has been a recent decline. Shipments of hams to Germany increased from 1890 to 1808, after which they declined greatly on account of restrictive legislation. Similarly, the exports of hams to Belgium, which in 1898 reached 16,000,000 pounds, suffered a decline after that year. Exports of salted and pickled pork, to the United Kingdom in- creased greatly during 1890-1904, while exports to Germany in- creased from 1890 to 1898 and declined from 1899 to 1904. Extensive Markets for Lard.—\ard is not only the most val- uable of the packing-house products exported from the United States and worth even more than the cattle exported, but it reaches more markets in large quantities than do most other products of its class. Exports of this article to the United Kingdom increased from 151,000,000 pounds in 1890 to 199,- 000,000 in I904 ; and the exports to Germany increased from 117,000,000 to 178,000,000 pounds in the same time. Lard compounds have gained in importance ainong the ex- ports until the quantity shipped in 1904 to Cuba reached 21,- 000,000 pounds, United Kingdom 11,000,000, Germany 7,000,- 000, and Belgium 5,000,000 pounds. Oleomargarine is exported in at Oi le el AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 1227 chiefly to Germany and the Netherlands, with smaller quanti- ties to Norway Cuba, British West Indies, Sweden, and Bel- gium. The chief markets for oleo oil are the Netherlands and Germany, the exports to those countries in 1904 being 99,000,- 000 and 27,000,000 pounds respectively. River Plata Frozen Meat. —'The leading competitor of the United States in supplying fresh beef for the British market is Argentina. In 1900 quarantine restrictions put an end to the imports of live cattle from that country into the United King- dom and at the same time made available a supply of fair beef cattle for the freezing industry which was soon established along the River Plata. The production of frozen beef in that region has increased until in 1904 the exports from Argentina amounted to 215,000,000 pounds. Exports of frozen mutton were 195,000,000 pounds, and the total exports of all frozen meat from that country in 1904 equaled 410,000,000 pounds. Lying north of the River Plata and extending up into Bra- zil is a great cattle region, which includes Uruguay, Paraguay, and the State of Rio Grande do Sulin Brazil. Its chief meat product is a coarse salt-dried beef, known along the River Plata as “‘tasajo”’ and in Brazil as ‘“‘xarque.” As the development of this region progresses, there is a tendency to improve the quality of the cattle and to produce fresh meat for export to Europe instead of dried beef for South American and West In- dian markets. Such a transition has been taking place in Ar- - gentina. Effect of Austrahan Droughts.—Owing ina great measure to destructive droughts the meat surplus of Australia has undergone a marked decline, especially from 1900 to 1904. In 1g00 ex- ports of frozen beef and veal were 96,000,000 pounds, frozen mutton and lamb 67,000,000, and tallow 79,000,000 pounds ; while in 1904 the exports of these articles were respectively, 37,000,000, 48,000,000, and 57,000,000 pounds. The value of exports of rabbits and hares, however, increased from $868,000 in 1900 to $1,072,000 in 1904. New Zealand, on the other hand, sends more meat abroad than ever before. Its chief export meat, frozen mutton, amounted to ooh Coane pounds in 1904. Surplus of Canada.—Canada is about the only competitor of the United States in exporting cattle, hams and lard. In none of these articles, however, have there been any important increases during the five yearsending with 1904. In 1904 there were exported from Canada 157,000 cattle, 3,900,000 pounds of hams, and 500,000 pounds of lard. 1228 AMERICAN MEAT IN FOREIGN MARKETS, The principal meat exported from Canada is bacon. The quantity exported increased from 77,000,000 pounds in 1898 to II2,000,000 pounds in 1899, and in 1904 amounted to 124,000,- -OooO pounds. Most of the cattle and meat of Canada is produced in the re- gion lying east of Lake Huron. Of the 5,600,000 cattle in the country in rgo1, all but 1,000,000 were in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces. In Ontario alone there were 2,500,000. Few Supplies from Russta.—'The surplus meat of Russia is not sufficient in quantity or quality to have much influence up- on the world’s markets. What there is of a meat-producing in- dustry in that country is generally in the hands of peasants who are not able to incur the expense necessary to produce good fat meat animals. This is especially true of cattle. Many of the cattle sold are too old for dairying or farm labor, and often a peasant sells his surplus cattle in the fall rather than feed them during the winter. Difficulties in securing prompt transportation across the western frontier have also hindered the growth of Russia’s meat export trade. In 1904 that country exported $2,000,000 worth of live meat animals, $2,000,000 worth of packing-house prod- ucts, and $5,000,000 worth of poultry and game —chiefly live geese for the German market. THE VETERINARIAN OF THE Hour.—The New Year num- ber of the Dazly National Live Stock Reporter, published at St. Louis, Mo., had a galaxy of veterinary contributors upon im- portant subjects in connection with live stock. Dr. A. D. Mel- vin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, had a half-page article on “ The Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry ” ; Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, on “‘ The Value of the National Quarantine Line Against Texas Fever’ ; Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, on ‘‘ Good Market for Our Pure Breds (Spanish America offers an excep- tional opportunity to breeders, if they will but grasp it) ; ’ State Veterinarian Dr. D. F. Luckey, on “ Conditions of Live Stock in the State of Missouri fh Relation to Disease.’ This sympos- ium of veterinarians who are showing to the country that they are alive to the commercial as well as the scientific side of the question of animal industry, should be a sufficient answer to those who have advocated the displacement of the veterinarian as Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry and supplant him by a layman. } —— 7 CORRESPONDENCE. 1229 CORRESPONDENCE. ARECOLINE IN ACUTE LAMINITIS—UDDER INFLATION FOR TYMPANITES IN COWS. CosHoctTon, OHIO, Jan. 10, 1906. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR Sirs :—For the benefit of veterinarians who have never used arecoline hydrobromate in the treatment of acute laminitis, I wish to report that of the last sixteen cases of acute laminitis, I used nothing in the line of treatment except areco- line, 1 gr. hypodermically, once daily, for from two to four days. All were apparently well from second to fourth day. Recently I treated six cases of indigestion in cows, resulting from overeating of grain, cabbage and apples. Most of the patients were comatose and completely helpless. The only treatment was to inflate the udders with oxygen or air. Previ- ous to treating above six cases I used same treatment in simi- lar cases with same results. Since using this treatment I have been so fortunate as to have no call to treat a male animal similarly affected. Yours truly, J. E. Foster. MARK GoopMAN, who has practiced in Brooklyn for a num- ber of years, has sold his business and removed to the West. Dr. H. J. Brotheridge has succeeded to Dr. Goodman’s practice. AGRICULTURAL AND ALLIED INTERESTS IN NEBRASKA.— From Jan. 15 to 20 there were held at Lincoln, Neb., the fifth annual sessions of the associations for the promotion of agricul- ture and animal husbandry in Nebraska. These organizations include the Association of Agricultural Students, the Nebraska Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association, the Nebraska State Veter- inary Medical Association, the Nebraska State Board of Agri- culture, the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, the Nebras- ka State Swine Breeders’ Association, the Nebraska Dairymen’s Association, the Nebraska State Poultry Association, the Ne- braska Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association, the Nebras- ka Corn Improvers’ Association, the Nebraska Short-horn Breed- ers’ Association, the Nebraska Park and Forestry Association, and the Nebraska State Beekeepers’ Association. In addition there was a conference of the Farmers’ Institute officers, and the second annual meeting of the American Breeders’ Association. Veterinarian A. T. Peters, of the University of Nebraska, was the General Secretary. 1230 SOCIETY MEETINGS. SOCIETY MEETINGS. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. REPORT OF THE CLINICS CONDUCTED AT ITS ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT ITHACA, SEPT. 12, 13 AND 14, 1905. By W. L. WiLuiAMs, Chairman Committee on Clinics. In our report of the clinics of this society for the 1904 meeting, which appeared on page 881, Vol. XXVIII, of the RE- VIEW, we tried to show that they stood for something of tangi- ble value and taught certain lessons which might be applied in the practice of the observer and that to accomplish this end each operation need have scientific and economic value. The clinics of this society have been conducted along positive lines without permitting them to become exhibitions of unusual feats of skill, unique displays or incongruous mixtures ending in in- extricable confusion. The last clinic differed from its predecessors in that the cases were almost all collected and in charge of the committee some days prior to the meeting, and before the convention was called to.order the first day, a neatly printed clinical programme was handed to each member, naming the entire list of cases and stating the day and hour at which each case would be shown oroperatedon. Although this clinical programme was scattered over three days, each case was shown or operated on on the day and at the hour announced with. the exception of one case (fistu- lous withers), which failed to appear—a better showing than was made on papers at the same meeting and better than gener- ally prevails at veterinary associations. In this important re- spect it surpassed all prior clinics of this or other societies, so: far as we know. The animals were each of definite commercial value and the results have been highly satisfactory. CASES. Zr. Castration of Cryptorchid Colt; W. L. Williams, Operator. A well-developed, three-vear-old colt with the history that SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1231 one testicle had been removed and repeated unsuccessful at- tempts made to get the other. Manual rectal exploration re- vealed the presence of the retained testicle on the right side. On Sept. 12, after suitable preparation, the patient was placed on the operating table on his left side and the right hind leg elevated so as to freely expose the inguinal region. After proper disinfection an incision about six inches long was made parallel with the median raphé of the scrotum and about one inch tothe right of it. Theincision was extended through the skin and dartos and into the dense scar tissue which marked the prior attempts at castration. It was found that the inguinal space was largely filled with very dense cicatricial tissue, which offered great resistance and made the work very tedious. When the region of the internal inguinal ring had been reached no such structure could be identified in the general mass of scar tissue and an opening was made with the index finger into the peritoneal cavity as near to the location of the ring as could be determined. With the index finger in the peritoneal cavity it was found that the puncture had been well placed and the gub- ernaculum testis and vas deferens were immediately against the opening. These were grasped by the finger, drawn out through the wound, the testicle following and removed with the emasuclator. The wound was tamponed with jodoform gauze, the scrotal wound closed and the patient removed from the ta- ble to recover from the chloroform. On Sept. 13, the tampon was removed, the wound dressed with 1-1000 corrosive sublimate solution and left open. The daily disinfection of the wound was continued till Sept. 22, when the animal was travelled home, a distance of 4o miles. There was no notable reaction to the operation. 2. FPoll-Evil Operation , Operator, F. F. Fehr. The patient was an ordinary small adult horse showing a large abscess on the poll, without evidence of prior surgical in- terference and said to be of several weeks’ standing. ‘There was a slight purulent discharge on one side, which could not be probed deeply, but seemed wholly superficial. The mane and foretop were clipped and shaved over the entire poll and. fore- head and the parts well cleaned and disinfected. The patient was placed on the operating table on Sept. 12, chloroformed and the operation carried out according to the Williams technic. The sutures and tampon were removed on Sept. 14, the wound disinfected and dressed dry with iodoform and tannin. There- after the wound was dressed daily by washing with 1-1000 cor- 1232 SOCIETY MEETINGS. rosive sublimate solution and dusted with iodoform and tannin. No complications occurred and the patient was discharged on Sept. 26, convalescent—~z. e., the wound was covered at every point with healthy granulations and healing rapidly. Re- covery prompt and complete. : 3. Defective Molar Tooth with Empyema of Maxillary Sin- uses; W. L. Walliams, Operator. This case, with, the following one, was used to illustrate the technic as described by the operator in his paper ‘* Empyema of the Facial Sinuses of the Horse,” which will appear pres- ently in the REVIEW. The patient, an adult black mare of common breed, used for farm work, was in good general condition. She showed a profuse, very foetid discharge from the left nostril, which was said to have existed for some months. No surgical treatment had been attempted. The region of the left maxillary sinuses was markedly bulged ; nodyspnoea was present. A manual ex- ploration of the mouth revealed the 2d left superior molar (5th tooth) split antero-posteriorly through its crown with the two halves spread apart and food impacted between them. On Sept. 12, the animal was confined on her left side on the oper- ating table and an attempt made to extract the tooth with forceps without any definite hope of success, but in default of this the crown would be broken off at a level with the alveolar margin, making a valued mark in the operating field and diminishing the length of the tooth in a manner to facilitate its repulsion. The crown crumbled as soon as pressure was ap- plied to it with the forceps and all was accomplished which had been expected. The area covering the fang of the diseased tooth was shaved and disinfected and 20 grains of stovaine injected hypodermi- cally, by which satisfactory local anesthesia was obtained. General anzesthesia could not be had with safety unless the anesthetic had been administered through a trachea tube, as otherwise the putrid nasal discharge would have been inhaled. A dise of skin, subcutem and periosteum, I inch in diam- eter, was removed at a point on the median side of the zygoma, about 1!% inches above its inferior end, and in this de- nuded area a trephine opening of the same size was made. It was found (as is common in these cases) that the septum be- tween the superior and inferior maxillary sinuses had been de- stroyed and the two constituted one common cavity, which with a part of the frontal sinus, was filled with extremely foetid, SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1233 inspissated pus. A portion of the pus was flushed out through the trephine opening with warm water, but some of it was being washed into the nostril in a manner to threaten inhalation of it and the completion of this was abandoned until after the patient could be permitted to stand. Commencing at the in- ferior border of the trephine opening, the soft tissues were sep- arated from the bone over the region of the affected tooth by means of a scalpel and the bony plate of the zygomatic ridge removed with Luer’s bone gouging (rongeur) forceps. The zygomatic ridge having been passed, the scalpel was pushed into the buccal cavity between the soft tissues and the bone, and the two separated over the entire area of the affected tooth. The external alveolar plate was then removed with the bone chisel over the entire external surface of the tooth, so that it was completely bared from fang to crown. A punch was then placed against the fang and the tooth remnants readily forced - into the mouth and removed, and the alveolus carefully cleansed of all fragments of bone or tooth. A second trephine opening was now made on the median side of the conduit of the trifacial nerve at the region of the most inferior and median portion of the inferior maxillary sinus with a view to providing ample dependent drainage into the nostril for that portion of the cavity on the median side of the nerve, by breaking through the inferior turbinated bone where it forms the median wall of the sinus. The trephine opening completed, it was found that nature had anticipated us, a large opening already existing at the desired point as a result of necrosis of the turbine produced by the action of the purulent matter. The patient was released from the table, placed in the stocks and the inspissated pus and blood coagula from the operation were flushed out with a warm antiseptic solution from an irri- gator. The empty alveolar cavity was filled by a tampon sat- urated with. 1-16 carbolized oil and the trepine wounds left open. An inspection of the affected tooth showed that the defect was the result of an arrest in the development of the organ by which the external dentinal plate had failed to fuse with the contiguous infundibular dentinal layer so that when the crown came in wear and the coronal flexure of dentine was worn away the pulp cavity was opened to infection and purulent pulpitis resulted and, the escape of pus being hindered along the line of infection, through the tooth, it followed the line of least resistance and escaped into the maxillary sinus and thence 1234 SOCIETY MEETINGS. through a pathologic opening in the turbine, into the nasal pas- sage and out through the nostril. The non-cohesion of the contiguous dentinal plates also caused a marked diminution of the power of resistance in the organ and led toa splitting in an antero-posterior direction be- tween the plates. On the following day and daily thereafter the sinuses were flushed with warm antiseptic solutions and the alveolar tampon renewed. The discharge and fcetor almost wholly ceased with the operation, mastication was not interrupted, there was some swelling in the operative area (from the stovaine ?), the appetite and general condition were unaffected and the patient was dis- charged fully convalescent on Sept. 20. 4. Empyema of Maxillary Sinuses; Operators, W. L. Wil- liams and E. B. Ackerman. The patient, a medium-sized, chestnut driving gelding of adult age, was entered with the history that the attending vet- erinarian had had him under surgical treatment for several months without avail. He had been trephined several times, followed by antiseptic irrigations, but we understood that ample nasal drainage had not been attained. When presented there was a copious and abundant muco- purulent discharge, without odor, from the left nostril, bulging of the face over the left maxillary sinuses and over the lower portion of the frontal. The bulged area was dull on percussion. The nasal mucosa and sub-maxillary lymph glands were nor- mal. ‘The crowns of the molar teeth were apparently normal. On Sept. 14, he was placed on the operating table and the region of the facial sinuses anesthetized by means of the injection of 20 grains of stovainein solution. A trephine opening was made on the median side of the zygoma at about the line of the parti- tion between the superior and inferior maxillary sinuses. The bone was found very sclerotic and 34 inch in diameter. The inter-sinusal partition was broken down by the operators and both cavities were found to be largely occluded with new-formed bone and soft tissue. The inferior sinus especially was almost wholly obliterated, its capacity not exceeding two fluid ounces, while all that portion of the superior sinus on the dental side of the summit of the zygomatic spine was occupied by the new ‘formation. A second trephine opening was made on the median side of the trifacial nerve conduit and an opening broken from the inferior sinus into the nasal chamber. Examination indi- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1235 cated difficulty also with the frontal sinus and a third trephine opening was made into its most inferior portion and an ample opening forced thence into the nasal passage. We thus had openings into the nasal passage from the frontal and inferior maxillary sinuses, affording ample drainage from all. Pus was found in each sinus. After release from the operating table the sinuses were thoroughly flushed out with a warm antiseptic solution and the trephine openings left free. The openings from the sinuses into the nasal passages were kept open for 48 hours by means of strips of gauzedrawn throughthem. ‘The antiseptic flushing of the sinuses was continued daily. There was a considerable discharge from the sinuses, most of which escaped through the nostrils, but some found exit through the external openings on the face, but no accumulations in the sinuses occurred. ‘The purulent discharge abated very slowly and the recuperative powers seemed very weak, but finally, by Oct. 10, the dis- charge had practically ceased and the trephine openings had almost closed. The openings were enlarged sufficiently to admit the finger for exploration, when to our surprise we found the maxillary sinuses had both virtually disappeared, filled up by a new growth of bone and soft tissue. The soft tissues were very dense, almost cartilaginous incharacter. ‘The lower part of the frontal sinus was similarly filled. Malignant neoplasm was suspected, especially since the face was even more bulged than when entered in the clinic and no other explanation for the new growth appeared. Material from the sinuses was submitted to Dr. V. A. Moore for examination, and he reported finding only an inflammatory growth without evidence of malignancy. A few days later the discharge had ceased entirely, the facial bulging had markedly decreased, and on Nov. 1 he was _ apparently well. On Nov. 6 he was returned to the owner with only slight bulging of the face, small cicatrices at the seat of trephine openings, no dyspnoea and in all respects apparently ’ permanently cured. 5. Castration of Colt in Standing Position ; G. T. Stone Opera- tor. An ordinary yearling colt submitted for castration was se- _ cured by means of a twitch, the testicles cut down upon with an ordinary scalpel, and then removed with the emasculator. Recovery was without interruption and the colt discharged on _ Sept. 17 to travel home, a distance of 14 miles. 1236 SOCIETY MEETINGS, 6. Milk Fistula in the Teat ofa Cow ; Operator, Louts Juliand. The patient was a young cow which had a congenital fistu- lous opening on the side of the teat through which milk flowed freely during milking and rendered that operation unpleasant. The fistulous opening was cauterized with stick nitrate of silver and the cow returned at once to the owner’s premises. 7. Rupiuve of the Extensor Pedis Muscle in New-Born Foals. Exhibition of a recovered case to show absence of the ex- tensor pedis muscles and the peculiar action resulting there- from. Museum specimens tlustrating the lesions in fafal cases. Professor Law. This exhibition was intended to illustrate a rarely described condition of new-born foals which has been apparently unusual- ly common in this district or else is overlooked by practitioners generally elsewhere. In one instance four foals were born on one farm in two years and constituted the total foal crop for that period. ‘They were all by one sire and out of two unrelated dams. ‘The two foals from one dam succumbed in a few days 3. the two foals from the other recovered, the exhibited case be- ing one of them. ‘Two other foals at least have been observed in this region from stock wholly unrelated to these four, suffer- ing from the same disease or accident. One of these was de- scribed and illustrated by W. L. Williams in the REVIEW, Vol. XXI., page 444, under the title “Extreme Luxation of the Patelle of a Foal,” in which case, along with the lesion suggest- ing the title, there also occurred rupture of the extensor pedis muscles. The other case consists of a museum specimen la- belled ‘“‘ante-partum rupture of the extensor pedis muscle,” and no history given. ‘The symptoms as observed in these cases appear at or within a few hours after birth and consist of weak- ness in the anterior limbs with difficulty or inability to extend the carpus, resulting in inability to stand unsupported, but may do so if the attendant will press backwards on the anterior sur- face of the carpus to prevent anterior flexion. A swelling is soon found on the anterior surface of the carpus, which presents itself as an effusion in the sheath of the extensor pedis tendon and is co-equal in extent with it. Manipuation will reveal the broken end of the tendon lying loose in the synovial sheath below the carpus, while an examination above the articulation will show a depression at the point where the muscle and ten- don normally meet, at which place the rupture usually occurs, as was well shown by the museum specimens. In the two fatal cases among the group of four, there was 5 ge aii elias | SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1237 great general weakness, and, in spite of assisting them to the mother’s teat and otherwise caring for them, they succumbed in less than 48 hours without our being able to discover upon post- mortem any explanatory lesions. Apparently there was some constitutional affection beyond our view which led alike to the rupture of the tendons and to the extreme weakness and death. The recovered cases were more vigorous, and with considerable’ assistance managed to feed and eventually became able to get about unaided, grew finely, matured and have proven capable work animals. The case exhibited was a large brown mare, aged six years, used constantly at farm and team work. On each fore leg at the position of the extensor pedis longus muscle there is a deep groove extending from the elbow down to the carpus, the body of the muscle being wholly wanting. Below the carpus there is no extensor pedis longus tendon to be observ- ed, but at the ordinary position the accessory tendon rounds the metacarpus and continues to its normal insertion. As shown by the museum specimens, the injury, cannot heal, since the rupture takes place at the superior end of the carpal sheath of the tendon concerned and the end at once drops down and appears below the carpus at the bottom of the sheath of the ten- don. The gait of the animal is characteristic of what should be logically expected from the lesion. In advancing the foot it must be done chiefly by the extensor metacarpi magnus, aided feebly by the accessory extensor of the pedis. The result is a peculiar flail-like advancement without that regularity and even- ness seen in the normal foot. ‘The metacarpus is carried for- ward with the digits hanging somewhat inert until well advanc- ed, when the toe is suddenly extended by the accessory muscle at the moment when the extensor longus should have about completed its action. In autopsies made on foals dying very early after birth the tendon at near its union with the muscle showed first a distinct fibrillation, followed later by transverse rupture. There is no history of accident in either of the cases enum- erated and no reason to suspect any traumatism whatever, but everything points to a purely spontaneous rupture, due prima- tily to a general congenital debility as well as of the tendons involved. 8. Involuntary Shaking of the Head, Trifacial Neurotomy ; R. C. Reed, Operator. The patient was a large brown trotting gelding, said to have been used for racing purposes, but became unmanageable be- 12388 SOCIETY MEETINGS. cause of involuntary shaking of the head. Shown to the halter he exhibited no abnormal symptoms of note, but on being hitched to a buggy and driven at a trot he quickly began shak- ing his head as though unbearably tormented by flies or other in- sects in his ears or nose. The shaking as shown at the meeting was so violent that he was not alone unpleasant, but actually unsafe as he could not be kept in the road. It was determined to perform trifacial neurotomy, and owing to the very common wound infection in the operation it was de- cided to attempt it in the standing position under local anzsthe- sia. Accordingly the operative area was carefully shaved and disinfected and 30 grains of stovaine injected as closely as could be determined upon the trifacial nerve at its emergence from the infra-orbital foramen. The horse was confined in the stocks. It was soon seen that the temperament of the patient had been misjudged and that he was extremely obstinate and violent, and it becoming clear that the operation could not be performed in the stocks, jt was decided to place him on the oper- ating table. Here again his obstinacy was shown and he resisted con- finement violently. After securing him the operation was carried out according to the technic described in “ Surgical and Obstetrical Operations,” by W. L. Williams, except the substitu- tion of local for general anzsthesia. The local anzesthesia seemed good, but the animal persisted in struggling violently. There was profuse hemorrhage from the left wound and with the struggling during the control of the bleeding, infection was fear- ed and it was deemed best to leave the wound open. On the right side the operation was more successful and having been neatly accomplished was carefully sutured. On completing the operation and attempting to remove him from the table he continued his obstinacy and when placed in the upright position the attendants allowed him to slip down nearly to the floor, where he lay suspended in the girths un- willing to stand. Ifhe were dropped on the floor serious injury was feared owing to his position and the table was consequently turned down again and the horse placed normally on it. The table was then returned to the perpendicular and the attendants carefully held him well up till he was induced to stand, when he was released. ‘The practicability of handling obstinate horses with the operating table was severely questioned at the last meet- ing of the A. V. M. A. at Cleveland, and this case certainly demon- strated, so far as one case could well do, that no degree of vio- SOCIETY MEETINGS. ° 1239 lence or obstinacy could block the practical working of the table. Digressing for the moment, it was also shown that al- though it was asserted at Cleveland in the meeting of the A. V. M. A. that cryptorchid castration was impracticable on the table, Case 1, above related, directly contradicted that opinion. After experiencing so much difficulty in operating, serious infection was feared and was not long delayed in manifesting itself. For a day or twothe wounds looked fairly well, but soon were swollen, the lips parted and abundant suppuration followed. The wounds were washed daily with antiseptics and dressed after with tincture of iodine injected deeply toward the cut end of the nerve. In two or three days the patient began to show the clinical symptoms of infection of the proximal end of the divid- ed nerve, by shaking his head badly inthe same manner in the stall, which he had only done before while being driven, The symptoms became more and more aggravated and it soon became impracticable to properly dress the wounds, feeding and drinking were interfered with and the horse became diffi- cult to manage in ordinary stable handling. He shook his head violently and well nigh constantly. On Sept. 30, he was se- cured on the operating table and after injecting 20 grains of stovaine upon the nerve ends, which failed to produce complete anzesthesia, we pushed conical pieces of solid silver nitrate into the infra-orbital foramen upon the nerve ends, and secured them in position by means of tampons and sutures. There was some abatement of the neuritis for a time, but the symptoms soon re- appeared and became worse than before ; he scarcely ate or drank, and was losing flesh rapidly. On Oct. 16, he was again placed on the table and anzs- thetized with chloroform. A trephine opening was made into the inferior maxillary sinus at its lower part on the line of the nerve conduit, which was opened with bone forceps, an aneurism needle passed beneath the nerve and by a vigorous pull the in- fected nerve end was withdrawn into the sinus from the infra- orbital foramen and excised at the superior part of the opening in the conduit. The wounds in the conduit were closely packed with iodoform-cotton. The relief from the neuritis was immediate and well nigh complete. He ate and drank freely and shook his head but little. On the following day the tampons were supposedly com- pletely removed and the sinuses flushed with warm lysol solu- tion, which was continued daily. The improvement remained marked for several days, when he began to shake his head again, 1240 SOCIETY MEETINGS. and six days after the operation it was discovered that a small piece of the tampon placed in the right nerve conduit at the time had been overlooked, causing considerable suppuration. The wounds were now irrigated daily with tepid lysol solution, followed by iodoform powder blown upon the wound in the con- duit until Oct. 25, this was changed to a tampon of absorbent cotton smeared with iodoform-vaseline ointment. Immediately after the application of this he showed great pain each day, which subsided in about 15 minutes, when it seemed to give greater relief than other dressings. Later study of the case suggested that the low temperature of the iodoform-vaseline ointment was the cause of the paroxysms of pain immediately after dressing and the tampon was ordered warmed prior to ap- plication, and it was found that these paroxysms ceased. The wounds now granulated rapidly and the nerve seemed entirely covered on Nov. 5, when the tampons were omitted and the facial wounds were allowed to close. Since Nov. 5, there has been steady improvement in the symptoms and general appearances. During the intense neuri- tis the contact of cold water with the teeth in attempting to drink caused intense pain and a sudden cessation of attempts at drinking. The water had to be warmed in order that he might drink. In December he was hitched, and drove fairly well. On Jan. 4, he left the hospital in good general condition and apparently on the road to complete recovery. We shall aim to follow the case further and make a supplemental report later. The technic of this operation is very faulty, as it permits en- tirely too frequent and serious infection, although so far as the writer’s observations go all cases he has been able to trace have ultimately recovered even after infection, while cases in which infection has been successfully avoided the recovery has been prompt. We are at present working on a change in the tech- nic, with success in the one opportunity for application. 9. Lar Tooth , F. F. Fehr, Operator. The patient was a six-year-old chestnut gelding of roadster type, entered in the clinic with the history that from birth he had had a mucoid discharge from the internal border of the con- cha about half way from the commissure of the ear to its apex, which two or three years ago became purulent and escaped at the base of the ear. An “ear tooth’? was diagnosed. Placed on the operating table Sept. 14, the region was an- eesthetized by injecting 20 grains stovaine in I ounce water. A close inspection revealed : SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1241 1, A mucous tract beginning about midway up on the inner conchal margin and extending downwards about two inches toward the squamous temporal bone to near the fistulous open- ing, from which pus was being discharged, where it ended blindly. This mucous tract readily admitted an ordinary probe its entire length. 2. A purulent fistula close to the base of the ear over the squamous temporal bone. The skin about the opening was wrinkled and depressed, as is usual surrounding purulent fistu- lz. A metallic probe readily passed downwards into the region of the temporal bone to a distance of about two inches, where it came in contact with naked tooth tissue. The mucous tract was dissected out entire by first inserting a probe to act asa guide and then cutting it away with a scal- pel. Opened, the mucous tract was found lined with deeply pigmented epithelium and ended below in a firm fibrous stalk extending toward the purulent fistula. A crucial incision, with the purulent fistula as a centre, each line of which was about two inches long, was made through skin and sub-cutem down to the squamous bone and the superficial end of the tooth. Some confusion as to the ar- rangement existed here because the probe extended so deeply, a condition readily explained later. A bone chisel was applied at what seemed the margin of the alveolus and a few light taps served to loosen the tooth. With chisel and gouge the tooth was readily removed piecemeal. Upon examination of the tooth fragments it was found to have been a very imperfectly formed organ, and had undergone disintegration in its centre, so that it consisted at this time chiefly of a thin shell of dental tissue lining the alveolus, the central area being filled with pus and debris into which the probe passed to the unusual depth and caused the confusion previously mentioned. The probe had ‘consequently passed through the tooth from crown to fang. After the removal of the tooth the alveolus was found smooth and lined with healthy periosteum, which was not dis- «iurbed. The alveolus was packed with iodoform gauze, which was removed the following day, dressed with disinfectants, and the horse shipped to the owner by rail. The recovery was prompt and uneventful. We have not dwelt here upon the reasons for the occurrence of teeth in this region in the horse. Isolated cases are being constantly reported through the veterinary journals, with at- ‘tempts to shroud their occurrence in more or less mystery. ‘The 1242 SOCIETY MEETINGS. writer contributed an extended article on this topic, ‘‘ Teratol- ogy of the Hyo-Mandibular Gill-Slit in the Horse,” which may be found in the REvIEw for June, 1904, (Vol. XXVIII., page 222. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW JERSEY. The twenty-second annual meeting of the Veterinary Medi- cal Association of New Jersey was held at the Trenton House, Trenton, N. J., on Thursday, January 11, 1906, with President T. Earle Budd, of Orange, N. J., in the chair. Members present. — Upon roll-call the following members answered to their names: Drs. Brown, Budd, Conover, Dick- son (Robert), Dilkes, Fetter, Glennon, Harker, Height, Hopper (A. G.), Horner, Hurley, King, Laddey, Leatherman, Loblein, Lockwood, Lowe (John Payne), Lowe (William Herbert), Ma- thews (John P.), McDonough, Mecray, Mitchell, Mosedale, Pope, Rogers (Carroll T.), Rogers (Thomas B.), Runge, Smith (Thomas E.), Tuttle, and Vander Roest. Delegates. — James Hunter, Jr., M. D., Westville, N. J., rep- resenting the Gloucester County Medical Society ; Leonard Pear- son, B. S., V. M. D., Dean Veterinary Department University of Pennsylvania, W. Horace Hoskins, D. V. S., and C. J. Mar- shall, V. M. D., all of Philadelphia, representing the Pennsyl- vania State Veterinary Medical Association. Visitors. — Robert E. Mosedale, M. R. C. V. S., Bernards- ville, N. J.; Henry J. Kohler, M. D. C., Trenton, N. J.; Wil- met B. Kille, V. M. D., Salem N. J.; William. H. Paxson, V. M. D., Solebury, Pa.; Mr. Charles Grauch, third-year student U. of P., Mantua, N. J. Among others present were a rep- © resentative of Truffle & Co., instrument makers, Philadelphia ; Mr. Woodruff, of Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, and Mr. Phelan, of the Norwich Pharmacal Co., of Norwich, N. Y. The minutes of the semi-annual meeting held at Washing- ton Park, N. J., July 13th and 14th, 1905, were read and ap- proved. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. President Budd spoke extemporaneously, reviewing the ac- complishments of the past year and then making his recom- mendations as to the work now in progress, together with that to be undertaken during the year 1906. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1243 The President spoke earnestly in behalf of the bill to pro- mote the efficiency of the veterinary service in the United States Army, and of the support that the American Veterinary Medical Association was giving tothismeasure. He urged every member of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey to use his influence with his Congressman and the Senators from New Jersey for this bill to the end that it be passed at this session of Congress and placed upon the statute books. He stated that the Army Legislation Committee of the A. V. M. A., of which he was chairman, would go to Washington and speak for the bill before the committee, present to President Roose- velt the resolutions adopted by the National Association at Cleveland, and personally urge the President to approve the measure. President Budd then referred to the importance and desira- bility of making the veterinarians of cavalry in this State com- missioned officers, and of its failure in a previous attempt by not first obtaining the approval of the Military Board. The bill was introduced by Assemblyman Lord, and with the assist- ance of the Legislation Committee of this Association, passed through both houses of the Legislature, but when it reached the Governor it was vetoed because it had not first been sub- mitted to the Military Board for its approval. The lesson to be learned from his experience was that no military bill could be made a law in this State without first having the approval of the Military Board. President Budd stated that he had already conferred with several members of the Military Board, and that they were in favor of making the veterinarian of cavalry a commissioned officer, so he thought that there would be no trouble now in getting the measure through. President Budd declared that by far the most important matter before the Association at the present time was proper veterinary sanitary legislation in this State and thought that the time had arrived for the Legislation Committee to push the measure to establish a State Bureau of Anima] Industry under veterinary direction as had been outlined by his predecessor in office and approved by the Association. SECRETARY’S REPORT. The Secretary presented a written report covering the work of his office during the past year as follows: ‘‘ TRENTON, N. J., Jan. II, 1906. “ Mr. President and Colleagues : “Tt is one year ago since I assumed the exacting dutiés of 1244 ; SOCIETY MEETINGS. the position of Secretary. A Secretary might get along by simply attending, in a perfunctory way, to certain prescribed duties, but if the correspondence of the Association is conducted in a manner to advance the profession, for the welfare of the Association and for the benefit of the public; if a comprehen- sive and readable report of our proceedings is prepared for pub- lication in the REVIEW and elsewhere; if the records and min- utes of the Association are properly kept ; if committee meetings are attended; if the collection of fees and dues is properly at- tended to; and last, but most important of all, if a good pro- gramme is prepared, your Secretary has something to do that will prevent him from having many idle hours. However, all this can be done, and done well, if members will not forget or neglect to do their part in contributing to the end desired. ‘“We have now a membership of over one hundred. This membership is representative in character, coming from all parts of the State, and it is a very pleasant thing that we are so well and harmoniously organized. One hundred representative vet- erinarians, organized as we are, can do a great work in this State, but I feel that every well qualified veterinarian should do his part to promote the general good of the profession as a whole. Therefore, I would like to see every eligible veteri- narian in the State a member of the Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New Jersey. Cannot every member present here to-day consider himself a committee of one to bring in at least one new member at our next meeting? Then, again, every veterinarian ought to consider it an honor to be admitted to membership in the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey. “During the past year two of our members have departed this life, namely, former President William B. E. Miller, who died March 2, 1905, and Dr. Edwin R. Odgen, of Orange, who died in September. Suitable action was taken in regard to Dr. Miller’s death at our last meeting, and I have no doubt that the Association will pass resolutions in regard to Dr. Odgen’s death at this meeting. “I find upon examining the records that only about two- thirds of the members have signed the Constitution and By- Laws, as required by our By-Laws. ‘Therefore, I would request that any members present who may not have signed them since the consolidation of the veterinary societies of New Jersey, to kindly step to the Secretary’s desk and attend to this matter. ‘“‘T would like to take advantage of the opportunity to. refer to another matter, and that is that my predecessor, Dr. Pope, ‘ SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1245 turned over to me a number of certificates of membership which I would like to get rid of and which no doubt those entitled to them would like to have. I therefore shall be glad to deliver them to those to whom they belong upon the recipients signing the Constitution and By-Laws in cases where they have not already done so. “Prior to my incumbency as Secretary, the Secretary allowed the Treasurer to receive application fees and dues for member- ship. ‘This practice I find is contrary to our By-Laws, so upon assuming my present duties as Secretary I requested our Treas- urer to furnish me with the books or account showing such fees and dues as were owing the Association. Much to my astonish- ment, the sum total of these fees and dues up to date of Jan. rst, 1906, amounts to over $650.00. On January rst there were forty- four members owing two or more years’ dues, nearly half of the amount mentioned being owed by twenty-one men in sums. ranging from $10 to $21. It is poor business on the part of the Association to carry members on our books owing such large amounts. If they are not able, for any reason, to pay their dues, they should be remitted by the Board of Censors ; but, on the other hand, if they are able to pay they should be required to do so, or else their names should be dropped. There is no use, and it is not justice to the men who do pay, for us to carry de- linquents year after year. ““On January rst I sent out bills and notices to every mem- ber of the Association, and I trust that members will kindly at- tend to this matter of dues promptly, so that the Association may have funds to go ahead with its legitimate work. At our next meeting I hope to be able to give a more encouraging re- port in regard to this matter of dues. “It may be interesting to members of the Association to know that the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners has licensed twenty-two veterinarians since it came into power in 1902, thirteen of whom passed the Board during the year 1905. The next meeting will be held at the State House Jan. 26 and 27. 2 “ New Jersey has not the representation she should have in our National Association. This is indeed regrettable, for she furnished nine charter members at the organization of the United States Veterinary Medical Association, at the Astor House, in New York, in 1863, being second only to that of New York State, which furnished fourteen charter members. ‘The charter members from New York and New Jersey exceeded in number 1246 SOCIETY MEETINGS. those of all other States combined. The rest of the country furnished sixteen, making a total of thirty-nine charter mem- bers in all. The part that New Jersey veterinarians took at the organization of the United States Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation is something we may feel proud of, but we should go further, and this Association should see to it that we are at least as well represented proportionately and otherwise in 1906 as we were in 1863. ‘The present membership of the American Vet- erinary Medical Association from New Jersey is only twenty- five. The President of the A. V. M. A. has called for one thou- sand recruits, and I am desirous that New Jersey should furnish at least her proportion of new members. The initiation and first year’s dues are $8. I have official blanks and I should be pleased to receive the applications of those who may desire to become members of the A. V. M.A. The next meeting will be held at New Haven; so New Jersey veterinarians will have no excuse for not attending. ‘Secretary Pope remarked in his last annual report that one of the most trying tasks your Secretary has to perform is to pre- pare and arrange the literary part of our programmes. His criticism that we are weak scientifically is, in my opinion, a just one. We should strive to strengthen this part of our pro- gramme. We have a number of capable men, well qualified, both scientifically and practically, to contribute to our pro- grammes, but it seems to be almost an impossibility to get some of them to prepare a paper. Some members make excuses and others will stay away from the meeting if the Secretary imposes a duty of this kind upon them. “ Probably there is no other member of the Association who has as good an opportunity of seeing the various styles of sta- tionery used by members of the profession as your Secretary. I do not want to criticize, exceptfor our good. Let me say, how- ever, that if you desire to be regarded as professional men and maintain a proper dignity in the community in which you live one of the things you must not do is to use illuminated station- ery that has cuts of yourself, or of any of the animals you treat, of a horse in slings and the like. All such stationery is calcu- lated to lower you in the estimation of the better class of people, and instead of bringing you business it sometimes has the oppo- site effect. “ On the r5th of April next it will be twenty-one years since your Secretary and fourteen of his early professional associates filed with the Secretary of State at Trenton the certificate of in- Ste SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1247 corporation of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, so I know that you will excuse any criticisms I have made in this report when you stop to consider that I feel a parental in- terest in this Association and am deeply concerned in all that appertains to its welfare and its advaucement. As this Asso- ciation will be of age the next time we meet I hope we may be able to celebrate the anniversary in a suitable manner. ““Mr. President, I appreciate the able support you have given me in the discharge of my duties, and I desire to thank you all for the assistance andencouragement you have given me at all times and under all circumstances. ‘Respectfully submitted, ‘WM. HERBERT LOWE, Secretary.” On motion the report was received, ordered published and the Secretary given a rising vote of thanks. TREASURER’S REPORT. TRENTON, N. J., Jan. 11, 1906. Receipts. Balance on hand July 1, 1905. . oe USTs. As Cash received for dinners per J. M. Mit 24.00 Special fund, per J. M.M.. . 75.00 ag ‘© by cash, W. H. Lis July 14, ’05, 35.00 Dues, collected, per W. «ay ee to July 14, ’os. 54.50 Dues collected, per J. M.M., to July 14,’05. 23.00 — $406.99 Disbursements. Wilham J. Thompson (Washington Pk. meet- ing). . 194.70 De LB. Rogers (Washington Pk, meeting). 8.71 W: H. L,, Sect? y’s expense a/c to July 13, 5 9.23 Frank Amiraux, typewriting . hs. 3.00 Ernest W. Bogert, lettering certificates . 4.00 The Whitehead & Hoag Co., badges. . . 1.83 Edward Sceery, floral piece, Miller funeral . 10.00 @elance on: hand, Jan. 1,,/89Q06 . -..1) pele 2875-72 $406.99 Respectfully submitted, JAMES M. MEcRAy, 7veasurer. On motion the Treasurer’s report was referred to the Finance Committee. 1248 SOCIETY MEETINGS. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. Committees as follows reported : Executwe—Dr. E. L. QLoblein, chairman; Public Health— Dr. L. E. Tuttle, chairman ; Anuzmal Industry—Dr. George W. Pope, chairman ; Leg7s/atzon—Dr. William Herbert Lowe, chair- man; /izzance—Dr. J. Payne Lowe, chairman ; Pudlicatcon— the Secretary ; Press—the President; Prosecutton—Dr. T. E. Smith, chairman; Local Committee of Arrangements—Dr. George F. Harker, chairman. State Board of Agriculture.—The report was made by Drs. George W. Pope and George F. Harker, representatives of the Association on said board. American Veterinary Medical Assoctation.—Drs. Smith, Loblein, Glennon and President Budd were among those who reported the great Cleveland convention. Dr. Loblein told how gracefully Dr. Smith toasted ‘‘ The Ladies.” The clinic was described as the best ever held. Dr. Loblein remarked that he had performed operations since he returned home that he never attempted before. Dr. Glennon explained the quick and slow methods of administering anzesthetics to animals as demonstrated at Cleveland and thought that the quick method was quite as safe as the slow method. Every man who arose to speak of the Cleveland meeting took advantage of the opportunity to tell of the election of a Jerseyman to the highest position in the gift of the profession in America and of the honor reflected upon the profession in this State. Personal embarrassment is the only excuse your Secretary has for not giving a complete report of the speeches made. Florse Shows.—Interesting reports were made of the National, the Atlantic City, Morristown, Long Branch, and Bernardsville horseshows. Among those who reported the shows were: Drs. Robert Dickson, T. E. Smith, Mecray, Mosedale, Tuttle, King,. Vander Roest and President Budd. In speaking of the Atlantic City show Dr. Mecrdy remarked that the ladies as well as the horses were out; Dr. Dickson speaking of the National show said that he did not approve of English judges judging Amer- ican horses. President Budd acted as veterinary judge at the Atlantic City and Morristown shows. NEW MEMBER. Dr. Robert E. Mosedale, of Bernardsville, recently licensed by the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, was elect- ed to membership. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1249 NEW BUSINESS. Dr. Smith introduced an amendment changing the By-Laws providing that hereafter all officers be elected for one year in stead of for two years as at present. The amendment passed first reading. Dr. McDonough moved that provision be made for a clinic at the next meeting; seconded and carried. Dr. Rogers recom- mended that the operations be demonstrated upon the cadaver. The President appointed Drs. Robert Dickson, Height and King, a committee to arrange for the clinic. The Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association ex- tended a cordial invitation through Drs. Pearson, Hoskins and Marshall, to the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, to send delegates to their meeting, March 13th and 14th. Dr. Pope moved that a list of members three years or more in arrears be furnished to the Committee on Delinquents. Car- ried. The President appointed Dr. Pope on said committee in place of himself. The Committee on Delinquents now stands, Drs. Vander Roest, McDonough and Pope. \OBITUARY RESOLUTIONS. The following obituary resolutions were presented by acom- mittee appointed by the President for that purpose : ‘““ WHEREAS, In the death of Edwin R. Ogden, D. V. S., of Orange, in September, 1905, this Association loses one of its old and active members, and ‘WHEREAS, The members of the Association desire to place. a testimonial of their regard for him, and an appreciation of his labors in behalf of the upbuilding of the profession ; therefore be it, “ Resolved, ‘That a page be set apart to his memory and that these resolutions be inscribed thereon, and that a copy of the same be sent to his family. (Signed) ‘“‘ James T. Glennon, «James McDonough, ¥ committes” “ W. Runge. PAPERS. Dr. John V. Laddey presented a paper on “Three Years Experience with Protective Inoculations Against Tuberculosis in Cattle by the von Behring Method*.” A very instructive dis- *Will be published in an early number of the REVIEW, 1250 SOCIETY MEETINGS. cussion followed by Prof. Pearson, Drs. Rogers, Tuttle and others. Dr. L. P. Hurley, read a paper on ‘“‘ Milk Inspection,” which was discussed by Drs. McDonough, J. Payne Lowe, Rogers and Marshall. Upon motion, the Association gave Drs. Laddey and Hurley a vote of thanks for their excellent papers. Dr. Hunter, of the Gloucester County Medical Society, was introduced and made a very instructive and entertaining address. ESSAVISTS FOR JULY MEETING. The President appointed Drs. Carroll T. Rogers, McDonough and Pope essayists for the next meeting. Dr. Vander Roest moved that the semi-annual meeting be held at Asbury Park, July 12 and 13. After some discussion the motion was adopted. On motion the meeting adjourned. ' Won. HERBERT LOWE, Secretary. ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. This Association held its 23d annual meeting Dec. 19 and 20 at the Victoria Hotel, Chicago, I1l., and was called to order by the President, Dr. J. T. Nattress, at 10 A. M., Dec. 19. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap- proved. Dr. Nattress then delivered the President’s annual address, as follows: PRESIDENT NATTRESS’ ADDRESS. “ Gentlemen :—It is with pleasure that I bid you welcome to this the 23d annual meeting of this Association. The good book says that it isnot good for man to live alone, and this wise saying applies with equal force to the professional man. He who wishes to keep himself abreast of the times and present-day events, should lose no opportunity to mingle freely with his professional brethren. By doing so, we receive new ideas along theoretical lines and also learn new technical methods of per- forming our every-day work, that often smooths the rugged pathway of every-day practice. ‘“‘ Association meetings also enlarge our circle of acquain- tances, have a tendency to break down the barriers of prejudice, SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1251 petty animosities, etc., and cement the bonds of friendship and benevolence among all its members. “To say that I am highly pleased with the large attendance to-day, goes without saying, and I sincerely hope that not one of you will leave this meeting who does not feel that he has re- ceived some substantial benefit in the acquirement of new ideas, to more than repay the cost of attendance. ‘Our profession to-day in this country is enjoying an era of prosperity hitherto unknown in its history, and this in spite of the almost innumerable attempts of the best mechanical talent iu the world to so perfect the self-propelled vehicle that it would supplant our chief patient (the horse) as a meansof draft. But, in spite of the boastful assertions of the ‘ gas-wagon’ manufac- turers, that the horse would soon become as scarce and rare as are his fossil ancestors, he has increased both in numbers and value, and to-day commands a higher value, both in dollars and in the affection of the people, than at any other period in the history of the world. “ During the past year there have been several important ad- ditions made to veterinary literature. Some of these works are of the greatest value to the practitioner. I have not the space here to mention even a partial list of these new books, but wish to particularly call your attention to the eighth revision of the U. S. Pharmacopeeia, which has been but lately issued. This revised edition contains many important changes in the strength of pharmaceutical preparations that are largely used in veter- inary medicine, and with which we, as a profession, should be familiar. This new pharmacopceia should be in the library of every veterinarian. We should study, and study hard, in order to keep up with the onward march of scientific progress. “During the last session of our Legislature, an attempt was made to repeal entirely our existing veterinary law. This nefarious measure was introduced almost secretly and well toward the close of the session, and was made in the in- terests of that class of men who are without any qualifications whatever to entitle them to practice veterinary medicine and surgery, except in countries where no qualifications are re- quired. This dastardly attack on our profession was quickly detected and as promptly killed by the energetic action of members of this Association, aided by the Board of Live Stock - Commissioners and the Board of Veterinary Examiners, to all of whom the thanks of this Association are due, for their noble efforts in our behalf. 1252 SOCIETY MEETINGS. “This is the second attack to be made on our veterinary law since it was placed on thestatute books. Itshould be taken as a distinct warning to this Association that during every ses- sion of the Legislature it should be the duty of every member of this Association to closely scan every bill introduced or brought up for discussion before the Legislature, so that no measure inimical to our interests be allowed to become a law. The Committee on Legislation of this Association is of vital interest to its well being, and should be composed of active, energetic men who will safeguard its interests against all un- just attacks that may be made upon our profession. ‘‘ Another matter of importance to which I wish to call your attention, is the large number of persons who are illegally prac- ticing as veterinary surgeons in this State. It isa duty that we owe to ourselves and our profession to promptly report the names of all such illegal practitioners to the Board of Veter- inary Examiners, and also lay the matter before the State’s attorney of the county in which the illegal practitioner resides. In California the State Veterinary Medical Association prints a list of the illegal practitioners in the State, and issues a warn- ing to them to discuntinue practicing or prosecution will fol- low. I think this Association should take more energetic ac- tion in regard to the prosecution of illegal practitioners than it has done in the past. In many of the cases all that it is neces- sary to do to put the illegal practitioner out of business is to report him to the Board of Veterinary Examiners, who will promptly send a warning notice to discontinue practice or suffer prosecution. I think we should by all means assist our Board of Veterinary Examiners in enforcing the law. “In the words of a celebrated Russian general, ‘I regret to report’ that the office of State Veterinarian of this State is still filled by a non-graduate practitioner, and this in spite of the ro- seate promises made by the politicians to this Association that they would do the ‘right thing’ by us. It is indeed humiliating when one stops to think that in all the great State of Illinois there is not a single graduate veterinarian who is considered by the politicians to be competent to fill this office. This is indeed a strange state of affairs, such as does not exist in any other civ- ilized country in the world. Think of it; here we are living in the 20th century, a period noted for the rapid advancement of human knowledge in all its branches, with hundreds of mil- lions of dollars invested in the live-stock interests of this State, with every facility for making original research in comparative SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1253 medicine offered by the great laboratories of the State Univer- sity, and other kindred State institutions, and no one in the of- fice of State Veterinarian competent to make even the merest superficial effort. When we look around us, what do we see in other States? In Pennsylvania, a Pearson; in Minnesota, a Reynolds ; in Montana, a Knowles; in Louisiana, a Dalrymple, and dozens of others of our co-workers who fill the positions of State Veterinarian, and whose scientific investigations and bul- letins are known throughout the world. Does any one present know of any scientific bulletins that have been issued from the -office of State Veterinarian of this State during the past eight years? Please do not all speak at once. ‘* Not wishing to further encroach upon the time of the As- sociation, the programine of which is large and varied, I will bring these few remarks to a close, by thanking all those who- so ably assisted me in arranging the programme and attending to other minor details for this meeting; also to the faculty of the ‘Chicago Veterinary College for the interesting series of clinics to be held there for your benefit.” THE ATTENDANCE. The following members and visitors were present during the meeting: Memébers.—Drs. J. 'T. Nattress, Delavan ; C. G. Glendenning, ‘Clinton; W. C. Galbraith, Wheaton; W. F. Scott, Oak Park ; T. S. Hitch, Griggsville; S. H. Miller, Rock Island; A. N. Hughes, Galesburg ; L. Kutzenberger, Jerseyville; Allie Tyler, Elgin; Thos. A. Newell, Chicago; Henry Deviett, Chicago ; Chas. A. White, Chicago; Fred. H. Burt, Chenoa; E. A. Manuel, Des Plaines; Jas. Thom, Antioch; O. F. Butterfield, Liberty- ville; G. M. Predmore, Avon; F. BE. Jones, Rochelle; A. C. Worms, Chicago ; Jas. Robertson, Chicago ; W. J. Martin, Kan- kakee; W. D. Linn, Holcomb; F. H. Ames, Canton; T. W. Corkery, Urbana; Jos. Smellie, Eureka; Geo. B. Jones, Sidell ;. E. S. Fry, Napesville; E. J. Cluts, Canton; J. H. Crawford, Harvard; R. F. Hoadley, Yorkville; J. M. Kaylor, Barry ; E. F. Beckley, Rockford; C. C. Mills, Decatur; R. W. Story, Prince- ton; N. P. Whitmore, Gardner; A. G. Alverson, Bloomington ; ‘C. E. Hollingsworth, La Salle; M. A. Hollingsworth, Rock Island ; C. E. Hayward, Mattoon; L. A. Merillat, Chicago; J. F. Ryan, Chicago; S. S. Baker, Chicago; A. H. Baker, Chicago; E. L. Quitman, Chicago; H. A. Pressler, Fairbury; Joseph Hughes, Chicago; C. F. Greiner, Chicago; L. C. Tiffany, ‘Springfield ; H. S. Singer, Cowden; W. W. Lichty, Woodstock ; 1254 SOCIETY MEETINGS. A. M. Wray, Richmond; N. W. Kyle, Colfax ; H. D. Chamber- lain, Belvidere; C. A. Pierce, Elgin; J. M. Parks, Chicago; W. C. Hannawalt, Galesburg; F. A. Gibbs, Palatine; L. F. Miller, La Salle; F. J. McLaren, Joliet; C. L. Passmore, Hunt- ley ; F. B. Rowan, Belvidere ; C. N. Spangler, Lockport ; W. C. Hassell, Grayville; J. G. Hayes, Freeport; Matthew Wilson, Evanston; TI. B. Brankin, Joliet; D. S. Jaffray, Jr., Chicago; G. W. Evert, Galena; J. R. Kelso, Chicago—(69.) Visttors.—C. C. Lyford, Minneapolis, Minn.; J. F. Roub, Monroe, Wis.; W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge, La.; J. M. Phillips, St. Louis, Mo.; T. E. A. Giller, White Hall, Tll.; 'W. C. Giller, Roadhouse, Ill.; P. H. Marsh, Tonkawa, Oka.; F. J. Bliss, Earlville, Ill. ; F. H. Davis, Chicago, Ill.; R. R. Street, Chicago, Tll.;°G. H. ‘Glover, T*. ‘Collins, ‘Col:; Alexieieer, Chicago, Ill.; V. E. Koran, Chicago, Ill.; Wm. Myers, Ft. Wayne, Ind.; Geo. R. Weise, Princeton, Ill.; Warren B. Wise, Sheffield, Ill.; E. T. French, Warren, Minn.; Wm. Ebright, Hammond, Ind.—(18.) READING AND DISCUSSION OF PAPERS. Dr. W. C. Galbraith, of Wheaton, was first on the pro- gramme, with a very able article on ‘Inguinal Hernia in Stal- lions,”* which met with earnest discussion. Dr. W. F. Scott, of Oak Park, then read a very practical paper on ‘‘ Obstetrics. ” Dr. W. F. Weere, of Ottawa, now followed with an extra good paper on ‘“ Nervo-Muscular Diseases Affecting Locomo- ton...” + Dr. E. F. Beckley, of Rockford, gave a very favorable ac- count of the action of ‘Tallianine,” with a detailed report of several cases. Dr. James Smellie, of Eureka, read a very instructive paper on “Indigestion of Cattle, ’» which was very earnestly dis- cussed. Dr. L. C. Tiffany, of Springfield, contributed a scientific paper full of interest on ‘‘ Hemorrhagic Septiceemia. ” Dr. L. A. Merrillat, of Chicago, came next with an instruct- ive talk on the subject of ‘ Tetanus. ”’ Dr. N. P. Whitmore, of Gardner, a paper on “ Cirrhosis of the Liver.” Dr. Allie Tyler’s (Elgin) subject was “‘ Anthrax,” in which he reported several recoveries from that dread disease. * Published elsewhere in this number, + Will be published in an early number of the REVIEW, SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1256 . Dr. W. J. Martin, of Kankakee, contributed a very interest- ing article on ‘“‘Gelsemium,”* detailing full information re- specting this drug, and favorable reports from its use in his practice. Dr. H. A. Pressler, of Fairbury, in a very elaborate and in- structive article on the “ Etiology of Azoturia”* suggested the Strongylus armatus as a probable cause of that disease. Dr. J. H. Crawford, of Harvard, gave a couple of interesting case reports, one a large calculus and the other a stick of wood, both taken from the bladder of a couple of mares. Dr. Geo. B. Jones, of Sidell, read a very interesting paper on ‘“‘ Lipomata or Fatty Tumor in Cows.” Owing to the delay in returning to the meeting from the clinics on December 20, two or three papers were omitted from the programme. THE BANQUET. At the banquet 43 were seated. Among the guests of the Association were Drs. C. C. Lyford, of Minneapolis, Minn., and W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, La. Dr. A. H. Baker, of the Chicago Veterinary College, acted as toastmaster, and called upon the following : Drs. C. C. Lyford, Minneapolis, Minn; W. H. Dalrym- ple, Baton Rouge, La.; E. T. Frank, Warren, Minn. ; J. M. Phillips, St. Louis, Mo.; S. S. Baker, Chicago; L. A. Merillat, Chicago ; E. L. Quitman, Chicago ; W. J. Martin, Kankakee ; Jas. Robertson, Chicago ; J. T. Nattress, Delavan ; W..H. Welch, Lexington. THE NEW MEMBERS ELECTED. Twenty-six new names were added to the roll of member- ship, as follows : Drs. Fred H. Burt, Chenoa; Chas. A. White, Chicago ; Thos. A. Newell, Chicago ; J. M. Parks, Chicago ; J. R. Kelso, Chicago ; M. A. Hollingsworth, Rock Island ; W. G. Hassell, Grayville ; J.G. Hayes, Freeport ; L. H. Miller, La Salle ; G. W. Evert, Galena ; C. H. Spangler, Lockport ; W. W. Lichty, Woodstock ; A. M. Wray, Richmond ; H. D. Cham- berlain, Belvidere ; H. C. Singer, Cowden ; F. E. Jones, Roch- elle ; G. M. Predmore, Avon; O. F. Butterfield, Libertyville ; S. H. Miller, Rock Island ; Jas. Thom, Antioch ; Henry Dev- ritt, Chicago ; Allie Tyler, Elgin; L. Kutzenberger, Jerseyville ; T. S. Hitch, Griggsville; E. A. Manuel, Des Plaines ; A. N. Hughes, Galesburg. *Published elsewhere in this number. 1256 SOCIETY MEETINGS. OFFICERS ELECTED. The following were the officers elected for the ensuing year: President—Dr. W. H. Welch, Lexington. Vice-President—Dr. C. C. Mills, Decatur. Secretary—Dr. F. H. Barr, Pana. Treasurer—R. G. Walker, Chicago. Board of Censors—Drs. Geo. B. Jones, Sidell ; J. H. Crawford, Howard ; M. Wilson, Evanston. On taking the chair, the President appointed the following committees : Committee on Programme.—Drs. W. H. Welch and F. H. Barr (ex-officio), and W. J. Martin, J. T. Nattress, H. A. Press- ler. Committee on Arrangements.—Drs. W. H. Welch and F. H. Barr (ex-officio), and C. C. Mills, A. C. Worms, C. G. Glen- denning. Committee on Legislation.—Drs. A. H. Baker, Albert Babb, E. L. Quitman. OTHER BUSINESS. An amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws was pre- sented, changing the date of the semi-annual meeting from Feb- ruary to July. The Treasurer’s books were then audited and his report de- clared O. K. The following bills were allowed and ordered paid: 1200 circulars, $5; stamps and mailing, $20; 700 programmes, $6.50; 600 circular letters, $3; stamps, $8; Secretary’s fees, ¢10; legislation expenses, $6; banquet expenses, $10.50; total, $69. The By-Laws were suspended in order that the next semi- annual meeting might be held in July, and a resolution to that effect was passed. On motion, it was decided to hold the next semi-annual meeting at Bloomington i in July. On motion, a vote of thanks was extended to the essayists, the outgoing administration, the Chicago Veterinary College and the Victoria Hotel for contributing to the success of the meeting. On motion, adjotrned to meet in Bloomington in July, at the. call of the President. F. H. BARR, Secretary. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1257 INDIANA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. This Associafton was called to order at the Capitol Building, Indianapolis, by President Anderman, of Hartford City, Ind., on Jan. 10, at 1.30 P. M. Roll-call found thirty-two (32) present, and about seventy (70) visitors, nearly all graduate veterinarians. Minutes of the previous meeting read and approved. The President’s address was then delivered, after which the Secretary’s and the Treasurer’s reports were read and approved. The Legislative Committee’s report gave evidence of hard work by staunch men. ‘They were given a rising vote of thanks and continued. A rising vote of thanks was also given Senator Keys, of Dana, Ind., and the Secretary was instructed to write the Senator, expressing the Association’s action. (This was done Jan. 18, 1906.) On motion by Dr. Roberts, of Indianapolis, the dues of this Association were raised from one to two dollars per year, and one dollar be set aside to form a fund to be used by the State Board of Veterinary Examiners for the advancement or protec- tion of veterinary legislation. Carried. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Dr. W. B. Craig, of Indianapolis, and Dr. J. W. Klotz, of Noblesville, were nominated for the Presidency; Dr. Klotz withdrew in favor of Dr. Craig, and his election was made unanimous. Dr. J. C. Rodger, of Anderson, and Dr. Myers, of Ft. Wayne, were the nominations for the Vice-President’s chair; Dr. Rod- ger declined, leaving Dr. Myers a clear field and an election. Drs. Gibson, of Jamestown ; Klotz, of Noblesville; Roberts, Muecke and Bronson were the nominations for Secretary ; all de- clined, but the last named and he, protesting, was chosen. Drs. Boor, of Muncie, and Klotz, of Noblesville, were the nominations for the Treasurership; Dr. Boor declined and Dr. Klotz was elected. The President appointed a Board of Censors consisting of Drs. E. H. Pritchard, of Indianapolis; J. B. Archer, of Spencer, and J. C. Rodger, of Anderson. NEW MEMBERS ADMITTED. J. J. Hiday, Fortville, Ind. V. C., ’03. Homer Mueller, Paragon, McK. V. C. ’o4. A. W. Stubbs, Shelbyville, Ind. V. C., ’o4. 