Pari th peer Sa ‘ Lai’ topalgas Nina 1 Me ee Hh \} ’ tenes a: : i i ' BP itty tt deat ‘ wera Ns Pl Pow {Fy nigh a 2 h yh ‘ Set: wire ar Wl if i 4 ) fy Me RAR hae 4 | f . ite es sodden gen ' Be debe Derbi a hay i UU aon aa Heres ART, Hess : bao Maat erty Sep dg de . rite etna abet oy Eay Aly: RS Oe a ae pe - t ys rp. Bhi: q m ‘ ane ‘ ; A ae ha yeu OG}! on } h i ; Gab ate te etety Ary “ti bal ‘ f iy ead ‘ “4 yin eh maa Mier J Naa oe if. wreeeata bad ba tare ists ; . . f . , ap vibes ‘ ' H : { \ ‘ a A 5 : ; f ie “pases pen asta ’ os a pbb, , oe as ae r } P ‘ deity f ? x erie ys YL ae ee A ; 4 ‘ ‘ f MT BLOT ek usb ya F Mey : ; Rais Hep , ‘ : ty , a i aA ‘ ‘ i . A Pee re See Sun De nw t F ‘ Ay ieeveudre ‘ ' ae ' ‘ ‘ UF Oh 4 efonagen’ aetstp 4 a joa ‘ a il ot i a ey | tas veP us i ee del 4 : 1 oo eT tos 7 iM ‘ a at) eee e ; : ‘A ~ J as ke ee © "Y _ ; & a : ee ee ee Po. _ VY << » ==> ate AH ne & Git ps DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES HUGH M. SMITH, Commissioner PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES By JOHN N. COBB APPENDIX I TO THE REPORT OF THE U. S. COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR 1921 Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 902 THIRD EDITION PRICE, 35 CENTS Sold only by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS JUN 81921 DOCUMENTS DIVISION woe esis creer ’ ‘ - iy ; ‘om Bs Ps *, ‘ : op “ 4 : va ’ ' , , is ' r A. jolt —_ « i we - i = . ‘ = 4 * * i p rT ' 5 r lal { : , ree a BY = 4 x) } y | ’ bed ' vy, 7 F a ; * fy rj “\ i ' ' - £ a= - r D » . & & ‘"SGagd ONINMVdS SHL NO NOW 1VS—'! ‘S14 COG OO Chesil clas ua lll PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES.° By Joun N. Coss, CONTENTS. Page. rere eins a aan cca pada sn nedemewesavbieaee Ab eganse cis 6 Spe eects or saimon and the runs.......3.........20-cesied ewe eUicecee 6 Sirah or Ke salmon...) 0.2.0... -------2eoesesmewsal vaed 7 re COME, OF TGd FalMOn «0.2... fk ww we eee SEL 8 EIT LOOT ne oy wm a.ncin oon sania enna seine aelguita tos ui bile. Ue 10 SIRE PME ARMED <0 Fa as a cscmeinicicimce oe ern ne aay nace oe UMS DS 10 ET I a EL de 11 Ie Sra coc Dan a8 cio he wie cigans ng vanes anes SURGE Ua ale Sid’ 11 MMU EHAGUTICY ©. 4 2s 3\4)-.scia ian dolh ee cose ewe feeeies 2 12 Eire ene ote a Seo, pis nn ae Ehok Mew dinel Fe 3 13 UE MMURORMET Ete REINO 4-5) 25 es oe ceases + detea/ehd. Outoeuse 16 Fishing grounds and history of the fisheries...................-22+-+---2----2--- 18 oor asap atal aa lay naan i PET Atalay Like Shetsiwh bw ct aoe acid 6 18 IMEC os fe So op tsteupbsias PACTUAL wise nisdied de ONAeS sjante 25 0) Pre stole o naisia so uo Sates dower eaeds anal Hi aeprtseds 31 IMs ec ~ rs eisidey apd ciel, Jbistes sig bane d ed seks)... 34 acta la aaa eA apa ms aelnyes asp rnin en sles SAU ABN E:S Meets 37 NE Oe ed SP a ol apa casclade euorclardieveajniclonniciniahotte 37 Prince William Sound and Copper River...................-2-...24. 49 IM se teres oe Sole he emi wae dee cole (ice smeae EEO ease 50 RRS cree es oat ea ach mewn cloning eee 51 cae ea lll i es RC PD 52 aS Fe eS ee P 55 Pama OR eMICeUIa AGN SIG. loo ee elk nolo ewe wa discs Sold pale sled 57 eemmemeeen rig sania ISAs). 2. of a2. ee ep oe ne ne eee aiblabilelee 57 Soh ns ee he oa imo eicis mn mine Ba MRR UAL wd 58 MTEL VAN By. oe os ao ce. wae poets ieite cud 58 nrneIPaRn EAE ARTES oe oo 2 sig min ww wicks c,d g's op sede cmeleuw bed 61 EE ee Te SSE ON eel erica nuiyw oo = Aer bcelo ae ga aeaeed 62 UE ree res Pe ate as Se on w nicl Be Award 63 Ee aes te eee wn win wwink adn ce ie aideleee 63 Alaska Peninsula, Bering Sea side..........2....0- 022.5 cess ec ewe 65 ELE en Noa ni bc > a mca sig watt bine aaistatauiele 66 Ne Feces Supers ok! bik Sang eebelcfe Na du id oenioan 66 CM UMRIOIIHOCOS, = oy USUMMO aS thilsclan tweidein tok aed Gk eee ste 67 a Rt ee hs ee ca ek SS Laieln oateiitlctatem 67 RI nT res Pee ES oo oo wpe en v'g sc veeoaeescceenven 67 Beta eye Fave She Be eierside inte askew ainjerkis Mahe tees 74 {HOS AD A Ee SOP NEL a tne ee pe 75 2 COO OCARSED SARIS BOBS O56, Be ae Seer Cet ae eee eee 75 Petal iota a alo ai cine ata EES choos a> 3) IRS ere eT ie am etSidiwis d= ore's ® 76 ea ey, cane foe eNe eerie, a!ohaysl mies cia ioe w aR late e ote Ale Wel weva Scores & hte 77 a Appendix I to the Report of the U. S: Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. Doc. No. 902. . 8 4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Apparatus and methods of the fisheries—Continued. Page. Dap mete... 1. Sesame oe eee eo ee ee 77 Squaw nets...\.:-.-e sree sia Pa. ee ee ee. 22 ee ee eee 77 Purse Semmes. 02 ao Sais ora. = woo rege ae ees lei eo aid oa 78 ‘Traps or pound nets.: . ~...-....2. awe eee cece ee 79 Dndian traps. 2.52). 2.505 = -'-,-\s gene ope Oe eee anit ete 82 Wheelse. isc... atolls 8 os eee eee eee Oh eian estes 83 Reef nets... .s.s 2s. 5 N24) s0e age yaaa a RE ee ge ee A 84 WroUMg a. 35 1-52 Oca Se - © 5,-'s co Sw peel Bete tte er 86 Bow and arrow... 2.22 '-4:625.-$- Bee. Saco tee eee eee te er 89 Spearand ahi a a ain = oieieizn!acete re: aim ayatereis ates gaia by ate etna ah) eh 90 Sport fishing for salmon... 2.2 ..G02.6. <2 15 ea 90 Dangers to the industry...-..-.-.-..5.4.2-55/52-2 21 0 91 Fishing season in: Alaska... .- 2. ines ecw nine en notte Been cs in ae 95 Fishermen and other employees:..2- 22-22 52-2 5- esse -/o2 2 -- eeeeee 96 PIshermen . iach 2 oe ns ce eon os ew ent ea eee aa as re 96 Cannery labor. ~ tex fcse ce oo ~ oe oclec erotic tienes oe ee a “ 97 Nationalities. ..-.6..0 60 nee leeds nies nye ete 2 2 err 97 Chinese.contract systemaes-).0 2 ae 98 Fisheries'of boundary: waters. .-... 0... .208 << -.5 tees oe ease 100 Washington and .Oregon. .. 0.0262 ses se ede hs ee ele Se eee 100 Washington and British Columbia...............-....----- Jd. SOR 103 Decrease in sockeye salmon Tun... ... 2-2-1. « H2= = =o) e 104 American-Canadian Fisheries Conference.........-..--------+----+--+-- 106 Decrease in humpback salmon catch...:........----22-+-++--2++e-e- 110 Packs by Canadian and American canners........-.....--------- 111 Méthods of preparing salmon)....0.2./5. 3202-2 222-26 2 eee oe oe 111 QAM TIT Ee >, - aioiaints meors arene ater cial eie co Steere fehelala' sey wimbare lin <1='e 1 er! 111 Early days of the industry. :.0tw. 52 le. 020. 25 22 111 Handling the salmon... 2 ose 065 Hes cee at 2s ca 114 DD POSSI Goose o-=,o:2 SielSete Sate ininte sis cine alan’ Semies ee see 115 Cutting... 022... Senne is bce oe deen eke ae lake ek rr 115 Salt oie aie oe nis le detec sinsins sas uew SE ses 5. Gees Ce eee 116 Filling.the cans...) seca sone ee ends 20 5.0 oe er 116 Cooking... 2 522 ee ee eens ae date Se eee ee a 118 Repairing cans:.....- 5222. 2. - se ee toes cee kes: 119 Lacquering. . 2 ..25.~- ved. Sete kee dae eel gO 119 Labeling. oo. bic. woke tees eg en eee onan e ets Onin ee 121 Bramdsi i ose2.ccccetins ce cis 2s oe tbe Dek ee here Cee rr 121 Boxing of casing....66 +. - 5200. sle. 2.6.82) ee 123 Can makings oi... 2.125 fees Se pe se eek oe aan eee «lee er 123 Canning smoked salmon:....2..5..i/ss/-255 Senos See 124 Home canning... 20.26.2202 ose col etee «cee: eae eer 124 Inspection of plants packing canned salmon..........-...---------+-- 125 Investigation of canned salmon industry....--....--£1) =) semen 126 Mild curing. . 2.0220. 25022220 ieee ee ees cee one Sols oe 129 Pickling... .. 20.2228 20 dhe see) ee yee eee Oke = asi 133 Dry salting. 000... 5e.ec..ecs een eens ca Seem Emenee eee Oe oe 134 SMOKING noo. oes sds n cane sles Hed niaywie t uscioa Meee He = Oe a nr 134 Preeving ic. ..6 404 -e0os sess scedqees sass adesue tetas 1. 136 Utilizing salmon eggs and melt; <<...) < 2.22: 42226-5222 45 =e ee 139 Miscellaneous: products. <2... Pers. ss sscg2 52d dees easies eee udovicnre ies 140 Meal, fertilizer, and.oil ..... 0.2200. .02. sts slse ss onion tives eta 141 Shipping fresh salmon direct to consumer..........---.---------+-+++-+-+- 142 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. TENE) CUMIIEIE OF PAUNOM ie aan oon, co cane eevee. ete es Ele. Analyses of canned and fresh Pacific salmon. ..................-. EEN DD sy Analyses of canned salmon by South Dakota authorities.................- eRe SST OL FAL Cente AIVCANOEE nn e N e e ew umiow a sa neretnna cee ee te RIEL LG ARMM CMU. oe on ok. won saw eck Se eme EL. 2 Sakae) Aes NR RSE OS Gg oc clan St ole tl dicks Ges s ciwtaiw Ba eee ee ao Cee Lee ed RE Bristol Bay waters salmon catch, 1913 to 1917...........--.------------- Penarenmmen aalivon 1 1919.0 cc. c.. 1. Soe SURE ROL Canning in Per PRO e TO LEO eosin. acne ealaneinne SEEMED. WRU Uae SULHAAs Ol/ CAMIMIN CUMO LISLE Yio oe cic. < oe whi S a erate eo er te BSI Ia Canning industry, by species and waters.............-..------------- market prices ior canned salmon... 22-22 _2.-.. 2c sales SPURL SE QU LOE, PMOricunl GDORINE TTIGES: . 2 eae <0 sore bares es VOTO BULUE British Columbia. opening prices: .........-. 6. We doreeded sb URE MEE Oi 2 eas cs had aid 2 > Som eiekad oie de a RE DES SAU, SD Tilets, STERG ES SS TROY A SOS Fg, Ween ene tS ee IMT LPRLPOT = 08 DY ci Seiad amend aerel aw alain dgumdes Gua bee sine Exports of Exports of Imports of Imports of Exports of Salmon culture Ainmesiicicanned sa lmOle aac ac cout Lessee ees seca aoe eee ee Aomenticureshsand curedisalmon.ten. 4. o2- sncle ur sere a= ches shh SEPT A Goins 528 32 A a Oe aes oe eee” eee eI REM USA INOTE 09 pet See et A EE Se ete ire ona aianeconnen amon eer t £2 Mts fe ca cs a aioe eee et flees UMLatnate Ge SOAWMINE TSP. sy. oof eee b be bin seth beens bwebt cniehb- Taking the Fertilizing Hatching a ULE TE be 2 PRED, Sea es Geran Berar ae Co. Pan, Ne an Ee TEES STE ACS ea A ee ie cede Beak Cea Cs EI Gee Stone cree eee P Renee PALAIS eNO MebNOOS§ ee nat soko AON sce Boe ae oi Ln PLoS EN" 5) Te 9 a RS SSR ne, eed + Re Removal of dead eggs by the use of salt solution...........-------------- Feeding an SPIPRAE Gine? TRV OS ot a en tire ido idee eaeepa er tetai be a LS aly a) AT ee re Paton niceties On the Paciic coast. ...... 22.22% - 2b eae pine santos scee eR REESE ei ye Sg iam Mei Sk Rath a in ed © 4 dn Sse 3 Acclimatizing Pacific salmon in other waters......-.-------------.-----+- a EE ge BOP inant patapenepmmetaetngts 5p Si Sp ence es EE ee ne recon. .......-<- a teherIes Ol, COAStALSbYCSING: 25 say nol 2c plete ote; oii vial foe gs LOSS ori Se ee ae ree peat rg LOC a eee e woe 6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Salmon culture—Continued. Page. Columbia, River and tributaries. .....-..-<- << <~-/eElsae delete ee ene 233 Washington e242 56 force /2:< = teen ane eek SLR ESPN nt Ut ope fe oe pee 237 British Columbia. s..i2:-22.222 1c) EeRe to at See 244 ATaSka, 2). a. sicc caecum © p= oo ween we cieie nein maine bier AO 1 Oe oe 247 The salmon fisheries of Siberia......+----<.2-4.=-- 200) UL GOD ee ee 253 Species of salmon ..........-- ti eet oases oo ction aatee s See eee 254 Fishing districts.......-----.l202 aL DIRS. sates See Ge 254 Fishery rights and regulations.....-.-......0202 Jit 2/0048 DOR See 255 Apparatus employed.........-. win maine tam mercies olde aL dnt ee: 257 Abundance of salmon... ...0--20--2-2.0J4SbsLGt Goeeeieg ese eens enero 258 Freezing salmon.......-... +... -0c.- jl tice Atte 2 ee LS. 259 Camming salon. . oe 2a jaia a2 = apania)n o's ed MSISSIA ee TS 260 Salting salmon. oo. . oon. Ls as cee eens eedit el ROBE e Te ee ree 263 The salmon fisheries of Japan... 04 ae Ald 2 265 Canning-industty ns. -.02< Seem ieee oi 2 eine 266 Fishery methods... 28 2. 2 2 scien wie oo ce sin sani ceisler 267 Bish culture a. 2 Go's scene! The Fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1906, Vol. XX VI, p. 257. Washington, 1907. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 9 (Alaska) run. This species usually enters streams with accessible lakes in their courses. These fish are occasionally found landlocked in certain lakes, especially in the State of Washington, and are always much smaller in size than the sea-run fish. In Bumping Lake, near North Yakima, _ Wash., they are quite abundant and are mature when about a pound in weight. Despite the fact that these fish have a soft mouth, anglers consider them very gamey. ‘They take bait, the fly, and the trolling spoon. Large numbers are hatched and distributed by the Washing- ton Fish and Game Commission under the name of “silver trout.” A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Calif., small runs are said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers, while 20 sockeyes are reported as having been taken in the Klamath River in the autumn of 1915. Only an occasional specimen appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. The Columbia is the most southern river in which this species is known to run in any considerable numbers, entering the river with the spring run of chinooks. From here south the species is called blueback exclusively. A considerable run enters the Uinainisrilt River, Wash., and there is also a small run in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. In the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the/sockeye, this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of aoe and, possibly, in the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Nooksack ivers. At one time the greatest of all the sockeye streams was the Fraser River, British Columbia, a stream famous from very early days for its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of which is that there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. The maximum run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum on the year following that. The greater part of the catch of the Puget Sound fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through Washington waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in during July and August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, apparently coming from the open sea to the northwest. They pass through the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending considerable time in the passage and about the mouth of the river. Small numbers run as early as May and as late as October, but the main body enters about the first week in August. The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The principal streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Lowe Inlet, Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert Bay, and Alberni Canal. In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, of which the following are the most important: In southeast Alaska, Boca de Quadra, Naha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Nowiskay, Peter Johnson, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Redfish Bay, Stikine, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Situk, Ankow, ete.; in central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Susitna, Afognak, Karluk, Alitak, Chignik; rade in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Ugaguk, Naknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wool It is also supposed to 9 10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. occur in small numbers in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, which debouch into Bering Sea, and possibly occurs in the Arctic streams of Alaska. The run in western Alaska begins usually early in June and extends usually to the middle of August, the bulk of the run occurring in the first three weeks of July. It begins earlier in Prince William Sound, however, and sometimes extends into Sep- tember in southeast Alaska. The duration of the run averages about the same in each section. SILVER OR COHO SALMON. The silver or coho salmon (QO. kisutch) is silvery in spring, greenish on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species is of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and hence less valued for canning purposes. The maximum weight is about 30 pounds, with a*general average of about 6 pounds. The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where it appears during the month of July, and is taken by the trollers. From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the coastal streams. It usually appears in July, and runs as late as November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are packed by the canneries, most of which shut down in August and September. This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. The humpback or pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), the smallest of American species, weighs from 3 to 11 pounds, the average being about 4 pounds. Its color is bluish above, silvery below, the posterior and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal fin always having a few large black spots oblong in shape. The males in fall are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a decided hump appearing on the back, from which deformity the species acquires its name. The flesh is pale, hence its canned name, ‘‘pink” salmon. The southern limit of the fish is the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, but only occasional specimens are found here and in the rivers to the northward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large run appears every other year, the only place on the coast where such is the case. The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of British Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it appears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this region and some of those operating in central Alaska depend mainly upon the humpback for their season’s pack, and the canned product now occupies an excellent position in the markets of the world. The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. In western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the humpback is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usually able to fill their cans with the more valuable species. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ila In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until September. In western Alaska the period is somewhat shorter. In Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall, although but few are taken after September 15. DOG OR CHUM SALMON, The dog or chum salmon (O. keta) reaches a maximum weight of 16 pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first appears along the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with Enhaill black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of ridironlike bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or Blabkish, and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its flesh is light yellow, especially when canned. It is especially good for freezing, salting, and smoking. This species has a wide distribution. It is found as far south as San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, Calif., but is not utilized commercially in California except on Eel River. It is found in most of the coastal streams from here north, being especially abundant from Puget Sound northward to southeast Alaska, both inclusive. In this region it is being utlized in greater abundance each year, as the market for it widens. In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying abundance, but it is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with whom it is the favorite species dried for winter food for their dogs. The run of dog salmon comes later than that of any other species except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the season does not occur until late in August or early in September, and fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound they run from about the middle of August till late in November, and practically the same is true in the Columbia River. STEELHEAD TROUT. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is commonly classed as one of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been included in this report on this account. It is said to have received its common name from the hardness of the skull, several blows of the club being required to kill the salmon when taken into the boat. In different localities the average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 pounds, while extreme sizes reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality of its flesh causes it to be highly prized for the fresh and frozen markets, but owing to its pale color only limited quantities are canned. The principal ccnter of abundance of this species is the Columbia River. It is found from Carmel River, Calif., north to central Alaska, and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska. As a result of extensive plants made during the last five or six years the range has been much extended on the Pacific coast as well as elsewhere in this country. It seems to be found in the rivers during the greater part of the year. In the Columbia River the spawning season is from February to May, in Puget Sound in the spring, and in southeast Alaska in May and June. The best commercial fishing is in January, February, and March. In California the catching of this species is restricted to hook and line fishing. iy U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. AGE OF SALMON AT MATURITY. As practically all salmon which have the opportunity spawn but once and then die, knowledge of the age at which this occurs is of great interest both from an economic and scientific standpoint. Many attempts have been made to solve the problem with the sockeye and king salmon, the most important commercially of the five species, by means of marking artificially reared fry, usually by clipping one of their fins before they are liberated, as noted elsewhere in this report, but with unsatisfactory results. Fortunately, certain experiments carried on in Tomales Bay, Calif., and in New Zealand, where king fry were planted in streams not frequented by the species in question and the return of the adults noted, have yielded some interesting and accurate information on the subject. These indicated that the age was four or more years, as no run was reported until the fourth year. A more certain method of determining the age of salmon has been developed in recent years through the adaptation by American scientists of the discovery by European investigators that the ridges observed on the scales of certain fishes indicated a period of growth of the animal itself. Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, as early as 1910, applied this method to the determination of the age of the various species of Pacific salmon. As to its application to the Pacific salmon and the general method followed, Dr. Gilbert has the following to say: While the method is new as regards Pacific salmon, it has been experimentally tested and fully approved by the Fisheries Board of Scotland in the case of the Atlantic salmon, and is now universally accepted as furnishing reliable data as to the age and many other facts in the life history of that fish. It has been shown to be applicable also to various species of trout, and its value has been demonstrated in fishes as widely divergent as the carp, the eel, the bass, the flounder, and the cod. Descriptions of this scale structure and its significance have appeared in a large number of papers, both scientific and popular. It will suffice here to repeat that the scale in general persists throughout life, and grows in proportion with the rest of the fish, principally by additions around its border. At intervals there is produced at the growing edge a delicate ridge upon the surface of the scale, the successive ridges thus formed being concentric and subcircularin contour, each representing the outline of the scale at a certain period in its development. Many of these ridges are formed in the course of a year’s growth, the number varying so widely in different individuals and during successive years in the history of the same individual that number alone can not be depended on to determine age. For this purpose we rely upon the fact that the fish grows at widely different rates during different seasons of the year, spring-summer being a period of rapid growth and fall-winter a season when growth is greatly retarded or almost wholly arrested. During the period of rapid growth the ridges are widely separated, while during the slow growth of fall and winter the ridges are crowded closely together, forming a dense band. Thus it comes that the surface of the scale is mapped out in a definite succession of areas, a band of widely spaced rings always followed by a band of closely crowded rings, the two together constituting a single year’s growth. That irregularities occur will not be denied, and this is natural, inasmuch as growth may be checked by other causes than the purely seasonal one. Also a considerable experience is requisite for the correct interpretation in many cases, and a small residue of doubtful significance has always remained. This element is too small to affect the general results, and further investigation will almost certainly eliminate the doubtful cases altogether.4 a Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XX XII, pp. 4,5. Washington, 1913. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 13 As a result of his investigations up to this point, Dr. Gilbert pre- sented the following conclusions drawn from the data collected: 1. The sockeye spawns normally either in its fourth or fifth year, the king salmon in its fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh year, the females of both species being preponder- atingly 4-year fish. 2. The young of both sockeye and king salmon may migrate seaward shortly after hatching, or may reside in fresh water until their second spring. Those of the first type grow more rapidly than the second, but are subject to greater dangers and develop proportionately fewer adults. 3. Cohosalmon spawn normally only in their third year. The young migrate either as fry or yearlings, but adults are developed almost exclusively from those which migrate as yearlings. 4. Dog salmon mature normally either in their third, fourth, or fifth years, the humpback always in their second year. The young of both species pass to sea as soon as they are free swimming. 5. The term “‘grilse,’’ as used for Pacific salmon, signifies conspicuously undersized fish which sparingly accompany the spawning run. They are precociously developed in advance of the normal spawning period of the species. So far as known, the grilse of the king salmon, coho, and dog salmon are exclusively males; of the sockeye, almost exclusively males, except in the Columbia River, where both sexes are about equally represented. The larger grilse meet or overlap in size the smaller of those individuals which mature one year later at the normal period. 6. Grilse of the sockeye are in their third year, of the king salmon in their second or third year, of the coho and the dog salmon in their second year. 7. The great differences in size among individuals of a species observed in the spawning run are closely correlated with age, the younger fish averaging constantly smaller than those one year older, though the curves of the two may overlap.¢ Since 1910 Dr. Gilbert has devoted much of his time to investiga- tions? along this line, especially on the sockeye, with most interesting and valuable results. His observations on the sockeye runs of British Columbia indicate that they consist principally of four and five year fish and that these two classes appear during successive seasons in widely differing pro- portions; that each stream has its distinctive race of sockeye, the progeny returning at maturity to the parent stream; that sockeye ry rarely survive when they proceed to sea within the year in which they are hatched; and that sea feeding, with the consequent rapid growth, is the most important factor in producing early maturity, an equal number of years in fresh water producing comparatively little effect. MARKING SALMON. A favorite recreation for quite a number of Pacific coast people has ~been the marking of salmon fry in order to find out the age at which they return to spawn, the rate of growth, etc. Scattered through the reports of the various State fish commissions, and occasionally in the reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, are to be found detailed reports of such markings and the sometimes remarkable a Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XX XII, pp. 21, 22. Washington, 1913. > Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 1.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1913, with Appendices, pp. R53-78. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 2.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner oi Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1914, with Se ape pp. N45-75. Con- tributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 3.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1915, with yh penrosg pp. 527-64, 6 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 4.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1917, with Appendices, pp. Q33-80, 14 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 5.) By C. i. Gilbert. Report Britisa Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1918, with fa Maree pp. X26-52, 24 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 6.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report, British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1919, with Appeneices, pp. U35-68, 6 pls. Victoria, British Columbia. 14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. results attained, apparently at varying periods subsequent to the marking. All sorts of marks were employed. The favorite was the removal of the adipose fin, the experimenters appearing to be of the opinion that the fish would miss this the least of any. However, the entire or partial removal of nearly every fin was practiced by some one or other of the many experimenters. Sometimes a or a U was punched out of the tail or the gill cover, and in one or two instances a tag was employed. In time these marking experiments became so numerous, and so imperfect a record was kept of them by any central authority, that frequently it was impossible to tell, when an apparently marked specimen was obtained, where and when it was marked, and as a result but little dependence could have been placed upon them even had there been no other factors conspiring to vitiate their value. Fishermen are continually finding in their nets salmon which they feel sure have been marked by some hatchery. Scores of times in the course of his various investigations of the fisheries of this coast the writer has been told of or shown specimens which the fishermen thought had been marked. Many of these marks were on the side of the fish and represented an M or W, depending upon the angle from which viewed, and it was impossible, generally, to convince the fisher- men that this mark was caused by the twine of his gill net pressing on the side of the fish. The obvious fact that a fish could not survive when in the fry stage the infliction of such a mark did not occur to them. Frequently the scars left by the suctorial organs of the lamprey have been mistakenly supposed to be hatchery marks. This scar resembles very closely a date stamp on a canceled letter. One of the most interesting cases of salmon marking, and one which drives home the necessity for accepting reports of returns from such markings with extreme caution, is that of F. M. Chamberlain, then naturalist of the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, on the Naha Stream in Alaska. In August, 1903, 1,600 red salmon fry, reared for the purpose from the 1902 eggs, at the Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers Association, near Loring, Alaska, were marked by Mr. Chamberlain by excising both ventrals with fine curved scissors. The fry were released in the Naha River as soon as marked, at which time they were about three months old. In 1906 between 50 and 100 adult reds with ventral fins missing were reported by the superintendent of the hatchery at Yes Bay, which is located on the northern side of Behm Canal (Naha being on the southern side) and some 15 miles farther up the canal than the mouth of Naha Stream. Some of these also had the adipose removed, this mark having also been used on some of the fry. At the Fort- mann hatchery, where they were marked, only two of these fish were obtained in 1906. From then on until 1912, a period of 94 years, the return of a number of these supposedly marked fish is noted each year at the two hatcheries in question, the number reported in the latter year being larger than m some of the intervening years. In 1912 Mr. Chamberlain himself pointed out the impossibility of these all being from the fry he had marked and no further attention was paid to them. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 15 | The principal thing that this and some of the other many experi- ments in salmon marking prove is that the percentage of salmon which accidentally lose, either through disease or the attacks of their “many enemies, one or more of their fins, or portions of same, is much larger than most people suppose. Out of the many millions taken annually in commercial and fish cultural operations it is not surprising that some should be minus such exposed portions of their anatomy and this percentage would doubtless be found to be considerable were particular attention directed toward it. As it is now, it is only occasionally that the fisherman notices such loss, or mentions the same when he does, unless his attention has been directed to it by particular inquiry. In the Chamberlain experiment, for instance, after 1907 considerable publicity was given to the search for such marked fish, and the writer, in his travels through southeast Alaska during the succeeding years until the end of 1911, frequently was told by fishermen that they had caught salmon with missing fins. Inquiry developed that while a few of the lost fins were the same as Chamber- lain had excised, a number were entirely different fins, showing that when the attention of fishermen was directed especially in this line many deformed fish would be found. The confusion resulting from the many marking experiments carried on by different people shows the absolute necessity of some central authority regulating them if any real results are to be achieved from this line of endeavor. In 1908 the Secretary of Commerce, under authority of sections 11 and 12 of the Alaska fisheries law, directed that any persons desiring to mark and release salmon in Alaska first consult with and secure the written consent of the Commissioner of Fisheries or of the agent at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. It would be an excellent thing if some such control could also be exercised over these operations in the coastal States. __ During the year 1916 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- sity, assisted by Willis H. Rich, conducted salmon-marking experi- ments on an extensive scale. Late in the fall of 1915 a consignment of 100,000 eggs of the red salmon was forwarded to Seattle, Wash., from the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Yes Bay, Alaska, of which 50,000 were reshipped to the Anderson Lake hatchery of the British Columbia Fisheries Department, located on the ocean side of Vancouver Island. The remaining 50,000 were sent to the Bureau of Fisheries hatchery at Quinault Lake, near the coast of Washington. The intention was as soon as the fry, hatched from these eggs, had developed into fingerlings to mark each lot with a distinctive marking and plant them in waters near the hatcheries, with the object of peare that the adult fish would return to the stream in which they ad passed their early existence, no matter where the eggs were taken. This plan could not be carried out at Anderson Lake, as the young fish resulting from the eggs, which were sent there, were not strong enough to survive the experiment. They were t!erefore liberated without marking. Those hatched at Quinault Lake were marked, however, and liberated in the summer of 1916. Dr. Gilbert has strong hopes that upon the return of the marked fish important data relating to the life history of the species will be obtained. During February, March, and April, 1916, some 50,000 yearling sockeyes, which had been reared at the Bonneville hatchery of the Oregon Fish and Game Commission from eggs obtained from the Yes 16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, were marked by the removal of the adipose and both ventral fins, and the fish then liberated in Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia. The fish were in an apparently healthy condition when liberated. In order to make sure that they suffered no ill effects from the marking a few were held until the wounds had healed perfectly, and these were not affected adversely. During the summer of 1918 a number of marked fish were reported to have returned and been caught. During the same period close watch was kept on the Quinault River for the return of marked sockeyes from that marking experi- ment but none were observed so far as known. OCEAN HOME OF THE SALMON. All sorts of conjectures have been hazarded as to the ocean home of the salmon after the young fish have gone to sea and disappeared ap- parently from the ken of man. Many have conjured up visions of the vast schools of adult salmon surging along the coast hundreds of miles seeking for some suitable river in which to spawn, explaining in this wise the variations in the seasonal runs in different sections. Others think the fish go out into the greater depths of the ocean and there hide from man until the spawning instinct leads them back to the coast and thence to the stream in which they were born or planted. Discoveries of recent years have quite altered this uncertainty, and we now are reasonably certain that the vast majority of the salmon are comparatively near our coast line, while others stay in the bays, straits, and sounds virtually all the time when not in the rivers. Some years ago it was first noticed that king salmon would take the hook while in salt and brackish waters. At first only the anglers were interested in this fact, but as thé demand for king salmon for mild curing became more insistent the commercial fishermen, attracted by the high prices paid, began to devote some attention to the fish dur- ing the early spring months, and soon trolling became a recognized branch of the industry. It was first taken up on a considerable scale in southeast Alaska in 1905.4 As the demand for the-fish increased, the fishermen extended operations until almost all of southeast Alaska waters were being fished. The length of the fishing season was also increased until now only the severe weather of winter prevents them from fishing. However, the halibut trawls occasionally come up dur- ing the season with king salmon on them, showing that they are still on the ground. The above is also true to a certain extent of the waters of British Columbia and Puget Sound and to a lesser extent, so far as has been disclosed, of Monterey Bay and the Oregon coast. It has been known for some years that the silver, or coho, salmon would also take the hook under practically the same conditions as the king salmon, and the only reason this species has not been fished for to the same extent as the king has been because it was not large enough to be attractive to the mild curers, and hence there was a much lesser demand for it. aReport on the Fisheries of Alaska. By John N. Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 618, pp. 19-21. Washington, 1907. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 17 It had been supposed that the other species did not feed when in coastal waters, but Marsh and Cobb ¢ state quite differently: Other species of salmon, in addition to the king, are found to take the trolling hook. For several weeks in July trollers in Union Bay, in southeast Alaska, caught a number of cohos and humpbacks while trolling for kings. The humpbacks were caught mainly with aspoon, no bait being used. Most of them appeared to have been feedin on needlefish and herring, according to the cutter who dressed them. A few re salmon are reported to have been caught on the trolling line by fishermen operating for kmg salmon in the neighborhood of Mary Island, near Dixon Entrance. Several fishermen report having in previous years frequently taken dog salmon on a hook in the bays along Chatham Strait. In 1909, Mr. J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska, a well-known cannery man, told the writer that, while he was trying to install a floating trap near Cape Chacon, at the lower end of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, he on several occasions observed red salmon feeding on what he called a red shrimp. This was also observed in 1912, when Dr. Gilbert reported, in con- nection with his observatiqns of salmon fishing on Swiftsure Bank, off the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, that ‘‘durmg the past summer it was observed by Mr. J. P. Babcock and the writer that the sockeye on the Bank were feeding extensively on a small shrimp-like crustacean (Thysanoessa spinifera, Holmes), which floats in incredible numbers on the tides and forms a favorite food for the other species as well as for the sockeye.” ® He also found all the other species feeding vora- ciously in this neighborhood. The experience of the fishermen operating in and off Port Moller, in Bering Sea, also affords confirmatory evidence along this line. A cannery was established on Port Moller in 1913, the avowed purpose of the owners being to catch what they claimed would be the enor- mous schools which annually resort to the great rivers of Bristol Bay, some 210 miles to the eastward from Port Moller. This cannery made a fairly large pack for a season or two, using purse seines in Bering Sea and traps along the shore. Misled by this, three other canneries were built in 1916 and 1917. In a season or two the catches of the combined plants had dropped to much less than the catch of the one cannery Gen operating alone, thus showing that the fishermen were operating on a run which was local to that neighborhood. This is borne out by the fact that the Bristol Bay runs showed no appreciable diminution when the catch was lowest at Port Moller. The pack of the Port Moller canneries follows. « Pack oF THE Port MoLLER CANNERIES. Number 1 Number Year. of can- pete Year. of can- Cases neries. | Packed. neries. | Packed UD eee 1 eee LOOM LOM Oe tote cman acca de aa 4 39, 688 Lit, DG a eee 1 SLpL7o, || LQUS: Sues geese ees ocaeeee ep - 4 124, 884 70) 5 COA A eng 1 Lg IB 0 1 ill it ah 2 29) 849 BOIGL Naas 243 4<9-2 ou4- 26-8 2 132) 36 a The Fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By Millar C.Marsh andJohn N. Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 730, p- 26. Washington, 1910. + The Salmon on Swiftsure Bank. By Charles H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for Year ending Dec. 31, 1912, and Appendix, p.116. Victoria, British Columbia. 11812°—21 2 18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. These observations would tend to confirm the belief which has been steadily growing in favor for some years that the salmon either spend the greater part of their life in the bays, straits, and sounds, or else in regions adjacent to the coast line. The reason they had not been found in this region earlier is doubt- less due to the fact that during the fall, winter, and spring months the weather on the north Pacific coast is such that fishing operations can not be carried on along the open coast, while in summer the fishermen are all busy on the spawning runs and have no time to devote to fish not yet arrived at maturity, which are probably feeding along the coast as usual. : FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES. WASHINGTON. Puget Sound.—Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be restricted to that long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but a practice has developed, and is now common among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area in the State of Washington comprising Puget Sound proper, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of Georgia, and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, and this practice, for the sake of convenience, has been followed in this report. This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion of Washington and has been specially favorable to the prosecution of the salmon and other fisheries. Numerous rivers and creeks enter the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, Duwamish, Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important being the Skokomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. As on other bodies of water on the Pacific coast frequented by salmon, the Indians were fishing for them when the first whites visited the country. The natives at this time, and for many years after, used reef nets and hooks and lines in the salt water, and spears, dip nets, and weirs in the rivers. Traders first reached the head- waters of the Fraser River and gradually worked down the same until they reached the sea. For many years this region was comparatively isolated from the rest of the world, and the completion of transcontinental railroads has not completely changed this, owing to its distance from large consuming centers. As a result of this isolation, it was necessary for many years to resort to methods of preparation which would insure the preservation of the product for indefinite periods. Salting naturally came first, followed by canning, while the shipping of fresh salmon has been steadily growing in importance as transporta- tion facilities increased. The Northwest Co., a large fur-trading organization, about the beginning of last century first introduced the salting process and a For some of the regions the historical data are fragmentary and can not be considered as other than historical notes. It is hoped that some one will write a history of the industry before all of the pioneers have passed away. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 19 this was continued by the Hudson Bay Co. Both companies carried on the business primarily for the purpose of "aa a winter stock for the use of their employees and for local sale. As shipping de- veloped on the Pacific, a considerable export trade in salted salmon was developed with the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, China, and Japan, and with the eastern United States. Quinnat, or spring, and sockeye salmon were the principal species employed in the earlier years. After the boundary line between Canada and the United States had been established in 1846, and what is now the State of Wash- ington was acknowledged as part of the latter, a number of small traders and fish packers succeeded the Hudson Bay Co. In the early sixties several men were engaged in the business at Point Roberts, according to the Olympia Columbian of September 10, 1853. In 1873, -V. T. Tull, of Olympia, established a salmon fishery at Mukilteo, principally for putting up fish in barrels. The first year 500 parreis were packed at Mukilteo, after which the fishery was moved tem- porarily to Seattle to take the late run up the Duwamish River, which is usually large. Fifteen hundred good large salmon have been taken at one haul of the seine in the Puyallup. _ Bancroft’s “History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana” con- tains among others the following references® to the early fishermen of the Sound: In 1874 Corbette & Macleay, of Portland, founded a fishery at Tacoma. Sixty barrels were packed in five days, only three men being employed.—New Tacoma _ Tribune, November 14, 1874. In 1876, John Bryggot, a Norwegian, founded another fishery at Salmon Bay, 6 miles north of Olympia. In 1878 a company of Puget Sound men established a fourth at Clallam Bay. They put up the first season 600 casks of salmon and 700 of halibut.—Morse’s Wash. Terr., MS., xviii, 17-18. In the following season D. D. Hume established a fishery near Steilacoom for the purpose of | salting salmon. In 1880 H. Levy, of Seattle, went to London with 100 barrels to introduce Puget Sound salted salmon to that market. In 1882 a salmon packing establishment was opened at Old Tacoma by —— Williams. Salmon ran in great | numbers this year. One boat brought in a thousand fish. The extension of the railroad to Puget Sound, thus furnishing an outlet to the rapidly growing population in the Middle West, did -much to aid the industry. This also gave opportunity to begin the shipping of fresh halibut and salmon to eastern points. Ainsworth | & thine of Seattle, operating later under the name of the Seattle Fish Co., were the first successful pioneers in this branch of the industry, beginning about 1889, fat carrying it on until they sold out in 1901, as noted later. In 1903 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., which had begun the fresh-fish business in 1899, bought this business from the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., to which it had been sold in 1901 In 1893 A. E. Wadhams, who had operated on the Columbia River for some years, established a sockeye plant at Point Roberts. In 1894 both canneries were sold to their present owner, the Alaska Packers Association, an organization formed not long before this by a combination of a number of Alaska plants. About 1894 A. E. Devlin came up from the Columbia River and established a plant at Friday Harbor, which is now operated by the Friday Harbor Packing Co. @ History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, pp.345-349. By Hubert Howe Bancroit. : 20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1895 three new canneries were built at Anacortes—one by Philip S. Cook (later owned by the Porter Fish Co. and now by the Anacortes Fisheries Co.), one by the Anacortes Packing Co. (now owned by the Alaska Packers Association), and the other by the Fidalgo Island Canning Co. In the same year a cannery was built at Port Angeles by the National Packing Co. In 1902 this plant was sold to the Manhattan Packing Co., which company was absorbed by the Gorman interests in 1906. In 1896 J. R. Young and B. L. Williams built a small cannery at Blaine. They failed in 1900 through the failure of their trap fisheries and J. W. & V. Cook Packing Co., of Portland, bought their plant and put J. L. Smiley in charge of it. In 1909 Mr. Smiley purchased this plant from the gta iy and operated it until 1916, when he disposed of it to Lee Wakefield and E. Schoenwald, who sold it the following year to the Wilson Fisheries Co. As Ainsworth & Dunn found that they were receiving more salmon than they could dispose of in a fresh condition (they were first, in 1889, to ship fresh salmon from here to eastern points), the firm built a cannery on the Seattle water front, at what is now Pier 8, about 1895 or 1896, and about 1897 built another at Blaine. In 1900 the Blaine Packing Co. built a cannery at Blaine and operated it nearly every season until 1916, when it was sold to the Blaine Cannery Co. In 1901 Ainsworth & Dunn sold all its fresh fish and canned salmon holdings to the newly organized Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. When the latter company failed and its assets were sold in 1904, the firm bought back its former Blaine plant and has operated it ever since. Mr. Ainsworth, the senior member of the firm, died in 1914, but the business is still operated under the name of Ainsworth & Dunn. The Pacific American Fisheries Co. was incorporated in 1899. The company purchased at the time of its organization the cannery and trap properties of the Island Packing Co., San Juan Island, and the cannery of the Franco-American North Pacific Packing Co., at Fair- haven. The last-named cannery had been built the previous year. By 1900 a number of canneries had been erected on the shores of Puget Sound, most of which were then in active operation. In 1901 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. was organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey, for the purpose of acquiring a number of salmon canneries on the coast. It was supposed to be backed by unlimited eastern capital, and its authorized capitalization was as follows: Common stock, $12,500,000; 7 per cent accumulative pre- ferred stock, $12,500,000; and 6 per cent debentures, $7,000,000. It actually issued $6,037,000 common stock, $6,963,000 preferred stock, and $3,000,000 debentures. Subsequently the management effected an exchange of preferred stock for debentures, increasing the for- mer to about $7,500,000 and decreasing the debentures to about $1,650,000. The new company purchased a number of canneries in Alaska, also the following Puget Sound plants: Pacific American Fisheries Co.’s canneries at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) and Friday Harbor, the Ainsworth & Dunn canneries at Blaine and Seattle, and the Fair- haven Packing Co. cannery at Fairhaven. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ~ 91 The company had a very short career, ending up in the bank- ruptcy courts in 1903, and when all its affairs were wound up the stockholders received nothing, while the bondholders got but an exceedingly paltry sum out of all the money put into it. Most of the canneries secured on Puget Sound were repurchased by their former owners or by new people. The Apex Fish Co. was incorporated in 1904 and built a cannery at Anacortes which has been operated continuously since. B. A. Seaborg, a well-known Columbia River packer, early in the century established a cannery in South Bellingham and operated it under the name of the Washington Packing Co. In 1905 it was pur- chased by R. A. Welsh, then of Vancouver, British Columbia, and Loggie Bros., of Bellingham, and has been operated since under the name of the Bellingham Canning Co. The Hillside Canning Co.’s plant was built and operated for the first time at Port Townsend in 1905 by Andrew Weber, H. Ellerbeck, William McKee, and E. C. Seeley. In 1906 T. J. Gorman, since deceased, purchased the cannery of the Rosario Straits Packing Co. at Anacortes. In 1906 E. A. Sims leased the cannery at Port Townsend which had been built some years earlier by Mr. Cook and operated under the name of the Port Townsend Packing Co. A one-line cannery was erected in the spring of 1906 by the Wadham-Curtis Canning Co. at Blaine, but it burned down the same year. In 1897 the Chlopeck Fish Co. (now the Booth Fisheries Co.), which had been operating in Portland for several years, started a fresh fish and freezing business at Seattle. The first salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected by Jackson, Myers & Co., in 1877, at Mukilteo, in Snohomish County. The mem- bers of this firm had all been engaged previously in salmon canning on the Columbia River. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed wholly of silver, or coho, salmon. Later at this plant were put up the first humpbacks ever canned. In order to divert the minds of urchasers from the fact that the meat of the humpback was much ighter in color than the grades then known to the consuming public, the company printed on its label the legend, ‘‘ Warranted not to turn red in the can.’”’ Even with this shrewd sizing up of the weak side of the consuming public the demand for humpback, or pink, salmon developed very slowly, and it was some years before it became a factor in the markets. ' Within a year or two after the opening of the above plant another was started at Mukilteo by a man named Bigelow. In 1880 the Myers’s cannery was destroyed by a heavy fall of snow. It was rebuilt in West Seattle and was operated till 1888, when it was destroyed by fire. George T. Myers, now sole owner, built a new cannery at Milton, which was burned two years later, and he then came back to Seattle and built a cannery about where Ainsworth & Dunn’s dock now stands. He remained here only one season, after which he moved to where the Pacific Coal Co.’s bunkers are now. Late in 1901 he sold out his plant to the United Fish Co., which com- pany moved the plant to the foot of Connecticut Avenue, where they continued operations for two or three years and then quit. 29 - U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1889 a man named Morse established a cannery at Seattle and operated it for only one year. The first Puget Sound sockeye cannery was built at Semiahmoo, near Blaine, by J. A. Martin and John Elwood about the year 1891. It was bought in 1892 for $500 by D. Drysdale, who shortly after- ward rebuilt and greatly enlarged the plant. In the same year Mr. Drysdale demonstrated the commercial success of fish traps. Traps had been in operation before this, however. In 1893 Ainsworth & Dunn had a trap at Five Mile Rock, just beyond the lighthouse at Magnolia Bluff (now a part of Seattle), and there had been a trap or two in Elliott Bay even prior to this. Traps had not been profitable in this section, however, owing to the cheapness and abundance of salmon, haul seines being cheaper and more profitable to operate. A man named H. B. Kirby, who came originally from Nova Scotia, and another named Goodfellow (now living at Point Roberts) put in the first trap for Mr. Drysdale. From this time on the industry fluctuated considerably, 41 can- neries, an increase of 10 over 1914, being operated in 1915, while 35 were operated in 1919. During the early years of sockeye canning they were not sold to the trade as sockeyes, but as Alaska reds and Columbia River salmon, for which there had been an established market for some years. H. Bell-Irving & Co., of Vancouver, British Columbia, were the ioneers in the labeling of the fish as sockeyes, this being in 1894-95. ike all virtually new products, sockeye salmon had a hard fight for several years to secure a foothold in the salmon markets, and it was not until the Spanish-American War in 1898 caused a heavy demand for canned foods that its position became finally established. Soleduck River.—This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation is located here and the natives formerly caught salmon and marketed them on Puget Sound, but a small cannery, started at Mora, on this river, in 1912, furnished a market for the catch up to the end of 1915, when it was abandoned. Hoh River.—This is a comparatively small river, which is wholly within Jefferson County, and debouches into the ocean in the north- western part of the county. It passes through the Hoh Indian Reservation in its lower reaches. A cannery was built here in 1917 by Fletcher Bros., and has been operated each season since. In the spring of 1919 it was moved to a more convenient location about a mile from the original site. ; Queets Rwer.—This river, which is about 35 miles long, rises in ‘the northern part of Jefferson County and empties directly into the ocean in the northwestern part of Grays Harbor County, within the bounds of the Quinault Indian Reservation. A small salmon cannery was built at Queets, in Jefferson County, in 1905, and has been operated every season since. Quinault Rwer.—This river, which enters the ocean in the north- western part of Grays Harbor County, has a length from the ocean to Quinault Lake off about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries of the Quinault Indian Reservation. This stream is especially noted for its long-continued annual run of Quinault salmon (QO. nerka). These fish, which are noted for PACIFIG SALMON FISHERIES. 23 their especially red-colored flesh, make their appearance early in December, when the Indians generally catch them for their own use, as they fear that, if the whites got hold of the fish, they might throw away the hearts. Should a heart be eaten at this time by a dog or chicken, the Indians believe the run would not come. In January, when the fish begin to be abundant, all danger of this seems to have passed, for the Indians then usually have a considerable number for sale, and these are generally shipped to distant markets in a fresh condition by the buyers. As soon as the canneries open at Moclips most of the fish are disposed of at that place. The run continues up to July 1. May and June are the best fishing months. There is a fall run of chinooks in this river, which usually arrives in August and ends about October 15. The silver salmon appear about October 1 and the run is generally over by November 15; the dog salmon appear about November 1 and the run is usually over by the middle of the same month, while the steelhead trout run between November 20 and May 1. None of the latter are canned. Moclips, the terminus of the railroad, is about 10 miles from the river, and the fish are all taken by team to this place. ‘Twenty fish, oes approximately 100 pounds, are put in each box, and these are piled onto the wagons until a load has been accumulated. The team owners get 50 cents a box for hauling the loaded ones to Moclips and 5 cents a box for bringing the empty ones back. In 1915 the records of the Indian agent show that the Indians fishing on the north side of the river caught 219,654 Quinault salmon, valued at $49,820, while those on the south side caught 135,353 of these fish, valued at $30,528.60, or a grand total of 355,007 fish, valued at $80,348.60. This does not take into account the results of the fishing for the other species of salmon and steelhead trout, which quite materially swell the total. Fishing is restricted to the Indians, who also make their own fishery laws, with the advice and approval of the Office of Indian Affairs, as the State laws have no force inside the bounds of the reser- vation. Under the regulations now in force, a clear channel of one- third the width must be left in the middle of the stream, which is from 250 to 300 yards in width. Each owner of a fishing location has to fish it in person; provided, however, that widows, orphans, minor children, old Indians, and those who are sick or have gainful occupations other than fishing, are allowed to lease their locations or hire some one to fish them, and then only with the approval of the officer in charge. During the Quinault season stake nets are used, while the rest of the time, as a result of the freshets, drift gill nets are used in the eddies. The stake nets are arranged in a rather peculiar manner. A line of stakes is run out for about one-third the width at right angles to the shore, and to these are attached a net by short ropes. From each stake a section of net is run out and downstream, curv- ing inward like a hook at the end, the latter part being held in place by three stakes. The stake nets are 40 to 60 meshes deep, with 54-inch stretch mesh, and are set 85 yards apart. A set of these as described above forms one fishing location. ; 94 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The chinook gill nets are usually 8? to 9 inches stretch mesh and 24 meshes deep, while the gill nets for silvers, dogs, and steelheads are of 7-inch stretch mesh and 35 meshes deep. For some years the salmon from the Quinault River were brought to Hoquiam and Aberdeen for canning. In 1911 W. W. Kurtz, of the former place, began the erection of a cannery at Moclips for the urpose of packing these fish, and the same season his example was Fallthnedd by Frank Shafer. Mr. Kurtz still operates his plant, but the other is now owned by the Pacific Fisheries & Packing Co. Grays Harbor.—This is the first important indentation on the coast of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of small streams which debouch into the harbor. In 1883 B. A. Seaborg, who operated a cannery on the Columbia River, established a plant at what was later to be the thriving city of Aberdeen, although at that time it was practically a wilderness. In 1902 the North American Fisheries fs. built a plant at Aber- deen. Shortly after it came into the possession of the Grays Harbor Packing Co., and on June 8, 1903, it was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt and operated by this company until 1906, when it was sold to S. Elmore & Co., who still own it. The Hoquiam Packing Co. built a cannery at Hoquiam in 1904 and have operated it ever since. In 1910 two canneries were in operation at Aberdeen and Hoquiam, respectively; in 1915 there were three at the former place and one at the latter, while in 1919 there were six in operation. Willapa Harbor.—The entrance to this harbor, which also includes Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles, its southern por- tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River and its west- ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width from three-fourths to 1 mile. The bay is shallow, excepting im the main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor are the Nasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap nets are located. In 1884 B. A. Seaborg, a Columbia River canner, established a plant on Shoalwater Bay, as the whole of Willapa Harbor was then known. About 1900 F. C. Barnes established a cannery at Sunshine, «n the Nasel River, but the run of salmon on this river soon became so small that the plant was abandoned and the machinery moved to Mr. Barnes’s cannery at South Bend. In 1904 P. J. McGowan, the Columbia River canner, opened a cannery on the North River. Mr. McGowan, who was over 80 years of age at the time, had turned the control of his important Columbia River canning interest over to his sons, but finding idleness not to his liking, started this cannery in order to have something to occupy his time. He operated it for several years and then abandoned the Lojecr. i In 1912 the Chetlo Harbor Packing Co. established a cannery at Chetlo Harbor, but operated it only that year and im 1914. In 1919 only two canneries, both of them at South Bend, operated on Willapa Harbor. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES, 25 COLUMBIA RIVER. _ The Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises in British Columbia, flows through Washington, reaching the north- ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of the State’s eastern boundary; from this point the river forms the dividing line between Oregon and Washington, its general course being westerly. It empties into the Pacific at ee Disappointment. Its principal tributaries are the Spokane, Yakima, Snake, John Day, Deschutes, ‘and Willamette Rivers, and through these the main river drains an enormous extent of territory. This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years before the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks during the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter’s supply of food. Along the shores of the river at The Dalles for 15 miles were notable fisheries where various bands, who lived south and north, had their respective fishing locations, and to which all others were forbidden access. They used spears and dip nets in catching the salmon, the majority of which were dried and smoked for winter use. This dip, or basket, net was fastened to a pole about 30 feet long and slid on a hoop. ‘The Indian filled it by slinging it as far as ossible up the stream and then hauling it up, the weight of the fish closing the net by drawing it on the hoop. A favorite preparation of the Indians who resorted to the river was pemmican. This was the meat of the salmon cleaned of the bones, pounded vj) fine, and then packed in hempen sacks of home manufacture. A sack of pemmican weighed from 80 to 90 pounds and was worth in barter as much as an ordinary horse. Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N., has the following to say with respect to salmon fishing by natives at Kettle Falls on the Columbia River near the present city of Colville, Wash., at the time of his visit there in 1841: There is an Indian village on the banks of the great falls, inhabited by a few families, who are called ‘‘Quiarlpi” (basket people), from the circumstance of their using baskets to catch their fish (salmon). ‘The season for the salmon fishery had not yet (in June ?) arrived, so that our gentlemen did not see the manner of taking the fish; but, as described to them, the fishing apparatus consists of a large wicker basket supported by long poles inserted into it and fixed in the rocks. The lower part, which is of the basket form, is joined to a broad frame spreading above, against which the fish in attempting to jump the falls strike and are thrown back into the basket. This basket during the fishing season is raised three times in the day (24 hours), and at each haul noi unfrequently contains 300 fine fish. A division of these takes place at sunset each day under the direction of one of the chief men of the village, and to each family is allotted the number it may be entitled to; not only the resident Indians, but all who may be there fishing, or by accident, are equally included in the dis- tribution.¢ The first American to engage in fishing on the Columbia River was Capt. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, of Massachusetts, who in 1832 crossed overland to. Oregon with the purpose of establishing salmon fisheries in connection with prosecuting the Indian and fur trade. He dis- Benes a vessel via Cape Horn to the Columbia with trading goods, ut she was never heard from after sailing. In the meantime Wyeth @ Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842. By Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy, commander ofthe expedition. In 5 volumes. Vol. IV, pp. 444, 445. Philadelphia, Lee & Blanchard, 1845. 26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. had established a station at Fort Hall, on the Lewis River, a branch of the Columbia. In 1833 Capt. Wyeth returned overland to Boston, while the rest of his party dispersed throughout the Columbia Valley. Far from dis- heartened by the disaster to his vessel, Capt. Wyeth dispatched the brig May Dacre, Capt. Lambert, laden with trading goods and sup- plies, to the Columbia River via Cape Horn, while he crossed overland | with 200 men. He established a salmon fishery and fort at the lower — end of Wappatoo (now Sauvies) Island, at the mouth of the Wil- | lamette River. The salmon fishery did not prove successful and the brig sailed in { ] | | 1835 with only a half cargo of fish and did not come back. The same — year Capt. Wyeth broke up both the establishment here and on the Lewis River and, disheartened, returned to Massachusetts, having — found the competitiom of the Hudson Bay Co. too powerful for him. In August, 1840, Capt. John H. Couch, in command of the brig Maryland, which belonged to Cushing & Co., of Newburyport, Mass., arrived in the Columbia River. After taking a few salmon the vessel left in the autumn never to return. On April 2, 1842, Capt. Couch — reappeared in the river with a new vessel, the Chenamus, named after the chief of the Chinooks. With his cargo of goods he established himself at the present site of Oregon City, the first American trading house to be established in the Willamette Valley. He also estab- lished a small fishery on the Columbia River. The vessel returned to Newburyport in the autumn. The next American vessel to come in established a far from enviable record. There is no record of her name, but she was commanded by a man named Chapman and entered the river April 10, 1842. She came for the purpose of trading and fishing and remained till autumn. During her presence in the river it is charged she sold liquor to the Clatsop and other savages, as a result of which much bloodshed and discord resulted. About 1857 John West began salting salmon in barrels at Westport, on the lower Columbia. In February, 1859, the Washington Legislature passed an act pro- hibiting nonresidents from taking fish on the peabli of the Columbia between Point Ellis and Cape Hancock. Bancroft @ states: On the 26th of January, 1861, J. T. Lovelace and W. H. Dillon were granted the exclusive right to fish in the Columbia for a distance of 1 mile along its banks and extending from low-water mark half a mile toward the middle of the stream. In 1861, H. N. Rice and. Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon in barrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season’s pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable and was soon participated in by others. In the spring of 1866 William Hume, who had assisted in starting the first salmon cannery in the United States on the Sacramento River in 1864, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- appointing, started a cannery for Hapgood, Hume & Co. on the Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., about 40 miles above Astoria. a History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, p. 349. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Patt The year this first cannery operated the following fishermen were operating in the river: Jotham Reed used a trap and a small gill net opposite Oak Point; Mr. Wallace fished a small seine from the shore of an island of that name a short distance below; John T. M. Harrington (who was later to establish the Pillar Rock cannery), in conjunction with a man named Fitzpatrick, operated a seine at Tenasillihe, as did also a Mr. Welch; P. J. McGowan, who, with his sons, in 1884 started a cannery at McGowan, and later, at Warrendale, Ilwaco, etc., operated two small seines at Chinook Beach; and Hap- good, Hume & Co. had two small gill nets about 125 fathoms in length and 32 meshes deep. The gill net of Mr. Reed was much smaller than these. At this period the river literally swarmed with salmon, and the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, which it increased to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 1868. In 1867 a crude cannery on a scow was started by S. W. Aldrich, a ship carpenter. The scow was about 50 by 20 feet, with a cabin on it, and in one end of this he constructed a brick furnace in which he set a large cast-iron cauldron for a cooker. Along one side he rigged a bench and manufactured the cans. Aldrich was a regular ja¢k-of-all-trades, as he did everything from catching the fish to canning and cooking them ready for the market. In 1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, while in 1873 R. D. Hume built another at Bay View, Wash. He operated it until 1876, when Mr. Leveridge, of Leveridge, Wadhams & Co., of San Francisco, bought it and operated it during 1877 and 1878. George W. Hume hae it then and a few years later sold it to David Morgan, jr., who got into financial difficulties, and the lant was ordered sold by the court. C. W. Fulton, of Astoria, ater a United States Senator, had the matter in charge, but was unable to find a customer, and finally in desperation offered it to W. H. Barker, of George & Barker, for $600. Mr. Fulton closed with him the same day. It proved a most profitable transaction for the purchasers, who acquired a million and a half labels which could be utilized, the machinery was taken out for other plants, the timber on the land belonging to the tract sold, and the floating property sold for a considerable sum, after which the stripped plant and land were sold back to Mr. Morgan for $600, the purchase price. He sold it to George W. Hume, who wanted it to correct a title. It was sold for taxes a couple of years later and was bought in by B. A. Seaborg, who operated it for two years, since when it has been idle. George W. Hume was the first salmon canner to employ Chinese. This was at Eagle Cliff in 1872. At this period the white laborers in the canneries were recruited from the riffraff and criminal element of Portland. He had a Chinese working for him and through this man secured a Chinese gang from Portland. This labor proved so satisfactory that the custom soon spread to the other canneries. It was not found that the Chinese could do the work any better or uicker than the wl.ite laborer, but they proved more reliable in their work and gave less trouble. Donald and Kenneth Macleay, of Portland, and William Corbitt, of San Francisco, who were in business in Portland, were the first to make a direct shipment of canned salmon to Liverpool. This 98 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, was in 1871, and the shipment abroad that year amounted to 30,000} cases. Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, it is said that | about one-half had been established by the Hume brothers. G. W. and William Hume were partners in the firm of Hapgood, Hume & | Co., on the Sacramento River, and established the first cannery on) the Columbia. In 1881 William was the proprietor of two canneries, | one at Astoria, Oreg., and one at Eagle Cliff, Wash. R. D. Hume, | a third brother, in the same year had a canhery in operation on the Rogue River, and established three others, one at Kagle Cliff (then } owned by William Hume), one at Rainier (then belonging to Jackson | & Myers), and one at Astoria. The fourth brother, Joseph, came to | the coast in 1871 and some time later established a cannery on the | river. | One of the pioneer canners on the river was the late F. M. Warren, operating as the Warren Packing Co., who established a cannery at. Cathlamet, Wash., in 1869. The same company is still operating’ the plant. Later another cannery was established at Warrendale, — Oreg., and it also is still operated by thiscompany. Mr. Warren was | the inventor of a retort, patented on April 10, 1877, which was in use } by the principal canneries on the coast for a number of years. John West was another pioneer. He built a cannery at Hungry | Harbor, Wash., about 1869. In 1881 he moved his plant to West- | port, on the Oregon side of the river. Mr. West was the inventor of a packing machine for placing the fish in the cans. | In 1871 the firm of Megler & Jewett established a cannery on the present site of Brookfield, Wash., and named it in honor of Mrs. Meg- ler’s birthplace, North Brookfield, Mass. In 1876 the plant was | greatly enlarged and J. S. Megler bought out his partners and took | in Mr. Macleay, of Corbitt-Macleay, wholesale grocers, of Portland and San Francisco, and changed the firm name to J.S. Megler & Co., under which title it still operates. In 1879 Mr. Megler bought out this partner and owned the plant until his death in 1915, since when | it has been operated by his widow. | The first soldering machine used on the Columbia River was in this plant, while the steam box and lacquering machines were first put in use on the river in this plant. | In 1874 the Adair brothers, 8S. D. and John, jr., erected a cannery | at Astoria, the second one to be built there. Before packing began, | A. Booth, the well-known Chicago fish dealer, and progenitor of the | present Booth Fisheries Co., acquired a half interest in the plant, | which was then named A. Booth & Co. John Adair, jr., was the manager. The brothers established canneries on the Fraser River | and in some seasons exchanged places in operating on the two rivers. S. D. Adair sold out his cannery on the Fraser and bought one on the Colur ‘ia and operated it under the firm name of S. D. Adair & Co. After selling out his interest in A. Booth & Co., 5. D. Adair formed a partnership with Wm. B. Adair under the style of 8S. D. Adair & Co. in 1881. The brothers were active in the industry for a number of years. J. O. Hanthorn, under the firm name of J. O. Hanthorn & Co., established one of the largest canneries on the river at Astoria in 1876. He invented a rotary can washer for washing cans after they were filled ready for soldering and before the tops were put on. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 29 In the same year Marshall J. Kinney began his long and interesting Icareer in the canning business by establishing a cannery at Astoria. One of the most noted men the Columbia River produced was IMathias Jensen, a Dane, who fished there for some years. He achieved especial fame from his important inventions m_ canning Imachinery. His first invention, however, was a machine for filling needles for knitting salmon nets. He next invented a can-filling Imachine, which is in common use to-day. He also invented the first topping machine, which was a marked success. The patent Irights of both these machines were sold to the Alaska Packers Association. ‘The machines were all made at the plant of the Astoria Tron Works, at Astoria, of which Mr. John Fox was the founder. The first fish trap or pound on the river was constructed by Mr. Graham, in Baker Bay, on the Washington shore, in 1879.__In 1881 Mr. P. J. McGowan built some traps just below the bay. The traps were very successful at times. The first purse seine on the river was operated by William Graham & Co. in 1906. Below appears a list of the canneries operated on the Columbia River in 1881, together with the pack of each during the year in question: J. Williams (Oregon side)....... SHO00! |PEENWarrens. 2.0). OSs oe eh meee ba 0) 0,0) Astoria Packing Co....-..--.-. 30,000 | J. West............------.----- 12, 000 Elmore Packing Co. ..-....-..--- 7,890 | Jackson & Myers (2 canneries).. 13, 000 Astoria Fishery (M. J. Kinney). 26,000 | Aberdeen Packing Co. (Wash- RGM s- 2225. ----4------<0 20, 000 ington Territory side)......... 17, 000 Brean ws blumer seh. Poo oe 18,000 | Jos. Hume, Knappton.......... 20, 225 Meavirnydd owe ts. fi) 2). O20. 90% 20; 000")) PillarmRock Cow. d. Ui sk. 15, 000 Occident Packing Co.........-- 15,000 | J. G. Megler & Co........-.-.-- 25, 000 SS ee 15,000 | Columbia Canning Co.......... 8, 000 ron se. | 20,000 | RD. Hume & Co.2. 24... 2s 8, 300 Sees Cue FN est. 23,000 | Cathlamet Cannery..-.......... 8, 000 Ragle Cannery..-..-.........-- H7-£300 |WaerOuinn’s & }. OSLER 22 5, 000 reente too se saree oes th abo (1 8, 000,), Cutting; & |Co.)- 5.2 ..).. 9... 20, 000 Fishermen’s Packing Co.....-. 19,000 | Eureka Packing Co.........-.. 20, 000 gu eye lat gre it 6, aang sage 10;.000"%! “Hapgood & Co. 22. plo... o, 13, 000 Anglo-American Packing Co.... 10,300 | Eagle Cliff Cannery.......-..... 10, 000 Hanthormi& Covti.fi. si. ce le. 19, 000 pe oe EES Scandinavian Co...........-. 20, 000 otal jsqs2q2tt-edeisis Abe 549, 115 EES ES) 30, 000 An interesting compilation prepared by the Portland Board of Trade ¢ shows the total product in cases, the price per case of 48 ounds, and the price for each fish paid by the canneries to the shermen from 1866 to 1881: r Total : Cost of | + Total : Cost of Year. product. Price. Ash. | Year. product. Price. fi Cents. Cents. AGG sd asee odds c.f eet 4,000 $16.00 15 IQT4R 4d bee eLt See 350, 000 $6. 50 25 “Ch Se 18, 000 13.00 15 TR7Gs eos kL een ce 375, 000 5.60 25 IS ee ee ee Ow oe 28,000 12.00 20 ISTO SIAL Cass. , 000 4. 50 25 Lh Ee ae eae 100, 000 10. 00 >A a Ee Oe ee ne eo 460, 000 5. 20 25 LN LOME hk 5 ae SS 150, 000 9.00 AO LST O. tees ke toe tels as 460, 000 5.00 25 BSii) . Sep Cece 200, 000 9. 50 20k. || IR ss disey hepa syy 480, 000 4.60 50 ly pale ie laine 250, 000 8.00 Pie A bs) ainsi Se Gaia 530, 000 4.80 50 Hevelus Jif. SHE , 000 7.00 25) | ISBL Sse. 8 J 550, 000 5.00 60 a The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America . 372, 373. By John S. Hit- tell. San Francisco, 1882. » Pp. 3/2, y 8. Hit . 30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard by the fishermen because the canneries were unable to handle them. As in other sections, there came a time when the market began to be glutted by the packs of the numerous canneries, and it was found necessary to combine some of the plants in order to operate more cheaply and also to reduce the output. In 1885 W. H. Barker and George H. George, who had been con- nected with various canneries, formed a partnership as George & Barker and purchased the Astoria cannery of the Port Adams Packing Co., then 2 years old. Shortly before this a combination which was named the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co. had been formed and comprised the following plants: Knappton Packing Co., Knappton; North Shore Packing Co., just below Knappton; and the Eureka Packing Co. This combination got into aorta difficulties, and the reorganizers per- suaded George & Barker to join the combination and take charge. In 1887 the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., the plants of Samuel Elmore, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Seaborg, all of Astoria; J. O. Han- thorn & Co., Astoria; Fishermen’s Packing Co., Astoria; Scandinavian Packing Co., Astoria; Columbia Canning Co., and J. W. & V. Cook, Clifton, were combined under the name of the Columbia River Packers Association. In 1889 the association built a new cannery at Rooster Rock. Mr. George was with the association until his death, but Mr. Barker left 1t to become general manager of the British Columbia Packers Association, where he is at present, the dean of the Pacific coast cannerymen. Early in the eighties the California Can Co. was engaged in the business of making cans in San Francisco. Later the Pacific Sheet Metal Works absorbed the company. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 89 spinners of the Siwash and Victoria patterns are very effective, while red beads, feathered hooks, or a piece of silvery salmon skin placed on the hook as an additional bait often add to the attraction of a spoon. EQuiite generally the fishermen use single hooks on their spoons, Various lengths of line are used, but on the average about 60 feet for outside lines and 40 for inside are used. As fish can be landed much quicker with a short line, the fishermen generally shorten their lines to 20 or 30 feet when the fish are biting rapidly. Quite heavy lines are used from: the pole to the sinker; from there extends a length of light line, and then a piece of wire, to which the spoon is attached. The sinker, which is usually between 2 and 3 ietinds in weight when fishing from a power boat and about 1 pound when a rowboat is employed, is attached to the line about 18 feet from the spoon. he best fishing times are in the early morning and evening, without regard to tidal conditions. The low slack water is always favorable to good fishing. These fish are delicate flavored, but do not keep well, it being necessary to rush them to market if they are to be sold in a first-class condition. Considerable numbers of these fish are taken by both American and Canadian fishermen on Swiftsure Banks, off Cape Flattery. As complaint had been made in 1914 that these fish were immature and were unfit for canning because of their appearance after being out of the water some hours, H. T. Graves, acting commissioner of agri- culture for the State of Washington, which department is concerned with the wholesomeness of food products, made a thorough investiga- tion of their fitness for food. In a letter to the Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., and published in that journal under date of August, 1914, he states, among other things, the following: The question, therefore, for us to determine was to ascertain their value as a food: product. The condition of these fish arriving at the various canneries was carefully noted; samples were selected for bacteriological analysis. The fish when first taken from the water are very soft when compared with the other salmon. After they have been out of the water 12 hours the fish easily separates from the bony structures, and in the course of ordinary handling in the time which elapses between the hour of taking from the water until they are offered for packing at Sound canneries, which is anywhere from 12 to 48 hours,they become badly broken up and present a rather ugly and distasteful appearance, to say the least. We found that many different methods of handling were being experimented with om fisherman and by Puget Sound canneries, but without any noticeable effect. e from a physical observation one would imagine these fish as received at the Sound canneries to be unwholesome, a bacteriological examination by Dr. E. P. Fick, State bacteriologist, indicated that putrefaction was not present, although some of the specimens did contain a rather high bacteria count. =r _r BOW AND ARROW. On the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River, in Alaska, the Indians hunt salmon in birch-bark canoes with bow and arrow. As the canoe is paddled along and the Indian sees the dorsal fin of the salmon cutting the surface of the muddy water he shoots it. The ey of the arrow fits into a socket, and when struck the tip, which when loose is attached to the stock by a long string, comes out of the socket and the errow floats, easily locating the fish for the fisherman. ° 90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SPEAR AND GAFF. Spears of varying shapes and styles have been in use by the Indians from time immemorial and are still employed on many rivers in which salmon run. With the exception of the Chilkoot and Chil-_ kat Rivers of Alaska, practically all of the catch secured in this manner is consumed by the fishermen and their families. In the © Chilkoot River the Indians have built numerous racks in the stream and on the banks, upon which they stand and hook the fish out with a gaff attached to a pole. The catch is sold to the cannery located on Chilkoot Inlet. ’ SPORT FISHING FOR SALMON. The number of sportsmen who improve the opportunity presented by the appearance of feeding springs and cohos is incréasing yearly, and in time this promises to far excel the sport salmon fishing of the Atlantic coast. On Puget Sound and lower British Columbia waters the anglers generally use ordinary trout fishing rods and tackle, with preferably a short trolling tip on the rod when out for coho. Small spinners of silver or copper, of about an inch in length, or else the small double Tacoma spoons, are very good. A strong gut leader or trace of fine piano wire is frequently used, as the fish’s teeth would cut through an ordinary line. Whats iron wire is used the salt water rusts it rapidly, and unless the precaution is taken to dry off the wire and oil it after using it can not be used for more than a couple of days. Sinkers of an ounce or two in weight are generally employed with fine line. Many of the small spoons on the market have very cheap hooks, — and these are apt to straighten out or break with the strain of a large fish. Hooks of the best steel will, however, stand up to this strain. One of the favorite spots for anglers is at the falls on the Willamette River at Oregon City, Oreg. Another is on the Clackamas, a tribu- tary which Sebounkes into the Willamette near here. When the apes run of salmon appears in April, hundreds of anglers, many of them from far distant points, appear to participate in the sport during this month and in May. Many noted sportsmen have fished for salmon at these spots. Among them was Rudyard Kipling,® and his experiences were woven into a classic short story. The fishing ground is spread over a mile’s length of the river, from Clackamas rapids to the deadline at the falls. It is not an uncommon sight to see 500 boats, each containing from one to six fishermen and fisherwomen, dotting the river on favorable days during the season. Two methods of fishing are followed. The most popular is to anchor at the head of the Clackamas rapids or in swift water near the falls and allow the rush of water to spin the trolling hook. In the longer lengths of quieter water the sportsmen troll in slow motor boats or rowboats. An inexperienced boatman is apt to find fishing in the rapids or near the falls somewhat dangerous, as the swift water may overturn - his craft and carry him to his death before help can reach him. _ There is a fishway in the dam, so that the fish can pass up this and into the river above the dam. No fishing is allowed closer than 100 a Tt was in 1889 that Kipling fished here, and his story was reprinted in The American Angler, Vol. II, No. 2, December, 1917, pp. 415-420. - PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 91 feet of the mouth of this ladder. Up to 1915 there was a second deadline, 600 feet from the falls, beyond which no commercial fisher- an could operate nets, but the Oregon Legislature in that year Bezed the Willamette to all net fishermen from the Clackamas rapids to the falls. _ The salmon in the spring run on the Willamette will average about 25 pounds each, but examples weighing 50 pounds and over are not uncommon. In 1914 the Salmon Club of Oregon was formed of anglers who desired to encourage the use of light tackle in the taking of large game fish, in place of the extremely heavy tackle heretofore used. The following rules were adopted: Tne rods used may be made of any material except solid bamboo cane. They must mot be less than 5 feet in length and weigh not over 6 ounces. | The line must not be heavier than the standard nine-thread linen line. Any style of reel or spoon may be used and the wire leader must not exceed 3 feet n . Brn ansler must reel in his fish, bring it to gaff unaided, and must do the gaffing himself. Ifa rod is broken at any time during the struggle with the fish it will dis- qualify the catch. As a reward of merit the club awards bronze buttons to all anglers taking, on light tackle, salmon weighing 20 pounds or over; for a fish weighing over 30 pounds a silver button is given, and for any salmon over 40 pounds the lucky angler receives a gold button. Numerous additional prizes are also given by public-spirited citizens. The season for light tackle on the Willamette River and all other - - streams of Oregon has been fixed by the club from January 1 to July 1. In 1915 the first angler to win a gold button on the Willamette River did so on April 18, when he took a 423-pound salmon. On the same day this same angler also won a silver button for a 32}- pound fish and a bronze button for a 26-pound fish. DANGERS TO THE INDUSTRY. Man is undoubtedly the greatest present menace to the perpetua- tion of the great salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. hen the ‘enormous number of fishermen engaged and the immense quantity ‘of gear employed is considered, one sometimes wonders how any ‘of the fish, in certain streams at least, escape. High water or low ‘water, either of which will prevent certain forms of apparatus from fishing to any extent while such conditions prevail, storms which ‘impede fishing, and the hundred and one small things which in the aggregate are of considerable importance, however, all aid in ‘assisting the salmon in dodging the apparatus and reaching the ‘spawning beds in safety, while, unless the stream is completely blocked by a tight barricade, an indeterminate number of salmon will escape all the pitfalls man and animals may set for them. In some sections an almost idolatrous faith in the efficacy of arti- ficial culture of fish for replenishing the ravages of man and animals ‘is manifested, and nothing has done more harm than the prevalence ‘of such an idea. | While it is an exceedingly difficult thing to prove, the concensus of ‘opinion is that artificial culture does considerable good, yet the very fact that this can not be conclusively proven ought to be a warning to all concerned not to put blind faith in it alone. 92 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. When salmon are stripped by man, the eggs fertilized and retained’ in hatcheries until the young are born, and then planted as soon as the yolk sac has been absorbed, it is manifest that the only saving: over the natural method is in reducing the loss in the egg stage. We know that many eggs, after being deposited naturally on the spawning beds, are devoured by other fishes, while sudden freshets: and occasional droughts also claim their toll of eggs. It is highly robable, although we have no positive data on this point, that chew Les far exceed those experienced in artificial salmon culture, and whatever this difference is it represents the extent to which salmon hatcheries should be credited as preservers of the industry. In the opinion of the author, the best way in which to conserve the fisheries of the coast is by enacting and enforcing laws under which a certain proportion of the runs will be enabled to reach the spawning: beds and perform the final and most important function of their lives unmolested. If this is done, there can be no question of the» perpetuation of the industry, and if it is then supplemented by the: work of hatcheries, which would reduce the loss in the egg stage,, assurance on this point would be made doubly sure. If unrestricted fishing is to prevail, however, with a dependence: upon hatcheries alone to repair the ravages of man, the industry will | suffer seriously, for, from the very nature of things, less and less fish: will annually escape through the fishing zone, resulting in a continu-- ally lessening quantity of eggs being obtained at the hatcheries, and’ finally the latter will have to close down from sheer lack of material upon which to work. | Should eggs be brought to the hatchery from other streams, it would merely be ‘‘ropbing Peter to pay Paul,” and in the end the same result would follow in those streams. Fortunately these matters are becoming increasingly plain to the people of the various States, provinces, and territories concerned,, and, while a few selfish persons in each are seeking solely their own. enrichment by any means possible, the greater number of those interested in fishing operations want to see the industry perpetuated and are willing to do almost anything that will work to this end. The rapid increase, during recent years, of salmon trolling and purse’ seining on the feeding banks off the mouth of the Columbia River and outside the Strait of Juan de Fuca and elsewhere on the coast has resulted in the taking of large quantities of small and immature salmon, and alarm is now felt lest the runs of chinooks and cohos be seriously depleted. Several thousands of large and small boats are being operated on these grounds from five to eight months of the year, and while, when prices were comparatively Tot but few of these Aaah prices which have ped immature fish were marketed, the g that during the last four years have caused such an intensity of fis many thousands are now caught each season. Investigations * by experts off the mouth of the Columbia in 1918 show that a large proportion of the chinook salmon caught by trolling are 2 and 3 years ald These are generally sold to the canners, who separate them into two groups, those under 5 pounds and those over. Those under 5 pounds are called “graylings”’ by the fishermen, but a mere glance at them is sufficient to establish their real identity. The a The Taking of Immature Salmon in the Waters of the State of Washington. By E Victor Smith State of Washington, Dept. of Fisheries. 44 pp., 8pls. 1920. : PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 93 | ) reports of one cannery during the period from May 11 to May 29 showed there had been received 4,061 pounds of these fish, none of i) which weighed 5 pounds. From May 80 to June 12 this same can- _nery received 548 of these fish having a total weight of 1,483 pounds. | As the owner of this cannery was decidedly opposed to the purchase j of these fish, and only bought them because his regular fishermen } would have gone to other cannerymen with their full-sized fish had he / not taken the immature ones, it is probable that the cannerymen | who were not opposed to the practice received a greater proportion of | immature fish than he. | An idea of the smallness of these immature salmon may be gained | when it is stated that the average weight of sexually mature chinook | salmon running into the Columbia River is about 22 pounds. / These small chinooks are said to produce a very inferior quality of | canned goods, being rated as second and third grade. The meat is of an ashy color, poor in fat content, and insipid in taste. Off the Strait of Juan de Fuca the same condition of affairs existed as off the Columbia River, with the added complication that “many immature cohos were also captured. | The immature feeding *coho deteriorates when taken from the water even more rapidly than does the immature feeding chinook. - Within 24 hours of being taken from the water the abdomens may be broken open, the ribs protrude freely, and the flesh begins to deteri- orate. It was early found that it Was impossible, except through the exercise of extraordinary precautions, to get these fish to the up- sound canneries before it was too late, so that of recent years ied “canneries situated adjacent to the banks were enabled to use them. The sale of young salmon in the fresh fish markets of Seattle and - other Puget Sound cities has been common for years. They are mar- _ keted usually as ‘‘salmon trout.” _ It is an economic crime to catch and kill these immature salmon as but little money is obtained for them, while if they were allowed to atta maturity they would increase in weight, in the case of the _ chinook nearly 1,000 per cent on the average and in the case of the coho about 100 per cent in four or five months time. Another bad feature of trolling operations off the mouth of the Columbia River is that trollers, because they operated outside the _ 3-mile limit, were exempted from the observance of the regular closed | season, operative in the river from August 25 to September 10. Asa _ result of this, fishing was carried on continuously throughout the run; | most of the gill netters who had to stop fishing in the river put their nets ashore and went outside and engaged in trolling, while canneries on the river bought and canned all ig fish brought in. In 1917 the - Washington Legislature enacted a law prohibiting possession within _ the State during the closed season, except for personal use, of salmon caught beyond the 3-mile limit outside the Columbia River. The State court, on trial, held this to be unconstitutional as being an interference with interstate and foreign commerce. _ Oregon also adopted the same law as Washington, and on trial this & was upheld as constitutional on October 3, 1919, by the Oregon circuit court. However, the law will be of no value if valid in only one State, as if enforced there the fishermen will sell their catches in the other State. = . ee he ai 94 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. It is quite plain that the salmon runs entering the Columbia River) and the Strait of Juan de Fuca can not long continue to exist under} this terrific drain upon the immature and mature fish. In the latter} section the sockeyes and humpbacks are rapidly being exterminated, | and it is probable that the chinooks and cohos, the especial victims in} this attack, will soon show signs of exhaustion. a The State authorities appear to be helpless in these matters, but an} enactment by the Federal Government could be maintained, as the | principle has been applied to fishery matters elsewhere, notably the spring mackerel closed season for five years and the sponge law relat-. ing to the landing of undersized sponges taken from the grounds off the Florida coast. . Next to the fishing operations of man, the gravest danger to the) salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast lies in the pollution of the rivers: which the salmon ascend for spawning purposes. The salmon, both old and young, require pure cold water, and the immense runs which) have annually ascended the streams for many years are doubtless; due tothe fact that»such conditions have prevailed in them. The» large increase in the population of the coast States within recent) ears, with the resulting increase of milfs and factories, has greatly) incréased the amount of sewage from cities and towns and the waste of the manufacturing plants. Many of the latter have also con- structed dams without adequate fishways, and these also wreak great havoc to the industry by cutting the fish off from the upper reaches) of the rivers upon which constructed. The emptying of sewage into streams ought to be made. a crime. It is an exceedingly crude method of dealing with it, and, instead of disposing of the filth, merely transfers it from one place to another, making the water unfit for use at points farther downstream and spreading diseases and death amongst not only the finny but also human users of it. In the present condition of sanitary science it is a comparatively easy matter to dispose of this filth by modern septic devices, and 2 number of cities are now disposing of their sewage in this manner. — The irrigation ditch, a comparatively new product on this coast, while of great benefit in developing the arid lands in certain sections, © as at present operated is a considerable menace to the salmon fisheries. But few ditches have screens at their head, and as a result many thousands of young salmon slowly making their way to the ocean home pass into and down these to an early doom. Kvyery owner of such a ditch should be compelled to place at its head a screen with fine enough mesh to prevent absolutely the passage through the same of even the tiniest baby salmon. Next to man and his methods the trout is undoubtedly one of the ereatest enemies of the salmon. The Dolly Varden follow the salmon trom the sea to the spawning beds, and when the eggs are extruded devour countless thousands of them. Many and many a time the writer has seen on the spawning beds female red salmon swimming | around with a cloud of trout spread out behind like a fan, following — her every movement, eagerly waiting for the moment when the eggs shall appear. In the summer, when the young are heading for the sea, the trout are lying in wait for them and again take their toll of countless thousands. < ee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 95 Much is said by certain people of the ravages amongst the salmon of certain animals, as the seal, sea lion, bear, eagle, kingfisher, crane, duck, loon, and hawk. While in the aggregate the ravages of these animals are considerable, they are not a drop in the pure as com- pared with the direct or indirect ravages of man and his agencies: FISHING SEASON IN ALASKA. There is much interest manifested in the beginning and end of the salmon-fishing season for the more important waters of the variouS regions of Alaska. The following table, extracted from United States Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 838, “Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1916,” pages 48 and 49, gives dates taken from the statistical reports made by the canning companies. The earliest one reported by any company doing much fishing has been accepted as an opening date, while the closing date was determined by taking the day nearest to which major operations ceased. FisHinc SEASON IN THE CANNING INDUSTRY FOR SALMON CAUGHT IN CERTAIN IM- PORTANT WATERS IN ALASKA IN 1916. Coho. Chum. Locality. Fishing | Fishing | Fishing | Fishing began— | ended— | began— | ended— Southeast Alaska: % US AIP Sires le eee ee ee ae ae June 1] Sept. 27| June 1 | Sept. 30 Prince of Wales Island, west side...................2.--.---- June 15 | Sept. 23} July 1 }...do.... (CETTE Lares 35. Bek Sie aie Ones ee ae nS eee eee an es Gos sseiees (co eel ee Gots: | 5. dose. Clarence Strait— 2 VA GETS A) Re a ee ee June 10 | Sept. 29} June 27 | Sept. 29 PSINALIS SOCHLON E> sae ct.) an on eek SS ecieitcm cee ctat + cise cine July 20] Sept. 30} Aug. 13 | Oct. 17 Behm Canal... 4. - sce... Basak oe a oebiam tet hae aes hows oo June 15 | Oct. 20] June 15} Oct. 20 evillamifonoOnanvioel. jo) ola.5 lL uiss condo seb Sectgseceece June 27 | Sept. 29 | June 27 | Sept. 29 BECP BGUEPEGSSALS - ieton-2e- snob! Juliet dee cba bheene ee July 4] Oct. 41] June 22] Oct. 3 PBI INMIOL StTALtS-. 7.260. ob fe -asens4 Jee scadel-eiesc June 24 | Sept. 27| July 1 | Sept. 30 PeRIRRIGRSEEEENG cae. Ye cers ao: J-fo oe ot Ace ea -caisk.< eee June 22} Sept. 21] Sept. 14 | Sept. 23 Reyeeitnt aud) Cross SOUNG 2. 2-5. cse5.1.5-- sce oo e+ June 15 | Sept. 20| May 29 | Sept. 27 be Tih D Pic | 2 ame ye ie ids 02) Pee eee ake ee July: 875), Octs — 13) Tully, ¢ 47)sOeter? 1 AMMO G BLAME | WOSTSIGO 5 050 0b 28 -\- 25s n- bebe cecskenesss July 4] Sept. 20} June 20] Sept. 20 SmaI. WeSHSIGG: . tonc2- 22 ---0--0-leos-eseceoencus Aug. 15 | Sept. 15} Aug. 5 | Sept. 15 ees PE MEar iC ee eee RRs | eee F choo. eed 5A Lb Lc nodawei aie Aug. 16| Sept. 9| July 8] Sept. 3 J) ADE Tin 12) 2 See ghi ae eetiee tp Gt sei arehy aie i gigas Ok Mees Jeng. Se .G0. tele merle a: cs wc Seertnpes ae HE -VAGIIE Wi. 5 > tsmee ans Gaec dose Sogeccueccans AU 25: | SODby 2olseacapetedlascecsess Central Alaska: Lina ih) ee aera en. Sen. oe ee LSP EERO ret Ea a? ae SE aie enna Gopper-River Delta~<--<222: <2: 2-2-2 2 cess EEE Copper River, lake and canyon.... Wontroller, Bay -...2:=2224223.2628 - Wankebnlpie wes. soteaee AWE RE A Ai Prince William Sound— SIN AAREN SGC AE es oe aera cia ursie = PAL eee Re EE wa; ViMGSLGOIIGG CIT e le Pale eye Soe Ne ey a aa eS eee Afognak streams— MICHIRIRER TCS I Se RRP Aa aN ARS Sea TRG SOT Sc 70 ee oe ee a ee ee oe coe Lvl Dineen: cto deusSpep eee eats till ale ie el Ail dled ai, § lila Teeter eeee Se Pre YE Moree es he ett. UD CDRELS = se aS Se es a ey er eee OLED TS tek Beige REE 9. Ups tT EE REO es tales cee eae ETS a ee OS SE See ree ene ss Lee - iin JUD oc Aeeetiercreeatit Septet tebe eatsca dial Cold Bay, Thin Point, and King Cove....................-- hoe VOCE ET a ae ae Se Sei EE iene eee eee! SEALE 9 sy 2 0 es Cee ek ee Western Alaska: PORN aoe ot oe eee neers cocci ams ee cemen Aug. Aug. Naknek, Uraguk; and Usashik Rivers)... 0.002.228. |2 2. eee eek. June 21] July 31 (ARP apathy 25 Si ea ee ee ee eee June 11} Aug. 4] June 11 | Aug. L LET ib Sc UCU. iad 0 SAMS BO of te eget Ads | cee ae 28 ee June 24] Aug. 6] June 23] Aug. 6 FOC LL ip Se a: oe eee ee See eee June 7] Aug. 9] June 7] Aug. 9 UII EM SHECHINIEM eras LY AGANNVY NUWIVS— 46 VIA ‘C06 990—"4 ‘aS “Nn PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 443 | After the salmon had been cleaned by removing the entrails and washing them out- aide the covered portion of the scow, they were brought inside and placed on the table, and a man with a butcher knife in one hand and a stick in the other, which had a mark showing the length of the pieces desired, cut gashes in the side of the salmon as a guide and then cut the fish into sections corresponding to the length of the mark on the stick. He then proceeded to cut the sections in pieces to suit the cans. Then three or four operators placed the salmons in the cans and shoved them along the table to where a boy wiped the top edge and passed them along to two others who placed tops which fitted inside of the rim. The cans were then taken in wooden trays to the bench opposite the starting point, which was fitted with four sheet-iron pots, and at the one nearest the entrance to the house on the scow a man put a soldering flux on the top edge, which was made by adding zinc to muriatic acid, and then with a pointed soldering copper and a stick of solder melted the solder until a small portion could be drawn around the groove formed by the edge of the can and the bevel of the top. From there the cans were taken to the other parts of the bench, where two men finished soldering the head in, and then taken to the third man, who soldered, or, as it was called, buttoned, the end of the seam lap. The cooking department or bathroom, as it was called, was separated from the filling and soldering room by a partition. The cans were shoved through a hole in the partition. _ At this time the process was a secret. Mr. Hapgood did the cooking and all the work done inside, no one but a member of the firm being allowed to go in. This athe was continued until the firm moved to the Columbia River, and, the labor ecoming too arduous for Mr. Hapgood to perform alone, a boy by the name of Charlie Taylor was taken in as an assistant. But to return to the original proposition: When the filled cans had been soldered and entered the bathroom they were put in the coolers and lowered into the cast- iron pot, one cooler of cans being cooked at a time. The cooler was lowered into the boiling fresh water until the cans were submerged to within 1 inch of the top ends and left to cook for one hour; then they were hoisted out and the vent holes in the center of the top soldered up, after which they were dumped into the boiler-iron kettle, which held a solution of salt and water of density sufficient to produce, when boiling, a heat of 228° to 230° F. They were cooked in this solution for one hour and then taken out of the kettle with an iron scoop shaped like a dip net, with a wooden handle about 6 feet in length. They were dumped into a tank of water on the other side of the partition which separated the bathroom from the packing room through an opening in the partition, receiving many a bump and bruise in the operation. Then they were washed with soap and rag to remove the dirt and grease, each can being handled separately. When this was done they were piled on the floor of the packing room and in a few days were painted with a mixture of red lead, turpentine, and linseed oil, for at that time buyers would have no canned salmon, no matter how good the quality, unless the cans were painted red. When packs of 10,000 to 15,000 cases were made in a season only the absolutely essential machinery was used, the rest of the work, such as cutting and cleaning the fish and placing them in the cans, being done by hand. When larger canneries were constructed, especially in Alaska, where labor is expensive and difficult to obtain, the greater part of the workmen having to be brought up from the States, Rehitery to do as much as possible of the work became absolutely essential. The inventive genius of the country came to the rescue and one by one machines for cutting, sliming, and cleaning the fish, filling the cans, putting the tops on, and washing them were invented and put into use, while automatic weighing machines were produced and extensive improvements and alterations were made in the machines previously in use. There are to-day many large manufacturing establishments which devote all or the greater part of their facilities to furnishing machinery and supplies to this giant branch of the salmon industry. When salmon canning was in its infancy, a pack of from 150 to 200 ‘cases was considered a good day’s work. Now it is not an uncommon occurrence for a cannery to turn out from 2,500 to 4,000 cases in one day, and there are a number which have even greater capacity. 11312°—21——-8 114 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. | The usual method of figuring the capacity of a salmon cannery is by the number of lines or units employed. The machinery arranged so that the fish pass through all the operations from filling to double | seaming is known as a line, and the capacity is based upon the number | of these lines in use in the plant. } During the height of the salmon run, a cannery is an exceedingly | busy and interesting place, and a description of the methods used at | the present time will show the giant strides the industry has made | since the days of Hapgood, Hume & Co. 7% At convenient spots near the fishing grounds large scows vs HANDLING THE SALMON. lighters are anchored and the fishing crews deliver their catches aboard these, the tallyman on each scow keeping a record and giving the crew a receipt. Men fishing near the cannery deliver their catch } alongside. Steamers and launches are used to tow out empty scows | and ‘bring in those filled. In the old days the fish were pitched by | hand into bins on the wharves, but this laborious method has been — superseded by the use of an elevator, which extends from a short dis- | tance above the top of the wharf to the water’s edge, provision being | made for raising or lowering the lower end according to the stage of | the tide. This elevator is slanting, and is made of an endless chain | operating in a shallow trough. About every 2 feet there is attached | to the chain a crosspiece of wood. At the top of the elevator are | chutes which deliver the fish at various convenient spots on the | cutting-room floor. , A recent invention, which is rapidly coming into use, is the un- | loading scow. This is a scow divided by kid cae into compart- ments. On the side is an opening which, when not in use, is closed — by planks dropped into grooves. The filled scow is run alongside an _ elevator with a flaring mouth box at the lower end. A chute is | placed between the scow, ipa the door, and the elevator, the — door opened, and the fish allowed to slide by gravity into the box, — then up the elevator to the fish floor. As one compartment is emptied another is attacked by removing the partition boards, and so on until — the scow is empty. Should the fish stick, a hose with running water is run a foot or more down into the pile, which loosens the fish and — causes them to move freely. By the use of these scows the fish are © unloaded in a very short time, with but little labor, and are not marked by pew holes, as under the old method. ’ If the salmon have been in the scows for from 20 to 24 hours they are used as soon as possible after being delivered at the cannery; otherwise that length of time is usually allowed to elapse, the can- nerymen claiming that if not allowed to shrink the fish will be in such condition that when packed much juice will be formed, and light- weight cans will be produced. The danger of canning fish phat are ~ too fresh, however, is of minor importance as compared with the — tendency in the other direction. Before dressing the fish a stream of water is kept playing over them ~ in order to remove the dirt and slime, after which men with pews — separate the different species into piles, ee So ee eS «SHANIHO NOU, SO AYALLVE V—'82 Old Serres NYY SNL tId UL ALID V JU SavdId OLNI NOWIVS DNILLNO— 6s Did TGs) “AXGI— 70. 45 7. 28 17. 66 1.53 90 15-221 | Chum. .-.. . ep eyergspe es = see oe ee -- 2 70. 52 4.57 19.73 -80 .72 15-205 | Red salmone/.s2 4 5.2252. [eh lie. oe 70. 86 4.04 21.11 1. 60 1213 CE a ities Ea een 71. 45 4.47 20.75 2.15 1. 60 16-Gly rink. salm0n - 2-2 - + 2-2 - sme nn eige ene 71. 64 4.35 18.31 1.56 1.01 A5-2060) Gorpouscha 0 ...2....- SNS. cede Ne 3. 73.17 5.33 17.35 1.27 245 15-206 | Alaska salmon c.....--......---.-------- 73. 30 2.43 21.22 1.45 .96 OSS jose al SS eee Seen sis stoeior clei) 73. 76 3.98 18.31 1. 62 .54 Mirra tee Alaska S352 2. tea 2. ee 74. 08 3.90 15. 66 1.50 1.02 baborn Le Phosphoric acid.4/ goqium | Calories | Price Variety. ; ory No Soluble. |Insoluble.| Chloride. | per lb. | per Ib. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Number.| Value. mbeD \eRtedeyk k= eoas-LA ie -se.asslk oraea ll: 4.2 | 25 1.45 1,110 $0. 31 Npeato|) Pancy Sockeye. . _.2.2:..-.-.-.2----e-<5-s 4.2 4.0 81 1, 050 .30 15-209. | Salmon Steaks..._.......-.--------------- 3.7 1.5 -51 1, 080 36 Tene Ry POW e= 22-1. = f= win =12'= ae he I~ 2.8 3.8 -53 990 .29 Tiese| SOcKeye: _--- =~. .- 422blseee 2-2 ee 2 ee ele Boul 14 1,125 - 25 AGES LL ee 2.2 5.3 . 68 1, 020 .29 RoNMaTEOISUCKENVEL tool. l2---. ocse- cee cee ee ee 3.6 2.6 1.10 OG. Soceeee cee WRaBs a 220. =. 5 o> = Bebe ty = res Veet ose OF == 3. 2 a0 - 60 910 .30 tees | PREM AISSKS 5. 2 eB pyaie ree aes S 4.0 2.3 1.15 DEN aes ee ape MCA STO ON) oa om aim deter oy =.- ee yclre ees o\.='=. 2.5 5.7 1. 02 730 20 Cp MS GN CS i re ee ee 1.9 2.8 . 82 Celt) ees eee Reet TeORO ANNAN. .- soc. <-5-- thaep-----=-5 2.4 5.9 #03 730 21 35-222 | Pink salmon. .........- do te, ph al RT 1.8 3.6 -90 G60 bases eee ipwide| Red Salmon. --. .--- 5-4 depnjcba- sprayed a-- 2.0 2.7 1. 26 O40" |oacan scene SEO EMESETNE SISIOM =< 4s'nj0- 2 dw cin's osc ccetiee sens oh 3.4 4.1 .74 635 15 eee OUUin»- o 53 = preererink per enthe’s = 1.0 4.1 | Trace. OO) |o sinraeieee ets vice Vu lpe| at 85 REE hae’ 2 he eS ae 3.9 3.2 . 65 560 30 Seem. 100)... serraplaare ~asiv beer bea’-)-debiees - = 2.7 3.1 Lil? 575 39 icatel (WENT AE 3 cao) 6 a a ae ne © 2.4 4.7 84 525 15 ieee Garbouschad.....-.--lstea-aaeyss---.-- 0 2.9 2.1 45 550! ensbe sw 2’ PIM MANASES SOIMONM C2... seas ccticcccenscsed 2.7 4.4 66 500 15 coed |. Glo) SRS Se nee errisesrcis- Lit 2.5 75 510 15 15-57 { PRMRPANONICAE 22.22 cccl ease eee tees = 2.0 4.5 85 455 ah he a Bulletin, South Dakota Food and Drug Department, Vol. IV, Nos. 2 and 3, October-December, 1916, yp. S11. b Probably pink salmon (author). ¢ Probably chum salmon (author). 4 Mgm. of P; Osper gram, 11312°—21—_10 ; 146 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ANALYSIS OF SALTED SALMON. Falkenburg & Co., of Seattle, have recently made an analysis of the food value of salted salmon, as follows :¢ Regarding the salmon recently inspected and analyzed for you by ourselves witk the following results: PEOUGUU SSS 25 ck wiagh ra = » Gra ee RE Oe Sealer ak wc arg ee 21. 97 per cent. BR SS SES S52 SES ae SPENT E Roast ease, Aan tte ae 4. 34 per cent. Salt amas. teste abel ed emtetcie asd jogae 19. 08 per cent. AS <= cia 7! xo march ters sets = Jayne ek AG: asse hbase ss . 84 per cent. MOIStUTG. pio. coche t no SE Ass ae ig cle ee Gol Eee ae 54. 35 per cent. Calories Per POU Species not given separately. ¢ Estimated, “wo ee tal es ee re —_- PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 147 Satmon Catcu tn 1918, By APPARATUS AND SPECIES, FoR Each GroarapuHic SEc- TION OF ALASKA.2 ‘ Southeast Central Western Apparatus and species. Alaska. | Alaska. | Alaska. semece ceeee eae 7, 312 331930 Loic dcccencissesiete ee 33, 330 AO8792 |e lee atone cael 49, 792 10, 180) ooo voce a een ee ee 10, 180 176,419 0...) | 176,418 incest. PAPRBAAR RAE SE Eeeaeee 66 66 Bek, Seg lie. sovsedel |. sb). oh aan alee 212, 410 A. STA cel dporgeel|_escuuteibad 508, 915 508, 915 Cresuyie (eee Ieee ceils od gee ae 53, 408 53, 408 LESSONS AGM J ee ee a pe 774, 799 774, 799 s00 fi. Sule) loa ote, Soe 300 16,400 Mosccdcencns|scaccenne tee | eee 16, 400 tl eee Re ae 2, 750 2,816 ee 808 808 16,706 ice eee eee 3, 558 | 20, 324 eS Se | PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 149 Sapmon Catrca In 1918, By APPARATUS AND SpEcIES FoR EAcH GEOGRAPHIC District or WAsHINGTON—Continued. Apparatus and species. Hooks and lines: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta eee eee MHINOOK OF SPiN Gs). so ..-\s celdtise < -eiat 2---eec S923 aa stine)=6 icf cee @ atete||= narod oie iaie cin ec siaeyeic lsat Co een | eee 130,056 I-pound tall... ..........- U5? 412), | Beene 4) sos ase Sees Bel Bessa S558 occas cbs<|--2e55-- 38,749 Standard— F-POUNG At. score ces (4224!) 221) 685i) eaaeere 5. EU epeessce 1 454; eee 24,279 1-pound flat... pels) 2,901 8 7S08t ek eut + a). ere a-ha ee 506 spseaeece 2! 25, 038 1-pound tall. ... MDE 76S! VSO, Sia acecee sc l-ccee snes 165 2,410 1,152 30, 445 Totales cet hpi «ses Jeb 151,733 | 65,957 |.......-. 450 165 4,370 1,152 | 392,125 Chinook or king, white: ; Sorbnare biby iss hes eee soocllerecsaacs V7) | scipinis jaja ic diaieict | eerste’ se niel| siaraie teeta lee aetan P=POUNd Tae cae es | hoe ete 2418 [seek caf ee cle ie ek Ll eae ae en TOLAlseectedaenes cess eee |so se sein 2, 085 ono sigiwieia'c | oe sys’ ew oe o Seen leon c= ac ce epee eee ee er Chum or keta: Pound at cc eeee: BV S46 sl SAB 4034 be eeewad olb2c kt tll Peers 6: ees 3,018 I-pound Mats. s22.c2eee. lhe seat S2AQ TEL. A RAO Toe Oe 2; 739.| 2A 2,129 1-pound tall.............- 1,344,616 | 518, 896 50 650 | 25,967 9,125 70,346 TOGA oe soe Sockeye or red: }-pound flat.............. 116,205 | 43,556 |......... 1003): 1-094 lol. Se 7,268 1-pound flat.............- 109; 933 [°° 18;'688) 2 o.oo scl k set| badaee soe |e eeee eee eaters ete 1-pound tall-- .. ee... 978, 205 F102 eee ro.) eecebesad|eceets onc] = cages cs | Sere eaeee eee otal = eeetes ceccae ee 1,204,343 | 64,346 |......... 100' |" 1, 144:| 225255255 7, 268 Steelhead trout: oe APOUNG MM Aiea dascce cee sn. |qeemserallneceame| ceimeetanis I-pound Hate .sesccde cc chen ena s- 1-pound tall............-. 91 GME eto anccseatonee 1 ei 1,2, pega a aay Le pone Penh 14,414 Grand total............/4,592,201 |1,295,626 583 | 1,625| 2,734| 45,296] 13,204 | 580,028 @ Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES, 151 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE Pacriric Coast In 1919—Continued. Neha- Tilla- Nes- Alsea Species, grades, and sizes lem | mook | tugga [Bay ana] Siete oe Umpqua) Coquille : ; iver. | Bay. | River. | River. | River. | River. | River. | River. oho, silver, or medium red: | Cases Cases. | Cases. | Cases. | Cases Cases. | Cases. | Cases. Bee-MOUrd Hats. 63.522. 4,000 300 1,658 SOO 2. TIS AR SESLEL: 1,364 L7G Ree Gee | ec crm 100 525 PUN ae es 2) Ae ee Se i 1-pound tall. .........---- 8,124 3,150 2,000 424 5,392 3,760 7,500 3,646 a) a OS ee 8,124 7,150 2,400 2,607 5,892 3, 760 7,500 5,010 Ininook or king, red: % ey Standard— Son TG a ae 1,000 1,500 1,157 BOOM Soca wdice lees aha 1,027 1-pound flat..........-.-- cee 4 Ae 100 100 12 eh a Ln Ses ea Fee aa on 1-pound tall... . 3.....<. . BAAN PEL eee culo "ODO opacss|ocmeciet sl sascetele 79,921 OU ec acon tebe eatote Be ga e page 8 GaRBBE BBE ESSA SAIS FAMA rs See) Bee a ie 569, 053 MINI EaNe eee oe ones (Ele bis eseseeeone | rh Vai: Fa! agadeg- 9 Solel Panta a (mate eee 793,175 hinook or king, red: TF = Sey Peel ee eel Mines Oneal | htc LNnieny tl (paren |e oe | (RO aa Fancy— ; 4-pound flat.............. # OOO E ievcica[Scecenweeles seco eeleestacssk aeueeseccledsececed 147,558 J-onnd flat: 3 ....... 5%. BAVUO Whiccentesan|teeececmnr tec sctesecodscae sprees soe citedteesas 141,379 1-pound tall].......... EEO NOE 1, 580).|. cc cece lees Re dais a cstwesenlior sco e[teceeaeee|cdecce ce 60, 588 Standard— }pound flat.............. a 1 Ue 7 | ee 4500 ae Sk, 45,726 | 121,551 1-pound flat.............- 3,947 95 | 4,421 401. |S 000 Nee 2 2)892 | 51,878 eG Loe so ee al ee) ee es 768)|G23ese5 <5 2,000 | 33,638 | 222,649 OS Ee oe 17,237 | 4,366 | 6,291] 1,169] 7,500] 2,000| 82,256} 745,603 hinook or king, white: TEER Sci. FP eE Ge oo a: er PTC eee ok ee |e eins. | ace eo ccc laecenens c|isctecsss|seensns-le{ebaae sess 4,016 4,188 MPIPENNTIM a ema hence. beni sco e slic Gurcisen| Sacicesaa-lteedaclewe| soe necciae|cmcteye cules 346 346 Pepe ee he eee |i Sees ts ene al ceens «ol anadcia dsl add once 13,933 | 16,346 att) #71 be em cb hate bmitee.s td ae ces «| dctba ooea|sesceance|aacicmin dG lee see cece 18, 295 20,880 hum or keta: aa? bay ll aoa os il (Sa oS aT. MMOLE Res. - + sree ieia ce oe Met at bcacs|docewetes|accesasaslecdalcleosalectc Sc see el|” 495257 62,780 RPMI ee es cb aeons ee Uh sco clas ete ee ols ccd beticcfide dle ccc[btocuccce 11,984 20,094 1-pound tall..... SEE ead a Sep eEed Brac eenel Bec Ue REN eae SepncePeel acne memes 310, 794 |2, 284,561 otal. 560.20)... SOT me es ce dee | AR Ae te ee oll igy talee sR 372,035 |2,367, 435 CS UECIL ih aes: Selapgs SNES 3 ye a | Neen Fe Ol a RS =) ec eee 127,435 | 172,590 SPRITE Epes oh ck |e oe Lisle set cccldomebccan|-vcde 3s = z z 9,060 ; 54,360 | 26,162 | 120,345] 12,065} 28,956] 47,287] 203,661 15h... 8,791 5,723 | 19,458] 12,919] 28,163] 19,895] 56,392 11,899 | 59,495 9,156 | 35,434| 11,379] 32,203) 32,434] 127,132 4219 | 20,089} 14,036 | 61,707] 22,737| 63,678] 40,992] 145,474 12,400 | 74,403 | 11,580] 57,898| 32,560 | 117,744 | 460,336 | 265, 229 12,124 | 109,116] 9,589] 51,246 | 10,910] 70,915] ¢42,696 | 291,715 8,731} 99,912] 21,994 | 201,705 5,247 | 37,915 | 35,972| 339,532 4,370 | 54,626. | 12,214 | 146,608 | 28,712 | 183,757] 45,296 | 384,991 a Includes 1,649 cases, valued at $9,051, packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. b Includes 4,350 cases of ‘‘quinault,”’ or sockeye, salmon, valued at $23,925. ¢ Includes 6,730 cases of humpbacks. ; d@ Includes 3,796 cases of humpbacks, valued at $15,184. e Includes 10,073 cases of humpbacks, valued at $60,438. Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON Witrara Harsor In Specrriep YEARS. Can- Chinook or black. Silverside. Chum. Total. neries oper- —— ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Valve. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. sy Ws pe Bi get PE Py | pau |5 22 Sek S22 |= 24500) (Pus led acp ODO) |"Reeesn0d) |Seeseceea ls ocSc8 see. 8,000 24, 000 000 14,500 48,785 a > So S ~I = ao 895 | 31,580 600 | 18,150 | 16,195 58,910 2;700 | 14,580 600 | 22) 400 800 | 18,700! 15,100] 55,680 917 | 13,222 | 22,600 77, 552 450 | 21,238 | 24,941 82, 201 5,865 | 26,510 9,809 | 33,351 746| 15,802] 21,420 75, 663 ees pe 5,650 | 25,425] 10,675} 40,031 989 | 13,720] 21,314 79, 176 aa eee 6,700 | 33,500] 12,400} 49,600 200 | 19,800 a 300 | 102,900 soot seeocl ESE bees BeBe 88 Reese sl ERE SOA Bape coere a Meeroeaere MO00! ecsteonses 2 5,836 | 29,186 9,128 | 41,076] 24,528 | 97,112] 39,492] 167,368 1 2: 13, 800 2,390 | 10,755 1, 200 3, 300 5,890 27, 855 RE 2 3,000 | 12,000 7,400 | 28,440} 16,000} 38,700| 26,400 79, 140 2 4,650 | 20,925 4,300 | 17,200 6,000 | 15,000} 14,950 58, 125 2 4,000 | 16,000 5,340 | 21,360 5,100 | 13,260] 14,440 50, 620 2 3,530 | 15,354 9,238 | 36,682 624 2,496 | 13,382 54,532 2 4,017 | 20,585 5,923 | 28,692} 10,517 | 36,809 | 20,457 81,086 1 1,455 5, 869 4,822 | 17,359 5,747 | 18,163} 12,024 36, 391 eee in 1 2,923 | 15,077 5,096 | 25,480 3,489 | 22,711 11, 508 63, 268 2 5,717 | 40,019 9,298 | 65,086} 10,482) 52,410| 25,497) 157,515 esos 3 6, 123 36,738 8,030 ; 36,938 9, 533 22,879 | @ 28,148 108, 156 2 67 469 3,111 10,577 8,872 | 19,368] 12,050 30,414 3 2,924| 14,431 7,179 | 27,749 6,734 | 19,077 16, 837 61, 256 2 3,148 | 19,380 4,008; 18,437 5,686 | 15,921 12, 842 53,738 2 5,115 | 30,690 8,365] 16,825) 10,073 | 36,262] 18,553 83,777 2 1,720 | 18,920 2,143 | 19,287 4,516 | 30,708 8,379 68, 915 2 921 10, 131 5,249 | 50,390 2,657 18,599 8, 827 79, 120 Laas 2 1,152| 13,824 2,927 | 35,124 9,125| 58,400] 13,204] 107,348 @ Includes 4,462 ases of huampbacks, valued at $11,601, 158 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. PACK oF CANNED SALMON ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM THE INCEPTION OF THI) INDUSTRY TO 1919. ee | Chinook. Blueback. Silverside. Canner- Year. ies oper- ————————_______ ated. Cases. Value. Cases. | Value | Cases. | Value. 200,000 | 2,100,000 |... - 2.7.7 250,000 | 2,325,000 |.......... 250,000 | 22507000 |.__... 1.7 350,000 | 2,6257000 |... 375,000 | 2,250000|....... |. 450,000 | 2,475,000 |.......... 380,000} 2/052)000 |... 1.1.27 460,000 | 2,300,000 |.......... 480,000 | 2,640,000 |.......... 530,000 | 2,650,000 |...... 1.” 550,000 | 2,475,000 |.......... 541,300 | 2,600,000|.......__. 629,400 | 3,147/000|.......... 620,000 | 2,915/000 |-2..... 22! 553,800 | 2,5007000 |._........ 448,500 | 2,135,000 |.......... 356; 000°} 92/124, 000 for scc2- bocce make , B12/477 | \925997,08) ero Lae so eee 266,697 | 1,600; 182 |” 17,797 335,604 | 1,946,087| 57,345 353,907 | 2,038,566 | 15,482 344,267 | 1,996,388] 66,547 288,773 | 1,559,374 | 30, 459 351,106 | 1,895,976 | 43,814 444,909 | 2498658 | 18/015 370,943 | 1,840,511 | 16, 983 432,753 | 1,804,221| 12/972 329,566 | 1,490,394} 66,670 255,824 | 1,458,175] 23,969 262,392 | 1,821;258] 13/162 270,580 | 1,428,743 | 17,037 301,762} 1,610,614] 8/383 320,378 | 1,944'690] 12/911 327,106 | 1,962,636 7, 768 311, 334 | 1; 868,007 7, 816 258, 433 5,504 210; 096 8,581 9432.) 162,131 | 1,203,546 | 427,908 | 214,561] 42,178 |" 185,070: 244,285 | 1,882,137] 6,234} 34,287 | 68,922 | 363° 688) 405, 862 | 2,204,185 | 5,988 | 47,904] 79,416 | 549° 478 220,317 | 1,988,526 | 8,210} 85,384] 31,842] 177/248) 192,116 | 1,664,670 11,152] 93677 | 40,969 | 175/412. 289, 464 | 2,573,502 | 35,311 | 376,924] 69,769] 380,666. 406,486 | 3,694,361 5,459 | 56,707} 33,336} 173,234) 395,166 | 3,572,203 | 3,790 | 27,288] 52)084| 335/114: 403,637 | 5,023,529 7,968 | 111,552] 64)299| 700/680. 400,952 | 5,222,983 | 37,833 | 605,328 | 98,145 | 1,072'843 392,125 | 5,031/207 7,268 | 73,116 | 90,728 | 1,052) 767) @ Of these, 2,846 cases, valued at $23,203 were packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 159 Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM THE INCEPTION OF THE InpustrRY TO 1919—Continued. Steelhead trout. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 4,000 $64,000 18, 000 288, 000 28,000 392,000 100,000 | 1,350,000 150,000 | 1,800,000 200, 000 2, 100, 000 250,000 | 2,325,000 250,000 | 2,250,000 350,000 | 2,625, 000 375,000 | 2, 250, 000 ' 450,000} 2,475,000 380,000 | 2,052,000 460,000 | 2,300,000 480,000 | 2,640,000 530,000 | 2,650,000 550,000 | 2,475,000 541,300 | 2,600,000 629,400 | 3,147,000 620, 2,915, 000 553,800 | 2, 500,000 448, 500 2, 135, 000 356, 000 2, 124, 000 372,477 | 2,327,981 309,885] 1,809,820 435,774 | 2,407,456 398,953 | 2,440, 964 487, 338 2,679, 069 415,876 | 2,095,934 490,100 | 2,501, 126 634,696 | 3,110,997 481,697 | 2, 261, 826 552,721 | 2,219,311 487,944 | 2,073, 226 17 11,379 33, 836 11,994 39, 186 332, 774 1,777,975 16] 17,696| 63,706} 20,597] 102,985 358,772 | 2,282, 296 coe ua DSeGicS JeUnSpee Be BESBgaed Be Dene Oe Sees eer freee eae rate ate 390,183 | 1,942,660 14| 10,401] 41,604 8,593 | 42,965 317,143 | 1,644,509 16 10,000 37,500 7,201 36, 255 339, 577 1,777, 105 20 20, 693 52, 691 9, 868 48, 892 395, 104 2, 24 eels Tee | dee ee ig RR eS -| 277,719 | 1,380, 708 15| 24,542| 57,115] 17,382| 99,796 | 2747196 | 1; 760/220 15| 66,538 | 232,883 5,436 | 31, 203 391,415 | 2,544,198 15| 53,471! 203,198] 8,594! 47,399 553,331 | 3,052, 164 15| 18,699] 46,590 6,958 | 22,108 286,026 | 2,319,856 15-| 13,303 | 29, 486 8,939] 49,142] 2667479] 23012)387 17| 49,285] 305,541] 10,792] 59,356] 454/621] 3,695,989 19| 86,530] 251,632} 26,723] 129,358| 558/534] 4/305, 292 20| 77,766 | 307,483] 18,999] 118,987] %547/861| 4/361) 299 20| 53,659 | 386,596 | 23,783] 292/583 553,346 | 6,514; 940 20} 29,846] 215,669] 24,605 | 350,071 591,381 | 7,466,894 21| 75,493 | 441,989 | 14,414 144,140) 580,028 | 6,743, 219 a Includes 55 cases of humphacks, valued at $132, packed with humpbacks brought from Puget Sound, > Includes 56 cases of humpbacks, valued at $224, 160 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON THE COLUMBIA River, By States, 1916-1919. States and species. Washington: Oregon: Chinook.'i" 222. . Silverside........ Steelhead Grand total.... 1916 1917 1918 1919 Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1,377 | $12,389| 2,801] $33,612] 19,450 | $245,070} 2,329 | $18,632 179, 083 |1,074, 495 | 146,140 |1, 753,680 | 145,511 |1,715,874 | 2 130,185 | 1,671,007 46,012 | 165,643 | 14,539] ” 93,050} 12,173 |" 85,211 | 39,279 | "235, 674 56 D4 ||, 2. «ata ata wcdsoleaiisio dl eld se 20] yea 59a oe ae 26,788 | 133,940 | 15,989 | 183,874 | 35,746 | 343,162 | 34,927 | 349,270 14,348 | 86,091 | 6,053] 66,583| 8,699| 104,388| 7,148| 71,480 267, 664 |1, 472,782 | 185,522 |2, 130,799 | 221,579 |2, 493,705 | 213, 868 | 2,346, 063 2,413 | 14,899| 5,167] 77,940] 18,383] 360,258] 4,939] 54, 484 216,083 |2, 497,708 | 257,497 |3, 269,849 | 255,441 |3,507,109 | 261,940 | 3,360, 200 31,754 | 141,840 | 39,120 | 293/546 | 17,673 | 130,458 | 36,214 | 206,315 25,296 | 201,174] 48,310] 516,806 | 62,399| 729,681 | 55,801 | 703,497 4,651 | 32)896| 17,730) 225,955| 15,906 | 245,683| 7,266| 72,660 280,197 2,888,517 | 367, 824 4,384,096 | 369, 802 |4,973, 189 | 366,160 | 4,397, 156 547, 861 (4,361,299 | 553,346 [6,514,895 | 591,381 |7,466,994 | 580,028 | 6, 743,219 a Includes 106,328 cases spring chinooks, valued at $1,382,264; 21,740 cases fall chinooks, valued at $273,924; and 2,117 cases light-colored chinooks, valued at $14,819. b Fish brought in from Puget Sound. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON NEHALEM RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. NWNNHNNNEDN Re Ree ee Re Re Re eR eR IR eR Re Re Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Soke Oe ok ee AE eet MANE (Ck Se oe aaa Ce eee SP POMOOON SAN SOGO: |) chee. eae mae 1,692 | $6,768 Sys Im t a 20 mIeeta | eee [Seis Minna aoe 1,627 6, 508 4, 866 19,464 |ee soo2 42 = Laas Sas 1, 752 2, Total. Cases. Value. 5, 000 $30, 000 6, 000 32, 000 9, 000 45, 500 3, 500 14, 000 10, 000 40, 000 6, 723 26, 892 6, 493 25, 972 111, 309 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 161 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON TILLAMOOK Bay, OrEG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Year, eee ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 4500" tess acaee “ O° S00;|eeees ae 37, 000; heehee 1 1 1 $1,988 | 4,000] 16,000 6,919 | $17,297 | 11,416 35, 285 1 700} 2,800 7,763 | 31,052 700 1, 750 9) 163 35, 602 1, a aa 6,514 | 20,845 7,001 | 19,253| 13,515 40, 098 1 2, 200 G6 CODs (0h 0d, SBOP 94, BRDU eke Pe 7,060 21) 180 1 2,000} 6,000} 9,000| 27)000 |..........|.....-..-- 11; 000 33, 000 1 5,000/}"< 18,000'|:° 10,342 |’ 35,162 I02..:....-|\cs.-..00- 15, 342 48, 162 1 2, 180 8,720 3,889 | 14,036 5,121 | 15,363 | 11,190 38,119 As | RE ieee Le aE ee a ae Re Pee a 8 1 848 4,240 | 2,133 9, 598 3,901 | 10,728! 6, 882 24, 566 1 215 1, 135 2,287 | 9,720 4,093 | 16,372 6,595 | 27,227 Pp ae eae 2,727 | 11,590 2,620 | 10,480 5,347 22)070 Ue Cee 4,400! 17,600] 6,500] 13,000} 10,900] 30,600 1 1,100 | 6,600 1,700 7,650 8,800 | 22,000} 11,600 36, 250 1 1,870 | 11,220 2) 364 7, 092 1,270 3,175 5, 504 21) 487 1 2,000} 14, 3,410 10,230] 27314 6, 942 7,724 31, 172 1 2,300 | 16, 100 6,000} 21,000] 4000} 12,000! 12/300 49) 100 1 2,615 | 15,663 5,029 | 21,809 3) 712 8,538 | 11,356 46,010 1 2,900 | 20,300 4,500 | 247750 2/000 | 6,000 9, 400 51, 050 2 8,433 | 67,464 12,663 | 69,647 5,277 | 20,053 | 26,373 | 157,164 2 3,811 | 26,677 6,418 | 32,090 4,550| 11,375| 14,779 70, 142 1 2,600 | 15, 600 1,000} 4,000 1, 2) 200 4,600 21; 800 2 4,734 | 33, 138 4,131 | 22) 307 6,707 | 16,867| 15,572 72, 312 3 5,675 | 34,300 4,549 | 20,925 9,099 | 25,477 | 19,323 70, 702 3 9,465 | 75,720 4,333 | 21, 665 7,530 | 22/590 | 21,328] 119/975 3 8,822 | 79,398 5,522 | 44,176 6,941 | 48,587 | 21,285 | 172,161 1 107 1.177 3,461 | 33, 226 1,567 | 10,969 5,135 45, 372 2 1,500 | 18,750 7,150 | 85,800 4350 | 27,840 | 13,000 | 132,390 Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON NEstTUGGA RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. * Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. neries Year oper- ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Ui eeaassaces|sasessssc tee siacese ase ttccccss|sccetetee teodeecte ee 4,300 $23,650 TT Sepa ee | Senay |S eee a ae En Pere atl Eee mea 5, 00 28, 750 ieee fae ie ae We 6, 700 36,850 i 1,109 $4, 436 3,034 | $10,922 513 $1, 539 4,656 16,897 1 279 1,116 3,553 | 13,323 396 1, 089 4, 228 15,528 1 3,000] 18,000 1,000.) 4,250 400 1,000 4, 400 23, 250 1 2,622 15, 732 2,468 7,404 165 413 5, 255 23,549 1 2,100 14, 700 3,540 10,620 150 450 5, 790 25,770 1 2,000} 14,000 3,000} 10,500 100 300 5, 100 24, 800 1 2,000 14, 000 3,300 18,150 140 420 5, 440 32,570 1 3,562 | 28,496 7,124] 39,182 641 2,436 | 11,327 70,114 1 3,090] 18,540 6,180} 30,900 708 1,770 9,978 51,210 1 126 756 243 Qi 2ieee saagealal\sewisc's tee 369 1,728 1 3,542 24,794 5, 730 30, 942 265 662 9,537 56, 308 1 200 1,300 3, 930 18, 078 800 2,240 4,930 21,618 1 2,400 19, 200 4, 056 20, 280 200 600 6, 656 40,800 1 2,000} 18,000 3,800] 30,400 260 1,820 6, 060 50, 220 1 3,000] 33,000 3,206 | 30,778 215 1,505 6, 421 65, 283 1 1,900} 23,750 2,400} 28,800 450 2,880 4,750 55, 430 11312°—21——11 \ 162 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON SiLeTz River, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. , neries D Year. oper- ated. Cases. Value, Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1 19, 146 1 876 | 4,380 | 3,740 | 16,830 360 | 1,260] 4,976 | 22, 470 1 600] 3,168 1,917| 8,147 500} 2)000] 3,017 13,315 1 1,000] 5,000| 3,300] 13,200] 1,000/ 27000] 5,300] 20,200 1 1,500} 9,000 1,700| 7,225 900} 23250] 43100) 18,475 1 27635 | 15,810| 3,192| 9,576 167 418 5,994 | 25,804 1| 23333| 16,331 4'300| 12/900 200 600] 6,833] 29,831 1 27100] 14,700] 47700] 16,450 300 900} 7,100] 32/050 1 2/200] 15,400] 4600] 257300 250 750] 77050] 41,450 1] 37584| 28/672 73164 | 39,402 237 901 | 10;985| 68,975 1 3,277 | 19,662| 6,554 | 32,770 283 707} 10,114] 53,139 1 15 75 354 1-416 17 37 386 1,529 1 3,356 | 23,492| 6,712] 36,245 196 490 | 10,264] 60,227 1 100 600 | 3,000] 13,800 100 230] 3,200] 14/680 1 1,000} 8,000} 3,000) 15/000 210 630| 4,210] 23/630 1 1/300} 16,200] 3,400] 28/200 222 1,554] 5,422] 45,954 2| 4)304| "47,344 7,739 | 74,774 384| 27688| 12°477| 124/806 2 1,393 | 17,413 5,892 | 70,704 472 | 3; 021 7,757 | 91,138 Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON YAQUINA BAY AND RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS.@ Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. neries Year. oper- Silene Tyee ee ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 5,088 | $29,256 5, 000 27,500 2,329 6, 987 1,700 5,644 4,850 17,124 3,493 14, 943 1, 553 6, 049 3,100 10,120 2,312 9, 968 3,660 12, 450 1,883 8, 985 4,000 14, 000 1,172 4,632 2,669 13,345 1,060 5, 838 a Cannery not operated from 1912 to 1916, both yearsinclusive. In 1917 it was consolidated with Wald- port cannery owned by same party. i a : PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 1638 | ACK OF CANNED SALMON ON ALSEA RIVER AND Bay, OrzEG., IN SpecirieD YEARS. | Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum Total. Year. een ee Od AD ee ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value, De pereraaes | eo reeteman lewetlret Geel Soe vocsces| soseteurcs|woccs cece: lees esos deleeceseuece 2h | Sea ee eee ete yo a PLE Sie Bless OPT 11,180] $64,285 hs operat ete emaa dillon tos Season occ Secos| coececccasleocc sol. 9, 620 55,315 LSSSIA Pee Fil ear: Keetten Wetsotaeet bieeeeitaes PEceCnnn Cone 10, 000 55, 000 "A eSre er H cee aan hie BO MISAM | ooo shee 3,600] 14, 400 t 1,260] $6,300 3,240} 12,960 4, 500 19, 260 1 440 2,200 4,160] 16,640 4,600 18, 840 1 1,700 6,375 3,280] 11,808 4, 980 18, 183 1 3,500} 10,500 3,400] 10,200 6, 900 20,700 1 1, 800 5,400 3, 200 9, 600 5, 000 15,000 1 4,296 | 11,170 2,170 7,378 6, 466 18, 548 4 2,150 9,138 5,010] 19,038 7,160 28, 176 re oa 695 | 3,475| 4,629 | 18,790 |"""""“goi' | “g37ii8' | 6,215 | 95, 383 1 701 3,702 4,530] 19,253 5,901 25, 635 1 1,031 5,516 4,242] 18,029 5,317 23, 633 1 1,000 5,000 6,500} 26,000 7, 800 31, 600 il 2,500 | 15,000 1, 800 7, 650 5, 000 24,400 1 3,702 | 22,212 3,843 | 11,529 7, 545 33,741 il 800 5,600 5,100} 15,300 6, 250 21, 950 ee 1 1,200 8,400 6,000] 21,000 7,600 30, 600 a... 1 1,119 6, 714 5,486 | 24,027 6,685 30, 925 ee 1 2,500} 17,500 5,900} 31,950 8, 500 49, 750 _ 2 4,161 | 33,288 9,329} 51,309 14,178 87, 211 ee 2 3,731 | 22,386 8,286 | 41,430 12,541 65,126 et. 2 1,607 8,035 4,304] 17,216 6, 071 25, 603 ~~ 2 4,546 | 31, 822 6,728 | 36,331 11,347 68, 336 > eae 2 1,668 | 10,763 6,966 | 32,044 8, 812 43,305 ee 2 2,624 | 20,992 3,864] 19,320 6,780 41,188 | ae 2 2,727 | 24,543 6,621 | 52,968 9, 766 80, 437 ae 2 2,000 | 22,000 7,215] 69,264 210,068 99, 934 . 2 2,512 | 31,400 2,607 | 31,200 5, 654 66,318 @ Includes 541 cases of bluebacks, valued at $6,492. |ACK oF CANNED SALMON ON THE SrusLAW RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. q Ad Chinook. Silverside. Chum Total ) Year. ee | ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value - as Ue | eres enter eh Sade be net la coeetceuclecwiescess 10,300 | $55,620 ee Py | cscs coyarey eae 2 [oS Pae: ties shee Hl Leeman es Seige ci eS eae | Sites Sen |, SRE a pees. Ul | Dccibapeedel Sl ged DGS ECE Gi peste Maida OTe Ce Ed Ol pie ites Oe ace De 500s eee ee eee ee Fl cones: Beebe ete elf ans Saket bl LEC? | SE Se ee et 11, 960 68, 770 | ee 0 | eceteeee Hl Gie deca &| acetate CEI Rage grerenese rl | ieee a eal lee 12, 000 66, 000 TWA: 2 ie 2 > eS ee 16 ee ee ee ee BS tt o..t aa ian es...) a Famer 5 ot is 6 20's ae ae... a The two canneries combined and operated one plant. 164 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE Umpqua River, OREG., IN SPECIFIED ice? Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. ime | comer | banter -p one Fae eee || ae ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. | Cases. Value, 2 2 2 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 165 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON Coqum“Le River, OreG., mn SPECIFIED YEARS. Chinook Silverside. Value. 5 Value. | | | | ee sate eeeeee ste eeeeoes weet ee eeee Se Seed eee $63, 250 47, 300 20, 000 26, 000 8,000 35, 502 27,075 26, 906 32, 300 51, 584 21) 049 26, 437 38, 682 57,144 60; 808 58, 863 41) 802 67, 109 43, 942 94, 444 97) 438 32, 839 35,640 65,324 31, 989 20) 212 70,335 113) 129 72, 957 WHHHNHNHYNNNHNNNYNNE REE bbb beer a Burned. b Includes 7 cases of chums, valued at $49. ec Includes 217 cases of chums, valued at $1,519, and 19 cases of steelheads, valued at $190. d Includes 45 cases of chums. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON RoaueE RIvER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS.@ Chinook. Silverside. Total. Canneries Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. eee wee eeeence Sees eee ceceeces asec ceces weer ccccce eee eeeeeee wee eeeeeee ee $121, 107 132, 000 120, 000 105, 000 a Shut down in 1911 and 1912 through the closing of the river to all fishing. + Burned down during season. Not opened the next year. 166 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON RoauE River, ORrzG., In SpecirreD YEARS—Contd. Chinook. Silverside. Total. ; Canneries Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value, : 1001 Yee ees eee 1 2,681 | $13, 405 4,184 LO0DS eke MECN 9) Pel etni peat 1 3,799 | 20,058 4,091 LOOSE ee SONAR Tae Sea Ppa 1 8,418 | 45,036 4, 792 DOO Te ARAL er ie Sa eas FA aD 1} 16,000] 64,000 3, 255 DOORS SERINE 5 AAR ee eR, 1} 18,500] 111,000 1, 500 20, 000 TONGS Speen pa eee OAS ie a0 ahs ul 12, 000 72, 000 6, 000 90 Cie eg Lad LR ESR | 1 7,537 | 56,528 1, 796 3 TOOS EE a CMO i idee Sas oad) 1 4,354] 32,655 2, 650 905 HLS Ce) eg kL ee EDR IER Re eat | 1 186 1,300 699 7 OLDS. Eset Lt ee iP 1 232 1, 786 2,711 , 052 LQTS RSE ceo SRO. 2 2 a of, 1 3,020} 27,160 2, 403 i DOTA OE May os” Fd et oe 1 6,938 | 62,060 987 . EY (5) eR Sp as ek a Nate ors oe 2 19, 094 135, 301 515 f Tee aes BO PR ee | 2 22, 640 181, 120 501 7 625! Toe et Se eee bie 2| 24,707 | 271,777 660 TE ha a eo RI a 2 20,469 | 225,159 2, 704 95 CSI ee Gia LS el a | 3] 17,237] 215,463 671 5 ‘ 1 Pack OF CANNED SALMON ON SmITH River, Cauir., In Specirizp YEARS. Quinnat. Silverside. Total. Canneries Year. operated. | Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. ; 1 ss Chibi ed oo A gt Mn dt 1 £2775 ee28 098) lee. zceucc hoses eae 4,277 | $23, 096 - ESO Ce eters sh iF eee 1 4) DOO etl, 250. 2-20 500) Sena 7, 500 41,250 TBS4o) Aayoreecerne ae lcboswas sees 1 5, 500 1) OUO enn cs nate Acree gee 5, 5 33, 000 12 am ra SR A a | 1 1,550 OF 3000 Be eos cccea po aeeeeee 1,550 9, 300 Cala erage heath hao Face Bag | 1 ATG etn 17 | RR pea 2, 347 14, 082 Dk See See a abe eu 1 1, 500 7,500 500 $1, 500 2,000 9, 000 | ROAM S Atcha rn ei 1 1, 500 7, 500 500 1, 500 2, 000 9, 000 A re ama A A rm iah ad 1 2, 250 9),960'|: 2.27.0. calc eee 2, 250 9,990 LOMA Sk RA ree Se Vilensdticcecd|)s cngank ae 3,000] 18,000 3, 000 18, 000 LOTS Mae ea en eas hee oer hs 1 1,955] 13,685 1, 078 6, 220 3, 033 19,905 NOUG Se cosas meee pecneeetose ae 1 1,515 12, 120 990 4, 950 2, 505 17,070 LO 7rd Nene 20 Set EA 1 6,300)||i) 160; 300) |ese ee eee 6, 300 69, 300 Oe Soe DOE AO SEA E,= SQ eta eRe 1 4, 041 44, 451 612 5, 508 4, 653 49,959 © 19D 2B sce soe sas pe see 1 4, 366 SO;758 H.C. Jeet Rae ee ee 4,366 56, 758 Quinnat. Total Canneries Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Cases Value 1 25 4008|"1$26; 400%). c-occe alo - oes 4, 400 $26, 400 1 1, 047 25188 |. ene 1; 0470) |e anaes 1 1, 600 6,400. «coat 1, 600 6, 400 1 1, 700 6 S00) a. i Genera 1, 700 6, 800 1 1, 200 5, 321 400 1, 600 6, 821 1 1, 600 8; 800)|o.<.coc al eee 1, 600 8, 800 1 2,500] 13,500 2,500 13, 500 1 3, 400 20; 800 Ilene s coca Seen 3, 400 20, 800 1 5, 633 33; O00 bee oss Se eee ee 5, 633 33, 000 1 S016 52H O00 tess h. aed nena 8, 016 52, 000 1 7,400 | 46, 000 204 7, 604 48, 816 231-1 80008] n11'7.000'!|.2 2225. laa ee 18,000} 117,000 2 65376) | AQP 5001/2 225. el Gnen Oe 6, 376 40, 500 1 7,500} 48,500 3, 500 11, 000 62, 500 1} 10,400} 72,800 2,500 12, 900 85, 800 1 6,484} 51,872 2, 400 8, 884 63, 872 1 5,130 | 56, 430 2, 900 8, 030 79, 630 i 5,555] 61, 105 4,292 210,200] 102,557 1 6,291} 81,783 1, 145 b7,731 95, 523 @ Includes 353 cases of steelheads, valued at $2,824. » Includes 295 cases of steelheads. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES, 167 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON Ee River, Cauir., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Quinnat. Quinnat. Canneries Canneries Year. operated. Year operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. RN fae Oc aeowseeee 2, 293 Seca 2, 293 2-pound mMomingls|i. soo ssens|eeeies sock ease weates -soatkeodoes 6,006 |2s fcc ssele Scenes 6, 006 Totals: Vek 1,900,355 |1,965, 237 |2, 201,643 |1,932,312 |2, 110,937 |2, 488,381 |2, 533, 737 |15, 132, 602 Grand total... ./4, 054, 641 (3, 739, 185 |4,056, 653 |4,500,293 4,900, 627 |5, 947, 286 |6, 605, 835 |33, 804, 520 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRICE PER CASE OF Forty-E1aHT 1-pounD CANS or ALASKA SaLmon, 1908 ro 1918.5 Product. 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 |} 1918 Coho, or silver........- $3.98 | $4.07 | $4.89 | $5.67 | $4.44 | $3.45 | $4.39 | $4.31 | $5.34 | $8.76 | $9.15 Chum, or keta......... 2.53 2.28 | 3:04) 3.72) 2.37 2.21 3.37 2.59 | 3.34 6.14 6. 27 Humpback, or pink...| 2.69 2.40 | 3.15 3.94 2. 55 2.58 | 3.50 2.78 | 3.64 6. 44 6. 58 King, or spring........ 4.20} 4.32] 5.34] 6.48] 5.37| 4.04] 5.01] 4.63] 5.36] 10.40 9. 85 Red, or sockeye....... 4.52] 4.53] 5.30] 6.33 | 5.45] 4.54] 5.58] 5.82] 6.04] 9.48 9. 44 a The number of cases shown has been put upon the common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans per case. b From “Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1918,” p. 49, by Ward T. Bower. Appendix VII, Re- port, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1918. Washington, 1919. ie ke PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. byl Pack or CANNED SALMON IN BritisH CoLtuMBIA SINCE THE INCEPTION OF THE InpustTRY, BY WATERS. Canner- 1s a “4 * Fraser Skeena Rivers Naas Outlying Year. pats gl River. River. Inlet. River. districts. Total. Cases Cases. Cases Cases Cases. O45 24 see Slt sete Soe |S ae es eee tal Fa ee ee 7, 247 QUO) epee tern | een ne eae Ieee ncaa 58, 387 SOU i os getere (gta flee el Seam api 89, 946 TOS GOSS eee | a etna wets menace ce 61, 093 TRE Se CF ee we Ve 61, 849 7 Flats joek ces Areal [eevee a 5,500 169, 576 24, 522 5, 635 6, 500 4, 600 240, 461 31, 157 10, 780 9, 400 6, 400 163, 438 53, 786 20, 383 8,500 7, 000 123, 706 TARGUS eee ce clecocen scons 6, 000 108, 517 37, 587 sp 0,0) 010 es och 1, 200 152, 964 58, 592 20d: | eee cewacwcee 4, 200 204, 083 70, 106 , 000 12,318 5, 000 184,040 58, 405 21,722 19, 800 7, 162 417, 211 91, 645 33, 500 24,700 17,960 411, 257 77,057 36, 500 11, 058 11,907 314, 511 90, 750 14,955 26, 100 18, 425 248, 721 59, 021 35, 416 15, 680 25, 848 610, 202 61, 005 40,161 20, 000 7, 500 492, 232 69, 356 58, 575 20, 541 6, 300 587, 692 97, 863 107, 473 14, 649 22, 453 617, 782 61,310 40,090 20, 000 26, 007 1, 027, 183 80, 102 105, 362 20, 000 22, 862 492,551 112, 562 76, 428 19, 442 29,691 765, 519 135, 424 74, 196 20, 200 45,349 606, 540 125, 845 66, 794 15, 004 40, 656 1, 247, 212 155, 936 70, 298 23.212 50,518 627, 161 98, 669 69, 390 12, 100 56, 390 473, 674 154, 869 94, 292 19,085 68,745 465, 894 114, 085 83, 122 32,725 60, 392 1, 167, 460 162, 420 122, 878 32, 534 71,142 629, 460 159, 255 94, 064 31, 832 99,192 547, 459 209,177 75, 090 46,908 122, 339 542,689 140, 739 91,014 40,990 127,974 967,920 222, 035 129, 398 39, 720 147,900 762, 201 254, 410 101, 066 65, 684 226, 461 948, 965 254, 258 137, 697 71, 162 359, 538 996, 576 164, 055 68, 096 58, 423 336, 268 1,353, 901 237, 634 109, 052 94, 890 341,073 | 1, 111, 039 279,161 146, 838 104, 289 313, 894 1, 133, 381 223,158 85, 383 126, 686 453,398 995, 065 292, 219 95, 302 119, 495 672, 481 1,557, 485 374, 216 103, 155 143, 908 788, 875 1, 616, 157 398, 877 80, 367 97,512 657, 682 1,393, 156 5,367,525 | 2,550,675 | 1,440,047 | 5,275,373 | 26,753, 563 NuMBER OF SALMON CANNERIES OPERATED IN VaRIOoUS SEcTIONS OF BRITISH CoLUMBIA IN RECENT YEARS. Fraser Naas Skeena Rivers Outlying p Year. River. River. River. Inlet. districts. Total. 23 4 12 UF 12 58 22 4 12 7 14 59 18 4 12 7 16 57 36 4 13 7 18 78 21 5 13 7 17 63 22 5 13 7 16 63 23 5 14 8 23 73 29 6 14 9 32 90 16 7 15 9 36 83 ll 7 15 9 32 74 172 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack, By Districts AND SPECIES, OF CANNED SALMON IN British COLUMBIA FROM ; 1903 @ ro 1919. Districts and species. 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 [>= | Ee Fraser River district: Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Giekiydss) soe cae c,h te rhea ® 50,968 | 93,404 | 847717] 86,394 | 108,413 | 139,846 Bipmpssredeer ee. 17 2013 tse 18,008 | 20,621] 14,598| 20,138] 10,378] 13,374 Springs. wihttet. 2-505. ce tae oo ch reel pe ge Ao alee tee 05- > 12,961 22, 220 74,726 . eNOS. oh oat de cancaceee egos ca ckese 28, 574 11, 648 38, 639 ; ES. SU FS sncn eee ebee ssc -w SES 574 9,973 6,057 PADOKOVOS PR soy tbe bet oe ob te 108, 784 684, 596 185, 483 \Sdanaleey (ee Ibe BASS CS See 14, 655 3,573 9, 485 BGMNes? WHIPES = -caeenuee n2.-.c0 8,373 49 14,000 Total.........---..--2+--2--200---- 173,921 732,059 | 328,390 Skeena River district: or Wit Se oe eee soe eee bi et ls el ad 8,329 SEES A oe ae. aa | SS ee ne 39, 628 18, 647 16,378 (PUTS Baa ae sl ee 97, 588 66,045 71,021 emmateoyener Je. .2 ULE 2202... 92, 498 52,927 | 130; 166 pernes, aes 21 BAe Be ERS ee 23, 250 11,529 rings, white. - ae 3, 186 211 Beetiaadae &..... 100u 85.0... a8 a ead 7 See Motels... Swamodsdac sina sdeccceces. 254, 258 164, 055 237, 634 Rivers Inlet district: (CLETLETIS - S. OHSS a8 aE EES ee a Be lean del So ERAS seen cee ce 5,02 TT 34 ts OR se eo 11,010 3,660 7, 789 Ss CE Se A a 9 ; 8, 809 2,097 5,784 BOGE Ossie ees ena caecc ee wses seas 112, 884 61,745 89, 890 BUMPS pe -aaneebet be mee acneee 681 594 566 SUMEMPHENEULL On occ feet oc versa'o ab eels conc Ue AN eees vaceclacseeeecet TS ee ee Se 8 ute THULE eS ee eee eee 129,398 | 101,066 | 137,697 68,096 | 109,052 Naas River district: GMB eee sstocse cece ewe sees a ef 351 5, 189 3, 245 2,987 25, 569 CGS 5 SEE SS ees eee 6, 285 7,842 | 12,468 3,172 9, 276 Repppee, s N Beaks Tee 895 | 11,467} 12,476 20, 539 25,333 RCMOVGSE tad. cc. 4 ce ccce scar seane 30,810 37,327 36, 037 23,574 31,327 ODE ROT) 10: UES A eee 1, 228 3, 434 5,710 2,999 2, 660 OU ere ALG Pe Bo ee ee ll 325 1, 226 152 725 MEPPIHORUSE IS Soi) n a tench So aloecs cece e 140 LOOM rate co hel aoe oeeeee cheer te oa) ik Js Sel 39,720 | 65,684 | 71,162 53,423 | 94,890 Outlying districts: "i | icp hch Se ee e 5,834 | 39,167 | 37,770 52, 758 70, 827 GHIRTS 0 oe ee 26,636 | 42,457 | 73,422 32, 695 48, 119 TEESE hoa ea ete age Rta 20,098 | 64,312! 128, 296 94,233 | 112,145 TD ae Te eee eed 87,893 | 67,866| 94,559 149, 336 99, 830 SCO biVSG} 50 Se Re ee a 7,188 12,458 | 21, 967 7,017 8, 668 BSPrinesy Wipes © 6 -- cjmsinieacieinienicn 1.15 AES kako eee soc semecict=t= 1.10 Misskaiconosss-c-sseee ees 1.05 PAGS Denes eemeininn ial . 60 Mlssks Ghumeecssss-se--5e= 574 1910. Columbia River chinook, fancy ..------------------- 1.75 Puget Sound sockeye-.--.---| 1.65 ‘Alaska red = Scikectsesesals ae 1.35 (Alesis JUNG? . 2 in smi winlets Os ee a Oa ee DTG eee lacwcmet 1910. Sockeye...............-..-.- | 6.50} 7.00} 8.25 ELE oy ha eee 7D) FOr UO los oe <5 of 5.00 | 5.50 6. 50 BRUM eMedicine accetccscece ues tantaesin |e elenewis 1911 MPRDV Oot de siids cass ccacecens 7.75 | 8.00; 10.00 PERNT Paes cece cccascesses| GV50N| Lc See e aoe JU 6 | 6.00 | 6.25 7.50 a These opening prices have been furnish BU KOY Oren cccoueadseentes Radisprinpee vi. os occteecctc Co 0. ee eee ee eee ee rs BOCKOUGL corte owacaacecines emdepritieeeeccccacesncecss Coho. NOOK OV Ore ceeSce nics sens ase lce Ad SPLINE seer cecse cate Coho. BOCK OY. Or cer ciiasisicin cine aisraie crs SOUKOV Esser soeicas sees cae 154 2104510) 8 Fa) ote lens aes ae WOOHOO. Gomer aewseee reese te ewww ewe teen eee w we nne Columbia, Canada, well known packers and handlers of canned salmon, .| Flats. |Halves $4.25 | $5.50 9.25 | 10.75 sheosis 9. 25 7.25 | 7.50 3.00 | 4.50 6.25 | 7.75 Bey eee 4:50 '|oanbann based 8.75 | 9.25 tioesest aaa 8.25 | 10.25 15.00 | 16.00 13.25 | 14.00 12.00 | 13.00 8.75 | 10.00 Saco 7.75 16.50 | 17.50 eae 16.00 12. 50 13.50 9.00 | 10.00 ed by H. Bell-Irving & Co. (Ltd.), of Vancouver, British 180 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, PICKLING INDUSTRY. The salmon-pickling industry was so overshadowed by its giant brother, the canning industry, that statistical data, except for Alaska, were found in extremely fragmentary shape, and only that portion is shown relating to Alaska from the time of annexation to and including 1919. Pack OF SALTED SALMON IN ALASKA, 1868 To 1919. Salmon. Salmon bellies. Dry-salted salmon. a Bn a lat i a i a Year. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Pounds. Value. : 2,000} $16,000 1, 700 13, 600 1, 800 14, 400 700 6, 300 ~ 1,000 9, 000 900 7, 200 1, 400 11, 200 1, 200 9, 600 1, 800 14, 400 1,950 15, 700 2, 100 16, 800 3,500 28, 000 3, 700 29, 600 1, 760 15, 840 5, 890 53, 010 7, 251 65, 259 6, 106 54, 954 3, 230 29, 070 4, 861 43, 749 3,978 35, 802 | 9, 500 85, 500 6, 457 58, 013 18, 039 162, 351 56,837 | 1,078, 456 8,110 195,447 757,927 | 7,058,006 28,924 | 328,950 | 11,083, 447 224,471 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 181 Ataska PICKLED-SALMON Pack, 1906 To 1918, By SpEcIES, QUANTITY,@ AND VALUE. 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Species. ——— Barrels.| Value. |Barrels.| Value. |Barrels.| Value. |Barrels.) Value. |Barrels.| Value. _ Whole salmon: oloe=...:.-..- 539 | $5,642.| 1,665 '$16, 406 692 | $5,648 318 | $2,485 160 | $1,504 Do eee o 231 1,550 | 233 1,521 122 707 35 190" | Ae See ee re Humpback...... 2,446 | 13,852 | 4,248 | 29,374 | 2,346 | 17,985 | 1,557 | 9,405 330 | 1,998 nie 1,007 | 8,058 964 | 10,684 660 | 6,813 441 | 3,798 352 | 3,399 eedatseee iit. .2 13,060 | 97,092 | 15,197 |145,142 | 30,517 |262,274 | 26,508 |167,298 | 11,931 | 104,649 Motalze.tt...1 17,283 {126,194 | 22,307 (203,127 | 34,337 |293,377 | 28, 859 [183,176 | 12,773 | 111,550 Bellies: MGNGUesscssoses e|ssssee ee leeel ee. Chomsisss2... 5: 150 Humpback...... 1,273 | 13,188 lott as 185 OT eS 13 121 Wotalt.-.2..2% 1,338 | 13,644 Backs, etc.: Pimp backsecs:| 5 s26. = 2]. 2s Pe Gees LS TDE) aA RS eS Sa A ee uceeactcet es apes | oss close eads[eeeee es « Tees eo Eee Eee Boe eae Grand total. . .| 18,621 |139, 838 | 25,272 |240, 549 | 39,073 [352,707 | 30, 885 208,758 | 14,405 | 130,641 1911 1912 1913 1914 Species. Barrels. | Value. | Barrels. | Value. | Barrels. | Value. | Barrels. | Value. Whole salmon: Tt ee ees 223) $2,149 1,165 | $9,565 1,006 | $6,452 365 $2, 767 Ui a es 133 666 93 652 100 778 53 293 Humpback....... 1,122] 11,238 4,236 | 28,304 2,724 | 18,181 482 2, 954 Moire ees Pe cco: 600 8,095 225 2; 442 135 1,410 269 2,588 is ee 6,239 | 79,578 | 28,883 | 264,965| 33,916 | 245,905] 24,785] 238,593 Motales stese aie. 8,317 | 101,726 | 34,602] 305,928 | 37,881 | 272,726 25,954 | 247,195 Bellies: RGA e ne sass cnc NSE oe ios cin cies <:s Humpback....... UOT as a 1c ee Totals... Bae oe Motallx0s..<2-. ae ee ee eee iste ta demoed! 0. Grand total....| 9,820 | 118,038 | 34,639] 306,534 | 38,332 | 279,249| 26,362 | 252,662 — hold 200 pounds of fish; when of a different size they have been reduced to coniorm to this weight. 182 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ALASKA PICKLED-SALMON Pack, 1906 To 1918, By SpEcrEs, QUANTITY, AND VALUE—} Continued. 1915 1916 1917 Species. Barrels. | Value. | Barrels. | Value. | Barrels. | Value. Whole salmon: Cononeee.s 20 240 J 1,763 | $19,393 2,076 | $22, 287. 1,798 | $29,631 Chumee(. 2. Fie 3 325 2’ 925 495 4,057 1,722 Humpback....... 662 5, 958 503 3, 624 5, 576 KGS rae eae eee 377 4,147 636 7, 956 359 Red get OF ee 8,931 | 125,034 13,549 | 167,782 26, 710 iota | sacar 12,058 | 157,457 | 17,259 | 205,706 | 36,165 Bellies: COhHOnta: ce PRES. PHRR CSE Be 27 500 il (GTi i 5a gel lle ae ee area 285 3, 556 73 Humpback...... 133 2,660 61 882 110 Ta Fae lati SW ahd HE RR PRN | Me eerie 4 2 23 a Red woe. fas 5 438 | 10, 950 100 2,000 24 Totalecectecce: 571 * 13,610 475 6, 961 225 Backs, etp t/ Coho...) 2 5 Ci yee (ope Rae oer | losocaanlaoeeceneee Grand total...) 12,629 | 171,067 | 17, 734 | 212, 667 | 36, 390 | 590, 497 | 56, 890 | 1,079, 881} Pack oF SALTED SALMON IN ALASKA IN 1919.4 Southeast Alaska. Products. Barrels.| Value. Cohoy orjsilvere.-. cassette: 706 | $13, 206 Chm Joriketan 228 esse 70 2, 080 Humpback, or pink. 26 260 King, or spring... : 241 4,542 Redivor sockeyes. «2. ees eee ees 12 355 Totals... ste ene 1,055 | 20, 443 a From ‘Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1919,” Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919. + Each barrel holds 200 pounds of fish. Central Alaska. Barrels.) Value. 204 | $3, 024 27 135 50 700 8 232 587 | 12,380 876 | 16,471 p. 50. By Ward T. Bower. Appendix IX, Washington, 1920. Western Alaska. Barrels. 6,179 MILD-CURING INDUSTRY. The beginning of this industry on the Pacific coast is of compara- tively recent date, and the following table is complete, with the pos- sible exception of a few tierces, which may not have been reported for the coastal rivers of Oregon: Value. $5, 918 555 548 16, 267 135, 245 158, 533 8,110 | 195,447 Total. Barrels.| Value. 1,202 | $22,148} 138 | 2,770 121] 1,508 867 | 217041 5,782 | 147,980 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 183 Trerces oF Miup-CURED SALMON PACKED ON Pactiric Coast FROM 1897 701919.¢ Colum Ae aa Sacra- | Mon- British| Puget | Grays |Willapa| bia |Coastal| Eel Year, | Alaska.} Colum-| Sound, |Harbor, Harber, River | rivers, | River, eee pass Total. bia. | Wash. | Wash.’] Wash.'| (both | Oreg.’ | Calif.’ | Gaur’ | Cant sides). °, TEE = UAlipsag [Meta Sy al UE ee A 5 See | eae | ee UCU SA ee 70 US eee 130 TOP, von 8 | oe el Pe See bre i PI i I eee Ut) |e 67 Lan 2) eres 67 NODS See S2 8 ib oa oo 34 ADORE 2: . 189 1906........} 1,126 WG feese-c..) 1,657 1908722... 2|"'-1, 378 TH ann acu of. 25 202 JD eee 3,357 TOD wn. 3, 164 BONDE aa oe 5, 245 POLY)... 2. <4 7,443 Lh 1 ee Sa 4,091 NOVGE cst a 2,966 AOU E Oe 4, 898 SOMME ook. 3, 563 it) Cee ee ee 3, 948 FOI Te canton)... 0,376 Total..... 51,069 | 23, 467 | 32,887 | 1,244| 249 |109,660 | 12,158 | 2,589 | 57,781 | 9,564 | 300,668 | | a The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds. King, chinook, or spring salmon were used almost exclusively. From most places the data are complete from the time of the inception of the industry, but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary. b Includes Fort Bragg, on Noyo River. YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA. Some salmon fishing is carried on in that section of the upper Yukon River which lies in Yukon Territory, Dominion of Canada. The species taken are principally king and dog, and these are sold mainly in a fresh condition. The following table shows the quantity taken and the value of same in certain years: CatcH OF SALMON IN YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA, IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Salmon. Salmon. Yoar, eee Year. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. NODGee abe sesa dey leis 70, 000 CACO fake e (hs AS ARERR EE Se 188, 600 $18, 860 OUR Rete iale a icin cnn wacewe-s 138, 574 175 DOG ||), LOO nal n alee inemitee inn baie 157, 000 15, 700 LOU. 3 a 169, 900 18689 :||) LOIG HN ccasetace soe oe cece se 143, 500 14, 350 Dis 229, 000 DONGOOM| WIG Lie neces eee rats Soe | a eae ay tne ace BOP ooenscacwesssccsicesese 224, 100 Prep NE ML Seacorigcacuneectiocd |sbecut bescsd posecoaa sass OG) = 182, 000 B85 200i lO LO aetna ale a's sjeelae namic aitip'swcsiwe's ofe| a0 cp eonacns = TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 ac- quired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, while in the same year Hawaii became a part of this country at its own request, and in 1900 two islands off the Samoan group were acquired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany. The trade with the Philippine Islands is shown to date in the tables 184 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ; of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown separately ever since their annexation to the United States. HAWAII. The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following quantities of salmon from the mainland: Canned salmon. Allother Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured, ; 3 Value. . Value. ROO Vite side ewe sists sis bie 1,126,217 | $89,286 $64; '232),|| 1914) ce. oee mui 1,418,941 | $97,532 (a) TD a Sy ane 965,029 | 89,025 67, 1434 | OT beesees oo Scene , 005, 90, 705 a LODO sence sects 1,440,410 | 121,716 13; 848'|| 1916) oo ees ceeceee 1,582,528 | 132,597 a AQTO Sess eee 1,381,398 | 113,526 Pea kal et Us bf eRe 1,463,729 | 145,531 a Oo een eee 1, 231,264 | 119,872 TG, 572) (AGB to ooc ceseeee 1,168,528 | 174,777 @ EOID). Yess 1,850,567 | 194,385 57,405 1919. eee se ceee. 979,895 | 159,577 @ Th Ee Bi -« ee 1,841,874 | 173,202 (a) a4 Not shown separately. PORTO RICO. Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to this island: Canned salmon. All other Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured. Value. Value. ADOT score eae eee 604,627 | $53,916 SOFS000 MLO eae ener 416,414 | $41,726 (a) AGOSen os oo taeet 512,038 | 48,195 It ADS A IOS ee baeee Oke 588,889 | 56,527 (a 190920. keene 381,171 | 34,777 SeS10)| lOO sven ener eee 860,873 | 60, 453 (a 1QTOSSes ete ee SS 511,055 | 43, 494 OT RY ||| ei Sat oe :..| 881,360 | 70,427 (a 1911 en ae EG 357,382 | 30, 699 SRE NPIGIS A: ee ee 378,266 | 52,737 c LOT OSS 25. Re 710,721 | 65,354 1790871010082, 52 een oe 468,501 | 68,532 a 5 A} bs ee ea 666, 602 66, 811 (@) @ Not shown separately. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to these islands: Canned salmon. All other Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured. Value. Value 19002 22) as eee 1,126,470 | $74,792 S725] MI OIb Sets cee eee 4,159, 580 | $288, 548 (2) 190M ley eee 5,425,404 | 396,604 2 089k| 1916. cee 5,640,858 | 356,366 (a) SOM ee pees es 3,069,118 | 225, 885 Ee Oy My eee 5 ee 4,202,574 | 351,633 (a) (Ola vss. vt tae 5,096,810 | 422,001 D437 || 1OISA ss ee Pe we 5,558,796 | 618,697 (a) 1913-32. cceeaooen 10, 122, 820 590, 128 (a) 19LO sso yr. ESE REE 3, 880, 425 431, 616 (a) aE) be ieee, Sere 5, 034, 252 266, 369 (2) @ Not shown separately. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 185 ALASKA. It seems like “carrying coals to Newcastle” to ship canned salmon to Alaska, from which Territory more than half the canned salmon of the world is produced, and yet a small business is done each year in this line, most of the product going to the mining camps and towns somewhat removed from the fishing sections. The table below shows the shipments of such fish in recent years. After 1914 the shipments were lumped together with all other kinds of fish and thus prevented the listing of salmon separately. Canned salmon. All other Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured. Value. Value. HOU See cccccecces 67, 132 $7,123 $3;966)) |] 1912s oe ce ccc ce 134,320 | $15,022 $4, 218 iY Sa 67, 658 7, 204 Senos Lela aasanes seme 43, 346 5, 074 (a) ie Se See 38, 265 4,513 T0614 1M ys 7. see aes 42,945 5,278 (a) @ Not shown separately. GUAM. Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite largely. During the last two years shown in the statement, however, the United States has secured the advantage. The table below shows the extent of the trade, which is made up almost entirely of salted or pickled salmon, only 900 pounds of fresh salmon, valued at $92, having been shipped by this country to Guam in 1908. Since 1909 all the fishery products imported have been lumped under one head- ing and it has been impossible to distinguish the salmon from the other species. Pickled salmon. Pickled salmon. Year and country. Se Year and country. Pounds. | Value. Pounds. | Value. 1905. 1908. (Wanted siates--2. Je--.--.----> 1,415 $71 "|| United States. <5. .:-- 22-2... 2. 7,406 $623 ADAbbetece ton dose> scien 24 16, 526 (ROOT etapa ss pee off gee 8. 5. 6,130 465 1907 1909 Wnited'States-.22-.....-.-5-.- 13, 604 15086 ||’ United States. -- 2 ~~ 2.2222. 10,779 740 DAMEMERE Hassle secsescesesees2 19, 862 16019) Wa palssdt ase see scene ne sca ce 4,295 344 TUTUILA, SAMOA. The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports of salmon. FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON. As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, but, as canned salmon has become one of the staples of the world, there 186 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. The two last named have not | yet become important factors in the canned-salmon market, though they will as their fishing operations are extended. There is more competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several Euro- pean and Asiatic countries being large producers of these goods, as is Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is com- pelled to find an outside market. The World War greatly disturbed the usual course of our foreign trade. Because of the need for foodstuffs a tremendous demand arose in Europe for our salmon, resulting in a decided increase in the quantities shipped there and, for a while, in a reduction of our exports in other directions. In time, however, the markets adjusted themselves to the changed conditions of trade. EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC CANNED SALMON. From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. In Europe the chief customer is Great Biitain. followed closely in the closing years of the war by Italy. Great Britain does not, how- ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- tions are reexported. On the North American Continent and adja- cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Cuba, Panama, and the British West Indies, in the order named. The heavy shipments to Canada since 1916 are mainly in transit shipments to Europe by Canadian steamship lines as our lines were overburdened with war shipments. In South America, Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Ecuador were the leading markets in 1918. In Asia, Hongkong and China import canned salmon, although neither buys great quantities. The islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are large consumers. British Australasia took 7,811,387 pounds, valued at $1,407,561 in 1918, and other good customers were the British East Indies and British, French, and German Oceania. In Africa the British and Portuguese possessions are the largest importers. The movements of these products are naturally often influenced favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which they are marketed are raised or lowered. Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs, among these being Brazil, 30 cents per pound; Colombia, 84 cents; Mexico, 4 cents; Guatemala, 64 cents; Paraguay, 7 cents; Uruguay, 6 cents; Austria- Hungary, 8 cents, and Germany, 7 cents. Norway levies 6 cents a pea duty, but this is undoubtedly to protect her own salmon industry. In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, being usually classed as ‘‘preserved fish,” and as these are usually luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially in South America, there are various other charges, fees, ete., which materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the consumer. C. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement 4% « Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 11, 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 187 showing the comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and pink canned salmon from the time they leave Seattle up to the time they reach the hands of wholesalers in South America. This shows that the f. o. b. Seattle value of the red salmon was $500 and of the pak salmon $280. By the time these goods reached the hands of the io de Janeiro wholesalers the red salmon were worth $1,900.07, while the pink salmon were worth $1,677.87. At Montevideo, Uruguay, the red salmon were worth $1,436.01 and the pink salmon $1,213.81. The table is so interesting and instructive that it is reproduced entire herewith. CoMPARATIVE CHARGES ON 100 Cases Each or RED ALASKA AND PINK CANNED SALMON FROM SEATTLE, WASH., TO HANDS oF WHOLESALERS IN SoUTH AMERICA. Argentina Brazil Chile Ecuador (Buenos Aires). | (Rio de Janeiro). (Valparaiso). (Guayaquil) Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. | Pink. | Red. | Pink, ee ee eee OE ee et F. o. b. Seattle value..........- $500.00 |$280.00 | $500.00 | $280.00 |$500.00 |$280.00 |$500.00 | $280.00 5 ee 5.00] 5.00 5.00 AT Cee aaa herbage thei 2 WOPOIP IGE tea Sina Sees eeccce 104.75 | 104.75 114. 50 | 114.50 | 45.00] 45.00} 45.00 45.00 Marine insurance, 5 per cent OTRO OSU SESSA ASSES SRSA 6.10 3.90 6.20 4.00 5.50 3.25 5.50 3.25 OR it 615.85 | 393.65 625.7 403.50 | 550.50 | 328.25 | 550.50 | 328.25 Consular fees in United States. 2.00 2.00 SOF 3.25 Be2D AS 25 eeeeaDs |ee 14000 Customs duty 519.56 | 519.56 | 1,138. 7: 1,138.78 | 160.46 | 160.46 | 345.37 | 234.37 WARIGUGRIS sc 5 fos oss:< 02 2. 72)) 2219 6.47 ETAT gsi Weae PED a elit [a RON | ne pa Storage in customhouse..-...... 2.41 2.41 33.90 33.90 BaD Fi Lain eee ee ie op Ce Handling in customhouse. ..... 7. 24 (eo? +h ascemesoed ADS aceeee 2.51 Drolet eecter cl econeees Stamps and entry blanks...... 1.49 MC) Ie tage ee is sce one 1.43 88) amee seal seenonee SUIS USS Sc SS US Uae RSE EE Ogee BOBSneeeeS Beepepes -10 Sith Be Bere Be lb mnectce | cecate alec meres Diternal-reyonue tax 2... ..5j00]osccesccccleoese ns Mata, TOT pes Bacar) BBneo ate HScaceee osc ee ree ae eee ob case melsccsstencelemacesss 57.20 Dew oaeeeee sates del adectanal scoters’ Customs brokerage.......-....- DO ian |e hen las | cma hme acc] aaeenacecs 7.15 el Dal eee acl Saeeeaoe Wharfage, lighterage, cartage... 7.64 7.64 26.90 26.90 3.65 3.65 | 19.30 19.30 Value ex customhouse. ........ 1,171.05 | 948.85 | 1,900.07 | 1,677.87 | 736.30 | 513.05 | 937.52 | 706.92 Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela (Asuncion). (Callao). (Montevideo). (La Guayra),. Red. | Pink. | Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. | Pink, F. o. b. Seattle value........... $500.00 |$280.00 |$500.00 | $280.00 | $500.00 | $280.00 |$500.00 | $280.00 (Shauirey hal ae Ot BOON (ABS OO) | ieee tals «2 ae 5.00 5.00 | 5.00 5.00 Freight ee daewista nw cwjeiiet a 134.75 | 1384.75 | 37.50 37.50 104.75 104.75 | 54.60 54.60 Marine insurance, 5 per cent » iis ae She be Cee ee Sepa 9.60 6.30 5.40 3.20 6.10 3.90 5.60 3.40 Go CUA See seOae Cee eae 649.35 | 426.05 | 542.90 320.70 615.85 393.65 | 565.20 | 343.00 Consular fees in United States..| 2.00 2.00 5.75: 3.45 1.05 1.05 | 12.85 12.85 PRPISUIIIS GUL Yia01<.=in.sj-,5.0 5 ois. s55.<0.6 308.25 | 308.25 | 275.86 275. 86 779. 30 779.30 | 238.96 | 238.06 PIO SIS st oisleicinle qs eiecinininlininoia|'a win nem ejn|[aei-e'e one | omic claisiav| eine wie wsicisls|(eeiesecasss|einsccawena|wccece-s|eescccnn Pee ISTH OUSG at oe ante | Seesiatia| craters ciara sees cel = c'ats Se ese (a's SoS ok ween abe teselaee ace Caleet vecen mandiing cum S yeah GTR BRE ae Ge as=— HelIS BR Ssoes ie enece 4 Pare seme 16.15 LOSTGR Seen ccloseecee Stamps and entry blanks......|...... Be oes -58 -58 1.55 1.55 135 97 SP RIION Oe Ce scicna nan ~cieceamanc 37 ABU ob tected | Ciretarerbicterste| itt ehdrern weil vinnere cota |aSeinerotl [e's ceteome Lo OES P oT Senin oe SA ESBS Re? od epcepe occcced Peete ge odG SCee Selec OSACtGSc4 SScteees lor cose eer eee toa) oe etlens |(ceieic ese tinae =| od sede ne ca| cic cae Seu | se aes cece cloves cl) menaaqs REE DIOKGIALD. 