1258 SOCIETY MEETINGS. A. H. Albersthardt, Indianapolis, Ind. V. C., ’o4. Pee acoos, Ind. V. Cz,.’o4. A. B. Carter, Covington, Ont. V. C., 92. Payso Schwin, Elkhart, Ont. V. C., ’88. C. S. Hess, Wabash, McK. V. C., ’8o. H. A. Reed, Ft. Wayne, Boston, 1860. F. H. Davis, Indianapolis, C. V. C.. ’oo. E. D. Anderson, Meriton, McK. V. C., ’o4. D. F. Shake, Carlisle ind. V.c-, o2: A. EL Nelson, debanon, Uy VC. on: W. W. Connor, Pendleton, Ind. V. C., ’9o. FB Vett, Jr.; seymiore, C: V.C.. "62, B. E. Stauffer, N. Manchester, C. V. C., °84. C. F. Pangburn, Charleston, Grand Rapids V. C., ’o4. Cl Ba Rice; Rockville, Ind. V. C98. On motion, the President appointed on the committee to revise anddraft new By-Laws, Drs. Anderman, Gibson, Roberts, Langtry, and Smock. Dr. C. F. Stout having become a member of our Association, and having been declared a non-graduate by our State Board of Veterinary Examiners, was therefore ineligible to membership ; his name was ordered dropped from the roll, on carried motion by Drs. Klotz and Myers. LITERARY PROGRAMME. Dik. A. Craig, of Lafayette, tead a paper on “ Control of Infectious Disease.” Dr. J. B. Young, of Stork, a paper on “‘ Thoracic Choke.” Adjourned until 7.30 Pp. M. Meeting called to order at 7.30 by President Craig. A paper, ‘‘ What Is It? or, His Trials and Troubles,” by Dr. A. W. Stubbs, of Shelbyville, developed the fact that others were competent to have written on the same subject, both old and young. Dr. J. W. Klotz, of Noblesville, gave us a paper on “* Aceto- zone’ as used by him, as an internal antiseptic in bowel dis- turbances. Dr. Titus, of Lafayette, gave accounts of a number of cases, viz.: Multiple sarcoma in the abdominal cavity in a mule; strangulated hernia in an aged stallion; hydrocele in a three- year-old stallion; paralysis of the penis; plantar neurectomy ; dislocation of both patella at the same time; mycotic gastro- enteritis in cattle. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1159 A very interesting series of stereopticon views, with a short talk relative to each, was then given by Dr. R. A. Craig, of Lafayette ; fifty odd slides were shown, the most of which were out of the ordinary, and all instructive. At the conclusion of the above number, the society adjourned to the banquet room of the New Denison Hotel, at the invita- tion of the Indiana Veterinary College. Responses to Toastmaster Craig were general and witty, making an ideal recreation after a hard day’s business. On the following morning at 9 o’clock a large attendance at the Indiana Veterinary College building, in East Market St., witnessed a very interesting assortment of clinics by our State practitioners, chief among which were: Operation for roaring, J. W. Klotz, of Noblesville ; Odphorectomy, by Dr. Titus, of Lafayette. Other clinics caused time to pass pleasantly and with profit intellectually until 1 o’clock Pp. m. Thus-closed the best meet- ing in every way of our history. E. M. Bronson, Secretary. {Nore.—The papers read at this meeting will be published as rapidly as possible.—Ep1ror |. ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting was held in the Veterinary College, Toronto, Ontario, on Dec. 22d, 1905. The President, Dr. George, V. S., of Ingersol, opened the meeting at 11.15 A.M. He gaveashort and interesting ad- dress, which was received with applause, and called for the order of business. The Secretary reported a large number of letters from vari- ous sources, which had all been promptly attended to. As Registrar he had registered and sent certificates of registration to seventeen graduates since the last annual meeting. As Treasurer he read over the list of receipts and expendi- tures during the past year, showing the finances in a favorable condition. The following new members were duly proposed and elected : Dr. A. McFadden, Dr. MacCormack, Dr. T. H. Richards, Dr. McTavish, Dr. C. S. Macdonald, and Dr. J. A. Campbell. Dr. R. Barnes read an excellent report of the summer meet- ing held in London, which was ‘a two-days meeting, and was very successful and satisfactory. The whole of the labor and 1260 SOCIETY MEETINGS. expenses of it, with the exception of a small sum for printing, postage, etc., being sustained by the resident practitioners of London. . The President, Dr. George, gave an interesting account of “ Contagious Abortion in Cattle” and the difficulties in arrest- ing it. Col. Lloyd, V.S., also spoke of the same trouble and coincided with the ideas expressed by Dr. George. A discus- sion on this condition followed, in which Prof. J. H. Reed, of the Guelph Agricultural College, and Dr. Mole were prominent. The meeting adjourned for luncheon at the invitation of Prof. Andrew Smith. The meeting opened after luncheon at 1.35 Pp. M., the Presi- dent, Dr. George, in the chair, and the election of officers for the ensuing year then took place, with the following result : President—L. A. Wilson, of Aurora. First Vice-President—J. W. Orr. Second Vice-President—O. H. Duncombe. Secretary-Treasurer—C. Heath Sweetapple. Assistant Secretary—R. Barnes. Directors—W. Nicholls, A. McFadden, C. Brind, F. G. Hutton, W. Davidson, T. Babe, J. A. Tancock, and C. Elliott. Delegate to the Toronto Industrial Club—Prof. A. Smith. Delegates to the Western Fair, London—J. D. O’Neil and W. J. Wilson. Auditors—C. Elliott and J. H. Reed. It was resolved that the sum of $25 should be appropriated for a medal to be competed for by the students of the graduating class of the Ontario Veterinary College at the coming spring examinations. The President, Dr. George, in a few well-chosen remarks, vacated the chair, and called on the President-elect, Dr. L. H. Wilson, to assume the duties of his office. Dr. L. H. Wilson, on taking the chair, warmly thanked the members for the honor conferred on him, and promised to do all in his power for the best interests of the Association and for the profession at large. He proposed that a vote of thanks be tendered to Dr. George for his able conduct in the chair during his term of office. He then called for the report of the Veter- inary Organization Committee. Dr. C. Elliott, as Chairman of the Veterinary Organization Committee reported that the Committee had met twice since the last annual meeting on Nov. 8. The address which he then read was drawn up by Dr. Rutherford, Veterinary Director- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1261 General of the Dominion of Canada, and endorsed b¥ the mem- bers of the Committee. Arrangements had been made for the members of the Committee to meet the Hon. Nelson Monteith, Prov. Minister of Agriculture, on that day at the Parliament Buildings, Toronto. } The Committee were cordially received by the Hon. N. Monteith, and Dr. Rutherford, in a few well-chosen remarks, presented the resolutions drawn up. The Hon. Minister of Agriculture gave most courteous attention to the address, and promised to give the matters contained therein his earnest at- tention. Several members took part in the discussion that followed, and it was explained that the matter was now in the hands of the Minister of Agriculture. Dr. Bowlby read an interesting paper on ‘‘ Phymosis and Paraphymosis in the Horse,’’* and described several cases in his practice. Dr. Short contributed a paper on ‘‘ Epizoétic Cellulitis.” Dr. Duncombe described a case of difficult parturition caused by torsion of the uterus that he had met with in the course of his practice. Dr. Babe described a case presenting rather peculiar symp- toms, the post-mortem examination revealing impaction of the stomach, and rupture of it and the diaphragm. Dr. L. H. Wilson gave an account of a number of cases of poisoning in cattle by the tobacco plant. A large number of cattle were affected. In fact, all the cattle that were in the same pasture evinced symptoms of its effects. All these papers elicited interesting discussions. And the thanks of the meeting were tendered to the contributors for their valuable assistance in making this meeting both pleasant and profitable. A resolution was passed that a meeting of the Association should be held in Guelph, Ont., in the course of the coming summer—and the following gentlemen volunteered to perform operations: Dr. Mole, an operation for roaring; Dr. John Wende, castrating a ridgling; Dr. Quinn, castrating a ridg- ling ; Dr. Rudd, caponizing ; Dr. Buchanan, ovariotomy on the bitch. The meeting adjourned. C. HEATH SWEETAPPLE, Secretary. * Published elsewhere in this number of the REVIEW. 1262 SOCIETY MEETINGS. COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, The third annual meeting was held in Denver, Jan. 2, 1906. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year : President—Chas. G. Lamb. Vice-President—A. J. Savage, Colorado Springs. Secretary-Treasurer—M. J. Woodliffe, Denver. Directors—Drs. Mark White, Jr., Denver; Robt. H. Bird, Greeley ; Geo. W. Dickey, Colorado Springs; John E. Top- ping, Pueblo. It was the sense of the meeting that Drs. White, Lamb, Glover and Culver visit the next meeting of the A. V. M. A. at New Haven, Conn., and invite the Association to hold its 1907 meeting in Denver, Colo. The Association passed the accompanying resolution to be printed in the daily papers. ‘© We, The Colorado Veterinary Medical Association (com- prising all of the graduated, recognized and licensed veterina- rians practicing in the State of Colorado) do hereby feel it our duty to the people of Colorado, to warn them against being im- posed upon by non-educated, non-graduated, non-recognized and non-liceused men now representing themselves tothe people of Colorado as veterinary surgeons, dentists, canine specialists or hospitals for dogs, and in so doing deceive the public by pre- tending to be what they are not. Any thinking person knows that it requires fully as much education to be qualified in veteri- nary medicine as in human medicine. ‘‘ Unfortunately it is impossible to furnish the public with the names ofall such unlicensed men ; but we can furnish be- low a list of all the graduated, recognized and licensed veteri- nary surgeons or canine specialists now practicing in Col- orado : “Dr. Mark White, Denver, Colo. “Dr. Chas. G. Lamb, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. M. J. Dunleavy, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. M. J. Woodliffe, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. Emile Pouppirt, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. S. E. Bock, Denver, Colo. “Dr. Sol Bock, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. W. W. Yard, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. W. E. Howe, Denver, Colo. “Dr. W. F. Gross, Denver, .Colo. “Dr. A. B. McCapes, Longmount, Colo. “Dr, F. W. Culver, Longmount, Colo. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1263 ‘“ Dr. H. R. Thompson, Pueblo, Colo. “Dr. John E. Toppin, Pueblo, Colo. * Dr. A. J. Savage, Colorado Springs, Colo. *“ Dr. Geo. W. Dickey, Colorado Springs, Colo. ‘“* Dr. I. B. Rivenburgh, Leadville, Colo. ‘* Dr. James Ritchie, Leadville, Colo. “ Dr. Seth P. Talbot, Rocky Ford, Colo. ** Dr. R. N. McCarroll, Ft. Collins, Colo. * Dr. Geo. H. Glover, Ft. Collins, Colo. ‘“ Dr. Harvey Bowles, Cripple Creek, Colo. * Dr. Robt. H. Bird, Greeley, Colo. * Dr. John Hall, Eaton, Colo. “Dr. Jas. W. Thompson, Monte Vista, Colo. * Dr. A. P. Drew, Grand Junction, Colo. *“ Dr. M. W. Broch, Denver, Colo. “ Dr. E. J. Foreman, Trinidad, Colo. ‘* Names not appearing above are without license and are not recognized practitioners and do not hold diplomas ; there- fore, should not be encouraged in their work. “ [Signed] Colorado Veterinary Medical Association.” The meeting was well attended and many interesting dis- cussions were held. The veterinary profession in Colorado has been considerably benefited by our law since its passage and we all hope that in the near future we will get an amendment to it that will make it as good, if not better than any in United States. The meeting adjourned to meet at the call of the President and Secretary. M. J. WOODLIFFE, Secretary and Treasurer. MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The regular monthly meeting was held at Young’s Hotel, Boston, Wednesday evening, December 27th, 1905, at 8 o’clock. There were thirteen members present. On motion of Dr. Pierce, seconded by Dr. Playdon, the minutes of the previous meeting were accepted as read. One application for membership was teferred to the executive committee. Dr. Daniel Lee read a paper on “‘ What Relation Does the Use of Salt upon Streets Bear to Diseases of Horses Feet ?” Discussion followed, which proved of interest to all. Mr. Lang, of the Mage P. C. A. Society, was the guest of the evening, and spoke in an interesting manner. a 1264 SOCIETY MEETINGS. On motion of Dr. Winchester, seconded by Dr. Babbitt, it was voted to instruct the Secretary to correspond with the dif- ferent veterinary associations of New England in regard to the meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, to be held in August at New Haven. Dr. Pierce moved, seconded by Dr. Watson, that a vote of thanks be given to Dr. Daniel Lee. Carried. Adjourned 10P.M. | F. J. BABBITT, Secretary. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The regular meeting. was held at the Cony House, Augusta, Jan. 8,at8p. M. In the absence of the President, on motion of Dr. Joly, Dr. Russell was elected President fro tem. Minutes of the April and October meetings were read and approved. Members present were: Drs. Lord, Portland ; Mc Gillicuddy, Bath ; F. E. Freeman, Rockland ; Dwinal, Bangor ; Blakely, Augusta ; Darling, Belfast ; Russell, Orono ; Joly, Waterville, and R. E. Freeman, Dexter. Herbert J. Pugesley, of Ashland, made application for mem- bership ; referred to Executive Committee. The next business was the election of officers for the ensuing year. On motion of Dr. Joly, Dr. C. L. Blakely, of Augusta, was nominated for Pres- ident. Drs. Darling and McGillicuddy were appointed to re- ceive and count the votes. The result was as follows : President—Dr. C. L. Blakely, Augusta. Vice-President—Dr. C. H. McGillicuddy, Bath. Secretary—Dr. R. E. Freeman, Dexter. Treasurer—Dr. I. L. Salley, Skowhegan. Executive Committee—Drs. F. lL. Russell, Orono; F. E. Freeman, Rockland ; J. B. Darling, Belfast. It was moved by Dr. Joly that Drs. Russell, Potter and Salley be appointed as a Prosecuting Committee on our new veterinary law. Carried. Remarks on this Committee were made by Drs. Russell, Freeman, Lord, Blakely, Darling and Joly. Dr. R. E. Freeman read a page on “ Acute Indigestion, ” * which was freely discussed by all members present. Dr. Joly was excused from reading his paper on a promise to read one at the next meeting. Prof. Russell made some very interesting remarks on hog cholera. *Will be published in an early issue of the REVIEW, ec SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1265 Dr. Lord reported an interesting case where he performed Ceesarian section in the cow, with very good results. Dr. Darling’s case report was fully discussed. Ovariotomy in allanimals was discussed by all members present. Moved by Dr. F. E. Freeman that the Association meet in Belfast on the second Wednesday in April; also that Dr. Darling furnish us with a clinic. Carried. Papers to be read by Dr. Joly and Dr. F. E. Freeman, and Dr. Salley and Murch to read communications: Meeting adjourned at Ir P. M. R. E. FREEMAN, Secretary. KANSAS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. We had a grand meeting at Topeka on Jan. roth, there be- ing about fifty veterinarians in attendance. We had a very interesting programme, and each subject was well discussed. Every one present seemed to be much enthused and were unani- mous in demanding a two-days’ meeting and a banquet for next year. It was decided that our last year’s legislative bill was an exceedingly good one, and will make a greater effort than ever to secure its passage at the next Legislature, which meets in January, 1907. There were no changes made in the officers. At the clinics, which were held at Drs. Pritchard and Knisely’s infirmary, Dr. D. O. Knisely demonstrated a new stomach tube that certainly excels any otherever put upon the market. This tube is Dr. Knisely’s invention and isnot yet on the market ; it is a double tube, is passed per orem ; water is forced in through a small tube, the lumen of which is about half an inch in diameter ; the contents of the stomach are thereby forced out through the larger tube, which is nearly one inch in diame- ter. After seeing this tube demonstrated nearly every one present wished to place an order for one. We predict a great demand for this new instrument. Our third annual meeting will be held in Topeka, Jan 8-9, 1907. : Khe Association is now in fine shape for a growth in mem- bership and interest, and we certainly congratulate ourselves on receiving the help of such men as Drs. F. S. Schoenleber (State Veterinarian), Dr. Moore, of the K. C. V. C., and Dr. F. L. DeWolf, of Topeka. Kansas is always at the front in any 1266 SOCIETY MEETINGS. undertaking, and now we veterinarians of Kansas are deter- mined that she shall forge to the front in the,veterinary pro- fession. We think no State association ever grew faster than ours ; in two years’ time we have 50 per cent. of the practicing veterinarians in the State as members, and in another year we will have 75 per cent. as members. Watch us. HuGuH S. MAXWELL, Secretary. TEXAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Secretary E. L. Lewis asks us to announce that the next meeting of this Association will occur at the Fair Grounds, Dallas, on March 20. GENESEE VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. The ninth annual meeting was called to order by President A. McConnell, Thursday, Jan. 11th, at 11 A. M., in Masonic Temple, Rochester, N. Y., and the following members respond- ed to roll-call: L. R. Webber, O. B. French, A. McConnell, J. H. Taylor, P. S. Johnson, A. Geo. Tegg, G. C. Kesler, Nelson N. Lefler, D. P. Webster, Warren E. Stocking, W. J. Payne, J. E. Smith, F. D. Holford, H. S. Beebe, John W. Corrigan, Wil- liam F. Woolston, W. G. Dodds. Visitor: Dr. W. L. Baker, of Buffalo. Minutes of the last meeting were read and approyed. The Secretary reported a membership of twenty-four in good standing, eight having been suspended for non-payment of dues. After some routine business the following gentlemen were elected as directors: J. H. Taylor, O. B. French, Warren E. Stocking, G. C. Kesler, J. E. Smith; H. S. Beebe, A. Geo. Tegg, D. P. Webster, W. J. Payne, A. McConnell. A short recess was then taken to allow the Directors to elect officers. The following were elected : President—Dr. H. S. Beebe, of Albion. Vice-President—Dr. Warren E. Stocking, of Medina. Secretary—Dr. J. H. Taylor, of Henrietta. ‘Treasurer—Dr. A. Geo. Tegg, Rochester. The remaining six Directors constitute the Board of Cen- sors. The Treasurer reported a balance of $109.41. Meeting was again called to order by President Beebe, when Dr. G. C. Kesler read the following very practical paper on SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1267 ‘“SHOULDER SLIP OR SWEENY.”” “This is a very common form of lameness in the country, especially in young horses. The muscles affected are the antea and postea spinati, teres externus and sometimes the flexor brachii. Generally caused by an injury, a sudden blow or the concussion resultimg from the plow striking a root or stone, or from the excessive pressure of the collar in turning a heavy rol- ler one way all day, especially if the collar is large, thus allow- ing it to press on the supra-scapular nerve, causing more or less injury, resulting in atrophy of the above-mentioned muscles. ‘“ Treatment is what interests me most. It is counter-irrita- tion, but what form will restore the muscles to their normal condition in the least time? I have used liniments, blisters and setons, with unsatisfactory results. For three years I have been using subcutaneous injections of nitrate of silver, five grains to an ounce of distilled water. I inject one-fourth drachm of this solution every two or three inches the full length of the atrophy ; this is repeated every two or three weeks until the atrophied muscles are restored. “In treating over twenty cases I have had but one small abscess, and this, I think, was due to a lack of cleanliness in making the injection.” Dr. J. W. Corrigan had used a saturated solution of sodium chloride and had bad abscesses in each case; had obtained good results by subcutaneous injections of turpentine. There was a general discussion on this paper. Dr. L. R. Webber then read an excellent paper on “* PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE FEET.” ‘When I told our Secretary I would write a paper on the sub- ject ‘ Injuries to the Foot,’ I thought at the time, that’s easy, but when one reflects for a moment, he has about as hard a problem as he can find, and at the same time one could not pick out a subject that the layman thinks he can treat as well as he can’ wounds to feet; such as calks and nail wounds in particular. If a professional man has a serious one that sticks a little, every person, hostler and owner, will constantly repeat to him cases that he had and treated with this, that, and the other, and had no trouble at all, horse only in barn one day, etc. That goes down hard, especially if you have one that has been in for a week to six months. The very nature of the construction of the horse’s foot, the delicate and vascular structures of the tissues entering into the formation of the soft parts thereof, con- 1268 SOCIETY MEETINGS. fined as they are within the horny hoof. This is the con- dition which makes wounds of this organ more or less painful and troublesome, calling for a treatment more or less practical and scientific, according to nature and location of the wound. “There is another thing that has to be given consideration in the treatment of these cases; it is a hard pill to swallow, but if you are successful in curing your patient and sometimes even holding the patron, you must consider the best thing to do that the attendant will be sure to do right. “Treatment should be free drainage and antisepsis. If you are called to a case that has just picked up a nail, apparently a bad puncture, be careful in your prognosis, as sometimes they amount to nothing, and on the other hand one has a case that looks so trivial, he is tempted to say it amounts to nothing and possibly it takes weeks or months to get horse to work. “We must use lots of knife in some cases, in others very little; harm very seldom comes from the knife if the healthy tissues are not injured ; in such cases granulation is very hard to control. ‘Then the old flaxseed poultice; you all know how it is condemned, but somehow I cannot get along without it in some cases, either for the owner’s sake or the foot. Bichloride packs take the place of poultice finely ; in case of much supura- tion should be changed often. “Then comes antiseptics. Iodine sometimes pure, or one to sixteen, for the owner to inject. lJodoform ether is one of the very nice things to use, because it penetrates wherever there is a crack or crevice and quickly evaporates and leaves a layer of iodoform, boracic acid. In some cases where you have a punc- ture around the point of the frog and out as far as the toe, you have the sole of the os pedis injured ; you have a very trivial wound; you do not see why it does not heal; no pus, just a little serum; you think it is all healed, but still there is a slight lameness; you probe again and find a little dampness, you keep on probing and injecting this and that and you say all the nice things to the owner you can think of to keep up his courage, and finally you probe once more and feel appar- ently a foreign body; a pair of forceps are brought into play and you remove a piece of bone (just like a washer), the hole in the centre corresponding with the puncture; you have no more trouble. These cases take weeks and sometimes months. Open bursa almost always loses your customer; it looks so simple and results are so serious—a great many times death and a big bill, or a lame horse after treatment of three or six SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1269 months. Some of these cases treat finely if we get them at once and observe strict antisepsis. I could probably write more and enumerate different injuries and treatment, but I have said enough to get up a discussion, I hope, and if so I am satisfied.” Dr. W. L. Baker was invited to open the discussion. He condemned the use of the poultice, favored the use of oakum packs soaked with some antiseptic after securing free drainage by the free use of the knife. Dr. Corrigan used the antiseptic oakum pack after freely opening up the wound. Used poultices to facilitate the removal of diseased tissue. Dr. Beebe expressed his firm belief in the free use of the knife and antiseptic pack, covered with a strong bandage of burlap or canvas, this to be renewed as often as necessary, the pack to remain four or five days unless the lameness increased, when the pack should be removed, the wound cleansed with an- tiseptics and packed as before. Dr. Taylor spoke of some cases of open synovial bursa where there was a free flow of synovia at first ; the cases made a rapid recovery and they seemed to make a more rapid recovery under the use of a ro per cent. solution of silver nitrate than under the use of any other antiseptic. This seemed to render the parts aseptic, and coagulate the synovia, forming a clot which prevented the flow of synovia. If infecting material was carried into the bursa or joint by the puncturing instrument and was not washed out by the flow of synovia, there certainly would be unfavorable results. He favored free drainage in all cases of ptnctured wounds of the foot. Dr. Tegg used the knife freely, followed with antiseptics ; soaked the foot in hot water persistently where lameness was severe. Dr. J. E. Smith then read the following paper on “THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE.”? “There seems to be a growing tendency among people to have what might be called a family history; some people go to considerable expense and trouble to discover some ancestor who might have played some prominent part in the upbuilding of cur country, and, alas, sometimes find a horse thief who died on the gallows. “The few who might be fortunate enough, if we may call it that, to find themselves descendants of some of the pioneer set- tlers, or some that have helped make this country what it is, a 1270 SOCIETY MEETINGS. free and independent republic, make much of it, and have formed clubs and societies where only those of the bluest blood are ad- mitted. “This, however, has nothing todo with our topic ; it simply illustrates that small and insignificant happenings or incidents make history; it also illustrates that the human mind dwells more upon the past than what might be the future. “ Kverything has a history, and mankind is, so to speak, the leading actor; the closer any subject may be connected with man, or the leading actor, so much more prominent will the part appear in history. “The Bible, which might be called the oldest historical book, says that when God had created the earth, with everything on it, he created man and placed him in charge of every living animal; when man selected the horse as a domestic animal, and history teaches us that he did so very early, he certainly showed good sense, if he never has since then. ‘“‘ Keypt, whose history extends as far back as man can re- member, is probably the first country where the horse was used on carriages or chariots, as they were called then, and we find many engravings or carvings on some of the ancient monuments of Egypt to that effect. ‘‘ When history first mentions Egypt, it was the leading na- tion and some of its rulers, on some of their trips of conquests to other lands, have no doubt brought the horse from Arabia, which is probably the birthplace of the horse. It is there where the horse receives the kindest and most careful attention. ‘The true Arab thinks more of his horse than he does of his family; the horse is in fact considered a member of the family and treated as such, and it is there where we have always found the purest andthe most thoroughbred of the horse family. This teaches us that kind treatment has much to do in the rais- ing and bringing up of the horse. “We might follow the history of those ancient empires, the Egyptians, the Macedonians, the Greeks, and the Romans, and very closely connected with them we find the history of the horse. ‘The horse was in their battles and it was with them in their sports. The first horse races were held perhaps at the Olympian games. “ Tt was on the battle field of the Greeks where we hear of the first wooden horse ; it was not a saw horse and it was rather lively inside, which was no doubt discovered, but too late, after the Trojans had brought it within their city walls and the men SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1271 crawled out of its body during the night to let their friends into the city. “Since then the horse has been brought to many uses as well as abuses, and we might say that there is no animal that is found to prosper in so many different countries, under so many different climates, and conditions, and is made so universally useful as the horse. We find it before the carriage of the king as well as the cart of the beggar ; he is found up in the mountains and down in the valleys; he is found the pet of the family and the drudge of the cartman ; he begins his career as the pride of some millionaire, finishes before the cart of the rag-pickers and ends in the sausage-maker’s shop, to be hung in his window in the shape of garlands of nice plump sausages. “The history of the horse is so closely connected with the history of man and the general facts are so well known, that little can be added that may be interesting. We would rather like to know what may be the future, especially when we think of the inventions of late years, tending to take the place of the horse. “It was only a few years ago, when everybody predicted that the bicycle would make horses a drug on the market; soon after, the old horse car was displaced by the trolley car and everybody thought this would be the death blow to the horse- breeding business. Instead of seeing horses running around loose like dogs without owners, as some have predicted, we find the value of the horse higher than ever before. Will the auto- mobile do what the bicycle or the trolley car could not do? No- body can look into the future, but there is an old saying, ‘ His- tory repeats itself.’ In ancient history we find that the horse was not as common as it is now, but it wasa purer breed ; every horse had what so many of the would-be aristocrats so much desire, a family tree. The origin of each horse could be traced back for generations to one of a purer vein of blood than any of its descendants, and this family strain was kept as pure as the family of royalty. Whocan tell but this may come true to some extent in the near future? ‘here is no doubt, it will be a question of time when the horse will not be what it is now — an animal of burden and labor, but rather an animal for pleas- ure, and who would rather not ride behind a high-spirited, in- telligent animal than on top of asmoking, puffing and roaring machine, that is likely to land you at the foot of an embank- ment with every rib staved in, or will come to a dead stop, where nothing but the assistance of the poor down-trodden horse will move it along to the next repair shop.” 1272 SOCIETY MEETINGS. THE BUFFALO MEETING OF THE N. Y. S. V. M. S. Dr. W. L. Baker, Chairmau of the Committee of Arrange- ments of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, spoke in the interest of the meeting to be held in Buffalo, Sept. II-12-13; he urged all to attend and do all in their power to make this the banner meeting of the Society ; hoped every member of our Association would present their application for membership. Dr. Tegg responding, thanked Dr. Baker for the invitation, and promised him the hearty support of this Asso- ciation, and hoped that some definite arrangements could be made at our semi-annual meeting in July to assist in the pro- gramme, and also the clinics. Dr. P. S. Johnson then read a very interesting report of a case of ‘‘ Melanotic Sarcoma.” Drs. A. Geo. Tegg, J. H. Taylor and Warren F. Stocking, were ap- pointed as Legislative Committee. Drs. L. R. Webber, J. E. Smith, and G. C. Kesler were ap- pointed as a committee on clinics for our July meeting. Receipts of the meeting $28.00. J. H. Tayior, Secredary. Dr. W. T. MonsarRRat, of Honolulu, Hawaii, writes that he is already laying plans to attend the New Haven meeting of the A. V. M. A. in August, bringing with him Mrs. Monsarrat and his son. His fellow-members, particularly those who basked in his Minneapolis smile, will greet him with the cordiality ex: tended to the prodigal son of history, while his little family will find warm hearts to welcome them. LIABILITY OF A CASTRATOR.—A castrates B’s colt, and charges B $2 for operation. Colt died. 1. Is A liable for dam- ages under the laws of Alberta, A having no license ? If so, to what extent isheliable? 2. Ifcolt had not died, would he be liable to be fined for operating without license ? If so, what would fine be? W. L. J. Anzswer.—Castration and dehorning are exempt from the working of acts, statutes or ordinances regulating veterinary practice, and rightly so, consequently the answer to both questions is no. A similar case was tried recent- ly at Carman, and the farmer suing lost. The Act regulating vet- erinary medicine and surgery in Manitoba is a better and more up-to-date piece of legislation than in any other province in Canada; yet, the operations referred to above areexempt. Ifa farmer will take. or is forced to take, the risk of employing a man ' with a limited knowledge of surgery and surgical practices, he unfortunately isone who must suffer.—(Harmers’ Advocate, A. G. Hopkins, D. V. M., Editor.) NEWS AND ITEMS. 1273 NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. J. A. MCLAUGHLAN was elected President of the Rhode Island Veterinary Medical Association at its annual meeting on Janu. 18. Full report will appear in the March REVIEW. Dr. J. HUME_CARTER has left Mount Holly, N. J., and gone to Lexington, Ky., to take charge of a stock farm for Mr. Perry Belmont. Dr. A. A. Moody, of New Egypt, N. J., succeeds Dr. Carter at Mount Holly. . THE STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION of the New York State Vet- erinary College will hold its annual banquet on the evening of the 21st inst., and a number of prominent veterinarians have been invited to the feast of food and reason. VERSATILE Dr. DALRYMPLE read a paper entitled ‘The Intelligent Management of Our Plantation Stables ” before the Louisiana Sugar Planters’ Association on Jan. 11, which was well received and printed in the Louzstana Planter of 13th ult. WE are in receipt of a pleasant letter from Dr. A. H. Wad- dell, who has taken medical charge of the large breeding estab- lishment of Mr. J. B. Haggin, at Elmendorf, Ky. This extensive stud has nearly 9,000 acres and about 1,500 horses. He promises a description of the place and the system of breeding for the RE- VIEW in the near future. EK. H. BAYNEs, Meredith, N. H., Secretary of the American Bison Society, has reared by hand and broken to yoke and _ har- ness two buffalo calves, with a view to creating additional in- terest in the national movement now on foot to save the buffalo from extinction. ‘These calves are intelligent, and have much greater strength and speed than most domestic steers of the same age. THE WHALE AS A VETERINARY PATIENT. — Veterinary Surgeon Desmond, of Adelaide, South Australia, writes, under date of Dec. 12 :— ‘“‘ By last mail I sent you a local paper with a skit on milking whales in America [published elsewhere]. Veterinarians will now have to take up new studies, as they may be called on to treat the leviathan of the mighty deep for mammitis or parturient apoplexy.” Dr. THomas BLAND, Waterbury, Conn., has been appoint- ed member of the Board of Public Health of his city. This is as it should be, and we congratulate Dr. Bland upon his op- portunity to set an example to similar Boards to include in their membership representatives of the veterinary profession, 1274 NEWS AND ITEMS. who alone can supply such bodies with competent information in regard to veterinary matters which enter so largely into the question of the healthfulness of cities. Peter T. Keeley, V. S., was appointed milk and food inspector by the same Board. THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL. — Just as the REVIEW went to press for this number, a hurried message from Dr. Charles H. Jewell, of Fort Riley, Kansas, brought the news that the Army Veterinary Bill was introduced in Congress on January 29. This action was anticipated in our editorial in the ‘“‘ Army Veterinary Department” in this issue, and its status is there more fully explained. Every veterinarian in the country, should now get busy with his Congressman and Senators to se- cure their votes in its behalf. It is modest and reasonable, and embodies the tardiest justice that was ever sought by a worthy cause. Committees of veterinary associations, it is now that the duties imposed by your existence are incumbent upon you. Pull all together, and victory is certain. SHETLAND PONIES.