50 .cls = <= ome |lare cite s|eee he oes 4.86 4.86 15. 50 15. 50 5.00 2.80 Wharfage, lighterage, cartage...| 6.33 6.33 | 15.69 15. 69 6.61 6.61 | 12.82 12.82 Value ex customhouse. ........ 966.30 | 743.00 | 845.64 621.14 | 1,436.01 | 1,213.81 | 836.18 611.40 The following table shows in summarized form the yearly exports of domestic canned salmon and the countries to bhich exported for the years 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and in detailed form for the years 1916 to 1918, inclusive: 188 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, BY COUNTRIES RECEIVING, OF DomEstTic CANNED SALMON. SUMMARY, 1900-1915.¢ 1900 1901 1902 1903 Country receiving. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value. Europe.......-|18, 941,109 |$1,881,725 [31,877,663 |$3, 234,862 |30,683,551 |$2,625,284 |35,410,768 |$3, 125, 197 North America} 1, 051; 808 98, 064 2? 443° 561 297) 440 2, 780, 844 "242° 029 4 285, 406 378, 655 South America nf 868, 225 192 918 1 577, 013 160, 862 ig 291, 998 107, 907 1 756, 214 121) 918 OAT 5 es = "654, 126 67, 941 "853, 434 86, 571 1/597, 346 120, 674 if 759, 294 134, 783 Oceania......-. 3,882,646 390; 466 | 3, 681, 276 367, 533 | 8,179,161 670,741 5, 511,514 444” 505 Atricnee esses 684, 456 62)534 | 856,553 83/003 | 27640;214 | 224’767 | 15630,138 | 145,733 1904 1905 1906 Country receiving. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. WUTODG-2 ozs Jt egeetetsicbas 33,591,896 | $3,508,818 | 21,071,263 | $1,877,509 | 32,061,402 | $2,753,643 NortheAmericas+ s+ csseeseesce 2 446, 023 204, 363 ri 565, 773 132, 134 2 069; 357 171,946 SouthvAmorica sss cesnies ch aes 2 055, 859 147, 333 1; 708, 828 134,941 5. 499° 603 249, 052 UAT pg Ae Oe Aaah 2c Se 12,995, 768 930,054 | 3,994,862 280,704 | 779,415 60,173 Occania: Oh y OMe niKe 3, 898, 606 341,849 | 5,257,446 467,928 | 6,340,346 509, 257 IMTGas ste este soieeaaed 936, 126 92,181 | 1,468,383 142,253 | 1,194,291 103, 872 1907 1908 1909 Country receiving. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. MBNUTODGss Sete oseils wo enim sinlciel= 7,756, 780 $791,436 | 13,321,086 | $1,205,375 | 23,028,476 | $2,207,194 North America..............-- 3,052,658 261,138 | 2,654,175 242,879 | 2,209,405 198, 043 South America..............-- 5,659,690 414,774 | 5,571,000 410,743 | 1,461,662 123,502 FS CREE ane er ee ay Ee 1,419, 391 105,364 | 1,004,571 86,908 | 1,386,702 119, 582 OGCAnIa eres kate oe esac eee 6, 719, 157 552, 205 5,181,554 439,917 | 7,383,494 705, 204 TAG are Ra See ener RS ce *610,429 58, 132 543,659 52,696 647,370 62; 911 1910 1911 1912 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds. Value Pounds Value. HUrOpe eee eseeeseasne cee re es 44,765,898 | $4,712,182 | 22,134,328 | $2,408,708 | 19,545,720 | $2,183,982 INOTthyAIMOrIG ater om ene cee 2,224,516 191,551 iW 979, 950 190, 637 | 3,411,176 332,692 South America-<......-----.-- 3,193, 812 226 , 197 3; 006; 927 266,903 6,756, 440 609, 383 IASIRY ait sadomies samaeeasees ae 1,596,775 133,516 i 489, 282 148,721 1,702, 426 160,119 (OUCANIA Ene Sen ee See URE LAL OM 117568, 824 998,219 | 97699,624 991,540 | 11,220,515 | 1,255,149 tri Calis ahs bt oo be "510, 871 52, 593 290, 688 30,633 787,479 79, 238 1913 1914 1915 Country receiving. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. ITO D Cneeerta tesa sae sain ss 25,408, 154 | $2,705,254 | 62,862,328 | $6,026,170 | 63,760,758 | $7,110,728 North Americas: J. ce ac-5<5 15 4) 271, 710 370, 823 6,907,615 511, 545 4,328, 246 370,444 South America...............- 4) 134,771 992367 | 3,472) 438 233,675 | 1,301,962 107,783 ASiatine dace pea sitts cate robes 3,593,538 254,209 | 2,875,995 180,402 | 1,135,793 97,662 Oceanianterce ee eee kee 17,419,390 | 1,441,270 | 12,089,003 | 1,017,994 | 12)100,414 | 1,309,376 Atridnad Sac oe beecsces 463, 403 39, 417 353, 541 29507 | 818,943 76,450 @ Detailed statistics for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in “ Pacific Salmon Fisheries,” by John N. Cobb, Appendix III, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 187-194. Washington, 1917. a PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918.¢ 189 _ Exports, sy Countries RECEIVING, or Domestic CANNED SALMon—Continued. 1917 Pounds. | |S | ES 1, 115, 792 89, 405 985, 582 2,820 74, 941, 169 1, 131, 832 93, 523 30, 057 9, 158, 079 95, 435 45, 484 26, 168 50, 719 454, 064 18, 368 3, 707, 225 3, 026 2,640 73,610 180, 965 134, 832 103, 004 1,619, 236 34, 598 24,673 4,770 4,297 231, 413 191,618 122, 092 64, 657 1, 452, 155 126, 861 276, 654 196, 261 39, 050 8, 536, 248 139, 718 1916 Country receiving. Pounds Value. EUROPE IRE ee eee Sic ice |e cc sas vesasa|sciccecce ses OUIAT oe ae ii 366, 948 £29, 255 Ina: y Se eee oe ae 3, 447, 022 377, 597 PP LEM ho hee 455556. 645) HRB SESS) 65 Saeee Secoe| S Sees. Soro poee es annme CLP: ee See 8 aes ee 70, 560 6, 059 Iceland, and Faroe Islands. ... 136 16 a eee Se 2 34,184 3,170 Malta, Gozo, etc......- z. 9,120 702 INemnerlands._25..........<.- 21, 868 2,865 IS a oe 41, 280 4,383 LOTT EG SS Se eee 20 2 PERM AMOMMLODO of ons 3 cne=| oo ce0- lo teainfe + ecele ae seem Serbia and Monten: gro........ 170 17 PPE eee cis. acim ince 4,995 382 PINUOD OM errr nc. .cnccaececsss 60, 122 6, 666 United Kingdom: WeMeland | 188s Wy. ecko 109, 039, 707 | 11,105, 506 RUMIATION: Sep othe wo ce cele 1, 067, 590 111, 381 SEE ECL ot MT IEE cca a aasteo [eh onsieleineea|bcccccessele lincacacveces NORTH AMERICA. Loh a ee 89, 599 8, 741 British Honduras..........-.- 32,021 3, 228 Se SG. a aa ea 7,994, 185 677, 655 Central American States; asta nicae ihe. see e 118, 002 8, 878 GHaremalags. 2.4... 2.0 58, 528 4,084 LE Cina lity eS ae ge 37,695 3,651 INICSTAMIAS too. c sock te 36, 644 3,064 [Eiht ese Sr 633, 645 57,042 Salvador.......... a 21, 404 1, 826 MGSICOs 200 bore... -.-| 1,611,929 132, 406 Miquelon, Langley, etc........ 957 100 Newfoundland and Labrador.. 700 37 West Indies: British— aE aHOS Ss. 5 ccoscc en 60, 361 5, 767 gamaicas 223) uh) ol). 228, 973 19,017 Trinidad and Tobago.. 267, 548 26, 060 Other British......... 75, 578 7,097 b 927, 129 87, 479 11, 582 1,063 21, 599 2,199 4, 772 477 3, 586 361 85, 722 7, 048 PEPOUUUNDE era eican tS isco k cies 273,900 23, 429 DUM PMeeacE sc Stecccasec sac. 14, 579 1, 466 Coo EE ees ein Pee 40, 732 3,921 (SI) noebon Sueeeee aaa 2, 812, 537 192, 581 Polpmrae = s foe. 136, 254 11,514 fea Bemecaey es a2. Fb Sec 245, 149 16,009 Pricignieees cd ctoseteec French Africa. Portuguese Africa... Tate Spanish) Avricacsssscsssectecse UNOPS! fac eseee cae ns cement INOGEDVAMOr Gases so. ce ek enae Houph AN ori Cheeen see seer osee 1918 Pounds. Value. 1, 349, 057 $222, 947 232, 755 34, 468 41,818 6,944 405, 326 66, 240 240 69 86, 203 14,678 4, 590 883 6, 048 1, 012 7,397,009 | 1,337,231 240, 240 45, 409 174, 138 24,921 186, 574 31,160 285, 605 39,071 5, 558, 796 618, 697 480, 414 72, 1,293, 714 161, 423 57, 275 8, 938 2,293 463 836 115 261, 673 42, 335 20, 268 4,255 wad 9,448 | "1, 499 52, 298 7,207 8, 845 1,175 110,060,480 | 16,570,834 70,092,226 | 10,692, 246 16,840,112 | 2, 413, 649 4, 899, 692 708, 757 2, 199, 024 361, 322 13, 842,362 | 2,096, 439 2,187, 064 300, 371 1916 1917 Pounds Value Pounds. Value. 1,117, 839 $91, 767 601, 935 $62, 264 1,215, 214 71, 585 106, 896 9, 081 166, 144 12, 787 101, 286 10, 355 727, 006 81,121 374, 832 42, 693 4,712 615 6, 816 1,340 47, 558 5,170 74, 585 9,570 1,348 141 2,604 340 24, 960 1, 892 9, 600 800 48 4 1,392 219 2,880 533 11,035,294 | 1,204,354 | 6,990,835 865, 865 216, 292 24, 684 96, 912 10, 332 30, 878 2,923 141, 735 14,749 290, 854 29, 201 248, 415 32, 643 448, 860 29, 434 357, 386 37,172 5, 640, 858 356, 366 | 4,202,574 351, 633 100, 310 7, 860 613, 545 62, 925 620, 555 56,255} 1,421,021 157, 853 Bt oe eae Ss ee 25, 608 2,543 Pod Tee webbed Se oe a Bs 1, 750 331 10, 480 1,071 7, 200 432 105, 800 Qybea Ne oO ccke latins [ES acc uieteltas Biba eines erent aoe ouere - 2, 250 235 110 10) cas CORE lsc oe Sees 3, 624 366 2,810 258 37, 508 3, 231 138, 580 13, 291 9, 700 911 138, 58 13, 291 152, 943, 962 | 15,032,497 |117, 962, 807 | 12,963, 425 114, 163, 722 | 11,648,003 | 82,758,877 | 9,390, 858 12,322,259 | 1,056,904 | 16,196,177 | 1,565, 409 4, 563, 993 332,024 | 3,314, 969 305, 964 3, 336, 665 268, 306 1, 326, 163 142, 641 17,659,036 | 1,646,962 | 12,037,857 | 1,312,394 898, 298 80,298 | 2,328, 764 246, 159 In 1918 the practice of publishing customs figures for the calendar year instead of the fiscal year, as had prevailed previously, was inaugurated. The following tables show the exports of canned salmon, by countries, for the calendar years 1918 and 1919: AND 1919. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 1918 : Country receiving. i Pounds. Value. | eups IB EAP RRYppaQede oes SER LL a Se i ae, (AB Ue EEE tena A _ Azores, and Madeira Islands.........----...--------|----------+--|----+-2--2--- Belgium 18, 072 $2, 539 a CS eter arte alate ore cia = . ree ees ee 252, 826 16, 637 367, 324 38,159: |. cc senssahee| Seon Alaska a... o8hts Gede cose cee 87, 371 6,319 3,094, 290 267, 489 5, 396, 783 691, 897 Ha wails, .o.-ob.seydh. FE 7 15 137, 328 13, 959 56, 044 8, 195 OfOgOns aeckeee seccnccceeece 657, 121 60, 257 303, 888 36; 105: | . 352 Sees eee SsniFranciseoss. 22! ... 5 ae 53,221,608 | 5,845,811 | 32,390,693 3, 910, 592 18, 278, 622 3, 153, 508 Southern California......... 33, 455 2,463 35, 133 3, 758 30, 009 4,327 Washington-tssccscc-sesss-2 60,520,904 | 5,461,097 | 30,549,747 | 3,034,487 | 13,783,070 | 1,874, 726 Buffalo 850 5, 437 722 250 25 Dakota 66, 825 5, 906 2,630 437 Duluth and Superior . 171 39 15 1 Michigans-eesecessesa: 1, 949, 086 3, 354, 350 427,810 1, 814, 899 284, 746 Montana and Idaho....... 3, 389, 969 283, 727 987, 925 166, 323 1, 24 222 SU an Ce! sonar nse seein |S omnes cell ie miminieeinmnieie 100 28 61, 990 5, 901 Vermont. - emacccecseans sece 12, 000 1,124 63, 530 8, 957 18 2 Total sas te oc ce eee 152, 943, 962 | 15,032,497 | 117,962, 807 12, 963, 425 | 110, 060, 480 | 16,570, 834 In 1918 was inaugurated the practice of publishing customs figures for calendar years instead of, as previously, for the fiscal year ending June 30. The following tables show the exports of carmehh salmon by customs districts for the calendar years 1918 and 1919: Exports, By Customs Districts, oF CANNED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919. 1918 1919 Customs district from which exported. Pounds. Value Pounds. Value GEOLEIAS Wc ccreecatsmweigieae setetaet ere wate ecto sere erecta ie 99 $25" | so coca ceamelaraomeeeenen Maine and New Hampshire.............---.------- 96 24 130, 994 $27, 831 Maryland. bo OauY bo. aE) Tee ne states clea 1, 705, 877 220, 669 2, 385, 585 411, 895 Massachusetts: o\. cic scciececnnmsctienecln SS loys acta 517, 456 84, 118 331, 296 58, 267 INGWiMOl Ks hoes caste sam dacdes sa gueace ty cnee dees ias 46, 490, 264 7, 500, 562 85, 463,019 | 13, 977, 432 Philadelphigies. Maca. LeeLee: Ee Ree coe 305, 414 42, 261 2, 593, 197 322, 858 Porto: Rico. Caos. Jae es. SEES eae ee ame er aye 394 7, 458 1, 262 Mirginia.- 20 se No. Soi 2s os Oe ass 303, 650 44, 586 1, 203, 496 211, 701 Mlomdass 355 SE INS Me ee Bae Ce SS aes cigs a |leiate teeter 171, 653 20, 673 Galveston: -faasect ek «<< 2. FPR 2.2 = sce ete sede 15, 169, 801 1, 942, 094 11, 156, 255 1, 357, 799 Mobiles: - - (Pat eee ie 5 0Es 288. Se seeet 3, 567, 735 482, 945 1, 654, 115 219, 879 NewiOrleans soe eee... 2.8 542, 161 80, 586 10, 060, 979 1, 613, 503 Sabine (cata sce ces sence sc niaas nonce emeemace Sate 3, 033 833 16, 439 3, 354 ATIZO ASCs eens aoc s csbane are es cniceeierie 30, 063 319 118, 946 17, 726 El Baso.2t 1. echo sere Onis Te -Be ee 21, 290 2, 891 320, 836 41, 491 San Antoniousaseee ek... 22L Rel eae. ee ee 46, 914 7, 373 855, 588 116, 612 VAN aS ice son eee cesar ce aa see ek oe ER ete! 72 12 1, 594, 476 188, 038 Hiiwailit: fees soe mmecmcte avis cman ween e nanos 48, 428 7, 052 49, 232 7, 718 (OF 70) 1 Bap eo Op SOCIO RES CrOre AE ECUE Deore nO oecoornal boccinobnbcoad doc ccasestuce 244, 600 , 680 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 195 Exports, By Customs Districts, oF CANNED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 | AND 1919—Continued. } ; 1918 ' Customs district from which exported. Pounds. Value. BPE BCISCO. ooo 2 oo ob cwice acmsicsesisls moase cause 4, 490, 375 $749, 095 mouthern California. .... 55 /c2ss..sskessesscscaees 34, 045 5, 159 MEER ITIELON! =. 20222 cbc aaah a ea eT $1,511, 184 | $1,587,973 | $2,055, 109 | $2,074,499 | $1,375, 123 North America. id 24, 880 20, 350 34, 741 86, 087 20,336 South America. oars 384 142 3, 409 933 618 Asia... ae 3, 933 107 1, 398 2, 428 1,362 Oceania 32,334 21,575 25, 699 31, 330 27, 420 IR nd. ccanncewcshcses 424 4 2,210 3210-7 Del ee @ Detailed statistics for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in “‘ Pacific Salmon Fisheries,’”’ by John N _ Cobb, Appendix III, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 198-201. Washington, 1917 196 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, py Countries RECEIVING, or Domestic PICKLED, FresH, ETC., SALMON—_ Continued. | | | | i | DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918. | Country receiving. 1916 1917 1918 EUROPE. Denmark| sae oss == soca ee anc a eee peewee etl aia = octaeteaa $193, 124 $33, 874) |. cenubiweee UP ATIGS. Rte nso sees Ge cee oie rate ts ae ate Sia! ORE Sense c ete citee sc]. , So eee $3, 900 (Che a ER OO aise eRe esos + qUDe pee bare ap Sepeedd eon aa ged appa osse 2, 898 1,844, |... sscemeeees Iceland, and Faroe Islands. .....-...--------------+-+-------+-2+--- 365 237) | i 0.6 < meee Rallye he Aaa Pave cowie Metis ce Mats end ceenleleles alee otc etci= See | Sole eee 6, 418 10 Netherlandsigis-facmc- <--> sei asian esa eee aes =~ 6 lie = nea emleiele 10, 961 4, 614.) .Jcee eee IS ROI Seca de 06 Sb Hee Scene OC ESB eEesen ces Soe PB ert Onde de ace pDoe danse 194, 868 134,676 |..... giseeu 4 POSIT Soe - Se eeteye malaise <'m wre si deieye aisle = = nis = hoo Ripa = ele! = oe nino .n lamin Seinen 316 | .-.. esse eee Ree Ses ORL TI es onic tomes Mitte snre e meine oro motel Setetate[e nis ala) aiaiafel=) ein latin = ates 145, 613 27,3461 -obistatan ete United Kingdom—England...........-.-.------------- 2 2 - sence eee 147, 955 155, 089 130, 747 NORTH AMERICA. de{anriible see onesie BE Sero eb sonb esse > Pdoe Cbusactoo tobe do gceemeocanens 688 1,002 600 British Honduras. .-...----------------------------seer sere eeeer ees 115 1 5 Gariada cea EE Ne | SRR a as Perce ee wi catarcterete tata: > oteietelelete statetle 12,872 79,676 55, 976 Central American States: a (OSG EEU LG He ere a eeieromn le oleletole cn rete eetels ayer catelbetetettie|= = = eatin ol - si] = Sac oer ssecans 2, 998 779 362 ASIA (O10 eee ote Ged Go ep COR DRE I Ono DOMES Ct Sir OC h tae 23 111 95 China, leased territory—Japanese....--..---.-----.---------- +200 5--|.-- 20222 eee 100 |... See GHOSE. =e = Se eens sim sin m ale olan wine m mtatelm = lolol oom > mfaietel=1= = =m (ime = (elm iel=t Thee see 4 East Indies: British— British Indias: tates steet eet cere antec ce eee aeeteacinias e's = 102 22 22 Straits Settlements..-.........-.---.- Bas SORES HE en BEE ers oe OS alee 50 Other Britishee-.5se-eneeece LA Se ue eb eamremitertomreetenass ee ee ei ce AD Filo dec aeee seea§ aeemoopacce casts adecrd ga sbrmec Cooct Eamabe 1'7305| eeoeee meee 438 Wrenches ob 2 8 = sere cieno ce tee eso lee ee ei nieinin lala aie fata 943" | sooece tesa. |e eee OCEANIA. British: y Yar Sind) bh: A ee ee eae Soar aroccs JacaesecdseSs coc 31, 815 21, 058 155 New Zealand ster. sae cce ter eee — ete eres , eee 81 p14 [Rekomciei ces Other British yee. rae ae ce ea eee eee ate re le ete rater §1 86 73 Tinie oo sa spericoaoconseoeSuenne 2oce sasaqsnessn sec nop sdOS : 1, 285 1,039 235 Gorman eee oe cee be eee eee = eel a mteeieteretataloreraistet ae tet sot 442 1,062 1,363 Philippine Islands....--..----- HOATIOO dood abammnccoacsnassdooses Sond 252 1,071 135 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 197 Exrorts, py Countries RECEIVING, oF Domestic PICKLED, FresH, ETC., SALMON— Continued. DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918—Continued. Country receiving. 1916 \1917 1918 AFRICA. British Africa: VOT ag (oR SS os ee Eee $376 $152 oid’ ee ae Be ee te a ee ao al ee $1, 642 yb ME ib TUNE Se SARS? So SEL eo Sa Se SR eo osene 87 Ei ely ee seas Lo oo dettASe 28S: BASES ee ee aes ee ae ee 419) |. cae eras a 2 SRS SEE Be a oe ee eee ert errs ie feta Yn [vee eee | a EMTS ATOR EE. 8 cS e wok woh ce oe sem ogee aca tedeceesndase 1, 251 BT |stiare cess Cote ae, a 4 ee ee ere err a MOL rere Betas on - | eapreee anaes ARAN sone cn waits Soe a caus vias Hoe beisis cvccodssosemesasseetees s 790, 198 492, 879 205, 446 OPH Ecc le Oe ee ee eo 696, 102 364, 098 134, 657 North America 45, 756 97,139 66, 089 South America 8, 533 4,051 1, 692 PE Ene oes oc oS ot oce ccisccs po rlsadosssyecss4esa=r= 2,184 333 895 REE Ee oe ooo. oon cot oan aide cininin cielo ones Suselagaaeaevea 33, 936 24,339 1,961 Africa..... NES 09 Sk Esc Come h wwe Re Swansea ee 3, 687 2,919 152 DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919.4 1918 1919 Country receiving. Barrels.? Value. Barrels. Value. EUROPE. Pea PTE AMeITSAISIATIOSS: <2 ooo cc stecscosstcecets| aa'etshon epare 2,307 41, 538 Sg Ee AERO ASE EE SSR SSA IRS cae RMR TI ees A IE a app 109 3, 879 Notheriands = os neshedeede JéSu SS E58 =¢ ar PSS oe ue eSe ees SE sees ans | eile sere 27 15, 995 Norway...... noe. Ame eS e SSBB BOOS BF SESE EU CE REE EEE] Srey sass aia | Santaien ees enaD 2,514 123, 069 Perea Pee ees Cen tee enh Sogo do wcbescceslcccascccsces|sceccheesscr 1 BEAL eae rene ota chet aes cingie san cinscceclescec|sccacesccsas|soceseces ans 2,178 105, 010 United Kingdom nein Toles deh Ses oles SOR) Mn eel ek NO Je a 419 $17, 800 2,210 124, 152 ETAL ELG «< nonncin See GS phe eS so SO BRE Urge | re 101 2, 830 NORTH AMERICA See EEE eee ON csc cc ones roadgeaag ceseesisls semnmecncs<[sendveennsixe 37 662 PWIA IONIAN. ose 5. 505 teed se oe gah. £25. ele 1 20 BaP HES ee ooo Conse c ccc nciet eS vee Pet Rae 66 1,300 272 5,031 Central American States: SCRUBURSEIURT Eee one te a ts wacic ce canoes ool Sdacteeres Iscosest eftes 3 66 Guatemala. . 5 138 5 199 Honduras... MR” ONES ttaeewore lk aeocncaseee ICRA se Bee eS a ie Sacedaccee pict en sen eee 3 59 EERO ee ohne sobs cckutee se caseocs ces 31 817 28 846 MOXICO. 20. Wmansivnrenicns ccvedrinuccceneeccawacecouccsc 5 104 2 36 West Indies British— PEPIN Soe oe Ae eh SEE eo S/n leo e sis 7 176 301 11, 380 UDC? oneribe Cap ARS ECHE RR ACH =e an a 1 17 18 3 TIGA ATO YE ODALO Lc cceciaswcacels sacs vemene 6 115 659 18, 148 Seri ESE RI Ae i ee ee Sa oo lane, cake mein 3 59 9 243 ae ee eRe Se oe ee 2.50 17 452 31 1,008 iar Pra tcc esas acess et eco csne 18 BOUT |oacusceac 8s |aetewececee MRTITIICATY ELE UDLIC. oo Barrel holds 200 pounds of fish, 198 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, BY COUNTRIES RECEIVING, OF Domestic PicKLED, FRESH, ETC. ) oon ‘Continued. DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919—Continued. | 1918 1919 Country receiving. Value. Barrels. Value. SOUTH AMERICA. s Colom Dla roa. citcnis wok watcniecioaiciconetaceciots JagandnGsaas $20 2 $36 Guiana: IB YI tISN bee ore ate = acto gat wie sete be dete caw koe seb ee ens 369 10 270 Dutch teow Lee wcspeneeadat eee ses cek eee eaee 386 101 2, 726 MY ENCH: «once isis as cero Seeins be chsestice aos he 865 35 1, 186 POPU Se ee meets pace sie ewe pm ONEa ASE es ese ae oleeeees doe weseneeelecacesueeeee 3 VENEZUCIEL Sse c clo see rele access comanmacwseecbee coeee sence 42 1 50 ASIA, GTS Oc Sc teh wnpe inlets Ste Miles oo oles waistanielaneiesiag’ steteatote 9 210 3 TADAN- 0 sate «omens eearecs tener sacs auiowtesivtuntcila|taatmececeselecccedewenee 93 1, 864 OCEANIA. British Australia......... 1,058 23, 704 736 16, 292 New Zealand. 28) |. ance ccestes| seeks a aeeeee Other British - 2 35 3 70 Wrench: se. 5-ee ase 44 937 29 692 German! 2h2r.-. 75 1, 645 19 413 Philippine Islands 3 aepiks Seen seers a@seshne British South Africa = 1 32 LADGRiBte. oko sees caectiesicincis sae ocenice dae coeeineee meee > a 69 otal es atscee same mcicnsines Gee deems eames atts 22, 256 947, 694 ROtIPO pel vit Meee he. etd Se ES SARS ah 419 17, 800 19, 737 882, 958 North America oe 242 5,277 1, 476 40, 878 South America. . 67 1, 682 152 4,340 YA CS a ee p 9 210 96 1, 950 Oceania........ s 1, 183 26, 412 787 17, 467. VAICA. 2 oc ade tac ee dance esteeee eet eee essease 2 20 8 101 The following table gives a summary, by customs districts, of the exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon from 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and a detailed statement of the same for the years 1916 to 1919, inclusive. The greater part of the shipments pass through the New York City customs district. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 199 Exports, By Customs Districts, or Domestic PICKLED, FRESH, ETC., SALMON. SUMMARY, FISCAL YEARS 1900 TO 1915.4 Customs district from which exported. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Atlantic ports............. Coaaaatiome tes ae $346,924 | $330, ” $503, 439 | $767,397 |$1,103,034 |$1, 757, 832 I Aad ooS SRsoonocodcds Ssh) pasee SaaS 143 30 124 159 Mexican peedet ports. ee ee Aa aheameaces 1,192 538 1, 857 1,227 1,160 997 PREOLGS SG ccv- 25. hcanccausbeschssses > 185,644 | 92,698 | 188,177] 99,018] 56,167 66,772 Northern border and Lake DOLGS os eo nice'e'e 1,516 2 610 819 1, 680 3,004 6, 895 I II I ______y Customs district from which exported. 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 Atlantic ports............ ------/$1,781, shy $1,797, it $1,590,778 |$1,230,542 |$1,479 rey $1, sg re $1, 586,319 HIM MOFES | sa... 2 sees “ores 276 7,22 6 49 1,542 Situeue res Mexican border ports........... 788 424 167 25 202 18 202 PANS TIONS rom om ates anima clea ese 139, 606 73, 927 44,313 50, 834 50, 521 46, 167 33,190 Northern border and Lake ports. 5, 580 6, 705 5, 560 7,110 2,187 10, 813 10, 440 Customs district Customs district from which ex- 1913 1914 1915 from which ex- 1913 1914 1915 ported. ported. New York. . ...../$2, 060, 068 |$2, 067,366 |$1,377,840 || San Francisco....| $26,030 $29, S80 $28,777 AIASER oocc oa sas cap > anes nceses cee sc eicne se c0ccen' e's 1,736 374 501 IIE eens Sanne hens cht acs Soc ete te sesso sac ces tacsiesiendose'a\a|s@seesiewctice B54, | ccreaconoee ROIMEIDRD PES ERE REE nes Sates Hoes seesc cn saststasecc ses dec nndeecscete's|swccees cece 276 24 Cree ne EE Een ren ree anc ene shee este tode waa tncccccsclsls|csceceseccss|seceebescccs 1,123 MMe eee neato nnttooc sacks tots clea cacescceeeaecesiecceasasanele é 16 NO: Irae cmcecica tte acct SSS EB ETE ene a a 5, 203 29, 348 14, 529 RTE SEM EE EE SEES Ga sccs:< sce cecere bat caa ce wcesecegenesceesseesene 16 15 PeTIMRCRIECOME COST Ose s iasere sacle. scat cece ecco ose mccsseccete's : 33, 648 23, 804 6,907 PMMA E TC HMONUID jcccciccs cctasssGr cass ccwc cc ceccecereqeisicinacesa e's 255 191 NUE IPNRA a ice on wan niaera oisjs opal ergs sae sicleitle gameiaiaiaecinis si 1,155 4,77 19, 825 Se Hee ee eee Og PPP ESTE 55 Sie ten ies! ener eee z 394 2,939 6, 450 WIGKOPA. doce --.05-s Dee acisa tatiana s dueces tear cecenanse ose 706 2, 233 1,942 PRN METIS ISOLION |. nics ss cas vida samadsadnecemsnsccesicdiceccesstecie 13 42 251 DOS (a re eee 8, 845 12,695 11,910 PRC ATEN MLS HO nie cain Bis o2le bis cinsipedidisiae monsinels siawsidis.« aoe x esoma|cesenineesmes 5, 567 49 MIE UCM TE eee eee re sen cnncercde sctncscnsincice cssice'ensclesicce 1,300 7, 167 1, 258 Vermont..... tet ime aria erates ona ode Teh adios ~e2 565 4, 433 174 UOUAlnicicsswasnesces tees aedcleesse » Oe accccccccccesesccces coccee 790, 198 492, 879 205, 446 a hh a A more detailed statement a 1900 to 1912 may be found in “ Pacific Salmon Fisheries,”’ by John N, Cobb, Appendix III, Report U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 202-203. Washington, 1917. 200 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, py Customs Disticts, or Domestic PicKLED, FrEsH, ETc., SALMON— Continued. DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919. 1918 1919 Customs district from which exported. ; Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Maine and New Hampshire ..........-...-.-------+---- Ror a stewecien|soedleeus ee 120 $2, ee MASSACHUSOLUS <2 eh) eter aR Ree Ee ae CISL ee niente] os ea ule Soke Je eee 2 UC Ces 0) 8 en ree na Sa ara 657 $23, 346 21,041 919, 308 IPOTtORRICOLsstens cll cans cients ae cement: Mee ceEC aoe 1 23 ||. <. :c2..22 see eee eee eee ! 67 NUG RICO OMT eee ss cceicaee cece emacs 13,884") (Siam. - oo... Soc en os eee eee eee 3 at pAGOS. F.ce. 0-2 eed seen cee 4,000') Australia... <2 270.350 a one eee 4, 840 VoINAICS... SRR ee Sakae een aae sake 108") French Oceania’. 0522 2. ssc besos see eeeee 134 Rrinidadand Tobago. obsess Soc ace 167), German Oceania 227.) 22555555 ee eee 36 Other British West Indies............... 15 || Philippine Islands.... ................. 1, 513 Cubes... s Boppckates ose deepest e RS 1,643, || British West Africa 3-2. 222: ese seeeeee 381 Dominican Republic..................-- 525 || French Africa. -°) 25550. 2.5 55 sssaneeemes 450 Mute Wiest idles! *.2 4 -seniee acess oe 110 ——— Mrench Westwindlessc. icceeerioeee soe 255 Total... fo cccaneds ose ee eee 842, 464 EIBIUE: oi loc ees = cen eece dae ooh 38 Exports, By Customs Districts, or ALL OrHER SALMON, CALENDAR YEAR 1919. Customs district. Value. Customs district. Value. Maine and New Hampshire. ...........-. $72, 305 || Southern California. ................... z, $315 Massachusettiguartie i. . .do5-S08. get JS 18;.9861i|)\Washingtonis...2../. 220082. ALE Rs 13, 861 Ne wihYiOrk.& pera scien doe Noieicia Gamera are 218, 204.) (Buffalov. .... 0252: 2h ee eee eee 5, 964 Philadelphia Fee eee re se hes scr secre 44,625) || Dakota... .....05: : <1. ae vee ee beee eee 4, 250 POrtouReOs: Aawse acca vane ee cane a aetaere 199 || Duluth and Superior.................... 44 lord genus. Sees rn cease anes eee 4: || Machipan: .-.-:2.<\2 cceee a2 eee eee meee 13, 591 NewIOrleansit arse n ee oe onan cre meee 4, 049 iantann and Idaho... 3555-33 eee 12, 283 Babine. 2.) nase eae aotseeesecee eee 29'|| Ohio... 2 o.oo ckecec cscs cet a eeeee eee 123 PATIZ OMA co A eee eee ncueneak antisense 65. || ‘St. uawrence:... 2... cheese seeeeee eee 29, 252 PASO fn oe cnece teem ocecasiain «senna 5 || Vermont:........0022.02 5 see os seeeerneeeeee 2, 831 DanvAntonlO nese yecaeer coceccecesmecetes 13, 365 |__—__—_—— AlaSKa es See Sec con heme heer maewenene 347, 068 Total. ...5.s.csencoentenecene e-e--| 842, 464 San: Mrancisco:2 ss -sseeeeceame ecco crac 41, 046 . PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 201 IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON. For some years it was the custom of the canneries on Puget Sound, when fish were scarce on the American side and abundant on the Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic supply and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the conditions were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government prohibited the export of fresh sockeye salmon to Puget Sound for packing purposes, and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by enacting a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of passage. The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh salmon from British Columbia: Imports OF FRESH SALMON FROM British CoLUMBIA, CANADA, FOR A SERIES OF YEARS.@ : Year. Pounds. | Value. Year. Pounds. | Value. Year. Pounds. | Value. RROD SSP oe 4, 660 $241 || 1897........ 93,454 | $2,681 || 1904........ 40,610 | $1,025 Sy Se 4,950 170) | MSORS Se eee 11, 580 O78) 1905 ea oos= 4 « 1,015 35 Page Ao 6, 288 301 || 1899........ 58,002 | 4,101 |} 1906........ 3,457,738 | 64,408 DR bere. 3 64,811 | 3,689 || 1900........ 19, 404 855 || 1907........ 113,224 | 4131 BRORE 9 oor. 3, 872 219) || 1901252242 27072) |) 42.060), 90822042. 8 8, 880 795 ae 14,000} 1,403 |] 1902........ 22) 353 739),|| 190922. sa.0. 41,073 | 2,346 Togs Ah, 11, 799 419 || 1903........ 6, 860 343 || 1910........ 198,251 | 10,116 @ After 1909 all imports of fresh salmon are listed under ‘‘ Fish, fresh.’ After 1911 the imports of fresh salmon from both coasts of Canada and from Newfoundland were lumped together, and are shown in the table below. Fully nine-tenths, if not more, of this salmon came from the Province of British Columbia in Canada, and the alee part of this was canned in the canneries on Puget Sound, ash. Fiscal year Fiscal year Fiscal year ending Pounds. Value. ending Pounds. Value. ending Pounds. | Value. June 30— June 30— June 30— ——e 1, 122, 286 | $114, 123 || 1914......- 3, 262, 828 | $245, 791 || 1917....... 19,769, 660 | $599, 442 Tee 1, 520,687 | 135,416 || 1915....... 10,676,296 | 383,697 || 1918....... 14,408,294 | 957,169 Wp1s-2e. eis. 2,089,781 | 180, 513 || 1916....... 24,026,481 | 501,115 || 1919....... 15,571,451 | 928, 552 | The following table shows, by customs districts, the imports of fresh salmon during the calendar year 1918: Imports, By Customs Districts, or FrEsH SALMON, CALENDAR YEAR 1918. Customs district. Pounds. Value. Customs district. Pounds. Value. Maine and New Hampshire. 449, 244 SS2 io | ORKOLA oo 3. Crs tec cescaete 532, 772 $56, 472 Massachusetts..........---. 4, 965 318 || Duluth and Superior. ...... 18, 100 1, 728 SOG So ae a 12, 400 3, 586 || St. Lawrence..............- 247, 833 26, 918 Philadelphia..............-- 4; 500 G5 || MVGRnOTIte - .2oe es SSL. d 336, 306 37, 216 Washington. ..........----. 11,479,858 | 421,713 ieee aie a oS 8 a 20 2 Motalvsts.-sdvess ...-| 13,085,998 | 631,119 During the calendar year 1919, imports of fresh salmon amounted to 752,480 pounds, valued at $101,121, and during the calendar year 1920, to 676,359 pounds, valued at $125,863. 202 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. IMPORTS OF CURED SALMON. Below are shown the imports into this country of foreign-cured salmon, the product of the Pacific salmon fisheries, from 1886 to 1909, inclusive. Imports oF ForREIGN PICKLED Paciric SALMON, 1886 To 1909.4 | Britis 1 Columbia. Japan. Hongkong. Russia, Asiatic. Total. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 5,478 29 199400070 707410 | 17,502 |. ae cee 1,200 | $29 | 11,875 | $298'| 162,485 | 17,919 1895....... GpHOil7 DSO LEME sdoselaet soeus 600 18-442 chet ee 50 263 a After 1909 all imports of salmon, pickled or salted, are included under “All other cured or preserved.” b Includes 157 pounds, valued at $6, from China. Since 1910 all imports of pickled salmon have been lumped together and it has been impossible to distinguish the imports of Pacific salmon from those imported from Atlantic districts. The table below shows the total imports, almost all of which comprise salmon from the Province of British Columbia in the Dominion of Canada. Fiscal Fiscal Fiscal eae g Pounds. Value. anaes Pounds. Value. a bas g Pounds. Value. June 30— June 30— June 30— 695,878 | $62, 769 1, 114, 927 945,394 | $81,776 417, 938 33, 901 1, 162, 341 739, 759 74, 344, 530 28, 650 1, 010, 844 859,276 | 117,352 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 203 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN CANNED SALMON, Exports OF CANNED SALMON FROM CANADA, 1916-1919. [Fiscal year ended Mar. 31.} OCC __<—_~a~a~unanananaerec—ae——3w“waax3aaw_c_c—>S>s> Destination. 1916 1917 1918 1919 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 4,789,094 | 3,365,149 | 2,236,742 | 3, 750, 194 Be eat hel seins oeiciai oa |'s sinia/sa siawicee 1, 642 11, 480 10, 934 9, 132 25, 884 Sei on oad aes Sve Saeie aaa 120, 000 Lot oseeeeone oA biseBoocnbaad 298, 200 101, 344 2, 400 55, 950 13) FE ig bas Beal ess ai 48, 000 28, 643 116, 112 AOS) | eee ea 2 RAEN 14400) |S a ctenentrsae 614,016 11, 976 1, 440 101 2; 540 PERE eee ties bac ens | ekia(ca scence ese cease cence seeeel wsidsae cme tis|eciac S-nji-jelg-'=|bmewdas-case 1, 048, 800 PEC EITIEIOS Ss oo caccnls cn wcicsincccense tans scseaenees 348, 632 319, 344 47, 768 28, 800 OAC OLE ee omits exc cca was deecacanteacce ccs decsaeacislensmnecnidcaclsdbaswesrate|teeneenessee 2, 400 “SES 6 Se ae aS, AR ora 928, 752 860, 400 736, 616 354, 196 PRmER CE RTO SALINE SS DELL FY OMT ed ON 3,905,461 | 5,521,100 | 13,529,569 | 2, 869, 658 PEGGHONICIGR ATG porn stes scorns = dosatasls Jenne ass eecthc|segcnee soeee 14, 400 ASHOOOH 2 « sciart-t 228% RE DErEr EPEC OIATIONOUG Ss 2 ate atcine anemia ecigaasimemn tial «ats eioat cin'a'a| ein wine e's nivineimcininl sinls om winie'ais ais APILOO) We steetlce entice |= atm aie stellata SOBit oan Beene ee ee ot ae eis ce nie io.at cis nem ae lays ote ata! aiai| bnishareineleiw eye! RG OOD recctmers njcttral|ies In impregnating the eggs the main object is to bring the milt and the eggs together as quickly as possible after they have left the fish. By some persons a little water is considered desirable to give greater activity to the milt, but if left more than a minute in the water there is a decided loss of fertilizing power. The eggs do not suffer so quickly from immersion in water. The absorbing property which they possess when they first leave the parent fish, and which attracts to the micropyle the spermatozoa, lasts several minutes, but it is not prudent to leave the eggs in the water a moment longer than is necessary before adding the milt. The addition of the water is not essential to a good impregnation; in some instances better results are secured without the use of water and, after all, if the main object is secured, of bringing the milt and the eggs together with the slightest possible delay after they leave the fish, it makes very little difference whether water is used or not. The milt retains its fertilizing power several days when kept from air and water, and impregnation can be effected between fishes widely separated by merely forwarding the milt properly sealed. At Baird impregnation by the dry method, which has always been followed there, has resulted in the fertilization of about 90 per cent of the eggs so treated. : The Russian or dry method of impregnating eggs consists simply in taking both the eggs and the milt in a moist pan. It may be urged as an objection to this method that the eggs will be injured by striking against the pan, but it is a fact that although the same eggs would be destroyed by the concussion a week later, or even 24 hours later, they do not suffer in the least from it at the moment of extrusion from the fish. It was at one time considered an important question whether the eggs or milt should be taken first, but with the dry method it makes no difference, as, either way, both eggs and milt remain operative long enough for all practical purposes of impregnation. @ Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Jn Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by B. W. Evermann. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 80,81. Washington, 1912. bA Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, revised edition, pp. 10-12. Washington, 1990. 206 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Various methods of treating the eggs in the pan after impregnation has taken place | have been tried. Some operators leave the eggs in the pans as first taken with the © milt for two or three minutes and then add water, after which they are left to stand | in the pan until they separate, when they are washed clean, taken to the hatching © house, and placed in the troughs. Others pour the contents of the several pans— — eggs, milt, and all—into a large can after the eggs become impregnated, and when the eggs separate the contents of the can are poured into the hatching troughs, trusting to the current in the troughs to wash the milt from the eggs. At Baird water is poured © on the eggs a few moments after they become impregnated, after which they are left perfectly quiet until they separate, which, in water of the temperature of the McCloud River in September, 52° to 53°, takes about an hour. The pans, in the meanwhile, are put in a trough filled with river water to keep them from becoming too warm. After the eggs separate they are carefully washed and are carried in buckets to the hatching house, where they are measured and placed in the hatching trays. Mr. Bower? has the following to say as to the loss by concussion and the proper method of preventing same: Coincident with the absorptive period in salmon eggs is an adhesive stage varying, with the temperature from one to two hours, when the eggs are exceedingly sensitive. This is the so-called period of water hardening. Under no circumstances should the eggs be handled during this stage, nor should they be subjected to the slightest con- cussion. Repeated tests have demonstrated conclusively that even allowing the buckets containing the eggs to stand on the same platform where spawning operations are being carfied on results in considerable loss. To guard against this, the buckets should either stand on the bottom of the stream or else on a platform in every way independent of and having absolutely no connec- tion with the main platform. 'To some this may seem like a small and irrelevant consideration, but strict observance is certain to reduce the loss by at least 2 or 3 per cent. During the process of water hardening the buckets should be partly submerged to properly regulate the temperature. Due caution must be observed not to move the eggs until water hardening is com- plete. After a little experience the operator can readily tell, upon carefully inserting the hand and finding the eggs free and hard and no longer soft and velvety, even toward the bottom of the bucket, that they may be moved to the hatchery without fear of loss. HATCHING APPARATUS AND METHODS.? The hatching apparatus generally employed on this coast is pretty much of the same pattern and is described as follows:¢ The hatching apparatus generally employed on the Pacific coast in salmon propaga- tion consists of a combination of troughs and baskets. The troughs in common use are the so-called ‘‘ Williamson troughs,’’ which are 16 feet long, 12 or 16 inches wide, and 64 inches deep. The troughs are arranged in pairs, and usually two or three pairs are placed end to end on different levels. The fall of water in each trough is 1} inches. The troughs are divided by double partitions of wood or metal into com- partments just enough longer than the baskets to enable the latter to be raised and lowered and to be tilted slightly. The essential feature of these troughs is that at the lower end of each compartment a partition, extending entirely across the trough, reaches from the bottom almost to the top, and another similar partition at the upper end of the compartment reaches from the top almost to the bottom of the trough, each set of partitions being about an inch apart. The water is consequently forced to flow under the upper partition and over the lower partition, and to do this it must necessarily ascend through the ‘tray of eggs. The troughs are provided with canvas covers stretched upon light frames and made sunlight proof by saturation with asphaltum varnish, and their interiors are thickly coated with asphaltum. The egg receptacles are wire trays or baskets about 12 inches wide, 24 inches long, and deep enough to project an inch or two above the water, which is 5 or 6 inches deep in the troughs in which they are placed. Into each of these baskets 2 gallons of salmon eggs, equivalent to about 30,000, are poured ata time. The eggs suffer no c Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Jn Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by B. W. Evermann. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 81, 82. Washington, 1912. b At some of the Alaska hatcheries quite large baskets, some holding as many as 103,000 red salmon eggs are used. ¢ A Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, revised edition, pp. 12, 13. Washington, 1900. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 207 injury whatever from being packed together in this manner, the water being supplied in a way that forces it through the eggs, partially supporting and circulating through -them. The meshes are too small to permit the eggs to pass through, although the fry are able to do so. The advantages of this apparatus and method are: (1) The top of the tray or basket is out of the water and always entirely dry; con- sequently in handling it the hands are kept dry. 2) By tilting one end of the tray up or down a little or by lifting it entirely and settling it gently back again in its place the bad eggs will be forced to the top; thusa feather is not required in picking over the eggs and the injuries very often inflicted with it are avoided. (3) The top of the tray being above water, the eggs can never run over the top nor escape in any way, which is a great advantage over the shallow form of tray. (4) There is economy of space; 30,000 to 40,000 eggs can be placed in each basket, pieyeded a sufficient quantity of water is available. Two troughs 16 feet long and 1 oot wide will by this method carry about 500,000 salmon eggs. The deep trays may be filled at least half full of eggs, and thus 10 times as many eggs can be hatched in the same space and with the same supply of water as by the old method. A good but gentle circulation is continually maintained through the eggs. (5) The deep-tray system is admirably adapted to getting rid of mud that has col- lected on the eggs, for all sediment accumulating about them can be easily removed by gently moving the tray up and down a few times in the water; but if the deposit of mud on the troughs becomes so excessive as to be unmanageable, a false bottom of wire cloth or perforated zinc can be placed in the troughs at a suitable distance above their real bottom, leaving a space of about 1 or 14 inches between the wire cloth and the trough bottom. By this means the mud that comes into the trough will sift down into the space below the wire cloth entirely out of the way of the fish, the movements of the fish themselves helping very much to produce this result. Should the accu- mulation of mud in the space below the false bottom of the trough become too great, it can easily be sluiced out in various ways. When quinnat salmon eggs are simply to be matured for shipment, hatching trays with one-fourth or one-fifth inch square mesh will answer the purpose, but when the eggs are to be hatched in them, every alternate strand of wire running lengthwise, or, better still, every second and third thread, should be left out in order to form an oblong mesh through which the newly hatched fry, after separating themselves from the unhatched eggs, can escape from the hatching trays into the trough below. At Baird eggs kept in water averaging about 54° F. hatch in 35 days. The allowance of 5 days’ difference in the time of hatching for each degree of change in the water temperature is approximately correct. For the first few days the eggs of the quinnat salmon are very hardy, and at this time they should be thoroughly picked over and the dead ones removed as far as possible before the delicate stage during the formation of the spinal column comes on, so that during that critical period they may be left in perfect quiet. As soon as the spinal column and the head show plainly, the eggs are hardy enough to ship, but when ere is time enough it is better to wait a day or two until the eye-spot is distinctly visible, after which time the eggs will stand handling and may be safely shipped if properly packed. HANDLING EGGS IN HATCHERY.¢ At some of the Bureau’s stations where salmon eggs are handled it was the custom until a few years ago to ‘‘bury”’ the eggs or leave them undisturbed (aside from picking once the day after spawning) for two or three weeks after putting them in the baskets. The result was that they were in some instances literally buried under and in such a mass of mud and sediment that many eggs were killed. Discontinuance of the prac- tice resulted in a very appreciable improvement. When the water is so turbid as to cause a heavy deposit of sediment, it is better to go over the eggs occasionally, even through the critical stages of development, or until the line of the fish is well formed. Of course the eggs must be handled with utmost caution at all times, but owing to their extreme sensitiveness during the two or three days following the closing of the blastopore and until a perceptible curve shows in the tail, they should be left entirely untouched. It soon becomes easy to determine the stage of an egg’s development by holding it up to the light between the thumb and forefinger. In the absence of cautious and skilled operatives and unless the water is roily for an extended period, it is undoubtedly better to let the eggs a Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Jn Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 81,82. Washington, 1912. 208 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. remain undisturbed until the curvature of the tail is visible to the unaided eye. The accumulation of a moderate coating of sediment which readily washes off is not injurious. In a few instances it has become necessary to handle the eggs during the © tender stage to arrest the spread of fungus, but where the water supply is reasonably well adapted to fish-cultural purposes such a course is rarely if ever necessary. REMOVAL OF DEAD EGGS BY THE USE OF SALT SOLUTION, Among the most noteworthy advances in the fish-cultural methods during the last few years has been the use of salt as an aid in the removal of dead eggs. The develop- ment of this process has extended over a period of several years, but it is more during the last year or so through the efforts of L. E. Baldridge, of the Yes Bay station, that it has reached a high degree of efficiency. Compared with the time-honored process of picking by hand, there are marked advantages in using the salt solution, and chief among these is the great saving of labor. It is estimated that if the eggs happen to be of not more than mediocre quality it would take at least 20 pickers to remove as many dead eggs as could two men using the salt solution. Moreover, the operation is much more thoroughly performed in the latter process than is possible in picking by hand. Another advantage of using the solution is that it is possible thoroughly to clean the eggs. This greatly reduces any loss through contamination and infection resulting from the decomposition and fungous growths which inevitably follow the long-con- tinued presence of dead eggs that in the hand-picking method frequently escape attention. Even when utmost care is taken to pick out all dead eggs, fungoused masses will occasionally appear. This condition is rarely observed when the salt solution has been used, and it undoubtedly means that in the aggregate many eggs are saved. Still another point in favor of the solution, it is generally believed, is that it acts as a tonic or stimulant to the good eggs while at the same time as a deterrent to | the growth of fungus. Again, in picking by hand there is apt to be loss by move- ment of the eggs during delicate stages of development; and the oft-repeated insertion of egg tweezers, which are bound to touch other eggs, undoubtedly at times results in injury. Recent experience has demonstrated that the solution may be applied effectively to eggs freshly taken as well as those in more advanced stages of development. The principle of the salt bath is simply that the specific gravity of the good eggs is greater than that of the bad eggs, hence upon being placed in the salt solution the good eggs sink and the bad remain afloat and are easily removed. It is vitally essen- tial to the success of the undertaking that the solution be of the proper strength, and it is for this reason that the beginner is apt to become dice If the solution is too weak all the eggs, both good and bad, will sink, while if 1t is too strong all will remain afloat. The margin of the proper density is so narrow that in the operation it is necessary every few minutes to strengthen the solution by adding more salt or brine, otherwise the small amount of fresh water which adheres to a basket of eggs as it is lifted from the hatching trough into the solution will affect unfavorably the results when treating succeeding baskets. Experience and careful observation, however, will soon make it possible for the operator accurately to judge when to add a bit of the stock solution. It is a convenience, of course, to have a salinometer at hand when preparing the solution. It is commonly the practice as an aid in preparing the solution to test it occasionally with a few eggs. Highly successful results in using the solution with red salmon eggs have been attained at the Yes Bay station, and a detailed description is accordingly given of the methods pursued at that place. The chief item of equipment consists of a water-tight wooden tank 4 feet long, 24 feet wide, and 10 inches deep for holding the solution in which the eggs are immersed. Before each basket is immersed it is necessary that the surface of the solution be perfectly quiet, for any ripple or current will tend to disturb the buoyant effect of the solution upon the eggs. ‘Therefore it was found of great convenience last winter to use a floating frame made of half-inch material 6 inches wide fastened together verti- cally and at right angles, thus forming nt squares about 6 inches either way. After each basket of eggs is lifted from the salt bath this frame is placed in the solution to stop all motion of the water, being pushed down untilit is almost submerged and held firmly against the side of the tank fora few seconds. Upon being carefully withdrawn the solution is quiet and the next basket of eggs may be immersed without further delay. tye Aethee piece of equipment is a feather fan with which gently to push the floating dead eggs away from over the submerged basketinto which the good eggs have settled. Unless the dead eggs are quickly moved they too will sink. A feather fan made by PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 209 fastening eagle feathers to a thin strip 8 inches long by 14 inches wide works much more satisfactorily for this purpose than a wing. An ordinary hand scaff net about 12 by 14 inches in size for removing dead eggs from the tank, a dipper, and a bucket complete the outfit. Wood and metal surfaces in all equipment should be well coated with asphaltum or some similar preparation. At Yes Bay as soon as five or ten million eggs are far enough advanced to stand light concussion the baskets are lifted out of the troughs and the eggs are stirred thoroughly with the hand, which causes practically all of the unfertile or empty eggs to turn white. As soon as the line of the fish shows plainly when held up to the light and there is a distinct curvature to the tail, the eggs are sufficiently well advanced in development tostand stirring. After this process the baskets are returned to the troughs and singe to remain three days, for when first turned the unfertile eggs are about as heavy as the good eggs and consequently would sink if the salt solution were applied at once. On the fourth day after stirring, everything being in readiness, five or six baskets are removed from a trough and set on top todrain. Afterafew momentsa basket is grasped at each end and is lowered into the tank containing the solution until the liquid comes through the eggs. A light shake is then given to level up the eggsin the basket. Next, slowly and very gently, the basket is lowered until the brine comes almost to its rim and is held perfectly still fora moment. All the eggsin the basket will rise, but soon the good eggs will begin to sink, and presently, if it isa basket of poor eggs, the surface will be completely covered with bad eggs. Now, without the slightest jar, the basket is lowered far enough below the surface to permit an egg to float over the rim. The bad eggs will immediately start toward the edges of the tank. After a few seconds the basket is gently lowered until it rests upon the bottom. The remaining dead eggs are then brushed away from over the basket by means of quick, short, and light strokes of the feather fan, long, sweeping strokes are to be caeeaty avoided. One end of the basket is then gently raised until it is above the surface of the brine and the basket is drawn toward the end of the tank and out from under the floating dead eggs. At the same time the fan is used with the other hand to aid in moving any of these floating eggs to one side. The fan is then dropped and the lower end of the basket is grasped and the whole is quickly raised out of the solution. The basket is set at an angle on the tank for a moment to drain and is then carried to the hatching trough. The attendant lifts out another basket to drain along with the four or five others originally aig and returns to the tank of brine with the basket that has been draining the ongest. While this is being done the other operator skims the dead eggs off the surface of the brine and places the frame described above in the tank for a moment to stop all motion of the solution. After five or six baskets have been treated, any eggs that have settled to the bottom of the tank are removed, as they absorb and weaken the brine. It is necessary, as earlier mentioned, to add a little fresh brine after handling each basket. The eggs should be as clean as possible, as the solution will not be effective when it contains much sediment. A 1-inch hole with plug in one corner of the tank is con- venient for drawing off any deposit of this character. Should failure occur in treating a basket of eggs, as, for example, if by sudden jar they are all caused to sink, or if the brin e is too weak or too strong, the basket must be put back in the hatching trough, as it will not respond to treatment again the same day. At Yes Bay last winter a large portion of the 72,000,000 eggs were thoroughly cleaned up atone handling. Two men ran as many as 10,000,000 eggs through the salt bath in asingle day. Itis customary on the day after treating the eggs to have them gone over so that if any dead eggs remain they may be picked out by hand. This, however, req wires very little time, as but few dead eggs are found. No alarm need be felt if the eggs seem to shrink as a result of the immersion, for they will soon resume their normal siz e upon being replaced in fresh water. The use of the salt solution has been extended lately to the handling of lake trout eggs in Michigan and Minnesota, and there appears to be no reason why it is not equally well adapted to the eggs of other salmonoids. Certainly its many advantages com- mend further experimentation in this direction. The eggs of the salmon hatch very gradually at first, only a small proportion coming out the first day, but the number increases daily until the climax is reached, when large numbers of young burst their shells in a single day. As at this time the vast number of dis- carded shells are apt to clog up the guard screens at the outlets of the troughs, great care and vigilance is necessary to prevent this by thoroughly cleansing them frequently. 11312°—21——_14 " 210 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The hatched fish easily slip through the oblong mesh in the bottom of the trays into the space below. They should be assisted in doing this by gently raising and lowering the tray at intervals, care being taken not to raise them out of the water. After they are all hatched out and in the bottom of the troughs. about the only danger to guard against is that of suffocation. They frequently crowd together in heaps and dig down under one another until some of them die for want of running water, which is less than an inch away from them. The best remedy is to thin them out. John Pease Babcock, Assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries of the Province of British Columbia, in 1910 advanced a novel sug- gestion that freshly fertilized eggs buried immediately under sand and gravel would produce strong healthy fry at less cost than under exist- ing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. The interesting account of his experiments is reproduced entire:4 In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout, some authorities state that con- | siderable loss is occasioned. in natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming embedded in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so embedded are lost. Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific salmon and trout for a considerable period lead me to advance the theory that in natural propagation only those eggs which become embedded beneath several inches of sand and gravel pro- | duce alevins which live to attain the fry stage; and that those eggs which are not — covered by several inches of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic enemies or destroyed by vegetable molds, commonly termed “‘fungus.’’ My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of freshly fertilized eggs of the nerka and other Pacific salmon does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only live but hatch; and that if they are covered to a sufficient depth the alevins produced survive and possess the instinct and power to work their way gradually to the surface; that if buried beneath 5 or 6 inches of sand and gravel such eggs will hatch, and the young will work their way up through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that by the time they emerge, have absorbed their sacs and are then exempt from the attacks of vegetable molds. Eggs buried under 1 or 2 inches of sand and gravel produce alevins that work their way up to the surface before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the surface are subject to attack by vegetable molds, and a very large percentage are thus destroyed, as well as by the more developed forms of aquatic life. Eggs buried to a depth of 3 inches produce alevins that work their way to the surface so gradually that by the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly absorbed that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus. Alevins from eggs buried beneath less than 4 inches of sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so thinly covered that few, if any, survive the effects of fungous growth. The spawning beds of Pacific coast streams from California to Alaska (to which my observations have been confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during and after the spawning period, covered with more or less vegetable molds. These molds are particularly common in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon have spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows that most waters carry great numbers of spores of fungi, and how difficult it is to prevent eggs and alevins from being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that in natural propagation fungous growths destroy more salmon eggs and alevins than all other causes combined. The vegetable molds of Pacific streams are not active beneath the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast therein, if even thinly covered with sand, are not injured by them. These molds do not affect the fry that have nearly or entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadly if permitted to attach themselves to either the eggs or the alevins. a Some Experiments in the Burial of Salmon Eggs—Suggesting a New Method of Hatching Salmon-and Trout. By John Pease Babcock. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1910, pp. 393-395. Wash- ington, 1911. This method has been carried out on a considerable scale by A. Robertson, a Dominion of Canada hatchery superintendent located on the Fraser River, and the results published in ‘“‘Hatching Salmon Fry in Gravel,” Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. 17, No. 6, June, 1919, p. 38, illus. ee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 211 My experiments along this line lead me to express the opinion that by the burial : of freshly fertilized salmon eggs under 6 or 7 inches of sand and gravel strong healthy fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active - enemies. I trust that this short statement of my experiments in the burial of salmon eggs may be deemed of sufficient economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally in experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will perhaps experience some difficulty at first in the covering of a large number of eggs. Experimenters will find that after preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs can be evenly laid and held until covered, if the surface of the bed is first thickly indented with cells a little deeper than the eng. This can be readily accomplished by stamping the bed with a board covered with projections or pegs of suitable size. My experiments suggest that in the near future most of the buildings and hatching peas now used in the propagation of salmon and trout will be dispensed with; that after the ones have been expressed and fertilized, instead of being placed in wire baskets in hatcheries, they will be buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of natural or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watchmen to protect them, little or no other labor will be required. FEEDING AND PLANTING THE FRY. For some time the fry remain at the bottom of the trough, but when the yolk sac is nearly absorbed they rise from the bottom and begin swimming. As a rule the fry are planted about the time the olk sac is absorbed, thus obviating the necessity for feeding them. ome experts advise planting young red salmon when the umbilical sac is about two-thirds absorbed, which is the time when the fish begin to swim up freely. With the temperatures prevailing at the Alaska hatcheries, this means that the fry must be held at least four or five weeks after hatching. PACKING EGGS FOR SHIPMENT. In packing salmon eggs for shipment it is the custom at the Bureau of Fisheries’ hatcheries to use a packing box made of one-half inch pine, 2 feet square and 1 foot deep.* At the bottom is placed a thick layer of moss, then a layer of mosquito netting, then a layer of eggs, then mosquito netting again, then successive layers of moss, netting, eggs, netting, and so on to the middle of the box. Here a firm wooden partition is fastened in and the packing renewed above in the same manner as below. The cover is then laid on the top, and when two boxes are ready they are placed in a wooden crate, made large enough to allow a space of 3 inches on all sides of the boxes. This space is filled with hay to protect the eggs against changes of temperature, and, the cover being put on the eggs, they are ready to ship. In the middle of the crate an open space about 4 inches in depth is left, between the two boxes of eggs, for ice. As soon as the crates arrive at the railway station this space, as well as the top of the crate is filled in with ice. Recent experiments show that salmon eggs can be packed and safely transported to considerable distances when they are first taken. REARING SALMON FRY. For many years it was the custom to plant the fry as soon as they had Bechet the yolk sac, a period of about 30 days. A few thou- sands were sometimes raised to the fingerling, yearling, or adult Stage, more as a curiosity than anything else. No particular diffi- culty was experienced in raising these fish, but the sapen se entailed in feeding them for a prolonged period, and the impossibility of doing so unless large ponds were constructed at great expense for the pur- a A Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fish- eries, revised edition, p, 14, Washington, 1917, 212 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. pose of holding them during the feeding period, prevented the general adoption of the rearing system. or some years certain fish culturists and others had contended that the planting of fry just after they had absorbed the umbilical sac was an economic mistake, claiming that at this age they were weak and comparatively sluggish in their movements, and would fall easy prey to their numerous fish, bird, and other enemies. The late Robert D. Hume, who built and operated a hatchery on the lower Rogue River, also one on the upper Rogue River, which the United States Bureau of Fisheries operated for some years, was one of the first to take up the rearing of salmon fry on any scale. In time these objections bore weight, and a few years ago the con- struction of ponds in which fry could be held and fed until they had reached a size which would insure them at least an even chance for their lives was undertaken all along the coast except in British Columbia, with the result that to-day there is a pona capacity for about one-half of the total capacity of the various hatcheries. Most of the nursery ponds have been constructed near the hatch- eries and usually comprise oblong trenches dug in the earth and walled with cement and stone. In Oregon the State authorities found that the best results in pond rearing were obtained by using creek or natural ponds, which were made by placing dams across the small streams in the vicinity of the hatcheries. When first taken from the hatching troughs the fry are placed in the artificial ponds until the danger from spring freshets in the small streams is over. They are then Sua a to the natural ponds, where the continual flow of fresh water, and the logs, rocks, etc., which provide shade and shelter, afford more natural conditions, and in which the natural food of the fry supplements the artificial food provided by man. A big advantage in connection with the use of natural ponds is the comparatively small expense involved in providing for them as com- pared with the large expense involved in the construction of cement ponds. The young fry show when they are ready to feed by dar ing to one side or the other when small particles of food are dropped in the water and float past them. For the first few weeks they should be fed regularly and as often as six times a day, and the earlier in the day the feeding begins and the later it continues at night the better. Two hours after feeding they will be found to be ravenously hungry, | and as they grow much faster for frequent feeding great care should be taken to see that they are well fed. If not fed sufficiently they will bite at one another and cause more or less mortality among themselves. FOOD. In feeding salmon fry almost every conceivable food has been > utilized. By universal consent liver is conceded to be the best food for the fry, as it can be ground finer than other foods and the blood which it contains is highly nutritious. At many places, however, it is impossible to secure liver, while its cost when available is generally prohibitive. The food used is generally that most available and which experi- ence has shown that the fry like and upon which they thrive. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 213 In Oregon ? it has been found that the extremely young fry thrived on a mixture of ground dried salmon and mush (composed of mid- _dlings and other wheat products). Milk curds from near-by cream- -eries also proved satisfactory. The older fish are fed on ground smelt, lampreys, spent salmon, both dried and salted, and offal from the canneries, some loose and some packed in 1-gallon cans. An _ excellent food is broken-up ice-cream cones. This latter food also has _ the advantage of not sinking to the bottom and thus polluting the _ water; and because it floats at the surface the surplus can be lifted out with a dip net. SALMON SOLD AFTER STRIPPING, For many years it was the custom after the eggs had been sbnipned from the salmon to either give the carcasses to the Indians or to bury them. In 1917, under stress of the great demand for fish caused by the war, L. H. Darwin, fish and game commissioner of Washington, after an analysis by chemists had shown that the flesh was whole- some food, offered for sale, at a low rate, these spawned-out fish. The offer was accepted by several of the cities of the State, some of which established municipal markets at which these salmon, as well as other food products, were offered for sale at prices ruling lower than those in the commercial markets. It is probable that the economic utilization of these salmon will be permanent, and will prove a source of considerable profit to the States which sell them. SALMON HATCHERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST, Below is shown a list of the salmon and steelhead-trout hatcheries operated on the Pacific coast during the year 1919: U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Alaska: Sisson. Afognak, Brookdale. Yes Bay. Price Creek. California: Ukiah. Baird. Battle Creek. STATE OF OREGON. Hornbrook. Mill Creek Wallowa River. Oregon: McKenzie River. Clackamas. Salmon River. Applegate. Bonneville. Snake River. Santiam River (eyeing station). Rogue River. Klaskanine. ; Upper Clackamas. Willamette River (eyeing station). Washington: Eagle Creek. Baker Lake. Snake River (Idaho). Birdsview. Tillamook. Brinnon. Yaquina. Darrington. Siuslaw. Duckabush. Umpqua. Illabott Creek. South Coos. Quilcene. Coquille. Big White Salmon. Alsea. Little White Salmon. Rogue River. a Rearing and Feeding Salmon Fry in Oregon. By R. E. Clanton. Transactions, Pacific Fisheries Society, 1914, p. 91-94. Seattle, 1915. 2914 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. STATE OF WASHINGTON. Chambers Creek. Chehalis. Chehalis No. 2. Chinook. Dungeness. Ellwah. Green River. Green River No. 2. Nasel River. Nisqually. Nooksack. Nooksack River, Middle Fork. Nooksack River, South Fork. North River. Pilchuck. Puyallup River. Samish. Skagit River. Skokomish. Skykomish. : Snohomish. Stillaguamish. Kalama. Lewis River. Pateros-Methow. Tahuya (eyeing station). Wenatchee. Tilton River. Wind River. Humptulips. Willapa. Willapa No. 2. DOMINION OF CANADA, Granite Creek. Pemberton. Harrison Lake. Stuart Lake. Skeena River. Bahine Lake. Rivers Inlet. Fraser River. Anderson Lake. Kennedy Lake. Cowichan Lake. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Seton Lake. BRITISH COLUMBIA PACKERS ASSOCIATION. Nimpkish Lake. ALASKA (PRIVATE HATCHERIES). Alaska Packers Association: Fortmann. Northwestern Fisheries Co.: Quadra. Hetta. North Pacific Trading & Packing Co.: *Klawak. GENERAL STATISTICS. Distribution of fry, etc—In the next table is shown by years and species the distribution in Pacific coast waters of fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults from 1873, when the first hatchery began oper- ation, to 1919, inclusive. The figures on fingerlings, yearlings, and adults are not as complete as could be wished, this being due to cer- tain of the State fish commissions not separating them from the fry in the published results. The table shows the enormous total of 7,990,416,264 fry and 275,093,097 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults as having been deposited in local waters since the inception of the work on this coast. Of these nearly one-half were sockeye, or red salmon, followed by chi- nook, or spring, coho, or silver, dog, steelhead trout, and humpback salmon in the order named. This table does not show the large number of eggs, fry, etc., shipped from the coast hatcheries, to other sections of the country and to various foreign countries. These appear in the tables shown under the various States, Provinces, and Territories. U. S. B. F.—Doc. 902. FIG. 43.—UNITED STATES SALMON FIG. 44.—UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, HATCHERY, YES BAY, ALASKA. AFOGNAK, ALASKA. U. S. B. F.—Doc. 902. FIG. 45.—ALASKA PACKERS ASSOCIATION FORTMANN HATCHERY, NAHA STREAM, ALASKA; THE LARGEST HATCHERY IN THE WORLD. FIG. 46—CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SATSOP, WASH. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 215 DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE Pacrric CoasTAL STREAMS OF NoRTH AMERICA, IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Chinook, king, or spring. Coho, or silver. Chum. Humpback, or pink. Finger- Finger- Finger- Finger- Year. lings, lings, lings, lings, Fry. yearlings, Fry. yearlings, Fry. yearlings, Fry. yearlings, and and and and adults. adults. adults. adults. Pen eee 189, 000 NOUN mah -Ba0974, 064 |._..... 13, 925, 104 1901....| 36,563, 138 1,668 | 20,047)935 |7.-2-22227. Te CAC 1h ee a (ia aad WE TEs 6 & o o ’ ‘ . . oS AD Fi ed ans ES hosts t dh By 2 ey ean (a a i NS 128 MO0d2.5.| 75,058,080|"...--..-2.. SAO DOE EI Wu con tee he i ee 1904._..| 161,530,963 |............ Po aed ee a AE 9S a A 6215707) asco. Tene Cot tl re Sar eiataey ee sheen, | 2 ee ORE ee, 8s oo ck Lo ee 1906....| 167,745,494 122,980 | 47,356, 449 300 | 3,268,800 |.......-... 969,990 |.......... 1907....| 124,578,390 |............ 44, 496, 380'| ci. nen 6; 130;000)} ee es 4,294,265 bocce ce 1908....| 135,447,179 | 2,165,797 | 54,108,557 |........... ToC TS he eae 81,920,662 :}o022020 2. 1909....| 88,188, 707 16,949 | 50,648,674 |..........- SO OO 0e kn 10/000) 2. 1910....| 97,361; 532 925 | 45,863,952 |........... BOOT, 00s tes occa 2)981, 340) |... ceant: -1911....] 80,570, 265 11,700 | 52,869,759 |........... TAs 2an OTOH See. ous B60, 150s) ocsceeen. 1912....| 101,810,515 | 1,405,860 | 66,087,446 | 116,300 | 4,684,950 |..22222222. 34,205,460 |........-. 1913. ...|..112, 008, 886 |............ 0) S03: SION oe we Bby VOUMAaD | 80S. coda we 1 588 | os ee 1914...-| 133,271,477 | 2,571,711 | 67,682,576 |........... Uy | ae 39,685,814 |.......... 1915....| 149,666,221 | 9,875,745 | 92)996,831 |._......... 65, USS STI seed os iy fe 1916....| 151,649,595 | 26,070,128 | 56,647,147 | 5,543,712 | 63,390,798 | 1,000,000 | 15,842)627 | 2,915,000 1917....| 96,975,725 | 27,060,581 | 17,828,235 | 4,663,560 | 26,133,925 | 7,014,580 | 4,953,000 | 7,449,030 1918....| 133,102,069 | 2273847610 | 55,697,111 |10, 148,815 | 82,020,140 |.......-... 22) 159; 186 ' 4’736, 000 1919....| 67,908,011 | 58,007,670 | 32,207, 426 | 3,286)580 | 26,772,025 | 4,524,560 | 5,426,000| 369,958 Total.|2, 438, 054, 687 |150, 527,774 |929, 848, 490 |24, 319, 267 |408, 815, 854 |12, 539, 140 |170, 499, 653 |15, 469, 988 216 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE PactiFic CoasTaL STREAMS OF NortH AMERICA, IN SPEcIFIED YEARS—Continued. Year. Sockeye, red, or blueback. Fry. 15, 868, 000 18, 374, 440 20, 916, 000 15, 761, 000 29, 590, 000 19, 901, 253 72, 679, 000 89, 398, 789 70,710, 200 119, 963, 200 232,037, 442 228, 018, 450 230, 528, 455 239, 251, 146 396, 215, 795 257, 463, 497 324, 325, 768 242, 146, 069 261, 365, 781 198, 910, 010 256, 582, 879 215, 853, 504 155, 043, 461 62, 397, 320 3, 835, 069, 259 Finger- lings, year- lings, and adults. 12, 305, 953 12, 705, 285 14, 299, 960 62,973, 760 Steelhead trout. < Finger- ngs, year- Fry. lings, and adults. 262,000 4, 207, 920 11, 368, 446 14, 995, 717 12,710, 382 16, 654, 906 11, 719, 558 22,942) 900 18, 952, 136 15, 241, 720 18, 480, 440 17, 755, 206 208, 128, 321 eee e ween eee wee ence eens 9, 263, 168 Fry. 12, 587, 000 11, 890, 475 12, 872, 800 94, 699, 932 201, 148, 581 213, 939, 500 260, 864, 906 298, 226, 484 458, 104, 140 412, 996, 968 462, 184, 874 394, 097, 305 561, 668, 565 419, 795, 138 543, $24, 521 485,918, 028 530, 349, 190 535, 401, 818 563, 065, 182 376, 986, 109 466, 502, 407 212, 465, 988 ete wweeence tee tweens ete ete e wees ete eee eww wee wee ww eww ene tte ewww ww nee nee ence 16, 949 2,571, 711 18, 245, 575 54, 301, 664 60, 381, 654 53, 495, 130 80, 624, 228 7,990, 416, 264 | 275,093, 097 Output of United States Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries.—The next table shows by years and species the combined output of the various hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries on this coast. The greater part of the egg output was to various State hatcheries on the Pacific coast, more particularly those belonging to the State of California. The total figures show that since the ureau began operations on this coast it has distributed 1,173,825,343 eggs, 2,063,076,832 fry, and 281,317,294 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 217 Ourreut or Pacrric Coast SALMON HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 1872 To 1919. Chinook, king, or spring. Coho, or silver. Finger- Finger- Year. lings, lings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and and adults. adults. Sr i ea 1 eae) Re | ae (seeeetee. wakes IVETE hg Rabe er SRR na a 9°e |W ee a [eceabec wos 4,155, 000 BOS! |S 5 tence ca pee ear ie Le Rpereee 6, 250, 000 T8750 0005 |e heeec once eee BES Ee lee A Sees eee 5,065, 000 We OQ} DOQQ) | cc 25 es | FA ee oe ced 4,983, 000 SPT tl Re a, a: CO. EERE 7,810,000 eS NOQO eaatene Sees Ce Ceres eee Seance wc sce 4, 250, 000 ESTEE 1 POSES 2 ON Se ee | | eae cee eee 3, 800, 000 ONG, (UG tens aaa e ne SIL eee SS Ale Seen joss 4,300, 000 A LOOMONION ate noe. esata eerste Aa ciel sisin’a rare nlnisinialess ch Seems conde ee erie ro Ey EG) |e is eR | aR Aes ot | a Lp ieee tae 5 LOL Oa eee setae a ete niece ratte tava Saami eeiotigaieias 3, 450, 000 65000; 0008) oss esac. See oe Ee ee ee 2,554, 000 DSO AToUlase cence sal sates cotees Percteete ho eeeecreranen 3, 688, C00 Odea eral || siarea are cered ater Netercla octet ornare eocr OnE EEE 2,902, 000 TGS SOU sors, sa eeectere nell > aero iat Sa eee E 3, 530, 000 BESO STOOY |< aaa meee we a|EN Ag Vee Wis caer. Sere s 7, 500, 000 G5 ROOT os cee saacae lamar cmacuas 280, 000 3, 699, 000 BONGO: ee seat ape see ela ce ac oo 690, 000 Le 0) | ML ATOAd, SOON ls mR DOCS ROOM emt 25-24) akee ooneaaninas 18, 232, 590 298, 137 BR ABAEE OOO ASOT OS0SOOR |e. oS a cd sad asicoade cent 530 OC TI | BR eS Ey IS See 2 Re SS ee Pe eee ee 7,411,000 146, 824 11, 615, 036 302,041 19, 446, 410 424, 530 16, 160,177 81, 812 75, 217, 354 3,984, 645 96,055,765 | 21,620,292 |............ 107,000 9,321, 513 115, 648, 145 20, 797, 543 123, 118 239, 180 6, 445, 574 LG See SP A 78, 587,705 76,567,002) |Ste cost. 2a. 760, COO 3,000;,002 Iccachueseas OU ee ae ee 68, 520, 550 24,998,185 | 2,165,797 296, 000 13, 420,714 57, 932 Het) 5 eee Re ee 38, 859, 265 20,177, 286 16, 949 272,000 9 410,025 cc mueeees TOTO Se Soe anck oe wicicdinselss 38, 306, 709 15, 682, 064 225 275, C00 HO; S8S\025 |eteetcoseces OL 5 EF a Re Se 37, 314, 514 16, 659, 684 211,700 | 2,391,900 65:2105296).|Uecc~ cumeeee MBE cls asin Fhakcicetan'ex- 36, 837, 550 31,040,893 | 1,405, 860 52,000 12;955;824 | The hatchery was closed from 1884 10 1888, . 4 Year ending June 30 —a @ The calendar year was used up to 1889. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. FisHERIES—Continued. 223 _ Outrut oF HATCHERIES IN CALIFORNIA OWNED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF Steelhead trout. Eggs. 360,000 | 2,175, 808 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Fry. 332,000 Total. Fingerlings Eggs Fry. penne and adults. 850,000 |_. 1,750, 000 1,500,000 2,000, 000 2,500, 000 27300, 000 2,000, 000 3,100, 000 3, 991, 750 776,125 1,500, 000 84, 000 777, 000 315, 500 1,190, 100 1,027, 000 2,042) 500 823, 508 3, 611, 838 16, 293, 300 3, 275, 110 3, 533, 950 889, 570 2,115, 560 Hab ear ere 1,618, 066 | 64, 598, 354 2,350, 130 96, 025, 765 7,561,380 107,905,945 | 3,496, 267 73,376,215 | 2,512,250 64,990,550 | 4,780,855 32, 278,265 | 3,590,078 |... 30,539,467 | 2,286, 257 35,654,414 | 3,666, 061 4) 20,697,550 | 7,243,325 17,192,873 | 2,212 490 | 25,469,485 | 8,134, 809 20,716,005 | 5,987,140 19, 622,340 | 12,110,000 7, 027, 300 850, 000 LA PADIEONON Eden cues PI SO2 SOO. See teo sss 10, 287, 800 828,710, 641 |126,645,849 | 60,609. 154 b The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. 224 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. OurrutT oF HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Year. 20, 040, 487 63, 632, 000 87,000, 000 1G06 Se ec ccd tet ae Laat OE RP se 105, 815, 920 O07. conn ocg the eee 2. Lee POR 71, 267, 000 1 AOR TS lek a Es aR 60, 619, 000 0 NE SS ee eo aS: ae ail 287 000, 000 O10 20 een Pv Be ae OR eA 28, 469, 745 TOT oc et RS We As lee A ee Coe 29, 657, 263 MOTD oe 1 A ea ee a eed 18, 909, 445 Gt Bet) aS Ca IR a lips? sons yl peg eed A ES SRT RIE SUS thea 25, 290, 615 NOUR S62 1 COE NE Be hee OR 33, 313, 150 GIR 2. Leh tea. eae ae ae 19, 339, 738 Ti Ao oe Ee ie es wae a 6, 853, 000 “ESTES CSR OSE eS es ae 14, 439, 000 POG ME So ccc arate sy AMER BT eae 11, 970, 000 Mopalsscecdavcenae acess 250,000 | 797, 224, 001 Chinook. , 435, 000 15, 283, 183 18, 123, 000 31, 476, 388 |... 21, 234,000 |. 2,536,000 |. 3, 239, 000 |. 16, 852,040 |.... Silver fry. 3, 693, 410 Steelhead fry. 41, 657,531 Total. Fry. 383888288 MS ne Ne NO Nee Ne Ne te te WNNNNNN hy re ZSshesssues a S i ao So. 8888888 SB SH oO ie) 250,000 | 842,574, 942 a The greater part of the output of chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries in California. b All were lost. DISTRIBUTION. The following table shows, by streams and species, the distribution in California of the salmon eggs, fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults, from the hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries This far from represents the work of the hatcheries, as large quantities of eggs were sent to other States and foreign and the State. countries. ‘ a PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 2, 060, 910 17,320 Bn Oi oo) hs ee Se eee eee ee ee ee Cee ee eed ee ee eee ee eee eer rier errr sew w ewww ne] By PEO, JOU [wwe ee ee ele ee eee eee ele ne ewww eee See eed ee ee ee ee ee es ee ee 225 DistRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF CALIFORNIA. Redwood Creek and tributaries. Silver. Steel- Sieelinee head fry. I A Klamath River and tributaries. i | Chinook. Silver. Year. | aes Shoe Year- earlings Ty. . Fry : Fry. and Fry | nies: adults. .| 23,070,035 | 393,000] 8,422,240] 171,000] 1,943,450 | 2649750 Mad River and North Fork Eel River Russian | Skaggs | goanty i 2 : 2 River. | Springs. eden Year. Chinook Silver Steel- Chinook Steel- fry. fry. head fry. fry. head fry. Chinook fry. Ey eae «cc teicr| PL en al oa) ee a ae es 15,000 15) 000) |e esaee OSL RS 280,000 | 308,500 |. aR Nee linc mioew asc) amen we ctes ee ULE a8 ole ese Eee ORO Memme er see leme ie cee eric sec pec ect eeBOREE Rs okl ccc ceess(cccmes ote WAU eeracerec. 145,365 | 173,387 BOLOUO Drak ae cneaalbscoscn cate sone eset wecose eect 635, 000 eum (mane troeee rlety cers hee T | 7 857.988 [oc cc neces fal dbeedeeclseaee sce oe 1,970, 000 rrtrencee teste (22 20 |o. 8. ue| 8,202, 000 1:2... 2 aula gee cudt|.--.-... 900, 000 neta aes oe oe ieee ase cel, | SRO NCUU lesen cece nettle ehmetlies|secececcen|o-eecesiael ree hea taco nl|f sc. cc. s~|ceee ae es-<| Sy 000,000 |) SOL OOD. ce tec | epee neo ecincinces nn ee ee 5 cl aonn cress slaiacsinces)|. Opeol, oe! | 120, O00vio-cc cs... ee eee ee cs sate eee eee eran ol iceteceancn| I0ee00, 000) - GO O00 sco lsectle. ose. ee eel. ete curds eee ee oat Seo cc ccs n | Suiareinrsec-oin||. Og & CO NIY Iaierc ac mania stale Se Meiclsidelleise wie soc sc]a ce siaaiagle SERIE ace (to coe clots coce es] Op20D, 920-243 O00) 12 Oit esol. sce onl cme gues | ea eee arial iain eee OWN | oo sec cs 25, 000 Sere ae sd|ao Sco cli cs cacnsct|| \O5 LOS; O00 mek. . n ile Seba atickleseccse cer] ceeinendae RePEc sc -e|do.cnc bb oec| cence ceca tne DOO 00s ey nroaS: OOO we ase oe 8) ll wets eats Te tees 35 lt Ss ee ere WR SG ay es 33: LL) ee (ee Fo 2 IT lege a eal IS OO Bes ee ee. e) Tos kOs OOGUY cametd wae le ce eeese sh eeraeey reba ae ec © ESTE gE a alia TTF 7 RN lag eae Mak 0-0 (a (2 isk emer & Fee Sg 3 MTA is owed aitrais 2 DOM eee asec nats ccak| Onmeas OOO. Same hae obs ck nsec ves) sccnnomnios gS aa eae eae SrtA (KHIS | meee Geant on IMO LQTS aT na Sue cee tenl U5 cd | uecbinckwel ec seeceeae diets ais atataya, 2 ADE ON centers 2a peer cies. on BOL OOOUE visccite Lots. Cea. kes oketene alle. Weel e a 1h 15 aga nen pe Oe EME ere esc mc. 2e |) | POSE OOOH |G cars bac heel acu 'cle neces |eiswiainee's =p) aistekie ceiling 1 UO a AB OUUA Eeaeeerseanmne cock) me GSE OUOM score ese era Se occ) emewines|euscncacee Total 1,820,365 | 923,387 | 368,500 | 84,479,810 | 1,789,800] 40,000 | 15,000 | 3,530,000 11312°—21——_15 226 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF CALIFORNIA—Continued F Banta'slepere ran- . anta | rey Ba, Sacramento River and tributaries. cisco Sa Ynez and # Bay * | River. | tributa- streams. Ties. Year. Chinook. A Steel- earlings) peta nes nger- ; Ty. Eggs. Fry. lings, and adults. Chinook fry. ~.| 19; 264; 086 33,998, 300 5,184, 950 4) 1287570 16,898, 100 16,359, 606 60, 782) 130 94,561,380 26, 090, 000 24) 786,257 33) 323) 324 22) 949) 110 16,691, 167 24, 637, 864 26,800,604 | 5,538,224 42, 000 | EY ie cee Ne eee BROT! 300,000 | 25; 000 | 5,875,000 | 14,260,300 |...... Be EA icheeal covet 9, 470, 000 | 10,689, 400 9,840, 000 | 10,287,000 |... ...... 435,500 |788, 832, 798 saisutedalledoetees an 25; 000" /ssgere sas 50,917,465 |1, 194, 762 | 929,000 | 314,660 | 500,000 | 142, 000 |2, 930, 000 a All were lost. b Seas 15,000 chinook fry plantedin San Gregorio River and 15,000 chinook fry plantedin Pescadero Creek ¢ Includes the following plants in = Barbara county streams: Bear Creek, 4,000; Maguelito Creek, 2,000; and Salispuedes Creek, 2,000. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 227 DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE WATERS or OaLIroRNIA—Continued. Mon- terey Vv Bay hated Truckee and ura | River. Total. tribu- River taries Year. Chinook. Silver. : i Year- Steel- Siiyer | Chinook fry. lings, Adults) head ger- an A Eggs. Fry. lings, Fry. year- fry 14) 389,000 11/970, 000 51,310, 465 a Ofrecent years it has been impossible to show the total number of yearlings, fingerlings, and adults lanted, as the State reports do not distinguish them from the fry. Those shown in 1914-1919 werereared y the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. + After 1911 the practice of showing waters in which steelheads were planted was abandoned as the number ofstreams was becoming unwieldy. ¢ Includes 1,200 steelhead fry, which in ‘‘ Total’’ column are included under ‘‘ Steelhead iry.”’ 228 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. OREGON. HATCHERIES ON COASTAL STREAMS. Roque River.—In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been packing salmon on this river for some years, erected a hatchery at Ellensburg. In 1888 the Oregon Legislature appropriated a sum of money for the enlargement and support of this hatchery, Mr. Hume to retain complete control. As the location is on tidewater, it is necessary to catch the parent fish and hold them until they are ready to spawn, and in ee to do this Mr. Hume had an excavation 32 by 62 feet and 11 feet deep made in the bank of the river. This was lined with concrete 1 foot thick, which, when filled with water, made a pond 30 by 60 feet and 10 feet deep. Over the entire pond he constructed a building which could be closed up so as virtually to exclude the light. It is supposed that cotamning the fish in a dark place aids in keeping them in good physica! condition until ready to spawn. After the death of Mr. Hume in 1908 this hatchery was taken over and operated by the State. In 1897 Mr. Hume built and equipped a hatchery on the upper Rogue River at the mouth of Elk Creek, about 26 miles from the town of Central Point, in Jackson County, and, in pursuance of an understanding with the United States Fish Commission, the latter operated then and still continues to operate this plant. In 1900 the Government established an auxiliary station for the collection of steelhead trout eggs on Elk Creek, about 10 miles above the main station. In 1905 a substation was operated at Grants Pass, while during the fiscal year 1908 and in subeeduert ears substa- tions were operated at Findley Eddy, on the Rogue River, Illinois River, and Applegate Creek, tributaries of the Rogue. Many of the eggs gathered at the upper Rogue River stations were shipped to Mr. Hume’s hatchery, on the lower river, and there hatched out and planted. Coquille River.