—In response to inquiries from the Unit- ed States about Sheland ponies, Consul Higgins, of Dundee, furnishes information that will interest those contemplating investments in those animals. ‘The facts presented by Consul Higgins were obtained from Consular Agent Murray, of Aber- deen, in whose district the Shetland Isles are included. It ap- pears that the breeding of Shetland ponies is quite general in Great Britain. Through the persistency of Mr. R. W. R. Mackenzie, of Earlshall, in Fifeshire, what might be called headquarters for the breeding and sale of ponies has been estab- lished at that place, and for three years the most extensive pony sales of Scotland and Northern England have been held there. An analysis of the sales shows that mature ponies of good form bring high prices, ranging from $200 to $500. For inferior grades the prices are proportionately lower. For foals prices are almost nominal, even when the blood is of acknowl- edged merit. It would seem that the annual sales at Earlshall could be profitably used by Americans who wish to establish in this country a herd of Shetlands. Many of the ponies exhibit- ed at the sales are models of beauty, and their performances in the ring show fine trotting action and good speed for their size. Mr. Mackenzie, in a letter to Consular Agent Murray, states that the price of ponies ranges from £3 ($14.60) to £100 ($486.- 65) each. The latter price should be for a very superior stallion. Orkney and Shetland are adjacent islands lying northeast of Scotland. They are sterile, treeless and wind swept, but the NEWS AND ITEMS. 1275 climate is comparatively mild owing to the influence of the Gulf Stream. To Consul Higgins Mr. Mackenzie writes :— “ It seems to me the lesson to be derived from the Earlshall sales is that there is still a demand for ponies of the highest merit and best blood, while for the general utility pony or com- moner the market is diminishing. This is partly due to the fact that many of the thin coal seams in the Durham district, where these ponies were very largely used in recent times, have now ceased to be worked, and larger ponies are employed where the works are high enough toadmit them. While this is so, my increasing average encourages me to go on breeding the best. Experiments I have made in crossing the pure Shetlander with some of our larger breeds convince me that there is a future for the breed in this direction.” WIPE OvuT ANIMAL DISEASES.—In the article by Dr.’ A. D. Melvin, newly appointed Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, published in another section of this paper to-day, a brief state- ment is made of the good work that has been done by the Bureau in controlling and eradicating diseases among domestic animals of the country since its establishment in 1884. Dr. Melvin, however, has been far too modest in claiming the credit which is due the Bureau not only from the whole live stock industry, but from the entire population of the country. He has simply set forth that outbreaks of such virulent diseases as pluero-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease among cattle were entirely banished from the United States in comparatively short spaces of time, that sheep scab has been almost entirely eradicated from the Northwestern ranges, and that maladie du coit, a virulent disease among horses, has been effectively stamped out. He deferred to expatiate upon the fact that the banishment of foot-and-mouth disease from our shores was a most extraordinary achievement, and that this consummation, in the short space of six months time, was nothing short of phenomenal. Various countries have had it in their herds for hundreds of years, a fact which has served to completely bar them from trade with other nations. This was the fate which would have befallen American live stock producers had the malady not been so summarily eliminated. It was the same with pleuro-pneumonia, an outbreak of which in 1886, extended from the Atlantic seaboard to the State of [Jlinois and threat- ened to involve the whole cattle industry. Why is it, the ques- tion may be asked, that these diseases have been so promptly and effectually wiped out. First, because of the efficiency of 1276 NEWS AND ITEMS. the Bureau of Animal Industry, but more so because ample funds were at the command of the Bureau in those emergencies. When foot-and-mouth disease had already spread all over the New England States, Congress became alarmed and made a special appropriation of $500,000 to deal with the disease. With the funds at hand, the agents of the Bureau were enabled to go into the territory and thoroughly clean up the disease. The same was the case with pleuro-pneumonia. Ample ap- propriation was made and over $1,500,000 expended before the country was rid of the malady. These instances are only cited to show what can be done by the Bureau when adequate funds are at its disposal. Right at the present time we have prev- alent among our domestic animals several diseases which call for measures of restriction and eradication. Principal among these may be mentioned Southern cattle fever and tuberculosis. Others could be mentioned, but these two stand out most prom- inently. The first named has been prevalent for years, and has caused millions of dollars loss to cattlemen of the country in mortality among cattle and restrictions to trade. ‘Though prog- ress has been made from year to year in reducing the affected area, this progress has been slow and uncertain because it has not been possible with the funds at hand to pursue a combined and systematic campaign against the disease. In the last few years,with the discovery of the petroleum dip, a greater part of the territory could have been cleaned up, had the necessary funds been available for the work, and if Congress will appro- priate enough money the entire territory can be cleansed of in- fection in afew years. What advantage this would be tu the whole live stock industry cannot be estimated. ‘The other dis- ease named—tuberculosis—is even a more serious question at the present time and calls for prompt and energetic measures to suppress it, or rather to eradicate it. The rate at which this insidious malady has been spreading in the last few years should cause great general concern, not only because it threatens the health of our animals, but of the whole human family. The Bureau of Animal Industry needs more money to carry on its work, and this work is not only for the benefit of the live stock industry, which is one of our chief sources of wealth and de- pendence for trade, but for the whole citizenship of the United States. Congress should wake up to the fact that it is pursu- ing a pennywise and pound foolish policy in dealing with one of the most important departments of the Government.—(Wa- tional Live Stock Reporter, St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 1, 1906.) \ VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 12°77 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places of meet- ing, and Secretaries’ names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medica] ‘Associations of the United States and Canada. Secretaries are re- quested to see that their organizations are properly included in the list. Name of Organization. ae noe Name and Address Secretary. American V. M. Ass’n........ Aug. 21-24,’06|N. Haven, Ct.|J. J. Repp, Phila., Pa. Mee, teed. Ass’n of N. J...... July 12-13, ’06./Asbury Park,|W. H. Lowe, Paterson. Connecticut V. M. Ass’n...... Feb. 6, 1906, Hartford. |B. K. Dow, Willimantic. New York S. V. M. Soc’y....| Sept. 11-12-13 Buffalo, |G. T. Stone, Binghamton. Schuylkill Valley V. M. A.... June 20, Reading, |W. G. Huyett, Wernersville, Passaic Co. V. M. Ass’n...... Monthly. Paterson, N.J.|H. K, Berry, Paterson, N. J. skezas vy. M. Ass’n.... .2.... March 30. Dallas. E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie, Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n..... Monthly. Boston, F, J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass, Maine Vet Med. Ass’n....... 2d Wed. April.| Belfast. R. E, Freeman, Dexter, Central Canada V. Ass’, ....) 2.2... 200005 Ottawa. A. E. James, Ottawa. Michigan State V. M. Ass’n...| Feb 6, 7, 1906 Lansing |Judson Black, Richmond, Alumni Ass’n N, Y.-A. V.C..| April, 1906. [141 W. 54thSt/W. C. Miller, NY, City. Illinois State V. M. Ass’n..... July 12, 1906, | Bloomington,/F. H. Barr, Pana. Wisconsin Soc, Vet. Grad..... Call ot Pres’t. | Sheboygan, |S. Beattie, Madison. Seen, NG METS.) oe clve Soc doula cscntetaces J. M. Reed, Mattoon. 0 SUE ee nr F. Torrance, Winnipeg. Semereesarolina ‘VOM. Weer) too. ck dc lewdenwsecva T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, memememan wet. ASSIS fee tamamial vaide «acu ole Hoe tod ele's Gees C. H, Sweetapple, Toronto, V. M. Ass’n New York Co,...} 1st Wed. Mch.|141 W. 54thSt|D. J. Mangan. N. Y. City. Ohio State V. M. Ass’n....... Sa eC, CEE Columbus, |W H. Gribble, Wash’nC.H. Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n..,/1st Wed.ea.mo | Pittsburgh. |F, Weitzell, Allegheny. momemenrs, Vet. Med. Ang mote pla setae mates osclaweidw ates con F, F, Brown, Kansas City. Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n.. .| July t2,19 06, |Roch’t’r,N.Y.|J. H. Taylor, Henrietta,N.Y. eeetates V. Mi. ASS Tin eee cect cece leis wok cceses H, C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Semeerici’ State VM Asante oc he 1. co wel dn’ wie « J. G. Annand, Minneapolis. Pennsylvania State V. M, A,..|March 6 and 7| Philadelphia.|C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia Keystone V. M. Ass’n........ 2d Tues. Feb. | Philadelphia. |A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her- man St., Germantown, Pa, Colorado State V. M. Ass’n,..|/IstMon.inJune] Denver. |M. J. Woodliffe, Denver. Missouri Valley V. Ass’n ..... Feb. 12-13, ’06 | Kansas City. |B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City. Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n... .| June and Dec. | Providence. |T,E. Robinson, Westerly, R.I eemmmmeeeaay VM. Ass'n: .2 [Ptcivaas signs eileminicinnsie <= <'s 6 E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks California State V. M. Ass’n.. .|Mch.Je.Sep, Dc|/San Francisco|P. H. Browning, San Jose. Southern Auxiliary of Califor- nia State V. M. Ass’n....|Jan.Apl.Jy, Oct.) Los Angeles, |H.D. Fenimore, Los Angeles South Dakota V. M. A July, 1906. Brookings, |E, L. Moore Brookings, seen eee PEER ASS Nn. , . , . cs | Ucar cre lar clove [parece oes oe Hans Jenson, Weeping Water Kansas State V. M. Ass’n.....| Jan, 8-9, ’07. Topeka. |Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina. Ass’n Médécale Veternaire 1st & 3d Thur, |Lect. R’m La-|J, P. A. Houde, Montreal. Francaise ‘‘ Laval,’’....... of each month. |val Un’y Mon. Alumni Association A. V. Col,.| April each yr. | New York. |F, R. Hanson, N, Y. City. Province of Quebec V. M.A...|....2----000- Mon, & Que, |Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q. IOV Ece'n, .. ....|soeeles..s... |< Sees D. A. Piatt, Lexington. Svelverine state VeM: Ass’n. .|. tke. s.....|208 7 a J. CfRobert Mississippi 200 | 12 6.0 J. W. Connaway Missouri 1800 144 8.0 Tait Butler North Carolina 63 I 1.6 G. E. Nesom South Carolina 388 =| 0.77 M. Francis : Texas 2028 187 9.2 4750 361 7-6 The inoculation of 4750 cattle between 1895 and 1905 with a loss of only 7.6 percent. is a gratifying success undeniably. The method has had two important results: first, losses of Northern animals moved South into the infested region have been reduced from about 80 or go per cent. to 7.6 per cent. and the hope is that the losscan be reduced to 5 per cent.; second, Southern herds having been wonderfully improved by this influx of the best blood of Northern cattle. Pure bred beef cattle are now found in considerable quantities in the great cattle State * Mo, Bull. 48. P. 63. Dexagball, 63, F283. -P. 17. §3=7. S. C, Bull. 90. P. 3 $6. Pp. 8-9, THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1323 of Texas and in the other Southern States as well. Dr. Dalrym- ple even says: “The time will doubtless come when this treatment- will be unnecessary ; but not until the South has a sufficiency of pure bred cattle to meet the demand, or, in the event of the complete eradication of the ticks from Southern pas- tures.”* This indeed is the gist of the whole matter; will the treatment ever become unnecessary or will the South ever have a sufficiency of pure bred cattle unless the tick is exterminated ? I submit the statement that, unless the tick is exterminated, there is no likelihood whatever that protective inoculation and -other such measures will ever be unnecessary. What, then, are the objections to blood inoculation or other such protective measures ? 1. The method does not remove the protozoan, and the tick which transmits it. It encourages the perpetuation of both, and the disease. 2. The method, simple as it looks, involves outlays in time and money which are not commensurate with the re- sults obtained. 3. The method, or others with the same purpose, will have to be continued endlessly as long as the tick exists. 4. This, and other methods like it, are not in accord with the principle of modern medicine that we should re- move the cause of a great infection when it is found and stamp the disease out at all hazards. 5. Besides encouraging the perpetuation of the disease the method adds another item of the expense of the disease to the South. The number of protections from death caused by inoculation is insignificant compared with the total death rate from Texas fever annually and the money, therefore, lost. Even if more and more inoculations les- sened the total death rate, the disease is not removed. *La Bull, 84 P. 17. §2. Also P. 16, §8. S.C. Bull go P. 17. See also: Ga Bull, 64. P. 159, $4. Tex, Bull. 63. P. 11. Ala. Bull, 116 P 278. N C., Bull. Apr. 1904 P. 21, $4. Miss, Bull 69 Pp. 3-4. 1324 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 6. The method is open tothe serious objection that the encouragement of the continuation of the disease is based on a false notion of economy. While apparently encour- aging prevention we are in reality encouraging the perpet- uation of the disease. 2. GRADUAL TICK INFESTATION WITHOUT ARTIFICIAL BLOOD INOCULATION. In the earliest days of the investigations into the nature of Texas fever it was noted by the investigators of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture in 1893 that suckling calves withstood mild tick infestation and shortly be- came inured to the disease.* There are three reasons advanced to account for this: The young calf has a far greater number of red corpuscles per cubic cm. than the older animal (9,000,000 to 10,000,000) so that more could be destroyed by the micropara- site without the depletion ensuing in early collapse; the red marrow of the bones, or blood forming energies, are more ac- tive and greater in quantity compared with the size of the ani- mal than in the adult, hence red corpuscles in the blood are more readily replaced ; + and, finally, as the calf isliving on an- imal food, we may here have an analogue to the innocuousness of the dacillus anthracts for birds and carnivorous animals.{ Gradual tick infestation, without the intermediation or as- sistance of blood inoculation, is only possible, practically, on calves 2 to 6 months old. If tick infestation takes place after that time without inoculation, first, with infested blood, the older the animal the more certain it is that death will inter- vene. There are two methods: The natural and the artificial. The natural method of tick infestation is only applicable in the case of suckling calves 2 to 4 months old. Either Northern * Bull. No. 1. B. of Animal Indust. Smith & Kilborne. The nature and cause of Texas, Southern cattle fever, f Cary, Ala. Bull. 116. Pp. 249-250. { Sternberg Immunity and Serum Therapy. P. 96. Ga, Bull. 64. P. 158, 44. THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1325 calves (which have been kept tick-free en route South) or Southern calves may be allowed to get ticks in the natural way, care being taken that they do not receive a gross infestation. The number may be kept within bounds by combing, spraying or greasing. After two mild infestations, with a rest between the first and second, and care that the calves are well nourished, the animals, even though they have not shown distressing symp- toms during the mild infestations, are ready for a gross infesta- tion; providing it is not toosevere. By the “artificial method ” the seed ticks are hatched artificially by placing engorged fe- males ina glass jar with earth, grass or leaves for twenty days at a temperature of 80°-go° F., there to lay their eggs. By removing the thin cloth cover we may count out ticks and place them ori the calves by hand. This method is applicable in calves not over 4 to 6 months old. They are kept in a tick- free enclosure and infested first with 75 to 100 ticks; then, af- ter seventy days, with 100 to 200 ticks. When these have ma- tured and the animals passed convalescence, they are ready for the ticky pastures: provided a too severe gross infestation is prevented by combing, oiling or spraying. The one point par- ticularly to be remembered is that, as the obtainment of a tol- erance through tick infestation is a very gradual process, the calves must not be allowed a gross infestation until the effects of the light infestations are well over.* But the following objections may be urged against this method for prevention of death from Texas fever. 1. Though in this case we do not openly inoculate in- fested blood, we do virtually the same thing, namely, en- courage the continual infesting of the blood of cattle with the protozoa. The only difference is that in this case the ticks do all the work ; in the case of blood inoculation the ticks are released from part of the work. * Mo, Bull, 48, Pp. 16-18. Ala, Bull. 116, Pp. 247-250. Ga, Bull. 64 Pp. 155-157. Miss, Bull 69. Pp. 14-15. Fla. Bull. 64, Pp. 538-542. Miss. Bull, 73. Pp. 11-15. Va, Bull, 104. Pp. 168-170. Ala. Bull, 116. Pp. 284-285. La, Bull, 82. P.7, 1326 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 2. Not only do we unquestionably further by this © method the natural method of perpetuation of the protozoa through tick agency, but we actually with our own hands, propagate ticks and place them uponcattle. In either case the result is the same, the increase of the opportunities of the protozoa. 3. If the objection to this is made that the method is employed in order to prevent death from Texas fever, the reply is that the method endlessly encourages the enormous multiplication of ticks instead of tending to do away with them; and that, in doing so, it increases, instead of de- creases, the disadvantages to the industry and the trade which the presence of tick brings. The agency of death, the tick, is multiplied continually. 4. Even as a prophylactic measure the method is very limited, viz., to very young calves. The difficulty and the danger is terrible as soon as the calf is weaned. When the calf is five months old, or over, we have the alternatives of artificial infestation, as explained, or blood inoculation ; both of which are unnecessarily troublesome while, at the same time, both are unsound in theory and untenable. 5. The total number of deaths by this method is far greater than in blood inoculation.* The method is apt to be calamitous. 2. Serum inoculation. Von Behring, of Marburg, has enunciated a doctrine: That if an animal has acquired immunity against a disease producing microorganism or its toxins, the serum from the blood of the immunized animal will prevent the disease in a susceptible animal. Supposing that the truth held good alike in protozoan as well as bacteridian diseases; investigations were made, be- tween 1896 and 1899, to test the presence or absence of an anti- toxin in the serum of animals which had developed a tolerance for Texas fever. In all cases the tests were made in the bovine race, the object being to discover, if possible, a means of utiliz- * See Ala, Bull. 116. Pp. 284-285, THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1327 ing sterilized serum from such animals for preventive injec- tion into susceptible cattle. Observations of the blood of Southern immunes, long sustaining a tolerance to the disease, established the fact, microscopically, that these animals had comparatively few protozoa in the blood. By successive inocu- lations through successive gross infestations with ticks it was believed the somatic cells in the infested animal developed a substance—leucomaines or antitoxins—which were resident in the blood, and which established a resistance to multitudinous propagation of the protozoan within the animal body. How- ever there was one fact which argued against this hypothesis namely, the protozoa were never all destroyed within the aui- mal body as is apt to be the case when antitoxins are formed to resist bacteria in the vascular currents; so that, if an antitoxin were developed in this protozoan disease, it must be of a weak nature else all protozoa would be destroyed in the process of time. It might be supposed that when the animals are com- pletely removed from tick infestation that the protozoa in the animal body would all then, surely, be obliterated ; were it not, unfortunately, known that, even if this were done and the ani- mals kept free from ticks for eight to twelve years, (if they lived that long) the protozoa still may be found in the blood in suffi- cient numbers to multiply rapidly when the blood is injected into a susceptible animal.* Connaway, Francis and Schroeder have been leaders in the attempt to discover preventive serum for injection into cattle. Certain investigators worked, avowedly, not to stop the advance of the disease when it is once present, nor to destroy completely, by the antitoxin it was hoped might be present in the serum, the multiplication of the protozoa in the blood, but simply to tide the animal over that period when blood inocula- tion had customarily been employed. Serum inoculation was * Sixteenth Annual Report, B, A. I., 1899. Pp. 43-48. Mo. Bull. 37. Pp. 117-129. Ga, Bull..64. P. 174, § 2. 21st Annual Report B. A. I., 1904. Page 26, § 1. 1328 D, ARTHUR HUGHES. to be tried to ‘‘establish at least a passive immunity that would tide the animal over the danger period following tick infesta- tion.”’* So far the results of numerous experiments with spleen pulp, with sterilized blood serum have been negative. When animals ranging from one and one-half to eleven years old were injected daily with 40 to 60 c.c. of sterilized serum in Missouri and Mississippi until some of them had had as high as 146 c.c. to 772 c.c.; the result, after tick infestation in June and July, was that all of the eleven died but two, the latter each twenty- four months old. This is an illustration of the misfortune thus far met with in most serum experiments. In a word, usually all attempts to discover a protective serum have been failures. Still the result suggests one of two thoughts. 1. It has been known for many years: that the soli- peds have a natural immunity to Texas fever, in the best use of that word; that Bodphilus annulatus have their life cycle sustained by the horse and the ass, the females mature, produce eggs and the eggs hatch in due form without the pyroplasma bigeminum being existent. Cannot an anti- toxic serum for Texas fever be developed in the horse by continued infestation with ticks? True this is a protozoan disease and the anti-diphtheritic serum developed in the blood of the horse by von Behring’s process may not ob- tain here. The suggestion, however, may be at point. 2. Cattle ticks identical with our Bodphilus annulatus have been found on the cattle of Porto Rico which are harmless to the cattle there. Have these cattle a natural or acquired immunity to the Texas fever microorganism. Could a protective serum be obtained from them for our cattle? Probably not; but this has never been tried.§ 3. Dips and dipping. * Mo, Bull. 48. Page 3, § 4. + Mo, Bull. 48. Pp. 3-5. S. G Bullgoom oP..5. Mo, Bull, 37. Pp. 117-129. Ga, Bull. 04, P. 157, $5; ¢ See 16th Annual Report. B.A.I. Pp. 33-41. @ 16th Annual Report, B. A. I. P. 23. §3. THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1329 When it was pointed out by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Depart. of Agricul. in 1893 that the microparasite of Texas fever was transmitted by a definite species of cattle tick, the thought uppermost in the mind of the officials was that a means should be found to destroy this tick. According- ly from 1893 onward to 1903 investigations were constantly made to discover some solution into which the animals could be thrust to destroy these external parasites. The annual re- ports of the Bureau from 1893 to 1903 continually refer to these investigations.* Indeed, so ardent was the desire to ex- termine the ticks on the animals that Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, then an Inspector in the Bureau, was ordered in 1895 to pro- ceed to Texas to investigate various dips suggested.j He ob- tained important results; and though a perfect dip was not found, the work was continued under his direction, when he was Chief of the Pathological Division of the Bureau, and his reports gave the encouragement that success would ultimately be obtained.{ The stockmen in the South and the State experiment station veterinarians, Connaway in Missouri and Francis in Texas, helped in the work by suggestion and material aid.§ Vats were devised; various solutions were tried, oils, coal tar pro- ducts, mixtures of both, arsenious and sulphur mixtures ; none giving perfect satisfaction. Finally, with the opening up of new petroleum wells in Texas, it was found that the Beaumont sulphuretted petroleum of that State—an oil saturated with sul- phur and of such density that none was precipitated, was the solution of the problem. The work of ten years was crowned in Dec. 23, 1903|| by an order from the Secretary of Agricul- ture authorizing its use under certain restrictions. * yoth and 11th Annual Reports. Pp 12-13. 1883-1894. 12th and 13th Annual Reports Pp 109-118 1895-1896. 15th Annual Report. Pp. 20 1898. 16th Annual Report. Pp. 23. 1899. 18th Annual Report. Pp. 32. 1901 + Annual Report B. A. I, 1895-1896. Pp. 109-118. { Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1898. 2 Mo. Bull. 37. Pp. 97-105. || B. A. I, Order No, 20, 1903. 1330 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. The order, which has been continued in 1904 and 1905,* is as follows: It is hereby ordered, That cattle originating in the district quarantined on account of the existence of the disease known as splenetic, Southern, or Texas, fever as defined by regu- lations of this Department may, after having been properly dipped in Beaumont crude petroleum, under the supervision of an Inspector of this Department, be shipped without further restriction, excepting such as may be enforced by local authori- ties at point of destination. Provided, That application be first made to this Department, and permission granted to establish dipping stations, and that after being dipped the cattle are ex- amined and certified by an Inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry ; and further Provided, That the cattle when dipped be shipped in clean cars and not driven through the infected district or unloaded therein, except at such point as may be duly designated in regulations of this Department. As early as 1897, during the thick of the investigations of dipping methods and of dips, numerous applications came in to Washington asking permission to establish a large number of dipping stations along the quarantine line, and it seemed reason- able that such permits should be granted at central poitts where trade is sufficient to warrant it. However as no dip was believed to be entirely satisfactory by the U. S. officials no authoritative sanction was given to any dipping method, nor any dip authoritatively certified as of sufficient virtue to war- rant a new regulation on dipping. But since 1903, undoubt- edly, with government authorization, the greatest interest has been shown in the work. Of course no official figures on the amounts of cattle dipped, where, and with what success, can be had until they are printed in the public documents. Still the stock journals of the South-west, from time to time, contain data on this subject. For instance, we read in the 7exas Stock- man Journal that one firm alone in Oklahoma, successfully * 21st Annual Rep. B. A. I. 1904. P. 562. B. A. I, Order No, 131. Jan 16, 1905. ¢ 15th Annual Report B, A. I., 1897-1898. P. 20, THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1331 dipped, between Jan. and Dec. 1905 under government super- vision, 40,030 cattle and lost orly six.* When the official figures appear, judging from this statement, it will probably be found that hundreds of thousands of cattle have been success- fully cleared of ticks in Oklahoma, Texas and elsewhere and permission granted, under the restrictions of the regulations, for the cattle to pass North for purposes other than immediate slaughter. If cattle can be successfully cleared of ticks in this author- ized dip and shipped North themselves tick-free, in tick-free cars, and not unloaded anywhere en route to the North as long as they are in the infected district, what does this all mean to the industry? Prominent stockmen, both north and south of the quaran- tine line, say that the right to take tick-free cattle to the North- ern markets for purposes other than immediate slaughter would be worth millions of dollarstothem. For the following reasons: 1. The animals, after passing through the infected dis- trict, could be unloaded in the North, Central-west or North-west and sold as feeders. This would be worth fabulous sums in time to the cattle feeders and grain deal- ers in those regions. 2. The cattle could enter the export live-stock trade without fear that Texas fever would be introduced into foreign countries. 3. They might be placed in the native division of the stock yards and compete on their actual merit with North- ern natives. 4. Dipped Southern animals might enter the show-ring North and the merit of the Southern industry be known. From the standpoint of veterinary science, other considera- tions enter to favor dipping methods; while at the same time perfect candor requires us to acknowledge certain drawbacks. 1. The destruction of the ticks on Southern animals, which are to go North as feeders, under the strictest pre- * Texas Live Stock Journal, Jan. 17, 1906, P. 8. 1332 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. cautions, prevents the disease being carried North by them. 2. The method, as its use at present is limited to im- prove the commercial value of animals going North, is a restricted one. If such animals remained in the South, the dipping would have to be done over and over again, as long as ticks were to be found in the pastures. 3. As there are many tick-free parts of the South, dip- ping animals to make them tick-free could be utilized when animals from infected portions ofa State are to be sold to tick-free countries, or farms. Such animals could be fattened in tick-free regions without proceeding North as feeders. 4. When it is determined by united action to extermi- nate the tick in the South, by the Federal government working with the State authorities, the dipping method will be used extensively as an adjunct to the methods em- ployed to exterminate the parasite in the fields. 5. Dipping methods, for animals remaining in the South, can have no permanent value until the simple, and perhaps less costly, methods of extermination, based on the life history of the tick, are employed in connection with dipping to clear the whole South of the transmitter of Texas fever. If, THE METHODS WHICH ARE BEING TRIED, OR ARE PRO- POSED, TO EXTIRPATE THE DISEASE. The great danger from Texas fever in the South itself is not so much from the fact that the cattle in the infected region must gradually obtain a tolerance to the microparasite and maintain that tolerance, but because there are very many parts of the South which are entirely tick-free. From these tick-free regions older cattle are likely to be sold, driven, or drift into infected parts, or ticky cattle may get into tick-free regions. The result is the same: most of the older susceptible cattle die. This is the reason for the millions of dollars loss, of which I spoke in the introduction of this paper. Yet, strangely enough, THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. oon because there are so many tick-free regions in the South, is pre- cisely the reason for the encouragement of methods of extermi- nation of the tick. What we wish to do is to widen the area of these tick-free regions and ultimately to make the whole South tick-free. We may, therefore, now inquire into the extent of the regions which are tick-free, without any ordinary human interference, and the reasons for it. I. Tick-free parts of the South. There are tick-free regions scattered throughout Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, California, South Carolina, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Georgia, and probably in the other States, as appears in the following remarks of the State experi- ment station veterinarians or others. Cary, of Alabama says: ““Many farms in Alabama are tick-free; many town lots are tick-free; parts of many farms and pastures are tick-free.” Dalrymple, of Louisiana says: ‘‘It has been observed that por- tions of our own State, such as some of the alluvial districts, and those subject to overflow and inundation are free from cattle ticks. . . . It is an impressive fact, also, that all cotton, corn, rice, sugar, and other cultivated lands, are every year free of ticks until infested cattle are again permitted to occupy them.’ Robert, of Mississippi writes: ‘I do not think Iam wrong in estimating that fully one-half of the townships in our counties that border on Tennessee are free of cow ticks.” He also remarks that in six counties ‘‘it is by no means uncommon to find tick-free districts.” Vincenheller, of Arkansas says that many parts of Northern Arkansas are tick-free. Ward, of Cali- fornia, speaks of many tick-free districts south of the quarantine line. Nesom, of South Carolina writes: ‘‘ There are a number of farms in the upper part of South Carolina that are entirely free from ticks and cattle have been purchased and brought to them from North and East for many years without bad results.” Butler, of North Carolina, has written: ‘It (the tick) exists in eighty-four of the ninety-seven counties of this State, but in about forty of these which have had the ‘ no-fence’ or ‘stock’ law for several years it is becoming much less numerous than 1334 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. in the remainder where ‘free range’ still exists.” Similar re- ports come from Oklahoma and Georgia.* The causes of this extent of tick-free territory in the South, as far as accidental conditions go, are two: physical conditions which destroy the tick, its larvee or embryo, and the conditions which are imposed by man without a purposeful and conscious effort to destroy the pest. The physical conditions which bring about destruction are: drowning of seed ticks or disrup- tion of eggs in case of heavy rains carrying them to ditches, brooks or rivers—which accounts for the tick-free alluvial lands of the South; shrivelling of eggs from being exposed to direct rays of sun; freezing of eggs or embryos. The conditions, un- consciously oftentimes, inposed by man which destroy the ticks are: cultivation of the land, which ends for the time being all ticks which were thereon; keeping animals from shady or wooded land or pastures for a long season, which likely kills all ticks. The destruction thus brought about is based on the facts in the life cycle of the tick or the physical conditions which it cannot withstand. The two main facts in the life cycle are: the fact that the parasite must have bovine (or equine) blood before it can reach the oviparous period ; the fact that the tick is extremely limited in its locomo- tion. The physical conditions against it are continued low temperature in the case of the eggs, continued direct exposure to heat or water.+ 2. The feasibility of the extermination of the tick. From these considerations it would appear that when an or- ganized effort was made by man for the extermination of this deadly parasite, success would be assured. Since 1893, when feole, Bull, 116, P. 237 Cal. Bull. (Circular) No. a. Fi; Sigs La. Bull. 84. Pp. 7-8. So. Bull, .oGF UP s, 5m, Wisse bullse7 sR: 7, Sor Ga, Bull, 64. P. 168, Ark, Exp, Stat Circular. ‘‘Sug- N.C, Bull., Apr. 1904. P. 4, § 1. gestions for the prevention of Okla, Bull, 37. P. 12, § 4. Texas fevern Es 1. + La. Bull. 51 Miss. Bull. 73. Pp. 4-6, Ga. Bull. 64. P. 149. ¥ THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1335 it was realized that the tick is to be charged with the continua- tion of Texas fever, the efforts of the scientists of the South’ have been directed to the study of everything which would lead to the delivery of that section from the tick, its embryo or its larve. We have now complete information on this subject and it is certain that very soon organized effort of the Federal government and of the State governments will be made for the removal of the parasite. Indeed the movement, under well directed and organized forces has already begun. Pending the taking up of the entire work by the U. S. Government, some of the States, or counties, near the quarantine line within the States, have started to de- stroy the parasite. Under the manly influence and leadership of Dr. Tait Butler, North Carolina, by aid of this State Veteri- narian and his assistants, cleared six entire counties and parts of two others between 1902 and 1905 and relieved them from the quarantine: Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, Catawba, Lincoln, Gas- ton, and parts of Surry and McDowell. Between 1905 and 1906 he added Alexander, Irewell, Davie, Surry, and parts of Rowan and McDowell. All the work of clearance was done at an expense of only $12,000, or half of what the loss, through the tick, was, per annum, before the clearance. The Federal gov- ernment, working in cooperation with State and territorial san- itary boards, has, since 1897, cleared up many counties in Ok- lahoma and Texas bordering on the quarantine line. In Texas these are Randall, Swisher, Hale, Lubbock, Lynn, Garza, Scurry, Fisher, Kent, Dickens, Motley, Hall, Donly, Midland, Crane, and the western part of Pecos. In Oklahoma there have been cleared: Day, Dewey, Custer, Blaine, the western part of Noble and that part of the Ponca Indian Reservation lying north of the salt fork of the Arkansas River.* 3. On the methods of extermination which are applicable. *** Progress made in exterminating the fever tick in North Carolina,’? Tait But- ler, Feb. 1, 1906, P. 1. Also paper, same title, Jan, I, 1906, See Annual Reports, B. A, I, 1897-1905, ‘‘ Rules and Regulations.’’ 1336 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. As the life cycle of the tick takes place on the animals (cattle, horses, mules) and on the ground where these infested animals are, or have been, our efforts to exterminate the tick must be directed to both places: to clearing the land where the engorged, egg-laying female, the eggs and seed ticks are found ; to clearing the surface of the animals, where many males are found and females remain up to the time they are ready to de- posit eggs. There are three main ways to exterminate ticks on the land: by tillage, by burning over, by keeping cattle from a pasture or from part of a pasture atatime. Ploughing land and keeping it planted for a season removes all the ticks from it unless infested cattle are allowed to forage init. Burning over thoroughly a pasture completely destroys ali tick life therein. If neither of these ways can be employed for clearance, the pas- ture land may be divided into two sections divided by a rail or board tight to the ground. The first year, from Sept. 1 till spring keep all cattle, horses and mules from one-half, and also from the lanes or runways which lead to it. ‘The second year, in late spring, provide new lanes or runways, over which no animals have been the previous year, leading to the pasture left vacant. Place the animals in the half left vacant from Septem- ber 1 to spring, seeing that no ticks are left on the animals after disinfection. The cleared animals having been placed on a clean pasture, the other half may be cleared by leaving it vacant from spring until November. This is called the pasture rota- tion or starvation method: for, between September and spring, the ticks in one-half the pasture cannot get bovine blood and all perish; when the cattle, after disinfection, are removed to the cleaned pasture, the ticks in the second half perish between spring and November 1.* The method to use for the destruction of ticks on the hides * La. Bull. Pp. 7-14. Tenn, Bull, Jan. 1, 1905. Pp. 5—Io. N. C. Circular, 1905, ‘‘ Howto exterminate the cattle ticks,”’ Ga. Bull. 49 -~P.. g29. Ga. Bull. 64. Pp. 150-151. THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1337 of cattle will depend on the size of the herd. There are five methods: combing, spraying, hand-picking greasing and dip- ping. The first four are used in case of small lots; the last, because of its expense, can only be made of service for Jarge herds. For instance when small herds are to be turned into a a small lot in the spring when “ pasture rotation’ or burning the pasture methods are being employed, they may be carefully combed, picked over by hand inch by inch to remove all ticks and their softer parts, escutcheon, inside arms and legs thickly greased with axle grease to clog up the breathing pores of the invisible ticks and so cause them to perish. When possible large herds may be dipped in Beaumont crude petroleum before being placed on clean pastures. However the truth is that one,or several, of these methods must be employed for destruction of ticks on cattle in connection with ascheme to destroy the tick life on the land—eggs, larve and adults.* 4. On the duty of extermination of the ticks. The cry is going up all through the South, death to the tick! The profession of veterinary medicine in this country has signalized its intention to do the will of the agricultural interests in the South as soon as that is possible by the grant by Congress of afund todothe work. The present Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, Dr. Melvin, has strongly expressed the willingness of the Department to push the work with its characteristic en- ergy when that moment comes. The American Veterinary Medical Association, assembled in Cleveland last August, passed the following resolution: Whereas, the Southern cattle tick (Bodphilus annulatus) and the result- ing Federal quarantine restriction on the movement of Southern cattle, is the greatest obstacle to the growth of the cattle indus- try of the Southern States, and, Whereas, the work of tick ex- *N,C. Bull. Apr. 1904. P. 7-8. N. C, Circu, ‘‘ How to exterminate the cattle ticks,” P. 3-4. GasBull? 64. P.151. Ga, Bull, 49. P. 229. 1338 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. termination in some of the Southern States demonstrated that it is perfectly feasible to eradicate the cattle tick pest, and, Whereas, the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry has success- fully conducted measures to eradicate other diseases when af- fecting or jeopardizing the cattle interests of other sections of the country ; Therefore, be it Resolved, that it is the sense of this Association that the time has arrived for active and sub- stantial Federal assistance to the Southern States in their efforts to exterminate the greatest present menace to the cattle inter- ests of a large part of our country. Recently at a great meeting in Richmond, Va., of the Com- missioners of Agriculture of the Southern States, at which were present Secretary Wilson, the Chiefs of the Bureaus of Animal Industry, Entomology, Plant Industry of the National Depart- ment of Agriculture, and the directors, veterinarians and ento- mologists of nearly all the Southern experiment stations, the question of the extermination of the tick was given a prominent place. After stating the condition of the cattle industry of the South, the convention passed a resolution as follows: ‘‘ There- fore be it resolved by the Association of the Commissioners of Agriculture of the Southern States, that we request the Con- gress of the United States to appropriate the sum of $500,000 to be expended, under the direction of the Secretary of Agricul- ture, in the extermination of the cattle tick (bodphilus annula- tus) and in the seeking and dissemination of such knowledge that will prevent the enormous losses already suffered by the farmers of the South. Resolved, further, That this Association considers it the duty of the commissioners of Agriculture of the quarantine States to use every effort to secure such legislation as is necessary to obtain effective cooperation between the State and Federal authorities and to secure and use in each State funds for the prosecution of the proper share of this work.” This is not all, the Bureau of Animal Industry stands ready to do to this disease what it did to contagious pleuro-pneumonia and to foot-and-mouth disease—stamp it out, so that it shall be known no more on the continent. The Chief has written: “ It THE FIGHT AGAINST TEXAS FEVER. 1339 only remains to make the important announcement that this Bureau is prepared, whenever Congress shall confer upon it the necessary powers, and suitable laws and coéperation are obtained and furnished by the various interested States, to undertake to entirely eradicate the disease from such States.”* Those of us who have a lively sense of the burden of Texas fever to the cattle industry of the South should do all we can to further the movement for its eradication. RECENT BULLETINS ON TEXAS FEVER PUBLISHED BY THE AGRICULT- URAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE SOUTH. 1. Alabama Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 116. Sept., 1901. C. A. Cary. ‘‘Texas or Acclimation Fever.’’ Pp. 231-289. 2. Arkansas Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 20. 1892. R.R. Dinwiddie. ‘«Parasitisms of Domesticated Animals.’’ P. 31. 3. Arkansas Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 51. 1898. R. R. Dinwiddie. ‘*Methods of Combatting Communicable Diseases of Farm Ani- mals.’’ Pp. 35-46. 4. Arkansas Agri. Exp. Stat. Circular 1902. W. G. Vincenheller, ‘« Suggestions for the Prevention of Texas Fever.’’ Pp. 1-3. California Agri. Exp. Stat. Circular No. 1, May, 1903. A. R. Ward, ‘* Texas Fever.’’ Pp. 1-7. 6. Florida Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 64, Oct., 1902. C. F. Dawson, . ‘*Texas Fever and Salt Tick.’’ Pp. 524-555. 7. Florida Agri. Exp. Stat. Press. Bull. June 1, 1903. C. F. Dawson, ‘« Practical Results of Texas Fever Inoculations.’’ Pp. 1-4. 8. Georgia Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 49, Sept., 1900. R. J. Redding, ‘‘Cattle Ticks and Texas Fever.’’ Pp. 228-229. 9. Georgia Agri. Exp. Stat. Bulletin No. 64, Aug., 1904. C. L. Wil- loughby, ‘‘ Cattle Ticks and Texas Fever.’’ Pp. 145-182. 10. Louisiana Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 82, second series, 1905, H. A. Morgan, ‘‘ The Texas Fever Cattle Tick Situation.’’ Pp. 3-15. 11, Louisiana Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 84, Oct., 1905. W. H. Dal- rymple, ‘‘ Texas Fever; being a general summary of the knowledge of the subject to date.’’ Pp. 3-31. 12. Mississippi Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 69, Nov., 1901. J. C. Rob- etc, ** ‘Texas. Fever,” Pp i3-15. 13. Mississippi Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 73, June, 1902. J. C. Rob- ert, ‘‘ Texas Fever of Murrain in Southern Cattle.’’ Pp. 3-24. 14. Missouri Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 37, April, 1897. J. W. Conna- way, ‘‘ Texas Fever Experiments.’’ Pp. 81-139. 15. Missouri Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 48, Oct., 1899. J. W. Conna- way, ‘‘Immunizing Northern Breeding Cattle for the Southern Market.’’ Pp. 1-64. * The National Live Stock Reporter (St, Louis) Jan. 1, 1906. P. 9. The Same, P. 12. La, Bull. 84. P. 30. ' 1340 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 16. North Carolina Dept. of Agri. Publica. April, 1904. T. Butler. ‘The Cattle (Fever) Tick in Its Relation to the Cattle Industry of North Carolina.’’ Pp. 3, 23. 17. North Carolina Dept. of Agri. Circular Feb., 1905. T. Butler. ‘Progress made in Exterminating the Fever Tick (Bodphilus an- nulatus) in North Carolina.’’ Pp. I-4. ‘18. North Carolina Dept. of Agri. Circular, Jan., 1906. T. Butler, same title, Pp. 1-4. 19. North Carolina Dept. of Agri. Circular, 1905. T. Butler, ““ Howse Exterminate the Cattle Tick.’’ Pp. 1-4. 20, Oklahoma Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 27, June, 1897. WL. L. Lewis, “«Texas Fever.’’ Pp. 8-16. as 21. South Carolina Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 90, July, 1904. G. E. Nesom, ‘‘ Texas Fever, Part II. Inoculation.’’ Pp. 3-71. 22. Tennessee Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. Vol. XVIII. No. 1, Jan., 1905. H. A. Morgan, ‘‘ Texas Fever Cattle Tick : Pasture Methods of Eradi- cation.” Pps 3-10. 23. Texas Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 63, Jan. 1902. M. Francis, “(Texas Fever.”’ Pp. 3-60. 24. Virginia Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 104, Sept., 1899. E. P. Niles, ‘« The Prevention of Texas Fever and the Amended Laws Control- ling Contagious and Infectious Diseases.’’ Pp 167-180. Dr. J. S. SPANGLER, formerly located at Aurora, IIl., has. removed to Los Angeles, Cal., where he will engage in private practice. THE Minnesota State Dairymen’s Association, at a recent session, passed, without a dissenting voice, a resolution favoring the passage of appropriate legislation providing for the tubercu- lin test of all pure-bred cattle once a year, and that this legisla- tion should in some way protect purchasers of pure-bred cattle by providing for the privilege of tuberculin test within two. months after purchase. THE following story was told by Mr. Cassius Way, ’07, at the banquet of the Society of Comparative Medicine of the New York State Veterinary College, on the evening of Feb. 21: “ At a quiz at one of the medical colleges the professor of ma- teria medica asked for the antidote to mushroom poisoning. The interrogated student being unable to answer, the question was put to the entire class. A hand went up in the rear of the class-room, and a voice said: ‘I know, professor.’ ‘ Well, sir, you may answer.’ ‘It is tannic acid,’ replied the bright one. ‘ Please explain how tannic acid becomes the antidote to mush-. room poisoning,’ demanded the teacher. ‘Well, the tannic acid combines with the mush, forming the saxzate of mush, and leaves room in the stomach.’” COLIC AND ITS TREATMENT. 1341 COLIC AND ITS TREATMENT. By F. H. SCHNEIDER, D. V. S., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Read at the Annual Meeting of the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Association, at Reading, Pa., Dec, 20, 1905. There is no disease in the practice of veterinary medicine that causes the anxiety and loss of sleep as does this disease, or class of diseases that come under this head. Definition.—The word “colic” is derived from the Latin “colicus,” or Greek “ kolzkos,” signifying the colon, and strictly employed, means a painful spasmodic affection of the intestines, especially the colon. Reeks classes colic as true and false. True colic from the intestinal canal and stomach. False colic arising from disease of other abdominal organs, such as diseases of the kidneys and sexual organs that give rise to the same ex- ternal symptoms. Under the head of true colic, we have spas- modic colic. Spasmodic colic is a spasmodic contraction of the muscular fibres of the sinall intestines, and is caused by chill, change of food, exhaustion, etc. True spasmodic colic is easily treated by a good diffusible stimulant, anodyne and cathartic. Gastric tympany.—This is one of the most fatal forms of colic with which we have to deal, owing to the small size of the stomach and the absence of regurgitation. Unless we can stop the formation of gases, the horse soon dies from rupture of the stomach. ‘Treatment in these cases must be heroic—stim- ulants and anti-ferments. When I hear belching or regurgita- tion of gases, I always administer one ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a pint of warm water every half hour, followed by a hypodermic of strychnine, 1 gr., intravenously. Internal treatment consists of tincture of nux vomica and tincture cinchona comp., 3ss. every hour until acute symptoms disap- pear. Flatulent colic, caused by fermentation of gases within the large intestines. The same gases are generated in flatulent colic as are evolved in acute indigestion. The symptoms are almost the same, so much so that one condition may be taken 1342 F. H. SCHNEIDER. for the other. Some practitioners claim that the diseases are identical, but such is not the case, the two being widely differ- ent in character; acute indigestion the more fatal. Treatment: Use the trocar. I think this is the sheet-anchor in these cases. My favorite remedies in these cases are turpentine 31j; car- bolic acid 3i; chloral hydrate 3i, and oil gossypium sem. Oij, repeated, if necessary, in an hour, without the chloral. If dis- tention re-occurs use the trocar. I have used it as often as six times in a night without infection, and have had excellent results. Impaction of the bowels.—This condition is easily detected. When we are called in to see a case of this kind, the first thing the owner will say: “‘ Doctor, it must be his water; he made manure five or six times within the last ten or fifteen minutes.” It is then hardly necessary to go any further. You can gener- ally make your diagnosis from the remarks. However, never neglect to make an examination before you make your diagno- sis, and hold your tongue on your prognosis ; avoid the question if possible. ‘The diarrhcea may mislead you, but after you have made a careful examination you will soon arrive at a positive conclusion that you have to deal with impaction. The animal has a dull appearance and sluggish movements ; abdominal pain is manifested in the usual way; he rolls and paws, but not in the violent manner of colic; then there may be slight flatu- lency, giving rise to tympanites. On auscultation you will find loss of peristaltic movements, due to loss of tone in muscu- lar fibres of the intestines. Another symptom noticed, when a horse is suffering from obstinate constipation: he will back up his hind quarters against the wall. You will sometimes find the rectum distended and congested. ‘Treatment :—Treatment must be prompt and energetic. A good cathartic of aloes, but I prefer oil or a saline purge; for the pain I use chloral hydrate in solution or cannabis indica. Fomentation, turpentine, exter- nal massage or hot applications, injections of warm saline solu- sion well thrown up into the bowels. When warm injections do not suffice, I use cold injections of saline solution. The ef- COLIC AND ITS TREATMENT 1343 fect of this cold treatment on the dormant condition of the bowels is wonderful, especially where you have tried all other treatments without avail. Other treatments consist of tonics and stimulants. Enteritis—I will not dwell very long on this subject, only giving you the differential symptoms between this disease and pure spasmodic colic: 1, Colic, sudden in its attack ; 2, enteri- tis, gradual in its approach, with previous indications of fever. I, Intervals of rest; 2, continuous pain. 1, Pulse only becomes frequent in the paroxysms of pain, in intervals of ease is normal in number of beats, but evidently fuller; 2, pulse continuously frequent, but small and often scarcely to be felt. 1, Legs and ears of the natural temperature; 2, legs and earscold. 1, Re- lief obtained from rubbing belly ; 2, belly exceedingly tender and painful to the touch. 1, Relief obtained from motion; 2, motion increasing pain. 1, Strength scarcely affected ; 2, rapid and great prostration. Treatment :—None. In conclusion, I wish to state that I have almost discarded morphia, and I cannot give any gratifying results from the use of barium chloride, eserine or pilocarpine. THERE have recently been two notable conventions of affili- ated agricultural societies in the West, where veterinarians took part in the proceedings—one in Minnesota, and the other in Nebraska. LAME HorsE AS MOURNER.— When a prince of the Austrian royal family dies, his horse follows the funeral, cov- ered with a black cloth, and lame in one hoof. The lameness is produced by driving a nail through the horseshoe. This isa sign of the deepest mourning. THE PHILADELPHIA AND READING COAL AND IRON Com- PANY has 2785 mules working in and about their extensive mines. Dr. I. C. Newhard has medical charge of them. The Doctor says the average life of a mine mule is between eight and nine years. This is about double the longevity of street car horses in New York. Happily, the noble horse has been relieved from the unnatural burden of drawing cars, excepting _ in a few instances in the lower portion of the city, and they are a L scheduled for early retirement. 1344 REPORTS OF CASES. REPORTS OF CASES. “* Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. Byre- cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.”’ ACTINOMYCOSIS IN A GRIZZLY BEAR.* By W. REID Briarr, D. V.S., Veterinarian and Pathologist New York Zoological Park. This extremely interesting case is probably the first instance where actinomycosis has ever been observed or at least record- ed as affecting a bear. FTistory.—The subject, an immature grizzly bear, was cap- tured in Mexico while still a young cub, and when it reached the Park was about six months old. On the day of its arrival my attention was drawn to a good-sized swelling on the side of the animal’s face, beginning just below the right eye and ex- fending downward and backward to about the second upper molar. The following day this swelling, which appeared to be a simple superficial abscess, was opened and drained, and washed out thoroughly with antiseptics. The abscess appeared to be of recent origin, and the contents principally sero-sanguinis. After the wound had apparently healed properly, the animal was re- leased from the hospital quarters and placed on exhibition. Several weeks later a swelling was observed near the site of the former abscess. It appeared as a large fluctuating tumor, and on thesuspicion that a foreign body hadlodged in the cheek, the animal was removed from the den and placed in an isolated cage. After putting the animal under the influence of an anzs- thetic, a thorough examination of the mouth was made. A large abscess was found, with greatly thickened walls, but no foreign body or decayed teeth. This abscess was opened, drained well, and irrigated with strong antiseptics, the animal then given iodide of potassium in milk twice daily for several weeks. Every hope was entertained for complete recovery, the swelling having gradually diminished in size. This, however, was only temporary, since the part again began to enlarge, and at the time of the removal of the tumor it was of about a year’s growth. * Presented tothe January Meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County, REPORTS OF CASES. 1345 a eee The position of the growth was such as not to interfere seri- ously with mastication or deglutition, so that the general health was not appreciably affected at any time during the course of the disease. The growth, situated on the side of the head, extending from a point near the muzzle backward to the articulation of the lower jaw, was freely movable, and was enu- cleated without difficulty. The gross specimen was rather firm in consistence and on section presented yellowish areas, many foci of suppuration, and bands of firm white tissue, numerous bright green round bodies, about as large as peas, were loosely imbedded in the tumor mass. These bodies often had a concentric appearance with a darker colored core and proved to be a species of Ray fungus (actinomyces). The cervical lymph glands was removed and found much enlarged, probably fifteen or twenty times their normal size. Microscopical examination of the tumor shows it to be made up of granulation tissue rich in leucocytes, connective tissue much of it apparently newly formed, and peculiar cells of varying dimen- sions, from those several times larger than the red blood cor- puscles to structures of very large size. Many of these cells are extremely phagocytic and present numerous inclusions consist- ing of leucocytes, red blood corpuscles and masses of brownish pigment. They are round or irregularly ovoid in shape, some finely granular with a small eccentric nucleus or with several nuclei, others are more coarsely granular, vacuolated and show hydropic changes, These cells, in places, are seen to lie in a connective tisstie reticulum—cells with inclusions of leuco- cytes are numerous, the latter may be fully formed and stain well or are seen in various stages of digestion; six, eight or more incorporatious can be counted ina single cell. A few large and apparently typical giant cells are to be observed. The actinomyces lie in masses of granulation tissue exceed- ingly rich in leucocytes. The species could not be determined, and consisted of a branching mycelium with fragmentation of the threads, the ends of which were club shaped. The threads were somewhat smaller than the usual actinomyces bovis. Whether the growth began in the glandular or connective tissue structures around the mouth could not be decided. The peculiar cells above described ate probably of endothe- lial origin ; their significance will be spoken of later. The cervical glands, some nearly as large as a hen’s egg, are not adherent and rather soft; cut surface pale, with yellowish 1346 REPORTS OF CASES. discolored areas, reminding one of cheesy degeneration. Mi- croscopically the capsule is perhaps slightly thickened ; large bands of connective tissue traverse the gland substance, though a true reticulum is but slightly marked; vascularity perhaps somewhat increased. The lymphoid elements are increased in number and their size varies slightly. Numerous large cells much resembling those above described are found singly or in groups and columns throughout the gland. They also show marked phagocytic tendencies, the inclusions comprising leucocytes or lymphoid cells, many red blood corpuscles and pigmented masses. They appear to be of endothelial origin and correspond to the areas of discoloration noted on the cut surface of the fresh specimen. The sAleen is probably normal ; perhaps the follicles are to be considered as enlarged ; the thick muscular trabeculz present- ing a decided contrast to the normal human spleen. The £zdneys show parenchymatous and fatty changes, partic- ularly marked in the convoluted tubules. The “ver presents areas of necrosis, pigmentation of cells and degenerative changes. The pancreas shows advanced post-mortem autodigestion. The heart is dilated ; the muscle is pale and mottled and presents a considerable degree of fatty degeneration. The /ungs present evidences of brown induration. The character of the actinomycotic tumor, with the excep- tion of the very marked phagocytosis and enlargement of the endothelioid cells presents nothing unusual. The changes in the cervical glands, where no actinomyces or bacteria were demonstrable, are however to be considered as peculiar, and are doubtless due to the presence of the toxines produced by the Ray fungus. The case presents a striking an- alogy to the conditions found in the mesenteric glands in the earlier stages of typhoid fever, where the endothelial cells be- come enlarged, show amceboid movements and are phagocytic. The cells referred to in this paper could well be taken as types of the so-called “ typhoid cells ;’’ here, however, the process is much exaggerated. It is known that various bacteria, such as typhoid bacilli, streptococci, etc., through their toxines induce proliferation of cells or cause fixed cells to take on amceboid movements and become phagocytic. That these changes in the glands, namely proliferation, enlargement and phagocytosis in the extraordinary degree here noted, can also be caused by the Ray fungus, in or- ae REPORTS OF CASES. 1347 gans not showing the actual presence of the fungus, appears to be rare orunrecorded. Certainly the process is interesting from the standpoint of comparative pathology. SPINDLE-CELLED SARCOMA — MULE. By A. T. KInsLEy, M. Sc., D.V.S., Kansas City, Mo. October 25, 1905, a brown mare mule was presented to the hospital of the Kansas City Veterinary College for treatment. fitstory. — This mule was bought from a commission com- pany at the Kansas City Stock Yards, about March 1, 1905. The purchaser noticed at that time a small ‘‘ warty” growth below the right inferior eyelid, but thought it of no conse- quence. The mule was worked by a grading outfit through CuT I. Appearance of Mule Before Treatment. 1348 © REPORTS OF CASES, the spring and summer. About September 1 the driver noticed the left superior eyelid was considerably swollen, but thought the mule had probably injured it by striking her head against the feed box. The swelling increased gradually and the mule was sent to the hospital. Symptoms.—U pon examination a nodular growth was found inferior to the internal canthus of the right eye (Fig. 1, Cut 1). The nodules were somewhat larger than a pea, firm, pink and involved the dermis principally, although some of them ex- tended into and involved the subcutaneous areolar tissue. ‘The surface was denuded and hemorrhagic over the larger nodules. The left superior eyelid was involved, especially near the external canthus, where the growth projected outward, thus causing the tarsal margin of the eyelid to turn outward and up- ward (Fig. 2, Cut 1). This growth was in the sub-conjunctival tissue, the mass appearing as granulation tissue. Clinically the growths appeared as neoplasms, and prog- nosis given accordingly. of Cimegs Microscopic Appearance of Section of Neoplasm X goo. 4 REPORTS OF CASES. 1349 Treatment. — The growth in the superior left eyelid was carefully dissected out, preserved for microscopic study, the sur- faces of the wound curetted and saturated with thuja oil. The growth inferior to the right eye was curetted and saturated with thuja oil. Thuja oil was injected subcutaneously into the tegion of the growths about two weeks later, because there was some evidence cf their recurring. Local applications of thuja oil were prescribed for further treatment. Microscopic diagnosis. — The growths were fixed in 4 per cent. formalin, imbedded in collodion and sectioned. Micro- scopic examination of the sections was made and the growths found to be small spindle-celled sarcomata. The cells were rather closely packed and the cell bodies, as is frequently the case in sarcomata, were not clearly outlined in all the cells, but an occasional one is discernable, as shown in Fig. 1, Cut 2. Fig. 2, Cut 2, indicates the nuclei of the cells in which the cell bodies were not clearly outlined. The intercellular substance was found to be reticular con- nective tissue. The growth contained many small, apparently normal bloodvessels. Lymph spaces and lymph vessels were absent. The growths will probably not recur because — (1) the cells were closely packed, (2) the intercellular substance was reticu- lar connective tissue, and (3) the bloodvessels were practically normal, which are indications that the tumors are benign. The conclusion is based on previous observations in similar cases. The mule was recently reported to have practically re- covered. Nore. — Photographs taken by Ll]. Champlain, D.V.S. SEGMENTATION AND FRAGMENTATION OF THE HEART. By C. H. ScHuLtTz, E. P. JOHNSON, FRANK P. ST. CLAIR, Seniors, Mc- Killip Veterinary College, ’06. Bay filly, one year old, suffering from influenza, compli- cated by pneumonia. Previous history. — Has had no injury or disease previous to last illness, except gastro-intestinal catarrh, occurring inter- mittingly, covering a period of about two months. Recovery from the intestinal trouble was apparently complete before the influenza set in. Pneumonia was characterized by extreme cardiac weakness and a return of the intestinal disturbances. Post-mortem revealed characteristic lesions in the lungs, and also a peculiar condition of the heart. Heart was found to be REPORTS OF CASES. of sa REPORTS OF CASES. aispiil about normal in weight and size. Epicardium and endocar- dium normal. Coronary vessels patulous. An area compris- ing about four-fifths of the right ventricle, a portion of the right auricle, and about two fingers’ breadth of the left ventricle, involving the entire thickness of the wall, appeared lifeless, grayish in color and has the appearance of cooked meat. It is so soft and friable that the finger can be pushed through it at any point. Diagnosis.— Degeneration of the heart muscle, brought about by the influence of bacterial toxins produced in the lungs or intestinal tract, or both. Pathogenests.—Degeneration of the heart muscle is a fre- quent concomitant of diseases characterized by septic intoxica- tion, but in most cases the damage is not extensive enough to cause death. When the destruction is limited, scar tissue fills in the degenerated area, the integrity of the organ is maintained and the patient lives. This is the usual course. Occasionally, however, as in the case under consideration, so much of the heart wall is involved that reparation is impos- sible, and syncope results. The pathogenesis is not difficult to understand. By reason of extensive growth and multiplication of bacteria in the economy of the patient, his circulation be- comes loaded with toxins, which are rank tissue poisons. His heart ennervated and fatigued easily falls prey to their influence. Clinical symptoms are usually well enough marked to make the diagnosis reasonably certain. When in the case of an acute infectious disease the patient shows a weakness and depression not to be accounted for by the findings in his particular case, it may be presumed that the disease of the myocardium is pres- ent, especially when there are seen an irregularity of rythm and a weakening of the impulses, particularly of the first sound, which may be entirely inaudible. The pulse is irregular and weak, and dyspncea marked. Cardiac degeneration is probably more common than it is thought to be, and is undoubtedly the determining factor in many of the fatal cases of acute infectious disease ascribed to heart failure. The condition is of interest to the pathologist chiefly, for it is obvious that treatment is useless, other than that directed toward the husbanding of the natural forces and supreme stimulation, with the hope that the destruction of heart tissue may be limited and that it may be possible to tide the patient over the crisis, until nature may fill in the degener- ated area with connective tissue. 1352 REPORTS OF CASES. Microscopic appearance.—The organ was only in a fair state of preservation and had evidently been thoroughly washed in water before being shipped. Sections of tissues from the wall of the right and left ven- tricles and auricles were fixed in Bichro-acetic, Zenker’s and Flemming’s solution, hardened in the alcohol series and im- bedded and sectioned in paraffine. Fresh teased preparations were examined as to their reaction to acetic acid aud Lugol’s solution, with negative results. This excluded advanced al- buminous degeneration or amyloid changes. Sections from the right ventricle were selected in such a manner, that the endocardium, the myocardium, and the epi- cardium were cut transversely, permitting close study of their relation. Many sections from different anatomical regions were mounted and stained with Delafield-hematoxylin, alumn- hematoxyline, eosine, methylene blue and Van Giessen’s stain. This was necessary to make sure, that different conditions did not maintain in different parts, as for example lesions due to trauma, parasitism or minute emboli. The endocardium was found to be normal ; the epicardium was normal in structure but in some sections was rubbed until the epithelial layer was injured toa considerable degree, a con- dition evidently due to rough handling during transportation. No evidence of inflammatory processes could be demonstrated. The myocardium does not show the usual changes of a pri- mary inflammation. Nearthe epicardium, but never extending out to it, a region with cloudy swelling can readily be traced ; in some sections the nuclei gives a characteristic staining reac- tion and the fibres of the myocardium appear pale in color and are turbid; a few are granular. Round-cell-infiltration is not in evidence; negative chemotaxis; proliferation of con- nective tissue cells absent. The veins usually distended with blood corpuscles, hence passive congestion. They are also found in numbers in the perimysium. -The most remarkable change noticeable in all the section is the condition often found, but so little understood: segmen- tation and fragmentation of the fibres of the heart muscle. Since some authorities attribute this to faulty technique, we decided to duplicate all the former work and prepared slides with great care. ‘These demonstrate beyond all doubt the conditions we have todeal with. The slides which we submit to your kind consideration and study are quite typical. The transverse split- REPORTS OF CASES. 1353 ting of the fibres can readily be seen, and the absence of inflam- matory changes and often pale nuclei suggest toxemia. Sten- gel, on page 397, describes it. Virchow has studied it thorough- ly and inclines to the belief that it is an acute ante-mortem change, produced by toxins. Dr. Hecktoen says that it is a mor- bid change frequently found in the myocardium under a great variety of circumstances. Delafield and Prudden consider it a secondary ante-mortem condition. Taking the majority of authorities into consideration, we can arrive at the conclusion, that fragmentation and segmenta- tion of the heart muscle fibres was due to the influence of toxins, produced by a primary disease in the abdominal or pul- monary organs. A CRYPTORCHID HORSE WITH A CYSTIC ENCHONDROMATIS TESTICLE By Dr. S. H. Swain, Decatur, II. On June 9, 1905, while castrating several cryptorchid horses at the request of Drs. F. J. Bliss and Tillman, of Earlville, La Salle County, Illinois, a Mr. H. W. Densmore presented for op- eration a very fine specimen of a one-year-old Percheron colt. This colt was large for his age and had been well fed, and Mr. Densmore prized him highly and seemed anxious that special care should be exercised in the operation on this colt lest mis- fortune should overtake him. The ropes were carefully adjusted, the colt cast and secured for the operation, and antiseptic and cleanly precautions were observed. Then, assisted by Dr. A. C. Tillman, I at once pro- ceeded to operate. Incising the scrotal region, the hand was passed through the inguinal canal; the peritoneum was then opened and the index finger introduced into the abdomen of the colt, where the vas deferens was readily and easily secured, but on retracting the hand, securing the vas deferens, a halt was made when the supposed testicle reached the peritoneal wound. Moderate traction having failed in delivering the testicle, an examination was made for the obstruction, when it was discov- ered that instead of a testicle we had to contend with an enor- mous testicular cyst. Having had experience with some three or four other similar cases, it required but a moment for us to decide upon the phenomenon and proper mode of operation. The cyst was drawn up close to the surgical opening; a * Read before the Illinois Veterinary Medical and Surgical Association, Jan 18, 1906. 