—The State formerly had a hatchery on this river, but it was abandoned during the winter of 1902-3. In the winter of 1904-5 a substation was’ established on one of the tributaries of the Coquille River, about 6 miles from the South Coos River hatchery, and was used in hatching eggs brought to it from the latter place. A station was built on the north fork of the Coquille River in 1910. Coos River.—A hatchery was built by the State in 1900 on the South Coos River, about 20 miles from the town of Marshfield. Umpqua River.—In 1900 the State built a hatchery on the north fork of the Umpqua River, near the town of Glide and about 24 miles east of Roseburg. In 1901 a station was established farther up the north fork, at the mouth of Steamboat Creek. After working here two years the station was moved a couple of miles farther up the stream. In 1907 work was resumed again at the original station near Glide, as winter freshets had seriously damaged the upper station. A permanent station was built in 1910. Siuslaw River.—In 1893 the State erected a hatchery on Knowles Creek, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, about 20 miles above the mouth of the river. It was turned over to the United States Fish Commission to operate, but no fish came up to the hatchery because the fishermen lower down stretched their nets entirely across the river, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 229 In 1897 and 1898 the United States Fish Commission operated a hatchery owned by a Mr. McGuire and located close to Mapleton, about 2 miles below the head of tidewater. In 1902 the State established an experimental station at the Bailey place, near Meadow post office. In 1907 a permanent station was established by the State on Land Creek fork of the Siuslaw River. Alsea River.—In 1902 the State established a station on the Willis Vidito place, near the town of Alsea. In 1907 an experimental station was established on this river at the mouth of Rock Creek, about 14 miles above the head of tidewater. In 1910 an experi- mental station was established between Alsea and tidewater. Yaquina Rwer.—tIn 1902 the State established a hatching station on the Big Elk River, a tributary of Yaquina River, about 3 miles above its confluence with the main river. This station was made permanent the next year. Tillamook Bay.—In 1902 the State established a station on Wilson River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay, and about 8 miles above tide- water. In 1906 the station was removed to the Trask River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay. DISTRIBUTION. The following table shows the distribution of fry and fingerlings in the coastal streams of the State by the Government and the State: DiIsTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE COASTAL STREAMS OF OREGON. View Tillamook Bay and tributaries. Yaquina River. Alsea River. ending ee June | Chinook | Silver- | Steel- | Chinook | Silver- | Steel- | Chinook | Silver- | Steel fry. side fry. | head fry. fry. side fry. | head fry. fry. side fry. |head fry. 1,000,000 |. - 1,785,351 |.. 812, 300 f : 495,950 | 30,300 |......... a ;300 |1,578, 131 | ’761,000 k 7,145 | 287,645 | 997,455 |......... +. ..| 1,747,530 | 422,886 | 848,299] 727,567 |3, 288,650 |......-.... 87,935 | 424,925 |......... Ee a 10) 207.) OOO GRR Wiens «dsl chen -cslagkus~<-|s0csecerses|eccucancecle +> deitle~ DS AOS Nhs... ss Mim eeate Probl one esd Veg Veme a cscloves: Allraised from eggs received from the California stations. 232 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Output or HATCHERIES IN OREGON OWNED BY THE U.S. BuREAU OF FISHERIES— Continued. Steelhead trout. Total. Year ending June 30— Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry. yearlings, Eggs Fry. yearlings, and adults. and adults. wet e wee eect eee ccee= 7, 290, 793 ee ee eee ee eee 20, 551, 838 ete ee ween nee weer ee ee ecee 8, 811, 668 66, 396, 675 2, 832, 150 4, 922) 634 16, 915, 512 4,312,325 4,372,191 1, 863, 707 12, 031, 841 5, 716, 560 15, 293, 880 OvurruT or HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF OREGON. Year Me NORTE A aie wocnlton cnccdaue donee canes 50, 000 TY SEE ee teas Renata ere es eS Pe ee ee Det ag ara 79,620 DS 79)9or Jaselsccelskiowsbee set abebaceoemeeee 1,876,500 DBS) Fo eee ewe ts sats ae ase ee 1, 834, 290 DBRT Co SE ice canoe geet ene Saenee 2,554,290 URRR Se eh etieeeie cee ae oe eens Sacre eee 1,300, 000 SRO Mee $y NE Ae ee ie Seo a a, ee ee , 900, 000 WQ90 ee iceicepicee eso donee se nec 0, 000 ASOD Sse Pe en ace ieemoctinte a 792,000 1895 $5 ei ee 2,500,000 TRO acs Uo eg ee eee a eh Se gee 2,500,000 J RO0 fete siehiinacie eles cee eee ee , 700, 000 MOOS aie rarae ls Rechte inte cio (oldalete ne Sitote = pence 2, £00, 000 JON Sai ER Ee Paha erates | 7,562,000 3902 oo poke Rekbt SEE ee oe ee trees | 11, 220, 550 NOOR raion se be ue eee cotatia beeen semana ' 18, 502, 072 a At 1 UAE eet 3, Seah) Meee nee Sm RE 076 . 648, 730, 791 NGOS oe aici SO RR ae Fee ois ales Saati al aerate 16,393, 249 W906 Ko 3 cceteetemcisc~ nto sue cates ace meee oe c27, 404, 596 1 RR Ses ee ee ee Ef 425,156, 732 1908 3) us oe ee Se eee atl eon codes €21 , 209, 394 3900 5 ae nee rece cS cae semaines cebu 720,108,990 Silverside fry. Steelhead trout, fry. Sockeye fry. 1,859,096 | 376, 245 1, 403, 129 eee cese a Fggs from which hatched obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. + 6,826,540 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. ¢7,714,006 eggs obtained d 3,550,000 eggs obtained from U. € 3,020,000 eggs obtained from U. es from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. Bureau of Fisheries. Bureau of Fisheries. 16,581,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 232, 988, 274 | ee aq - PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. "233 Ovreut or HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF OrnEGON—Continued. Chinook | Silverside | Steelhead | Sockeye Year. fry. fry. trout fry. rt Total. U0 2-488 DOSS ES Sees eae a 5 ape a Re 224,169,365 | 3,631,827 | 2,364,120 |............ 30, 165, 312 voll. Se eee ae 019, 762,229 | 4,749,319 | 4,018,598 | ¢1,488,327 | 30,018,473 Ce | LS Se EES ee oS CA ae ee 418,077,971 | 9,580,497 | 1,358,742 | €1,957,825 30,975,035 Loot. SS ae ie ae ee eee €26, 623,268 | 9,879,666 | 1,136,031 |/ 1,937,134 | 39.576, 099 re ne te Pow aweocce 921,945,746 | 5,893,965 758, 283 | €1,978,.140 | 30,576,084 CorTR., LEO a ee ae a ae ee 27,532,168 | 2,917,460 | 4,793,208 |............ | 35,242, 836 LEE so, yey irk RE ae eae ec 427,120, 254 | 44,215,705 | 3,180,709 | * 2,399,000 | /36,915, 668 See EE EL. Sos cows bs ccceecses 27,615,600 | 4,183,000 | 4,804,743 | €1,526,024 | 138,129,367 Lo. Se Sc eS ee 28,109,125 | 4,556,207 | 1,633,580 | # 2,731,823 | /37,030, 735 nn eta se caters pocce dec cece: 33,732 431 | 9,140,769 | 4,004,754 |m3,199,800 | !50,077, 754 DUE ota dcicacheeueccoscucn= 475,153, 231 |107, 999,926 | 34,333,549 | 17,218,073 | 634, 704,779 a ,300 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. b , 000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. c ,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. @ 8,000,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. ¢ 2,000,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. J 2,491,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. g 1,000,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. a from which hatched obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, ‘ ut 490,000 were fingerlings. J ut 41,500 were fngerlings. k 3,000,000 eggs obtained from U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. t Most of the output comprised of fish 4 to 9 months old. m 3,174,800 from eggs obtained from Alaska, and 25,000 from dwarf sockeye eggs obtained from Montana. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. The first fish-cultural work upon the Columbia River and in Oregon was at Clackamas, on the Clackanas River, a tributary of the Willam- ette River, which empties into the Columbia River about 180 miles from its mouth. This hatchery was built in 1876 by the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which operated it until 1880. In 1887 the State provided for and there was appointed a State fish commission. Almost the first work of the commission was to spend $12,000 appro- priated by the legislature to put in repair and operate this re aie On July 1, 1888, it was informally turned over to the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which paid over the purchase price, took formal possession in the following winter, and has oper- ated it ever since, with the exception of several years when the build- ing of dams stopped the progress of salmon to the hatchery. During this period a temporary station for the collection of eggs was estab- Pokal on Sandy River, about 15 miles away, and on Salmon River, a tributary of Sandy River, both tributaries of the Columbia River. Some eggs were also brought in from the California hatcheries and hatched at the Clackamas station. In 1901 the hatchery was moved about 4 miles down the river and has since been operated as both a rearing and a collecting station. In 1901 the State established another hatchery on the Clackamas River about 30 miles below the main station and between the north and south forks. In 1904 all were turned over to the United States. In 1915 the hatchery was moved again. In 1907 an experimental station for the collection of eggs of the early variety of chinook salmon was established by the State of Oregon on the Clackamas River below the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co.’s dam at Cazadero, but this was later operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The building of a dam having cut off this station, another was established in 1913 at a point 30 miles distant from Portland. 934 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1889 the State established a hatchery in the cannery of F. M. Warren, at Warrendale, in Multnomah County, on the Columbia River, which was operated in that year and in 1890. In 1895 some of the Oregon salmon packers combined and organ- ized the Columbia River Packers’ Propagating Co., which estab- lished a hatchery on the upper Clackamas River at the junction of the Warm Springs ‘and the Clackamas and operated it in 1895 and 1896. The Government operated it in 1897 and 1898, after which it was turned over to the State and moved to the opposite side of the river. In 1898 the collection of steelhead-trout eggs was first undertaken on the northwest coast by the State of Oregon on Salmon River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and met with fair success. In March, 1899, the Government sent a party to the falls of the Willam- ette River, near Oregon City, to collect steelhead eggs, and also operated for this purpose at its substation on the Salmon River, but he latter effort met with failure, as the rack was washed away. This station was turned over to the State on June 15, 1899. In 1901 the State of Oregon did some experimental work at Swan Falls, on Snake River, the boundary for a considerable distance between Oregon and Idaho. During the winter and early spring of 1902 the State also worked Tucannon River, which is a tributary of Snake River, for steelhead, but met with® poor success. Snake River was worked again in 1902 at the foot of Morton Island, which is situated 2 miles above Ontario, in Malheur County. ‘Title to the necessary property was secured from the War Department in 1903 and permanent buildings were erected. It was closed for some years and finally abandoned in 1911. _ In 1901 the State of Oregon established an experimental hatchery in Wallowa County, on the Grande Ronde River, at the mouth of a small tributary called the Wenaha River, which enters the main stream about 50 miles from its mouth. A permanent station was established in the canyon about 14 miles below the Wallowa bridge on the Wallowa River, a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, in 1903. In 1902 the State of Oregon erected a permanent plant on Salmon River at its junction with Boulder Creek. This plant was closed in 1911. In the same year the State established an experimental station on the McKenzie River, a tributary of the Willamette River, about one- half mile above Vida post office. This experimental work was resumed in 1905 at a point 2 miles below Gate Creek. The hatchery was permanently established at a spot about 30 miles from Kugene and near the town of Leaburg a year or two later. In 1903 a hatchery was built by the State of Oregon on the Snake River near the town of Ontario, in eastern Oregon. In 1906 an experimental station was established by the State on Breitenbush Creek, a short distance above its junction with the Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River, but the plant was destroyed, very shortly after its establishment, by a forest fire. An experimental station was reestablished here in 1909, but a heavy ee re the river so high that the penned fish escaped around the rack. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 235 In 1909 the State of Oregon built at Bonneville, on Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River, a large central hatchery capable of handling 60,000,000 eggs, it being the intention of the State to hatch at this plant the eggs collected at other stations. In the same year a temporary hatchery was located on the Santiam River by the State of Oregon. During 1910 the State of Oregon received 1,500,000 red salmon eggs from the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and yearly since they have received a consignment from the same source, as will be noted in the statistical tables. These were ee out in the Bonneville hatchery and planted in the Columbia iver. The State of Oregon built a hatchery on the Klaskanine River, a tributary of Youngs River, near Olney, in Clatsop County, in 1911, In the same year an eyeing station for spring chinooks was opened by the State on the Willamette River, near Lowell. The first entrance of Washington (then a Territory) into fish- cultural operations was in 1879, when the State fish commissioner paid the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which was operating the hatchery on the Clackamas River, $2,000 for salmon fry deposited in that river. In 1893 the State legislature estab- lished a hatchery fund which was to be supplied by licenses from certain lines of the fishery business. In 1895 its first hatchery in the Columbia River Basin was built on the Kalama River, about 4 miles distant from its junction with the Columbia, and in Cowlitz County. Shortly after this hatchery was built it was discovered that it was above where the salmon spawned, and a second hatchery was built 14 miles below the first named, as the rugged mountainous character of the country made transportation between the two sites difficult. Of recent years a road has been constructed along the river bank, and it is probable that the upper buildings will be aban- doned entirely. Another station for the collection and eyeing of eggs was estab- lished on the Chinook River, a small stream which empties into Baker Bay near the mouth of the Columbia. During the fiscal year 1897 the United States Fish Commission established a station on Little White Salmon River, a stream which empties into the Columbia, on the Washington side, about 14 miles above the Cascades. During the fiscal year 1901 an auxiliary station was operated on Big White Salmon River, while fishing was carried on in Eagle and Tanner Creeks, in Oregon, the eggs obtained from these creeks being brought to the Little White Salmon hatchery. In 1899 the State of Washington built and operated hatcheries on the Wenatchee River, a tributary of the Columbia River, about 14 miles from Chiwaukum Station on the Great Northern Railway, and on Wind River, a tributary of the Columbia, about 1 mile from the junction. In 1900 Washington State hatcheries were established in the Columbia River Basin as follows: White River hatchery, which was built on Coos Creek, which empties into a tributary of the White River, the location being about 2} miles from where the Green River joins the White River; Methow River hatchery, built on the Methow River at the point where it is joined by the Twisp, about 22 miles from the Columbia River; Colville River hatchery, built 236 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. on the north bank of Colville River, about 14 miles from its mouth, and about 1 mile from Kettle Falls; Klickitat River hatchery, located on the east bank of the Klickitat River, about 6 miles from its mouth; and one on the Little Spokane River, about 10 miles from its mouth and about 9 miles north of the city of Spokane. The Klickitat River hatchery never was operated, while most of the others were operated intermittently. In 1906 a hatchery was established by the State of Washington on the Lewis River, some distance above the town of Woodland. In 1919 this hatchery was operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. In 1909 the State of Washington established a hatchery near Pateros, on the Methow River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and on the Tilton. In 1915 Clarke County, Wash., built a hatchery on the east side of Cold Creek, about 2 miles from the town of Vancouver. A temporary station was established by the State of Washington on Wenatchee Lake, near Leavenworth, in 1915. The following table shows the plants of salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River and its tributaries by the Bureau of Fisheries and the States of Oregon and Washington: PLANTS OF SALMON IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES SINCE 1877. Sockeye. Chinook. Silverside. Year ending June 30— Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. mn Ee Fry. fingerlings, and adults. and adults. and adults. aaleia etees Hate state Mencak ce lt tecteeeeee sarin, Sir arr 300;000/|.cceceessc2 .|c-eee eeeene Mee os See Pb ome sue se his Ve daseaose 79 G20) iis os cats aS scene eee BEE TES Wee a2 Ac cly (S40765500) |. to ec 2, ot Saas tok kee le. ge eee Sea dE Se eae 15834, 290 |... ccs See eee bee ea eM MR a Se ee Lt eR cca 1 me kh an De PE 2,954, 200'|| 02.0022: see eee iat elatanp im Sec raieiel BET oGe a ede tusyee Salve eae No arene rac tata a le laters 79005000 |. wie t os 5 ohn alll eee Seite: RRS LE OS ae ee eS 4,500,000) |. All fingerlings, ae ee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 243 PLANTS OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF WASHINGTON OTHER THAN THE COLUMBIA River—Continued. Puget Sound and tributaries. Humpback. Chum, Steelhead. Year ending June 30— Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, or adults. or adults. ’ or adults. Ps att ee so bie acs eeiste|is'o\s.e © w\cie'a s\nie| ls ziwlelse w.ajeiay=! 10, 301, 760 TRO72; O00 | scce ee eae ER ee Semone ck cle secedce cclittnasscsee cle 16, 478, 280 E308, 476i cote et eee cn ate Sse ane [ ) 9, 937, 390 CAAA IGR AON Palais oe vas camel a. Sa ania Pa a DR 9, 937, 390 3, 107, 891 218, 200 471, 797 GrOLSy ATO | ncoos ooo Bol laser tec: Het | Aaa aed (dahl neers BA S20 S940 eo cnc emcee 969, 990 3, 162, 174 15, 000 4, 224, 255 Bp OSs GUS: | orotic lane Seats 9, 420, 662 475666, 490) |. ce lecee cm Oe ae osc t saat |e tsb csekecsleessedwceacs Lei Mar: Coe a 6 i ee PRS 7AOUU IN. Ses eee se ; 6;2902)'338 2.555. cas SGLO0U ME is cases cas |, 074, $841 B80 | ceaine cctaigwia OS AS 2OULOT Ue oe Secs ete DeORO LO erctiec pee e ¢ 6, 732, 805 1,000 DSO" |e ocascienee 31, 408, OBO Ene sc erterss 9) 7505400) | eaneece seen 22, 647, 060 @45355 |°15;535,046 |oo 32.52 o)- Bo GA Oi | ee ccm ate OSs NE! Westen ens 51, 852, OO GT ON So seers BO ZOs OOM [oom nmin sista 12; 005, 627 | 2,918,000 | 41,541,949 | 1,000,000 | 5, 102) 568 891, 000 165,000 | 7,449,030 | 12,955;800 | 6,766,530 | 1,979,010] 1,420,500 8,219,086 | 47736, 000 | 52; 674, 752 2;354,000 | 369,958 | 21; 480;325 | 4,063,760 | 3; 152; 452 75, 403,079 | 15, 477,343 |312, 798, 782 | 11,830, 290 | 81, 763, 647 6, 066, 120 Quinault Lake and River. Chinook. Sockeye. Silverside. Year ending June 30— |—__ Yearl TR EIT eras Steel- in “ree Yearlings, Yearlings, | head Fry. paregs Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, fry. b aeadtulic: or adults. or adults. Thins 2 ees Sn LONGI IN eee = CRO dL eo a EL en ee 10, 598 1 OES SS ee Be eee 29, 600 4,810 | 13,840,000 | 2,665,788 96, 650 AT SOE Cos. acccoe Th Gone Ce eee LEO MOODE Fe e.a28 5 = =e 11, 150, 000 52, 953 MS 9105 000) spas tore. 3. See aa ee eae UN eS ee tones oS cia nigt= 220 O00 sl o\. 2am s/2 2,500,000 | 3,386, 010 200,000 | 3,303,700 |.......... TOMGMEae Wet Tri | 100,000 | 109,400 | 1,000,000 | 4, 738, 000 600, 000 419,400 |... 22222. i aa 529,513 | 114,210 | 32,048, 591 | 10,842,751 | 3,005,616 | 3,727,964} 10,508 Chehalis River. Willapa River. eat z = = = 2S : Silver, or Steel- : Silver, or Steel- June 30— | Chinook. Banat Chum. head. Chinook. | mann Chum. ede 1899...... PERARIRCOUNIER (= oe tte > cll ee cack oh te|nin.cloe seam atacand ten saccoes sone [hve totes’ we ok ate ee ae 1900...... PUTS UN le sleteete tate aia! 'sislee es wae rss | amn'slaele'sie o's FLTC 0 0) Mae ee Seas Sea oe Se ee 190, 000 THOTT POGOEROOU RUS AREA ACER ER Cea? cn ECU Rhos aa Sa DAC aM Dl ilo: Bi ARTO OO PLS IN a ar (Ra ea ae Va 2, 163,019 | 1,800, 000 500, 000 it eee PO QHO) 2. Saeki ee ack tacks Jos t-caceeee tes 819, 504 204, 876 420, 390 UO) oe alia) 255 sas SP) Ree BTS es eo ee ( 630, 000 al 800, 000 288, 000 MOOG Eas ieee. 2 SAB BOs 15468! 800))|¥ Joc. cek-- 529,650 | 2) 160,000 171, 550 1 Ue Eee ee 2, 250, 000 SOO O00! |S c5 see ac. 393,660 | 2,250,C00 |... 526, 500 1908...... 163,000 | 3,275,000 | 2,064,000 |..........- 678, 600 654, 500 |. 148, 500 1909... 2% 148,000 | 1,800,000 | 1,757,000 |..........- 322, 200 504, 000 399, 000 1910...... 403,000 | 1,577,000 SRORGOO [ME CLCE LoL 455, 200 64,000 |... LACS ee OME =O a 111,150 | 4,041, 900 900, 960 937, 500 734,350 | 2,457,900 300, 000 1912). :... 118,750 | 3,575,700 | 1,052, 760 93, 752 748,600 | 3,111,750 303, 825 1913)... 119,700 | 1,690,200 | 3,177,680 | 412,500 729% 600)"; 386, 000i |". 15 .. keke 382, 500 Tt 139,000 | 2,977, 260 497,300 | 701,118 | 3,247,345 | 1,785,580 |............ 248, 555 1915......| 73,387] 4,790,474 | 1,230,000] 551,302 302, 461 581,730 | 1,581,750 | 105,440 1916...... 854,170 | 6,811,315 | 4,218,930] 638.733 | 2,570,105 108¢550,|| 1, 181,'720:|_ 205. cen Ss 1617.73... 495, 350 120,000 | 2,590,000 |......... .| 2,178, 185 OP O00 oo nee eee ae eee IDS. oa. 2, 978, 288 | 12, 275, 990 hg 725, 949 967, 975 5, 411, 725 1,809,901 | 2,359,805 771, 600 DAL) es *279) 200 6, 017, 655 rs 763, 000 | 1,847,400 | 1,460, 206 372, 500 318, 100 197, 060 Total . .|12, 263, 045 | 53,765,874 | 43, 205,379 | 6, 150,280 | 24,908,810 | 21,646,287 | 5, 441,375 4, 952, 920 a @ Includes 14,400 eggs. ¢ Includes 25,000 eggs. » Includes 100,000 eggs. @ All fingerlings. 244 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, PLANTs oF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF WASHINGTON OTHER THAN THE COLUMBIA RiverR—Continued. Total by species. Year ae June Grong F tal. ! Silver, or Hump- a Chinook. | Sockeye. manne Back: Chum Steelhead. ISTBate ee sute sees @3;,000 |iisotk sos cules wo e-rcench seeteecsck els: «ce oseena/|eeee eee 3, 000 LES Ate SE ARS | rae ae 55500) 000, 52. 62 Ge asselte Bie. coset es ce scone se eee ee 5, 500, 000 TSGRSE Ue E OUI Ce ery E 971101" 1 a MP RT "A? RCT 5, 400, 000 TS9g ees ese F680;000) |o-2 one e es 1393000) ce seac cease saat esac \- 2 Sees 8, 874, 000 1000 See a ee. 3, 236, 300 | 10,683,000 | 6,749,280 |........-.-. 10,301,760 | 1,762,560 | 32,732,900 Cie Cganneany Ween 2) 863,200 | 3,834,453 | 14,360,185 |............ 16,478,280 | 1,398,476 | 38,934,594 1902S Sei cesseees 2),141; 322)'|: 3,371,000) )| 23,161, 069. |_.--..55..5- 9,937,390 | 2,591,371 | 41,202, 152 1O0S he PAA aie 4,276,869 | 3,731,789 | 23,307,771 |.......--..- 9° 937,390 | 3,826,091 | 45,079, 910 WOE aisle 1 se ejen 3,585,437 | 3,855, 14, 276, 721 AT TOT Meets keene 3,938,866 | 26, 127,821 LOD ee citice setecas 33 2205 (08) oe wien me TS ALSTOM oscls eee eee alleen ae erat 1,617,940 | 23,080, 053 JONG Se Ss Sale'seiate us 5,348,940 | 3,582, 680 | 34, 493, 794 969,990 | 3,268,800 | 3,348,724 | 51,012,878 1OOTH SS. Lakes ASSOI- OBS tees eae ae 31, 460,552 | 4,224,255 | 6,120,000 | 4,490,808 | 50, 5%6, 873 AQOR EIR HG St es 9, 198,309 | 8,514,305 | 41,542,966 | 9,420,662 | 4,342,350 | 4,714,991 | 77,733,583 TOO9 ere Oem rte 10,117,488 | 5,430,626 | 30,926,310 |..........-.. 7,805,000 | 4,898,141 | 59,177, 565 19102 ahs PERE w 12) 539,260 | 4,554, 825 | 38,478,125 | 1,887,600 | 8,607,500 | 6,292,338 | 72,359,648 19D esses Ul ee 5,829,982 | 5,496,000 | 36, 441, 665 96,000 | 12,975,020 | 6,078,830} 66,917,497 19d R oe soe ere 5,513,604 | 4,692,573 | 46,476,064 | 5,432,110 | 4,578,930 | 7,131,382 | 73,824,663 LOTS Seren stso sees 8,410,628 | 5,751,700 | 59, 204, 407 1,888 | 34, 586,640 | 10,526,400 | 118, 481, 663 BAO SEB gipy= ier peel 10,779,171 | 2,803,261 | 46,976,751 | 22,651,415 | 16,032,346 | 5,393, 944 | 104, 636,888 TOG Ssoaee MeL eee 15, 618, 445 | 10,929, 647 | 80,076,317 | 7,508,004 | 54,663,800 | 5,592,895 | 174,389, 108 TOIGHE Es eee enw 26, 283, 919 | 18,403,728 | 51,178,801 | 14,923,627 | 47,942,599 | 6,632,299 | 165, 359, 973 AOL wciaelae .| 30, 474, 580 | 14,816,233 | 13,413,235 | 7,614,030 | 22,312,330 | 3,399,510 | 92,029, 868 1OTRIO Te "| 44; 339,439 | 22, 902,035 | 53,684,416 | 12,955,086 | 72,760,506 | 10,111,087 | 216, 752, 569 LF ny a a 24,388,808 | 15,005,520 | 22,559,757 | 2,723,958 | 30,625,185 | 5,196,912 | 100, 500, 140 Potala nc 241, 155, 647 |159, 258,325 (687, 193, 561 | 90,880, 422 |373, 275,826 | 98,943, 565 |1,650,707,346 @ These were brought from the Clackamas (Oreg.) station and planted in some unnamed lake. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Fraser River.—The first hatchery established by the Dominion of Canada on the Pacific coast was erected in 1884 at what is now Bon Accord, a point on the lower river some 4 miles above New West- minster, and on the opposite shore. The next built was in 1901 on Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, which discharges into the Fraser through the South Thompson River, the lake being about 280 miles from New Westminster. In 1904 another hatchery was established on Harrison Lake on the Lillooet River, first large tributary of the Fraser on the north side; also one about 4 miles east of the lower extremities of Pemberton Meadows, at the junction of Owl Creek and the Birkenhead River, 4 miles above its confluence with the eastern branch of the Lillooet River, which in turn discharges into Lillooet Lake. In 1907 a hatchery was built on Stuart Lake, near the headwaters of the Fraser. In 1914 the Bon Accord hatchery had to be abandoned, due to the laying out of a town site around it, and the equipment was transferred to Queen’s Park, New Westminster. The Province of British Columbia owns Seton Lake hatchery, which was established in 1903 on Lake Creek, on the north side, about half a mile from the outlet of Seton Lake, and it has been operated continuously ever since. Seton Lake is a part of the Fraser River chain and is some 300 miles above the mouth of the river. Lake Creek, the outlet of Seton Lake, empties into the Cayoosh Creek, a tributary of the Fraser, 45 miles north of the latter’s junction with the Thompson, and 1 mile south of the town of Lillooet. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 245 In 1916 a subsidiary station was built by the Dominion on Cultus Lake to accommodate the surplus eggs which could not be handled in the Harrison and Pemberton hatcheries. In 1913, the year of the quadriennially big run of sockeye salmon on the Fraser River, the contractors who were building the new Canadian Northern Railway, in blasting their way along the banks of the river, threw the rock and other débris into the stream until in the narrow part of the canyon south of North Bend at Whites Creek, Hells Gate, China Bar, and Scuzzy Rapids, all within a few miles of each other, the débris formed great sloping banks extending out into the stream at these points, and entirely changed the direction of the currents, and, of course, the velocity of the water. At best the salmon had a hard time getting through there, but the added obstruc- tions rendered it practically impossible. At a rather late hour the authorities woke up to the menace this work was to the run of salmon, and the dumping of débris into the river in such a manner as to obstruct their ascent was stopped. How to clear the stream once more was now the problem, and this was seriously complicated by a slide of rock which took place in Hells Gate in February, 1914, which narrowed the akadeat of the stream considerably. In March, 1914, the Dominion Marine and Fisheries Department contracted with a private concern to remove the obstructions, and this was done from Scuzzy Rapids, China Bar, and Whites Creek within a short period of time, bat a couple of seasons’ work were required to clear up Hells Gate so as to permit of passage for the fish. Some people claim that the fish still find it difficult to pass these obstructions. Rwers Inlet—A hatchery was established by the Dominion on MeTavish Creek, one of the tributaries of Oweekayno Lake, about 20 miles up Rivers Inlet, in 1905, and has been operated ever since. Skeena River.—In 1902 the Dominion established a hatchery on Lakelse Lake, in the Skeena River Basin, about 65 miles up the river from Port Essington. In 1919 a modern hatchery was com- menced to replace the old one that was put out of commission by floods in 1917. In 1907 another was constructed on Babine Lake, the source of the Skeena River. Vancouver Island.—In 1902 S. A. Spencer, of the Alert Bay cannery (now belonging to the British Columbia Packers’ Association), in return for certain special fishery privileges granted by the Dominion, established a hatchery on the N impkish River, which is located on the northeast shore of Vancouver Island. The hatchery was burned down in 1903, but was immediately rebuilt. Since its establishment it has been operated by the Dominion. In 1910 the Dominion put three new hatcheries into operation, all on Vancouver Island. They were located on Anderson Lake, Kennedy Lake, and Cowichan Lake, respectively. The two former are used for sockeyes and the latter for king and coho salmon and steelhead and other varieties of trout. In 1915-16 the Draney Fisheries (Ltd.), operated a hatchery on a lake near by and hatched out 560,000 fry from eggs obtained from Rivers Inlet. 246 U. S."BUREAU OF FISHERIES, The following table shows the plantings made in the waters of British Columbia from the Dominion and provincial hatcheries: PLANTS or SALMON FRY MADE IN THE WATERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Fraser River.@ Year. Coho, or | Spring, or Hump- Steelhead Chum. silver. king. back. Sockeye. trout. Total SARA Vtd BVI LY NLS ek eat 1,800, 000 i PO Pecos NR eT 7 2, 625, 000 Fa Na alle a WN Bg T 4, 414, 000 Hite 87 BN AA ery SoU sae LS A Sb 5, 807, 000 SE Re A SON PRES 1 URE 4,419, 000 ahs READE ea SA Se eae | Naat 6, 640, 000 GU Beer MEA Sa, |i erate hall Sa kcioracre ott 3, 603, 800 Pe Seren. Fr |e oe ea Nl fe ra 6, 000, 000 Ulett sg e2hty | ane BRD 5, 674, 000 FLOM AM ic SH RST Ore 6, 300, 000 Be SSA, CUS SAR EA oe 6, 390, 000 Loc ubteraes cule Gages ecrtllasemece eel2i Le Cee ald oo la, ay OS BBS Ga ee ae 10, 393, 000 Sr sce sew acta, | Os gee ales Cop kage) BAO SRKOQU siemens 5, 928, 000 es ed USE Se ree SC EE 25S SSS SESE 2601 75 8502000) Siemens 5, 850, 000 Py A007 tana? Ria ah I MONE SR ee 4, 742, 000 a Pe RRO, eae NS POO | See Se, 200 2000 5 es aan eee 6, 200, 000 Screech | Poe OO ROOW Need oles s Fhdle, elite boy 15, 973, 000 75,000) 1; 7504000), ©). 22000) 5. Se 5.92225] 125521 00002 eee 14, 368, 000 eee er) 14; 001, 200 co sade cee] 295; 076, 000] 45381 400". soto eo 2 2ul9 244 B00) | sae ase eee 19, 201, 800 RS AP Ere 4,000 | 107,048; 500 ob Scie actene|e ) 8,219} 200)) 4814; 900! sec. 22. 201 86, 965; 900M |S sae assess , 000, 000 ctissessee-| 8,890,000 | 2,815,000 | 22,500,000 | 51,855,200 |............ 83, 060, 200 OUTS ELLs 1, 875,400 if CB, 772,400) |25....-2 522] /41, 900; 500% 2. Sater eee 55, 057, 300 Moo aly § 450; 000!) 6,200, 000.)2 25.155). .|L05, S12. B00: |g meee 112, 062, 500 CER | 5818800!!! 9; 1120" 500: |". tee nl! 246146 2001 | eee 31, 594, 600 11...------| 3,899,500] 5,962,500 | 28,773,350 | 34,183,850 |...........- 72, 819, 200 1,100,000 | 1,995,600] 4,533,550 |............] 41,062, 700 |............ 48, 691, 850 do POSER hs 2k Th AG'522500041" 5) 150,000!) 500}000'1}92; 308, O00 eee 94, 380, 000 125,000 | 2,196,000] 2,614,700 |............| 27,496,000 |............ 32, 431, 700 SE aCe ee Cae ¢ 3,834,000 |@67, 201,000 |......-.....] 75, 227,000 5, 256, 000 4,788, 000 | 27,903,600 |...........- 41, 564, 700 378,000 | 1,729,800] 2,763,000 | 13,940, 100 | 37,153,350 |..........-. 55, 964, 250 383,000 | 1, 800,625 | 2, 291, 200 40, 000 |/ 42, 071, 825 30,000 | 46, 616, 650 7, 317, 000 | 51, 420,925 | 47, 426, 850 | 74, 425, 450 |868, 137, 025 121, 000 |1,048,848,250 . . Nimpkish Skeena River. Rivers Inlet. River! Year. Pa Sockeye. Total. ape: | Sockeye. Total Sockeye. 3;450;000\ |)» 3, 450: 0007/44. cle ceee |e. steele 1,636,000 4,000,000 4 OOOS GOO! | aia Ieee ei ha] re Sie aetna ntate lo att oe 2,496, 000 3.7675 000119y3;767,4900)\|2 <5 ccs cc] Paccee soe ced| Cooma ae 2,850,000 3.784, 450'1 3,784,450 | wkonsao--2- 8,000,000 | 8,000,000} 47873) 400 4°125,750 | 4,125,750 |.........--- 8,440,000 | 8,440,000 | 4,870,000 87946,950 | 8,946,950 | 4,706,000 | 8,594,000 | 13,300,000 | 4,800,000 11,882,400 | 11,882,400 |............ 13,300,000 | 13,300,000 | 4/500, 000 g11, 521,700 | 11,521,700 |............ 12,750,000 | 12,750,000 | 5,055,000 12,556,470 | 12,556,470 |............ 11, 436,000 | 11,436,000} 6,414,000 12,367,500 | 12,367,500 |...........- 11,791,000 | 11,791,000 | 5,114,500 11, 430,430 | 11,430,430 |............ 10,981,000 | 10,981,000 | 4,981,000 11, 843, 200 Mees eR AL aaah 12,397,000 | 12,397,000 5,053,000 11, 899,613 | 11,915,613 |.......-.-.- 12,712,000 | 12,712,000 | 4,880,000 1202, 257 -( 11,202) D7 e gee ee se 12,594,100 | 12,594,100 | 4,980,000 12,105,000 | 12,105,000 |...........- 13,305,600 | 13,305,600 |.........-.. 8,190,000 | 8,190,000 |...........- 2,721,600) |, (2-721 600n|zeaeuseeeee 8,096,000 | 8,096,000 |...-.....--. 2,908,800 | 2,908,800 4,874, 000 151, 169,620 |151, 185,620 | 4,706,000 |141, 931,100 |146,637,100 | 67,376,900 a Some of the reports from the provincial hatchery at Seton Lake show merely the take of eggs; it has been necessary to make an arbitrary reduction in order to show the loss of eggs and fry before planting. b» No plants made in 1901. c 3,549,000 were eggs. d 3,242,000 were eggs. e All were given as eggs, and an arbitrary reduction was made in order to show the loss in eggs and fry before planting. 7 500,000 were eggs; of the eggs from which the total plantings were made, 8,096,000 were obtained from the Skeena River. g Includes 80,000 coho fry. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 247 | Piants or SatMon Fry MADE IN THE WATERS OF BritisH CotumBria—Continued. Vancouver Island. Year. Coho, or | Spring, or Steelhead. e Chum silver. king. Sockeye. trout. Total. | | a 40,000 | 4,550,000 425,000 | 7,862,000 145,200 | 13,022, 200 ULL Oe ee a oe |aeeeee ot 3, 487, 500 456,000 | 13,620,750 37,200 | 17,601,450 RTT i ee eee eee 3, 180, 000 712,500 | 15,031, 750 173,900 | 19,098, 150 1 nye pl ll Sa 2,252, 000 701,000 | 15,314,500 87,200 | 18,354,700 SNR e tS d dreis sob cs cetaecel-|ecwcbaeaced- 2, 229, 220 250,600 | 15,911,000 55,000 18, 445, 820 Te 5. ocak aa wd fae ees ca etas 1, 689, 826 576,400 | 7,966,000 38,600 | 10,270,826 fo jo a aS | Fe 1,426,860 | 1,209,600 | 2,862,000 |............ | 5,498, 460 OCC ee 2,200, 410 418,950 | 4,527,338 |............ 7,146, 698 it, ie el I I (enn 2,152,194 | @ 431, 760 | 4, 589, 250 ¢ 33,798 | 7, 207, 002 oo. 40, 000 | 23,168,010 | 5,181, 810 | 87, 684, 588 570, 898 | 116, 645, 306 Total by species. = Coh Spri H Steelhead aa 7 oho, or pring, or ump- eelhea tota Chum. silver. king. baek. Sockeye. trout. ft SOOL000!| 2252. fteeL ts 1, 800,000 POZO OOD Bia a olatarer is oie oie 2,625, 000 AV ATAVOON Nercse eee k: 4,414,000 5F8073 000! (3..1 Se yeeto ak 5, 807,000 | A ATOVOOU) ee csee coaee 4,419, 000 | BF 840000.) eee eae 6,640, 000 eee a |S eae 35603 -800))) 0 325-2224|(' 35603; 800 SABER TE ORS lac GEES OSA B00 P00) escascecee 6,000, 000 Basi eery. ewes La 5,674,000 |............] 5,674,000 tere args |e am te ee 6,300,000 |...........-| 6,300,000 5 EF PATE ea ad 6,390,000 |............] 6,390,000 a Soe es Slee 10,393,000 |...-........| 10,393,000 amine owe ciate see secnee sae 5,928,000 }--..5..-....| 5,928,000 By es flea ae zat ee 5,850,000 |............] 5,850,000 etapa nederland Mamcae cnie cian 4,742,000 |...----..--.| 4,742,000 Pad SERS. UAISTD SPALL. 6,200,000 |...........-] 6,200,000 see ne aey Ee eee ae gah 15, 808, 000 75,000 | 15,973,000 DPNOOO| sees eee ACOT COU eterna. 19, 454,000 Wissete ters 50,000 | 20,225, 200 12,000 | 20,497,200 Mi381 400) | saassctes eae 15; 8629200) 2: be ee 25,819, 700 UE) ts OU Se eerigee See 117, 136, 850 4,000 | 123,706,350 TeS144900i1 5). Saeed: ca. 54,401; 650! |2- coe. 3 59, 435, 750 7521, 000" |" 225500, 000 | 74,196,150 |.-.-2-.....: 110, 107, 150 77 UAOOh| 4 hss oa 71,591,900 |...... pet 84,739, 700 G°300-000' |... c.ccsece TEC ECRT O07) | RE Sa 141,389, 200 2:55¢'500 [clef 22h 20 62,414,770 145,200 | 75,023,270 6,418,500 | 28,773,350 | 77,077,600 37,200 | 119,693,650 93246, 050) | jocce-~scec 83, 486, 880 173,900 |' 95,182,430 751, 000 500,000 |136,915, 700 87,200 | 142,027,900 1 SU ee eee 125,000 | 4,425,220 | 2,865,300 16,000 | 72,898,613 55,000 | 80,385,133 LGUs Soho A eoee Eee 3,341,826 | 3,116,400 | 3,834,000 |103, 943,357 38,600 | 114,274,183 IDL) geecte ise. 22 5,256,000 | 3,398,760 | 2,854,800 | 4,788,000 | 56,176,200 |............ 72,473, 760 DS taseabeens <5 78, 3,930,210 | 3,181,950 | 13,940,100 | 52,592,288 |............ 74,022,548 TE SS eer 383, 000 3, 952, 819 2, 722, 960 40, 000 | 62, 539, 875 63,798 | 69, 702, 452 Matate.:s4 7, 357, 000 | 74, 588, 935 | 57, 314, 660 | 74, 441, 450 |1,316,299,233 691, 898 |1,468,190,276 a Includes 24,361 fingerlings. 6 Includes 205,700 advanced fry and 26,000 fingerlings. ALASKA. In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, combined forces and built a iaihert on the lagoon at that lace. As the cannery men were at swords’ points in regard to their shing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 1896, the Alaska eae Association broke ground for a hatchery at the eastern end of the lagoon, near the outlet of Karluk Iiver, a short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1591, and operated it until 1916, when it was abandoned as a hatchery. ¢ Includes 5,357 fingerlings. EE 948 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis cannery on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank of Kutlakoo stream. It was'a very primitive place, and an excep- tionally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was never rebuilt. Capt. Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the hatchery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his attention was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of — 1892 he built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, about 200 yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile— in length and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location unsuitable, Capt. Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the northern side of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head of the outlet, where it still stands. The owner’s intention was to — build up a stream which had a small natural run of red salmon until - i had a large run, with the hope that the Government would then give him the exclusive right to take these fish from the stream for commercial purposes. ~The experiment was kept up until the end of the season of 1905, when Capt. Callbreath’s failing eyesight compelled — the cessation of the actual hatching. Until 1910 a man was stationed on the stream during the run of spawning fish for the purpose of lift- ing them over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds at the head of the lake, and the project was abandoned entirely shortly thereafter. The owner’s expectation of a big run as a result of hatching operations was never realized. In 1896 the Baranof Packing Co., which operated a cannery on Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following winter was so cold that not only the flume but the whole cataract froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs © were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed — down permanently. In 1897 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co., at Klawak, Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of Klawak stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved — to the mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up the western shore. This hatchery was operated continuously until the end of 1917, since when it has been shut down. In 1909 the North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest in it, which it relinquished to the original owners a few years later. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co. in 1898 erected a small hatchery on Hetta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, which was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., successor to the original owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened — by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had acquired the interests of the old company, and has been operated each season since, with the exception of 1919. Up to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary on the part of the packers. On May 2 of that year the following regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 7. Each person, company, or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable \ PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 249 artificial propagating plant or hatchery, and shall produce yearly and place in the natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least four times the number of mature fish taken from the said fisheries by or for him or them during the preceding fishing season. The manage- ment and operation of such hatcheries shall be subject to such rules and regulations as may hereafter he prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They sha!l he open for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual reports shall be made, giving full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other con- ditions of interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number of fry planted and the exact location where said planting was done. On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require the planting of “red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from the said fisheries.” 3 Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment and operation of such a hatchery would cost more than their returns from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation were placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a compre- hensive revision of the law was made by Congress, provision was made for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated salmon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as follows: Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of pri- vate salinon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions: That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the character of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall cause notice of such approval to be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintendent of any hatchery the effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each ear, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June by a written statement under oath. Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, and when so filed,shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption as herein provided; and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Dupli- cates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. It shall be the duty of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery owner, caus- ing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been liberated ; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, cor- poration, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tanto of any license fees or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them in Alaska; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of col- lecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of canned salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery owner shall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which he might 250 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein pro- vided for. Of recent years so much objection has been raised to the system of hatchery rebates that the matter of the Federal Government taking over all private hatcheries in Alaska, at a fair valuation, and operating same, is being favorably considered. In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. established two small hatcheries—one on Nagel Stream, which enters the northern side of Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were closed down in 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- western Fisheries Co., which had acquired the Quadra plant, removed it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has operated it ever since. In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association erected a hatchery on Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha Stream, Revilla- gigedo Island, and about.8 miles from Loring, where the association has a cannery. This, known as Fortmann hatchery, is without ques- tion the largest and costliest salmon hatchery in the world, having a capacity of 110,000,000 eggs, and the association is entitled to great credit for the public spirit it has shown and the work it has done, entirely without remuneration until 1906, in building and operating not only this hatchery but also the one at Karluk. The Union Packing Co., at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and F. C. Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built and operated small hatcheries, both of which were abandoned after one season’s work. Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 1907 the Bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, near Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. The eruption of Katmai volcano, on the Alaska Peninsula, June 6, 1912, covered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to an average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon erished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands were driven ack into the ocean. As a result of these conditions the work at the Afognak station was much hampered and curtailed. Even as late as 1915 work at this station was still being hampered by the volcanic ash and sand which fell in 1912. In 1913 collecting stations were established at Eagle Harbor and Uganak Lake, on Kodiak Island. In 1915 another was established at Seal Bay, on Afognak Island. In 1913 a collecting station was established on Ketchikan Creek, but, owing to the objections of the citizens of the town against the taking away of the eggs, the station was abandoned in 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 951 The following tables show the eggs and fry distributed by the Government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska: _OuTPUT OF THE SALMON HATCHERIES IN ALASKA OWNED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FisHertes, 1906 To 1919. McDonald Lake or Yes Bay hatchery. Red, or sockeye. Humpback. Total. une 30— Coho, | Steel- HEIN SSS SN ae : Eggs. Fry. fry. iry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. BROS S BUN de oes ncneectia esc ace ccs ewes s Welooten| ssa temeuve’ 6, 638, 550 Ray GIURAO PEED cell 145 8b00 dee ee vos 5 SEIS RC eee ctain|- Stcouame ot 54,754, 300 GUSSHAU OOO is eee LIL eee RS EES GARE IE) RS Ia A ais 61, 369, 000 48, 653, 000 Ree eee 48, 662, 900 69, 879, 600 (eR ENe ws = <3 69, 879, 600 68, 239, 900 100,000 | 68, 239, 900 GES Bao WOR sees oens lnc caaeeee [noe eA eile aes wie gn site cee ook ols 68, 335, 000 BONAR A TOON Soe Set wc cleat [ee wre mineel: elcics tle vin became cet esis 60, 422, 100 42,726, 400 2,000,000 | 47, 226,400 937, 445, 000 2,000,000 | 37,445,000 052, 317, 500 |. - 18,100,000 | 52,317,500 ©51, 175,000 |- 2,000,000 | 51,175,000 PROS D DOO Se seee «| 1a te eee Conta omen | tas cues scl basis cees'ece 32, 539, 200 €32, 650, 000 | 48,665,000 | 33,580,000 Total...! 69,400,000 |687,001,050 | 9,900 | 143, 500 | 3,465,000 | 5, 430,000 172, 865,000 | 692, 584, 450 t Afognak hatchery. Year ane ing June Red, or sockeye. Coho, Humpback. Total. ——— |or silver, ————————__ Eggs. Fry. Iry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. IB/ODA Focwuns 39, 335, 870 B68 4B dees. ncn 72,010, 910 Rt ea ar 27, 119, 150 aE ee 3,271,740 | 18,394) 700 te cee eke, te alc ok phe AN ec 3 12) 551 100 12,034,399 | 3,970,000 | 19,846, 104 9343, 480 | 12}500,000 | 6,730, 560 eas fal ee tae tha Ae och GEE). Sel BE sinh oe we « 22, 933, 640 Soh oe (Es hae aan nis eral + ihe eae 21, 116, 000 beads i. Wi eis cc] aes ake 18,000,000 } 31, 427,000 2,142,000 | 63,378,000-| 27,045,000 Mialet 76,651,000 (283, 202,265 | 50,000) 24, 468, 740 15, 257, 769 |101,119,740 | 298, 510,034 @ Includes 2,925,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. b Includes 19,402,500 fingerlings. ¢ Includes 1,575,000 fingerlings. 4 1,059,900 sockeye eggs were shipped to the Little White Salmon hatchery, and 3,440,100 to the Oregon Fish Commission. ¢ Includes 6,000,000 fingerlings. J Includes 5,444,830 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 9 Includes 119,480 fin, ae yearlings, or adults. h Includes 11 100,440 erlings. Of the eggs from which these fry and fingerlings were hatched 15,000,- 000 came from Yes Bay hatchery. i Includes 10,160,000 fingerlings. ; 45,100,000 of these eggs were shipped to the Bureau’s Quinault (Wash.) hatchery, and 20,700,000 to the Province of British Columbia. : k 5,760,000 of these eggs were shipped to the Bureau’s Puget Sound hatcheries, 252 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. OvuteuT oF THE SALMON HATCHERIES IN ALASKA OWNED BY THE U.S. BurzEAU OF FIsHERIES, 1906 To 1919—Continued. Total, by species, both hatcheries. Y ear eae = es Grand total. , umpbac oe June Red, or sockeye Gali sageee pba or silver} head |————— oF Eggs. Fry. fry. fry. Eggs Fry. 6, 638, 550 | ..| 54,610, 800 .| 61,369, 000 87, 978, 870 | , 998, 1910) Cg oe Ie (141, 526,770 | 141, 890, 510 IGT See cas ee. GACOGA SOND EE Tec eens oe 100, 000 364, 150 100,000 | 95,359, 050 16) ea" oS ae a Pa Arms S620 (OOM Poo meeenlsoeneene 3, 271, TAOS Soa aee aoe 3,271,740 | 86,729, 700 LOISEE ATL ne oad 72,973, 200): . bo a Ne AB) Loo ee eee 72, 973, 200 1914 aie spe 5,970,000 | 50,488,105 | 50,000 |........|-.----.---+- 16,534,399 | 5,970,000 | 67,072,504 LOU aE SC on ee 043 SB OMOBD Nose eae NS oe 14,500,000 | 6343) 480 | 14)500,000 | e447 175, 560 1916 eters 52 3,.100;,000/:1/76,, 251: 140i 2.12 Saal Se ees |e Oe Te eee 43,100,000 | 75,251, 140 IOUT Oe ioe ake 2,000, 000 ROL OOO S82E SA tee eie|eaicicin eae cls SONS oe er eee 2,000,000 | 72,291,000 1918 eegr o3 Ye 18, 000; 000 |, 68,966,200 4) 220th cedia sl ieeienc oe Ne eee 18,000,000 | 63, 966, 200 WOL9 ie ras ace 101, 981, Dfeding, O00 sls I cee Ase ee = 10,062,000 | 3,072,000 |112,043,000 | 60,625, 000 Total.../131, 051,000 970, 203,315 | 59,900 |143,500 | 27,933,740 | 20, 687,769 pos oe | 991, 094, 484 | a Includes 8,369,830 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. b Includes 119,480 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. ¢ Includes 8,489,310 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 4 15,000,000 of the red salmon eggs shown under Yes Bay were transferred to Afognak, hatched out there and the fry counted under the ‘‘ Fry’’ column of that hatchery. TAKE OF Eaas, AND OuTPUT OF PRivATE SALMON HaTCHERIES OF ALASKA, 1893 TO 1919. [Unless otherwise stated in footnotes, all of the fry liberated were red salmon.] : Callbreath’s hatchery. Karluk hatchery. Klawak hatchery. Year ending June 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 900, 000 600; 000i): Bosse st aces Coes | ae 3, 000, 000 35204; OOO sa Zede oo SENOS Yael 6, 300, 000 5,291,000 ||. wiscccs coche ee. TE eee Se eee |e 6, 200, 000 83475,000' |... 22222222 Qa Yes oT les oa ae a 4, 400, 000 4, 390, 000 3, 236, 000 2,556; 440: |. A Seen Se ees 3, 400, 000 2,526, 000 8, 454, 000 6, 340, 000 2, 023, 000 800, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 050, 000 4, 491, 000 3, 369, 000 3, 600, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 400, 000 2, 335, 000 10, 496, 900 7, 872, 000 3, 600, 000 a 1,000, 000 (B))is- wles ects ase 19, 334, 000 15, 566, 800 ((0)'7 LAPS) S28 See ee eee 6, 000, 000 5, 500, 000 32, 800, 000 28, 700, 000 3, 500, 000 2, 800, 000 6, 000, 000 5,000,000} 23,400,000} 17,555, 000 3, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 6, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 28, 113, 000 22, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 1, 700, 000 6, 050, 000 5,250,000} 45,500,000] 33,670, 000 2, 800, 000 2, 000, 000 7, 700, 000 6,500,000} 36,933,000] 28, 236, 412 2, 800, 000 2, 300, 000 (d) (a) 38, 679, 200 36, 846, 000 3, 600, 000 1, 187, 000 (¢) (e) 47, 808, 200 43, 655, 000 3, 500, 000 2,776, 000 (e) (e) 40, 320, 000 37, 105, 000 3, 500, 000 3, 200, 000 (¢) (e) 45, 228,000} 40,620, 000 5, 800, 000 5,300, 000 (e) (e) 49, 626,000} 37,722,000 6, 786, 500 6, 200, 000 (1) (f) 41,026,800] 37,495, 100 5, 600, 000 3, 530, 000 (f) (1) 45,600,000} 41,803, 155 3, 835, 000 3, 675, 000 (/) (1) 34,629,160] 31,546,080 3, 645, 000 3, 465, 000 (/) (7) g 30, 240, 000 27, 704, 000 3, 816, 000 3, 653, 000 (Sf) (f) 41, 135, 000 23, 948, 000 4, 180, 000 4, 020, 000 (ft) () h 1,016, 000 (f) 8, 160, 000 ', 822, 000 (f) (7). (7) (7) (7) (f) (f) (f) Y) (1) (YY) (4) + 62, 350, 000 52,121,000 | 628,066,260 | 524,309, 987 77, 245, 500 59, 928, 000 a Many eggs frozen. b Norun of fish. ¢ Hatchery was not used, the eggs being hatched out in the lake. @ Noreport. ¢ Fish coming in tospawn were lifted over the dam. J Not operated. A : - collection of 7,400,000 humpback eggs was made for Afognak, and these appear in the report of that atchery. h These eggs were turned over to the Afognak hatchery and the hatchery shut down. ‘A considerable portion of these are coho eggs. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. TaKE oF Eaas, AND OUTPUT * Hetta hatchery. 253 or Private SALMON HATCHERIES OF AnasKA, 1893 ro 1919—Continued. Quadra Bay hatchery. Freshwater Bay hatchery. Year ending June 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. ee. BRON O00), 502) G00,000 |. 2. paws onpinsrlnneatgrenensonincsscapse creer eres rere eemmenrete es. ¢|)) 2,000,000 | © 1,500, 000) on. oon a .- fines e ee meee nce ne 1001.........2..---| 1,800,000] #500, 000 |...-.-------- -)an-- 5-20 --Aea |=" 5 Bag Ogg | 1,000, 000 liye 4, 500, 000 3, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 1, 000, 000 Moet fe iii..t.: 5, 500, 000 4,000, 000 (b) (b) 1904 Se Son. © 400,000 (d) (a) bo eS eee e € 4 e Biiicioss--. (6) () (2) 3 SERN a tisig = m= = 5 = ( (¢) (¢) (¢) e PO0Rbebes.~-------- 8,000, 000 6, 125, 000 (¢) (e) (¢) 3 (lll: eae 8, 400, 000 8, 134, 000 3, 325, 000 3, 025, 750 (€) (e) gras Perales. | 10, 313, 000 9,000,000} 10,863, 000 9, 850, 000 (e) (e) Yh Ore ey Ee 9, 141, 000 8,552,500} 11,200,000} 10,350,000 (e) (e) Dee eee oc - 2,585, 000 2,342,000! 11,000,000 | 10, 166, 000 (e) (e) AONE ELIT 3, 780, 000 3,592,000 | — 10,000, 000 8, 127, 000 (e) (e) Mpiaes eats 42... 4, 082, 000 3,590,500 | 18,400,000} 17,054, 000 (€) (e) ieee MIS: 7,438,500 | 7,142,500 | 21,300,000 | 20,300,000 (¢) (e) TiiS ee 7, 408, 000 7, 092, 000 8, 114, 000 7, 598, 000 (e) (e) Rif ieee nce sacs. 3, 247, 000 3,120,000 | 16, 125,000} 15, 003, 000 (e) (e) ROUSE BA EES 2 kos. - 4, 826, 000 4,587,000 | 13,600,000 | — 12,990, 000 (e) (e) HUIQMt toto: <-<: (e (e) 20,400,000 | 19,852,000 (e) (¢) Total.....-- 88,248,000 | 77,327,500 | 154,927,000 | 142,215,750 1,500, 000 1,000, 000 Fortmann hatchery. Kell Bay hatchery. Total. (i ey ae Eggs. Fry. 900, 000 600, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 204, 000 6, 300, 000 5, 291, 000 6, 200, 000 5, 475, 000 7, 636, 000 6, 946, 440 13, 877, 000 9, 666, 000 13, 891, 000 11, 019, 000 19, ae ts 12, td oO ane et ea aoa 21, 134, 16, 066, 8 Spey ae 11, 460,000 | — 10,300, 000 62, 260, 000 53, 500, 000 190 get Phe 40,050,000 | — 29, 005, 000 2, 500, 000 2,000,000 | — 85, 750, 000 63, 060, 000 ht Pn as Sa 22) 203,000 | 13, 780,000 (e€) (€) 65, 043, 500 46, 630, 000 itt ee 65, 010, 000 63, 181, 000 (€) (€) 119, 360, 000 104, 101, 000 rib See ee 68, 715, 000 67, 643, 000 (¢) (e) 116, 148, 000 104, 679, 412 (1 Ye BAER E Aoeeee 105, 450, 000 80, 973, 000 (¢) (€) 147, 729, 200 119, 006, 000 POG noe eat ec es ane | f 41, 280, 000 33, 920, 000 (¢) (€) 100, 588, 200 86, 476, 000 24,465,000 | 22,785, 000 (e) (€) 80, 010, 000 74, 249, 750 53, 340, 000 50, 725, 000 (€) (€) 125, 544, 000 115, 495, 000 34,920,000 | 30,245, 000 (e) (€) 111, 673, 500 93, 069, 500 AG pt en 10; aa aa (€) (e) 167, 731, a 1 eae “a4 3, 160, Of e e 86, 375, 0 ts 1 9, 480,000} 8, 700, 000 bey 2) 70,236,160 | 64,355, 580 22)500,000 | 20,820, 000 (e) (e) 85, 294, 500 79, 619, 500 26, 520,000 | 9 25,615, 000 (e) (€) 87, 357, 000 68, 273, 000 62,580,000 | 57,405,000 (€) (e) 91, 128, 000 83, 350, 000 h 4,240,000 | 77,980, 000 (e) (€) 22, 666, 000 25, 557, 000 7 23,250,000 | 15,205,000 (e) (¢) 43, 680, 000 35,057,000 Total....-.-| 746,173,000 659,417,000 | 2, 500, 000 a Many eggs frozen > No run of fish. ¢ Hatchery was not used, the eggs ad No report. ¢ Not operated. f Includes 30,000 coho eg; g Includes 600,000 hump h Includes 2,400,000 st te eggs taken. i Includes 1,845,000 hump ack fry planted. 2, 000, 000 [1,761, 009, 760 | 1,518,319, 237 being hatched in the lake. taken and 27,000 fry liberated. ack eggs taken and 560,000 fry liberated. j Includes 3,660,000 humpback eggs. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF SIBERIA. As on the Alaska coast, the aborigines of Siberia must have learned early of the excellent food qualities of the salmon which each year frequented the rivers of that country for spawning purposes, and 254 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. not only ate them fresh but also dried large quantities for winter use for themselves and their dogs. Owing to the inaccessibility of the Siberian coast, due mainly to the lack of transportation facilities for many years and the decided objection of the Russian Government to travelers roaming over the country, partly because of the presence of political and criminal convicts and partly because of a fear that they might learn too much of its resources, there has been but little written, especially with regard to its fishery resources, about this remote section of the Russian Empire, and what little has been published is usually filled with inaccuracies, due, doubtless, in many instances to the fact that the writer generally had to get most of his information at second and third hand and was also unfamiliar with fishery subjects. Most of the data given below were obtained directly from persons living in Siberia or Japan, most of whom are engaged in the fishing industry of Siberia, or from Americans who have on various occa- sions visited the country in order to view its fishing possibilities at first hand. “SPECIES OF SALMON. All five species of salmon are to be found along the Siberian coast, and the schools appear to run about the same as they do on the American side. though we have very little authentic data relating to their movements, these are doubtless similar to the runs on the Alaska coast, where climatic and other conditions are very similar. Nearly all streams from the Arctic Ocean to north China seem to have runs of one or more species. The steelhead does not appear to be an inhabitant of the Asian coast. The fishing carried on by the Russians has usually been along the rivers of the mainland, principally in the Amur and on Sakhalin Island. From very early times Japanese fishermen have frequented the Siberian coast and Sakhalin Island (the southern portion of which they at one time owned, exchanging it to Russia for the Kurile Islandsin 1875 and again acquiring itin 1905, as a result of the Russian- Japanese war), being drawn here mainly by the rich stores of salmon which could be secured easily and quickly, and were so necessary to eke out the vast quantity needed to supply such a fish-eating nation as Japan. FISHING DISTRICTS. The Priamur fishing district is subdivided into several districts as follows: Nikolaevsk distrvct.—This district comprises the whole lower part of the Amur River from the village Zimmermanovka down to the mouth of the river, about 300 miles; the River Amgun, 200 miles; the Amur estuary, about 150 miles on the mainland and about 130 miles on the coast of Sakhalin Island, and about 865 miles of the coast line on the southwestern shore of the Okhotsk Sea. In 1913 there were 139 fishing stations operated in this district, and this number has been materially increased since. Humpbacks and chums were the principal species of salmon taken. Sakhalin distric.—The Sakhalin district includes the entire coast line of Sakhalin island with the exception of that facing the Amur estuary, which belongs to the Nikolaevsk district. It is the smallest PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 255 district, and at present is of little importance. In 1913 there were 14 aa on the island and they produced chum and humpback salmon. Okhotsk- Kamchatka district.—The Okhotsk section covers the coast line of the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea from Port Ayan to Penjin Promontory, about 1,620 miles. Chum, humpback, coho, and red salmon, and Dolly Varden trout are found here. The West Kamchatka section includes the coast line from the Sopotshnaya River down to the southern Ozernof shore fishing stations, a distance of about 335 miles. The Ozernaya River is, so far as known, the only river in this section that the red salmon visit in any quantities. In 1913 there were 152 fishing stations in this section, most of which were leased to Japanese. The number has since been increased. All five species of salmon and the Dolly Varden trout are found here. The East Kamchatka section covers the coast line of eastern Kam- chatka and Anadir Peninsulas, about 1,843 miles. The majority of the fishing stations are concentrated around Karaginsky (Count Litka) Bay, in the straits from the Malo-Voyam River to Kitchigin River, about 135 miles long, and in the region of Kamchatka River. All five species of salmon and Dolly Varden trout are taken here and most of the canneries are located here and in the West Kamchatka section. Southwestern district—This district covers the waters from the southern boundary of the Amur River estuary (the line between Capes Lazareyv and Pogibi) down to the Chosen frontier, including Vanina Bay, Imperial Harbor, Peter the Great Bay, and other bays. The total length of the shore line is about 1,350 miles. The northern part, from Lazarev-Pogibi line to Cape Povorotni, with the excep- tion of various bays, includes the conventional waters, while the southern part, composed of Peter the Great Bay and Posiet Bay, are excluded from the conventional waters. In the first-named section chum and humpback salmon are caught to some extent. In the southern section chum and humpback salmon are taken and marketed fresh. Amur River.—The Amur River is subdivided into two districts— the Marinsk, or the Lower Amur, district and the Khabarovsk dis- trict. The first named includes the area from the village Troitskoe to the village Sophiskoe, or a tract about 278 miles long. The Khabarovsk district includes the river line from the northern bound- ary of the Maryinsk district up the river to Khabarovsk, about 127 miles. Chum salmon form the bulk of the catch in this district. FISHERY RIGHTS AND REGULATIONS. Along the entire seacoast of Siberia, by virtue of the Russo-Japa- nese convention of 1907, concluded for 12 years, and, it is reported, with what truth we have no means of telling at present, renewed in 1919, the Japanese are permitted to engage in fishing on equal terms with Russians. In such sections there is no restriction with regard to the nationality of the laborers employed or the method of preparing the fish, except that the manufacture of fish manure from fish of the salmon variety is prohibited. On the face of it this convention looks like an equitable agreement, but in putting the Japanese on the same footing as the Russians it subjected them 256 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. to a lot of unstated and arbitrary laws, by-laws, and local regula- tions, besides making the tenure exceedingly short, virtually only one year, as a result of which Japanese capital refuses to erect more than the crudest of plants. The Department of Domains fixes the limits of the stations, and these are sold at public tender, usually during February and March. The exhaustion of the fishery resources of many of the European waters belonging to Russia has forced some of her more enterprising fishermen to seek for new supplies in her Siberian waters, and as these resources become better known, and means of transportation are increased and improved, there will doubtless be a tremendous impetus given to their development. The World War which devastated Europe between 1914 and 1918 had a particularly disastrous effect on Russia, where the terribly devastating internecine warfare resulting from the revolution within her borders sapped her resources to such an extent that her Siberian fishery operators have been unable to do anything other than make a bare living out of the business and not even that in many cases owing to the uncertainty of business conditions. As a result of these distressing handicaps upon the operations of the Russians, the Japanese have had virtually a free boda in their exploitation of the coastal fishery resources of Siberia. As Siberia in the near future will be the greatest producer of salmon, it behooves us to bestir ourselves if we are to retain our command of the salmon market by taking an active part in the development of Siberia’s fishery resources, for which development Russia has not heretofore welcomed foreign capital. When peace finally comes to that devastated land, how- ever, her capital will be so depleted that she will doubtless welcome relief from whatever source it comes, and as she knows the United States has no territorial aspirations in her direction we will doubtless be far more welcome than the Japanese, of whose disinterestedness the Russians are extremely suspicious. Fishing rights in the gulfs and bays not included in the Russo- Japanese convention, such as Peter the Great Bay, Imperial Har- bor, Vanina Bay, Avatchinsk Bay, and others, as well as the rivers of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, are granted by the Governor General, without public tenders, to persons of good repute, but for one year only, and if they show their ability to establish a successful fishing station a lease for 12 years can be secured on the basis of paying a royalty of 24 cents per pood (36.112 pounds) of prepared fish. Under the terms of the lease only Russian subjects can be employed at the stations, while all sailing vessels serving the stations must be under the Russian flag. . The regulations governing the river districts vary from those re- lating to coast concessions, ‘and also vary from each other, as the local authorities in the river districts are authorized to issue tem- porary rules and regulations to cover local conditions. On the Amur River, within the boundaries of the Nikolaevsk, Maryinsk, and Khabarovsk districts, the fishing stations are leased by public auction to the highest bidder, some on a long-term basis and others for only one year. At stations above the city of Nikola- evsk, within 30 miles of, the Amur estuary and farther, no foreign labor is allowed, Below the city of Nikolaevsk foreign labor can be PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 957 employed to handle the fish on shore, but the actual fishing can be done only by Russian subjects. At the present time the chief aim of the Russian authorities is to break the monopoly the Japanese have of the fisheries along the greater part of the coast. This will be an exceedingly difficult thing to do, owing to the proximity of the Japanese to the Siberian coast, the ease with which they can transport by water the necessary sup- plies, etc., for carrying on the fisheries, the vastly greater skill carrying on this work displayed by them over their Russian com- etitors, and their unlimited supply of cheap labor, while the Russian tories are badly hampered as a result of the few Russian subjects available for such work and the consequent high wage cost of same. Japan also has another big advantage in that she is at present almost the sole market for the greater part of the salmon and other fishes taken in Siberia. The very fact of this fish being necessary for feeding her people will cause Japan to battle hard to hold her present advan- tage. A order to encourage opposition to the Japanese, the Russian authorities in 1913 gave to Denbigh & Biritch, on a long lease, a fishing station on the Kamchatka River (eastern shore of Kamchatka peninsula), and to S. Grooshetsky & Co. one on the Bolsha River (western shore of Kamchatka). In order to safeguard the fishery in the lease each was to build a fish hatchery with a capacity of 3,000,000 salmon per annum in the vicinity of the station. Hach was to release 500,000 in 1914, 1,000,000 in 1915, and 3,000,000 yearly from 1916 to the end of the lease. Owing to technical difficulties only the latter firm built a hatchery, and this not until 1915 or 1916. It has since been shut down. The development of the salmon and other fisheries of Siberia has been much hampered by the disinclination of the Russian Govern- ment to permit foreigners to acquire fishing concessions except on very short tenure. As the Russians themselves are generally un- skilled in fishing operations, and are compelled to do the work with Russian labor, which is quite scarce, they do but little with their concessions. American capital would doubtless be available for developing Siberia’s fisheries were it assured of a sufficiently long tenure of fbass with some other minor concessions. APPARATUS EMPLOYED. In the river districts somewhat primitive fishing apparatus is employed. Spears, dip nets, and the other simple forms which seem to be common to all savage tribes depending upon the water for the greater part of their subsistence, are all in use by the natives living along the upper reaches. Weirs of a primitive type known as “zaezdka,” are also used. These have a lead consisting of willow poles and branches built from the river bank or a sand bank out into the stream. At the outer end is attached a net compartment with a lead, into which the fish, which have been following the lead in the search for an opening, pass. Two men in a boat are anchored close by, and as soon as 30 or 40 salmon have passed into the compartment, it is hauled up and the fish emptied into the boat, after which the net is reset. 11312°—21——_17 ? 258 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Haul seines of varying lengths and depths are used in connection with the more important river fishing stations. Along the coast the Japanese use a floating trap net somewhat similar to the type used in Alaska, also haul seines and a few gill nets. ABUNDANCE OF SALMON. It is exceedingly difficult to secure even approximate statistics of the Siberian catch of salmon, owing to the wide extent of coast, the totally inadequate means of transportation preventing close super- vision, the presence of so many foreigners who go directly home with their catches at the end of the season, and the crude system of control in operation by the authorities. The following table shows the catch of salmon in the four districts for the year 1898: District. Spring. Summer. | Autumn. Nikuivevak’ ssc. ee ee AR aoe dene oa he aa ae AS oe 7,464,896 | 4, 685, 480 Okhotsks3) ; e-hos. 3 Ps Peee eet REE TS... se a Eee 60, 000 873, 000 2, 662, 000 Ihameha tice see wat ae cee on eee came eee saben nike ene eee Roan ceenee 1, 067, 000 316, 950 665, 500 Sakhalin asthe 4s. Ne CRRA A Sah See ae ee eee 666, 000 635, 000 748, 000 Tota esc e face ce cat ease te s See te aieca ee ceeeeee beac auesee 1,793,000 | 9,289,846 8, 760, 980 In the Anadir district the catch in 1909 was as follows: Cape | St. Michael, 91,616; above Cape Neuman, 8,234; Anadir River, 150,746; Anadir River estuary, 9,864; Hanchelar River, 6,121; Cape Observation, 270,000; total, 536,581. The catch by- natives and small Russian fishermen is estimated at about 3,000,000 and 500,000 fish, respectively. In addition to this, 130 barrels of caviar, weighing 14 tons, were prepared, and there were 20 tons from Cape Observation. According to the statistics of the Fisheries Control, the catch of salmon in the Amur River in 1910 was as follows: Spring salmon, 7,701,344; summer salmon, 21,384,549; autumn salmon, 9,546,254; in all, 38,632,147. Of this number 34,649,025 fish were marketed and the balance consumed locally. Japan bought 23,228,481 fish, valued at $473,800; the balance was valued at $681,345. In addition there were 4,766,784 pounds of salmon caviar, valued at an average price of $0.114 per pound, totaling $543,413, which brings the total value of the salmon catch and by-products up to $1,698,558. During the same year, in Peter the Great Bay, 8,263 salmon were caught. The number of salmon caught in eastern and western Kamchatka and in the bays and rivers in this region not included in the Fishing Convention, and at the Russian river stations, in 1911, was as follows: Western Eastern Bays and Kam- i River Species. Kam- zy river Total B chatka. chatka. stations. outlets. Chavitchi (king) o 22 55- ag eek. a3 525- 7,818 14, Keetiay (Chui) 2. sseeectaeees « clalanet causes 3, 082, 300 2, 675, 000 297, 300 890, 790 6, 945, 390 Krasnaia (red) ii Got SyeeR . 2k ee 2, 136, 800 747, 000 689, 000 236, 240 3, 809, 040 Garbusha (humpback)..................-- 39, 448, 500 1, 411, 000 1, 320, 200 175,980 | 42,355, 680 Kashutch (coho) pas-c-sce eeeeeecehaeeeeas 327, 200 179, 000 114, 200 7,770 628, 170 WDOtah: ce suse eee cee 45,000,221 | 5,019,818 | 2,420,907 | 1,311,370 | 53, 752,316 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 259 In the Okhotsk district the catch amounted to 827,274 keta and 37,790 krasnaia. Of salmon caviar 489 tons were prepared by the Japanese and 60 tons by the Russians. n 1915 about 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon were prepared on the Amur River. In the sections covered by the Fishing Convention 6,000,000 salmon, mostly keta with a few krasnaia, were dry-salted, while 80,000,000 humpback salmon, called ‘‘salmon trout” in Japan, were so prepared. No fish were frozen for the European market, due to the war. A considerable quantity of caviar was prepared, but the quantity isunknown. ‘The pack of canned salmon is shown elsewhere. In the ‘Pacific Fisherman” (February, 1917), Seattle, Wash., its Hakodate (Japan) correspondent reports the following partic- ulars of the 1916 salmon season: During the year 1916 the salmon catches in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, Siberia, varied greatly according to districts. On the west coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk there was a big run all season, but the run on the east coast of Kamchatka was extremely poor, except in the Kamchatka River. The distribution of salmon varieties is always limited to about the following districts: Chums are present in large quantities on the east coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, but on the west coast of Kamchatka they are never plentiful. Red salmon are almost entirely limited to two districts, the Kamchatka and Ozer- naya rivers, being very scarce in other districts. Humpbacks are found all along the coast, but most especially in the district of Boliskreska [ Bolsheryetzk], where there is always a large run. Silver salmon are found in small quantities on the west and east coasts of Kam- chatka at certain seasons of every year. - King salmon are present in very limited quantities, early in the season on the west and east coasts of Kamchatka. There were 17 canneries operated in 1916, and they packed about 470,000 cases. There were 218 fishing places on the shores, and the number of salmon caught during the season was 94,582,228. All the salmon packers and fishermen in Siberia have used steamers for the trans- portation of their goods for several years past, but owing to the high rates now prevail- ing on steamer tonnage they were obliged again to make use of sailing vessels. Prices of all equipment and outfits for the canneries and salting stations were from 30 per cent to 50 per cent higher than for the previous year, but as a result of the strong demand for salmon products due to the European war, all the markets are in good condi- tion. Accordingly, preparations for the coming season are expected to be on a more ai he scale, both as to number and size of canneries and development of the erles. The above statement is accompanied by the following estimate of the number of salmon caught in 1916 in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, except in the rivers: S East Kam-| West Kam- Species. Okhotsk. GharEn! chatka. Total. ee eee eee Number. Number. Number. Number. ne 0 ELE, BTA od 0 ee 1, 482,312 | 2,318,964] 1,669,056 | — 5, 170,332 Ee TEN TA st ena cein's 2 3) 710,320 | 1,776,112 | 79,926,512 | 85, 412; 944 ee Re eee eee eee aie snd ee one ciao ce.ccs cls ocemiviecicc|pecesenacbea By 210)lscancccscens 3, 276 Red....2. eee ete eter seta c am tan sae k neleislsclecteitwle a|h ecoceneebele 308,502 | 3,311,304 3, 619, 806 Sea Niet ets alas a lea ne ain oeeieicie's osm nine as cesmied.|eccbacecua|onniicaes=a5- 75, 870 75, 870 ODM 4 SG GCS GSESbOE Che Gr (nt Oe BO SEMeOear Boe Soe 5,192,632 | 4,406, 854 | 84,982,742 | 94,582,228 FREEZING SALMON. As when the Russians owned Alaska, the exploitation of Siberia was carried on for many years by trading companies with large powers granted by the Government. In 1892 a very eatery company was in charge, judging from the following extract from a letter written on February 2, 1893, by the late Eugene G. Blackford, 260 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. the well-known fish dealer of New York, to the late Col. Marshall McDonald, then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries: I have just learned of the arrival in Chicago of 60,000 pounds of frozen salmon. They were caught in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. These fish are a new venture undertaken by a commercial trading company who control that country, and these salmon have heen taken from a river where nene have been caught before, and my information is that they catch fish weighing as much as 150 pounds each. The above lot of fish was brought frozen to Tacoma and then shipped by refrigerator car to Chi- cago, where they were sold to Mr. Booth, of the Booth Packing Co., Chicago. Mr. Booth has declined to pay for them because of their not being in satisfactory condition. Nothing further appears to have been done in this line until in 1903, when a Berlin fish merchant outfitted and sent to the Siberian coast a refrigerator steamer with a capacity of 2,500 tons. The fish were caught mainly in the Amur River and were frozen immediately after being brought aboard. In all, 160,000 salmon were obtained, and these were 1n excellent condition when landed at Hamburg, Germany. In 1907 the Salmon Steam Fishing Co., a combined Santee and Japanese company, chartered the steamers Zenobia and Zephyrus. These vessels were fitted with refrigerating apparatus and cold-stor- age chambers and sent to the Kamchatkan Peninsula to get a cargo. Both secured good cargoes. In 1909 two refrigerating steamers visited the coast and froze salmon for the European market. One vessel was outfitted by a British company and the other by a German company, J. Lindenberger (Inc.). The latter reported that the dog salmon, the principal species frozen, were large and very bright. The British steamer left England in April and arrived home again late in December. CANNING SALMON. In 1900 the Kamchatka Commercial & Industrial Co. (Ltd.), was organized at St. Petersburg, Russia, by A. T. Prozoraf, president of the St. Petersburg Chamber of Commerce; P. M. Grunwalt; H. T. M. Court, and A. A. Prozoraf, secretary. A complete canning outfit was urchased in the United States, and the first cannery in Siberia estab- ished at Petropavlovsk, Avacha Bay, Kamchatka. The San Francisco Trade Journal, under date of December 19, 1902, printed the following item relating to the operations of this cannery: On December & the Russian barkentine Bitte arrived from Petropavlovsk, Siberia, Mia eee cases canned salmon. ‘This is the first consignment of salmon received rom em. The greater part of the pack comprised dog salmon, although they were labeled ‘‘pink” salmon, the rest being reds and kings. In 1903 the company did not operate, the fishing season being devoted to moving the plant to Ust-Kamchatka, at the mouth of the Kamchatka River, where, after being in use altogether for two or three years, it was abandoned and left all standing. In 1907 two canneries were established in the estuary of the Amur River, near Nikolaevsk, but beyond getting out samples they were never operated. In 1910 A. G. Denbigh, an Englishman, built a modern cannery near the second site of the Kamchatkan Commercial & Industrial Co. That year the cannery produced only about 10,000 cases, but each year since the equipment of the plant has been enlarged and improved until in 1913 the pack amounted to 60,000 cases. Early in 1914 a PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 261 complete two-line plant of American can-packing machinery was installed. In 1912 Mr. Denbigh built another cannery 14 miles away from the above plant. This poe was first operated with German and Nor- wegian sanitary machinery, but in 1914 a two-line American sanitary can-packing plant was installed, the can-making plant at the first plant making all the cans needed at the two canneries. In 1915 a number of additions were made to both plants in the line of flat fillers, ete., while still more were in contemplation for 1916. Mr. Denbigh also operates a hand cannery at Kompakova, on the west side of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Up to 1912 very few canneries, and these very primitive affairs, had been built by the Japanese, owing to the uncertainty of tenure referred to previously. ‘The ‘canneries’? were mere sheds or shel- ters where the cans—which were brought from Japan, made or half made—were filled, closed, and cooked, furnace-heated, vertical retorts being used for the latter purpose. If the owner lost his concession at the end of the fishing season he simply took his retorts away with him and the buildings were left to his successor. In 1912 a Tokyo company (Ichigumi & Co.) put up two canneries near the Ozernaya River in Kamchatka, while a Japanese from Niigata, Japan, also put up a small plant in the same vicinity. Both plants were cheaply built and operated with hand-power machinery and small vertical retorts. That year the two companies together packed about 13,500 cases of salmon. The same season Ichigumi & Co. put up another hand-power can- nery, and Tsutsumi & Co., of Hakodate, Japan, built two others of the same type near the Kamchatka River, on the east coast. In 1913 Beets & Co. built a modern cannery at Ozernaya and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can- packing machinery. The same year [chigumi & Co. put up two hand-power canneries near the Kamchatka River, having succeeded to the concessions for- merly held here by Tsutsumi & Co. In 1914 they built a modern plant and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can-packing machinery. The St. Petersburg firm of S. Grooshetsky & Co., which has been engaged for a number of years in the freezing of salmon and in the preparition of salmon caviar, under the name of the Pacific Ocean ea Industry Association, erected a cannery near Ozernaya in 1914, and installed in it a full line of American sanitary can-making and can-packing machinery. This plant will compare favorably with most of our Alaska canneries. ‘The buildings are of iron. In 1915 a number of extensive improvements in the way of new buildings, machinery, etc., were made to the various plants, and during the winter of 1915-16 several of the canning firms had repre- sentatives in this country selecting much additional machinery for use during the 1916 season. During the latter season Tsutsumi & Co. erected a large new plant at Kiseka and a one-line plant above Kiseka. This company also operates a can-making plant at Hakodate, equipped with American Can Co. machinery and with a capacity of 800,000 cans per day. Owing to the heavy demand, caused by the war, a number of small hand-pack canneries also operated. 262 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1917:A. G. Denbigh built a cannery at Javino, on the west coast of Kamchatka Peninsula. All the machinery in this plant is electric driven. In 1918 the ravages occasioned by the war so far as personnel, transportation, tinplate shortage, and market conditions were con- cerned had come to a head, and as a result the Grooshetsky & Co. and some of the smaller canneries did not operate, while Tsutsumi & Co. operated only those of its canneries which packed red salmon. In 1919 conditions were much more favorable in Siberia, and as a result the three Russian plants which were shut down in 1918 re- opened. Tsutsumi & Co. erected and operated a new cannery in Ust-Kamchatka. The Nichiro Gyogyo Kabushi Kaisha, or Russo- Japanese Fisheries Co. (Litd.), built and operated two additional one- line canneries at Kompakova and Kiseka. The following table shows the detailed pack of canned salmon made by the various companies operating in Siberia in 1915: SIBERIA CANNED SALMON Pack IN 1915.@ One-pound flats. . Canner- Name and cannery location.} F Total. wv Ree Reds. |Springs.| Silvers. | Chums.¢ Bur A. G. Denbigh, Kamchatka River (2) Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. snd: Kompakova: -s--1.2---12 eceeeier ee 3312584000. 2ses 2.24 26,000 | 38,C00 |......... 122,000 Hoodperoducts exp: | COns.. seme sane eYolltietays (0 00) BSS Real peroserce| Asa: -o-5-||4555 20525 35, 000 S. Grooshetsky & Co., Bolsheryetzk ... 1 GFOGOR ERS ease eee 23;000))\ Fetes 29,000 Minard! €) C0... ..2a2 s= ogc eceecee cece Wee hos Seleos sede sales 255 526- 75.000) | fa stseces 7,000 Nichiro Fishing Co. (Ltd.), Kamchatka PREVETH.Gsheéitdtosk beRaoaet Bcc cette = 1} 14,703 3,334 25191) (LOR ee ee 32,209 SU Pamala ee ae eens anata alee cee 1 2, 200) | te leiw 2:5 = 10'| = =\= nem