1354 KEPORTS OF CASES. trocar was carefully introduced into the cyst; the trocar being withdrawn, the canula left in place and the liquid contents permitted to escape, it being necessary to repeat this part of the operation, as the cyst was composed of several compartments, each containing a liquid of very different appearance, one as clear as distilled water, another of a milky appearance, and still another containing what seemed to be healthy urine and also emitting an odor very much resembling that of the urine of a horse. It also contained cartilaginous phenomena. It was necessary to puncture each compartment in order to reduce the size of the cyst sufficiently for its delivery, which was with some difficulty accomplished by careful continuous traction upon the vas deferens and upon a vulsella securely fastened in the membranes of the cyst. The spermatic cord was so elongated that the cyst could readily be laid out upon the ground near the horse without stretching the cord. The cord was severed by means of the ecraseur. The wound was then carefully cleansed and made aseptic by means of an ap- plication of a highly carbolized oil. The ropes were now re- moved and the patient permitted to rise, which he did without apparent injury, and was next conducted to a suitable stall and secured with the posterior parts somewhat elevated in order to guard against hernia of the bowels. Instructions were left for the proper care of the patient and also a request that we be frequently notified by telephone, through the office of Drs. Bliss and Tillman, as to his condi- tion; and then Dr. Tillman and I went to Earlville for the evening. We received the most flattering reports of the patient up to noon of the following day, when I left for home, leaving all my patients in the care of Drs. Bliss and Tillman and re- questing them to inform me as to the result of this and all other operations performed by me while there. I will now append their report. ‘‘ HARLVILLE, ILL., June 20, 1905. Swo7o.i2. Swain, Decatur ull. ‘““My DEAR Doctor :—The six ridgling horses you castrated for us have all done well. The Densmore colt, that no one could have expected to do well, to say nothing about living through such a formidable operation, has done as well as any of them. I have seen them all, and will say with all candor, Doctor, that we consider you the king of all ridgling castrators. There has been nothing with all of those operated upon that gave a moment’s concern. We think we were fortunate in se- REPOKTS OF CASES, ieee curing your services, and you may consider yourself engaged to do all of our ridgling castration in the future. “With the sincerest regard, we are “Drs. F.-J. Bliss and Tillman.” COLLECTION OF PUS IN GUTTURAL POUCH FOLLOWING AN AT- TACK OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS.* By H. E. Tirus, V. S., Lafayette, Ind. May 17th, 1901, a six-year-old gray mare was sent from the country to the hospital for treatment. Diagnosed acute phar- yngitis and prescribed ext. belladonna and potassii iodide and applied a blister to the throat. Nothing whatever was heard from this patient until February 8th, 1902, when she was again presented at the hospital for treatment, showing no constitu- tional symptoms; the head was held extended, and side move- meuts avoided. A thick yellowish white fluid came from the right nostril, and was increased and became purulent on depression of the head. A snoring inspiratory sound could be heard when the horse was resting, which, on the slightest excitement or move- ment, became audible also in expiration. Deglutition visibly caused difficulty ; part of the water taken flowed back through the nostril. A swelling existed in the parotid region, most marked on the right side. No doubt could exist as to the diagnosis and oper- ation was decided upon by Viborg’s method. With the patient in the standing position, an incision four inches in length was made in the middle of the triangle and parallel with the sterno-maxillaris muscle and reaching to the border of the lower jaw. Upon opening the sac some 3 or 4 pints of turbid fluid con- taining about seventy chrondroids, weighing 6% ounces, flowed out. The cavity was thoroughly washed and packed with corro- sive sublimate gauze; each day for two weeks the dressing con- sisted of zenoleum or permanganate of potash solution, with oc- casional dressing of carbolic acid, followed by alcohol. March rst, 1902, patient dismissed from hospital, to be re- turned once a week for treatment. March atst, patient returned and wound reopened, because sac had again filled ; sac very small; was given the carbolic acid treatment and packed with gauze. * Read at Annual Meeting of Indiana State Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianap lis. 1356 REPORTS OF CASES. May roth, treatment discontinued and animal sent home. June 30th, patient quite capable of work; the operative wound closed, secretions slight, parotid region normal. Patient now received daily six drachms of iodide of potash for ten or twelve days. December 22d, patient again returned, having com- pletely recovered. CHRONIC NEPHRITIS AND FATAL UREMIA DUE TO A VERMI- NOUS ANEURISM.* By H. E. Titus, V. S., Lafayette, Ind. This patient was a black pacing gelding, six years old, pur- chased by the manager of the Artificial Ice Company, Oct. 1, 1901, of a local dealer. No history accompanied the bill of sale. Oct. 6, gelding was sent to the hospital for examination of teeth. Patient at this time weighed perhaps 1050 pounds, and looked as if he had been poorly cared for ; dressed the teeth and prescribed artificial Karlsbad salts. Oct. 16, he was again re- turned, suffering with influenza, from which he recovered in ten or twelve days. Nov. 15, horse was again presented for treatment, with the statement that he was inclined to turn to the left as he was driven, owner thinking perhaps his teeth were at fault. An examination of the chest revealed a case of pleurisy of the left side. Remained in hospital for two weeks, when he was again sent home apparently in good health. At this time, however, I advised owner to give patient absolute rest in a large roomy box and pleasant days to be turned out in a small grass plot close to the stables. Jan. 9, 1902, received a telephone call to the stables, and upon my arrival found this same horse again needing attention. ‘The statement of the at- tendant was that up until a few days prior to Jan. 9, the horse had been doing well, and not until that day had he refused his feed. As he was taken from his box to water, he had noticed him appear stiff and unsteady in the posterior extremities ; stall was not as damp as usual, and never had he shown any signs of colic. Upon examination found pulse feeble and irregular, res- piration labored, subnormal temperature, extremities cedema- tous. Sample of urine showed increase of specific gravity, con- tained albumen, casts, and epithelial cells. Diagnosed chronic nephritis, due to some interference of the circulation, but as to the nature I could only guess. My prog- nosis unfavorable. ‘Treatment consisted of cardiac tonics and diuretics. * Read at Annual Meeting of Indiana Veterinary Medical Association at Indianapolis. Valu’ REPORTS OF CASES. 1357 January 2oth, received telephone message that my patient died during the night. The autopsy revealed the cause of the chronic nephritis and fatal uremia to be due to an aneurism of the posterior aorta caused by the Strongylus armatus. BARBADOES PONY WITH CURVATURE OF SPINE. By R. Assouts, D. V. S., Government Veterinary Surgeon, Barbados, West Indies. I send you herewith for publication inthe REVIEW, a photo- graph of a native pony, whom I have known for about fifteen years. During all this time he has never been unable to do his work satisfactorily. What is wrong with him ? INDURATION OF STOMACH WALL, WITH RUPTURE. By J. F. WINCHESTER, D.V.S., Lawrence, Mass. Subject, bay mare, aged. Fiistory. — March, 1905, colic due to indigestion ; duration three days; subsequently has had several attacks that were of short duration and spontaneous recovery from the pain, but did not thrive well; appetite capricious. June 29, 3 A. M., she was noticed in severe pain, and caretaker gave colic drench. I 1358 . REPORTS OF CASES. saw mare 7 A. M.; made diagnosis of peritonitis with unfavora- ble prognosis, and she died about 3 P. M. Post-mortem. — June 30, A. M., bloated; large amount fluid escapes when abdominal cavity is opened, together with hay and grain. On large curvature of stomach was found an ante- mortem rupture of external coat, about twelve inches, and that of the inner coats about three inches. Opening the stomach the grain of the evening meal was found filling the stomach. The pyloric portion of the inside was quite red and the wall of that portion was indurated, while at the pyloric opening it was quite two inches thick, extending into the walls of the small intestine. My observations in the past have led me to cite this case, since the literature of induration of the walls of the pylorus and that portion of the stomach is not very plentiful, and it may in- duce the observer to complete an examination, especially in those cases with the above history. Dr. REYNOLDS has been elected Secretary of the Minnesota Examining Board, in place of Dr. Youngberg, resigned. Dr. Wo. F. Ecan, formerly of San Francisco, Cal., has been appointed Territorial Veterinarian for the Hawaiian Islands. WILLIAM H. Curtiss, M. D. C., Marengo, IIl., died in No- vember after only a few hours illness. He was a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College, class of 1889, and did a successful practice. Dr. W. H. PENpDRY, Brooklyn, N. Y., “the father of the first law regulating veterinary practice in America,” (New York law, 1886), is now a practicing attorney and counsellor at law, — with offices at 1302-1304 Broadway, Brooklyn. Dr. REYNOLDS, of St. Anthony Park, and Drs. Dill and Philp, of Mankato, attended a recent meeting of the Minnesota State Dairy Association at Mankato, Dr. Reynolds giving an address on ‘“‘ White Scours.” Dr. PETERS, of Nebraska, addressed a combined convention of the Minnesota State Live Stock Breeders’ Association and the Minnesota State Agricultural Society, at Minneapolis, in January. Dr. J. G. RUTHERFORD, Veterinary Director-General of Canada, is, according to the press reports, to investigate the conditions under which Mexican cattle are raised and inspected, so that he may from personal observation, be enabled to judge how stringent the import regulations on such stuff should be. SURGICAL ITEMS. 1359 SURGICAL ITEMS. By Drs. Louis A. AND EDWARD MERILLAT, CHICAGO, ILL. BRACHIAL PARALYSIS. Definition.—The term ‘brachial paralysis” is now quite commonly used to designate a special peripheral nerve paralysis of the horse, manifested by a partial or complete paralysis of the muscles receiving their innervation from the brachial plexus. It is a paralysis of traumatic origin affecting one or more of the large nerve trunks proceeding from the plexus to the various parts of the anterior extremity. Itis both a motor and a sensory paralysis, the nerve trunks at the plexus and in the arm being mixed nerves. It is partial or complete according to the sever- ity and the extent of the injury, and geweral or local according as all or only a part of the nerve trunks are injured. BRACHIAL PARALYSIS OF 24 Hours’ DuRATION, CAUSED FROM SLIPPING WITHOUT FALLING TO THE GROUND, Etiology.—Brachial paralysis is caused by bruzsing, crushing or stretching the nerves, within or proceeding from, the brachial plexus, which occupies the confined position between the bones of the extremities and the ribs. A fall upon the shoulder may severely crush the plexus, fracture the first rib, and produce a serious, complete, general and permanent paralysis of all of the muscles of the extremity, or it may merely bruise one or more of the component parts of the plexus and thus provoke a trivial, local, partial and transient paralysis. Between these two ex- treme cases are all the intermediate ones, which vary in serious- 1360 SURGICAL ITEMS. ness according to the nature of the lesion. An outward slip of the fore leg by violently stretching the large nerve trunks of the arm is capable of causing the lesion in a very aggravated form, an example of which is seen in the accompanying illustration. Lying heavily upon the shoulder during surgical restraint, to the writer’s personal knowledge, may cause the accident ina mild form, in large horses that fight violently during long oper- ations. Zugging violently with a confined leg during surgical operations or when a shoe-calk becomes accidentally fixed into a car track, is also one of the very common causes. In these cases the nerve is stretched to the point of dividing its axones. Symptoms.—The pathognomonic symptoms are shown in the accompanying illustration. The foot is forward, the carpus is. flexed and the olecranon is ‘‘dropped”’ far below its opponent. The caput muscles are flaccid, limp, relaxed, paralzyed. Exten- sion is impossible, difficult or slow according to the degree of pa- ralysis. In most cases all of the joints will immediately flex (col- lapse) if attempt is made tosupport weight. Aftersome days the paralyzed muscles begin to atrophy with remarkable rapidity, and the wasting process continues until only the stroma of the muscle appears to remain. The elbow drops farther and farther, until it reaches the level of the middle third of the radius or even lower. ‘The patient becomes more or less emaciated, suf- fers from the various complications that usually supervene ser- ious injuries of a leg, and is finally killed to terminate a linger- ing hopeless condition. Milder cases may slowly recover after the function of the injured nerve is restored. The very mild case, frequently described under the name of “radial nerve pa- ralysis,” may recover in a comparatively short time. Prognosts.—The prognosis is usually grave, for brachial paralysis is a very serious affection. The recovery depends pri- marily upon the amount of injury the various nerves have sus- tained. If the injury has not divided their continuity nor muti- lated them over too great a length they will regenerate and the function of the muscle will then be restored as fast as the atro- phied condition permits ; but as both of these two regenerative processes (nerve and muscle) are slow complications in the meantime prevent a favorable termination. It is therefore only the partial or local paralyzed state that terminates favorably. Radial nerve paralysis uncomplicated is usually favorable, for here but a single nerve trunk is injured, the lesion of the nerve is less serious, the patient supports weight on the injured leg and no complications arise to accentuate the decrepitude SURGICAL ITEMS. 1361 that is certain to follow the case of diffuse brachial paralysis. Diagnosts.—Brachial paralysis may be mistaken for fracture of the humerus, scapula, radius or ulna, owing to the fact that the two conditions may co-exist. The almost total absence of pain in the former and the great pain that always accompanies a fracture, even when there is no displacement, will generally serve to differentiate one from the other. When a rib is frac- tured, however, there may be sufficient pain produced by manip- ulating the leg to suggest fracture without displacement. ‘The differentiation is then made with certainty on the second day by the absence of swelling characteristic of brachial paralysis and the pronounced swelling that is certain to accompany a fracture about the shoulder. Treatment.—Severe cases of brachial paralysis are incurable, those of zomzna/ severity and extent will make a partial re- covery after a very long period of convalescence if no complica- tions arise, while the sz/d forms all make very satisfactory re- coveries. The extreme case is killed, the less severe one is placed in slings until the use of the limb is partially restored and the mild one is turned into the loose box, paddock or pas- ture. External applications of anodynes, irritants or blisters do not help matters to any appreciable extent. Berns (Brooklyn) has suggested the use of splints or plaster of Paris to support the carpus and thus prevent its forward collapse when effort is made to support weight with the paralyzed leg. This expedient should be valuable in that it prevents the weight of the leg from dragging the paralyzed muscles downward. * * * COMPLETE FRACTURE OF THE PREMAXILLZ OF A HORSE CAUSED BY A RATCHET MOUTH- SPECULUM. That the ratchet mouth-speculum is not absolutely harmless was shown by an accident of recent date that occurred at the surgical exercises of the Chicago Veterinary College. The horse in question had been under the influence of chloroform aneesthesia for several hours while various operations were performed at different parts of the body. Thestudents assigned to the head adjusted a ratchet mouth-speculum (equipped with transverse cups to fit the incisive arcades) preparatory to the oper- ation of repulsing the fourth molar, and in doing so carelessly allowed the subject to partially revive from the anzsthetic 1362 SURGICAL ITEMS. state. While in the semi-comatose condition the jaws champed forcibly and with a crunching noise fractured both premaxillz two inches behind the bodies. The fracture was a complete transverse one with some comminution of the superior apo- physes. The subject was about eighteen years old, in good general health and spirits, and the examination post-mortem disclosed no general rarifying disease of the osseous system nor evidence of any local changes at the seat of injury, to which the accident could be attributed. It was an accident due strictly to violence without any predisposing cause. If a horse frantic from snrgical pain or confinement or one partially anzesthetized will test the strength of the strongest speculum and not infrequently break it to pieces, is there not always some chance of fracturing the jaws? The above inci- dent answers the question in the affirmative, and should serve as a valuable Jesson in view of its possible repetition in animals more costly than an old experimental subject. Dr. R. W. McCCULLY, who has had medical charge of the large sales stables of the Fiss, Doerr & Carroll Horse Company, of New York, for a number of years, has severed his connection with the company to engage in private practice. He will main- tain an office in the Bull’s Head district, and will undoubtedly enjoy a large practice. Dr. J. Elmer Ryder, of the American Horse Exchange, has succeeded Dr. McCully. Dr. R. A. RAMSEY has been appointed Western Agent of the Bureau of Animal Industry, with headquarters at Denver, Col. Dr. Ramsey has been in the inspection service for some time, having been doing field work in connection with sheep, scab and cattle mange, in the Dakotas and Montana. His new duties will place him in a broader sphere, having charge of in- spectors in the West, and looking after the interests of the stockmen, railroads, sanitary boards, etc. eg Dr. I. C. NEWHARD, of Ashland, Pa., chief veterinarian for the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, deliv- ered six most interesting lectures on the “‘ Care of Mine Mules,” during the week of January 29th, to the employees of the com- pany the Doctor is associated with. His lectures were profusely illustrated on the screen, showing some of the underground stables, etc. They were delivered at Pottsville, Ashland, Ma- hony City, Shamokin, Tremont, and Shenandoah. The total attendance was 2185. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1363 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. THE ARMY BILL IN CONGRESS. As announced in the February REVIEW, the bill to improve the efficiency of the veterinary service of the Army, was intro- duced in both houses of Congress on Jan. 29, and was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs of each body. It had obtained the approval of the General Staff and was recommend- ed by the Secretary of War. Being exceedingly mild in its pro- visions, it did not appear to us that there could possibly arise any opposition to its passage, and in the form in which it was introduced we do not now believe that it can take any other course than that of enactment and approval by the President. In the article above referred to veterinarians throughout the country were strongly urged to bring all possible influence to bear upon their Congressman and Senators to secure their favor- able influence in behalf of the Bill, and we know of many who have done so. The Committee on Army Levislation of the American Vet- erinary Medical Association met at the New Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C., Feb. 21, and was called to order by the Chairman, Dr. T. Earle Budd, of New Jersey. The only other member of the committee present was Dr. A. S. Cooley, of Ohio, but Dr. John R. Mohler, Dr. Buckingham, and Dr. J. P. Turner, of Washington, D. C., were appointed as substitutes. The com- mittee took up House Bill 13385 for consideration, and it was moved by Dr. Mohler, seconded by Dr. Buckingham, that the word ‘“‘grade”’ be inserted in lines 5 and 7 of said Bill, making it read ‘‘ grade, pay and allowances,” instead of ‘‘ pay and allow- ances,” and that lines 15, 16, 17 and 18 be changed to read: “Sec. 8. That any veterinarian now in the service who shall fail in his physical examination and be found incapacitated for service by reason of physical disability contracted in the line of duty shall be retired with rank to which his seniority entitles him to be promoted.” Both of these motions were carried. An article in the REVIEW, page 621, being the resolutions 1364 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. on Army Legislation adopted by the Cleveland meeting of the A. V. M. A., was read, after which adjournment to the Capitol was carried by motion. Visiting the House Committee on Mil- itary Affairs, it was found that Chairman John A. T. Hull was on the floor of the House, aud could not be seen. ‘They next called upon Chairman Warren, of the Senate Committee on Mil- itary Affairs, after which adjournment was made to the New Willard at 3 o’clock, when the following business was trans- acted : The following letter was compiled and forwarded to Presi- dent Roosevelt : “To His Excellency The President of the United States: ‘““ DEAR SIR :—We have the honor to present to you for your consideration the accompanying resolution which was passed as an expression of judgment on matters of Army veterinary service on the part of the American Veterinary Medical Association at its forty-second annual convention held in Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 15 to 18, 1905. Very respectfully, ( T. Earle Budd, Chairman, ‘““ Committee on Army | sy ; ee? Secret, Naess i ) | eee D. E. Buckingham, (ay. darner:? A letter stating the need of the amendments adopted was sent to the Chairmen of the Military Committees of the House and Senate. | It was moved and carried that Dr. Buckingham be delegat- ed to call upon Hon. J. A. T. Hull and explain the Bill as amended. Dr. Gage, of Fort Meyer, Va., was given four or five cop- ies of the Bill with the Committee’s recommendations, who will present them with other letters to both Chairmen Hull and Warten. In a private letter to the REviEw, Dr. Budd says: “ We did not get an interview with the President, but we were assured by his Secretary that our letter would receive due consideration, and he thought that this would do as much good as if we actu- ally saw him.” ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 1365 EXEUNT GROSVENOR. Apropos of the defeat of General Grosvenor for renomination to Congress from Ohio, which he has misrepresented for the past twenty years, the following letter from Dr. Burneson fitly represents the sentiment of the veterinary profession of the country on the passing of this old political hack : ‘“Enclosed you will find clippings from the Chicago 77z- Sune, which news should be received with rejoicing by the vet- erinary profession of the United States, as he has shown him- self to be the lowest form of human parasite known by the vet- erinarian. The REVIEW should have an announcement, with large headlines, hailing his defeat, as I do not think a reader of the REVIEW has forgotten the unwarranted attack, made upon the veterinarian, by him, at the time the Bill for recognition of the Army veterinarian came up before Congress. I have just finished a letter to him, apprising him of the fact that the vet- erinarians throughout the land are rejoicing at his defeat—that they have been waiting for his hide for many moons. Respectfully, J. C. BURNESON, 6433 S. Sangamon St., Chicago, Dr. R, J. GARNETT (New York State Veterinary College,’os), Newark, N. Y., has entered the practice of Dr. Geo. H. Berns, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Drs. W. L. BAKER, of Buffalo, and Roscoe R. Bell, of Brooklyn, attended the banquet of the Society of Comparative Medicine of the New York State Veterinary College on Feb. 21, and addressed the students. Dr. E. J. ROBBINS, of Bay Shore, L. I., wearsa large ring on his finger, and in withdrawing his hand from a horse’s mouth recently, it caught against a tooth, lacerating his finger and causing the whole arm to swell. THE CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE has an enrollment of three hundred and eight students the present session—the largest number in the history of the school. Forty of this num- ber are taking a post-graduate course. Dr. M. H. REYNOLDS, of Minneapolis, under date of Feb. 16, writes: ‘I may say that our little Twin City Veterinary Medical Association has so far been thoroughly successful in every way, and is serving a very useful purpose, especially in promoting acquaintance and better feeling socially among the local men.” 1366 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. GERMAN AND HUNGARIAN REVIEW. By ApDOLPH EICHHORN, D. V.S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Great Bend, Kansas, FILARIA PAPILLOSA, REMOVED FROM THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EvE [Prof B. Plosz|.—The author intro- duced at the Hungarian Veterinary Medical Association meet- ing a sample of a vlaria papillosa, which he removed on the previous day from the eyeof a horse. The presence of the worm was noticed for about two weeks ; before the operation the cornea was uniformly cloudy, and through the same in the aqueous humor the filaria could plainly be seen floating around. Its removal was easily accomplished with the aid of a lancet-shaped knife, introducing the same at the border of the cornea. After the removal of the worm, a few drops of the aqueous humor still oozed out, but 12 hours after the operation the edges of the wound adhered together, the wound healed satisfactorily and there were no symptoms of inflammation present.—(A//atorvost lapok.) OPERATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF AN INTESTINAL CALCU- Lus [Prof. B. Plosz|.—A sick fox terrier dog has repeatedly swallowed sand-gravels, which passed out without interference. Since the last six davs, however, the animal began to vomit, aud a cessation of defecation was also noticed. As the examina- tion with Roentgen rays, at the clinic, showed the presence of dark formations, undoubtedly proving the presence of a foreign body, the animal was operated upon. ‘The incision was made on the linea alba, into which the small intestines containing the foreign body was brought forward. ‘The intestines were opened at the place of the foreign body and a sand-gravel of the size of a walnut, flattened on both sides, was removed. The wound of the intestines was closed with Lambert stitches, while the ab- dominal wound was closed in two layers, by common sutures. The general condition of the animal remained well after the operation, the offered small quantities of milk and bouillon were eagerly taken. The bandage was removed four days after the operation, and it was noticed that while the sutured deep layer of the abdominal wound was united, the outside suture in the canals of two stitches a little pus formed. The temperature varied five days after the operation from 38.2° to 38.9° C.— (Allatorvost lapok.) EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1367 THE TREATMENT OF BOG SPAVIN, THOROUGHPIN AND WINDGALLS WITH IODINE INJECTIONS [Zrber].—The treat- ment of dilatations of tendinous and articular synovial sacs in horses belongs to the most unsatisfactory undertakings, as they are generally followed by very doubtful results, yet they are so general, especially in draught horses, that exceptions are rare. The application of irritants is generally followed by no results, and from the hot iron we cannot expect better effects, and these heroic treatments often leave scars at the place of application. Lavat’s method consists in the following: The horse is thrown and at the highest point of the dilatation it is punctured with a trocar and its contents let out; in its placea solution of 6.0 gm. of iodide of potassium, 100.0 gm. of tincture of iodine, and 200.0 gm. of distilled water injected; then for a few minutes the place is massaged and again tapped. The injection with the solution is then repeated and after the removal of the trocar the puncture is closed. In the following 24 hours a severe reaction follows, through which sometimes the animal will not place weight on the treated leg for a week. But as a general rule the reaction passes away inside of two weeks, during which time the dilatation gradually disappears. Erber applied Lavat’s method in 12 cases; in 10 with complete satisfaction, in one only improvement was noticed, while in the r2th the affection was aggravated. In this case, following the injection a very severe and lasting lameness appeared, resulting in atrophy of the hip muscles; after some time the lameness disappeared, but the dilatation (bog spavin) was larger than before the treatment. E. believes that an infection was carried in with the second in- jection. Lavat places great weight on removing the whole contents of the dilatation, and the injection should be carried out under very strict antiseptic rules.—(Zeztschr. 7. Veterin. k.) OPERATIVE REMOVAL OF A FOREIGN BODY FROM THE SromacH oF A Cat [Prof. Udriskt].—A six-months-old cat manifested cough, profuse salivation, inappetence; its owner suspecting the presence of aforeign body in its throat, attempt- ed to remove the same with a bony hairpin. During the pro- cedure the hairpin slipped out of his hand, and the cat swallow- edit. The animal was brought to the Veterinary High School of Bucharest, where Udriski, while laying the animal on its back, felt a foreign body in the epigastric region, which simul- taneously with the act of respiration moved slightly; later he could feel the two ends of the pin under the skin. ‘The animal was anesthetized with ether and the operation was performed. 1368 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. In the epigastric region, posteriorly to the chest bone an incis- ion was made five c.m. in length through the skin and abdomi- nal muscles, then lifting the peritoneum with a forceps, and tearing the same with a probe. ‘Through the opening a part of the stomach and the liver was visible. The large curvature of the stomach was greatly distended, a portion of 1 c.m. of this was held with the aid of two artery forceps and between them the stomach was opened, from which the pin dropped. After thorough disinfection of the stomach wound, the mucous mem- brane and the peritoneum were separately sutured, then the stomach was replaced, and the abdominal wound closed with three layers of sutures (peritoneum, muscles and skin sutured separately). The skin wound was painted over with sublimate collodion, and a bandage applied, which was followed by heal- ing per primam in eleven days. No bad results could be ob- served after the operation.—-(Deutsche Thierarzt. Wochenschr.) POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AS A LOCAL HAiMOSTATIC.— Voerner experienced that the concentrated solution of potassium permanganate, or the powder made from this, but especially the latter, acts as one of the best hamostatics when it requires ap- plication on a small area. According to him it is superior to tannic acid, iron chloride and others. Its superiority consists in that it does not destroy the tissues and only hastens the coag- ulation of the blood.—(Munch. Med. Woch.) CHROMIC ACID FOR THE SUMMER ECZEMA OF HORSES.— Frequently in summer the profuse perspiration, especially in the region of the saddle and collar, causes a severe eczema. Bock recommends a 2 to 3 per cent. solution of chromic acid painted over the affected skin. The chromic acid acts very ben- eficially in these cases, as it also diminishes the perspiration. TREATMENT OF WOUNDS OF TENDINOUS SHEATHS AND SYNOVIAL Sacs.—Kettner and Rode after the unsatisfactory use in such wounds of sublimate, protargol and other remedies, ap- plied camphor with very good results. The camphor may be used as an alcoholic solution or preferably as an ointment; in the latter case in the following prescription : Oleiterebinthinz, 2.0; camphore trite, 8.0; unguenti paraffini, 20.0. Mix. Sig. Apply externally. TREATMENT OF WOUNDS WITH EXCESSIVE GRANULATIONS. —According to Fuchsel, such wounds heal rapidly after paint- ing them with a Io per cent. solution of formalin. Also in cases of itching eczemas and chronic indurated inflammation of the skin, a 5 to 10 per cent. solution gives excellent satisfaction. EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 1369 GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P.O’ Leary, D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. _ EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS TO CaTTLE [Dr. Ludolph Brauer.|—Since the well equipped Veterinary Institute at Leipzig has been at the disposal of Dr. A. Eber, he has been occupied with the study of the transmis- sion of tuberculosis. The present pamphlet is the result of this work and might furnish important proof for the question raised by Dr. Koch. For his experiment of the transmissibility of human tuberculosis to cattle, Eber used material from five children, three of whom were found to be accidentally infected with intestinal tuberculosis. In the remaining two cases, diag- nosis zztra vitam showed pulmonary and intestinal tuberculo- sis. Seven young cattle were at his disposal. At the same time. Eber was able to test the transmissibility of animal tuberculo- sis on five other cattle. The investigation covered a period of fifteen months. The experimental infection was conducted on seven head of young healthy cattle, eight to twelve weeks old, which had not reacted to tuberculin. Inoculations were made from human tubercular material directly and after its passage through guinea-pigs. Thus it has been demonstrated that the tubercular material derived from human sources was virulent for two cattle. Case /.—Continued severe, feverish, general ail- ing. The severely diseased experimental animal was killed 52 days after inoculation and found to have tubercular infiltra- tion at place of inoculation, peritoneal and pleural tuberculosis, extending from point of inoculation, as well as embolic tuber- culosis of lungs, liver and spleen. Case Va.—Continued se- vere, feverish, general ailing. Death occurred 37 days after the inoculation. Extensive tubercular infiltration, at point of inoculation, including the respective lymph glands. Acute miliary tuberculosis of the lungs, lobar catarrhal pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. In the case of the (two) cattle the tubercular material from human sources proved virulent toa mean degree. Case //.—Transient, feverish, general ailing ; killed 64 days after inoculation, pleu- ral and peritoneal tuberculosis, extending from point of inocu- lation. Case Vb.—Transient, feverish, general ailing; killed 6 months after inoculation; typical peritoneal tuberculosis, extending from point of inoculation. In the case of the (three) cattle, the material showed slight virulence or totally avirulent. 1370 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Case I/[a.—Transient, feverish, rise of temperature ; killed 106 days after inoculation. Aside from a tubercular infiltration about the size of a walnut at the point of inoculation and infec- tion of the adjacent lymph glands, no trace of tubercular in- fection. Case ///b.—Slight rise of temperature in the evening. Killed 132 days after inoculation. No trace of tubercular in- fection. Case /V.—Slight rise of temperature in the evening. Killed 112 days after inoculation. No trace of tubercular in- fection. The tubercular material of cattle inoculated into (five) young cattle proved very virulent in one case, medium in two, and slightly virulent for the remaining two. Eber concludes from his experiments that the method of inoculation and the number of active tubercle bacilli contained in the transmitted material, as well as age and resistence of the individual animal, play an important réle. Through intraperitoneal inoculation, human tuberculosis may be transmitted to cattle and cause the typical form of serous tuberculosis. In the light of these exper- iments, the view advanced by Koch that human tuberculosis is different from that of cattle, can no longer be maintained.— (Bettrige zur Klintk Tuberkulose. ) ETIOLOGY OF CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA AND SIMI- LAR DISEASES OF THE Horsk [ Zartakowsky].—The author concludes from his observations, that contagious pleuro-pneu- monia of the horse is a specific disease from the group of the so-called hemorrhagic septiceemias. With the latter disease complications not infrequently occur by means of secondary in- fection through the streptococci of strangles. Simultaneously with contagious pleuro-pneumonia produced by the coccus bacilli of hzemorrhagic septiczemia, there appear isolated dis- eases and whole epizootics, which, according to their character, on the one hand, closely resemble contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and on the other pharyngo-laryngitis, described by Dieckerhoff under the name of scalma. Strangles of the horse is a serious epizootic, characterized by great diversity in localization as well as in the process of the disease. Strangles produces no immu- nity. In the course of the epizootic the streptococci of stran- gles acquire great virulence and can directly produce pneumo- nia, pleuro-pneumonia, and septiceemia. The only remedy for contagious pleuro-pneumonia from the group of the hzmor- rhagic infections is the use of the specific serum. As the hem- orrhagic infections are frequently associated with strangles, then both specific sera must be used or a specially prepared bivalent serum. Until a distinction is established to a certainty between EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1371 ee ee ee ee er contagious pleuro-pneumonia and influenza, we must retain the old name ‘influenza,’ and for the present differentiate (1) in- fluenza as a slight form of disease of a feverish character with complications of the nervous system, the eyes, the sheaths of tendons, the intestines ; and (2) contagious pleuro-pneumonia as a pure form of pleural disease. As regards the streptococci in- fection, we must place strangles under the designation “stran. gles and its complications.’—(Archiv. Veterinarnych Nauk. Buch 11 and 12.) BELGIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiauTarp, M. D., V. M. CONTRIBUTION TO THE TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL ArR- THRITIS OF THE STIFLE IN THE COLT [G. Mulhe].—After a few remarks on the etiology and symptomatology of the affec- tion, and a consideration of the usual treatment, the author, af- ter relating his failure in three cases upon animals of great value, records three others where he modified the classical treatment which had always given him poor results. This modification consisted in the injection into the joint of a solution of tincture of iodine. At first he used one part of the tincture, three of water, and a sufficient quantity of iodide of potassium. Forty- five cubic centimetres were introduced into the joint in two cases. Ina third case the solution was made weaker by the ad- dition of three more parts of water. The synovia was left in the sac. In the first animal an improvement was very notice- able. The arthritis existed only on one leg. In the second both stifles were diseased ; 4o c.c. of the solution were injected in each. Result, great improvement, almost recovery in one leg, none on theother. The third case received only 25 c.c. of the weaker solution, and after two months the animal was en- tirely well. The author recommends careful exercise only after all bad conditions of the joint have subsided.—(Amunales de Bruxelles. ) ENORMOUS VARICOUS TUMOR SIMULATING AN INGUINAL HERNIA IN A HorsE [G. Nadelz].—This colt is two years old ; back of the cicatrix of castration in the right inguinal region he has a tumor as big as a large fist, elongated from forward back- wards, soft, painless, and giving to the touch the sensation of a diffuent mass, enclosed in a cavity with flabby envelopes, and in which is felt a mass quite soft and rather movable. The 1372 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. whole is covered by a soft skin. The tumor is not reducible. The history of the case is that the swelling made its appearance more than a year ago, subsiding after castration, returning some three months later, since when it has been increasing. It has never seemed to cause any inconvenience to the animal. As rec- tal examination fails to confirm the supposition of the presence of a hernia, a diagnosis of haematoma is made. At the opera- tion, on opening the sac, where the mass is enclosed, it is found that it is continued behind by a very large and knotty vein and that in front it is continuous to eight other veins of medium size. Ligatures are applied upon each one of the bloodvessels, and the tumor removed. It makesa mass, cylindrical in shape, 20 centimetres long, 8 wide. The wound is treated by daily an- tiseptic washings.—(Azzales de Lruxelles. ) CASE OF RADIAL PARALYSIS IN A Doc [Prof. Hebrant|.— Hurled by a tramway, this animal shortly after the accident, al- though he has no fracture, dislocation, nor wound, became very lame in the right fore leg. He presented the following conditions : standing at rest the dog keeps his leg up, flexed at the knee, with the palmar face of his paw looking upwards and back- wards. ‘The elbow is dropped, the forearm is carried forward, and the scapulo-humeral angle extended. In walking, the met- acarpi cannot be extended and the toes cannot rest on the ground; the anterior face of the claws rub against it. Ata fast gait the animal touches the ground with the anterior face of the knee, where the skin is excoriated. The olecranon muscles are atrophied, as well as the extensor muscles of the fore- arm and paws. ‘There is no sensation to the prick of a pin in the skin, or in the muscles of the forearm. The treatment suggested is electricity, but is applied for only a short time, when the animal is destroyed. At the post-mortem there is found: atrophy and degeneration of the olecranon mus- cles, of the extensors of the metacarpi and phalanges. ‘The rad- ial nerve is also atrophied, being only of the size of a fine thread. The superior brachial ganglions are enlarged, and form a black hard mass, which press upon the nerve, and are the cause of the nervous degeneration.—( Annales de Bruxelles. ) PSEUDO-PERICARDITIS AND TUBERCULOUS PULMONARY AB- scEss IN A Cow [ Prof. Lzenaux].—This animal was brought to the clinic of the author presenting all the symptoms of pericar- ditis with effusion. There was bilateral dullness on percussion in the region of the heart ; the normal sounds were absent ; also the beatings of the organ; the swelling of the jugulars was well € ne, EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1373 a i ee aE marked and the cedema of the maxillary space and of the dew- lap quite large. After a few days this last swelling began to di- minish ; the dullness was more marked and higher on the right than on the left side; the normal sounds of the heart were well heard and the cardiac beatings well felt. Consequently there was no exudation in the pericardium. Notwithstanding a negative test with tuberculin, a diagnosis of tuberculosis was made, which was proven correct at the post-mortem. A large abscess, the size of a man’s head, was found occupying the cardiac lobe of the right lung. There were also caseous centres in other parts of the lung as well as in the bronchial glands.—(Annales de Bruxelles. ) Two CASES OF VERTEBRAL TUBERCULOSIS IN BOVINES [Ernest Gueldre|.—Lately vertebral tuberculosis has been the object of special study. The author has observed two animals affected with this disease—in one the lesions existed on the last cervical vertebra, in the other on the second dorsal. In both cases the disease started by a special symptom, which, although it has already been mentioned, has not yet received the special attention it deserves. Thissymptom consists in the diminution of the movements of the neck, and principally the act of lower- ing. The animal does not eat at pasture, says the owner. In the first case this symptom was the only one observed by the owner. Tested with tuberculin, the cow was found tuberculous and slaughtered. At the autopsy, besides pulmonary lesions, a tuberculous mass as big as a hen’s egg, was found to have in- vaded the bodies of the last two cervical vertebrze. In the sec- ond case, where the symptom of difficult lowering of the neck was observed by the owner, some clinical symptoms present left no doubt as to the nature of the trouble. At the post-mortem the thoracic organs and the liver presented tuberculous lesions of various aspects. The superior third of the ninth left rib was softened and invaded by tuberculosis. The second dorsal vertebree was also extensively diseased, the body and the spin- ous process as well as the medullary canal being involved. —(Annales de Bruxelles. ) JAMES H. HESTER, V. S., Santa Barbara, California, is an important breeder of red Aryshire cattle. WE regret to learn of the death on Feb. 17, of Mr. Edward Tonkin Dobbins, second vice-president of the well-known drug manufacturing house of John Wyeth & Brother (incorporated), of Philadelphia, Pa. $374 CORRESPONDENCE. CORRESPONDENCE. ' THE RECENT SPLENDID AGRICULTURAL WEEK IN NEBRASKA. Sr. ANTHONY PARK, MINN., February 1, 1906. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR Sirs: It was recently my privilege to attend a rather remarkable agricultural convention at Lincoln, Nebraska. This convention included a joint session of the American Breeders’ Association, Nebraska Live Stock Breeders’ Association, Ne- braska State Dairymen’s Association, Nebraska State Veterinary Association, Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, State Bet: keepers’ Association, and State Horticultural Society. The credit of bringing these associations together and of organizing this magnificent convention, is very largely due to a veterinarian, who should have public credit for it, our old friend, DrvAcul. -Peters. Here was a gathering in which there was perhaps 2000 people, all interested in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Their programme contained the names of prominent men from all over the United States and Canada, including a considerable number of eminent men from the Department of Agriculture. Our friend Peters was always on hand, answering innumer- able questions pleasantly, and looking after details in every- thing—from feeding the multitude to arranging programme © material—a sort of general secretary without his name on the programme as such. I found that he had recently moved into new and very pleas- ant quarters, in a new University building on the Agricultural College grounds, where he will have offices and laboratories. The State Veterinary Association meeting, held in connec- tion with these other associations, was well attended and a pleasant and profitable meeting. A very enjoyable banquet was given on the evening of January 15th. Every face looked a picture of well-fed contentment when we adjourned. While at this meeting I also learned that Nebraska veteri- narians were taking quite a prominent part in agricultural asso- ciation and institute work. Dr. Jensen, of Weeping Water, has been doing Farmers’ Institute work in the State. Dr. McKim, State Veterinarian, gave a valuable address on “ Tuberculosis Among Swine,” before the Nebraska State Swine Breeders’ Association, and opened the way for a lively and very much needed discussion of this subject. M. H. REYNOLDS. CORRESPONDENCE. 13%5 OPERATIONS FOR STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA IN STAL- LIONS—REPLY TO DR. GALBRAITH. WASHINGTON C. H., OHIo, February 19, 1906. Editors American Veterinary Review: DEAR Sirs:—In the February number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, is an article by Dr. W. C. Galbraith (read before the I]linois Veterinary Medical Association) on the subject, ‘‘Strangulated Inguinal Hernia in Stallions.” In the first paragraph he asks the question, ‘“‘ Can this oper- ation be performed successfully without leaving the horse a gelding?” and then goes on and describes the symptoms, anatomy of parts, and the modus operand: of an operation. The writer practices in a great breeding district, and many are the stallions that have died from this difficulty with and with- out operations, before an acczdenta/ surgical operation led to the discovery of a method, which we have often spoken of to others, but have never taken the time to write about. I do not know that this particular method is original with me, but can say I have never met any one who has read a single line describing it ; and if it should be original, I have no patent on it. Operation.—Cast the horse by any apparatus in which the hind limbs can be well spread apart. Raise the buttocks as high as possible, and the patient propped nearly on its back, with the hernia side uppermost. Chloroform completely and be sure your assistant attends to that part and not to what you are do- ing, and keeps the patient well under anesthesia. Spread the hind limbs by forcible traction, such as tying one to the barn floor and the other to something up a few feet. Use copious rectal enemas and see that as much of the colon is emptied as youcan. Now use right or left arm as the occasion may de- mand ; pass it into the rectum and find the imprisoned intes- tine, passing through the internal inguinal ring ; grasp it care- fully, and draw downwards, with steady, constant traction; while at the same time the other hand is pressing the testicle in the direction of the inguinal canal. Don’t getin too much ofa hurry, but keep up a rational amount of force, and first slowly and then all at once, testicle and intestine will slip into the ab- dominal cavity. Allow the anzesthesia to well pass away before the patient is permitted to rise, and then place him where he cannot lie down. After-treatment will depend on circumstances. 1376 CORRESPONDENCE. I have never been able to reduce hernia without anzs- thesia. _ I have met only one case where this method failed, and then I adopted the following : An incision was made as high in the groin as I could, right over the hernia; each half of a small bitch parturition forceps, was passed into the inguinal ring, handles attached, and then spread. I made the opening large enough to reduce the hernia, and the animal is still alive, but whether I tore, or simply stretched the parts, I do not know. Let me report one particular case, occurring in 1899 or 1900, and which I select because it was a long way from here and was the patient of another veterinarian. Stallion was being driven from one town to another, as was usual weekly. Was taken sick and treated by a local horse- doctor for colic. After some time, animal getting no ease, Dr. W. H. Turner, of Amherst, Ohio, was called and soon diagnosed a strangulated inguinal hernia. I happened to be about ten miles away and Dr. Turner came and asked my assistance. By this time we plainly had a scrotal hernia, and of several hours’ existence. Animal was cast as described ; and Dr. Turner ad- ministered chloroform and I manipulated the hernia. With some difficulty it was reduced and animal allowed to rise. I never saw the patient afterwards, but Dr. Turner cared for him and stated that he suffered from slight intestinal inflammation, but was moved six or eight miles to his home the next day ; made an excellent recovery and is still standing in the stud. One laughable incident is that the same season of the accident the horse took first prize in his class at the county fair; no one noticing he had but one testicle in his scrotum. Please remember that a country veterinarian’s operations are not performed in a warm sanitary hospital, but ofttimes on a dung pile, with the most needed instruments miles away. Wo. H. GRIBBLE. THE ALLEGED POISONING OF BARON HAUSEN-AUBIER’S CAT- TLE BY BOVOVACCINE. NEw YorRK, February I0, 1906. Editors American Veterinary Review : DEAR Sirs :—In the January issue of the AMERICAN VET- ERINARY REVIEW, we find, under the heading of ‘‘ Correspon- dence,” a résumé of the present status of vaccination against tuberculosis of cattle, in which mention is made that Baron Au- CORRESPONDENCE. 1377 bier-Sudnicken reported his experience with Behring’s vaccina- tion in the Deutsche Tierirztliche Wochenschrift (November 25th, 1905), that he had 120 calves vaccinated each year for two years, and vow advises strongly against Behring’s vaccine, say- ing that his calves had been actually poisoned. A similar in- formation appeared some little while ago in a German illustrat- ed agricultural paper, to which Count Schwerin replied prompt- ly, that if there had been any poisoning, it must have been due toa totally different cause and not to the bovovaccination. We have referred this matter at once to the Behringwerk at Mar- burg, and Dr. Rémer, who recently lectured in East Prussia, has investigated the matter mentioned in your valued papet, and the Behringwerk wrote us to-day as follows: ‘To-day Dr. Romer returned; he has ascertained, that the animals of Baron Hausen-Aubier-Sudnicken, which were said to have been poisoned through the bovovaccination, had at the time been infected with pneumonia. Here, therefore, the same mistake has occurred which has been made by others. That not much value should be attached to the remarks of Baron Hausen- Aubier is evidenced by the fact, that the Board of Agriculture of East Prussia—to wit, the same Board of which he himself is a member—has unanimously resolved to introduce bovovacci- nation.” You will therefore see, that the so-called ‘ poisoning ” is not due to bovoyaccination, but to entirely different causes, and we would thank you to kindly give this information publicity in the next issue of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. Thank- ing you in advance for the courtesy, we remain, Yours very truly, C. BIscHOFF & Co. DR. PRICE, St. Paul, was recently elected President of the Minnesota State Veterinary Association, and Dr. Mack, of Still- water, Secretary. Dr. JAMES SOMERS, San Juan, Cal., contributes this story to the Western Veterinartan for January: During the past autumn he was called to see a case of dystokia in a cow. Upon arriving at the dairy, and having made an examination of the patient, he found two hind feet presented, but upon passing his hand up between them he failed to locate a pelvis. Further examination showed that his hand was between two calves. The owner and his men had been applying traction on a hind leg of each calf, with, of course, negative results. Having straightened matters out, delivery was effected in a few minutes. 1378 BIBLIOGRAPHY. BIBLIOGRAPHY. SURGICAL DIsEASES OF THE DoG AND CAT, with Chapters on Anesthetics and Obstet- rics. By Frederick T. G. Hobday, F R.C. V.S., etc. Second edition, revised and enlarged, Chicago: W. T. Keener & Co,, go Wabash Ave. 1906. In the above book, we have really a second edition of ‘‘ Ca- nine and Feline Surgery,” by which title the first edition was known. Prof. Hobday has greatly improved his maiden effort, and in its present form presents a guide to the treatment of sur- gical diseases in the small animals which easily outranks any- thing in the English language. The introduction of practical antisepsy since his first edition, and the more rational employ- ment of anzesthetics has provided much room for improvement in the technic of the procedures described in the original work, and the author has certainly taken advantage of his opportuni- ties. The work is up to date in the description of the most ad- vanced means of treating disease and of supplying artificially parts that disease or accident have removed—such as glass eyes, artificial teeth, artificial legs and feet. The chapter on obstet- rics is very valuable to the surgeon, as it not only is a practical guide to the methods of procedure in dystokia, but is calculated to give his readers courage, as it contains excellent photos of well-developed and healthy individuals and even litters that were brought into the world through hysterectomy. The sys- tem of photographing actual patients in preference to furnishing fanciful drawings is much to be commended. One point it insures is the use of a high class calendered paper in order to get the effects in producing half-tones, and in the case of the work under review the quality of the paper and printing are be- yond criticism. Messrs. W. T. Keener & Co., 90 Wabash Ave., Chicago, will furnish this excellent treatise at $3.25 net. THE health of Dr. W. L. Williams, of the New York State Veterinary College, is better this winter than for a number of years. Mr. E. J. SULLIVAN, New York State Veterinary College, 1906, has rented the hospital of Dr. T. S. Childs at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., and will open it for business on graduation. He is a resident of the Spa and has a large acquaintance with those having to do with horses. Dr. Childs is now a resident of New York City, where he holds the position of veterinarian to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1379 SOCIETY MEETINGS. IOWA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The eighteenth annual meeting was held in class-room of the Veterinary Department of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, January 9-10-11, 1906. President S. H. Bauman and both Vice-Presidents P. Mal- colm and W. H. Austin being absent, Dr. T. A. Shipley called the meeting to order at Io A. M. President Bauman being sick, there was no President’s ad- dress. Secretary annouuced card system of registration. The Secretary made a motion that the minutes as published in the March, 1905, AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW be adopted as published. Carried. . The Secretary then submitted his report, as follows: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Mr. President and Members of the Towa State Veterinary Medical Association : “The past year has brought forth nothing of special im- portance to the Association in this State. There is some legis- lation needed, and now is a good time to think about the matter and try and get ready for the present session of the State Legis- lature. “Tn reviewing the work done by your Secretary, I will say that after the meeting last year, statements of accounts were sent to all who had not paid their dues, either before or at the meeting. Only a few responded and there are a good many members in arrears a couple of years. This should not be. All should make it a point to keep dues paid up. “The minutes of the meeting were rewritten and sent to the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, which kindly published them, and a copy of the magazine is offered here to-day as the minutes of our last meeting. “ Committee appointees were notified and requested to get busy. i At the meeting of the Iowa-Nebraska Association at Omaha in October a number of members were seen and a few of those on the programme to-day there promised to help entertain you. ‘“‘In response to the circular letters sent out first a few prom- ised papers. In that letter all were requested to try and see some one not a member near him and see if he would become 1380 SOCIETY MEETINGS. one of us. It is hoped that a number acted on the suggestion. This Association should have at least 175 members in good standing, and this number will be reached if every member would try and get one new name. “By mistake, the dates for the meeting were announced as January 11-12-13. Dr. McNeil called my attention to the mis- take, and that is why the cards were mailed to all. Personal letters were sent to all in arrears over two years reminding them of their standing and requesting them to pay up. Those that fail to do so should by action of the Association be suspended from membership. ‘“The mailing of programmes was delayed by apparently un- avoidable reasons.”’ TREASURER’S REPORT. The report of the Treasurer was read, as follows: Receipts. Disbursements. To Cash on hand 1-25-05..¢$ 13.70 By Cash, F. W. Meyers, : ) before we adjourned. WEDNESDAY, JAN. 17, 1906. Meeting called to order by Dr. Clemons at 9 A. M., and as the Board of Censors had had an early session, they were ready to report on APPLICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP. The Secretary stated that fifteen applications had been re- ceived, thirteen of which the Board recommended be elected to membership. These thirteen were read, and as no objections were offered to any of them, the rules were suspended, and the Secretary, instructed to cast the ballot of the Association in the affirmative for each and every one so recommended. j. C- American V. M. Ass’n........ Aug, 21-24, ’06|N. Haven, Ct.|J: J. Repp, Phila., Pa. werwed.-Ass’n of N. J. ...<. July 12-13, ’06.|Asbury Park.|W. H Lowe, Paterson. BRE ELC Ee Wig MASSA Riel Maan Sree cin sete eats stein « © B. K. Dow, Willimantic. New York S. V. M. Soc’y... | Sept. 11-12-13 Buffalo, |G, T. Stone, Binghamton, Schuylkill Valley V. M. A.... June 20, Reading. |W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. Passaic Go V. M. Ass’n......% Monthly. Paterson, N.J.|H. K, Berry, Paterson, N. J. MexasiVe M. Ass'n). 2.: -<2éee% March 30. Dallas. E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie, Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n..... Monthly. Boston. |F. J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass. Maine Vet Med. Ass’n,...... 2d Wed. April. Belfast, R. E, Freeman, Dexter. eenirale Canada, V.. ASS! Neioc5o «il\ seis 0 eceiaeles Ottawa, |A. E. James, Ottawa. ME Missa tACes Vie Mite ASS May 7, e) che iaralerg sicedinn stot) otal ePofelale ra nlshaie Judson Black, Richmond, Alumni Ass’n N, Y.-A. V.C..| April, 1906. |141 W. 54thSt}W. C, Miller, NY. City. Tllinois State V. M. Ass’n..... July 12, 1906. | Bloomington,|F. H. Barr, Pana. Wisconsin Soc, Vet. Grad..... Call ot Pres’t. | Sheboygan, |S. Beattie, Madison. Bilinois Vo My and Sure) Aw. f ov. ccs e tees Decatur, |C. M, Walton, Rantoul. Wete Ass nace Manitabay, onde die aldereiere aa csielapeles scices ofa e F. Torrance, Winnipeg. Paeett eave Vo ASST ER os, Stan iets wa ols els mil ela o°d a8 od ie T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, CIEE SCE ein roel MCG Cr missy ortoicl (ity OR Orc meIor C H. Sweetapple, Toronto, V. M. Ass’n New York Co....| 1st Wed, April |141 W. 54thSt|D. J. Mangan, N. Y. City. Bneperate. V2 M. Acs’n:, 055.201) 20053 > a0, Columbus, |W. H. Gribble, Wash’n C.H. Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n.../1st Wed.ea.mo | Pittsburgh. |F. Weitzell, Allegheny, ‘ile sonia y NIG ae IEG Bg COs nae etl ble Omcion Sclead OO acincne incr. F, F, Brown, Kansas City. Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n,..| July t2,1906, |Rocht’r,N.Y.|J. H. Taylor, Henrietta, ING Vee Tawarstates Vic WL VASSING ysl: cis as cat oreo we .. ..|H. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n. .|July, 11. 12, 06 Minneapolis. C, A. Mack, Stillwater. Pennsylvania State V. M. A...|March 6 and 7| Philadelphia.|C, J. Marshall, Philadelphia Keystone V. M. Ass’n........ 2d Tues. Feb, Philadelphia. |A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her- man St., Germantown,Ta, Colorado State V. M. Ass’n...|Ist Mon.inJune} Denver. |M. J. Woodliffe, Denver, MssouiieVialley Ve ASS Mose silicates © cleln leisie «|i sierelols ae, oini B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City. _ Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n....| June and Dec. | Providence. |T.E.Robinson, Westerly, R. 1 Norn Dakota V. M. Ass’n.; 2. |. eee cece cscs ees se we ne J. A. Winsloe, Cooperstown, California State V. M. Ass'n... Mch. Je.Sep, Dc|San Francisco|C.H, Blemer, San Francisco, Southern Auxiliary of Califor- : nia State V. M. Ass’n....|Jan.Apl.Jy, Oct.| Los Angeles. |J. A. Edmons, Los Angeles. South Dakota V. M. A....... July, 1906. Brookings, |E, L. Moore, Brookings. Mepraska Vi-M. ASS, . gos calles sak te en pe e eee ees Hans Jenson, Weeping Water Kansas State V. M. Ass’n.....| Jan, 8-9, ’07. Topeka. |Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina, Ass’n Médécale Veternaire 1st & 3d Thur, |Lect. R’m La-/J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. rancaise ‘‘ Laval,” . =... of each month.|val Un’y Mon. Alumni Association A. V. Col..| April each yr. | New York. |F. R. Hanson, N. Y. City. 3 Province of Quebec V. M.A...|...-..-.-.-+- Mon. & Que. ;Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q. Kentucky V. M. Ass’n... ....] -.------ e000 |e eee sc eeneee D. A. Piatt, Lexington. Washington State Col. V. M.A. Monthly. |Pullman, Wa.|Wm. D. Mason, Pullman, Indiana Veterinary Association,| ........-..2+-/eee+ 2s sees E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis, Setawemeirbraska VM. Assi.) ..secetee » o's-<\lslerenteters _...|A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb. Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n..| ....ce. ses eer[ece cee enees E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, Twimtery VM. Ass’... 22...) - +. «ses sees + [eer nsesienees S. H Ward, St. Paul, Minn, Hamiltamien, (Ohio) V.A....| ....--------- Cincinnati. |Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n, . | August, 1906, | Agricultural |J C. Robert, Agricultural College. College. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. THE Publishers would call especial attention to the frst advertisement at the foot of this page for two reasons. First, because the other two will attract those looking for what is advertised, and second, because the importance of Dr. Strauss’ request may not at first be as apparent as upon second consideration. The Doctor is working in a noble cause for humanity’s sake in mak- ing a life study of this dread disease, and when veterinarians furnish him with a case diagnosed as cancer in an animal, their diagnosis is confirmed by a master, if correct, or light is thrown onto the true nature of the malady if it prove not to be cancer; and we urge all our readers to be on the alert for material such as Dr. Strauss desires. AN IMPORTANT DECISION. ICHTHYOL TRADEMARK.—The Federal Tribunal of Lausanne, Switzer- land, recently gave its decision in an appeai against the decision of the Court of Appeal of Berne in the action brought by the Ichthyol Co., Hamburg, proprietors of the trademark ‘‘ Ichthyol,’’ marketed in the United States by Merck and Co., of New York, to prohibit Luedy & Co., Burgdorf, from infringing the trademark. The Lausanne Court rejected the defendants’ appeal and confirmed the former judgment, which ordered that the defendant firm should no longer use for their products names containing in any way the characteristic word ‘‘Ichthyol.’’ It was proved that the trademark ‘‘ Ichthyol’ is the legitimate property of the Ichthyol Co., and that only this company is able to supply the sulphur preparation known under the name ‘‘Ichthyol.’’ The defendants had pretended to supply the same preparation as supplied by the Ichthyol Co., but the Court stated that their product differed essentially in com- position from the genuine article. —Chemist and Druggist. ZENOLEUM VETERINARY ADVISER. A copy of this interesting and well-printed book containing sixty- four pages of valuable advice, prepared by the leading veterinarians im the world for live stock owners, and printed at a great expense by the Zenner Disinfectant Company of Detroit, Michigan, will be sent to you and to your friends, upon request, absolutely free of all cost. If you want a copy of this book, send your name and address to the Zenner Disinfectant Company, 24 Bates Street, Detroit, Michigan, at | Once, | AFFLICTED ANIMALS WANTED. WANTED.—Horses, Mares, Cats, Dogs, etc., afflicted with Cancer. Address Dr, S. Strauss, 111 W. 119th St., New York City. REWARD OFFERED. RewarD offered for the name of a suitable district to start a practice. Replies sent | to ‘* REWARD,”’ care AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d St., New York. | POSITION WANTED. | WanTED.—Position as Assistant Veterinarian by a qualified man. Best of refer- ences both Business and Professional. Address GEo A. CAMPBELL, 860 Genesee St.,/ Buffalo, N. Y. | REVIEWS 1905 WANTED. The REviEw publishers will pay 25 cents a piece for copies of the REVIEW 0’ January 1902, October, 1903, January. 1904, February, 1904, and July, Septembhey and October, 1905. Address Ropt. W. ELLs, Bus. Mgr., 509 West 152d Street! New York. ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XXIX. “The Value of Meat Inspection to the Public Health’ — 1. Ferris Wheel Swings. Hogs on Hanging Chain. 2. Sticking. 3. Scalding in Boiling Water containing a Solution of Tar for Disinfection. 4. pn oe Government Inspection of Beef—Swift oO. 5. Scalding Hogs. 6. Hundreds of Pigs on the Rails after Inspection. 7, Government Inspector in the Centre of the Aisle at Work. 8. Placing Government Labels on Carcasses after the Inspection. 9. The Immense Coolers Where the Pigs are Placed after Inspection. 10. Where Head and Neck is Often Inspected for Disease. 11. Examination of Head and Neck of Hogs for Signs of Cholera and Tuberculosis. 12. Weighing and Pushing Into Coolers After Inspection. 13. Watching for Diseases of Pleura and Peritoneum, 14. Hogs Ready for Inspection for Cholera and Tuberculosis. 15. Dressing Pigs for Foreign Trade. 16. Stuffing and Packing Sausages from Inspected Pork. 17. Government Inspector Watching at Time of Evisceration of Hogs. 18. Sausage Ready for Shipment. 19. Microscopic Inspection of Pork by Government Em- ployees for Trichinosis. The above Series of Inserts following..........++.- Page 20 A Dog with a “Yellow Streak”. ... 2.2.0.5 ccc cece cence eee nse mecceceecs 47 Portrait of the Late Wm. B. E. Miller, D.V.S......... cece eee ce ee nee 68 Little Bunch of Organizers of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Associ- Ie ALR ee ee Lee tA hte cumin som ae e eptele snae baee-< 103 “Enzoodtic Cerebritis of Horses”— Figure I. —Brain of Mule which Died of Disease.......... 154 Th —Semi-Acute Type “22.7 0.02. nn 0s ees wees 154 e) - EEE=—Semi-Acute Type oc 2 as osu cig: dincn seas eins eo ar's 155 - TVi=_SéminAcute- Type... . 5. ..0ccveenginess es ss aures 155 “ -V. —Horse Standing Motionless for Hours.......... 156 “ —_-VI.—Standing with Forelegs Crossed...........++++ 156 “Possibilities of Hybridising’—Photo of Sire, Dam, and Offspring..... 219 “Effect of Tuberculosis Vaccination upon Cattle’— Figure 1—Right and Left Sides..........--..sseeeeeeeeeeees 276 Ce a i ae 277 Sa Pk: Se cai te ae Hee sale wee & ab) ees 278 Sy, An ale ate! tnt ecatesniate (0) eae 280 5 te Na Aa ig Cf + | uci een ee ans etabene oa reret era 281 Saint | is 0 ries a's Sat e's oa 282 « 7 and 8—Right and Left Sides..................... 283 a ee — * ee: sg aides sinials’ ¢ opaeeten 284 “ to and 11— “ eee Be cua « cinj hile eeeaeieea sae 285 wir — “ COLES |... ss celetn aeeeca ses 286 “Tuxatio Supra Cotyloidea”—Figs. 1 and 2.........-. ++ se eeeeee erences 310 Iv ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XXIX. Epizootic Lymphangitis— Peete lee sendo-FarCy 2.05. sss owew bal enle cto peak conn «ann B10 Plate II.—Fig. 1, Dr. Gelston’s Case, 2, Major Mills’ Case.........eeeseeeceeeeeees 317 “Rupture of the Prepubian Tendon in the Pregnant Mare’— Figure 1—Ruptured Prepubian Tendon, “Recovered” Case... 362 2—Dissection of Abdominal Floor of Big. Loerie. 363 3—1., Sagittal Section of Abdominal Floor of Fig. 1; Il., Enlarged Anterior Portion of I.; IIL., “ Posterior Portion of. 1..,c 1075 Fig. II —Cross Section of Heart and Coverings............. 1076 Dentigerous Cyst Contaming) 423i, Teeii sy. san au atk 04> dee ene 1086 Miles’ Castrating Kouite” (improved) srs 6io.0 > =,005 sjeu aot) asl blaine ier Cee 1196 Spindle-celled Sarcoma—Mule— Cut 1.—Appearance cf Mule Before Treatment.............. 1347 Cut 2.—Microscopic Appearance of Section of Neoplasm x 900 1348 Segmentation and Fragmentation of the Heart... 0.5. ..+:ibes eee 1350 Barbadoes Pony with Curvature Of Spine... .. 5... ke sas os dee eae 1357 Brachial Paralysis of 24 Hours’ Duration, caused from Slipping Without Fallingjgagene Ground . .. <2 .caom sarees tio. ss sis. se 1359 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIX. EDITORIAL. EuRopEAN CHRONICLES—I, 113, 235, 349, 437, 533, 667, 775, 925, 1029, II4I, 1279 “Proceedings” of the A. V. 5 ib he.» = %::.45).-6- ee 790 Laws Governing Veterinary Practice 790 The Bureau of Animal Industry 930 What the Profession Has Ac- complished in Journalism..... 934 An Explanation and a Moral.... 936 Dr. Melvin Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry -23..-eeee 1037 Sir John McFadyean °.-.aeeeee 1039 Emblem of the National Associ- ation * 5... 0.4 .ee ele 10 More Money for the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania .:..2..2¢enme 1043 A Case Report that Means Something : /7i5. 02 72.0 qe 1043 Statements Which Call for Im- mediate Official Refutation ..1149 A New Theory of the Etiologi- cal Factor in Azoturiasgosee 1150 Common Location of Dentiger- ous Cysts 53 Progress and Poverty in Illinois.1153 _ ORIGINAL ARTICLES. The Value of Meat Inspection to the Public Health. By D. Ar- ENUNVEIUOES . .. .c setorecelee eicet 12 Clinical Observations in the Treatment of Parasitic Skin Diseases and Fistulous Lesions in the Horse with the Vaso- gen Compounds. By E. Stan- £Ons Mines s 2 odiernn electorate 21 Nuclein Considered as a Thera- peutic Agent in Veterinary Practice. By E. R. Voorhees. 26 Government Inspector or Not? By D. Arthur Hughes ....... 125 Enzootic Cerebritis of Horses. GyfMigeteeaniciS fans... .... sane 148 The Stomach Tube in Veterinary Practice (By Foes Bliss...... 163 Veterinary Dentistry. By W. A. (Cie ye. 168 Colics in Horses. By E. L. Kalb 172 Abuse of Repulsion of Teeth. Dr. A: M. Farsington® > eee 1154 George Fayette Thompson...... 1154 “Doping” of Harness Racing Horses <<: <.!.*. 0 fee eee 1289 A Versatile Illustration......... 1290 By. J. T. Lambrechts)o. eae 176 An Epizootic of Quittor Among Horses and Mules. By D. F. Luckey . os eh. agen ae 178 What Investigation Is. By D Arthur Hughes 4... 2, eae 248 The Effect of Tuberculosis Vac- cination upon Cattle Infected with Tuberculosis. By Leonard Pearson and S. H. Gilliland... 272 The Benefit of Changing the Constituents of the Blood in Certain Diseases by Intrave- Injections. By George W. Daonphy ..:.-. Re 289 Some Problems Relating to In- and-Out Breeding. By W. R. Cooper Rupture of the Prepubian Ten- don in the Pregnant Mare. By W. L. Willianseteeeee ee - 360 The Veterinarian in His Rela- TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIx. VII tion to the Hygiene and Sani- tation of the Farm. By C. E. Mapsialls o-Gtn cad ceee as 370 Diseases Prevalent in the Philip- pine Archipelago. By M. J BEES! oe ds Coe ee a 378 Foot Rot in Sheep. By S. H. Pera TAT Sia ws ars hehe Reena eet take te 381 Notes on Strongylus Contortus. Bye ey MELEIMS 3... as, cs.c ee cers 385 Human and Comparative Medi- cine. By Charles H. Higgins. 450 The Medical Man, and Who He Ps By ss. “1. Smith. . 458 Anatomical Notes. By Dr. Schmaltz. (Translated by A. SESCLCTS Vos ona cos ac Jara teeters 465 The Artificial Immunization of Cattle Against Tuberculosis. By Leonard Pearson and S. H. LS eee 543 A Review and Criticism of the Eighth Decennial Revision of the Pharmacopeia of the United States. By E. L. Quit- DE aaa nse a ee esac Seek 555 mentaria, By I; A. Ruby: ...... 561 Open Articulations. By W. A. REM Cars a or desler Gag cha ste ea 567 Retained After-birth in Cows. Sete): Myers. sinc 2 cee an 576 Practical Obstetrics. By J. D. ERR eS OE hoot cic a siaseiteiaie 582 The Live Stock Interest of Agri- ture and Its Relation to Vet- erinary Science. By Franklin PENA aoe ed eae oo eee sa SR Tats 587 Purpura Hemorrhagica. By W. EWE sas cis = teresa ae 592 The Profession and the Ad- vancement of Science. By D. Artnur Highest sacs cee cies Accidents and Sequele of Sur- gical Operations. By L. A. IVES at 5 <0). aca ees etarete ate Twenty-seven Years’ Experience in Veterinary Practice. By Jotin: V. Newton 2t.-..< 22% .. 718 Dr. von Behring’s Bovovaccine as an Immunizing Virus. By Claide dD). Morrisé ssc ese 725 The Social Standing of the Vet- erinarian in America. By D. Perthure blushespe.. 1. .meii 791 Stable Ventilation. By M. H MOIS: rs. os 2 ea 812 Serotherapy of Tafectious Dis- eases of Domestic Animals. By E. Leclainche. (Translated by PPPOE IATIEAT OL xe wes kag wh edeinee 2 829 Foot-and-Mouth Disease. By Wissen Watehh “occ. actus. ss 841 The Negri Bodies and the Diag- nosis of Rabies. By Cassius \WES? oSdaetleh te Saree 037 Prolapse of the Rectum. By S. Ef. aban |. esac cy sees Sc 943 Radial Paralysis in the Horse. By Earl Stewart: = aiGen.s 947 Report on Periodic Ophthalmia. Byes sels Mitiverys..soeacone 953 Von Behring’s Statement at the Paris Tuberculosis Congress of October, 1905. By L Van reer ts: ae 957 Resolutions Adopted by _ the Eighth International Veteri- nary Congress. By Adolph Eichhbota «2500s: sane 962 Prominent Veterinary Problems of To-day. By D. Arthur HGeRes! was s... . «: {0g teen ee ene 849 Sarcoma of the Inferior Maxilla of a Horse. By A. T. Kinsley 967 An Abdominal Tumor in a Dog. Bye Ae | Kinsteyac seo ae 970 An Unusual Case. By H. Ful- LOWE Wente A aad ae Sas Sea ee 972 Diaphragmatocele. By E. L Ritione +. .'.°.c. a eee ee 973 Two Interesting Cases of Azo- tiria. By G. A: Dick!?.42-°. 974 Ventral Hernia in a Mare. By MMS White <2. 3.5.2. c bee 975 An Open Navicular Bursa. By oy i Aaannelt = 0 fe oe 1079 A Case to Diagnose before Post- Mortem. By W. P. Hill ....1080 Fistula of Ear—Removal of Ear Tooth. By G. L. Miholin.....1082 Rupture of the Intestines in a Horse. By E. L. Moore...... 1083 Intestinal Calculus in a Horse. By @narles Linch’... 2.22.2 1085 Dentigerous Cyst. By H. M. EMEMEMSON, [ct Sein eae ee 1086 Rabies in a Horse. By Mark BIRMIe J. yee core Vite, 1087 Congenital Paresis of the Lar- ynx in a Kitten. By Mark 1 EE A ae ce yea a 108 Fixed Thoracic Choke. By J. M. Lp 7) SO ae a a IIQI Intestinal Calculus. By Fred B. ie ie a ad Senin rate eg hep, 1196 A Case of Double Scrotal Her- iby. 5: Royer saa 1198 Congenital Displaced Testicle of Dog. By Mark White....... 1198 Embolism of the Heart. By A. Pe melaggverty Seek eee 1199 An Outbreak of Anthrax. By ROU MGatiniett psa se 1200 Actinomycosis in a Grizzly Bear. sy W. Reid Blatt. cok .c- ee 1344 Spindle-Celled Sarcoma — Mule. Byer Kinsley; .... ty. a 1347 Peart, SBy4 Ga. Schultz, E. P. Johnson and emake. St. Clair. ; .. acdc. 1349 A Cryptorchid Horse with a Cystic Enchondromatis Testi- Glew a bye bl. SWaltl:...<26 22 Collection of Pus in Guttural Pouch following an Attack of Acute Pharyngitis. By H. E. GUHMS AO. os he ee 1355 Chronic Nephritis and Fatal Uremia Due to a Verminous Aneurism. By H. E. Titus. ..1356 Barbadoes Pony with Curvature of Spine. By R. Assouts..... 1357 Induration of Stomach Wall, with Rupture. By J. F. Win- Chester 4 kt esac iets 1357 The following operations were performed at the clinic of the New York State Veterinary Medical So- ciety in September, 1905, and the technic and results described by Dr. W. L. Williams on the pages in- dexed: Castration of Cryptorchid Colt. By W. Le Williams: 72... 1230 Poll-Evil Operation. By F. F. rai Cs ahs At Ie i cal 1231 Defective Molar Tooth, with Empyema of Maxillary Sin- uses. By W. L. Williams..... 1232 Empyema of Maxillary Sinuses. By W. L. Williams and E. B. Ackerman Castration of Colt in Standing Position. By G. T. Stone..... 1235 Milk Fistula in the Teat of a Cow. By Louis Juliand...... 1236 Rupture of the Extensor Pedis Muscle in New-Born Foals. By James ‘Law:.ii 7) {cane 1236 Involuntary Shaking. of the Head —Trifacial Neurectomy ...... 1237 Ear Tooth. By F. F. Fehr..... 1240 SURGICAL ITEMS. The Merit of Tetanus Antitox- Se) ge 2 cans ares eee, 598 Appropriate Appliances to Se- cure Patients The Surgical Clinic at the Cleve- ee ae linaemmecting ..... 24... eee 5909 Post-Operative Pneumonia Pectoral Fistule of the Horse.. 734 Purpura Hzemorrhagica ........ 735 Thrombosis of the Iliac Arter- Milk, a New Remedy for “White Scours”) The Treatment of Obesity with Thyroid Gland Com- pounds Salivation in a Horse—Cure with Pilocarpin Two Cases of Uterine Rup- tures in Cows A Case of Carcinoma of the Czecum in a Dog Contribution to the edge of the Histological Changes of the Pancreas in Pancreatic Diabetes ..:..... Arsenic-Cantharides Ointment for the Removal of Skin Warts Subcutaneous Injections of Bovine Tubercle Bacilli into 324 Healthy and Sick Persons.. 487 The Effects from the Entrance of Air into the Veins....... 488 Curing Tuberculosis ......... 489 Multiplex Adenoma in_ the Large Intestine of a Cow. .1088 The Sero-Diagnosis of Cana OTS: oa Beale cecg dations eee Radium as Cure for Rabies. si Paralysis of the Obturator lS er 1090 Strengthening the Virulence of the Human Tubercle Bacilli to that of the Bovine Tubercle Bacilli Two Reports on Horse Sick- ness Treatment of Indigestion in Cattle with Barium Chloride.1204 Hemoglobinemia and Tetanus Be cat aire ee sete 43 - 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIX. LOGMreMEI PERG. cue sielaeieiew a 936 Subjects 1.) i atees eee 981 Surgical Advancement ......... 850 | Abdominal Feetation in a Bitch.1095 Post-Mortem Examinations..... Sso | Practical ASepsis( >< cee...) =e 1215 MalitonanteGdemar.-.anecasc.- «« 851 | Brachial Paralysis) a... o4-- 1359 Present-Day Knowledge About Complete Fracture of the Pre- setaniisw eter iwrite ss <5 ss 977 maxillz of a Horse Caused by . A New Method of Resuscitating a Ratchet Mouth-speculum....1361 Apparently Dead Anesthetized EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. GERMAN REVIEW— in. a Horse. ...- sae eee 1204 E. von Behring’s Communica- Injuries of Men by Rabid and tions on the Mortality of Suspected Rabid Dogs..... _. 1205 Sucklings and on the Milk How Many Slaughtered Ani- Taken by Them (Formalin mals Can a_ Veterinarian Examine Daily, in Accord- ance with the Regulations ?..1205 Foreign Body in the (CEéso- phagus of the Horse...... 1206 Concerning the Immunization of Cattle against Tubercu- lOSiS et eee 12 A Case of Intestinal Volvu- lus Caused by Fecal Ac- cumulation and Its Cure Through the Use of Are- colin: 3:s..: Setizscoo Oe 1208 A Case of Uveitis Malleotica.. 1209 Parturition Fever Before Galving < .2...55: 4205 oe 1209 Experimental Transmission_of Human Tuberculosis to Cat- tle Etiology of Contagious Pleuro- Pneumonia and Similar Dis- eases of the Horse.......... 1370 FreNCH REVIEW— Ossifying Sarcoma of the Turbinated Bones in-a Mare —Operation—Recovery .... Relating to the Diagnosis of Glanders Forty-eight Hours’ Stabulation followed by Double Radial Paralysis... i. sere IQI Generalized Melanosis in a etter - 2... so eine en IQI PHemoline |. ...\ie ase once Ss = I9I Osseous and _ Cartilaginous Melariosis 3 ose ace ee 326 Torsion of the Uterus—Ab- normal Retention of Fcetuses MA SLE 2. co cesta ties wie 326 Tuberculous Pericarditis in a MDE) Gee Oil sale “clateters Blake eorsrereretekos 327 eee of the Lower Jaw in a Dog—Slow Recovery... 328 Umbilical Hernia in a Filly— Radical Operation—Recov- BUM e asset Saxe roared 328 A Surprise of Post-Mortem.. 329 Strangles—Abscess of the Su- perior Molar Gland Extend- ing to the Meninges. . . 329 Interesting Case of Hygroma Gite MeO soso ae 482 Case of Vomiting in a Horse. 482 Treatment of Purpura with Intravenous Injections of SCONES ON oars, wai iafeotaues ya sais 483 Sudden Death by Rupture of Mesenteric Varicose Veins ATA ae LOLS Ge erie tecom mere isarcaee 483 Cerebral Tumors in a Horse. 484 Hysterectomy in Chronic Me- PLS WOn Olute. . 3252 < 2 <<. 485 Chronic and Intermittent Pro- lapsus of the Vagina with Displacement of the Bladder App = NATE | eos one afte ees 485 Pelvi-Rectal Abscess in a Mare 486 Rupture of the Posterior Aotta m a Mule. oc oct as 742 Resisting Power of Mules to Penetrating Wounds of the Abdomen: serserastelee se 743 Measures Against Tubercu- lOSIS Wasi ake so be ese <5 743 Tuberculous Endocarditis in a GOW) 6c Ee ease 744 Death by Rupture of a Cardiac IANIEMGISIN. . eeceeee arses 744 Lingual Actinobacillosis Mis- taken by Its Appearance for Tuberculosis in a Steer.... 745 Two Curious Cases of De- RET) osace st) brsrcte’s - <) 5< pias 745 Surgical Treatment of Hy- groma of the Fetlock...... 883 Thirty-four Litres of Urine in the Bladder of a Steer.....: 883 Tetanus Treated by _ Intra- Cerebral and Intra-Rachid- ian Injections of Antite- FaTIG CS CLUIM) cite =.= «550 sone. t ete 884 Prophylaxy of Epizodtic Abor- HOPE LET eh COW.S) bps odie.s!s cieieie ese 884 Pulmonary and Cardiac Echinoccosis in a Cow..... 885 Ligature of the Digital Artery in Diseases of the Foot of tHE MEIGS Fon, 0355 oie 5 stele 885 Extra-Uterine Gestation in a Cow—Expulsion of the Foetal Remains by the In- TESHINE.. oie aets eee soe ees Diffuse Actinomycosis of the Face Gasca i eens. an). 986 Rheumatismal Lameness and Treatment which Seems to Haver Guredelte-co-oeeaee 987 The Dressing of Wounds with Amb nyituemicees <5 os eames 987 Two Cases of Dystokia in the Slut, by Development of a Foetus in the Two Horns of the! Uitertis ".s.45 sae 988 Tumor of the Bladder in a Dog — Consecutive Hydro- MEPUEOSIS( Vics. 22 ass c's oe ote 988 Diaphragmatic Hernia in a Mare= oi. 3 issue taekine see Punctuating Wound of the Cerebral Ventricle—Tolera- tion) ofethes btain-o-eeserr. Salivary Calculus in Steno’s Ducts s23 te: J. ee 990 Some Rare Clinical Cases.... 990 ENGLISH REVIEW— Clinical Notes of Canine Prac- tICE) Sensace eee shee ees 44 A Case of Tuberculosis in the Horses ise os tiatin ssl eae 44 Fistula Behind the Shoulder.. 45 Hernia of the Uterus—Reduc- tion—Operation «.... shee 45 Vitalgyarot a Calf... -.2..c8.- 46 Three Cases of Laceration of Pee VAGINA). «:s ose == eaten 46 Sexual Precocity in Foals.... 47 Tuberculous Mare: .:...-.-.- 47 Castration of a Small Crypt- GEeiiGe....... . . eee ae 48 A Peculiar Case of Carcinoma AtmEeN | OLSE. «2-7. teletersee 192 Nicotine and Belladonna Pois- XII TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIX. Onmonim 2 Dog. vane 5: 193 Fracture of Each Humerus Diaphragmatic Hernia ....... 193 in a Dog. ....6-.65-- «si +» 984 Distemper in Dogs—Physalix An Extraordinarily High Wai 2 tS pee so poe 194 Temperaturey: aioe 984 Rupture of the Stomach with Abnormal Development of the Peculiar Clinical History.. 194 Horse's: Mandible20-3 ace 984 Practical Value of Laparatomy for Some Abdominal Dis- eases and a New Method of Treating Prolapsus Recti.. 195 Internal Administration of Formaldehyde by Intraven- OulSwlNPECtlOM hale see ere 196 Aum rethral) Calcuitts® .. ocsuen 190 A Calculus in the Small In- HESEIMEN ys. eat epee oo eee 600 Lightning Stroke in Animals. 600 Polypus of Unusual Size Eas- ilym Removed). 5): deehine. . 601 Hematuria in a Bull Follow- ing Rupture of Renal Vessels 601 Abnormal Inguinal Opening— Escape of Intestine—Recov- CRY: ORE A aye novia ro as 601 Accidents from Being Cast in SHADER isc. Shwe oe ke a eee 602 Beculiar “Death of avDoe. 521737 Extraordinary Passage of Tape Through a Cat’s In- PeStitieE rss an sale Mirae oe 737 Mesenteric Abscess Due _ to Streptococcic Infection .... 738 Fracture of Lumbar Verte- DIES RER. ccio sie dks Seo ee 738 Luxation of Vertebre Fol- lowed by Formation of a Cyst in the Spinal Cord.... 739 A Muscular Anomaly in the Hlorseniee sans si 6 teen es 739 Foreign Bodies — CEsophago- tomy in a Terrier Puppy... 740 Fish-Hook in the Rectum of PIC See eee ace 740 An Interesting Case of Hemmaphirodite: .....02.09e. 740 Traumatic Prolapsed Rectum Mlaimer EEOESe Mi as: .... .. 2 741 The Transmissibility of Tu- berculosis of the Monkey to the Ox and Goat, with Ob- servations Regarding the Reactions of the Experi- mentally Infected Animals to M@iteecemlin -.cee........ 983 Cancer of the Horn-Core of Cattle Tie; eee oe... 983 A Curiously Symmetrical Ruptured Lung in the Horse.. 985 A Simple ‘Apparatus for An- zsthetizing Cats and Dogs. 986 fliac . Thrombosis, 2... saceece 1210 Complete Transverse Rupture of the Small Intestine in the. Horses 56 Use nceeeet ete 1210 Distemper in Dogs ......... 1211 A Mistake in Diagnosis...... 1211 A Dentigerous Cyst in the Temporal Bone of the HOFSE (226 nccicta th ss roe 1212 Case of Parturient Apoplexy Treated with Oxygen—Re- covery After a Relapse.... 1212 Two Curious Accidents..... 1212 Two Cases of Poisoning by Datura Stramonium in the Horse xcsewiseg oe sec eEe 1213 An Abdominal Wound ..... 1213 Paraplegia Due to Fecal Obstructions coon eee eee 1213 Eserine and Stimulants in the Treatment of Golic.-Sea-re 1213 Perityphlitis in the Dog..... 1214 ITALIAN REVIEW— Necrosis of the Cartilage of Prolongation of the Scapula in; ay BOviite:':.. a cosen ee 308 Supra-Cotaloid Luxation, Dis- eased Head of the Right Femur, Fracture of the Ilium and of the Costal Cartilages of the Corre- sponding Side, ina Filly... 398 Extensive Lacerated Wound of the Whole Right Axil- lary Region, Involving also Part of the Extensor Mus- cles of the Fore-arm of the Leg of the Same Side, in a Cow, with Recovery........ 309 A Case of Primary Tuber- culosis of the Mamme...... 400 Lacerated Wound of the En- tire Left Axillary Region in a Mare, with Partial Separation of the Corre- sponding Shoulder and Arm from the Thorax— ECOVETSE ee fotos . Ce ss lanl 401 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIxX. XIII Epithelioma of the Penis in AMMETOUSE . oo osce oe ees 401 Fibromas in Mules and Horses 402 Prolapsus Uteri in a Cow—lIt is Fixed in the Vagina..... 887 The Bone of the Nose of Cat- Ter sche « 2 OEE eee eae 887 Rachidian Analgesia with PeeaeCOpPOCOCAING | sztaske coat 888 Hysterocele and Induration of a Neck of the Uterus in a es Multiple Carcinoma in a Slut. 889 Prolapsus of the Rumen Through the Genital Pas- sage in a She ‘Goat: o0..45- A Fascicular Fibroma of the Inferior Abdominal Wall in a Three-year-old Filly ..... IO0QI Megastoma Entericum in a Dog The SS atallar Desmotomy Re- duced to the Simplest Methodee ease ceetackseine einas es 1092 Cystitis with Peculiar Lesions Wiad OtECE Nee A ee eee oan 1092 Floating Kidney in a Cow... .1003 Post-Partum Meningitis...... 1094 Betcian REvIEw— Tuberculosis of the Upper Jaw in a Heifer—Pseudo- Pericarditis ...........--+-- 403 fonaiurthe WOO icc... ss 404 Surgical Treatment of Para- phymosis in the Horse..... 405 | Four Calves for a Cow—Won- derful Case of Multiparity in the Bovine Species ...... 405 Diaphragmatic Hernia of the Reticulum in a Cow— Chronic Tympanites and Pseudo-Pericarditis ........ 603 The Influence of Pregnancy upon the Apparition of Chronic Hzematuria in Bo- VINIGS) Ln ere ees ss 604 Laryngeal Ecchondrosis in a Horse that had had Stridu- Mates cATYORILIS «<6 © 2 oe ees 604 Thoracic Tuberculosis—Signs of Pseudo-Pericarditis in a Cow — Tuberculous Peri- rds +.) eee eeaeese 605 Contribution to the Treatment of Congenital Arthritis of the Stifle in, the: (Colt-<. ..... 2: 1371 Enormous Varicous Tumor Simulating an Inguinal Her- nia in a Horse.. ; fieee at Case of Radial Paralysis ‘in a Dog .. Phila Zz Pseudo- Pericarditis | ‘and. Tu- berculous Pulmonary Ab- scess in a Cow.. eae Two Cases of Vertebral Tu- berculosis in Bovines....... 1373 GERMAN AND HuNGARIAN REVIEW— Filaria Papillosa, Removed from the Anterior Chamber Orne lEvereass. osc0 . .1366 Operation for Removal of an Intestmal’ Calculus ~. semen 1366 The Treatment of Bog Spavin, Thoroughpin and Windgalls with Iodine Injections... ... .1367 Operative Removal of a For- eign Body from the Stomach Of a) Cat... 3.0. ot nee 1367 Potassium Permanganate as a Heemostatic, Sheesh: 1368 Chromic Acid for the Summer Eezéma’ of Horses: ...225.0- 1368 Treatment of Wounds of Ten- donous Sheaths and Synov- teil SSACS eck = cp Sc 1368 Treatment of Wounds with Excessive Granulations .....1368 DutcH REVIEwW— Obturation of the Brachial Artery in a Horse......... ogi EXTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE. evit irda... «9.0 anak eee 198 Bedusirial! Anthrax -<..25s- -- 198 The Milk Question in Chicago.. 199 Bill to Permit the Castration of Hopeless Imbeciles ........ 199 Examination of Milk............ 199 pets... s « ss «.ltchos aaa ere 407 Adaptation and Tuberculosis.... 407 CGmeLION . . . .ccaegeerds ce sya 407 The Comparative Virulence of Human and Bovine Tubercle AGU et ices oc ce os « oieterpeentes 408 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIX. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. The Rinderpest and the Effects The Status of the Veterinarian of Koch’s Bile Inoculation.... 49 in ‘the Army. 7 ceiver tees Nail Punctures of the Hoof..... 52 | British Army Veterinary Depart- The Development of Trypan- MENt>; Sos cece ee = ciiaias 733 OSOMa TE Vanstone... cs elec ts 201 | Assignments of New Appointees. 733 American Horses as Seen The Army Veterinary Bill, Through English Eyes....... 205 1097, I2I19 Epizootic Lymphangitis ........ 313 | High Tribute to .the Army Is the Use of Mallein as a Cura- Veterinarian from One who tive Agent a Criminal Proced- Knows: fini. sins ¢.< cece 1098 (Chaired SES Doo mobo to eo 409 | Notes from the Philippines..... 1219 Veterinary Education and the Examinations for Army Veteri- IWIN 6 oc BERLE eS On 478 NATIANS oie eee eee 1222 Epizootic Lymphangitis ........ 481 | The Army Veterinary Bill in The Veterinary Bill and the Cotigtess: cin. enti Coe 1363 PASE: AS See Fone eae pias 505) Exeunt Grosvenor sesas eee 1365 Army Veterinary Notes: «..595, 1002 ' Personal ............... 54, 891, 1222 CORRESPONDENCE. Vaccination Against Tubercu- Pennsylvania 3.02: pee eee 337 losis—Reply to Dr. Pearson’s “The Tick Theory Handled by Chaccest nc ace! Abate ah 55 an Acdriologist’'x...s.ceseme 416 Parturient Paresis in a Primi- Naso-C£sophageal Intubation — DAE yore eR thee oo 57 Perfected Apparatus vs. Sub- The International Veterinary Stitubion: (holes \sesa.es chee eee 419 Cone ressy:.. li. Ma cede e eae 58 | As to Spanish Veterinary Lit- Cheering News from Florida... 59 erature i. . Codi. teat eee I The Literature of Protargol..... 59 Spanish Veterinary Literature— Missouri Secures a Practice Act Reply to Dr. Schumaker...... 494 S=RAMISHS PAGS 55 '5242sncsls Oecd 60 | The Treatment of Septic Metritis The Transmission of Mutilation —Reply to Dr. Weston....... 494 Marks to Offspring .......... 60 | The Curative Use of Mallein Recurrent Parturient Paresis.... 208 Condemned by Minnesota Vet- Experiences with Mallein—Re- erinarians® 7. oocc-s + valent 495 ply to Dr. Ackerman......... 210 | No Mal du Coit in Montana.... 661 A Good Word for Eserine and Dr. -Ramacciotti Shows His Ap- Sirychninememerien sores ce ee cee 211 preciation of Fraternal Cour- Eighth International Veterinary tesies in His Recent Affliction. 661 REM OEES SAE ets atleast ee 212 | How the Germans Learned to Pleas ‘and Wisease™: 52.2ccccmane 213 Castrate Cryptorchids.. .. 885 Montana Meat and Milk In- Tallianine and: Nuclein Solutions spection Law Inoperative...... 214 vs. Collargolum—Liquid Hy- Operation for Empyema........ 215 drol Compounds vs. Vasogen Veterinary Interests in Cuba— Compotigds =...... 0.) agen 856 Some Native Characteristics... 331 | Dr. McKillip’s Arytenectomy To Regulate the Public Service Operation at Cleveland Suc- of Stallions in Wisconsin..... 332 CeSSi11] An REStlt + scsgmeeee ee 857 Laurel as a Poison for Domestic Nebraska Omitted from the -List PASTAS! Wa aes oes cos s 335 of States having Veterinary | Appreciation of Timely. Help.... 336 Laws—The Law Criticised .... 997 Wanted—Some Information .... 337 | Dr. Conkey Defends the Grand University of. Pennsylvania Gets Rapids Veterinary College.... 998 $100,000 _More—Appropriation Simple but Effective Operation for an Experiment Farm for for=“Sand-Gea@kies nn 0s ss 1000 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIx. XV The Present Status of Vaccina- tion against Tuberculosis of Cattle Mase tial dese os ee II Veterinary Surgery ...-.......7 IIIO The Carbolic Acid Treatment for Retanus: \..6.0cFeereos: Poraee EES The “Proceedings” of the A. V. M. A.—Explanation from Chaimnan Lyman 22.222. 2008< III4 An Extraordinary Temperature.1114 Arecoline in Acute Laminitis— Udder Inflation for Tympan- MP MMPRCHOWS. oad cciscsis sss sess 1229 The Recent Splendid Agricul- tural Week in Nebraska.......1374 Operations for Strangulated In- guinal Hernia in Stallions— Repiy to Dr, Galbraith. ...-..- 1375 The Alleged Poisoning of Baron Hausen-Aubier’s Cattle by Bo- TONZidennes oso aatos hike] Coo omee 1376 BIBLIOGRAPHY.* Veterinary Surgery. By Merillat 414 Freidberger and Frohner’s Vet- erinary Pathology—Translation DY SENAVESo msn haus san oe eee 490 Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Swine. By Moussu and Essentials of Physiology for Vet- erinary Students. By Paton. 1106 Surgical Diseases of the Dog and Gate ~By=Hobdayee..ee ete 1378 * Many reviews of recent publica- 34). BES Dap ioe ber he ge perSrt ae 891 | tions will also be found in “Euro- Text-book of Veterinary Medi- pean Chronicles,” Editorial Depart- cine. By Law. Vol. I, re- ment. vised and enlarged .......... 1106 OBITUARY. Wm. B. E. Miller, D.V.S....... 68 | Robert Ward, F.R.C.V.S........ 422 Charles K. Greswell, M.R.C.V.S. 69 | Edwin Ross Ogden, D.V.S...... 746 Wiles ott Grilli spettaresormeususistorers 70 | James B. Rayner ............-- 857 Pe Pe Bisenmat, “V9. <> cease 21s | John Archibald Bell, V.S.......1001 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. Kansas City Veterinary College. 66 Western Veterinary College..... 66 San Francisco Veterinary College 66 Ontario Veterinary College...... 216 McKillip Veterinary College..... 218 Grand Rapids Veterinary College 339 Washington State College...... Chicago Veterinary College..... 492 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Minnesota State Veterinary Med- ical Association ...... Poet, S03 Michigan State Veterinary Med- ical Association: <<. ....s.--+s- 77 California State Veterinary Med- ical Association ..... 87, IOIO, 1426 Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Med- ical Association ........-- 92, 1003 Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association ......--+++-++: 96, 656 American Veterinary Medical Association. ...97, 221, 343, 423 496, 606, 762, 1125 Southern Auxiliary of the Cali- fornia State Veterinary Medi- cal Association =... -. 99. 1426 Massacusetts Veterinary Associa- tion. ..102, 340, 519, 922, 1020, 1263 Louisiana Veterinary Medical \Accmbrion, ....-cctaesc> - amma 102 Mississippi Valley Veterinary INSSOGIAHION! = |. «sues eee 104 Maine Veterinary Medical Asso- CIAnIONME Ge: .<- . «sete 221, 1264 Keystone Veterinary Medical As- SOCIatION: .. J a+--- ee: 225, 427, 916 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXIX. Essex Co. (N. J.) Veterinary Society of Comparative Medicine PR CHISUTENED <5 -< Gixrail acateBik a ares 050 228 of the New York State Veteri- Kentucky Veterinary Medical As- nary College». 2\.cagmetes “ip sete 921 Sen oa 2 230 | Ontario Veterinary Medical So- Twin City Veterinary Medical GICEY. «5. so s,05 5 0b eee 921 INSSOCTAMON atin susie 08 (oc i's: « 230, 1421 | Veterinary Medical Society of the New England Alumni Associa- University of Pennsylvania.... 922 tion of the American Veteri- Illinois Veterinary Medical and GARURE DUEIC Ee sccm ewie genie 230 Surgical Association. ....1019, 1422 Alumni Association of the Vet- New York State Board of Veteri- erinary Department of the Uni- Haty ExXaniners. 2... 206s 1021 versity of Pennsylvania. ..342, 519 Tennessee State Board of Veteri- nary Medical Examiners...... Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey ...... 342, 503, 1242 New York State Veterinary Medical Society. .425, 659, 747, 1230 Maryland State Veterinary Med- icalsSoclety.. ck - 1357 meee, AS... ok ee 567 Seema tce : Fe e2 i Bees Se 213 Beeman ©. A eo oes 183, 381, 943 Pelt sOsehe. fez: ass oa csaees 729 Bischoits C) & Co. ..5 ot. 55, 1376 Lino 6) OS: a 1344 Ud ee a rd 163 le arialiy 31D) See A ee 1185 Bemmeton Ge De ete ees 62.139 eAEHESOTI Jar Cas coscscae tse 1305 Reames Ge VV SS eee eee SS 184 Conkey, | ae) SERS RAR ae Eee & 998, I1I0 Moonen Wt Ro a. cece! ci ech 20: 203 Se OS] CR Snes, Sao eee eee 394 Smawitord, Albert Cs. . 0.02025. 336 Crandall, Frank Aan ede eae 855 Dalrymple ERLE hee cee eae 182, 416 Lo a De eee 212 Dick, SS ae ee See 074 PPTekGo RODGEt).e% certs on ese = 301 Willers. W.clabcck coos arse seas cet 503 MBTIplys: Gas. Wise seers sie a ee ereeees 280 Peyee@ranilin |... .. ise canes see 587 Eichhorn, Adolph... .42, 58, 323, 487, 962, 1088, 1202, 1366 Fabenfabriken of Elberfeld Co... 59 tmlen |. Williant= jones, ees 472 Basten, j-. as cseseteneaesee ees 1229 Bieameiss) Ms cs. erstecseteecloaeenss © 148 Wraziens Chat lesismascectoien on = 1189 LARUE 70) lo beac cep So oie 972 Seas. Pred’. . tae er aeesaacs = « 1196 atbraith:- WisesGyron. a5 tout nae 1181 Gastett; Ro Watcsaes secs: 1079, 1200 Giffen, BAT. Te de eer ccaee, toe 168 SS illitandeS.- Eis . eee 1292 anabrecht; > laos wine ee 92 Thomson, Hugh ....... 474, 494, 997 Thompson; J... 22 seen 300, 393, 394 Thurston, 5. C.2 52% vcs eee aItus, le 1355, 1356 Torrance, W. a int ethee Demme 857 Vani His, ole ere caiee eee 957, 990 Voorhees, EW Ra osha cee 26 Waugh, W. F. | 63 estes SE eee 841 Way,-Gassius.4«)..cs seamen 937 Weaver, P. Vii... tie Secs eee ee 849 WebberssL. Ro ieee tes dowd 1267 Wehr Gil wie oot foc aon ice oe eee 1416 Weston, E. A. .310, 311, 337, 471, 473 White; George R. 2... Sicee cen 336 White, Mark, Jr..61, 1000, 1087, 1087 White, Me MM. oissc0 cece 975 White. and~Plaskett.;...4/.p08-ee 306 Whitehouse, A. W.....2sscedec cute 388 Walliams \Weiloe oa. oe 360, 425, 1230 Willyoung, L.. E.'S. aoe pee 52 Wanchester;, J. Ps :Se.cee .1357 Wiyarian,: Wises A: oes 25 screener 857 NON-POISONOUS — NON-CAUSTIC —— NON-CORROSIVE Chloro-Naptholeum is made from genuine coal tar oil, carefully selected for the purpose and specially prepared by fractional distillation according to our own specifications, so as to contain only the highly concentrated antiseptics, i.e., the aromatic hydro-carbons of double nu- cleus, the Pyradine and Chinoline bases, and the three isomeric cresols. ortho, meta and para, excluding all carbolic acid, on account of its poisonous effects and lesser antiseptic efficiency. Every batch is made under the direct supervision of our chemist, and the process of saponiti- cation is so directed as to always yield a uniform product. For the sterilization of the skin and mucous membranes, or for therapeu- tic purposes, the effect of Chloro-Naptholeum is unsurpassed. As a wash or dip it is now employed by thousands of Veterinarians and Live-stock Breeders and proves an unfailing remedy for Lice, Mange, Itch, Ticks and other parasites. Supplied in sealed, trade-marked cans by dealers in quarts, half gallon cans, gallon cans, five gallon cans. "Literature on request. West Disinfecting Co., Inc., ° st57t Street SOP OOOO09OS O999990S 09999969 00650000005666600600 ; VASOGEN A vehicle that penetrates the epidermis with remarkable rapidity carrying its incorporated remedial agent to the underlying tissues, where it is immediately absorbed. Some of the drugs that are emulsified in this vehicle, ready for the veterinarians use, are: Iodine Vasogen containing 107 Iodine. oad lodoform Vasogen 66 3% lodoform. Creosote Vasogen ss 20% Creosote. Pyoktanin Vasogen * 2% Pyoktanin. ‘(In four ounce bottles.) PYOKTANIN VASOGEN is a very valuable preparation to the veterinary prac- titioner, giving him in a convenient and penetrating vehicle, this valuable drug with its antiseptic, disinfectant and anagelsic properties augmented by the fact that the vehicle will carry them to the most remote corners and recesses of wounds. Hence its advan- tage in the treatment of foot wounds. IODINE VASOGEN—positively not irritating, is used to great advantage injcases of tendonitis; when well ‘‘ worked” into the tendons, it frequently obviates the necessity of blistering, or firing and blistering. Also valuable to soften and absorb in many other conditions in both horses and dogs. IODOFORI1 VASOGEN, used wherever Iodoform is indicated, and CREOSOTE VASOGEN for coughs, etc. Manufactured by VASOGENFABRIK PEARSON & CO., HATIBURG, GERMANY. LEHN & FINK, Sole American Agents, 120 William Street, New York. GOOOO9OS 09509999 HO09909OO99F 00000099 O99090066 15 SA aaa maha aaaarabaaAaaaAAAA te aaah aa aaaaAAadb Aid tbteted tbeteitrtetnd 300 0900000000 " The Dechery Auto-Cautery. A Compact Instrument, Simple in Operation and always ready for Use, producing the maxi- mum heating effect without the use of compres- sion bulbs, NO VETERINARIAN’S OUTFIT COMPLETE WITHOUT ONE. PRICE, $30.00. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., Sole U. S. Agents, 85 Water Street, New York City STOVAINE. TRADE MARK REGISTERED. THE IDEAL LOCAL ANAESTHETIC FOR VETERINARY USE, COMPLETELY REPLACING COCAINE. Public Demonstrations at the following Clinics have confirmed its superiority over Cocaine: Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association, Bridgeport, Aug. 1, 1905. American Veterinary Medical Association, Cleveland, 0., Aug. 15-18, 1905. New York State Veterinary Med. Society, Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 12-15, 1905. The American Veterinary Review of October 1905, says: ‘‘STOVAINE substituted cocaine in most all of the large clinics held in connection with the recent meetings, and in every case with the most grati- fying results.’’ Send for Literature. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., 85 Water Street, New York. 132 Chestnut St., 396 Atlantic Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Western Agents: R. R. STREET & CO., 184 Washington St.,"Chicago, Ill. 16 TALLIANINE (REGISTERED TRADE MARK) Diagram showing the increase in the consumption of Tallianine since its introduction to the profession in rgor to the end of the first six months of 1905. 24000 TUBES 23 z 22 a ipa 24 E iad 20 ‘ oe 19 , Ee 18 e ek 17 E = 16 a coe 10 ae oar i : | ee. 13 ca seo s 12 0 | 2 ee a m= & 10 3 a x 9 ‘ mm s fe | ms y ‘ | oe. f i Mm & 5 ti | os L : | Bm: 3 i | fs 2 : a 1 ’ | x me 1901} 1902 1903 1904 1905 SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE. Address: WALTER F. SYKES & CO. 85 Water Street, New York. 132 Chestnut St. 396 Atlantic Ave. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Western Agents: R. R. STREET & CO., 184 Washington St., Chicago, Ill. 17 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. New York-American Veterinary College. ( New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 1857, and the American Veterinary Col- lege, chartered 1875.) Session 1905-1906 will begin October 2d, 1905. Write for new catalogue and all information to A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.I1., DEAN, 141 West 54th Street, ew York City. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, ESTABLISHED AT CORNELL UNIV SRSlt=, Lois AC eee BY CHAPTER 153, LAWS OF 1894. The best equipment for scientific and practical instruction, for undergraduates and post- graduates. Most varied practice for students in the free clinics. Regular graded course, three years of nine months each. Entrance by Regents’ ‘“‘ Veterinary Student Certificate,’’ or by examination, September 15th, 1904. Matriculation September 23d, 1904. we ww w Tuition Free to New York State Students. For extended announcement address, Professor JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S., Director. ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, Limited, 40, 42, 44 and 46 TEMPERANCE STREET, TORONTO, CANADA. Patrons.—Governor-General of Canada and. Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, SESSION 1905-1906 BEGINS OCTOBER Ilth. All Experienced Teachers. - = = Fees, $65.00 per Session. Prof. SMITH, V.S. (Edin.) F.R.C.V.S., Etc., Principal. CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE 2537 and 25390 State Street, Chicago, IIIs. Organized and Incorporated under the Laws of the State of Illinois, 1883. Reguiar Session commences the first week in October in each yea For Prospectus giving all information as to curriculum, fees, etc., address the Secre JOSEPH HUGHES, M.R.C.V.S., 2537 and 2539 State St., Chicago, ilin 18 ESTABLISHED 1851. INCORPORATED 1897 EIMER & AMEND, Wholesale Drug gists, 205,207,209 % all Thild Ave., N. Y. CITY. Make a Specialty of all Drugs, Extracts, Tinctures, Chemicals, etc., etc., used in Veterinary practice.. E. & A.’s Veterinary Glycerin Suppositories. Sulfglycerole for skin lesions. Sulfglycerole Oint. for scratches. PLANTENS siaieaemoaad For Oral and CAPSULES Rectal Medication. ORAL: 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 12 drachms. TRIAL BOX BY MAIL RECTAL: 1 1-2, 1 and 1-2 ounce. 25 CENTS. IMPREGNATION CAPSULES for Mares. Sample Box 30 Cents. ESTABLISHED IN NEW YORK IN 1836. H. PLANTEN & SON, 93 Henry St., Brooklyn, N.Y. Have Removed to NEW LABORATORY— 93 Henry Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. “The Pioneer American Capsule House.” Manufacturers of Superior Filled and Empty Gelatine Capsules. Encapsuling Private Formulas a Specialty. 19 The Most Powerful Disinfectant (Germicide) Deodorant and Air Purifier, Fragrant and Non- Poisonous. Surgeons who are not acquainted witl our Special Veter- inary preparations should write to us for full particulars and samples. THE “SANITAS” CO., Ltd. 636 to 642 West 55th Street, ' NEW YORK CITY. Air-Cushion 2. Pads STANDARD OF THE WORLD. Physiologically and Mechanically Correct. The most important invention in the history of horseshoeing. Any veterinarian who will study the principles under- lying the Air-Cushion Pads cannot withhold his approval of them for physiological and ! pathological shoeing SEE THAT CUSHION? of horses for work on It fills with air at each step. hard roads and streets, That’s what breaks concussion. Navicular disease That’s what prevents slipping. 8 .? That's what keeps the foot healthy, Subacute and chronic That’s what cures lameness. laminitis, quarter and toe cracks, and any condition where concussion should be reduced. If it gives such relief to sore horses, it must be ideal for sound ones, Write for Booklet ‘‘C’’ with Testimonials by Eminent Veterinary Surgeons. REVERE RUBBER CO., (Sole Manufacturers) Boston, New York, Pittsburg, Chicago, New Orleans. —— ial iv ia an © ai, om ee ae = =a ve 7 | ie BINDING SECT. APR 5 1966 SF American Veterinary Medical 601 Associetion Journal PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY aie i Avan Saaeaagtpeee ‘GNA } WAR Stas Se ee FSS ee eis) a ferrets - = Speen 2 ot = ; ae = ae ro : So me SSS 2-85 hs: asizs See